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**A¹** /e1/ (also 亦作 **a**) **n.** (**pl.** **As** or **A's**) **1** the first letter of the alphabet 英语字母表的第1个字母 **2** denoting the first, best, or most important in a set 第一(流);甲等;最重要项目 **3** Music【音】 the sixth note of the diatonic scale of C major, having a standard frequency of 440 Hz *A音(C大调的 第6个音) **4** the human blood type (in the ABO system) containing the A antigen and lacking the B (人类ABO血型系统中的)A型
**-PHRASES** 短语 **from A to B** from one's starting point to one's destination 从甲地到乙地,从起点到终点 **from A to Z** over the entire range 彻底地

**A²** /et/ **abbr.** **1** (in card games 用于纸牌戏)ace **2** (in showing goals or points conceded 用于表示比分) against **3** ampere(s) **4** (Å) ångström(s) **5** answer **6** (in names of sports clubs) Athletic(用于体育俱乐部 名称)竞技 **7** attack (in designations of US aircraft types)攻击(用于命名美国飞机型号): **an A-10** - 架A-10攻击机 **8** Austria (international vehicle registration)奥地利(国际车船注册)

**a¹** /ǝ, e1/ (**an** before a vowel sound 元音前用 an) **■det.** **1** used when mentioning someone or some- thing for the first time; the indefinite article 一个, 某个(用于指第一次提及某人或某物,为不定冠词) ➤one single 单个,一: **a hundred** 一百➤used when mentioning someone unfamiliar(用于提及不熟悉的 人)某一个: **A Mr Smith telephoned.** 有个史密斯先生打 过电话来。➤ someone like (the name specified) (与具体人名连用)像……的一个 **2** in, to, or for each; per 每: **Petrol prices rose by 3p a litre.** 汽油价格每升涨 了3便士。
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: weak form of OE an 'one'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> On the question of using **a** or **an** before words beginning with **h**, see usage at **AN**. 关于在以 h 开头的单词前用a还是an,见an 处的用法说明。

**a²** /ǝ, ex/ **abbr.** **1** (in travel timetables 用于旅行 日程表)arrives **2** atto- (1018) **3** Brit. 【英】(with reference to sporting fixtures 用于体育赛事)away **4** (used before a date 用于日期前) before [from L. ante.] **■symb.** (**a**) Physics 【物】 acceleration 加速度

**a-1** /ǝ/ (often **an-** before a vowel 元音前常作 an-) **■ prefix** not; without 不……,无………: **atheistic** 无神论的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Gk.

**a-2** /ǝ/ **■ prefix** **1** to; towards 朝………,向………… **aside** 到旁边 **2** in the process of 在……进程中: **a-hunting** 在打猎 ➤in a specified state 处于………状态: **aflutter** 激动的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE, unstressed form of **ON**.

**a-³** /ǝ/ **■ prefix** variant spelling of **AD-** before sc, sp, and st (as in ascend, aspire and astringent) * ad-的另一 种拼法(用于sc,sp和st前,如 ascend,aspire 和 astringent)

**a-⁴** /ǝ/ **■ prefix** **1** of: **anew** 重新 **2** utterly 全然: **abash** 使 羞愧
**-ORIGIN** 词源 unstressed form of **OF** (sense 1); Anglo-Norman Fr. **a-**, from L. **ex** (sense 2).

**-a¹** /ǝ/ **■ suffix** forming 构成: **1** ancient or Latinized modern names of animals and plants 动植物的古名 或拉丁化现代名:**primula** 报春花属 **2** names of oxides 氧化物名:**baryta** 氧化钡 **3** geographical names 地理 名词: **Africa** 非洲 **4** ancient or Latinized modern feminine forenames 女子古名或拉丁化现代名: **Lydia** 莉迪娅 **5** nouns from Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish 源自意大利语、葡萄牙语和西班牙语的名词: **stanza** 诗节
**-ORIGIN** 词源 representing a Gk, L., or Romance fem. sing.

**-a²** /ə/ **■ suffix** forming plural nouns 构成复数名词: **1** from Greek or Latin neuter plurals corresponding to a singular in **-um** or **-on** (such as addenda, phenomena)(源自希腊语或拉丁语中单数形式为-um 或-on 的名词的中性复数形式) **2** in names (often from modern Latin) of zoological groups(构成常 源自现代拉丁语的动物学类目名称): **Insectivora** 食虫目

**-a³** /ǝ/ **■ suffix** informal【非正式】 **1** of: **coupla** 几个 **2** have: **mighta** (= might have) **3** to: **oughta** (= ought to)

**@** **■ symb.** 'at', used: **1** to indicate cost or rate per unit(用于表示单位成本或单位比率): **thirty items @ £29.99 each** 30件:单价29.99英镑 **2** in Internet addresses between the user's name and the domain name(用于连接因特网地址的用户名与域名称): **jsmith@oup.com**

**A & E** **■ abbr.** accident and emergency 急诊室

**A & M** **■ abbr.** Hymns Ancient and Modern 古代与现代 赞美诗

**A & R** **■ abbr.** artist(s) and repertoire (or recording), the department of a record company responsible for selecting new artists 艺人与产品部(唱片公司负责 挖掘新人的部门)

**A1** **■ adj.** informal【非正式】excellent 极好的,第一 流的

**A2 level** **■ n.** (in the UK except Scotland) an examination or pass at A2 level, representing the second component of an A-level qualification(英 国除苏格兰以外的)高级普通教育证书第二阶段考试

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**A3** **■ n.** a standard European size of paper, 420 x 297 mm *A3规格(欧洲标准纸张规格,420×297毫米)

**A4** **■ n.** a standard European size of paper, 297 × 210 mm *A4规格(欧洲标准纸张规格,297×210毫米)

**A5** **■ n.** a standard European size of paper, 210 x 148 mm *AS规格(欧洲标准纸张规格,210×148毫米)

**AA** **■ abbr.** **1** Alcoholics Anonymous 嗜酒者互诫协会 **2** anti-aircraft **3** Automobile Association 汽车协会

**aa** /'a:a:/ **■ n.** Geology 【地质】 basaltic lava forming very rough, jagged masses with a light frothy texture 渣状熔岩 Often contrasted with 常对照 **PAHOEHOE**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from Hawaiian **'a-'a**.

**AAA** **■ abbr.** **1** Amateur Athletic Association 业余体 育协会 **2** American (or Australian) Automobile Association 美国(或澳大利亚)汽车协会

**AAAS** **■ abbr.** American Association for the Advance- ment of Science 美国科学促进会

**AAM** **■ abbr.** air-to-air missile 空空导弹

**aardvark** /'a:dva:k/ **■ n.** a badger-sized African burrowing mammal, with long ears, a tubular snout, and a long extensible tongue, feeding on ants and termites 土豚(非洲哺乳动物,有长耳、管状吻和长 舌,以蚂蚁和白蚁为食) [Orycteropus afer.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: S. Afr. Du., from **aarde** 'earth' + **vark** 'pig.

**aardwolf** /'a:dwulf/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **aardwolves**) a black- striped African mammal of the hyena family, feeding mainly on termites 土狼(非洲哺乳动物, 土狼科,有黑色条纹,主要以白蚁为食) [Proteles cristatus.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: S. Afr. Du., from **aarde** 'earth' + **wolf** 'wolf'

**aargh** /a:/ **■ exclam.** an expression of anguish, horror, rage, or other strong emotion 哦,啊(表示痛苦、恐 惧、愤怒等强烈感情)

**Aaron's beard** /'eǝrǝnz/ **■ n.** a name given to the rose of Sharon and other plants“亚伦胡子”(沙仑玫 瑰等植物的别名)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: alluding to the long beard of Aaron in the Bible, because of the hairy stamens or long runners of such plants.

**Aaron's rod** **■ n.** the great mullein(plant)“亚伦魔 杖”,毛蕊花
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: alluding to Aaron in the Bible, whose staff was said to have flowered (Num. 17:8).

**A'asia** /pstrǝ'leızə/ **■ abbr.** Australasia 澳大拉西亚

**AB¹** **■ n.** the human blood type (in the ABO system) containing both the A and B antigens (人类ABO 血型系统中的)AB型

**AB²** **■ abbr.** **1** able seaman **2** Alberta (in official postal use)(加拿大)艾伯塔省(正式邮政用语) **3** US 【美】Bachelor of Arts 文学学士 [from L. Artium Baccalaureus.]

**Ab¹** /æb/ (also 亦作 **Av**) **■ n.** (in the Jewish calendar) the eleventh month of the civil and fifth of the religious year, usually coinciding with parts of July and August 阿布月(犹太国历11月,犹太教历5月,通常 在公历七八月间)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Heb. **'ab**.

**Ab²** /æb/ **■ abbr.** Biology 【生物】 antibody

**ab** /æb/ **■ n.** informal 【非正式】 an abdominal muscle 腹肌

**ab-** /ǝb/ (also 亦作 **abs-**) **■ prefix** away; from 离开; 脱离: **abdicate** 退位;失(职)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L.

**ABA** **■ abbr.** **1** Amateur Boxing Association 业余拳击 协会 **2** American Bar Association 美国律师协会 **3** American Booksellers' Association 美国书商协会

**abaca** /'æbəkə/ **■ n.** a large herbaceous Asian plant of the banana family, yielding Manila hemp 蕉麻, 马尼拉麻[Musa textilis.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: via Sp. from Tagalog **abaká**.

**aback** /ə'bæk/ **■ adv.** **1** archaic 【古】 towards or situated to the rear 向后;位于后方 **2** Sailing 【帆】 with the sail pressed back against the mast by a headwind 逆帆
**-PHRASES** 短语 **take someone aback** shock or surprise someone使(某人)震惊,使(某人)吃惊

**abacus** /'æbəkəs/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **abacuses**) **1** a frame with rows of wires or grooves along which beads are slid, used for calculating 算盘 **2** Architecture 【建】 the flat slab on top of a capital, supporting the architrave 柱顶板
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L., from Gk **abax**, **abak-** 'slab, drawing board', of Semitic origin.

**abaft** /ə'ba:ft/ **■ adv.** & **prep.** Nautical 【航海】in or behind the stern of a ship在(船)尾部,在(船)后面
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **A-²**+ archaic **baft** 'in the rear.

**abalone** /æbə'ləuni/ **■ n.** an edible mollusc of warm seas, with a shallow ear-shaped shell lined with mother-of-pearl 鲍 [Genus Haliotis.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Amer. Sp. **abulones**, pl. of **abulón**, from **aulón**, the name in an Amer. Ind. lang. for Monterey Bay, California.

**abandon** /ə'bændən/ **■ v.** **1** give up (an action or practice) completely放弃(行动或做法) **2** desert or leave permanently抛弃,遗弃 **3** (**abandon oneself to**) indulge in (a desire or impulse) without restraint 沉溺于(欲望或冲动) [as adj.作形容词 **abandoned** unrestrained; uninhibited 不羁的,放 纵的: **a wild, abandoned dance** 狂放的舞蹈 **■ n.** lack of inhibition or restraint 不羁,放纵
**-PHRASES** 短语 **abandon ship** leave a ship because it is sinking 弃船 ➤hurriedly leave an organization or enterprise 匆忙离职,抽身离开
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abandonment** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abandoner**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **bandon** 'control' (rel. to **BAN¹**).

**abase** /ə'beis/ **■ v.** (usu. 通常用**abase oneself**) behave in a way that belittles or degrades (someone) 卑躬屈膝,表现谦卑
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abasement** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abaissier**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **baissier** 'to lower.

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**abash** /ə'bæf/ **■ v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **abashed**] cause to feel embarrassed, disconcerted, or ashamed 使窘迫;使失措;使羞愧
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abashment** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. **abaiss-**; cf. OFr. **esbaiss-**, **esbair**, from **es-** 'utterly' + **bair** 'astound.

**abate** /ə'bert/ **■ v.** **1** (of something bad) become less intense or widespread(不好的事物)减 弱,减少,减退 **2** Law 【律】 reduce or remove (a nuisance)减少,消除(妨害行为)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abatement** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abatre** 'to fell', based on L. **battere**, **battuere** 'to beat'.

**abatis** /'æbətis/ (also 亦作 **abattis**) **■ n.** (**pl.** **same** 单复同 **abatises**, or **abattises**) historical 【史义】a defence made of felled trees placed together with the boughs pointing outwards 鹿砦
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'felled (trees)', from OFr. **abatre** 'to fell.

**abattoir** /'æbətwa:(r)/ **■ n.** Brit. 【英】 a slaugh- terhouse 屠宰场
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from **abattre** 'to fell.

**abaxial** /æb'æksiəl/ **■ adj.** Botany 【植】 facing away from the stem (in particular denoting the lower surface of a leaf) (尤指叶片背面)远轴的,背轴的The opposite of 反义词 **ADAXIAL**.

**abaya** /ə'berjə/ **■ n.** a full-length, sleeveless outer garment worn by some Arab women 阿拉伯女式无 袖罩袍
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Arab. **'abāya**.

**Abba** /'æbǝ/ **■ n.** **1** (in the New Testament) God as father 阿爸父(《新约》中指上帝) **2** (in the Syrian Orthodox and Coptic Churches) a title given to bishops and patriarchs阿爸(叙利亚正教 和科普特教会中对主教或教长的称呼)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 via Gk from Aramaic **'abba** 'father'.

**abbacy** /'æbəsi/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **abbacies**) the office of an abbot or abbess 隐修会会长(或隐修院院长)职位
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from eccles. L. **abbacia**, from **abbas**, **abbat-** (see见**ABBOT**).

**Abbasid** /ə'bæsıd, 'æbəsıd/ **■ n.** a member of a dynasty of caliphs who ruled in Baghdad 750-1258. (公元750-1258年统治巴格达的)阿拔斯王朝成员
**-ORIGIN** 词源 named after Muhammad's uncle **Abbas**, founder of the dynasty.

**abbatial** /ə'berfl/ **■ adj.** relating to an abbey, abbot, or abbess 隐修会的,隐修院的;隐修会会长的,隐修 院院长的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from med. L. **abbatialis**, from **abbas**, **abbat-** (see见 **ABBOT**).

**abbé** /'æber/ **■ n.** (in France) an abbot or other cleric(法国的)隐修会会长,隐修院院长,僧侣
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: Fr., from eccles. L. **abbas**, **abbat-** (see见**ABBOT**).

**abbess** /'æbes/ **■ n.** a woman who is the head of an abbey of nuns 女隐修会会长,女隐修院院长
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. **abbesse** 'female abbot.

**abbey** /'æbi/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **abbeys**) an establishment occupied by a community of monks or nuns 大隐修院
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abbeie**, from med. L. **abbatia** 'abbacy', from **abbas**, **abbat-**(see见**ABBOT**).

**abbot** /'æbət/ **■ n.** a man who is the head of an abbey of monks 隐修会会长,隐修院院长
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **abbod**, from eccles. L. **abbas**, **abbat-**, from Gk **abbas** 'father', from Aramaic **'abbā** (see见**ABBA**).

**abbreviate** /ə'bri:viert/ **■ v.** shorten (a word, phrase, or text)缩短,缩写(单词、短语或文本)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abbreviation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from late L. **abbreviat-**, **abbreviare** 'shorten', from L. **brevis** 'short.

**ABC¹** **■ n.** **1** the alphabet 字母表 **2** an alphabetical guide(按字母顺序排列的)索引,指南 ➤the rudiments of a subject 基础知识,入门

**ABC²** **■ abbr.** **1** American Broadcasting Company 美国 广播公司 **2** Australian Broadcasting Corporation 澳 大利亚广播公司

**abdabs** /'æbdæbz/ (also 亦作 **habdabs**) **■ pl. n.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】(often in phr. 常用于短语 **the screaming abdabs**) nervous anxiety or irritation 紧张焦虑;烦躁不安
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1940s: of unknown origin.

**abdicate** /'æbdikert/ **■ v.** **1** (of a monarch) renounce the throne (君主)退位,逊位 **2** fail to fulfil or undertake (a duty)失(职)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abdication** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **abdicat-**, **abdicare** 'renounce', from **ab-** 'away, from' + **dicare** 'declare.

**abdomen** /'æbdəmən, æb'dəəmən/ **■ n.** **1** the part of the body containing the digestive and reproductive organs; the belly 腹 **2** Zoology 【动】the rear part of the body of an arthropod(节肢动物的)腹部
**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L.

**abdominal** /æb'dominl/ **■ adj.** relating to the abdomen 腹部的 **■ n.** an abdominal muscle 腹肌
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abdominally** adv.

**abdominoplasty** /æb'dominǝu,plæsti/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】a surgical operation involving the removal of excess flesh from the abdomen 腹壁成形术

**abducens nerves** /æb'dju:s(ə)nz/ **■ pl. n.** Anatomy 【解】 the pair of cranial nerves supplying the muscles concerned with lateral movement of the eyes 外展神经
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: **abducens** (mod. L., 'leading away'), from L. **abducere** (see见 **ABDUCT**).

**abduct** /æb'dakt/ **■ v.** **1** take (someone) away illegally by force or deception 劫持;诱拐;绑架 **2** Physiology【生理】(of a muscle) move (a limb or part) away from the midline of the body or from another part(肌肉)使(肢体或部位)外展 The opposite of 反义词 **ADDUCT¹**.
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abductee** n. **abduction** n. **abductor** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **abduct-**, **abducere** 'lead away.

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**abeam** /ə'bi:m/ **■ adv.** on a line at right angles to a ship's or an aircraft's length 正横地(即与船身或飞机 机身成直角) ➤(**abeam of**) opposite the middle of (a ship or aircraft)横对着(船或飞机)中部
**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from **A-²** + **BEAM**.

**abed** /ə'bed/ **■ adv.** archaic 【古】 in bed 在床上

**abelia** /ə'bi:liə/ **■ n.** an East Asian shrub of the honeysuckle family 六道木(忍冬科灌木,见于东 亚) [Genus Abelia.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L.; named after the English botanist Clarke Abel (1780-1826).

**abelian** /ə'bi:liən/ **■ adj.** Mathematics 【数】 (of a group) having members related by a commutative operation (i.e. **a*b**=**b*a**)(群)阿贝尔的,交换的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from the name of the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel + **-IAN**.

**Abenaki** /æbə'næki/ **■ n.** & **adj.** variant spelling of **ABNAKI** * Abnaki的另一种拼法

**Aberdeen Angus** /æbə'di:n/ **■ n.** a breed of hornless black beef cattle originating in Scotland 阿伯丁安格 斯牛(苏格兰产黑色无角肉用牛)

**Aberdonian** /æbə'dəuniən/ **■ adj.** relating to Aberdeen in NE Scotland 阿伯丁的 **■ n.** a native or citizen of Aberdeen 阿伯丁人
**-ORIGIN** 词源C17: from med. L. **Aberdonia**.

**aberrant** /ə'ber(ə)nt/ **■ adj.** departing from an accepted standard 脱离常规的 ➤chiefly Biology 【主生 物】diverging from the normal type 异常的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **aberrance** n. **aberrancy** n. **aberrantly** adv.

**aberration** /æbə'rein/ **■ n.** **1** an unwelcome deviation from what is normal反常行为;异常现象 ➤informal【非正式】 a temporary mental lapse 精神 失常 ➤Biology 【生物】 a characteristic that deviates from the normal type 畸变 **2** Optics 【光】 the failure of rays to converge at one focus because of a defect in a lens or mirror 像差 **3** Astronomy 【天文】the apparent displacement of a celestial object from its true position, caused by the relative motion of the observer and the object 光行差
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **aberrational** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **aberratio(n-)**, from **aberrare** 'to stray.

**abet** /ə'bet/ **■ v.** (**abets**, **abetting**, **abetted**) (usu. in phr. 通常用于短语 **aid and abet**) encourage or assist (someone) to do something wrong, in particular to commit a crime教唆,唆使;帮助和 教唆
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abetment** n. **abettor** (also亦 作**abetter**) n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abeter**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **beter** 'hound, urge on.

**abeyance** /ə'beıəns/ **■ n.** a state of temporary disuse or suspension 搁置;暂时中止 ➤Law 【律】 the position of being without an owner or claimant 归属未定
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abeyant** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from OFr. **abeance** 'aspiration to a title', from **abeer** 'aspire after', from **a-** 'towards' + **beer** 'to gape.

**ABH** **■ abbr.** Brit. 【英】 actual bodily harm 实际人身 伤害

**abhor** /ǝb'ho:(r)/ **■ v.** (**abhors**, **abhorring**, **abhorred**) regard with hatred; detest 厌恶,憎恶
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abhorrer** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **abhorrere**, from **ab-** 'away from' + **horrere** 'to shudder'.

**abhorrent** /əb'hor(ə)nt/ **■ adj.** inspiring disgust and loathing可恶的,讨厌的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abhorrence** n.

**abide** /ə'baid/ **■ v.** **1** (**abide by**) accept or act in accordance with (a rule or decision)遵守,遵 照(规定或决定) **2** (**cannot**/**could not abide**) informal【非正式】 be unable to tolerate 不能忍受, 无法容忍 **3** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **abiding**] (of a feeling or memory) endure(情感或记忆)持久,恒久 **4** archaic【古】live; dwell生活,居住
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abidance** n. **abidingly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **ābīdan** 'wait', from **ā-** 'onwards' + **bidan**(see见**BIDE**).

**ability** /ə'bıləti/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **abilities**) **1** possession of the means or skill to do something 能力 **2** skill or talent 技能;才干
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **ablete**, from L. **habilitas**, from **habilis** 'able'.

**-ability** /ə'bılıti/ **■ suffix** forming nouns of quality corresponding to adjectives ending in **-able** (such as suitability corresponding to suitable)构成以-able 结尾的形容词的对应名词形式(例如,由suitable 构成 suitability)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. **-abilité** or L. **-abilitas**.

**ab initio** /æb r'nıſiǝu/ **■ adv.** & **adj.** from the beg- inning 自始
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L.

**abiogenesis** /eibarǝ(u)'dzenısıs/ **■ n.** technical term for **SPONTANEOUS GENERATION** * spontaneous generation 的专业说法
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abiogenic** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **A-¹** + Gk **bios** 'life' + **GENESIS**.

**abiotic** /eibar'ptık/ **■ adj.** not involving or derived from living organisms 非生物的

**abject** /'æbdzekt/ **■ adj.** **1** (of something bad) experienced to the maximum degree(不好的事物) 到极点的,糟透了的: **living in abject poverty** 生活在赤 贫中 **2** completely without pride or dignity 毫无尊 严的,低三下四的: **an abject apology** 低声下气的道歉
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abjection** n. **abjectly** adv. **abjectness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(in the sense 'rejected'): from L. **abjectus**, **abicere** 'reject', from **ab-** 'away' + **jacere** 'to throw.

**abjure** /əb'dzuə(r), ǝb'dzə:(r)/ **■ v.** formal 【正式】 solemnly renounce (a belief or claim)宣誓放弃(信 仰或要求)
**-PHRASES** 短语 **abjure the realm** historical【史义】 swear an oath to leave a country forever 宣誓弃国
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abjuration** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **abjurare**, from **ab-** 'away' + **jurare** 'swear.

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**Abkhaz** /æb'ka:z/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **same**单复同) **1** a member of a people living mainly in the autonomous territory of Abkhazia in NW Georgia 阿布哈兹人 **2** the North Caucasian language of the Abkhaz 阿布哈 兹语
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Abkhazian** adj. & n.

**ablation** /ə'blerfn/ **■ n.** **1** the loss of solid material (especially ice) by melting or evaporation(尤指冰 的)消融 ➤the erosion of rock by wind action(岩石 的)风化侵蚀 **2** the surgical removal of body tissue (身体组织的)切除
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **ablate** V.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from late L. **ablatio(n-)**, from L. **ablat-**, **auferre** 'take away.

**ablative** /'æblətıv/ **■ adj.** **1** Grammar【语法】denoting a case indicating an agent, instrument, or source, expressed by 'by', 'with', or 'from' in English 离格 的(表示施动者、工具或来源,在英语中用by, with 或from 表达) **2** involving ablation 切除术的 **■ n.** Grammar【语法】 a word in the ablative case 离格词
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **ablative** (fem. of **ablatif**), L.**ablativus**, from **ablat-**, **auferre** (see见 **ABLATION**).

**ablative absolute** **■ n.** a construction in Latin which consists of a noun and participle or adjective in the ablative case and which functions as a sentence adverb, for example **mirabile dictu** 'wonderful to relate' 绝对离格(拉丁语离格中包含一名词和一分词或形容词的 结构,作句子副词)

**ablaut** /'æblaut/ **■ n.** alternation in the vowels of related word forms, especially in Germanic strong verbs (e.g. in **sing**, **sang**, **sung**)(相关词形中的)元音交替(尤指源 自日耳曼语系的强变化动词)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Ger., from **ab** 'off' + **Laut** 'sound.

**ablaze** /ə'bleız/ **■ adj.** burning fiercely 熊熊燃烧的 ➤very brightly coloured or lighted 鲜艳的;耀眼的

**able** /'erbl/ **■ adj.** (**abler**, **ablest**) **1** having the power, skill, or means to do something 能够………的 **2** having considerable proficiency or intelligence 有能力的, 聪明能干的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **ably** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. **hable**, from L. **habilis** 'handy', from **habere** 'to hold.

**-able** /əbl/ **■ suffix** forming adjectives meaning 构 成形容词,意为:**1** able to be能够……的: **calculable** 可 计算的 **2** subject to; relevant to 需要……的;与…相 关的: **taxable** 应纳税的 **3** having the quality to 有……性 质的: **suitable** 合适的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **-ably** suffix.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. **-able** or L. **-abilis**.

**able-bodied** **■ adj.** not physically unfit or disabled 健 康的,健壮的,体格健全的

**able seaman** **■ n.** a rank of sailor in the Royal Navy above ordinary seaman and below leading seaman (英国皇家海军的)二等兵

**abloom** /ə'blu:m/ **■ adj.** in bloom 开花的

**ablush** /ə'blaf/ **■ adj.** literary 【文】blushing脸红的

**ablution** /ə'blu:fn/ **■ n.** **1** (usu.通常用 **ablutions**) formal or humorous【正式或幽】an act of washing 沐 浴,洗澡 ➤a ceremonial act of washing parts of the body or sacred containers 净礼;洗礼 **2** (**ablutions**) Brit.【英】(in army slang) a room with washing places and toilets(军队俚语)澡堂
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **ablutionary** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **ablutio(n-)**, from **abluere**, from **ab-**'away' + **luere** 'wash.

**ABM** **■ abbr.** anti-ballistic-missile 反弹道导弹

**Abnaki** /æb'næki/ (also 亦作 **Abenaki** /æbə'næki/) **■ n.** (**pl.** **same** 单复同 or **Abnakis**) a member of an American Indian people of Maine and southern Quebec 阿布纳基人(美国缅因州和加拿大魁北克省南 部的美洲印第安人)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. **Abénaqui**, from Montagnais **ouabanăkionek** 'people of the eastern land.

**abnegate** /'æbnigert/ **■ v.** formal 【正式】 renounce or reject (something desired or valuable)放弃,拒绝 (想要或贵重之物)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abnegation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as **abnegation**): from L. **abnegat-**, **abnegare** 'renounce', from **ab-** 'away, off' + **negare** 'deny'.

**abnormal** /æb'no:ml/ **■ adj.** deviating from what is normal 不正常的,异常的,反常的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abnormality** n. (**pl.** **abnormali- ties**), **abnormally** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: alt. of C16 **anormal**, from Fr., var. of **anomal**, via L. from Gk **anōmalos** (see见 **ANOMALY**).

**Abo** /'æbǝu/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **Abos**) Austral. informal, offensive 【澳,非正式,冒】an Aboriginal 澳大利亚土著, 土佬

**aboard** /ə'bə:d/ **■ adv.** & **prep.** **1** on or into (a ship, train, or other vehicle)在(船、火车等)上,上(船、 火车等) **2** Baseball 【棒】 on base 在垒上
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **A-²** + **BOARD**, reinforced by OFr. **à bord**.

**abode¹** /ə'bəud/ **■ n.** formal or literary【正式或文】 a house or home 居所;居住地 ➤the fact of living somewhere 居住,定居: **his right of abode in Britain** 他在英国的居住权
**-PHRASES** 短语 **of no fixed abode** (of a person) having no permanent residence(人)居无定所
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: verbal noun from **ABIDE**.

**abode²** /ə'bəud/ **■ v.** archaic past of **ABIDE** * abide 的古 代过去式

**abolish** /ə'bplıf/ **■ v.** formally put an end to (a practice or institution)废除,废止,撤销(做法或 制度)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abolisher** n. **abolishment** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **aboliss-**, lengthened stem of **abolir**, from L. **abolere** 'destroy'.

**abolition** /æbə'lıfn/ **■ n.** the action of abolishing something 废除,废止,撤销

**abolitionist** /æbə'lı (ə)nist/ **■ n.** a person who favours the abolition of something, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery 废除主义者; (尤指)主张废除死刑者,废奴主义者
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abolitionism** n.

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**abomasum** /æbǝu'meısəm/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **abomasa** /-sə/) Zoology 【动】the fourth stomach of a ruminant, which receives food from the omasum and passes it to the small intestine(反刍动物的)皱胃
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: mod. L., from **ab-** 'away, from' + **omasum** (see见**OMASUM**).

**A-bomb** **■ n.** short for **ATOM BOMB** * atom bomb 的缩 略式

**abominable** /ə'bvm(ə)nəbl/ **■ adj.** causing moral revulsion 令人厌恶的,令人发指的 ➤very bad; terrible 极坏的,糟透的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abominably** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **abominabilis**, from **abominari** 'deprecate', from **ab-** 'away, from' + **omen**, **omin-**'omen.

**Abominable Snowman** **■ n.** (**pl.** **Abominable Snowmen**) another term for **YETI** * yeti的另一种 说法

**abominate** /ə'bominert/ **■ v.** formal 【正式】 regard with hatred or disgust 厌恶,憎恶
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abominator** n.

**abomination** /ə,bpmı'neın/ **■ n.** a cause of hatred or disgust 令人厌恶的事物 ➤a feeling of hatred厌恶, 憎恶

**aboral** /æb'ɔ:r(ə)l/ **■ adj.** Zoology 【动】 furthest from or leading away from the mouth 反口的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **aborally** adv.

**aboriginal** /æbə'rıdzınl/ **■ adj.** inhabiting or exist- ing in a land from the earliest times or from before the arrival of colonists; indigenous 土生 土长的,土著的
> (**Aboriginal**) relating to or denoting the Australian Aboriginals 澳大利亚土 著的 **■ n.** **1** an aboriginal inhabitant 土著居民,原 住民 > (**Aboriginal**) a person belonging to one of the indigenous peoples of Australia 澳大利亚土 著 **2** (**Aboriginal**) any of the Australian Aboriginal languages 澳大利亚土著语
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Aboriginality** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **aborigines** (see见 **ABORIGINE**) + **-AL**.

**aborigine** æbə'rıdzıni:/ **■ n.** an aboriginal person, animal, or plant土著;土生土长的动物(或植物)
> (**Aborigine**) an aboriginal inhabitant of Australia 澳大 利亚土著
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: back-form. from C16 **aborigines** 'original inhabitants', from L. **ab origine** 'from the beginning.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> Both **Aboriginal** and **Aborigine** may be used as nouns referring to a member of an Australian Aboriginal people, but **Aborigine** is the commoner and is preferred by many. * Aboriginal 和 Aborigine 都可作名词,表示澳大 利亚土著,但Aborigine 更为常用,为许多人所偏爱。

**aborning** /ə'bo:nınŋ/ **■ adv.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 vhile being born or produced 诞生时;产生时
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from **a-** 'in the process of' + US dial. **born** 'to be born.

**abort** /ə'bo:t/ **■ v.** **1** carry out or undergo the abortion of(a fetus)堕(胎),使流产 **2** Biology 【生物】 (of an embryonic organ or organism) fail to mature (胚胎器官或生物)败育 **3** bring to a premature end because of a problem or fault 使夭折,中止 **■ n.** chiefly technical 【主技】 an act of aborting a flight or other enterprise(飞行的)中断,取消;(项目的)夭折
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **aboriri** 'miscarry', from **ab-** 'away, from' + **oriri** 'be born.

**abortifacient** /əbə:tı'fernt/ **■** Medicine 【医】 **■ adj.** (of a drug) causing abortion(药)墮胎的 **■ n.** an abortifacient drug 堕胎药

**abortion** /ə'bɔ:fn/ **■ n.** **1** the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy 堕胎,打胎 ➤the natural expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently 流产,小产 **2** Biology 【生物】the arrest of the development of an organ, especially a seed or fruit (尤指种子或果实的)败 育 **3** informal, derogatory【非正式,贬】something imperfectly planned or made 计划不周的事,失败的 行动
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abortionist** n. (chiefly derogatory 【主贬】).

**abortive** /ə'bə:tıv/ **■ adj.** **1** failing to produce the intended result 无结果的,夭折的,失败的: **an abortive coup** 未遂政变 **2** Biology, dated【生物,过时】 (of an organ or organism) rudimentary; arrested in development(器官或生物)发育不全的,败育的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abortively** adv.

**abortus fever** /ə'bɔ:təs/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】 the commonest form of undulant fever in humans, caused by the brucellosis bacterium 流产热
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: from L. **abortus** 'miscarriage.

**ABO system** **■ n.** a system of four basic types (A, AB, B, and O) into which human blood may be classified, based on the presence or absence of inherited antigens * ABO血型系统

**abound** /ə'baund/ **■ v.** exist in large numbers or amounts 大量存在 ➤(**abound in/with**) have in large numbers or amounts 充满,富有,多产
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abunder**, from L. **abundare** 'overflow', from **ab-** 'from' + **undare** 'surge.

**about** /ə'baut/ **■ prep.** & **adv.** **1** [as prep.作介词] on the subject of; concerning对于,关于 **2** used to indicate movement within a particular area or location in a particular place 在(･･･) 各处 **3** [as adv.作副词] approximately 大概,大约
**-PHRASES** 短语 **be about to** be on the point of 即将, 将要 **know what one is about** informal 【非正式】be sensible and self-possessed 做事有方,心中有数
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **onbutan**, from **on** 'in, on' + **būtan** 'outside of' (see见**BUT²**).

**about-turn** (also chiefly N. Amer. 【亦主北美】**about- face**) **■ n.** Brit.【英】 **1** Military【军】 a turn made so as to face the opposite direction 向后转 **2** a complete change of opinion or policy(观点或政策的)彻底 改变

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**above** /ə'bʌv/ **■ prep.** & **adv.** **1** at a higher level or rank than在(……的)上方,在(……的)较高处;(在级别 上)高于 ➤higher than a particular amount or rate (在数量或比率上)超过,多于,大于 **2** in preference to 优先于 **3** [as adv.作副词] (in printed text) mentioned earlier(印刷文本中)在上文
**-PHRASES** 短语 **above all (else)** more so than anything else 最重要的是,首先 **above and beyond** in excess of the expectations or demands of 超出, 高于(预期或需求): **His performance went above and beyond the call of duty.** 他的表现超出了职责要求。➤in addition to 除……以外(还) **above board** legitimate and honest 光明正大 **above oneself** conceited 自高 自大,自命不凡 **not be above** be capable of stooping to (an unworthy act)做得出(与身份不相称的事)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **abufan**, from **a-** 'on' + **bufan** (from **bi** 'by' + **ufan** 'above').

**ab ovo** æb 'ǝuvǝบ/ **■ adv.** from the very beginning 自始,从一开始
**-ORIGIN** 词源 L., lit. 'from the egg.

**Abp** **■ abbr.** Archbishop

**abracadabra** /æbrəkə'dæbrə/ **■ exclam.** a word said by conjurors when performing a magic trick变(魔 术师变戏法时的用语)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L., from a Gk base.

**abrade** /ə'breid/ **■ v.** scrape or wear away by friction or erosion 擦伤;磨损;磨蚀
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abrader** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **abradere**, from **ab-** 'away, from' + **radere** 'to scrape.

**abrasion** /ə'brerzn/ **■ n.** the action or process of abrading or being abraded 擦伤;磨损;磨蚀

**abrasive** /ə'breısıv/ **■ adj.** **1** (of a substance) capable of polishing or cleaning a hard surface by rubbing or grinding(物质)有研磨作用的 ➤tending to rub or graze the skin 粗糙的,擦痛(或擦伤)皮肤 的 **2** harsh or insensitive in manner 伤人感情的;生 硬粗暴的 **■ n.** an abrasive substance (研)磨料
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abrasively** adv. **abrasiveness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. **abras-**, **abradere**(see见 **ABRADE**) +-**IVE**.

**abreaction** /æbri'ækfn/ **■ n.** Psychoanalysis【精神 分析】 the expression and consequent release of a previously repressed emotion, achieved through hypnosis or suggestion 发泄,疏泄
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abreact** v. **abreactive** adj.

**abreast** /ə'brest/ **■ adv.** **1** side by side and facing the same way 肩并肩地;朝同方向并列地 **2** alongside 一 起;同时 **3** (**abreast of**) up to date with 了解…的 最新情况;跟上……的发展

**abridge** /ə'brıdz/ **■ v.** **1** shorten (a text or film) without losing the sense 删节(文本或电影) **2** Law 【律】curtail(a right or privilege)剥夺(权利或特权)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abridgeable** (also chiefly US 【亦主美】**abridgment**) n. **abridger** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abregier**, from late L. **abbreviare** (see见 **ABBREVIATE**).

**abroad** /ə'brə:d/ **■ adv.** **1** in or to a foreign country or countries 在国外;到国外 **2** in different directions; over a wide area 四处,到处 ➤(of a feeling or rumour) widely current(情绪或谣言)盛行 **3** archaic 【古】 out of doors 在室外;到室外 **■ n.** foreign countries collectively 外国(总称)
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from **A-²** + **BROAD**.

**abrogate** /'æbrǝgeit/ **■ v.** formal 【正式】 repeal or cancel (a law or agreement)废除,废止(法律或 协议)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **abrogat-**, **abrogare** 'repeal', from **ab-** 'away, from' + **rogare** 'propose a law'.

**abrupt** /ə'bropt/ **■ adj.** **1** sudden and unexpected 突 然的;意外的 **2** brief to the point of rudeness; curt 唐突的;鲁莽的 **3** (of a slope) steep(坡地)陡的, 险峻的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abruptly** adv. **abruptness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **abruptus** 'broken off, steep', from **abrumpere**, from **ab-** 'away, from' + **rumpere** 'break.

**abruption** /ə'brapfn/ **■ n.** technical 【技】 the sudden breaking away of a portion from a mass 突然的断 裂(或分裂) ➤Medicine 【医】 premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the womb during pregnancy 胎盘剥离

**ABS** **■ abbr.** **1** acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, a hard composite plastic 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯,ABS塑料 **2** anti-lock braking system 防抱死制动装置

**abs-** /ǝbs/ **■ prefix** variant spelling of **AB-** before c, q, and t (as in abscond, abstain) *ab-的另一种拼法 (用于c,q和t前,如abscond和 abstain)

**abscess** /'æbses/ **■ n.** a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus 脓肿
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abscessed** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **abscessus**, from **abscedere**, from **ab-** 'away from' + **cedere** 'go.

**abscisic acid** /æb'sısık/ **■ n.** Biochemistry【生化】a plant hormone which promotes leaf detachment, induces seed and bud dormancy, and inhibits germination 脱落酸
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1960s: from **ABSCISSION**.

**abscissa** /æb'sısǝ/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **abscissae** /-si:/ or **abscissas**) Mathematics 【数】 the distance from a point on a graph to the vertical or y-axis; the x-coordinate 横坐标 Compare with 比较 **ORDINATE**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from mod. L. **abscissa (linea)** 'cut- off (line)', fem. past part. of **abscindere** (see见 **ABSCISSION**).

**abscission** /æb'sın/ **■ n.** Botany 【植】 the process by which parts of a plant break off naturally, e.g. dead leaves 脱落
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abscise** /æb'saiz/v.
**-ORIGIN** 词源C17: from L. **abscissio(n-)**, from **abscindere**, from **ab-** 'off' + **scindere** 'to cut'.

**abscond** /əb'skond, æb-/ **■ v.** leave hurriedly and secretly to escape from custody or avoid arrest 潜逃
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absconder** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **abscondere** 'hide', from **ab-** 'away, from' + **condere** 'stow'.

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**abseil** /'æbseil, -zaıl/ **■ v.** Brit. 【英】 descend a near- vertical surface using a doubled rope running through a friction device or coiled round the body and fixed at a higher point 绕绳下降(通过摩擦装置 或用绳缠绕身体放绳下滑)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abseiler** n. **abseiling** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from Ger. **abseilen**, from **ab** 'down' + **Seil** 'rope.

**absence** /'æbs(ə)ns/ **■ n.** **1** the state of being away from a place or person 缺席,不在 **2** (**absence of**) the non-existence or lack of缺乏;不存在

**absent** **■ adj.** /'æbs(ə)nt/ **1** not present缺席的,不 在场的 **2** showing a lack of attention 心不在焉的 **■ V.** /æb'sent/ (**absent oneself**) stay or go away 避开;离 开 **■ prep.** /'æbs(ə)nt/ N. Amer.【北美】without 没有
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absently** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **absens**, **absent-**, pres. part. of **abesse**, from **ab-** 'from, away' + **esse** 'to be'.

**absentee** /æbs(ə)n'ti:/ **■ n.** a person who is absent 缺 席者,不在者

**absenteeism** /æbs(ə)n'ti:ız(ə)m/ **■ n.** the practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason(经常无故的)旷工,旷课

**absent-minded** **■ adj.** forgetful or inattentive 健忘 的,心不在焉的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absent-mindedly** adv. **absent- mindedness** n.

**absinth** /'æbsine/ **■ n.** **1** the shrub wormwood 蒿属 植物;苦蒿,苦艾 **2** (usu. 通常用 **absinthe**) a green aniseed-flavoured liqueur formerly made with wormwood 苦艾酒
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. **absinthe**, via L. from Gk **apsinthion** 'wormwood.

**absit omen** /'æbsit/ **■ exclam.** used to express the hope that what is threatened may not become fact 大吉大利(表示希望不祥之事不要变成现实)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 L., lit. 'may this (evil) omen be absent.

**absolute** /'æbsəlu:t/ **■ adj.** **1** not qualified or dimin- ished; total 完全的,纯粹的;十足的 ➤not subject to any limitation of power 权力不受限制的,专制 独裁的: **an absolute ruler** 独裁统治者 **2** not relative or comparative 非相对的,绝对的: **absolute moral standards** 绝对道德标准 **3** Grammar 【语法】(of a construction) syntactically independent of the rest of the sentence, as in **dinner being over, we left the table**(结构)独立的(如Dinner being over, we left the table.) ➤(of a transitive verb) used without an expressed object (e.g. **guns kill**)(及物动词)不 带特定宾语的 ➤(of an adjective) used without an expressed noun (e.g. **the brave**)(形容词)不带被修饰名 词的 **4** Law【律】 (of a decree) final (法令)最终的See also 另见 **DECREE ABSOLUTE**. **■ n.** Philosophy 【哲】 a value or principle regarded as universally valid or able to be viewed without relation to other things 绝对
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absoluteness** n. **absolutization** or **absolutisation** n. **absolutize** or **absolutise** v.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from L. **absolutus** 'freed, unrestricted', from **absolvere** (see见 **ABSOLVE**).

**absolute alcohol** **■ n.** ethanol containing less than one per cent of water by weight 无水酒精

**absolutely** /'æbsəlu:tli/ **■ adv.** **1** with no qualification or limitation; totally完全地;绝对地;十足地 **2** used for emphasis or to express agreement(用于强调) 极其,(用于表示赞同)当然,对极了 **3** not viewed in relation to other things 就本身而论 **4** Grammar【语法】 (of a verb) without a stated object(动词)以不带特定 宾语的方式

**absolute magnitude** **■ n.** Astronomy 【天文】the magnitude (brightness) of a celestial object as it would be seen at a standard distance of 10 parsecs 绝对星等

**absolute majority** **■ n.** a majority over all rivals combined; more than half 绝对多数;超过半数

**absolute music** **■ n.** instrumental music not intended to represent or illustrate anything(不以描 绘或说明任何事物为目的的)纯音乐 Compare with 比 较 **PROGRAMME MUSIC**.

**absolute pitch** **■ n.** Music 【音】 **1** perfect pitch 绝对 音高 **2** pitch according to a fixed standard defined by the frequency of the sound vibration 绝对音高

**absolute temperature** **■ n.** a temperature measured from absolute zero in kelvins(以热力学温标为单位 的)绝对温度

**absolute title** **■ n.** Law【律】 the guarantee of title to the ownership of a property or lease 绝对地产权

**absolute value** **■ n.** **1** Mathematics 【数】 the magnitude of a real number without regard to its sign 绝对值 **2** technical 【技】 the actual magnitude of a numerical value or measurement, irrespective of its relation to other values 真值

**absolute zero** **■ n.** the lowest temperature that is theoretically possible (zero kelvins, -273.15°C), at which the motion of particles which constitutes heat is minimal绝对零度(-273.15摄氏度)

**absolution** /æbsə'lu:fn/ **■ n.** formal release from guilt, obligation, or punishment(罪行、义务或惩 罚的)赦免,免除 ➤ecclesiastical declaration of forgiveness of sins(神职人员所宣告的)赦罪
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **absolutio(n-)**, from **absolvere** (see见 **ABSOLVE**).

**absolutism** /'æbs(ə)lu:tız(ə)m/ **■ n.** belief in absolute principles in politics, philosophy, or theology 专制 主义,绝对主义;绝对论
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absolutist** n. & adj.

**absolve** /əb'zplv/ **■ v.** declare (someone) free from guilt or responsibility 宣布免除(某人)的罪行(或责 任): **The pardon absolved them of any crimes.** 特赦状 赦免了他们的所有罪行。➤ give absolution for (a sin)宽恕(罪孽)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **absolvere** 'set free, acquit', from **ab-** 'from' + **solvere** 'loosen.

**absorb** /əbzə:b, 'so:b/ **■ v.** **1** soak up (liquid or another substance)吸收(液体或其他物质) **2** take in (information)理解,掌握(信息) **3** assimilate (a lesser entity) into a larger one 吞并,同化 (较弱势的实体) **4** use up (time or resources)耗费, 消耗(时间或资源) **5** reduce the effect or intensity of (sound or an impact)吸收(声音);减轻(冲击) 的作用 **6** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **absorbed** or **absorbing**] engross the attention of 吸引……的注意; 使全神贯注
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absorbability** n. **absorbable** adj. **absorbedly** adv. **absorber** n. **absorbingly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **absorbere**, from **ab-** 'from' + **sorbere** 'suck in.

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**absorbance** /əb'sə:bəns/ **■ n.** Physics 【物】 a measure of the capacity of a substance to absorb light of a specified wavelength 吸光度

**absorbent** /əb'sə:bənt/ **■ adj.** able to soak up liquid easily 易吸收(液体)的 **■ n.** an absorbent substance 吸收剂;吸收物
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absorbency** n.

**absorption** /əb'zɔ:pfn, 'so:p-/ **■ n.** **1** the process of absorbing something or of being absorbed 吸收; 同化 **2** the state of being engrossed in something专 心致志;全神贯注
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absorptive** adj. **absorptivity** n.

**absorption costing** **■ n.** a method of calculating the cost of a product or enterprise by taking into account overheads as well as direct costs 全部(或吸 收)成本计算法

**absquatulate** /əb'skwptjuleit/ **■ v.** humorous, chiefly N. Amer.【幽,主北美】leave abruptly 开溜
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absquatulation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: blend of **ABSCOND**, **squattle** 'squat down', and **PERAMBULATE**.
> **1911** There isn't a great deal of American
> **2011** vocabulary in the first edition. The correspondence of the co-editor Henry Fowler reveals that he would have been happy to include more but felt that he lacked sufficient knowledge. Apart from a few basics such as **railroad**, **saloon**, **sidewalk**, and **store**, US words that were included tended to be rather quirky, such as the uncommon **absquatulate**, **sockdolager** (a heavy blow), and **vamoose** (spelled **vamose**).第一版中美国英语词汇并不多 见。作为主编之一,亨利·福勒在信件中表示他乐 于收录更多美国英语词汇,但无奈所知有限。除了 **railroad**, **saloon**, **sidewalk**, **store** 等少数基本 词汇外,所收录的美国词汇往往颇为古怪,例如罕见 的 **absquatulate**, **sockdolager**(重重的一击)和 **vamoose** (当时拼作 **vamose**)。

**abstain** /ǝb'stein/ **■ v.** **1** (often 常用 **abstain from**) restrain oneself from doing something 克制,戒除 **2** formally decline to vote(投票时)弃权
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstainer** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abstenir**, from L. **abstinere**, from **ab-** 'from' + **tenere** 'hold'.

**abstemious** /əb'sti:miəs/ **■ adj.** indulging only very moderately in something, especially food and drink (尤指在饮食方面)有节制的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstemiously** adv. **abstemi- ousness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **abstemius** (from **ab-** 'from' + a word rel. to **temetum** 'alcoholic liquor') + **-OUS**.

**abstention** /əb'sten∫n/ **■ n.** **1** an instance of abstaining from a vote(投票时的)弃权 **2** abstinence节制;禁绝
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstentionism** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from late L. **abstentio(n-)**, from **abstinere** (see见 **ABSTAIN**).

**abstinence** /'æbstınəns/ **■ n.** the fact or practice of abstaining, especially from drinking alcohol 节制; 禁绝;(尤指)戒酒
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstinent** adj. **abstinenly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. **abstinentia**, from **abstinere** (see见 **ABSTAIN**).

**abstract** **■ adj.** /'æbstrækt/ **1** theoretical rather than physical or concrete 抽象的,纯理论的 ➤(of a noun) denoting an idea, quality, or state(名词) 抽象的 **2** relating to or denoting art that does not attempt to represent external, recognizable reality (艺术)抽象(派)的 **■ v.** /ǝb'strækt/ **1** extract or remove 提取,去除: **plans to abstract more water from streams** 从溪流中抽取更多水的计划 **2** [as adj. 作 形容词 **abstracted**] not concentrating 心不在焉的; 出神的 **3** make a written summary of 写……的摘要(或 梗概) **4** consider separately from something else 孤 立考虑,把…分离出来 **■ n.** /'æbstrækt/ **1** a summary of a book or article(书籍或文章的)摘要,梗概 **2** an abstract work of art 抽象派艺术作品
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstractedly** adv. **abstractly** adv. **abstractor** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **abstract-**, **abstrahere**, from **ab-**'from' + **trahere** 'draw off.

**abstract expressionism** **■ n.** a development of abstract art which aimed at subjective emotional expression with particular emphasis on spontaneous creativity (e.g. action painting)抽象 表现主义(抽象艺术流派,旨在表达主观情感,特别注 重即兴创作)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstract expressionist** n. & adj.

**abstraction** /æb'strækfn/ **■ n.** **1** the quality or process of treating something in a theoretical way 抽象 ➤something which exists only as an idea 抽 象概念 **2** a state of preoccupation 心不在焉,出神 **3** abstract qualities in art 艺术抽象 **4** the process of abstracting something 提取,去除

**abstractionism** /æb'strækf(ə)nız(ə)m/ **■ n.** **1** the principles and practice of abstract art 抽象主义 **2** the presentation of ideas in abstract terms 概念抽象化
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstractionist** n. & adj.

**abstract of title** **■ n.** Law 【律】 a summary of the title deeds and documents relating to the ownership of a piece of land 产权说明书,所有权证书摘要

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**abstruse** /əb'stru:s/ **■ adj.** difficult to understand 深 奥的,难懂的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abstrusely** adv. **abstruseness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **abstrus-**, **abstrudere** 'conceal', from **ab-** 'from' + **trudere** 'to push.

**absurd** /əb's3:d/ **■ adj.** highly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate荒谬的;荒唐的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absurdity** n. (**pl.** **absurdities**). **absurdly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L. **absurdus** 'out of tune', hence 'irrational'; rel. to **surdus** 'deaf, dull.

**absurdism** /əb's3:dız(ə)m/ **■ n.** the belief that human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe 荒诞 主义
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **absurdist** adj. & n.

**ABTA** /'æbtə/ **■ abbr.** Association of British Travel Agents 英国旅行社协会

**abulia** /ə'bu:liə/ **■ n.** Psychiatry 【精神】 an absence of willpower or an inability to act decisively 意志缺失
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: coined from **A-¹** + Gk **boule** 'the will.

**abundance** /ə'band(ə)ns/ **■ n.** **1** a very large quantity of something 大量;众多 ➤the state of being plentiful or prosperous 丰富;充足 **2** the amount of something present in a particular area or sample 数 量;丰度 **3** (in solo whist) a bid by which a player undertakes to make nine or more tricks 独得九墩(纸 牌戏单打惠斯特中的叫牌用语)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **abundantia**, from **abundant-**, **abundare** (see 见 **ABOUND**).

**abundant** /ə'bandənt/ **■ adj.** present in large quan- tities; plentiful大量的;丰富的
> (**abundant in**) having plenty of富于…的;盛产………的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abundantly** adv.

**abuse** **■ v.** /ə'bju:z/ **1** use to bad effect or for a bad purpose 滥用;妄用 **2** treat with cruelty or violence 虐待;伤害 ➤assault sexually 性侵犯 **3** address in an insulting and offensive way辱骂;诋毁 **■ n.** /ə'bju:s/ **1** the improper use of something 滥用;妄用 **2** cruel and violent treatment 虐待;伤害 ➤sexual assault 性 侵犯 **3** insulting and offensive language 辱骂;恶语
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abuser** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **abus-**, **abuti** 'misuse', from **ab-** 'away' + **uti** 'to use.

**abusive** /ə'bju:sıv/ **■ adj.** **1** offensive and insulting 谩 骂的;毁谤的 **2** characterized by physical abuse 虐待 的 **3** involving illegality 舞弊的;违法的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abusively** adv. **abusiveness** n.

**abut** /ə'bat/ **■ v.** (**abuts**, **abutting**, **abutted**) **1** (of land or a building) be next to or share a boundary with(土地或建筑物)邻接,毗连,紧靠 **2** touch or lean on 接触;倚靠
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Latin **abuttare**, from **a-** 'to' + OFr. **but** 'end'; sense 2 is from OFr. **abouter**, from **a-** + **bouter** (see见 **BUTT¹**).

**abutilon** /ə'bju:tılon/ **■ n.** a herbaceous plant or shrub of warm climates, with showy yellow, red, or mauve flowers 苘麻属植物;苘麻;磨盘草[Genus Abutilon.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from Arab. **übūtīlūn** 'Indian mallow.

**abutment** /ə'batm(ə)nt/ **■ n.** **1** a structure support- ing the lateral pressure of an arch or span 拱座;桥 台 **2** a point at which something abuts something else 接界处

**abutter** /ə'batə(r)/ **■ n.** chiefly US 【主美】 the owner of an adjoining property 毗邻业主

**abuzz** /ə'boz/ **■ adj.** filled with a continuous humming sound 嗡嗡响的;嘈杂的

**ABV** **■ abbr.** alcohol by volume 体积酒精度

**abysm** /ə'bız(ə)m/ **■ n.** literary 【文】 an abyss 深渊
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **abisme**, med. L. **abysmus**, alt. of late L. **abyssus** 'bottomless pit.

**abysmal** /ə'bızml/ **■ adj.** **1** extremely bad 极坏的;糟 透的 **2** literary【文】very deep深不可测的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **abysmally** adv.

**abyss** /ə'bıs/ **■ n.** **1** a very deep chasm 深渊 **2** (**the abyss**) a catastrophic situation regarded as likely to occur(可能出现的)灾难性局面
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk **abussos** 'bottomless', from **a-** 'without' + **bussos** 'depth.

**abyssal** /ə'bısl/ **■ adj.** **1** relating to or denoting the depths of the ocean深海的;海底的 **2** Geology 【地质】 plutonic 深成的

**Abyssinian** /æbr'sıniən/ **■ adj.** historical 【史义】relating to Abyssinia (the former name of Ethiopia)阿比西尼 亚的 **■ n.** **1** historical 【史义】 a native of Abyssinia 阿 比西尼亚人 **2** a cat of a breed having long ears and short brown hair flecked with grey 阿比西尼亚猫

**AC** **■ abbr.** **1** (also 亦作**a.c.**) alternating current **2** air conditioning **3** Air-craftman **4** appellation contrôlée **5** athletic club 体育俱乐部 **6** before Christ 公元前[from L. **ante Christum**.] **7** Companion of the Order of Australia 澳大利亚侍从勋位

**Ac** **■ symb.** the chemical element actinium(化学元 素)锕

**a/c** **■ abbr.** **1** account **2** (also 亦作 **A/C**) air con- ditioning

**ac-** /æk/ **■ prefix** variant spelling of **AD-** assimilated before c, k, and q (as in accept, acquit, and acquiesce) * ad- 的另一种拼法(用于c,k和q前,如accept, acquit 和 acquiesce)

**-ac** /æk/ **■ suffix** forming adjectives which are often also (or only) used as nouns, such as maniac 构成常用作或仅用作名词的形容词(如maniac) Compare with 比较**-ACAL**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 via L. **-acus** or Fr. **-aque** from Gk **-akos**.

**acacia** /ə'keıfə, -siə/ **■ n.** a tree or shrub of warm climates which has yellow or white flowers 金合欢 [Genus Acacia: numerous species.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: via L. from Gk **akakia**.

**academe** /'ækədi:m/ **■ n.** literary 【文】 academia 学术 环境;学术界: **top jobs in academe** 学术界的重要职位
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **academia** (see见 **ACADEMY**).

**academia** /ækə'di:miə/ **■ n.** the academic environment or community 学术环境;学术界
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: from L. (see见**ACADEMY**).

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**academic** /ækə'demık/ **■ adj.** **1** relating to education and scholarship教学的;学术的 ➤scholarly rather than technical or practical 非技术(或实用性)的, 偏重理论的 **2** (of an art form) conventional in an idealized or excessively formal way(艺术形式)传 统的,学院派的 **3** not related to a real or practical situation and therefore irrelevant 学究式的,不切 实际的 **■ n.** a teacher or scholar in a university or college 大学教师,学者
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **academically** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. **académique** or med. L. **academicus**, from **academia** (see见**ACADEMY**).

**academical** /ækə'demıkl/ **■ adj.** relating to a college or university 学院的;大学的 **■ n.** (**academicals**) Brit. dated【英,过时】formal university attire 大学 制服

**academician** /əkædǝ'mıfn/ **■ n.** **1** a member of an academy 学会会员;院士 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】an academic 大学教师;学者

**academicism** /ækə'demısız(Ə)m/ (also 亦 作 **academism**) **■ n.** adherence to formal or conventional rules and traditions in art or literature (艺术或文学领域的)因袭主义,墨守成规

**academy** /ə'kædəmi/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **academies**) **1** a place of study or training in a special field 专科院 校 ➤[chiefly in names 主要用于名称] US & Scottish 【美,苏格兰】a secondary school 中学
> Brit. 【英】 a school which is funded partly by the government and partly by a private individual or organization 公私共建中学 **2** a society or institution of distinguished scholars, artists, or scientists 学会; 研究院
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. **académie** or L. **academia**, from Gk **akadēmeia**, from **Akadēmos**, the hero after whom the garden where Plato taught was named.

**Academy award** **■ n.** an award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievement in the film industry; an Oscar 奥斯卡 金像奖

**Acadian** /ə'kerdiǝn/ **■** chiefly historical 【主史义】 **■ adj.** relating to the former French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia) in Canada(加拿大)阿卡迪亚的 **■ n.** a native or inhabitant of Acadia, or a descendant of the Acadians阿卡迪亚人;阿卡迪亚裔

**açai** /æsari:, æsar'i:/ **■ n.** a South American palm tree producing small edible blackish-purple berries 纤叶椰 [Genus Euterpe.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Port. **açaí**, from Tupi- Guarani **asaí**.

**acajou** /'ækǝzu:/ **■ n.** another term for **CASHEW** * cashew的另一种说法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr., via Port. from Tupi **асајú**.

**-acal** /ǝkl/ **■ suffix** forming adjectives such as maniacal, often from nouns ending in **-ac** (as in maniacal from maniac)构成形容词,常与以-ac结尾 的名词相区别(如 maniacal)

**acalculia** /eıkæl'kju:liə/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】loss of the ability to perform simple calculations, as a result of brain injury or disease 失算(症)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: from **A-¹** + L. **calculare** 'calculate' + **-IA¹**.

**acanthamoeba** /əkændə'mi:bə/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **acanthamoebae** /-'mi:bi:/) an amoeba of a genus which includes a number that can cause opportunistic infections in humans 棘阿米巴属动 物,棘变形虫[Genus Acanthamoeba.]

**acantho-** /ə'kænǝ/ (also **acanth-** before a vowel 元音前亦作 acanth-) **■ comb.** form resembling a thorn or thorns 刺状……,棘状…
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Gk **akantha** 'thorn'.

**acanthus** /ə'kændəs/ **■ n.** **1** a herbaceous plant or shrub with bold flower spikes and spiny decorative leaves, found in warm regions of the Old World 老 鼠簕[Genus Acanthus: many species.] **2** Architecture 【建】a representation of an acanthus leaf, used especially as a decoration for Corinthian column capitals(尤用作科林斯柱头装饰的)老鼠簕叶饰
**-ORIGIN** 词源 via L. from Gk **akanthos**, from **akantha** 'thorn', from **ake** 'sharp point.

**a cappella** /æ kə'pelə, a:/ **■ adj.** & **adv.** (of music) sung without instrumental accompaniment(音乐) 无器乐伴奏的(地),清唱的(地)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., lit. 'in chapel style.

**acara** /ə'ka:rə/ **■ n.** a small cichlid fish of Central and South America with long dorsal and anal fins 丽体 鱼[Genera Aequidens and Cichlasoma.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Port. **acaré**, from Tupi.

**acaricide** /'ækərısaıd/ **■ n.** a substance poisonous to mites or ticks杀螨(或蜱)剂
**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from Gk **akari** 'mite, tick' + **-CIDE**.

**acarine** /'ækəraın/ **■** Zoology 【动】 **■ n.** a small arachnid of the order Acari, which comprises the mites and ticks 螨;蜱 **■ adj.** relating to or caused by mites and ticks 蜱蟎的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from mod. L. **Acari**, from **acarus**, from Gk **akari** 'mite, tick.

**acarology** /ækə'rələdzi/ **■ n.** the study of mites and ticks 蜱蟎学
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acarologist** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk **akari** 'mite, tick' + **-LOGY**.

**ACAS** /'eikæs/ **■ abbr.** (in the UK) Advisory, Conci- liation, and Arbitration Service(英国)咨询、调解和 仲裁局

**acausal** /er'ko:zl/ **■ adj.** not governed or operating by the laws of cause and effect 不受因果律支配的

**accede** /ək'si:d/ **■ v.** (usu. 通常用 **accede to**) formal 【正式】**1** assent or agree to 答应,同意 **2** assume (an office or position)就任(职位)
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from L. **accedere**, from **ad-** 'to' + **cedere** 'give way, yield.

**accelerando** /ək,selə'rændǝu, ǝtfel-/ **■ adv.** & **adj.** Music【音】 with a gradual increase of speed 渐快 地(的)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Ital.

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**accelerant** /ək'selər(ə)nt/ **■ n.** a substance used to aid the spread of fire 助燃剂 **■ adj.** technical 【技】 accelerating or causing acceleration 加速的;催速的

**accelerate** /ək'selǝreit/ **■ v.** begin to move more quickly 加快,加速 ➤increase in rate, amount, or extent(在比率、数量或程度上)增加,增长 ➤Physics 【物】 undergo a change in velocity 变速
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acceleration** n. **accelerative** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16 (earlier (C15) as **acceleration**): from L. **accelerat-**, **accelerare** 'hasten', from **ad-** 'towards' + **celer** 'swift'.

**accelerator** /ək'selǝreitə(r)/ **■ n.** **1** a foot pedal which controls the speed of a vehicle's engine (机动车的)油门 **2** Physics 【物】 an apparatus for accelerating charged particles to high velocities (带电粒子)加速器 **3** a substance that speeds up a chemical process(化学过程)促进剂

**accelerometer** /ək,selə'romitə(r)/ **■ n.** an instrument for measuring acceleration 加速度计

**accent** **■ n.** /'æks(ə)nt, -sent/ **1** a particular way of pronouncing a language, associated with a country, area, or social class口音:腔调 **2** an emphasis given to a syllable, word, or note in speech or music 重 音 **3** a special emphasis着重点;强调: **The accent is on participation.** 重在参与。**4** a mark on a letter indicating pitch, stress, or the quality of a vowel 重 音符号,读音符号 **■ v.** /æk'sent/ **1** [as adj.作形容词 **accented**] spoken with a particular accent 带口音的 **2** stress (a word, syllable, or note)重读(词、音节); 以重音演奏(乐音) **3** emphasize (a feature)着重,强调 (特征)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accentual** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **accentus** 'tone, signal, or intensity', translating Gk **prosõidia** 'song, intonation.

**accentor** /ək'sentə(r)/ **■ n.** a small brown and grey songbird of a family including the dunnock 岩鹨(棕 灰色小型鸣禽)[Family Prunellidae, genus Prunella.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from late L., from **ad-** 'to' + **cantor** 'singer.

**accentuate** /ək'sentfuert, -tju-/ **■ v.** make more noticeable or prominent 使更明显,使突出
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accentuation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18(earlier (C15) as **accentuation**) : from med. L. **accentuat-**, **accentuare**, from L. **accentus** (see见**ACCENT**).

**accept** /ək'sept/ **■ v.** **1** consent to receive or undertake (something offered) 接受,收受 **2** regard with approval 同意,认可 **3** believe to be valid or correct(认为有效或正确而)接受,接纳 **4** take on (a responsibility or liability)承担(责任) ➤tolerate or submit to (something undesirable) 容忍,忍受(令人不快的事物)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acceptance** n. **acceptant** adj. (rare【罕】). **acceptor**(also 亦作 **accepter**) n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **acceptare**, from **accipere**, from **ad-** 'to' + **capere** 'take.

**acceptable** /ək'septəbl/ **■ adj.** **1** able to be accepted 可接受的 **2** satisfactory or adequate令人满意的;过 得去的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acceptability** n. **acceptably** adv.

**acceptation** /æksep'terfn/ **■ n.** the accepted meaning of a word or phrase(词或短语的)通用意义

**access** /'ækses/ **■ n.** **1** the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place 接近;进入;通路 ➤the right or opportunity to use something or see someone 使用(或见到)……的权利(或机会): **Do you have access to a computer?** 你有计算机可以用吗? **2** retrieval of information stored in a computer's memory(对计算机存储器的)访问,存取 **3** literary 【文】an outburst of an emotion(情感的)爆发,发 作: **an access of rage** 怒火爆发 **■ v.** **1** approach or enter (a place)接近,进入(某处) **2** obtain or retrieve (computer data or a file)访问,存取(计算机数据 或文档)
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from L. **accessus**, from **accedere** (see见**ACCEDE**).

**accessary** /ək'ses(ə)ri/ **■ n.** variant spelling of **ACCESSORY** (sense 2 of the noun) * accessory(名词 释义2)的另一种拼法

**accessible** /ək'sesəbl/ **■ adj.** **1** able to be accessed 可接近的,可进入的;可使用的;可得到的 **2** friendly and easy to talk to; approachable平易近人的 **3** easily understood or appreciated 容易理解的,易懂的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accessibility** n. **accessibly** adv.

**accession** /æk'sen/ **■ n.** **1** the attainment of a position of rank即位;就职,就任 **2** the formal acceptance of a treaty or joining of an association (对条约的)正式接受,(新成员的)正式加入 **3** a new item added to a collection of books or artefacts 新增 藏书,新增藏品 **■ v.** record the addition of (a new item) to a library or museum(图书馆或博物馆) 把(新增藏品)登记入册

**accessorize** or **accessorise** /ək'sesəraız/ **■ v.** decorate or augment (something, especially a garment) with a fashion accessory 用配饰装饰(衣服)

**accessory** /ək'ses(ə)ri/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **accessories**) **1** a thing which can be added to something else in order to make it more useful, versatile, or attractive 附件:配件,附属品 ➤a small article carried or worn to complement a garment(衣服的)配饰 **2** (also 亦 作 **accessary**) Law 【律】 a person who assists the perpetrator of a crime without taking part in it 从犯 **■ adj.** chiefly technical 【主技】subsidiary or supplementary 附属的;补充的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accessorial** adj. (chiefly Law 【主律】).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from med. L. **accessorius** 'additional thing', from L. **access-**, **accedere** (see见 **ACCEDE**).

**accessory nerves** **■ pl. n.** Anatomy 【解】 a pair of cranial nerves supplying certain muscles in the neck and shoulder 副神经

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**access provider** **■ n.** another term for **SERVICE PROVIDER** * service provider 的另一种说法

**acciaccatura** /ǝtfækə'tfuǝrǝ/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **acciaccaturas** or **acciaccature**) Music 【音】 a grace note performed as quickly as possible before an essential note of a melody 短倚音
**-ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., from **acciaccare** 'to crush.

**accidence** /'æksıd(ə)ns/ **■ n.** dated 【过时】 the part of grammar concerned with the inflections of words 词形屈折变化
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from late L. **accidentia**, from L. **accidere** (see见 **ACCIDENT**).

**accident** /'æksıd(ə)nt/ **■ n.** **1** an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally 事故, 不测事件 **2** something that happens by chance or without apparent cause 偶然的事 ➤chance机遇, 运气: **We met by accident.** 我们是碰巧遇见的。**3** Philosophy 【哲】a property of a thing which is not essential to its nature 偶有属性,非本质属性
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME (in the sense 'an event'): via OFr. from L. **accident-**, **accidere**, from **ad-** 'towards, to' + **cadere** 'to fall.

**accidental** /æksr'dentl/ **■ adj.** **1** happening by accident 意外的 **2** incidental 偶然(发生)的 **3** Philosophy 【哲】relating to or denoting properties not essential to a thing's nature(属性)偶有的,非本质 的 **■ n.** **1** Music【音】 a sign indicating a momentary departure from the key signature by raising or lowering a note 临时记号 **2** Ornithology 【鸟】 another term for **VAGRANT** * vagrant 的另一种说法
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accidentally** adv.

**accidie** /'æksıdi/ **■ n.** literary【文】 spiritual or mental sloth 倦怠,漠然
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. **accidia**, alt. of **ACEDIA**.

**accipiter** /æk'sıpıtə(r)/ **■ n.** Ornithology 【鸟】a hawk of a group distinguished by short, broad wings, such as the goshawk鷹 [Accipiter and other genera.]
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accipitrine** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L., 'hawk, bird of prey.

**acclaim** /ə'kleim/ **■ v.** praise enthusiastically and publicly(向………)欢呼;(为…)喝彩;称赞 **■ n.** enthusiastic public praise 欢呼;喝彩,称赞
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acclamation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (earlier (C16) as **acclamation**): from L. **acclamare**, from **ad-** 'to' + **clamare** 'to shout'.

**acclimate** /'æklımert, ə'klaımət/ **■ v.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】acclimatize (使)服水土,(使)适应新气 候(或新环境)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acclimation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr. **acclimater**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **climat** 'climate'.

**acclimatize** or **acclimatise** /ə'klaımətaız/ **■ v.** **1** (often 常用 **acclimatize to** or **be**/**become acclimatized to**) become accustomed to a new climate or new conditions(使)服水土,(使)适应新气候(或 新环境) **2** Biology 【生物】 respond to changes in environmental factors 顺应,对环境变化作出反应 **3** Botany & Horticulture【植,园艺】harden off (a plant) 使(植物)逐渐变得耐寒
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acclimatization** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. **acclimater** 'acclimatize + **-IZE**.

**acclivity** /ə'klıvıti/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **acclivities**) an upward slope 上行坡
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acclivitous** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源C17: from L. **acclivitas**, from **acclivis**, from **ad-** 'towards' + **clivus** 'a slope.

**accolade** /'ækǝleid, ækə'leid/ **■ n.** **1** something granted as a special honour or in recognition of merit 荣誉;奖励 **2** a ceremonial touch on a person's shoulders with a sword at the bestowing of a knighthood(册封骑士仪式中的)以剑触肩
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., from Provençal **acolada**, lit. 'embrace around the neck (when bestowing knighthood), from L. **ad-** 'at, to' + **collum** 'neck.

**accommodate** /ə'kəmədeit/ **■ v.** **1** provide lodging or sufficient space for 向………提供住宿(或空间) **2** fit in with the wishes or needs of 顺应;使适应 [as adj.作 形容词 **accommodating**] fitting in helpfully with another's wishes or demands与人方便的,顺应的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accommodatingly** adv. **accom- modative** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **accommodat-**, **accommodare** 'make fitting', from **ad-** 'to' + **commodus** 'fitting.

**accommodation** /əkəmə'derfn/ **■ n.** **1** a room, building, or space in which someone may live or stay 住处;停留处 ➤(**accommodations**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】lodgings 住宿 **2** a settlement or compromise 和解;迁就 **3** adjustment to or reconciliation of changing circumstances 调节,适 应 **4** the automatic adjustment of the focus of the eye by the lens (眼的)调节
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **accommodatio(n-)**, from **accommodare** (see见 **ACCOMMODATE**).

**accommodation address** **■ n.** Brit. 【英】 an address for correspondence used by a person unable or unwilling to give a permanent address(因没有或 为隐匿固定地址而使用的)临时通信地址

**accommodationist** /əkəmə'deıf(ə)nıst/ **■ n.** US【美】 a person who seeks compromise 妥协迁就者

**accommodation ladder** **■ n.** a ladder up the side of a ship allowing access from a small boat or a quayside(船的)舷梯

**accompaniment** /ə'kʌmp(ə)nımənt/ **■ n.** **1** a musical part which supports or partners an instrument, voice, or group 伴奏 **2** something that supplements or complements something else 伴随物;补充物
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr. **accompagnement**, from **accompagner** 'accompany.

**accompanist** /ə'kampənist/ **■ n.** a person who provides a musical accompaniment 伴奏者

**accompany** /ə'kampəni/ **■ v.** (**accompanies**, **accompanying**, **accompanied**) **1** go somewhere with 陪伴,陪同 **2** be present or occur at the same time as 伴随,和…同时存在(或发生) **3** provide or serve as a complement to(附带着)补充 **4** play a musical accompaniment for为…伴奏
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **accompagner**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **compagne**, from OFr. **compaignon** 'companion.

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**accomplice** /ə'kamplıs, ə'kom-/ **■ n.** a person who helps another commit a crime 共犯,共同犯罪人
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: alt. of ME **complice** 'an associate', via OFr. from late L. **complex**, **complic-** 'allied.

**accomplish** /ə'kamplıf/ **■ v.** achieve or complete successfully实现;完成
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acompliss-**, **acomplir**, based on L. **ad-** 'to' + **complere** 'to complete.

**accomplished** /ə'kʌmplıft/ **■ adj.** highly trained or skilled 熟练的;有造诣的

**accomplishment** /ə'kʌmplışmənt/ **■ n.** **1** something that has been achieved successfully成就,成绩 ➤ the successful achievement of a task 实现;完成 **2** an activity that one can do well 才艺,技艺

**accord** /ə'kɔ:d/ **■ v.** **1** give or grant someone (power or recognition)授予,给予(权力或认可) **2** (**accord with**) be harmonious or consistent with与…相和谐; 与…相符合,与…相一致 **■ n.** **1** an official agreement or treaty 正式协议;条约 **2** agreement or harmony 一致;和谐
**-PHRASES** 短语 **of one's own accord** without being asked or forced出于自愿,主动地 **with one accord** in a united way一致地
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE, from OFr. **acorder** 'reconcile, from L. **ad-** 'to' + **cor**, **cord-** 'heart'; influenced by **CONCORD**.

**accordance** /ə'kɔ:d(ə)ns/ **■ n.** (in phr.用于短语 **in accordance with**) in a manner conforming with 依 照,根据

**accordant** /ə'kɔ:d(ə)nt/ **■ adj.** archaic 【古】 agreeing or compatible 一致的,相容的

**according** /ə'kɔ:dıŋ/ **■ adv.** **1** (**according to**) as stated by or in据……所说,按……所载 ➤in a manner corresponding or in proportion to 根据,按照 **2** (**according as**) formal 【正式】 depending on whether 取决于

**accordingly** /ə'kɔ:dıŋli/ **■ adv.** **1** appropriately 照着; 相应地 **2** consequently 因此;于是

**accordion** /ə'kɔ:diən/ **■ n.** a musical instrument played by stretching and squeezing with the hands to work a bellows that blows air over reeds, the melody and chords being sounded by buttons or keys 手风琴
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accordionist** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Ger. **Akkordion**, from Ital. **accordare** 'to tune.

**accost** /ə'kost/ **■ v.** approach and address boldly or aggressively(大胆或唐突地)走近与…讲话,和…搭讪
**-ORIGIN** 词源C16(orig. in the sense 'lie or go alongside'): from Fr. **accoster**, from Ital. **accostare**, from L. **ad-** 'to' + **costa** 'rib, side.

**accouchement** /ə'ku:fm/ **■ n.** archaic 【古】the action of giving birth 分娩,生产
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: Fr., from **accoucher** 'act as midwife', from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **coucher** (see见 **COUCH¹**).

**accoucheur** ,æku:'[3:(r)/ **■ n.** a male midwife 男助 产士
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: Fr., from **accoucher**(see见 **ACCOUCHEMENT**).

**account** /ə'kaunt/ **■ n.** **1** a description of an event or experience 记述,描述;报告 **2** a record of financial expenditure and receipts 账目 ➤chiefly Brit.【主英】 a bill for goods or services(货物或服务的)账单 **3** a service through a bank or similar organization by which funds are held on behalf of a client or goods or services are supplied on credit 账户;赊购账,赊 欠账 **4** a contract to do work for a client 业务委托合 同 **5** importance 重要性: **Money was of no account to her.** 金钱对她来说不重要。**■ v.** **1** consider or regard in a specified way把………视作,认为 **2** (**account for**) supply or make up (a specified amount)提供, 占(一定数量) **3** (**account for**) give a satisfactory record or explanation of 说明………的处置情况,为……… 作出解释 **4** (**account for**) succeed in killing or defeating 杀死;消灭,击败
**-PHRASES** 短语 **call (or bring) to account** require (someone) to explain a mistake or poor performance 责成(某人就错误或拙劣表现)作出解释 **money of account** denominations of money used in reckoning but not current as coins 记账货币 **on someone's account** for someone's benefit 为(某 人)着想 **on account of** because of 因为,由于 **on no account** under no circumstances 绝对不 **on one's own account** for oneself为自身利益 **take account of** consider with other factors before reaching a decision 把…考虑进去 **turn to (good) account** turn to one's advantage 利用,善用
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense 'counting', 'to count'): from OFr. **acont** (n.), **aconter** (v.), based on **conter** 'to count.

**accountable** /ə'kauntəbl/ **■ adj.** **1** (often 常 用 **accantable to/for**) required or expected to justify actions or decisions 应负责任的,应作解释的 **2** explicable; understandable 可解释的;可理解的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accountability** n. **accountably** adv.

**accountancy** /ə'kauntǝnsi/ **■ n.** the profession or duties of an accountant 会计职业(或工作)

**accountant** /ə'kauntənt/ **■ n.** a person who keeps or inspects financial accounts 会计,会计师
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from legal Fr., pres. part. of OFr. **aconter** (see见**ACCOUNT**).

**accounting** /ə'kauntıŋ/ **■ n.** the action of keeping financial accounts 会计

**accounts payable** **■ pl. n.** money owed by a company to its creditors 应付账款

**accounts receivable** **■ pl. n.** money owed to a company by its debtors 应收账款

**accoutre** /ə'ku:tə(r)/ (US 【美】**accouter**) **■ v.** (**accou- tres**, **accoutring**, **accoutred**; US 【美】 **accouters**, **accoutering**, **accoutered**) clothe or equip in something noticeable or impressive 给………配备服装 (或装备)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. **accoutrer**, from OFr. **acoustrer**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **cousture** 'sewing.

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**accoutrement** /ə'ku:təm(ə)nt, -trǝ-/ (US also 【美 亦作】**accouterment**) **■ n.** an item of dress or equipment required for a particular activity(某一特 定活动的)行头,装备

**accra** /'ækrə, ə'kra:/ (also 亦作 **akara**) **■ n.** (in West Africa and the Caribbean) a fritter made using black-eyed peas(西非和加勒比海地区的)阿克拉油炸 豆馅饼
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Yoruba **àkàrà** 'bean cake.

**accredit** /ə'kredit/ **■ v.** (**accredits**, **accrediting**, **accredited**) **1** give credit to (someone) for something 把…归功于;确认…是(某人)所为 ➤(**accredit something to**) attribute something to 把(某事)归结于 **2** [often as adj.常作形容 词 **accredited**] give official authorization or recognition to授权;信托;认可 **3** authorize (a diplomat or journalist) to be in a place or to hold a post 委派,派驻(外交官或记者)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accreditation** n. **accreditor** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. **accréditer**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **crédit** 'credit'.

**accrete** /ə'kri:t/ **■ v.** grow or form by accumulation or coalescence(通过积聚或合并)生长,形成
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accretion** n. **accretionary** adj. **accretive** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (earlier (C17) as **accretion**): from L. **accret-**, **accrescere** 'grow', from **ad-** 'to' + **crescere** 'grow.

**accrue** /ə'kru:/ **■ v.** (**accrues**, **accruing**, **accrued**) **1** (of a benefit or sum of money) be received in regular or increasing amounts(补助金或钱款)定期 获得,逐渐增加 **2** make provision for (a charge) at the end of a financial period 准备累算偿付
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accrual** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acreue**, past part. of **acreistre** 'increase', from L. **accrescere** (see见 **ACCRETE**).

**acculturate** /ə'kʌltf(ǝ)reit/ **■ v.** assimilate to a different culture (使)适应新的文化习俗,(使)受同化
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acculturation** n. **acculturative** adj.

**accumulate** /ə'kju:mjulert/ **■ v.** gather together a number or quantity of 堆积;积累,积聚 ➤gradually increase; build up渐增;增高;增强
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accumulation** n. **accumulative** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源C15: from L. **accumulat-**, **accumulare** 'heap up', from **ad-** 'to' + **cumulus** 'a heap.

**accumulator** /ə'kju:mjəleıtə(r)/ **■ n.** **1** a person or thing that accumulates 积累者(或物),积聚者(或 物) **2** Brit.【英】a large rechargeable electric cell 蓄电 池 **3** Brit.【英】a bet placed on a series of events, the winnings and stake from each being placed on the next 累计赌注

**accurate** /'ækjurət/ **■ adj.** **1** correct in all details E 确无误的 **2** capable of or successful in reaching the intended target 准确的,精确的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accuracy** n. (**pl.** **accuracies**). **accurately** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **accurat-**, **accurare** 'do with care', from **ad-** 'towards' + **cura** 'care'.

**accursed** /ə'k3:sıd, ə'ks:st/ **■ adj.** **1** literary【文】 under a curse 受诅咒的 **2** informal 【非正式】 greatly disliked; detestable可恶的,该死的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: past part. of obs. **accurse**, from **a-** (expressing intensity) + **CURSE**.

**accusal** /ə'kju:zl/ **■ n.** less common term for **ACCUSATION** * accusation的不常见说法

**accusation** /ækju'zerfn/ **■ n.** a charge or claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong 指控, 控告;指责

**accusative** /ə'kju:zətıv/ **■** Grammar 【语法】 **■ adj.** denoting a case which expresses the object of an action or the goal of motion 宾格的 **■ n.** a word in the accusative case 宾格词
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **(casus) accusativus**, translating Gk **(ptosis) aitiatike** (the case) showing cause.

**accusatorial** /əkju:zə'tɔ:riəl/ **■ adj.** Law 【律】involving accusation by a prosecutor and a verdict reached by an impartial judge or jury 控告(或裁决)方的 Compare with 比较 **ADVERSARIAL**, **INQUISITORIAL**.

**accuse** /ə'kju:z/ **■ v.** charge with an offence or crime 指控,控告
> (**accuse someone of**) claim that someone has done something wrong 指责
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **accusatory** adj. **accuser** n. **accusing** adj. **accusingly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acuser**, from L. **accusare** 'call to account', from **ad-** 'towards' + **causa** 'reason, motive, lawsuit.

**accustom** /ə'kastəm/ **■ v.** **1** make used to 使习惯,使 适应: **I accustomed my eyes to the lenses.** 我使自己的眼 睛适应了镜片。
> (**be accustomed to**) be used to 习惯于 **2** [as adj. 作形容词 **accustomed**] customary; usual 惯常的,通常的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acostumer**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **costume** 'custom.

**AC/DC** **■ adj.** **1** alternating current/direct current 交 流电或直流电的;交直流两用的 **2** informal【非正式】 bisexual 双性的

**ace** /eis/ **■ n.** **1** a playing card with a single spot on it, the highest card in its suit in most games 纸牌A (亦称“爱司”) **2** informal 【非正式】 a person who excels at a particular activity 精于…的人;擅长………的人 **3** Tennis 【网】 a service that an opponent is unable to return 发球直得;爱司球 **4** Golf 【高尔夫】a hole in one 一杆进穴 **■ adj.** informal 【非正式】 very good 优秀的,一流的 **■ v.** informal 【非正式】 **1** (in tennis) serve an ace against(在网球比赛中)对…发球得分, 对…发出爱司球 **2** Golf 【高尔夫】 score an ace on (a hole)以一杆进(洞) **3** N. Amer. 【北美】achieve high marks in (a test or exam)在(测验或考试)中 成绩优异
**-PHRASES** 短语 **ace up one's sleeve** (or N. Amer. 【北美】**in the hole**) something effective kept in reserve 留着的一招;暗中保留的王牌 **hold all the aces** have all the advantages 稳操胜券,占尽优势 **within an ace of** very close to 差一点,几乎
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME (denoting the 'one' on dice) : via OFr. from L. **as** 'unity, a unit.

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**-acea** 'eifǝ/ **■ suffix** Zoology 【动】 forming the names of zoological groups 构成动物分类名词: **Crustacea** 甲壳动物 Compare with 比较**-ACEAN**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L., 'of the nature of, neut.pl. adj. ending.

**-aceae** /'ersii:/ **■ suffix** Botany 【植】 forming the names of families of plants 构成植物科名: **Liliaceae** 百合科
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L., 'of the nature of', fem.pl. adj. ending.

**-acean** /'erfn/ **■ suffix** Zoology 【动】 forming the singular of group names ending in **-acea** (such as **crustacean** from **Crustacea**)构成以-acea结尾的集合 名词的单数形式(如Crustacea的单数形式 crustacean)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L.**-aceus** 'of the nature of' + **-AN**.

**acedia** /ə'si:diə/ **■ n.** another term for **ACCIDIE** * accidie的另一种说法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk **akēdia** 'listlessness.

**acellular** /er'seljələ(r)/ **■ adj.** Biology 【生物】not divided into or containing cells 无细胞的 ➤consisting of one cell only 单细胞的

**acentric** /er'sentrik/ **■ adj.** **1** without a centre; not centralized 无中心的;离心的 **2** Genetics【遗】(of a chromosome) having no centromere(染色体)无 着丝粒的

**-aceous** /'erfǝs/ **■ suffix** **1** Botany 【植】 forming ad- jectives from family names 构成科名的形容词形式: **ericaceous** 杜鹃花科植物的 **2** chiefly Biology & Geology 【主生物和地质】 forming adjectives describing similarity 构成描述相似性的形容词: **olivaceous** 橄榄绿的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L.**-aceus** 'of the nature of' + **-ous**.

**acephalous** /er'sef(ə)ləs, -'kef-/ **■ adj.** **1** without a head 无头的 **2** Prosody 【诗体】 lacking syllables in the first foot 首音步少音节的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: via med. L. from Gk **akephalos** 'headless' + **-ous**.

**acer** /'eisǝ(r)/ **■ n.** a maple or related tree, with five- lobed leaves 槭树,枫树[Genus Acer.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L., 'maple.

**acerb** /ǝ's3:b/ **■ adj.** literary, chiefly US 【文,主美】 another term for **ACERBIC** * acerbic的另一种说法

**acerbic** /ə's3:bık/ **■ adj.** **1** (of a person or manner) sharp and forthright(人或态度)尖刻的,直率的 **2** tasting sour or bitter酸的;苦涩的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acerbically** adv. **acerbity** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. **acerbus** 'sour-tasting' + **-IC**.

**acesulfame** /æsı'salfeim/ **■ n.** a sulphur-containing compound used as a low-calorie artificial sweetener 丁磺氨
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1980s: of unknown origin.

**acet-** /ǝ'si:t/ **■ comb.** form see见 **ACETO-**.

**acetabulum** /æsı'tæbjuləm/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **acetabula** /-lə/) **1** Anatomy 【解】 the socket of the hip bone, into which the head of the femur fits 髋臼 **2** Zoology 【动】 a sucker or other cup-shaped structure 吸盘; 白状结构
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(denoting a vinegar cup): from L., from **acetum** 'vinegar' + **-abulum**, denoting a container.

**acetal** /'æsitæl/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound formed by the condensation of two alcohol molecules with an aldehyde molecule 缩醛
**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from **ACETIC ACID** + **al** from **ALCOHOL**.

**acetaldehyde** /æsit'ældıhard/ **■ n.** Chemistry【化】 a colourless volatile liquid aldehyde obtained by oxidizing ethanol; ethanal 乙醛

**acetamide** /ə'si:təmaıd, ǝ'set-/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a crystalline solid with a characteristic musty odour, the amide of acetic acid; ethanamide 乙酰胺

**acetaminophen** /əsi:tə'mınəfen, ǝ,setǝ, æsite-/ **■ n.** North American term for **PARACETAMOL** * paracetamol 的北美说法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1960s: from **para-acetylaminophenol**.

**acetanilide** /æsit'ænılard/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】a crystalline solid prepared by acetylation of aniline, used in dye manufacture 乙酰苯胺,退热冰(用于染 料合成)

**acetate** /'æsiteit/ **■ n.** **1** Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of acetic acid 乙酸盐(或酯): **lead acetate** 乙酸铅 **2** textile fibre or plastic made of cellulose acetate 醋酯 纤维,醋酸纤维 ➤a transparency made of cellulose acetate film 乙酸纤维素透明正片 ➤a direct-cut recording disc coated with cellulose acetate 帯乙酸 纤维素涂层的记录磁盘

**acetic acid** /ə'si:tık, ǝ'set-/ **■ n.** Chemistry【化】 the acid that gives vinegar its characteristic taste; ethanoic acid 乙酸,醋酸[CH3COOH]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: **acetic** from Fr. **acétique**, from L. **acetum** 'vinegar.

**aceto-** /ə'si:tǝบ/ (also **acet-** before a vowel 元音前亦作 acet-) **■ comb.** form Chemistry 【化】 representing 表 小**ACETIC ACID** OF **ACETYL**

**acetobacter** /əsi:tǝ(u)'bæktə(r), æsıtǝu-/ **■ n.** bacteria that oxidize organic compounds to acetic acid, as in vinegar formation 醋杆菌 [Genus Acetobacter.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from **ACETO-** + **BACTERIUM**.

**acetone** /'æsıtǝun/ **■ n.** a colourless volatile liquid ketone used as a solvent and synthetic reagent 丙酮
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **ACETIC ACID** + **-ONE**.

**acetonitrile** /əsi:tə(u)'nartraıl, æsıtǝu-/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a toxic odoriferous liquid, used as a solvent in high- performance liquid chromatography 乙腈

**acetous** /ə'si:təs/ **■ adj.** producing or resembling vinegar 产醋的;似醋的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from late L. **acetosus** 'sour', from L. **acetum** 'vinegar.

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**acetyl** /'æsıtail, -til/ **■ n.** [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting the acyl group - C(O)CH3, derived from acetic acid 乙酰基

**acetylate** /ə'setıleit/ **■ v.** Chemistry 【化】 introduce an acetyl group into (a molecule)使乙酰化
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acetylation** n.

**acetylcholine** /æsıtaıl'kǝuli:n, -tıl-/ **■ n.** Biochemistry 【生化】a compound occurring in the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter 乙酰胆碱

**acetylcholinesterase** /æsıtaılıkəulın'estǝreız, -tıl-/ **■ n.** Biochemistry 【生化】an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, stopping excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse 乙酰胆碱酯酶

**acetylene** /ə'setili:n/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a toxic hydrocarbon gas which burns with a bright flame, used in welding and formerly in lighting; ethyne Z 炔[C₂H₂]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **ACETIC ACID** + **-YL** + **-ENE**.

**acetylide** /ə'setılaid/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】a salt- like compound formed from acetylene and a metal, typically unstable or explosive 炔化物:**silver acetylide** 乙炔银

**acetylsalicylic acid** /æsıtaıl,sælı'sılık, -trl-/ **■ n.** systematic chemical name for **ASPIRIN** 乙酰水杨酸 (阿司匹林的学名)

**Achaean** /ə'ki:ən/ **■ n.** an inhabitant of Achaea in ancient Greece 亚该亚人 ➤literary 【文】 a Greek 希 腊人 **■ adj.** relating to Achaea or the Achaeans 亚该亚 的;亚该亚人的

**Achaemenid** /ə'ki:mənıd/ (also 亦作 **Achaemenian** ækı'miniǝn/) **■ n.** a member of the dynasty ruling in Persia from Cyrus I to Darius III (553-330 вс) 阿契美尼德王朝的一员
**-ORIGIN** 词源 named after Achaemenes, the reputed ancestor of the dynasty.

**achalasia** ækə'lerziǝ **■ n.** Medicine【医】a condition in which the muscles of the lower part of the oesophagus fail to relax, preventing food from passing into the stomach失弛缓症,弛缓不能
**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from **A-¹** + Gk **khalasis** 'loosening' + **-IA¹**.

**acharnement** /ə'fa:nmo/ **■ n.** archaic【古】 bloodthirsty fury or ferocity 凶猛;残暴
**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from **acharner** 'give animals a taste of flesh', ult. from L. **caro**, **carn-** 'flesh.

**ache** /eik/ **■ n.** a continuous or prolonged dull pain (持续或拖长的)疼痛,隐痛 **■ v.** **1** suffer from an ache 疼痛 **2** long for; yearn 渴望
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **aching** adj. **achingly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **æce** (n.), **acan** (v.); the modern spelling is due to a mistaken assumption that the word is derived from Gk **akhos** 'pain.

**achene** /ə'ki:n/ **■ n.** Botany 【植】 a small, dry one- seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed 瘦果
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from mod. L. **achaenium**, from **a-** 'not' + Gk **khainein** 'to gape.

**Acheulian** /ə'fu:liən/ (also 亦作 **Acheulean**) **■ adj.** Archaeology【考古】 relating to or denoting the main Lower Palaeolithic culture in Europe (preceding the Mousterian), dated to about 1,500,000- 150,000 years ago 阿舍利文化的(欧洲早于莫斯特文 化的旧石器时代早期主要文化,可追溯至约1,500,000- 150,000年前)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from St-Acheul near Amiens in northern France, where objects from this culture were found.

**achieve** /ə'tfi:v/ **■ v.** bring about or accomplish by effort, skill, or courage 完成;实现;达到,得到
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **achievable** adj. **achiever** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **achever** 'come or bring to a head', from **a chief** 'to a head.

**achievement** /ə'tfi:vmənt/ **■ n.** **1** a thing that is achieved 成就,成绩 **2** the process or fact of achieving 完成,实现;达到 **3** Heraldry【纹章】 a representation of a coat of arms with all the adjuncts to which a bearer of arms is entitled 纹章牌

**achillea** /ækı'li:ǝ, æ'kıliə/ **■ n.** yarrow or a related plant, with white or yellow flowers and fern-like leaves [Genus Achillea.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 via L. from Gk **Akhilleios**, denoting a plant supposed to have been used medicinally by Achilles.

**Achilles heel** /ə'kıli:z/ **■ n.** a weakness or vulnerable point 阿喀琉斯之踵,致命的弱点
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: alluding to the mythological Greek hero Achilles, whose mother plunged him into the River Styx when he was a baby, thus making his body invulnerable except for the heel by which she held him.

**Achilles tendon** **■ n.** the tendon connecting calf muscles to the heel 跟腱

**Achinese** /'ætſini:z/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **same**单复同) **1** a member of a people living in northern Sumatra 亚齐人(居住在苏门答腊岛北部) **2** the Indonesian language of the Achinese 亚齐语(亚齐人使用的印尼 语) **■ adj.** relating to the Achinese 亚齐人的;亚齐 语的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Acheh, **Atjeh**, a territory in northern Sumatra + **-n-** + **-ESE**.

**achiote** /ætſi'pti/ **■ n.** North American term for **ANNATTO** * annatto 的北美说法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Sp., from Nahuatl **achiotl**.

**achiral** /er'kaır(ǝ)1/ **■ adj.** Chemistry 【化】(of a molecule) able to be superimposed on its mirror image; not chiral(分子)非手性的

**achkan** /'ætſk(ə)n/ **■ n.** a knee-length coat buttoned in front, worn by men from South Asia 艾奇肯上衣 (南亚男子穿的一种及膝的前排扣上衣)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Hindi **ackan**.

**achlorhydria** /eıklɔ:'haıdriǝ, æklɔ:-/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】 absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions 胃酸缺乏

**Acholi** /ə'tfǝuli/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **same** 单复同) **1** a member of a farming and pastoral people of northern Uganda and South Sudan 阿乔利人(乌干达北部和 南苏丹的农牧民族) **2** the Nilotic language of the Acholi 阿乔利语(阿乔利人说的尼罗语)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 the name in Acholi.

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**achondrite** /ə'kondrait/ **■ n.** a stony meteorite containing no small mineral granules (chondrules) 无球粒陨石

**achondroplasia** /əkəndrǝ(u)'pleıziǝ, ex-/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】 a hereditary condition in which the growth of long bones is retarded, resulting in short limbs 软骨发育不全
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **achondroplasic** adj. **achon- droplastic** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **A-¹** + Gk **khondros** 'cartilage' + **plasis** 'moulding' + **-IA¹**.

**achromat** /'ækrǝ(u)mæt/ **■ n.** an achromatic lens 消 色差透镜

**achromatic** /ækrǝ(u)'mætık/ **■ adj.** **1** relating to or denoting lenses that transmit light without separating it into constituent colours(透镜)消色差 的 **2** without colour 无色的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: via Fr. from Gk **a-** 'without' + **khromatikos** (from **khroma** 'colour').

**achy** /'erki/ (also 亦作 **achey**) **■ adj.** (**achier**, **achiest**) suffering from an ache or aches 疼痛的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **achiness** n.

**acicular** /ə'sıkjulə(r)/ **■ adj.** technical 【技】 needle- shaped 针状的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from late L. **acicula** 'small needle' + **-AR¹**.

**acid** /'æsıd/ **■ n.** **1** a substance (typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid) with particular chemical properties including turning litmus red, neutralizing alkalis, and dissolving some metals 酸 **2** Chemistry 【化】 any molecule able to donate a proton or accept electrons in reactions 酸(质子供体或电子 对受体) **3** informal 【非正式】the drug LSD 迷幻 药 LSD,麦角二乙胺 **■ adj.** **1** containing or having the properties of an acid; having a pH of less than 7(含)酸的;酸性的;pH值小于7的 **2** sharp- tasting or sour味冲的;酸味的 **3** (of remarks) bitter or cutting(话语)尖酸的,尖刻的 **4** Geology & Metallurgy 【地质,治】rich in silica 酸性的,富含 二氧化硅的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acidification** n. **acidify** v. (**acidifies**, **acidifying**, **acidified**), **acidly** adv. **acidy** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **acidus**, from **acere** 'be sour.

**acid drop** **■ n.** Brit. 【英】 a boiled sweet with a sharp taste 酸味糖果

**acid house** **■ n.** a kind of synthesized dance music with a fast repetitive beat, associated with the taking of drugs such as Ecstasy and LSD 迷幻豪斯音乐 (一种节拍快速重复的合成舞曲,与吸食摇头丸、迷幻药 等毒品联系在一起)

**acidic** /ə'sıdık/ **■ adj.** **1** having the properties of an acid, or containing acid; having a pH below 7(含)酸的; 酸性的;pH值小于7的 **2** sharp-tasting or sour 味 冲的;酸味的: **acidic wine** 酸葡萄酒 ➤(of a person's speech) bitter or cutting(言辞)尖酸的,尖刻的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acidity** n.

**acidimetry** /æsı'dımıtri/ **■ n.** measurement of the strengths of acids 酸量法

**acid jazz** **■ n.** a kind of dance music incorporating elements of jazz, funk, soul, and hip hop 迷幻爵士乐 (融合了爵士乐、放克、灵魂乐和嘻哈的舞曲)

**acidophilic** /æsıdǝ(u)'fılık, ǝ,sıd-/ **■ adj.** Biology 【生物】**1** relating to or denoting cells readily stained with acid dyes(细胞)嗜酸性染色的 **2** growing best in acidic conditions 嗜酸的

**acidophilus** /æsı'dpfiles/ **■ n.** a bacterium used to make yogurt 嗜酸乳杆菌 [Lactobacillus acidophilus.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: mod. L., lit. 'acid-loving.

**acidosis** /ası'dǝusis/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】an excessively acid condition of the body fluids or tissues 酸过多,酸中毒
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acidotic** adj.

**acid rain** **■ n.** rainfall made acidic by atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen oxides from the industrial burning of fossil fuels 酸雨

**acid rock** **■ n.** a style of rock music popular in the late 1960s, associated with hallucinogenic drugs 迷幻 摇滚乐

**acid salt** **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a salt formed by incomplete replacement of the hydrogen of an acid, e.g. **potassium hydrogen sulphate**(KHSO₄)酸式盐

**acid test** **■ n.** a conclusive test of success or value 决 定性考验,严峻考验
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from the original use denoting a test for gold using nitric acid.

**acidulate** /ə'sıdjulert/ **■ v.** make slightly acidic 使略 带酸性
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acidulated** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from L. **acidulus** (from **acidus** 'sour') + **-ATE³**.

**acidulous** /ə'sıdjuləs/ **■ adj.** sharp-tasting; sour 味冲 的;酸味的

**acinus** /'æsınəs/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **acini** /-nat/) Anatomy【解】 **1** a small sac-like cavity in a gland, surrounded by secretory cells 腺泡 **2** a region of the lung supplied with air from one of the terminal bronchioles 肺 腺泡
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: L., lit. 'a kernel.

**-acious** /'erfǝs/ **■ suffix** (forming adjectives) in- clined to; having as a capacity(构成形容词)有……倾 向的,多…的:**capacious** 容量大的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L. **-ax**, **-ac-** + **-ous**.

**-acity** /'æsiti/ **■ suffix** forming nouns of quality or state corresponding to adjectives ending in **-acious** (such as audacity corresponding to audacious) 构成 以-acious 结尾的形容词的名词形式,表示性质或状态 (如 audacious 对应的名词形式为 audacity)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. **-acité** or L.. **-acitas**.

**ack-ack** æk'æk/ **■ n.** Military, informal【军,非正式】 anti-aircraft gunfire or guns 高射炮火;高射炮
**-ORIGIN** 词源 First World War: former signallers' name for the letters **AA**.

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**ackee** /'æki/ (also 亦作**akee**) **■ n.** **1** a tropical West African tree which is cultivated for its fruit 阿开基木 (产于热带西非)[Blighia sapida.] **2** the fruit of the ackee, which is poisonous until fully ripe 阿开基木 果(完全成熟前有毒)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Kru **ākee**.

**ack emma** /æk 'emǝ/ **■ adv.** Brit. dated 【英,过时】 informal term for **A.M.** * a.m.的非正式说法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 First World War: former signallers' name for these letters.

**ackers** /'ækəz/ **■ pl. n.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 money 钱
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s (orig. used by Brit. troops in Egypt as a name for the piastre): prob. alt. of Arab. **fakka** 'small change, coins.

**acknowledge** /ək'nplıdz/ **■ v.** **1** accept or admit the existence or truth of 接受;承认 **2** confirm receipt of or gratitude for确认收到;向………致谢 **3** greet with words or gestures 向………打招呼,理会
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acknowledgeable** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from the obs. ME verb **knowledge**, influenced by obs. **acknow** 'acknowledge, confess.

**acknowledgement** /ək'nılıdzmənt/ (also chiefly US 【亦主美】**acknowledgment**) **■ n.** **1** the action or fact of acknowledging 接受;承认 **2** (**acknowledgements**) a statement printed at the beginning of a book expressing the author's gratitude to others(作者 的)致谢,鸣谢

**ACL** **■ abbr.** anterior cruciate ligament 前交叉 韧带

**aclinic line** /ə'klınık/ **■ n.** another term for **MAGNETIC EQUATOR** * magnetic equator 的另一种说法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: **aclinic** from Gk **aklinēs**, from **a-** 'not' + **klinein** 'to bend.

**ACLU** **■ abbr.** American Civil Liberties Union 美国公 民自由协会

**acme** /'ækmi/ **■ n.** the highest point of achievement or excellence顶峰,顶点,极致
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Gk **akmē** 'highest point.

**Acmeist** /'ækmi:ist/ **■ adj.** denoting an early 20th- century movement in Russian poetry which favoured formal technique and clarity of exposition 阿克梅派的(指20世纪初的俄国诗歌运动,提倡形式技 巧和表意明晰) **■ n.** an Acmeist poet 阿克梅派诗人
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Acmeism** n.

**acne** /'ækni/ **■ n.** a skin condition marked by numerous red pimples resulting from inflamed sebaceous glands 痤疮;粉刺
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acned** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: via mod. L. from Gk **aknas**, a misreading of **akmas**, accusative pl. of **akmē** 'highest point, peak, or facial eruption'; cf. **ACME**.

**acne rosacea** **■ n.** see见 **ROSACEA**.

**Acol** /'ækpl/ **■ n.** Bridge 【桥牌】 a commonly used British system of bidding designed to enable partners with weaker hands to find suitable contracts 埃珂叫牌法(旨在让弱手牌搭档竞叫以找到 合适的定约墩数的常用英式叫牌法)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from Acol Road in Hampstead, London, where the system was devised.

**acolyte** /'ækəlaıt/ **■ n.** **1** an assistant or follower 助 手;追随者 **2** a person assisting a priest in a religious service 襄礼员(宗教仪式中的教士助手)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acolyt** or eccles. L. **acolytus**, from Gk **akolouthos** 'follower.

**aconite** /'ækənaıt/ **■ n.** **1** a poisonous plant bearing spikes of hooded pink or purple flowers乌头(有毒 植物)[Genus Aconitum: many species, including monkshood.] **2** (also 亦作 **winter aconite**) a small plant bearing yellow flowers in early spring 欧洲菟 葵(小型植物,早春开黄色花) [Eranthis hyemalis.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: via Fr. and L. from Gk **akoniton**.

**acorn** /'eiko:n/ **■ n.** the fruit of the oak, a smooth oval nut in a cup-like base 橡(树果)实
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **æcern**, of Gmc origin; rel. to **ACRE**, later assoc. with **OAK** and **CORN¹**.

**acorn barnacle** **■ n.** a stalkless barnacle which attaches itself in large numbers to rocks, ships, and marine animals 藤壶 [Genus Balanus.]

**acorn worm** **■ n.** a burrowing worm-like marine animal with a proboscis, a collar, and a long trunk with gill slits 肠鳃纲虫;柱头虫[Class Enteropneusta.]

**acotyledon** /əkətı'li:d(ə)n/ **■ n.** a plant that has no distinct seed leaves 无子叶植物
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acotyledonous** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from mod. L. pl. **acotyledones** (see见**A-¹**, **COTYLEDON**).

**acouchi** /ə'ku:tfi/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **acouchis**) a large forest rodent resembling an agouti, found in the Amazon basin 长尾刺豚鼠(大型丛林啮齿动物,见于亚马孙河 流域)[Genus Myoprocta: two species.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., from Tupi.

**acoustic** /ə'ku:stık/ **■ adj.** **1** relating to sound or hearing 声音的;听觉的 ➤(of building materials) used for soundproofing or modifying sound(建 筑材料)隔音的,变音的 ➤(of a device or system) utilizing sound energy(装置或系统)利用声能的 ➤(of an explosive mine) set off by sound waves (水雷)由声波引爆的,音响的 **2** (of popular music or musical instruments) not having electrical amplification(流行音乐或乐器)无电声放大的,原 声的 **■ n.** **1** the properties of a room or building that determine how sound is transmitted in it(房间或建 筑物的)音响效果,传声效果 **2** (**acoustics**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of physics concerned with the properties of sound 声学
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acoustical** adj. **acoustically** adv. **acoustician** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Gk **akoustikos**, from **akouein** 'hear.

**acoustic impedance** **■ n.** Physics 【物】 the ratio of the pressure over an imaginary surface in a sound wave to the rate of particle flow across the surface 声阻抗

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**acoustic shock** **■ n.** damaged hearing suffered by the user of an earphone as a result of sudden excessive noise in the device(耳机音量骤增造成的)听觉损伤

**acquaint** /ə'kweint/ **■ v.** **1** (**acquaint someone with**) make someone aware of or familiar with 使知 晓;使了解,使熟悉 **2** (**be acquainted with**) know personally 认识,与………相识 ➤(**be acquainted**) (of two or more people) know each other slightly(两 个或两个以上的人)相识
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acointier** 'make known', from late L. **accognitare**, from L. **accognoscere**, from **ad-** 'to' + **cognoscere** 'come to know.

**acquaintance** /ə'kweintəns/ **■ n.** **1** the fact or state of being acquainted 知晓;了解;认识 **2** a person one knows slightly相识的人,泛泛之交
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acquaintanceship** n.

**acquiesce** /ækwi'es/ **■ v.** accept or consent to some- thing without protest 默认;默许
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acquiescence** n. **acquiescent** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **acquiescere**, from **ad-** 'to, at' + **quiescere** 'to rest.

**acquire** /ə'kwarǝ(r)/ **■ v.** come to possess (some- thing)获得,得到(某物) ➤learn or develop (a skill, quality, etc.)学习,学到(技能等),开始具有(特质等)
**-PHRASES** 短语 **acquired taste** a thing that one learns to like over time 慢慢养成的爱好
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acquirable** adj. **acquiree** n.(Finance【金】). **acquirement** n. **acquirer** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME **acquere**, from OFr. **aquerre**, based on L. **acquirere** 'get in addition', from **ad-** 'to' + **quaerere** 'seek.

**acquired character** (also 亦作 **acquired charac- teristic**) **■ n.** Biology 【生物】 a change in an organ or tissue due to use,disuse, or environmental effects, and not inherited 获得性状

**acquired immune deficiency syndrome** **■ n.** see 见**AIDS**.

**acquisition** /ækwızın/ **■ n.** **1** a recently acquired asset or object 新购资产;新获得物 **2** the action of acquiring 获得,得到

**acquisition accounting** **■ n.** a procedure in accounting in which the value of the assets of a company is changed from book to fair market level after a takeover收购会计,盘购会计,兼并会计

**acquisitive** /ə'kwızətıv/ **■ adj.** excessively interested in acquiring money or material things(对金钱或物 质)渴望得到的,贪婪的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acquisitively** adv. **acquis- itiveness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. **acquisitif**, **-ive**, from late L. **acquisitivus**, from L. **acquisit-**, **acquirere** (see见 **ACQUIRE**).

**acquit** /ə'kwit/ **■ V.** (**acquits**, **acquitting**, **acquitted**) **1** formally declare (someone) not guilty of a criminal charge 宣告(某人)无罪 **2** (**acquit oneself**) conduct oneself or perform in a specified way 使(自 己)作出某种表现: **The goalkeeper acquitted himself well.** 守门员表现不错。
> (**acquit oneself of**) archaic 【古】 discharge (a duty or responsibility)履行(义务或 责任)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **acquiter**, from med. L. **acquitare** 'pay a debt', from **ad-** 'to' + **quitare** 'set free.

**acquittal** /ə'kwıtl/ **■ n.** a judgement or verdict that a person is not guilty of a criminal charge 宣告无罪

**acquittance** /ə'kwit(ə)ns/ **■ n.** Law 【律】 a written receipt attesting the settlement of a fine or debt(罚 金或债务)免除证书

**acrasia** /ə'kreıziə, ə'kræsiə/ **■ n.** variant spelling of **AKRASIA** * akrasia的另一种拼法

**acre** /'eıkə(r)/ **■ n.** a unit of land area equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectare)英亩(等于4,840平方 码,合0.405公顷)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acreage** n. **-acred** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **æcer** (denoting the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in a day), of Gmc origin.

**acre-foot** **■ n.** (**pl.** **acre-feet**) a unit of volume equal to the volume of a sheet of water one acre (0.405 hectare) in area and one foot (30.48 cm) in depth; 43,560 cubic feet (1233.5 cubic metres)英 亩一英尺(水量单位,相当于1英亩地1英尺深的水量)

**acrid** /'ækrıd/ **■ adj.** unpleasantly bitter or pungent 苦 的,辛辣的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acridity** n. **acridly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: formed irregularly from L. **acer**, **acri-** 'sharp, pungent' + **-ID¹**; prob. influenced by **acid**.

**acridine** /'ækrıdi:n/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a colourless solid compound used in the manufacture of dyes and drugs 吖啶(用于制染料和药品)

**acriflavine** /ækrı'flervın, -in/ **■ n.** a bright orange- red dye derived from acridine, used as an antiseptic 吖啶黄素(用作消毒灭菌剂)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from **ACRIDINE** + L. **flavus** 'yellow' + **-INE**.

**acrimonious** /ækrı'mǝuniəs/ **■ adj.** characterized by acrimony; angry and bitter尖刻的;讥刺的: **an acrimonious dispute** 激烈的争论
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acrimoniously** adv.

**acrimony** /'ækrıməni/ **■ n.** bitterness or ill feeling 尖 刻;讥刺
**-ORIGIN** 词源C16(in the sense 'bitter taste or smell'): from Fr. **acrimonie** or L. **acrimonia**, from **acer**, **acri-** 'pungent, acrid.

**acrobat** /'ækrǝbæt/ **■ n.** an entertainer who performs acrobatics 杂技演员
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acrobatic** adj. **acrobatically** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. **acrobate**, from Gk **akrobatēs**, from **akrobatos** 'walking on tiptoe', from **akron** 'tip' + **bainein** 'to walk.

**acrobatics** /ækrə'bætıks/ **■ pl. n.** [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] spectacular gymnastic feats 杂技

**acrolect** /'ækrǝ(u)lekt/ **■ n.** Linguistics【语言】the most prestigious dialect or variety of a language 层语言,高势语 Contrasted with 对照 **BASILECT**.
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acrolectal** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1960s: from Gk **akron** 'summit' + **-lect** as in **dialect**.

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**acromegaly** /ækrǝ(u)'megəli **■ n.** Medicine 【医】 abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone 肢端 肥大症
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acromegalic** /-mr'gælık/ adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: coined in Fr. from Gk **akron** 'tip, extremity' + **megas**, **megal-** 'great.

**acronym** /'ækrənım/ **■ n.** a word formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. **laser**, **Aids**)首字母 缩拼词
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1940s: from Gk **akron** 'end, tip' + **onoma** 'name'

**acropetal** /ə'kropıtl/ **■ adj.** Botany 【植】 relating to or denoting growth upwards from the base or point of attachment.向顶的Often contrasted with 常对照 **BASIPETAL**.
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acropetally** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk **akron** 'tip' + L. **petere** 'seek' + **-AL**.

**acrophobia** /ækrǝ'fəbiə/ **■ n.** extreme or irrational fear of heights 恐高症
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acrophobic** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk **akron** 'summit' + **-PHOBIA**.

**acropolis** /ə'kropǝlıs/ **■ n.** a citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, built on high ground(古 希腊城市的)卫城
**-ORIGIN** 词源 Gk, from **akron** 'summit' + **polis** 'city.

**across** /ə'krps/ **■ prep.** & **adv.** from one side to the other of (something)从(……的)一边到另一边 ➤expressing movement over (a place or region)穿 过,越过(地方或地区) ➤on or towards the other side of 在(或向)(……的)另一边
**-PHRASES** 短语 **across the board** applying to all 全面, 适用于一切
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME (as adv. meaning 'in the form of a cross'): from OFr. **a croix**, **en croix** 'in or on a cross'.

**acrostic** /ə'krostik/ **■ n.** a poem or puzzle in which certain letters in each line form a word or words 离 合诗;离合诗谜题
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. **acrostiche**, from Gk **akrostikhis**, from **akron** 'end' + **stikhos** 'row, line of verse.

**acrylamide** /ə'krıləmaid/ **■ n.** Chemistry【化】 a colourless toxic crystalline solid which readily forms water-soluble polymers 丙烯酰胺
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **ACRYLIC** + **AMIDE**.

**acrylate** /'ækrılert/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of acrylic acid 丙烯酸盐(或酯)

**acrylic** /ə'krılık/ **■ adj.** denoting a synthetic resin or textile fibre made from polymers of acrylic acid or acrylates (合成树脂或纺织纤维)丙烯酸的 **■ n.** **1** an acrylic textile fibre 丙烯酸纤维 **2** an acrylic paint 丙 烯酸涂料
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from the liquid aldehyde **acrolein** (from L. **acer**, **acri-** 'pungent' + **ol(eum)** 'oil' + **-IN¹**) + **-YL** + **-IC**.

**acrylic acid** **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 a pungent liquid organic acid which can be polymerized to make synthetic resins 丙烯酸

**acrylonitrile** /ækrılə(u)'nartraıl/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】a pungent, toxic liquid used in making artificial fibres and other polymers 丙烯腈

**ACT** **■ abbr.** **1** advance corporation tax 预缴公司税 **2** Australian Capital Territory 澳大利亚首都直辖区

**act** /ækt/ **■ v.** **1** take action; do something 行动;做 事
> (**act up**) informal【非正式】behave badly 耍 脾气;捣蛋 **2** (**act for**/**on behalf of**) represent on a contractual or legal basis 代理 [as adj.作形容 词 **acting**] temporarily doing the duties of another 代理的 **3** take effect or have a particular effect 起 作用,见效 **4** perform a fictional role in a play or film(在戏剧或电影中)扮演(角色) ➤behave so as to appear to be 假装: **I acted dumb.** 我装傻充愣。 ➤(**act something out**) perform a narrative as if it were a play 把(经过)表演出来 **■ n.** **1** a thing done 行为;行动 **2** a simulation or pretence 模仿;假装 ➤a particular type of behaviour or routine 特有 的行为(或常规): **He did his Sir Galahad act.** 他做 了高尚的举动。**3** Law【律】 a written ordinance of Parliament, Congress, etc.(议会、国会等颁布的)法 案,法令 **4** dated 【过时】 a record of the decisions or proceedings of a committee or an academic body(委员会或学术团体的)正式记录 **5** a main division of a play, ballet, or opera(戏剧、芭蕾舞剧 或歌剧的)幕 **6** a set performance 短节目,一项表演: **her one-woman poetry act** 她的女声单人诗朗诵
**-PHRASES** 短语 **act of God** an instance of uncontrollable natural forces in operation 天灾,不可抗力 **act of grace** a privilege or concession that cannot be claimed as a right恩典;特许令 **get (or be) in on the act** informal 【非正式】 become (or be) involved in a particular activity, in order to gain an advantage (出于利害关系)加入(或参与)活动
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actable** adj. **acting** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **actus** 'event, thing done', from **act-**, **agere** 'do, act', reinforced by Fr. **acte**.

**actant** /'æktənt/ **■ n.** **1** Grammar 【语法】 a noun or noun phrase involved in the action expressed by a verb 动作名词;动作名词短语 **2** (in literary theory) a person, creature, or object playing an active role in a narrative 行动元(文学理论用语)

**ACTH** **■ abbr.** Biochemistry 【生化】 adrenocorti- cotrophic hormone促肾上腺皮质(激)素

**actin** /'æktın/ **■ n.** Biochemistry 【生化】 a protein which forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells 肌动蛋白
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1940: from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray' + **-IN¹**.

**acting pilot officer** **■ n.** a rank in the RAF above warrant officer and below pilot officer(英国皇家空 军的)代理少尉

**actinian** /æk'tıniǝn/ **■ n.** Zoology 【动】 a sea anemone
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from the mod. L. genus name **Actinia** (from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray') + **-AN**.

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**actinic** /æk'tınık/ **■ adj.** technical 【技】(of light or lighting) able to cause photochemical reactions, as in photography, through having a significant short- wavelength or ultraviolet component(光或照明) 光化(性)的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actinism** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray' + **-IC**.

**actinide** /'æktınard/ **■ n.** Chemistry 【化】 any of the series of fifteen radioactive metallic elements from actinium (atomic number 89) to lawrencium (atomic number 103) in the periodic table 锕系元素 (元素周期表中第89号元素锕至103号元素铹共15种放射性 金属元素的统称)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1940s: from **ACTINIUM** + **-IDE**, on the pattern of **lanthanide**.

**actinium** /æk'tıniəm/ **■ n.** the chemical element of atomic number 89, a rare radioactive metallic element of the actinide series that occurs as an impurity in uranium ores 锕(化学元素,原子序数 为89,锕系稀有放射性金属,以杂质形式存在于铀矿石 中)(Symbol 符: **Ac**)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray' + **-IUM**.

**actinolite** /æk'tınəlaıt/ **■ n.** a green mineral of the amphibole group occurring chiefly in metamorphic rocks and as a form of asbestos 阳起石
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray' + **lithos** 'stone' (because of the ray-like crystals).

**actinometer** /æktı'nomitə(r)/ **■ n.** Physics 【物】an instrument for measuring the intensity of radiation 日射测定表
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray' + **-METER**.

**actinomorphic** /æktınǝ(u)'mɔ:fık/ **■ adj.** Biology 【生物】characterized by radial symmetry, such as a starfish(海星等)辐射对称的Compare with 比较 **ZYGOMORPHIC**.
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actinomorphy** n.

**actinomycete** /æktınǝ(0)'marsi:t/ **■ n.** a filamentous bacterium of an order (Actinomycetales) including the streptomycetes 放射菌
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: mod. L. **actinomycetes**, from Gk **aktis**, **aktin-** 'ray' + **mukētes**, pl. of **mukēs** 'fungus.

**action** /'ækfn/ **■ n.** **1** the process of doing something to achieve an aim行动,行动过程 ➤the effect or influence of something such as a chemical(化 学品等的)作用 **2** a thing done; an act 所做之事; 行为 **3** the way in which something works or moves 功能;动作;姿势 **4** armed conflict 战斗, 作战 **5** a lawsuit or legal proceedings 诉讼;诉讼 程序 **■ v.** take action on (something)对………采取 行动
**-PHRASES** 短语 **in action** engaged in an activity; in operation 在活动中,在运转中 **out of action** not working不(再)运转;不(再)起作用 **take action** do something official or concerted for a particular purpose(官方或联合)采取行动
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr, from L. **actio(n-)**, from **agere** 'do, act.

**actionable** /'ækfənəbl/ **■ adj.** **1** Law 【律】 giving sufficient reason to take legal action 可提起诉讼的 **2** able to be done or acted on可行的,可做成的,可就 此行事的

**actioner** /'æksənə(r)/ **■ n.** informal 【非正式】a film predominantly consisting of exciting action and adventure 动作(影)片

**action painting** **■ n.** a technique and style of painting in which paint is thrown or poured on to the canvas 行动绘画,动作绘画(将颜料泼在帆布上的 绘画技法)

**action potential** **■ n.** Physiology 【生理】 the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell 动作电位

**action replay** **■ n.** Brit. 【英】 a playback of part of a television broadcast, especially one in slow motion (电视画面的)即时重放;(尤指)慢动作重放

**action stations** **■ pl. n.** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 the positions taken up by military personnel in preparation for action(军事人员准备战斗时的)战位

**activate** /'æktivert/ **■ v.** make (something) active or operative 激活,使活跃 ➤convert (a substance, molecule, etc.) into a reactive form使(物质、分子 等)活化
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **activation** n. **activator** n.

**activated carbon** (also 亦作 **activated charcoal**) **■ n.** charcoal that has been heated or otherwise treated to increase its adsorptive power 活性炭

**activated sludge** **■ n.** aerated sewage containing aerobic microorganisms which help to break it down 活性污泥

**active** /'æktiv/ **■ adj.** **1** moving or tending to move about vigorously or frequently 积极的,活跃的 ➤(of a person's mind or imagination) alert and lively **2** participating in a particular sphere or activity(人的 头脑或想象力)敏锐的,活跃的 **3** working or in operation 在起作用的,在活动中的;在运转中的 **4** Grammar【语法】denoting a voice of verbs in which the subject is typically the person or thing performing the action and which can take a direct object (e.g. **she loved him** as opposed to **he was loved**)(动词语态)主动的The opposite of 反义词 **PASSIVE**. **5** (of a volcano) erupting or having erupted in historical times(火山)处于喷发期的,活 的 **6** (of a disease) not in remission or latent(疾 病)发展中的,非缓解的,非潜伏的 **7** having a chemical or biological effect on something 活性 的,有化学(或生物)作用的 **8** (of an electric circuit) capable of modifying its state or characteristics automatically in response to input or feedback(电路)主动感应的 **■ n.** Grammar【语法】an active form of a verb(动词的)主动(语)态形式
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actively** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **activus**, from **act-**, **agere** 'act, do.

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**active immunity** **■ n.** Physiology 【生理】immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system 主动免疫

**active list** **■ n.** a list of the officers in an armed service who are liable to be called on for duty 现役军官名册

**active matrix** **■ n.** Electronics 【电子】 a display system in which each pixel is individually controlled 有源 矩阵

**active service** **■ n.** direct participation in military operations as a member of the armed forces 现役

**active site** **■ n.** Biochemistry【生化】a region on an enzyme that binds to and reacts with the substrate during a reaction 活性部位

**active transport** **■ n.** Biology 【生物】 the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy 主动转运

**activewear** /'æktıvweǝ(r)/ **■ n.** casual, comfortable clothing suitable for sport or exercise 休闲运动服

**activism** /'æktıvız(ə)m/ **■ n.** the use of vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change 行动主义(为实现政治或社会变革而积极 努力)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **activist** n. & adj.

**activity** /æk'tıvəti/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **activities**) **1** a condition in which things are happening or being done 活跃, 热闹状况 ➤busy or vigorous action or movement 繁忙(或剧烈)的活动 **2** an action taken in pursuit of an objective 活动 ➤a recreational pursuit 消 遣 **3** the degree to which something displays its characteristic property or behaviour 活性

**act of contrition** **■ n.** (in the Roman Catholic Church) a penitential prayer(天主教的)忏悔祷告

**actor** /'æktə(r)/ **■ n.** **1** a person whose profession is acting 演员 **2** a participant in an action or process (行 动或过程的)参与者
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actorish** adj. **actorly** adj.

**actress** /'æktrǝs/ **■ n.** a female actor 女演员
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actressy** adj.

**actual** /'æktfuǝl, -tfuǝl/ **■ adj.** **1** existing in fact; real 实际存在的,事实上的,真实的 **2** existing now; current 现时的,当前的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actualization** or **actualisation** n. **actualize** or **actualise** v.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. **actuel** 'active, practical', from late L. **actualis**, from **actus**(see见**ACT**).

**actual bodily harm** **■ n.** Law, Brit.【律,英】minor injury inflicted on a person by the deliberate action of another, considered less serious than grievous bodily harm(未达到严重程度的)实际人身伤害

**actuality** /æktju'æliti, -tfu-/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **actualities**) the state of existing in reality 现实存在,现实性 ➤(**actualities**) existing conditions or facts 现实情况; 事实

**actually** /'æktfuǝli/ **■ adv.** **1** as the truth or facts of a situation 实际上,事实上 **2** as a matter of fact; even 真实地;甚至

**actuary** /'æktfuǝri, -tju-/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **actuaries**) a person who compiles and analyses statistics in order to calculate insurance risks and premiums(保 险)精算师
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actuarial** adj. **actuarially** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. **actuarius** 'bookkeeper', from **actus** (see见**ACT**).

**actuate** /'ækt.fueit, -tju-/ **■ v.** **1** cause to operate 开 动,使启动 **2** motivate to act in a particular way 激 励;驱使,使行动
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **actuation** n. **actuator** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from med. L. **actuat-**, **actuare**, from L. **actus** (see见**ACT**).

**actus reus** /æktəs 'reıəs/ **■ n.** Law 【律】 action or conduct which is a constituent element of a crime, as opposed to the mental state of the accused 犯罪行为 (与犯罪意图相对) Compare with 比较 **MENS REA**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 L., lit. 'guilty act.

**acuity** /ə'kju:ıti/ **■ n.** sharpness or keenness of thought, vision, or hearing(思想、视力或听力的)敏 度,敏锐
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. **acuite** or med. L. **acuitas**, from L. **acuere** (see见 **ACUTE**).

**aculeate** /ə'kju:liət/ **■ adj.** **1** Entomology 【昆】de- noting hymenopterous insects with stings, e.g. bees and wasps 有刺的,有整针的 **2** Botany 【植】 sharply pointed; prickly具(皮)刺的;刺状的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **aculeatus**, from **aculeus** 'a sting', dimin. of **acus** 'needle.

**acumen** /'ækjumən, ə'kju:mən/ **■ n.** the ability to make good judgements and take quick decisions 敏锐,聪明
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L., 'sharpness, point', from **acuere** (see见**ACUTE**).

**acuminate** /ə'kju:mınət/ **■ adj.** Biology 【生物】(of a plant or animal structure) tapering to a point(动植 物结构)渐尖的,长尖的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from late L. **acuminat-**, **acuminare**, from **acuere** (see见**ACUTE**).

**acupoint** /'ækjupoint/ **■ n.** any of the supposed energy points on the body where acupuncture needles are inserted or manual pressure is applied during acupressure(针刺或指针疗法中的)腧穴,穴位

**acupressure** /'ækjuprefǝ(r)/ **■ n.** a system of comple- mentary medicine in which manual pressure is applied to the body at specific points along supposed lines of energy(以指代针按压腧穴的)指 针疗法
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: blend of **ACUPUNCTURE** and **PRESSURE**.

**acupuncture** /'ækjupan(k)tfə(r)/ **■ n.** a system of complementary medicine in which fine needles are inserted in the skin at specific points along supposed lines of energy 针刺疗法
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acupuncturist** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. **acu** 'with a needle' + **PUNCTURE**.

**acushla** /ə'kuflə/ **■ n.** Irish dated【爱,过时】an affectionate form of address 亲爱的(用作称呼)
**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from Ir. **a chuisle (mo chroi)** 'O pulse (of my heart)!'

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**acute** /ə'kju:t/ **■ adj.** **1** critical; serious 严重的: **an acute housing shortage** 严重的住房短缺 ➤(of an illness) coming sharply to a crisis; severe(疾病)急 性的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **CHRONIC**. **2** perceptive; shrewd敏锐的,有洞察力的,精明的
> (of a physical sense or faculty) highly developed (感官或官能)灵敏的 **3** (of an angle) less than 90° 锐(角)的 **4** (of a sound) high; shrill(声音)高 的,尖的 **■ n.** short for **ACUTE ACCENT** * acute accent 的缩略式
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acutance** n. **acutely** adv. **acuteness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **acut-**, **acuere** 'sharpen', from **acus** 'needle.

**acute accent** **■ n.** a mark (´) placed over certain letters in some languages to indicate a feature such as altered sound quality (e.g. in **fiancée**) (某些语言中 标在字母上方指示发音的)尖音符(如在fiancée中)

**acute rheumatism** **■ n.** rheumatic fever 风湿热

**ACW** **■ abbr.** aircraftwoman

**-acy** /əsi/ **■ suffix** forming nouns of state or quality 构成名词,表示性质或状态: **celibacy** 独身
**-ORIGIN** 词源 var. of **-cy**, from L. **-atia** (med. L. **-acia**), or from Gk **-ateia**.

**acyclic** /er'saıklık, -'sık-/ **■ adj.** **1** not displaying or forming part of a cycle 非循环的;非周期的 ➤(of a woman) not having a menstrual cycle(女子)无 月经周期的 **2** Chemistry 【化】 (of a compound or molecule) containing no rings of atoms(化合物或 分子)无环的

**acyclovir** /er'saıklǝvıə(r)/ **■ n.** Medicine 【医】an antiviral drug used chiefly in the treatment of herpes 无环鸟苷,阿昔洛韦(抗病毒药物,主要用于 治疗疱疹)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1970s: from **acycl(ic)** + **vir** (al DNA).

**acyl** /'ersaıl, 'æsıl/ **■ n.** [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting a group of general formula -C(O)R, where R is an alkyl group, derived from a carboxylic acid 酰基
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: coined in Ger., from L. **acidus** (see 见**ACID**)+**-YL**.

**acylate** /'ersailent, 'æsıl-/ **■ v.** Chemistry【化】 introduce an acyl group into (a molecule or compound)酰化
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **acylation** n.

**AD** **■ abbr.** Anno Domini (used to indicate that a date comes the specified number of years after the traditional date of Christ's birth)公元
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **AD** should be placed before the numerals, as in **AD 375** (not **375 AD**). The reason for this is that AD is an abbreviation of Latin **anno domini**, which means 'in the year of our Lord'. However, when the date is spelled out, it is normal to write **the third century AD** (not **AD the third century**). *AD 应置于数字前,如公元 375年应写作 AD 375(不要写作 375AD)。原因在 于AD是拉丁语 anno domini的缩写,意为“在我主 之年”。但日期用单词表示时,如公元3世纪,通常写 作 the third century AD(不要写作 AD the third century). Compare with 比较 **BC**.

**ad** /æd/ **■ n.** informal 【非正式】 **1** an advertisement 告 **2** Tennis 【网】advantage 占先

**ad-** /æd/ (also 亦作**a-** before sc, sp, st; **ac-** before c, k, q; **af-** before f; **ag-** before g; **al-** before l; **an-** before n; **ap-** before p; **ar-** before r; **as-** before s; **at-** before t) **■ prefix** **1** denoting motion or direction to 表示 移动或方向: **advance** 前进 **2** denoting reduction or change into 表示减少或变成: **adulterate** 掺假使变得不 纯 **3** denoting addition or increase 表示添加或增长: **adjunct** 附属物
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L. **ad** 'to'.

**A/D** **■ abbr.** Electronics 【电子】 analogue to digital 模拟 数字

**-ad¹** /æd, ǝd/ **■ suffix** forming nouns 构成名词: **1** in collective numerals 集合数词:**myriad** 无数 **2** in names of females in classical mythology 古典神话 中的女性名: **dryad** 德律阿得斯(树神) **3** in names of poems and similar compositions 诗歌类作品名: **Iliad** 《伊利亚特》**4** forming names of members of some taxonomic groupings 构成分类系统中某些类别成员的 名称: **bromeliad** 凤梨科植物
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from the Gk ending **-as**, **-ad-**.

**-ad²** /ǝd/ **■ suffix** forming nouns such as ballad, salad 构 成名词(如 ballad 和 salad) Compare with 比较**-ADE²**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. **-ade**.

**Ada** /'eıdə/ **■ n.** a high-level computer programming language used chiefly in real-time computerized control systems, e.g. for aircraft navigation * Ada 语 言(高级计算机程序语言,主要用于飞机导航等实时计算 机化控制系统)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1980s: named after the 19th-cent. English mathematician Ada Lovelace.

**adage** /'ædıdz/ **■ n.** a proverb or short statement that expresses a general truth 谚语;格言
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. **adagium** 'saying, based on an early form of **aio** 'I say.

**adagio** /ə'da:(d)ziǝu/ **■** Music 【音】 **■ adv.** & **adj.** in slow time 缓慢地(的),柔板地(的) **■ n.** (**pl.** **adagios**) an adagio passage 慢板乐章,柔板乐章
**-ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., from **ad agio** 'at ease.

**adamant** /'ædəm(ə)nt/ **■ adj.** refusing to be persuaded or to change one's mind坚决的,坚定 不移的 **■ n.** archaic 【古】 a legendary rock or mineral associated at times with both diamond and lodestones 硬石(指金刚石、天然磁石等)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **adamance** n. **adamancy** n. **adamantly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE (as n.), from OFr. **adamaunt-**, via L. from Gk **adamas**, **adamant-**, 'untameable, invincible' (later used to denote the hardest metal or stone, hence diamond), from **a-** 'not' + **daman** 'to tame.

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**adamantine** /ædə'mæntain/ **■ adj.** literary【文】 unbreakable 牢不可破的,坚不可摧的

**Adam's ale** /'ædəmz/ **■ n.** dated, humorous【过时, 幽】water 水

**Adam's apple** /'ædəmz/ **■ n.** a projection at the front of the neck formed by the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, often prominent in men 喉结
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: so named from the notion that a piece of the forbidden fruit became lodged in Adam's throat.

**adapt** /ə'dæpt/ **■ v.** **1** make suitable for a new use or purpose 使适应,使适合 **2** become adjusted to new conditions 适应
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **adaptive** adj. **adaptively** adv. **adaptivity** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. **adapter**, from L. **adaptare**, from **ad-** 'to' + **aptare** (from **aptus** 'fit').

**adaptable** /ə'dæptəbl/ **■ adj.** **1** able to adjust to new conditions 能适应新环境的,适应性强的 **2** able to be modified for a new use or purpose 可改变的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **adaptability** n. **adaptably** adv.

**adaptation** /ædæp'ters(ə)n/ **■ n.** **1** the action or process of adapting or being adapted适应,适合 **2** a film or play adapted from a written work 改编电影; 改编剧 **3** Biology 【生物】 a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment 适应

**adaptationism** /ædəp'teıf(ə)nız(ə)m/ **■ n.** Biology 【生物】the axiom or assumption that each feature of an organism is the result of evolutionary adaptation for a particular function 适应论(认为生物的每个特征 都是为了适应某种功能而进化的结果)
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **adaptationist** n. & adj.

**adaption** /ə'dæpfn/ **■ n.** another term for **ADAPTATION** * adaptation 的另一种说法

**adaptive radiation** /ə'dæptıv/ **■ n.** Biology 【生物】 the diversi-fication of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches 适应辐射

**adaptogen** /æ'dæptǝdzn/ **■ n.** (in herbal medicine) a natural substance considered to help the body adapt to stress(草药中的)适应原
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **adaptogenic** adj.

**adaptor** /ə'dæptə(r)/ (also 亦作 **adapter**) **■ n.** **1** a device for connecting pieces of equipment 转接器, 适配器
> Brit.【英】 a device for connecting more than one plug at a time or plugs of a nonstandard type to an electrical socket 多头电源插座 **2** a person who adapts a text for filming, broadcasting, or the stage(影视、广播或戏剧的)改编者

**Adar** /æ'da:(r)/ **■ n.** (in the Jewish calendar) the sixth month of the civil and twelfth of the religious year, usually coinciding with parts of February and March 阿达尔月(犹太国历6月,犹太教历12月,通常 在公历二三月间)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Heb. **'ādār**.

**adaxial** /æd'æksiəl/ **■ adj.** Botany 【植】 facing toward the stem (in particular denoting the upper surface of a leaf)(尤指叶的上表面)近茎的The opposite of 反 义词 **ABAXIAL**.

**ADC** **■ abbr.** **1** aide-de-camp **2** analogue to digital converter 模数转换器

**add** /æd/ **■ v.** **1** join to or put with something else 增加,添加,附加 **2** put together (two or more numbers or amounts) to calculate their total value 把…加起来,计算………的总和 ➤(**add up**) increase in amount, number, or degree 增加;加深 ➤(**add up to**) amount to 合计达 **3** (**add up**) informal 【非正 式】make sense言之成理,有道理,说得通 **4** say as a further remark进一步说,补充说明
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. **addit-**, **addere**, from **ad-** 'to' + the base of **dare** 'put'.

**adda** /'ǝd,da:/ **■ n.** Indian【印度】**1** an illicit drinking place 非法酒肆 **2** informal【非正式】conversation among a group 聚谈
**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Hindi **addā**, orig. in the sense 'perch for tame birds.

**addax** /'ædæks/ **■ n.** a large antelope with a mainly greyish and white coat, native to the deserts of North Africa旋角羚(大型羚羊,产于北非沙漠,毛皮 主要为灰白色)[Addax nasomaculatus.]
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: L., from an Afr. word recorded by Pliny.

**added value** **■ n.** another term for **VALUE ADDED** * value added 的另一种说法

**addendum** /ə'dendəm/ **■ n.** (**pl.** **addenda** /-də/) **1** an extra item added at the end of a book or text(书 籍或文本后的)补遗,补编 **2** Engineering 【工程】the radial distance from the pitch circle of a cogwheel or wormwheel to the crests of the teeth or ridges (齿 轮的)齿顶高 Compare with 比较 **DEDENDUM**.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: L., 'that which is to be added', gerundive of **addere**(see 见**ADD**).

**adder¹** /'ædə(r)/ **■ n.** a small venomous snake which has a dark zigzag pattern on its back and bears live young 极北蝰 [Vipera berus.] ➤used in names of similar or related snakes, e.g. **death adder**, **puff adder**(用于相似或近缘蛇类的名称中,如棘蛇和 咝蝰)
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE **nædre** 'serpent, adder', of Gmc origin; the initial **n** was lost in ME by wrong division of **a naddre**.

**adder²** /'ædə(r)/ **■ n.** Electronics 【电子】a unit which adds together two input variables 加法器

**adder's tongue** **■ n.** **1** a fern with a single pointed oval frond and an unbranched spore-bearing stem 瓶尔小草 [Genus Ophioglossum.] **2** North American term for **DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET** * dog's-tooth violet 的北 美说法

**addict** /'ædıkt/ **■ n.** a person who is addicted to something 成瘾者
**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from the obs. verb **addict**, which was a back-form. from **ADDICTED**.

**addicted** /ə'dıktıd/ **■ adj.** **1** physically dependent on a particular substance 成瘾的 **2** informal【非正式】 devoted to a particular interest or activity 入迷的
<26>
He's addicted to computers. 他迷上了电脑。
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from the obs. adj. addict 'bound or devoted', from L. addict-, addicere 'assign', from ad- 'to' + dicere 'say'.

**addiction** /ə'dıkfn/ n. the fact or condition of being addicted 成瘾;入迷

**addictive** /ə'dıktıv/ adj. causing or likely to cause addiction 使人成瘾(或入迷)的;易上瘾(或入迷)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **addictively** adv.

**Addison's disease** /'ædıs(ə)nz/ n. a disease characterized by progressive anaemia and bronze discoloration of the skin, caused by inadequate secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex 艾迪生病(表现为进行性贫血和皮肤变成青铜色,由肾上腺皮质素分泌不足引起)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Addisonian** /ædr'sǝuniən/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the English physician Thomas Addison.

**addition** /ə'dı∫n/ n. 1 the action or process of adding 增加,添加 a person or thing added 增加的人(或物) 2 the process of adding numbers or amounts 加
> Mathematics 【数】 the process of combining matrices, vectors, or other quantities under specific rules to obtain their sum or resultant 加法

**additional** /ə'dı∫(ə)nl/ adj. extra or supplementary to what is already present or available 额外的,附加的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **additionally** adv.

**additional member system** n. a type of proportional representation in which each elector votes separately for a party and for a representative 联立投票制(选举人对政党及其代表分别投票的一种比例代表制)

**addition reaction** n. Chemistry 【化】 a reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products 加成反应

**additive** /'ædətıv/ ■n. a substance added to improve or preserve something 添加剂,添加物 ■adj. 1 relating to or produced by addition 添加的;累加的 2 technical【技】 relating to the reproduction of colours by the superimposition of primary colours 相加色的

**addle** /'ædl/ ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **addled**] 1 confuse 使糊涂 2 (of an egg) become rotten, producing no chick (禽蛋)变质,孵不出小鸡 ■adj. 1 not clear or cogent; muddled 不清楚的,不清晰的,混乱的: The film is addle-brained. 这部电影思路混乱。 2 archaic【古】(of an egg) rotten (禽蛋)变质的,腐坏的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OE adela 'liquid filth', of Gmc origin.

**address** /ə'dres/ n. 1 the particulars of the place where a person lives or an organization is situated 地址:住址 2 a formal speech 演说,讲话 3 archaic 【古】 a person's manner of speaking 谈吐 4 (**addresses**) archaic 【古】 courteous or amorous approaches 殷勤;求爱 5 dated【过时】 skill, dexterity, or readiness 技巧;灵巧;敏捷 ■v. 1 write someone's name and address on (an envelope or parcel) 在(信封或包裹)上写姓名和地址 2 speak formally to 对…发表演说,向…发表讲话 3 think about and begin to deal with (考虑并着手)解决,处理(某事) 4 Golf【高尔夫】 prepare to hit (the ball) 就位击(球)
> a string of characters which identifies a destination for email messages or the location of a website (电子邮件或网站的)地址
> a binary number identifying a location in a data storage system or computer memory (数据存储或计算机存储器的)地址
> (**address something to**) direct one's remarks to 向………诉说(某事)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **addressee** n. **addresser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(as v. in the senses 'set upright' and 'guide, direct'): from OFr., based on L. ad- 'towards' + directus (see 见 DIRECT).

**addressable** /ə'dresǝbl/ adj. Computing 【计】 relating to or denoting a memory unit in which all locations can be separately accessed by a particular program 可寻址的

**adduce** /ə'dju:s/ ■v. cite as evidence 引证
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adducible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. adducere, from ad- 'towards' + ducere 'to lead.

**adduct¹** /ə'dakt/ ■v. (of a muscle) move (a limb or other part) towards the midline of the body or towards another part (肌肉)使(肢体等)内收 The opposite of 反义词 ABDUCT.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adduction** n. **adductor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: back-form. from ME adduction, from late L. adductio(n-) 'bringing forward', from adducere (see 见 ADDUCE).

**adduct²** /'ædakt/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 the product of an addition reaction between two compounds 加(成化)合物
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Ger. Addukt (blend of Addition and Produkt).

**addy** /'ædi/ ■n. (pl. **addies**) informal 【非正式】 an email address 电子邮件地址

**-ade¹** /erd/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting an action that is completed 表示完成的行动: **blockade** 封锁 2 denoting the body concerned in an action or process 表示行动或过程中涉及的主体: **brigade** 旅 3 denoting the product or result of an action or process 表示行动或过程的成果或结果: **arcade** 拱廊
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., via Port., Provençal, and Sp. -ada or via Ital. -ata, from L. -atus (past participial suffix of verbs ending in -are).

**-ade²** /erd/ suffix forming nouns such as **decade** 构成名词(如 decade)
-ORIGIN 词源 var. of **-AD¹**, from Fr. -ade, from Gk -as, -ad-.

**-ade³** /eid/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 equivalent in sense to nouns ending in **-ADE¹** 与以-ade¹结尾的名词同义: **brocade** 织锦 2 denoting a person

<27>
………的人: **renegade** 变节者
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp. or Port. -ado, masc. form of -ada (see 见 **-ADE¹**).

**adenine** /'ædıni:n/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of DNA and RNA 腺嘌呤
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk adēn 'gland' + **-INE⁴**.

**adeno-** /'ædınǝu/ comb. form relating to a gland or glands 与腺有关的: **adenocarcinoma** 腺癌
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk adēn 'gland.

**adenocarcinoma** /ædınǝu,ka:sı'nǝumə/ ■n. (pl. **adenocarcinomas** or **adenocarcinomata** /-mətə/) Medicine 【医】 a malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue 腺癌

**adenoids** /'ædınsıdz/ pl. n. a mass of enlarged lymphatic tissue between the back of the nose and the throat 腺样(增殖)体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adenoidal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: adenoid from Gk adēn 'gland' + **-OID**.

**adenoma** /ædı'nǝumə/ ■n. (pl. **adenomas** or **adenomata** /-mətə/) Medicine 【医】 a benign tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue 腺瘤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adenomatous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk adēn 'gland.

**adenosine** /ə'denǝ(u)si:n/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a nucleoside consisting of adenine combined with ribose 腺苷

**adenosine triphosphate** /trar'fpsfert/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound which by its breakdown in the body (to **adenosine diphosphate**) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction 腺苷三磷酸

**adenovirus** /'ædınǝu,vaırǝs/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 any of a group of DNA viruses first discovered in adenoidal tissue, most of which cause respiratory diseases 腺病毒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adenoviral** adj.

**adept** ■adj. /'ædept, ǝ'dept/ very skilled or proficient 熟练的,擅长的,内行的 ■n. /'ædept/ a person who is adept at something 能手,行家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adeptly** adv. **adeptness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. adept-, adipisci 'obtain, attain'.

**adequate** /'ædıkwət/ adj. satisfactory or acceptable 令人满意的,合乎需要的,尚可的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adequacy** n. **adequately** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. adaequat-, adaequare 'make equal to', from ad- 'to' + aequus 'equal'.

**à deux** /æ 'd3:/ adv. for or involving two people 两人;为两人:两人之间
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**ADF** abbr. automatic direction-finder 自动测向仪

**ad fin.** /æd 'fin/ adv. at or near the end of a piece of writing 在(或近)(文章)最后
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. ad finem 'at the end'.

**ADH** abbr. Biochemistry 【生化】 antidiuretic hormone

**ADHD** abbr. attention deficit hyper-activity disorder 注意缺陷障碍,儿童多动症

**adhere** /əd'hıə(r)/ ■v. (**adhere to**) 1 stick fast to 黏着在…上 2 believe in and follow the practices of 信奉,追随;坚持 3 represent truthfully and in detail 如实详细反映
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adherence** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (earlier (ME) as adherence, adherent): from L. adhaerere, from ad- 'to' + haerere 'to stick'.

**adherent** /əd'hıər(ə)nt/ ■n. someone who supports a particular party, person, or set of ideas 信徒,追随者,拥护者 ■adj. sticking fast to something 黏着的

**adhesion** /əd'hi:zn/ ■n. the action or process of adhering 黏着;信奉;追随 ▶ Physics 【物】 the sticking together of particles of different substances (不同物质粒子的)附着,黏附 ▶ Medicine 【医】 an abnormal union of surfaces due to inflammation or injury 粘连

**adhesive** /əd'hi:sıv, -zıv/ adj. able to stick to a surface or object; sticky 可黏着的;黏的,黏性的 ■n. an adhesive substance 黏合剂,胶黏剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adhesively** adv. **adhesiveness** n.

**adhibit** /əd'hıbıt/ ■v. (**adhibits**, **adhibiting**, **adhibited**) formal 【正式】 apply or affix to something else 敷;粘;附上
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adhibition** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. adhibit-, adhibere 'bring in', from ad- 'to' + habere 'hold, have'.

**ad hoc** /æd 'hok/ adj. & adv. formed, arranged, or done for a particular purpose only 特别的(地),专门的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'to this'.

**adhocracy** /æd'hokrǝsi/ n. the replacement of a rigid bureaucracy with flexible forms of organization (取代僵化的官僚体制的)灵活型组织

**ad hominem** /æd 'hominem/ adv. & adj. 1 associated with a particular person (有关)个人地(的) 2 (of an argument) personal rather than objective (论点)针对个人地(的),对人不对事地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'to the person'.

**adiabatic** /,erdaıə'bætık, ædiǝ-/ adj. Physics 【物】 1 denoting a process or condition in which heat does not enter or leave the system concerned (过程或条件)绝热的 2 impassable to heat 隔热的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adiabatically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk adiabatos 'impassable', from a- 'not' + dia 'through' + batos 'passable'.

**adieu** /ə'dju:/ exclam. chiefly literary 【主文】 goodbye 再会
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from a 'to' + Dieu 'God'.

**Adi Granth** /a:di 'grant/ n. another term for **GURU GRANTH SAHIB** * Guru Granth Sahib 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit ādigrantha, lit. 'first book'.

**ad infinitum** /,æd infı'naıtəm/ adv. endlessly;

<28>
forever 无止境地,永远地
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'to infinity'.

**ad interim** /æd 'ıntǝrım/ adv. for the meantime 暂时地,临时地
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from ad 'to' and interim 'meanwhile'.

**adios** /ædi'ɒs/ exclam. Spanish term for **GOODBYE** * goodbye 的西班牙语说法
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp. adiós, from a 'to' + Dios 'God'.

**adipate** /'ædipert/ ■n. a salt or ester of **adipic acid** 己二酸盐(或酯)

**adipic acid** /ə'dıpık/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a crystalline fatty acid obtained from natural fats, used in making nylon 己二酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. adeps, adip- 'fat' + **-IC**.

**adipocere** /ædıpǝ(u)'sıə(r)/ n. a greyish waxy substance formed by the decomposition of soft tissue in dead bodies subjected to moisture 尸蜡
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. adipocire, from L. adeps, adip 'fat' + Fr. cire 'wax'.

**adipocyte** /'ædipǝ(u)sait/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 a cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue 脂肪细胞(见于结缔组织)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from **ADIPOSE** + **-CYTE**.

**adipose** /'ædıpǝus, -z/ adj. technical 【技】 denoting body tissue used for the storage of fat (身体组织)贮藏脂肪的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adiposity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. adiposus, from adeps, adip 'fat'.

**adipose fin** ■n. Zoology 【动】 a small, rayless, fleshy dorsal fin present in certain fishes, notably in the salmon family 脂鳍

**adit** /'ædit/ n. an access or drainage passage leading horizontally into a mine 平硐
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. aditus 'approach, entrance'.

**Adivasi** /,α:dı'va:si/ n. (pl. **Adivasis**) a member of an aboriginal tribal people of India 阿迪瓦西人(印度一土著部落人)
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. Sanskrit ādivāsi, from ādi 'the beginning' + vāsin 'inhabitant'.

**Adj.** abbr. adjutant

**adjacent** /ə'dzeıs(ə)nt/ adj. 1 next to or adjoining something else 邻近的;毗连的 2 Geometry 【几】 (of a pair of angles) formed on the same side of a straight line when intersected by another line (两个角)相邻的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjacency** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. adjacent-, adjacere 'lie near to', from ad- 'to' + jacere 'lie down'.

**adjective** /'ædzıktıv/ ■n. Grammar 【语法】 a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical 形容词
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjectival** adj. **adjectivally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. adjectif, -ive, from L. adject-, adicere, 'add'.

**adjigo** /'ædzıgǝu/ (also 亦作 **adjiko** /'ædzıkǝu/) n. (pl. **adjigos**) a yam with edible tubers, native to SW Australian coastal areas 戟叶薯蓣(原产于澳大利亚西南沿海地区) [Dioscorea hastifolia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Nhanta (an Aboriginal language) ajuga 'vegetable food'.

**adjoin** /ə'dzɔın/ ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **adjoining**] be next to and joined with 邻接,毗连
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ajoindre, from L. adjungere, from ad- 'to' + jungere 'to join'.

**adjoint** /'ædzɔnt/ adj. Mathematics 【数】 related to a given function, matrix, or quantity by a particular process of transposition (函数、矩阵或量)伴随的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'joined to', from adjoindre (see 见 **ADJOIN**).

**adjourn** /ə'd33:n/ v. 1 break off (a meeting) with the intention of resuming it later 休(会) 2 postpone (a resolution or sentence) 延迟,推迟(决议或宣判)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjournment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'summon someone to appear on a particular day'): from OFr. ajorner, from the phr. a jorn (nome) 'to an (appointed) day'.

**Adjt** abbr. adjutant

**adjudge** /ə'dzadz/ v. 1 consider or declare to be true or the case 认为;判定 2 (in legal use) award (compensation) (法律用语)把(赔偿金)判给 ▶ condemn (someone) to pay a penalty 对(某人)处以罚金
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjudgement** (also 亦作 **adjudgment**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ajuger, from L. adjudicare, from ad- 'to' + judicare, from judex, judic- 'a judge'.

**adjudicate** /ə'dzu:dıkeit/ v. make a formal judgement on a disputed matter 裁决,裁定 ▶ act as a judge in a competition (在竞赛中)担任裁判,评判
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjudication** n. **adjudicative** adj. **adjudicator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C17) as adjudication): from L. adjudicat-, adjudicare (see 见 **ADJUDGE**).

**adjunct** /'ædzʌŋ(k)t/ n. 1 an additional and supplementary part 附属物,附件;辅助物 2 an assistant 助手,副手 3 Grammar 【语法】 a word or phrase in a sentence other than the verb or predicate 附接语 ■adj. connected or added in an auxiliary way 附属的;辅助的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjunctive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. adjunct-, adjungere (see 见 **ADJOIN**).

**adjunction** /ə'dzaŋkfn/ n. 1 Mathematics 【数】 the joining of two sets to form a larger set 附益,附加 2 Logic 【逻】 the asserting in a single formula of two previously asserted formulae 合取

**adjure** /ə'dzuə(r), ə'dzɔ:(r)/ v. formal 【正式】 solemnly urge (someone) to do something 郑重敦促(某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjuration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. adjurare, from ad- 'to' +

<29>
jurare 'swear'.

**adjust** /ə'dzast/ v. 1 alter (something) slightly in order to achieve a correct or desired result 调整,调节 2 assess (loss or damages) when settling an insurance claim (保险理赔时)理算(损失或损害赔偿)
> adapt or become used to a new situation 适应,习惯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjustability** n. **adjustable** adj. **adjuster** n. **adjustment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. Fr. adjuster, from OFr. ajoster 'to approximate', based on L. ad- 'to' + juxta 'near'.

**adjutant** /'ædzut(ə)nt/ n. 1 a military officer acting as an administrative assistant to a senior officer (高级军官的)副官 2 a large black-and-white stork with a massive bill and a bare head and neck, found in India and SE Asia 秃鹳(见于印度和东南亚) [Genus Leptoptilos: two species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adjutancy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. adjutant-, adjutare, frequentative of adjuvare (see 见 **ADJUVANT**).

**adjutant general** n. (pl. **adjutants general**) (in the British army) a high-ranking administrative officer (英国陆军的)副官长 ▶ (in the US army) the chief administrative officer (美国陆军的)副官长,副官署署长

**adjuvant** /'ædzuv(ə)nt/ Medicine 【医】 ■adj. (of therapy) applied after initial treatment for cancer to suppress secondary tumour formation (疗法)辅助的 ■n. a substance which enhances the body's immune response to an antigen 佐剂
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. adjuvant-, adjuvare, from ad- 'towards' + juvare 'to help'.

**ad-lib** /æd'lib/ ■v. (**ad-libs**, **ad-libbing**, **ad-libbed**) speak or perform in public without preparing in advance 即席演说;即兴表演 ■adv. & adj. 1 spoken without advance preparation (讲话)即席地(的) 2 Music 【音】 with free rhythm and expression 即兴地(的),自由发挥地(的) 3 as much and as often as desired 尽兴地(的) ■n. an ad-lib remark or speech 即兴讲话,即席演讲
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of **AD LIBITUM**.

**ad libitum** /æd 'lıbıtəm/ adv. & adj. more formal term for **AD-LIB** * ad-lib 更为正式的说法
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'according to pleasure'.

**ad litem** /æd 'lartem/ adj. Law 【律】 acting in a lawsuit on behalf of a child or an adult who cannot represent themselves 为诉讼之目的的
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'for the lawsuit'.

**Adm.** abbr. Admiral

**adman** /'ædmæn/ n. (pl. **admen**) informal 【非正式】 a person who works in advertising 广告从业人员

**admeasure** /əd'mezə(r)/ v. archaic 【古】 apportion 分配,配给
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admeasurement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. amesurer, from med. L. admensurare, based on L. metiri 'to measure'.

**admin** /'ædmın/ n. informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】 administration 管理;行政

**administer** /əd'mınıstə(r)/ v. 1 attend to the organization or implementation of 管理;执行 2 dispense (a drug or remedy) 给予(治疗),施用(药物) ▶ deal out (punishment) 实施(惩罚) 3 (of a priest) perform the rites of (a sacrament) (牧师)主持(圣礼) 4 archaic or Law 【古或律】 direct the taking of (an oath) 主持(宣誓)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **administrable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. administrare, from ad- 'to' + ministrare 'wait upon'.

**administrate** /əd'mınıstreit/ v. administer; carry out administration 管理;执行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **administrative** adj. **administratively** adv. **administrator** n.

**administration** /ədımını'strerfn/ n. 1 the organization and running of a business or system 管理,经营;行政 2 the government in power 行政当局,政府 ▶ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 the term of office of a political leader or government (政治领导人或政府的)任期 ▶ (in the US) a government agency (美国的)政府机构 3 Law 【律】 the management and disposition of the property of a deceased person or debtor, or of an insolvent company, by a legally appointed administrator 遗产管理;(债务人或无力偿债公司的)资产管理 4 the action of administering 执行,给予,施用

**administratrix** /əd,mını'strestriks/ n. (pl. **administratrixes**, **administratrices** /-trisi:z/) Law 【律】 a female administrator of an estate 女遗产管理人

**admirable** /'ædmərəbl/ adj. deserving respect and approval 令人钦佩的,值得赞美的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admirably** adv.

**admiral** /'ædmərəl/ n. the most senior commander of a fleet or navy 舰队司令,海军总司令 ▶ (**Admiral**) a naval officer of the second most senior rank, above vice admiral and below **Admiral of the Fleet** or **Fleet Admiral** 海军上将
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admiralship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amiral, admirail, via med. L. from Arab. 'amir 'commander'.

**Admiral of the Fleet** n. the highest rank of admiral in the Royal Navy (英国皇家海军的)元帅

**Admiralty** /'ædmərəlti/ n. (pl. **Admiralties**) 1 (in the UK) the government department that formerly administered the Royal Navy, now used only in titles (英国旧时的)海军部 2 (**admiralty**) Law 【律】 the jurisdiction of courts of law over cases concerning ships or the sea 海事法庭

**admire** /əd'maıə(r)/ ■v. regard with respect or warm approval 钦佩;赞赏 ▶ look at with pleasure 欣赏,观赏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admiration** n. **admirer** n. **admiring** adj. **admiringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as admiration): from L. admirari, from ad- 'at' + mirari 'wonder'.

**admissible** /əd'mısəbl/ adj. 1 acceptable or valid 可接受的,可容许的;有效的 2 having the right to be admitted to a place 可进入的

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admissibility** n.

**admission** /əd'mıfn/ n. 1 a confession 承认,供认 2 the process or fact of being admitted to a place 获准进入

**admit** /əd'mit/ v. (**admits**, **admitting**, **admitted**) 1 confess that something is true or the case 承认 > confess to or acknowledge (a crime, fault, or failure) 承认,供认(罪行、错误或失败) 2 allow to enter 准许…进入 ▶ receive (someone) into a hospital for treatment 收治(某人) 3 accept as valid 承认…有效,确认 4 (**admit of**) allow the possibility of 容许有
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admitted** adj. **admittedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. admittere, from ad- 'to' + mittere 'send'.

**admittance** /əd'mıt(ə)ns/ n. 1 the process or fact of entering or being allowed to enter 进入;获准进入 2 Physics 【物】 a measure of electrical conduction, numerically equal to the reciprocal of the impedance 导纳

**admix** /'ædmıks/ v. chiefly technical 【主技】 mix with something else 掺合,混合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admixture** n.

**admonish** /əd'monıf/ v. reprimand firmly 斥责,训斥 ➤ earnestly urge or warn 力劝;告诫;警告
-DERIVatives 派生词 **admonishment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME amonest 'urge, exhort', from OFr. amonester, based on L. admonere 'urge by warning'.

**admonitory** /əd'mɒnıt(ə)ri/ adj. giving or conveying a warning or reprimand 警告的;告诫的;斥责的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **admonition** n.

**ADN** abbr. Yemen (international vehicle registration) 也门(国际车船注册)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Aden, the name of a port in Yemen which was capital of the former South Yemen.

**adnate** /'ædnert/ ■adj. Botany 【植】 joined by having grown together 贴生的,联生的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. adnatus, var. of agnatus (see 见 **AGNATE**), by assoc. with **AD-**.

**ad nauseam** /æd 'nɔ:ziæm, -siæm/ adv. to a tiresomely excessive degree 令人作呕地,没完没了地,恼人地
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'to sickness'.

**adnexa** /æd'neksǝ/ pl. n. Anatomy 【解】 the parts adjoining an organ (器官的)附件,附器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adnexal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: L., neut. pl. of adnexus 'joined', from adnectere 'fasten to'.

**ado** /ə'du:/ n. fuss or difficulty 麻烦,纷扰;困难: This is much ado about almost nothing. 这简直是无事生非。
-PHRASES 短语 **without further (or more) ado** without any fuss or delay; immediately 不再费事(或耽搁)地,立刻
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'action, business'): from northern ME at do 'to do', from ON at (used to mark an infin.) and **DO¹**.

**-ado** /'eidǝu, 'a:-/ suffix forming nouns such as **bravado**, **desperado** 构成名词(如 bravado, desperado 等) Compare with 比较 **-ADE²**.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp. and Port. -ado, based on L. -atus.

**adobe** /ə'dəubi, ə'dəub/ n. a kind of clay used to make sun-dried bricks 制砖黏土;砖坯,土坯
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp., from adobar 'to plaster', from Arab. aț-țūb, from al 'the' + tūb 'bricks'.

**adolescent** /ædə'les(ə)nt/ adj. in the process of developing from a child into an adult 青春期的 ■n. an adolescent boy or girl 青少年
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adolescence** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. adolescent-, adolescere, from ad- 'to' + alescere 'grow, grow up'.

**Adonai** /ædo'naı, -'nerai/ n. a Hebrew name for God (希伯来语中的)主,上帝
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. 'ădōnāy; see also 另见 **JEHOVAH**.

**Adonis** /ə'dǝunis/ n. an extremely handsome young man 美少年,美男子
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of a beautiful youth in Greek mythology.

**Adonis blue** n. a small butterfly, the male of which has vivid sky-blue wings 阿多尼斯蓝灰蝶 [Lysandra bellargus.]

**adopt** /ə'dopt/ v. 1 legally take (another's child) and bring it up as one's own 领养,收养 2 choose to take up or follow (an option or course of action) 采用,采纳(方案或方法) 3 assume (an attitude or position) 采取(态度或立场) 4 Brit. 【英】 choose as a candidate for office 提名…为公职候选人 ▶ formally approve or accept (正式)批准,通过 5 Brit. 【英】 (of a local authority) accept responsibility for the maintenance of (a road) (地方当局)承担(道路)的养护责任
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adoptable** adj. **adoptee** n. **adopter** n. **adoption** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (earlier (ME) as adoption): via Fr. from L. adoptare, from ad- 'to' + optare 'choose'.

**adoptive** /ə'doptiv/ adj. 1 (of a child or parent) in that relationship by adoption (孩子)收养的;(父母)有收养关系的 2 denoting a place chosen as one's permanent place of residence (地方)迁入定居的,移居的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adoptively** adv.

**adorable** /ə'dɔ:rəbl/ adj. inspiring great affection 可爱的,讨人喜欢的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adorability** n. **adorableness** n. **adorably** adv.

**adoral** /æd'ɔ:r(ə)l/ adj. Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting the side or end where the mouth is situated 近口的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adorally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **AD-** + **ORAL**.

**adore** /ə'dɔ:(r)/ v. 1 love and respect deeply 爱慕;敬爱,仰慕 2 worship or venerate (a deity) 崇拜,崇敬(神)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adoration** n. **adorer** n. **adoring** adj. **adoringly** adv.

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. adorare 'to worship', from ad- 'to' + orare 'speak, pray'.

**adorn** /ə'dɔ:n/ v. make more attractive; decorate 美化,装饰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adorner** n. **adornment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. adornare, from ad- 'to' + ornare 'deck, add lustre'.

**ADP** abbr. 1 Biochemistry 【生化】 **adenosine diphosphate** 腺苷二磷酸 2 automatic data processing 自动数据处理

**ad personam** /æd p3:'sǝunæm/ adv. formal 【正式】 on an individual basis 到个人,以个人
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'to the person'.

**adpressed** /æd'prest/ adj. Botany 【植】 lying closely against an adjacent part or the ground 紧贴的;紧贴地面的

**ad rem** /æd 'rem/ adv. & adj. formal 【正式】 to the point 中肯地(的),贴切地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: L., lit. 'to the matter'.

**adrenal** /ə'dri:nl/ adj. relating to or denoting a pair of ductless glands situated above the kidneys which secrete adrenalin, noradrenaline, and corticosteroid hormones 肾上腺的 ■n. an **adrenal gland** 肾上腺
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **AD-** + **RENAL**.

**adrenalin** /ə'dren(ə)lın/ (also 亦作 **adrenaline**) n. a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism 肾上腺素
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from **ADRENAL** + **-IN¹**.

**adrenalized** or **adrenalised** /ə'drenǝlaızd/ adj. excited, tense, or highly charged 兴奋的,激动的;紧张的

**adrenergic** /,ædrı'n3:dzık/ adj. Physiology 【生理】 relating to or denoting nerve cells in which adrenalin, noradrenaline, or a similar substance acts as a neuro-transmitter (神经细胞)肾上腺素能的
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from **ADRENALIN** + Gk ergon 'work' + **-IC**.

**adrenocorticotrophic hormone** /ədrinə(u),kɔ:tıkə(u)-'trǝufık, -'trofık/ (also 亦作 **adrenocorticotropic hormone**) n. a hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex, secreted by the pituitary gland 促肾上腺皮质激素

**Adriatic** /,eidri'ætık/ adj. relating to or denoting the region of the Adriatic Sea, between the Balkans and Italy 亚得里亚海的 ■n. (**the Adriatic**) the **Adriatic sea** 亚得里亚海

**adrift** /ə'drift/ adj. & adv. 1 (of a boat) drifting without control (船)漂流着(的),漂浮着(的) 2 informal 【非正式】 no longer fixed in position 脱开(的),松开(的) 3 (often 常用 **adrift of**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 failing to reach a target or winning position 未达目标(的);落后(的)

**adroit** /ə'droit/ adj. clever or skilful 聪明的,精明的,灵巧的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adroitly** adv. **adroitness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from à droit 'according to right'.

**adscititious** /ædsı'tıfəs/ adj. rare 【罕】 additional 额外的,附加的;补充的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. adscit-, adsciscere 'admit, adopt', + **-ITIOUS²**, on the pattern of **adventitious**.

**ADSL** abbr. asymmetric digital subscriber line, a technology for transmitting digital information over standard telephone lines 不对称数字用户线

**adsorb** /əd'zɔ:b, -'sɔ:b/ ■v. (of a solid) hold (molecules of a gas, liquid, or solute) as a thin film on surfaces outside or within the material (固体)吸附(气体、液体或溶质的分子)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adsorbate** n. **adsorption** n. **adsorptive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: blend of **AD-** (expressing adherence) + **ABSORB**.

**adsorbent** /əd'zɔ:bənt, -'sɔ:-/ n. a substance which adsorbs another 吸附剂 ■adj. able to adsorb substances 能吸附的

**ADT** abbr. Atlantic Daylight Time 大西洋夏令时间

**aduki** /ə'du:ki/ n. variant of **ADZUKI** * adzuki 的变体

**adulation** /ædju'leıfn/ n. excessive admiration 过度崇拜,过分称赞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adulate** v. **adulator** n. **adulatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. adulatio(n)-, from adulat-, adulari 'fawn on'.

**adult** /'ædalt, ǝ'dʌlt/ n. a person who is fully grown and developed 成人,成年人 ▶ Law 【律】 a person who has reached the age of majority (达到法定成年年龄的)成年人 ■adj. fully grown and developed 成年的,成熟的 ▶ of, for, or characteristic of adults 成年人的,适宜于成年人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adulthood** n. **adultly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. adult-, adolescere (see 见 **ADOLESCENT**).

**adulterate** ■v. /ə'daltǝreit/ make (something) poorer in quality by adding another substance 给…掺假 ■adj. /ə'dʌlt(ə)rət/ archaic 【古】 not pure or genuine 不纯的;掺假的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adulterant** adj. **adulteration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as adj.): from L. adulterat-, adulterare 'corrupt'.

**adulterer** /ə'dʌltərə(r)/ n. (fem. 阴性 **adulteress**) a person who has committed adultery 通奸者
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. adulter 'commit adultery', from L. adulterare 'debauch, corrupt'.

**adulterine** /ə'dʌlt(ə)raın/ adj. 1 (of a child) born as the result of an adulterous relationship (孩子)通奸所生的,私生的 2 archaic 【古】 illegal, unlicensed, or counterfeit 非法的,无执照的;伪造的

**adultery** /ə'daltəri/ n. voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not their husband or wife 通奸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adulterous** adj. **adulterously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from obs. adulter, from L. adulter 'adulterer'.

**adultescent** /ædal'tes(ə)nt/ ■n. informal 【非正式】

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a middle-aged person whose clothes, interests, and activities are typically associated with youth culture 大小孩(指在衣着、兴趣、行为等方面紧跟年轻人文化的中年人)
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: blend of **ADULT** + **ADOLESCENT**.

**adumbrate** /'ædambreit/ v. formal 【正式】 1 give a faint or general idea of 约略显示,勾勒出…的轮廓 > foreshadow 预示 2 overshadow 遮蔽,给…投下阴影
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adumbration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. adumbrat-, adumbrare, from ad- 'to' (as an intensifier) + umbrare 'cast a shadow'.

**ad valorem** /æd və'lɔ:rem/ adv. & adj. (with reference to tax or duty) in proportion to the value of the goods or transaction concerned (税款征收)按照价值(的),从价(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'according to the value'.

**advance** /əd'va:ns/ ■v. 1 move forwards 向前移动,前进 ▶ cause to occur at an earlier date than planned 使提前发生 2 make or cause to make progress 使取得进展;促进 3 put forward (a theory or suggestion) 提出(理论或建议) 4 hand over (payment) to (someone) as a loan or before it is due 贷(款);预付(款项) ■n. 1 a forward movement 前进,行进 2 a development or improvement 进展,进步;改进 3 an amount of money advanced 预付款 4 an approach made with the aim of initiating a sexual or amorous relationship 勾引;求爱 ■adj. done, sent, or supplied beforehand 预先的,事先的: **advance payment** 预付款
-PHRASES 短语 **in advance** ahead in time 预先;提前
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advancer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avance (n.), avancer (v.), from late L. abante 'in front', from ab 'from' + ante 'before'.

**advanced** /əd'va:nst/ adj. 1 far on in progress or life 后期的,年迈的,上年纪的 2 complex; not elementary 复杂的;高级的;高等的 3 very modern 先进的,现代的

**advanced gas-cooled reactor** n. a nuclear reactor in which the coolant is carbon dioxide, with uranium oxide fuel clad in steel 改进型气冷反应堆

**advanced level** n. (in the UK except Scotland) the higher of the two main levels of the GCE examination (英国除苏格兰以外的)高级普通教育证书考试

**advanced subsidiary level** n. (in the UK except Scotland) a GCE examination at a level between GCSE and advanced level (英国除苏格兰以外的)准高级普通教育证书考试

**advance guard** n. a body of soldiers preceding and making preparations for the main body of an army 前卫,先遣部队

**advancement** /əd'va:nsmənt/ n. 1 the process of promoting a cause or plan 促进,推动 2 the promotion of a person in rank or status 提拔,晋升 3 a development or improvement 进展,进步;改进

**advantage** /əd'va:ntıdz/ ■n. 1 a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable position 有利条件,有利因素,优势 ▶ benefit; profit 好处,利益 2 Tennis 【网】 a score marking a point interim between deuce and winning the game 占先 ■v. be of benefit to 有利于,有助于,使获益 ▶ [as adj. 作形容词 **advantaged**] in a favourable social or economic position (社会或经济地位)优越的,有利的
-PHRASES 短语 **take advantage of** 1 make unfair use of for one's own benefit 利用;占…的便宜 2 dated 【过时】 seduce 勾引 3 make good use of the opportunities offered by 利用…的机会 **to advantage** in a way which displays or uses the best aspects 使最好方面突出;有效地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advantageous** /ædv(ə)n'teidzəs/ adj. **advantageously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avantage, from avant 'in front', from late L. abante (see 见 **ADVANCE**).

**advection** /əd'vekfn/ n. the transfer of heat or matter by the flow of a fluid, especially horizontally in the atmosphere or the sea 平流
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advect** v. **advective** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. advectio(n-), from advehere 'bring', from ad- 'to' + vehere 'carry'.

**advent** /'ædv(ə)nt, -vent/ n. 1 the arrival of a notable person or thing (重要的人或事物的)到来,出现 2 (**Advent**) Christian Theology 【基督神学】 the coming or second coming of Christ 基督降临:基督复临 ▶ the first season of the Church year, leading up to Christmas and including the four preceding Sundays 降临节,将临节
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. adventus 'arrival', from advenire, from ad- 'to' + venire 'come'.

**Advent calendar** n. a calendar containing small numbered flaps, one of which is opened on each day of Advent to reveal a picture appropriate to the season 基督降临历

**Adventist** /'ædv(ə)ntist/ n. a member of a Christian sect emphasizing belief in the imminent second coming of Christ 基督复临派成员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Adventism** n.

**adventitia** /ædven'tıfǝ/ n. the outermost layer of the wall of a blood vessel (血管)外膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adventitial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortening of mod. L. tunica adventitia 'additional sheath'.

**adventitious** /,ædv(ə)n'tıfəs/ adj. 1 happening according to chance 偶然的 2 coming from outside; not native 外来的;非本地的 3 Biology 【生物】 formed accidentally or in an unusual position 偶生的;异位的 4 Botany 【植】 (of a root) growing directly from the stem or other upper part of a plant (根)不定的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adventitiously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. adventicius 'coming to us from abroad' + **-ous** (see also 另见 **-ITIOUS²**).

**Advent Sunday** n. the first Sunday in Advent 降临主日(降临节的第一个主日)

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**adventure** /əd'ventfə(r)/ n. 1 an unusual, exciting, and daring experience 冒险;奇遇 ▶ excitement arising from such experiences 冒险的刺激: **in search of adventure** 寻求冒险的刺激 2 archaic 【古】 a commercial speculation (商业)投机 ■v. dated 【过时】 engage in an adventure 冒险,历险
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adventurer** n. **adventuresome** adj. **adventuress** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aventure (n.), aventurer (v.), based on L. adventurus 'about to happen', from advenire 'arrive'.

**adventure playground** n. Brit. 【英】 a playground containing structures encouraging physically challenging play 冒险乐园

**adventurism** /əd'ventfərizəm/ ■n. willingness to take risks in business or politics (商业或政治上的)冒险主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adventurist** n. & adj.

**adventurous** /əd'ventfǝrǝs/ adj. open to or involving new or daring methods or experiences 富有冒险精神的,大胆开拓的;新奇刺激的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adventurously** adv. **adventurousness** n.

**adverb** /'ædv3:b/ ■n. Grammar 【语法】 a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other adverb, or of a sentence (e.g. **gently**, **very**, **fortunately**) 副词
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. adverbium, from ad- 'to' (expressing addition) + verbum 'word, verb'.

**adverbial** /æd'v3:biǝl/ Grammar 【语法】 ■n. a word or phrase functioning as a major clause constituent and typically expressing place (**in the garden**), time (**in May**), or manner (**in a strange way**) 状语 ■adj. relating to or functioning as an adverb or adverbial 副词的,状语的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adverbially** adv.

**adversarial** /,ædvə'seəriəl, -v3:'-/ adj. 1 involving or characterized by conflict or opposition 敌对的,对立的,对抗(性)的 2 Law 【律】 (of legal proceedings) in which the parties involved have the responsibility for finding and presenting evidence (法律程序)对抗制的 Compare with 比较 **ACCUSATORIAL**, **INQUISITORIAL**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adversarially** adv.

**adversary** /'ædvǝs(ə)ri, æd'v3:səri/ n. (pl. **adversaries**) an opponent 对手,敌手 ■adj. another term for **ADVERSARIAL** * adversarial 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. adversarie, from L. adversarius 'opposed, opponent', from adversus (see 见 **ADVERSE**).

**adversative** /əd'v3:sǝtıv/ adj. Grammar 【语法】 (of a word or phrase) expressing opposition or antithesis (单词或短语)表示转折的

**adverse** /'ædv3:s/ adj. preventing success or development; unfavourable 阻碍成功的,不利的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adversely** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. advers, from L. adversus 'against, opposite', from advertere, from ad- 'to' + vertere 'to turn'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明 A common error is to use **adverse** instead of **averse**, as in *I am not adverse to helping out*, rather than the correct form *I am not averse to helping out*. 一个常见错误是在应该用 **averse** 时用了 **adverse**, 如: *I am not adverse to helping out*. 正确说法应该是: *I am not averse to helping out*. 我愿意帮忙。

**adversity** /əd'v3:səti/ n. (pl. **adversities**) difficulty or misfortune 困境,逆境,灾难,不幸

**advert¹** /'ædv3:t/ ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 an advertisement 广告

**advert²** /əd'v3:t/ ■v. (**advert to**) formal 【正式】 refer to 提到,提及
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avertire, from L. advertere (see 见 **ADVERSE**).

**advertise** /'ædvǝtaız/ v. 1 publicize (a product, service, or event) in order to promote sales or attendance 为(产品、服务或活动)做广告,宣传 2 make (something) known 公告,公布 3 archaic 【古】 notify 通知,告知
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advertiser** n. **advertising** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. advertiss-, lengthened stem of advertir, from L. advertere (see 见 **ADVERT²**).

**advertisement** /əd'v3:tısmənt/ n. 1 a notice or display advertising something 广告;公告;启事 2 archaic 【古】 a notice to readers in a book (书中的)致读者

**advertorial** /ædv3:'tɔ:riǝl/ n. an advertisement in the style of an editorial or objective journalistic article 社论式广告

**advice** /əd'vais/ n. 1 guidance or recommendations offered with regard to future action 劝告;忠告;建议 2 a formal notice of a sale, delivery, or other transaction (销售、送货或其他业务的)正式通知 3 (**advices**) archaic 【古】 news 消息
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avis, based on L. ad 'to' + visum, past part. of videre 'to see'.

**advisable** /əd'vaızəbl/ adj. to be recommended; sensible 可取的,明智的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advisability** n.

**advise** /əd'vaiz/ v. 1 recommend (a course of action) 建议(行动方式) ▶ offer advice to 向…提供建议 2 inform about a fact or situation 通知,告知
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **adviser** (also 亦作 **advisor**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aviser, based on L. ad- 'to' + visere, frequentative of videre 'to see'.

**advised** /əd'vaızd/ adj. acting in a way that would be recommended; sensible (行为方式)可取的,明智的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advisedly** adv.

**advisement** /əd'vaızmənt/ n. archaic or N. Amer. 【古或北美】 careful consideration 深思熟虑 ▶ advice or counsel 建议;忠告
-PHRASES 短语 **take something under advisement** N. Amer. 【北美】 reserve judgement while considering something (暂缓下判断以)对…作周密考虑

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**advisory** /əd'vaızəri/ adj. having the power to make recommendations but not to enforce them 顾问的,咨询的 > recommended but not compulsory 参考性的,忠告性的 ■n. (pl. **advisories**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 an official announcement or warning (官方)公告,警报

**advocaat** /'ædvǝka:/ n. a liqueur made with eggs, sugar, and brandy 荷兰蛋酒(用蛋、糖和白兰地混合制成)
-ORIGIN 词源 Du., lit. 'advocate' (being orig. considered a lawyer's drink).

**advocate** ■n. /'ædvəkət/ 1 a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy 拥护者;提倡者 2 a person who pleads a case on someone else's behalf 辩护者,辩护律师 > Scottish term for **BARRISTER** * barrister 的苏格兰说法 ■v. /'ædvǝkeit/ publicly recommend or support 拥护;提倡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **advocacy** n. **advocation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avocat, from L. advocat-, advocare 'call (to one's aid)', from ad- 'to' + vocare 'to call'.

**advocate depute** n. (pl. **advocates depute**) (in Scotland) any of a number of officers who assist the Lord Advocate in prosecutions (苏格兰的)副总检察长

**advocate general** n. (pl. **advocates general**) any of a number of officers assisting the judges in the European Court of Justice (欧洲法院的)法务官

**advowson** /əd'vauz(ə)n/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 (in ecclesiastical law) the right to recommend a member of the Anglican clergy for a vacant benefice, or to make such an appointment (教会法中的)圣职推荐(或授予)权
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avoeson, from L. advocatio(n-), from advocare (see 见 **ADVOCATE**).

**advt** abbr. advertisement

**Adyghe** /'ædiger, a:dr'ger/ (also 亦作 **Adygei**) n. (pl. **same** 单复同) 1 a member of a mainly Sunni Muslim people of the NW Caucasus 阿迪格人(生活在高加索西北部,主要为逊尼派穆斯林) 2 the North Caucasian language of the Adyghe 阿迪格语

**adytum** /'ædıtəm/ n. (pl. **adyta** /-tə/) the innermost sanctuary of an ancient Greek temple (古希腊神庙的)内殿
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from Gk aduton, neut. sing. of adutos 'impenetrable'.

**adze** /ædz/ (US 【美】 **adz**) n. a tool similar to an axe, with an arched blade at right angles to the handle 扁斧,锛子 ■v. (**adz**, **adzing**, **adzed**) cut with an adze 锛,用扁斧削
-ORIGIN 词源 OE adesa, of unknown origin.

**adzuki** /əd'zu:ki/ (also 亦作 **aduki**) n. (pl. **adzukis**) 1 a small, round dark-red edible bean 赤豆(种子) 2 the bushy Asian plant which produces adzuki beans 赤豆(植株) [Vigna angularis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Japanese azuki.

**Æ** (also 亦作 **æ**) n. a letter used in Old English to represent a vowel intermediate between a and e (古英语中使用的字母,表示介于 a 和 e 之间的元音) (see 见 **ASH²**).

**-ae** /i:, ar/ suffix forming plural nouns 构成复数名词: 1 used in names of animal and plant families and other groups 用于动植物科名及其他类群名称: **Felidae** 猫科 2 used instead of -as in the plural of many non-naturalized nouns ending in -a derived from Latin or Greek 用于源自拉丁语或希腊语、以 -a 结尾的未被英语归化的名词的复数形式中,代替 -as: **larvae** 幼虫
-ORIGIN 词源 L. pl. suffix, or representing the Gk pl. ending -ai.

**AEA** abbr. (formerly, in the UK) Atomic Energy Authority, now called **UKAEA** (英国旧时的)原子能管理局(现称 UKAEA)

**aedile** /'i:daıl/ ■n. (in ancient Rome) either of two (later four) magistrates responsible for public buildings and other matters (古罗马)市政官(负责公共建筑的维护等事务,初为两人,后为四人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aedileship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. aedilis 'concerned with buildings', from aedes 'building'.

**Aegean** /i:'dzi:ǝn, 1-/ adj. relating to or denoting the region of the Aegean Sea, between Greece and Turkey 爱琴海的,爱琴海地区的 ■n. (**the Aegean**) the **Aegean Sea** 爱琴海

**aegis** /'i:dzıs/ n. 1 the protection, backing, or support of someone 庇护,保护;支持 2 (in classical art and mythology) an attribute of certain gods represented as a goatskin shield (古典艺术和神话中的)羊皮盾,神盾
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk aigis 'shield of Zeus'.

**aegrotat** /'aigrǝ(u)tæt, 'i:grǝ(u)-/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a certificate stating that a student is too ill to take an exam (证明学生因病无法参加考试的)病假条,病假证明
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: L., lit. 'he is sick'.

**-aemia** /'i:miǝ/ (also 亦作 **-haemia**, US 【美】 **-emia** or **-hemia**) comb. form in nouns denoting that a substance is present in the blood 构成名词,表示血液中存在某物: **septicaemia** 败血症
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk -aimia, from haima 'blood'.

**aeolian** /i:'ǝuliǝn/ (US 【美】 **eolian**) adj. chiefly Geology 【主地质】 relating to or arising from the action of the wind 风成的;风积的;风蚀的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Aeolus, the name of the god of the winds in Greek mythology, + **-IAN**.

**aeolian harp** n. a stringed instrument that produces musical sounds when a current of air passes through it 风弦琴

**Aeolian mode** /i:'ǝuliən/ n. Music 【音】 the mode represented by the natural diatonic scale A-A (containing a minor 3rd, 6th, and 7th) 伊奥利亚调式(以自然音阶 A-A 表示,包含一个小三度、小六度和小七度)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. Aeolius, 'from Aeolis'

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(an ancient coastal district of Asia Minor) + **-AN**.

**aeon** /'i:ǝn/ n. (US or technical also 【美或技亦作】 **eon**) 1 an indefinite and very long period 万古,亿万斯年 2 Astronomy & Geology 【天文,地质】 a period of a thousand million years 十亿年 3 Geology 【地质】 a major division of geological time, subdivided into eras 宙 4 Philosophy 【哲】 (in Neoplatonism, Platonism, and Gnosticism) a power existing outside time, deriving from the supreme deity) (新柏拉图主义、柏拉图主义和诺斯替教中的)永世,永存
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via eccles. L. from Gk aiōn 'age'.

**aepyornis** /i:pi'ɔ:nıs/ ■n. an extinct giant flightless bird, found in Madagascar 象鸟(巨型鸟,不会飞,见于马达加斯加,已灭绝) [Genus Aepyornis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk aipus 'high' + ornis 'bird'.

**AER** abbr. annual equivalence rate, the notional rate of interest on loans or credit payable if the interest was paid and added each year 年等价利率

**aerate** /'eǝreit/ v. introduce air into 使通气,充气于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aeration** n. **aerator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. aer 'air' + **-ATE³**, influenced by Fr. aérer.

**aerated** /'eǝ'reıtıd/ adj. 1 (of a liquid) made effervescent by being charged with carbon dioxide or some other gas (液体因充入二氧化碳等而)泡腾的 2 Brit. 【英】 informal 【非正式】 agitated, angry, or overexcited 焦虑的;生气的;过分激动的

**aerenchyma** /eǝ'reŋkımǝ/ n. Botany 【植】 a soft plant tissue containing air spaces, found especially in many aquatic plants 通气组织
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk aēr 'air' + enkhuma 'infusion'.

**aerial** /'eəriəl/ n. 1 a structure that transmits or receives radio or television signals 天线 2 (**aerials**) a type of freestyle skiing in which the skier jumps from a ramp and carries out manoeuvres in the air (自由式滑雪中的)空中技巧(项目) ■adj. 1 existing or taking place in the air or atmosphere 存在于空气(或大气)中的;空中的 ▶ (of a bird) spending much of its time in flight (鸟)长时间飞行的 2 involving the use of aircraft 航空的;使用飞机的 3 (of a part of a plant) growing above ground (植物某部分)气生的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aeriality** n. **aerially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. aerius from Gk aerios (from aër 'air') + **-AL**.

**aerialist** /'eəriəlıst/ n. a person who performs acrobatics high above the ground on a tightrope or trapezes 高空杂技演员

**aerie** /'ıǝri/ ■n. US spelling of **EYRIE** * eyrie 的美式拼法

**aero-** /'eǝrǝu/ comb. form 1 relating to air 有关空气的: **aerobic** 有氧的;需氧的 2 relating to aircraft 有关飞机的: **aerodrome** 小型机场
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk aër 'air'.

**aerobatics** /,eǝrǝ'bætıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] feats of flying performed for an audience on the ground 特技飞行;飞行特技
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aerobatic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: from **AERO-** + a shortened form of **ACROBATICS**.

**aerobe** /'eǝrǝub/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 any organism that can grow in the presence of free oxygen 好氧生物;需氧菌
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Fr. from Gk aér + bios 'life'.

**aerobic** /eə'rǝubık/ adj. 1 denoting physical exercise intended to improve the efficiency of the cardiovascular system in absorbing and transporting oxygen (健身)有氧的 2 Biology 【生物】 involving or requiring free oxygen 有氧的;需氧的
-DERIVATIVE 派生词 **aerobically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **AERO-** + Gk bios 'life' + **-IC**.

**aerobicized** or **aerobicised** /eə'rǝubısaızd/ adj. (of a person's body) toned by aerobic exercise (身体)通过有氧锻炼变得强健的: **aerobicized Hollywood women** 通过有氧锻炼健身的好莱坞女星

**aerobics** /eǝ'rǝubıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] aerobic exercises 有氧操;有氧健身运动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aerobicist** n.

**aerobiology** /'eərə(u)baı'ɒlədzi/ n. the study of the aerial transport of microorganisms, spores, seeds, etc. 大气生物学

**aerodrome** /'eərədrəum/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a small airport or airfield 小型机场

**aerodynamic** /eǝrǝudaı'næmık/ adj. 1 relating to aerodynamics 空气动力学的 2 having a shape which reduces the drag from air moving past 气动外形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aerodynamically** adv.

**aerodynamics** /'eǝrǝudaı'næmıks/ pl. n. 1 [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of science concerned with the properties of moving air and the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it 空气动力学 2 [treated as pl. 视作复数] aerodynamic properties 空气动力特性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aerodynamicist** n.

**aeroelasticity** /'eǝrǝu,ılæs'tısıti/ n. the branch of science concerned with the interaction between aerodynamic forces and non-rigid structures 气动弹性力学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aeroelastic** adj.

**aerofoil** /'eərəfɔıl/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a structure with curved surfaces designed to give the most favourable ratio of lift to drag in flight 翼型

**aerogel** /'eǝrǝdzel/ n. a solid material of extremely low density, produced by removing the liquid component from a conventional gel 气凝胶

**aerogramme** /'eǝrǝgræm/ (US 【美】 **aerogram**) ■n. an air letter 航空邮简

**aerolite** /'eǝrǝlart/ n. a meteorite made of rock 石陨星,石陨石

**aerology** /eǝ'rɒlədzi/ n. dated 【过时】 the study of the atmosphere 高空气象学,大气学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aerological** adj.

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**aeronaut** /'eərənɔ:t/ n. dated 【过时】 a traveller in a hot-air balloon, airship, or other flying craft (热气球、飞艇或其他飞行器的)乘客
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. aéronaute, from Gk aër 'air' + nautēs 'sailor'.

**aeronautics** /,eərə'nɔ:tıks/ pl. n. [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] the study or practice of travel through the air 航空学;飞行术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aeronautic** adj. **aeronautical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. aeronautica 'matters relating to aeronautics', from Gk (see 见 **AERONAUT**).

**aeronomy** /eǝ'rɒnəmi/ n. the branch of science concerned with the properties of the upper atmosphere 高空大气学

**aerophagy** /eə'rɒfədzi/ n. Medicine 【医】 the swallowing of air 吞气症

**aerophone** /'eərəfəun/ ■n. Music 【音】 a wind instrument 气鸣乐器,管乐器

**aeroplane** /'eərəpleın/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces 飞机
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. aéroplane, from aéro- 'air' + Gk -planos 'wandering'.

**aeroshell** /'eərəfel/ n. a casing which protects a spacecraft during re-entry (航天器重返大气层时用的)保护罩

**aerosol** /'eərəsɒl/ n. 1 a substance enclosed under pressure and released as a fine spray by means of a propellant gas 气雾剂 2 Chemistry 【化】 a colloidal suspension of particles dispersed in air or gas 气溶胶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aerosolize** or **aerosolise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from **AERO-** + **SOL²**.

**aerospace** /'eǝrǝuspeıs/ n. the branch of technology and industry concerned with aviation and space flight 航空航天

**aerostat** /'eərəstæt/ n. an airship or hot-air balloon 浮空器;飞艇,热气球
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. aérostat, from Gk aēr 'air' + statos 'standing'.

**Aertex** /'eǝteks/ ■n. trademark 【商标】 a cellular cotton fabric used for leisure wear and underwear 埃尔特克斯网眼棉织物(用于休闲服装和内衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from aer- as in **AERATE** + **TEXTILE**.

**Aesculapian** /i:skju'leıpiən/ adj. relating to medicine or physicians 医术的;医学的;医师的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. Aesculapius, the name of the Roman god of medicine, + **-IAN**.

**aesthete** /'i:sθi:t, 'es-/ (US also 【美亦作】 **esthete**) ■n. a person who is appreciative of or sensitive to art and beauty 审美家
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk aisthētēs 'a person who perceives', or from **AESTHETIC**.

**aesthetic** /i:s'θetık, es-/ (US also 【美亦作】 **esthetic**) adj. concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty 美的;美感的;审美的 ▶ of pleasing appearance 带来美感的,悦目的 ▶ (**Aesthetic**) relating to or denoting a literary and artistic movement in England during the 1880s, devoted to 'art for art's sake' and rejecting the notion that art should have a social or moral purpose 唯美主义的(指19世纪80年代英格兰兴起的文学和艺术运动,追求“为了艺术而艺术”,反对艺术应当具有社会或道德功能的主张) ■n. a set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement (某一艺术家或艺术运动的)美学原则
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aesthetically** adv. **aestheticism** n. **aestheticize** or **aestheticise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk aisthētikos, from aisthēta 'perceptible things', from aisthēsthai 'perceive'.

**aesthetician** /,i:sθə'tı∫n/ (US also 【美亦作】 **esthetician**) n. 1 a person who is knowledgeable about aesthetics 美学家;审美学家 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a beautician 美容师

**aesthetics** /es'θetıks/ (US also 【美亦作】 **esthetics**) ■pl. n. [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art 美学原理 ▶ the branch of philosophy which deals with questions of beauty and artistic taste 美学

**aestival** /'i:stıv(ə)l, i:'staıv(ə)l, e'staıv(ə)l/ (US also 【美亦作】 **estival**) adj. technical 【技】 belonging to or appearing in summer 夏季的;出现在夏季的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aestivalis, from aestivus, from aestus 'heat'.

**aestivation** /,i:stı'veı∫n, est-/ (US 【美】 **estivation**) ■n. 1 Zoology 【动】 prolonged torpor or dormancy of an insect, fish, or amphibian during a hot or dry period 夏蛰,夏眠 2 Botany 【植】 the arrangement of petals and sepals in a flower bud before it opens 花被卷叠式 Compare with 比较 **VERNATION**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aestivate** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. aestivat-, aestivare 'spend the summer', from aestus 'heat' + **-ATION**.

**aet.** /aı'ta:tıs, i:'teıtıs/ (also 亦作 **aetat.**) abbr. formal 【正式】 of or at the age of ...岁的,在…岁时的
-ORIGIN 词源 abbrev. of L. aetatis, genitive sing. of aetas 'age'.

**a.e.t.** abbr. after extra time (in a soccer match) (足球比赛中)在加时赛之后

**aether** /'i:θə(r)/ ■n. variant spelling of **ETHER** (senses 3 and 4) * ether (释义3和4)的另一种拼法

**aetiology** /,i:ti'ɒlǝdzi/ (US 【美】 **etiology**) n. 1 Medicine 【医】 the cause or causes of a disease or condition 病因,病原 2 the investigation or attribution of cause or a reason 原因的调查(或认定)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aetiologic** adj. **aetiological** adj. **aetiologically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via med. L. from Gk aitiologia, from aitia 'a cause' + -logia (see 见 **-LOGY**).

**AF** abbr. 1 audio frequency 2 autofocus

**af-** /æf/ prefix variant spelling of **AD-** assimilated before f (as in **affiliate**, **affirm**) * ad- 的另一种拼法 (d在f前被同化为f,如 affiliate 和 affirm)

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**Afar** /'a:fa:(r)/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Afars**) 1 a member of a people living in Djibouti and NE Ethiopia 阿法尔人(生活在吉布提和埃塞俄比亚东北部) 2 the Cushitic language of the Afars 阿法尔语(阿法尔人讲的库希特语)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Afar qafar.

**afar** /ə'fa:(r)/ adv. chiefly literary 【主文】 at or to a distance 在(或向)远处
-ORIGIN 词源 ME of feor 'from far'.

**AFC** abbr. 1 Air Force Cross 空军十字勋章 2 Association Football Club 足球俱乐部 3 automatic frequency control 自动频率控制

**afeared** /ə'fıəd/ adj. archaic or dialect 【古或方】 afraid 害怕的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from āfæran 'frighten'.

**affable** /'æfəbl/ adj. good-natured and sociable 随和的,易接近的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affability** n. **affably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. affabilis, from affari, from ad- 'to' + fari 'speak'.

**affair** /ə'feə(r)/ ■n. 1 an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been referred to 事情,事件 2 a matter that is a particular person's concern or responsibility 个人的事 ▶ (**affairs**) matters of public interest and importance 公共事务 > (**affairs**) business and financial dealings 商业交易;商务 3 a love affair 风流韵事;婚外情,私通
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. afaire, from à faire 'to do'; cf. **ADO**.

**affaire** /æ'feǝ(r)/ (also 亦作 **affaire de** or **du cœur** /də 'kɜ:, dju:/) n. a love affair 风流韵事,婚外情,私通
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'affair (of the heart)'.

**affairé** /æ'feǝreı/ adj. busy; involved 忙碌的;卷入(或介入)了的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from affaire, from à 'to' + faire 'do'.

**affect¹** /ə'fekt/ v. have an effect on; make a difference to 影响;对…起作用 ▶ touch the feelings of 打动,感动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affecting** adj. **affectingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'attack as a disease'): from Fr. affecter or L. affect-, afficere (see 见 **AFFECT²**).
> **USAGE** 用法说明 **Affect** and **effect** are commonly confused. **Affect** is primarily a verb meaning 'make a difference to'. **Effect** is used both as a noun and a verb, meaning 'a result' or 'bring about a result'. * **affect** 和 **effect** 常被混淆。**affect** 主要用作动词,意为“影响”。**effect** 既作名词又作动词,意为“结果,效果”或“产生结果”。

**affect²** /ə'fekt/ v. pretend to have or feel 假装 ▶ use, wear, or assume pretentiously or so as to impress 做作地采用(或穿戴)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'like, love'): from Fr. affecter or L. affectare 'aim at', frequentative of afficere 'affect, influence'.

**affect³** /'æfekt/ n. Psychology 【心理】 emotion or desire as influencing behaviour 自觉感情(指影响行为的情感或欲念)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affectless** adj. **affectlessness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Affekt from L. affectus 'disposition', from afficere (see 见 **AFFECT²**).

**affectation** /æfek'teıfn/ n. behaviour, speech, or writing that is artificial and designed to impress 装模作样,矫揉造作 ▶ a studied display of feeling 情感的刻意表现
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. affectatio(n-), from affectare (see 见 **AFFECT²**).

**affected** /ə'fektıd/ adj. 1 artificial, pretentious, and designed to impress 假装的;做作的 2 archaic 【古】 disposed or inclined in a specified way 趋于…的;倾向于…的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affectedly** adv. **affectedness** n.

**affection** /ə'fek∫n/ n. 1 a feeling of fondness or liking 喜爱 2 archaic 【古】 the action or process of affecting or being affected 影响;受影响 ▶ a disease 疾病 ▶ a mental state; an emotion 精神状态;情感
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affectional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. affectio(n-), from afficere (see 见 **AFFECT²**).

**affectionate** /ə'fekfənət/ adj. readily showing affection 毫不迟疑地表现出喜爱之情的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affectionately** adv.

**affective** /ə'fektıv/ adj. chiefly Psychology 【主心理】 relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes 情感的,心境的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affectively** adv. **affectivity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from late L. affectivus, from afficere (see 见 **AFFECT²**).

**Affenpinscher** /'æfən,pınfə(r)/ n. a dog of a small breed resembling the griffon 阿芬平斯澈犬,猴面㹴
-ORIGIN 词源 Ger., from Affe 'monkey' + Pinscher 'terrier'.

**afferent** /'æf(ə)r(ə)nt/ Physiology 【生理】 ■adj. relating to or denoting the conduction of nerve impulses or blood inwards or towards something 传入的,输入的 The opposite of 反义词 **EFFERENT**. ■n. an **afferent** nerve fibre or vessel 传入神经纤维;输入管;入球小动脉
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. afferent-, afferre 'bring towards'.

**affiance** /ə'faıəns/ ■v. (**be affianced**) literary 【文】 be engaged to marry 订婚
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. afiancer, from afier 'promise, entrust', from med. L. affidare 'declare on oath'.

**affiant** /ə'faıənt/ ■n. US Law 【美律】 a person who makes an affidavit 宣誓(陈述)人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., pres. part. of afier, from med. L. affidare (see 见 **AFFIANCE**).

**affidavit** /,æfi'deıvıt/ n. Law 【律】 a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court 宣誓(陈述)书

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L., lit. 'he has stated on oath', from affidare.

**affiliate** ■v. /ə'fılıeıt/ (usu. 通常用 **be affiliated to/with**) officially attach or connect to an organization 使隶属(或附属)于 ▶ (of an organization) admit as a member (组织)接纳…为成员(或分支机构) ■n. /ə'fıliət/ an affiliated person or organization 成员;成员组织;附属(或分支)机构
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affiliation** n. **affiliative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C17) as affiliation): from med. L. affiliat-, affiliare 'adopt as a son'.

**affiliation order** ■n. UK Law, historical 【英律,史义】 an order that the man judged to be the father of an illegitimate child must help to support it 亲子确认令(法庭向被判为非婚生子女生父者发出的令状,收到者必须担负抚养其非婚生子女的义务)

**affinal** /ə'faınl/ adj. Anthropology 【人】 concerning or having a family relationship by marriage 姻亲的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. affinis (see 见 **AFFINITY**) + **-AL**.

**affine** /ə'faın/ adj. Mathematics 【数】 allowing for or preserving parallel relationships 仿射的 ■n. Anthropology 【人】 a relative by marriage 姻亲
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as n.): from OFr. afin or L. affinis (see 见 **AFFINITY**).

**affined** /ə'faınd/ adj. archaic 【古】 related or connected 相关的;有联系的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. affinis (see 见 **AFFINITY**) + **-ED¹**.

**affinity** /ə'fınǝti/ n. (pl. **affinities**) 1 a spontaneous or natural liking or sympathy 喜好,本性倾向 ➤ a close relationship based on a common origin or structure 亲和;类同,近似 ➤ relationship by marriage 姻亲关系 2 chiefly Biochemistry 【主生化】 the degree to which a substance tends to combine with another 亲和性,亲和力
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. affinitas, from affinis 'related' (lit. 'bordering on').

**affinity card** n. a cheque card or credit card for which the bank donates a portion of the money spent using the card to a specific charity 认同卡(银行会将刷卡消费的部分钱款返给特定的慈善机构)

**affinity group** ■n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a group of people linked by a common interest or purpose (由共同利益或目标联系起来的)亲和团体

**affirm** /ə'f3:m/ ■v. state emphatically or publicly 坚称;公开断言 > Law 【律】 ratify (a judgement or agreement) 维持(判决);承认,确认(协议) ▶ Law 【律】 make a formal declaration rather than taking an oath (不经宣誓而)确认
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affirmation** n. **affirmatory** adj. **affirmer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'make firm'): via OFr. from L. affirmare, from ad- 'to' + firmus 'strong'.

**affirmative** /ə'f3:mətıv/ adj. 1 agreeing with or consenting to a statement or request 赞成的;同意的 > Grammar & Logic 【语法,逻】 stating that a fact is so 肯定的 Contrasted with 对照 **NEGATIVE** and **INTERROGATIVE**. 2 denoting proposed legislation which must receive an affirmative parliamentary vote before it can come into force (法律提案)须经议会表决批准方可生效的 ■n. an affirmative statement or word 肯定陈述;肯定词 ▶ Logic 【逻】 a statement asserting that something is true of the subject of a proposition 肯定命题 ■exclam. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 yes 对,是的
-PHRASES 短语 **in the affirmative** so as to accept or agree to a statement or request 表示接受(或赞成),以肯定方式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affirmatively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'assertive, positive'): via OFr. from late L. affirmativus, from affirmare (see 见 **AFFIRM**).

**affirmative action** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 action favouring those who tend to suffer from discrimination 纠正歧视行动

**affix** ■v. /ə'fıks/ attach or fasten to something else 贴上,附上;把…固定 ■n. /'æfıks/ Grammar 【语法】 an addition to the base form or stem of a word that alters its meaning or creates a new word 词缀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affixation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. affixer or med. L. affixare, frequentative of L. affigere, from ad- 'to' + figere 'to fix'.

**afflatus** /ə'fleitəs/ ■n. formal 【正式】 a divine creative impulse or inspiration 灵感,神感
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from afflare, from ad- 'to' + flare 'to blow'.

**afflict** /ə'flıkt/ v. (of a problem or illness) cause pain or suffering to (问题或疾病)使痛苦,折磨,困扰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. afflictare 'knock about, harass', or afflict-, affligere 'knock down, weaken'.

**affliction** /ə'flıkfn/ n. a cause of pain or harm 痛源,苦事 ▶ the state of being in pain 痛苦,受折磨(或困扰)

**affluent** /'æfluənt/ adj. 1 wealthy 富有的 2 archaic 【古】 (of water) flowing freely or copiously (水)畅流的,浩浩汤汤的 ■n. archaic 【古】 a tributary stream 支流
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affluence** n. **affluently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. affluent-, affluere 'flow towards, flow freely'.

**afflux** /'æflɒks/ ■n. archaic 【古】 a flow of water or air (水或气)流
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. affluxus, from affluere (see 见 **AFFLUENT**).

**afford** /ə'fɔ:d/ v. 1 (**can**/**could afford**) have sufficient money, time, or means for 买得起;有时间(或办法)做 ▶ be able to do something without risk of adverse consequences 承担得起…的后果 2 provide (an opportunity or facility) 提供(机会或设施)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE geforthian 'promote, perform', later 'manage to do', from ge- (prefix implying completeness) + forthian 'to further', from **FORTH**.

**affordable** /ə'fɔ:dəbl/ adj. inexpensive; reasonably priced 便宜的,价格合理的

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **affordability** n. **affordably** adv.

**afforest** /ə'fɒrıst/ v. 1 convert (land) into forest for commercial exploitation (为商业开发而)在(土地)上造林 2 Brit. historical 【英,史义】 bring (woodland) under the jurisdiction of forest law for the purpose of hunting 变(林地)为狩猎林区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **afforestation** n.

**affranchise** /ə'fræn(t)faız/ v. archaic 【古】 release from servitude 解放,使自由,解除…的受奴役状态
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. afranchiss-, lengthened stem of afranchir, from a- (from L. ad 'to, at') + franc 'free'.

**affray** /ə'freı/ ■n. Law, dated 【律,过时】 a breach of the peace by fighting in a public place (在公共场所)斗殴罪
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. afrayer 'disturb, startle', based on an element of Gmc origin rel. to OE frithu 'peace, safety'.

**affricate** /'æfrıkət/ n. Phonetics 【语音】 a phoneme which combines a plosive with an immediately following fricative or spirant sharing the same place of articulation, e.g. **ch** as in **chair** and **j** as in **jar** 塞擦音(如 chair 中的 ch 和 jar 中的 j)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. affricat-, affricare, from ad- 'to' + fricare 'to rub'.

**affright** /ə'frait/ archaic 【古】 ■v. frighten 使惊恐,使受惊吓 ■n. fright 惊骇,惊吓

**affront** /ə'frɒnt/ ■n. an action or remark that causes outrage or offence 侮辱,冒犯 ■v. offend the modesty or values of 侮辱,冒犯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. afronter 'to slap in the face, insult', based on L. ad frontem 'to the face'.

**Afghan** /'æfgæn/ n. 1 a native or national of Afghanistan, or a person of Afghan descent 阿富汗人;阿富汗裔 2 another term for **PASHTO** * Pashto 的另一种说法 3 (**afghan**) a knitted or crocheted blanket or shawl 阿富汗毛毯;阿富汗披肩 ■adj. relating to Afghanistan or the Pashto language 阿富汗的;普什图语的

**Afghan coat** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a kind of sheepskin coat with the skin outside, typically having a shaggy border 阿富汗羊皮袄

**Afghan hound** n. a tall hunting dog of a breed with long silky hair 阿富汗猎犬

**afghani** /æf'ga:ni/ n. (pl. **afghanis**) the basic monetary unit of Afghanistan, equal to 100 puls 阿富汗尼(阿富汗基本货币单位,1阿富汗尼=100普尔)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Pashto afghānī.

**aficionado** /ə,fısjə'na:dəu, ,fı∫jǝ-/ n. (pl. **aficionados**) a person who is very knowledgeable and enthusiastic about a particular activity or subject 狂热爱好者,…迷,…达人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (denoting a devotee of bullfighting): from Sp., 'amateur', past part. of aficioner 'become fond of' used as a noun, based on L. affectio(n-) (see 见 **AFFECTION**).

**afield** /ə'fi:ld/ adv. 1 to or at a distance 向远方;在远处 2 in the field (in reference to hunting) (指狩猎)在野外

**afire** /ə'faıə(r)/ adv. & adj. chiefly literary 【主文】 on fire 燃烧着(的)

**AFL** abbr. Australian Football League 澳大利亚橄榄球联盟

**aflame** /ə'fleım/ adv. & adj. in flames 熊熊燃烧着(的)

**aflatoxin** /æflə'tɒksın/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a toxic compound produced by certain moulds found in food, which can cause liver damage and cancer 黄曲霉毒素
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from elements of the mod. L. taxonomic name of a mould (Aspergillus flavus) + **TOXIN**.

**AFL-CIO** abbr. American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations 劳联-产联,美国劳工联合会-产业工会联合会

**afloat** /ə'flǝut/ adj. & adv. 1 floating in water 浮在水上(的),漂浮着(的) ▶ on board a ship or boat 在船上(的) 2 out of debt or difficulty 摆脱债务(或困境)的(地)

**aflood** /ə'flʌd/ adj. flooded or submerged 被洪水淹没的;浸没的

**aflutter** /ə'flʌtə(r)/ adj. in a state of tremulous excitement 激动(得发抖)的

**AFM** abbr. Air Force Medal 空军奖章

**afoot** /ə'fut/ adv. & adj. 1 in preparation or progress 在准备中(的);在进行中(的) 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 on foot 徒步(的)

**afore** /ə'fɔ:(r)/ prep. archaic or dialect 【古或方】 before 在…以前

**afore-** /ə'fɔ:/ prefix before; previously 之前,先前: **aforementioned** 前面提到的

**aforementioned** /ə'fɔ:'menfənd/ (also 亦作 **aforesaid** /ə'fɔ:sed/) adj. denoting a thing or person previously mentioned (人或事物)前面提到的,上述的

**a fortiori** /,eı fɔ:ti'ɔ:raı, a:, -ri:/ adv. & adj. with a yet stronger reason than a conclusion previously accepted 更有理由地(的),更不容置疑地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: L., from a fortiori argumento 'from stronger argument'.

**afoul** /ə'faul/ adv. N. Amer. 【北美】 into conflict or difficulty with 卷入冲突(或纠纷)地;陷入困难地

**afraid** /ə'freıd/ adj. (often 常用 **afraid of**/**to do**) feeling fear or anxiety; frightened 恐惧的,害怕的 ▶ (**afraid for**) anxious about the well-being of 为…担心
-PHRASES 短语 **I'm afraid** expressing polite apology or regret 抱歉地说,恐怕,很遗憾
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: past part. of the obs. verb affray, from Anglo-Norman Fr. afrayer (see 见 **AFFRAY**).

**A-frame** n. a timber frame shaped like a capital letter A * A形构架 ▶ N. Amer. 【北美】 a house built around an A-frame * A形构架房屋

**afreet** /'æfri:t/ (also 亦作 **afrit**) n. (in Arabian and Muslim mythology) a powerful jinn or demon (阿拉伯和伊斯兰教神话中的)强大的神灵,恶魔

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-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Arab. 'ifrit.

**afresh** /ə'fref/ adv. in a new or different way 重新

**African** /'æfrıkən/ n. a person from Africa, especially a black person 非洲人(尤指黑人) ■adj. relating to Africa or Africans 非洲的,非洲人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Africanism** n.

**Africana** /æfrı'ka:nǝ/ pl. n. things connected with Africa 非洲的事物

**African American** chiefly US 【主美】 ■n. a black American 非洲裔美国人,美国黑人 ■adj. relating to African Americans 非洲裔美国人的,美国黑人的

**Africander** /æfrı'kændə(r)/ n. variant spelling of **AFRIKANDER** * Afrikander 的另一种拼法

**Africanize** or **Africanise** /'æfrık(ə)naız/ v. 1 make African in character 使非洲化,使带上非洲特征 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **Africanized**] hybridize (honeybees of European stock) with bees of African stock, producing an aggressive strain (为培育攻击性品种)使(欧洲蜜蜂)与非洲蜜蜂杂交
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Africanization** n.

**African violet** n. a small East African plant with heart-shaped velvety leaves and violet, pink, or white flowers 非洲紫苣苔;非洲紫罗兰 [Genus Saintpaulia: several species.]

**Afrikaans** /æfrı'ka:ns/ n. a language of southern Africa derived from Dutch, an official language of South Africa 阿非利坎语,南非荷兰语 ■adj. relating to the Afrikaner people or their language 阿非利坎人的;阿非利坎语的
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Afrik., from Du., lit. 'African'.

**Afrikander** /æfrı'ka:ndə(r)/ (also 亦作 **Africander**) ■n. an animal of a South African breed of sheep or longhorn cattle 南非羊;南非长角牛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (an early form of **AFRIKANER**): via Afrik. from S. Afr. Du.

**Afrikaner** /æfrı'ka:nə(r)/ n. 1 an Afrikaans-speaking white person in South Africa, especially one of Dutch or Huguenot descent 阿非利坎人(讲阿非利坎语的南非白人,尤指荷兰人或胡格诺派教徒的后裔) 2 S. African 【南非】 a gladiolus or related plant 唐菖蒲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Afrikanerdom** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., from S. Afr. Du. Africander, from Du. Afrikaan 'an African' + the personal suffix -der.

**afrit** /'æfrıt/ n. variant spelling of **AFREET** * afreet 的另一种拼法

**Afro** /'æfrǝu/ n. (pl. **Afros**) a hairstyle consisting of a mass of very tight curls all round the head, like the natural hair of some black people 埃弗罗发式(由满头浓密且紧凑的发卷构成的发型,类似一些黑人的自然发式)

**Afro-** /'æfrǝu/ comb. form African; African and... 非洲的;非洲以及…的: **Afro-Asiatic** 亚非语系的 ▶ relating to Africa 有关非洲的: **Afrocentric** 非洲中心主义的

**Afro-American** adj. & n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 another term for **AFRICAN AMERICAN** * African American 的另一种说法

**Afro-Asiatic** adj. relating to or denoting a family of languages spoken in the Middle East and North Africa 阿非罗一亚细亚语系的,亚非语系的,闪一含语系的

**Afro-Caribbean** ■n. a person of African descent living in or coming from the Caribbean 非洲裔加勒比人 ■adj. relating to Afro-Caribbeans 非洲裔加勒比人的

**Afrocentric** /æfrǝu'sentrık/ adj. regarding African or black culture as pre-eminent 非洲中心主义的,非洲(或黑人)文化至上的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Afrocentrism** n. **Afrocentrist** n.

**afrormosia** /æfrɔ:'məuziǝ/ n. 1 the wood of a tropical tree, resembling teak and used for furniture 美木豆木,非洲柚木 2 the tree that yields afrormosia wood, occurring mainly in West Africa 美木豆 [Genus Pericopsis (formerly Afrormosia).]
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: mod. L., from **AFRO-** + the related genus name Ormosia, from Gk hormos 'necklace' (because necklaces were strung with the seeds).

**aft** /a:ft/ adv. & adj. at, near, or towards the stern of a ship or tail of an aircraft 在船(或机)尾(的),在船(或机)尾附近(的),向船(或机)尾(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from obs. baft (see 见 **ABAFT**), influenced by Low Ger. and Du. achter 'abaft, after'.

**after** /'a:ftə(r)/ prep. 1 in the time following (an event or another period of time) 在(某事件或另外一段时间)之后 ▶ N. Amer. 【北美】 past (used in specifying a time) (用于指明某一时间)在…以后 2 behind 在…后面 ▶ in the direction of someone who is moving away 朝着(某人离去的方向) 3 in pursuit or quest of 追求,寻求 4 next to and following in order or importance (次序)随…之后;(重要性)次于 5 in allusion or reference to 关于;依照,按照: He was named after his grandfather. 他是以他祖父的名字取名的。 ▶ in the style or following the example of 以…为模仿对象 ■conj. & adv. in the time following (an event) 在(事件)之后;后来 ■adj. 1 archaic 【古】 later 后来的 2 nearer the stern of a ship 靠近船尾的
-PHRASES 短语 **after all** in spite of any indications or expectations to the contrary 毕竟,终究 **after hours** after normal working or opening hours 正常工作(或开放)时间之后 **after you** a polite formula offering precedence 您先请(客套话) **be after doing something** Irish 【爱】 be on the point of doing something or have just done it 就要做某事,刚做完某事
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æfter, of Gmc origin.

**afterbirth** /'a:ftǝb3:θ/ n. the placenta and fetal membranes discharged from the womb after a birth 胞衣

**afterburner** /'a:ftəbə:nə(r)/ n. an auxiliary burner in which extra fuel is burned in the exhaust of a jet engine to increase thrust 加力燃烧室

**aftercare** /'a:ftəkeə(r)/ n. 1 care of a person after a stay in hospital or on release from prison (病人

<41>
的)出院后护理,(犯人的)出狱后安置 2 support or advice offered to a customer following a purchase 售后服务

**afterdamp** /'a:ftədæmp/ n. choking gas left after an explosion of firedamp in a mine (矿井里瓦斯爆炸后的)爆后气体

**afterdeck** /'a:ftǝdek/ ■n. an open deck toward the stern of a ship 后甲板

**after-effect** n. an effect that follows after the primary action of something 后效(应)

**afterglow** /'a:ftəglǝu/ n. 1 light remaining in the sky after the sun has set 余辉 2 good feelings remaining after a pleasurable experience 美好回忆

**after-image** n. an impression of a vivid image retained by the eye after the stimulus has ceased (刺激停止后眼内留存的)后像,余像

**afterlife** /'a:ftəlaıf/ n. (in some religions) life after death (某些宗教中)死后(灵魂)的生活

**aftermarket** /'a:ftə,ma:kıt/ n. 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 the market for spare parts and accessories for motor vehicles (机动车的)配件市场 2 Stock Exchange 【股】 the market for shares and bonds after their original issue 二级市场

**aftermath** /'a:ftəmæθ/ n. 1 the consequences or after-effects of a significant unpleasant event (重大不快事件的)后果,后效应 2 Farming 【农】 new grass growing after mowing or harvest 再生草,再萌草
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from **AFTER** + dial. math 'mowing', of Gmc origin.

**aftermost** /'a:ftəmǝust/ adj. nearest the stern of a ship or tail of an aircraft 最靠近船(或机)尾的

**afternoon** /a:ftǝ'nu:n/ n. the time from noon or lunchtime to evening 下午,午后 ■adv. (**afternoons**) informal 【非正式】 in the afternoon; every afternoon 在下午,每天下午

**afterpains** /'a:ftəpeinz/ pl. n. pains after childbirth caused by contraction of the womb 产后宫缩痛

**afters** /'a:ftǝz/ pl. n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 the dessert course of a meal (正餐中的)甜点

**aftershave** /'a:ftəʃeıv/ n. an astringent scented lotion for applying to the skin after shaving 须后水

**aftershock** /'a:ftəʃɒk/ n. a smaller earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake 余震

**aftersun** /'a:ftəsʌn/ adj. denoting a product applied to the skin after exposure to the sun 晒后护肤的

**aftertaste** /'a:ftǝteist/ n. a taste, typically an unpleasant one, lingering in the mouth after eating or drinking (通常指令人不快的)余味

**afterthought** /'a:ftǝθɔ:t/ n. something thought of or added later 后来想到的事物,后来添加的东西

**aftertouch** /'a:ftǝtʌtʃ/ ■n. a facility on an electronic music keyboard by which an effect is produced by depressing a key after striking it (电子音乐键盘的)触后功能

**afterwards** /'a:ftəwədz/ (US also 【美亦作】 **afterward** /-wəd/) adv. at a later or future time 以后,过后,后来
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æftewearde, from æftan 'aft' + **-WARDS**, influenced by **AFTER**.

**afterword** /'a:ftəwɜ:d/ n. a concluding section in a book 跋,后记

**afterworld** /'a:ftəwɜ:ld/ n. a world entered after death 死后的世界,冥界

**AG** abbr. 1 adjutant general 2 attorney general

**Ag¹** symb. the chemical element silver (化学元素)银
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. argentum.

**Ag²** abbr. Biochemistry 【生化】 antigen

**ag-** /æg/ prefix variant spelling of **AD-** assimilated before g (as in **aggravate**, **aggression**) * ad- 的另一种拼法 (d在g前被同化为g)

**Aga** /'a:gǝ/ ■n. Brit. trademark 【英,商标】 a type of heavy heat-retaining stove or range used for cooking and heating 雅家炉(用于烹饪和取暖)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from the original maker's name (Svenska) A(ktiebolaget) Ga(sackumulator) 'Swedish Gas Accumulator Company'.

**aga** /'a:gǝ/ n. (in Muslim countries, especially under the Ottoman Empire) a military commander or official 阿迦(伊斯兰国家,尤指奥斯曼帝国统治下的伊斯兰国家的军事长官或官员)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Turk. ağa 'master, lord', from Mongolian aqa.

**again** /ə'gen, ə'geın/ adv. 1 once more 再一次,又一次 2 returning to a previous position or condition 回到原处;恢复原状 3 in addition to what has already been mentioned 再则;而且 ▶ on the other hand 另一方面
-PHRASES 短语 **again and again** repeatedly 再三,一再地,反复地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ongēan, ongægn, of Gmc origin.

**against** /ə'genst, ə'geınst/ prep. 1 in opposition to (反)对 ▶ in resistance to 抗击,抵御 2 in anticipation of and preparation for (a difficulty) 为(困难)作准备(或防备) ▶ (in betting) in anticipation of the failure of (博彩用语)预计…的失败: The odds were 5-1 against England. 英格兰队的赔率是5比1。 3 in relation to (money owed, due, or lent) so as to reduce, cancel, or secure it 入(账户)的借方 4 in or into contact with 倚靠;紧贴 5 in contrast to 和…对比
-PHRASES 短语 **have something against** dislike or bear a grudge against 讨厌;对…不满
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from **AGAIN** + **-s** (adverbial genitive) + **-t**, prob. by assoc. with superlatives (as in **amongst**).

**Aga Khan** /ɑ:gə 'ka:n/ n. the title of the spiritual leader of the Nizari sect of Ismaili Muslims 阿迦汗(伊斯兰教尼查理派精神领袖的称号)

**agal** /æ'ga:l/ n. a headband worn by Bedouin Arab men to keep the keffiyeh in place (贝都因阿拉伯男子绑头巾的)毛绳头箍
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: representing a Bedouin pronunc. of Arab. 'iqal 'bond, hobble'.

**agama** /ə'ga:mə/ n. a lizard of a large group with long tails and large heads 鬣蜥 [Genus Agama,

<42>
family Agamidae.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agamid** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from Carib.

**agamic** /ə'gæmık/ adj. Biology 【生物】 reproducing asexually; asexual 无性生殖的;无性的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk agamos 'unmarried' + **-IC**.

**agammaglobulinaemia** /ə,gæmə,glɒbjulı'ni:miə/ (also 亦作 **agammaglobulinemia**) ■n. Medicine 【医】 lack of gamma globulin in the blood plasma, causing immune deficiency 无丙种球蛋白血症

**agamospermy** /'ægəmə(u),spɜ:mi/ n. Botany 【植】 asexual reproduction in which seeds are produced from unfertilized ovules 无配子种子生殖,无融合结籽
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agamospermous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk agamos 'unmarried' + sperma 'seed'.

**agapanthus** /ægə'pænθǝs/ ■n. a South African plant of the lily family, with blue or white flowers growing in rounded clusters 百子莲(南非百合科植物) [Genus Agapanthus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk agapē 'love' + anthos 'flower'.

**agape¹** /ə'geıp/ adj. (of a person's mouth) wide open (人的嘴)大张着的

**agape²** /'ægǝpi, -peı/ n. 1 Christian Theology 【基督神学】 Christian love as distinct from erotic love or simple affection 基督之爱 2 a communal meal in token of Christian fellowship 爱宴
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk agapē 'brotherly love'.

**agar** /'eıga:(r)/ (also 亦作 **agar-agar**) n. a gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods 琼脂
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Malay.

**agaric** /'æg(ə)rık, ə'gærık/ n. a fungus of an order (Agaricales) including all those with a cap with gills on the underside, e.g. mushrooms 伞菌
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. agaricum, from Gk agarikon 'tree fungus'.

**agarose** /'ægǝrǝuz, -s/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a polysaccharide which is the main constituent of agar 琼脂糖

**agate** /'ægǝt/ n. an ornamental stone consisting of a hard variety of chalcedony (quartz), typically banded in appearance 玛瑙
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr., via L. from Gk akhatēs.

**agave** /ə'geıvi, ə'ga:vi/ n. a succulent plant with rosettes of narrow spiny leaves and tall flower spikes, native to the southern US and tropical America 龙舌兰 [Genus Agave: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from Gk Agaue, the name of one of the daughters of Cadmus in Greek mythology.

**AGC** abbr. Electronics 【电子】 automatic gain control 自动增益控制

**age** /eıdz/ ■n. 1 the length of time that a person or thing has existed 年龄;存在时间 ▶ a particular stage in someone's life 人生的特定阶段 ▶ old age 老年,晚年 2 a distinct period of history (历史上的)时代,时期,年代 ▶ a division of geological time that is a subdivision of an epoch (地质年代划分中的)期 ▶ (**ages** / **an age**) informal 【非正式】 a very long time 很长时间 ■v. (**ages**, **ageing** or **aging**, **aged**) grow or cause to appear old or older (使)年龄增长;(使)变老 ▶ (with reference to an alcoholic drink, cheese, etc.) mature (酒等)变陈;(干酪等)变成熟
-PHRASES 短语 **act (or be) one's age** behave in a manner appropriate to someone of one's age 行为与年龄相称 **come of age** reach adult status (in UK law at 18) 成年(在英国法定成年年龄为18岁) **of an age** 1 old enough to be able or expected to do something 到了…的年龄 2 (of two or more people or things) of a similar age (两个或两个以上的人或事物)年龄相仿的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ageing** (also 亦作 **aging**) n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. aetas, aetat-, from aevum 'age, era'.

**-age** /ıdʒ, ɑ:ʒ/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting an action or its result 表示动作或动作结果: **leverage** 杠杆作用 ▶ a function; a sphere of action 功能;动作范围: **homage** 敬意 ▶ a state or condition 状态;状况: **bondage** 束缚 2 denoting an aggregate or number of 表示合计或数目: **mileage** 里程;英里数 ➤ a set or group of 一套;一组: **baggage** 行李 ▶ fees payable for…的费用: **postage** 邮资 3 denoting a place 表示地方、场所: **vicarage** 代牧寓所
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr., based on L. -aticum, neut. form of the adjectival ending -aticus.

**aged** adj. 1 /eıdzd/ of a specified age ...岁的: He died aged 60. 他在60岁时去世。 ▶ (of a horse or farm animal) over a certain defined age of maturity, typically 6 to 12 years for horses, 3 or 4 years for cattle (马或农畜)超过成熟年龄的 2 /'eıdzıd/ very old (年)老的 3 /'eıdʒd/ having been subjected to ageing 老化的;陈化的;熟化的

**age group** n. a number of people or things classed together as being of similar age 年龄组

**age hardening** n. spontaneous hardening of a metal which occurs if it is quenched and then stored at ambient temperature or treated with mild heat 时效硬化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **age-hardened** adj.

**ageism** /'eıdzız(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **agism**) n. prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a person's age 年龄歧视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ageist** adj. & n.

**ageless** /'eıdzləs/ adj. 1 not ageing or appearing to age 不老的;不显老的 2 lasting a long time or forever 长久的;永远的: **ageless Taoist massage technique** 历史悠久的道家按摩技艺
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agelessness** n.

**agency** /'eıdzənsi/ n. 1 a business or organization providing a particular service 服务机构;代理(或经销)机构 ▶ a government office or department providing a specific service for a state (政府的)专业行政部门 2 action or intervention so as to produce a

<43>
particular result (产生某效果所需要的)作用: **canals carved by the agency of running water** 流水冲蚀形成的运河 ▶ a person or thing that acts to produce a particular result 动因;起作用的人(或事物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. agentia, from agent- (see 见 **AGENT**).

**agenda** /ə'dzendǝ/ n. 1 a list of items to be discussed at a meeting 议程表,议事日程 ▶ a list of matters to be addressed 待解决事项,工作事项 ▶ the underlying intentions or motives of a particular person or group (某个人或群体的)工作事项,工作计划: Miller has his own agenda and it has nothing to do with football. 米勒有自己的工作,决不会去做跟足球相关的事。 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 an appointment diary 记事簿
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., neut. pl. of agendum, gerundive of agere 'do'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明 Although **agenda** is the plural of **agendum** in Latin, in standard modern English it is normally used as a singular noun with a standard plural form (**agendas**). See also usage at **DATA** and **MEDIA¹**. 尽管 **agenda** 是拉丁词 **agendum** 的复数形式,但在标准现代英语中,它一般用作单数名词,规范复数形式是 **agendas**。另见 **data** 和 **media** 处的用法说明。

**agent** /'eıdzənt/ n. 1 a person that provides a particular service, typically one organizing transactions between two other parties 代理人,代理商 ▶ a person who manages financial or contractual matters for a performer, writer, or sportsperson 经纪人 2 a person who works in secret to obtain information for a government 特工,间谍 3 a person or thing that takes an active role or produces a specified effect 动因,能因,使然 ▶ Grammar 【语法】 the doer of an action 施事 4 Computing 【计】 an independently operating Internet program, typically one that performs background tasks such as information retrieval or processing on behalf of a user or other program 代理程序
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agentive** adj. (Grammar 【语法】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. agent-, agere 'to do'.

**agent general** n. (pl. **agents general**) the representative of an Australian state or Canadian province in a major foreign city (澳大利亚某州或加拿大某省在重要外国城市的)总代表

**agent noun** n. a noun denoting a person or thing that performs the action of a verb, usually ending in **-er** or **-or**, e.g. **worker**, **accelerator** 施事名词(一般以-er或-or结尾,如 worker, accelerator)

**Agent Orange** n. a defoliant chemical used by the US in the Vietnam War 橙剂(美国在越南战争中使用的脱叶剂)

**agent provocateur** /æʒɑ̃ prɔvɒkə'tɜ:(r)/ n. (pl. **agents provocateurs** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a person employed to induce others to break the law so that they can be convicted (诱使他人犯罪以便将其定罪的)内线,线人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'provocative agent'.

**age of consent** n. the age at which a person's consent to sexual intercourse is valid in law (可自主同意与他人发生性关系的)法定承诺年龄

**age of discretion** n. the age at which someone is considered able to take responsibility for their actions or affairs (被认为能够对自己的行为或事务负责的)有选择权的年龄,自主决定年龄

**age of reason** n. 1 (**Age of Reason**) the Enlightenment 理性时代(指启蒙时代) 2 (especially in the Roman Catholic Church) the age at which a child is held capable of discerning right from wrong 理性年龄,责任年龄(尤为天主教用语,指儿童开始能够辨别是非的年龄)

**age-old** adj. having existed for a very long time 古老的,存在很久的

**agglomerate** ■v. /ə'glɒmǝreıt/ collect or form into a mass or group (使)成团;(使)聚结 ■n. /ə'glɒmərət/ 1 a mass or collection of things 团块;集块 2 Geology 【地质】 a volcanic rock consisting of large fragments bonded together 集块岩 ■adj. /ə'glɒmərət/ collected or formed into a mass 团块的;集块的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agglomeration** n. **agglomerative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. agglomerat-, agglomerare 'add to', from ad- 'to' + glomerare (from glomus 'ball').

**agglutinate** /ə'glu:tınert/ v. 1 firmly stick or be stuck together to form a mass (使)黏结;(使)胶结 2 Linguistics 【语言】 (of a language) combine (word elements) to express compound ideas 黏着
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agglutination** n. **agglutinative** adj. (Linguistics 【语言】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. agglutinat-, agglutinare 'cause to adhere'.

**agglutinin** /ə'glu:tının/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 an antibody, lectin, or other substance that causes agglutination 凝集素

**aggrandize** or **aggrandise** /ə'grændaız/ v. increase the power, status, or wealth of 扩大…的权势;提高…的地位,增加…的财富 ▶ artificially enhance the reputation of 抬高,吹捧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aggrandizement** n. **aggrandizer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. agrandiss-, agrandir, prob. from Ital. aggrandire, from L. grandis 'large'.

**aggravate** /'ægrǝveit/ v. 1 make (a problem, illness, etc.) worse 使(问题、疾病等)恶化,加重,加剧 2 informal 【非正式】 annoy (someone) 惹恼,使恼火
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aggravating** adj. **aggravatingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (C15) as aggravation): from L. aggravat-, aggravare 'make heavy'.

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> **USAGE** 用法说明 **Aggravate** in the sense 'annoy' is in widespread use in modern English and dates back to the 17th century, but the use is still regarded as incorrect by some traditionalists. * **aggravate** 的“惹恼”这一义项在现代英语中使用广泛,可追溯至17世纪。但在有些传统主义者看来,这种用法仍是不正确的。

**aggravated** /'ægrǝveıtıd/ adj. Law 【律】 (of an offence) made more serious by attendant circumstances (罪行因有关情节)加重的 ▶ (of a penalty) made more severe in recognition of the seriousness of an offence (处罚)加重的

**aggravation** /ægrǝ'veı∫n / n. 1 the state of becoming worse 恶化 2 informal 【非正式】 annoyance 恼火 ▶ aggressive behaviour; harassment 攻击性行为;骚扰

**aggregate** ■n. /'ægrıgǝt/ 1 a whole formed by combining several disparate elements 总数,合计;聚集体,集成体 2 the total score of a player or team in a fixture comprising more than one game or round (多场或多回合比赛的)总积分 3 a material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles 聚集体材料;集合体结构 > pieces of broken or crushed stone or gravel used to make concrete 集料,(混凝土)骨料 ■adj. /'ægrıgət/ 1 formed or calculated by the combination of many separate units or items 聚集的,总计的,合计的 2 Botany 【植】 (of a group of species) comprising several very similar species formerly regarded as a single species (种组)群聚的 3 Economics 【经济】 denoting the total supply or demand for goods and services in an economy at a particular time (需求或供给)总的 ■v. /'ægrıgeıt/ combine into a whole (使)聚集;(使)积聚 ▶ Computing 【计】 collect (related items of content) so as to display or link to them 聚合(相关数据内容)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aggregation** n. **aggregative** /'ægrıgǝtıv/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aggregat-, aggregare 'herd together', from ad- 'towards' + grex, greg- 'a flock'.

**aggregate fruit** ■n. Botany 【植】 a fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower, e.g. a **raspberry** 聚合果

**aggregator** /'ægrıgeıtə(r)/ n. a website or program that collects related items of content and displays them or links to them 聚合商

**aggression** /ə'gre∫n/ n. hostile or violent behaviour or attitudes 敌意;粗暴态度;敌对(或粗暴)行为 ▶ the action of attacking without provocation, especially in beginning a war 侵犯,侵略(尤指发动战争)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aggressor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. aggressio(n-), from aggredi 'to attack', from ad- 'towards' + gradi 'proceed, walk'.

**aggressive** /ə'gresıv/ adj. characterized by or resulting from aggression 侵犯的;侵略的;挑衅的 ▶ very forceful 强有力的: **an aggressive acquisition policy** 积极的收购政策
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aggressively** adv. **aggressiveness** n.

**aggrieved** /ə'gri:vd/ adj. resentful because of unfair treatment 感到委屈的,愤愤不平的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'distressed'): past part. of aggrieve, from OFr. agrever 'make heavier', based on L. aggravare (see 见 **AGGRAVATE**).

**aggro** /'ægrǝu/ ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 1 aggressive behaviour 挑衅行为,侵犯行为 2 difficulties 困难,难题
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: abbrev. of **aggravation** (see 见 **AGGRAVATE**), or of **AGGRESSION**.

**aghast** /ə'ga:st/ adj. filled with horror or shock 吓呆的,惊骇的,惊呆的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: past part. of the obs. verb agast, gast 'frighten', from OE gæsten.

**agile** /'ædʒaıl/ adj. able to move quickly and easily (动作)敏捷的,灵活的 ▶ able to think and understand quickly (思维)机敏的,机灵的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agilely** adv. **agility** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. agilis, from agere 'do'.

**agin** /ə'gın/ prep. dialect form of **AGAINST** * against 的方言形式
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: var. of the obs. prep. again, with the same meaning.

**aging** /'eıdʒıŋ/ adj. & n. variant spelling of **AGEING** * ageing 的另一种拼法 (see 见 **AGE**)

**agio** /'ædʒiǝu/ n. (pl. **agios**) the percentage charged on the exchange of one currency, or one form of money, into another that is more valuable 贴水
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital. agio, aggio, lit. 'ease, convenience'.

**agism** /'eıdzız(ə)m/ n. variant spelling of **AGEISM** * ageism 的另一种拼法

**agist** /ə'dʒıst/ v. take in and feed (livestock) for payment 代人放牧(牲畜)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agister** n. **agistment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. agister, from a- + gister, from giste 'lodging'.

**agitate** /'ædʒıteıt/ v. 1 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **agitated**] make troubled or nervous 使不安;使紧张 2 campaign to arouse public concern about an issue 鼓动;煽动 3 stir or disturb (a liquid) briskly 搅动,搅拌,摇动(液体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agitatedly** adv. **agitation** n. **agitator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'drive away'): from L. agitat-, agitare 'agitate, drive', frequentative of agere 'do, drive'.

**agitato** /ædʒı'ta:tǝu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】 agitated in manner 激动地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'agitated'.

<45>
**agitprop** /'ædʒıtprɒp, 'æg-/ n. political propaganda, especially in art or literature (尤指艺术或文学作品中的)政治宣传
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: Russ., blend of agitatsiya 'agitation' and propaganda 'propaganda'.

**agleam** /ə'gli:m/ adj. gleaming 闪烁着微光的

**aglet** /'æglət/ n. a metal or plastic tube fixed tightly round each end of a shoelace (鞋带两头的)箍
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. aiguillette 'small needle', dimin. of aiguille (see 见 **aiguille**).

**agley** /ə'gleı, ə'gli:/ adv. Scottish 【苏格兰】 askew; awry 歪,斜;乱
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from **A-²** + Scots gley 'squint'.

**aglow** /ə'glǝu/ ■adj. glowing 发光的;炽热的;通红的

**AGM** abbr. Brit. 【英】 annual general meeting

**agma** /'ægmǝ/ ■n. Phonetics 【语音】 the speech sound of 'ng' as in **thing**, a velar nasal consonant * ng的读音 ▶ the symbol /ŋ/, used to represent this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet 音标 /ŋ/
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from late Gk, from Gk, lit. 'fragment'.

**agnate** /'ægneıt/ chiefly Law 【主律】 ■n. a person descended from the same male ancestor as another, especially through the male line 具有共同男性祖先者;(尤指)父系亲属 ■adj. descended from the same male ancestor 具有共同男性祖先的;(尤指)父系亲属的 Compare with 比较 **COGNATE** (sense 2 of the adjective 形容词释义2).
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agnatic** /æg'nætık/ adj. **agnation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. agnatus, from ad- 'to' + gnatus, natus 'born'.

**agnolotti** /ænjə'lɒti/ n. small filled pasta squares 意大利饺
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**agnosia** /əg'nǝusiǝ/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage 失认症(多由脑损伤引起)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: coined in Ger. from Gk agnōsia 'ignorance'.

**agnostic** /æg'nɒstık/ n. a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of God 不可知论者 ■adj. relating to agnostics or agnosticism 不可知论(者)的 ▶ (in a non-religious context) having a doubtful or non-committal attitude towards something (非宗教语境中)持怀疑态度的,不置可否的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agnosticism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **A-¹** + **GNOSTIC**.

**Agnus Dei** /ægnəs 'deıi:, ænjəs, 'di:aı/ n. 1 a figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag, as an emblem of Christ 上帝的羔羊(带十字架或旗帜的羔羊形象,象征耶稣基督) 2 Christian Church 【基】 an invocation beginning with the words 'Lamb of God' forming a set part of the Mass 羔羊经(做弥撒时以“上帝的羔羊”一语开始的祷文)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., lit. 'Lamb of God'.

**ago** /ə'gǝu/ adv. before the present (used with a measurement of time) (与时间段连用)以前
-ORIGIN 词源 ME ago, agone, past part. of the obs. verb ago 'pass', used to express passage of time.
> **USAGE** 用法说明 When **ago** is followed by a clause, the clause should be introduced by **that** rather than **since**, e.g. *it was sixty years ago that I left this place* (not *it was sixty years ago since I left this place*). 当 **ago** 后接从句时,引导词应该用 **that**, 不能用 **since**, 例如: *It was sixty years ago that I left this place*. *60年前我离开了这里。(而非 It was sixty years ago since I left this place.)*

**agog** /ə'gɒg/ adj. very eager to hear or see something 急着想听到…的,盼望看到…的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. en gogues, from en 'in' + the pl. of gogue 'fun'.

**agogic** /ə'gɒdʒık/ Music 【音】 ■adj. relating to or denoting accentuation within musical phrases by slight lengthening of notes 缓急法的 ■n. (**agogics**) [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] the use of agogic accents 缓急法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. agogisch, from Gk agōgos 'leading', from agein 'to lead', + **-IC**.

**agogo** /ə'gǝugǝu/ n. (pl. **agogos**) a small bell made of two joined metal cones, used as a percussion instrument in African and Latin music 阿戈戈铃(非洲及拉丁音乐中的打击乐器)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Yoruba.

**a gogo** /ə 'gǝugǝu/ adj. [postpos. 后置] informal 【非正式】 in abundance 丰富的,大量的
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from Fr. à gogo, from OFr. gogue 'fun'.

**agonic line** /ə'gɒnık/ n. an imaginary line round the earth passing through both the north pole and the north magnetic pole, at any point on which a compass needle points to true north 无偏线,零磁偏线
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk a-gōnios, a-gōnos (from a- 'without' + gōnia 'angle') + **-IC**.

**agonist** /'ægǝnıst/ n. 1 Biochemistry 【生化】 a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor 激动剂 2 Anatomy 【解】 a muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly 主缩肌,主动肌 3 a protagonist 主人公,主角
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agonism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk agōnistēs 'contestant', from agōn 'contest'; cf. **ANTAGONIST**.

**agonistic** /ægǝ(u)'nıstık/ adj. 1 plolemical; combative 好争论的;好斗的 ▶ Zoology 【动】 (of animal behaviour) associated with conflict (动物行为)对抗的 2 Biochemistry 【生化】 relating to or acting as an agonist 激动剂的;起激动剂作用的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agonistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk agōnistētikos, from agōnistēs 'contestant', from agōn 'contest'.

<46>
**agonize** or **agonise** /'ægənaız/ v. 1 undergo great mental anguish through worrying over something (因忧虑而)备受煎熬,受折磨 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **agonizing**] cause agony to 使备受煎熬,折磨
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agonizingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. agoniser or late L. agonizare, from Gk agōnizesthai 'contend', from agōn 'contest'.

**agony** /'ægǝni/ n. (pl. **agonies**) extreme physical or mental suffering 剧痛;极度痛苦,极度苦恼
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. and late L. from Gk agōnia, from agōn 'contest'.

**agony aunt** (or **agony uncle**) ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a person who answers letters in an **agony column** 知心阿姨,知心大叔(指报刊《知心阿姨》或《知心大叔》专栏答复读者来信的人)

**agony column** ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a column in a newspaper or magazine offering advice on readers' personal problems (报刊的)《知心阿姨》或《知心大叔》专栏

**agora¹** /'ægərə/ n. (pl. **agorae** /-ri:/ or **agoras**) (in ancient Greece) a public open space used for assemblies and markets (古希腊的)集会地点,市集处
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk.

**agora²** /ægə'ra:/ ■n. (pl. **agorot** or **agoroth** /ægə'rǝut, -rǝuθ/) a monetary unit of Israel, equal to one hundredth of a shekel 阿高洛(以色列货币单位,100阿高洛=1谢克尔)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. 'āgōrāh 'small coin'.

**agoraphobia** /æg(ə)rə'fəubiə/ n. extreme or irrational fear of open or public places 广场恐怖(症)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agoraphobe** n. **agoraphobic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk agora (see 见 **AGORA¹**) + **-PHOBIA**.

**agouti** /ə'gu:ti/ ■n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **agoutis**) 1 a large long-legged burrowing rodent related to the guinea pig, native to Central and South America 刺豚鼠 [Genera Cuniculus and Dasyprocta: several species] 2 fur in which each hair has alternate dark and light bands, producing a grizzled appearance 深浅环纹毛皮 ▶ a mouse having agouti fur 深浅环纹鼠
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Fr. or from Sp. aguti, from Tupi akutí.

**AGR** abbr. advanced gas-cooled (nuclear) reactor 改进型(或高级)气冷(核)反应堆

**agranulocytosis** /ə,grænjulə(u)saı'tǝusıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection 粒细胞缺乏

**agraphia** /ə'græfiǝ, eı-/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 inability to write, as a language disorder resulting from brain damage 失写(症)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **A-¹** + Gk -graphia 'writing'.

**agrarian** /ə'greəriən/ adj. relating to cultivated land or agriculture 耕地的;农业的 ▶ relating to landed property 田产的;地产的;土地权益的 ■n. a person who advocates a redistribution of landed property 平均地权论者
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. agrarius, from ager, agr- 'field'.

**agree** /ə'gri:/ ■v. (**agrees**, **agreeing**, **agreed**) 1 have the same opinion 赞成,同意 ▶ (**be agreed**) (of two or more parties) be in agreement (双方或多方)达成一致 2 (**agree to**/**to do something**) say that one will do something 同意做某事 ▶ reach agreement about 商定,就…达成协议 3 (**agree with**) be consistent with 与…一致 ▶ Grammar 【语法】 have the same number, gender, case, or person as (数、性、格、人称上)与…一致 4 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] (**agree with**) be good for 对…有益
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. agreer, based on L. ad- 'to' + gratus 'pleasing'.

**agreeable** /ə'gri:əbl/ adj. 1 pleasant or pleasing 令人愉快的;惬意的 2 willing to agree to something 乐意的,欣然同意的 ➤ able to be accepted 可接受的,能被认可的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agreeableness** n. **agreeably** adv.

**agreement** /ə'gri:mənt/ n. 1 harmony in opinion or feeling (意见或情感的)一致,相合 ▶ the state of being consistent 一致(状态) ▶ Grammar 【语法】 the condition of agreeing with another word 一致 2 a negotiated and typically legally binding arrangement 合同;协定;协议;契约

**agri-** n. variant of **AGRO-** * agro- 的变体

**agribusiness** /'ægri,bıznəs/ n. 1 agriculture conducted on strictly commercial principles (严格按照商业原则经营的)公司化农业,企业化农业 2 the group of industries concerned with agricultural produce and services 农业企业集团

**agrichemical** /ægri'kemıkl/ n. variant of **AGROCHEMICAL** * agrochemical 的变体

**agriculture** /'ægri,kʌltfə(r)/ n. the science or practice of farming, including the growing of crops and the rearing of animals 农学;农业;农艺
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agricultural** adj. **agriculturalist** n. **agriculturally** adv. **agriculturist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. agricultura, from ager, agr- 'field' + cultura 'growing, cultivation'.

**agrimony** /'ægrıməni/ n. (pl. **agrimonies**) a plant of the rose family with slender flower spikes of yellow flowers 龙芽草 [Genus Agrimonia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. agrimonia, alt. of argemonia, from Gk argemōnē 'poppy'.

**agrion** /'ægriɒn/ n. a large damselfly that has a body with a metallic sheen 色蟪 [Genus Agrion: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 Gk, neut. of agrios 'wild'.

**agriscience** /'ægri,saı(ə)ns/ n. the application of science to agriculture 农业科技
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agriscientist** n.

**agritourism** /'ægrıtuərız(ə)m/ ■n. tourism in which tourists stay with local people in rural areas 农业旅游

<47>
**agro-** /'ægrǝu/ (also 亦作 **agri-**) comb. form agricultural 农业的: **agro-industry** 农业工业 > agriculture and ... 农业及…: **agroforestry** 复合农林业
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk agros 'field'.

**agrobiology** /ægrǝ(u)baı'ɒlədzi/ n. the branch of biology concerned with soil science and plant nutrition and its application to crop production 农业生物学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agrobiological** adj. **agrobiologist** n.

**agrochemical** /ægrǝ(u)'kemıkl/ n. a chemical used in agriculture 农业化学品

**agroforestry** /ægrǝ(u)'fɒrıstri/ n. agriculture incorporating the cultivation of trees 复合农林业;林粮间作

**agro-industry** n. industry connected with agriculture 农业工业 ▶ agriculture developed along industrial lines 工业用农业,产业化农业
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agro-industrial** adj.

**agronomy** /ə'grɒnǝmi/ n. the science of soil management and crop production 农学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agronomic** adj. **agronomical** adj. **agronomically** adv. **agronomist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. agronomie, from agronome 'agriculturist', from Gk agros 'field' + -nomos 'arranging' (from nemoein 'arrange').

**agrostology** /ægrə(u)'stɒlədzi/ n. the branch of botany concerned with grasses 草本学,禾草学
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk agrostis (denoting a kind of grass) + **-LOGY**.

**agroterrorism** /ægrǝ(u)'terərız(ə)m/ n. terrorist acts intended to disrupt or damage a country's agriculture 农业恐怖主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agroterrorist** n.

**aground** /ə'graund/ adj. & adv. (with reference to a ship) on or on to the bottom in shallow water (船只)搁浅(的)

**aguardiente** /ə,gwa:di'enteı/ ■n. (in Spanish-speaking countries) an alcoholic drink resembling brandy (西班牙语国家的)土酿白兰地,烧酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from agua 'water' + ardiente 'fiery'.

**ague** /'eigju:/ n. archaic 【古】 malaria or another illness involving fever and shivering 疟疾;寒热病 > a fever or shivering fit 发烧;寒战
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **agued** adj. **aguish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. acuta (febris) 'acute (fever)'.

**AH** abbr. in the year of the Hegira (used in the Muslim calendar for reckoning years) 希吉拉纪元;伊斯兰教纪元
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. anno Hegirae.

**ah** /ɑ:/ (also 亦作 **aah**) exclam. expressing surprise, sympathy, realization, etc. 啊,呀(用于表示惊讶、同情、知晓等)

**AHA** abbr. alpha-hydroxy acid

**aha** /ɑ:'hɑ:/ exclam. expressing triumph or surprise 啊哈(表示得胜或惊讶)

**ahead** /ə'hed/ adv. further forward in space or time 在前,朝前 ▶ **in advance** 提前,预先 ▶ **in the lead** 领先,占先
-PHRASES 短语 **ahead of** 1 in front of; before 在…前面,在…之前: We have a long drive ahead of us. 我们要开很长时间车。 2 **in advance of** 提前,预先 **ahead of the curve** see 见 **curve**

**ahem** /ə'hem/ exclam. used to attract attention or express disapproval or embarrassment 呃哼(用于引起注意或者表示不赞成、窘迫)

**ahi** /'ɑ:hi/ ■n. (in Hawaii) a large tuna, especially as an item of food (夏威夷的)黄鳍金枪鱼(尤用作食材)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hawaiian 'ahi.

**ahimsa** /ə'hımsɑ:/ n. (in the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jainist tradition) respect for all living things and avoidance of violence towards others (印度教、佛教和耆那教传统中的)不害
-ORIGIN 词源 Sanskrit, from a 'non-, without' + himsā 'violence'.

**ahistorical** /eıhı'stɒrıkl/ adj. lacking historical perspective or context 缺少历史视角的,无历史背景的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ahistorically** adv.

**-aholic** /ə'hɒlık/ (also 亦作 **-oholic**) suffix denoting a person addicted to something …迷,…狂: **shopaholic** 购物狂
-ORIGIN 词源 on the pattern of (alc)oholic.

**ahoy** /ə'hɔı/ exclam. Nautical 【航海】 a call to attract attention 喂,啊嗬(用于唤起注意)

**AI** abbr. 1 Amnesty International 大赦国际 2 artificial insemination 3 artificial intelligence

**ai** /ɑ:i:/ n. (pl. **ais**) the three-toed sloth 三趾树懒
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Tupi, imitative of its cry.

**AID** abbr. artificial insemination by donor 他精人工授精

**aid** /eıd/ ■n. 1 help or support 帮助;援助 2 material help given to a place in need 物资援助 3 historical 【史义】 a grant of subsidy or tax to a king (向国王交纳的)协助金 ■v. help in the achievement of something 帮助,协助,支持
-PHRASES 短语 **in aid of** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 in support of 支持 **what's (all) this in aid of?** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 what is the purpose of this? 这是为了什么?
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aide (n.), aidier (v.), based on L. adjuvare, from ad- 'towards' + juvare 'to help'.

**aid climbing** n. rock climbing using objects such as pegs placed in the rock 器械攀登,辅助攀登 Compare with 比较 **FREE CLIMBING**.

**aide** /eıd/ ■n. an assistant to a political leader (政治领袖的)助手,助理 ▶ short for **AIDE-DE-CAMP** * aide-de-camp 的缩略式

**aide-de-camp** /eıddə'kɒ̃/ n. (pl. **aides-de-camp** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a military officer acting as a confidential assistant to a senior officer (高级军官的)副官,侍卫官
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., 'camp adjutant'.

**aide-memoire** /eıd mem'wa:(r)/ n. (pl. **aides-memoires** or **aides-memoire** pronunc. same 单复发

<48>
音同) 1 a book or note used to aid the memory 帮助记忆的东西 2 a diplomatic memorandum 外交备忘录
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. aide-mémoire, from aider 'to help' and mémoire 'memory'.

**AIDS** /eıdz/ (also 亦作 **Aids**) n. a disease, caused by a virus transmitted in body fluids, in which there is a severe loss of cellular immunity that leaves the sufferer susceptible to infection and malignancy 获得性免疫缺陷综合征,艾滋病
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: acronym from **a**cquired **i**mmune **d**eficiency **s**yndrome.

**AIDS-related complex** n. the symptoms of a person who is affected with the AIDS virus but does not necessarily develop the disease 艾滋病相关综合征(艾滋病病毒感染者的症状,不一定发展成艾滋病)

**aigrette** /'eıgret, eı'gret/ n. a headdress consisting of a white egret's feather or other decoration such as a spray of gems 白鹭羽头饰;白鹭羽状宝石头饰
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., 'egret'.

**aiguille** /'eıgwi:l/ n. a sharp pinnacle of rock in a mountain range 针状峰,尖峰
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'needle'.

**aiguillette** /eıgwi'let/ n. an ornament on some military and naval uniforms, consisting of braided loops ending in tagged points hanging from the shoulder (某些陆军和海军军服上的)肩带
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., lit. 'small needle'.

**AIH** abbr. artificial insemination by husband 夫精人工授精

**aikido** /aı'ki:dǝu/ n. a Japanese form of self-defence and martial art that uses locks, holds, throws, and the opponent's own movements (日本)合气道
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese aikidō, lit. 'way of adapting the spirit', from ai 'together, unify' + ki 'spirit' + dō 'way'.

**ail** /eıl/ v. archaic 【古】 trouble or afflict in mind or body (在精神或肉体上)使苦恼,折磨
-ORIGIN 词源 OE eglian, eglan, from egle 'troublesome', of Gmc origin.

**ailanthus** /eı'lænθǝs, aı-/ n. a tall large-leaved deciduous tree native to Asia and Australasia, especially the **tree of heaven** 臭椿 [Genus Ailanthus: several species]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Fr. ailante, from Amboinese ailanto, lit. 'tree of heaven' (ending influenced by names ending with -anthus, from Gk anthos 'flower').

**aileron** /'eılərɒn/ n. a hinged surface in the trailing edge of an aircraft's wing, used to control the roll of the aircraft about its longitudinal axis (飞机的)副翼,辅助翼
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., lit. 'small wing'.

**ailing** /'eılıŋ/ adj. in poor health or in a poor condition 生病的;状况不佳的

**ailment** /'eılmənt/ n. a minor illness 微恙,小疾

**ailurophobia** /aıljʊrǝ'fǝubiǝ/ n. extreme or irrational fear of cats 猫恐怖,恐猫症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ailurophobe** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk ailuros 'cat' + **-PHOBIA**.

**AIM** abbr. Alternative Investment Market 替代投资市场

**aim** /eım/ ■v. 1 point (a weapon or camera) at a target 将(武器或相机)对准 ▶ direct at someone or something 针对,指向 2 try to achieve something 意在,旨在 ■n. 1 a purpose or intention 目的,意愿 2 the aiming of a weapon or missile 瞄准,对准
-PHRASES 短语 **take aim** point a weapon or camera at a target (将武器或相机)瞄准,对准
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amer, var. of esmer, from L. aestimare 'assess, estimate'.

**aimless** /'eımləs/ adj. without purpose or direction 漫无目的的,无方向的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aimlessly** adv. **aimlessness** n.

**ain't** /eınt/ contr. informal 【非正式】 1 am not; are not; is not 2 has not; have not
> **USAGE** 用法说明 In modern English the use of **ain't** is non-standard, despite it being widespread in many dialects and in informal speech. * **ain't** 出现在很多方言和非正式表达中,但在现代英语中,这一用法并不规范。

**Ainu** /'aınu:/ ■n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Ainus**) 1 a member of an aboriginal people of northern Japan 阿伊努人(日本北部土著) 2 the language of the Ainu, perhaps related to Altaic 阿伊努语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Ainu, lit. 'man, person'.

**aioli** /aı'ǝuli/ n. mayonnaise seasoned with garlic 蒜泥蛋黄酱
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr. aïoli, from Provençal ai 'garlic' + oli 'oil'.

**air** /eə(r)/ n. 1 the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth, a mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen 大气,空气 2 the open space above the surface of the earth 天空,空间,空中 ▶ [as modifier 作修饰语] indicating the use of aircraft 航空,空运 ▶ the earth's atmosphere as a medium for transmitting radio waves 空气媒质 3 one of the four elements in ancient and medieval philosophy and in astrology 气,风(古代和中世纪哲学及星相学中四大元素之一) 4 a breeze or light wind 微风,轻风 5 an impression of (a quality or manner) 印象;感觉,神态: She answered with a faint air of boredom. 她作答时带有一丝不耐烦的神情。 > (**airs**) an affected and condescending manner 装腔作势;趾高气扬 6 a tune or short melodious song 曲调,小调 ■v. 1 express (an opinion or grievance) publicly 公开表达(观点或不平) ▶ broadcast (a programme) on radio or television 广播,播送(节目) 2 expose (a room) to the open air 使(房间)通风 ▶ Brit. 【英】 put (washed laundry) in the open air or a warm place to remove dampness 晾干,烘干(洗好的衣物)
-PHRASES 短语 **airs and graces** Brit. 【英】 an

<49>
affectation of superiority 装腔作势;摆谱 **in the air** felt by a number of people to be present or about to happen 被人意识到存在(或即将发生) **on (or off) the air** being (or not being) broadcast on radio or television 正在(或停止)播送 **take the air** go out of doors 去户外 **up in the air** unresolved 悬而未决的 **walk (or tread) on air** feel elated 得意洋洋,兴高采烈
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **airing** n. **airless** adj. **airlessness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. air, from L. aer, from Gk aër; sense 5 of the noun prob. from OFr. aire 'site, disposition'; sense 6 of the noun from Ital. aria.

**airbag** /'eəbæg/ n. a safety device that inflates rapidly on impact to protect the occupants of a vehicle in a collision (车辆的)安全气囊

**air ball** ■n. Basketball 【篮】 a shot which misses the basket and backboard entirely “三不沾”

**airbase** /'eəbeıs/ ■n. a base for military aircraft 空军基地

**air bearing** n. a bearing in which moving surfaces are kept apart by a layer of air forced between the surfaces 气浮轴承,空气轴承

**airbed** n. Brit. 【英】 an inflatable mattress 气床,气垫

**air bladder** ■n. an air-filled bladder or sac found in certain animals and plants (某些动植物的)气泡,气囊

**airboat** /'eəbəut/ n. a shallow-draught boat powered by an aircraft engine, for use in swamps 气船(由航空发动机推进,在沼泽地带使用)

**airborne** /'eəbɔ:n/ adj. 1 transported by air 空运的;空气传播的 2 (of a bird or aircraft) flying (鸟或飞机)在飞行中的

**air brake** n. 1 a brake worked by air pressure 气闸,风闸 2 a movable flap or other device on an aircraft to reduce its speed (航空器上的)空气减速板,空气减速装置

**airbrick** /'eəbrık/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a brick perforated with small holes for ventilation (通风用的)空心砖,透气砖

**air bridge** n. Brit. 【英】 a portable bridge or walkway put against an aircraft door 旅客登机桥

**airbrush** /'eəbrʌ∫/ n. an artist's device for spraying paint by means of compressed air (用压缩空气喷洒颜料的)气笔,气刷 ■v. paint with an airbrush 用气笔作画 > alter or conceal (a photograph) using an airbrush 用气笔修改(或掩盖)(照片)

**airburst** /'eəbɜ:st/ n. an explosion in the air, especially of a nuclear bomb (尤指核弹)空中爆炸

**air chief marshal** n. a high rank of RAF officer, above air marshal and below Marshal of the RAF (英国皇家空军的)上将

**air commodore** n. a rank of RAF officer, above group captain and below air vice-marshal (英国皇家空军的)准将

**air conditioning** n. a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building or vehicle 空气调节系统,空调
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **air-conditioned** adj. **air conditioner** n.

**air corridor** n. a route over a foreign country to which aircraft are restricted 空中走廊(外国领空的限定飞行线路)

**air cover** n. protection by aircraft for land-based or naval operations in war situations 空中掩护

**aircraft** /'eǝkra:ft/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) an aeroplane, helicopter, or other machine capable of flight 航空器,飞机

**aircraft carrier** n. a large warship equipped to serve as a base for aircraft 航空母舰

**aircraftman** (or **aircraftwoman**) /'eǝkra:ftmən/ n. (pl. **aircraftmen** or **aircraftwomen**) the lowest RAF rank, below leading aircraftman (or leading aircraftwoman) 空军新兵(英国皇家空军最低军衔,低于二等兵)

**aircrew** /'eəkru:/ n. (pl. **aircrews**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the crew manning an aircraft 全体机组人员,空勤组 > (pl. **same** 单复同) a member of an aircrew 机组成员

**air cushion** n. the layer of air supporting a hovercraft or similar vehicle 气垫

**airdrome** /'eədrəum/ ■n. US term for **AERODROME** * aerodrome 的美式说法

**airdrop** /'eǝdrɒp/ n. an act of dropping supplies, troops, or equipment by parachute (用降落伞进行的)空投 ■v. (**airdrops**, **airdropping**, **airdropped**) drop by parachute (用降落伞)空投

**air-dry** v. make or become dry through contact with air 风干,自然干燥

**Airedale** /'eǝdeıl/ n. a large terrier of a rough-coated black-and-tan breed 万能㹴(一种大型㹴,皮毛粗糙,呈黑褐色)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Airedale, a district in Yorkshire.

**airer** /'eərə(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a frame or stand for airing or drying laundry 晾衣架,干衣架

**airfare** /'eǝfeə(r)/ n. the price to be paid by an aircraft passenger for a particular journey 机票价格

**airfield** /'eəfi:ld/ n. an area of land set aside for the take-off, landing, and maintenance of aircraft 陆地机场

**air filter** ■n. a device for filtering particles from the air passing into an internal-combustion engine 滤气器,空气过滤器

**airflow** /'eəflǝu/ n. the flow of air encountered by a moving aircraft or vehicle 气流

**airfoil** n. North American term for **AEROFOIL** * aerafoil 的北美说法

**air force** n. a branch of the armed forces concerned with fighting or defence in the air 空军

**airframe** /'eəfreım/ n. the body of an aircraft as distinct from its engine 机体,机身

**airfreight** /'eəfreıt/ ■n. the carriage of goods by aircraft 空中货运 ▶ goods carried by aircraft 空运的货物 ■v. carry or send by aircraft 空运

<50>
**air freshener** n. a scented substance or device for masking unpleasant odours in a room 空气清新剂;空气洁净器

**airglow** /'eəglǝu/ n. a glow in the night sky caused by radiation from the upper atmosphere 气辉

**air guitar** n. informal 【非正式】 an imaginary guitar 'played' by someone miming to rock music (模拟弹奏摇滚乐时假想的)空气吉他

**airgun** /'eə,gʌn/ n. 1 a gun which uses compressed air to fire pellets (用压缩气体发射弹丸的)气枪 2 a tool using very hot air to strip paint (用高温气体剥除涂料的)气枪

**airhead¹** /'eəhed/ ■n. informal 【非正式】 a stupid person 蠢货,笨蛋

**airhead²** /'eəhed/ ■n. Military 【军】 a base close to the area of active operations where supplies and troops can be received and evacuated by air 空降场
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: on the pattern of **bridgehead**.

**air horn** ■n. a powerful horn which produces sound by means of compressed air 空气扬声器

**air hostess** n. Brit. 【英】 a female flight attendant in a passenger aircraft 空中小姐,客机女乘务员

**air-kiss** ■v. purse the lips as if kissing, without making contact 撮唇向…示吻 ■n. (**air kiss**) a kiss of this kind 空吻

**air letter** n. a sheet of light paper folded and sealed to form a letter for sending by airmail 航空邮笺

**airlift** /'eəlıft/ n. an act of transporting supplies by aircraft, typically in an emergency (多指紧急情况下物资的)空运 ■v. transport by aircraft 空运

**airline** /'eəlaın/ n. 1 an organization providing a regular passenger air service 航空公司 2 (usu. 通常用 **air line**) a pipe supplying air 输气管,空气输运管

**airliner** /'eəlaınə(r)/ n. a large passenger aircraft 大型客机

**airlock** /'eəlɒk/ n. 1 a stoppage of the flow in a pump or pipe, caused by an air bubble 气塞 2 a compartment with controlled pressure and parallel sets of doors, to permit movement between areas at different pressures 锁气室

**airmail** /'eəmeıl/ n. a system of transporting mail by air 航空邮政 ■v. send by airmail 航空邮递

**airman** (or **airwoman**) /'eəmən/ n. (pl. **airmen** or **airwomen**) a pilot or member of the crew of an aircraft in an air force (空军)飞行员,机组成员 ▶ a member of the RAF below commissioned rank (英国皇家空军的)士兵 ▶ a member of the US air force of the lowest rank, below staff sergeant (美国空军的)二等兵(低于中士) ▶ a member of the US navy whose general duties are concerned with aircraft (美国海军)空勤组成员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **airmanship** n.

**air marshal** n. a high rank of RAF officer, above air vice-marshal and below air chief marshal (英国皇家空军的)中将

**air mass** ■n. Meteorology 【气】 a body of air with horizontally uniform levels of temperature, humidity, and pressure 气团

**air mattress** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 an air bed 气床,气垫

**air mile** n. 1 a nautical mile used as a measure of distance flown by aircraft 空英里(长度同海里,用以度量飞机航程) 2 (**Air Miles**) trademark 【商标】 points (equivalent to miles of free air travel) accumulated by buyers of airline tickets and other products 空中里程积分

**airmiss** /'eǝmıs/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 an instance of two or more aircraft in flight on different routes being less than a prescribed safe distance apart 险些发生的撞机事故

**airmobile** /eə'məubaıl/ adj. (of troops) moved about by air (部队)空中机动的

**air officer** n. any rank of RAF officer above that of group captain (英国皇家空军的)将级军官

**air pistol** (or **air rifle**) n. a gun which uses compressed air to fire pellets 气手枪

**airplane** /'eəpleın/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 an aeroplane 飞机

**air plant** n. a tropical American plant that grows on trees as an epiphyte, with long, narrow leaves that absorb water and nutrients from the atmosphere 空气草,空气凤梨,松萝凤梨(附生于树木上的热带美洲植物) [Genus Tillandsia: several species.]

**airplay** /'eəpleı/ ■n. broadcasting time devoted to a particular record, performer, or musical genre (特定唱片、表演者或音乐类型的)播送时段

**air pocket** ■n. 1 a cavity containing air 气腔,气穴 2 a region of low pressure causing an aircraft to lose height suddenly 气阱(造成飞机急剧下降的低压区)

**airport** /'eəpɔ:t/ n. a complex for civil aircraft comprising runways, hangars, and passenger facilities 机场,航空港

**air pump** n. a device for pumping air into or out of an enclosed space 气泵,抽气机

**air quality** n. the degree to which the air in a particular place is pollution-free 空气质量

**air rage** n. sudden violent anger or aggressive behaviour provoked in a passenger on board an aircraft by the stress associated with air travel 空中愤怒(指飞机乘客受空中旅行压力影响而突发的暴怒或攻击性行为)

**air raid** n. an attack in which bombs are dropped from aircraft on to a ground target 空袭

**air-raid shelter** n. a building or structure designed to protect people from bombs dropped during air raids 防空洞,防空掩体

**air sac** n. a lung compartment containing air; an **alveolus** 肺泡 ▶ an extension of a bird's lung cavity into a bone or other part of the body (禽类的)气囊

**airscrew** /'eəskru:/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 an aircraft propeller 飞机螺旋桨

**air-sea rescue** n. a rescue from the sea using aircraft 海空救援

**airship** /'eəfıp/ n. a power-driven aircraft kept
<51>
buoyant by a body of gas (usually helium) which is lighter than air飞艇,飞船

**air shot** n. informal 【非正式】a missed attempt to hit or kick a ball击球未中;漏踢

**airsick** /'eǝsık/ adj. affected with nausea due to air travel 晕机的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 airsickness n.

**airside** /'eǝsard/ n. the area beyond passport and customs control in an airport terminal(机场航站楼的)护照及海关检查外侧地区

**airspace** /'eǝspeis/ n. the part of the air above and subject to the jurisdiction of a particular country 领空,空域

**airspeed** /'eǝspi:d/ n. the speed of an aircraft relative to the air through which it is moving(飞机的)空速,航速

**airstream** /'eǝstri:m/ n. a current of air气流

**airstrip** /'eǝstrip/ ■n. a strip of ground for the take-off and landing of aircraft 飞机跑道

**airtight** /'eǝtart/ adj. not allowing air to escape or pass through 气密的,密封的

**airtime** /'eǝtam/ n. 1 time during which a broadcast is being transmitted 播送时段 2 the time during which a mobile phone is in use 手机通话时长

**air-to-air** adj. directed or operating from one aircraft to another in flight 空对空的

**air-to-ground** adj. directed or operating from an aircraft in flight to the land surface 空对地的

**air-to-surface** adj. directed or operating from an aircraft in flight to the surface of the sea空对(海)面的

**air traffic control** n. the ground-based personnel and equipment concerned with controlling and monitoring air traffic within a particular area 空中交通管制
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **air traffic controller** n.

**air vice-marshal** n. a high rank of RAF officer, above air commodore and below air marshal(英国皇家空军的)少将

**airwaves** /'eǝweıvz/ pl. n. the radio frequencies used for broadcasting 波段,无线电频率

**airway** /'eǝwer/ n. 1 the passage by which air reaches the lungs 气道 > a tube for supplying air to the lungs in an emergency(急救时把空气输入肺部的)导气管 2 a recognized route followed by aircraft 航路

**airworthy** /'eǝ,w3:ði/ adj. (of an aircraft) safe to fly(飞机)适航的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **airworthiness** n.

**airy** /'eǝri/ adj. (airier, airiest) 1 (of a room or building) spacious and well ventilated(房间或建筑)宽敞通风的 2 light as air; delicate 轻薄的,轻盈的 3 casual; dismissive 轻率的,漫不经心的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **airily** adv. **airiness** n.

**airy-fairy** madj. informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】 foolishly idealistic and vague 不切实际的,空想的

**aisle** /al/ n. 1 a passage between rows of seats, pews, or supermarket shelves (坐椅、教堂长椅或超市货架间的)过道,通道 2 Architecture 【建】 a lateral division of a church parallel to, and divided by pillars from, a nave, choir, or transept(教堂的)耳堂,侧廊
-PHRASES 短语 **lead someone up the aisle** get married to someone 与某人结婚
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aisled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME ele, ile, from OFr. ele, from L. ala 'wing'.

**ait**/ert/(also 亦作 **eyot**) ■n. [in place names 用于地名] Brit.【英】a small island in a river渚,河中小岛
-ORIGIN 词源 OE iggath, igeth, based on ieg 'island' + a dimin. suffix.

**aitch** /extf/n. the letter H 字母H
-PHRASES 短语 **drop one's aitches** fail to pronounce the letter h at the beginning of words 漏发词首的/h/音
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from OFr. ache.

**aitchbone** /'eitſbǝun/ n. the buttock or rump bone of cattle 牛臀骨 > a cut of beef lying over this 牛臀肉
-ORIGIN 词源 C15, from dial. nache 'rump', from OFr., based on L. natis 'buttock(s)', + BONE; the initial n was lost by wrong division of a nache bone.

**ajar** /ə'dza:(r)/ adv. & adj. (of a door or window) slightly open(门或窗)半开着(的),微开着(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from A-² + obs. char (OE cerr) 'a turn'.

**ajuga** /ə'dzu:gəǝ/ n. a plant of a genus that includes bugle 筋骨草 [Genus Ajuga.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from med. L.

**AK** abbr. Alaska (in official postal use)(美国)阿拉斯加州(正式邮政用语)

**AK-47** n. a type of assault rifle originally manufactured in the Soviet Union * AK-47式突击步枪
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: abbrev. of Russ. Avtomat Kalashnikov 1947, the designation of the original model designed by Mikhail T. Kalashnikov.

**aka** abbr. also known as 亦叫做,又称为

**Akali** /æ'ka:li/ n. (pl. **Akalis**) a member of a Sikh political group 阿卡尔队员(或党员)(印度锡克教一政治团体成员)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Punjabi akālī, lit. 'follower of the Immortal One'.

**Akan**/'a:k(ə)n/ n. (pl. same单复同)1 a member of a people inhabiting southern Ghana and adjacent parts of Côte d'Ivoire 阿坎人(居住在加纳南部和科特迪瓦与加纳毗邻的地区) 2 the Kwa language of the Akan 阿坎语(属克瓦语支)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Akan.

**akara** /ə'kærə/ n. variant spelling of ACCRA * accra 的另一种拼法

**akasha** /a:'ka:fǝ/n. (chiefly in Hinduism) a supposed all-pervading field in the ether in which a record of past events is imprinted 空(主要为印度教用语,一种假想的无处不在的以太场,过去的事件都记载其中)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **akashic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit ākāśa.

**akebia** /ə'ki:biə/ n. an East Asian climbing shrub with purplish flowers and deeply divided leaves 木通(产于东亚)[Genus Akebia]

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Japanese akebi.

**akee** /'æki/ n. variant spelling of ACKEE * ackee 的另一种拼法

**Akela** /a:'keılə/ ■n. informal 【非正式】 the adult leader of a group of Cub Scouts(成人担任的)童子军队长
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from the name of the leader of a wolf pack in Kipling's Jungle Books.

**akimbo** /ə'kımbəu/adv. with hands on the hips and elbows turned outwards 双手叉腰地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME in kenebowe: prob. from ON.

**akin** /ə'kın/ adj. 1 of similar character 相似的,类似的: Something akin to gratitude overwhelmed her. 她油然而生一种感激之情。2 related by blood 有血缘关系的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: contracted form of of kin.

**akinesia** /eıkı'ni:siǝ, æ-/n. Medicine 【医】loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement 运动不能(运动能力的丧失或受损)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **akinetic** adj.
- ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk akinēsia 'quiescence'.

**Akita** /ə'ki:tə/ n. a spitz (dog) of a Japanese breed (日本)秋田犬
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Akita, the name of a district in northern Japan.

**Akkadian** /ə'keıdiən, -'kæd-/ ■n. 1 an inhabitant of Akkad in ancient Babylonia(古代巴比伦)阿卡得人 2 the extinct Semitic language of Akkad 阿卡得语(属闪米特语,已消亡)■adj. relating to Akkad or the Akkadians阿卡得的;阿卡得人的

**akrasia** /ə'kreıziə, ə'kræsiə/(also 亦作 **acrasia**) n. chiefly Philosophy 【主哲】 weakness of will, leading to someone acting against their better judgement 自控能力丧失(体现为决断力不足,无法作出更好的判断)
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **akratic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Gk, from a- 'without' + kratos 'power, strength'.

**akvavit** /'ækvəvıt/ n. variant spelling of AQUAVIT * aquavit 的另一种拼法

**AL** abbr. 1 Alabama (in official postal use)(美国)亚拉巴马州(正式邮政用语) 2 American League (in baseball)美国(棒球)联盟

**Al** symb. the chemical element aluminium(化学元素)铝

**al-** /æl/prefix variant spelling of AD- assimilated before-1 (as in alleviate) * ad的另一种拼法(d在1前同化为1,如alleviate)

**-al** /əl/ suffix 1 (forming adjectives from Latin, Greek, or English words) relating to; of the kind of(与拉丁语、希腊语或英语单词结合,构成形容词)与……有关的,…类型的: tidal 潮汐的 2 forming nouns chiefly denoting verbal action(构成名词,主要表示某种动作): arrival 到达
-ORIGIN 词源 sense 1 from Fr. -el or L. -alis; sense 2 from Fr. -aille or from L. -alis functioning as a noun ending.

**Ala.** /ælə'bæmə, -'ba:mə/ abbr. Alabama(美国)亚拉巴马州

**à la** /'a: la:, 'æ la:, 'æ lǝ/ prep. cooked or prepared in a specified style or manner (菜)按………方式,以………风味: fish cooked à la meunière 面拖鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from À LA MODE.

**alaap**/a:'la:p/ n. variant spelling of ALAP * alap的另一种拼法

**Alabaman** /ælə'bæmən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Alabama(美国)亚拉巴马州人■adj. relating to Alabama(美国)亚拉巴马州的

**alabaster** /'æləba:stə(r), bæstə(r), ælə'ba:stə(r), -'bæstə(r)/ n. 1 a translucent form of gypsum, typically white, often carved into ornaments 雪花石膏 2 [as modifier作修饰语]literary【文】 smooth and white 洁白光滑的: her alabaster cheeks 她白润的双颊
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. alabaster, alabastrum, from Gk alabastos, alabastros.

**à la carte** /a: la: 'ka:t, æ lǝ/ adj. (of a menu) listing food that can be ordered as separate items, rather than part of a set meal(菜单)可逐道点菜的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'according to the (menu) card'.

**alack** /ə'læk (also 亦作 **alack-a-day**) exclam. archaic【古】 an expression of regret or dismay呜呼,哀哉(表示遗憾或沮丧)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from AH + LACK.

**alacrity** /ə'lækrıti/ n. brisk and cheerful readiness 爽快,欣然同意
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. alacritas, from alacer 'brisk'.

**Aladdin's cave** /ə'lædınz/ n. a place filled with a great number of interesting or precious items 阿拉丁的山洞,宝库(指充斥奇珍异宝之地)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Aladdin in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments.

**alameda** /ælə'meıdən. (in Spanish-speaking countries) a tree-lined public promenade(西班牙语国家的)林阴道,林阴步行街
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp.

**à la mode** /a: la: 'məud, æ lǝ/ adv. & adj. 1 up to date 流行地(的),时髦地(的) 2 (of beef) braised in wine(牛肉)红酒烩的 3 N. Amer. 【北美】served with ice cream 加冰激凌的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: Fr., lit. 'in the fashion'.

**alanine** /'æləni:n/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 an amino acid which is a constituent of most proteins 丙氨酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. as Alanin, from ALDEHYDE + -an + -INE.

**alannah** /ə'lænǝ/ n. Irish 【爱】 my child 我的孩子
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from Ir. a leanbh 'O child'.

**alap**/a: 'la:p/ (also 亦作 **alaap**) n. (in Indian music) the improvised section of a raga, forming a prologue to the formal expression 阿拉普(印度拉加乐曲中的即兴演奏部分,正式表演的引子)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi alāp.

**Alar**/'eila:(r)/ n. trademark 【商标】a growth retardant sprayed on fruit and vegetables to enhance the quality of the crop亚拉剂(为提高果蔬质量而喷洒的生长延缓剂)

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-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: of unknown origin.

**alar** /'eılə(r)/ adj. 1 Zoology or Anatomy 【动或解】 relating to or resembling a wing or wings(具)翼的,(有)翅的 2 Botany 【植】 axillary 腋生的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. alaris, from ala 'wing'.

**alarm** /ə'la:m/ ■n. 1 anxious or frightened awareness of danger 忧虑;惊恐 > a warning of danger 警报 2 a warning sound or device 警报声;警报器 ■v. 1 frighten or disturb使惊恐,使忧虑 2 (**be alarmed**) be fitted or protected with an alarm 装有警报器的,有警报器防护的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alarming** adj. **alarmingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(as exclam. meaning 'to arms!'): from OFr. alarme, from Ital. allarme, from all' arme!

**alarm clock** n. a clock with a device that can be made to sound at the time set in advance 闹钟

**alarmist** /ə'la:mist/ n. a person who exaggerates a danger, so causing needless alarm 大惊小怪者,危言耸听者 adj. creating needless alarm 大惊小怪的,耸人听闻的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alarmism** n.

**alarum** /ə'la:rəm/ n. archaic term for ALARM * alarm 的古代说法
-PHRASES 短语 **alarums and excursions** humorous【幽】confused activity and uproar 喧闹,骚动

**alas** /ə'læs/exclam. literary or humorous 【文或幽】 an expression of grief, pity, or concern 哎呀,唉(表示悲痛、怜悯或关切)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. a las, a lasse, from a 'ah' + las(se) (from L. lassus 'weary').

**Alas.** /ə'læskə/ abbr. Alaska(美国)阿拉斯加州

**Alaskan** /ə'læsk(ə)n/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Alaska(美国)阿拉斯加州人■adj. relating to Alaska(美国)阿拉斯加州的

**alate** /'erlert/ adj. Botany & Entomology 【植,昆】 (chiefly of insects or seeds) having wings or wing-like appendages(主要指昆虫或种子)有翼的,有翅的,有翼状物的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. alatus, from ala 'wing'.

**alb**/ælb/n. a white vestment reaching to the feet, worn by clergy and servers in some Christian Churches 白袍(一些基督教会神职人员长及足部的白色礼服)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE albe, from eccles. L. tunica (or vestis) alba 'white garment'.

**alba** /'ælbə/ n. a shrub rose of a variety with grey-green leaves and pinkish-white, sweet-scented flowers 白薔薇,白玫瑰
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. alba, fem. of albus 'white', from the name rosa alba, an old white garden rose.

**albacore** /'ælbəkə:(r)/ n. a tuna of warm seas which travels in large schools and is an important food fish 长鳍金枪鱼 [Thunnus alalunga.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Port. albacora, from Arab. al-bakūra, perh. from al 'the' + bakūr 'premature, precocious'.

**Albanian** /æl'berniən/ n. 1 a native or national of Albania, or a person of Albanian descent 阿尔巴尼亚人 2 the language of Albania, forming a separate branch of Indo-European 阿尔巴尼亚语 ■adj. relating to Albania or its language 阿尔巴尼亚的,阿尔巴尼亚语的

**albatross** /'ælbətrps/n. (pl. **albatrosses**) 1 a very large seabird with long, narrow wings, found chiefly in the southern oceans 信天翁[Genera Diomedea and Phoebetria] 2 a burden or encumbrance (in allusion to Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)负担,累赘(典出柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》) 3 Golf【高尔夫】a double eagle 信天翁球,双鹰球
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. (influenced by L. albus 'white') of C16 alcatras, applied to various seabirds, from Sp. and Port. alcatraz, from Arab. al-ġattās 'the diver'.

**albedo** /æl'bi:dǝu/ n. (pl. **albedos**) chiefly Astronomy【主天文】the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface 反照率
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: eccles. L., 'whiteness', from L. albus 'white'.

**albeit** /o:l'bi:it/conj. though 虽然,尽管
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from the phr. all be it 'although it be (that)'.

**albert**/'ælbət/ (also亦作 **albert chain**) n. Brit.【英】 a watch chain with a bar at one end for attaching to a buttonhole 艾伯特表链(一端有条状搭扣,可挂在扣眼上)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Prince Albert (1819-1861), consort of Queen Victoria.

**albescent** /æl'bes(ə)nt/ adj. literary 【文】 growing or shading into white变白的,渐白的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. albescent-, albescere 'become white', from albus 'white'.

**Albigenses** /ælbr'gensi:z, -'dzen-/ pl. n. the members of a heretic sect in southern France in the 12th-13th centuries, believing in a form of Manichaean dualism 阿尔比派教徒(12至13世纪法兰西南部异端派别的成员,信奉摩尼教二元论)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Albigensian** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from med. L., from Albiga, the L. name of Albi in southern France.

**albino** /æl'bi:nǝu/ n. (pl. **albinos**) a person or animal having a congenital absence of pigment in the skin and hair (which are white) and the eyes (which are usually pink)白化体(患白化病的人或动物)
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **albinism** /'ælbınız(ə)m/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Port. and Sp., from albo (from L. albus 'white') + -ino (see见-INE¹).

**Albion** /'ælbiǝn/n. literary 【文】 Britain or England 阿尔比恩(指英国或英格兰)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L., prob. of Celtic origin and rel. to L. albus 'white' (in allusion to the white cliffs of Dover).

**albite** /'ælbart/ n. a sodium-rich, typically white mineral of the feldspar group 钠长石

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-ORIGIN 词源C19: from L. albus 'white' + -ITE¹.

**albizzia** /æl'bıziə/ ■n. a leguminous tree or shrub of warm climates, with feathery leaves and plume-like flowers 合欢(豆科乔木或灌木)[Genus Albizia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the 18th-cent. Italian nobleman Filippo delgi Albizzi.

**album**/'ælbəm/ n. 1 a blank book for the insertion of photographs, stamps, or pictures 相册;集邮簿;画册 2 a collection of recordings issued as a single item 唱片专辑,歌集唱片
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., neut. of albus 'white' used as a noun meaning 'a blank tablet'.

**albumen** /'ælbjumın/ n. egg white, or the protein contained in it蛋白,蛋清,白蛋白
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from albus 'white'.

**albumin** /'ælbjumin/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a water-soluble form of protein, coagulable by heat, found especially in blood serum and egg white(尤指血清和蛋白中的)清蛋白,白蛋白
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **albuminous**/æl'bju:mınəs/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. albumine, based on L. albumen, albumin-(see见ALBUMEN).

**albuminuria** /ælbju:mı'njuəriə/ ■n. Medicine【医】 the presence of albumin in the urine, typically as a symptom of kidney disease 白蛋白尿

**alburnum**/æl'b3:nəm/ n. another term for SAPWOOD * sapwood 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from albus 'white'.

**alcahest** /'ælkəhest/ n. variant spelling of ALKAHEST * alkahest 的另一种拼法

**alcaic** /æl'kenk/Prosody 【诗体】 ■adj. written in or denoting a verse metre occurring in four-line stanzas 阿尔凯奥斯诗体的■n. (**alcaics**) alcaic verse 阿尔凯奥斯四行诗
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk alkaikos, from Alkaios Alcaeus (c.620-c.580 BC), Greek lyric poet.

**alcalde** /æl'kælder/ n. a magistrate or mayor in a Spanish, Portuguese, or Latin American town 法正(西班牙、葡萄牙或拉丁美洲城镇的治安法官或镇长)
-ORIGIN 词源C16: Sp., from Arab. al-kādī (see见CADI).

**alcazar** /ælkə'za:(r)/ n. a Spanish palace or fortress of Moorish origin要塞(源于摩尔人的西班牙宫殿或城堡)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. alcázar, from Arab. al-kasr 'the castle'.

**alchemilla** /ælkə'mılə/ n. lady's mantle or a related plant 羽衣草 [Genus Alchemilla]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from a med. L. dimin. of alchimia 'alchemy', from the belief that dew from the leaves of the plant could turn base metals into gold.

**alchemy** /'ælkımi/ n. 1 the medieval forerunner of chemistry, concerned particularly with attempts to convert base metals into gold or to find a universal elixir 炼金术,炼丹术 2 a seemingly magical process of transformation, creation, or combination 魔力,魔法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alchemic** /æl'kemik/ adj. **alchemical** adj. **alchemist** n. **alchemize** or **alchemise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. and med. L. from Arab. alkīmiyā', from al 'the' + kīmiyā' (from Gk khēmia, khēmeia 'art of transmuting metals').

**Alcheringa** /æltsə'rıŋgən. (in the mythology of some Australian Aborigines) the 'golden age' when the first ancestors were created(某些澳大利亚土著神话中关于人类始祖诞生的)梦想期,梦幻时代
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Arrente aljerre-nge 'in the dreamtime'.

**alcid** /'ælsıd/n. Ornithology 【鸟】 a bird of the auk family (Alcidae)海雀
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from mod. L. Alcidae, from the genus name Alca, from ON álka 'razorbill'; cf. AUK.

**alcohol** /'ælkǝhol/n. 1 a colourless volatile flammable liquid which is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, etc.酒精,乙醇 Also called 亦称作 ETHANOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, [C₂H₂OH] 2 drink containing alcohol 酒精饮料,酒 3 Chemistry【化】 any organic compound containing a hydroxyl group -OH 醇: propyl alcohol 丙醇
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'a fine powder, especially kohl, produced by sublimation', later 'distilled spirit'): Fr., or from med. L., from Arab. al-kuhl 'the kohl'.

**alcoholic** /ælkə'hplık/ adj. 1 containing, relating to, or caused by the consumption of alcohol(含)酒精的;饮酒造成的 2 affected by alcoholism 酒精中毒的;酗酒的n. a person affected by alcoholism 酒精中毒者;嗜酒者,酗酒者

**alcoholism** /'ælkəhdlız(ə)m/ n. addiction to alcoholic drink 酒精中毒;酗酒,嗜酒

**alcopop**/'ælkǝuppp/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a ready-mixed soft drink containing alcohol 汽酒,波普甜酒

**alcove** /'ælkǝuv/ ■n. a recess, typically in the wall of a room 凹室(多在墙上)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. alcôve, from Sp. alcoba, from Arab. al-kubba 'the vault'.

**aldehyde** /'ældıhard/n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound containing the group -CHO, formed by the oxidation of alcohols 醛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aldehydic** / ældr'hıdık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortened from L. alcohol dehydrogenatum 'alcohol deprived of hydrogen'.

**al dente** /æl'denter, -ti/ adj. & adv. (of food) cooked so as to be still firm when bitten(食物)筋道(的),耐嚼(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'to the tooth'.

**alder** /'ɔ:ldə(r)/ ■n. a catkin-bearing tree of the birch family with toothed leaves, found especially on damp ground and riverbanks 桤木(尤见于潮湿之地或河岸上)[Alnus glutinosa and other species]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE alor, aler, of Gmc origin.

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**alder buckthorn**n. a deciduous shrub which bears glossy leaves and black berries 欧鼠李,药炭鼠李(落叶灌木)[Frangula alnus]

**alderfly** /əldəflaı/ n. (pl. **alderflies**) a brownish winged insect that lives near water and has predatory aquatic larvae 泥蛉(褐色有翅昆虫,栖息于水边,以水中幼虫为食)[Sialis and other genera.]

**alderman** /əldəmən/ n. (pl. **aldermen**) 1 chiefly historical【主史义】a co-opted member of an English county or borough council, next in status to the Mayor(英格兰的)市政官(地位仅次于市长) 2 (also 亦作 **alderwoman**) N. Amer. & Austral.【北美,澳】an elected member of a city council 市政委员会委员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aldermanic** adj. **aldermanship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE aldormann (in the sense 'a man of high rank'), from aldor, ealdor 'chief, patriarch' (from ald 'old') + MAN.

**Aldis lamp** /'ǝ:ldıs/n. trademark 【商标】 a hand-held lamp for signalling in Morse code(用莫尔斯电码发信号时用的)奥尔迪斯手提信号灯
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: named after the British inventor Arthur C. W. Aldis.

**aldol** /'ældol/n. Chemistry 【化】 a viscous compound with alcohol and aldehyde groups, obtained when acetaldehyde dimerizes 羟醛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from al(dehyde) + -OL.

**aldosterone** /æl'dpstǝrǝun/n. Biochemistry【生化】 a hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balance 醛固酮,醛甾酮
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of ALDEHYDE and STEROID, + -ONE.

**aldosteronism** /ældǝ(u)'sterənız(ə)m/n. Medicine【医】a condition in which there is excessive secretion of aldosterone, leading to high blood pressure 醛固酮增多症,醛固酮症

**aldrin** /'ǝ:ldrım/ n. a compound of the chlorinated hydrocarbon type, formerly used as an insecticide 艾氏剂(旧时用作杀虫剂)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from the name of the German chemist Kurt Alder + -IN¹.

**ale** /eil/n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】beer other than lager, stout, or porter(除贮藏啤酒、浓烈黑啤酒或黑啤酒之外的)麦芽啤酒,爱尔啤酒 N. Amer. 【北美】beer brewed by top fermentation 上层发酵啤酒
-ORIGIN 词源 OE alu, ealu, of Gmc origin.

**aleatory** /'eiliǝt(ə)ri, 'æl-/ (also 亦作 **aleatoric**) ■adj. 1 depending on the throw of a die or on chance 靠掷骰子决定的,碰运气的 2 relating to or denoting music or other forms of art involving elements of random choice during their composition or performance(音乐创作或其他艺术形式)偶然的,随意的,即兴的
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. aleatorius, from aleator 'dice player', from alea 'die'.

**alee** /ə'li:/adj. & adv. Nautical 【航海】 on the leeward side of a ship 背风面的;在背风面 > (of the helm) moved round to leeward(舵)向背风面转的,转向背风面地

**alehouse** /'erlhaus/n. dated 【过时】 an inn or pub酒馆,酒吧

**alembic** /ə'lembik/ n. an apparatus formerly used for distilling, consisting of a gourd-shaped container and a cap with a long beak for conveying the products to a receiver 蒸馏器,蒸馏釜
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from med. L. alembicus, from Arab. al-'anbik, from al- 'the' + 'anbik 'still' (from Gk ambix, ambik- 'cup').

**aleph** /'a:lef/ n. the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet 阿列夫(希伯来语字母表的第1个字母)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Heb. 'alep, lit. 'ox' (the character in Phoenician and ancient Heb. possibly being derived from a hieroglyph of an ox's head).

**Aleppo gall** /ə'lepǝu/ n. a hard nut-like gall, a source of gallic acid and tannin, that forms on the valonia oak (formerly known as the Aleppo oak) 阿勒颇栎树虫瘿(可从中提取棓酸和丹宁酸)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of Aleppo in Syria.

**alerce** /ə'ls:si/ n. a cypress tree, found especially in Spain and north Africa, which is the source of gum sandarac 山达脂柏(尤见于西班牙和北非,可从中提取山达脂)[Tetraclinis articulata and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., 'larch'.

**alert** /ə'l3:t/ adj. quick to notice and respond to potential danger or problems 警惕的,警觉的,机警的 > intellectually active 思维活跃的,机敏的 n. 1 the state of being alert 警觉,警惕: Everyone should be on the alert for terrorists. 每个人都应该提防恐怖分子。2 a warning of danger 警报,警示 3 a prompt or similar signal on an electronic device(电子设备的)提示信号,警示信号 ■v. warn of a danger or problem 使警惕,使警觉
-DERATIVES 派生词 **alertly** adv. **alertness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(orig. in military use): from Fr. alerte, from Ital. all' erta 'to the watchtower'.

**-ales** /'erli:z/suffix Botany 【植】 forming the names of orders of plants 构成植物目名:Rosales 蔷薇目
- ORIGIN 词源 from the pl. of the L. adjectival suffix -alis.

**alethic** /ə'li:01k/ adj. Philosophy 【哲】 denoting modalities of truth, such as necessity, contingency, or impossibility真势的(指表达必要性、可能性或不可能性的语言模式)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk aletheia 'truth' + -Ic.

**aleurone** /ə'ljuǝrǝun/ n. Botany 【植】 protein stored as granules in the cells of plant seeds 糊粉(储藏于植物种子细胞中的蛋白颗粒)
-ORIGIN词源C19: from Gk aleuron 'flour'.

**Aleut** /ə'lju:t, 'æliu:t/ n. 1 a member of a people of the Aleutian Islands and parts of western Alaska 阿留申人(居住在阿留申群岛和美国阿拉斯加西部) 2 the language of the Aleuts, related to Eskimo 阿留申语(与爱斯基摩语相关)

**A level** n. Brit. 【英】 short for ADVANCED LEVEL * advanced level 的缩略式

**alevin** /'æləvın/ n. a newly spawned salmon or trout still carrying the yolk 幼鲑

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., based on L. allevare 'raise up'.

**alewife** /'eilwaif/ n. (pl. **alewives**) a NW Atlantic fish of the herring family, swimming up rivers to spawn 灰西鲱(西北大西洋鯡科鱼类,上溯至江河产卵)[Alosa pseudoharengus]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from earlier alewife 'woman who keeps an alehouse', with ref. to the fish's large belly.

**alexanders** /ælıg'za:ndəz/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a plant of the parsley family with yellowish flowers, formerly used in salads 亚历山大草(欧芹科植物,旧时用于拌色拉) [Smyrnium olusatrum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE alexandre, from med. L. alexandrum.

**Alexander technique** /ælıg'za:ndə(r)/n. a system designed to promote well-being by retraining one's awareness and habits of posture to ensure minimum effort and strain 亚历山大技巧(指对人的意识和身姿习惯进行再训练来达到“用力最少”和“费心最少”的效果,从而促进身体素质)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after the Australian-born actor and elocutionist Frederick Matthias Alexander.

**Alexandrian** /ælıg'za:ndriən/ adj. relating to Alexandria in Egypt(埃及)亚历山大的 > belonging to or characteristic of the schools of literature and philosophy of ancient Alexandria, especially in being allusive or imitative(文学和哲学)亚历山大学派的

**alexandrine** /ælıg'za:ndrın, -ain/Prosody【诗体】 ■adj. (of a line of verse) having six iambic feet (诗行)亚历山大诗体的,六音步抑扬格的 n. an alexandrine line 亚历山大格式的诗行
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. alexandrin, from Alexandre referring to Alexander the Great, the subject of an OFr. poem in this metre.

**alexandrite** ælıg'za:ndrart/ n. a gem variety of chrysoberyl which appears green in daylight and red in artificial light 紫翠玉,变石(在自然光下显现为绿色,在人造光下显现为红色)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of Tsar Alexander II of Russia + -ITE¹.

**alexia** /ə'leksiǝ, ex-/n. Medicine 【医】 inability to recognize or read written words or letters, typically as a result of brain damage 失读(症)Compare with 比较 DYSLEXIA.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from A-¹ + Gk lexis 'speech', from legein 'speak', which was confused with L. legere 'read'.

**alfalfa** æl'fælfə/ n. a leguminous plant with clover-like leaves and bluish flowers, native to SW Asia and grown for fodder 苜蓿,紫苜蓿(豆科植物,原产于亚洲西南部,用作饲料) [Medicago sativa]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., from Arab. al-fasfasa, a green fodder.

**Alfredo** /æl'freıdǝu/ adj. denoting a pasta sauce made from butter, cream, garlic, and Parmesan cheese 佐以罗马沙司的(指由黄油、奶油、大蒜和帕尔马干酪制成的意大利面食用沙司)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Italian chef and restaurateur Alfredo di Lelio.

**al fresco** /æl'freskǝu/ adv. & adj. in the open air 在户外(的);露天(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital. al fresco 'in the fresh (air)'.

**alga** /'ælgǝ/ n. (pl. **algae** /'ældzi:, 'ælgi:/) any of a large group of simple, non-flowering plants containing chlorophyll but lacking true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue, e.g. the seaweeds and many single-celled forms 藻类
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **algal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'seaweed'.

**algebra** /'ældzıbrǝ/ n. the part of mathematics in which letters and other general symbols are used to represent numbers and quantities in formulae and equations 代数学 > a system of this based on given axioms 代数系统
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **algebraic** /ældzı'brenk/ adj. **algebraical** adj. **algebraically** adv. **algebraist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Ital., Sp., and med. L., from Arab. al- jabr 'the reunion of broken parts', from jabara 'reunite, restore'.

**Algerian** /æl'dzıəriən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Algeria 阿尔及利亚人■adj. relating to Algeria 阿尔及利亚的

**-algia**/'ældzə/ comb. form denoting pain in a specified part of the body 表示身体特定部位的疼痛: neuralgia 神经痛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-algic** comb. form.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk algos 'pain'.

**algicide** /'ældzısaid, 'ælgı-/ n. a substance which is poisonous to algae 灭藻剂

**alginate** /'ældzınǝt/n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt of alginic acid 海藻酸盐

**alginic acid** /æl'dzınık/n. Chemistry【化】an insoluble gelatinous carbohydrate found in many brown seaweeds, chiefly as salts which are used as thickening agents 海藻酸,褐藻酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alginic from ALGA + -IN⁺ + -IC.

**Algol** /'ælgpl/ n. an early, high-level computer programming language which was devised to carry out scientific calculations (计算机)算法语言,ALGOL语言
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from algo(rithmic) + the initial letter of LANGUAGE.

**algolagnia** /ælgǝ(u)'lægniǝ/ n. Psychiatry【精神】 another term for SADOMASOCHISM * sadomasochism 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger. Algolagnie, from Gk algos 'pain' + lagneia 'lust'.

**algology** /əl'gələdzi/ n. the study of algae 藻类学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **algological** adj. **algologist** n.

**Algonquian**/æl'gorŋkwiǝn, -ki-/(also 亦作 **Algonkian** /-kiǝn/) n. 1 a large family of North American Indian languages, including Cree, Blackfoot, and Cheyenne 阿尔衮琴语族(北美印第安语的一大语族,包括克里语、黑脚语和切内延语) 2 a speaker of any of these languages 阿尔衮琴语使用者 ■adj. relating to Algonquian or its speakers 阿尔衮琴语(使用者)的

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**Algonquin** /æl'goŋkwin/(also 亦作 **Algonkin**) n. 1 a member of an American Indian people living in Canada along the Ottawa River and its tributaries and westward to the north of Lake Superior 阿尔衮琴人(美洲印第安人,居住在西至苏必利尔湖北部的加拿大渥太华河及其支流沿岸) 2 the Algonquian language of the Algonquin people 阿尔衮琴语
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., contr. of obs. Algoumequin, from a Micmac word meaning 'at the place of spearing fish and eels'.

**algorithm** /'ælgərıð(ə)m/ n. a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer(尤指计算机的)算法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **algorithmic** adj. **algorithmically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting the Arabic or decimal notation of numbers): var. of ME algorism, via OFr. from med. L. algorismus, Arab. al-Kwarizmi 'the man of Kwarizm' (see见 ALGEBRA).

**alguacil** /ælgwǝ'si:l, ælgwǝ'sıl/ n. (pl. **alguaciles** /-lız/) each of a pair of mounted officials at a bullfight(斗牛中的)前导
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from Arab. al-wazir 'the helper, aide, or vizier'.

**alhaji**/æl'hædzi/ n. (pl. **alhajis**) (fem. 阴性 **alhaja**) (in West Africa) a Muslim who has been to Mecca as a pilgrim 哈吉(西非指曾经去麦加朝圣的穆斯林)
-ORIGIN 词源 Hausa, from Arab. al 'the' + haji 'pilgrim'.

**-alia** /'eiliǝ/ suffix (forming plural nouns) denoting items associated with a particular area of activity or interest(构成名词复数)表示与特定活动或兴趣领域相关的物件:kitchenalia 古式厨房用具
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., neut. pl. ending of adjectives ending in -alis.

**alias**'erliǝs/adv. also known as 亦叫做,又称为n. 1 a false or assumed identity 假名,化名 2 Computing【计】 an alternative name or label that refers to a file, command, or address, and can be used to locate or access it 别名 3 Physics & Telecommunications【物,电信】each of a set of signal frequencies which, when sampled at a given uniform rate, would give the same set of sampled values and thus be indistinguishable 假频v. Physics & Telecommunications【物,电信】misidentify (a signal frequency), introducing distortion or error 混叠(信号频率);使失真
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'at another time, otherwise'.

**aliasing** /'erliǝsıŋ/ n. 1 Physics & Telecommunications【物,电信】the misidentification of a signal frequency 混叠 2 Computing 【计】 the use of aliases to designate files, commands, etc. 使用别名 3 Computing【计】 the distortion of a reproduced image so that curved or inclined lines appear inappropriately jagged 图形失真

**alibi** /'ælıbai/ n. (pl. **alibis**) a claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an alleged act took place 不在犯罪现场的证词(或证据) > informal【非正式】an excuse 借口,托词 v. (**alibis**, **alibiing**, **alibied**) informal 【非正式】 provide an alibi for为……作证,为…辩解
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'elsewhere'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The word **alibi** means 'an assertion by a person that they were elsewhere'. In the 20th century a new sense arose with the meaning 'an excuse': this is still regarded as incorrect by some traditionalists. * alibi意为“不在现场的证词”,到了20世纪,衍生出“借口,托词”之义,但这一新义仍未被一些传统人士接受。

**Alice band** /'ælis/n. a flexible band worn to hold back the hair 艾丽丝发带
-ORIGIN词源 from the name of the heroine of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.

**alicyclic** /ælr'saıklık, -'sık-/ adj. Chemistry【化】 relating to or denoting organic compounds which have a non-aromatic structure (e.g. cyclohexane) 脂环族的

**alidade** /'ælıderd/ n. a sighting device or pointer for determining directions or measuring angles, used in surveying 照准仪,视准仪
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. and Sp. from Arab. al-'idāda 'the revolving radius'.

**alien** /'erliǝn/ adj. 1 belonging to a foreign country 外国的 > (of a plant or animal species) introduced from another country and later naturalized(植物或动物种属)外来的 2 unfamiliar and distasteful陌生的;讨人厌的 3 relating to or denoting beings from other worlds 外星人的■n. 1 a foreigner, especially one who is not a naturalized citizen of the country where they are living 外国人(尤指非本国公民),外侨 > an alien plant or animal species(植物或动物的)外来品种 2 a being from another world 外星人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alienage** n. **alienness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. alienus 'belonging to another', from alius 'other'.

**alienable** /'erliənəbl/ adj. Law 【律】 able to be transferred to new ownership 可转让的,可让渡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alienability** n.

**alienate** /'erliǝnert/ v. 1 cause to feel isolated 使感到孤立,使觉得疏远 > lose or destroy the support or sympathy of 失去……的支持;使不同情 2 Law【律】 transfer ownership of (property rights) to another 转让,让渡(产权)
-PHRASES 短语 **alienate someone's affections** US Law【美律】 induce someone to transfer their affection from a person with legal rights or claims on them to others(某人)诱使他人移情别恋

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affection from a person with legal rights or claims on them 引诱(某人)移情
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **alienator** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. alienat-, alienare 'estrange', from alienus (see见 **ALIEN**).

**alienation** /eɪliə'neɪʃn/ n. 1 the state or experience of being alienated 离间,疏远 **Psychiatry** 【精神】 a state of depersonalization or loss of identity in which the self seems unreal 情感性精神错乱 2 **Theatre** 【戏】 an effect, sought by some dramatists, whereby the audience remains objective and does not identify with the actors 间离效果,陌生化效果 3 **Law**【律】 the transfer of the ownership of property rights 转让,财产让渡

**alienist** /'eɪliənɪst/ n. former term for **PSYCHIATRIST** * psychiatrist 的旧时说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. aliéniste, based on L. alienus(see见 **ALIEN**).

**aliform** /'eɪlɪfɔːm/ ■adj. wing-shaped 翼状的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from mod. L. aliformis, from L. ala 'wing' + -formis(see见 **-FORM**).

**alight¹** /ə'laɪt/ v. 1 (of a bird) descend from the air and settle(鸟)飞落 2 formal 【正式】 descend from public transport从(公共交通工具上)下来 3 (**alight on**) chance to notice 偶然注意到,碰巧发现
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE ālīhtan, from ā- (as an intensifier) + līhtan 'descend' (see见 **LIGHT³**).

**alight²** /ə'laɪt/ adv. & adj. 1 on fire 燃烧着(的) 2 shining brightly闪亮地(的)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. from the phr. on a light (= lighted) fire.

**align** /ə'laɪn/ v. 1 place or arrange in a straight line or into correct relative positions 使成直线,校正, 调准 2 (**align oneself with**) ally oneself to 与…联 合,与…保持一致 ◼ come together in alliance 结盟
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **alignment** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. aligner, from à ligne 'into line'.

**alike** /ə'laɪk/ adj. (of two or more people or things) similar(两个或两个以上的人或事物)相像的,相似的 ■adv. in a similar way 相像地,相似地
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE gelīc, of Gmc origin; reinforced in ME by ON álíkr (adj.) and álíka (adv.).

**aliment** /'ælɪmənt/ n. 1 archaic 【古】food; nourishment食物;营养 2 Scots Law 【苏格兰律】 maintenance; alimony生活费,赡养费
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from L. alimentum, from alere 'nourish'.

**alimentary** /ælɪ'ment(ə)ri/ adj. relating to nourishment or sustenance营养的,食物的

**alimentary canal** n. the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus during digestion 消化道

**alimentation** /ælɪmen'teɪʃn/ n. formal 【正式】 the provision of nourishment or other necessities of life(营养或其他生活必需品的)补给

**alimony** /'ælɪməni/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 maintenance for a spouse after separation or divorce (夫妻分居或离婚后付给对方的)扶养费,生活费
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (in the sense 'nourishment, means of subsistence'): from L. alimonia 'nutriment', from alere 'nourish'.

**A-line** adj. (of a garment) slightly flared from the waist or shoulders(衣服)A字形的

**aliphatic** /ælɪ'fætɪk/ adj. **Chemistry** 【化】 relating to or denoting organic compounds in which carbon atoms form open chains (as in the alkanes)脂肪族的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk aleiphar, aleiphat- 'fat' + **-IC**.

**aliquot** /'ælɪkwɒt/ n. 1 a portion of a larger whole, especially a sample taken for chemical analysis or other treatment 等分部分(尤用于化学分析等) 2 (also 亦作 **aliquot part** or **portion**) **Mathematics**【数】 a quantity which can be divided into another integral number of times 整除部分 ■v. divide (a whole) into aliquots 把………均分,把…等分
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. aliquote, from L. aliquot 'some, so many', from alius 'one of two' + quot 'how many'.

**alisphenoid** /ælɪ'sfiːnɔɪd/ n. **Anatomy** 【解】 a wing-like cartilaginous bone within the skull, forming part of the socket of the eye 翼蝶骨(颅内翼状软骨, 眼眶的一部分)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. ala 'wing' + **SPHENOID**.

**A-list** n. a real or imaginary list of the most celebrated individuals, especially in show business (尤指演艺界中实际的或想象的)知名人士名单,最受欢迎人士名单:[as modifier 作修饰语] an A-list celebrity 大腕儿

**aliterate** /ə'lɪt(ə)rət/ adj. unwilling to read, although able to do so 不愿阅读的,厌倦读书的 n. an aliterate person不喜欢读书的人
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **aliteracy** n.

**alive** /ə'laɪv/ adj. 1 living, not dead 在世的,活着的 ➤continuing in existence or use继续存在的,仍在使用的 2 alert and active 敏捷的;活跃的 ➤having interest and meaning 感兴趣的;有意义的 ➤(**alive to**) aware of and interested in 明白的,感兴趣的 3 (**alive with**) swarming or teeming with 充满………的
-**PHRASES** 短语 **alive and kicking** informal【非正式】 prevalent and very active 普遍的,极其活跃的 **alive and well** still existing or active 仍然存在的;活跃的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **aliveness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE on life, lit. 'in life'.

**aliyah** /'æliʤə/ n. (pl. **aliyoth** /'æliʤəʊt/) **Judaism** 【犹】 1 immigration to Israel 向以色列移民 2 the honour of being called upon to read from the Torah 进前(应召进前诵读托拉经文的礼遇)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Heb. 'aliyyāh 'ascent'.

**alizarin** /ə'lɪz(ə)rɪn/ n. **Chemistry** 【化】 a red pigment present in madder root, used in making dyes 茜素(存在于茜草根中的红色素,用于制染料)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. alizarine, from alizari 'madder', from Arab. al-'iṣāra 'pressed juice'.

**alkahest** /'ælkəhest/ (also 亦作 **alcahest**) n. historical 【史义】 the hypothetical universal solvent sought by alchemists(假想的)万能溶剂

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**alkali** /'ælkəlaı/ n. (pl. **alkalis**) a compound, e.g. lime or caustic soda, with particular chemical properties including turning litmus blue and neutralizing or effervescing with acids 碱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alkalization** or **alkalisation** n. **alkalize** or **alkalise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a saline substance derived from the ashes of plants): from med. L., from Arab. al-kali, from kalā 'fry, roast'.

**alkalic**/æl'kælık/ adj. Geology 【地质】(of a rock or mineral) richer in sodium and/or potassium than is usual for its type(岩石或矿物)碱性的

**alkali feldspar** ■n. Geology 【地质】 any of the group of feldspars rich in sodium and/or potassium 碱性长石

**alkali metal** n. Chemistry 【化】 any of the reactive metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium, occupying Group IA (1) of the periodic table and forming strongly alkaline hydroxides 碱金属(包括锂、钠、钾、铷、色、钫,化学性质活泼,属周期表IA(1)族,氢氧化物呈强碱性)

**alkaline** /'ælkəlaın/ adj. containing an alkali or having the properties of an alkali; having a pH greater than 7含碱的;碱性的;pH值大于7的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alkalinity** n.

**alkaline earth** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 any of the reactive metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium, occupying Group IIA (2) of the periodic table and forming basic oxides and hydroxides 碱土金属(包括铍、镁、钙、锶、钡、镭,化学性质活泼,属周期表IIA(2)族,氧化物和氢氧化物呈碱性)

**alkaloid**/'ælkələıd/n. Chemistry 【化】 any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin which have pronounced physiological actions on humans 生物碱

**alkalosis** ælkələsis/n. Medicine 【医】an excessively alkaline condition of the body fluids or tissues, which may cause weakness or cramp 碱中毒

**alkane** /'ælkem/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, and higher members 烷,烷烃
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ALKYL + -ANE2.

**alkanet**/'ælkǝnet/ n. a plant of the borage family with a hairy stem and blue flowers 朱草(紫草科植物,茎部多茸毛)[Pentaglottis sempervirens and other species.]
-ORIGIN词源 ME: from informal Arab. al-hannat (Arab. al-hinna) 'the henna shrub'.

**alkene** /'ælki:n/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond, including ethylene and propene 烯,烯烃
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from ALKYL + -ENE.

**alky**(also亦作**alkie**)/'ælki/n. (pl. **alkies**) informal【非正式】an alcoholic 酒鬼

**alkyd** /'ælkıd/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 any of a group of synthetic polyester resins 醇酸树脂
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: blend of ALKYL and ACID.

**alkyl** /'ælkaıl, -kıl/n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry【化】 of or denoting a hydrocarbon group derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom 烷基
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ger., from Alkohol 'alcohol' + -YL.

**alkylate** /'ælkılert/ v. Chemistry 【化】 introduce an alkyl group into(a molecule)使(分子)烷基化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alkylation** n.

**alkyne**/'ælkaın/n. Chemistry 【化】 any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a triple bond, including acetylene 炔
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ALKYL + -YNE.

**all** /o:l/predet., det., & pron. the whole quantity or extent of 所有,全部[det. 限定词] any whatever 任何,所有[det. 限定词] the greatest possible 尽可能,全部[pron.代词] everything一切,全部■adv. 1 completely 完全,彻底 2 (in games) used after a number to indicate an equal score(比赛中)比分相同,平分
-PHRASES 短语 **all along** from the beginning 从头,从一开始 **all and sundry** everyone 所有人,每个人 **all but** 1 very nearly几乎,差点儿 2 all except 除………之外全都 **all for** informal 【非正式】strongly in favour of 非常赞成,强烈同意 **all in** informal 【非正式】exhausted 筋疲力尽的 **all in all** on the whole 总而言之,总的说来 **all of** often ironic【常讽】 as much as 多达……… **all-or-nothing** having no middle position or compromise 不妥协的,不让步的 **all out** using all one's strength or resources 尽力,全力以赴 **all over** informal【非正式】1 everywhere 到处 2 typical of the person mentioned 典型的,有代表性的:That's our management all over!这就是我们典型的管理方式! **all over the place** (or N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】**map**, Brit. also【英亦作】 **shop**) informal 【非正式】1 everywhere 到处 2 in a state of disorder 凌乱,乱七八糟 **all round** 1 in all respects 全面地,在各方面 2 for or by each person为(或由)每个人 **all there** [with neg.与否定结构连用] informal【非正式】in full possession of one's mental faculties 头脑清醒的,理智冷静的: He's not quite all there. 他有些神智不清。**all together** all in one place or in a group 一个不落,全体都在 **all told** in total 总共 **all the way** informal 【非正式】 without limit or reservation 无限,毫无保留 **at all** [with neg. or in questions 与否定结构连用或用于疑问句] in any way; to any extent 完全,根本 **be all one to** make no difference to 对………无差别,对…无分别 **be all that** US informal【美,非正式】 be very attractive or good 魅力十足;优秀 **be all very well** informal 【非正式】 expressing criticism or scepticism 好倒是好(用于表示批评或怀疑) **for all** in spite of 尽管 **in all** in total 全部 **on all fours** on hands and knees 四肢着地 **one's all** one's whole strength or resources 全部力量(或资源)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE all, eall, of Gmc origin.

**alla breve** /ælə 'brervi, 'brever/n. Music【音】a time signature indicating two or four minim beats in a bar二二拍子

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-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'according to the breve'.

**alla cappella** /kə'pelə/ adj. & adv. another term for A CAPPELLA * a cappella的另一种说法

**Allah** /'ælə, ə'la:/ n. the name of God among Muslims and Arab Christians 安拉,真主(伊斯兰教信徒及阿拉伯基督徒信奉的真主的名称)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. 'allāh, contr. of al-'ilah 'the god'.

**allamanda** /ælə'mændə/ n. a tropical shrub or climber with showy yellow or purple flowers 黄蝉(热带灌木或攀缘植物) [Allamanda cathartica and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the 18th-cent. Swiss naturalist Jean-Nicholas-Sébastien Allamand.

**all-American** adj. 1 possessing qualities that are characteristic of US ideals, such as honesty and industriousness 具有典型美国人特点的 2 US【美】(of a sports player) honoured as one of the best amateur competitors in the US(体育运动员)全美最佳的

**allanite** /'ælənaıt/ n. a brownish-black mineral of the epidote group, consisting of a silicate of rare-earth metals, aluminium, and iron 褐帘石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Scottish mineralogist Thomas Allan +- -ITE¹.

**allantois** /ə'læntǝuis/n. (pl. **allantoides** /-idi:z/) the fetal membrane lying below the chorion in many vertebrates 尿囊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allantoic** adj. **allantoid** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C17: mod. L., based on Gk allan-toeidēs 'sausage-shaped'.

**allargando** /æla:'gændǝu/adv. & adj. Music【音】 getting slower and broader 渐慢渐宽地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'broadening'.

**all-around** adj. US term for ALL-ROUND * all-round 的美式说法

**allay** /ə'ler/ v. diminish or end (fear or concern) 减轻,消除(恐惧或担忧) ➤alleviate (pain or hunger)缓解,减轻(痛苦或饥饿)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ālecgan 'lay down or aside', of Gmc origin.

**all-clear** n. a signal that danger or difficulty is over 危险(或困难)解除信号

**allée** /'æler/ n. a long, straight path in a formal garden or park, bordered by trees or bushes 园林小径
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from Fr.

**allegation** /ælr'gerfn/ n. a claim that someone has done something wrong, typically an unfounded one(多指无真凭实据的)断言,指控,主张

**allege** /ə'ledz/ v. claim that someone has done something wrong, typically without proof(多指无真凭实据地)断言,指控
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alleged** adj. **allegedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the sense 'declare on oath'): from OFr. esligier, based on L. lis, lit- 'lawsuit'; confused in sense with L. allegare 'allege'.

**allegiance** /ə'li:dzns/n. loyalty or commitment to a superior or to a group or cause忠诚;效忠;拥戴
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., var. of OFr. ligeance, from lige, liege (see 见 LIEGE), perh. by assoc. with Anglo-Latin alligantia 'alliance'.

**allegorical** /ælǝ'gvrıkl/ adj. constituting or containing allegory讽刺的;寓言性的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allegoric** adj. **allegorically** adv.

**allegory** /'æləgəri/ n. (pl. **allegories**) a story, poem, or picture which can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning讽喻;寓言;讽喻诗;讽喻画
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allegorist** n. **allegorization** or **allegorisation** n. **allegorize** or **allegorise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. allegorie, via L. from Gk allēgoria, from allos 'other' + -agoria 'speaking'.

**allegretto** ælı'gretǝu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】at a fairly brisk speed稍快地(的),小快板
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., dimin. of ALLEGRO.

**allegro** /ə'legrǝu, -'leig-/ Music 【音】 ■adv. & adj. at a brisk speed 快地(的),快板■n. (pl. **allegros**) an allegro movement, passage, or composition 快板;快板乐段(或乐曲)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'lively'.

**allele** /'æli:l/n. Genetics 【遗】 each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a homologous chromosome 等位基因
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allelic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Ger. Allel, abbrev. of ALLELOMORPH.

**allelochemical** /ə,li:ləu'kemıkl/n. Biology 【生物】 a chemical produced by a living organism which exerts a detrimental physiological effect on another species他感化学物质,异种化感物
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from Gk allel- 'one another' + CHEMICAL.

**allelomorph** /ə'li:lǝumo:f/ n. another term for ALLELE * allele的另一种说法
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allelomorphic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk allel- 'one another' + morphe 'form'.

**allelopathy** /æli:'lupǝdi/n. Ecology 【生态】the inhibition of the growth of a plant by the action of substances released by another plant 他感作用,化感作用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allelopathic** /ǝli:lǝ(u)'pæθικ/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk allel- 'one another' + -PATHY.

**alleluia** /ælı'lu:jə/ exclam. & n. variant spelling of HALLELUJAH * hallelujah 的另一种拼法

**allemande** /'ælma:nd/n. 1 a German court dance popular in the 16th century 阿勒曼德舞(16世纪流行的德国宫廷舞) 2 a figure in country dancing in which adjacent dancers make a turn 乡村舞步型
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., 'German (dance)'.

**all-embracing** adj. including everyone or everything; comprehensive 包罗万象的,总括的

**Allen key** /'ælən/ (US 【美】**Allen wrench**) ■n. Brit. trademark【英,商标】 a spanner designed to fit into and turn an Allen screw 艾伦内六角螺钉扳手,六方孔螺钉扳手

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-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from the name of the manufacturer, the Allen Manufacturing Company, Connecticut.

**Allen screw** n. trademark 【商标】 a screw with a hexagonal socket in the head 艾伦内六角螺钉,六方孔螺钉

**allergen** /'ælədzən/ n. a substance that causes an allergic reaction 变应原,过敏原
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allergenic** adj. **allergenicity** n.

**allergic** /ə'lə:dzık/ adj. caused by or relating to an allergy 变应性的,过敏引起的➢having an allergy (对…)过敏的: He's allergic to bee stings. 他对蜂螫过敏。

**allergy** /'ælǝdzi/ n. (pl. **allergies**) a damaging immune response by the body to a substance to which it has become hypersensitive 变态反应,超敏反应
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allergist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger. Allergie, from Gk allos 'other', on the pattern of Energie 'energy'.
> **1911 Allergy qualifies as a word coined 2011 in the very year of the first edition's publication. Although there is a 1908 example from The Lancet with the Greek-influenced spelling allergeia, a 1911 citation by the Austrian physician Clemens von Pirquet (who is credited with identifying the concept of allergy) is the earliest recorded with the current spelling. The cutting-edge new term didn't make it into the first edition, and was first included in the 1944 addendum of the third edition.** * allergy 于第一版出版的同一年问世,并正式成为单词。虽然1908年The Lancet(《柳叶刀》杂志)上出现过希腊语源的 allergeia 这个拼写形式,但最早有记载的当代拼写形式是1911年奧地利医师克莱门斯·冯·皮尔凯的用例。皮尔凯被誉为“变态反应”这个概念的首倡者。这个新鲜出炉的字眼没有进入第一版,直到1944年才被首次收录进第三版补编。

**alleviate** /ə'li:viert/ v. make (pain or difficulty) less severe 减轻,缓解(疼痛或苦难)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alleviation** n. **alleviative** adj. **alleviator** n.
-ORGIN 词源 ME: from late L. alleviat-, alleviare 'lighten', from L. allevare, from ad- 'to' + levare 'raise', influenced by levis 'light'.

**alley¹**/'æli/ n. (pl. **alleys**) 1 a narrow passageway between or behind buildings(房屋之间或后面的)小巷,小街 > a path in a park or garden(公园或花园的)小径 2 a long, narrow area in which skittles or bowling are played(九柱戏和保龄球戏的)球道 3 N. Amer. Tennis【北美,网】 either of the two side strips between the singles sideline and the doubles sideline 单打边线和双打边线之间的区域 > Baseball【棒】 the area between the outfielders in left-centre or right-centre field 左中外场或右中外场外场手之间的区域
- ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. alee 'walking or passage', rom aler 'go', from L. ambulare 'to walk'.

**alley²**/'æli/ n. (pl. **alleys**) variant spelling of ALLY2 * ally²的另一种拼法

**alley cat** n. a stray urban cat(城市中的)野猫,流浪猫

**alley-oop** /æli'u:p/ ■exclam. used to encourage or draw attention to an acrobatic feat 吭唷(用作鼓励或引起对杂技表演的注意) ■n. (also 亦作 **alley-oop pass**) Basketball 【篮】 a high pass caught by a leaping teammate who tries to dunk the ball before landing 空中接力
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: perh. from Fr. allez! 'go on!' + a supposedly Fr. pronunc. of up.

**alleyway** /'æliwer/ n. another term for ALLEY¹ (sense 1)* alley(释义1)的另一种说法

**All Fools' Day** ■n. another term for APRIL FOOL'S DAY * April Fool's Day 的另一种说法

**All Hallows** /'hælǝuz/n. another term for ALL SAINTS' DAY * All Saints' Day 的另一种说法

**alliaceous** /æli'eıfəs/ adj. Botany 【植】 relating to or denoting plants of a group that comprises the onions and other alliums葱科的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. allium 'garlic' + -ACEOUS.

**alliance** /ə'laıəns/ n. 1 a union or association formed for mutual benefit 联盟,同盟 > a relationship based on an affinity联系,结合 > the state of being joined or associated 联合,结合 2 Ecology【生态】 a group of closely related plant associations 群属
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. aliance, from alier (see见ALLY).

**allicin** /'ælısın/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a pungent oily liquid with antibacterial properties, present in garlic 蒜素
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from L. allium 'garlic' + -IN¹.

**allied** /'ælaıd, ə'laıd/ adj. 1 joined by or relating to an alliance 联盟的 > (usu. 通常用 **Allied**) relating to Britain and its allies in the First and Second World Wars and after (一战)协约国的;(二战)同盟国的 2 (**allied to/with**) in combination or working together with 与………结合,与………共事 > connected or related 与…相连的;与………有关的

**alligator** /'ælıgeıtə(r)/ n. 1 a large semiaquatic reptile similar to a crocodile but with a broader and shorter head, native to the Americas and China 钝吻鳄,扬子鳄[Genus Alligator: two species.] 2 the skin of the alligator 钝吻鳄皮,扬子鳄皮
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. el lagarto 'the lizard'.

**alligator clip** n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】another term for CROCODILE CLIP * crocodile clip 的另一种说法

**alligator lizard** n. a heavily built slow-moving lizard native to North America and Mexico 侧褶蜥[Genus Gerrhonotus: several species.]

**alligator pear** ■n. North American term for AVOCADO * avocado 的北美说法

**alligator snapper** n. a large snapping turtle occurring in fresh water around the Gulf of Mexico 大鳄龟[Macroclemys temminckii.]

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**all-in** adj. Brit. 【英】(especially of a price) inclusive of everything(尤指价格)费用全包的

**all-inclusive** adj. including everything or everyone 全部包括在內的 > denoting or relating to a holiday or resort in which all or most meals, drinks, and activities are included in the overall price(假期或旅游景点)费用全包的■n. an all-inclusive holiday resort 费用全包的度假地

**all-in-one** adj. combining two or more items or functions in a single unit 多合一的,一体化的

**all-in wrestling** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 wrestling with few or no restrictions 自由式摔跤

**allis shad** /'ælis/n. a shad (fish) with a deep blue back and silvery sides 西鲱 [Alosa alosa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: allis from OFr. alose, from late L. alausa.

**alliteration** /əlıtə'reıfn/ n. the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words 头韵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alliterate** v. **alliterative** adj. **alliteratively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. alliteratio(n-), from L. ad- (expressing addition) + littera 'letter'.

**allium** /'æliəm/ ■n. (pl. **alliums**) a bulbous plant of a genus that includes the onion and its relatives (e.g. garlic and chives)葱属植物(如蒜和细香葱)[Genus Allium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 L., ‘garlic’.

**all-nighter** n. informal 【非正式】 an event or task that continues throughout the night 持续整夜的活动;通宵达旦的工作

**allo-** /'ælǝu/comb. form other; different 其他的,不同的: allopatric 在各区发生的
--ORGIN 词源 from Gk allos 'other'.

**allocate** /'ælǝkert/ v. assign or distribute (resources or duties)分配(资源),分派(任务)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allocable** adj. **allocation** n. **allocative** adj. **allocator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as allocation): from med. L. allocat-, allocare 'allot'.

**allochthonous** /ə'ləkəənəs/ adj. Geology【地质】 denoting a deposit or formation that originated at a distance from its present position引入的,外生的,外来的 Often contrasted with 常对照 AUTOCHTHONOUS.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ALLO- + Gk khthôn 'earth'+ -ous.

**allocution** /ælə'kju:fn/ n. a formal speech giving advice or a warning 训示,训谕
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. allocutio(n-), from alloqui 'speak to'.

**allogamy** /ə'ləgəmi/n. Botany 【植】 the fertilization of a flower by pollen from another flower, especially one on a different plant 异花受精(尤指花粉源自不同的植物)Compare with 比较 AUTOGAMY.
-DIRIVATIVES 派生词 **allogamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ALLO- + Gk gamos 'marriage'.

**allogeneic**ælǝ(u)dzı'ni:ık, -dzı'nenk/ adj. Physiology【生理】 relating to or denoting tissues which are genetically dissimilar and hence immunologically incompatible(同种)异基因的;同种异体(或异型)的
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from ALLO- + Gk genea 'race, stock' + -IC.

**allograft** /'ælǝgra:ft/ n. a tissue graft from a donor of the same species as the recipient but not genetically identical 同种异基因移植物

**allograph** /'ælǝgra:f/ n. 1 Linguistics 【语言】 each of two or more alternative forms of a letter of an alphabet or other unit of a writing system 字位变体 2 Phonetics 【语音】 each of two or more letters or letter combinations representing a single phoneme in different words (e.g. the f of 'fake' and the ph of 'phase')音素变体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allographic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from ALLO- + GRAPHEME.

**allometry** /ə'lpmitri/n. Biology 【生物】 the growth of body parts at different rates, resulting in a change of proportions 异速生长
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allometric** adj.

**allomorph** /'æləmə:f/n. Linguistics【语言】 any of two or more representations of a morpheme, such as the plural endings /s/ (as in bats) and /z/ (as in bugs)词素变体,语素变体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allomorphic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源1940s: from ALLO- + MORPHEME.

**allopathy** /ə'ləpədin. the treatment of disease by conventional means, i.e. with drugs having effects opposite to the symptoms 对抗疗法 Often contrasted with 常对照 HOMEOPATHY.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allopath** n. **allopathic** adj. **allopathist** n.

**allopatric** /ælə'pætrık/ adj. Biology 【生物】(of animal or plant species or populations) occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas (动植物物种或种群)异域的Compare with 比较 SYMPATRIC.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allopatry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from ALLO- + Gk patra 'fatherland' + -Ic.

**allophone¹** /'æləfəun/n. Phonetics 【语音】 any of the various phonetic realizations of a phoneme in a language, which do not contribute to distinctions of meaning 音位变体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allophonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from ALLO- + PHONEME.

**allophone²** /'æləfəun/n. Canadian 【加】(especially in Quebec) an immigrant whose first language is neither French nor English(尤指魁北克)母语既非法语也非英语的移民
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from ALLO-, after FRANCOPHONE.

**allopurinol** /ælə(u)'pjuərındl/n. Medicine【医】a synthetic drug used to prevent recurrence of gout and related conditions 别嘌呤醇(用于治疗痛风)

**All Ordinaries index** n. (on the Australian stock exchanges) an index based on the weighted average of selected ordinary share prices(澳大利亚证券交易的)普通股指数

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**allosaurus** /æləsərrəs/ n. a large bipedal carnivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic period 异龙,跃龙(侏罗纪后期大型二足、食肉性恐龙)
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk allos 'other' + sauros 'lizard'.

**allosteric**ælǝ'sterık, -'stıǝrık/ adj. Biochemistry【生化】relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of an enzyme by means of a conformational change induced by a, different molecule 别构的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allosterically** adv.

**allot** /ə'lpt/ v. (**allots**, **allotting**, **allotted**) give or apportion (something) to someone 分配
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allottee** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C15: from OFr. aloter, from a- (from L. ad 'to') + loter 'divide into lots'.

**allotment** /ə'lətmənt/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a plot of land rented by an individual from a local authority, for growing vegetables or flowers(个人从地方政府手中租赁的)小块菜地,小块园地 2 the action of allotting 分配,分派 > an allotted amount 分配量,份额

**allotrope** /'ælətrəup/n. Chemistry 【化】 each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist (e.g. graphite, charcoal, and diamond as forms of carbon)同素异形体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allotropic** adj. **allotropy** /ə'lətrəpi/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk allotropos 'of another form', from allo- 'other' + tropos 'manner'.

**allow** /ə'lao/ v. 1 let (someone) have or do something 允许,同意(某人)做 > admit as legal or acceptable 承认………合法,认可 2 (often 常用 **allow for**) take into consideration when making plans or calculations 考虑到,顾及 > (**allow for**) make provision or provide scope for 为……留出,为………腾出 ➤provide or set aside for a purpose 提供,酌留,留给 3 admit the truth of 承认………属实
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allowable** adj. **allowably** adv. **allowedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. alouer, from L. allaudare 'to praise', reinforced by med. L. allocare (see见ALLOCATE).

**allowance** /ə'lavəns/ n. 1 the amount of something allowed 分配额,允给额 > Brit.【英】 an amount of money that can be earned or received free of tax 免税额 > Horse Racing 【赛马】a deduction in the weight that a horse is required to carry in a race 减载量 2 a sum of money paid regularly to a person to meet needs or expenses 津贴,补贴 v. archaic 【古】 give (someone) a regular allowance of money为……提供津贴
-PHRASES 短语 **make allowance(s) for** 1 take into consideration 把………考虑在内 2 treat leniently on account of mitigating circumstances 酌情宽待,体谅

**alloy**n. /'ælı/ a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion 合金 > an inferior metal mixed with a precious one(混入贵金属的)贱金属■V. /ə'loi/ mix (metals) to make an alloy 将(金属)铸成合金
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. aloi (n.) and Fr. aloyer (v.), both from OFr. aloier, aleier 'combine', from L. alligare 'bind'.

**all-points bulletin**n. (in the US) a radio message sent to every officer in a police force giving details of a suspected criminal or stolen vehicle 全员通告(美国向全体警员发送的涵盖犯罪嫌疑人或被盗车辆详情的无线电信息)

**all-purpose** adj. suitable for many uses 多功能的,多用途的

**all right** adj. satisfactory; acceptable 令人满意的,合心的 > permissible; allowable可以的,准许的,容许的 adv. fairly well 还好 exclam. expressing or asking for agreement or acceptance好吧,可以;如何,怎么样

**all-round** adj. having a great many abilities or uses 多才多艺的;多用途的,多功能的 ➤in many or all respects 多方面的,全面的

**all-rounder** n. Brit. 【英】 a person competent in a range of skills, especially a cricketer who can both bat and bowl well 多面手,多才多艺者(尤指既能击球又能投球的板球运动员)

**All Saints' Day**n. a Christian festival in honour of all the saints, held (in the Western Church) on 1 November 万圣节(基督教节日,11月1日)

**all-seater** adj. Brit. 【英】 (of a sports stadium) having a seat for every spectator and no standing places(体育场)全坐席的

**allseed** /'ǝ:lsi:d/ n. a small plant with white flowers, producing a large number of seeds 多子植物[Radiola linoides.]

**All Souls' Day** n. a Catholic commemoration with prayers for the souls of the dead, held on 2 November 万灵节(天主教节日,11月2日)

**allspice** /'ɔ:lspars/ n. 1 the dried aromatic fruit of a Caribbean tree, used as a culinary spice 多香果(用作调味品) 2 a tree of the myrtle family from which allspice is obtained 多香果树 [Pimenta dioica.] 3 an aromatic North American tree or shrub 夏蜡梅,美国蜡梅 [Genus Calycanthus.]

**all-terrain vehicle** n. a small open motor vehicle fitted with large tyres, designed for use on rough ground 全地形车

**all-ticket** adj. (of a sports match) for which tickets must be bought in advance(体育比赛)凭票入场的

**all-time** adj. hitherto unsurpassed无与伦比的,空前的: the all-time record 空前纪录

**allude** /ə'lu:d/ v. (**allude to**) hint at 暗指,影射 > mention in passing 顺带提及
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. allus-, alludere, from ad- 'towards' + ludere 'to play'.

**all-up weight** ■n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】the total weight of an aircraft, with passengers, cargo, and fuel(飞机的)总载重量

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**allure** /ə'ljuə(r), ə'ljə:(r)/ ■n. powerful attraction or fascination 诱惑力,吸引力,魅力■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **alluring**] powerfully attract or charm 强烈吸引,诱惑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allurement** n. **alluringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aleurier 'attract', from a- (from L. ad 'to') + luere 'a lure' (orig. a falconry term).

**allusion** /ə'lu:zn, -'lju:-/ n. an indirect or implicit reference 暗指,影射 > the practice of making allusions影射,含沙射影
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., or from late L. allusio(n-), from alludere (see见ALLUDE).

**allusive** /ə'lu:sıv, -'lju:-/ adj. using or containing suggestion rather than explicit mention 暗指的,影射的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allusively** adv. **allusiveness** n.

**alluvion** /ə'l(j)u:viǝn/n. Law【律】 the formation of new land by deposition of sediment by the sea or a river(海河冲积造成的)土地自然增长,涨滩 Compare with 比较 AVULSION.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. alluvio(n-), from ad- 'towards' + luere 'to wash'.

**alluvium** /ə'l(j)u:viəm/ ■n. a deposit of clay, silt, and sand left by flowing flood water in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil 冲积层(多产生肥沃的土壤)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alluvial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: L., neut. of alluvius 'washed against', from ad- 'towards' + luere 'to wash'.

**all-wheel drive**n. North American term for FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE * four-wheel drive 的北美说法

**ally¹** /'ælar/ n. (pl. **allies**) a person or organization that cooperates with another 同盟者,同盟 > a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose (军事上或其他方面的)盟国 > (**the Allies**) the countries that fought with Britain in the First and Second World Wars (一战的)协约国;(二战的)同盟国■v./also 亦读 ǝ'laı/ (**allies**, **allying**, **allied**) 1 (**ally oneself with**) side with拥护,支持 2 (**ally something to/ with**) combine a resource or commodity with (another) for mutual benefit 与……结盟,联合,结合
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. alier, from L. alligare 'bind together'; cf. ALLOY.

**ally²** /'æli/ (also 亦作 **alley**) n. (pl. **allies**) a toy marble 玩具弹子,弹球
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. a dimin. of ALABASTER, choice marbles being made orig. of alabaster or marble.

**-ally** /əli/ suffix forming adverbs from adjectives ending in -al (such as radically from radical)构成以-al结尾的形容词的副词形式

**allyl** /'ælaıl, -lil/ ■n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry【化】 of or denoting the unsaturated hydrocarbon group - C3H4烯丙基
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **allylic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. allium 'garlic' (because identified in compounds from alliums) + -YL.

**Almagest**/'ælmədzest/ n. (**the Almagest**) an Arabic version of Ptolemy's astronomical treatise 《天文学大成》(托勒玫天文学著作的阿拉伯版本)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. almageste, based on Arab., from al 'the' + Gk megiste 'greatest (composition)'.

**alma mater** /ælmə 'ma:tə(r), 'meitə(r)/ n. one's former university, school, or college 母校
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense a source of nourishment'): L., lit. 'generous mother'.

**almanac** /'ɔ:lmənæk, 'vl-/ (also 亦作 **almanack**) ■n. an annual calendar containing important dates and statistical information such as astronomical data年历,历书,天文年历 > an annual handbook containing information of general or specialist interest 年鉴
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via med. L. from Gk almenikhiaka, of unknown origin.

**almandine** /'ælməndi:n, -daın/ n. a kind of garnet with a violet tint 铁铝榴石
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from obs. Fr., alt. of alabandine, from med. L. alabandina (gemma), 'jewel from Alabanda', an ancient city in Asia Minor where these stones were cut.

**almighty**/o:l'marti/ adj. 1 having complete power; omnipotent 全能的,万能的,无所不能的 2 informal【非正式】 very great; enormous 非常伟大的;巨大的n. (**the Almighty**) a name or title for God 上帝

**Almohad**/'ælməhæd/(also 亦作 **Almohade** /-heid/) n. (pl. **Almohads**) a member of a Berber Muslim movement and dynasty that conquered the Almoravid empire in the 12th century 穆瓦希德人(柏柏尔穆斯林运动和王朝的成员,12世纪征服穆拉比特帝国)
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., ult. from Arab. al-muwahhidun 'believers in one God'.

**almond** /'a:mənd/n. 1 the oval edible nut-like kernel of the almond tree, growing in a woody shell 扁桃仁,杏仁 2 the tree that produces almonds, related to the peach and plum 扁桃,杏树[Prunus dulcis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. alemande, from med. L. amandula, from Gk amugdalē.

**almond eyes** pl. n. eyes that are narrow and oval with pointed ends 杏眼

**almond oil** n. oil obtained from bitter almonds, used in cosmetic and medicinal preparations and as a flavouring 杏仁油

**almond paste** n. marzipan 杏仁蛋白软糖

**almoner**/'a:mənə(r), 'ælm-/ ■n. historical 【史义】an official distributor of alms 施赈吏
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **almonry** n. (pl. **almonries**).
-ORIGIN词源ME: from OFr. aumonier, based on med. L. eleemosynarius, from eleemosyna (see见ALMS).

**Almoravid** /æl'mɔ:rəvıd/(also 亦作 **Almoravide** /-vaid/) n. (pl. **Almoravids**) a member of a federation of Muslim Berber peoples that established an empire in Morocco, Algeria, and Spain in the 11th century 穆拉比特人(穆斯林柏柏尔民族部落联合体成员,11世纪曾在摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和西班牙建立帝国)

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-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from Arab. al-murābit, lit. 'one who is bound'.

**almost** /əlməust/ adv. very nearly几乎,差不多
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æl mæst 'for the most part' (see见ALL, MOST).

**alms**/a:mz/ pl. n. (in historical contexts) charitable donations of money or food to the poor (旧时给贫民的)施舍,慈善捐赠
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ælmysse, ælmesse, from Christian L. eleemosyna, from Gk eleēmosunë 'compassion', from eleēmōn 'compassionate, from eleos 'mercy'.

**almshouse** /'a:mzhaus/n. historical 【史义】a house founded by charity, offering accommodation for the poor 济贫所,救济院

**almucantar** /ælmə'kæntə(r)/ ■n. Astronomy 【天文】1 a circle on the celestial sphere parallel to the horizon 地平纬圈,等高圈 2 a telescope mounted on a float resting on mercury, used to determine stellar altitude and azimuth 高度方位仪
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from med. L. almucantarath or obs. Fr. almucantara, from Arab. almukanțarāt 'lines of celestial latitude', based on al 'the' + kantara 'arch'.

**aloe** /'ælǝu/ n. 1 a succulent tropical plant with a rosette of thick tapering leaves and bell-shaped or tubular flowers on long stems 芦荟 [Genus Aloe.] ➤ (**aloes** or **bitter aloes**) a strong laxative obtained from the bitter juice of various kinds of aloe 芦荟泻药 > (also 亦作 **American aloe**) another term for CENTURY PLANT * century plant 的另一种说法 2 (also 亦作 **aloes wood**) the fragrant heartwood of a tropical Asian tree 沉香木 > the resin obtained from aloes wood, used in perfume, incense, and medicine 沉香树脂
-ORIGIN 词源 OE alewe, alwe, via L. from Gk aloē; reinforced in late ME by OFr. aloes 'aloe', hence freq. used in the plural.

**aloe vera** /'vıǝrǝ/ n. 1 a gelatinous substance obtained from a kind of aloe, used in cosmetics as an emollient 芦荟油(用作润肤剂) 2 the plant that yields aloe vera, grown chiefly in the Caribbean and the southern US 芦荟 [Aloe vera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: mod. L., lit. 'true aloe', prob. in contrast to the American agave, which closely resembles aloe vera.

**aloft** /ə'loft/ adj. & adv. up in or into the air 空中的;在空中,头顶上的;在头顶 > up the mast or into the rigging of a ship 在桅杆(或帆索)高处(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON á lopt, á lopti, from á 'in, on, to' + lopt 'air'.

**alogical** /er'lodzıkl/ adj. opposed to or lacking in logic 不合逻辑的,无逻辑的

**aloha** /ə'ləhə/ exclam. & n. a Hawaiian word used when greeting or parting(夏威夷人的问候或告别用语)阿罗哈,欢迎,再见
- ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Maori aroha 'love, affection, pity'.

**aloha shirt** n. a loose, brightly patterned Hawaiian shirt 夏威夷花衬衫(款式宽松,图案鲜明)

**alone** /ə'lǝun/ adj. & adv. 1 on one's own; by oneself 单独的(地),独自的(地) > isolated and lonely 孤立的,孤独的 2 only; exclusively只,仅仅,单单
-PHRASES 短语 **go it alone** informal 【非正式】act without assistance单干,单枪匹马 **leave (or let) alone** 1 abandon or desert抛弃,放弃 2 stop interfering with不妨碍,不打扰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aloneness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from ALL + ONE.

**along** /ə'ldŋ/ prep. & adv. 1 moving in a constant direction on (a more or less horizontal surface)向前,往前 2 used to refer to the making of progress 在…期间,进展中 3 extending in a more or less horizontal line on沿着;顺着 4 in or into company with others 与………一起;一起
-PHRASES 短语 **along with** together with or at the same time as 连同………一起;同时 **be (or come) along** arrive 来到,到达
-ORIGIN 词源 OE andlang, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to LONG¹.

**alongshore** /ə'lŋɔ:(r)/ adv. along or by the shore 沿岸;在岸边

**alongside** /ə,lon'said/prep. (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】 **alongside of**) close to the side of; next to 在……旁边;邻近 > at the same time as or in coexistence with 和…同时,与…共存

**aloo** /'a:lu:, 'ælu:/n. Indian【印度】potato 土豆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi, Urdu, and Sanskrit ālū.

**aloof** /ə'lu:f/ adj. not friendly; cool and distant不友好的;冷淡的,疏远的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aloofly** adv. **aloofness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from A-2+ LUFF, orig. in naut. use meaning 'away and to windward!', i.e. with the ship's head kept close to the wind away from a lee shore or other hazard.

**alopecia** /ælə'pi:fǝ/n. Medicine 【医】 the absence of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows 脱发,秃发
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk alõpekia, lit. 'fox mange', from alõpēx 'fox'.

**aloud** /ə'laud/ adv. so as to be heard; audibly 出声地;能听见地 > archaic 【古】 loudly 大声地

**alow** /ə'lǝบ/ adv. archaic or dialect【古或方】below; downwards 在下面;向下

**ALP** abbr. Australian Labor Party 澳大利亚工党

**alp** /ælp/ ■n. a high mountain 高山 > (**the Alps**) the high range of mountains in Switzerland and adjoining countries(瑞士及其毗邻国家的)高山地带 > (in Switzerland) an area of green pasture on a mountainside(瑞士山腰的)绿色牧场
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. pl.): via Fr. from L. Alpes, from Gk Alpeis.

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**alpaca** /æl'pækǝ/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or **alpacas**) a long-haired domesticated South American mammal related to the llama 小羊驼 [Lama pacos.] ➤the wool of the alpaca, or fabric made from it 小羊驼毛;小羊驼毛织物
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp., from Aymara allpaca.

**alpenglow** /'ælpəngləu/ n. the rosy light of the setting or rising sun seen on high mountains 高山辉(指高山上见到的晚霞或朝霞)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: a partial translation of Ger. Alpenglühen, lit. 'Alp glow'.

**alpenhorn** /'ælpǝnho:n/ (also 亦作 **alphorn**) n. a very long valveless wooden wind instrument played like a horn and used for signalling in the Alps 木制长号角
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., lit. 'Alp horn'.

**alpenstock** /'ælpənstok/ n. a long iron-tipped stick used by hillwalkers 铁头登山杖
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., lit. 'Alp stick'.

**alpha** /'ælfǝ/ n. 1 the first letter of the Greek alphabet (A, a), transliterated as 'a阿尔法(希腊字母表的第1个字母,译写作a) > [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the first of a series of items or categories 甲,a项,a类 > [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the dominant animal or person in a group(人或动物群的)头领;首领: an alpha male 男人中的头儿 > Brit.【英】a first-class mark given for a piece of work(作业)A等,甲等 2 a code word representing the letter A, used in radio communication 字母A的代称(用于无线电通信)
-PHRASES 短语 **alpha and omega** the beginning and the end (used by Christians as a title for Jesus)头与尾,始与终(指基督徒对耶稣的称呼)
-ORIGIN 词源via L. from Gk.

**alphabet** /'ælfǝbet/ n. a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used to represent the basic set of speech sounds of a language 字母表
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alphabetization** or **alphabetisation** n. **alphabetize** or **alphabetise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. alphabetum, from Gk alpha, bēta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.

**alphabetical** /ælfə'betıkl/ adj. relating to an alphabet 字母表的 > in the order of the letters of the alphabet 按字母表顺序的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alphabetic** adj. **alphabetically** adv.

**alphabet soup** ■n. informal 【非正式】a confusing or confused mixture of things 挠头事,天书
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: alluding to a kind of clear soup containing pasta in the shapes of letters.

**alpha blocker** ■n. Medicine 【医】 any of a class of drugs which prevent the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors responsible for increased blood pressure * a阻滞药

**alphafetoprotein** /ælfə,fi:təu'prǝuti:n/n. Medicine【医】a protein produced by a fetus which is present in amniotic fluid and the bloodstream of the mother, levels of which can be measured to detect certain congenital defects such as spina bifida 甲胎蛋白

**alpha-hydroxy acid** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic acid containing a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxylic acid group, especially any of a group used in skincare preparations for their exfoliating properties * a-羟(基)酸(尤用作去角质护肤剂)

**alphanumeric** /ælfənju:'merık/ adj. consisting of or using both letters and numerals 字母数字混编的,字母数字的 n. a character that is either a letter or a number字母(或数字)字符
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alphanumerical** adj.

**alpha particle** ■n. Physics 【物】 a helium nucleus, especially as emitted by some radioactive substances 阿尔法粒子,a粒子

**alpha radiation** n. ionizing radiation consisting of alpha particles, emitted by some substances under-going radioactive decay 阿尔法射线,a射线

**alpha rhythm**n. Physiology 【生理】 the normal electrical activity of the brain when conscious and relaxed, consisting of oscillations (**alpha waves**) with a frequency of 8 to 13 hertz 阿尔法节律,a节律

**alpha test** n. a trial of machinery or software carried out before a product is made available for beta-testing(开发商在机械、软件等产品接受测试之前进行的)a测试 v. (**alpha-test**) subject to an alpha test 做 a 测试

**alphorn** /'ælpho:n/ n. another term for ALPENHORN * alpenhorn 的另一种说法

**alpine** /'ælpan/ adj. 1 relating to high mountains 高山的 > (**Alpine**) relating to the Alps 阿尔卑斯的 2 (also 亦作 **Alpine**) relating to or denoting skiing downhill 高山滑雪的■n. 1 a plant native to alpine areas 高山植物 2 a North American butterfly which has brownish-black wings with orange-red markings 红眼蝶 [Genus Erebia.]

**alpinist** /'ælpınıst/ n. a climber of high mountains, especially in the Alps(尤指攀登阿尔卑斯山的)登山家

**alprazolam** /æl'preızǝ(u)læm/n. Medicine【医】 a drug of the benzodiazepine group, used in the treatment of anxiety 阿普唑仑(抗焦虑药)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from al- of unknown origin + p(henyl) + (t)r(i)azol(e) + (-azep)am.

**already** /ǝ:l'redi/ adv. 1 before the time in question 已经,早已 > as surprisingly soon or early as this 就已经(指快得或早得令人吃惊) 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】an expression of impatience 够了(表示不耐烦): Enough already with these crazy kids! 真受够了这些疯狂的孩子们!
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ALL + READY; Sense 2 is influenced by Yiddish use.

**alright** /o:l'rait/ adj., adv., & exclam. variant spelling of ALL RIGHT * all right的另一种拼法

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> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The spelling **alright** (rather than **all right**) is still considered by many to be unacceptable in formal writing, even though other single-word forms such as **altogether** have long been accepted,正式写作中,尽管像altogether之类的由词组简化的单个词早已被认可,但 alright(而非 all right)仍被大多数人看作是不合规范的。

**Alsatian** /æl'selfn/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】a German shepherd dog 德国牧羊犬,阿尔萨斯牧羊犬 2 a native or inhabitant of Alsace 阿尔萨斯人 ■adj. relating to Alsace 阿尔萨斯的

**alsike** /'ælsık/ n. a tall clover which is widely grown for fodder 杂种车轴草,杂三叶[Trifolium hybridum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Alsike in Sweden.

**also** /'ǝ:lsǝu/adv. in addition; too另外;也
-ORIGIN 词源 OE alsw,ā 'quite so, in that manner, similarly'(see 见 ALL, SO¹).

**also-ran** n. a loser in a race or contest(比赛中的)落选者,落败者,出局者 > informal 【非正式】an undistinguished or unsuccessful person or thing 庸才,失败者,平凡事物

**alstroemeria** /ælstrə'mıəriə/ n. a South American plant cultivated for its showy lily-like flowers(南美)六出花[Genus Alstroemeria.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., named after the Swedish naturalist Klas von Alstroemer.

**alt.** /o:lt/(also 亦作 **alt-**) comb. form denoting a version of something, especially popular music, that is regarded as outside the mainstream of its genre 另类的,非主流的(尤指流行音乐):alt.country 另类乡村音乐
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: abbrev. of ALTERNATIVE, influenced by the alt. prefix of some Internet newsgroups.

**Alta.** /æl'ba:tə/ abbr. Alberta (加拿大)艾伯塔省

**Altaic** /æl'tenk/ adj. 1 relating to the Altai Mountains in central Asia 阿尔泰山脉的 2 denoting a phylum of languages which includes Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic, and Manchu 阿尔泰语群的(包括突厥语、蒙古语、通古斯语和满语)■n. the Altaic phylum of languages 阿尔泰语群

**altar** /'əltə(r), 'pl-/ n. the table in a Christian church at which the bread and wine are consecrated in communion services(基督教教堂内的)圣餐台 > a table or flat-topped block used as the focus for a religious ritual 圣坛,祭坛
-PHRASES 短语 **lead to the altar** marry (a woman) 娶(某女)为妻,与(某女)结婚
-ORIGIN 词源 OE altar, alter, based on late L. altar, altarium, from L. altus 'high'.

**altar boy** n. a boy who acts as a priest's assistant during a service 祭坛助手

**altarpiece** /'ǝ:ltəpi:s/ n. a painting or other work of art designed to be set above and behind an altar(置于祭坛上方或后面的)祭坛画,祭坛装饰

**altazimuth** /æl'tæzımǝ0/n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】a telescope mounting that moves in azimuth (about a vertical axis) and in altitude (about a horizontal axis)地平装置 Compare with 比较 EQUATORIAL MOUNT. 2 a surveying instrument for measuring vertical and horizontal angles 地平经纬仪
-ORIGIN词源C19: blend of ALTITUDE and AZIMUTH.

**alter** /'ǝ:ltə(r), 'pl-/ v. 1 change in character, appearance, or composition 改变(性质、外表或成分) 2 N. Amer. & Austral.【北美,澳】castrate or spay (a domestic animal)阉割,骗(家畜)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alterable** adj. **alteration** n. **alterative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. alterer, from late L. alterare, from L. alter 'other'.

**altercation** /o:ltə'keıfn/ n. a noisy argument or disagreement 争论,争吵;分歧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **altercate** v. (archaic【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. altercatio(n-), from altercari 'to wrangle'.

**altered state**n. a state of mind that differs from normal consciousness, typically induced by drugs, hypnosis, or mental disorder(一般指由服用药物、催眠或精神失常导致的)非正常状态

**alter ego** n. (pl. **alter egos**) 1 a person's secondary or alternative personality 第二个自我,个性的另一面 2 a close friend who is very like oneself 知心朋友,密友,知己
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: L., other self.

**alterity** /æl'teriti, pl-/ n. formal 【正式】 the state of being other or different 变更;不同,相异
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. alteritas, from alter 'other'.

**alternant** /o:l'ts:nǝnt, pl-/ n. a variant of a word or other linguistic unit(词或其他语言单位的)交替形式 ■adj. alternating交互变化的;交替的

**alternate** v. /'ǝ:ltǝneit, 'pl-/ occur or do in turn repeatedly 交替;轮流做 > change repeatedly between two contrasting conditions 轮流,更替 ■adj. /o:l'ts:nət, pl-/ 1 every other 间隔的;每隔一个的 > (of two things) each following and succeeded by the other in a regular pattern(两种事物)交替的,轮流的 > Botany【植】 (of leaves or shoots) placed alternately on the two sides of the stem(叶或芽)互生的 2 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】another term for ALTERNATIVE * alternative的另一种说法n./o:l'ts:nət, pl-/ N. Amer.【北美】a deputy or substitute副职;替身,替代品
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alternately** adv. **alternation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as alternation): from L. alternare (see见ALTERNATIVE).
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The use of **alternate** to mean **alternative** is common in North American English, though still generally regarded as incorrect in Britain. 北美英语中,以alternate 代替 alternative 的用法很普遍,但这一用法在英国仍被普遍认为并不正确。

**alternate angles** pl. n. Mathematics 【数】 two equal angles formed when a line crosses two parallel lines, lying on opposite sides of the transversal line and on opposite relative sides of the other lines 错角

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**alternating current** (abbrev. 略作:**AC**) n. an electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals 交流电流,交流 Compare with 比较 DIRECT CURRENT.

**alternation of generations** ■n. Biology 【生物】a pattern of reproduction shown by some lower plants and invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between sexual and asexual forms (as in ferns) or dioecious and parthenogenetic forms (as in some jellyfishes)世代交替,异型生殖

**alternative** /o:l'ts:nətiv/ adj. 1 (of one or more things) available as another possibility(一或多个事物)可选择的 > (of two things) mutually exclusive (两种事物)互相排斥的,非此即彼的 2 relating to activities that depart from or challenge traditional norms 标新立异的,另类的■n. one of two or more available possibilities 可供选择的事物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alternatively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. alternatif, -ive or med. L. alternativus, from L. alternat-, alternare 'do by turns', from alternus 'every other', from alter 'other of two'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> Some traditionalists maintain that, because of the word's origin, you can only have a maximum of **two alternatives**, and that uses where there are more than two are wrong. Such uses are, however, normal in modern standard English,一些传统人士坚持认为,从alternative 的词源来看,该词最多只表示有两个选择项,在超过两种选择项的情况下使用该词是错误的。然而该用法在现代标准英语中很常见。

**alternative dispute resolution** n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】the use of methods such as mediation to resolve a dispute without resort to litigation 替代纠纷解决程序

**alternative energy**n. energy fuelled in ways that do not use up the earth's natural resources or otherwise harm the environment, especially by avoiding the use of fossil fuels or nuclear power(尤指避免使用矿物燃料或核电的)替代能源

**alternative fuel** n. a fuel other than petrol or diesel for powering motor vehicles, such as natural gas or electricity 替代燃料(如天然气或电力)

**alternative medicine** n. medical therapy regarded as unorthodox by the medical profession, e.g. herbalism and naturopathy 另类医疗(如草药疗法和自然疗法)

**alternative vote** n. an electoral system whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference, candidates being eliminated and votes redistributed until one candidate achieves the required majority 选择性投票法

**alternator** /'ɔ:ltənertə(r)/ n. a dynamo that generates an alternating current 交流发电机

**althorn**/'æltho:n/ n. a musical instrument of the saxhorn family, especially the alto or tenor saxhorn in E flat 中音萨克斯(尤指降E调中音或次中音萨克斯)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., from alt 'high' (from L. altus) + Horn 'horn'.

**although** /ɔ:l'dǝu/ conj. 1 in spite of the fact that 虽然,尽管 2 however; but 然而,但是
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Although** can often be replaced by **though**, the only difference being that **although** is slightly more formal. Some uses are not interchangeable, however; e.g. adverbial uses (**It was nice of him to phone, though**) and uses in phrases with 'as' or 'even' (**She doesn't look as though she's listening**). * although 常常可以用 though代替,唯一的区别是 although 略为正式一些。但在有些情况下两者不能互换,如作状语或和as, even 连用时只能用though: It was nice of him to phone, though.无论如何,他能打电话来已经很好了。|She doesn't look as though she's listening. 她看上去并没在听。

**altimeter**/'æltımi:tə(r)/ n. an instrument for determining altitude attained, especially a barometric or radar device fitted in an aircraft高度计,高度表(尤指装在飞机上的气压或雷达装置)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. altus 'high' + -METER.

**altimetry**/æl'tımıtri/ n. the measurement of height or altitude 测高法,测高学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **altimetric** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from med. L. altimetria.

**altiplano** /æltı'pla:nǝu/ n. (pl. **altiplanos**) the high tableland of central South America(南美中部的)上升高原
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**altissimo** /æl'tısımǝu/ adj. Music 【音】 very high in pitch 极高音的
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., superlative of alto 'high'.

**altitude** /'æltitfu:d/ n. the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level 高度;海拔;高程 > Astronomy 【天文】the apparent height of a celestial object above the horizon, measured in angular distance 地平纬度 > Geometry 【几】 the length of the perpendicular line from a vertex to the opposite side of a figure 高线
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **altitudinal** adj.
- ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. altitudo, from altus 'high'.

**altitude sickness** n. illness caused by ascent to high altitude, characterized by hyperventilation, nausea, and exhaustion resulting from shortage of oxygen 高空病,高原病,高山病

**Alt key** /o:lt/ n. a key on a keyboard which, when pressed simultaneously with another key, gives the latter an alternative function(键盘上的)Alt键
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: abbrev. of alternative key.

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**alto**/'æltǝu/ n. (pl. **altos**) 1 (especially in church music) the highest adult male singing voice (尤指教会音乐中的)男高音 > the lowest female singing voice; contralto 女低音 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the member of a family of instruments pitched second or third highest 中音乐器;次中音乐器
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. alto (canto) 'high (song)'.

**alto clef**n. Music 【音】 a clef placing middle C on the middle line of the stave, used chiefly for viola music(主要用于中提琴乐曲中的)中音谱表

**altocumulus** /æltǝu'kju:mjuləs/ n. (pl. **altocumuli**) cloud forming a layer of rounded masses with a level base, occurring at medium altitude (typically 2 to 7 km, 6,500 to 23,000 ft)高积云
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from mod. L. alto- (from L. altus 'high') + CUMULUS.

**altogether**/o:ltə gedə(r)/ adv. completely 彻底,完全 > in total 总共 > on the whole 总体上,基本上
-PHRASES 短语 **in the altogether** informal【非正式】naked一丝不挂,裸体
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Altogether** and **all together** do not mean the same thing. **Altogether** means 'in total', as in **there are six bedrooms altogether**, whereas **all together** means 'all in one place' or 'all at once', as in **they came in all together**. * **altogether** 和 **together** 的意思有所区别。altogether 意为“总共”,例如:**There are six bedrooms altogether.** 一共有6个卧室。而all together 意为“全在一处”或者“突然”,例如:**They came in all together.** 他们一下子全都进来了。

**alto-relievo** æltǝurı'li:vǝu/ (also 亦作 **alto-rilievo** /-rı'ljervǝu/) n. (pl. **alto-relievos**) Art 【艺】 high relief 高浮雕
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Ital. alto-rilievo.

**altostratus** æltǝu'stra:təs/ n. cloud forming a continuous uniform layer which resembles stratus but occurs at medium altitude (typically 2 to 7 km, 6,500 to 23,000ft)高层云
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. alto- (from L. altus 'high') + STRATUS.

**altricial**/ǝl'trıfl/ adj. Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting a bird or other animal species whose young are hatched or born in an undeveloped state and require care and feeding by the parents(鸟类等动物)晚成性的 Often contrasted with 常对照 PRECOCIAL.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. altrix, altric-, fem. of altor 'nourisher', from alere 'nourish'.

**altruism** /'æltruiz(ǝ)m/ n. selfless concern for the well-being of others 利他主义 > Zoology【动】 behaviour of an animal that benefits another at its own expense 利它行为
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **altruist** n. **altruistic** adj. **altruistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. altruisme, from Ital. altrui 'somebody else', from L. alteri huic 'to this other'.

**ALU** abbr. Computing 【计】 arithmetic logic unit 算术逻辑部件

**alula** /'æljulə/ n. (pl. **alulae** /'æljuli:/) technical term for BASTARD WING * bastard wing的专业说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., lit. 'small wing', dimin. of ala.

**alum** /'æləm/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 1 (also 亦作 **potash alum**) a colourless astringent compound which is a hydrated double sulphate of aluminium and potassium, used in solution in dyeing and tanning 明矾,白矾 2 any of a series of analogous compounds of other metals 矾
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. alumen, alumin-, rel. to aluta 'tawed leather'.

**alumina** /ə'lu:mınǝ/ n. aluminium oxide, a white solid that is a major constituent of many clays and is found crystallized as corundum and sapphire氧化铝,刚玉[Al2O3]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. alumen (see见 ALUM), on the pattern of words such as magnesia.

**aluminium** /ælju'mıniǝm/ (US【美】**aluminum** /ə'lu:mınǝm/) n. a strong, light, corrosion-resistant silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 13铝(化学元素,原子序数为13,银灰色金属,强度大,质量轻,耐腐蚀)(Symbol符:AI)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aluminize** or **aluminise** /ə'l(j)u:-mınaız/ v. **aluminous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ALUMINA + -IUM.

**aluminium bronze** n. an alloy of copper and aluminium 铝青铜

**aluminosilicate** /əlu:mınǝ(u)'sılıkeit/ n. Chemistry【化】a silicate in which aluminium replaces some of the silicon, especially as a constituent of minerals such as feldspar 铝硅酸盐

**alumnus** /ə'lamnəs/ n. (pl. **alumni** /-nar/) a former pupil or student of a particular school, college, or university 校友
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'nursling, pupil', from alere 'nourish'.

**alveolar** /æl'vi:ələ(r), ælvi'ǝulə(r)/ adj. 1 Anatomy【解】 relating to an alveolus 肺泡的;牙槽的;腺泡的 2 Phonetics【语音】(of a consonant) pronounced with the tip of the tongue on or near the bony ridge containing the alveoli of the upper teeth (e.g. n, s, d, t)(辅音)齿龈的,齿槽的(如n,s,d, t) ■n. Phonetics【语音】 an alveolar consonant 齿龈音,齿槽音

**alveolitis** /ælviǝ(u)'laıtıs/n. Medicine【医】 inflammation of the air sacs of the lungs 肺泡炎

**alveolus** /æl'vi:ələs, ælvi'ǝuləs/ n. (pl. **alveoli** /-laı, -li:/) Anatomy 【解】 1 any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange 肺泡 2 the bony socket for the root of a tooth 牙槽 3 an acinus (sac-like cavity) in a gland 腺泡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **alveolate** /æl'vi:ələt/ adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'small cavity', dimin. of alveus.

**alway** /o:l'wer/ adv. archaic form of ALWAYS * always 的古代说法

**always** /o:lweiz/ adv. 1 on all occasions 总是 > throughout a long period of the past一直,始终 > forever 永远 > repeatedly一再,老是 2 failing all else 总还,总还有
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: genitive case of all way.

**alyssum** /'ælısəm/ n. (pl. **alyssums**) a herbaceous plant which typically bears small white or yellow flowers 庭荠,香雪球(草本植物)[Genera Alyssum and Lobularia: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: mod. L., from L. alysson, from Gk alusson, from a- 'without' + lussa 'rabies' (referring to early herbalist use).

**Alzheimer's disease** /'æltshaımǝz/n. a form of progressive mental deterioration due to generalized degeneration of the brain, occurring in middle or old age 阿尔茨海默病
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer.

**AM** abbr. 1 amplitude modulation 2 US 【美】 Master of Arts 文科硕士 [L. artium magister.] 3 Member of the Order of Australia 次高级澳大利亚勋章获得者 ■n. (pl. **AMs**) as Assembly Member (i.e. a Member of the Welsh Assembly) 威尔士议会员

**Am** symb. the chemical element americium(化学元素)镅

**am** /æm, əm, m/ first person singular present of BE * be的第一人称单数现在时

**a.m.** abbr. before noon 午前,上午
-ORIGIN词源 from L. ante meridiem.

**amadavat** /'æmədəvæt/ n. variant spelling of AVADAVAT * avadavat 的另一种拼法

**amadou** /'æmədu:/ n. a spongy substance made from dried fungi, formerly used as an absorbent in medicine and as tinder 火绒
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. amator 'lover' (because it easily ignites).

**amah** 'a:mə/ n. a nursemaid or maid in India or East Asia 阿妈(印度或东亚的奶妈、保姆)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Port. ama 'nurse'.

**amalgam** /ə'mælgəm/ n. 1 a mixture or blend 混合物 2 Chemistry 【化】 an alloy of mercury with another metal, especially one used for dental fillings 汞齐(尤指填牙料)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. amalgame or med. L. amalgama, from Gk malagma 'an emollient'.

**amalgamate** /ə'mælgǝmert/ v. 1 combine or unite to form one organization or structure(使)混合;(使)联合 2 Chemistry 【化】 alloy (a metal) with mercury使(金属)汞齐化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amalgamation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. amalgamat-, amalgamare 'form into a soft mass', from amalgama (see见 AMALGAM).

**amanuensis** /ə,mænju'ensıs/n. (pl. **amanuenses** /-si:z/) a literary assistant, in particular one who takes dictation 文书助手(尤指听写员)
-ORIGIN 词源C17: L., from (servus) a manu '(slave) at hand(writing), secretary' + -ensis 'belonging to'.

**amaranth** /'æm(ə)rænt/ n. 1 a plant of a chiefly tropical family (Amaranthaceae) that includes love-lies-bleeding 苋 2 a purple colour 紫色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amaranthine** /æmə'rændain/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. amarante or mod. L. amaranthus, alt. (on the pattern of plant names ending in -anthus) of L. amarantus, from Gk amarantos 'not fading'.

**amaretti** /æmə'reti/ pl. n. Italian almond-flavoured biscuits 意大利杏味饼干
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., based on amaro 'bitter'; cf. AMARETTO.

**amaretto** /æm(ə)r'etǝu/ n. pl. **amarettos** a brown almond-flavoured liqueur produced in Italy 意大利苦杏酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., dimin. of amaro 'bitter' (with ref. to bitter almonds).

**amaryllis** /æm(ə)r'ılıs/n. a bulbous plant with showy trumpet-shaped flowers and strap-shaped leaves 孤挺花,朱顶红(球根植物,开鲜艳喇叭形花,叶子呈带状)[Amaryllis belladonna (S. Africa) or genus Hippeastrum (S. America).]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. Amaryllis (from Gk Amarullis), a name for a country girl in poetry.

**amass** /ə'mæs/ v. accumulate over time积聚,积累 > archaic【古】(of people) gather together(人)聚集
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amasser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. amasser or med. L. amassare, based on L. massa (see见 MASS).

**amateur**/'æmətə(r), -tfə(r), æmǝ't3:(r)/ n. 1 a person who engages in a pursuit, especially a sport, on an unpaid basis 业余爱好者;(尤指)业余运动员 2 a person considered inept at a particular activity 外行,非专业人士 ■adj. 1 non-professional 业余的;非专业的 2 inept or unskilful外行的,不熟练的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amateurism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. amatore, from L. amator 'lover', from amare 'to love'.

**amateurish** /'æmət (ə)rı/ adj. inept or unskillful 业余的,外行的;不熟练的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amateurishly** adv. **amateurishness** n.

**amatol** /'æmətpl/ n. a high explosive consisting of a mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate 阿马托烈性混合炸药
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from am(monium) + to(luene).

**amatory** /'æmət(ə)ri/ adj. relating to or induced by sexual love or desire 性爱的,情欲的,由性爱(或情欲)引起的
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. amatorius, from amator (see见 AMATEUR).

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**Amatriciana** æmǝtrıfi'anǝ/ adj. denoting a spicy pasta sauce made with tomatoes, pancetta or bacon, and basil 番茄辣酱(指由番茄、咸肉或熏火腿和罗勒制成的一种意大利辣面酱)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital. all' Amatriciana 'in the style of Amatrice', from Amatrice, an Italian town + the suffix-ana.

**amaurosis**/æmǝ:'rǝusis/n. Medicine 【医】 partial or total blindness without visible change in the eye, typically due to disease of the optic nerve, spinal cord, or brain 黑朦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amaurotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Gk amaurosis, from amauroun 'darken', from amauros 'dim'.

**amaze** /ə'meız/ v. surprise (someone) greatly; astonish 使大为惊奇,使惊愕
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amazement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE āmasian, of unknown origin.

**amazing** /ə'meızıŋ/ adj. 1 causing great surprise 令人惊愕的,令人惊叹的 2 informal 【非正式】very impressive; excellent印象深刻的,极好的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amazingly** adv.

**Amazon** /'æməz(ə)n/ n. 1 a member of a legendary race of female warriors believed by the ancient Greeks to exist in Scythia or elsewhere(古希腊传说中居住在锡西厄等处的)亚马孙族女战士 > a very tall, strong woman 高大强悍的女子 2 (**amazon**) a green parrot with a broad rounded tail, found in Central and South America(见于中南美洲的)绿色小鹦鹉[Genus Amazona.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk Amazōn, explained by the Greeks as 'breastless' (as if from a- 'without' + mazos 'breast'), referring to the fable that the Amazons cut off the right breast so as to draw a bow more easily, but prob. a folk etymology of an unknown foreign word.

**amazon ant** n. a small reddish ant which captures the pupae of other ant colonies to raise as slaves 悍蚁 [Genus Polyergus.]

**Amazonian**/æmə'zəuniən/ adj. 1 relating to the River Amazon 亚马孙河的 2 (of a woman) very tall and strong(女子)高大强壮的

**ambassador**/æm'bæsədə(r)/ ■n. a diplomat sent by a state as its permanent representative in a foreign country 大使 > a representative or promoter of a specified activity代表,使者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambassadorial** adj. **ambassadorship** n. **ambassadress** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from Fr. ambassadeur, from Ital. ambasciator, based on L. ambactus 'servant'.

**ambassador-at-large** n. N. Amer. 【北美】an ambassador with special duties not appointed to a particular country巡回大使,无任所大使

**ambatch**/'æmbæt∫/ n. a tropical African tree with light spongy wood that is used chiefly for rafts and floats 田皂角树(非洲产热带轻质树木,主要用于制木筏和浮子)[Aeschynomene elaphroxylon.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of Ethiopic origin.

**amber** /'æmbə(r)/ n. 1 hard translucent fossilized resin originating from extinct coniferous trees, typically yellowish in colour and used in jewellery 琥珀 2 a honey-yellow colour琥珀色,蜜黄色 > a yellow light used as a cautionary signal between green for 'go' and red for 'stop' 黄灯(信号)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ambre, from Arab. anbar 'ambergris', later 'amber'.

**ambergris** /'æmbǝgri:s/ n. a wax-like secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale, found floating in tropical seas and used in perfume manufacture 龙涎香
- ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ambre gris 'grey amber', as distinct from amber jaune 'yellow amber' (the resin).

**amberjack** /'æmbədzæk/ n. a large game fish with a yellowish tail, found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and South Pacific 鰤(一种大型猎用鱼,尾部呈黄色,见于热带近海水域和亚热带大西洋及南太平洋海域) [Genus Seriola: several species.]

**ambidextrous** /æmbr'dekstrəs/ adj. able to use the right and left hands equally well 左右两手都善用的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambidexterity** n. **ambidextrously** adv. **ambidextrousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. ambidexter (from L. ambi- 'on both sides' + dexter 'right-handed') + -ous.

**ambience** /'æmbiǝns/ (also 亦作 **ambiance**) n. 1 the character and atmosphere of a place 周围环境;气氛,氛围 2 quality or character given to a sound recording by the space in which the sound occurs 背景杂音

**ambient** /'æmbiənt/ adj. 1 relating to the immediate surroundings of something 周围的 2 denoting a style of electronic instrumental music with no persistent beat, used to create a relaxed atmosphere 背景音乐的
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. ambiant or L. ambient-, ambire 'go round'.

**ambiguity** /æmbr'gju:ǝti/ n. (pl. **ambiguities**) the quality of being ambiguous or open to more than one interpretation 语义模糊,含糊

**ambiguous** /æm'bıgjuəs/ adj. having more than one meaning; open to different interpretations 有歧义的;模棱两可的 > not clear or decided 不明朗的;不确定的:The election result was ambiguous. 选举结果尚不明朗。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambiguously** adv. **ambiguousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(earlier(ME) as ambiguity) : from L. ambiguus 'doubtful' (from ambigere 'waver, go around, from ambi- 'both ways' + agere 'to drive') + -ous.

**ambisexual** /æmbr'sekfuǝl, -fuəl/ adj. bisexual or androgynous 具有两性特征的;两性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambisexually** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from L. ambi- 'on both sides' + SEXUAL.

**ambisonic** /æmbr'spnik/ adj. denoting or relating to a high-fidelity audio system that reproduces the directional and acoustic properties of recorded sound using two or more channels 高保真立体声响复制的

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n.(**ambisonics**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] ambisonic reproduction or systems 高保真立体声响复制(或系统)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from L. ambi- 'on both sides' + SONIC.

**ambit** /'æmbit/ n. the scope, extent, or bounds of something 范围;界限
- ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'precincts, environs') : from L. ambitus 'circuit', from ambire 'go round'.

**ambition** /æm'bifn/ n. a strong desire to do or achieve something 野心,雄心 > desire and determination to achieve success 抱负,志向
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. ambitio(n-), from ambire 'go around (canvassing for votes)'.

**ambitious** /æm'bıfəs/ adj. having or showing ambition 有野心的,有雄心的 > (of a plan or piece of work) intended to satisfy high aspirations and therefore difficult to achieve(计划或工作)要求高的,雄心勃勃的
-DERIVATIVES 派生 **ambitiously** adv. **ambitiousness** n.

**ambivalent** /æm'bıv(ə)lənt/ adj. having mixed feelings or opinions about something or someone 有矛盾情感(或想法)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambivalence** n. **ambivalently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ambivalence (from Ger. Ambivalenz), on the pattern of equivalent.

**ambivert** /'æmb1v3:t/ n. Psychology 【心理】a person who has a balance of extrovert and introvert features in their personality 具有中间性格的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambiversion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L. ambi- 'on both sides', on the pattern of extrovert and introvert.

**amble** /'æmbl/ v. walk or move at a leisurely pace 漫步,缓行■n. a leisurely walk 漫步
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ambler, from L. ambulare 'to walk'.

**amblyopia** /æmbli'ǝupiǝn. Medicine【医】 impaired or dim vision without obvious defect or change in the eye 弱视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amblyopic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk ambluõpia, from ambluōpos (adj.), from amblus 'dull' + õps, õp- 'eye'.

**ambo**/'æmbǝu/ n. (pl. **ambos** or **ambones** /-'bəuni:z/) (in an early Christian church) an oblong pulpit with steps at each end(早期基督教教堂的)读经台,讲道台
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via med. L. from Gk ambōn 'rim' (in med. Gk 'pulpit').

**amboyna** /æm'bəınǝ/ n. the decorative wood of a fast-growing SE Asian tree (Pterocarpus indicus), used for cabinetmaking 青龙木(取自东南亚一种生长快速的树木的装饰性木材,用于制作橱柜)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Amboina Island in Indonesia.

**ambrosia** /æm'brǝuziə/ n. 1 Greek & Roman Mythology 【希腊罗马神话】the food of the gods 仙馔,神仙的食物 > something very pleasing to taste or smell 色香味美的食品 2 a fungal product used as food by ambrosia beetles or their larvae 虫道菌圃 3 another term for BEE BREAD * bee bread的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambrosial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: via L. from Gk, elixir of life', from ambrotos 'immortal'.

**ambrosia beetle** n. a small dark wood-boring beetle which feeds on ambrosia produced by a fungus in the wood 食菌小蠹 [Xyleborus and other genera.]

**ambry** /'æmbri/ n. variant spelling of AUMBRY * aumbry的另一种拼法

**ambulacrum** /æmbju'leıkrəm, -'lækrəm/ n. (pl. **ambulacra** /-'leıkrə, -'lækrə/) Zoology 【动】(in an echinoderm) each of the radially arranged bands through which the double rows of tube feet protrude (棘皮动物的)步带
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambulacral** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: L., 'avenue', from ambulare 'to walk'.

**ambulance** /'æmbjələns/ n. a vehicle equipped for taking sick or injured people to and from hospital 救护车 ■v. convey in an ambulance 用救护车送
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from hôpital ambulant 'mobile field hospital', from L. ambulant- (see见 AMBULANT).

**ambulance chaser** n. derogatory, chiefly N. Amer.【贬,主北美】a lawyer who specializes in bringing cases seeking damages for personal injury 怂恿受害者起诉的律师

**ambulant** /'æmbjulənt/ adj. Medicine 【医】able to walk about; not confined to bed可以走动的;无需卧床的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. ambulant-, ambulare 'walk'.

**ambulate** /'æmbjuleit/ v. formal or technical 【正式或技术】walk; move about 走动;移动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ambulation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C17(earlier (C16) as ambulation): from L. ambulat-, ambulare 'walk'.

**ambulatory** /'æmbjulət(ə)ri/ adj. 1 relating to walking or able to walk 步行的,能走路的 2 movable; mobile 可移动的;流动的 n. (pl. **ambulatories**) an aisle or cloister in a church or monastery(教堂或修道院的)回廊,走道

**ambuscade** /æmbə'skeid/ n. dated【过时】 an ambush 埋伏;伏击 v. archaic 【古】ambush (someone)伏击(某人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. embuscade, based on a late L. word meaning 'to place in a wood'; rel. to BUSH¹.

**ambush** /'æmbu∫/ n. a surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position埋伏;伏击 ■v. attack from a concealed position 伏击
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. embusche (n.), embuschier (v.), based on a late L. word meaning 'to place in a wood'; rel. to BUSH¹.

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**ameba** /ə'mi:bə/ n. (pl. **amebae** or **amebas**) US spelling of AMOEBA * amoeba 的美式拼法

**amebiasis** /æmi:'barəsıs/n. US spelling of AMOEBIASIS * amoebiasis的美式拼法

**amelanchier** /æmə'læŋkiə(r)/ n. a shrub of a genus that includes juneberry and snowy mespilus, typically bearing white flowers 唐棣[Genus Amelanchier.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. dial. amelancier 'medlar'.

**ameliorate** /ə'mi:liǝreit/ v. formal 【正式】 make (something bad or unsatisfactory)better改进,改善
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amelioration** n. **ameliorative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: alt. of MELIORATE, influenced by Fr. améliorer, from meilleur 'better'.

**amen** /,:'men, er-/ exclam. said at the end of a prayer or hymn, meaning 'so be it'阿门(祷文或赞美诗结束语,意为“就那样吧”)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from eccles. L., from Gk amën, from Heb. 'āmēn 'truth, certainty'.

**amenable** /ə'mi:nəbl/ adj. 1 easily influenced or controlled 易受影响的;易控制的 2 (**amenable to**) capable of being treated in a particular way 可按照…处理的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amenability** n. **amenably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'liable to answer to a law or tribunal'): from OFr. amener 'bring to' from a- 'to' + mener 'bring' (from L. minari 'threaten').

**amend** /ə'mend/ v. 1 make minor improvements to (a document, proposal, etc.)改正,修正(文件、提案等) 2 archaic 【古】 put right 修复
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amendable** adj. **amender** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amender, based on L. emendare (see见EMEND).

**amende honorable** /əmid vpnɔ:'ra:bl(ǝ)/ n. (pl. **amendes honorables** pronunc. same 单复发音同) literary 【文】 a public apology or reparation 公开赔礼道歉,公开赔偿
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'honourable reparation'.

**amendment** /ə'men(d)mənt/ n. 1 a minor improvement 修改,修正 > the action of amending 修改,改动 2 (**Amendment**) an article added to the US Constitution(美国宪法的)修正条款

**amends** /ə'mendz/pl. n. (in phr. 用于短语 **make amends**) compensate for a wrongdoing 赔偿;赔罪
-PHRASES 短语 **offer of amends** Law 【律】 an offer to publish a correction and an apology for an act of libel(就诽谤行为)公开赔礼道歉的提议
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amendes 'penalties, fine', pl. of amende 'reparation', from amender (see见AMEND).

**amenity** /ə'mi:nıti, -'men-/ n. (pl. **amenities**) a useful or desirable feature of a building or place 生活福利设施;便利设施 > the pleasantness of a place 舒适,惬意
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amenite or L. amoenitas, from amoenus 'pleasant'.

**amenorrhoea** / eımenə'ri:ǝ/ (US 【美】**amenorrhea**) n. an abnormal absence of menstruation 闭经,无月经来潮

**ament** /ə'ment/■n. Botany 【植】a catkin 柔荑花序
- ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. amentum 'thong'.

**amentia**/er'mensə, ǝ-/n. Medicine, dated【医,过时】 severe congenital mental disability 精神错乱
- ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., lit. 'madness', from amens, ament- 'mad', from a- 'without' + mens 'the mind'.

**Amerasian** /æmə'reıfn, -3n/ adj. having one American and one Asian parent 美亚混血儿的n. an Amerasian person 美亚混血儿

**amercement** /ə'm3:smənt/ ■n. English Law, historical【英格兰律,史义】a fine罚金
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amerce** V.
- ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. amerciment, based on estre amercie 'be at the mercy of another', from a merci 'at (the) mercy'.

**American** /ə'merıkən/ adj. relating to or characteristic of the United States 美国的;美国人的 ➤relating to the continents of America 美洲的■n. a native or inhabitant of the United States 美国人 ➤a native or inhabitant of any of the countries of North, South, or Central America 美洲人
-PHRASES 短语 **the American dream** the ideal by which equality of opportunity is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations to be achieved 美国梦(指一种人人机会均等、可以实现最大抱负的理想)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Americanism** n. **Americanization** or **Americanisation** n. **Americanize** or **Americanise** V. **Americanness** n.

**Americana** /ə,merı'ka:nə/ pl. n. things associated with the United States 有关美国的事物

**American football** n. a kind of football played with an oval ball by teams of eleven players, on a field marked out as a gridiron 美式橄榄球,美式足球

**American Indian** ■n. a member of any of the groups of indigenous peoples of North, Central, and South America, especially those of North America 美洲(尤指北美)印第安人
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The term **American Indian** has been steadily replaced in the US by the term **Native American**, especially in official contexts; **American Indian** is still widespread in general use even in the US, however, and is not normally regarded as offensive by American Indians themselves.在美国,American Indian 已被 Native American 取代,而且这种取代已固定下来,尤用于正式语境。但American Indian 仍在美国广泛使用,美国印第安人通常也并不认为该说法含冒犯义。

**Americano** /ə,merıkanǝu/ (also 亦作 **cafe Americano**) ■n. (pl. **Americanos**) a drink of espresso coffee diluted with hot water 美式咖啡

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-ORIGIN 词源 Amer. Sp., lit. 'American (coffee)'.

**American organ** n. a type of reed organ resembling the harmonium but in which air is sucked (not blown) through reeds 美式簧风琴

**American plan** ■n. North American term for FULL BOARD * full board 的北美说法

**americium** /æmə'risiǝm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 95, an artificially made radioactive metal of the actinide series 镅(化学元素,原子序数为95,属人工合成的锕系放射性金属元素)(Symbol 符: **Am**)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from America (where it was first made) + -IUM.

**Amerindian** /æmə'rındiən/ (also 亦作 **Amerind** /'æmərınd/) n. another term for AMERICAN INDIAN, used chiefly in anthropological and linguistic contexts * American Indian的另一种说法(主要用于人类学、语言学的语境中)

**amethyst** /'æmədıst/ n. a precious stone consisting of a violet or purple variety of quartz 紫晶,紫石英
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amethystine** /æmə'disti:n/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. amethystus, from Gk amethustos 'not drunken' (because the stone was believed to prevent intoxication).

**amethyst deceiver** n. an edible woodland mushroom with a lilac cap and stem 紫蜡蘑(可食用林地磨,菌盖和菌柄呈丁香紫色)[Laccaria amethystea.]

**Amex** /'æmeks/abbr. 1 trademark 【商标】 American Express 美国运通公司 2 American Stock Exchange 美国证券交易所

**Amhara**/æm'harǝ/n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Amharas**) a member of a Semitic people of central Ethiopia 阿姆哈拉人(埃塞俄比亚中部闪米特族的一支)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Amhara, a region of central Ethiopia.

**Amharic** /æm'hærık/ n. the official language of Ethiopia, a Semitic language descended from Ge'ez 阿姆哈拉语(埃塞俄比亚的官方语言)

**amiable** /'ermiəbl/ adj. friendly and pleasant in manner 和蔼的,友善的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amiability** n. **amiableness** n. **amiably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the senses 'kind' and 'lovely, lovable'): via OFr. from late L. amicabilis(see见AMICABLE).

**amianthus** /æmi'ændǝs/n. a variety of asbestos with fine silky fibres which can be woven 高级石棉,石绒
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. amiantus, from Gk amiantos 'not defiled'.

**amicable** /'æmıkəbl/ adj. characterized by friendliness and absence of discord友好的,和睦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amicability** n. **amicableness** n. **amicably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'pleasant'): from late L. amicabilis, from L. amicus 'friend'.

**amice¹** /'æmis/ n. a white linen cloth worn on the neck and shoulders, under the alb, by a priest celebrating the Eucharist(牧师主持圣餐时披在白袍下的)围肩,白麻布披巾
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from med. L. amicia, amisia.

**amice²** n. a cap, hood, or cape worn by members of certain religious orders(某些教会成员戴的)兜帽,披肩
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. aumusse, from med. L. almucia.

**amicus** /æ'maıkəs/ (in full 全形 **amicus curiae** /'kjuǝrii:/) n. (pl. **amici** /-si:/, **amici curiae**) an impartial adviser to a court of law in a particular case 法院之友
- ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., lit. 'friend (of the court)'.

**amid** /ə'mıd/prep. surrounded by; in the middle of为……所环绕;在…之中

**Amidah** /ə'mi:dən. Judaism 【犹】 a prayer consisting of a varying number of blessings recited while the worshippers stand 立祷词(由数量不等的祷文组成,需站立朗诵)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Heb., lit. 'standing'.

**amide** /'ermaid, 'æmard/n. Chemistry【化】1 an organic compound containing the group -C(O)NH₂酰胺 2 a saltlike compound containing the anion NH₂-氨基化合物
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from AMMONIA + -IDE.

**amidships** (US also 【美亦作】**amidship**) /ə'mıdfıps/ ■adv. & adj. in the middle of a ship, either longitudinally or laterally在船体中部(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from A-2+ MIDSHIP, influenced by AMID.

**amidst** /ə'mıdst/ prep. literary variant of AMID * amid 的文学性说法

**amigo** /ə'mi:gǝu/ n. (pl. **amigos**) informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】a friend (often as a form of address)朋友(常用于称呼)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp.

**amine** /'ermi:n/ n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups 胺
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from AΜΜΟΝΙΑ + -INE.

**amino acid** /ə'mi:nǝu, ə'mainǝu/n. Biochemistry【生化】any of a class of about twenty simple organic compounds which form the basic constituents of proteins and contain both a carboxyl (-COOH) and an amino (-NH2) group 氨基酸

**amino group** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 the group -NH2, present in amino acids, amides, and many amines 氨基

**amir**/ə'mi:ə(r)/ ■n. variant spelling of EMIR * emir的另一种拼法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Pers. and Urdu, from Arab. 'amir 'commander'; cf. EMIR.

**Amish** /'æmıf, 'a:-, 'er-/ pl. n. (**the Amish**) a strict US Mennonite sect living mainly in Pennsylvania and Ohio 阿曼门诺派教徒(严格按照宗教信条生活的美国门诺教派教徒,主要居住在宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州) ■adj. relating to the Amish 阿曼门诺派教徒的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: appar. from Ger. amisch, from the name of the Swiss preacher Jakob Amman.

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**amiss** /ə'mıs/ adj. not quite as it should be; wrong 不太正确的,错误的adv. dated【过时】 wrongly or inappropriately 错误地,不恰当地
-PHRASES 短语 **take something amiss** be offended through misinterpreting something said 因误解某话而动怒 **not go (or come) amiss** Brit. 【英】 be welcome and useful 受欢迎,有用
- ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from ON á mis 'so as to miss', from á 'on' + mis (rel. to MISS¹).

**amitotic**/ermarttık, amar-/ adj. Biology 【生物】 relating to or denoting the division of a cell nucleus without mitosis(细胞核分裂)无丝分裂的,直接分裂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amitosis** n. **amitotically** adv.

**amitriptyline** /æmi'triptili:n/ ■n. Medicine 【医】a tricyclic antidepressant drug 阿密曲替林(一种抗抑郁药)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from ami(ne) + TRI- + (he)ptyl + -INE.

**amity** /'æmiti/ ■n. formal 【正式】friendly relations 友好,和睦
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amitie, based on L. amicus 'friend'.

**amma** /та:/n. Indian informal 【印度,非正式】 one's mother 阿妈
-ORIGIN 词源 prob. derived from a child's word, perh. influenced by AMAH.

**ammeter**/'æmitə(r)/ n. an instrument for measuring electric current in amperes(测电流用的)安培计

**ammo**/'æmǝu/ n. informal 【非正式】 ammunition 弹药,军火

**ammonia** /ə'məuniə/ n. a colourless, intensely pungent gas which dissolves in water to give a strongly alkaline solution 阿摩尼亚,氨[NH3] > a solution of ammonia, used as a cleaning fluid 氨水
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ammoniacal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from sal ammoniacus (see见 SAL AMMONIAC).

**ammoniated** /ə'mǝuniertıd/ adj. combined or treated with ammonia 含氨的;充氨的

**ammonite** /'æmǝnait/ n. Palaeontology 【古生】 an extinct marine cephalopod mollusc with a flat-coiled spiral shell, found as fossils chiefly in Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits 菊石
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ammonoid** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. ammonites, from med. L. cornu Ammonis 'horn of Ammon' (see 见AMMONIA).

**ammonium** /ə'məuniəm/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语]Chemistry【化】 of or denoting the cation NH, present in solutions of ammonia and in salts derived from ammonia 铵

**ammunition**/æmju'nı∫n/ n. 1 a supply or quantity of bullets and shells弹药,军火 2 information that can be used to support one's case in an argument 炮弹(指争论中支持自己论点的论据)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Fr. amunition, alt. (by wrong division) of la munition (see见 MUNITION).

**amnesia** /æm'ni:ziə/ n. a partial or total loss of memory 遗忘(症),健忘
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amnesiac** n. & adj. **amnesic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk amnēsia 'forgetfulness'.

**amnesty** /'æmnəsti/ n. (pl. **amnesties**) an official pardon for people convicted of political offences (对政治犯的)大赦,赦免 > an official undertaking to take no action against specified offences during a fixed period 大赦令■v. (**amnesties**, **amnestying**, **amnestied**) grant an amnesty to 大赦,赦免
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk amnestia 'forgetfulness'.

**amniocentesis** /æmniǝusen'ti:sis/ n. (pl. **amniocenteses** /-si:z/) a process in which amniotic fluid is sampled using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for abnormalities in the developing fetus 羊膜腔穿刺术
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from AMNION + Gk kentēsis 'pricking'.

**amnion** /'æmniǝn/ n. (pl. **amnions** or **amnia**) the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile 羊膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amniotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk, 'caul', dimin. of amnos 'lamb'.

**amniote** /'æmniǝut/ ■n. Zoology 【动】 an animal whose embryo develops in an amnion and chorion and has an allantois, i.e. a mammal, bird, or reptile 羊膜动物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Amniota, back-form. from amniotic (see见AMNION).

**amniotic fluid** /æmni'ptık/n. the fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion 羊水

**amoeba** /ə'mi:bǝ/ (US also 【美亦作】 **ameba**) n. (pl. **amoebas** or **amoebae** /-bi:/) a single-celled animal which catches food and moves about by extending finger-like projections of protoplasm 阿米巴,变形虫[Phylum Rhizopoda.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amoebic** adj. **amoeboid** adj.
- ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk amoibē 'change, alternation'.

**amoebiasis** /æmi:'barəSIS/ (US also【美亦作】**amebiasis**) ■n. Medicine 【医】 infection with amoebas, especially as causing dysentery 阿米巴病,(尤指)阿米巴痢疾

**amok** /ə'mpk/(also 亦作 **amuck**) adv. (in phr. 用于短语 **run amok**) behave uncontrollably and disruptively 失去理智地,胡作非为地
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Port. amouco, from Malay amok 'rushing in a frenzy'.

**among** /ə'mʌŋ/ (chiefly Brit. also【主英亦作】 **amongst**) prep. 1 surrounded by; in the middle of 为…所环绕;在……之中 2 being a member or members of (a larger set)是……中的一员;之一 3 occurring in or practised by (some members of a group)为……所特有 4 indicating a division, choice, or differentiation involving three or more
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**amontillado** /ə,məntı'la:dəu, -'ja:-/ n. (pl. **amontillados**) a medium dry sherry 阿蒙蒂拉雪利酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from Montilla, a town in southern Spain.

**amoral** /eı'mɒrəl/ adj. lacking a moral sense; unconcerned whether something is right or wrong 缺乏道德感的, 不问是非的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amoralism** n. **amoralist** n. **amorality** n. **amorally** adv.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Amoral** doesn't mean the same as **immoral**: while immoral means 'not conforming to accepted standards of morality', **amoral** means 'not concerned with morality'. **amoral** 一词含义和 immoral 有所区别: immoral 指不遵守传统道德标准的, amoral 指没有道德意识的。

**amoretto** /æmə'retəu/ n. (pl. **amoretti** /-ti/) a representation of Cupid in a work of art 小爱神 (艺术作品中的丘比特形象)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., dimin. of amore 'love', from L. amor.

**amorist** /'æmərıst/ n. a person who is in love or who writes about love 恋爱中的人; 言情小说家
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. amor or Fr. amour 'love' + -IST.

**amoroso¹** /æmə'rəuzəu, -səu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】in a loving or tender manner 温情地(的); 温柔地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from med. L. amorosus (see 见 **AMOROUS**).

**amoroso²** /æmə'rəuzəu, -səu/ n. a dark, sweet sherry 阿莫罗索酒 (一种深色甜雪利酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp., lit. 'amorous', from med. L. amorosus (see 见 **AMOROUS**).

**amorous** /'æmərəs/ adj. showing or feeling sexual desire 求爱的, 性爱的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amorously** adv. **amorousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. amorosus, from L. amor 'love'.

**amorphous** /ə'mɔ:fəs/ adj. 1 without a clearly defined shape or form 无固定形状的; 不规则的 2 Mineralogy & Chemistry 【矿物,化】not crystalline, or not apparently crystalline 非晶质的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amorphously** adv. **amorphousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. amorphus, from Gk amorphos 'shapeless' (from a- 'without' + morphē 'form') + -ous.

**amortize** or **amortise** /ə'mɔ:taız/ v. 1 gradually write off the initial cost of (an asset) over a period 摊销, 摊还 (资产购置费用) ◼ reduce or pay off (a debt) with regular payments 分期偿还 (债务) 2 historical 【史义】transfer (land) to a corporation in mortmain 转让土地 (指把地产以永久管业形式转让给一社团)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amortization** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amortiss-, amortir, based on L. ad 'to, at' + mors, mort- 'death'.

**amosite** /'eıməsait/ n. an iron-rich amphibole asbestos 铁石棉, 长纤维石棉
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from the initial letters of Asbestos Mines of South Africa.

**amount** /ə'maunt/ n. the total of something in number, size, value, or extent 总额: He paid the full amount owed. 他还清了全部债务。◼ a quantity 数量: a small amount of water 少量的水 ■v. (**amount to**) come to be (a total) when added together 共计, 合计 ◼ be the equivalent of 等于, 等同于 ◼ become 成为, 变成
-PHRASES 短语 **any amount of** a great deal or number of 大量的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amunter, from amont 'upward', lit. 'uphill', from L. ad montem.

**amour** /ə'muə(r)/ n. a love affair or lover, especially a secret one 偷情; 情人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. amor 'love'.

**amour fou** /'fu:/ n. uncontrollable or obsessive passion 控制不住的激情, 迷恋
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'insane love'.

**amour propre** /'prɒpr(ə)/ n. self-respect 自尊, 自重
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**amoxicillin** /ə,mɒksı'sılın/ (also 亦作 **amoxycillin**) n. Medicine 【医】a semi-synthetic penicillin closely related to ampicillin and with similar properties 羟氨苄青霉素, 阿莫西林
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from am(ino-) + OXY-² + PENICILLIN.

**amp¹** /æmp/ n. short for **AMPERE** ◼ ampere 的缩略式

**amp²** n. informal 【非正式】short for **AMPLIFIER** ◼ amplifier 的缩略式 ■v. 1 (often 常作 **amp something up**) play (music) through electric amplification 用电子扩音设备播放 (音乐) 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **amped** or **amped up**] N. Amer. 【北美】full of nervous energy, especially through taking amphetamines (尤指因吸食安非他明而) 处于亢奋状态的, 兴奋的

**Ampakine** /'æmpəkaın/ n. (trademark in the US 【美国商标】) any of a class of synthetic compounds which facilitate transmission of nerve impulses in the brain and appear to improve memory and learning capacity 安帕金 (一种改善记忆、提高学习能力的药物)
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from AMPA (an acronym denoting certain receptors in the brain) + Gk kinein 'to move'.

**ampelopsis** /æmpı'lɒpsıs/ n. (pl. same 单复同) a bushy climbing plant of the vine family 蛇葡萄 [Genus Ampelopsis: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk ampelos 'vine' + opsis 'appearance'.

**amperage** /'æmp(ə)rıdʒ/ n. the strength of an

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electric current in amperes 安培数; 电流强度

**ampere** /'æmpeə(r)/ (abbrev. 略作: **A**) ■n. the SI base unit of electric current, equal to a flow of one coulomb per second 安(培)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French physicist André-Marie Ampère.

**ampersand** /'æmpəsænd/ n. the sign & (standing for and, as in Smith & Co., or the Latin et, as in &c.) ◼ & 号 (表示 and, 例如: Smith & Co., 或拉丁语 et, 例如: &c.)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of and per se and '& by itself is and', chanted as an aid to learning the sign.

**amphetamine** /æm'fetəmi:n, -ın/ n. a synthetic mood-altering drug, used illegally as a stimulant 安非他明, 苯丙胺
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: abbrev. of its chemical name, a(lpha-)m(ethyl)phe(ne)t(hyl)amine.

**amphi-** /'æmfi/ comb. form 1 **both** 两者(都): **amphibian** 两栖动物 ◼ **of both kinds** 两类: **amphipod** 端足目 ◼ **on both sides** 在两边: **amphiprostyle** 前后廊柱式建筑的 2 **around** 周围: **amphitheatre** 圆形露天剧场
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk.

**amphibian** /æm'fıbiən/ n. Zoology 【动】a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class (Amphibia) that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians, distinguished by an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage 两栖动物
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'of dual or doubtful nature'): from mod. L. amphibium 'an amphibian', from Gk amphibion (noun use of amphibios 'living both in water and on land', from amphi- 'both' + bios 'life').

**amphibious** /æm'fıbiəs/ adj. 1 living in or suited for both land and water 两栖的, 水陆两用的 2 (of a military operation) involving forces landed from the sea (军事行动) 海上登陆的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amphibiously** adv.

**amphibole** /'æmfıbəul/ n. any of a class of rock-forming silicate or aluminosilicate minerals typically occurring as fibrous or columnar crystal 闪石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from L. amphibolus 'ambiguous' (because of the varied structure of the minerals).

**amphibolite** /æm'fıbəlaıt/ ■n. Geology 【地质】 a granular metamorphic rock consisting mainly of hornblende and plagioclase (斜长) 角闪岩

**amphibology** /æmfı'bɒlədʒi/ n. (pl. **amphibologies**) a phrase or sentence that is grammatically ambiguous 语义含混的词句
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amphibologie, from late L. amphibologia, from L. amphibolia, from Gk amphibolos 'ambiguous'.

**amphimixis** /æmfı'mıksıs/ n. Botany 【植】sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two different gametes to form a zygote 两性融合 Often contrasted with 常对照 **APOMIXIS**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amphimictic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from AMPHI- + Gk mixis 'mingling'.

**amphioxus** /æmfi'ɒksəs/ n. a small lancelet (fish), caught for food in Asia 蛞蝓鱼, 文昌鱼 (亚洲食用鱼) [Genus Branchiostoma.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from AMPHI- + Gk oxus 'sharp'.

**amphipathic** /ˌæmfı'pæθık/ (also 亦作 **amphiphilic** /æmfı'fılık/) adj. Biochemistry 【生化】(of a molecule) having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts (分子) 两亲的, 亲水又厌水的
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from AMPHI- + Gk pathikos (from pathos 'experience').

**amphipod** /'æmfıpɒd/ n. Zoology 【动】a crustacean of the chiefly marine order Amphipoda, having a laterally compressed body and a large number of leg-like appendages 端足目甲壳纲动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Amphipoda, from AMPHI- 'of both kinds' (because some legs are specialized for swimming and some for feeding) + Gk pous, pod- 'foot'.

**amphiprostyle** /æm'fıprəstaıl/ adj. Architecture 【建】(of a classical building) having a portico at each end but not at the sides (古典建筑) 前后有排柱而两旁无柱式建筑的, 前后廊柱式建筑的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk amphiprostulos, from amphi- 'both, on both sides' + prostulos (see 见 **PROSTYLE**).

**amphisbaena** /æmfıs'bi:nə/ ■n. a mythical serpent with a head at each end (神话中的) 两头蛇
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk amphisbaina, from amphis 'both ways' + bainein 'go'.

**amphitheatre** /'æmfıˌθıətə(r)/ (US 【美】**amphitheater**) n. an open, circular or oval building consisting of tiers of seats surrounding a central space for dramatic or sporting events 圆形露天剧场
> a semicircular seating gallery in a theatre (剧院) 半圆形楼座
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk amphitheatron, from amphi 'on both sides' + theatron (see 见 **THEATRE**).

**amphiuma** /æmfı'ju:mə/ n. a fully aquatic eel-like amphibian of the south-eastern US 两栖鲵 [Genus Amphiuma.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., prob. from AMPHI- + Gk pneuma 'breath'.

**amphora** /'æmf(ə)rə/ n. (pl. **amphorae** /-ri:/ or **amphoras**) a tall ancient Greek or Roman jar or jug with two handles and a narrow neck (古希腊或古罗马的) 双耳细颈瓶
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from Gk amphoreus, from AMPHI- + phoreus 'bearer' from pherein 'to bear'.

**amphoteric** /æmfə'terık/ adj. Chemistry 【化】able to react both as a base and as an acid 兼性的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk amphoteros, compar. of ampho 'both', + -IC.

**ampicillin** /æmpı'sılın/ n. Medicine 【医】a semi-synthetic form of penicillin used chiefly to treat

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respiratory and urinary infections 氨苄青霉素 (主要用于治疗呼吸和泌尿系统感染)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of **amino** (see 见 **AMINO GROUP**) and a contr. of PENICILLIN.

**ample** /'æmpl/ adj. (**ampler**, **amplest**) enough or more than enough; plentiful 足够的; 充裕的, 丰富的
> large and capacious 宽敞的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ampleness** n. **amply** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. amplus 'large, abundant'.

**amplexus** /æm'pleksəs/ ■n. Zoology 【动】the mating position of frogs and toads, in which the ale clasps the female about the back (蛙、蟾的) 抱合
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from L., 'an embrace'.

**amplifier** /'æmplıfaıə(r)/ n. 1 an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction 放大器, 扩音器 2 a device of this kind combined with a loudspeaker, used to amplify electric guitars and other musical instruments (电吉他等乐器的) 扩音器

**amplify** /'æmplıfaı/ v. (**amplifies**, **amplifying**, **amplified**) 1 increase the volume of (sound), especially using an amplifier (尤指用扩音器) 增强 (音量) ◼ increase the amplitude of (an electrical signal or other oscillation) 放大 (电子信号或其他振动的振幅) 2 make (a statement) more detailed 详述, 进一步阐发 (陈述) 3 make more marked or intense 使显著; 增强 4 Genetics 【遗】make multiple copies of (a gene or DNA sequence) 扩增 (基因或DNA序列)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amplification** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. amplifier, from L. amplificare, from amplus 'large, abundant'.

**amplitude** /'æmplıtju:d/ n. 1 Physics 【物】the maximum extent or magnitude of a vibration or other oscillating phenomenon, measured from the equilibrium position or average value 振幅 2 breadth, range, or magnitude 广度, 阔度; 量 3 Astronomy 【天文】the angular distance of a celestial object from the true east or west point of the horizon at rising or setting (天体的) 出没方位角
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. amplitudo, from amplus 'large, abundant'.

**amplitude modulation** n. the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave 调幅, 振幅调制

**ampoule** /'æmpu:l/ (US also 【美亦作】**ampul** or **ampule** /'æmpju:l/) n. a small sealed glass capsule containing a measured quantity of liquid ready for injecting 安瓿 (装定量针剂用的密封小玻璃瓶)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., from L. ampulla (see 见 **AMPULLA**).

**ampulla** /æm'pʊlə/ n. (pl. **ampullae** /-li:/) 1 a roughly spherical ancient Roman flask with two handles (古罗马的) 双耳球形瓶 ◼ a flask for holding consecrated oil 圣油瓶 2 Anatomy & Zoology 【解, 动】a cavity or enclosure shaped like a Roman ampulla 壶腹
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., dimin. of ampora, var. of amphora (see 见 **AMPHORA**).

**amputate** /'æmpjuteıt/ v. cut off (a limb) by surgical operation 截(肢)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amputation** n. **amputator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. amputat-, amputare 'lop off'.

**amputee** /æmpjə'ti:/ n. a person who has had a limb amputated 被截肢者

**AMRAAM** /'æmræm/ abbr. advanced medium range air-to-air missile 高级中程空对空导弹

**amrit** /'ʌmrıt/ (also 亦作 **amrita** /ʌm'ri:tə/) n. a syrup considered divine by Sikhs and taken by them at baptism and in religious observances 天赐之仙露 (锡克教徒受洗和举行宗教仪式时用的糖浆, 被视为神物)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit amṛta 'immortal'.

**amtrac** /'æmtræk/ (also 亦作 **amtrak**) ■n. US 【美】an amphibious tracked vehicle used for landing assault troops on a shore 履带式两栖登陆车

**amu** /eıem'ju:/ abbr. atomic mass unit.

**amuck** /ə'mʌk/ adv. variant spelling of **AMOK** ◼ amok 的另一种拼法

**amulet** /'æmjulıt/ n. an ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil or danger 护身符
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. amuletum, of unknown origin.

**amuse** /ə'mju:z/ v. 1 make (someone) laugh or smile 逗乐, 逗笑 2 provide interesting occupation for; entertain 为……提供消遣, 娱乐
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amused** adj. **amusedly** adv. **amusing** adj. **amusingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'deceive'): from OFr. amuser 'entertain, deceive', from a- (expressing causal effect) + muser 'stare stupidly'.

**amuse-gueule** /ə,mju:z'gɜ:l/ (also 亦作 **amuse-bouche** /ə,mju:z'bu:ʃ/) n. (pl. **amuse-gueules** or same 单复同) a small savoury item of food served as an appetizer 餐前开胃品
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'amuse mouth'.

**amusement** /ə'mju:zmənt/ n. 1 the state or experience of finding something funny 兴致, 乐趣 2 the provision or enjoyment of entertainment 娱乐活动, 消遣方式 ◼ Brit. 【英】a game machine or other mechanical device for providing entertainment 游戏机, 娱乐设备

**amusement arcade** ■n. Brit. 【英】an indoor area containing coin-operated game machines (有投币游戏机的) 室内游乐场

**amusement park** n. a large outdoor area with fairground rides and other entertainments 露天游乐场

**amygdala** /ə'mıgdələ/ n. (pl. **amygdalae** /ə'mıgdəli:/) Anatomy 【解】a roughly almond-shaped mass of grey matter inside each cerebral

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hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions 杏仁核 (大脑内的一种杏仁状灰质, 与人的嗅觉有关)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amygdaloid** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk amugdalē 'almond'.

**amygdalin** /ə'mıgdəlın/ n. Chemistry 【化】a bitter crystalline organic compound found in almonds and the stones of peaches, apricots, and other fruit 苦杏仁苷, 扁桃苷
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. amygdala 'almond' + -IN¹.

**amyl** /'æmıl, -əl/ n. 1 [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】of or denoting the straight-chain pentyl group -C₅H₁₁ 戊基 2 informal 【非正式】short for **AMYL NITRITE** ◼ amyl nitrite 的缩略式
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. amylum 'starch' + -YL.

**amylase** /'æmıleız/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】an enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars 淀粉酶

**amyl nitrate** ■n. Chemistry 【化】a colourless synthetic liquid used as an additive in diesel fuel to improve its ignition properties 硝酸戊酯

**amyl nitrite** ■n. Chemistry 【化】a yellowish volatile synthetic liquid used medicinally as a vasodilator and sometimes inhaled for its stimulatory effects 亚硝酸 (异) 戊酯

**amyloid** /'æmılɔıd/ n. Medicine 【医】an insoluble protein which is deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or other tissues in certain diseases 淀粉样蛋白
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amyloidosis** n.

**amylopectin** /æmıləu'pektın/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】the non-crystallizable form of starch, consisting of branched polysaccharide chains 支链淀粉

**amylose** /'æmıləuz, -s/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】the crystallizable form of starch, consisting of long unbranched polysaccharide chains 直链淀粉

**amyotrophic lateral sclerosis** n. a form of motor neuron disease 肌萎缩侧索硬化

**amyotrophy** /eımı'ɒtrəfi/ n. Medicine 【医】atrophy of muscular tissue 肌萎缩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **amyotrophic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from A-¹ + Gk mus, muo- 'muscle' + Gk trophē 'nourishment'.

**Amytal** /'æmıtæl/ n. trademark 【商标】a barbiturate drug used as a sedative and a hypnotic 阿米妥 (一种镇静催眠药)

**an** /æn, (ə)n/ det. the form of the indefinite article (see 见 **A¹**) used before words beginning with a vowel sound 不定冠词 (用于以元音开头的单词前)
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> Is it **'a** historic day' or **'an** historic day'? **'A** hotel' or **'an** hotel'? In the 18th and 19th centuries people often didn't pronounce the first letter of words that began with h and had an unstressed first syllable, and so commonly used **an**. Today the h is pronounced, making **a** the logical choice, but many people still use an, particularly before **historic** and **historical**. 是 a historic day 还是 an historic day? 是 a hotel 还是 an hotel? 在18和19世纪, 对于以h开头且第一个音节不重读的单词, 人们往往不发首字母的音, 因而这些单词前常用 an。如今, h 是发音的, 因此用 a 是合理的选择, 但许多人仍然用 an, 尤其是在 historic 和 historical 之前。

**an-¹** /æn, ən/ prefix variant spelling of **A-¹** before a vowel (as in **anaemia**) ◼ a-¹ 的另一种拼法 (用在元音前, 如 **anaemia**)

**an-²** /ən/ prefix variant spelling of **AD-** assimilated before n (as in **annihilate**, **annotate**) ◼ ad- 的另一种拼法 (d 在 n 音前同化为 n, 如 **annihilate**, **annotate**)

**an-³** /æn/ prefix variant spelling of **ANA-** shortened before a vowel (as in **aneurysm**) ◼ ana- 的另一种拼法 (元音前使用的缩略形式, 如 **aneurysm**)

**-an** /ə(n)/ suffix 1 forming adjectives and nouns, especially from 构成形容词和名词, 尤用来构成以下几类词 ◼ **names of places** 地名: **Cuban** 古巴的 ◼ **names of systems** 体制名: **Anglican** 英格兰圣公会的 ◼ **names of zoological classes or orders** 动物学分类中的纲 (或目): **crustacean** 甲壳纲的 ◼ **names of founders** 创始者名称: **Lutheran** 路德宗信徒 2 Chemistry 【化】(forming names of organic compounds, chiefly polysaccharides) 构成有机化合物名称 (主要指多聚糖类): **dextran** 葡聚糖
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -anus, -ana, -anum.

**ana** /'ɑ:nə/ n. archaic 【古】1 [treated as pl. 视作复数] anecdotes or literary gossip about a person (关于某人的) 轶事, 闲话 2 [treated as sing. 视作单数] a collection of a person's memorable sayings 语录, 言论集
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from **-ANA**.

**ana-** /'ænə, ə'næ/ (usu. **an-** before a vowel 元音前通常用 an-) ■prefix 1 **up** 向上: **anabatic** 上升的 2 **back** 向后: **anamnesis** 回忆 3 **again** 又, 再: **anabiosis** 复苏
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk ana 'up'.

**-ana** /'ɑ:nə, 'ænə/ suffix (forming plural nouns) denoting things associated with a person, place, or field of interest (构成复数名词) 表示与人物、地方、兴趣有关的事物: **Victoriana** 维多利亚时代的事物
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., neut. pl. of -anus, adj. ending.

**Anabaptism** /ænə'bæptız(ə)m/ n. the doctrine that baptism should only be administered to believing adults, held by a Protestant sect of the 16th century 再洗礼派教义 (16世纪一新教教派的主张, 即有信仰的成年人才应该接受洗礼)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anabaptist** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via eccles. L. from Gk anabaptismos, from ana- 'over again' + baptismos 'baptism'.

**anabasis** /ə'næbəsıs/ n. (pl. **anabases** /-si:z/) rare 【罕】a military advance into the interior of a country (with reference to that of Cyrus the Younger into Asia in 401 BC, as described by Xenophon in *Anabasis*) 军事远征 (源出色诺芬在《远征记》中记叙的在公元前401年小居鲁士对亚洲的

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远征)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk, 'ascent', from anabainein 'walk up'.

**anabatic** /ænə'bætık/ adj. Meteorology 【气】(of a wind) caused by local upward motion of warm air (风) 上升的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk anabatikos, from anabatēs 'a person who ascends'.

**anabiosis** /ænəbaı'əusıs/ n. Zoology 【动】a temporary state of suspended animation or greatly reduced metabolism 复苏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anabiotic** /-'ɒtık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anabiōsis, from anabioein 'return to life'.

**anabolic steroid** /ænə'bɒlık/ n. any of a class of synthetic steroid hormones which are used illegally to enhance performance in athletics and other sports 蛋白同化甾类

**anabolism** /ə'næbəlız(ə)m/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy 合成代谢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anabolic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anabolē 'ascent', from ana- 'up' + ballein 'to throw'.

**anachronism** /ə'nækrənız(ə)m/ ■n. 1 a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists 不合时代的事物 2 the attribution of something to a period to which it does not belong 弄错年代, 年代误植
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anachronic** /ænə'krɒnık/ adj. **anachronistic** adj. **anachronistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk anakhronismos, from ana- 'backwards' + khronos 'time'.

**anaclitic** /ænə'klıtık/ adj. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】relating to or characterized by a strong emotional dependence on another or others 情感依赖的, 情感依附的
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Gk anaklitos 'for reclining'.

**anacoluthon** /ænəkə'lu:θɒn, -θən/ n. (pl. **anacolutha** /-θə/) a construction in which the expected grammatical sequence is absent, for example *while in the garden, the door banged shut*. 错格; 错格句
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anacoluthic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via late L. from Gk anakolouthon, from an- 'not' + akolouthos 'following'.

**anaconda** /ænə'kɒndə/ n. a very large semiaquatic snake of the boa family, native to tropical South America 森蚺 (产于南美洲热带地区的半水生大蛇) [Eunectes murinus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting a kind of Sri Lankan snake): alt. of L. anacandaia 'python', from Sinhalese henakaňdayā.

**anacrusis** /ænə'kru:sıs/ n. (pl. **anacruses** /-si:z/) Prosody 【诗体】one or more unstressed syllables at the beginning of a verse 句首非重读音节
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk anakrousis 'prelude', from ana- 'up' + krousis 'striking'.

**anadromous** /ə'nædrəməs/ adj. Zoology 【动】(of a fish) migrating up rivers from the sea to spawn (海鱼) 溯河产卵的 The opposite of 反义词 **CATADROMOUS**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk anadromos (from ana- 'up' + dromos 'running') + -ous.

**anaemia** /ə'ni:miə/ (US 【美】**anemia**) n. a condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness 贫血
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via mod. L. from Gk anaimia, from an- 'without' + haima 'blood'.

**anaemic** /ə'ni:mık/ (US 【美】**anemic**) adj. 1 suffering from anaemia 贫血的 2 lacking in colour or vitality 无生气的, 衰弱的

**anaerobe** /'ænərəub, ə'neərəub/ n. Biology 【生物】any organism that can grow in the absence of free oxygen 厌氧生物

**anaerobic** /æneə'rəubık/ adj. Biology 【生物】relating to or requiring the absence of free oxygen 厌氧的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anaerobically** adv.

**anaesthesia** /ˌænıs'θi:ziə/ (US 【美】**anesthesia**) ■n. insensitivity to pain, especially as artificially induced by the administration of gases or drugs before a surgical operation (尤指手术前注射气体或药剂造成的) 感觉缺失, 麻醉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anaesthesiologist** n. **anaesthesiology** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk anaisthēsia, from an- 'without' + aisthēsis 'sensation'.

**anaesthetic** /ænıs'θetık/ (US 【美】**anesthetic**) n. 1 a substance that induces insensitivity to pain 麻醉剂, 麻醉药 2 (**anaesthetics**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] the study or practice of anaesthesia 麻醉学 ■adj. inducing or relating to anaesthesia 麻醉的

**anaesthetist** /ə'ni:sətıst/ (US 【美】**anesthetist**) n. a medical specialist who administers anaesthetics 麻醉师
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anaesthetization** or **anaesthetisation** n. **anaesthetize** or **anaesthetise** v.

**anagen** /'ænədʒn/ n. Physiology 【生理】the growing phase of a hair follicle 毛发生长期
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from ANA- + -GEN.

**anaglyph** /'ænəglıf/ ■n. 1 a stereoscopic photograph having two images superimposed and printed in different colours, producing a stereo effect when viewed with appropriate filters over each eye 立体照片, 彩色立体图 2 an object, such as a cameo, embossed or carved in low relief 浅浮雕
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anaglyphic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk anagluphē, from ana- 'up' + gluphein 'carve'.

**anagram** /'ænəgræm/ n. a word, phrase, or name formed by rearranging the letters of another, such as *spar*, formed from *rasp* 变位词 (组) (变换字母顺序构成的词、短语或名称)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anagrammatic** adj. **anagrammatical** adj. **anagrammatize** or **anagrammatise** v.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. anagramme or mod. L. anagramma, from Gk ana- 'back, anew' + gramma 'letter'.

**anal** /'eınl/ adj. 1 relating to or situated near the anus 肛门的; 近肛门的 2 Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】denoting a stage of infantile psychosexual development in which defecation is the major source of sensuous pleasure 肛欲期的 ◼ **anal-retentive** 刻板挑剔的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anally** adv.

**analects** /'ænǝlekts/ (also 亦作 **analecta** /ænə'lektə/) pl. n. a collection of short literary or philosophical extracts 短文选; 短论选
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk analekta 'things gathered up', from ana- 'up' + legein 'gather'.

**analeptic** /ænə'leptık/ Medicine 【医】■adj. restorative, especially through stimulating the central nervous system (尤指通过刺激中枢神经系统) 起恢复作用的 ■n. an analeptic drug 苏醒药
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk analēptikos.

**anal fin** n. Zoology 【动】an unpaired fin located on the underside of a fish behind the anus 臀鳍

**analgesia** /ænəl'dʒi:ziə/ n. Medicine 【医】relief of pain through administration of drugs or other methods 镇痛
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk analgesia 'painlessness', from an- 'not' + algein 'feel pain'.

**analgesic** /ænəl'dʒi:zık, -sık/ Medicine 【医】■adj. acting to relieve pain 镇痛的 ■n. an analgesic drug 镇痛药

**analogize** or **analogise** /ə'nælədʒaız/ v. compare by analogy 作类比说明, 将…比作

**analogous** /ə'næləgəs/ adj. 1 comparable in certain respects 相似的, 可比拟的 2 Biology 【生物】performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds (器官) 同功的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **HOMOLOGOUS**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **analogously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk analogos 'proportionate' + -ous.

**analogue** /'ænəlɒg/ (US also 【美亦作】**analog**) n. a person or thing seen as comparable to another 可比拟的人 (或物) ■adj. relating to or using information represented by a continuously variable physical quantity (such as spatial position, voltage, etc.) rather than digitally 模拟式的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Gk analogon, neut. of analogos 'proportionate'.

**analogy** /ə'nælədʒi/ n. (pl. **analogies**) a comparison between one thing and another made for the purpose of explanation or clarification 类比 ◼ the process of making such a comparison 类比过程 ◼ a thing regarded as analogous to another; an analogue 可类比物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **analogical** adj. **analogically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. analogie, L. analogia 'proportion', from Gk, from analogos 'proportionate'.

**analphabetic** /ænælfə'betık/ adj. 1 representing sounds by composite signs rather than by single letters or symbols (标音) 非字母符号的 2 completely illiterate 完全文盲的

**anal-retentive** adj. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】excessively orderly and fussy (supposedly owing to conflict over toilet-training in infancy) 刻板挑剔的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anal retention** n. **anal retentiveness** n.

**analysand** /ə'nælızænd/ n. a person undergoing psychoanalysis 精神分析对象

**analyse** /'ænəlaız/ (US 【美】**analyze**) v. 1 examine methodically and in detail for the purposes of explanation or interpretation 解析, 分析 ◼ identify and measure the chemical constituents of 对…的化学成分进行定量与定性分析 2 psychoanalyse (someone) 对 (某人) 进行精神分析
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **analysable** adj. **analyser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: influenced by Fr. analyser, from med. L. analysis (see 见 **ANALYSIS**).

**analysis** /ə'nælısıs/ n. (pl. **analyses** /-si:z/) 1 a detailed examination of something in order to interpret or explain it 分析 2 the process of separating something into its constituent elements 解析, 分解 Often contrasted with 常对照 **SYNTHESIS**. ◼ the process of analysing the chemical constituents of a substance (对物质化学成分的) 分析 3 short for **PSYCHO-ANALYSIS** ◼ psychoanalysis 的缩略式 4 Mathematics 【数】the part of mathematics concerned with the theory of functions and the use of limits, continuity, and the operations of calculus 解析
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via med. L. from Gk analusis, from analuein 'unloose'.

**analyst** /'ænəlıst/ n. 1 a person who conducts analysis 分析者 2 a psychoanalyst 精神分析学家

**analyte** /'ænəlaıt/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】a substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured 分析物

**analytic** /ænə'lıtık/ adj. 1 another term for **ANALYTICAL** ◼ analytical 的另一种说法 2 Logic 【逻】true by virtue of the meaning of the words or concepts used to express it, so that its denial would be a self-contradiction 逻辑必然的 Compare with 比较 **SYNTHETIC**. 3 Linguistics 【语言】(of a language) tending to use word order to express grammatical structure (语言) 分析性的 Contrasted with 对照 **SYNTHETIC**. pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the systematic computational analysis of data or statistics 分析, 解析 ◼ information resulting from the systematic analysis of data or statistics 分析结果; 统计结果
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk analutikos, from analuein 'unloose'.

**analytical** /ænə'lıtıkl/ adj. relating to or using analysis or logical reasoning 分析法 (或逻辑推理) 的; 采用分析法 (或逻辑推理) 的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **analytically** adv.

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**analytical geometry** n. geometry making use of coordinates 解析几何

**analytical philosophy** ■n. a method of approaching philosophical problems through analysis of the terms in which they are expressed 分析哲学

**analytical psychology** n. the psychoanalytical system of psychology developed and practised by the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung (1875–1961) 分析心理学 (由瑞士心理学家卡尔·荣格创立)

**analyze** /'ænəlaız/ v. US spelling of **ANALYSE** ◼ analyse 的美式拼法

**anamnesis** /ænəm'ni:sıs/ n. (pl. **anamneses** /-si:z/) 1 recollection, especially of a supposed previous existence (尤指对假定前世的) 回忆 2 Christian Church 【基】the part of the Eucharist in which the Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ are recalled (圣餐时对基督受难、复活和升天的) 追思
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk anamnēsis 'remembrance'.

**anamnestic** /ænəm'nestık/ adj. Medicine 【医】denoting an enhanced reaction of the body's immune system to an antigen related to one previously encountered 回忆反应的

**anamorphosis** /ænə'mɔ:fəsıs/ n. (pl. **anamorphoses** /-si:z/) a distorted image which appears normal when viewed from a particular point or with a suitable mirror or lens 变形图像, 失真影像 ◼ the process by which such images are produced 图像变形法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anamorphic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk anamorphōsis 'transformation'.

**ananda** /ɑ:'nʌndə/ n. (in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism) extreme happiness, as one of the highest states of being (印度教、佛教和耆那教) 极乐, 妙乐
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit ānanda.

**Anangu** /'ɑ:nɑ:ŋu:/ n. (pl. same 单复同) Austral. 【澳】an Aboriginal, especially one from central Australia (尤指澳大利亚中部的) 土著居民
-ORIGIN 词源 from Western Desert (an Aboriginal language), lit. 'person'.

**anapaest** /'ænəpi:st, -pest/ (US 【美】**anapest**) n. Prosody 【诗体】a metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables followed by one long or stressed syllable 抑抑扬格
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anapaestic** /ænə'pi:stık, -'pestık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk anapaistos 'reversed', from ana- 'back' + paiein 'strike' (because it is the reverse of a dactyl).

**anaphase** /'ænəfeız/ n. Genetics 【遗】the third stage of cell division, between metaphase and telophase, during which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle 后期

**anaphora** /ə'næf(ə)rə/ n. 1 Grammar 【语法】the use of a word referring back to a word used earlier in a text or conversation, to avoid repetition, for example the pronouns *he, she, it,* and *they* and the verb *do* in *I like it and **so do they*** (为避免重复而使用的) 指代, 前指, 前照应 Compare with 比较 **CATAPHORA**. 2 Rhetoric 【修辞】the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses 首语重复(法) 3 Christian Church 【基】the part of the Eucharist which contains the consecration, anamnesis, and communion 奉献仪式 (圣餐仪式的一部分, 包括祝圣、追思和领受圣餐)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anaphoric** /ænə'fɒrık/ adj. **anaphorically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk, 'repetition', from ana- 'back' + pherein 'to bear'.

**anaphrodisiac** /ænæfrə'dıziæk/ Medicine 【医】■adj. tending to reduce sexual desire 抑制性欲的 ■n. an anaphrodisiac drug 抑制性欲药

**anaphylactic** /ænəfı'læktık/ adj. Medicine 【医】relating to or caused by anaphy laxis 过敏的; 导致过敏的

**anaphylactic shock** n. Medicine 【医】an extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive 过敏性休克

**anaphylaxis** /ænəfı'læksıs/ n. Medicine 【医】an extreme allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive following an earlier exposure 过敏反应
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: mod. L., from Gk ana- 'again' + phulaxis 'guarding'.

**anaptyxis** /ænəp'tıksıs/ n. Phonetics 【音标】the insertion of a vowel between two consonants to aid pronunciation, as in *he went thataway* (在辅音间的) 元音插入, 加音
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anaptyctic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk anaptuxis 'unfolding'.

**anarch** /'æna:k/ archaic 【古】■n. an anarchist 无政府主义者 ■adj. anarchic 无政府主义的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk anarkhos (see 见 **ANARCHY**).

**anarchic** /ə'na:kık/ adj. with no controlling rules or principles to give order 混乱无序的; 无政府主义的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anarchical** adj. **anarchically** adv.

**anarchism** /'ænəkız(ə)m/ n. belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis 无政府主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anarchist** n. & adj. **anarchistic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk anarkhos (see 见 **ANARCHY**) + -ISM.

**anarchy** /'ænəki/ n. 1 a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of government or other controlling systems 混乱; 无秩序 2 a society or political system founded on the principles of anarchism 无政府状态
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via med. L. from Gk anarkhia,

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from anarkhos, from an- 'without' + arkhos 'chief, ruler'.

**Anasazi** /ænə'sɑ:zi/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Anasazis**) a member of an ancient American Indian people of the south-western US 阿纳萨齐人 (美国西南部的古代美洲印第安人)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Navajo, 'ancient one' or 'enemy ancestor'.

**anastigmat** /ə'næstıgmæt/ n. an anastigmatic lens system 消像散透镜

**anastigmatic** /ænəstıg'mætık/ adj. (of a lens system) constructed so that the astigmatism of each element is cancelled out (透镜系统) 消像散的

**anastomose** /ə'næstəməuz/ v. chiefly Medicine 【主医】link or be linked by anastomosis 吻合, 使吻合

**anastomosis** /ənæstə'məusıs/ n. (pl. **anastomoses** /-si:z/) technical 【技】a cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibres, or other parts of a network (网状系统中相邻管道、纤维等的) 并接, 联结
> Medicine 【医】a connection made surgically between adjacent blood vessels, parts of the intestine, or other channels of the body (体内相邻血管、肠道等的) 吻合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anastomotic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: mod. L., from Gk anastomosis, from anastomoun 'provide with a mouth'.

**anastrophe** /ə'næstrəfi/ ■n. Rhetoric 【修辞】the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses 词句倒装(法)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk anastrophē 'turning back'.

**anathema** /ə'næθəmə/ n. 1 something that one vehemently dislikes 令人厌恶的事物: *Racism was anathema to her.* 她憎恶种族主义。2 a formal curse of the Church, excommunicating a person or denouncing a doctrine (教会对人或教义的) 詈骂; 逐出教门
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from eccles. L., from Gk anathema 'thing dedicated', (later) 'thing devoted to evil', from anatithenai 'to set up'.

**anathematize** or **anathematise** /ə'næθəmətaız/ v. curse; condemn 诅咒; 谴责

**Anatolian** /ænə'təuliən/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Anatolia in western Asia Minor (小亚细亚西部的) 安纳托利亚人 2 an extinct group of ancient languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European language family 古安纳托利亚语 (印欧语系已消亡的古代语言中的一支) ■adj. relating to Anatolia 安纳托利亚的

**anatomical** /ænə'tɒmıkl/ adj. relating to the study of anatomy 解剖学的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anatomic** adj. **anatomically** adv.

**anatomize** or **anatomise** /ə'nætəmaız/ v. 1 dissect (a body) 解剖 (身体) 2 examine and analyse in detail 剖析
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. anatomizare, from anatomia (see 见 **ANATOMY**).

**anatomy** /ə'nætəmi/ n. (pl. **anatomies**) 1 the branch of biology and medicine concerned with bodily structure, especially as revealed by dissection 解剖学 ◼ the bodily structure of an organism 机体结构 2 a study of the structure or dynamics of something 对结构 (或动力) 的研究: *a detailed anatomy of a society* 对社会的详细分析
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anatomist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. anatomie or late L. anatomia, from Gk, from ana- 'up' + tomia 'cutting'.

**anatto** /ə'nætəu/ n. variant spelling of **ANNATTO** ◼ annatto 的另一种拼法

**ANC** abbr. African National Congress (南非) 非洲人国民大会 (简称非国大)

**-ance** /əns/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting a quality or state 表示性质或状态: **perseverance** 锲而不舍 2 denoting an action 表示行为: **utterance** 发声
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -ance, from L. -antia, -entia (from pres. participial stems -ant-, -ent-).

**ancestor** /'ænsestə(r)/ n. a person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descended 祖先
> something from which a later species or version has evolved 原始种型
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ancestral** adj. **ancestrally** adv. **ancestress** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ancestre, from L. antecessor, from antecedere, from ante 'before' + cedere 'go'.

**ancestry** /'ænsestri/ n. (pl. **ancestries**) a person's ancestors or ethnic descent 祖先: *her Irish ancestry* 她的爱尔兰祖先

**ancho** /'æntʃəʊ/ n. (pl. **anchos**) a large aromatic variety of chilli, used in Mexican dishes 大个芳香辣椒 (用于墨西哥菜肴)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Mex. Sp. (chile) ancho, 'wide (chilli)'.

**anchor** /'æŋkə(r)/ n. 1 a heavy object used to moor a ship to the sea bottom, typically having a metal shank with a pair of curved, barbed flukes 锚 ◼ (**anchors**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】the brakes of a car (汽车) 刹车 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】an anchorman or anchorwoman 主持人 ■v. 1 moor with an anchor 抛锚停泊 ◼ secure firmly in position 牢牢固定住 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】present and co-ordinate (a television or radio programme) 主持 (电视或广播节目)
-PHRASES 短语 **at anchor** moored with an anchor 抛锚停泊
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ancor, ancra, via L. from Gk ankura; reinforced in ME by OFr. ancre.

**anchorage** /'æŋkərıdʒ/ n. 1 an area suitable for a ship to anchor at (船的) 锚地, 泊地 ◼ the action of anchoring or the state of being anchored 下锚; 停泊 2 historical 【史义】an anchorite's dwelling place 宗教隐士住所

**anchor escapement** n. a form of escapement in clocks and watches in which the teeth of the crown wheel or balance wheel act on the pallets by recoil

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(钟表的) 锚形擒纵轮

**anchorite** /'æŋkəraıt/ n. historical 【史义】a religious recluse 宗教隐士
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anchoress** n. **anchoritic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. anchorita, from eccles. Gk anakhōrētēs, from anakhōrein 'retire'.

**anchorman** (or **anchorwoman**) /'æŋkəmæn/ n. (pl. **anchormen** or **anchorwomen**) 1 a person who presents and coordinates a live television or radio programme involving other contributors (电视直播或广播节目的) 主持人 2 the member of a relay team who runs the last leg (接力赛的) 最后一棒选手

**anchoveta** /æntʃə(u)'vetə/ n. an anchovy found off the Pacific coasts of South America 秘鲁鳀 [Engraulis ringens.]
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., dimin. of anchova (see 见 **ANCHOVY**).

**anchovy** /'æntʃəvi/ n. (pl. **anchovies**) a small shoaling fish of the herring family, an important food fish with a strong flavour 鯷 [Genus Engraulis: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. and Port. anchova.

**anchusa** /əŋ'kju:zə, æn'tʃu:zə/ n. a plant of the borage family with bright, typically blue, flowers 牛舌草 [Genus Anchusa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk ankhousa.

**ancien régime** /ɒ̃,sjæn, reı'ʒi:m/ n. (pl. **anciens régimes** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a political or social system that has been displaced by a more modern one (已被更先进的制度所取代的) 政治 (或社会) 制度 ◼ (**the Ancien Régime**) the political and social system in France before the Revolution of 1789 (1789年法国大革命前的) 旧制度
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'old rule'.

**ancient¹** /'eınʃnt/ adj. belonging to or originating in the very distant past 远古的 ◼ chiefly humorous 【主幽】very old 古老的, 老掉牙的 ■n. 1 archaic or humorous 【古或幽】an old man 老头 2 (**the ancients**) the people of ancient times, especially the classical Greeks and Romans (尤指古希腊或古罗马的) 古人
-PHRASES 短语 **the Ancient of Days** a biblical title for God 上帝, 神 (《圣经》中对上帝的一种称呼)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anciently** adv. **ancientness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ancien, based on L. ante 'before'.

**ancient²** /'eınʃnt/ n. archaic 【古】a standard, flag, or ensign 旗帜
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt. of **ENSIGN** by assoc. with ancien, an early form of **ANCIENT¹**.

**ancient lights** pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] English Law 【英格兰律】the right of access to light of a property, established by custom and used to prevent the construction of buildings which would obstruct such access 老窗户采光权

**ancient monument** ■n. Brit. 【英】an old building or site that is preserved by an official agency (受官方保护的) 古建筑, 古迹

**ancillary** /æn'sıləri/ adj. 1 providing support to the primary activities of an organization 辅助的 2 additional but less important; subsidiary 附带的, 附属的 ■n. (pl. **ancillaries**) an ancillary person or thing 助手; 辅助设备
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. ancillaris, from ancilla 'maidservant'.

**ancon** /'ænkɒn/ n. (pl. **ancones** /æŋ'kəʊni:z/) Architecture 【建】1 a console, typically consisting of two volutes, that supports or appears to support a cornice 肘状支柱, 悬臂托梁 2 each of a pair of projections on either side of a block of stone or other material, used for lifting it (石块或其他材料的) 起吊托
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk ankōn 'bend, elbow'.

**-ancy** /ənsi/ suffix (forming nouns) denoting a quality or state (构成名词) 表示性质或状况: **expectancy** 期望
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -antia (see also 另见 **-ENCY**).

**ancylostomiasis** /æŋkılə(u)stə(u)'maıəsıs, ænsı-/ (also 亦作 **ankylostomiasis**) ■n. Medicine 【医】hookworm infection of the small intestine, often leading to anaemia 钩虫病
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Ancylostoma (a genus of hookworms) + -IASIS.

**AND** abbr. Andorra (international vehicle registration) 安道尔 (国际车船注册)

**and** /ænd, ənd, ən/ conj. 1 used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences (用来连接单词、从句或句子) 和, 与, 及 ◼ connecting two identical comparatives, to emphasize a progressive change (连接两个重复的比较级以强调一个渐进的变化) 越来越 ◼ connecting two identical words, implying great duration or great extent (连接两个重复的词以表示持续时间长或程度很深) 又, 接连 2 used to connect two numbers to indicate that they are being added together (用来连接两个数字表示相加) 加 ◼ archaic 【古】connecting two numbers, implying succession (连接两个数字, 表示连续) 两个两个地 3 used to introduce an additional comment or interjection (用来引导补充说明的内容或插入语) 并且 4 informal 【非正式】used after some verbs and before another verb to indicate intention, instead of 'to' (用于某些动词后和另一动词前表示目的) 以, 为了 ■n. (**AND**) 1 a logical operation which gives the value one if and only if all the operands are one, and otherwise gives a value of zero “与” 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] Electronics 【电子】denoting a gate circuit which produces an output only when signals are received simultaneously through all input connections “与”门
-ORIGIN 词源 OE and, ond, of Gmc origin.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> A small number of verbs, notably **try**, **come**, and **go**, can be followed by **and** rather than **to** in sentences like *we're going to try and explain it to them*. Such uses are regarded as wrong by some traditionalists, but they are

<85>
extremely common and can be regarded as part of standard English. 有一小部分动词, 特别是 try, come, go 这几个动词, 在句子中可以后接 and 而不是 to。如: *We're going to try and explain it to them.* (我们要试一试向他们解释这件事。) 虽然在有些传统人士看来, 这种用法是不正确的, 但这种用法已经非常普遍, 可以被视作标准英语的一部分。

**-and** /ænd/ suffix (forming nouns) denoting a person or thing to be treated in a specified way (构成名词) 表示对象: **analysand** 精神分析对象
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. gerundive ending -andus.

**Andalusian** /ændə'luziən, -siən/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Andalusia in southern Spain 安达卢西亚人 2 the dialect of Spanish spoken in Andalusia 安达卢西亚方言 ■adj. relating to Andalusia 安达卢西亚的

**andalusite** /ændə'lu:saıt/ n. a grey, green, brown, or pink aluminosilicate mineral occurring as elongated rhombic prisms 红柱石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from *Andalusia* (see 见 **ANDALUSIAN**) + -ITE¹.

**andante** /æn'dænteı/ Music 【音】■adv. & adj. in a moderately slow tempo 徐缓地(的) ■n. an andante passage 行板乐段
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'going', pres. part. of andare.

**andantino** /ændæn'ti:nəu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】lighter than andante, and usually quicker 比行板略快地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., dimin. of **ANDANTE**.

**Andean** /æn'di:ən, 'ændiən/ adj. relating to the Andes 安第斯山脉的 ■n. a native or inhabitant of the Andes 安第斯山地人, 安第斯山居民

**Anderson shelter** /'ændəsn/ n. an air-raid shelter of a type built in the gardens of individual homes in the UK during the Second World War 安德森防空洞 (二战时建在英国的一种防空掩蔽所)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after Sir John Anderson, Home Secretary 1939–1940.

**andesite** /'ændızaıt, -saıt/ ■n. Geology 【地质】a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock 安山岩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **andesitic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Andes mountains.

**andiron** /'ændaıən/ n. a metal support, typically one of a pair, for wood burning in a fireplace (壁炉中用以助木柴燃烧的) 薪架, 柴架
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. andier.

**Andorran** /æn'dɒrən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Andorra, a small autonomous principality in the southern Pyrenees 安道尔人 ■adj. relating to Andorra 安道尔人的

**andouille** /ɒ̃'du:j/ n. (in France) a sausage made from pigs' intestines (法国) 安杜叶香肠 ◼ (in Cajun cooking) a spicy smoked-pork sausage (卡津人烹制的) 辣熏肠
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**andro-** /'ændrə(u)/ comb. form of men; male 男人的, 男性的: **androcentric** 大男子主义的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk anēr, andr- 'man'.

**androcentric** /ˌændrə(u)'sentrık/ adj. focused or centred on men 男子中心论的, 大男子主义的

**androecium** /æn'dri:siəm/ n. (pl. **androecia** /-siə/) Botany 【植】the stamens of a flower collectively 雄蕊群
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from ANDRO- + oikion 'house'.

**androgen** /'ændrədʒən/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a male sex hormone, such as testosterone 雄激素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **androgenic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk anēr, andr- 'man' + -GEN.

**androgenize** or **androgenise** /æn'drɒdʒənaız/ v. treat with or expose to male sex hormones 给…使用雄激素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **androgenization** n.

**androgyne** /'ændrədʒaın/ n. an androgynous individual 两性人, 阴阳人 ◼ a hermaphrodite 雌雄同体

**androgynous** /æn'drɒdʒınəs/ adj. partly male and partly female in appearance; of indeterminate sex (外表) 半男半女的; 中性的 ◼ hermaphrodite 雌雄同体的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **androgynously** adv. **androgyny** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (C16) as *androgyne*): via L. *androgynus* from Gk *androgunos* (from anēr, andr- 'man' + gunē 'woman') + -ous.

**android** /'ændrɔıd/ n. (in science fiction) a robot with a human appearance (科幻小说用语) 机器人
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. androides, from ANDRO- + -OID.

**andrology** /æn'drɒlədʒi/ n. the branch of medicine concerned with diseases and conditions specific to men 男科学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **andrologist** n.

**andromeda** /æn'drɒmıdə/ n. another term for **BOG ROSEMARY** ◼ bog rosemary 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. (genus name), named after the princess Andromeda in Greek mythology.

**andropause** /'ændrəpɔ:z/ n. the occurrence in some older men of a collection of symptoms such as fatigue and loss of libido, attributed to lower testosterone levels 男性更年期综合征
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from ANDRO-, on the pattern of **MENOPAUSE**.

**androstenedione** /ˌændrəʊsti:n'daıəun/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a compound from which testosterone and certain oestrogens are produced in humans 雄烯二酮
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from ANDROSTERONE + -ENE + DI-¹ + -ONE.

**androsterone** /ˌændrə(u)'stıərəun, æn'drɒstərəun/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a relatively inactive male sex hormone produced by metabolism of testosterone 雄酮

**-androus** /'ændrəs/ comb. form Botany 【植】having

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male organs or stamens of a specified number 具…雄蕊的: **polyandrous** 一妻多夫的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. -andrus, from Gk -andros 'male' + -ous.

**-ane¹** /eın/ suffix variant spelling of **-AN**, often with a distinction of sense (such as **humane** compared with **human**) ◼ -an 的另一种拼法 (通常意义有别, 如 humane 和 human)

**-ane²** suffix Chemistry 【化】forming names of saturated hydrocarbons 构成饱和碳氢化合物的名称: **propane** 丙烷

**anecdotage** /'ænıkdəutıdʒ/ n. 1 anecdotes collectively 轶事集 2 humorous 【幽】old age in someone who is garrulous 老年饶舌期

**anecdote** /'ænıkdəut/ n. a short entertaining story about a real incident or person 轶事, 趣闻
> an account regarded as unreliable or hearsay 传闻
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anecdotal** adj. **anecdotalist** n. **anecdotally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., or via mod. L. from Gk anekdota 'things unpublished'.

**anechoic** /ænı'kəuık/ adj. technical 【技】free from echo; tending to absorb or deaden sound 无回声的; 消声的

**anele** /ə'ni:l/ v. archaic 【古】anoint, especially as part of the Christian rite of extreme unction 涂油于 (尤指基督教为临终者擦圣油礼仪的步骤)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from an- 'on' + archaic elien 'to oil'.

**anemia** /ə'ni:miə/ n. US spelling of **ANAEMIA** ◼ anaemia 的美式拼法

**anemic** /ə'ni:mık/ adj. US spelling of **ANAEMIC** ◼ anaemic 的美式拼法

**anemograph** /ə'neməgrɑ:f/ n. an anemometer which records the speed, duration, and sometimes also the direction of the wind 风速计

**anemometer** /ænı'mɒmıtə(r)/ n. an instrument for measuring the speed of the wind or other flowing gas 风速表, 风速计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anemometric** adj. **anemometry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk anemos 'wind' + -METER.

**anemone** /ə'neməni/ n. 1 a plant of the buttercup family, which typically has brightly coloured flowers and deeply divided leaves 银莲花 [Genus Anemone: numerous species.] 2 a **sea anemone** 海葵
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., said to be from Gk anemōnē 'windflower', appar. because the flowers were said to open only when the wind blows.

**anemone fish** n. another term for **CLOWNFISH** ◼ clownfish 的另一种说法

**anemophilous** /ænı'mɒfıləs/ adj. Botany 【植】pollinated by the wind 风媒的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anemophily** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anemos 'wind' + -philous (see 见 **-PHILIA**).

**anencephalic** /ænensı'fælık, -ke'fælık/ adj. Medicine 【医】having part or all of the cerebral hemispheres and the rear of the skull congenitally absent 无脑的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anencephaly** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anenkephalos 'without brain' + -IC.

**anent** /ə'nent/ prep. archaic or Scottish 【古或苏格兰】concerning; about 关于
-ORIGIN 词源 OE on efen 'in line with, in company with'.

**-aneous** /'eıniəs/ suffix forming adjectives from Latin words 构成源自拉丁语词汇的形容词形式: **spontaneous** 自发的
-ORIGIN 词源 from the L. suffix -aneus.

**anergia** /æ'nɜ:dʒiə/ n. Psychiatry 【精神】abnormal lack of energy 无力
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk an- 'without' + ergon 'work'.

**anergy** /'ænədʒi/ n. Medicine 【医】absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen 无反应性
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger. Anergie, from Gk an- 'not', on the pattern of Allergie 'allergy'.

**aneroid** /'ænərɔıd/ adj. relating to or denoting a barometer that measures air pressure by the action of the air in deforming the elastic lid of a box from which the air has been removed 无液气压计的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Fr. from Gk a- 'without' + nēros 'water'.

**anesthesia** /ænəs'θi:ziə/ etc. n. US spelling of **ANAESTHESIA** etc. ◼ anaesthesia 等的美式拼法

**aneuploid** /'ænjuplɔıd/ adj. Genetics 【遗】not euploid 非整倍体的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aneuploidy** n.

**aneurysm** /'ænju(ə)rız(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **aneurism**) ■n. Medicine 【医】an excessive localized swelling of the wall of an artery 动脉瘤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aneurysmal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Gk aneurusma 'dilatation'.

**anew** /ə'nju:/ adv. chiefly literary 【主文】in a new or different way 重新, 再次 ◼ once more; again 又, 再

**anfractuous** /æn'fræktʃuəs/ adj. literary 【文】sinuous or circuitous 蜿蜒的, 曲折的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anfractuosity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. anfractuosus.

**angary** /'æŋgəri/ ■n. Law 【律】the right of a country at war to seize or destroy neutral property out of military necessity, provided that compensation is paid 非常征用权
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. angarie 'chore, imposition', from Ital. or L. angaria 'forced service', from Gk angareia, from angaros 'courier' (being liable to serve as the King's messenger), from Pers.

**angel** /'eındʒl/ n. 1 a spiritual being believed to act as an attendant or messenger of God, conventionally represented as being of human form with wings 天使, 上帝的使者 2 a person of great beauty, kindness, or virtue 美丽纯洁善良的人, 安琪儿 3 informal 【非正式】(especially in the theatre) a financial backer (尤指戏剧表演的) 赞助人

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4 (**angels**) informal 【非正式】(among pilots) used with a numeral to indicate an aircraft's altitude in thousands of feet (飞行员用语) 飞行高度 (与数字连用表示几千英尺): *We rendezvous at angels nine.* 我们在9,000英尺高度会合。5 informal 【非正式】an unexplained radar signal 仙波, 雷达回响 6 a former English coin bearing the figure of the archangel Michael killing a dragon 天使货币 (前英格兰货币, 上有天使长米迦勒屠龙的图案)
-PHRASES 短语 **on the side of the angels** on the side of what is right 在正确的一方
-ORIGIN 词源 OE engel, ult. via eccles. L. from Gk angelos 'messenger'.

**angel cake** (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】**angel food cake**) n. a very light, pale sponge cake made with egg whites, typically baked in a ring shape and covered with soft icing 天使蛋糕 (一种用蛋白做成的松软的卷筒形蛋糕, 敷有酥软糖衣)

**angel dust** n. informal 【非正式】1 the hallucinogenic drug phencyclidine hydrochloride 天使粉 (一种幻觉剂) 2 another term for **CLENBUTEROL** ◼ clenbuterol 的另一种说法

**Angeleno** /ændʒ(ə)l'i:nəu/ (also 亦作 **Los Angeleno**, **Angelino**) n. (pl. **Angelenos**) a native or inhabitant of Los Angeles 洛杉矶人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Amer. Sp.

**angelfish** /'eındʒ(ə)lfıʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **angelfishes**) a fish with a deep, laterally compressed body and large dorsal and anal fins, often vividly coloured or patterned 天使鱼, 神仙鱼 [Pterophyllum scalare (Amazon basin) and other species.]

**angel hair** n. a type of pasta consisting of very fine long strands “天使之发”面条 (一种极细的意大利面条)

**angelic** /æn'dʒelık/ adj. 1 relating to angels 天使的 2 exceptionally beautiful, innocent, or kind 极美丽的; 极纯洁的; 极善良的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angelical** adj. **angelically** adv.

**angelica** /æn'dʒelıkə/ n. a tall aromatic plant of the parsley family, the candied stalks of which are used in confectionery and cake decoration 当归 [Genus Angelica: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. (herba) angelica 'angelic (herb)', so named because it was believed to be efficacious against poisoning and disease.

**Angelino** /ændʒə'li:nəu/ n. variant spelling of **ANGELENO** ◼ Angeleno 的另一种拼法

**Angelman syndrome** /'eıŋgəlmən/ n. a rare congenital disorder characterized by mental disability and a tendency to jerky movement 安格尔曼综合征
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: named after the British doctor Harold Angelman.

**angelology** /eındʒ(ə)l'ɒlədʒi/ n. theological doctrine concerning angels 天使学

**angel shark** n. a large, active bottom-dwelling cartilaginous fish with broad wing-like pectoral fins 扁鲨 [Squatina squatina and other species.]

**angels on horseback** pl. n. Brit. 【英】an appetizer consisting of oysters individually wrapped in bacon and served on toast “马背天使” (熏肉卷牡蛎, 和烤面包同时吃的一种开胃品)

**angel's trumpet** n. a South American shrub or small tree with large pendulous trumpet-shaped flowers 南美曼陀罗 (南美灌木或小型乔木, 开大型悬垂状喇叭花) [Genus Brugmansia.]

**Angelus** /'ændʒ(ə)ləs/ n. a Roman Catholic devotion commemorating the Incarnation of Jesus and including the Hail Mary (天主教纪念耶稣降世为人的) 奉告祈祷 ◼ a ringing of bells announcing this (敲响宣告奉告祈祷的) 奉告祈祷钟
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from the L. phr. Angelus domini 'the angel of the Lord', the opening words of the devotion.

**angel wings** pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a large white edible piddock (mollusc) found in the Caribbean and on the east coast of North America 安琪儿翅海笋 (一种白色可食用大型海笋, 见于加勒比地区和北美洲东海岸) [Barnea costata.]

**anger** /'æŋgə(r)/ n. a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility 愤怒 ■v. provoke anger in (someone) 使发怒, 激怒
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON angr 'grief', angra 'vex'.

**Angevin** /'ændʒəvın/ n. 1 a native, inhabitant, or ruler of Anjou in western France (法国西部) 安茹省人; 安茹省统治者 2 any of the Plantagenet kings of England, especially those who were also counts of Anjou (Henry II, Richard I, and John) 英格兰金雀花王朝国王, 安茹王朝国王 (尤指同时为安茹伯爵者, 即亨利二世、理查一世和约翰)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., meaning 'of Angers' (the former capital of Anjou).

**angina** /æn'dʒaınə/ ■n. Medicine 【医】1 (also 亦作 **angina pectoris** /'pekt(ə)rıs/) a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, arising from an inadequate blood supply to the heart 心绞痛 2 used in names of disorders involving pain in the throat (用于引发咽喉疼痛的疾病的名称中): **Ludwig's angina** 路德维希咽峡炎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anginal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'quinsy', from Gk ankhonē 'strangling'; pectoris means 'of the chest'.

**angio-** /'ændʒiəu/ comb. form 1 relating to blood vessels 血管的: **angiography** 血管造影术 2 relating to seed vessels 种皮的: **angiosperm** 被子植物
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk angeion 'vessel'.

**angiogenesis** /ændʒiə(u)'dʒenısıs/ n. Physiology 【生理】the development of new blood vessels 血管发生; 血管生成

**angiogram** /'ændʒiə(u)græm/ n. an X-ray photograph of blood or lymph vessels, made by angiography 血管造影片

**angiography** /ændʒi'ɒgrəfi/ n. radiography of blood or lymph vessels, carried out after introduction of a radiopaque substance 血管造影术

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angiographic** adj. **angiographically** adv.

**angioma** /ændʒi'əumə/ n. (pl. **angiomas** or **angiomata** /-mətə/) Medicine 【医】an abnormal growth produced by the dilatation or new formation of blood vessels 血管瘤

**angioneurotic** /ændʒiəunjuə'rɒtık/ adj. Medicine 【医】(of oedema) marked by swelling and itching of areas of skin (水肿) 血管神经性的

**angioplasty** /'ændʒiə(u)ˌplæsti/ n. (pl. **angioplasties**) Medicine 【医】surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery 血管成形术

**angiosperm** /'ændʒiə(u)spɜ:m/ ■n. Botany 【植】a plant of a large group (subdivision Angiospermae) that comprises those that have flowers and produce seeds enclosed within a carpel, including herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees 被子植物 Compare with 比较 **GYMNOSPERM**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angiospermous** /-'spɜ:məs/ adj.

**angiotensin** /ændʒiə(u)'tensın/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】a protein whose presence in the blood promotes aldosterone secretion and tends to raise blood pressure 血管紧张肽

**Angle** /'æŋgl/ n. a member of an ancient Germanic people who came to England in the 5th century AD and founded English kingdoms in Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia 盎格鲁人 (日耳曼人的一支)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglian** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Anglus 'inhabitant of Angul' (in northern Germany); rel. to **ANGLE¹**, **ENGLISH**.

**angle¹** /'æŋgl/ n. 1 the space (usually measured in degrees) between two intersecting lines or surfaces at or close to the point where they meet 角 ◼ a corner, especially an external projection or internal recess 角落; (尤指) 外凸角, 内凹角 ◼ a measure of the inclination of one line or surface with respect to another 倾角 2 a position from which something is viewed or along which it travels or acts 角度, 视角: *I couldn't see Naomi from this angle.* 我从这个角度无法看到内奥米。◼ a particular way of approaching or presenting an issue or problem 角度; 观点; 立场 3 Astrology 【占星】each of the four cardinal points of a chart (星象图上的) 四个方位基点之一 4 **angle iron** or a similar constructional material 角铁, 角钢 ■v. 1 direct, move, or incline at an angle 转向成…角度, 弯曲成…角度 2 present (information) in a particular way 从某角度报道 (信息)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. angulus 'corner'.

**angle²** /'æŋgl/ v. 1 [often as noun 常作名词 **angling**] fish with a rod and line 钓鱼, 垂钓 2 seek something desired by indirectly prompting someone to offer it 谋求, 谋取: *She was angling for sympathy.* 她在寻求同情。■n. archaic 【古】a fish hook 鱼钩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE angul (n.).

**angle bead** n. a strip of metal or wood fixed to an external corner before it is plastered to reinforce it 护角, 角条

**angle bracket** n. 1 either of a pair of marks in the form < >, used to enclose words or figures so as to separate them from their context 尖(角)括号 (即 < >) 2 another term for **BRACKET** (sense 3 of the noun) ◼ bracket (名词释义3) 的另一种说法

**angle grinder** n. a device with a rotating abrasive disc, used to grind, polish, or cut metal and other materials 角磨

**angle iron** n. a constructional material consisting of pieces of iron or steel with an L-shaped cross section, able to be bolted together 角铁, 角钢

**angle of attack** n. Aeronautics 【航空】the angle between the line of the chord of an aerofoil and the relative airflow 攻角, 迎角

**angle of incidence** ■n. Physics 【物】the angle which an incident line or ray makes with a perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence 入射角

**angle of reflection** ■n. Physics 【物】the angle made by a reflected ray with a perpendicular to the reflecting surface 反射角

**angle of refraction** ■n. Physics 【物】the angle made by a refracted ray with a perpendicular to the refracting surface 折射角

**angle of repose** n. the steepest angle at which a sloping surface formed of loose material is stable 休止角

**anglepoise** /'æŋglpɔız/ n. trademark 【商标】a type of desk lamp with a jointed arm and counterbalancing springs that hold it in any position to which it is adjusted 安格普可调节台灯

**anglerfish** /'æŋgləfıʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **anglerfishes**) a marine fish that lures prey within reach of its mouth with a fleshy lobe on a filament arising from its snout 琵琶鱼, 鮟鱇 [Lophius piscatorius and many other species.]

**angle shades** pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a moth with wings patterned in muted green, red, and pink 角斑衫夜蛾 [Phlogophora meticulosa.]

**Anglican** /'æŋglıkən/ adj. relating to or denoting the Church of England or any Church in communion with it 英格兰圣公会的, 同派教会的 ■n. a member of an Anglican Church 圣公会信徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglicanism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. Anglicanus, from L. Anglus 'Angle'.

**Anglican chant** n. a method of singing unmetrical psalms and canticles to short harmonized melodies, the first note being extended to accommodate as many syllables as necessary 圣公会圣咏

**anglice** /'æŋglisi/ adv. formal 【正式】in English 用英语
-ORIGIN 词源 from med. L., from L. Anglus 'Angle'.

**Anglicism** /'æŋglısız(ə)m/ n. 1 a word or phrase that is peculiar to British English 英国英语特有词语,

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英国习语 2 the quality of being typically English or of favouring English things 英国特征, 英国风格; 对英国事物的喜爱

**anglicize** or **anglicise** /'æŋglisaız/ v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **anglicized**] make English in form or character (在形式、特性方面) 使英国化, 使英语化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anglicization** n.

**Anglo** /'æŋgləu/ n. (pl. **Anglos**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a white English-speaking person of British origin, especially (in the US) as distinct from a Hispanic American 操英语的英裔白人 (在美国尤用于区别西班牙裔美国人)

**Anglo-** /'æŋgləu/ comb. form English 英语的, 英格兰的: **anglophone** 讲英语的 ◼ **of English origin** 源自英语的, 源自英格兰的: **Anglo-Saxon** 盎格鲁-撒克逊人
> **English and ...** 英语和…(的): **Anglo-Latin** 英式拉丁语
> **British and ...** 英国和…(的): **Anglo-Indian** 英印的
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. Anglus 'English'.

**Anglo-Catholicism** /æŋgləʊkə'θɒlısız(ə)m/ n. a tradition within the Anglican Church which is close to Catholicism in its doctrine and worship and is broadly identified with High Church Anglicanism 英国国教高教会派
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglo-Catholic** adj. & n.

**Anglo-Celt** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a person of British or Irish descent 英国 (或爱尔兰) 裔人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglo-Celtic** adj.

**Anglocentric** /æŋgləu'sentrık/ adj. centred on or considered in terms of England or Britain 以英格兰 (或英国) 为中心的

**Anglo-Indian** adj. relating to both Britain and India 英印的
> of mixed British and Indian parentage 英印混血的
> chiefly historical 【主史义】of British descent or birth but having lived long in India 英裔印度人的 ■n. an Anglo-Indian person 英裔印度人; 英印混血儿

**Anglo-Irish** adj. relating to both Britain and Ireland (or specifically the Republic of Ireland) 英国和爱尔兰 (或特指爱尔兰共和国) 的
> of English descent but born or resident in Ireland 英裔爱尔兰人的
> of mixed English and Irish parentage 英爱混血的

**Anglo-Latin** n. Latin as used in medieval England 英式拉丁语 (用于中世纪的英格兰)

**Anglomania** /æŋgləʊ'meıniə/ n. excessive admiration of English customs 崇英狂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglomaniac** n.

**Anglo-Norman French** n. the variety of Norman French used in England after the Norman Conquest 英式诺曼语, 英式法语 (诺曼征服后英格兰使用的诺曼法语)

**Anglophile** /'æŋgləʊfaıl/ n. a person who is fond of or greatly admires England or Britain 亲英者, 崇英者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglophilia** n.

**Anglophobe** /'æŋglə(u)fəʊb/ n. a person who hates or fears England or Britain 仇英者, 恐英者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Anglophobia** n.

**anglophone** /'æŋgləfəun/ adj. English-speaking 讲英语的 ■n. an English-speaking person 讲英语者

**Anglo-Saxon** n. 1 a Germanic inhabitant of England between the 5th century and the Norman Conquest 盎格鲁-撒克逊人 ◼ a person of English descent 英裔 ◼ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】any white, English-speaking person 讲英语的白人 2 the Old English language 古英语 informal 【非正式】plain English, in particular vulgar slang 平易英语 (尤指通俗俚语)

**Anglosphere** ■n. the countries where English is the main native language, considered collectively 英语圈

**Angolan** /æn'gəulən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Angola in SW Africa 安哥拉人 ■adj. relating to Angola 安哥拉的

**angora** /æŋ'gɔ:rə/ n. 1 a cat, goat, or rabbit of a long-haired breed (长毛种的) 安哥拉猫, 安哥拉山羊, 安哥拉兔 2 a fabric made from the hair of the angora goat or rabbit 安哥拉山羊毛 (或兔毛) 织物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Angora (now Ankara) in Turkey.

**angora wool** n. a mixture of sheep's wool and angora rabbit hair 安哥拉混纺兔羊毛

**angostura** /æŋgə'stjuərə/ n. 1 an aromatic bitter bark from South America, used as a flavouring (南美) 安古斯图拉树皮 2 (also 亦作 **Angostura bitters** trademark 【商标】) a kind of tonic 安古斯图拉树皮制剂 (一种补药)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from *Angostura* (now Ciudad Bolívar) in Venezuela.

**angrez** /ʌŋ'reız/ Indian informal 【印度,非正式】■n. (pl. same 单复同) an English person 英国人 ■adj. English 英国的
-ORIGIN 词源 Hindi, 'Englishman'.

**Angrezi** /ʌŋ'reızi/ Indian informal 【印度,非正式】■n. the English language 英语 ■adj. English 英国的

**angry** /'æŋgri/ adj. (**angrier**, **angriest**) 1 feeling or showing anger 愤怒的, 生气的 2 (of a wound or sore) red and inflamed (伤口或患处) 红肿发炎的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angrily** adv.

**angst** /æŋst/ n. a strong feeling of general anxiety or dread, typically about the state of the world or the human condition (通常指对世界或人类生存条件的) 忧虑, 担忧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angsty** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Ger., 'fear'.

**angstrom** /'æŋstrəm/ (also 亦作 **ångström** /'ɒŋstrɜ:m/) (abbrev. 略作: **Å**) ■n. Physics 【物】a unit of length equal to one hundred millionth of a centimetre, 10⁻¹⁰ metre 埃 (长度单位, 等于一亿分之一厘米或10⁻¹⁰米)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Swedish physicist A. J. Ångström.

**Anguillan** /æn'gwılən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Anguilla, an island in the Leeward Islands 安圭拉人 ■adj. relating to Anguilla 安圭拉的

**anguilliform** /æŋ'gwılıfɔ:m/ adj. Zoology 【动】

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relating to or denoting eels or related fish 鳗鲡(形) 的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. anguilla 'eel' + -FORM.

**anguine** /'æŋgwin/ adj. rare 【罕】of or like a snake 蛇的; 似蛇的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. anguinus, from anguis 'snake'.

**anguish** /'æŋgwıʃ/ n. severe mental or physical pain or suffering (精神或肉体上的) 极度痛苦; 剧痛 ■v. be very distressed 感到极度痛苦
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: the noun via OFr. anguisse, the verb from OFr. anguissier, both from L. angustia 'tightness', (pl.) 'straits, distress', from angustus 'narrow'.

**anguished** /'æŋgwıʃt/ adj. experiencing or expressing anguish 经受极度痛苦的; 表示极度痛苦的

**angular** /'æŋgjulə(r)/ adj. 1 having angles or sharp corners 有角度的; 有尖角的 ◼ (of a person) lean and having a prominent bone structure (人) 瘦骨嶙峋的 2 placed or directed at an angle 成角度的 3 Physics 【物】measured with reference to angles, especially those associated with rotation (尤指旋转) 用角度测量的: **angular momentum** 角动量
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angularity** n. **angularly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. angularis, from angulus (see 见 **ANGLE¹**).

**angulate** /'æŋgjuleıt/ v. technical 【技】hold or bend (a part of the body) so as to form an angle or angles 使 (身体一部分) 成角形
> Skiing 【滑雪】incline (the upper body) sideways and outwards during a turn (弯道时) 使 (上半身) 形成反弓
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **angulation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. angulat-, angulare, from angulus 'angle'.

**Angus** /'æŋgəs/ n. short for **ABERDEEN ANGUS** ◼ Aberdeen Angus 的缩略式

**angwantibo** /əŋ'gwɒntibəʊ/ n. (pl. **angwantibos**) a small rare nocturnal primate of west central Africa, related to the potto 金熊猴 (小型珍稀灵长目动物, 夜间活动, 产于中非西部) [Arctocebus calabarensis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Efik.

**anharmonic** /ænhɑ:'mɒnık/ adj. Physics 【物】relating to or denoting motion that is not simple harmonic 非谐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anharmonicity** n.

**anhedonia** /ænhı'dəuniə/ ■n. Psychiatry 【精神病学】inability to feel pleasure in normally pleasurable activities 兴趣缺失
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anhedonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. anhédonie, from Gk an- 'without' + hēdonē 'pleasure'.

**anhedral** /æn'hi:dr(ə)l, -'hed-/ adj. chiefly Geology 【主地质】(of a crystal) having no plane faces (晶体) 劣形的, 他形的 ■n. Aeronautics 【航空】downward inclination of an aircraft's wing (机翼的) 下反角
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from AN-¹ + -hedral (see 见 **-HEDRON**).

**anhinga** /æn'hıŋgə/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】another term for **DARTER** (sense 1) ◼ darter (释义1)的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Port., from Tupi áyinga.

**anhydride** /æn'haıdraıd/ n. Chemistry 【化】a compound obtained by removing the elements of water from a particular acid 酸酐: **acetic anhydride** 乙酸酐
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anudros (see 见 **ANHYDROUS**) + -IDE.

**anhydrite** /æn'haıdraıt/ n. a white mineral consisting of anhydrous calcium sulphate 硬石膏, 无水石膏
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anudros (see 见 **ANHYDROUS**) + -ITE¹.

**anhydrous** /æn'haıdrəs/ adj. Chemistry 【化】containing no water 无水的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anudros (from an- 'without' + hudōr 'water') + -ous.

**ani** /'ɑ:ni/ n. (pl. **anis**) a glossy black long-tailed bird of the cuckoo family found in Central and South America 犀鹃 (杜鹃科鸟类, 羽毛呈亮黑色, 尾长, 见于中美洲和南美洲) [Genus Crotophaga: three species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. ani, Port. anum, from Tupi anũ.

**aniline** /'ænıli:n, -lın/ n. Chemistry 【化】a toxic oily liquid used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and plastics 苯胺
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from anil 'indigo' (from which it was orig. obtained), via Fr. and Port. from Arab. an-nīl.

**anilingus** /eını'lıŋgəs/ n. sexual stimulation of the anus by the tongue or mouth 舐肛, 吻肛
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: on the pattern of cunnilingus.

**anima** /'ænımə/ n. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】1 (in Jungian psychology) the feminine part of a man's personality (荣格心理学理论用语) 男性人格的女性意象 Compare with 比较 **ANIMUS**. 2 the part of the psyche which is directed inwards, in touch with the subconscious 灵气 Compare with 比较 **PERSONA**.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L., 'mind, soul'.

**animadvert** /ænıməd'vɜ:t/ v. (**animadvert on/upon/against**) formal 【正式】criticize or censure 谴责, 批评
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animadversion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'pay attention to'): from L. animadvertere, from animus 'mind' + advertere 'to turn'.

**animal** /'ænıml/ n. 1 a living organism which is typically distinguished from a plant by feeding on organic matter, having specialized sense organs and nervous system, and being able to move about and to respond rapidly to stimuli 动物 ◼ a mammal, as opposed to a bird, reptile, fish, or insect 哺乳动物 2 a very cruel, violent, or uncivilized person 衣冠禽兽, 禽兽般的人 3 a particular type of person or thing 特定类型的人 (或事物): a **political animal** 爱搞政治的人 ■adj. 1 relating to or characteristic of animals 动物的; 有动物特征的 2 of the flesh rather

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than the spirit or intellect 肉的; 肉体的: **animal lust** 肉欲 3 Biology 【生物】denoting the pole or extremity of an embryo containing the more active cytoplasm (胚胎) 动物极的 The opposite of 反义词 **VEGETAL**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animalization** or **animalisation** n. **animalize** or **animalise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., based on animalis 'having breath' from anima 'breath'.

**animalcule** /ænı'mælkju:l/ n. archaic 【古】a microscopic animal 微动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animalcular** adj.

**animalism** /'ænım(ə)lız(ə)m/ n. 1 behaviour characteristic of animals; animality 动物行为; 兽类行为 2 religious worship of animals 动物崇拜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animalistic** adj.

**animalist** /'ænım(ə)lıst/ n. an animal liberationist 动物解放主义者

**animality** /ænı'mæliti/ n. behaviour or nature characteristic of animals, especially in being physical and instinctive 动物行为; 动物性; 动物本能

**animal liberation** n. the freeing of animals from exploitation and cruel treatment by humans 动物解放
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animal liberationist** n.

**animal magnetism** n. 1 a quality of powerful sexual attractiveness 性吸引力 2 historical 【史义】a supposed emanation to which the action of mesmerism was ascribed 动物磁力 (据认为有催眠作用的神力)

**animal spirits** pl. n. natural exuberance 生气, 活力

**animate** v. /'ænımeıt/ 1 give life or vigour to 使有生命 (或活力) 2 give (a film or character) the appearance of movement using animation techniques 把…制成动画 ■adj. /'ænımət/ alive or having life 活的, 有生命的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. animat-, animare, from anima 'life, soul'.

**animated** /'ænımeıtıd/ adj. 1 full of interest or excitement; lively 饶有趣味的; 激动人心的; 生气勃勃的 2 (of a film) made using animation techniques (影片) 动画的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animatedly** adv.

**animated stick** n. a stick insect of eastern Australia, sometimes reaching 25 cm in length 澳大利亚竹节虫, 巨端蚤 [Acrophylla titan.]

**animateur** /ænımə'tɜ:(r)/ n. a person who promotes or facilitates a cultural activity (文化活动的) 倡导人, 发起人
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: Fr., from med. L. animator.

**animation** /ænı'meıʃn/ n. 1 the state of being full of life or vigour 活跃; 活泼; 热烈 ◼ chiefly archaic 【主古】the state of being alive 活着 (的状态) 2 the technique of filming successive drawings, or positions of model figures, to create a film giving an illusion of movement 动画制作
> (also 亦作 **computer animation**) the generation and manipulation of images by means of a computer to create moving images 电脑动画制作

**animato** /ænı'mɑ:təʊ/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】in an animated manner 生气勃勃地(的), 雄壮地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**animatronics** /ænımə'trɒnıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the technique of making and operating lifelike robots, especially for use in films 仿生机器人技术 (尤用于电影)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animatronic** adj.

**anime** /'ænımeı, 'ænımə/ n. Japanese film and television animation, typically having a science-fiction theme 日本动画 (通常为科幻题材)
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: Japanese.

**animism** /'ænımız(ə)m/ n. 1 the attribution of a living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena 泛灵论 2 belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe 泛灵信仰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **animist** n. **animistic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. anima 'life, soul' + -ISM.

**animosity** /ænı'mɒsiti/ n. (pl. **animosities**) strong hostility 强烈的敌意, 仇恨
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'spirit, courage'): from OFr. animosite or late L. animositas, from animosus 'spirited', from L. animus 'spirit, mind'.

**animus** /'ænıməs/ n. 1 hostility or ill feeling 敌意, 恶意 2 motivation to do something 动机, 意向 3 Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】(in Jungian psychology) the masculine part of a woman's personality (荣格心理学用语) 女性人格的男性意象 Compare with 比较 **ANIMA**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'spirit, mind'.

**anion** /'ænaıən/ n. Chemistry 【化】a negatively charged ion 阴离子, 负离子 The opposite of 反义词 **CATION**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anionic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANODE or ANA-, + ION.

**anise** /'ænıs/ n. 1 a Mediterranean plant of the parsley family, cultivated for its aromatic seeds (aniseed) 茴芹 [Pimpinella anisum.] 2 used in names of Asian or American trees or shrubs bearing fruit with an aniseed-like odour, e.g. **star anise** (用于果实气味似茴香的亚洲和美洲乔木或灌木的名称中, 如八角树) [Genus Illicium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. anisum, from Gk anison 'anise, dill'.

**aniseed** /'ænəsi:d/ n. the seed of the anise, used as a flavouring and in herbal medicine 茴香籽

**anisette** /ænı'zet/ n. a liqueur flavoured with aniseed 茴香酒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., dimin. of anis 'anise'.

**anisogamy** /ænaı'sɒgəmi/ n. Biology 【生物】sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes 异配生殖 Compare with 比较 **ISOGAMY**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anisogamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anisos 'unequal' + gamos 'marriage'.

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**anisotropic** /ænaısə(u)'trɒpık/ adj. Physics 【物】having a different magnitude or properties when measured in different directions 各向异性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anisotropically** adv. **anisotropy** /ænaı'sɒtrəpi/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anisos 'unequal' + tropos 'turn' + -IC.

**ankh** /æŋk/ n. an object or design resembling a cross with a loop instead of the top arm, used in ancient Egypt as a symbol of life 安克 (上饰圆环的T字形物体或图案, 古埃及用作生命的象征)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Egyptian, lit. 'life, soul'.

**ankle** /'æŋkl/ n. the joint connecting the foot with the leg 踝关节 ◼ the narrow part of the leg between the ankle joint and the calf 踝 ■v. US informal 【美,非正式】walk 走 ◼ leave (a job or position) 离 (职); 移 (位)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ankled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ancleow, of Gmc origin.

**ankle-biter** n. humorous, chiefly N. Amer. 【幽,主北美】a child 小孩, 孩子

**ankle bone** n. the talus 踝骨; 距骨

**ankle sock** n. a sock that reaches just above the ankle 短袜

**anklet** /'æŋklət/ n. 1 a decorative chain or band worn round an ankle 脚链; 脚镯 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】an ankle sock 短袜

**ankylosaur** /'æŋkıləsɔ:/ n. a heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur of the Cretaceous period, armoured with bony plates 甲龙
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from mod. L. *Ankylosaurus*, from Gk ankulos (see 见 **ANKYLOSIS**) + sauros 'lizard'.

**ankylose** /'æŋkıləuz/ v. (**be**/**become ankylosed**) Medicine 【医】(of bones or a joint) be or become stiffened or united by ankylosis (骨头或关节) 强直, 粘连
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: back-form. from **ANKYLOSIS**.

**ankylosing spondylitis** ■n. Medicine 【医】a form of spinal arthritis, chiefly affecting young males, that eventually causes ankylosis of vertebral and sacroiliac joints 强直性脊柱炎

**ankylosis** /æŋkı'ləusıs/ n. Medicine 【医】abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones 关节强直
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ankylotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk ankulōsis, from ankuloun 'to crook', from ankulos 'crooked'.

**ankylostomiasis** /æŋkılə(u)stə(u)'maıəsıs/ n. variant spelling of **ANCYLOSTOMIASIS** ◼ ancylostomiasis 的另一种拼法

**anlage** /'ænla:gə/ n. (pl. **anlagen** /-g(ə)n/) Biology 【生物】the rudimentary basis of a particular organ or other part, especially in an embryo 原基
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., 'foundation, basis'.

**anna** /'ænə/ n. a former monetary unit of India and Pakistan, equal to one sixteenth of a rupee 安那 (印度和巴基斯坦旧时货币单位, 16安那=1卢比)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi ānā.

**annal** /'ænl/ n. a record of the events of one year 年鉴
> a record of one item in a chronicle (编年史中的单项) 记录
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annalist** n. **annalistic** adj. **annalistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: back-form. from **ANNALS**.

**annals** /'ænlz/ pl. n. a record of events year by year 编年史 ◼ historical records 历史记录
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. annales(libri) 'yearly (books)', from annus 'year'.

**annates** /'æneıts/ pl. n. chiefly historical 【主史义】a year's revenue of a Roman Catholic see or benefice, paid to the Pope by a bishop or other cleric newly appointed to the see or benefice (天主教神职人员担任教职的) 首岁收入 (须献给教皇)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from med. L. annata 'year's proceeds', from annus 'year'.

**annatto** /ə'nætəu/ (also 亦作 **anatto**) n. (pl. **annattos**) 1 an orange-red dye obtained from the seed coat of a tropical fruit, used for colouring foods 胭脂树橙, 胭脂树红 2 the tropical American tree from which annatto is obtained 胭脂树 [Bixa orellana.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Carib.

**anneal** /ə'ni:l/ v. 1 heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order to remove internal stresses 使 (金属或玻璃) 退火 2 Biochemistry 【生化】recombine (DNA) in the double-stranded form 使 (脱氧核糖核酸) 退火
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annealer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE onǣlan 'set on fire', from on + ǣlan 'burn, bake' from āl 'fire, burning'.

**annelid** /'ænəlıd/ n. Zoology 【动】a segmented worm of the phylum Annelida, which includes earthworms, lugworms, ragworms, and leeches 环节动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annelidan** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Annelida, from Fr. (animaux) annelés 'ringed (animals)', from OFr. anel 'a ring', from L. anellus, dimin. of anulus 'a ring'.

**annex** v. /ə'neks/ 1 add as an extra or subordinate part 附加 2 add (territory) to one's own territory by appropriation 吞并 (领土) ■n. /'æneks/ (chiefly Brit. also 【主英亦作】**annexe**) (pl. **annexes**) 1 a building joined to or associated with a main building 附属建筑 2 an addition to a document 文件附录
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annexation** n. **annexationist** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. annexer, from L. annectere 'connect'.

**annihilate** /ə'naıəleıt/ v. 1 destroy utterly 彻底摧毁 ◼ defeat utterly 彻底打败 2 Physics 【物】convert (matter) into radiant energy, especially by collision of a particle with an antiparticle 使 (物质) 湮灭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annihilation** n. **annihilator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. annihilat-, annihilare 'reduce to nothing'.

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**anniversary** /ænı'vɜ:səri/ n. (pl. **anniversaries**) the date on which an event took place in a previous year or in the past 周年纪念日
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. anniversarius 'returning yearly', from annus 'year' + versus 'turning'.

**Anno Domini** /ænəu 'dɒmınaı/ adv. full form of **AD** ◼ ad 的全称
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'in the year of the Lord'.

**annotate** /'ænəteıt/ v. add notes to (a text or diagram) giving explanation or comment 给 (文本或图表) 加注解
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annotatable** adj. **annotation** n. **annotative** adj. **annotator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as annotation): from L. annotat-, annotare 'mark'.

**announce** /ə'nauns/ v. make a formal public declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention 宣告, 宣称 ◼ make known the arrival of (a guest) at a formal social occasion 通报 (客人) 的到达
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **announcement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. annoncer, from L. annuntiare, from ad- 'to' + nuntiare 'declare, announce'.

**announcer** /ə'naunsə(r)/ n. a person who announces something, especially someone who introduces or gives information about radio or television programmes 播音员, 广播员

**annoy** /ə'nɔı/ v. 1 make slightly angry 使不快, 使生气 2 archaic 【古】harm or attack repeatedly 再三危害; 反复侵袭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annoyance** n. **annoyer** n. **annoying** adj. **annoyingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. anoier (v.), anoi (n.), based on L. in odio in the phr. mihi in odio est 'it is hateful to me'.

**annual** /'ænjuəl/ adj. 1 occurring once every year 每年的, 一年一度的 2 calculated over or covering a year 全年的, 年度的 3 (of a plant) living only for a year or less, perpetuating itself by seed (植物) 一年生的 Compare with 比较 **BIENNIAL**, **PERENNIAL**. ■n. 1 a book or magazine of a series published once a year 年鉴; 年刊 2 an annual plant 一年生植物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annually** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. annuel, from late L. annualis, based on L. annus 'year'.

**annual general meeting** n. Brit. 【英】a yearly meeting of the members or shareholders of an organization (组织成员或股东举行的) 年会

**annualized** or **annualised** /'ænjuəlaızd/ adj. (of a rate of return or inflation) recalculated as an annual rate (收益率或通货膨胀率) 按年度比率重估的

**annuitant** /ə'nju:ıt(ə)nt/ n. formal 【正式】a person who receives an annuity 领年金者

**annuity** /ə'nju:ıti/ n. (pl. **annuities**) a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life 年金 ◼ a form of insurance or investment entitling the investor to a series of annual sums 年金保险; 年金保险投资
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annuitize** or **annuitise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. annuité, from med. L. annuitas, from L. annuus 'yearly', from annus 'year'.

**annul** /ə'nʌl/ v. (**annuls**, **annulling**, **annulled**) declare (a law or contract, especially that of marriage) invalid 宣告 (法律或协议, 尤指婚姻) 无效
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annulment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. anuller, from late L. annullare, from ad- 'to' + nullum 'nothing'.

**annular** /'ænjulə(r)/ adj. technical 【技】ring-shaped 环状的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annularly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. annulaire or L. annularis, from anulus (see 见 **ANNULUS**).

**annular eclipse** n. an eclipse of the sun in which the edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon 日环食

**annulate** /'ænjulət/ adj. chiefly Zoology 【主动】marked with or formed of rings 有环纹的; 由环构成的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **annulated** adj. **annulation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. annulatus, from anulus (see 见 **ANNULUS**).

**annulet** /'ænjulıt/ n. 1 Architecture 【建】a small band encircling a column (柱子的) 圆箍线 2 Heraldry 【纹章】a charge in the form of a small ring 小环图记
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. anelet, from L. anulus (see 见 **ANNULUS**) + -ET¹.

**annulus** /'ænjuləs/ n. (pl. **annuli** /-laı, -li:/) technical 【技】a ring-shaped object, structure, or region 环; 环形结构; 环状部
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. anulus, annulus.

**annunciate** /ə'nʌnsieıt/ v. archaic 【古】announce 通告
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. annunciat-, var. of L. annuntiat-, annuntiare 'announce'.

**annunciation** /ə,nʌnsi'eıʃn/ n. 1 (**the Annunciation**) the announcement of the Incarnation by the angel Gabriel to Mary (Luke 1:26–38) 天使传报
> a Church festival that commemorates this, held on 25 March (Lady Day) 圣母领报节 (3月25日) 2 formal or archaic 【正式或古】the announcement of something 宣布, 宣告

**annunciator** /ə'nʌnsieıtə(r)/ n. a device such as a bell or light that indicates which of several electric circuits has been activated 信号器, 示号器

**annus horribilis** /ænəs hɒ'ri:bılıs/ n. a year of disaster or misfortune 灾年, 祸年
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., suggested by **ANNUS MIRABILIS**.

**annus mirabilis** /ænəs mı'rɑ:bılıs/ n. a remarkable or auspicious year 奇迹年, 吉年
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., 'wonderful year'.

**anoa** /ə'nəʊə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **anoas**) a small deer-like water buffalo, native to Sulawesi 倭水牛 (体形较小, 外形似鹿, 产于苏拉威西岛) [Genus Bubalus: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: a local word.

**anode** /'ænəud/ ■n. a positively charged electrode 阳

<94>
极 The opposite of 反义词 **CATHODE**.
> the negatively charged electrode of an electrical device, such as a primary cell, that supplies current (原电池等的) 正极
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anodal** adj. **anodic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anodos 'way up'.

**anodize** or **anodise** /'ænədaız/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **anodized**] coat (a metal, especially aluminium) with a protective oxide layer by an electrolytic process in which the metal forms the anode 对 (金属, 尤指铝) 作阳极氧化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anodizer** n.

**anodyne** /'ænədaın/ adj. unlikely to cause offence or disagreement but somewhat dull 不得罪人的; 有点乏味的 ■n. a painkilling drug or medicine 止痛药
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk anōdunos 'painless'.

**anogenital** /eınəu'dʒenıtl/ adj. Medicine & Anatomy 【医,解】relating to the anus and genitals 肛殖的, 与肛门和生殖器有关的

**anoint** /ə'nɔınt/ v. smear or rub with oil, especially as part of a religious ceremony (尤指作为宗教仪式) 涂油, 傅油 ◼ ceremonially confer office on (a priest or monarch) by anointing 给 (神职人员或君主) 傅油使获承认 ◼ [often as adj. 常作形容词 **anointed**] nominate as successor 指定…接任
-PHRASES 短语 **Anointing of the Sick** (in the Roman Catholic Church) the sacramental anointing of the ill or infirm with blessed oil; unction (天主教的) 病人傅油圣事
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anointer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enoint, enoindre, from L. inungere, from in- 'upon' + ungere 'anoint, smear with oil'.

**anole** /ə'nəuli/ n. a small arboreal American lizard with a throat fan, often brightly coloured 变色蜥 [Genus Anolis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Carib.

**anomalistic month** /ənɒmə'lıstık/ n. Astronomy 【天文】a month measured between successive perigees of the moon (approximately 27½ days) 近点月 (约等于27½天)

**anomalistic year** n. Astronomy 【天文】a year measured between successive perihelia of the earth (approximately 365¼ days) 近点年 (约等于365¼天)

**anomaly** /ə'nɒm(ə)li/ n. (pl. **anomalies**) 1 something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected 异常事物; 反常 (现象) 2 Astronomy 【天文】the angular distance of a planet or satellite from its last perihelion or perigee (行星或卫星的) 近点角
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anomalous** adj. **anomalously** adv. **anomalousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk anōmalia, from anōmalos (from an- + homalos 'even') + -Y³.

**anomia** /ə'nəumiə/ n. Medicine 【医】a form of aphasia in which the patient is unable to recall the names of everyday objects 命名不能症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anomic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from A-¹ + L. nomen 'name' + -IA¹.

**anomie** /'ænəmi/ (also 亦作 **anomy**) n. lack of the usual social or ethical standards 道德沦丧, 道德缺失
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anomic** /ə'nɒmık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Fr., from Gk anomia, from anomos 'lawless'.

**anon** /ə'nɒn/ adv. archaic or informal 【古或非正式】soon; shortly 立刻, 旋即, 马上
-ORIGIN 词源 OE on an, on ane 'in or into (one state or course)'.

**anon.** /ə'nɒn/ abbr. anonymous.

**anonym** /'ænənım/ n. 1 an anonymous person or publication 匿名者; 匿名出版物 2 a pseudonym 假名
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. anonyme, from Gk anōnumos (see 见 **ANONYMOUS**).

**anonymize** or **anonymise** /ə'nɒnımaız/ v. remove identifying particulars from (something, especially medical test results) for statistical or other purposes 将 (医学检测结果) 匿名化

**anonymous** /ə'nɒnıməs/ adj. 1 not identified by name; of unknown identity 匿名的; 无名的: **an anonymous phone call** 匿名电话 2 having no individual or unusual features 无个性化特征的, 平淡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anonymity** /ænə'nımıti/ n. **anonymously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk anōnumos 'nameless' (from an- 'without' + onoma 'name') + -OUS.

**anopheles** /ə'nɒfıli:z/ n. a mosquito of a genus which includes the species that transmits the malarial parasite to humans (传播疟疾的) 按蚊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anopheline** /ə'nɒfılaın, -li:n/ adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L. genus name, from Gk anōphelēs 'unprofitable, useless'.

**anorak** /'ænəræk/ n. 1 a waterproof jacket, typically with a hood 带兜帽防水夹克 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a studious or obsessive person with largely solitary interests 书呆子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anoraky** adj. **anorakish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Greenland Eskimo anoraq.

**anorectal** /eınəu'rektl/ adj. Medicine & Anatomy 【医,解】relating to the anus and rectum 肛门直肠的

**anorexia** /ænə'reksiə/ n. lack of appetite for food, in particular (also 亦作 **anorexia nervosa**) an emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat 食欲缺乏; (尤指) (神经性) 厌食 (症)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk, from an- 'without' + orexis 'appetite'.

**anorexic** /ænə'reksık/ (also 亦作 **anorectic**) adj. 1 relating to or suffering from anorexia 厌食的 2 informal 【非正式】very thin 极瘦的 ■n. 1 a person suffering from anorexia 厌食者 2 (**anorectic**)

<95>
a medicine which produces a loss of appetite 食欲抑制剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anorexically** adv.

**anorgasmia** /ænɔ:'gæzmiə/ ■n. Medicine 【医】persistent inability to achieve orgasm despite responding to sexual stimulation 失性感症, 性感缺失
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anorgasmic** adj.

**anorthite** /ə'nɔ:θaıt/ n. a calcium-rich mineral of the feldspar group, typically white 钙长石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from AN-¹ + Gk orthos 'straight' + -ITE¹.

**anorthosite** /ə'nɔ:θəsaıt/ n. Geology 【地质】a granular igneous rock composed largely of labradorite or another plagioclase 斜长岩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. anorthose 'plagioclase' + -ITE¹.

**anosmia** /ə'nɒzmiə/ n. Medicine 【医】the loss of the sense of smell, caused by head injury, infection, or blockage of the nose 嗅觉丧失
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anosmic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from AN-² + Gk osmē 'smell'.

**another** /ə'nʌðə(r)/ det. & pron. 1 used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned; a further (人或事物) 又一个的, 再一个的 2 used to refer to a different person or thing from one already mentioned (人或事物) 另一个的, 不同的
-PHRASES 短语 **another place** Brit. 【英】the other House of Parliament (used in the Commons to refer to the Lords, and vice versa) 另一议院 (在下议院时指上议院, 在上议院时指下议院)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: orig. an other.

**anothery** /ə'nʌðəri/ (also 亦作 **anotherie**) n. Austral. informal 【澳,非正式】another one 再一个

**ANOVA** /æ'nəuvə/ n. analysis of variance, a statistical method in which the variation in a set of observations is divided into distinct components 方差分析

**anovulant** /æ'nɒvjul(ə)nt/ adj. Medicine 【医】denoting a drug or other agent that prevents ovulation 抑制排卵的

**anovulatory** /ænɒvju'leıt(ə)ri/ adj. Medicine 【医】(of a menstrual cycle) in which ovulation does not occur (月经周期) 无排卵的, 不排卵的

**anoxia** /æ'nɒksiə/ n. chiefly Medicine 【主医】an absence or deficiency of oxygen in a tissue, medium, etc. 缺氧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anoxic** adj.

**ANS** abbr. autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统

**Anschluss** /'ænʃlʊs/ n. the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938 合并 (指1938年德国吞并奥地利)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ger., from anschliessen 'to join'.

**anserine** /'ænsəraın/ adj. of or like a goose 鹅的; 似鹅的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. anserinus, from anser 'goose'.

**ANSI** abbr. American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会

**answer** /'ɑ:nsə(r)/ ■n. 1 something said, written, or done as a reaction to a question, statement, or situation 回答; 回复, 答复; 应答 2 the solution to a problem 解决办法 3 (**answer to**) a person or thing regarded as the equivalent to a better-known one from another place 相当的人; 对应物: *She's Britain's answer to Marilyn Monroe.* 她是英国的玛丽莲·梦露。■v. 1 respond with an answer 回答, 作答 ◼ (**answer back**) respond impudently 顶嘴 2 act in reaction to (以行动) 回应: *Digby answered the door.* 迪格比应了门。3 (**answer to**) be responsible or report to 对…负责; 向…汇报 4 defend oneself against (a charge or accusation) 就 (起诉或指控) 进行答辩 ◼ (**answer for**) be responsible or to blame for 对…负有责任; 因…受到谴责 5 be suitable for fulfilling (a need); satisfy 符合, 适合, 满足 (需求)
-PHRASES 短语 **answer to the name of** be called名叫 ◼ **in answer to** as a response to or as a result of 作为对…的响应, 作为…的结果
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **answerer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE andswaru (n.), andswarian (v.), of Gmc origin; from a base shared by **SWEAR**.

**answerable** /'ɑ:nsərəbl/ adj. 1 (**answerable to**) responsible to or having to report to 需作出交代的; 有责任的 ◼ (**answerable for**) responsible for (something) 对…负责的 2 (of a question) able to be answered (问题) 能回答的

**answering machine** n. a device which supplies a recorded answer to a telephone call and can record a message from the caller 电话答录机

**answering service** n. a business that receives and answers telephone calls for its clients 代接电话服务站

**answerphone** /'ɑ:nsəfəun/ n. Brit. 【英】a telephone answering machine 电话答录机

**ant** /ænt/ n. a small insect, usually wingless and with a sting, living in a complex social colony with one or more breeding queens 蚁 [Family Formicidae.]
-PHRASES 短语 **have ants in one's pants** informal 【非正式】be fidgety 坐立不安, 坐卧不宁
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æmete, of W. Gmc origin: cf. **EMMET**.

**ant-** /ænt/ prefix variant spelling of **ANTI-** shortened before a vowel or h (as in **Antarctic**) ◼ anti- 的另一种拼法 (i 在元音前或 h 前省略, 如 **Antarctic**)

**-ant** /(ə)nt/ suffix 1 (forming adjectives) denoting attribution of an action or state (构成形容词) 表示进行…动作或处于…状态: **arrogant** 自大的 2 (forming nouns) denoting an agent (构成名词) 表示…剂: **deodorant** 除臭剂
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. or L. pres. participial verb stems (see also 另见 **-ENT**).

**antacid** /æn'tæsıd/ adj. preventing or correcting acidity in the stomach 抗酸的 ■n. an antacid medicine 抗酸药

**antagonism** /æn'tæg(ə)nız(ə)m/ ■n. active hostility

<96>
or opposition 敌意; 敌对; 对立

**antagonist** /æn'tæg(ə)nıst/ n. 1 a person who actively opposes or is hostile towards someone or something 对手; 敌手 2 Biochemistry 【生化】a substance which interferes with the physiological action of another 拮抗剂 3 Anatomy 【解】a muscle whose action counteracts that of another muscle 拮抗肌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antagonistic** adj. **antagonistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. antagoniste or late L. antagonista, from Gk antagonistēs, from antagonizesthai (see 见 **ANTAGONIZE**); cf. **AGONIST**.

**antagonize** or **antagonise** /æn'tægənaız/ v. 1 make hostile 造成…对抗, 引起…敌意 2 Biochemistry 【生化】act as an antagonist of (a substance) 对 (某物质) 起拮抗作用
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'struggle against'): from Gk antagonizesthai, from ant- 'against' + agonizesthai 'struggle'.

**Antarctic** /æn'tɑ:ktık/ adj. relating to the south polar region or Antarctica 南极地区的; 南极洲的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. antartique or L. antarcticus, from Gk antarktikos 'opposite to the north', from ant- 'against' + arktikos (see 见 **ARCTIC**).

**antbear** /'æntbeə(r)/ ■n. another term for **AARDVARK** ◼ aardvark 的另一种说法

**antbird** /'æntbɜ:d/ n. a long-legged, short-tailed insectivorous bird found mainly in the tropical forests of South America 蚁鸟 (一种腿长尾短的食虫鸟, 主要见于南美洲热带雨林) [Family Formicariidae: many species.]

**ante** /'ænti/ n. a stake put up by a player in poker or brag before receiving cards (扑克牌戏或勃莱格牌戏中在拿到牌前下的) 赌注 ■v. (**antes**, **anteing**, **anted**) (**ante something up**) put up an amount as an ante in poker or brag 下赌注 ◼ N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】pay an amount of money in advance 提前付清 (钱款)
-PHRASES 短语 **up (or raise) the ante** increase what is at stake or under discussion 加大赌注; 冒更大风险
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'before'.

**ante-** /'ænti/ prefix before; preceding 在…之前: **antecedent** 先例
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. ante 'before'.

**anteater** /'æntˌi:tə(r)/ n. a mammal that feeds on ants and termites, with a long snout and sticky tongue 食蚁兽 [Many species, chiefly in family Myrmecophagidae (Central and S. America).]

**antebellum** /æntı'beləm/ adj. occurring or existing before a particular war, especially the US Civil War 战前的 (尤指美国内战前的)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., from ante 'before' and bellum 'war'.

**antecedent** /ænti'si:d(ə)nt/ n. 1 a thing that existed before or logically precedes another 先例; 前提 2 (**antecedents**) a person's ancestors and social background 祖先; 社会背景 3 Grammar 【语法】an earlier word, phrase, or clause to which a following pronoun refers back 先行语 4 Logic 【逻】the statement contained in the 'if' clause of a conditional proposition 前件 ■adj. preceding in time or order 先前的, 在先的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antecedence** n. **antecedently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. or from L. antecedent-, antecedere, from ante 'before' + cedere 'go'.

**antechamber** /'æntıˌtʃeımbə(r)/ n. a small room leading to a main one 前厅
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. antichambre, from Ital. anticamera, from anti- 'preceding' + camera (see 见 **CHAMBER**).

**antechapel** /'æntıˌtʃæpl/ n. a distinct part of a college chapel between the entrance and the nave or choir 学校教堂门厅

**antechinus** /æntı'kaınəs/ n. a shrew-like marsupial mouse found in Australia, including Tasmania, and New Guinea 宽足袋鼩 [Genus Antechinus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk anti- 'simulating' + ekhinos 'hedgehog' (from its bristly fur).

**antedate** /æntı'deıt/ v. 1 come before in date (日期上) 先于, 早于 2 indicate that (a document or event) should be assigned to an earlier date 表明 (文件或事件的日期) 应定得更早

**antediluvian** /æntıdı'lu:viən/ adj. 1 of or belonging to the time before the biblical Flood (《圣经》中记载的) 大洪水以前的 2 chiefly humorous 【主幽】ridiculously old-fashioned 老掉牙的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from ANTE- + L. diluvium 'deluge' + -AN.

**antelope** /'æntıləup/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **antelopes**) a swift-running deer-like ruminant animal with upward-pointing horns, of a group including the gazelles, impala, gnu, and eland 羚羊
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. the name of a fierce mythical creature): via OFr. and med. L. from late Gk antholops, of unknown origin and meaning.

**ante-mortem** /ænti'mɔ:təm/ adj. & adv. before death 临死前(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**antenatal** /ænti'neıtl/ Brit. adj. before birth; during or relating to pregnancy 产前的 ■n. informal 【非正式】an antenatal medical examination 产前检查
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antenatally** adv.

**antenna** /æn'tenə/ n. (pl. **antennae** /-ni:/) 1 Zoology 【动】a long, thin sensory appendage found in pairs on the heads of insects and some other arthropods (昆虫、节肢动物的) (第二) 触角 2 (pl. also 复数亦作 **antennas**) chiefly N. Amer. or technical 【主北美或技】an aerial 天线 3 (**antennae**) the faculty of instinctively detecting and interpreting subtle signs 直觉: *His political antennae remain as sharp as ever.* 他的政治嗅觉一如既往地敏锐。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antennal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., alt. of antemna 'yard' (of a ship), used in pl. to translate Gk keraioi 'horns

<97>
(of insects)'.

**antennule** /æn'tenju:l/ n. Zoology 【动】a small antenna, especially either of the first pair of antennae in a crustacean (尤指甲壳动物的) 第一触角

**antenuptial** /æntı'nʌpʃl/ adj. chiefly Brit. 【主英】another term for **PRENUPTIAL** ◼ prenuptial 的另一种说法

**antepartum** /æntı'pɑ:təm/ adj. Medicine 【医】occurring not long before childbirth 产前 (不久) 的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'before birth'.

**antepenult** /æntipı'nʌlt/ n. Linguistics 【语言】the last syllable but two in a word, e.g. *-ul-* in **antepenultimate** 倒数第三个音节

**antepenultimate** /æntıpen'ʌltımət/ adj. last but two in a series 倒数第三个的

**ante-post** adj. Brit. 【英】(of a bet on a horse race) placed before the runners are known, on a horse thought likely to be entered (赛马赌注) 下于参赛马公布之前的

**anterior** /æn'tıəriə(r)/ adj. 1 chiefly Anatomy & Biology 【主解和生物】nearer the front, especially in the front of the body or nearer to the head (身体) 前部的, 头部附近的 The opposite of 反义词 **POSTERIOR**. ◼ Botany 【植】situated further away from the main stem 位于前部的 2 (**anterior to**) formal 【正式】prior to 先前的; 早先的 3 Phonetics 【语音】pronounced with an obstruction located in front of the palato-alveolar region of the mouth, e.g. b, p, d, t 龈前(音)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anteriority** n. **anteriorly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. antérieur or L. anterior, compar. of ante 'before'.

**antero-** /'æntərəu/ comb. form chiefly Anatomy 【主解】representing **ANTERIOR** 前: **anteroposterior** 前后的

**anterograde** /'æntərəugreıd/ adj. directed forwards in time 时间上提前的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTERIOR, on the pattern of retrograde.

**anterolateral** /æntərəʊ'lætərəl/ adj. chiefly Anatomy 【主解】both anterior and lateral 前外侧的

**anteroom** /'æntiru:m/ n. an antechamber, especially one serving as a waiting room 前厅, (尤指) 候见室 ◼ a large room in an officers' mess adjacent to the dining room (军官食堂中的) 休息室

**anteroposterior** /æntərəʊpɒs'tıəriə(r)/ adj. chiefly Anatomy 【主解】relating to or directed towards both front and back 前后的

**anteverted** /'æntıvɜ:tıd/ adj. Anatomy & Medicine 【解和医】(of an organ, especially the womb) inclined forward (尤指子宫) 前倾的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. antevertere, from ante 'before' + vertere 'to turn' + -ED².

**ant heap** n. an anthill 蚁冢

**anthelion** /ænt'hi:liən, æn'θi:l-/ n. (pl. **anthelia** /-liə/) a luminous halo round a shadow projected by the sun on to a cloud or fog bank 反(假)日 ◼ a parhelion seen opposite the sun in the sky 远幻日
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk anthēlios 'opposite to the sun'.

**anthelmintic** /æn(ə)l'mıntık/ Medicine 【医】■adj. (of medicines) used to destroy parasitic worms 驱肠虫的 ■n. an anthelmintic medicine 驱肠虫药, 抗蠕虫药
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from anth- (var. of anti- 'against') + Gk helmins, helminth- 'worm' + -IC.

**anthem** /'ænθəm/ ■n. 1 a rousing or uplifting song identified with a particular group or cause 颂歌, 赞歌 ◼ (also 亦作 **national anthem**) a solemn patriotic song adopted as an expression of national identity 国歌 2 a musical setting of a religious text to be sung by a choir during a church service 圣歌
-DERIVatives 派生词 **anthemic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE antefn, antifne, from late L. antiphona (see 见 **ANTIPHON**).

**anthemion** /æn'θi:miən/ n. (pl. **anthemia** /-miə/) an ornamental design of alternating motifs resembling clusters of narrow leaves or honeysuckle petals 叶丛状装饰; 花束状装饰
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk, lit. 'flower'.

**anther** /'ænθə(r)/ ■n. Botany 【植】the part of a stamen that contains the pollen 花药
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. anthère or mod. L. anthera, from Gk anthēra 'flowery'.

**antheridium** /ænθə'rıdiəm/ n. (pl. **antheridia** /-diə/) Botany 【植】the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other non-flowering plants 精子器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antheridial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from anthera (see 见 **ANTHER**) + -idium (from the Gk dimin. suffix -idion).

**anthesis** /æn'θi:sıs/ n. Botany 【植】the flowering period of a plant, from the opening of the flower bud 开花期
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anthēsis 'flowering'.

**anthill** /'ænthıl/ n. a nest in the form of a mound built by ants or termites 蚁冢

**antho-** /'ænθəʊ/ comb. form relating to flowers 与花有关的: **anthophilous** 喜花的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk anthos 'flower'.

**anthology** /æn'θɒlədʒi/ n. (pl. **anthologies**) a collection of poems or other pieces of writing or music (诗、文或曲的) 选集
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthologist** n. **anthologization** or **anthologisation** n. **anthologize** or **anthologise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Fr. or med. L. from Gk anthologia, from anthos 'flower' (i.e. 'flowers' of verse) + -logia 'collection'.

**anthozoan** /ænθə'zəuən/ n. Zoology 【动】a member of a large class of marine coelenterates (the Anthozoa) that includes the sea anemones and corals 珊瑚虫纲
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Anthozoa, from Gk anthos 'flower' + zōia 'animals'.

**anthracene** /'ænθrəsi:n/ n. Chemistry 【化】a crystalline aromatic hydrocarbon obtained by the distillation of crude oils 蒽 (一种芳香烃, 通过蒸馏原

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油而得) [C₁₄H₁₀]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anthrax, anthrak- 'coal' + -ENE.

**anthracite** /'ænθrəsaıt/ n. coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke 无烟煤
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a gem resembling coal): from Gk anthrakitēs, from anthrax, anthrak- 'coal'.

**anthracnose** /æn'θræknəʊs/ n. a mainly fungal disease of plants, causing dark lesions (植物的) 炭疽病
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Fr. from Gk anthrax, anthrak- 'coal' + nosos 'disease'.

**anthrax** /'ænθræks/ n. a serious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, typically affecting the skin and lungs and able to be transmitted to humans 炭疽 (牛和羊的细菌性疾病, 可传染给人)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, 'carbuncle': from L., from Gk anthrax, anthrak- 'coal, carbuncle'.

**anthropic principle** /æn'θrɒpık/ n. the cosmological principle that theories of the universe are constrained by the necessity to allow human existence (宇宙论的) 人存原理
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: anthropic from Gk anthrōpikos, from anthrōpos 'human being'.

**anthropo-** /'ænθrəpəʊ/ comb. form human; relating to human beings 人; 与人类有关的: **anthropology** 人类学
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk anthrōpos 'human being'.

**anthropocentric** /ˌænθrə(p)ə(u)'sentrık/ adj. regarding humankind as the most important element of existence 人类中心(论)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropocentrically** adv. **anthropocentrism** n.

**anthropogenic** /ænθrəpə(u)'dʒenık/ adj. (chiefly of pollution) originating in human activity (主要指污染) 人致的, 人为的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropogenically** adv.

**anthropoid** /'ænθrəpɔıd/ adj. 1 resembling a human being in form 人形的; 似人的 2 Zoology 【动】relating to the group of higher primates including monkeys, apes, and humans 高等灵长目动物的 ◼ (of an ape) belonging to the family of great apes 猩猩科的 ■n. Zoology 【动】a higher primate, especially an ape or apeman 高等灵长目动物 (尤指猿或猿人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk anthrōpoeidēs, from anthrōpos 'human being' + -OID.

**anthropology** /ænθrə'pɒlədʒi/ n. the study of humankind, including the comparative study of societies and cultures and the science of human zoology and evolution 人类学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropological** adj. **anthropologist** n.

**anthropometry** /ˌænθrə'pɒmıtri/ (also 亦作 **anthropometrics**) n. the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body 人体测量学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropometric** adj.

**anthropomorphic** /ænθrəpə'mɔ:fık/ adj. relating to or characterized by anthropomorphism 拟人论的, 拟人主义的 ◼ having human characteristics 具有人类特点的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropomorphically** adv.

**anthropomorphism** /ænθrəpə'mɔ:fız(ə)m/ n. the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour to a god, animal, or object 拟人论, 拟人主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropomorphize** or **anthropomorphise** v.

**anthropomorphous** /ænθrəpə'mɔ:fəs/ adj. (of a god, animal, or object) human in form or nature (神、动物或物体) 具有人形 (或人性) 的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk anthrōpomorphos (from anthrōpos 'human being' + morphē 'form') + -ous.

**anthropophagus** /ænθrə'pɒfəgəs/ n. (pl. **anthropophagi** /-gaı/) (in legends) cannibals (传说中的) 食人者, 食人生番
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from Gk anthrōpophagos 'man-eating'.

**anthropophagy** /ænθrə'pɒfədʒi/ n. the eating of human flesh by other humans; cannibalism 食人 (习俗)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthropophagous** /-gəs/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk anthrōpophagia, from anthrōpophagos (see 见 **ANTHROPOPHAGUS**).

**anthroposophy** /ænθrə'pɒsəfi/ n. a system established by the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner that seeks to optimize physical and mental health and well-being 灵智学, 人类通神学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anthroposophical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ANTHROPO- + Gk sophia 'wisdom'.

**anthurium** /æn'(j)ʊəriəm/ ■n. (pl. **anthuriums**) a tropical American plant with brightly coloured flowering spathes 花烛属植物 [Genus Anthurium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk anthos 'flower' + oura 'tail'.

**anti** /'ænti/ prep. opposed to; against 反对; 对立 ■n. (pl. **antis**) informal 【非正式】an opponent of something 反对者, 反对论者

**anti-** /'ænti/ (also 亦作 **ant-**) ■prefix 1 **opposed to**; **against** 反的, 逆的: **anti-aircraft** 防空的 ◼ **preventing or relieving** 防止; 解除; 减轻: **antibacterial** 抗菌的
> **the opposite of** 反, 与…对立: **anticlimax** 扫兴的结局
> **acting as a rival** 竞争, 对抗: **antipope** 敌对教皇 2 Physics 【物】the antiparticle of a specified particle …粒子的反粒子
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk anti 'against'.

**anti-aircraft** adj. (of a gun or missile) used to attack enemy aircraft from the ground or a ship (枪炮或导弹) 防空的

**antibacterial** /æntibæk'tıəriəl/ adj. active against bacteria 抗菌的

**antibiosis** /æntibaı'əusıs/ ■n. Biology 【生物】an antagonistic association between two organisms (especially microorganisms), in which one is adversely affected 抗生 Compare with 比较 **SYMBIOSIS**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTI- + a shortened form of

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**SYMBIOSIS**.

**antibiotic** /æntibaı'ɒtık/ n. a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms 抗生素
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTI- + Gk biōtikos 'fit for life' (from bios 'life').

**antibody** /'æntiˌbɒdi/ n. (pl. **antibodies**) a blood protein produced by the body in response to and counteracting an antigen 抗体

**antic** /'æntık/ adj. archaic 【古】grotesque or bizarre 怪诞的, 诡异的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. antico 'antique', also 'grotesque'.

**anticholinergic** /æntiˌkəulı'nɜ:dʒık/ Medicine 【医】■adj. inhibiting the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine 抗胆碱的 ■n. an anticholinergic drug 抗胆碱药

**Antichrist** /'æntikraıst/ n. (**the Antichrist**) a postulated opponent of Christ expected by the early Church to appear before the end of the world 敌基督, 假基督

**anticipate** /æn'tısıpeıt/ v. 1 be aware of and prepare for (a future event) 预期, 预料 (未来之事) ◼ regard as probable 认为…很有可能 ◼ look forward to 盼望 2 act as a forerunner or precursor of 先于…行动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anticipative** adj. **anticipator** n. **anticipatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. anticipat-, anticipare, from ante- 'before' + capere 'take'.

**anticipation** /ænˌtısı'peıʃn/ n. the action of anticipating; expectation or prediction 期望; 预料
> Music 【音】the introduction in a composition of part of a chord which is about to follow in full 先现音
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. anticipatio(n-), from the verb anticipare (see 见 **ANTICIPATE**).

**anticlerical** /ænti'klerıkl/ adj. chiefly historical 【主史义】opposed to the power or influence of the clergy 反教权的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anticlericalism** n.

**anticlimax** /ænti'klaımæks/ n. a disappointing end to an exciting series of events 扫兴的结局
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anticlimactic** adj. **anticlimactically** adv.

**anticline** /'æntiklaın/ n. Geology 【地质】a ridge or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downwards from the crest 背斜 Compare with 比较 **SYNCLINE**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anticlinal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTI- + Gk klinein 'lean', on the pattern of incline.

**anticlockwise** /ænti'klɒkwaız/ adv. & adj. Brit. 【英】in the opposite direction to the way in which the hands of a clock move round 逆时针地(的)

**anticoagulant** /æntikəu'ægjələnt/ adj. having the effect of retarding the coagulation of the blood 抗凝 (血) 的 ■n. an anticoagulant substance 抗凝剂; 抗凝血药

**anticodon** /ænti'kəudɒn/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA 反密码子

**anticompetitive** /æntikəm'petətıv/ adj. (of regulations, practices, etc.) tending to suppress economic competition (规章、举措等) 反竞争的

**anticonvulsant** /æntikən'vʌlsənt/ adj. preventing or reducing the severity of epileptic fits or other convulsions 抗惊厥的 ■n. an anticonvulsant drug 抗惊厥药

**antics** /'æntıks/ pl. n. foolish, outrageous, or amusing behaviour 愚蠢 (或无礼) 行为; 古怪举动; 滑稽动作
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from **ANTIC**.

**anticyclone** /ænti'saıkləun/ n. a weather system with high barometric pressure at its centre, around which air slowly circulates (typically associated with calm, fine weather) 反气旋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anticyclonic** adj.

**antidepressant** /æntidı'pres(ə)nt/ adj. used to alleviate depression 抗抑郁的 ■n. an antidepressant drug 抗抑郁药(物)

**antidiarrhoeal** /æntiˌdaıə'riəl/ adj. used to alleviate diarrhoea 止泻的

**antidisestablishmentarianism** /æntidısıstæblıʃm(ə)n'teəriənız(ə)m/ ■n. rare 【罕】opposition to the disestablishment of the Church of England 反对废除英国国教的主张
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antidisestablishmentarian** n. & adj.

**antidiuretic hormone** /æntiˌdaıju'retık/ n. another term for **VASOPRESSIN** ◼ vasopressin 的另一种说法

**antidote** /'æntidəut/ n. 1 a medicine taken to counteract a particular poison 解毒药 2 something that counteracts an unpleasant feeling or situation 矫正方法, 对抗手段: *Laughter is a good antidote to stress.* 笑是对抗压力的良方。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antidotal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L., from Gk antidoton, from anti- 'against' + didonai 'give'.

**antidromic** /ænti'drɒmık/ adj. Physiology 【生理】(of an impulse) travelling in the opposite direction to that normal in a nerve fibre (冲动) 逆向的 The opposite of 反义词 **ORTHODROMIC**.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ANTI- + Gk dromos 'running' + -IC.

**anti-emetic** /æntiı'metık/ adj. preventing vomiting 镇吐的 ■n. an anti-emetic drug 镇吐药

**antiferromagnetic** /æntiˌferəumæg'netık/ adj. Physics 【物】denoting or exhibiting a weak form of magnetism in which there is an antiparallel alignment of adjacent electron spins in a crystal lattice 反铁磁的

**antifouling** /ænti'faulıŋ/ n. a substance applied to a boat's hull to prevent fouling (涂于船身的) 防污物质

**antifreeze** /'æntifri:z/ n. a liquid added to water to

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lower the freezing point, especially in the radiator of a motor vehicle (尤用于汽车散热器中的) 防冻剂

**anti-g** /ænti'dʒi:/ adj. short for **ANTIGRAVITY** ◼ antigravity 的缩略式

**antigen** /'æntıdʒən/ n. a substance which the body recognizes as alien and which induces an immune response 抗原 Compare with 比较 **ANTIBODY**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antigenic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: via Ger. from Fr. antigène (see 见 **ANTI-**, **-GEN**).

**antigenic determinant** /ˌæntı'dʒenık/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】another term for **EPITOPE** ◼ epitope 的另一种说法

**antiglobalization** or **antiglobalisation** /æntiˌgləubəlaı'zeıʃn/ n. opposition to the increasing global power and influence of businesses, especially multinational corporations 反全球化

**antigravity** /ænti'græviti/ n. Physics 【物】a hypothetical force opposing gravity 反重力 ■adj. designed to counteract the effects of high acceleration 反重力的

**Antiguan** /æn'ti:gwən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Antigua, or the country of Antigua and Barbuda, in the West Indies 安提瓜人; 安提瓜和巴布达 ■adj. relating to Antigua or Antigua and Barbuda 安提瓜的; 安提瓜和巴布达的

**anti-hero** (or **anti-heroine**) n. a central character in a story, film, or drama who lacks conventional heroic attributes (小说、电影或戏剧中缺乏传统主角品格的) 反英雄

**antihistamine** /ænti'hıstəmi:n/ n. a drug or other compound that inhibits the physiological effects of histamine, used especially in the treatment of allergies 抗组胺药

**anti-infective** adj. used to prevent infection 抗感染的 ■n. an anti-infective drug 抗感染药

**anti-inflammatory** adj. used to reduce inflammation 消炎的 ■n. (pl. **anti-inflammatories**) an anti-inflammatory drug 消炎药

**anti-knock** n. a substance added to petrol to inhibit pre-ignition 抗爆剂

**anti-lock** adj. (of brakes) designed so as to prevent the wheels locking and the vehicle skidding if applied suddenly (刹车) 防抱死的

**antilogarithm** /ænti'lɒgərıð(ə)m/ n. the number of which a given number is the logarithm 反对数

**antilogy** /æn'tılədʒi/ n. (pl. **antilogies**) archaic 【古】a contradiction in terms or ideas (术语或概念上的) 自相矛盾
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. antilogie, from Gk antilogia, from anti- 'against' + -logia (see 见 **-LOGY**).

**antimacassar** /æntımə'kæsə/ n. a piece of cloth put over the back of an upholstered chair to protect it from grease and dirt 椅背套
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTI- + **MACASSAR**.

**antimalarial** /ænti,mə'leəriəl/ adj. used to prevent malaria 抗疟(疾) 的 ■n. an antimalarial drug 抗疟(疾)药

**antimatter** /'æntiˌmætə(r)/ ■n. Physics 【物】matter consisting of elementary particles which are the antiparticles of those making up normal matter 反物质

**antimetabolite** /æntimı'tæbəlaıt/ n. Physiology 【生理】a substance that interferes with the normal metabolic processes within cells 抗代谢物, 抗代谢药

**antimicrobial** /æntimaı'krəʊbiəl/ adj. active against microbes 抗微生物的 ■n. an antimicrobial substance 抗微生物剂

**antimonide** /'æntımənaıd, æntı'məʊ-/ n. Chemistry 【化】a compound of antimony with a more electropositive element 锑化物

**antimony** /'æntıməni/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 51, a brittle silvery-white semimetal 锑 (化学元素, 原子序数为51, 脆性银白色半金属) (Symbol 符: **Sb**)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antimonial** adj. **antimonic** adj. **antimonious** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the ore stibnite): from med. L. antimonium, of unknown origin.

**antinode** /'æntınəud/ n. Physics 【物】the position of maximum displacement in a standing wave system 波腹, 腹点

**antinomian** /æntı'nəumiən/ adj. holding or relating to the view that Christians are released by grace from the obligation of observing the moral law 信行背反论的, 反律法论的 (认为蒙上帝恩典的基督教徒可不遵守道德律) ■n. a person holding antinomian views 持信行背反论 (或反律法论) 的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antinomianism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. Antinomi, a 16th-cent. German sect, from Gk anti- 'against' + nomos 'law'.

**antinomy** /æn'tınəmi/ n. (pl. **antinomies**) a paradox 二律背反
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. antinomia, from Gk, from anti- 'against' + nomos 'law'.

**antioxidant** /ænti'ɒksid(ə)nt/ n. a substance that prevents or inhibits oxidation 抗氧化剂 ◼ a substance such as vitamin C or E that removes potentially damaging oxidizing agents in a living organism 抗氧化剂 (如维生素C或维生素E, 能除去生物体内具有潜在危害的氧化剂)

**antiparallel** /ænti'pærəlel/ adj. Physics 【物】parallel but moving or oriented in opposite directions 逆平行的, 反向平行的

**antiparticle** /'æntiˌpɑ:tıkl/ n. Physics 【物】a subatomic particle with the same mass as a given particle but opposite electric or magnetic properties (e.g. a positron in relation to an electron) 反粒子

**antipasto** /æntı'pæstəu/ n. (pl. **antipasti** /-ti/) (in Italian cookery) an hors d'oeuvre (意大利菜中的) 餐前小吃, 冷盘, 开胃菜
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from anti- 'before' + pasto (from L. pastus 'food').

**antipathy** /æn'tıpəθi/ n. (pl. **antipathies**) a deep-
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seated feeling of aversion(根深蒂固的)反感,厌恶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antipathetic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **antipathie**, or via L. from Gk **antipatheia**, from **antipathēs** 'opposed in feeling'.

**anti-personnel** adj. (of weapons) designed to kill or injure people rather than to damage buildings or equipment (武器)杀伤性的

**antiperspirant** /ænti'pɜ:sp(ə)r(ə)nt/ n. a substance applied to prevent or reduce perspiration 止汗药

**antiphon** /'æntɪf(ə)n/ n. a short sentence sung or recited before or after a psalm or canticle 应答轮唱赞美诗,启应对唱诗歌 a musical setting of an antiphon 交替圣歌 a versicle or sentence sung by one choir in response to another(合唱中作为应答的)短诗
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via eccles. L. from Gk **antiphōna** 'harmonies', neut. pl. of **antiphōnos** 'responsive', from **anti** 'in return' + **phōnē** 'sound'.

**antiphonal** /æn'tɪfənl/ adj. (of church music) sung, recited, or played alternately by two groups (教堂音乐)轮流吟唱的 n. another term for ANTIPHONARY * antiphonary的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antiphonally** adv.

**antiphonary** /æn'tɪf(ə)nəri/ n. (pl. **antiphonaries**) a book of plainsong for the Divine Office 应答轮唱的圣歌集

**antiphony** /æn'tɪf(ə)ni/ n. antiphonal singing, playing, or chanting 应答轮唱

**Antipodes** /æn'tɪpədi:z/ pl. n. 1 (**the Antipodes**) Australia and New Zealand (used by inhabitants of the northern hemisphere)(北半球人用语)澳大利亚和新西兰,澳新 2 (**antipodes** or **antipode**) the direct opposite of something 与……截然相反的事物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antipodal** adj. **Antipodean** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. or late L. from Gk **antipodes** 'having the feet opposite', from **anti** 'against, opposite' + **pous**, **pod-** 'foot'.

**antipope** /'æntipəʊp/ n. a person established as pope in opposition to one held by others to be canonically chosen 敌对教皇,伪教皇
-ORIGIN 词源 ME **antipape**, via Fr. from med. L. **antipapa** (on the pattern of **Antichrist**).

**antiproton** /'ænti,prəʊtɒn/ ■n. Physics 【物】 the negatively charged antiparticle of a proton 反质子

**antipruritic** /æntiprʊ'rɪtɪk/ adj. used to relieve itching 止痒的 n. an antipruritic drug 止痒药
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTI- + **pruritic** (see 见 PRURITUS).

**antipsychotic** /æntisaɪ'kɒtɪk/ adj. used to treat psychotic disorders 抗精神病的 ■n. an antipsychotic drug 抗精神病药

**antipyretic** /æntaɪpaɪ'retɪk/ adj. used to prevent or reduce fever 解热的 ■n. an antipyretic drug 解热药

**antiquarian** /æntɪ'kweəriən/ adj. relating to or studying antiques, rare books, or antiquities 古玩的,古玩研究的 n. (also 亦作 **antiquary**) a person who studies or collects antiques or antiquities 古玩(或文物)研究者;古玩(或文物)收藏家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antiquarianism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **antiquarius**, from **antiquus** (see 见 ANTIQUE).

**antiquark** /'æntikwɑ:k/ ■n. Physics 【物】 the antiparticle of a quark 反夸克

**antiquated** /'æntɪkweɪtɪd/ adj. old-fashioned or outdated 老式的,过时的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from eccles. L. **antiquare** 'make old', from **antiquus** (see 见 ANTIQUE).

**antique** /æn'ti:k/ n. a decorative object that is valuable because of its age 古董,古玩,文物 ■adj. 1 (of an object) valuable because of its age (物件)古董的 2 belonging to the distant past 古时的,古老的 old-fashioned or outdated 老式的,过时的 ■v. (**antiques, antiquing, antiqued**) make (something) resemble an antique by artificial means 以仿古式样制作
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. **antiquus, anticus** 'former, ancient', from **ante** 'before'.

**antiquity** /æn'tɪkwəti/ n. (pl. **antiquities**) 1 the distant past, especially the classical and other civilizations before the Middle Ages 苍古(尤指中世纪以前) 2 (usu. **antiquities**) an object or building from the distant past 古物;古建筑,古迹 3 great age 古时候
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **antiquite**, from L. **antiquitas**, from **antiquus** (see 见 ANTIQUE).

**antiretroviral** /ænti'retrəʊ,vaɪərəl/ adj. denoting or relating to a class of drugs which inhibit the activity of retroviruses such as HIV 抗逆转录病毒的 n. an antiretroviral drug 抗逆转录病毒药物

**anti-roll bar** n. a rubber-mounted bar fitted in the suspension of a vehicle to increase its stability, especially when cornering 抗侧倾车体平衡杆

**antirrhinum** /æntɪ'raɪnəm/ n. (pl. **antirrhinums**) a plant of a genus that includes the snapdragon 金鱼草 [Genus Antirrhinum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., from Gk **antirrhinon**, from **anti-** 'counterfeiting' + **rhis, rhin-** 'nose', from the resemblance of the flower to an animal's snout.

**antiscorbutic** /æntiskɔ:'bju:tɪk/ Medicine 【医】 ■adj. preventing or curing scurvy 抗坏血病的 ■n. an antiscorbutic food or drug 抗坏血病食品(或药剂)

**anti-Semitism** /ænti'semətɪz(ə)m/ n. hostility to or prejudice against Jews 排犹主义,反犹主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anti-Semite** n. **anti-Semitic** adj.

**antisense** /'æntisens/ adj. Genetics 【遗】 relating to or denoting a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA complementary to (and hence capable of binding to) a coding (or sense) sequence 反义的

**antisepsis** /ænti'sepsɪs/ n. the practice of using antiseptics to eliminate the microorganisms that cause disease 抗菌,防腐 Compare with 比较 ASEPSIS.

**antiseptic** /ænti'septɪk/ adj. 1 preventing the growth of disease-causing microorganisms 抗菌的,防腐的 2 so clean or pure as to be bland or characterless 一尘不染的(指过分洁净反显单调的) ■n. an antiseptic substance 抗菌防腐药,防腐剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antiseptically** adv.

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**antiserum** /'ænti,sɪərəm/ n. (pl. **antisera**) a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases 抗血清,免疫血清

**antisocial** /ænti'səʊʃl/ adj. 1 contrary to the customs of society and causing annoyance and disapproval in others 反社会的;危害社会安宁的;损害他人利益的 Psychiatry 【精神】sociopathic 反社会的 2 not sociable 不爱交际的,不合群的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antisocially** adv.
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the difference in use between **antisocial, unsocial**, and **unsociable**, see usage at UNSOCIABLE. 关于 **antisocial, unsocial** 和 **unsociable** 的辨析,参见 **unsociable** 处的用法说明。

**antispasmodic** /æntispæz'mɒdɪk/ adj. used to relieve spasm of involuntary muscle 解痉的 ■n. an antispasmodic drug 解痉药

**anti-static** adj. preventing the build-up of static electricity or reducing its effects 抗静电的

**antistrophe** /æn'tɪstrəfi/ n. the second section of an ancient Greek choral ode or of one division of it (古希腊合唱歌的)第二节,对照乐节 Compare with 比较 STROPHE.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk **antistrophē**, from **antistrephein** 'turn against'.

**antisymmetric** /æntisɪ'metrɪk/ adj. Mathematics & Physics 【数和物】 unaltered in magnitude but changed in sign by an arithmetical or symmetry operation 反对称的

**antiterrorism** /æntɪ'terərɪz(ə)m/ n. activities or measures designed to prevent or thwart terrorism 反恐怖主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antiterrorist** adj.

**antithesis** /æn'tɪθəsɪs/ n. (pl. **antitheses** /-si:z/) 1 a person or thing that is the direct opposite of another 对立的人(或事物) a contrast or opposition between two things (两事物间的)对照,对立 2 a rhetorical or literary device in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed 对偶 3 (in Hegelian philosophy) the negation of the thesis as the second stage in the process of dialectical reasoning (黑格尔哲学用语)反题 Compare with 比较 SYNTHESIS.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L., from Gk **antitithenai** 'set against'.

**antithetical** /æntɪ'θetɪkl/ adj. 1 mutually incompatible 互不相容的 2 relating to or using the rhetorical device of antithesis 对偶的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antithetic** adj. **antithetically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk **antithetikos**, from **antithetos** 'placed in opposition'.

**antitoxin** /ænti'tɒksɪn/ n. Physiology 【生理】an antibody that counteracts a toxin 抗毒素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antitoxic** adj.

**antitrade winds** /ænti'treɪd/ pl. n. steady winds that blow in the opposite direction to and overlie the trade winds 反信风

**antitrust** /ænti'trʌst/ adj. chiefly US 【主美】(of legislation) preventing or controlling monopolies (立法)反托拉斯的,反垄断的

**antitussive** /ænti'tʌsɪv/ adj. (especially of a drug) used to prevent or relieve a cough (尤指药物)镇咳的,止咳的 ■n. an antitussive drug 止咳药,镇咳药

**antitype** /'æntitaɪp/ n. a person or thing that represents the opposite of another 相反类型的人(或事物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antitypical** adj.

**antivenin** /ænti'venɪn/ n. an antiserum containing antibodies against specific poisons, especially those in the venom of snakes (尤指抗蛇毒的)抗毒素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antivenom** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ANTI- + **ven(om)** + -IN¹.

**antiviral** /ænti'vaɪ(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. 1 Medicine 【医】(of a drug or treatment) effective against viruses (药物或疗法)抗病毒的 2 Computing 【计】 another term for ANTIVIRUS * **antivirus** 的另一种说法

**antivirus** /ænti'vaɪ(ə)rəs/ adj. (of software) designed to detect and destroy computer viruses (软件)抗病毒的

**antler** /'æntlə(r)/ n. a branched horn on the head of an adult deer 鹿角 one of the branches on an antler 角枝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antlered** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., var. of OFr. **antoillier**, of unknown origin.

**ant lion** n. an insect that resembles a dragonfly, with predatory larvae that construct conical pits into which insects fall 蚁狮 [Family Myrmeleontidae.]

**antonomasia** /æntənə'meɪziə, æn,tɒnə-/ n. Linguistics 【语言】 the substitution of an epithet or title for a proper name 换称 the use of a proper name to express a general idea (e.g. **a Scrooge for a miser**) 代类名
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk, from **antonomazein** 'name instead'.

**antonym** /'æntənɪm/ n. a word opposite in meaning to another 反义词
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antonymous** /æn'tɒnɪməs/ adj. **antonymy** /æn'tɒnɪmi/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **antonyme**, from **ant-** (from Gk **anti-** 'against') + Gk **onoma** 'a name'.

**antrum** /'æntrəm/ n. (pl. **antra** /-trə/) Anatomy 【解】1 a natural chamber or cavity in a bone 窦,房,室 2 the pyloric end of the stomach 胃幽门窦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **antral** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., from Gk **antron** 'cave'.

**antsy** /'æntsi/ adj. (**antsier, antsiest**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】agitated, impatient, or restless 烦躁的,坐立不安的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from the phr. **have ants in one's pants** (see 见 ANT).

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**anuran** /ə'njuərən/ Zoology 【动】 ■n. a tailless amphibian of the order Anura, which comprises the frogs and toads 无尾目动物 adj. relating to the anurans 无尾目动物的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. **Anura**, from AN-¹ + Gk **oura** 'tail'.

**anuria** /ə'njuəriə/ n. Medicine 【医】 failure of the kidneys to produce urine 无尿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anuric** adj.

**anus** /'eɪnəs/ n. the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body 肛门
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., orig. 'a ring'.

**anvil** /'ænvɪl/ n. 1 a heavy iron block on which metal can be hammered and shaped 铁砧 2 the horizontally extended upper part of a cumulonimbus cloud 砧状云 3 Anatomy 【解】 another term for INCUS * **incus** 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **anfilte**, from the Gmc base of ON + a verbal stem meaning 'beat'.

**anxiety** /æŋ'zaɪəti/ n. (pl. **anxieties**) a feeling of being anxious 忧虑,焦虑,紧张
> Psychiatry 【精神】a nervous disorder marked by excessive uneasiness 焦虑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **anxiété** or L. **anxietas**, from **anxius** (see 见 ANXIOUS).

**anxiolytic** /æŋziə'lɪtɪk/ Medicine 【医】 ■adj. used to reduce anxiety 抗焦虑的 ■n. an anxiolytic drug 抗焦虑药

**anxious** /'æŋkʃəs/ adj. 1 experiencing worry, nervousness, or unease 焦虑的,紧张的,不安的 2 very eager and concerned to do something or for something to happen 渴望的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **anxiously** adv. **anxiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **anxius** (from **angere** 'to choke') + **-ous**.

**any** /'eni/ det. & pron. 1 used to refer to one or some of a thing or number of things, no matter how much or how many 任何 2 whichever of a specified class might be chosen 任何一个 ■adv. at all; in some degree (used for emphasis) 根本,一点儿也(用于强调)
-PHRASES 短语 **any more** (also 亦作 **anymore**) to any further extent; any longer 再也 **any road** chiefly N. English 【主英北】anyway 无论如何,至少,反正 **any time** (also 亦作 **anytime**) at whatever time 无论何时 **any time (or day or minute) now** informal 【非正式】very soon 很快,即将 **be not having any (of it)** informal 【非正式】be unwilling to cooperate 不愿合作,不肯配合
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **ænig** (see 见 ONE, -Y¹), of Gmc origin.

**anybody** /'eniˌbɒdi/ pron. anyone 任何人

**anyhow** /'enihaʊ/ adv. 1 another term for ANYWAY * **anyway** 的另一种说法 2 in a careless or haphazard way 随随便便地,杂乱无章地

**anymore** /eni'mɔ:(r)/ adv. variant of ANY MORE * **any more** 的变体 (see 见 ANY).

**anyone** /'eniwʌn/ pron. any person or people 任何人: **There wasn't anyone there.** 那儿一个人都没有。
> USAGE 用法说明
> The two-word form **any one** isn't the same as the one-word form **anyone**. **Any one** means 'any single (person or thing)', as in **not more than twelve new members are admitted in any one year.** * **any one** 不同于 **anyone**。**any one** 意为“任何一个(人或物)”,如: **Not more than twelve new members are admitted in any one year.** (每年招收新成员都不超过12个。)

**anyplace** /'eniplers/ adv. N. Amer. 【北美】informal term for ANYWHERE * **anywhere** 的非正式说法

**anything** /'eniθɪŋ/ pron. used to refer to a thing, no matter what 任何事物
-PHRASES 短语 **anything but** not at all (used for emphasis) 一点也不(用于强调) **anything like** [with neg. 与否定结构连用] at all like 压根儿 **(as) ... as anything** informal 【非正式】 extremely ……极度……的: **She said it out loud, clear as anything.** 她大声说了出来,再清楚不过了。

**anytime** /'enitaɪm/ adv. variant of ANY TIME * **any time** 的变体 (see 见 ANY).

**anyway** /'eniweɪ/ adv. 1 used to confirm or support a point (用于肯定或支持)况且,再说 2 used in conversations to change the subject or to resume after interruption (用于在交谈时改变或继续话题)对了,好吧 3 used to indicate that something happened or will happen in spite of something else 无论如何

**anyways** /'eniweɪz/ adv. N. Amer. 【北美】informal or dialect form of ANYWAY * **anyway** 的非正式或方言说法

**anywhere** /'eniweə(r)/ adv. in or to any place 在任何地方,到任何地方 ■pron. any place 任何地方

**anywheres** /'eniweəz/ adv. & pron. N. Amer. 【北美】informal or dialect form of ANYWHERE * **anywhere** 的非正式或方言说法

**anywise** /'eniwaɪz/ adv. archaic 【古】 in any manner or way 不论以何种方式

**Anzac** /'ænzæk/ n. a soldier in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (1914-1918) (1914至1918年间)澳新军团士兵 informal 【非正式】a person from Australia or New Zealand 澳大利亚人;新西兰人

**AOB** abbr. (at the end of an agenda for a meeting) any other business (指会议议事日程末尾的)任何其他事项

**AOC** abbr. appellation d'origine contrôlée (see 见 APPELLATION CONTRÔLÉE).

**ao dai** /'aʊ daɪ/ n. (pl. **ao dais**) a Vietnamese woman's traditional long-sleeved tunic with ankle-length panels at front and back, worn over trousers 袄代(越南妇女穿的长袖袍子,前后片长及脚踝,套在长裤外)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: Vietnamese.

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**A-OK** (also 亦作 **A-okay**) adj. & adv. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】in a good order or manner; all right 情况良好,一切正常
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s (orig. an astronauts' term): from **all systems OK**.

**AOR** n. a style of popular music in which a hard rock background is combined with more melodic elements 成人摇滚乐(流行音乐的一种,以硬摇滚为背景音乐,融合了相对而言旋律较优美的音乐元素)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s (orig. US): from **album-oriented rock** or **adult-oriented rock**.

**aorist** /'eərərɪst, 'eɔr-/ Grammar 【语法】 ■adj. relating to or denoting a past tense of a verb (especially in Greek) which does not contain any reference to duration or completion of the action (尤指希腊语中)不定过去时的 ■n. a word in the aorist tense 不定过去时
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aoristic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk **aoristos** 'indefinite'.

**aorta** /eɪ'ɔ:tə/ n. the main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood from the heart to the circulatory system 主动脉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aortic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk **aortē**, from **aeirein** 'raise'.

**aoudad** /'aʊdæd/ n. another term for BARBARY SHEEP * **Barbary sheep** 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Berber **udād**.

**à outrance** /a: 'u:trɒs/ adv. literary 【文】 to the death or the very end 至死;到最后
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'to the utmost'.

**ap-¹** /əp/ prefix variant spelling of AD- assimilated before **p** (as in **apposite**, **apprehend**) * **ad-** 的另一种拼法 (d在p前同化为p,如 **apposite** 和 **apprehend**)

**ap-²** /əp/ prefix variant spelling of APO- shortened before a vowel or h (as in **aphelion**) * **apo-** 的另一种拼法 (o在元音或h前缩略,如 **aphelion**)

**apace** /ə'peɪs/ adv. literary 【文】swiftly; quickly 飞快地;迅速地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **a pas** 'at (a considerable) pace'.

**Apache** /ə'pætʃi/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Apaches**) 1 a member of an American Indian people living chiefly in New Mexico and Arizona 阿帕切人(美洲印第安人的一支,主要居住在新墨西哥州和亚利桑那州) 2 any of the Athabaskan languages of the Apache 阿帕切语
-ORIGIN 词源 from Mex. Sp., prob. from Zuñi **Apachu**, lit. 'enemy'.

**apanage** /'æp(ə)nɪdʒ/ n. variant spelling of APPANAGE * **appanage** 的另一种拼法

**apart** /ə'pɑ:t/ adv. 1 separated by a specified distance 相距,相隔 no longer living together or close emotionally 分居;情感隔阂 2 to or on one side 在一边 3 into pieces 成零碎
-PHRASES 短语 **apart from** 1 except for 除了;若无,要不是 2 as well as 除了……外(尚有)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apartness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. **a parte** 'at the side'.

**apartheid** /ə'pɑ:theɪt, ə'pɑ:taɪd/ n. the system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race in force in South Africa 1948-1991 (南非)种族隔离制度
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Afrik., lit. 'separateness', from Du. **apart** 'separate' + **-heid** (equivalent of -HOOD).

**aparthotel** /ə,pɑ:θəʊ'tel/ (also 亦作 **apartotel**) n. a type of hotel providing self-catering apartments as well as ordinary hotel facilities 旅馆公寓

**apartment** /ə'pɑ:tmənt/ n. 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a suite of rooms forming one residence; a flat 公寓套间 a block of apartments 公寓大楼 2 (**apartments**) a private suite of rooms in a large house (大房子中的私人)套间
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **appartement**, from Ital. **appartamento**, from **appartare** 'to separate'.

**apathetic** /æpə'θetɪk/ adj. not interested or enthusiastic 无兴趣的,缺乏热情的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apathetically** adv.

**apathy** /'æpəθi/ n. lack of interest or enthusiasm 无兴趣,冷淡
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **apathie**, via L. from Gk **apatheia**, from **apathēs** 'without feeling'.

**apatite** /'æpətaɪt/ n. a pale green to purple mineral consisting chiefly of calcium phosphate 磷灰石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **apate** 'deceit' (from the mineral's diverse forms and colours).

**apatosaurus** /əpætə'sɔ:rəs/ n. a huge herbivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic period, with a long neck and tail 迷惑龙(旧称雷龙)
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk **apate** 'deceit' (because of a deceptive similarity between some of its bones and those of other dinosaurs) + **sauros** 'lizard'.

**APB** ■abbr. US 【美】 all-points bulletin

**APC** abbr. armoured personnel carrier 装甲运兵车

**ape** /eɪp/ n. 1 a large tailless primate of a group including the gorilla, chimpanzees, orang-utan, and gibbons 猿 [Families Pongidae and Hylobatidae.] 2 informal 【非正式】 an unintelligent or clumsy person 傻瓜,笨蛋 3 archaic 【古】 an inferior imitator 拙劣的模仿者 ■v. (**apes, aping, aped**) imitate, especially in an absurd or unthinking way (尤指荒谬地或不加思考地)模仿
-PHRASES 短语 **go ape** (or N. Amer. vulgar slang 【北美,粗俚】**apeshit**) informal 【非正式】 become very angry or excited 为………发怒;为………变得狂热
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **apa**, of Gmc origin.

**APEC** /'eɪpek/ abbr. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织

**apeman** /'eɪpmæn/ n. (pl. **apemen**) an extinct ape-like primate believed to be related to present-day humans 猿人

**aperçu** /æpeə'sju:/ n. (pl. **aperçus**) a comment which makes an illuminating or entertaining point 洞见;妙评
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., past part. of **apercevoir** 'perceive'.

<105>
**aperient** /ə'pɪəriənt/ Medicine 【医】 ■adj. used to relieve constipation 缓泻的 ■n. an aperient drug 缓泻药
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **aperient-**, **aperire** 'to open'.

**aperiodic** /eɪpɪəri'ɒdɪk/ adj. chiefly Physics 【主物】 1 not periodic; irregular 非周期性的 2 damped to prevent oscillation or vibration 阻尼的,防振的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aperiodicity** n.

**aperitif** /ə'perəti:f, ə,perɪ'ti:f/ n. an alcoholic drink taken before a meal to stimulate the appetite 开胃酒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **apéritif**, from med. L. **aperitivus**, based on L. **aperire** 'to open'.

**aperture** /'æpətʃə(r), -tj(u)ə(r)/ n. an opening, hole, or gap 开口;孔;缝隙 the variable opening by which light enters a camera (照相设备上的)孔径
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **apertura**, from **apert-**, **aperire** 'to open'.

**apery** /'eɪpəri/ n. archaic 【古】 absurd or unthinking mimicry (荒谬或不加思考的)模仿

**apetalous** /eɪ'pet(ə)ləs, ə-/ adj. Botany 【植】 having no petals 无花瓣的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. **apetalus**, from Gk **apetalos** 'leafless' + **-ous**.

**Apex** /'eɪpeks/ n. a system of reduced fares for scheduled airline flights and railway journeys which must be booked and paid for in advance 优惠订票系统
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from **Advance Purchase Excursion**.

**apex** /'eɪpeks/ n. (pl. **apexes** or **apices** /'eɪpɪsi:z/) 1 the top or highest part of something, especially one forming a point 顶点,最高点
> Botany 【植】the growing point of a shoot 芽尖
2 the highest point of achievement (成就)巅峰 ■v. reach a high point or climax 达到顶峰(或高潮)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'peak, tip'.

**Apgar score** /'æpgɑ:(r)/ n. Medicine 【医】 a number expressing the physical condition of a newborn infant (a score of ten representing the best possible condition) 阿普加评分
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the American anaesthesiologist Virginia Apgar.

**aphasia** /ə'feɪziə/ n. Medicine 【医】 inability to understand or produce speech as a result of brain damage 失语(症)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aphasic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk, from **aphatos** 'speechless'.

**aphelion** /æp'hi:liən/ n. (pl. **aphelia** /-liə/) Astronomy 【天文】 the point in a body's orbit at which it is furthest from the sun 远日点 The opposite of 反义词 PERIHELION.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of mod. L. **aphelium**, from Gk **aph' hēlion** 'from the sun'.

**apheresis** /eɪfə'ri:sɪs/ n. (pl. **aphereses** /-si:z/) 1 Linguistics 【语言】 omission of the initial sound of a word, as when **he is** is pronounced **he's** 首音割弃 2 Medicine 【医】 a technique by which a particular substance or component is removed from the blood 血液成分单采,去除术
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk **aphairesis**, from **aphairein** 'take away'.

**aphesis** /'æfɪsɪs/ ■n. Linguistics 【语言】 the gradual loss of an unstressed vowel at the beginning of a word (e.g. of **e** from **esquire** to form **squire**) 首元音割弃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aphetic** /ə'fetɪk/ adj. **aphetically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk, lit. 'letting go', from **apo** 'from' + **hienai** 'let go, send'.

**aphid** /'eɪfɪd/ n. a small bug which feeds by sucking sap from plants, especially a blackfly or greenfly 蚜虫 [Aphis and other genera: many species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aphicide** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: back-form. from **aphides**, pl. of APHIS.

**aphis** /'eɪfɪs/ n. (pl. **aphides** /-di:z/) an aphid 蚜虫
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk, perh. a misreading of **koris** 'bug' (interpreting the characters **kop** 'kor' as **ao** 'aph').

**aphonia** /eɪ'fəʊniə, ə-/ (also 亦作 **aphony** /'æf(ə)ni/) ■n. Medicine 【医】 inability to speak through disease of or damage to the larynx or mouth 失音(症)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk **aphōnia**, from **aphōnos** 'voiceless'.

**aphorism** /'æfərɪz(ə)m/ n. a pithy observation which contains a general truth 格言,警句
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aphorist** n. **aphoristic** adj. **aphoristically** adv. **aphorize** or **aphorise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **aphorisme** or late L. **aphorismus**, from Gk **aphorismos** 'definition'.

**aphrodisiac** /æfrə'dɪziæk/ n. a food, drink, or drug that stimulates sexual desire 催欲素,春药
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aphrodisiacal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk **aphrodisiakos**, from **aphrodisios**, from **Aphroditē** 'Aphrodite', the goddess of love.

**aphthous** /'æfθəs/ adj. Medicine 【医】 denoting a small ulcer of a kind occurring in the mouth or on the tongue 阿弗他的,口疮的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk, rel. to **haptein** 'set on fire'.

**API** abbr. Computing 【计】 application programming interface 应用程序接口

**apian** /'eɪpiən/ adj. relating to bees 蜜蜂的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **apianus**, from **apis** 'bee'.

**apiary** /'eɪpiəri/ n. (pl. **apiaries**) a place where bees are kept 养蜂场;蜂巢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apiarian** adj. **apiarist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **apiarium**, from **apis** 'bee'.

**apical** /'eɪpɪkl, 'æp-/ adj. 1 technical 【技】 relating to or denoting an apex 顶点的,顶端的 2 Phonetics 【语音】(of a consonant) formed with the tip of the tongue at or near the front teeth or the alveolar ridge, for example **th** or trilled **r** (辅音)用舌尖发音的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **apex, apic-** (see 见 APEX) + -AL.

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**apices** /'eɪpɪsi:z/ plural form of APEX * **apex** 的复数形式

**apiculture** /'eɪpɪ,kʌltʃə(r)/ n. technical term for BEEKEEPING * **beekeeping** 的专业说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apicultural** adj. **apiculturist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **apis** 'bee' + CULTURE.

**apiece** /ə'pi:s/ adv. to, for, or by each one 每个

**apish** /'eɪpɪʃ/ adj. 1 resembling or likened to an ape 似猿的,类猿的 2 foolish or silly 愚蠢的,傻的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apishly** adv. **apishness** n.

**aplanat** /'æplənæt/ n. Physics 【物】 a reflecting or refracting surface which is free from spherical aberration 消球差透镜,齐明镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aplanatic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger. from Gk **aplanētos**, from **a-** 'not' + **planan** 'wander'.

**aplasia** /ə'pleɪziə/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 the failure of an organ or tissue to develop or to function normally (器官或组织的)不发育,发育不全
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aplastic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from A-¹ + Gk **plasis** 'formation'.

**aplastic anaemia** /eɪ'plæstɪk/ n. Medicine 【医】 deficiency of all types of blood cell caused by failure of bone marrow development 再生障碍性贫血

**aplenty** /ə'plenti/ adj. [postpos. 后置] in abundance 丰富的,大量的: **He has work aplenty.** 他有大量工作要做。

**aplomb** /ə'plɒm/ ■n. self-confidence or assurance 自信;泰然自若
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'perpendicularity, steadiness'): from Fr., from **à plomb** 'according to a plummet'.

**apnoea** /æp'ni:ə/ (US 【美】 **apnea**) ■n. Medicine 【医】 temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep (尤指在睡眠中的)呼吸暂停
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk **apnoia**, from **apnous** 'breathless'.

**apo-** /'æpəʊ/ (also **ap-** before a vowel or h 元音或h前亦作 **ap-**) ■prefix 1 away from or separate 离开,分离: **apocrine** 顶(质分)泌的 2 Astronomy 【天文】 denoting the furthest point in the orbit of a body in relation to the primary 表示天体轨道上离主星最远的点: **apolune** 远月点 Compare with 比较 PERI-.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk **apo** 'from, away, quite, un-'.

**Apoc.** abbr. 1 **Apocalypse** 2 **Apocrypha**

**apocalypse** /ə'pɒkəlɪps/ n. 1 an event involving destruction or damage on a catastrophic scale 大动乱,大灾变 2 (**the Apocalypse**) the complete final destruction of the world, as described in the biblical book of Revelation (圣经·《启示录》中描述的)世界末日 (**especially** in the Vulgate Bible) the book of Revelation (尤指拉丁文《圣经》中的)《启示录》
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, via OFr. and eccles. L. from Gk **apokalupsis**, from **apokaluptein** 'uncover, reveal'.

**apocalyptic** /əpɒkə'lɪptɪk/ adj. 1 momentous or catastrophic 重大的;灾难性的 2 of or resembling the biblical Apocalypse 《启示录》的;像《启示录》中描述的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apocalyptically** adv.

**apocarpous** /æpə'kɑ:pəs/ adj. Botany 【植】 having distinct carpels that are not joined together 离心皮的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from APO- + Gk **karpos** 'fruit' + **-OUS**.

**apochromat** /'æpəkrəmæt/ n. Physics 【物】a lens or lens system that reduces spherical and chromatic aberration 复消色差透镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apochromatic** adj.

**apocope** /ə'pɒkəpi/ n. Linguistics 【语言】 omission of the final sound of a word, as when **cup of tea** is pronounced as **cuppa tea** 尾音割弃
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L., from Gk **apokoptein** 'cut off'.

**Apocr.** abbr. **Apocrypha**

**apocrine** /'æpəkraɪn, -krɪn/ adj. Physiology 【生理】 relating to or denoting glands which release some cytoplasm in their secretions, especially sweat glands in the armpits and pubic regions 顶(质分)泌的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from APO- + Gk **krinein** 'to separate'.

**Apocrypha** /ə'pɒkrɪfə/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] 1 (**the Apocrypha**) biblical or related writings appended to the Old Testament in the Septuagint and Vulgate versions, not forming part of the accepted canon of Scripture (《圣经》的)次经,外典 2 (**apocrypha**) writings or reports not considered genuine 伪书;虚假报道
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from eccles. L. **apocrypha (scripta)** 'hidden (writings)', from Gk **apokruphos**, from **apokruptein** 'hide away'.

**apocryphal** /ə'pɒkrɪfəl/ adj. 1 (of a report) of doubtful authenticity, although widely circulated as being true (报道流传甚广但)真实性可疑的,伪的 2 of or belonging to the Apocrypha 外典(或次经)的,属于外典(或次经)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apocryphally** adv.

**apodictic** /æpə'dɪktɪk/ (also 亦作 **apodeictic** /-'daɪktɪk/) adj. formal 【正式】clearly established or beyond dispute 明确证实的,不容置疑的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk **apodeiktikos**, from **apodeiknunai** 'show off, demonstrate'.

**apodosis** /ə'pɒdəsɪs/ n. (pl. **apodoses** /-si:z/) Grammar 【语法】 the main clause of a conditional sentence (e.g. **I would agree** in **if you asked me I would agree**) 结果小句 Contrasted with 对照 PROTASIS.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk, from **apodidonai** 'give back'.

**apodous** /'æpədəs/ adj. Zoology 【动】 without feet or having only rudimentary feet 无足的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **apous, apod-** 'footless' + **-OUS**.

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**apogee** /'æpədʒi:/ n. 1 the culmination or climax of something 顶点;高潮 2 Astronomy 【天文】 the point in the orbit of the moon or a satellite at which it is furthest from the earth 远地点 The opposite of 反义词 PERIGEE.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **apogée** or mod. L. **apogaeum**, from Gk **apogaion (diastēma)**, '(distance) away from earth'.

**apolar** /eɪ'pəʊlə(r)/ adj. chiefly Biochemistry 【主生化】 having no electrical polarity 无极性的,非极性的

**apolitical** /eɪpə'lɪtɪkl/ adj. not interested or involved in politics 对政治不感兴趣的,不涉及政治的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apolitically** adv.

**apollo** /ə'pɒləʊ/ n. (pl. **apollos**) a large creamy-white butterfly with black and red spots, found chiefly in the mountains of Europe 阿波罗绢蝶 [Parnassius apollo.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **Apollo**, the Greek god of the sun.

**Apollonian** /æpə'ləʊniən/ adj. 1 Greek Mythology 【希神】 relating to the god Apollo 阿波罗的 2 relating to the rational, ordered, and self-disciplined aspects of human nature (人性)理性而有序的,自律的 Compare with 比较 DIONYSIAC.

**apologetic** /əpɒlə'dʒetɪk/ adj. 1 making or expressing an apology 道歉的,歉疚的,后悔的 2 constituting a formal justification of a theory or doctrine 辨惑的,护教的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apologetically** adv.

**apologetics** /əpɒlə'dʒetɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] reasoned arguments in justification of a theory or doctrine 辨惑学,护教学

**apologia** /æpə'ləʊdʒiə/ n. a formal written defence of one's opinions or conduct 论辩文
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. (see 见 APOLOGY).

**apologist** /ə'pɒlədʒɪst/ n. a person who offers an argument in defence of something controversial (争议性话题的)辩解者,辩护者

**apologize** or **apologise** /ə'pɒlədʒaɪz/ v. express regret for something that one has done wrong 道歉

**apologue** /'æpəlɒg/ n. a moral fable, especially one with animals as characters 寓言(尤指动物寓言)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., via L. from Gk **apologos** 'story'.

**apology** /ə'pɒlədʒi/ n. (pl. **apologies**) 1 a regretful acknowledgement of an offence or failure 道歉
> (**apologies**) a formal expression of regret at being unable to attend a meeting or social function (因不能出席会议或社交活动而作的)正式道歉
2 (**an apology for**) a very poor example of 权充……的东西 3 a justification or defence 辩解,辩护
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **apologie**, or via late L. from Gk **apologia** 'a speech in one's own defence', from **apo** 'away' + **-logia** (see 见 -LOGY).

**apolune** /'æpə(ʊ)lu:n/ n. the point at which a spacecraft in lunar orbit is furthest from the moon 远月点 The opposite of 反义词 PERILUNE.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from APO- + L. **luna** 'moon', on the pattern of **apogee**.

**apomixis** /æpə'mɪksɪs/ ■n. Botany 【植】 asexual reproduction in plants, in particular agamospermy 无融合生殖 Often contrasted with 常对照 AMPHIMIXIS.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apomictic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from APO- + Gk **mixis** 'mingling'.

**apomorphine** /æpə'mɔ:fi:n/ n. Medicine 【医】 a compound derived from morphine, used as an emetic and in the treatment of Parkinsonism 阿扑吗啡

**aponeurosis** /æpənju'rəʊsɪs/ n. (pl. **aponeuroses** /-si:z/) Anatomy 【解】 a sheet of fibrous tissue which takes the place of a tendon in sheet-like muscles having a wide area of attachment 腱膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aponeurotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk **aponeurōsis**, from **apo** 'off, away' + **neuron** 'sinew' + **-OSIS**.

**apophatic** /æpə'fætɪk/ adj. Theology 【神】 (of knowledge of God) obtained through negating concepts that might be applied to him (关于上帝的知识)用否定法所得的 The opposite of 反义词 CATAPHATIC.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **apophatikos** 'negative', from **apophasis** 'denial'.

**apophthegm** /'æpəθem/ (US 【美】 **apothegm**) n. a concise saying or maxim 格言,箴言,警句
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apophthegmatic** /æpəθeg'mætɪk/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **apophthegme** or mod. L. **apothegma**, from Gk, from **apophthengesthai** 'speak out'.

**apophysis** /ə'pɒfɪsɪs/ n. (pl. **apophyses**) chiefly Zoology & Anatomy 【主动和解】 a natural protuberance or swelling, especially one on a bone for the attachment of muscles (尤指骨上的)突起
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apophyseal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: mod. L., from Gk **apophusis** 'off-shoot'.

**apoplectic** /æpə'plektɪk/ adj. 1 overcome with anger 狂怒的 2 dated 【过时】 relating to or denoting apoplexy (stroke) 中风的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apoplectically** adv.

**apoplexy** /'æpəpleksi/ n. (pl. **apoplexies**) 1 extreme anger 极度气愤 2 dated 【过时】 unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral haemorrhage or stroke 卒中,中风
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apoplexie**, from late L. **apoplexia**, from Gk **apoplēxia**, from **apoplēssein** 'disable by a stroke'.

**apoprotein** /æpə'prəʊti:n/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a protein which together with a prosthetic group forms a particular biochemical molecule such as a hormone 脱辅蛋白质

**apoptosis** /æpə(p)'təʊsɪs/ n. Physiology 【生理】 the death of cells which occurs as a normal part of an organism's development (细胞)凋亡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apoptotic** /-'tɒtɪk/ adj.

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**aporia** /ə'pɔ:riə, ə'pɒriə/ n. 1 an irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, argument, or theory (文章、论点或理论中)无法解决的内部矛盾(或逻辑析取) 2 Rhetoric 【修辞】 the expression of doubt 困惑,疑问
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aporetic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk, from **aporos** 'impassable'.

**aposematic** /æpə(ʊ)sɪ'mætɪk/ adj. Zoology 【动】 denoting coloration or markings serving to warn or repel predators (色彩或斑纹)警戒的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aposematism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from APO- + Gk **sēma** 'sign' + **-ATIC**.

**aposiopesis** /æpə(ʊ),saɪə'pi:sɪs/ n. (pl. **aposiopeses** /-si:z/) Rhetoric 【修辞】 the device of suddenly breaking off in speech 顿绝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aposiopetic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk **aposiōpēsis**, from **aposiōpan** 'be silent'.

**apostasy** /ə'pɒstəsi/ n. the abandonment or renunciation of a belief or principle 叛教;背信
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from eccles. L. **apostasia**, from late Gk alt. of Gk **apostasis** 'defection'.

**apostate** /'æpəsteɪt/ n. a person who renounces a belief or principle 叛教者;背信者 adj. having abandoned a belief or principle 叛教的;背信的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apostatical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from eccles. L. **apostata**, from Gk **apostatēs** 'apostate, runaway slave'.

**apostatize** or **apostatise** /ə'pɒstətaɪz/ v. renounce a belief or principle 背弃(信仰或原则)

**a posteriori** /eɪ, ɑ:, pɒ,steri'ɔ:raɪ, pɒ,strə-/ adj. & adv. 1 (with reference to reasoning or knowledge) proceeding from observations or experiences to the deduction of probable causes (推理或知识)从观察或经验出发推断(的) 2 as an afterthought or with hindsight 事后聪明的(地),事后思考的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: L., 'from what comes after'.

**apostle** /ə'pɒsl/ ■n. 1 (**Apostle**) each of the twelve chief disciples of Jesus Christ 耶稣亲自挑选的十二门徒之一 an important early Christian teacher or missionary 使徒 2 a vigorous and pioneering supporter of an idea or cause (想法或事业的)首倡者,支持者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apostleship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **apostol**, via eccles. L. from Gk **apostolos** 'messenger', from **apostellein** 'send forth'.

**apostlebird** /ə'pɒslbɜ:d/ n. a gregarious Australian bird with grey, brown, and black plumage 灰短嘴澳鸦 [Struthidea cinerea.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named from the supposed habit of these birds of living in groups of twelve.

**Apostle spoon** n. a teaspoon with the figure of an Apostle or saint on the handle 使徒汤匙(一种柄上有使徒或圣人像的茶匙)

**apostolate** /ə'pɒstəleɪt/ n. 1 the position or authority of an apostle 使徒的身份(或地位) a group of apostles 一群使徒 2 evangelistic activity or works 传道活动,传道著作

**apostolic** /æpə'stɒlɪk/ adj. 1 relating to the Apostles 使徒的 2 relating to the Pope, especially when he is regarded as the successor to St Peter 教皇的,宗座的(尤指该教皇被视为圣彼得的继承者时)

**Apostolic Fathers** pl. n. the Christian leaders immediately succeeding the Apostles 使徒后期教父

**apostolic succession** n. the uninterrupted transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles through successive popes and bishops, taught by the Roman Catholic Church but denied by most Protestants 使徒传承

**apostrophe¹** /ə'pɒstrəfi/ n. a punctuation mark (') used to indicate either possession (e.g. **Harry's book**) or the omission of letters or numbers (e.g. **can't; 1 Jan. '99**) 撇号,所有格符号,省略符号(即 ’)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L., from Gk **apostrophos**, from **apostrephein** 'turn away'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> Use the apostrophe when indicating possession (**Sue's cat**) or the omission of letters or numbers (**he's gone, 1 Jan. '99**). Do not use it to form the plural of ordinary words, as in **apple's**, or in possessive pronouns such as **hers, yours**, or **theirs**. See also usage at ITS. 当要表示所属格(如 **Sue's cat**)或省略某些字母和数字时,可使用撇号(如 **he's gone** 和 **1 Jan. '99**)。但它不能用来构成普通名词的复数形式,例如不能说 **apple's**,也不能与 **hers, yours, theirs** 等物主代词连用。另见 **its** 处的用法说明。

**apostrophe²** /ə'pɒstrəfi/ n. Rhetoric 【修辞】an exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person or personified thing 呼语
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk **apostrophē** 'turning away', from **apostrephein** 'turn away'.

**apostrophize** or **apostrophise** /ə'pɒstrəfaɪz/ v. 1 Rhetoric 【修辞】 address with an exclamatory passage 使用呼语 2 punctuate with an apostrophe 用撇号标记

**apothecaries' measure** (also 亦作 **apothecaries' weight**) n. historical 【史义】 a system of units formerly used in pharmacy for liquid volume (or weight), based on the fluid ounce and the ounce troy 英制药衡

**apothecary** /ə'pɒθɪk(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **apothecaries**) archaic 【古】 a person who prepared and sold medicines (配制并销售药品的)药剂师
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. **apothecarius**, from L. **apotheca**, from Gk **apothēkē** 'storehouse'.

**apothegm** /'æpəθem/ ■n. US spelling of APOPHTHEGM * **apophthegm** 的美式拼法

**apothem** /'æpəθem/ ■n. Geometry 【几】 a line from the centre of a regular polygon at right angles to any of its sides 边心距
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **apotithenai** 'put aside, deposit'.

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**apotheosis** /əpɒθi'əʊsɪs/ n. (pl. **apotheoses** /-si:z/) 1 the highest point in the development of something (事物发展的)顶峰,极致 2 elevation to divine status 神化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apotheosize** or **apotheosise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via eccles. L. from Gk **apotheōsis**, from **apotheoun** 'make a god of', from **apo-** 'from' + **theos** 'god'.

**apotropaic** /æpətrə'peɪk/ adj. supposedly having the power to avert evil or bad luck 避邪的;消除厄运的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apotropaically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **apotropaios**, from **apotrepein** 'turn away or from' + **-IC**.

**app** /æp/ n. short for APPLICATION (sense 5) * **application** (释义5)的缩略式

**app.** abbr. appendix (in a book) (书籍的)附录

**appal** /ə'pɔ:l/ (US 【美】 **appall**) v. (**appals, appalling, appalled**) 1 greatly dismay or horrify 使惊骇,使恐惧 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **appalling**] very bad or displeasing 糟透的,令人厌恶的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appallingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apalir** 'grow pale'.

**Appaloosa** /æpə'lu:sə/ n. a horse of a North American breed having dark spots on a light background 阿帕卢萨马
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from **Opelousas** in Louisiana, or **Palouse**, a river in Idaho.

**appanage** /'æp(ə)nɪdʒ/ (also 亦作 **apanage**) ■n. 1 historical 【史义】 a provision made for the maintenance of the younger children of kings and princes (供养国王和亲王子女的)封地,封禄 2 archaic 【古】 a benefit or right 权益;权利
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., based on med. L. **appanare** 'provide with the means of subsistence', from **ad-** 'to' + **panis** 'bread'.

**apparat** /æpə'rɑ:t/ n. chiefly historical 【主史义】 the administrative system of a communist party 共产党行政系统
-ORIGIN 词源 Russ., from Ger., lit. 'apparatus'.

**apparatchik** /æpə'rætʃɪk/ n. (pl. **apparatchiks** or **apparatchiki** /-ki:/) 1 chiefly historical 【主史义】 a member of a communist party apparat 共产党行政机构成员 2 derogatory or humorous 【贬或幽】 an official in a large political organization (庞大政治组织的)官僚
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Russ., from **apparat** (see 见 APPARAT).

**apparatus** /æpə'reɪtəs/ n. (pl. **apparatuses**) 1 the technical equipment or machinery needed for a particular activity or purpose 设备 2 a complex structure within an organization (某一组织中复杂的)机构: **the apparatus of government** 政府机构 3 (also 亦作 **critical apparatus, apparatus criticus**) a collection of notes accompanying a printed text (印刷品的)附录
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from **apparat-**, **apparare** 'make ready for'.

**apparel** /ə'pær(ə)l/ n. 1 formal 【正式】 clothing 衣服,服装 2 (**apparels**) embroidered ornamentation on ecclesiastical vestments 教会法衣上的绣花装饰 ■v. (**apparels, apparelling, apparelled**; US 【美】**apparels, appareling, appareled**) archaic 【古】 clothe 给……穿衣
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v. meaning 'make ready or fit', as n. meaning 'furnishings, equipment'): from OFr. **apareillier**, based on L. **ad-** 'to' (expressing change) + **par** 'equal'.

**apparent** /ə'pær(ə)nt/ adj. 1 readily perceived or understood; obvious 显而易见的,清晰明了的 2 seeming real or true 貌似真实的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apparently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **aparant**, from L. **apparent-**, **apparere** (see 见 APPEAR).

**apparent magnitude** ■n. Astronomy 【天文】 the magnitude of a celestial object as it is measured from the earth 视星等

**apparent time** n. time as indicated by the actual position of the sun 视时 Compare with 比较 MEAN SOLAR TIME.

**apparition** /æpə'rɪʃn/ n. a remarkable thing making a sudden appearance (特异景象等的)突现,显形 a ghost 幽灵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apparitional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'the action of appearing'): from L. **apparitio(n-)**, from **apparere** (see 见 APPEAR).

**appeal** /ə'pi:l/ v. 1 make a serious or heartfelt request 呼吁,恳请 Cricket 【板】 (of the bowler or fielders) call on the umpire to declare a batsman out (投球手或外场手)要求裁判将击球手罚出场外 2 Law 【律】 apply to a higher court for a reversal of the decision of a lower court 上诉 3 (usu. 常作 **appeal to**) be attractive or interesting 有吸引力的,有趣的 ■n. 1 an act of appealing 请求,恳求 2 Law 【律】 an application to a higher court for a decision to be reversed 上诉 3 the quality of being attractive or interesting 吸引力,趣味性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appealable** adj. **appealer** n. **appealing** adj. **appealingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in legal contexts): from OFr. **apel** (n.), **apeler** (v.), from L. **appellare** 'to address'.

**appear** /ə'pɪə(r)/ ■v. 1 come into sight 出现,显现
> come into existence or use 产生;开始被使用
> be published 出版
> informal 【非正式】 arrive 到达
2 present oneself publicly or formally, especially on stage or as the accused or counsel in a law court 公开表演;应诉;出庭,到庭 3 give a specified impression; seem 留下……的印象;看上去
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apareir**, from L. **apparere**, from **ad-** 'towards' + **parere** 'come into view'.

**appearance** /ə'pɪər(ə)ns/ n. 1 the way that someone or something appears 外表;外观 an impression given 印象,表面迹象: **She read it with every appearance of interest.** 她看起来读得兴味十足。

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2 an act of performing in a public event 公演 3 an act of arriving or becoming visible 到来;露面
-PHRASES 短语 **keep up appearances** maintain an impression of wealth or well-being 保持体面,撑门面 **make (or put in) an appearance** attend an event briefly (短时间)露面,亮相 **to (or by) all appearances** as far as can be seen 就表面看来

**appease** /ə'pi:z/ v. placate (someone) by acceding to their demands (以满足要求来)抚慰(某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appeasement** n. **appeaser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apaisier**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **pais** 'peace'.

**appellant** /ə'pel(ə)nt/ n. Law 【律】 a person who appeals against a court ruling 上诉人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. **apelant**, lit. 'appealing', from **apeler** (see 见 APPEAL).

**appellate** /ə'pelət/ adj. Law 【律】 (of a court) dealing with appeals (法院)上诉的,受理上诉的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'appealed against, accused'): from L. **appellat-**, **appellare** (see 见 APPEAL).

**appellation** /æpə'leɪʃn/ n. formal 【正式】 a name or title 名称,称号
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **appellatio(n-)**, from **appellare** (see 见 APPEAL).

**appellation contrôlée** /æpəlæsjɒ kɒn'trəʊleɪ / (also 亦作 **appellation d'origine** /dɔri'ʒi:n/ **contrôlée**) ■n. a guarantee of the description of a French wine, in conformity with statutory regulations as to its origin (法国葡萄酒的)原产地标签
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'controlled appellation'.

**appellative** /ə'pelətɪv/ adj. formal 【正式】 relating to or denoting the giving of a name 命名的 ■n. Grammar 【语法】 a common noun used as a vocative 通称名词
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. **appellativus**, from L. **appellat-**, **appellare** (see 见 APPEAL).

**appellee** /æpə'li:, əpe'li:/ ■n. Law, chiefly US 【律,主美】 the defending party in a case taken to a higher court 被上诉人
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **appelé**, past part. of **appeler**, from L. **appellare** (see 见 APPEAL).

**append** /ə'pend/ v. add to the end of a document 附加,增补
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **appendere** 'hang on'.

**appendage** /ə'pendɪdʒ/ n. 1 a thing attached to something larger or more important 附加物,附属物 2 Biology 【生物】 a projecting part of an organism, with a distinct appearance or function 附肢;(菌体)附器

**appendant** /ə'pend(ə)nt/ formal 【正式】 ■adj. attached 附加的;附属的 ■n. a subordinate person or thing 下属;附属物

**appendectomy** /æp(ə)n'dektəmi/ (Brit. also 【英亦作】**appendicectomy** /ə,pendɪ'sektəmi/) n. (pl. **appendectomies**) a surgical operation to remove the appendix 阑尾切除术

**appendicitis** /əpendə'saɪtɪs/ n. inflammation of the appendix 阑尾炎

**appendicular** /æp(ə)n'dɪkjʊlə(r)/ adj. technical 【技】 relating to or denoting an appendage or appendages 附件的

**appendix** /ə'pendɪks/ n. (pl. **appendices** or **appendixes**) 1 (also 亦作 **vermiform appendix**) Anatomy 【解】 a tube-shaped sac attached to the lower end of the large intestine 阑尾 2 a section of subsidiary matter at the end of a book (书的)附录
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in sense 2): from L., from **appendere** (see 见 APPEND).
> USAGE 用法说明
> **Appendix** typically has the plural **appendixes** in the anatomical sense, and **appendices** when referring to a part of a book or document. 在通常情况下,**appendix** 作解剖学名词时其复数形式为 **appendixes**,指书或文献的组成部分时其复数形式为 **appendices**.

**apperception** /æpə'sepʃn/ n. Psychology 【心理】 assimilation into the mind of a new concept 统觉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apperceptive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. **aperception** or mod. L. **aperceptio(n-)**, from L. **ad-** 'to' + **percipere** 'perceive'.

**appertain** /æpə'teɪn/ v. 1 (**appertain to**) relate to 与…有关;涉及 2 be appropriate 适合,适用
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apertenir**, from late L. **appertinere**, from **ad-** 'to' + L. **pertinere** 'to pertain'.

**appetency** /'æpɪt(ə)nsi/ (also 亦作 **appetence**) n. (pl. **appetencies**) rare 【罕】 a longing or desire 渴望;欲望
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **appetentia**, from **appetere** (see 见 APPETITE).

**appetite** /'æpɪtaɪt/ n. 1 a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food (身体上的)欲求;(尤指)食欲 2 a strong desire or liking 对……的渴望
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appetitive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apetit** (mod. **appétit**), from L. **appetitus** 'desire for', from **appetere** 'seek after'.

**appetizer** or **appetiser** /'æpɪtaɪzə(r)/ n. a small dish of food or a drink taken before a meal to stimulate the appetite (餐前的)开胃小吃(或饮料)

**appetizing** or **appetising** /'æpɪtaɪzɪŋ/ adj. stimulating the appetite 开胃的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appetizingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **appétissant**, irregular formation from **appétit** (see 见 APPETITE).

**applaud** /ə'plɔ:d/ v. show approval by clapping 鼓掌
> praise or approve of 赞同;赞扬
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. **applaudere**, from **ad-** 'to' + **plaudere** 'to clap', reinforced by Fr. **applaudir**.

**applause** /ə'plɔ:z/ n. approval expressed by clapping 鼓掌,喝彩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. **applausus**, from **applaudere** (see 见 APPLAUD).

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**apple** /'æpl/ n. 1 the rounded fruit of a tree of the rose family, with green or red skin and crisp flesh 苹果 2 the tree which bears apples 苹果树 [Genus Malus: numerous cultivated forms.] 3 used in names of similar unrelated fruits, e.g. **custard apple** (用于与苹果类似但非近缘的水果的名称中,如番荔枝果)
-PHRASES 短语 **the apple of one's eye** a person of whom one is extremely fond and proud 至爱;掌上明珠 [orig. denoting the pupil of the eye, extended as a symbol of something cherished.] **apples and pears** Brit. rhyming slang 【英,同韵俚语】 stairs 楼梯 **a rotten (or bad) apple** informal 【非正式】 a corrupt person in a group, likely to have a detrimental influence on the others 害群之马;败类 **upset the apple cart** spoil a plan 破坏计划
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appley** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **æppel**, of Gmc origin.

**apple-cheeked** adj. having round rosy cheeks 脸颊红润的

**applejack** /'æpldʒæk/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】a spirit distilled from cider 烈性苹果酒,苹果白兰地

**apple-pie bed** n. a bed which, as a practical joke, has been made with a sheet folded so that the legs cannot be stretched out (为恶作剧而把被单叠得使人无法伸直双腿的)苹果馅饼式床

**apple-pie order** n. perfect order 井然有序

**applesauce** /'æplsɔ:s/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】nonsense 废话,胡说

**applet** /'æplɪt/ n. Computing 【计】 a small application running within a larger program 小应用程序

**appliance** /ə'plaɪəns/ n. 1 a device designed to perform a specific task (有特定用途的)器具 2 a fire engine 消防车,救火车 3 Brit. 【英】 the action of applying something 应用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **applianced** adj.

**applicable** /ə'plɪkəbl/ adj. relevant; appropriate 相关的,适用的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **applicability** n. **applicably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'compliant'): from OFr., or from med. L. **applicabilis**, from **applicare** (see 见 APPLY).

**applicant** /'æplɪkənt/ n. a person who applies for something 申请人

**application** /æplɪ'keɪʃn/ n. 1 a formal request to an authority (正式)申请 2 the action of putting something into operation 应用 practical use or relevance 实际运用;关联 3 the action of applying something to a surface 涂抹,敷用(于表面) 4 sustained effort 持续的努力 5 a computer program or piece of software designed to fulfil a particular purpose 应用程序
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **applicational** adj.

**application programming interface** ■n. Computing 【计】 a system of tools and resources in an operating system, enabling creation of software applications 应用程序接口

**applicative** /'æplɪkeɪtɪv, ə'plɪkətɪv/ adj. (of a subject) applied 实用的,应用的

**applicator** /'æplɪkeɪtə(r)/ n. a device for inserting something or applying a substance to a surface 敷抹器,涂抹器

**applied** /ə'plaɪd/ adj. (of a subject) practical rather than theoretical (学科)应用性的 Compare with 比较 PURE.

**appliqué** /ə'pli:keɪ/ n. ornamental needlework in which pieces of fabric are sewn or stuck to a larger piece 嵌花 ■v. (**appliqués, appliquéing, appliquéd**) decorate with appliqué 以嵌花装饰
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., past part. of **appliquer** 'apply', from L. **applicare** (see 见 APPLY).

**apply** /ə'plaɪ/ ■v. (**applies, applying, applied**) 1 make a formal request 正式申请;请求 put oneself forward as a candidate for a job 申请(工作) 2 be relevant 适宜的;有关联的 bring into operation or use 使运作;投入使用 3 put (a substance) on a surface 涂抹(或敷用)……于表面 4 (**apply oneself**) work hard 努力工作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **applier** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **aplier**, from L. **applicat-**, **applicare** 'fold, fasten to'.

**appoggiatura** /əpɒdʒə'tjuərə/ n. (pl. **appoggiaturas** or **appoggiature**) Music 【音】 a grace note which delays the next note of the melody, taking half or more of its written time value 倚音
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from **appoggiare** 'lean upon, rest'.

**appoint** /ə'pɔɪnt/ v. 1 assign a job or role to 任命,委派 2 determine or decide on (a time or place) 约定(时间或地点) archaic 【古】 decree 注定;规定 3 Law 【律】 determine the disposition of (property) under powers granted by the owner 受权处置(财产)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appointee** n. **appointer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apointer**, from **a point** 'to a point'.

**appointed** /ə'pɔɪntɪd/ adj. 1 (of a time or place) designated (时间或地点)约定的,指定的 2 equipped or furnished in a specified way (按特定方式)装备的,陈设的

**appointive** /ə'pɔɪntɪv/ adj. N. Amer. 【北美】 (of a post) depending on or filled by appointment rather than election (职位)任命的,委派的

**appointment** /ə'pɔɪntmənt/ n. 1 an arrangement to meet at a particular time and place 约会 2 a job or position 工作,岗位 the action or process of appointing someone 任命,委派 3 (**appointments**) furniture or fittings 设备;家具
-PHRASES 短语 **by appointment (to the Queen)** (in the UK) selling goods or services to the Queen (英国)女王陛下御用

**apport** /ə'pɔ:t/ n. an object produced supposedly by occult means at a seance 受摄物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **apport** 'something brought', from **apporter** 'bring to'.

**apportion** /ə'pɔ:ʃn/ v. share out; assign 分担;分派;分配
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apportionable** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. **apportionner** or med. L. **apportionare**, from **ad-** 'to' + **portionare** 'divide into portions'.

**apportionment** /ə'pɔ:ʃnmənt/ n. the action or result of apportioning 分担;分派;分配 the determination of the proportional number of members each US state sends to the House of Representatives (美国各州的)众议院议员席位分配

**appose** /ə'pəʊz/ ■v. technical 【技】 place next to 使并列,把…置于近处
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **apponere**, on the pattern of words such as **compose**, **expose**.

**apposite** /'æpəzɪt/ adj. (especially of language) very appropriate; apt (尤指语言)恰当的,合适的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appositely** adv. **appositeness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **apposit-**, **apponere** 'apply'.

**apposition** /æpə'zɪʃn/ n. 1 chiefly technical 【主技】 the positioning of things next to each other 并置,并列;紧贴 2 Grammar 【语法】 a relationship between two or more words in which the units are grammatically parallel and have the same referent (e.g. **my friend Sue**) 同位(关系)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appositional** adj. & n. **appositive** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. **appositio(n-)**, from **apponere** (see 见 APPOSITE).

**appraisal** /ə'preɪzl/ n. an assessment 估计;评估
> a formal assessment of the performance of an employee (对员工表现的)考评

**appraise** /ə'preɪz/ v. assess the value, quality, or performance of 估价;评价;考评
> (of an official valuer) set a price on (官方估价人)对…估价
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appraisable** adj. **appraisee** n. **appraisement** n. **appraiser** n. **appraising** adj. **appraisingly** adv. **appraisive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of APPRIZE, by assoc. with PRAISE.
> USAGE 用法说明
> **Appraise** is frequently confused with **apprise**. **Appraise** means 'assess', while **apprise** means 'inform' and is often used in the structure **apprise someone of something**. 人们经常把 **appraise** 和 **apprise** 混淆,前者指“评估”或“估价”,后者意为“通知”,常用于 **apprise someone of something** 结构中。

**appreciable** /ə'pri:ʃəbl/ adj. large or important enough to be noticed 相当可观的,值得重视的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appreciably** adv.

**appreciate** /ə'pri:ʃieɪt, -sɪ-/ v. 1 recognize the value or significance of 赏识;重视
> be grateful for 感谢
2 rise in value or price 增值;涨价
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appreciator** n. **appreciatory** /-ʃ(ɪ)ət(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **appreciation**): from late L. **appretiat-**, **appretiare** 'set at a price, appraise', from **ad-** 'to' + **pretium** 'price'.

**appreciation** /əpri:ʃi'eɪʃn/ n. 1 recognition of the value or significance of something 赏识;重视
> gratitude 感谢,感激
2 a written assessment of an artist or work, especially a favourable one (对艺术家或作品的)评论文字(尤指赞赏性评价) 3 increase in monetary value (货币)增值

**appreciative** /ə'pri:ʃətɪv/ adj. feeling or showing gratitude or pleasure 表示感激(或赞赏)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appreciatively** adv. **appreciativeness** n.

**apprehend** /æprɪ'hend/ v. 1 arrest (someone) for a crime 逮捕 2 understand; perceive 理解,领会 3 archaic 【古】 anticipate with uneasiness or fear (对未来之事)担心,忧虑,恐惧
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. **appréhender** or L. **apprehendere**, from **ad-** 'towards' + **prehendere** 'lay hold of'.

**apprehensible** /æprɪ'hensəbl/ adj. archaic or literary 【古或文】 capable of being understood or perceived 可理解的;可察觉的;可感知的

**apprehension** /æprɪ'henʃn/ n. 1 anxious or fearful anticipation (对未来的)担心,恐惧 2 understanding 理解,领悟 3 the action of arresting someone 逮捕

**apprehensive** /æprɪ'hensɪv/ adj. 1 anticipating with anxiety or fear 担心的,忧虑的;恐惧的 2 rare 【罕】 relating to perception or understanding 领会的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apprehensively** adv. **apprehensiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. **appréhensif** or med. L. **apprehensivus**, from L. **apprehendere** (see 见 APPREHEND).

**apprentice** /ə'prentɪs/ n. a person learning a trade from a skilled employer 学徒,徒弟 ■v. employ as an apprentice 收…为学徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apprenticeship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **aprentis**, from **apprendre** 'learn', from L. **apprehendere** (see 见 APPREHEND).

**appress** /ə'pres/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **appressed**] technical 【技】 press (something) close to something else 使紧贴
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **appress-**, **apprimere** 'press close'.

**apprise** /ə'praɪz/ ■v. (usu. 通常用 **apprise someone of**) inform; tell 通知,告知
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **appris, apprise**, past part. of **apprendre** 'learn, teach', from L. **apprehendere** (see 见 APPREHEND).
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the confusion of **apprise** with **appraise**, see usage at APPRAISE. 关于 **apprise** 和 **appraise** 的辨析,参见 **appraise** 处的用法说明。

**apprize** or **apprise** /ə'praɪz/ ■v. archaic 【古】 put a price on 给…标价
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **aprisier**, from **a-** (from L. **ad** 'to, at') + **prisier** 'to price, prize', from **pris** (see 见 PRICE).

**approach** /ə'prəʊtʃ/ v. 1 come near or nearer to in distance, time, or standard 接近,靠近 archaic 【古】 bring nearer 使接近 2 make an initial proposal to or request of 提议;提出要求 3 start to deal with in a certain way 着手处理 ■n. 1 a way of dealing with something (处理事情的)方法 2 an initial proposal or request 提议;要求 3 the action of approaching 靠近,临近 a way leading to a place 通道,道路: **the northern approaches to London** 北上伦敦的路
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **aprochier, aprocher**, from eccles. L. **appropiare** 'draw near'.

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**approachable** /ə'prəʊtʃəbl/ adj. 1 friendly and easy to talk to 友好的,易攀谈的 2 able to be reached from a particular direction or by a particular means 可到达的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **approachability** n.

**approach shot** ■n. Golf 【高尔夫】 a stroke which sends the ball from the fairway on to or nearer the green (从平坦球道击向球洞区的)接近球

**approbation** /æprə(ʊ)'beɪʃn/ n. approval; praise 批准,认可;称赞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **approbate** v. (US rare 【美,罕】). **approbative** adj. **approbatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **approbatio(n-)**, from **approbare** 'approve', from **ad-** 'to' + **probare** 'try, test'.

**appropriate** adj. /ə'prəʊpriət/ 1 suitable; proper 适当的,得体的 2 archaic 【古】 assigned to a particular person 专属于某一个人的 ■v. /ə'prəʊprieɪt/ 1 take for one's own use without permission 挪用,侵吞,私自占有 2 devote (money) to a special purpose 拨(款)以供专用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **appropriately** adv. **appropriateness** n. **appropriation** n. **appropriator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. **appropriat-**, **appropriare** 'make one's own', from **ad-** 'to' + **proprius** 'own, proper'.

**approval** /ə'pru:v(ə)l/ n. the action of approving 批准,同意,认可 a favourable opinion 赞许,赞同,认可
-PHRASES 短语 **on approval** (of goods) able to be returned if unsatisfactory (商品)包退的

**approve** /ə'pru:v/ v. 1 officially accept as satisfactory 批准,认可
> (**often** 常作 **approve of**) believe that someone or something is good or acceptable 赞同,认可
2 archaic 【古】 prove; show 证明;显示
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **approving** adj. **approvingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **aprover**, from L. **approbare** (see 见 APPROBATION).

**approved school** n. Brit. historical 【英,史义】 a residential institution for young offenders 少年犯教养院

**approx.** abbr. approximate(ly)

**approximate** adj. /ə'prɒksɪmət/ fairly accurate but not totally precise 近似的,接近的 ■v. /ə'prɒksɪmeɪt/ come close in quality or quantity (质量或数量上)接近,相似 estimate fairly accurately 相当准确地估算
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **approximately** adv. **approximation** n. **approximative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. **approximat-**, **approximare**, from **ad-** 'to' + **proximus** 'very near'.

**appurtenance** /ə'pɜ:tɪnəns/ n. an accessory associated with a particular activity (与某种活动相关的)附属物,附加物
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apertenance**, based on late L. **appertinere** (see 见 APPERTAIN).

**appurtenant** /ə'pɜ:tɪnənt/ adj. formal 【正式】 belonging 从属的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **apartenant** 'appertaining', from **apartenir** (see 见 APPERTAIN).

**APR** abbr. annual(ized) percentage rate 年百分率

**Apr.** abbr. April

**apraxia** /ə'præksiə/ n. Medicine 【医】 inability to perform particular activities as a result of brain damage 失用(症)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apraxic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. **Apraxie**, from Gk **apraxia** 'inaction'.

**après-ski** /æprer'ski:/ n. social activities following a day's skiing 滑雪后的社交活动
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Fr., lit. 'after skiing'.

**apricot** /'eɪprɪkɒt/ n. 1 an orange-yellow soft fruit, resembling a small peach 杏 2 the tree bearing apricots 杏树 [Prunus armeniaca.] 3 an orange-yellow colour 杏黄色
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Port. **albricoque** or Sp. **albaricoque**, from Sp. Arab. **al** 'the' + **barkūk**, via late Gk from L. **praecoquum**, var. of **praecox** 'early-ripe'.

**April** /'eɪprəl/ n. the fourth month of the year 四月
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. **Aprilis**.

**April Fool** n. a victim of a hoax on April Fool's Day 愚人节被捉弄的人
> a trick played on April Fool's Day 愚人节恶作剧

**April Fool's Day** n. 1 April, traditionally an occasion for playing tricks 愚人节

**a priori** /eɪ praɪ'ɔ:raɪ, ɑ: pri'ɔ:ri/ adj. & adv. based on theoretical deduction rather than empirical observation 先验的(地)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apriorism** /eɪ'praɪərɪz(ə)m/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: L., 'from what is before'.

**apron** /'eɪprən/ n. 1 a protective garment covering the front of one's clothes and tied at the back 围裙 2 a small area adjacent to another larger area or structure (毗连较大区域或建筑的)小区域 an area on an airfield used for manoeuvring or parking aircraft 停机坪
> (also 亦作 **apron stage**) a strip of stage that projects in front of the curtain 台唇,舞台前缘
3 an endless conveyor made of overlapping plates 链板传送机
-PHRASES 短语 **tied to someone's apron strings** under someone's influence and control to an excessive degree 深受某人影响和控制的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aproned** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME **naperon**, from OFr., dimin. of **nape**, **nappe** 'tablecloth', from L. **mappa** 'napkin'; the **n** was lost by wrong division of **a napron**.

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**apropos** /æprə'pəʊ, 'æprəpəʊ/ prep. with reference to 关于;与……有关
-PHRASES 短语 **apropos of nothing** having no relevance to any previous discussion or situation 凭空,(与先前的探讨或情形)毫不相干
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **à propos** '(with regard) to (this) purpose'.

**apse** /æps/ n. 1 a large semicircular or polygonal recess with a domed roof, typically at a church's eastern end 后堂(多建于教堂东侧的半圆形或多角形凹室) 2 another term for APSIS * **apsis** 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apsidal** /'æpsɪdl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **apsis** (see 见 APSIS).

**apsis** /'æpsɪs/ n. (pl. **apsides** /-di:z/) Astronomy 【天文】 either of the two points in a body's orbit that are nearest to or furthest from the larger body round which it moves 拱点
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **apsidal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk **apsis, hapsis** 'arch, vault'.

**apt** /æpt/ adj. 1 appropriate; suitable 恰当的,适宜的 2 (**apt to do something**) having a tendency to do something 有做……倾向的 3 quick to learn 学习能力强的,聪明的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aptly** adv. **aptness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **aptus** 'fitted', from **apere** 'fasten'.

**apterous** /'æpt(ə)rəs/ adj. Entomology 【昆】(of an insect) having no wings 无翅的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk **apteros** (from **a-** 'without' + **pteron** 'wing') + **-ous**.

**apterygote** /æp'terɪ,gəʊt/ n. Entomology 【昆】 a primitive wingless insect of the group Apterygota, including the bristletails and springtails 无翅亚纲昆虫
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. **Apterygota**, from Gk **a-** 'not' + **pterugōtos** 'winged'.

**aptitude** /'æptɪtju:d/ n. a natural ability or tendency 天资,才能;习性,倾向
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. **aptitudo**, from L. **aptus** (see 见 APT).

**aqua** /'ækwə/ n. the colour aquamarine 海蓝色

**aqua-** /'ækwə/ comb. form relating to water 与水有关的: **aquaculture** 水产养殖;水产栽培
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. **aqua** 'water'.

**aquaculture** /'ækwəkʌltʃə(r)/ n. the rearing or cultivation of aquatic animals or plants. 水产养殖

**aqua fortis** /'fɔ:tɪs/ n. archaic term for NITRIC ACID * **nitric acid** 的古代说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L., lit. 'strong water'.

**aqualung** /'ækwəlʌŋ/ n. a portable breathing apparatus for divers, which feeds compressed air from cylinders on the diver's back through a mask or mouthpiece 轻便潜水器

**aquamanile** /ækwəmə'naɪli, -'ni:li/ n. a medieval water container in the form of a mammal or bird 水罐(形似鸟兽,中世纪时使用)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L., from L. **aquaemanalis**, lit. 'ewer of water'.

**aquamarine** /ækwəmə'ri:n/ n. 1 a light bluish-green variety of beryl 海蓝宝石 2 a light bluish-green colour 海蓝色
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. **aqua marina** 'seawater'.

**aquanaut** /'ækwənɔ:t/ n. a diver 潜水员
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **aqua** 'water' + Gk **nautēs** 'sailor'.

**aquaplane** /'ækwəpleɪn/ n. a board for riding on water, pulled by a speedboat (由快艇拖行的)滑水板 ■v. 1 ride on an aquaplane 乘滑水板滑水 2 (of a vehicle) slide uncontrollably on a wet surface (车辆)在潮湿地面上打滑

**aqua regia** /'ri:dʒǝ/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a highly corrosive mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids 王水
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: L., lit. 'royal water'.

**aquarelle** /ækwə'rel/ n. the technique of painting with thin, transparent watercolours 透明水彩画技法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Ital. **acquarella** 'watercolour'.

**aquarist** /'ækwərɪst/ n. a person who keeps an aquarium 水族养殖者

**aquarium** /ə'kweəriəm/ ■n. (pl. **aquaria** /-riə/ or **aquariums**) a transparent tank of water in which live fish and other water creatures and plants are kept 水族箱
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., neut. of **aquarius** 'of water', on the pattern of **vivarium**.

**Aquarius** /ə'kweəriəs/ n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】 a large constellation (the Water Carrier or Water Bearer), said to represent a man pouring water from a jar 宝瓶座 2 Astrology 【占星】 the eleventh sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about 21 January 宝瓶宫(黄道十二宫第十一宫,太阳于1月21日左右进入该宫)
-PHRASES 短语 **Age of Aquarius** an astrological age which is about to begin, marked by the precession of the vernal equinox into Aquarius, believed to herald worldwide peace and harmony 宝瓶宫时段
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Aquarian** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 L. **aquarius** 'of water'.

**aquarobics** /ækwə'rəʊbɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] aerobic exercises performed in water 水中有氧操

**aquatic** /ə'kwætɪk, -'kwɒt-/ adj. relating to water 水的
> living in or near water 水生的
■n. an aquatic plant or animal 水生动植物
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'watery, rainy'): from OFr. **aquatique** or L. **aquaticus**, from **aqua** 'water'.

**aquatint** /'ækwətɪnt/ n. a print resembling a watercolour, made using a copper plate etched with nitric acid 凹版腐蚀制版法所制印刷品
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. **aquatinte**, from Ital. **acqua tinta** 'coloured water'.

**aquavit** /ækwə'vi:t/ (also 亦作 **akvavit**) n. an alcoholic spirit made from potatoes 阿瓜维特酒(一种用马铃薯酿造的烈酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Norw., Swed., and Dan. **akvavit**, lit. 'water of life'.

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**aqua vitae** /'vaɪti:, 'vi:taɪ/ n. strong alcoholic spirit, especially brandy 烈性酒(尤指白兰地)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., lit. 'water of life'.

**aqueduct** /'ækwɪdʌkt/ n. 1 a bridge or viaduct carrying a waterway over a valley or other gap (架于山谷或沟壑上的)渡槽,高架渠 2 Anatomy 【解】 a small duct in the body containing fluid 水管
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Fr., from L. **aquae ductus** 'conduit', from **aqua** 'water' + **ducere** 'to lead'.

**aqueous** /'eɪkwiəs/ adj. resembling or containing water 似水的;含水的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. **aqueus**, from L. **aqua** 'water'.

**aqueous humour** n. the clear fluid in the eyeball in front of the lens 水样液,房水

**aquifer** /'ækwɪfə(r)/ n. a body of permeable rock able to hold or transmit water 含水石层
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. **aqui-** (from **aqua** 'water') + **-fer** 'bearing'.

**aquilegia** /ækwɪ'li:dʒə/ n. a plant bearing showy flowers with backward-pointing spurs 耧斗菜 [Genus Aquilegia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from med. L., prob. from L. **aquilegus** 'water-collecting'.

**aquiline** /'ækwɪlaɪn/ adj. 1 like an eagle 似鹰的 2 (of a person's nose) curved like an eagle's beak (人的鼻子)呈鹰钩状的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **aquilinus**, from **aquila** 'eagle'.

**aquiver** /ə'kwɪvə(r)/ adj. quivering; trembling 颤抖的,抖动的

**AR** abbr. 1 US Arkansas (in official postal use) (美国)阿肯色州(正式邮递用语) 2 Autonomous Republic 自治共和国

**Ar** symb. the chemical element argon (化学元素)氩

**ar-** /'ær/ prefix variant spelling of AD- assimilated before **r** (as in **arrive**) * **ad-** 的另一种拼法 (d在r前同化为r,如 **arrive**)

**-ar¹** /ə(r)/ suffix 1 (forming adjectives) of the kind specified (构成形容词)……类的: **molecular** 分子的 2 forming nouns such as **scholar** 构成名词(如 **scholar**) Compare with 比较 -ER⁵.
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. **-aire, -ier**, or from L. **-aris**.

**-ar²** /ə(r)/ suffix forming nouns such as **pillar** 构成名词(如 **pillar**)
-ORIGIN 词源 via OFr. from L. **-are** (neut. of **-aris**).

**-ar³** /ə(r)/ suffix forming nouns such as **bursar** 构成名词(如 **bursar**)
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. **-aire, -ier**, or from L. **-arius, -arium**.

**-ar⁴** /ə(r)/ suffix alteration of -ER¹, -OR¹ (as in **liar**) * **-er¹, -or¹** 的变体 (如 **liar**)

**ARA** abbr. Associate of the Royal Academy (英国)皇家艺术院准会员

**Arab** /'ærəb, 'eɪræb/ n. 1 a member of a Semitic people inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa 阿拉伯人 2 a horse of a breed originating in Arabia 阿拉伯马
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Arabization** or **Arabisation** n. **Arabize** or **Arabise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. and Gk from Arab. **'arab'**.

**arabesque** /ærə'besk/ n. 1 Ballet 【芭蕾】 a posture in which one leg is extended horizontally backwards, the torso extended forwards, and the arms outstretched 阿拉贝斯克舞姿 2 an ornamental design consisting of intertwined flowing lines 阿拉伯式花饰 3 Music 【音】 a passage with a highly ornamented melody 阿拉伯风格曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. **arabesco** 'in the Arabic style', from **arabo** 'Arab'.

**Arabian** /ə'reɪbiən/ n. 1 historical 【史义】 a native or inhabitant of Arabia 阿拉伯人 2 an Arab horse 阿拉伯马 ■adj. relating to Arabia or its people 阿拉伯(人)的

**Arabic** /'ærəbɪk/ n. the Semitic language of the Arabs, written from right to left in a cursive script also used for other languages such as Persian and Urdu 阿拉伯语 ■adj. relating to the Arabs or Arabic 阿拉伯人的;阿拉伯语的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Arabicization** or **Arabiisation** n. **Arabicize** or **Arabicise** v.

**arabica** /ə'ræbɪkə/ n. coffee beans from a widely grown coffee plant native to the Old World tropics (Coffea arabica) 咖啡豆
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L., fem. of **arabicus** 'Arabic'.

**Arabic numeral** n. any of the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 阿拉伯数字(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

**arabinose** /'ærəbɪnəʊz, əs/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a sugar which is a constituent of many plant gums 阿拉伯糖
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ARABICA + -IN¹ + -OSE².

**arabis** /'ærəbɪs/ n. a herbaceous plant bearing white or pink flowers 南芥 [Genus Arabis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via med. L. from Gk, fem. of **Araps, Arab-** (see 见 ARAB).

**Arabism** /'ærəbɪz(ə)m/ n. 1 Arab culture or identity 阿拉伯文化(或身份) 2 an Arabic word or phrase 阿拉伯词语(或习语)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Arabist** n. & adj.

**arable** /'ærəbl/ adj. (of land) suitable for growing crops (土地)适于耕种的
> (of crops) able to be grown on such land (作物)能在可耕地生长的
■n. arable land or crops 可耕地;可耕种作物
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. **arabilis**, from **arare** 'to plough'.

**aracari** /ærə'sɑ:ri, ærə'kɑ:ri/ n. (pl. **aracaris**) a small colourful toucan with a serrated bill 巨嘴鸟 [Genus Pteroglossus: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Port. from Tupi **arasa'ri**.

**arachidonic acid** /ə,rækɪ'dɒnɪk/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a fatty acid present in animal fats which is an essential constituent of the human diet 花生四烯酸
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from mod. L. **arachis, arachid** 'peanut', from Gk **arak(h)os, -kis** + **-ONE** + **-IC**.

**arachnid** /ə'ræknɪd/ ■n. Zoology 【动】 an arthropod of the class Arachnida, which includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks 蛛形纲动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. **Arachnida**, from Gk **arakhnē** 'spider'.

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**arachnoid** /ə'ræknɔɪd/ adj. like a spider or arachnid 像蜘蛛的,似蛛形纲动物的 ■n. (also 亦作 **arachnoid membrane**) Anatomy 【解】 the fine middle membrane of the three surrounding the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura mater and the pia mater 蛛网膜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. **arachnoides**, from Gk **arakhnoeidēs** 'like a cobweb', from **arakhnē** 'spider'.

**arachnophobia** /əræknə'fəʊbiə/ n. extreme or irrational fear of spiders 蜘蛛恐怖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arachnophobe** n. **arachnophobic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: mod. L., from Gk **arakhnē** 'spider' + -PHOBIA.

**aragonite** /'ærəg(ə)naɪt/ n. a mineral consisting of calcium carbonate, occurring as colourless prisms in deposits from hot springs 文石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the region of Aragon in Spain + -ITE¹.

**arak** /ə'ræk/ n. variant spelling of ARRACK * **arrack** 的另一种拼法

**aralia** /ə'reɪliə/ n. a tree or shrub of a diverse group cultivated for their foliage, profuse tiny flowers, or herbal properties 楤木 [Genus Aralia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., of unknown origin.

**Aramaean** /ærə'mi:ən/ (also 亦作 **Aramean**) n. a member of a people inhabiting ancient Aram (modern Syria) and Mesopotamia in the 11th-8th centuries BC 阿拉米人(公元前11世纪至前8世纪生活在古阿拉姆和美索不达米亚) ■adj. relating to Aram or the Aramaeans 阿拉米语的;阿拉米人的

**Aramaic** /ærə'meɪk/ n. a branch of the Semitic family of languages, used as a lingua franca in the Near East from the 6th century BC and still spoken in some communities 阿拉米语 adj. relating to Aramaic 阿拉米语的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **Aramaios** 'of Aram' (the biblical name of Syria) + **-IC**.

**arame** /'ærəmi/ n. an edible Pacific seaweed used in Japanese cookery 黑海带,黑褐色海带 [Ecklonia bicyclis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Japanese.

**Aran** /'ær(ə)n/ adj. denoting a type of knitwear with patterns of cable stitch and large diamond designs, traditionally associated with the Aran Islands off the west coast of Ireland 阿兰针织面料的

**Aranda** /ə'rantə, æ'ru:ndə/ n. variant form of ARRERNTE * **Arrernte** 的另一种形式

**Arapaho** /ə'ræpəhəʊ/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Arapahos**) 1 a member of a North American Indian people living on the Great Plains 阿拉帕霍人(属北美印第安人,主要居住在大平原) 2 the Algonquian language of the Arapaho 阿拉帕霍语(属阿尔衮琴语)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Crow **alappahó**, lit. 'many tattoo marks'.

**arapaima** /ærə'paɪmə/ n. a very large edible freshwater fish native to tropical South America 巨骨舌鱼 [Arapaima gigas.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Tupi.

**arational** /eɪ'ræʃ(ə)nl/ adj. not based on or governed by logical reasoning 不合逻辑的,非理性的

**Araucanian** /ærɔ:'keɪniən/ n. 1 a member of a group of American Indian peoples of Chile and parts of Argentina 阿劳坎人(美洲印第安人的一支) 2 the language of the Araucanians 阿劳坎语 adj. relating to the Araucanians or their language 阿劳坎人的,阿劳坎语的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp. **Araucania**, a region in Chile.

**araucaria** /ærɔ:'keəriə/ n. an evergreen conifer with stiff sharp leaves, e.g. the **monkey puzzle** 南洋杉 [Genus Araucaria.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Sp. **Arauco**, a province of Araucania, Chile.

**Arawak** /'ærəwæk/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Arawaks**) 1 a member of a group of native peoples of the Greater Antilles and northern and western South America 阿拉瓦克人(大安的列斯群岛和南美北部及西部土著民族的一支) 2 any of the languages of the Arawaks 阿拉瓦克语
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Arawakan** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Carib **aruac**.

**arbalest** /'ɑ:bəlest/ (also 亦作 **arblast**) n. historical 【史义】 a crossbow with a mechanism for drawing back and releasing the string 劲弩
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **arblast**, from OFr. **arbaleste**, from late L. **arcubalista**, from L. **arcus** 'bow' + **ballista** (see 见 BALLISTA).

**arbiter** /'ɑ:bɪtə(r)/ n. 1 a person who settles a dispute 仲裁人 2 a person who has influence over something 有影响力的人: **an arbiter of taste** 对人们的品味有影响力的人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'judge, supreme ruler'.

**arbitrage** /'ɑ:bɪtrɪdʒ, ɑ:bɪ'trɑ:ʒ/ n. Economics 【经济】 the simultaneous buying and selling of assets in different markets or in derivative forms, taking advantage of the differing prices 套利
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arbitrageur** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, from Fr., from **arbitrer** 'give judgement'.

**arbitral** /'ɑ:bɪtr(ə)l/ adj. relating to or resulting from the use of an arbitrator 仲裁(人)的

**arbitrament** /ɑ:'bɪtrəm(ə)nt/ n. the settling of a dispute by an arbitrator 仲裁(裁决)

**arbitrary** /'ɑ:bɪt(rə)ri/ adj. 1 based on random choice or personal whim 随机选择的,随心所欲的 2 (of power or a ruling body) autocratic (权力或统治机构)独裁的,专制的 3 Mathematics 【数】 (of a constant or other quantity) of unspecified value (常量等)任意的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arbitrarily** adv. **arbitrariness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **arbitrarius**, from **arbiter** 'judge, supreme ruler'.

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**arbitration** /ɑ:bɪ'treɪʃn/ n. the use of an arbitrator to settle a dispute 仲裁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arbitrate** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **arbitratio(n-)**, from **arbitrat-**, **arbitrari**, from **arbiter** 'judge, supreme ruler'.

**arbitrator** /ɑ:bɪtreɪtə(r)/ n. an independent person or body officially appointed to settle a dispute 仲裁人;仲裁机构

**arbitress** /'ɑ:bɪtrɪs/ n. archaic 【古】 a female arbiter 女仲裁人;有影响力的女人

**arblast** /'ɑ:blɑ:st/ n. variant spelling of ARBALEST * **arbalest** 的另一种拼法

**arbor¹** /'ɑ:bə(r)/ n. 1 an axle on which something revolves (旋转的)心轴 2 a device holding a tool in a lathe 心轴(车床上安装工具的部件)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **arbre** 'tree, axis', influenced by L. **arbor** 'tree'.

**arbor²** /'ɑ:bə(r)/ ■n. US spelling of ARBOUR * **arbour** 的美式拼法

**arboreal** /ɑ:'bɔ:riəl/ adj. relating to or living in trees 树栖的,林栖的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arboreality** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **arboreus**, from **arbor** 'tree', + **-AL**.

**arborescent** /ɑ:bə'res(ə)nt/ adj. Botany 【植】 tree-like 树状的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arborescence** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **arborescent-**, **arborescere** 'grow into a tree', from **arbor** 'tree'.

**arboretum** /ɑ:bə'ri:təm/ n. (pl. **arboretums** or **arboreta** /-tə/) a botanical garden devoted to trees 树木园
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'a place with trees', from **arbor** 'tree'.

**arboriculture** /'ɑ:b(ə)rɪ,kʌltʃə(r), ɑ:'bɔ:-/ n. the cultivation of trees and shrubs 树木栽培
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arboricultural** adj. **arboriculturist** n.

**Arborio** /ɑ:'bɔ:riəʊ/ n. a variety of round-grained Italian rice used in making risotto 阿波理欧米(一种圆粒意大利米,用于制作意大利调味饭)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after **Arborio** in northern Italy.

**arborist** /'ɑ:b(ə)rɪst/ n. a tree surgeon 树艺家,树木栽培家

**arborization** or **arborisation** /ɑ:b(ə)raɪ'zeɪʃn/ n. Anatomy 【解】 a fine branching structure at the end of a nerve fibre 树状分支

**arbor vitae** /ɑ:bə 'vaɪti:, 'vi:taɪ/ n. another term for THUJA * **thuja** 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., lit. 'tree of life', prob. with ref. to its medicinal use.

**arbour** /'ɑ:bə(r)/ (US 【美】 **arbor**) n. a garden alcove with the sides and roof formed by trees or climbing plants 凉棚
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arboured** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **erbier**, from **erbe** 'grass, herb', from L. **herba**; influenced by L. **arbor** 'tree'.

**arbovirus** /'ɑ:bə(ʊ),vaɪərəs/ n. Medicine 【医】 any of a group of viruses (e.g. that causing yellow fever) transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods 虫媒病毒
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from **ar(thropod)-bo(rne)** + VIRUS.

**arbutus** /ɑ:'bju:təs, 'ɑ:bjʊtəs/ n. an evergreen tree or shrub of a genus that includes the strawberry tree 浆果鹃 [Genus Arbutus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**ARC** abbr. Medicine 【医】 AIDS-related complex 艾滋病相关综合征

**arc** /ɑ:k/ n. 1 a curve forming part of the circumference of a circle or other figure 弧 a curving trajectory 曲线轨道(或轨迹) [as modifier 作修饰语] Mathematics 【数】 indicating the inverse of a trigonometrical function 反三角函数的: **arc cosine** 反余弦 2 a luminous electrical discharge between two points 电弧 3 (in a novel, play, film, etc.) the development or resolution of the narrative or principal theme (小说、戏剧、电影等的)叙事发展,主线情节: **the emotional arc of the movie** 电影的感情线 ■v. (**arcs, arcing** /'ɑ:kɪŋ/, **arced** /ɑ:kt/) 1 move with a curving trajectory 沿弧线运动 2 [as noun 作名词 **arcing**] the forming of an electric arc 形成电弧
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **arcus** 'bow, curve'.

**arcade** /ɑ:'keɪd/ n. 1 a covered passage with arches along one or both sides 拱廊 a covered walk with shops along one or both sides 拱顶走道(一边或两边有商店) Architecture 【建】 a series of arches supporting a wall (支承墙的)连拱 2 short for AMUSEMENT ARCADE * **amusement arcade** 的缩略式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arcaded** adj. **arcading** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Provençal **arcada** or Ital. **arcata**, based on L. **arcus** 'bow'.

**Arcadian** /ɑ:'keɪdiən/ n. 1 a native of Arcadia, a region of southern Greece 阿卡迪亚人 2 literary 【文】 an idealized country dweller 理想化的乡村居民 adj. relating to Arcadia, especially as regarded as an ideal rustic paradise 阿卡迪亚的;(尤指)理想乡村乐土的

**Arcady** /'ɑ:kədi/ n. literary 【文】 an ideal rustic paradise 世外桃源,理想乡村乐土
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk **Arkadia** 'Arcadia', a region of Greece.

**arcana** /ɑ:'keɪnə/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] (sing. **arcanum**) 1 secrets; mysteries 秘密;奥秘 2 either of the two groups of cards in a tarot pack: the twenty-two trumps (the **major arcana**) and the fifty-six suit cards (the **minor arcana**) 阿尔卡纳(一副塔罗牌中两组牌的任意一组,包括22张主牌的大阿尔卡纳和56张副牌的小阿尔卡纳)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., neut. pl. of **arcanus** (see 见 ARCANE).

**arcane** /ɑ:'keɪn/ adj. understood by few; mysterious 鲜为人知的;神秘的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arcanely** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **arcanus**, from **arcere** 'to shut up', from **arca** 'chest'.

**arch¹** /ɑ:tʃ/ n. 1 a curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and supporting the weight of a bridge, roof, or wall 拱 an arch-shaped curve 拱形曲线,拱形弯道 2 the inner side of the foot 足弓 ■v. form or cause to form an arch (使…)成拱形
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arched** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **arche**, based on L. **arcus** 'bow'.

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**arch²** /ɑ:tʃ/ adj. self-consciously playful or teasing 故意戏谑的,特意捉弄的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archly** adv. **archness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from **ARCH-**, by assoc. with the sense 'rogue' in combinations such as **arch-scoundrel**.

**arch-** /ɑ:tʃ/ comb. form chief; principal 主要的,为首的: **archbishop** 大主教 preeminent of its kind (同类中)杰出的,首要的: **arch-enemy** 首要敌人
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk **arkhi-**, from **arkhos** 'chief'.

**-arch** /ɑ:k/ comb. form (forming nouns) denoting a ruler or leader (构成名词)统治者,领袖: **monarch** 君主,君王
-ORIGIN 词源 Gk **arkhos** 'ruling', from **arkhein** 'to rule'.

**archaea** /ɑ:'ki:ə/ ■pl. n. Biology 【生物】 microorganisms which are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but constitute an ancient group intermediate between the bacteria and eukaryotes 古核生物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaean** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk **arkhaios** 'primitive'.

**Archaean** /ɑ:'ki:ən/ (US 【美】 **Archean**) adj. Geology 【地质】 relating to or denoting the earlier part of the Precambrian aeon (before about 2,500 million years ago), in which there was no life on the earth 太古代的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk **arkhaios** 'ancient' + **-AN**.

**archaebacteria** /ɑ:kibæk'tɪəriə/ pl. n. (sing. **archaebacterium**) another term for ARCHAEA * **archaea** 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaebacterial** adj.

**archaeo-** /'ɑ:kiəʊ/ comb. form relating to archaeology or prehistoric times 考古学的;史前时期的: **archaeometry** 考古定年学
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk **arkhaios** 'ancient'.

**archaeology** /ɑ:ki'ɒlədʒi/ (US also 【美亦作】 **archeology**) n. the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of physical remains 考古学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaeologic** adj. **archaeological** adj. **archaeologically** adv. **archaeologist** n. **archaeologize** or **archaeologise** v.

**archaeomagnetism** /ɑ:kiəʊ'mægnɪtɪz(ə)m/ n. magnetism possessed by components of clay and rocks which have in the past been heated, especially as studied in a method of geological or archaeological dating 考古地磁(学)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaeomagnetic** adj.

**archaeometry** /ɑ:ki'ɒmətri/ n. the application of scientific techniques to the dating of archaeological remains 考古定年学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaeometric** adj.

**archaeopteryx** /ˌɑ:ki'ɒptərɪks/ n. the oldest known fossil bird, of the late Jurassic period, which had feathers and wings like a bird, but teeth and a bony tail like a dinosaur 始祖鸟
-ORIGIN 词源 from ARCHAEO- + Gk **pterux** 'wing'.

**archaic** /ɑ:'keɪk/ adj. very old or old-fashioned 古老的,古旧的;过时的
> (of language) used to give an old-fashioned flavour (语言)古体的,不再通用的
> belonging to an early period of art or culture 古代艺术(或文化)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **archaïque**, from Gk **arkhaikos**, from **arkhaios** (see 见 ARCHAISM).

**archaism** /'ɑ:keɪz(ə)m/ n. a thing that is archaic, especially a word or style of art 古旧事物,过时事物;(尤指)古词,古艺术风格 the use of archaic features in language or art (语言或艺术中的)仿古
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archaistic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. **archaismus**, from Gk **arkhaismos**, based on **arkhaios** 'ancient'.

**archaize** or **archaise** /'ɑ:keɪaɪz/ v. consciously imitate an archaic word or style of art 使具古风;仿古

**archangel** /'ɑ:keɪndʒl, ɑ:k'eɪn-/ n. 1 an angel of high rank 天使长 2 (also 亦作 **yellow archangel**) a yellow-flowered dead-nettle found in woodland 黄花野芝麻 [Lamiastrum galeobdolon.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archangelic** adj.

**archbishop** /ɑ:tʃ'bɪʃǝp/ n. the chief bishop responsible for a large district 大主教

**archbishopric** /ɑ:tʃ'bɪʃəprɪk/ n. the office or district of an archbishop 大主教职位;大主教辖区

**archdeacon** /ɑ:tʃ'di:kən/ n. a senior Christian cleric to whom a bishop delegates certain responsibilities 执事长,助祭长,会吏总

**archdeaconry** /ɑ:tʃ'di:k(ə)nri/ n. (pl. **archdeaconries**) the office or district of an archdeacon 执事长(或助祭长、会吏总)职位(或辖区)

**archdiocese** /ɑ:tʃ'daɪəsɪs/ n. the district for which an archbishop is responsible 大主教辖区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archdiocesan** adj.

**archduchess** /ɑ:tʃ'dʌtʃəs/ n. historical 【史义】 1 the wife or widow of an archduke 大公爵夫人 2 a daughter of the Emperor of Austria 女大公(奥地利公主)

**archduke** /ɑ:tʃ'dju:k/ n. a chief duke, in particular (historical 【史义】) the son of the Emperor of Austria 大公爵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archducal** adj. **archduchy** n.

**Archean** /ɑ:'ki:ən/ adj. US spelling of ARCHAEAN * **Archaean** 的美式拼法

**archegonium** /ɑ:kɪ'gəʊniəm/ n. (pl. **archegonia** /-iə/) Botany 【植】 the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers 颈卵器
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk **arkhegonos**, from **arkhe-** 'chief' + **gonos** 'race'.

**arch-enemy** ■n. a chief enemy 大敌,主要敌人

**archeology** /ɑ:ki'ɒlədʒi/ n. US spelling of ARCHAEOLOGY * **archaeology** 的美式拼法

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**archer** /'ɑ:tʃə(r)/ n. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows 弓箭手;射箭运动员
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **archier**, based on L. **arcus** 'bow'.

**archerfish** /'ɑ:tʃəfɪʃ/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **archerfishes**) a freshwater fish, native to Asia, Australia, and the Philippines, that knocks insect prey off vegetation by shooting water from its mouth 射水鱼 [Genus Toxotes: several species.]

**archery** /'ɑ:tʃəri/ n. shooting with a bow and arrows 射箭运动

**archetype** /'ɑ:kitaɪp/ n. 1 a very typical example 典型 2 an original model 原型 3 Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 (in Jungian theory) a primitive mental image inherited from the earliest human ancestors and supposed to be present in the collective unconscious (荣格理论中的)原型 4 a recurrent motif in literature or art (文学、艺术中的)原型,原始模型
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archetypal** adj. **archetypally** adv. **archetypical** adj. **archetypically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk **arkhetupon** 'something moulded first as a model', from **arkhe-** 'primitive' + **tupos** 'a model'.

**archidiaconal** /ɑ:kɪdaɪ'æk(ə)nl/ adj. relating to an archdeacon 执事长的,助祭长的,会吏总的

**archiepiscopal** /ɑ:kiɪ'pɪskəpl/ adj. relating to an archbishop 大主教的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archiepiscopacy** n. (pl. **archiepiscopacies**). **archiepiscopate** n.

**archil** /'ɑ:tʃɪl/ n. archaic spelling of ORCHIL * **orchil** 的古代拼法

**archimandrite** /ɑ:kɪ'mændraɪt/ n. the superior of a large monastery or group of monasteries in the Orthodox Church 大牧长,修士大司祭;总修道长
> an honorary title given to a monastic priest 大牧长(荣誉职)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via eccles. L., from eccles. Gk **arkhimandritēs**, from **arkhi-** 'chief' + **mandra** 'monastery'.

**Archimedean** /ɑ:kɪ'mi:diən/ adj. relating to the Greek mathematician Archimedes (c.287-212 BC) 阿基米德的

**Archimedean screw** n. a device invented by Archimedes for raising water by means of a helix rotating within a tube 龙尾车

**Archimedes' principle** /ɑ:kɪ'mi:di:z/ n. Physics 【物】 a law stating that a body immersed in a fluid is subject to an upward force equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid it displaces 阿基米德原理

**archipelago** /ɑ:kɪ'peləgəʊ/ n. (pl. **archipelagos** or **archipelagoes**) an extensive group of islands 群岛
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. **arcipelago**, from Gk **arkhi-** 'chief' + **pelagos** 'sea' (orig. a name for the Aegean Sea, notable for its large number of islands).

**architect** /'ɑ:kɪtekt/ n. 1 a person who designs buildings and supervises their construction 建筑师 2 a person responsible for the invention or realization of something 创建者;设计师 ■v. Computing 【计】 design and make (a program or system) 设计并创建(程序或系统)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **architecte**, from Ital. **architetto**, via L. from Gk **arkhitektōn** 'chief builder'.

**architectonic** /ɑ:kɪtek'tɒnɪk/ adj. 1 relating to architecture or architects 建筑(学)的;建筑师的 2 having a clearly defined and artistically pleasing structure (结构)悦目的,明快清晰的 ■n. (**architectonics**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] 1 the scientific study of architecture 建筑学 2 musical, literary, or artistic structure (音乐、文学或艺术的)结构
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **architectonically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk **arkhitektonikos**, from **arkhitektōn** (see 见 ARCHITECT).

**architecture** /'ɑ:kɪtektʃə(r)/ n. 1 the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings 建筑;建筑学 the style in which a building is designed and constructed 建筑风格 2 the complex structure of something (复杂)结构 the conceptual structure and logical organization of a computer or computer-based system (计算机或计算机系统的)体系结构
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **architectural** adj. **architecturally** adv.

**architrave** /'ɑ:kɪtreɪv/ n. 1 (in classical architecture) a main beam resting across the tops of columns (古典建筑的)柱顶过梁 2 the frame around a doorway or window 门框;窗框 a moulding round the exterior of an arch 框缘
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital., from **archi-** 'chief' + **-trave** from L. **trabs, trab-** 'a beam'.

**archive** /'ɑ:kaɪv/ n. a collection of historical documents or records 档案 a complete record of the data in part or all of a computer system, stored on a less frequently used medium 归档数据 ■v. place or store in an archive 把…归档,把…存档
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archival** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **archives** (pl.), from L. **archiva, archia**, from Gk **arkheia** 'public records'.

**archivist** /'ɑ:kɪvɪst/ n. a person who maintains and is in charge of archives 档案管理员

**archivolt** /'ɑ:kɪvɒlt/ n. a band of mouldings round the lower curve of an arch 拱门缘饰 the lower curve itself 拱墩缘饰
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **archivolte** or Ital. **archivolto**, based on L. **arcus** 'bow, arch' + **volvere** 'to roll'.

**archlute** /'ɑ:tʃl(j)u:t/ n. a bass lute with an extended neck which supports unstopped bass strings 大诗琴

**archon** /'ɑ:kən/ n. each of the nine chief magistrates in ancient Athens (古雅典的)执政官
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **archonship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk **arkhōn** 'ruler'.

**archosaur** /'ɑ:kəsɔ:(r)/ ■n. Zoology & Palaeontology 【动,古生】 a reptile of a large group that includes the crocodilians together with the extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs 古龙
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from mod. L. **Archosauria**, from Gk **arkhos** 'chief' or **arkhōn** 'ruler' + **-SAUR**.

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**arch-rival** n. the chief rival of a person, team, or organization (人、团队或组织的)头号对手

**archway** /'ɑ:tʃweɪ/ n. a curved structure forming a passage or entrance 拱道;拱门

**-archy** /'ɑ:rki/ comb. form (forming nouns) denoting a type of rule or government, corresponding to nouns ending in **-arch** (构成名词)统治,管理: **monarchy** 君主政体

**arc lamp** (also 亦作 **arc light**) n. a light source using an electric arc 弧光灯

**arco** /'ɑ:kəʊ/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】 played on a violin or other stringed instrument using the bow 用小提琴(或其他用弓演奏的弦乐器)演奏地(的)

**arcology** /ɑ:'kɒlədʒi/ n. (pl. **arcologies**) an ideal city contained within a massive vertical structure, allowing maximum conservation of its environment 生态型城市(建在一幢巨大的竖式建筑物中,可最大限度地保护环境)
-ORIGIN 词源 1969: blend of ARCHITECTURE and ECOLOGY.

**arcos** /'ɑ:kɒz/ abbr. the inverse of a cosine 反余弦

**arc second** (also 亦作 **arcsec**) n. another term for SECOND² (sense 2) * **second²** (释义2)的另一种说法

**arcsin** /ɑ:k'saɪn/ abbr. the inverse of a sine 反正弦

**arctan** /'ɑ:ktæn/ abbr. the inverse of a tangent 反正切

**Arctic** /'ɑ:ktɪk/ adj. 1 relating to the regions around the North Pole 北极的 living or growing in such regions 生活(或生长)在北极的 2 (**arctic**) informal 【非正式】 (of weather) very cold (天气)极冷的 ■n. 1 (**the Arctic**) the regions around the North Pole 北极区 2 US 【美】 a thick waterproof overshoe 防水套鞋 3 (**arctic**) a drab-coloured hairy butterfly of the arctic and subarctic regions of the New World 北极眼蝶 [Genus Oenis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **arcticus, articus**, based on Gk **arktos** 'bear, Ursa Major, Pole Star'.

**Arctogaean** /ɑ:ktə'dʒi:ən/ (US 【美】 **Arctogean**) ■adj. Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting the zoogeographical area Arctogaea, comprising the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions 北界的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. **Arctogaea**, from Gk **arktos** 'northern' + **gaia** 'earth'.

**arcuate** /'ɑ:kjuət/ adj. technical 【技】 curved 弓状的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **arcuat-**, **arcuare** 'to curve'.

**arcus senilis** /ɑ:kəs sɪ'naɪlɪs/ n. Medicine 【医】 a narrow opaque band encircling the cornea, common in old age 老年环
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'senile bow'.

**arc welding** n. welding using the heat generated by an electric arc 电弧焊

**-ard** /əd/ suffix 1 forming nouns such as **bollard** 构成名词(如 **bollard**) 2 forming nouns having a derogatory sense 构成带贬义的名词: **drunkard** 醉鬼
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr., from Ger. **-hard** 'hard, hardy'.

**ardent** /'ɑ:d(ə)nt/ adj. 1 very enthusiastic or passionate 十分热情的,充满激情的 2 archaic or literary 【古或文】 burning; glowing 燃烧的,炽热的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ardency** n. **ardently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **ardant** from L. **ardent-, ardens**, from **ardere** 'to burn'.

**ardour** /'ɑ:də(r)/ (US 【美】 **ardor**) n. great enthusiasm or passion 热情,热忱,激情
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **ardor**, from **ardere** 'to burn'.

**arduous** /'ɑ:djuəs/ adj. difficult and tiring 艰苦的,费力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arduously** adv. **arduousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **arduus** 'steep, difficult' + **-OUS**.

**are¹** /ɑ:(r), ə(r)/ second person singular present and first, second, third person plural present of BE * **be** 的第二人称单数形式,第一人称、第二人称和第三人称的复数形式

**are²** /ɑ:(r)/ n. historical 【史义】 a metric unit of measurement, equal to 100 square metres 公亩 Compare with 比较 HECTARE.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. **area** (see 见 AREA).

**area** /'eəriə/ n. 1 a region or part of a town, country, etc. 地区 a space allocated for a specific use (作特殊用途的)地方,场地: **the dining area** 就餐区
> a part of an object or surface (物体或表面的)区域
2 a subject or range of activity (活动的)领域,范围 3 the extent or measurement of a surface 面积 4 a sunken enclosure giving access to a basement 地下室入口
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **areal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., lit. 'vacant piece of level ground'.

**area code** n. another term for DIALLING CODE * **dialling code** 的另一种说法

**area dean** n. see 见 DEAN (sense 1 释义1).

**areaway** /'eəriəweɪ/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a sunken enclosure giving access to a basement 地下室入口

**areca palm** /'ærɪkə, ə'ri:kə/ n. a tropical Asian palm yielding astringent nuts which are chewed with betel leaves 槟榔 [Genus Areca.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via Port. from Malayalam **áḍkka**.

**areg** /'ɑ:reg/ plural form of ERG² * **erg²** 的复数形式

**arena** /ə'ri:nə/ ■n. 1 a level area surrounded by seating, in which public events and entertainments are held 竞技场;表演场地 2 a sphere of activity 活动场所,活动范围: **He's re-entered the political arena.** 他重新登上了政治舞台。
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **harena, arena** 'sand, sand-strewn place of combat'.

**arenaceous** /ærɪ'neɪʃəs/ adj. 1 Geology 【地质】 consisting of sand or sand-like particles 砂质的;似砂的 2 Biology 【生物】 living or growing in sand 砂生的,生于砂地的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **arenaceus**, from **arena** 'sand'.

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**arenavirus** /ə'ri:nə,vaɪərəs/ n. Medicine 【医】 any of a group of RNA viruses (e.g. that causing Lassa fever) appearing to contain sand-like granules 沙粒病毒
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from L. **arenosus** 'sandy' + VIRUS.

**aren't** /ɑ:nt/ contr. 1 **are not** 2 **am not** (only used in questions 只用于疑问句)
> USAGE 用法说明
> **Aren't** is used to mean 'am not' in questions, as in **I'm right, aren't I?** Outside questions, the use of **aren't** to mean 'am not' (e.g. **I aren't going**) is wrong. * **aren't** 用于疑问句中,意为 **am not**,如: **I'm right, aren't I?** 我是对的,不是吗?除了疑问句, **aren't** 用于表示 **am not** 是错误的用法,如: **I aren't going.**

**areola** /ə'ri:(ə)lə/ n. (pl. **areolae** /-li:/) 1 Anatomy 【解】 a small circular area, in particular the pigmented skin surrounding a nipple 小范围圆形部位;(尤指)乳晕
> Medicine 【医】 a reddened patch around a spot or papule (脓包或丘疹周围的)红斑
2 Biology 【生物】 any of the small spaces between lines or cracks on a leaf or an insect's wing (叶子的)网眼;(昆虫翅膀上的)网隙
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **areolar** adj. **areolate** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'small space or interstice'): from L., lit. 'small open space', dimin. of **area** (see 见 AREA).

**areole** /'eəriəʊl/ n. Biology 【生物】 an areola, especially a small area bearing spines or hairs on a cactus 网眼;(尤指仙人掌的)刺座
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **aréole**, from L. (see 见 AREOLA).

**areology** /eəri'ɒlədʒi/ n. the study of the planet Mars 火星学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **areological** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from **Ares**, the Greek god of war (equivalent to the Roman god Mars) + **-OLOGY**.

**arête** /ə'reɪt, ə'reɪst/ n. a sharp mountain ridge (陡削的)山脊
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from L. **arista** 'ear of corn, spine'.

**argali** /'ɑ:gəli/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a large Asian mountain sheep with massive horns 盘羊 [Ovis ammon.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Mongolian.

**Argand diagram** /'ɑ:gənd/ n. Mathematics 【数】 a graph on which complex numbers can be represented, the horizontal coordinate representing the real part of the number and the vertical coordinate the imaginary part 亚根图
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the French mathematician J. R. Argand.

**argent** /'ɑ:dʒənt/ adj. & n. literary & Heraldry 【文,纹章】 silver 银(的);银白色(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting silver coins): via OFr. from L. **argentum** 'silver'.

**argentiferous** /ˌɑ:dʒ(ə)n'tɪf(ə)rəs/ adj. (of rocks or minerals) containing silver (岩石或矿物)含银的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. **argentum** 'silver' + **-FEROUS**.

**Argentine** /'ɑ:dʒ(ə)ntaɪn/ n. & adj. another term for ARGENTINIAN * **Argentinian** 的另一种说法

**argentine** /'ɑ:dʒ(ə)ntaɪn/ adj. archaic 【古】 of or resembling silver 银的;似银的 ■n. a small marine fish with a silvery sheen 水珍鱼 [Argentina silus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **argentin, argentine**, from **argent** 'silver', from L. **argentum**.

**Argentinian** /ɑ:dʒ(ə)n'tɪniən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Argentina, or a person of Argentinian descent 阿根廷人 ■adj. relating to Argentina 阿根廷的

**argillaceous** /ɑ:dʒɪ'leɪʃəs/ adj. Geology 【地质】 (of rocks or sediment) consisting of or containing clay (岩石或沉积物)泥质的,黏土质的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **argillaceus** (from **argilla** 'clay') + **-ous**.

**argillite** /'ɑ:dʒɪlaɪt/ n. Geology 【地质】 a sedimentary rock formed from consolidated clay 泥质岩
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. **argilla** 'clay' + **-ITE¹**.

**arginine** /'ɑ:dʒɪni:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a basic amino acid which is an essential nutrient in the diet of vertebrates 精氨酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. **Arginin**, perh. from Gk **arginoeis** 'bright-shining, white'.

**Argive** /'ɑ:gaɪv, -dʒaɪv/ adj. relating to the ancient city of Argos in Greece (希腊古城)阿尔戈斯的
> (especially in Homer) Greek (尤指荷马作品中)希腊的
■n. a citizen of ancient Argos 阿尔戈斯人
> (especially in Homer) a Greek person (尤指荷马作品中的)希腊人

**argol** /'ɑ:gəl/ n. tartar obtained from wine fermentation 粗酒石
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. **argoile**, of unknown origin.

**argon** /'ɑ:gɒn/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 18, an inert gaseous element of the noble gas group 氩(化学元素,原子序数为18,惰性气体) (Symbol 符: Ar)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk, neut. of **argos** 'idle', from **a-** 'without' + **ergon** 'work'.

**argonaut** /'ɑ:gənɔ:t/ n. Zoology 【动】 another term for PAPER NAUTILUS * **paper nautilus** 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. **argonauta** from Gk **argonautēs** 'sailor in the ship **Argo**' (in which Jason and his companions went in search of the Golden Fleece).

**argosy** /'ɑ:gəsi/ n. (pl. **argosies**) literary 【文】 a large merchant ship, originally one from Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) or Venice 大商船
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: appar. from Ital. **Ragusea(nave)** '(vessel) of Ragusa'.

**argot** /'ɑ:gəʊ/ n. the jargon or slang of a particular group (特定群体的)行话,俚语
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. denoting criminals' jargon): from Fr.

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**arguable** /'ɑ:gjuəbl/ adj. 1 able to be argued or asserted 可论证的;可断言的 2 open to disagreement 有异议的;可辩驳的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arguably** adv.

**argue** /'ɑ:gju:/ v. (**argues, arguing, argued**) 1 exchange conflicting views in a heated way (激烈地)争论,争辩,争执 2 give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory (为支持某一想法、行动或理论而)提出理由,给出证据: **Sociologists argue that inequalities are being reduced.** 社会学家提出证据认为不平等现象正在减少。
-PHRASES 短语 **argue the toss** informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】 dispute a decision already made 对已有定论之事进行争辩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arguer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **arguer**, from L. **argutari** 'prattle', frequentative of **arguere** 'make clear, prove, accuse'.

**argufy** /'ɑ:gjʊfaɪ/ v. (**argufies, argufying, argufied**) humorous or dialect 【幽或方】 argue about something trivial (为琐事而)争论,争吵
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: formed from ARGUE; cf. **speechify**.

**argument** /'ɑ:gjʊmənt/ n. 1 a heated exchange of conflicting views 争论,争辩,争执 2 a set of reasons given in support of something 论点;论据;论证 3 Mathematics & Logic 【数,逻】 an independent variable associated with a function or proposition and determining its value, e.g. **x** in **y = F(x)** 自变数 4 Linguistics 【语言】 any of the noun phrases in a clause that are related directly to the verb 主目 5 archaic 【古】 a summary of the subject matter of a book (书的)内容提要
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **argumentum**, from **arguere** 'make clear, prove, accuse'.

**argumentation** /ɑ:gjʊmen'teɪʃn/ n. the action of reasoning systematically in support of something 推理,论证

**argumentative** /ɑ:gjʊ'mentətɪv/ adj. 1 given to arguing 好争论的 2 using or characterized by systematic reasoning 推理的,论证的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **argumentatively** adv. **argumentativeness** n.

**argus** /'ɑ:gəs/ n. 1 a large long-tailed Asian pheasant with eye-like markings on its wings 大眼斑雉 [Argusianus argus.] 2 a small brown or bluish butterfly with eye-like markings 眼蝶 [Aricia and other genera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., from Gk **Argos**, a mythical watchman with a hundred eyes.

**argute** /ɑ:'gju:t/ adj. rare 【罕】 shrewd 机敏的,精明的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **argutus** 'made clear, proved, accused', from **arguere**.

**argy-bargy** /ɑ:dʒi'bɑ:dʒi, ɑ:gi'bɑ:gi/ n. (pl. **argy-bargies**) informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】 noisy quarrelling 争吵,吵嘴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: rhyming jingle based on ARGUE.

**argyle** /ɑ:'gaɪl/ n. a pattern on knitted garments composed of coloured diamonds on a plain background (针织服饰的)菱形花纹
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from the **Argyll** branch of the Scottish Campbell clan, on whose tartan the pattern is based.

**arhat** /'ɑ:hæt/ n. (in Buddhism and Jainism) a saint of one of the highest ranks 阿罗汉(佛教和耆那教中最高级别的圣人之一)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit, lit. 'meritorious'.

**arhythmia** /ə'rɪðmiə/ n. variant spelling of ARRHYTHMIA * **arrhythmia** 的另一种拼法

**arhythmic** /ə'rɪðmɪk/ adj. variant spelling of ARRHYTHMIC * **arrhythmic** 的另一种拼法

**aria** /'ɑ:riə/ n. Music 【音】 a long accompanied song for a solo voice in an opera or oratorio 咏叹调
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., from L. **aer** 'air'.

**Arian¹** /'eəriən/ (also 亦作 **Arien**) n. a person born under the sign of Aries 出生于白羊宫时段的人 ■adj. relating to a person born under the sign of Aries 出生于白羊宫时段的人的

**Arian²** /'eəriən/ n. an adherent of Arianism 阿里乌主义者,阿里乌派 adj. of or concerning Arianism 阿里乌主义的

**-arian** /'eəriən/ suffix (forming adjectives and corresponding nouns) having a concern or belief in a specified thing (构成形容词和对应名词)关注…的,信仰…的: **vegetarian** 素食者
-ORIGIN 词源 from the L. suffix **-arius**.

**Arianism** /'eəriənɪz(ə)m/ n. Christian Theology 【基督神学】 the main heresy denying the divinity of Christ, originating with the Alexandrian priest Arius (c.250-c.336) 阿里乌主义(否认基督神性的主要异端学说,源于亚历山大教士阿里乌)

**arid** /'ærɪd/ adj. 1 (of land or a climate) very dry; having little or no rain (土地或气候)干旱的,少雨的,无雨的 2 uninteresting 无趣味的,枯燥的: **arid verse** 无趣味的诗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aridity** n. **aridly** adv. **aridness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **aride** or L. **aridus**, from **arere** 'be dry or parched'.

**Arien** /'eəriən/ n. & adj. variant spelling of ARIAN¹ * **Arian¹** 的另一种拼法

**Aries** /'eəri:z/ n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】 a small constellation (the Ram), said to represent the ram whose Golden Fleece was sought by Jason and the Argonauts 白羊座 2 Astrology 【占星】 the first sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about 20 March 白羊宫(黄道十二宫之一,太阳于3月20日左右进入该宫)
-PHRASES 短语 **First Point of Aries** Astronomy 【天文】 the point on the celestial sphere where the path of the sun crosses the celestial equator at the vernal equinox 春分点
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**aright** /ə'raɪt/ adv. dialect 【方】 correctly; properly 正确地;恰当地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **on riht, ariht** (see 见 A-² + RIGHT).

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**aril** /'ærıl/ n. Botany 【植】 an extra seed covering, typically coloured and hairy or fleshy 假种皮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arillate** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. **arillus**, of unknown origin.

**arioso** /æri'əʊsəʊ, ə'ri:əʊsəʊ/ Music 【音】 ■n. (especially in opera and oratorio) a style of vocal performance less formal than an aria (尤指歌剧和清唱剧中的)咏叙调 ■adj. & adv. in such a style or manner 咏叙调的;以咏叙调
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from ARIA.

**-arious** /'eəriəs/ suffix forming adjectives such as **gregarious** 构成形容词(如 **gregarious**)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the L. suffix **-arius** + **-ous**.

**arise** /ə'raɪz/ v. (past **arose**; past part. **arisen**) 1 originate or become apparent 产生;出现
> (**arise from/out of**) occur as a result of 由…产生,由…引起
2 formal or literary 【正式或文】 get or stand up 起床;起身
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **ārīsan**, from **ā-** 'away' (as an intensifier) + RISE.

**arisings** /ə'raɪzɪŋz/ pl. n. materials forming the secondary or waste products of industrial operations (工业生产中的)副产品,废弃物

**aristocracy** /ærɪ'stɒkrəsi/ n. (pl. **aristocracies**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] a class of society comprising people of noble birth with hereditary titles 贵族(阶级) a form of government in which power is held by the nobility 贵族统治
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. **aristocratie**, from Gk **aristokratia**, from **aristos** 'best' + **-kratia** 'power'.

**aristocrat** /'ærɪstəkræt, ə'rɪst-/ n. a member of the aristocracy 贵族(成员)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aristocratic** adj. **aristocratically** adv.

**Aristotelian** /ærɪstə'ti:liən/ adj. relating to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) or his theories 亚里士多德的;亚里士多德哲学的 ■n. a student or follower of Aristotle or his philosophy 亚里士多德的门生;亚里士多德哲学学派信徒

**Aristotelian logic** n. the traditional system of logic expounded by Aristotle and developed in the Middle Ages 亚里士多德逻辑学

**Aristotle's lantern** /'ærɪstɒtlz/ n. Zoology 【动】 a conical structure of calcareous plates and muscles supporting the teeth of a sea urchin 亚氏提灯

**Arita** /ə'ri:tə/ n. a type of Japanese porcelain characterized by asymmetric decoration 有田瓷器(一种带有不对称装饰的日式陶器)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after **Arita**, the town in Japan where it is made.

**arithmetic** n. /ə'rɪθmətɪk/ the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and manipulation of numbers 算术 the use of numbers in counting and calculation 计算 ■adj. /ærɪθ'metɪk/ relating to arithmetic 算术的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arithmetical** adj. **arithmetically** adv. **arithmetician** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **arismetique**, based on L. **arithmetica**, from Gk **arithmētikē (tekhnē)** '(art) of counting', from **arithmos** 'number'.

**arithmetic progression** (also 亦作 **arithmetic series**) n. a sequence of numbers in which each differs from the preceding one by a constant quantity (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.; 9, 7, 5, 3, etc.) 算术级数,等差级数

**arithmetize** or **arithmetise** /ə'rɪθmətaɪz/ v. express arithmetically 用算术表达

**-arium** /'eəriəm/ suffix forming nouns usually denoting a place 构成名词,通常表示地点: **planetarium** 天文馆
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., neut. of **-arius**, adjectival ending.

**Ariz.** abbr. Arizona (美国)亚利桑那州

**Arizonan** /ærɪ'zəʊnən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Arizona (美国)亚利桑那州人 ■adj. relating to Arizona (美国)亚利桑那州的

**ark** /ɑ:k/ n. 1 (in the Bible) the ship built by Noah to save his family and two of every kind of animal from the Flood (《圣经》中的)挪亚方舟 2 short for ARK OF THE COVENANT * **Ark of the Covenant** 的缩略式
> (also 亦作 **Holy Ark**) a chest or cupboard housing the Torah scrolls in a synagogue (犹太教教堂中存放《摩西五经》的)藏经箱,藏经柜
3 a low hut used to house livestock 牲畜棚
-PHRASES 短语 **out of the ark** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 very old or old-fashioned 极为古老的;十分陈旧的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **ærc**, from L. **arca** 'chest'.

**Ark.** abbr. Arkansas (美国)阿肯色州

**Arkansan** /ɑ:'kænz(ə)n/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Arkansas (美国)阿肯色州人 ■adj. relating to Arkansas (美国)阿肯色州的

**Ark of the Covenant** (also 亦作 **Ark of the Testimony**) n. the wooden chest which contained the tablets of the laws of the ancient Israelites 约柜(木制大箱,内置刻有古以色列人律法的石板)

**arkose** /'ɑ:kəʊs, -z/ n. Geology 【地质】 a coarse-grained sandstone which is at least 25 per cent feldspar 长石砂岩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arkosic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., prob. from Gk **arkhaios** 'ancient'.

**arm¹** /ɑ:m/ n. 1 each of the two upper limbs of the human body from the shoulder to the hand 手臂
> a limb of an octopus, starfish, or other invertebrate (章鱼、海星等动物的)腕
2 a side part of a chair supporting a sitter's arm (椅子的)扶手 3 a narrow strip of water or land projecting from a larger body 狭长港湾,狭长陆地 4 a branch or division of an organization 部门;分部 5 Mathematics 【数】 each of the lines enclosing an angle (角的)边
-PHRASES 短语 **arm in arm** with arms linked 臂挽臂地 **cost an arm and a leg** informal 【非正式】 be extremely expensive 十分昂贵 **would give one's right arm for** informal 【非正式】 wish for desperately 十分渴望 **in arms** (of a baby) too young to walk (婴儿)只能抱在怀里的,不会走路的 **keep at arm's length** avoid intimacy or close contact with 与…保持一定距离 **the long (or strong) arm of the law** the far-reaching power of the law 法律的强大威力 **with open arms** with great affection or enthusiasm 友好地;热烈地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **armful** n. (pl. **armfuls**). **armless** adj. **armload** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **arm, earm**, of Gmc origin.

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**arm²** /ɑ:m/ v. 1 supply with weapons 为…提供武器
> provide with essential equipment or information for a task or situation 为…提供(设备或信息)
2 activate the fuse of (a bomb) so that it is ready to explode 使(炸弹)处于准备爆炸的状态
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **armer**, from L. **armare**, from **arma** 'armour, arms'.

**armada** /ɑ:'mɑ:də/ n. a fleet of warships 舰队
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp., from L. **armata**, fem. past part. of **armare** 'to arm'.

**armadillo** /ɑ:mə'dɪləʊ/ n. (pl. **armadillos**) a nocturnal insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America, with large claws and a body covered in bony plates 犰狳 [Family Dasypodidae: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. **armado** 'armed man', from L. **armat-**, **armare** 'to arm'.

**Armageddon** /ɑ:mə'ged(ə)n/ n. 1 (in the New Testament) the last battle between good and evil before the Day of Judgement (《圣经·新约》中最后审判日前的)善恶大决战 2 a catastrophic conflict 大决战,大规模战争
-ORIGIN 词源 Gk, from Heb. **har mĕgiddōn** 'hill of Megiddo' (Rev. 16:16).

**Armagnac** /'ɑ:mənjæk/ n. a type of brandy made in Aquitaine in SW France 阿马尼亚克酒(法国西南部阿基坦所产的白兰地)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the former name of a district in Aquitaine.

**armament** /'ɑ:məmənt/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **armaments**) military weapons and equipment 军备,军事装备 2 the process of equipping military forces for war 备战
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **armamentum**, from **armare** (see 见 ARM²).

**armamentarium** /ɑ:məmen'teəriəm/ n. (pl. **armamentaria** /-riə/) 1 the medicines, equipment, and techniques available to a medical practitioner 全套医用设备 2 a collection of resources available for a purpose (用于某一目的的)整套资源
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'arsenal, armoury'.

**armature** /'ɑ:mətʃə(r), -tjuə(r)/ n. 1 the rotating coil or coils of a dynamo or electric motor (发电机或电机的)电枢,转子 any moving part of an electrical machine in which a voltage is induced by a magnetic field 电枢 a piece of iron acting as a keeper for a magnet 衔铁 2 a framework on which a clay sculpture is moulded (雕像用的)支架
> a framework or formal structure, especially of a literary work (尤指文学作品的)结构,框架: **Shakespeare's plots have served as the armature for many novels.** 莎士比亚创作的情节已成为很多小说的构思框架。
3 Biology 【生物】 the protective covering of an animal or plant (动物或植物的)防护外壳 4 archaic 【古】 armour 盔甲
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., from L. **armatura** 'armour', from **armare** (see 见 ARM²).

**armband** /'ɑ:mbænd/ n. 1 a band worn around the upper arm to hold up a shirtsleeve or as a form of identification 臂章,袖章 2 an inflatable plastic band worn around the upper arm as a swimming aid (帮助游泳的)充气臂环

**arm candy** n. informal 【非正式】 a sexually attractive companion accompanying a person at social events (社交活动中的)性感同伴

**armchair** /'ɑ:mtʃeə(r)/ n. 1 a large, comfortable chair with side supports for the sitter's arms 扶手椅 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] lacking direct experience of or involvement in a particular subject or activity 空想的,空谈的,脱离实际的: **an armchair traveller** 足不出户的神游旅行者

**armed** /ɑ:md/ adj. 1 equipped with or involving a firearm or firearms 武装的;持武器的 2 Heraldry 【纹章】 having claws or a beak of a specified tincture 有特定色彩图案的(如爪形、喙形等)

**armed forces** (also 亦作 **armed services**) pl. n. a country's army, navy, and air force 武装部队(一国的陆、海、空三军)

**Armenian** /ɑ:'mi:niən/ n. 1 a native of Armenia or a person of Armenian descent 亚美尼亚人;亚美尼亚后裔 2 the Indo-European language of Armenia 亚美尼亚语 adj. relating to Armenia, its language, or its Church 亚美尼亚的,亚美尼亚语的;亚美尼亚教会的

**armhole** /'ɑ:mhəʊl/ n. an opening in a garment through which the wearer puts an arm 袖孔

**armiger** /'ɑ:mɪdʒə(r)/ n. a person entitled to heraldic arms 有佩戴徽章资格的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **armigerous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: L., lit. 'bearing arms'.

**armillaria** /ɑ:mɪ'leəriə(r)/ n. a fungus found chiefly in woodland, having mycelia that can grow for a considerable distance 蜜环菌 [Genus Armillaria.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L.: from L. **armilla** 'bracelet' (because of the bracelet-like frill on the fruiting bodies).

**armillary sphere** /ɑ:'mɪləri/ n. a revolving model of the celestial sphere constructed from metal rings representing the equator, the tropics, etc. 浑天仪
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. **armillaris** 'relating to an armilla', a similar astronomical instrument used by ancient astronomers, from L. **armilla** 'bracelet'.

**Arminian** /ɑ:'mɪniən/ adj. relating to the doctrines of Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609), a Dutch Protestant theologian who rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination 阿明尼乌主义的 ■n. an adherent of Arminian doctrines 阿明尼乌派信徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Arminianism** n.

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**armistice** /'ɑ:mɪstɪs/ n. a truce 停战(协议);休战(协议)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., or from mod. L. **armistitium**, from **arma** (see 见 ARM²) + **-stitium** 'stoppage'.

**Armistice Day** n. the anniversary of the armistice of 11 November 1918, which is now officially commemorated on Remembrance Sunday in the UK 第一次世界大战停战纪念日(即1918年11月11日,在英国为“阵亡将士纪念日”所替代)

**armlet** /'ɑ:mlət/ n. a bracelet worn round the upper arm 臂章,臂环

**armlock** /'ɑ:mlɒk/ n. a method of restraining someone by holding their arm tightly behind their back 夹臂,反扭手擒拿法

**armoire** /ɑ:'mwa:(r)/ n. an ornate or antique cupboard or wardrobe 碗橱;衣橱
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from OFr. **armarie** (see 见 AUMBRY).

**armor** /'ɑ:mə(r)/ ■n. US spelling of ARMOUR * **armour** 的美式拼法

**armorer** /'ɑ:mərə(r)/ ■n. US spelling of ARMOURER * **armourer** 的美式拼法

**Armorican** /ɑ:'mɒrɪkən/ adj. 1 relating to Armorica, an ancient region of NW France 阿摩里卡的 2 Geology 【地质】 another term for HERCYNIAN * **Hercynian** 的另一种说法

**armory¹** /'ɑ:m(ə)ri/ n. heraldry 纹章学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **armorial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **armoierie** (see 见 ARMOURY).

**armory²** /'ɑ:m(ə)ri/ n. US spelling of ARMOURY * **armoury** 的美式拼法

**armour** /'ɑ:mə(r)/ (US 【美】 **armor**) ■n. 1 the metal coverings formerly worn by soldiers to protect the body in battle 盔甲 2 (also 亦作 **armour plate**) the tough metal layer covering a military vehicle or ship (覆于军用车辆或船只上的)装甲,装甲钢板 military vehicles collectively 装甲车辆(总称) 3 the protective layer or shell of some animals and plants (某些动物或植物的)保护外层,甲壳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **armoured** adj. **armour-plated** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **armure**, from L. **armatura**, from **armare** (see 见 ARM²).

**armourer** /'ɑ:m(ə)rə(r)/ (US 【美】 **armorer**) n. 1 a maker or supplier of weapons or armour 枪械(或盔甲)制造者(或提供者) 2 an official in charge of the arms of a warship or regiment 军械士

**armoury** /'ɑ:m(ə)ri/ (US 【美】 **armory**) ■n. (pl. **armories**) 1 a store or supply of arms 军火储备;军火补给 US 【美】 a place where weapons are manufactured 兵工厂 2 an array of resources available for a particular purpose (为实现某一目的的)一整套办法 3 Canadian 【加】 a place where militia units drill and train 民兵训练场
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'armour'): from OFr. **armoierie, armoierie**, from **armoier** 'to blazon', from **arme** (see 见 ARMS).

**armpit** /'ɑ:mpɪt/ n. 1 a hollow under the arm at the shoulder 腋窝,夹肢窝 2 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 an extremely unpleasant place 令人厌恶的地方
-PHRASES 短语 **up to one's armpits** deeply involved in something unpleasant 深陷麻烦的

**armrest** /'ɑ:mrest/ n. an arm of a chair or other seat (椅子等坐具的)扶手

**arms** /ɑ:mz/ pl. n. 1 weapons; armaments 武器;军械 2 distinctive emblems originally borne on shields in battle and now forming heraldic insignia 纹章,徽章
-PHRASES 短语 **a call to arms** a call to make ready for fighting 战斗号令 **in arms** prepared to fight 武装的;准备战斗的 **under arms** equipped and ready for war or battle 处于战备状态的 **up in arms** protesting vigorously 强烈反对
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **armes**, from L. **arma**.

**arms control** n. international disarmament or arms limitation, especially by mutual consent 裁军;军备控制

**arms race** n. a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons 军备竞赛

**arm-wrestling** n. a contest in which two people sit opposite each other with one elbow resting on a table, clasp each other's hand, and try to force each other's arm down on to the table 扳腕子,比手劲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arm-wrestle** v.

**army** /'ɑ:mi/ n. (pl. **armies**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] 1 an organized military force equipped for fighting on land 陆军 2 a large number of similar people or things 大批,大群
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **armee**, from **armata**, fem. past part. of L. **armare** 'to arm'.

**army ant** n. a blind nomadic tropical ant that forages in large columns, preying on insects 行军蚁 [Subfamily Dorylinae: many species.]

**army worm** n. 1 any of a destructive mass of caterpillars of certain species of moth, which feed on crops 蛾幼虫 2 any of the small maggots of certain gnats, which move in large numbers within secreted slime 黏虫

**arnica** /'ɑ:nɪkə/ n. 1 a plant of the daisy family which bears yellow, daisy-like flowers 阿尼菊 [Genus Arnica: many species.] 2 a preparation of arnica used medicinally for the treatment of bruises 山金车酊(外伤用药)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., of unknown origin.

**aroid** /'eərɔɪd/ ■n. Botany 【植】 a plant of the arum family (Araceae) 海芋属植物,天南星科植物
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**aroma** /ə'rəumə/ n. a pleasant and distinctive smell 芳香,香味
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk aroma 'spice.

**aromatherapy** /ərəmə'derǝpi/ n. the use of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils for therapeutic purposes 芳香疗法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aromatherapeutic** adj. **aroma-therapist** n.

**aromatic** /ærə'mætık/ adj. 1 having an aroma 芳香的,有香味的 2 Chemistry 【化】 (of an organic compound) containing an unsaturated ring of atoms which is stabilized by an interaction of the bonds forming the ring (有机化合物)芳香族的 ■n. an aromatic plant, substance, or compound 芳香植物;芳香剂;芳香族化合物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aromatically** adv. **aromaticity** n. (Chemistry【化】).

**aromatize** or **aromatise** /ə'rəumətaız/ v. 1 Chemistry 【化】 convert (a compound) into an aromatic structure 使(化合物)芳构化 2 give a pleasant aroma to 使芳香,加香味于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aromatization** n.

**arose** /ə'rǝuz/ past of **ARISE** * arise 的过去式

**around** /ə'raund/ adv. 1 located or situated on every side 在四周 2 so as to face in the opposite direction 朝对立面 3 in or to many places throughout a locality 遍布地 4 here and there 在各处,到处 5 available or present 在附近 6 approximately 大约 prep. 1 on every side of 在……四周 2 in or to many places throughout (a locality) 在…各处,遍及 3 so as to encircle or embrace围绕,环绕 4 following an approximately circular route 绕着……运行,围着…兜圈
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from A-² + ROUND.
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the difference in use between round and around, see usage at ROUND. 关于 round 和 around 的辨析,参见round 处的用法说明。

**arouse** /ə'rauz/ v. 1 evoke (a feeling or response)唤起,激起(感觉或回应) ➤provoke to anger or other strong emotion 使生气;激起强烈的情感 ➤excite sexually 激起性欲 2 awaken from sleep 唤醒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arousable** adj. **arousal** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ROUSE, on the pattern of the pair of rise, arise.

**ARP** abbr. Brit. historical 【英,史义】air-raid precautions 空袭预防措施

**arpeggiate** /a:'pedzieit/ v. Music 【音】 play (a chord) as a series of ascending or descending notes 用琶音演奏(和弦)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arpeggiation** n. **arpeggiator** n.

**arpeggio** /a:'pedziǝu/ n. (pl. **arpeggios**) Music 【音】 the notes of a chord played in rapid succession 琶音
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from arpeggiare 'play the harp', from arpa 'harp.

**arquebus** /'a:kwıbəs/ (also 亦作 **harquebus**) n. historical【史义】 an early type of portable gun supported on a tripod or a forked rest 火绳枪
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. harquebuse, based on Mid. Low Ger. hakebusse, from hake 'hook' + busse 'gun.

**arr.** abbr. 1 (of a piece of music) arranged by (乐曲)由…改编 2 (in a transport timetable) arrives 抵达(用于交通时刻表)

**arrabbiata** /ærə'bja:tə/ adj. denoting a spicy pasta sauce made with tomatoes and chilli peppers (由西红柿和胡椒粉制成的)辣味面条酱的
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'angry', from arrabbiare 'make angry.

**arrack** /'ærǝk/ (also亦作 **arak**) n. an alcoholic spirit made from the sap of the coco palm or from rice 亚力酒(用椰子汁或大米酿成的烈酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Arab. 'arak 'sweat', from 'arak al-tamr, denoting an alcoholic spirit made from dates.

**arraign** /ə'reın/ v. call before a court to answer a criminal charge传讯;提审
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arraignment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. araisnier, based on L. ad- 'to' + ratio(n-) 'reason, account.

**arrange** /ə'reındz/ v. 1 put in a neat, attractive, or required order 整理,使有条理 2 organize or plan 安排;计划 ➤reach agreement about an action or event in advance (提前就行动或事情)达成协议,作出约定: They arranged to meet at eleven o'clock. 他们约好 11点见面。 3 Music 【音】 adapt (a composition) for performance with instruments or voices other than those originally specified 改编(乐曲) 4 archaic【古】 settle (a dispute or claim)解决,调停(争端或索赔)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrangeable** adj. **arranger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. arangier, from a- (from L. ad 'to, at') + rangier (see见RANGE).

**arrangement** /ə'reındzmənt/ n. 1 the action, process, or result of arranging 整理;排列;整齐 2 a plan for a future event 计划,安排 3 Music【音】 an arranged composition 改编曲 4 archaic 【古】a settlement of a dispute or claim(争端、索赔的)解决,调停

**arrant** /'ær(ə)nt/ adj. literary 【文】 utter; complete 完全的,彻底的:What arrant nonsense! 真是一派胡言!
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of ERRANT, orig. in phrs such as arrant thief ('outlawed, roving thief').

**arras** /'ærəs/ n. a tapestry wall hanging 挂毯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: named after the French town of Arras.

**array** /ə'reı/ n. 1 an impressive display or range of a particular thing 大堆,大量 2 an ordered arrangement of troops(军队的)队形,编队 3 Mathematics 【数】 an arrangement of quantities or symbols in rows and columns; a matrix 数组,阵列 4 Computing【计】 an indexed set of related elements 数组;阵列 5 Law 【律】 a list of impanelled jurors

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陪审员名单 6 literary 【文】 elaborate or beautiful clothing 盛装,华服 ■v. 1 display or arrange in a neat or impressive way 排列,布置 2 (**be arrayed in**) be elaborately clothed in 穿戴 3 Law 【律】 impanel (a jury)选任(陪审团)
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. arei (n.), areer (v.), based on L. ad- 'towards' + a Gmc base meaning 'prepare.

**arrears** /ə'rıə(r)z/ pl. n. payments or debts that are outstanding and due 应付欠款;逾期债款
-PHRASES 短语 **in arrears** (also chiefly Law 【亦主律】 **in arrear**) 1 behind with paying money that is owed 拖欠钱款 ➤(of wages or rent) paid at the end of each period of work or occupation(工资)在工作周期末支付的;(租金)在租赁周期到期时缴付的 2 (of a competitor in a race) falling behind others (比赛中的选手)落后于其他人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrearage** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from arrear (adv.) 'behind, overdue', from OFr. arere, from med. L. adretro, from ad- 'towards' + retro 'backwards'.

**Arrernte** /ə'rantǝ, æ'ru:ndə/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a member of an Aboriginal people of central Australia 阿伦特人(澳大利亚中部的土著居民) 2 the language of the Arrernte 阿伦特语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Arrernte.

**arrest** /ə'rest/ v. 1 seize (someone) by legal authority and take them into custody 逮捕 ➤seize and detain (a ship) by legal authority(司法机关)扣留(船只) 2 stop or check (progress or a process) 阻挡(进程);抑制 ➤suffer a heart attack: they were trying to resuscitate a patient who had arrested. 3 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **arresting**] attract the attention of 引起……的注意:an arresting shade of blue. 一种引人注目的蓝色 ■n. 1 the action of arresting 逮捕 2 a sudden cessation of motion (运动的)聚停:a cardiac arrest 心跳停止
-PHRASES 短语 **arrest of judgement** Law【律】 the suspension of proceedings in a criminal trial between the verdict and the sentence on the grounds of a material irregularity in the course of the trial 延期判决,暂不判决
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrestee** n. (chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】). **arrestingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. arester, based on L. ad- 'at, to' + restare 'remain, stop.

**arrestable offence** /ə'restəbl/ n. Law Brit.【律,英】 an offence for which there is a fixed mandatory penalty or which carries a sentence of at least five years' imprisonment 可无证逮捕的罪行,重罪

**arrester** /ə'restǝ(r)/ (also 亦作 **arrestor**) ■n. a device which prevents or stops 制动器,制动装置 ➤a device on an aircraft carrier that slows down aircraft after landing by means of a hook and cable (航空母舰上使飞机减速的)制动钩

**arrestment** /ə'restment/n. Scots Law【苏格兰律】 an attachment of property for the satisfaction of a debt(抵偿债款的)财产扣押

**arrhythmia** /ə'rıðmiə/ (also 亦作 **arhythmia**) n. Medicine 【医】 a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm 心律失常,心律不齐
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk arruthmia 'lack of rhythm', from a- 'without' + rhuthmos (see见 RHYTHM).

**arrhythmic** /ə'rığmık/ (also 亦作 **arhythmic**) ■adj. not rhythmic 无节奏的 ➤relating to or having cardiac arrhythmia心律失常的,心律不齐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrhythmical** adj. **arrhythmic-ally** adv.

**arrière-pensée** /ærieǝ'pã:ser/ n. a concealed thought or intention 隐藏于心的想法,秘而不宣的意图
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'behind thought.

**arris** /'æris/ n. Architecture 【建】 a sharp edge formed by the meeting of two flat or curved surfaces 尖脊,棱(角)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of early mod. Fr. areste 'sharp ridge', earlier form of ARÊTE.

**arris rail** n. a fence rail with a triangular cross section 三角栏杆

**arrive** /ə'raıv/ v. 1 reach a destination 到达 2 be brought or delivered 被带到;被送达 3 (of a particular moment) come about(特定时刻)发生,来到 4 (**arrive at**) reach (a conclusion or decision) 得出(结论),作出(决定) 5 informal【非正式】 become successful and well known 获得成功;成名
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrival** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the sense 'reach the shore after a voyage'): from OFr. ariver, based on L. ad- 'to' + ripa 'shore.

**arrivederci** /ærivə'deǝtfi/ exclam. goodbye until we meet again 再见;后会有期
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., ‘until we see each other again.

**arriviste** /æri:'vi:st/ n. an ambitious and self-seeking person 野心勃勃的追求私利者,一心想发迹的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrivisme** /-'vi:zm(ə)/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., from arriver (see见ARRIVE).

**arrogant** /'ærəgənt/ adj. having an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities 自大的,傲慢的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrogance** n. **arrogantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. arrogare (see见 ARROGATE).

**arrogate** /'ærǝgeit/ v. take or claim for oneself without justification 妄取;冒称
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrogation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. arrogat-, arrogare 'claim for oneself, from ad- 'to' + rogare 'ask.

**arrondissement** ærpn'di:s(ə)mã:ŋ, -'di:sm5/ ■n. (in France) a subdivision of a local government department(法国省以下的)郡 ➤an administrative district of Paris(巴黎的)行政区
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from arrondir 'make round'.

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**arrow** /'ærǝu/ n. a weapon consisting of a stick with a sharp pointed head, designed to be shot from a bow 箭 ➤a symbol resembling an arrow, used to show direction or position 箭头符号 ■v. move swiftly and directly 快速移动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arrowed** adj. **arrowy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE arewe, arwe, from ON.

**arrowgrass** /'ærǝugra:s/n. a grass-like marsh plant with a slender spike of tiny flowers 水麦冬[Genus Triglochin.]

**arrowhead** /'ærǝuhed/ ■n. 1 the pointed end of an arrow 箭头,箭镞 2 Geometry 【儿】 a quadrilateral in which one internal angle is more than 180°内角大于180度的四边形 3 a water plant with arrow-shaped leaves above the water surface 慈姑 [Genus Sagittaria: several species.]

**arrowroot** /'ærǝuru:t/ n. 1 a fine-grained starch used in cookery and medicine 竹芋粉 2 the herbaceous Caribbean plant from which arrowroot is prepared 竹芋 [Maranta arundinacea.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of Arawak aru-aru (lit. 'meal of meals') by assoc. with ARROW and ROOT', the plant's tubers being used to absorb poison from arrow wounds.

**arrow worm** n. a slender transparent worm-like marine animal with spines on the head for grasping prey, common in plankton 箭虫[Phylum Chaetognatha: many species.]

**arroyo** /ə'rəıǝย/ n. (pl. **arroyos**) US【美】a dry, steep-sided gully cut by a river or stream 干涸沟壑
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp.

**arse** /a:s/ Brit. vulgar slang【英,粗俚】 ■n. a person's buttocks or anus 屁股;屁眼 ■v. 1 (**arse about/around**) behave in a stupid way 表现得愚蠢 2 (**can't be arsed**) have insufficient interest to do something 不愿意,无兴趣
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ærs, of Gmc origin.

**arsehole** /'a:shǝul/n. Brit. vulgar slang【英,粗俚】 1 the anus 屁眼,肛门 2 a stupid, irritating, or contemptible person笨蛋;讨厌鬼;可鄙的家伙

**arsenal** /'a:s(ə)nl/ n. a store of weapons and ammunition 武器储备 ➤a military establishment where weapons and ammunition are made and stored 兵工厂,军火库
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'a dockyard'): from Fr., or from obs. Ital. arzanale, based on Arab. dār-aş-şinā'a, from dār 'house' + al- ' (of) the' + sinā'a 'art, industry.

**arsenic** /'a:s(ə)nık/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 33, a brittle steel-grey semimetal with many highly poisonous compounds 砷(化学元素,原子序数33,青灰色半金属,其化合物多含剧毒)(Symbol 符: As)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arsenical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in sense orpiment') : via OFr. from L. arsenicum, from Gk arsenikon, from Arab. al-zarnik.

**arsenide** /'a:s(ə)naıd/n. Chemistry 【化】 a binary compound of arsenic with a metallic element 砷化物

**arsenopyrite** /a:s(ə)nǝu'paırait/ n. a silvery-grey mineral consisting of an arsenide and sulphide of iron and cobalt 砷黄铁矿

**arsey** /'a:si/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】bad-tempered or uncooperative 坏脾气的;不合作的

**arsine** /'a:si:n/n. Chemistry 【化】 a poisonous gas made by the reaction of some arsenic compounds with acids 砷化三氢[AsH₃]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ARSENIC, on the pattern of amine.

**arsis** /'a:sts/ n. (pl. **arses** /-si:z/) Prosody 【诗体】 a stressed syllable or part of a metrical foot in Greek or Latin verse(希腊或拉丁诗歌中的)重读音节,韵脚 Often contrasted with 常对照 THESIS.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk, lit. 'lifting', from airein 'raise'.

**arson** /'a:s(ə)n/ n. the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property纵火(罪)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arsonist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: an Anglo-Norman Fr. legal term, from med. L. arsio(n-), from L. ardere 'to burn.

**arsphenamine** /a:s'fenəmi:n, -in/ n. Medicine 【医】 a synthetic organic arsenic compound formerly used to treat syphilis 胂凡纳明

**arsy-versy** /a:si 'v3:si/ adj. & adv. informal【非正式】 in a disordered or contrary state or manner 乱七八糟的(地);颠倒的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ARSE + L. versus 'turned', the addition of -y¹ to both elements forming a jingle.

**art¹** /a:t/ n. 1 the expression or application of creative skill and imagination, especially through a visual medium such as painting or sculpture(尤指视觉)艺术 ➤works produced in this way 艺术作品 2 (**the arts**) the various branches of creative activity, such as painting, music, literature, and dance 文艺(如绘画、音乐、文学和舞蹈) 3 (**arts**) subjects of study primarily concerned with human culture (as contrasted with scientific or technical subjects) (与理科相对的)人文科学,文科 4 a skill in a specified thing 技术,技艺,技巧: the art of conversation 谈话技巧
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. ars, art-.

**art²** /a:t/ archaic or dialect second person singular present of BE * be的第二人称单数现在式

**art deco** /'dekǝu/ n. a style of decorative art characterized by precise and boldly delineated geometric shapes 装饰派艺术
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: shortened from Fr. art décoratif 'decorative art', from the 1925 Exposition des Arts décoratifs in Paris.

**artefact** /'a:tifækt/ (US 【美】 **artifact**) n. 1 an object made by a human being 人工制品;手工艺品 2 something observed in a scientific investigation that is not naturally present but occurs as a result of the investigative procedure 非自然存在物体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artefactual** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. arte 'by or using art' + factum 'something made.

**artel** /a:'tel/ n. (pl. **artels**, **arteli**) (in pre-revolutionary Russia) a cooperative association of craftsmen living and working together(十月革命前俄国的)手工业者合作社
-ORIGIN 词源 from Russ. artel'.

**artemisia** /a:tı'mıziə(r)/ n. an aromatic or bitter-tasting plant of a genus that includes wormwood, some species of which are used in herbal medicine [Genus Artemisia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk, 'wormwood', named after the Greek goddess Artemis.

**artemisinin** / a:tr'mi:sının/ n. a terpene-based antimalarial substance obtained from an artemisia and used in Chinese medicine 青蒿素

**arterial** /q:'tıəriəl/ adj. 1 relating to an artery or arteries 动脉的 2 denoting an important route in a system of roads, railways, or rivers(公路、铁路或河流中)干线的,主干的

**arterialized** or **arterialised** /a:'tıəriəlaızd/ adj. Physiology 【生理】(of blood) converted from venous to arterial by oxygenation(血)氧化为动脉血的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arterialization** n.

**arterio-** /q:'tıəriǝu/ comb. form relating to the arteries 与动脉有关的: arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化

**arteriography** /a: tıǝri'ngrǝfi/n. Medicine 【医】 radiography of an artery, carried out after injection of a radiopaque substance 动脉造影(术)

**arteriole** /a:'tıəriǝul/n. Anatomy 【解】 a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries(通向毛细血管的)小动脉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arteriolar** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. artériole, dimin. of artère (see见ARTERY).

**arteriosclerosis** /a: trǝriǝusklıə'rəusıs, -sklə-/n. Medicine 【医】 thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries 动脉硬化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arteriosclerotic** adj.

**arteriovenous** /a: trəriǝu'vi:nəs/ adj. Anatomy【解】 relating to or affecting an artery and a vein 动静脉的;影响动静脉的

**arteritis** /:tr'rartis/n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the walls of an artery 动脉炎

**artery** /'a:t(a)ri/ n. (pl. **arteries**) 1 any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body 动脉 2 an important route in a traffic or transport system(交通系统中的)主干线
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. arteria, from Gk artēria, prob. from airein 'raise'.

**artesian** /a:'ti:ziǝn, -3n/ adj. relating to or denoting a well that is bored perpendicularly into water-bearing strata lying at an angle, so that water is supplied by natural pressure(井)自流(水)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. artésien, 'from Artois', a region in France.

**Artex** /'a:teks/ ■n. trademark 【商标】 a kind of plaster applied to walls and ceilings to give a textured finish 艺达(涂抹于墙壁和天花板上使其表面呈现纹理的一种灰泥) ■v. cover with Artex 用艺达涂抹
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of ART¹ and TEXTURE.

**art form** n. a conventionally established form of artistic composition, such as the novel 艺术形式(如小说)

**artful** /'a:tfl/ adj. cunningly clever or skilful 狡猾的;巧妙的;有技巧的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artfully** adv. **artfulness** n.

**art history** n. the academic study of the history and development of the visual arts 艺术史
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **art historian** n.

**art house** n. a cinema which shows artistic or experimental films 艺术剧院

**arthralgia** /α:'Orældzǝ/n. Medicine 【医】 pain in a joint 关节痛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk arthron 'joint' + -ALGIA.

**arthritis** /α:'erartis/ n. a disease causing painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints 关节炎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arthritic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as arthritic): via L. from Gk, from arthron 'joint.

**arthro-** /'a:erǝu/ comb. form of a joint; relating to joints 关节的: arthroscope 关节(内窥)镜
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk arthron 'joint.

**arthrodesis** /a:'erodisis/ n. surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the bones 关节融合术,关节固定术
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ARTHRO- + Gk desis 'binding together.

**arthropod** /'α:Orǝppd/n. Zoology 【动】 an invertebrate animal of the large phylum Arthropoda, having a segmented body, external skeleton, and jointed limbs, such as an insect, spider, or crustacean 节肢动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Arthropoda, from Gk arthron 'joint' + pous, pod- 'foot.

**arthroscope** /'a:Ərəskǝup/ ■n. Medicine【医】 an instrument for inspecting or operating on the interior of a joint 关节(内窥)镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **arthroscopic** adj. **arthroscopy** n.

**Arthurian** /α:'@juəriən/ adj. relating to the reign (in the 5th or 6th century) of the legendary King Arthur of Britain 亚瑟王统治的

**artic** /'a:tık/n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】an articulated truck 铰接式卡车

**artichoke** /'a:titsǝuk/ n. 1 a plant with large, thistle-like flower heads 洋蓟 [Cynara scolymus.] 2 (also 亦作 **globe artichoke**) the unopened flower head of the artichoke, of which the heart and the fleshy bases of the bracts are edible 洋蓟花苞 3 see 见JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from northern Ital. articiocco, from Sp. alcarchofa, from Arab. al-karšūfa.

**article** /'a:tıkl/ n. 1 a particular object 物件

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**articled clerk** | **artistic**
2 a piece of writing included with others in a newspaper or magazine(报纸、杂志上的)文章 3 a separate clause or paragraph of a legal document (法律文件中的)条款,条文 4 (**articles**) a period of training with a firm as a solicitor, architect, surveyor, or accountant 见习期,实习期,培训期 ➤the terms on which crew members take service on a ship 船员船上服务章程 5 Grammar【语法】the definite or indefinite article 冠词 ■v. (**be articled**) Brit.【英】 be employed as a trainee in the office of a solicitor, architect, surveyor, or accountant 被录用为见习人员
- PHRASES 短语 **an article of faith** a firmly held belief 坚定的信念
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr., from L. articulus 'small connecting part', dimin. of artus 'joint.

**articled clerk** n. Brit. 【英】 a trainee solicitor 见习律师

**articular** /a:'tıkjulə(r)/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to a joint 关节的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. articularis, from articulus (see见ARTICLE).

**articulate** adj. /a:'tıkjulət/ 1 fluent and clear in speech(讲话)表述清楚的 2 technical 【技】 having joints or jointed segments 有关节的;分节的 ➤Zoology【动】 denoting a brachiopod which has projections and sockets that form a hinge joining the two halves of the shell 腕足动物的 ■V. /a:'tıkjulert/ 1 pronounce (words)distinctly 清晰发(音),清楚吐(字) ➤clearly express (an idea or feeling)清楚地表达(观点或感觉) 2 forma joint 形成关节 ➤(**be articulated**) be connected by joints 用关节连接;接合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **articulable** adj. **articulacy** n. **articulated** adj. **articulately** adv. **articulateness** n. **articulatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. articulat-, articulare 'divide into joints, utter distinctly', from articulus (see见ARTICLE).

**articulation** /a:,tıkju'lersn/n. 1 the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech 发音 ➤the action of putting an idea into words(观点的)表达 >Phonetics【语音】the formation of a speech sound by constriction of the air flow in the vocal organs 语音形成 2 Music 【音】 clarity in the production of successive notes 演奏连续音符的清晰度 3 the state of being jointed 被连接 ➤a specified joint 某一关节

**articulator** /a:'tıkjuleıtə(r)/ n. any of the vocal organs above the larynx, including the tongue, lips, teeth, and hard palate 发音器官

**artifact** /'a:tifækt/ n. US spelling of ARTEFACT * artefact 的美式拼法

**artifice** /'a:tıfıs/n. clever devices or expedients, especially to trick or deceive others妙计;(尤指欺骗他人的)诡计
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'workmanship') : from OFr., from L. artificium, based on ars 'art' + facere 'make'.

**artificer** /a:'tıfısə(r)/ n. a skilled mechanic in the armed forces 技术兵

**artificial** /a:tı'fıfl/ adj. 1 made as a copy of something natural人工的,人造的 2 contrived or false人为的;虚假的: the artificial division of people into age groups 对不同年龄段人群的人为划分 ➤insincere or affected 虚伪的;做作的 3 Bridge 【桥牌】(of a bid) conventional as opposed to natural(叫牌)按约定的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artificiality** n. **artificially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. artificiel or L. artificialis, from artificium (see见ARTIFICE).

**artificial horizon** n. an instrument providing the pilot of an aircraft with a horizontal reference plane for navigational measurement when the natural horizon is obscured 人工地平仪,航空地平仪

**artificial insemination** /In,semi'nerfn/ n. the veterinary or medical procedure of injecting semen into the vagina or uterus 人工授精

**artificial intelligence** n. the performance by computer systems of tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as translation between languages 人工智能

**artificial respiration** n. the restoration or maintenance of a person's breathing by manual, mechanical, or mouth-to-mouth methods 人工呼吸

**artillery** /a:'tıl(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **artilleries**) large-calibre guns used in warfare on land 大炮 ➤a branch of the armed forces trained to use artillery 炮兵部队
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artillerist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. artillerie, from artiller, alt. of atillier 'equip, arm', prob. a var. of atirier, from a- + tire 'rank, order.

**artiodactyl** /a:tiǝ(u)'dæktıl/n. Zoology【动】 a mammal of the order Artiodactyla, which comprises the ruminants, camels, pigs, and hippopotamuses (the even-toed ungulates)偶蹄目哺乳动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Artiodactyla, from Gk artios 'even' + daktulos 'finger, toe.

**artisan** /a:tı'zæn, 'a:tızæn/ n. a skilled worker who makes things by hand工匠,手艺人
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artisanal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. artigiano, based on L. artire 'instruct in the arts'.

**artist** /'a:tist/ n. 1 a person who creates paintings or drawings as a profession or hobby画家;绘画爱好者 ➤a person who practises or performs any of the creative arts 艺术家 2 informal 【非正式】 a habitual practitioner of a specified activity惯于做………的人: a con artist 行骗老手
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artistry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. artiste, from Ital. artista, from arte 'art', from L. ars, art-.

**artiste** /a:'ti:st/ n. a professional entertainer, especially a singer or dancer 艺人(尤指歌手或舞蹈演员)
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Fr. (see见ARTIST).

**artistic** /a:'tıstık/ adj. 1 having or revealing natural

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creative skill 拥有(或展现)创造天赋的 2 relating to or characteristic of art or artists艺术的;艺术家的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artistically** adv.

**artist's impression** n. a sketch or drawing produced when no photograph of its subject is available 构思图

**artless** /'a:tləs/ adj. 1 without guile or pretension 单纯的,纯朴的,不做作的 2 clumsy 笨拙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artlessly** adv.

**art nouveau** /a:t nu:'vǝu/ n. a style of decorative art and architecture characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves 新艺术(装饰艺术及建筑风格,特征是线性图案复杂精细,曲线流畅)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., lit. 'new art.

**arts and crafts** pl. n. decorative design and handicraft 工艺美术

**artwork** /'a:tw3:k/ n. illustrations or other non-textual material prepared for inclusion in a publication(出版物中的)插图

**arty** /'a:ti/ (chiefly N. Amer. also【主北美亦作】 **artsy**) ■adj. (**artier**, **artiest**) informal 【非正式】 artistic or interested in the arts, especially in a pretentious or affected way(尤指假装)爱好艺术的,附庸风雅的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **artily** adv. **artiness** n.

**arty-farty** /g:ti'fa:ti/ (also 亦作 **artsy-fartsy**) adj. informal, derogatory【非正式,贬】 associated with or showing an interest in the arts 艺术的;对艺术感兴趣的,附庸风雅的

**arugula** /ə'ru:gjulǝ/n. N. Amer. 【北美】the salad vegetable rocket 芝麻菜
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from Ital. dial. arucula, aruca, from Ital. rucola, dimin. of ruca ROCKET².

**arum** /'eərəm/ n. a plant of a large family with typically arrow-shaped leaves and a broad leafy spathe enclosing a club-shaped spadix 海芋[Arum maculatum (wild arum, cuckoo pint) and other species, family Araceae.]
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L., from Gk aron.

**arum lily** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a tall lily-like African plant which bears a large showy spathe 马蹄莲 [Genus Zantedeschia.]

**Arunta** /ə'rantǝ/ n. variant form of ARRERNTE * Arrernte 的另一种形式

**ARV** abbr. antiretroviral (drug)抗逆转录病毒(药物)

**arvo** /'a:vǝu/ n. (pl. **arvos**) Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】 afternoon 下午,午后

**-ary¹** /(ə)ri/ suffix 1 forming adjectives such as budgetary 构成形容词(如budgetary) 2 forming nouns such as dictionary 构成名词(如 dictionary)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -aire or L. -arius 'connected with.

**-ary²** /(ə)ri/ suffix forming adjectives such as capillary 构成形容词(如capillary)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -aire or L. -aris 'relating to.

**Aryan** /'eəriən/ n. 1 a member of a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC 雅利安人的 2 the language of the Aryan people 雅利安语 3 (in Nazi ideology) a person of Caucasian race not of Jewish descent(纳粹意识形态中)非犹太血统的白种人 ■adj. relating to the Aryans or their language 雅利安人的;雅利安语的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit ārya 'noble' + -AN.

**aryl** /'æraıl, -rıl/n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting a group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen atom 芳基
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from AROMATIC + -YL.

**arytenoid** /ærr'ti:nǝıd/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to or denoting cartilage at the back of the larynx used in the production of different kinds of voice quality(软骨)杓状的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. arytaenoides, from Gk arutainoeidēs, from arutaina 'funnel.

**AS** abbr. Anglo-Saxon

**As** symb. the chemical element arsenic 砷(化学元素)

**as¹** /æz, əz/ adv. used in comparisons to refer to the extent or degree of something(在程度上)同样地,如同 ➤ used to emphasize an amount 多达(用于强调数量) ■conj. 1 used to indicate simultaneous occurrence 当…时 2 used to indicate by comparison the way that something happens以……的方式,如同……那样 3 because 因为,由于 4 even though尽管,虽然 ■prep. 1 used to refer to the function or character of someone or something作为,以……的身份 2 during the time of being 当………时,作为……时
-PHRASES 短语 **as for** (or **to**) with regard to 至于,关于 ➤**as from** (or **of**) chiefly Brit. 【主英】 from a particular time or date 从……时起 ➤**as if** (or **though**) as would be the case if 好像,似乎,仿佛 ➤**as (it) is** in the existing circumstances 在目前情况下,按现在情况来看 ➤**as yet** until now or that time 直到现在,直到那时
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: reduced form of OE alswā 'similarly'(see 见ALSO).
> USAGE 用法说明
> Traditionalists hold that it is correct to say he's not as shy as I rather than he's not as shy as me, but the former construction can sound stilted and is now rarely used in normal speech. For more information on this issue, see usage at THAN,有些传统人士认为,he's not as shy as I(他不像我那样腼腆)是正确的说法,而用 he's not as shy as me 是错误的。但是前一种结构听上去有些不自然,并且在标准英语中很少见。详细信息参见 than 处的用法说明。

**as²** /æs/n. (pl. **asses**) an ancient Roman copper coin 阿斯(古罗马铜币)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'a unit.

**as-** /æs/ prefix variant spelling of AD- assimilated before s (as in assemble) * ad-的另一种拼法(d在s前同化为s,如assemble)

**ASA** abbr. 1 Advertising Standards Authority 广告

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**asafoetida** | **ascites**
标准管理局 2 Amateur Swimming Association 业余游泳协会 3 American Standards Association, former name of ANSI 美国标准协会

**asafoetida** /æsǝ'fi:tıdə, -'fet-/ (US 【美】 **asafetida**) ■n. 1 a fetid resinous gum obtained from the roots of a herbaceous plant, used in herbal medicine and Indian cooking 阿魏(从一种草本植物根部提取的恶臭树脂胶,用于草药和印度烹饪) 2 a plant of the parsley family, from which asafoetida is obtained 阿魏(荷兰芹科,可提取树胶) [Ferula assa-foetida.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L., from asa (from Pers. azā 'mastic') + foetida (see见FETID).

**asana** /'a:sənə/ n. a posture adopted in hatha yoga 瑜伽体位
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit āsana.

**ASAP** abbr. as soon as possible 尽快

**asbestos** /æz'bestos, æs-, -təs/ n. a highly heat-resistant fibrous silicate mineral able to be woven into fabrics, used in brake linings and in fire-resistant and insulating materials 石棉
-ORIGIN 词源 C17, via L. from Gk asbestos 'unquenchable.

**asbestosis** /æzbe'stǝusis, æs-/ n. a lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos particles, marked by severe fibrosis and a high risk of cancer of the pleura 石棉沉着病

**ASBO** /'æzbǝu/ ■abbr. Brit. 【英】antisocial behaviour order 反社会行为指令

**ascarid** /'æskərıd/ (also 亦作 **ascaris** /-rIs/) n. Zoology【动】a member of a family of parasitic nematode worms (Ascaridae) that live in the intestines of vertebrates 蛔虫
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. Ascaridae, from Gk askarides, pl. of askaris 'intestinal worm.

**ascend** /ə'send/ v. 1 go up; climb or rise 登上;攀登 2 rise in status(社会地位)提升,晋升 3 (of a voice or sound) rise in pitch(嗓音或声音)提高
-PHRASES 短语 **ascend the throne** become king or queen (国王或女王)登基
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. ascendere, from ad- 'to' + scandere 'to climb.

**ascendant** /ə'sendənt/ (also 亦作 **ascendent**) adj. 1 holding a position of increasing status or influence 占优势的;支配的 2 Astrology 【占星】(of a planet, zodiacal degree, or sign) on or close to the intersection of the ecliptic with the eastern horizon (行星或黄道宫)星位的 ■n. Astrology 【占星】the ascendant point 星位
-PHRASES 短语 **in the ascendant** rising in power or influence 力量(或影响)逐步上升的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ascendancy** n.

**ascender** /ə'sendə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that ascends 上升的人(或物) 2 a lower-case letter (or part of it) that extends above the level of the top of an x (such as b and f)高于x的小写字母(如字母b和f);字母中高于x的部分(如在字母b和f中) 3 Climbing 【登】 a device which can be clipped to a rope to act as a foothold or handhold 上升器

**ascension** /ə'sen∫n/ n. 1 the action of rising to a higher position or level 上升 2 (**Ascension**) the ascent of Christ into heaven on the fortieth day after the Resurrection耶稣升天(耶稣复活后第四十天)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ascensional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. ascensio(n-), from ascendere (see见 ASCEND).

**Ascension Day** n. the Thursday forty days after Easter, on which Christ's Ascension is celebrated in the Christian Church 耶稣升天节(复活节四十天后的星期四,基督教会在此日庆祝耶稣升天)

**Ascensiontide** /ə'sen (ə)ntaid/ n. the period of ten days from Ascension Day to Whitsun Eve 耶稣升天节期间(自耶稣升天节至圣灵降临节前夜的十天)

**ascent** /ə'sent/ n. 1 a climb to the summit of a mountain 登(上山)顶 ➤an upward slope 斜坡,上坡路 2 an instance of rising through the air 升空 ➤a rise in status(职位的)提升。
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ASCEND, on the pattern of the pair of descend, descent.

**ascertain** /æsə'tein/ v. find out for certain 查明:确定
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ascertainable** adj. **ascertain-ment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. acertener, based on L. certus 'settled, sure.

**ascesis** /ə'si:sıs/ n. the practice of severe self-discipline 苦行;禁欲
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk askēsis 'training.

**ascetic** /ə'setık/ adj. characterized by the practice of severe self-discipline 苦行的;禁欲的 ■n. an ascetic person 苦行者;禁欲者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ascetically** adv. **asceticism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. asceticus or Gk askētikos, from askētēs 'monk', from askein 'to exercise.

**aschelminth** /'æſhelmine, 'æsk-/ n. (pl. **aschel-minths** or **aschelminthes**) Zoology 【动】 a typically worm-like invertebrate of a large group that lack a well-developed coelom and blood vessels and include the nematodes, rotifers, and water bears 袋形动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Aschelminthes (former phylum name), from Gk askos 'sac' + helminth 'worm' (from the former belief that animals of this group had a fluid-filled internal sac).

**asci** /'æskaı/ plural form of ASCUS * ascus的复数形式

**ascidian** /ə'sıdiən/ ■n. Zoology 【动】 a sea squirt 海鞘
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. pl. Ascidia (genus name), from Gk askidion, dimin. of askos 'wineskin.

**ASCII** /'æski/ abbr. Computing 【计】 American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准码

**ascites** /ə'sarti:z/n. Medicine 【医】 the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling 腹水
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ascitic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via late L. from Gk askitēs, from

<133>
askos 'wineskin.

**ascomycete** /æskə'marsi:t/ n. (pl. **ascomycetes** /-'marsi:t, -mar'si:ti:z/) Botany 【植】 a fungus of a large group whose spores develop within asci (sacs) and which includes most moulds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens, and the morels and truffles 子囊菌
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Ascomycetes (former class name), from Gk askos 'sac' + mukētes 'fungi.

**ascorbate** /ə'sko:bert, æs'kɔ:-/n. Chemistry【化】a salt, ester, or the anion of ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸盐(或酯);抗坏血酸

**ascorbic acid** /ə'skə:bık/ n. vitamin C, a compound found in citrus fruits and green vegetables which is essential in maintaining healthy connective tissue and of which a deficiency causes scurvy 抗坏血酸,维生素C
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from A-1+ med. L. scorbutus 'scurvy' + -Ic.

**ascribe** /ə'skraıb/ v. (**ascribe something to**) attribute something to (a cause, person, or period) 把…归因于,把………归属于 ➤regard a quality as belonging to 认为………具有(某特性)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ascribable** adj. **ascription** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. ascribere, from ad- 'to' + scribere 'write.

**ascus** /'æskəs/ n. (pl. **asci** /'æskar, -i:/) Botany 【植】 a sac in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop 子囊
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk askos 'bag.

**ASDIC** /'æzdık/n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 an early form of sonar used to detect enemy submarines(早期的)潜艇探测器
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: acronym from Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee.

**-ase** /eiz/suffix Biochemistry 【生化】forming names of enzymes 构成酶的名称:amylase 淀粉酶
-ORIGIN 词源from (diast)ase.

**ASEAN** /'æsiǝn/ abbr, Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟(简称东盟)

**aseismic** /er'saızmık/ adj. Geology 【地质】not characterized by earthquake activity无(地)震的

**asepsis** /er'sepsis/n. the absence or exclusion of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms 无菌
Compare with 比较 ANTISEPSIS.

**aseptic** /er'septık/ adj. free from contamination by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms; sterile 无菌的,防感染的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aseptically** adv.

**asexual** /er'sekfuǝl/ adj. 1 Biology 【生物】 without sex or sexual organs 无性的,无性器官的 ➤(of reproduction) not involving the fusion of gametes (繁殖或生殖)无性的 2 without sexual feelings or associations 无性欲的;无性联想的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asexuality** n. **asexually** adv.

**ASH** /af/abbr. Action on Smoking and Health 吸烟与健康行动(反吸烟慈善团体)

**ash¹** /æ/ n. 1 the powdery residue left after the burning of a substance灰,灰烬 ➤(**ashes**) the remains of a human body after cremation or burning 骨灰,遗骸 ➤(in chemical analysis) the mineral component of an organic substance (indicated by the residue left after burning)(化学分析中有机物燃烧后残留的)矿物质成分 2 (**the Ashes**) a cricket trophy awarded for a Test match series between England and Australia(英国和澳大利亚板球系列对抗赛各球队争夺的)骨灰杯[from a mock obituary notice referring to the symbolical remains of English cricket.]
-PHRASES 短语 **turn to ashes in one's mouth** become bitterly disappointing or worthless 令人失望,变得毫无价值 ➤**rise from the ashes** be renewed after destruction 毁后重建
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ashy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æsce, aexe, of Gmc origin.

**ash²** /æ/ n. 1 a tree with compound leaves, winged fruits, and hard pale wood 梣,白蜡树 [Genus Fraxinus: many species.] ➤used in names of other trees e.g. mountain ash(用于其他树名,如花楸、桉树) 2 an Old English runic letter, 古英语如尼文字母 ➤the symbol æ or Æ, used in the Roman alphabet in place of the runic letter and as a phonetic symbol(用于罗马字母表中代替如尼文字母或用作音标符号的)梣字母See also另见Æ.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æsc, of Gmc origin.

**ashamed** /ə'fermd/ adj. feeling embarrassed or guilty 羞愧的,羞耻的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ashamedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE āscamod, past part. of āscamian 'feel shame', from ā- (as an intensifier) + SHAME.

**Ashanti** /ə'fænti/(also 亦作 **Asante**) n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a member of a people of south central Ghana 阿散蒂人 2 the dialect of Akan spoken by the Ashanti 阿散蒂语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Akan.

**ash blonde** adj. (of a woman's hair) very pale blonde(女子头发)淡金色的

**ashcan** /'æſkæn/ ■n. US 【美】a dustbin 垃圾箱

**ashen¹** /'æfn/ adj. 1 (of a person's face) very pale with shock, fear, or illness(脸色)苍白的 2 literary 【文】ash-coloured 灰白色的

**ashen²** /'æfn/ adj. archaic 【古】made of wood from the ash tree 梣木制成的

**ashet** /'æfit/ ■n. Scottish & N. English【苏格兰,英北】 a large plate or dish 大盘,大碟子
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. assiette.

**Ashkenazi** /æſkə'na:zi/ n. (pl. **Ashkenazim** /-zım/) a Jew of central or eastern European descent 德系犹太人 Compare with 比较 SEPHARDI.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Ashkenazic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. Heb., from Ashkenaz, grandson of Japheth, one of the sons of Noah (Gen. 10:3)

**ash key** ■n. Brit. 【英】 the winged fruit of an ash tree, growing in clusters resembling bunches of keys 梣

<134>
**ashlar** | **ask**
树翅果

**ashlar** /'æflə(r)/ ■n. masonry made of large square-cut stones, generally used as a facing material(用作饰面材料的)方石,琢石
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aisselier from L. axilla, dimin. of axis 'plank.

**ashlaring** /'æflərıŋ/ n. 1 ashlar masonry(建筑物的)琢石结构 2 upright boarding fixed from the joists to the rafters of an attic to cut off the acute angle between the roof and the floor 直立板墙

**ashore** /ə'fə:(r)/ adv. to or on the shore or land from the direction of the sea向岸边,向陆地,在岸上,在陆地上 ➤on land as opposed to at sea 在陆地上(与在海上相对)

**ashplant** /'æſpla:nt/ n. a sapling from an ash tree used as a walking stick or whip(用作拐杖或鞭子的)梣的幼树

**ashram** /'æfrəm/ n. a place of religious retreat or community life in or modelled on those in India(印度教徒)静修处;印度式修道院
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit āśrama 'hermitage.

**ashrama** /'æfrəmə/n. Hinduism 【印度教】any of the four stages of an ideal life, ascending from the status of pupil to the total renunciation of the world 阿室罗摩(理想生活的四个阶段之一)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit āśrama.

**ashtanga** /æf'ta:ŋǝ/ (also 亦作 **astanga** /æs'tanǝ/) ■n. a type of yoga based on eight principles and consisting of a series of poses executed in swift succession, combined with deep, controlled breathing 阿斯汤加瑜伽,八段式瑜伽
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi aştan or its source, Sanskrit ashtanga 'having eight parts', from ashtán 'eight'.

**ashtray** /'æftrei/ n. a small receptacle for tobacco ash and cigarette ends 烟灰缸

**Ash Wednesday** n. the first day of Lent in the Western Christian Church, marked by services of penitence(基督教)圣灰星期三,大斋首日
-ORIGIN 词源 from the custom of marking the foreheads of penitents with ashes on that day.

**ASI** abbr. airspeed indicator 空速指示器

**asiago** /æsi'a:gǝu/ n. a strong-flavoured cow's milk cheese made in northern Italy(意大利北部产的)阿齐亚戈干酪
-ORIGIN 词源 named after Asiago in northern Italy, where the cheese was first made.

**Asian** /'erfn, -3n/n. a native of Asia or a person of Asian descent 亚洲人;亚裔 ■adj. relating to Asia or its people 亚洲的;亚洲人的
> USAGE 用法说明
> In Britain Asian is generally used to refer to people who come from (or whose parents came from) India, Pakistan, or elsewhere in South Asia, while in North America it refers to people from China, Japan, and other countries of East Asia 在英国,Asian 主要指自身(或其父母)来自印度、巴基斯坦或其他南亚国家的人。在北美,Asian 指来自中国、日本及其他远东国家的人。

**Asian American** n. an American who is of Asian (chiefly East Asian) descent 亚裔美国人 ■adj. relating to Asian Americans 亚裔美国人的

**Asiatic** /erfi'ætık, eızi-/ adj. relating to or deriving from Asia 亚洲的;源于亚洲的
> USAGE 用法说明
> Asiatic can be offensive when referring to individual people: use Asian instead. However, Asiatic is standard in scientific and technical use. * Asiatic 用来指个人时具有冒犯性,要改用 Asian。但在科学技术文献中,Asiatic 是标准用法。

**ASIC** abbr. Electronics 【电子】 application specific integrated circuit专用集成电路,特定用途集成电路

**aside** /ə'saıd/ adv. 1 to one side; out of the way 到一边;在旁边 2 in reserve or out of consideration 以备…之用 ■n. 1 an actor's remark that is heard by the audience but is supposed not to be heard by the other characters 旁白 2 an incidental remark 题外话
-PHRASES 短语 **aside from** apart from 此外,除了
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. on side): see 见A-², SIDE.

**A-side** n. the side of a gramophone record regarded as the main one * A面(流行单曲唱片的主打面)

**asinine** /'æsınaın/ adj. extremely stupid or foolish 极笨的,愚蠢至极的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asininity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. asininus, from asinus 'ass.

**-asis** /ǝsıs/ (often常作-**iasis**) suffix forming the names of diseases 构成疾病名称: psoriasis 银屑病
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk.

**ask** /a:sk/ v. 1 say something in order to obtain an answer or information问,询问:I asked her what she meant. 我问她是什么意思。 ➤(**ask after** or Scottish【苏格兰】**for**) Brit. 【英】enquire about the well-being of 询问………的健康状况 2 say to (someone) that one wants them to do or give something 请求(某人做…),要求(某人给予･･･) ➤say that one wants permission to do something要求(允许做某事) ➤(**ask for**) say that one wants to speak to 请求和……说话 ➤say that one wants (a specified amount) as a price for selling something开(价),要(价) 3 expect or demand (something) of someone 指望得到(某物);索取(某物): It's asking a lot, but could you look through Billy's things? 这要求有点过分,不过你能不能翻翻比利的东西? 4 invite to a social occasion 邀请(参加社交活动) ➤(**ask someone out**) invite someone out on a date 请某人出游 ■n. US【美】 the asking price of a financial security(金融证券的)售价
-PHRASES 短语 **a big ask** informal 【非正式】a difficult demand to fulfil难以满足的要求 ➤**for the asking** for little or no effort or cost 轻而易举;免费获取 ➤**I ask you!** informal 【非正式】 an exclamation of shock or disapproval 这算怎么回事!(表示惊异或不赞成)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE āscian, ahsian, axian, of W. Gmc

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origin.

**askance** /ə'skæns, ǝ'ska:ns/(also 亦作 **askant** /-'skænt, 'ska:nt/) adv. with a look of suspicion or disapproval 表情怀疑地;轻蔑地
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: of unknown origin.

**askari** /ə'ska:ri/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **askaris**) (in East Africa) a soldier or police officer(东非的)士兵,警察
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from Arab. 'askari 'soldier'.

**askew** /ə'skju:/ adv. & adj. not in a straight or level position 歪斜地(的)
-ORIGIN词源C16: from A-² + SKEW.

**asking price** n. the price at which something is offered for sale 售价

**ASL** abbr. American Sign Language 美式手势语

**aslant** /ə'slant/ adv. at a slant 倾斜地,歪斜地 ■prep. across at a slant 斜跨

**asleep** /ə'sli:p/ adj. & adv. 1 in or into a state of sleep 处于睡眠状态的(地);进入睡眠状态的(地) ➤not attentive or alert不专心的(地),不留神的(地) 2 (of a limb) numb (肢体)麻木的(地)

**ASLEF** /'æzlef/ abbr. Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen 火车司机与司炉联合会

**AS level** n. (in the UK except Scotland) an examination or a pass at advanced subsidiary level(英国除苏格兰以外地区的)高级补充程度考试,高级补充程度考试合格成绩

**aslope** /ə'slǝup/ adj. & adv. literary 【文】 in a sloping position 倾斜的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: origin uncertain; this form appears earlier than SLOPE.

**ASM** abbr. 1 air-to-surface missile 空对面导弹 2 assistant stage manager 舞台监督助理

**asocial** /er'sǝufl/ adj. avoiding or inconsiderate of others 不与他人往来的,不爱社交的;不关心他人的

**ASP** abbr. application service provider, a company providing Internet access to software applications that would otherwise have to be installed on individual computers(因特网)应用服务提供商

**asp** /æsp/n. 1 (also 亦作 **asp viper**) a small viper with an upturned snout 角蝰 [Vipera aspis.] 2 the Egyptian cobra 埃及眼镜蛇 [Naja haje.] 3 a large predatory freshwater fish of the carp family 赤梢鱼 [Aspius aspius.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aspis, from Gk.

**asparagine** /ə'spærədzi:n/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a hydrophilicamino acid which is a constituent of most proteins 天(门)冬酰胺
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ASPARAGUS (which contains it) + -INE.

**asparagus** /ə'spærəgəs/ n. 1 a plant of the lily family with feathery foliage 石刁柏,芦笋,龙须菜 [Asparagus officinalis.] 2 the tender young shoots of the asparagus plant, eaten as a vegetable 芦笋笋尖
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk asparagos.

**asparagus fern** n. a decorative plant with feathery foliage, related to the edible asparagus 文竹 [Genus Asparagus: several species.]

**aspartame** /ə'spa:teım/ n. an artificial sweetener derived from aspartic acid and phenylalanine 阿司帕坦

**aspartate** /ə'spa:text/n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of aspartic acid天(门)冬氨酸盐(或酯)

**aspartic acid** /ə'spa:tık/n. Biochemistry【生化】an acidic amino acid present in many proteins and in sugar cane, important in the metabolism of nitrogen in animals and also acting as a neurotransmitter 天(门)冬氨酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: aspartic from Fr. aspartique, L. asparagus(see见 ASPARAGUS).

**aspect** /'æspekt/ n. 1 a particular part or feature方面 ➤a particular appearance or quality 外表;特性 2 the positioning of a building in a particular direction (建筑物等的)朝向 ➤the side of a building facing a particular direction(建筑物朝向某方向的)一面 3 Grammar【语法】a category or form of a verb which expresses a feature of the action related to time, such as completion or duration 体 4 Astrology【占星】 any of a number of particular angular relationships between one celestial body or point on the ecliptic and another(黄道中天体之间的)视方位 ■v. Astrology 【占星】(of a planet) form an aspect with (another celestial body)(行星与另一天体)形成视方位
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aspectual** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aspectus, from aspicere 'look at.

**aspect ratio** n. 1 the ratio of the width to the height of an image on a television screen(电视屏幕显示图像的)宽高比 2 Aeronautics 【航空】 the ratio of the span to the mean chord of an aerofoil(机翼的)展弦比

**aspen** /'æspǝn/ n. a poplar tree with small rounded long-stalked leaves noted for trembling in the breeze(欧洲的)山杨;(北美洲的)颤杨,大齿杨 [Populus tremula (Europe), P. tremuloides (N. America), and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from dial. asp + -EN², forming an adjective later used as a noun.

**Asperger's syndrome** /'æsp3:dzə(r)z/n. Psychiatry 【精神】a mild autistic disorder characterized by awkwardness in social interaction, pedantry in speech, and preoccupation with very narrow interests 阿斯波哥尔综合征
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: named after the Austrian psychiatrist Hans Asperger.

**asperges** /ǝ'sp3:dzi:z/n. Christian Church 【基】the rite of sprinkling holy water at the beginning of the Mass(弥撒开始时的)洒圣水礼 ➤another term for ASPERGILLUM 名词 aspergillum的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: the first word of the Latin text of Psalms 50(51):7 (lit. 'thou shalt purge'), recited during the sprinkling of the holy water.

**aspergillosis** /æspǝdzı'lǝusIS/n. Medicine【医】 a condition in which certain fungi infect the lungs or other tissues, especially through inhalation of

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**aspergillum** | **ass**
spores from mouldy hay 曲霉病
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Aspergillus (genus name ofthe fungi), from ASPERGILLUM + -OSIS.

**aspergillum** /æspə'dzıləm/ ■n. (pl. **aspergilla** or **aspergillums**) an implement for sprinkling holy water 洒圣水器
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L.

**asperity** /ə'speriti/ n. (pl. **asperities**) harshness of tone or manner(语气或态度的)严厉 ➤(**asperities**) harsh qualities or conditions 严酷,艰苦
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. asperite, or L. asperitas, from asper 'rough.

**asperse** /ə'sp3:s/ v. literary 【文】 attack the reputation or integrity of 诽谤,中伤

**aspersion** /ǝ'sp3:∫n/ n. an attack on someone's character or reputation 诽谤,中伤:He has cast aspersions on our abilities. 他贬低我们的能力。
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting the sprinkling of water at baptism): from L. aspersio(n-), from aspergere 'sprinkle.

**asphalt** /'æsfælt, -ǝlt/ n. a dark bituminous pitch occurring naturally or derived from crude oil, used in surfacing roads or as waterproofing in building 沥青 ■v. surface with asphalt 铺沥青于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asphaltic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. asphalte, based on late L. asphalton, asphaltum, from Gk asphalton.

**aspherical** /er'sferıkl/ adj. not spherical 非球面的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aspheric** adj.

**asphodel** /'æsfǝdel/ n. 1 a plant of the lily family with long, slender leaves and flowers borne on a spike 阿福花[Asphodelus and other genera.] 2 literary【文】 an everlasting flower said to grow in the Elysian fields(天堂中的)常春花
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk asphodelos; cf. DAFFODIL.

**asphyxia** /əs'fıksiə/ n. a condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen, causing unconsciousness or death窒息;闷死
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asphyxial** adj. **asphyxiant** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'stopping of the pulse'): mod. L., from Gk asphuxia, from a- 'without' + sphuxis 'pulse.

**asphyxiate** /əs'fıksiest/ v. kill or be killed by asphyxia(使)窒息而死
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asphyxiation** n.

**aspic** /'æspık/ n. a clear savoury jelly made with meat stock 花色肉冻
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'asp', from the colours of the jelly as compared with those of the snake.

**aspidistra** /æspı'dıstrǝ/ n. a bulbous plant of the lily family with broad tapering leaves, native to East Asia 蜘蛛抱蛋属植物 [Genus Aspidistra.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk aspis, aspid- 'shield' (because of the shape of the stigma).

**aspirant** /ə'spaıər(ə)nt, 'æspir-/ adj. aspiring towards a particular achievement or status 有抱负的,有追求的 ■n. a person who has aspirations to succeed in something有抱负的人,有志之士

**aspirate** v. /'æsp(ǝ)rit/ 1 Phonetics 【语音】 pronounce (a sound) with an exhalation of breath 送气发(音) ➤pronounce the sound of h at the beginning of a word以h音开始读出 2 Medicine 【医】breathe(something) in 吸入 ➤Medicine 【医】 draw (fluid) by suction from a bodily vessel or cavity 抽吸(血管或体腔中的体液) 3 [as adj.作形容词 **aspirated**] (of an internal-combustion engine) provided with air(内燃机)吸气式的 ■n./'æsp(ǝ)rət/ 1 Phonetics【语音】an aspirated consonant 送气辅音 ➤ a sound of h送气/h/音 2 Medicine【医】matter that has been drawn from the body by aspiration 抽吸物 ■adj. /'æsp(ə)rət/ Phonetics 【语音】(of a sound) aspirated(发音)送气的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. aspiratus 'breathed', from aspirare(see 见ASPIRE).

**aspiration** /æspr'reıfn/ n. 1 a hope or ambition 愿望,抱负 2 the action of aspirating 发送气音

**aspirational** /æspireı (ə)nl/ adj. having or characterized by aspirations to be successful 有志向的,有抱负的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aspirationally** adv.

**aspirator** /'æspıreitə(r)/ n. Medicine 【医】an instrument or apparatus for aspirating fluid from a vessel or cavity 抽吸器,吸引器

**aspire** /ə'sparıə(r)/ v. (usu. 通常用 **aspire to/to do something**) 1 direct one's hopes or ambitions towards achieving something 渴望,有志于 2 literary 【文】rise high; tower 升高;高耸
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. aspirer or L. aspirant-, aspirare, from ad- 'to' + spirare 'breathe.

**aspirin** /'æsprn/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **aspirins**) a synthetic compound (acetylsalicylic acid) used to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation 阿司匹林
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., from acetylierte Spirsäure 'acetylated salicylic acid.

**asprawl** /ə'spro:l/ adv. & adj. sprawling 四肢摊开地(的)

**asquint** /ə'skwint/ adv. & adj. with a glance to one side or from the corner of the eyes 侧目地(的),斜视地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from A-2+ a Low Ger. or Du. word rel. to mod. Du. schuinte 'slant.

**ass¹** /æs/n. 1 an animal of the horse family which is smaller than a horse and has longer ears and a braying call 野驴 [Equus africanus (Africa) and E. hemionus (Asia).] ➤(in general use) a donkey 驴(普通用语) 2 informal 【非正式】 a foolish or stupid person 傻瓜,蠢人
-ORIGIN 词源 OE assa, from a Celtic word rel. to Welsh asyn, Breton azen, based on L. asinus.

**ass²** /æs/n. N. Amer. vuigar slang【北美,粗俚】a person's buttocks or anus屁股;屁眼儿
-ORIGIN 词源 var. of ARSE.

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**-ass** /as/ comb. form N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 used in derogatory terms as an intensifier(用于贬义词语中加强词义):smart-ass 伶俐虫

**assagai** /'æsǝgaı/ n. & v. variant spelling of ASSEGAI * assegai 的另一种拼法

**assai** /æs'aı/ adv. [usu. postpos. 通常后置] Music 【音】very很,十分: allegro assai 非常轻快
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'very much.

**assail** /ə'seil/ v. 1 make a concerted or violent attack on 攻击,袭击 2 (of an unpleasant feeling) come upon (someone) strongly(不悦的情绪)困扰(某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assailable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. asaill-, stressed stem of asalir, from med. L. assalire, from L. assilire, from ad- 'to' + salire 'to leap.

**assailant** /ə'seılənt/ n. a person who physically attacks another袭击者,攻击者

**Assamese** /Væsə'mi:z/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a native or inhabitant of the state of Assam in India (印度)阿萨姆邦人 2 the official language of Assam, an Indic language related to Bengali 阿萨姆语 ■adj. relating to Assam, its people, or their language 阿萨姆邦的,阿萨姆邦人的,阿萨姆语的

**assart** /ə'sa:t/ Brit. historical【英,史义】 ■n. a piece of land converted from forest to arable use 毁林开垦出的地 ■V. convert to arable use 毁(林)造地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. essarter, from med. L. ex(s)artare, based on ex 'out' + sar(r)ire 'to weed.

**assassin** /ə'sæsın/ n. 1 a person who murders someone for political or religious reasons 暗杀者,刺客 2 (**Assassin**) a member of the fanatical Nizari branch of Ismaili Muslims dominant at the time of the Crusades 阿萨辛派(十字军东征时期伊斯玛仪派穆斯林的尼查尔分支)
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr., or from med. L. assassinus, from Arab. hašīši 'hashish-eater', with ref. to the Assassins' reputed use of hashish before murder missions.

**assassinate** /ə'sæsıneit/ v. murder (a political or religious leader)暗杀(政治或宗教领袖)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assassination** n.

**assassin bug** n. a long-legged predatory or bloodsucking bug occurring chiefly in the tropics, some kinds of which can transmit diseases to humans 猎蝽[Family Reduviidae: numerous species.]

**assault** /ə'so:lt/ n. 1 a violent attack 猛烈的攻击 ➤Law 【律】 an act that threatens physical harm to a person, whether or not actual harm is done 企图伤害罪 2 a concerted attempt to do something demanding (一致的)努力,尝试 ■v. make an assault on 攻击,突袭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assaulter** n. **assaultive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. asaut (n.), assauter (v.), based on L. ad- 'to' + saltare, from salire 'to leap.

**assault and battery** n. Law 【律】 the action of threatening a person together with making physical contact with them 企图伤害罪和殴击罪

**assault course** n. Brit. 【英】 a course providing a series of physical challenges, used for training soldiers 军人越障训练场地

**assault rifle** n. a lightweight rifle which may be set to fire automatically or semi-automatically(自动或半自动)突击步枪

**assay** /ə'ser, 'æser/n. 1 the testing of a metal or ore to determine its ingredients and quality(对金属或矿石的)检验,测定 2 a procedure for measuring the biochemical or immunological activity of a sample(对样品的)生化(或免疫)活度测定 ■v. 1 carry out an assay on 检验,测定 2 archaic 【古】 attempt 尝试,企图
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assayer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. assai (n.), assaier (v.), var. of essai 'trial', essayer (see见 ESSAY).

**assay office** n. 1 an establishment for the assaying of ores and metals 矿物及金属化验所 2 Brit.【英】an institution authorized to award hallmarks to articles made from precious metals 贵金属制品鉴定所

**ass-backwards** adv. & adj. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】contrary to what is usual, expected, or logical 不合常规地(的),出人意料地(的),不合逻辑地(的)

**assegai** /'æsǝgat/ (also 亦作 **assagai**) n. (pl. **assegais**) 1 a slender iron-tipped hardwood spear used chiefly by southern African peoples(主要由南部非洲部族使用的)木长矛 2 (also亦作 **assegai wood**) a South African tree of the dogwood family, yielding a hard wood 山茱萸树 [Curtisia dentata.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. Fr. azagaie or Port. azagaia, from Arab. az-zaġāyah, from az, al 'the' + Berber zagāyah 'spear.

**assemblage** /ə'semblıd3/ n. a collection or gathering of things or people 集合在一起的人(或物) ➤a machine or object made of pieces fitted together 组装机器;组装物 ➤a work of art made by grouping together found or unrelated objects 装配艺术品

**assemble** /ə'sembl/ v. 1 come or bring together 聚集,集合 2 fit together the component parts of 装配,组合 3 Computing 【计】 translate (a program) from a symbolic language into machine code 汇编(程序)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. asembler, based on L. ad- 'to' + simul 'together.

**assemblé** /æsõ'bler/ n. (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同)Ballet【芭蕾】 a leap in which the feet are brought together before landing 阿桑布莱(双脚并拢一起落地的跳跃动作)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., past part. of assembler 'assemble, put together.

**assembler** /ə'semblə(r)/ n. 1 a person who assembles component parts 装配工 2 Computing 【计】 a program for converting instructions written in symbolic code into machine code 汇编程序 ➤another term for ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE * assembly language 的另一种说法

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**assembly** | **assignation**
**assembly** /ə'sembli/ n. (pl. **assemblies**) 1 a group of people gathered together 聚集的民众 ➤a group having legislative or decision-making powers 立法机构,议会 ➤a regular gathering of teachers and pupils in a school 师生的定期集合 2 the action of assembling component parts 组装 ➤a unit consisting of assembled components 零件组合 3 Computing 【计】 the conversion of instructions in symbolic code to machine code by an assembler 汇编

**assembly language** ■n. Computing 【计】the symbolic code converted by an assembler 汇编语言

**assembly line** n. a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled 装配线

**assembly rooms** pl. n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a public room or hall in which meetings or social functions are held 礼堂,公共会堂

**assent** /ə'sent/ n. the expression of approval or agreement 赞成,同意 ➤official sanction 批准,同意 ■V.(usu.通常作 **assent to**) express assent 赞成,同意
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. as(s)enter (v.), as(s)ente (n.), based on L. assentire, from ad- 'towards' + sentire 'feel, think.

**assert** /ə's3:t/ v. 1 state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully 断言,声称;主张 2 cause others to recognize (one's authority or a right) by confident and forceful behaviour 维护,坚持(自身权威或权利) ➤ (**assert oneself**) behave or speak confidently and forcefully 果断行事;断言
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asserter** (also亦作 **assertor**)n.
-ORIGIN 词源C17 (earlier (ME) as assertion): from L. asserere 'claim, affirm', from ad- 'to' + serere 'to join.

**assertion** /ə's3:∫n/ n. a confident statement of fact or belief 断言;主张 ➤the action of asserting 维护;坚持

**assertive** /ə's3:trv/adj. having or showing a confident and forceful personality(性格)果敢的,自信的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assertively** adv. **assertiveness** n.

**asses** /'æsız/ plural form of AS², ASS¹, ASS² * as, ass', ass³的复数形式

**asses' bridge** /'æsız/n. English term for PONS ASINORUM * pons asinorum 的英式说法

**assess** /ǝ'ses/ v. evaluate or estimate the nature, value, or quality of 估定……的性质(或价值、质量) ➤set the value of a tax, fine, etc., for (a person or property) at a specified level 确定(某人或某资产)的应收稅款(或应课罚金等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assessable** adj. **assessment** n. **assessor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. assesser, based on L. assidere 'sit by' (in med. L. 'levy tax'), from ad- 'to, at' + sedere 'sit'

**asset** /'æset/ n. 1 a useful or valuable thing or person 有用的事物(或人),有价值的事物(或人) 2 (**assets**) property owned by a person or company, regarded as having value and being available to meet debts, commitments, or legacies(个人或公司的)资产
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(in the pl. in the sense 'sufficient estate to allow discharge of a will'): from Anglo-Norman Fr., from OFr. asez 'enough', based on L. ad 'to' + satis 'enough.

**asset-backed** adj. denoting securities having as collateral the return on a series of mortgages, credit agreements, or other forms of lending(证券)资产担保的

**asset-stripping** n. the practice of taking over a company in financial difficulties and selling each of its assets at a profit 资产剥离,资产倒卖(指买进亏损公司再另行出售,以获取利润)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asset-stripper** n.

**asseveration** /ə sevə'reıfn/ n. a solemn or emphatic declaration or statement 郑重声明;断言
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asseverate** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. asseveratio(n-), from asseverare, from ad- 'to' + severus 'serious'.

**asshole** /'æshoul/ n. vulgar slang 【粗俚】US spelling of ARSEHOLE * arsehole 的美式拼法

**assibilate** /ə'sıbılert/ v. Phonetics 【语音】 pronounce (a sound) as a sibilant or affricate ending in a sibilant (e.g. sound t as ts)把……发成咝音(或以咝音结尾的塞擦音)(如把/t/音发成/ts/)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assibilation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. assibilat-, assibilare, from ad-'to' + sibilare 'to hiss'.

**assiduity** /æsı'dju:iti/ n. (pl. **assiduities**) constant or close attention to what one is doing 勤奋,刻苦,孜孜不倦 ➤(**assiduities**) archaic or literary 【古或文】 constant attentions to someone 殷勤
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. assiduitas, from assiduus (see见ASSIDUOUS).

**assiduous** /ə'sıdjuəs/ adj. showing great care and perseverance一丝不苟的;坚持不懈的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assiduously** adv. **assiduous-ness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. assiduus, from assidere (see见ASSESS), + -ous.

**assign** /ə'saın/ v. 1 allocate (a task or duty) to someone 分配,分派,布置(工作或职责给某人) ➤appoint to a particular task 指派,委派(某人承担某任务) 2 designate or set aside for a specific purpose (为特定目的)指定,留出 ➤attribute (something) to a group or person把(某事物)归属于;把(某事物)归因于 3 transfer (legal rights or liabilities)转让(法律权利或债务) ■n. Law 【律】 another term for ASSIGNEE * assignee 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assignable** adj. **assigner** (also亦作 **assignor**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. asigner, assiner, from L. assignare, from ad- 'to' + signare 'to sign.

**assignation** /æsig'nerfn/ n. 1 a secret arrangement to meet 幽会,私会 2 the action of assigning 分配;指派;转让

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**assignee** /æsr'ni:/ n. chiefly Law 【主律】 1 a person to whom a right or liability is legally transferred(权利或债务的)受让人 2 a person appointed to act for another 代理人

**assignment** /ə'saınmənt/ n. 1 a task or duty assigned as part of a job or course of study(分配的)任务,工作 2 the action of assigning分配;指派 3 an act of transferring a legal right or liability(法律权利或债务的)转让;让与 ➤a document effecting a legal transfer of a right or liability(法律权利或债务的)让与证书

**assimilate** /ə'sımǝlert/ v. 1 take in and fully understand (information or ideas)吸收,领会(信息或思想) ➤(of a society or culture) absorb and integrate (people, ideas, or culture)使(民族、思想或文化)同化 2 absorb and digest (food or nutrients)吸收,消化(食物或营养) 3 regard as or become similar认为相似;变得相似 4 Phonetics 【语音】make (a sound) more like another in the same or next word 使(发音)同化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assimilable** adj. **assimilation** n. **assimilative** adj. **assimilator** n. **assimilatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. assimilat-, assimilare 'absorb, incorporate', from ad- 'to' + similis 'like'.

**assimilationist** /ə,sımı'leı (ə)nist/ n. a person who advocates or participates in racial or cultural integration 种族同化主义者;文化同化主义者

**assist** /ə'sıst/ v. help by doing a share of work or by providing money or information 帮助,协助;资助,援助 ■n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】1 an act of helping, especially by providing money 帮助,协助;(尤指)资助,援助 2 (chiefly in ice hockey, basketball, or baseball) an act of touching the ball in a play in which a teammate scores or an opposing batter is put out 助攻,助杀(多用于冰球、篮球或棒球运动)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assister** n. **assistive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. assister, from L. assistere 'take one's stand by.

**assistance** /ə'sıstəns/ n. the provision of money, resources, or information to help someone 资助,援助:补助 ➤the action of helping 帮助,协助
-PHRASES 短语 **be of assistance** provide practical use or help 有作用;有帮助

**assistant** /ə'sıstənt/ n. 1 a person who ranks below a senior person 副手,助理 2 a person who helps in particular work 助手,帮手

**assistant professor** n. N. Amer. 【北美】an academic ranking immediately below an associate professor 助理教授

**assisted place** n. (formerly in the UK) a place in an independent school for a pupil whose fees are wholly or partially subsidized by the state(英国私立学校中由国家提供全额学费或部分学费的)助学名额

**assize** /ə'saız/n. historical 【史义】 a court which sat at intervals in each county of England and Wales to administer the civil and criminal law 巡回法庭(在英格兰和威尔士各郡定期审理民事和刑事案件)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. assise, fem. past part. of asseeir 'sit, settle, assess', from L. assidere (see见ASSESS).

**Assoc.** abbr. Association

**associate** v. /ə'sǝufiət, siət/ 1 make a conceptual connection between 联想,联系 2 (usu.通常用 **associate with**) meet or have dealings with 与………会面;与…有来往 ➤(**associate oneself with**) allow oneself to be connected with or seen to be supportive of 赞同,支持 ➤(**be associated with**) be involved with 参与,投身 ■n. /əsəfiǝt, -siət/ 1 a partner or companion in business or at work (生意或工作上的)伙伴;同事;合伙人 2 a person with limited or subordinate membership of an organization 准会员 3 chiefly Psychology 【主心理】a concept connected with another 联想 ■adj. /ə'sǝufiət, -siət/ 1 connected with an organization or business (与某组织或企业)联合的,合伙的 2 having shared function or membership but with a lesser status 副的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **associability** n. **associable** adj. **associateship** n. **associator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. associat-, associare 'join', from ad- 'to' + socius 'sharing, allied.

**associate professor** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】an academic ranking immediately below full professor 副教授

**association** /ə,sǝufi'erfn/ n. 1 a group of people organized for a joint purpose 联盟,协会,社团 2 a connection or cooperative link between people or organizations(人或机构之间的)联系,联合 ➤ Chemistry 【化】 a weak interaction between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding(分子间的)缔合 3 a conceptual connection 联系;联想 4 Ecology【生态】a stable plant community including a characteristic group of dominant plant species(植物)群丛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **associational** adj.

**Association football** ■n. Brit. 【英】 more formal term for SOCCER * soccer 的更正式说法

**associationism** /əsəufi'eınız(ə)m/ n. a theory in philosophy or psychology which regards the simple association of ideas or sensations as the primary basis of meaning, thought, or learning(哲学或心理学的)联想主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **associationist** n. & adj.

**associative** /ə'sǝufiətıv/ adj. 1 of or involving association 联想的 2 Mathematics 【数】 involving the condition that a group of quantities connected by operators gives the same result in whichever order the operations are performed, as long as the order of the quantities remains the same, e.g. (a × b) x c = a x(b x c)结合的

**assonance** /'æs(ə)nəns/ n. the resemblance of sound between syllables in nearby words arising from the rhyming of stressed vowels (e.g. sonnet, porridge), and also from the use of identical consonants with different vowels (e.g. killed, cold, culled)准押韵,半谐

<140>
**assort** | **astatine**
音(只有元音押韵,如sonnet, porridge;或只有辅音押韵,元音不押韵,如killed, cold, culled)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assonant** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. assonare 'respond to.

**assort** /ə'so:t/ v. 1 Genetics 【遗】 (of genes or characteristics) become distributed among cells or progeny(基因或特征)分配 2 archaic 【古】 classify 把…归为一类,分类
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. assorter, from a- + sorte 'sort, kind.

**assortative** /ə'sɔ:tətıv/ adj. relating to or denoting the preferential mating of animals or marriage between people with similar characteristics(交配)选同的,同型的;(婚配)选择的

**assorted** /ə'sɔ:tıd/ adj. of various sorts put together 各种各样的,混杂的

**assortment** /ə'sətmənt/ n. a miscellaneous collection 各种各样,混杂物

**ASSR** abbr. historical 【史义】 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 苏维埃社会主义自治共和国

**Asst** abbr. Assistant

**assuage** /ə'swerdz/ v. 1 make (an unpleasant feeling) less intense 减轻,缓解(不适感) 2 satisfy (an appetite or desire)满足(食欲或欲望)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assuagement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. assouagier, based on L. ad- 'to' + suavis 'sweet'.

**assume** /ə'sju:m/ v. 1 accept as true without proof 假设;臆断 2 take (responsibility or control) 承担(责任);获取(控制权) 3 begin to have (a quality, appearance, or extent)具有(性质、外表或程度) ➤adopt falsely 假装
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assumable** adj. **assumed** adj. **assumedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. assumere, from ad- 'towards' + sumere 'take'.

**assuming** /əǝ'sju:mıŋ/ conj. based on the assumption 假定,设想 ■adj. archaic 【古】 arrogant or presumptuous 傲慢的;自负的

**assumption** /ə'sampfn/ n. 1 a thing that is assumed as true 假设;臆断 2 the action of assuming responsibility or control(责任的)承担;(控制权的)获取 3 (**Assumption**) the reception of the Virgin Mary bodily into heaven, according to Roman Catholic doctrine(罗马基督教)圣母升天 ➤the feast in honour of the Assumption, celebrated on 15 August 圣母升天节(8月15日) 4 archaic 【古】 arrogance or presumption 傲慢;自负

**assumptive** /ə'sam(p)tıv/ adj. 1 rare 【罕】 of the nature of an assumption 被视为理所当然的 2 archaic 【古】 arrogant or presumptuous目中无人的,自以为是的

**assurance** /əfər (ə)ns/ n. 1 a positive declaration intended to give confidence 保证,承诺 2 confidence in one's own abilities自信,把握 ➤certainty 确定,确信 3 chiefly Brit. 【主英】life insurance(人寿)保险
> USAGE 用法说明
> Assurance is used of insurance policies under whose terms a payment is guaranteed, either after a fixed term or on the death of the insured person, Insurance is the general term, and is used in particular of policies under whose terms a payment would be made only in certain circumstances (e.g. accident or death within a limited period). * assurance 是保险业务中的一个险种,其条款规定在某固定期限后或受保人死亡后支付保险金。insurance 含义笼统,尤用于指称在特定情形(如意外死亡,或在一定期限内死亡)下才可获赔的保险险种。

**assure** /ə'fuə(r), ǝ'fɔ:(r)/ ■v. 1 tell someone something positively in order to dispel potential doubts 使相信;使确信 2 make (something) certain to happen 确保(某事发生) 3 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 cover by assurance 给…保险 ➤secure the future payment of (an amount) with insurance 确保获得(保险金)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assurer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. assurer, based on L. ad- 'to' + securus (see见 SECURE).

**assured** /ə'fuǝd/ adj. 1 confident有信心的,有把握的 2 protected against discontinuance or change 有保障的;受保险的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **assuredly** adv.

**Assyrian** /ə'sıriən/ n. 1 an inhabitant of ancient Assyria 古亚述人 2 the Akkadian language of ancient Assyria 古亚述语 3 a dialect of Aramaic still spoken in parts of Syria and northern Iraq 亚述语 ■adj. 1 relating to ancient Assyria or its language 古亚述的;古亚述语的 2 relating to or denoting modern Assyrian or its speakers亚述人的;亚述语的

**Assyriology** /ə,sıri'dlədzi/ n. the study of the language, history, and antiquities of ancient Assyria 亚述学
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Assyriologist** n.

**AST** abbr. Atlantic Standard Time 大西洋标准时间

**astable** /er'sterbl/ adj. chiefly Electronics【主电子】 relating to a system or electric circuit which oscillates spontaneously between unstable states (系统、电路)不稳定的,非稳态的

**astanga** /æs'ta:ŋǝ/ n. variant spelling of ASHTANGA * ashtanga 的另一种拼法

**astatic** /er'stætık/ adj. Physics 【物】 (of a system or instrument) consisting of or employing a combination of magnets suspended in a uniform magnetic field on a single wire or thread in such a way that no torque is present(系统或仪器)无定向的,无静差的
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Gk astatos 'unstable' + -IC.

**astatine** /'æstǝti:n/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 85, a very unstable radioactive member of the halogen group 砹(化学元素,原子序数为85,卤族放射性元素,非常不稳定)(Symbol符: At)

<141>
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk astatos 'unstable' +-INE".

**aster** /'æstə(r)/ n. a plant of a large genus that includes the Michaelmas daisy, with characteristic purple or pink flowers with radiating petals 紫菀 [Genus Aster: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk aster 'star'.

**-aster** /'æstə(r)/ suffix forming nouns 构成名: 1 denoting poor quality 表示劣质: poetaster 蹩脚诗人 2 Botany 【植】denoting incomplete resemblance 表示不完全相似:oleaster 胡颓子
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**asterisk** /'æst(ə)rısk/n. a symbol (*) used in text as a pointer to an annotation or footnote(书写中用以表示注解或脚注的)星号(即*) ■v. mark with an asterisk 加星号于
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via late L. from Gk asteriskos 'small star', dimin. of aster.
> USAGE 用法说明
> Asterisk is spelled with -isk at the end, not -ix. Asterix is a character in a cartoon strip. * asterisk 是以-isk结尾,而非-ix.Asterix 是漫画中的一个人物。

**asterism** /'æst(ə)rız(ə)m/ n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】a prominent pattern or group of stars that is smaller than a constellation 星芒,小星群,星官,星宿 2 a group of three asterisks (***) drawing attention to following text 三星符号(即***,用以引起读者对下文的注意)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk asterismos, from astēr 'star.

**astern** /ə'st3:n/adv. behind or towards the rear of a ship or aircraft 在船(或飞机)的尾部;向船(或飞机)的尾部

**asteroid** /'æstərəıd/ n. 1 a small rocky body orbiting the sun 小行星 2 Zoology 【动】 an echinoderm of a class (Asteroidea) comprising the starfishes 海星
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asteroidal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk asteroeidēs 'starlike', from aster 'star.

**asthenia** /əs'əi:niǝ/n. Medicine 【医】 abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy无力,虚弱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asthenic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk astheneia, from asthenes 'weak.

**asthenosphere** /əs'enǝ(u)sfıə(r)/ n. Geology 【地质】 the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur 软流圈,软流层
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asthenospheric** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk asthenes 'weak' + SPHERE.

**asthma** /'æsmǝ/ n. a respiratory condition marked by attacks of spasm in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing and usually associated with allergic reaction哮喘,气喘(常与过敏有关)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asthmatic** adj. & n. **asthma-tically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. asma, from Gk asthma, from azein 'breathe hard.

**Asti** /'æsti/ n. (also 亦作 **Asti Spumante** /sp(j)u:'mænter, -ti/) a light sparkling wine from the Italian province of Asti and neighbouring parts of Piedmont(意大利) 阿斯蒂白葡萄酒

**astigmatism** /ə'stıgmətız(ə)m/ n. a deviation in the spherical curvature of the eye or a lens, resulting in distorted images 散光
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astigmatic** /æstig'mætık/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from A-¹ + Gk stigma 'point' + -ISM.

**astilbe** /ə'stılbi/ n. a plant of the saxifrage family, with plumes of tiny white, pink, or red flowers 落新妇[Genus Astilbe.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk a- 'not' + stilbē, fem. of stilbos 'glittering.

**astir** /ǝ'st3:(r)/ adj. 1 in a state of excited movement 骚动的,不安的 2 awake and out of bed 起床的

**astonish** /ə'stonı∫/ v. surprise or impress greatly 使惊讶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astonishing** adj. **astonishingly** adv. **astonishment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. astone 'stun, stupefy', from OFr. estoner, based on L. ex- 'out' + tonare 'to thunder.

**astound** /ə'staund/ v. shock or greatly surprise 使震惊,使大吃一惊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astounding** adj. **astoundingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from astoned, past part. of obs. astone(see见ASTONISH).

**astragal** /'æstrǝgl/■n. 1 Architecture 【建】 a convex moulding or wooden strip, of semicircular section (半圆型的)凸面装饰线(或板条) 2 a bar separating panes of glass in cabinetmaking(细木工中的)玻璃格条
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from ASTRAGALUS, partly via Fr. astragale.

**astragalus** /ə'stræg(ə)ləs/ n. (pl. **astragali** /-lar/) 1 chiefly Zoology 【主动】 another term for TALUS¹ * talus的另一种说法 2 a plant of a genus that includes milk vetch 黄芪 [Genus Astragalus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk astragalos 'ankle bone, moulding, also the name of a plant.

**astrakhan** /æstrǝ'kæn/ n. the dark curly fleece of young karakul lambs from central Asia 阿斯特拉罕羔羊毛,俄国羔羊毛
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the city of Astrakhan in Russia.

**astral** /'æstr(ə)l/ adj. 1 relating to or resembling the stars 星的;星形的 2 relating to a supposed non-physical realm of existence to which various psychic and paranormal phenomena are ascribed, and in which the physical human body is said to have a counterpart 灵魂的,精神世界的

<142>
**astrantia** | **astylar**
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. astralis, from astrum 'star.

**astrantia** /ə'stræntiə/ n. a plant of the parsley family with small starlike heads of tiny flowers surrounded by prominent bracts 聚星花星芹 [Genus Astrantia: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., perh. from Gk astēr 'star.

**astray** /ə'streı/ adv. away from the correct path or direction 迷路地,进入歧途地
-PHRASES 短语 **go astray** become lost or mislaid 迷路,走失,被遗失,被放错地方
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from an Anglo-Norman Fr. var. of OFr. estraie, past part. of estraier, based on L. extra 'out of bounds' + vagari 'wander.

**astride** /ə'straıd/ prep. & adv. with a leg on each side of 跨在…上(地);骑在…上(地) ■[adv.] (of a person's legs) apart(人的双腿)分开地

**astringent** /ə'strındzənt/ adj. 1 causing the contraction of skin cells and other body tissues (使皮肤细胞等身体组织)收缩的,收敛的 2 sharp or severe in manner or style(态度或方式)尖刻的,刻薄的 ➤(of taste or smell) sharp or bitter(味道或气味)涩的,辛辣的 ■n. an astringent lotion that is applied to the skin for cosmetic purposes or to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions(涂抹于皮肤作化妆或止血用的)收敛剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astringency** n. **astringently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. astringent-, astringere pull tight.

**astro-** /'æstrǝu/ comb. form relating to the stars or celestial objects星;天体:astrodome 天文圆顶 ➤relating to outer space 太空: astrochemistry 天体化学
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk astron 'star'.

**astrobiology** /æstrǝubar'ələdzi/ n. the branch of biology concerned with the study of life on earth and in space 天体生物学,太空生物学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astrobiological** adj. **astro-biologist** n.

**astrochemistry** /æstrǝu'kemistri/ n. the study of molecules and ions occurring in stars and interstellar space 天体化学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astrochemical** adj. **astroche-mist** n.

**astrocyte** /'æstrǝ(u)sait/ n. Anatomy 【解】a star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system(中枢神经系统里的)星形(胶质)细胞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astrocytic** adj.

**astrodome** /'æstrədəum/ n. 1 chiefly US 【主美】 an enclosed stadium with a domed roof(封闭式)穹顶体育场 2 a domed window in an aircraft for astronomical observations(航空器上的)天文圆顶

**astroid** /'æstroid/n. Mathematics 【数】 a hypocycloid with four cusps (like a square with concave sides)星形线

**astrolabe** /'æstrəleıb/ n. an instrument formerly used in making astronomical measurements and in navigation for calculating latitude, consisting of a disc with the edge marked in degrees and a pivoted pointer 星盘(用于测量天体高度及航海时测量纬度)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. astrelabe, from med. L. astrolabium, from Gk astrolabon, neut. of astrolabos 'star-taking.

**astrology** /ə'strələdzi/ n. the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world 占星术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astrologer** n. **astrological** adj. **astrologically** adv. **astrologist** n.

**astrometry** /ə'strəmətri/ n. the measurement of the positions, motions, and magnitudes of stars 天体测量学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astrometric** adj.

**astronaut** /'æstrənɔ:t/ n. a person trained to travel in a spacecraft 宇航员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astronautical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from ASTRO-, on the pattern of aeronaut and aquanaut.

**astronautics** /æstrə'nɔ:tıks/pl. n. [treated as sing.视作单数] the science and technology of space travel and exploration 宇航学

**astronomical** /æstrə'npmıkl/ adj. 1 relating to astronomy 天文学的 2 informal 【非正式】(of an amount) extremely large(数量)天文数字的,巨大的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astronomic** adj. **astronomi-cally** adv.

**astronomical unit** ■n. Astronomy 【天文】 a unit of measurement equal to 149.6 million kilometres, the mean distance from the centre of the earth to the centre of the sun 天文单位(一个天文单位等于149.6×10公里,接近于日地平均距离)

**astronomical year** n. another term for SOLAR YEAR * solar year 的另一种说法

**astronomy** /ə'strənəmi/ n. the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole 天文学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astronomer** n.

**astrophysics** /æstrǝu'fızıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies, and the application of the laws and theories of physics to the interpretation of astronomical observations 天体物理学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astrophysical** adj. **astro-physicist** n.

**AstroTurf** /'æstrǝuts:f/ n. trademark【商标】an artificial grass surface, used for sports fields 阿斯特罗草皮(用于铺设运动场的人造草皮)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from ASTRODOME (sense 1) + TURF.

**astute** /ə'stju:t/ adj. having an ability to assess situations or people accurately 精明的,敏锐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **astutely** adv. **astuteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: obs. Fr. astut or L. astutus, from astus 'craft.

**astylar** /er'staılə(r)/ adj. Architecture 【建】(of a classical building) lacking columns or pilasters(古

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典建筑)无柱式的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from A-1+ Gk stulos 'column' + -AR¹.

**asunder** /ə'sındə(r)/ adv. archaic or literary 【古或文】 apart 分开地,分离地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE on sundran 'in or into a separate place.

**asura** /'surǝ/ ■n. (in Vedic religion) a member of a class of divine beings which in Indian mythology tend to be evil and in Zoroastrianism are benevolent 阿修罗(吠陀宗教中的神,在印度神话里代表邪恶,而在波斯琐罗亚斯德教中则代表善良)Compare with 比较 DEVA.
-ORIGIN 词源 Sanskrit, prob. from ásu 'breath, life.

**ASV** abbr. American Standard Version (of the Bible)美国标准版(《圣经》)

**aswirl** /ǝ'sw3:l/ adj. & adv. swirling or surrounded with something swirling 旋转的(地)

**asylee** /əsar'li:/ n. a person who has left their native country to seek political asylum in another 寻求政治避难者

**asylum** /ə'saıləm/ n. 1 the protection granted by a state to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee 政治避难 ➤shelter or protection from danger 避难所,收容所 2 dated【过时】 an institution for the care of the mentally ill 精神病院
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk asulon 'refuge', from asulos 'inviolable', from a- 'without' + sulon 'right of seizure.

**asymmetrical** /æsimetrikl, e1-/ adj. not symmetrical; lacking symmetry 不对称的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asymmetric** adj. **asymmetri-cally** adv.

**asymmetrical warfare** n. warfare involving surprise attacks by small, simply armed groups on a nation armed with modern high-tech weaponry不对称战争(指装备初级的小股部队对拥有现代化高科技武器的国家发动的突然袭击)

**asymmetric bars** pl, n. a pair of bars of different heights used in women's gymnastics(女子体操的)高低杠

**asymmetry** /æ'sımıtri, ei-/ ■n. (pl. **asymmetries**) lack of symmetry 不对称

**asymptomatic** /er,sım(p)tǝ'mætık/ adj. Medicine 【医】producing or showing no symptoms 无症状的

**asymptote** /'æsım(p)tǝut/ n. a straight line that continually approaches a given curve but does not meet it at any finite distance 渐近线
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asymptotic** /æsim(p)'tptik/ adj. **asymptotically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. asymptota (linea) ' (line) not meeting', from Gk asumptōtos 'not falling together.

**asynchronous** /er'sıŋkrənəs/ adj. 1 not existing or occurring at the same time 不同步的;错开时期的 2 Computing & Telecommunications 【计,电信】making use of pulses to control the timing of operations that are sent when the previous operation is completed, rather than at regular intervals 异步的 3 (of a machine or motor) not working in time with the alternations of current(机器或发动机)异步的 4 Astronomy 【天文】(of a satellite) revolving round the parent planet at a different rate from that at which the planet rotates(卫星)异步的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asynchronously** adv. **asynchrony** n.

**asyndeton** /ə'sındıtən/ n. (pl. **asyndeta** /-tə/) the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence, as in I came, I saw, I conquered (并列句中)连词的缺省
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asyndetic** /æsın'detik/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: mod. L., from Gk asundeton, neut. of asundetos 'unconnected.

**asystole** /ə'sıstəli/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 a condition in which the heart no longer beats 无收缩,心脏停搏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **asystolic** /æsı'stplık/ adj.

**At** symb. the chemical element astatine 砹(化学元素)

**at¹** /æt, ǝt/ prep. 1 expressing location or arrival in a particular place or position在,在…旁(表示方位或到达地点) ➤used in speech to indicate the sign @ in email addresses(言语中表示电子邮件地址中的符号@) 2 expressing the time when an event takes place 在……时(表示事件发生时间) 3 expressing attendance of an educational institution or a workplace 在……时(表示在学校或工作单位期间) 4 denoting a particular point or segment on a scale以,达(表示等级中的某一点或段) ➤referring to someone's age 在………岁时 5 expressing a particular state or condition 处于…状态 ➤expressing a relationship between an individual and a skill 在……方面 6 expressing the object or target of a look, shot, action, or plan向,朝;对于 ➤expressing an incomplete or attempted action朝;向 7 expressing the means by which something is done 用,以(指方法)
-PHRASES 短语 **at that** in addition; furthermore 而且;另外 ➤**where it's at** informal 【非正式】 the focus of fashion or style 时髦的焦点
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æt, of Gmc origin.

**at²** /a:t, æt/ n. a monetary unit of Laos, equal to one hundredth of a kip 阿特(老挝货币单位,100阿特=1基普)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Thai.

**at-** /æt/prefix variant spelling of AD- assimilated before t (as in attend) * ad-的另一种拼法(d在t音前同化为t,如 attend)

**ataraxy** /'ætǝræksi/(also 亦作 **ataraxia** /ætə-'ræksiə/) n. literary 【文】 a state of serene calmness 平静,心平气和
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ataraxic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. ataraxie, from Gk ataraxia 'impassiveness', from a- 'not' + tarassein 'disturb.

**atavistic** /ætǝ'vıstık/ adj. relating to or characterized by reversion to something ancient or ancestral 返祖性的;回到远祖的

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**ataxia** | **atherosclerosis**
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atavisın** n. **atavistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: based on L. atavus 'forefather' + the adjectival suffix -istic.

**ataxia** /ə'tæksiǝ/(also亦作 **ataxy**/-si/) ■n. Medicine 【医】the loss of full control of bodily movements 共济失调
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ataxic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk, from a- 'without' + taxis 'order.

**ATB** abbr. all-terrain bike 山地自行车

**ATC** abbr. 1 air traffic control or controller 空中交通管制,空中交通管控员 2 Air Training Corps(英国)航空训练团

**ate** /et, eit/ past of EAT * eat 的过去式

**-ate¹** /ət, eit/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting status or office 表示地位或职务:doctorate 博士学位 ➤denoting a state or function 表示状态或功能:mandate 命令 2 denoting a group 表示团体:electorate 全体选民 3 Chemistry【化】 denoting a salt or ester, especially of an acid with a corresponding name ending in -ic 表示………酸盐或………酸酯(尤指名称以-ic结尾的某类酸的酸盐或酸酯):chlorate 氯酸盐 4 denoting a product of a chemical process 表示化学反应产物:condensate 冷凝液
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. at or L. -atus, -ata, -atum.

**-ate²** /eit, ǝt/ suffix 1 forming adjectives and nouns such as associate 构成形容词和名词(如associate) 2 forming adjectives from Latin 构成源于拉丁语的形容词:caudate 有尾核的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -atus, -ata, -atum.

**-ate³** /ert/ suffix forming verbs such as fascinate 构成动词(如fascinate)
-ORIGIN 词源 from -ATE²; orig. on the basis of past participial adjectives ending in -atus, later extended to Latin verbs ending in -are and French verbs ending in -er.

**atelectasis** /ætı'lektǝsıs/n. Medicine 【医】partial collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung 肺不张,肺萎陷
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk atelēs 'imperfect' + ektasis 'extension.

**atelier** /ə'telier/ n. a workshop or studio 画室;工作室;摄影棚
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from OFr. astelle 'splinter of wood.

**a tempo** /a:'tempǝu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】 in the previous tempo按原速(的),用先前速度(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'in time.

**atenolol** /ə'tenǝlvl/n. Medicine 【医】 a beta blocker used mainly to treat angina and high blood pressure 阿替洛尔,氨酰心安,苯氧胺
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: perh. from a(ngina) + ten(sion) + (propran)olol.

**ATF** abbr. (in the US) (Federal Bureau of) Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms(美国)联邦烟酒枪械管理局

**Athabaskan** /æǝbæsk(ə)n/ (also 亦作 **Athapas-kan**) n. 1 a family of North American Indian languages, including Navajo and Apache 阿萨巴斯卡语族 2 a speaker of any of the Athabaskan languages 阿萨巴斯卡人 ■adj. relating to Athabaskan 阿萨巴斯卡语(或人)的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Athabasca, a lake in western Canada + -ΑΝ.

**athanor** /'æənə:(r)/ ■n. historical 【史义】 a type of furnace used by alchemists 炼丹炉
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Arab. at-tannur, from al- 'the' + tannur 'baker's oven.

**Atharva Veda** /ǝtzıvə 'verdə, 'vi:dǝ/n. Hinduism 【印度教】a collection of hymns and ritual utterances added at a later stage to the existing Veda material 《阿闼婆吠陀》(颂歌和宗教祭祀用语集,后收入吠陀文献)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit Atharvan (the name of Brahma's eldest son, said to be the author of the collection) +VEDA.

**atheism** /'eıiız(ə)m/ ■n. disbelief in the existence of a god or gods 无神论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atheist** n. **atheistic** adj. **atheis-tical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. athéisme, from Gk atheos, from a- 'without' + theos 'god.

**atheling** /'æǝlın/ n. a prince or lord in Anglo-Saxon England(英格兰盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的)王子,贵族
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ætheling, of W. Gmc origin, from a base meaning 'race, family.

**athematic** /ær'mætik, er-/ adj. 1 Music【音】 (of a composition) not thematic(作品)无主题的 2 Grammar【语法】(of a verb form) having a suffix attached to the stem without a connecting (thematic) vowel(动词加后缀时)无词干元音的

**Athenaeum** /ærni:ǝm/ (US also【美亦作】 **Atheneum**) n. used in the names of libraries or institutions for literary or scientific study 图书馆(用于图书馆名称),协会(用于文学、科研机构名称)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk Athēnaion, denoting the temple of the goddess Athene.

**Athenian** /ə'li:niən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Athens 雅典人 ■adj. relating to Athens 雅典的;雅典人的;雅典文化的

**atherogenic** /æǝrǝ(u)'dzenık / adj. Physiology 【生理】tending to promote the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries 致动脉粥样化的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atherogenesis** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from ATHEROMA + -GENIC.

**atheroma** /æǝrǝumə(r)/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 degeneration of the walls of the arteries, leading to restriction of the circulation and a risk of thrombosis 粥样斑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atheromatous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk athērōma, from athērē 'groats.

**atherosclerosis** /æǝrǝu,sklır'ǝusis, -sklə-/n. Medicine 【医】 a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on

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their inner walls 动脉粥样硬化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atherosclerotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk athērē 'groats' + sklērōsis(see见 SCLEROSIS).

**athetosis** /ær'ǝusis/n. Medicine 【医】a condition in which abnormal muscle contraction causes involuntary writhing movements 手足徐动症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **athetoid** adj. **athetotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk athetos 'without position' + -osis.

**athlete** /'æli:t/ n. a person who is proficient in sports 运动员 ➤Brit. 【英】 a person who competes in track and field events 田径运动员
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. athleta, from Gk athētēs, from athlein 'compete for a prize, from athlon 'prize.

**athlete's foot** n. a form of ringworm infection affecting mainly the skin between the toes 脚癣

**athletic** /æ'letik/ adj. 1 physically strong and fit 强壮的,健壮的 2 Brit. 【英】 relating to athletes or athletics 运动员的;运动的,体育的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **athletically** adv. **athleticism** n.

**athletics** /æ'letıks/ pl. n. [usu. treated as sing.通常视作单数] 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 the sport of competing in track and field events 田径运动 2 N. Amer.【北美】 physical sports and games of any kind 体育运动

**at-home** n. a social gathering in a person's home 家庭招待会

**-athon** /ən/ suffix forming nouns denoting an action or activity which is carried on for a very long time or on a very large scale, typically to raise funds for charity 构成名词,表示持续时间长的或大规模的活动,多为慈善筹款:a talkathon马拉松式的讨论
-ORIGIN 词源 on the pattern of (mar)athon.

**athwart** /ə'wo:t/ prep. 1 from side to side of; across 橫跨 2 counter to 与･･･相反 ■adv. 1 across from side to side; transversely 横跨着 2 so as to be perverse or contradictory 相反,逆
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from A-² + THWART.

**-atic** /'ætık/suffix forming adjectives and nouns 构成形容词和名词: aquatic 水的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -atique or L. -aticus, sometimes based on Gk-atikos.

**atilt** /ə'tılt/adv. tilted and nearly falling 倾斜地,几乎要倒地

**-ation** /'eifn/ suffix (forming nouns) denoting an action or its result(构成名词)动作,结果:explora-tion 探险
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -ation or L. -ation-.

**-ative** /ətiv, estiv/ suffix (forming adjectives) denoting a characteristic or propensity(构成形容词)表示特点或倾向:pejorative 贬损的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -atif, -ative or L. -ativus (from past part. stems ending in -at).

**Atkins diet** /'ætkinz/n. (trademark in the US 【美国商标】) a high-protein, high-fat diet in which carbohydrates are severely restricted 阿特金斯减肥法(一种在饮食中摄入高蛋白、高脂肪同时严格控制碳水化合物的减肥法)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: named after the American cardiologist R. C. Atkins.

**Atlantean** /æt'læntiǝn/ adj. relating to the legendary island of Atlantis(传说中)亚特兰蒂斯岛的

**atlantes** /æt'lænti:z/ plural form of ATLAS (sense 3) * atlas(释义3)的复数形式

**Atlantic** /æt'læntık/ adj. 1 of or adjoining the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋的;大西洋沿岸的 2 Geology 【地质】relating to or denoting the third climatic stage of the postglacial period in northern Europe (about 7,500 to 5,000 years ago), with a moist oceanic climate 大西洋(冰后)期的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk Atlantikos, from Atlas, Atlant-(see见 ATLAS). The term orig. referred to Mount Atlas in Libya.

**Atlanticism** /æt'læntısız(ə)m/ ■n. belief in a close relationship between western Europe and the US, or particularly in NATO 大西洋主义(主张西欧与美国,特别是北约各成员国间建立密切关系)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Atlanticist** n. & adj.

**atlas** /'ætləs/ n. 1 a book of maps or charts 地图集;图册 2 Anatomy 【解】 the topmost vertebra of the backbone, articulating with the occipital bone of the skull 寰椎,第一颈椎 3 (pl. **atlantes** /æt'lænti:z/) Architecture【建】a stone carving of a male figure, used as a column to support the entablature of a Greek or Greek-style building(希腊或希腊式建筑中支撑檐部的)男像柱
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk Atlas, the Titan of Greek mythology who held up the heavens and whose picture appeared at the front of early atlases.

**atlas moth** n. a very large boldly marked tropical silk moth 大乌桕蚕[Attacus atlas.]

**ATM** abbr. 1 Telecommunications 【电信】asynchronous transfer mode 异步转移模式 2 automated teller machine 自动取款机

**atman** /'a:tmən/ ■n. Hinduism 【印度教】the spiritual life principle of the universe, especially when regarded as immanent in the real self of the individual(尤指被视为存在于真实自我中的)我 ➤a person's soul (人的)灵魂
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit ātman, lit. ‘essence.

**atmosphere** /'ætməsfıə(r)/ n. 1 the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet 大气(层) ➤the air in a particular place(特定场所的)空气 2 a pervading tone or mood 气氛,环境,氛围 ➤a pleasurable and interesting or exciting mood 情调;感染力 3 Physics 【物】 a unit of pressure equal to mean atmospheric pressure at sea level, 101,325 pascals (roughly 14.7 pounds per square inch) 大气压(压强单位,相当于海平面平均大气压,即101,325 帕斯卡)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atmospheric** adj. **atmospherical** adj.(archaic【古】). **atmospherically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. atmosphaera, from Gk atmos 'vapour' + sphaira 'globe.

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**atmospherics** | **atrazine**
**atmospherics** /ætməs'feriks/ pl. n. electrical disturbances in the atmosphere, especially as they interfere with telecommunications 天电,大气干扰

**ATOL** /'ætpl/ abbr. (in the UK) Air Travel Organizer's Licence(英国)航空旅行组织者执照

**atoll** /'ætol, ǝ'tol/ n. a ring-shaped reef or chain of islands formed of coral 环礁,环状珊瑚岛
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Maldivian atoļu.

**atom** /'ætəm/ ■n. 1 the smallest particle of a chemical element, consisting of a positively charged nucleus (containing protons and typically also neutrons) surrounded by negatively charged electrons 原子 2 [usu. with neg.通常与否定结构连用] an extremely small amount 微量
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. atome, via L. from Gk atomos 'indivisible', based on a- 'not' + temnein 'to cut.

**atom bomb** (also 亦作 **atomic bomb**) n. a bomb which derives its destructive power from the rapid release of energy by fission of heavy atomic nuclei 原子弹

**atomic** /ə'tomık/ adj. 1 relating to an atom or atoms 原子的 2 of or forming a single irreducible unit or component in a larger system(较大体系中)不可再分的,最小单位的 3 relating to or denoting nuclear energy 原子能的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atomically** adv.

**atomic clock** n. an extremely accurate type of clock which is regulated by the vibrations of an atomic or molecular system such as caesium or ammonia 原子钟

**atomicity** /ætə'mısıti/ n. 1 Chemistry 【化】 the number of atoms in the molecule of an element 原子数;原子价;化合价 2 the state or fact of being composed of atoms 原子态

**atomic mass** n. the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units 原子质量

**atomic mass unit** n. a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights, equal to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12原子质量单位

**atomic number** n. Chemistry 【化】 the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is characteristic of a chemical element and determines its place in the periodic table 原子序数

**atomic theory** n. the theory that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles (atoms)原子论(认为所有物质都由微小的、不可分割的粒子构成)

**atomic volume** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 the volume occupied by one gram-atom of an element under standard conditions 原子体积

**atomic weight** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 another term for RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS * relative atomic mass 的另一种说法

**atomism** /'ætəmizəm/ n. chiefly Philosophy 【主哲】a theoretical approach that regards something as interpretable through analysis into distinct, separable, and independent elementary components 原子论 The opposite of 反义词 HOLISM.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atomist** n. **atomistic** adj.

**atomize** or **atomise** /'ætəmaız/ v. 1 convert (a substance) into very fine particles or droplets 使(物质)成为微粒(或点滴) 2 fragment(something)使(某物)分裂(或碎裂)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atomization** n. **atomizer** n.

**atomy** /'ætəmi/ n. (pl. **atomies**) archaic 【古】a skeleton or emaciated body骨骼;极瘦之身躯
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ANATOMY, taken as an atomy.

**atonal** /er'tǝunl, ǝ-/ adj. Music 【音】 not written in any key or mode 无调性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atonalism** n. **atonalist** n. **atonality** n.

**atone** /ə'tǝun/ v. (**atone for**) make amends or reparation for 赎(罪);弥补
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from at one in early use; later by back- form. from ATONEMENT.

**atonement** /ə'təunm(ə)nt/ n. 1 reparation for a wrong or injury (对过失或伤害的)弥补 2 (**the Atonement**) Christian Theology 【基神】the reconciliation of God and mankind through the death of Jesus Christ 赎罪(通过耶稣基督牺牲自己而促成的上帝与人的和解)
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from at one + -MENT.

**atonic** /ə'tonık/ adj. 1 Linguistics 【语言】(of a syllable) without accent or stress无重音的;清音的 2 Physiology【生理】lacking muscular tone 失张力的,弛缓的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atony** /'ætəni/ n.

**atop** /ǝ'top/prep. on the top of 在……顶上 ■adv. on the top 在顶上

**atopic** /er'topik/ adj. denoting a form of allergy in which a hypersensitivity reaction such as eczema or asthma may occur in a part of the body not in contact with the allergen(过敏)特应性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atopy** /'ætəpi/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk atopia 'unusualness.

**-ator** /ertə(r)/ suffix forming agent nouns such as agitator 构成施动者名词(如agitator)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., or sometimes representing Fr. -ateur.

**-atory** /ət(ə)ri/ suffix (forming adjectives) relating to or involving an action(构成形容词)…动作的:explanatory 解释性的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -atorius.

**ATP** abbr. 1 Biochemistry 【生化】 adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷 2 Brit.【英】 automatic train protection 列车自动保护系统

**atrabilious** /ætrǝ'biliəs/ adj. literary【文】 melancholy or ill-tempered 忧郁的;脾气暴躁的
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. atra bilis 'black bile', translation of Gk melankholia 'melancholy', + -IOUS.

**atraumatic** /ertro:'mætık/ adj. (of a medical or surgical procedure) causing minimal tissue injury (医疗或手术过程)无创(伤)的

**atrazine** /'ætrəzi:n/ n. a synthetic compound derived from triazine, used as an agricultural herbicide 阿特拉津,莠去津

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-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of amino and TRIAZINE.

**atresia** /ə'tri:fə, ziǝ/ n. 1 Medicine 【医】 absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage in the body 闭锁 2 Physiology 【生理】 the degeneration of those Graafian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle(不排卵的赫拉夫卵泡的)萎缩消失
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from A-1 + Gk trēsis 'perforation' + -IA¹.

**atrioventricular** / eitriǝ(u)ven'trikjulə(r)/ adj. Anatomy & Physiology【解,生理】 relating to the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart 房室的

**atrium** /'eitriǝm/ n. (pl. **atria** /'extriǝ/ or **atriums**) 1 Architecture【建】 an open-roofed central court in an ancient Roman house(古罗马住宅中央的)中庭 ➤a central hall or court in a modern building, typically rising through several stories and having a glazed roof(现代大楼里常高达数层、有玻璃穹顶的)正厅 2 Anatomy【解】 each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles 心房
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atrial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L.

**atrocious** /ə'trǝufəs/ adj. 1 horrifyingly wicked凶残的;恶毒的,残暴的 2 extremely bad or unpleasant 非常恶劣的,糟透的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atrociously** adv. **atrocious-ness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. atrox, atroc- 'cruel' + -IOUS.

**atrocity** /ə'trosǝti/ n. (pl. **atrocities**) an extremely wicked or cruel act 恶行;暴行
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. atrocité or L. atrocitas, from atrox, atroc- 'cruel.

**atrophy** /'ætrǝfi/ v. (**atrophies**, **atrophying**, **atrophied**) 1 (of body tissue or an organ) waste away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution (身体组织或器官的)萎缩 2 gradually decline in effectiveness or vigour(效力或活力的)逐渐衰退 ■n. the condition or process of atrophying 衰退;萎缩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atrophic** /ə'trofık/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. atrophier (v.), atrophie (n.), from late L. atrophia, from Gk, 'lack of food.

**atropine** /'ætrǝpi:n, -in/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】a poisonous compound found in deadly nightshade, used in medicine as an antispasmodic drug 阿托品,颠茄碱
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L. Atropa belladonna 'deadly nightshade', from Atropos 'inflexible', the name of one of the Fates + -INE.

**at sign** n. the symbol @符号@

**attaboy** /'ætəbəı/ exclam. an informal expression of encouragement or admiration 好啊,好样的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: prob. representing a casual pronunc. of that's the boy.

**attach** /ǝ'tæt/ v. 1 fasten; join 系牢;连接 ➤add or fasten (a related document) to another, or to an email 附加(相关文件);给(电子邮件)添加附件 ➤include (a condition) as part of an agreement (在协议中)附加(条件) 2 attribute importance or value to 认为……有(重要性或价值) 3 [as adj.作形容词 **attached**] full of affection or fondness 爱慕的,喜欢的: He became increasingly attached to Tara. 他越来越迷恋塔拉。 4 appoint for special or temporary duties 分派(特殊或临时任务) 5 Law, archaic【律,古】 seize (a person or property) by legal authority 扣押(人员或财产)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attachable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. atachier 'fasten, fix.

**attaché** /ə'tæfei/ n. a person on the staff of an ambassador, having a specialized area of responsibility(大使馆)专员
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'attached', past part. of attacher.

**attaché case** n. a small, flat briefcase for carrying documents 公文包

**attachment** /ə'tætſmənt/ n. 1 an extra part or extension attached to perform a function 附属物;附加装置 ➤a computer file appended to an email (电子邮件的)附件 2 affection or fondness 爱慕,喜欢 ➤an affectionate relationship 爱慕关系 3 the action of attaching 连接;系牢 4 Brit.【英】 temporary secondment to an organization 暂调,临时调任
-PHRASES 短语 **attachment of earnings** English Law 【英格兰律】payment of debts by direct deduction from the debtor's earnings, under a court order 扣发工资(根据法院裁定,从债务人的收入中直接扣除一部分用以抵债)

**attack** /ə'tæk/ v. 1 take aggressive action against 进攻,攻击 ➤(of a disease, chemical, etc.) act harmfully on(疾病、化学物质等)侵袭,侵害 2 criticize or oppose fiercely and publicly 严厉抨击,公开批评 3 begin to deal with (a problem or task) in a determined way 着手大力处理(问题或任务) 4 (in sport) make a forceful attempt to score goals or points(在体育运动中)进攻 ■n. 1 an instance of attacking 攻击,袭击,进攻 ➤destructive action by a disease or chemical(疾病或化学物质的)侵袭,侵害 2 a sudden short bout of an illness or disorder(疾病或骚乱突然而短暂的)发作 3 the players in a team whose role is to attack 进攻队员,得分手 4 a forceful style in performing music or another art(音乐演奏或其他艺术表演的)有力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attacker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. attaque (n.), attaquer (v.), from Ital. attacco 'an attack', attaccare 'join battle.

**attain** /ə'tein/ v. 1 succeed in accomplishing 获得,实现 2 reach(a specified age, size, or amount)达到(一定年龄、规模或数量)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attainability** n. **attainable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ateindre, from L. attingere, from ad- 'at, to' + tangere 'to touch.

**attainder** /ə'teındə(r)/ n. historical【史义】the

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**attainment** | **attitude**
forfeiture of land and civil rights suffered as a consequence of a sentence of death for treason or felony(因叛国或其他重罪被判处死刑后)被剥夺土地和公民权
-PHRASES 短语 **act** (or **bill**) **of attainder** an item of legislation inflicting attainder without judicial process 剥夺公权法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., var. of OFr. ateindre in the sense 'convict, bring to justice' (see见ATTAIN).

**attainment** /ə'teinmənt/ n. the action or fact of attaining a goal 获得;实现 ➤a skill or educational achievement技能;成就;造诣

**attaint** /ə'teint/ v. 1 historical 【史义】 subject to attainder 剥夺土地和公民权 2 archaic 【古】(of a disease) affect or infect(疾病)侵袭,感染
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'touch, attain') : from obs. attaint (adj.), from OFr. ataint, ateint, past part. of ateindre (see见 ATTAIN).

**Attalid** /'ætəlıd/ n. a member of a Hellenistic dynasty named after Attalus I (reigned 241-197 вс), which flourished in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC 阿塔利德王朝(希腊一王朝,得名于阿塔罗斯一世,兴盛于公元前3世纪至前2世纪)

**attar** /'ætə(r)/ (also 亦作 **otto**) n. a fragrant essential oil, typically made from rose petals(通常从玫瑰花瓣中提取的)精油
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Pers. from Arab. 'itr 'perfume, essence.

**attempt** /ə'tempt/ v. make an effort to achieve or complete 试图,努力 ➤try to climb to the top of (a mountain)试图登上(山)顶 ■n. an act of attempting 尝试;努力 ➤a bid to kill someone 谋杀企图
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. attempter, from L. attemptare, from ad- 'to' + temptare 'to tempt.

**attend** /ə'tend/ v. 1 be present at 出席,参加 ➤go regularly to (a school, church, or clinic) 定期去(学校、教堂或诊所) 2 (**attend to**) deal with 处理,料理 ➤pay attention to 关注,注意 3 occur at the same time as or as a result of 同时发生;(作为结果)伴随 4 escort and wait on (a member of royalty or other important person)陪同,服侍(皇室成员等要人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attendee** n. **attender** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. atendre, from L. attendere, from ad- 'to' + tendere 'stretch.

**attendance** /ə'tendəns/ n. 1 the action or state of attending 出席,参加 2 the number of people present at a particular occasion 在场人数,出席人数

**attendant** /ə'tend(ə)nt/ n. 1 a person employed to provide a service to the public 服务员 ➤an assistant to an important person随从;仆从;侍臣 2 a person who attends a particular occasion 出席者,参加者 ■adj. occurring at the same time or as a result of 同时发生的,随之而来的

**attention** /ə'tenfn/ n. 1 the mental faculty of considering or taking notice 注意力 ➤notice taken 关注,注意 2 special care or consideration关心,照料 ➤ (**attentions**) a person's behaviour to another as an indication of affection or sexual interest 殷勤 3 Military【军】a position assumed by a soldier, standing very straight with the feet together and the arms straight down the sides of the body VIE
-PHRASES 短语 **pay attention** take notice of someone or something 注意,留意
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attentional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. attentio(n-), from attendere (see见ATTEND).

**attention deficit disorder** n. any of a range of behavioural disorders occurring primarily in children, including such symptoms as poor concentration, hyperactivity, and learning difficulties 注意障碍

**attentive** /ə'tentiv/ adj. 1 paying close attention 注意的;专心的 2 assiduously attending to the comfort or wishes of others 体贴的,周到的,无微不至的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attentively** adv. **attentiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. attentif, -ive, from atendre(see见 ATTEND).

**attenuate** /ə'tenjuert/ v. 1 reduce the strength, effect, or value of 使(力量、效果或价值)减少 2 make thin or thinner 使(更)稀薄(或纤细)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attenuation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as attenuation): from L. attenuat-, attenuare 'make slender.

**attenuator** /ə'tenjuertə(r)/ n. a device which reduces the strength of a radio or audio signal 衰减器

**attest** /ə'test/ v. 1 provide or serve as clear evidence of 证明,表明 2 declare that something exists or is the case 宣称存在,断言………为实
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attestation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as attestation): from Fr. attester, from L. attestari, from ad- 'to' + testari 'to witness.

**Attic** /'ætık/ adj. relating to Attica in eastern Greece, or ancient Athens, or the dialect of Greek spoken there(希腊东部)阿提卡的,古雅典的,阿提卡方言的 ■n. the Attic dialect spoken in ancient Athens(古雅典)阿提卡方言

**attic** /'ætık/ n. a space or room inside or partly inside the roof of a building 顶楼;阁楼
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as an architectural term designating a small order (column and entablature) above a taller one): from Fr. attique, from L. Atticus.

**Atticism** /'ætısız(ə)m/ n. a word or form characteristic of Attic Greek, regarded as having particular literary elegance(古雅典人使用的)古希腊语词章

**attire** /ə'taıə(r)/ formal or literary 【正式或文】n. clothes, especially fine or formal ones 服装;(尤指)盛装,正装 ■v. (**be attired**) be dressed in clothes of a specified kind 着装
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. atirier, atirer 'equip', from a tire 'in order.

**attitude** /'ætıtju:d/n. 1 a settled way of thinking or feeling 态度,看法 ➤a position of the body

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indicating a particular mental state 姿势,姿态 2 informal 【非正式】 truculent behaviour 敌意 ➤self-confident behaviour 自信: She snapped her fingers with attitude. 她信心十足地打了个响指。 3 the orientation of an aircraft or spacecraft(飞机或航天器飞行时的)姿态
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attitudinal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. attitudine 'fitness, posture.

**attitudinize** or **attitudinise** /ætr'tju:dınaız/v. adopt or express a particular attitude, typically just for effect(为取得某种效果而)装腔作势,做作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attitudinizer** n.

**atto-** /'ætǝu/comb. form denoting a factor of 10⁻¹⁸ 阿,阿托(表示10⁻¹⁸): attowatt 阿瓦
-ORIGIN 词源 from Dan. or Norw. atten 'eighteen.

**attorn** /ǝ'ts:n/ ■v. Law 【律】 formally make or acknowledge a transfer 转让,让与
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the senses 'turn, change') : from OFr. atorner (see见ATTORNEY).

**attorney** /ə't3:ni/ n. (pl. **attorneys**) a person, typically a lawyer, appointed to act for another in legal matters 代理人;法律事务代理人 ➤chiefly US【主美】 a qualified lawyer 律师
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. atorne, past part. of atorner 'assign, from a 'towards' + torner 'turn.

**attorney general** n. (pl. **attorneys general**) the principal legal officer who represents the Crown or a state in legal proceedings and gives legal advice to the government 总检察长 ➤(**Attorney General**) the head of the US Department of Justice(美国)司法部长

**attract** /ə'trækt/ v. 1 draw or bring in by offering something of interest or advantage 引来,吸引 2 evoke (a specified reaction)激起,引起(某一具体反应) 3 (often 常用 **be attracted to**) cause to have a liking for or interest in 使产生好感(或兴趣) 4 exert a pull on 吸引
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attractor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. attract-, attrahere 'draw near.

**attractant** /ə'trækt(ə)nt/ n. a substance which attracts 具有吸引力的物质

**attraction** /ə'trækfn/ n. 1 the action or power of attracting 吸引,吸引力,诱惑力 ➤a quality or feature that attracts 具有吸引力的品质(或特征) ➤a building or place which draws visitors 景点,胜地 2 Physics 【物】a force under the influence of which objects tend to move towards each other 吸引力

**attractive** /ə'træktıv/ adj. 1 pleasing or appealing to the senses 吸引人的,动人的 ➤(of a person) appealing to look at(人)迷人的,引人注目的 ➤having qualities or features which arouse interest 吸引人的,引起兴趣的 2 relating to attraction between physical objects 吸引力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attractively** adv. **attractive-ness** n.

**attribute** v. /ə'trıbju:t/ (**attribute something to**) regard something as belonging to or being caused by 把…归(因)于 ■n./'ætribju:t/ 1 a quality or feature regarded as characteristic or inherent 属性,特性;品质 ➤a material object recognized as representative of a person, status, or office 标志;象征 2 Computing【计】 a piece of information which determines the properties of a field or tag in a database or a string of characters in a display 属性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attributable** /ə'trıbjutəbl/ adj. **attribution** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C15(earlier (ME) as attribution): the noun from OFr. attribut; the verb from L. attribut- 'allotted': both from attribuere, from ad- 'to' + tribuere 'assign.

**attributive** /ə'trıbjutıv/ adj. Grammar【语法】(of an adjective or other modifier) preceding the word that it modifies and expressing an attribute, as old in the old dog(形容词等修饰语)用作定语的 Contrasted with 对照 PREDICATIVE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attributively** adv.

**attrit** /ə'trit/ v. (**attrits**, **attriting**, **attrited**) US informal【美,非正式】wear down (an opponent) by sustained action 消耗,削弱(对手)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: back-form. from ATTRITION.

**attrition** /ə'trifn/ n. 1 the action or process of gradually wearing down through sustained attack or pressure(通过持久进攻或施压来实现的)削弱,消耗 2 wearing away by friction 磨损 3 (in scholastic theology) sorrow for sin falling short of contrition (经院神学用语)懊悔
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attritional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. attritio(n-), from atterere 'to rub.

**attune** /ə'tju:n/ v. adjust or accustom to a situation 使适应,使习惯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **attunement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from AT- + TUNE.

**Atty** abbr. Attorney

**ATV** abbr. N. Amer. 【北美】 all-terrain vehicle

**atypical** /er'tıpıkl/ adj. not typical 非典型的,不典型的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **atypically** adv.

**AU** abbr. 1 African Union 非洲联盟 2 (also亦作**a.u.**) astronomical unit(s)天文单位

**Au** symb. the chemical element gold(化学元素)金
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. aurum.

**aubade** /ə'ba:d/ ■n. a poem or piece of music appropriate to the dawn 晨歌;黎明曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Sp. albada, from alba 'dawn.

**auberge** /ə'beǝz/ n. an inn in French-speaking countries(法语国家的)小客栈,小旅馆
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Provençal alberga 'lodging.

**aubergine** /'ǝubəzi:n/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】1 the purple egg-shaped fruit of a tropical plant, eaten as a vegetable(紫)茄子 2 the plant of the nightshade family which bears aubergines 茄 [Solanum melongena.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Catalan alberginia,

<150>
**aubretia** | **auditor**
from Arab. al-bādinjān.

**aubretia** /ɔ:'bri:fǝ/ (also 亦作 **aubrietia**) n. a dwarf evergreen trailing plant with dense masses of foliage and purple, pink, or white flowers 紫芥菜 [Aubrieta deltoidea.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., named after the French botanist Claude Aubriet.

**auburn** /'ɔ:bən, 'ɔ:b3:n/ n. a reddish-brown colour 赤褐色的,赭色的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. auborne, from L. alburnus 'whitish', from albus 'white' (the word became assoc. with brown because in the 16th and 17th cents. it was often written abrune or abroun).

**AUC** abbr. used to indicate a date reckoned from 753 BC, the year of the foundation of Rome(以公元前753年罗马建成为起始的)罗马纪元
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. ab urbe condita 'from the foundation of the city.

**au courant** /ǝu ku'rn/ adj. up to date and well informed 时新的,消息灵通的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'in the (regular) course.

**auction** /'o:kfn/ n. 1 a public sale in which goods or property are sold to the highest bidder 拍卖 2 Bridge【桥牌】the part of the game in which players bid to decide the contract in which the hand shall be played 叫牌;叫牌阶段 ■v. sell or offer for sale at an auction 拍卖
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. auctio(n-) 'increase, auction.

**auction bridge** n. an obsolete form of the card game bridge, in which all tricks won counted towards the game whether bid or not 竞叫桥牌,拍卖式桥牌

**auctioneer** /əksə'nıə(r)/ n. a person who conducts auctions by accepting bids and declaring goods sold 拍卖师
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auctioneering** n.

**audacious** /ɔ:'deıfəs/ adj. 1 recklessly daring 大胆的 2 lacking respect; impudent 放肆的,厚颜无耻的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **audaciously** adv. **audaciousness** n. **audacity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(earlier(ME) as audacity) : from L. audax, audac- 'bold' + -IOUS.

**audial** /'ɔ:diəl/ adj. relating to or perceived through the sense of hearing听觉的;听力的
-ORIGIN 词源 late 20th cent.: formed irregularly from L. audire 'hear', on the pattern of visual.

**audible** /'ɔ:dəbl/ adj. able to be heard 听得见的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **audibility** n. **audibly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from late L. audibilis, from audire 'hear.

**audience** /'ɔ:diəns/ n. 1 the assembled spectators or listeners at an event 观众;听众 2 the readership of a book, magazine, or newspaper(书籍、报刊的)读者(群) 3 a formal interview with a person in authority 谒见;正式接见
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. audientia, from audire 'hear.

**audio-** /'ɔ:diǝu/ comb. form relating to hearing or sound, especially when recorded, transmitted, or reproduced 听觉的;(尤指录制、传送或复制的)声音的:audiovisual 视听的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. audire 'hear'.

**audiobook** /'ɔ:diǝubuk/ n. a recording on CD or cassette of a reading of a book, typically a novel(磁带或光盘录制的)有声读物

**audio frequency** n. a frequency of oscillation capable of being perceived by the human ear, generally between 20 and 20,000 Hz(人耳可听到的)音频(通常在20至20,000赫兹之间)

**audiogram** /'ɔ:diǝugræm/ n. a graphic record produced by audiometry 听力图

**audio guide** n. a handheld device which provides recorded information for visitors touring a museum, gallery, etc.(博物馆、美术馆等处提供的)语音导览机,自动讲解器

**audiology** /ɔ:di'vlədzi/ n. the branch of science and medicine concerned with the sense of hearing 听力学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **audiological** adj. **audiologist** n.

**audiometry** /:dimitri/ n. measurement of the range and sensitivity of a person's sense of hearing 听力测量;测听(法)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **audiometer** n. **audiometric** adj.

**audiophile** /'ɔ:diǝufaıl/ n. a hi-fi enthusiast 高保真音响爱好者

**audio tape** n. magnetic tape on which sound can be recorded(可录音的)磁带 ■v. (**audiotape**) record (sound) on tape(用磁带)录(音)

**audiovisual** /ɔ:diǝu'vızuəl/ adj. using both sight and sound, typically in the form of images and recorded or music 视听的

**audit** /'ɔ:dit/ n. an official inspection of an organization's accounts, typically by an independent body 审计,查账 ■v.(**audits**, **auditing**, **audited**) 1 conduct an audit of 查账,稽核 2 N. Amer.【北美】 attend (a class) informally, without working for credit 旁听(课程)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auditability** n. **auditable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. auditus 'hearing', from audire 'hear', in med. L. auditus (compoti) 'audit (of an account)', an audit orig. being presented orally.

**audition** /ǝ:'dıfn/ n. 1 an interview for a musician, actor, etc., consisting of a practical demonstration of the candidate's suitability and skill (对演艺人员的)面试,试听,试音 2 archaic 【古】 the power of hearing 听觉,听力 ■v. assess or be assessed by an audition 对…进行面试;接受面试
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auditionee** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. auditio(n-), from audire 'hear'.

**auditor** /'ɔ:dıtə(r)/ n. 1 a person who conducts an audit 审计员;查账员 2 a listener 听众 3 N. Amer. 【北美】 a person who attends a class informally without working for credit 旁听生
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auditorial** adj.
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**auditorium** /ɔ:dr'tɔ:riǝm/ n. (pl. **auditoriums** or **auditoria**) 1 the part of a theatre or hall in which the audience sits听众席;观众席 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a large hall used for public gatherings 会 堂,礼堂
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., neut. of auditorius(see见 AUDITORY).

**auditory** /'ɔ:dıt(ə)ri/ adj. relating to the sense of hearing 听觉的
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. auditorius, from audire 'hear'.

**au fait** /ǝu 'fer/ adj. (**au fait with**) having a good or detailed knowledge of熟悉的;精通的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'to the point'.

**au fond** /ǝu 'fo/ adv. in essence 本质上,根本上
--ORIGIN词源 from Fr.

**Aug.** abbr. August.

**auger** /'ɔ:gǝ/ n. a tool resembling a large corkscrew, for boring holes(钻洞用的)螺旋钻
-ORIGIN 词源 OE nafogar, from nafu (see 见 NAVE²) + gar 'piercer'; the n was lost by wrong division of a nauger.
> USAGE 用法说明
> See usage at AUGUR. 参见 augur的用法说明。

**auger shell** n. a marine mollusc with a slender tapering spiral shell, often brightly coloured 钻螺 [Terebra and other genera.]

**aught¹** /ɔ:t/(also 亦作 **ought**) pron. archaic 【古】 anything at all 任何事物
-ORIGIN 词源 OE āwiht (see见AYE¹, WIGHT).

**aught²** /ɔ:t/ n. variant spelling of OUGHT² * ought²的 另一种拼法.

**augite** /'ɔ:dzart/ n. a dark green or black alumino-silicate mineral found in many igneous rocks 普通辉石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. augites, denoting a precious stone, from Gk augitēs, from auge 'lustre'.

**augment** /ɔ:g'ment/ v. 1 make greater by addition; increase 增大,增加 2 [as adj.作形容词 **augmented**] Music【音】denoting an interval which is one semitone greater than the corresponding major or perfect interval 增半音的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. augmenter (v.), augment (n.), or late L. augmentare, from L. augere 'to increase'.

**augmentation** /ɔ:gmen'terfn/ n. the action or process of augmenting 增大,增加 ➤ Music【音】the lengthening of the time values of notes in a melodic part 增值(指在旋律声部中音符的时值增长)

**augmentative** /ɔ:g'mentǝtıv/ adj. Linguistics 【语言】 (of an affix or derived word) reinforcing the idea of the original word, especially by meaning 'a large one of its kind'(词缀或派生词)大的,增强词义的

**au gratin** /ǝu 'græte/ adj. [postpos.后置] sprinkled with breadcrumbs or grated cheese and browned 裹 有面包屑(或碎干酪)脆皮的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'by grating', from gratter 'to grate'.

**augur** /'ɔ:gə(r)/ ■v. (pl. **auditoriums** or **or hall** portend a good or bad outcome预示,预兆 ■n. (in ancient Rome) a religious official who interpreted natural signs so as to determine divine approval or disapproval of a proposed action(古罗马时期的)占 卜官
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **augural** /'ɔ:gjur(ə)l/ adj. (ar-chaic【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'diviner'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> Don't confuse **augur** (a verb meaning 'portend a good or bad outcome', as in **this augurs well**) and **auger** (a type of tool used for boring).不要混淆 augur 和 auger。前者是动词, 意为“预示,预兆”,如:This augurs well.这是个 好兆头。而后者指的是钻孔用的螺旋钻。

**augury** /'ɔ:gjuri/ n. (pl. **auguries**) 1 an omen 预 兆,征兆 2 the interpretation of omens 占卜

**August** /'ɔ:gǝst/ n. the eighth month of the year 八月
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. augustus 'consecrated, venerable'; named after Augustus Caesar, the first Roman emperor.

**august** /ɔ:'gʌst/ adj. inspiring respect and admiration 威严的;令人肃然起敬的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **augustly** adv. **augustness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. auguste or L. augustus 'consecrated, venerable'.

**Augustan** /ɔ:'gʌst(ə)n/ adj. 1 connected with or occurring during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus, especially as a notable period of Latin literature(古罗马帝国皇帝)奥古斯都的;奥古斯都 时期的;(尤指)奥古斯都时期拉丁文学的 2 relating to or denoting a refined and classical style of 17th- and 18th-century English literature(17至18世纪英 国文学)古典的 ■n. a writer of the Augustan age 奥古 斯都时期作家

**Augustine** /ɔ:'gʌstın/ n. an Augustinian friar 奥古 斯丁修会会员

**Augustinian** /ɔ:gə'stıniən/ adj. relating to St Augustine (354-430) or his doctrines 圣奥古斯 丁的;圣奥古斯丁教义的 ➤relating to or denoting a religious order observing a rule derived from St Augustine's writings 奥古斯丁会的 ■n. a member of an Augustinian order 奥古斯丁会员 ➤an adherent of the doctrines of St Augustine 圣奥古斯丁教义的信 奉者

**auk** /ɔ:k/ n. a short-winged diving seabird of a family including the guillemot and puffin, typically black and white 海雀 [Family Alcidae.]
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from ON álka 'razorbill'.

**auld** /ɔ:ld, a:ld/ adj. Scottish form of OLD * old 的苏 格兰说法
-PHRASES 短语 **auld lang syne** times long past 昔 日,往昔
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ald, Anglian form of OLD.

**aumbry** /'ɔ:mbri/(also亦作 **ambry**) n. (pl. **aumbries**) a small recess or cupboard in the wall of a church(教堂墙上的)凹室,壁龛
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. armarie, from L. armarium 'closet', from arma 'utensils'.

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**au naturel** /ǝu nætju'rel/ adj. & adv. in the most simple or natural way 自然的(地),全天然的(地) > humorous 【幽】naked 裸体的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**aunt** /ɑ:nt/ n. 1 the sister of one's father or mother or the wife of one's uncle 姑母;姨母;伯母;婶母; 舅母 2 informal 【非正式】an unrelated adult female friend of a child's parents 阿姨
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ante, from L. amita.

**auntie** /'a:nti/(also 亦作 **aunty**) n. (pl. **aunties**) informal 【非正式】 1 aunt 姑母;姨母;伯母;婶母; 舅母 2 (**Auntie**) Brit. 【英】 the BBC英国广播公司

**Aunt Sally** /ɑ:nt 'sæli/ n. (pl. **Aunt Sallies**) 1 a game played in parts of Britain in which players throw sticks or balls at a wooden dummy (formerly a figure of a woman)投掷萨利大婶游戏(英国某些地 区流行的以棒或球掷木偶的游戏,该木偶最初为女性形 象) 2 a person or thing set up as an easy target for criticism 众矢之的,攻击对象

**au pair** /ǝu 'peǝ(r)/ n. a young foreign person, typically a woman, who helps with housework and childcare in exchange for board and lodging 换工的女孩(以帮助做家务、照顾孩子等换取食宿的外国 年轻女孩)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'on equal terms'.

**aura** /'ɔ:rǝ/ n. (pl. **auras** or **aurae** /-ri:/) 1 the distinctive atmosphere or quality that seems to be generated by someone or something气氛,氛 围 2 (in spiritualism and some forms of alternative medicine) a supposed emanation surrounding the body of a living creature(唯灵论和某些非正统医学所 宣扬的环绕在活的生物周围的)光环 3 Medicine 【医】 a warning sensation experienced before an attack of epilepsy or migraine(癫痫或偏头痛发作前的)先兆
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, lit. 'a gentle breeze': via L. from Gk, 'breeze, breath'.

**aural** /'ɔ:r(ə)l/ adj. relating to the ear or the sense of hearing 耳朵的,听力的,听觉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aurally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. auris 'ear' + -AL.
> USAGE 用法说明
> The words **aural** and **oral** have the same pronunciation in standard English, which can sometimes lead to confusion. A distinctive pronunciation for **aural** has been proposed, with the first syllable rhyming with **cow**, but it has not become standard.在规范英 语中,aural 和 oral 发音相同。这有时会造成 混淆。针对这一情况有人提出改变 aural一词的发音 (使其第一个音节与Cow同韵),但这一发音还未被正 式采用。

**aurar** /'ɔ:ra:(r)/ plural form of EYRIR * eyrir 的复数 形式

**aureate** /'ɔ:riət/ adj. made of or having the colour of gold 金制的;金(色)的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. aureatus, from L. aureus 'golden, from aurum 'gold'.

**aureole** /'ɔ:riǝul/ (also 亦作 **aureola** /ɔ:'ri:ǝlǝ/) n. 1 (in paintings) a radiant circle surrounding a person's head or body as a way of representing holiness(画作中圣人的)光环,光轮 2 a corona around the sun or moon(日或月的)晕 3 Geology 【地质】the zone of metamorphosed rock surrounding an igneous intrusion(岩浆侵入处周围 的)接触变质晕(或带)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aureole, from L. aureola (corona) 'golden (crown)', fem. of aureolus (dimin. of aureus, from aurum 'gold').

**aureus** /'ɔ:riǝs/ n. (pl. **aurei**) an ancient Roman coin worth 25 silver denarii 奥里斯(古罗马货币,价 值25 德纳列斯银币)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., noun use of aureus 'golden', from aurum'gold'.

**au revoir** /ǝu rǝ'vwa:(r)/ exclam. goodbye 再见
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'to the seeing again'.

**auric¹** /'ɔ:rık/ adj. relating to an aura 光环的

**auric²** /'ɔ:rık/ adj. Chemistry 【化】 of gold with a valency of three; of gold (III) 三价金的;正金的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. aurum 'gold' + -Ic.

**auricle** /'ɔ:rıkl/n. Anatomy & Zoology【解,动】1 the external part or pinna of the ear耳郭 2 an atrium of the heart 心耳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auriculate** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. auricula, dimin. of auris 'ear'.

**auricula** /ɔ:'rıkjulə/ n. an Alpine primula with leaves said to resemble bears' ears 耳状报春花 [Primula auricula.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., dimin. of auris 'ear'.

**auricular** /ɔ:'rıkjulə(r)/ adj. 1 relating to the ear or hearing 耳的;听觉的 2 relating to or shaped like an auricle耳郭的;耳郭状的
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from late L. auricularis, from auricula, dimin. of auris 'ear'.

**auriferous** /ɔ:'rıf(ə)rəs/ adj. (of rocks or minerals) containing gold(岩石或矿物)含金的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. aurifer 'gold-bearing' + -OUS.

**Aurignacian** /ɔ:rı'njeı∫n, ɒrɪg'neɪ-/ adj. Archaeology【考古】 relating to or denoting the early stages of the Upper Palaeolithic culture in Europe and the Near East, dated to about 34,000-29,000 years ago 奥瑞纳文化的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr. Aurignacien, from Aurignac in SW France, where objects from this culture were found.

**aurochs** /'ɔ:roks, 'au-/ n. (pl. same单复同) a large extinct wild ox that was the ancestor of domestic cattle 原牛 [Bos primigenius.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ger., var. of Auerochs, from Old High Ger. ūrohso, from úr + ohso 'ox'.

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**aurora** /ɔ:'rɔ:rǝ/ n. (pl. **auroras** or **aurorae** /-ri:/) 1 the Northern Lights (**aurora borealis**) or Southern Lights (**aurora australis**), a natural phenomenon characterized by the appearance of streamers of coloured light in the sky near the earth's magnetic poles and caused by the interaction of charged particles from the sun with atoms in the upper atmosphere 极光 2 literary【文】the dawn 黎明,晨曦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auroral** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'dawn, goddess of the dawn'.

**AUS** abbr. Australia (international vehicle registration)澳大利亚(国际车辆登记)

**auscultation** /ɔ:sk(ə)l'teı∫n/ n. the action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs with a stethoscope 听诊(法)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auscultate** v. **auscultatory** /ɔ:'skʌltət(ə)ri/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. auscultatio(n-), from auscultare 'listen to'.

**Auslese** /'ausleızǝ/ n. a white wine of German origin or style made from selected bunches of grapes picked later than the general harvest 奥斯莱 泽白葡萄酒(德国风味葡萄酒,由精选的晚熟葡萄制成)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger., from aus 'out' + Lese 'picking'.

**auspice** /'ɔ:spıs/n. archaic 【古】an omen 前兆,兆头
-PHRASES 短语 **under the auspices of** with the support or protection of 在……支持下,在…保护下
-ORIGIN 词源 C16, lit. 'the observation of bird flight in divination': from Fr., or from L. auspicium, from auspex 'observer of birds'.

**auspicious** /ɔ:'spı∫əs/ adj. indicating a good chance of success; favourable吉利的;有利的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auspiciously** adv. **auspiciousness** n.

**Aussie** /'ɒzi, 'ɔ:si/ (also 亦作 **Ozzie**) ■n. & adj. informal 【非正式】Australia or Australian 澳大利亚 (的);澳大利亚人(的)

**austenite** /'ɒstɪnaɪt, 'ɔ:-/ n. Metallurgy【冶】a relatively soft component of steel consisting of a solid solution of carbon in iron 奥氏体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **austenitic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the English metallurgist Sir William Roberts-Austen, + -ITE¹.

**austere** /ɒ'stıǝ(r), ɔ:-/ adj. (**austerer**, **austerest**) 1 severe or strict in appearance or manner(外表或 态度)严厉的,冷峻的,苛刻的 2 lacking comforts, luxuries, or adornment 刻苦的;简朴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **austerely** adv. **austerity** n. (pl. **austerities**).
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. austerus, from Gk austéros 'severe'.

**austral** /'ɒstr(ə)l, 'ɔ:-/ adj. technical 【技】 1 of the southern hemisphere 南半球的 2 (**Austral**) of Australia or Australasia 澳大利亚的;澳大拉西亚的
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. australis, from Auster 'the south, the south wind'.

**Australasian** /ɒstrǝ'leıʒn, -∫n/ adj. relating to Australasia, a region consisting of Australia, New Zealand, and islands of the SW Pacific 澳大拉西亚 的(包括澳大利亚、新西兰及西南太平洋诸岛) ■n. a person from Australasia 澳大拉西亚人

**Australian** /ɒ'streıliǝn/ n. a native or national of Australia, or a person of Australian descent 澳大 利亚人;澳大利亚裔 ■adj. relating to Australia 澳大 利亚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Australianism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. australien, from L. australis in the phr. Terra Australis 'the southern land', the name of the supposed southern continent.

**Australian Rules** n. a form of football played on an oval field with an oval ball by teams of eighteen players 澳大利亚式橄榄球运动

**Australoid** /'ɒstrəlɔıd, 'ɔ:-/ adj. relating to or denoting the broad division of humankind represented by Australian Aboriginal peoples 澳大 利亚土著的 ■n. an Australoid person 澳大利亚土著
> USAGE 用法说明
> The term **Australoid** belongs to a set of terms introduced by 19th-century anthropologists attempting to categorize human races. Such terms are associated with outdated notions of racial types, and so are now potentially offensive and best avoided. * Australoid 一词属于 19世纪人类学家发明的一系列词汇。这些人类学家试 图对人种进行分类。该系列词汇和过时的种族类型概 念相联系,现在被认为可能具有冒犯之意,最好避免 使用。

**Australopithecus** /ɒstrələu'pıθɪkəs, ɔ:-/ n. a genus of fossil bipedal primates with both ape-like and human characteristics, found in Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene deposits in Africa 南方古猿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **australopithecine** /-ɪsi:n/ n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. australis (see见 AUSTRAL) + Gk pithēkos 'ape'.

**Austrian** /'ɒstriən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Austria, or a person of Austrian descent 奥地利人; 奥地利裔 ■adj. relating to Austria or its people 奧地 利的;奥地利人的

**Austrian blind** n. a ruched blind extending about a third of the way down a window 奥地利(抽褶)窗帘 (从上到下遮住窗子的约1/3面积)

**Austro-**¹ /'ɒstrǝu, 'ɔ:-/ comb. form Austrian; Austrian and... 奥地利的;奥地利和………的: **Austro-Hungarian** 奥匈帝国的

**Austro-**² /'ɒstrǝu, 'ɔ:-/ comb. form 1 Australian; Australian and... 澳大利亚的;澳大利亚和……的: **Austro-Malayan** 澳大利亚和马来群岛的 2 southern 南 方的: **Austro-Asiatic** 南亚语系的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. australis 'southern'.

**Austro-Asiatic** adj. relating to or denoting a phylum of languages spoken in SE Asia, including the Mon-Khmer and Munda families 南亚语系的(包 括孟高棉语族和扪达语族) ■n. the Austro-Asiatic phylum of languages 南亚语系

**Austronesian** /ɒstrə(u)'ni:ziən, -ʒn, ɔ:-/ adj. relating to or denoting a family of languages spoken in an area extending from Madagascar in the west to the Pacific islands in the east 澳斯特罗尼西亚语系的,南岛 语系的 ■n. the Austronesian family of languages 澳斯 特罗尼西亚语系,南岛语系
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger. austronesisch, based on L. australis (see见 AUSTRAL) + Gk nēsos island'.

<154>
**aut-** /ɔ:t/ prefix variant spelling of AUTO-¹ shortened before a vowel * auto-的另一种拼法(o在元音前 省略)

**autarchy** /'ɔ:ta:ki/ n. (pl. **autarchies**) 1 another term for AUTOCRACY * autocracy 的另一种说法 2 variant spelling of AUTARKY * autarky的另一种拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autarch** n. **autarchic** adj.

**autarky** /'ɔ:ta:ki/ (also 亦作 **autarchy**) n. (pl. **autarkies**) 1 economic independence or self-sufficiency(经济上的)独立,自给自足 2 a state or society which is economically independent(经济上) 自给自足的国家(或社区)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autarkic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk autarkeia, from autarkēs 'self-sufficiency'.

**autecology** /ɔ:tı'kɒlǝdzi/n. Biology 【生物】the ecological study of a particular species 个体生态学 Contrasted with 对照 SYNECOLOGY.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autecological** adj.

**auteur** /ǝu'tɜ:(r):, ɔ:-/ n. a film director who influences their films so much that they rank as their author 主创导演;性格导演
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auteurism** n. **auteurist** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from Fr., lit. 'author'.

**authentic** /ɔ:'θentık/ adj. 1 of undisputed origin or veracity; genuine 可信的;真正的,真实的 2 Music【音】(of a church mode) containing notes between the principal note or final and the note an octave higher(教会调式)正的 Compare with 比较 PLAGAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **authentically** adv. **authenticity** /ɔ:θen'tısıti/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. authenticus, from Gk authentikos 'principal, genuine'.

**authenticate** /ɔ:'θentıkeit/ v. prove or show to be authentic 证实;证明……是真的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **authentication** /ɔ:θenti'keı∫n/ n. **authenticator** n.

**author** /'ɔ:θə(r)/ ■n. 1 a writer of a book, article, or report 作者,著者 2 an originator of a plan or idea (计划或主张的)创始者,发起人 ■v. be the author or the originator of 编写,写作,创始,发起
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **authoress** n. **authorial** /ɔ:'θɔ:riǝl/adj. **authorship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. autor, from L. auctor, from augere 'increase, originate'.

**authoring** /'ɔ:θərıŋ/ n. the creation of programs and databases for computer applications such as multimedia products(程序或数据库的)编写

**authoritarian** /ɔ:θɒrı'teəriən/ adj. favouring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom 专制的,独裁的 ■n. an authoritarian person 独裁者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **authoritarianism** n.

**authoritative** /ə'θɒrıtǝtiv, -,teıtiv/ adj. 1 reliable because true or accurate 可靠的,可信的: **an authoritative source** 可靠来源 2 commanding and self-confident 有权威的,威严自信的 3 supported by authority 官方的,当局的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **authoritatively** adv. **authoritativeness** n.

**authority** /ə'θɒrǝti/ n. (pl. **authorities**) 1 the power or right to give orders and enforce obedience 管辖权;权力 2 a person or organization exerting control in a political or administrative sphere 当权 者:当局 3 the power to influence others based on recognized knowledge or expertise 威信,影响力 > an authoritative person, book, or other source 权威 专家;经典著作
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. autorite, from L. auctoritas, from auctor (see 见 AUTHOR).

**authorize** or **authorise** /'ɔ:θəraız/ v. give official permission for or approval to 授权;批准
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **authorization** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. autoriser, from med. L. auctorizare, from L. auctor (see见 AUTHOR).

**Authorized Version** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】an English translation of the Bible made in 1611 at the order of James I and still widely used(《圣经》 的)钦定英译本(英王詹姆斯一世于1611年颁行,于今 仍广为流传)

**autism** /'ɔ:tız(ə)m/ n. a mental condition characterized by great difficulty in communicating with others and in using language and abstract concepts 自闭症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autist** n. **autistic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk autos 'self' + -ISM.

**autistic spectrum disorder** n. any condition in which the subject displays autistic characteristics 自闭症障碍

**auto**¹ /'ɔ:təบ/ n. (pl. **autos**) informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】a car汽车

**auto**² /'ɔ:tə/ adj. & n. short for AUTOMATIC * automatic 的缩略式

**auto-**¹ /'ɔ:tə/ (usu. **aut-** before a vowel 元音前通常 用aut-) comb. form 1 self 自己: **autocrat** 独裁者 2 one's own 本人的: **autograph** 亲笔签名 3 automatic; spontaneous 自动的;自发的: **autoxidation** 自氧化
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk autos 'self'.

**auto-**² /'ɔ:tə/ comb. form relating to cars 车辆的: **autocross** 汽车越野赛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from AUTOMOBILE.

**autoantibody** /ɔ:tə'æntibɒdi/ n. (pl. **autoantibodies**) Physiology 【生理】 an antibody produced by an organism in response to a constituent of its own tissues 自身抗体

**autobahn** /'ɔ:tə(ʊ)ba:n/ n. a German, Austrian, or Swiss motorway(德国、奥地利或瑞士的)高速公路

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-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Ger., from Auto 'car' + Bahn 'path, road'.

**autobiography** /ɔ:təbaɪ'ɒgrǝfi/ n. (pl. **autobiographies**) an account of a person's life written by that person 自传
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autobiographer** n. **autobiographic** adj. **autobiographical** adj. **autobiographically** adv.

**autocatalysis** /ɔ:tə(ʊ)kə'tælısıs/n. Chemistry【化】 catalysis of a reaction by one of its products 自催化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autocatalytic** adj.

**autocephalous** /ɔ:tə(u)'sef(ə)ləs, -'kef-/ adj. (of an Eastern Christian Church) appointing its own head, not subject to the authority of an external patriarch or archbishop (东正教教会)自主的,自治的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk autokephalos (from autos 'self' + kephalē 'head') + -OUS.

**autochrome** /'ɔ:təkrǝom/ n. an early form of colour photography using plates coated with dyed starch grains 彩色胶片摄影术,奥托克罗姆微粒彩屏干 版法

**autochthon** /ɔ:'tɒkθən, -θɒn/n. (pl. **autochthons** or **autochthones** /-θəni:z/) an indigenous inhabitant of a place 本地居民,土著
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk, lit. 'sprung from the earth', from autos 'self' + khthōn 'earth'.

**autochthonous** /ɔ:tɒkθənəs/ adj. 1 indigenous 土 著的 2 Geology 【地质】(of a deposit or formation) formed in its present position (沉积物或岩层)原地 生成的 Often contrasted with 常对照 ALLOCHTHONOUS.

**autoclave** /'ɔ:tə(u)kleiv/n. a strong heated container used for chemical reactions and processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization 高压釜,加压釜 ■v. heat in an autoclave 用高压釜加热
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from auto- 'self' + L. clavus 'nail' or clavis 'key' (so named because it is self-fastening).

**autocomplete** /ɔ:təkəm'pli:t/ n. a software program that completes words or strings without the user needing to type them in full自动完成(或补全)(程序)

**autocorrelation** /ɔ:təkɒrə'leı∫n/n. Mathematics & Statistics【数,统计】correlation between the elements of a series and others from the same series separated from them by a given interval 自相关

**autocracy** /ɔ:'tɒkrəsi/ n. (pl. **autocracies**) a system of government by one person with absolute power 独裁政体;独裁体制 ➤a country, state, or society governed in this way 独裁国家(或组织)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk autokrateia, from autokratēs, from autos 'self' + kratos 'power'.

**autocrat** /'ɔ:təkræt/ n. 1 a ruler who has absolute power 独裁者 2 a domineering person专横的人,独断 专行的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autocratic** adj. **autocratically** adv.
> 1911 Published six years before the Russian 2011 Revolution, the first edition defined autocrat as 'absolute ruler', and listed the phrase Autocrat of All the Russias as a contemporary title of the Russian tsars. How times change: after the rise and fall of the Soviet Union a tsar or czar is now usually a person appointed to coordinate policy in a particular area, and autocratic Russians are often termed oligarchs.第一版出版于俄国革命 6年之前,将 autocrat 释义为“绝对的统治者”,并 列出 Autocrat of All the Russias (全俄独裁 者)这个短语作为当时俄国沙皇的称号。弹指一挥间, 人世沧桑变幻:苏联崛起而又解体,如今tsar 或 czar 通常指受命协调特定领域政策的人,表示俄国专 制者常用 oligarch.

**autocrine** /'ɔ:təkraın/ adj. Biochemistry 【生化】 denoting or relating to a cell-produced substance that has an effect on the cell by which it is secreted 自分泌的
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from AUTO-¹ + Gk krinein 'to separate'.

**autocross** /'ɔ:təukrɒs/n. Brit. 【英】 a motor racing sport in which cars are driven over courses on rough terrain or unmade roads 汽车越野赛

**autocue** /'ɔ:təukju:/ n. trademark, Brit. 【商标,英】 a device used as a television prompt in which a script is projected on to a screen visible only to the speaker or performer 电子提词机

**auto-da-fé** /ɔ:təuda:'feı/ n. (pl. **autos-da-fé** /ɔ:təuz-/) the burning of a heretic by the Spanish Inquisition(西班牙宗教法庭对异教徒实行的)火刑
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Port., lit. 'act of the faith'.

**autodial** /'ɔ:tə(u)daıəl/ v. (**autodials**, **autodialling**, **autodialled**; US【美】 **autodials**, **autodialing**, **autodialed**) Computing 【计】(of a modem) automatically dial a telephone number or establish a connection with a computer(调制解调器)自动拨号, 自动连接
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autodialler** n.

**autodidact** /ɔ:təu'daıdækt/ n. a self-taught person 自学者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autodidactic** adj.

**auto-erotic** adj. relating to sexual excitement generated by fantasizing about or stimulating one's own body 自体性欲的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auto-eroticism** n.

**auto-exposure** n. a device which sets the exposure automatically on a camera or other device (照相机等仪器的)自动曝光装置

**autofill** /'ɔ:təufıl/ n. a software function that completes data in browser forms without the user needing to type it in full 自动填充(功能)

**autofocus** /'ɔ:təu,fəʊkəs/ n. a device focusing a camera or other device automatically(照相机等仪 器的)自(动)调焦(装置)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autofocusing** n.

**autogamy** /ɔ:'tɒgəmi/n. Biology 【生物】 self-fertilization 自体受精 Compare with 比较 ALLOGAMY.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autogamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from AUTO-¹ + Gk gamos 'marriage'.

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**autogenic** /ɔ:tə(u)'dʒenık/ adj. technical 【技】 self-generated 自生的,自发的

**autogenic training** n. a form of relaxation therapy involving autosuggestion 自生训练(一种含有自我暗 示的放松疗法)

**autogenous** /ɔ:'tɒdʒınəs/ adj. 1 arising from within or from a thing itself自体的,自主的,自身的 2 (of welding) done either without a filler or with a filler of the same metal as the pieces being welded(焊接)自 熔接的

**autogiro** /ɔ:tə(u)'dʒaı(ə)rǝu/ (also 亦作 **autogyro**) ■n. (pl. **autogiros**) a form of aircraft with unpowered freely rotating horizontal blades and a propeller自 转旋翼机
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Sp., from auto- 'self' + giro 'gyration'.

**autograft** /'ɔ:təgrɑ:ft/ n. a graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individual's body 自体 移植物

**autograph** /'ɔ:təgrɑ:f/ n. 1 a celebrity's signature written for an admirer(名人的)亲笔签名 2 a manuscript or musical score in an author's or composer's own handwriting(作家或作曲家的) 手稿 3 a person's handwriting 手迹 ■v. write one's signature on 签名 ■adj. written in the author's own handwriting 亲笔的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autographic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. autographe or late L. autographum, from Gk autographon, neut. of autographos 'written with one's own hand'.

**autoharp** /'ɔ:təuha:p/ n. a kind of zither fitted with a series of sprung and padded bars which allow the playing of chords by damping selected strings 自动 竖琴

**autoimmune** /ɔ:təuı'mju:n/ adj. Medicine【医】 relating to or denoting disease caused by antibodies or lymphocytes produced against substances naturally present in the body 自身免疫的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autoimmunity** n.

**autointoxication** /ɔ:təuıntɒksı'keı∫n/n. Medicine 【医】poisoning by a toxin formed within the body itself 自体中毒,自身中毒

**autologous** /ɔ:'tɒləgəs/ adj. (of cells or tissues) obtained from the same individual(细胞或组织)自 体的

**autolysis** /ɔ:'tɒlısıs/n. Biology 【生物】 the destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes 自溶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autolytic** adj.

**automated teller machine** /'ɔ:təmeıtıd/n. a machine that automatically provides cash and performs other banking services on insertion of a special card 自动取款机,自动柜员机

**automatic** /ɔ:tə'mætık/ adj. 1 (of a device or process) working by itself with little or no direct human control(装置或进程)自动的 ➤(of a firearm) self-loading and able to fire continuously (火器) 自动的 2 done or occurring without conscious thought 无意识的,不假思索的 3 (of a penalty or legal sanction) necessary and inevitable, as a result of a fixed rule or particular set of circumstances(惩 罚或法律制裁)必然的 ■n. an automatic machine or device 自动机械;自动装置
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **automatically** adv. **automaticity** n. **automatization** or **automatisation** n. **automatize** or **automatise** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk automatos (see见AUTOMATON) + -IC.

**automatic pilot** n. a device for keeping an aircraft on a set course(飞机的)自动驾驶仪
-PHRASES 短语 **on automatic pilot** doing something out of routine or habit, without conscious thought 出于惯例(或习惯)地,不假思索地

**automatic writing** n. writing said to be produced by a spiritual, occult, or subconscious agency 自书, 自动书写

**automation** /ɔ:tə'meı∫n/ n. the use or introduction of automatic equipment in a manufacturing or other process or facility 自动化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **automate** V.

**automatism** /ɔ:'tɒmətız(ə)m/ ■n. Psychiatry 【精神】 action which does not involve conscious thought or intention 自动症
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. automatisme, from automate 'automaton', from Gk automatos (see见 AUTOMATON).

**automaton** /ɔ:'tɒmət(ə)n/ n. (pl. **automata** /-tə/ or **automatons**) 1 a moving mechanical device made in imitation of a human being 机器人 2 a machine which performs a function according to a set of coded instructions 自动机
-ORIGIN 词源C17: via L. from Gk, neut. of automatos 'acting of itself', from autos 'self'.

**automobile** /'ɔ:təmə(u)bi:l/ n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北 美】a car汽车

**automotive** /ɔ:tə'məʊtiv/ adj. relating to motor vehicles 与汽车有关的,机动车的

**autonomic** /ɔ:tə'nɒmik/ adj. Physiology【生理】 relating to or denoting the part of the nervous system responsible for control of breathing, circulation, digestion, and other bodily functions not consciously directed 自主的

**autonomy** /ɔ:'tɒnəmi/ n. (pl. **autonomies**) 1 the possession or right of self-government自治;自治权 2 freedom of action自由,自主
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autonomist** n. & adj. **autonomous** adj. **autonomously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk autonomia, from autonomos 'having its own laws', from autos 'self' + nomos 'law'.

**autopilot** /'ɔ:təu paılət/ n. short for AUTOMATIC PILOT * automatic pilot 的缩略式

**autopista** /ɔ:tə(u)'pi:stə/ n. a motorway in a Spanish-speaking country(西班牙语国家的)高速公路
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Sp., from auto 'automobile' + pista 'track'.

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**autopsy** /'ɔ:tɒpsi, ɔ:'tɒpsi/ n. (pl. **autopsies**) a postmortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease 尸体解剖,验尸 ■v. (**autopsies**, **autopsying**, **autopsied**) perform an autopsy on 解剖(尸体)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'personal observation'): from Fr. autopsie or mod. L. autopsia, from Gk, from autoptēs 'eyewitness'.

**autoradiograph** /ɔ:təu'reıdıǝ,grɑ:f/ (also 亦作 **autoradiogram** /ɔ:təu'reıdıǝ,græm/) n. a photograph produced by radiation from radioactive material in the object photographed 放射自显影照片
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autoradiographic** adj. **autoradiography** n.

**autorotation** /ɔ:tə(ʊ)rǝ(u)'teı∫n/ n. rotation of an object caused by the flow of moving air or water around it 自转动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autorotate** V.

**autoroute** /'ɔ:tə(u)ru:t/ n. a French motorway(法 国的)高速公路
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**autosave** /'ɔ:təu,seıv/n. Computing 【计】 a software facility which automatically saves a user's work at regular intervals 自动保存

**autosome** /'ɔ:təsəum/n. Biology 【生物】 any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome 常染 色体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autosomal** adj.

**autostrada** /ɔ:tə(u),stra:dǝ/ n. (pl. **autostradas** or **autostrade**/-deı, Italian 意大利语读作-de/) an Italian motorway(意大利的)高速公路
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital., from auto 'automobile' + strada 'road'.

**autosuggestion** /ɔ:tə(u)sə'dʒest∫n/ n. the hypnotic or subconscious adoption of an idea which one has originated oneself 自我暗示

**autotelic** /ɔ:tə(u)'telık/ adj. (of an activity or a creative work) having an end or purpose in itself (活 动或创作)自身具有目的的,为其本身的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from AUTO-¹ + Gk telos 'end' + -Ic.

**autotomy** /ɔ:'tɒtəmi/n. Zoology 【动】 the casting off of a part of the body (e.g. the tail of a lizard) by an animal under threat 自切

**autotoxin** /ɔ:tə(u)'tɒksın/ n. a substance produced by an organism which is toxic to itself 自体毒素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autotoxic** adj.

**autotransformer** /ɔ:tə(ʊ)træns'fɔ:mə(r)/ n. an electrical transformer which has a single winding of which part is common to both primary and secondary circuits 自耦变压器

**autotransplantation** /ɔ:təʊ,trænspla:n'teı∫n/n. transplantation of tissue from one site to another in the same individual 自体移植
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autotransplant** n. **autotransplanted** adj.

**autotroph** /'ɔ:tə(u)trɒf, trəʊf/n. Biology 【生物】 an organism that synthesizes nutrients from simple inorganic substances 自养生物 Compare with 比较 HETEROTROPH.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autotrophic** adj. **autotrophy** n.

**autoworker** /'ɔ:təu,wɜ:kə(r)/ ■n. chiefly N. Amer.【主 北美】 a person who works in the motor industry汽 车工人

**autoxidation** /ɔ:tɒksi'deı∫n/ n. Chemistry 【化】 spontaneous oxidation of a substance in the presence of oxygen 自氧化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autoxidize** or **autoxidise** v.

**autumn** /'ɔ:təm/ n. 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 the season after summer and before winter 秋季,秋天 2 Astronomy 【天文】the period from the autumn equinox to the winter solstice 秋(季)(从秋分到冬至)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **autumnal** /ɔ:'tʌmnl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. autompne, or later directly from L. autumnus.

**autumn crocus** n. a plant of the lily family with autumn-blooming flowers 秋水仙 [Genus Colchicum.]

**autunite** /'ɔ:tənaıt/ n. a yellow fluorescent mineral consisting of a phosphate of calcium and uranium 钙铀云母
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Autun, a town in eastern France, + -ΙΠΕ¹.

**auxiliary** /ɔ:g'zıliəri, ɒg-/ adj. providing additional help or support 辅助的 ■n. (pl. **auxiliaries**) an auxiliary person or thing 助手;辅助物 ➤N. Amer. 【北美】 a group of volunteers who assist a church, hospital, etc. with charitable activities 志愿队
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. auxiliarius, from auxilium 'help'.

**auxiliary verb** n. Grammar【语法】a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs (in English primarily **be**, **do**, and **have**)助动词

**auxin** /'ɔ:ksın/ n. a plant growth hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots(植物)生长素
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: coined in Ger. from Gk auxein 'to increase' + -IN¹.

**auxotroph** /'ɔ:ksətrəʊf, -trɒf/n. Biology 【生 物】 a mutant organism that requires a particular additional nutrient which the normal strain does not 营养缺陷型,营养缺陷生物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **auxotrophic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from L. auxilium 'help' + Gk trophos 'feeder'.

**AV** abbr. 1 alternative vote (or voting)选择性投票 制,排序复选制 2 audiovisual 3 Authorized Version (of the Bible)(《圣经》的)钦定英译本

**Av** n. variant spelling of AB¹ * AB的另一种拼法

**avadavat** /'ævədəvæt/ (also 亦作 **amadavat**) n. a red or green South Asian waxbill sometimes kept as a cage bird 梅花雀 [Genus Amandava: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: named after the city of Ahmadabad in India.

**avail** /ə'veıl/ v. 1 (**avail oneself of**) use or take advantage of 利用 2 help or benefit 有益于;有助于 ■n. (usu. in phr. 通常用于短语 **of/to no avail**) use or benefit 效用;裨益

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-ORIGIN 词源ME: from obs. vail, from OFr. valoir, from L. valere 'be strong, be of value'.

**available** /ə'veıləbl/ adj. 1 able to be used or obtained 可利用的;可获得的 2 not otherwise occupied; free 有空闲的,有时间的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **availability** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the senses 'effectual, serviceable' and 'legally valid') : from AVAIL + -ABLE.

**avalanche** /'ævǝla:n∫/n. 1 a mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside 雪崩;山 崩 2 an occurrence of something in overwhelming quantities(突如其来的)大量 3 Physics 【物】a cumulative process in which an ion or electron generates further ions or electrons by collision(离 子或电子)雪崩 ■v. 1 fall in an avalanche 崩塌, 碎落 2 Physics 【物】 undergo a rapid increase in conductivity due to an avalanche process 雪崩倍增
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., alt. of Alpine dial. lavanche, influenced by avaler 'descend'.

**avant-** /'ævɒ̃/ comb. form (especially with reference to popular music) original or innovative; avant-garde(尤指流行音乐)先锋的,原创的,前卫的: **avant-rock** 先锋派摇滚

**avant-garde** /ævɒ̃'ga:d/ adj. (in the arts) new and unusual or experimental (艺术)先锋派的,前 卫的 ■n. (**the avant-garde**) avant-garde ideas or artists 前卫思想;先锋派艺术家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avant-gardism** n. **avant-gardist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting the vanguard of an army): from Fr., lit. 'vanguard'.

**Avar** /ə'vɑ:(r)/ n. 1 a member of an ancient nomadic people from central Asia 阿瓦尔人(中亚 的古老游牧民族) 2 a pastoral people of Dagestan in Russia 阿瓦尔人(俄罗斯达吉斯坦的畜牧民族) 3 the North Caucasian language of the modern Avars 阿 瓦尔语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Avar.

**avarice** /'æv(ə)rıs/n. extreme greed for wealth or material gain(对物质财富的)贪婪,贪得无厌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avaricious** adj. **avariciously** adv. **avariciousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr., from L. avaritia, from avarus 'greedy'.

**avascular** /ə'væskjulə(r), eı-/ adj. Medicine【医】 characterized by or associated with a lack of blood vessels 无血管的

**avast** /ə'vɑ:st/exclam. Nautical 【航海】 stop; cease 停止
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Du. hou'vast, houd vast 'hold fast!'.

**avatar** /'ævǝta:(r)/ n. 1 chiefly Hinduism 【主印度教】 a manifestation of a deity or released soul in bodily form on earth(神或灵魂的)化身 2 an incarnation or embodiment of a person or idea(人或思想的) 化身 3 an icon or figure representing a particular person in a computer game, Internet forum, etc.(用 户)头像
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit avatāra 'descent'.

**avaunt** /ə'vɔ:nt/ exclam. archaic 【古】 go away 走 开,离开
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. var. of OFr. avant, from L. ab 'from' + ante 'before'.

**ave** /'ɑ:veı/ exclam. archaic 【古】 used to express good wishes on meeting or parting 欢迎;一路平安
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'fare well!', sing. imper. of avere.

**Ave.** abbr. Avenue

**Ave Maria** /ɑ:veı mə'ri:ǝ/ n. a prayer to the Virgin Mary used in Catholic worship; a Hail Mary(天主 教礼拜中的)“万福马利亚”祈祷
-ORIGIN 词源 the opening words in L., lit. 'hail, Mary!'.

**avenge** /ə'vendʒ/ v. inflict harm in return for (an injury or wrong)(因受到伤害或冤屈而)报复, 报仇 ➤inflict retribution on behalf of (a wronged person)(为含冤受屈者)报仇
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avenger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avengier, from a- (from L. ad 'to') + vengier, from L. vindicare 'vindicate'.

**avens** /'eıv(ə)nz/ n. a plant with serrated, divided leaves and seeds bearing small hooks 路边青,水杨 梅 [Genus Geum: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avence (med. L. avencia).

**aventurine** /ə'ventʃərın/ n. 1 brownish glass containing sparkling particles of copper or gold 金 星玻璃 2 translucent quartz or feldspar containing small reflective mineral particles 砂金石
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. avventurino, from avventura 'chance' (because of its accidental discovery).

**avenue** /'ævənju:/ n. 1 a broad road or path, especially one lined with trees 大道;(尤指)林阴道 2 a means of approach途径,方法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., fem. past part. of avenir 'arrive, approach'.

**aver** /ə'vɜ:(r)/ ■v. (**avers**, **averring**, **averred**) formal 【正式】state or assert to be the case 宣称,断言 ➤Law【律】 allege as a fact in support of a plea(在诉 状中)宣称,断言
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. averer, based on L. ad 'to' + verus 'true'.

**average** /'ævǝrıdʒ/ n. 1 the result obtained by adding several amounts together and then dividing the total by the number of amounts 平均数,平 均值 2 a usual or ordinary amount, level, or rate 一般数量;平均水平,通常比率 3 Law【律】the apportionment of financial liability resulting from loss of or damage to a ship or its cargo 海损 ■adj. 1 constituting an average 平均的 2 of the usual or ordinary amount, level, or rate普通的,平常的 > mediocre 平庸的,一般的: **a very average movie** 一 部非常一般的电影 ■v. 1 amount to or achieve as an average 平均达到 > calculate or estimate the average of 计算(或估算)平均值 2 (**average out**) result in an even distribution 平均分配

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **averagely** adv. **averageness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. avarie 'damage to ship or cargo', from Ital. avaria, from Arab. 'awar; the mod. sense arose from the equitable sharing of liability for losses at sea between the owners of the vessel and of the cargo.

**avermectin** /ævə'mektın/n. Medicine 【医】 any of a group of macrocyclic compounds isolated from a strain of bacteria, used to destroy parasitic worms 阿维菌素类杀虫剂,除虫菌素
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from mod. L. (Streptomyces) averm(itilis), the source bacterium, + ect- + -IN¹.

**averment** /ə'vɜ:m(ə)nt/ n. formal 【正式】an affirmation or allegation 断言;声称 > Law【律】 a formal statement including an offer of proof or substantiation主张;宣称;陈述

**averse** /ə'vɜ:s/ adj. (usu. 通常用 **averse to**) strongly disliking or opposed 憎恶的,强烈反对的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. avers-, avertere (see见 AVERT).
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the confusion of **averse** with **adverse**, see ADVERSE. 关于 averse 和 adverse 的辨析,参见 adverse 的用法说明。

**aversion** /ə'vɜ:∫n/ n. a strong dislike or disinclination 厌恶,反感
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aversive** adj.

**aversion therapy** n. a type of behaviour therapy designed to make patients give up a habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect 厌恶疗法(通过引起对不良习惯的反感来将其戒 除的疗法)

**avert** /ə'vɜ:t/ v. 1 turn away (one's eyes or thoughts)转移(目光);回避(想法) 2 prevent or ward off (an undesirable occurrence)预防,避免 (麻烦事发生)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avertable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. avertere, from ab- 'from' + vertere 'to turn'; reinforced by OFr. avertir.

**Avesta** /ə'vestǝ/ n. the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism《阿维斯陀》,《波斯古经》(琐罗亚斯德教的 经典)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Pers.

**Avestan** /ə'vest(ə)n/ adj. relating to the Avesta 《阿维斯陀》的 ■n. the ancient Iranian language in which the Avesta is written 阿维斯陀语

**avgas** /'ævgæs/ n. aircraft fuel 航空汽油

**avian** /'eıviən/ adj. relating to birds鸟的;鸟类的 ■n. a bird鸟
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. avis 'bird' + -AN.

**avian flu** n. formal term for BIRD FLU * bird flu的正 式说法

**aviary** /'eıviəri/ n. (pl. **aviaries**) a large enclosure for keeping birds in(大型)鸟舍
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. aviarium, from avis 'bird'.

**aviation** /eıvi'eı∫n/ n. the activity or business of operating and flying aircraft 航空
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **aviate** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., formed from L. avis 'bird'.

**aviator** /'eıvieıtə(r)/ n. (fem.阴性 **aviatrix** /eıvi 'eıtrıks/, pl. **aviatrices**/-trisi:z/) chiefly dated【主过 时】a pilot, especially in the early days of flying(尤 指早期的)飞行员

**aviculture** /'eıvı,kʌltʃə(r)/ n. the breeding and rearing of birds 养鸟,鸟类饲养
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avicultural** adj. **aviculturalist** n. **aviculturist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from L. avis 'bird' + CULTURE.

**avid** /'ævid/ adj. keenly interested or enthusiastic 热衷的,渴望的,热切的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avidly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier(ME) as avidity): from Fr. avide or L. avidus, from avere 'crave'.

**avidin** /'ævıdın/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a protein found in raw egg white, which combines with biotin and hinders its absorption 抗生物素蛋白
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from AVID + -IN¹.

**avidity** /ə'vıdəti/ n. 1 keen interest or enthusiasm 热望,热衷 2 Biochemistry 【生化】the overall strength of binding between an antibody and an antigen 亲 合力

**avifauna** /'eıvıfɔ:nǝ/n. Zoology 【动】 the birds of a particular region, habitat, or geological period 鸟类 区系
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avifaunal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from L. avis 'bird' + FAUNA.

**avionics** /eıvi'ɒnıks/pl. n. [usu. treated as sing. 通 常视作单数] electronics or electronic equipment as applied to aviation 航空电子学

**avirulent** /eı'vırjul(ə)nt, æ-/ adj. (of a micro-organism) not virulent(微生物)无毒力的

**avitaminosis** /eı,vıtəmı'nǝusis, -,vaıt-/ n. (pl. **avitaminoses** /-si:z/) Medicine 【医】 a condition resulting from a deficiency of a particular vitamin 维生素缺乏(病)

**avizandum** /ævı'zændəm/ n. Scots Law 【苏格 兰律】time taken for further consideration of a judgement 法官对案件的个人思考时间
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. avizare 'consider, advise'.

**avo** /'ɑ:vǝu/ n. (pl. **avos**) a monetary unit of Macao SAR of China, equal to one hundredth of a pataca分(澳门货币单位,100分=1澳门元)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Port.

**avocado** /ævǝ'ka:dǝu/ n. (pl. **avocados**) 1 a pear-shaped fruit with a tough skin, smooth oily edible flesh, and a large stone 鳄梨 2 the tropical evergreen tree which bears avocados 鳄梨树 [Persea americana.] 3 a light green colour like that of an avocado's flesh 鳄梨色
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., alt. of aguacate, from Nahuatl ahuacatl.

**avocation** /ævǝ'keı∫n/ n. a hobby or minor occupation 业余爱好;副业
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avocational** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. avocatio(n-), from avocare 'call away'.

**avocet** /'ævǝset/ n. a long-legged wading bird, largely black and white, with a slender upturned bill 反嘴鹬[Genus Recurvirostra: four species.]
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr. avocette, from Ital. avosetta.

**Avogadro's constant** /ævǝ(u)'ga:drǝuz/ (also 亦 作 **Avogadro's number**) ■n. Chemistry 【化】the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance, equal to 6.023×10²³ 阿伏伽德罗常量
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Italian physicist A. Avogadro (1776-1856).

**Avogadro's law** (also 亦作 **Avogadro's hypothesis**) ■n. Chemistry【化】 a law stating that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules 阿伏伽德罗定律

**avoid** /ə'vɔıd/ v. 1 keep away or refrain from 回避; 避免 ➤prevent from happening 防止(发生) 2 Law 【律】repudiate, nullify, or render void (a decree or contract)撤销(法令或合同),使无效
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avoidable** adj. **avoidably** adv. **avoidance** n. **avoider** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. evuider 'clear out, get rid of', from vuide (see见VOID).

**avoirdupois** /ævwɑ:dju'pwɑ:, ævədə'pɔız/ n. a system of weights based on a pound of 16 ounces or 7,000 grains 常衡 Compare with 比较 TROY.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aveir de peis 'goods of weight', from aveir 'to have' (from L. habere) + peis (see见 POISE¹).

**avouch** /ǝ'vaut∫/ ■v. archaic 【古】 affirm or assert 断 言,声称
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. avochier, from L. advocare 'summon in defence'.

**avow** /ǝ'vau/ v. assert or confess openly 公开声明 (或承认)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avowal** n. **avowed** adj. **avowedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. avouer 'acknowledge', from L. advocare (see见AVOUCH).

**avulsion** /ə'vʌl∫n/ n. 1 chiefly Medicine 【主医】 the action of pulling or tearing away 撕脱 2 Law 【律】 the sudden separation of land from one property and its attachment to another, especially by flooding(尤指由洪水引起的)土地的陡变 Compare with 比较 ALLUVION.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **avulse** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. avulsio(n-), from avellere 'pluck from'.

**avuncular** /ə'vʌŋkjulə(r)/ adj. like an uncle in being kind and friendly towards a younger or less experienced person(对年幼或阅历浅的人)伯父似 的,慈爱的
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from L. avunculus 'maternal uncle'.

**avunculate** /ə'vʌŋkjulət/ n. (**the avunculate**) Anthropology 【人】 the special relationship in some societies between a man and his sister's son (某些社会里的)舅甥关系
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. avunculus 'maternal uncle' + -ATE².

**aw** /ɔ:/ exclam. chiefly N. Amer. & Scottish 【主北美和 苏格兰】 used to express mild protest, entreaty, commiseration, or disapproval哦,噢(表示温和的 抗议、请求、同情或反对)

**AWACS** /'eıwæks/abbr. airborne warning and control system 机载警戒与控制系统

**await** /ə'weıt/v. wait for等待,等候
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. awaitier, from a- (from L. ad 'to, at') + waitier 'to wait'.

**awake** /ə'weık/ v. (past **awoke**; past part. **awoken**) 1 stop sleeping 醒,睡醒 2 make or become active again 使活跃,唤醒;变活跃 ■adj. 1 not asleep 醒着的 2 (**awake to**) aware of 意识到……的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE awæcnan, awacian (see见A-², WAKE¹).

**awaken** /ə'weık(ə)n/ v. 1 stop sleeping (睡)醒 2 rouse (a feeling)唤起(情感)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awakening** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE onwæcnan, from on 'on' + WAKEN.

**award** /ə'wɔ:d/ v. give as an official payment, reward, or prize给予(报酬、奖励),授予(奖项) ■n. a prize, payment, etc. awarded 奖励;报酬
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awardee** n. **awarder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. awarder, var. of OFr. esguarder 'consider, ordain', from es- (from L. ex 'thoroughly') + guarder 'watch (over)', of Gmc origin.

**aware** /ə'weə(r)/ adj. having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact洞悉的,清楚的,察 觉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awareness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE gewær, of W. Gmc origin.

**awash** /ə'wɒ∫/ adj. covered or flooded with water 被水淹没的 ➤containing a large number of people or things or a large amount of something 充斥着……的: The city was awash with journalists. 城里挤满了记者。

**away** /ə'weı/ adv. 1 to or at a distance 向远处;在 远处 ➤at a specified future distance in time 在(距 某特定时间的)将来 2 towards a lower level 向下 3 into an appropriate place for storage or safe keeping 放进,放到(某处保藏) 4 towards or into non-existence 渐渐湮灭;消失 5 constantly, persistently, or continuously 不断地,持续地 6 (of a sports fixture) at the opponents' ground(体育比赛)在客场 ■adj. (of a sports fixture) played at the opponents' ground (体育比赛)客场的 ■n. an away game 客场比赛
-ORIGIN 词源 OE onweg, aweg 'on one's way' (see见 A-², WAY).

**awayday** /ə'weı,deı/n. Brit. 【英】 a day's leave or a day trip一天的休假,一天的旅行 > a day on which employees meet at a venue away from the workplace to plan strategy or to discuss a particular issue 议 事日(雇员在办公场所外集会制定战略或商讨特定事项 的日子)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: first denoting a type of money-saving return rail ticket.

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**awe** /ɔ:/ n. a feeling of reverential respect mixed with fear or wonder敬畏;惊叹 ■v. inspire with awe 使敬畏,使惊叹
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ege 'terror, dread, awe'.

**aweigh** /ǝ'weı/ adj. Nautical 【航海】(of an anchor) raised just clear of the seabed(锚)(刚)离底的

**awe-inspiring** adj. arousing awe through being impressive or formidable 令人敬畏的;使人惊叹的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awe-inspiringly** adv.

**awesome** /'ɔ:səm/ adj. 1 inspiring awe 令人敬畏的; 使人惊叹的 2 informal 【非正式】 excellent 棒极了的, 极佳的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awesomely** adv. **awesomeness** n.

**awestruck** /'ɔ:strʌk/ adj. filled with awe 充满敬畏 的,满心惊叹的

**awful** /'ɔ:fl/ adj. 1 very bad or unpleasant 糟糕的; 令人不快的 2 used for emphasis 用作强调: **an awful lot of letters** 多如牛毛的信件 3 archaic 【古】 inspiring awe令人敬畏的,使人惊叹的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awfulness** n.

**awfully** /'ɔ:f(ə)li/ adv. 1 informal 【非正式】very or very much 很,非常,极其: **I'm awfully sorry.** 我十分 抱歉。2 very badly or unpleasantly 非常糟糕地,极其 恶劣地

**awhile** /ə'waıl/adv. for a short time暂时,一会儿, 片刻
> USAGE 用法说明
> Don't confuse **awhile**, meaning 'for a short thime', with **a while**, 'a period of time': **stand here awhile**, but **we stood there for a while.** 不 要混淆 awhile 和 a while。前者意为“片刻”,如: stand here awhile 在这里稍站片刻。后者意为“一 段时间”,如:We stood there for a while. 我们 在那里站了一会儿。

**awkward** /'ɔ:kwəd/ adj. 1 hard to do or deal with 棘手的,艰巨的 2 causing or feeling uneasy embarrassment(使人)尴尬的,(令人)别扭的 3 not smooth or graceful 笨拙的;不优美的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awkwardly** adv. **awkwardness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'the wrong way round, upside down'): from dial. awk (from ON afugr) + -WARD.

**awl** /ɔ:l/ n. a small pointed tool used for piercing holes 钻子,尖锥
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æl, of Gmc origin.

**awn** /ɔ:n/n. Botany 【植】 a stiff bristle growing from the ear or flower of barley, rye, and grasses芒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **awned** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from ON ogn.

**awning** /'ɔ:nıŋ/ n. a sheet of canvas or similar material stretched on a frame and used to shelter a shop window or doorway 遮阳,遮篷
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. in naut. use) : of unknown origin.

**awoke** /ə'wǝuk/ past of AWAKE * awake 的过去式

**awoken** /ə'wǝuk(ə)n/ past participle of AWAKE * awake的过去分词

**AWOL** /'eıwɒl/adj. Military 【军】 absent but without intent to desert无故缺勤(或离队)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: acronym from absent without (official) leave.

**awry** /ə'raı/ adv. & adj. away from the appropriate or expected course or position偏离(正确或预定的 路线或位置)地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from A-²+ WRY.

**AWS** abbr. Brit. 【英】 automatic warning system (used on trains) (火车)自动报警系统

**axe** /æks/ (US also 【美亦作】**ax**) ■n. 1 a heavy-bladed tool used for chopping wood斧 2 (**the axe**) cost-cutting action, especially redundancy 成 本削减,(尤指)裁员: **Thirty staff are facing the axe.** 30 名员工面临被裁。3 informal【非正式】a guitar or(in jazz) a saxophone吉他;(爵士乐中的)萨克斯管 ■v. 1 dismiss or cancel suddenly and ruthlessly 突然无 情地解雇,取消 2 cut or strike with an axe 用斧砍 (或劈)
-PHRASES 短语 **have an axe to grind** have a private reason for doing something(做事)有个人打算
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æx, of Gmc origin.

**axel** /'æksl/ n. a jump in skating with one (or more) and a half turns in the air (花样滑冰)转体一 周(或多周)半跳,阿克塞尔跳
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after the Norwegian skater Axel R. Paulsen.

**axenic** /eı'zenik/ adj. Biology 【生物】(of a culture) free from living organisms other than the species required(培养物)纯性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **axenically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from a- 'not' + Gk xenikos 'alien, strange' + -Ic.

**axes** /'æksi:z/ plural form of AXIS * axis 的复数 形式

**axial** /'æksiəl/ adj. forming, relating to, or around an axis 成轴的;与轴有关的,绕轴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **axially** adv.

**axil** /'æksıl/ ■n. Botany 【植】 the upper angle between a leaf stalk or branch and the stem or trunk from which it is growing叶腋;枝腋
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from L. axilla (see见AXILLA).

**axilla** /æk'sılə/ n. (pl. **axillae** /-li:/ ) 1 Anatomy 【解】an armpit, or the corresponding part in a bird or other animal腋(窝);腋部;腋直区 2 Botany 【植】an axil 叶腋;枝腋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **axillary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., dimin. of ala 'wing'.

**axiom** /'æksiəm/ n. 1 an accepted statement or proposition regarded as being self-evidently true 格言;公理,自明之理 2 chiefly Mathematics 【主数】 a statement or proposition on which an abstractly defined structure is based 公理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **axiomatic** adj. **axiomatically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. axiome or L. axioma, from Gk axiōma, from axios 'worthy'.

**axiomatize** or **axiomatise** /æk'si:əmətaız/v. express (a theory) as a set of axioms 使公理化

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**axion** /'æksıɒn/ ■n. Physics 【物】 a hypothetical subatomic particle postulated to account for the rarity of processes which break charge-parity symmetry 轴子
-ORIGIN 词源1970s: from AXIAL + -ON.

**axis¹** /'æksis/ n. (pl. **axes** /-si:z/) 1 an imaginary line about which a body rotates or with respect to which it possesses rotational symmetry(旋转)轴 2 an imaginary line which divides something in half, especially in the direction of its greatest length 中 轴 3 Mathematics 【数】 a fixed reference line for the measurement of coordinates(坐标) 轴 4 a straight central part in a structure to which other parts are connected 轴心部分 5 Anatomy 【解】 the second cervical vertebra, below the atlas at the top of the backbone 枢椎 6 (**the Axis**) the alliance between Germany and Italy in the Second World War 轴心 国(二战中德国与意大利间的联盟)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'axle, pivot'.

**axis²** /'æksıs/n. (pl. same 单复同)another term for CHITAL * chital的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from L.

**axisymmetric** /æksısı'metrık/ adj. Geometry 【几】 symmetrical about an axis 轴对称的

**axle** /'æksl/ n. a rod or spindle passing through the centre of a wheel or group of wheels 车轴
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. axle-tree) : from ON oxultré.

**Axminster** /'æksmınstə(r)/ n. a kind of machine-woven patterned carpet with a cut pile 阿克斯明斯 特地毯
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the town of Axminster in southern England, where such carpets are made.

**axolotl** /'æksəlɒtl/ n. a Mexican salamander which retains its aquatic newt-like larval form throughout life but is able to breed 美西螈 [Ambystoma mexicanum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Nahuatl, from atl 'water' + xolotl 'servant'.

**axon** /'æksɒn/ n. the long thread-like part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells 轴突 Compare with 比较 DENDRITE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **axonal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Gk axōn 'axis'.

**axonometric** /æks(ə)nə(u)'metrık/ adj. (of a pictorial representation) three-dimensional but without perspective(图示)轴测的

**ay** /aı/ exclam. & n. variant spelling of AYE¹ * aye¹的 另一种拼法

**ayah** /'aıǝ/ n. a nanny employed by Europeans in India or another former British territory(在印度或 其他前英属殖民地的欧洲人雇用的)保姆
-ORIGIN 词源 Anglo-Ind., from Port. aia 'nurse', fem. of aio 'tutor'.

**ayahuasca** /aıǝ'wæskǝ/n. 1 a tropical vine of the Amazon region, noted for its hallucinogenic properties 死藤(有致幻作用) [Genus Banisteriopsis.] 2 a hallucinogenic drink prepared from ayahuasca bark 死藤水
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Latin Amer. Sp., from Quechua ayawáskha, from aya 'corpse' + waskha 'rope'.

**ayatollah** /aıə'tɒlə/ n. a high-ranking Shiite religious leader in Iran 阿亚图拉(伊朗伊斯兰教什叶 派高级宗教领袖)
-ORIGIN 词源 Pers., from Arab. 'āyatu-llāh, lit. 'token of God'.

**aye¹** /aı/(also 亦作 **ay**) ■exclam. archaic or dialect 【古或方】yes 是 ➤(**aye aye**) Nautical 【航海】a response accepting an order 遵命 ➤(in voting) I assent(选举用语)我同意 ■n. an affirmative answer, especially in voting 同意,肯定回答(尤用于选举)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from I, first person personal pronoun, expressing assent.

**aye²** /eı, aı/adv. archaic or Scottish 【古或苏格兰】 always; still 总是,仍然
-PHRASES 短语 **for aye** forever永远地,永久地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON ei, ey.

**aye-aye** /'aıaı/ n. a rare nocturnal Madagascan primate related to the lemurs 指猴 [Daubentonia madagascariensis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Malagasy aiay.

**Aylesbury** /'eılzb(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **Aylesburys**) a domestic duck of a breed with white plumage 艾尔 斯伯里鸭(一种白色家鸭)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the town of Aylesbury in south central England, where the ducks were bred.

**Aymara** /'aımǝra:/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Aymaras**) 1 a member of an American Indian people inhabiting the high plateau region of Bolivia and Peru near Lake Titicaca 艾马拉人(居住在玻利维亚 和秘鲁临近的的喀喀湖的高原地区) 2 the language of the Aymara, perhaps related to Quechua 艾马拉语
-ORIGIN 词源 from Bolivian Sp.

**Ayrshire** /'eəʃə(r)/ n. an animal of a mainly white breed of dairy cattle 艾尔郡牛
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the former Scottish county of Ayrshire, where the cattle were bred.

**Ayurveda** /aɪjʊə'veɪdə, -'vi:də/ n. the traditional Hindu system of medicine, which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems and uses diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing 阿育吠陀医学 (印度传统医术,以人体系统平衡理念为基础,采用节 食、服用草药、瑜伽式呼吸控制等手段诊疗疾病)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Ayurvedic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit āyus 'life' + veda '(sacred) knowledge'.

**AZ** abbr. Arizona (in official postal use)亚利桑那 (正式邮政用语)

**azalea** /ə'zeıliə/ n. a deciduous flowering shrub with clusters of brightly coloured flowers, related to rhododendrons but generally smaller 杜鹃 [Genus Rhododendron: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L. (former genus name), from Gk, fem. of azaleos 'dry' (because the shrubs flourish in dry soil).

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**azan** /ə'zɑ:n/(also 亦作 **adhan**) n. the Muslim call to prayer made by a muezzin from the minaret of a mosque 宣礼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Arab. 'adān 'announcement'.

**Azande** /æ'zændi/ n. & adj. see见 ZANDE.

**azeotrope** /'eıziətrəup, ǝ'zi:ǝ-/n. Chemistry 【化】a mixture of two liquids which has a constant boiling point and composition throughout distillation 共沸 (混合)物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **azeotropic** /eıziǝ'trǝupık, -'trɒpik/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from A-¹ + Gk zein 'to boil' + tropos 'turning'.

**Azerbaijani** /æzəbaı'dʒɑ:ni/ n. (pl. **Azerbaijanis**) 1 a native or national of Azerbaijan, or a person of Azerbaijani descent 阿塞拜疆人;阿塞拜疆裔 2 the Turkic language of Azerbaijan 阿塞拜疆语 ■adj. relating to Azerbaijan or its language 阿塞拜疆的; 阿塞拜疆语的

**Azeri** /ə'zeəri/ n. (pl. **Azeris**) 1 a member of a Turkic people forming the majority population of Azerbaijan, and also living in Armenia and northern Iran 阿泽里人 2 the Azerbaijani language 阿塞拜疆语 ■adj. relating to the Azeri or their language 阿泽里人 的;阿塞拜疆语的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Turk. azeri.

**azide** /'eızaıd/n. Chemistry 【化】 a compound containing the anion N₃⁻ or the group -N₃叠氮化物

**azidothymidine** / eızıdǝu'θaımıdi:n, eɪ,zaıdǝu-/ ■n. former name for the drug ZIDOVUDINE 叠氮胸苷 (齐多夫定的旧称)

**Azilian** /ə'zıliən/ adj. Archaeology 【考古】 relating to or denoting an early Mesolithic culture in Europe, succeeding the Magdalenian and dated to about 11,500-9,500 years ago 阿齐利文化的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Mas d'Azil in the French Pyrenees, where objects from this culture were found.

**azimuth** /'æzıməθ/ n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】the horizontal component of the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as an angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon (天体)方位角 2 the horizontal angle or direction of a compass bearing(罗经)方位(角)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **azimuthal** /æzı'mju:θl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. azimut, from Arab. as-samt, from al 'the' + samt 'way, direction'.

**azimuthal projection** n. a map projection in which a region of the earth is projected on to a plane tangential to the surface, usually at a pole or the equator 方位投影

**azine** /'eızi:n/n. Chemistry 【化】 any of a class of organic compounds having a ring including one or (usually) more nitrogen atoms 吖嗪

**azo-** /'eızǝu/ prefix Chemistry 【化】 containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms between carbon atoms 含 偶氮(基)的
-ORIGIN 词源 from obs. azote 'nitrogen', from Fr., from Gk a- 'without' + zōë 'life'.

**azo dye** n. Chemistry 【化】 any of a large class of synthetic dyes whose molecules contain two adjacent nitrogen atoms between carbon atoms 偶氮染料

**azoic** /eı'zəuık/ ■adj. Geology 【地质】 having no trace of life or organic remains 无生命迹象的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk azōos 'without life' + -IC.

**azoospermia** / eızəvə'spɜ:miə, ə'zəu-/ -n. Medicine 【医】absence of viable motile sperm in the semen 无精子症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **azoospermic** adj.

**AZT** abbr. trademark 【商标】 azidothymidine

**Aztec** /'æztek/ n. 1 a member of the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century 阿兹特克人 2 the extinct Uto-Aztecan language of the Aztecs, from which modern Nahuatl is descended 阿兹特 克语
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. Aztèque or Sp. Azteca, from Nahuatl aztecatl 'person of Aztlan', their legendary place of origin.

**azulejo** /æzju'leıhǝu/ n. (pl. **azulejos**) a kind of glazed coloured tile traditionally used in Spanish and Portuguese buildings 上光花砖(常用于西班牙和 葡萄牙建筑)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp., from azul 'blue'.

**azure** /'æʒə(r), -zj(u)ǝ(r), 'eɪ-/ adj. bright blue in colour 天蓝色的,蔚蓝色的 ➤Heraldry【纹章】blue 蓝 色的 ■n. a bright blue colour 天蓝色,蔚蓝色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. asur, azur, from med. L. azzurum, azolum, from Arab. al 'the' + lāzaward (from Pers. lāžward 'lapis lazuli').

**azurite** /'æʒʊraɪt, -zj(ʊ)ǝ-/ n. a blue mineral consisting of basic copper carbonate 蓝铜矿

**azygous** /'æzıgəs/ adj. Anatomy & Biology 【解,生 物】(of an organic structure) not existing in pairs; single(器官构造)不成对的,单的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk azugos, from a- 'without' + zugon 'yoke', + -ous.

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**B**¹ /bi:/ (also 亦作**b**) n. (pl. **Bs** or **B's**) 1 the second letter of the alphabet 英语字母表的第2个字母 2 denoting the second, second-best, or secondary item in a set *B项,B类(在一组中的第2个) 3 Music 【音】 the seventh note of the diatonic scale of C major * B音(C大调的第7个音) 4 the human blood type (in the ABO system) containing the B antigen and lacking the A(人类ABO血型系统中 的)B型

**B**² /bi:/ abbr. 1 Belgium (international vehicle registration)比利时(国际车船注册) 2 (in chess 国际象棋用语)bishop 3 black (used in describing grades of pencil lead)黑度(用于区分铅笔芯规格) 4 bomber (in designations of US aircraft types)轰炸 机(用于命名美国飞机型号): **a B-52** -架B-52轰炸机 ■symb. 1 the chemical element boron(化学元素) 硼 2 Physics【物】magnetic flux density(磁感应强度 符号)

**b** /bi:/ abbr. 1 Physics 【物】 barn(s) 2 (**b.**) born生 于 3 Cricket【板】bowled by 投手为……… 4 Cricket 【板】 bye(s)

**BA** abbr. 1 Bachelor of Arts 文学学士 2 British Airways 英国航空公司 3 British Association (for the Advancement of Science)英国(科学促进)协会 4 Buenos Aires 布宜诺斯艾利斯

**Ba** symb. the chemical element barium(化学元 素)钡

**ba** /bɑ:/ n. (in ancient Egypt) the supposed soul of a person or god, which survived after death but had to be sustained with offerings of food(古埃及人所 认为的人或神的)灵魂 See also另见 KA.

**baa** /bɑ:/ v. (**baas**, **baaing**, **baaed**) (of a sheep or lamb)bleat(绵羊或羊羔)发咩声 ■n. the cry of a sheep or lamb(绵羊或羊羔的)咩咩声
-ORIGIN 词源C16: imitative.

**baap** /bɑ:p/ n. Indian【印度】one's father 父亲
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bāp.

**BAAS** /bɑ:s/ abbr. British Association for the Advancement of Science 英国科学促进协会

**baas** /bɑ:s/ n. S. African, often offensive 【南非,常冒】 a supervisor or employer, especially a white man in charge of coloured or black people工头,老板,主 人(尤指管理有色人种或黑人的白人)
-ORIGIN 词源 Du., 'master'; cf. Boss¹.

**Baathist** /'bɑ:θist/ (also 亦作 **Ba'athist**) n. a member or supporter of the Baath Party, a pan-Arab socialist party founded in 1943复兴党党员(或 支持者)(复兴党创立于1943年,为泛阿拉伯社会党) ■adj. relating to the Baath Party 复兴党的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Baathism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. ba't 'resurrection, renaissance' + -IST.

**baba**¹ /'bɑ:bɑ:/ (also 亦作**rum baba**) n. a small rich sponge cake, soaked in rum-flavoured syrup 朗 姆蛋糕,婆婆蛋糕
-ORIGIN 词源 via Fr. from Polish, lit. 'married peasant woman'.

**baba**² /'bɑ:bɑ:/n. Indian informal【印度,非正式】1 father or holy man爸爸;圣人 2 a child, especially a male one 孩子;(尤指)男孩
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bābā.

**baba ganoush** /ˌbɑ:bə gæ'nu:∫/ (also 亦作 **baba ghanouj** /gæ'nu:ʒ/) n. a thick dip made from puréed aubergines, tahini, lemon, and garlic, typical of eastern Mediterranean cuisine 巴巴酱(用茄子 泥、芝麻酱、柠檬和大蒜制成,多用于地中海东部菜肴)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Egyptian Arab., from Arab. bābā, lit. 'father' + ghannūj, perh. a personal name.

**Babbitt** /'bæbɪt/ n. dated, chiefly N. Amer. 【过时,主 北美】a materialistic, complacent, and conformist businessman 巴比特式人物(指追求物质利益、自满、 守旧的商人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Babbittry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1922: from George Babbitt, the protagonist of the novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis.

**babbitt metal** /'bæbɪt/ n. a soft alloy of tin, antimony, copper, and usually lead, used to line bearings 巴比特合金,巴氏合金
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Isaac Babbitt, the American inventor.

**babble** /'bæbl/ v. 1 talk rapidly and continuously in a foolish, excited, or incomprehensible way 唠叨;喋 喋不休;叽里咕嚕地说 ➤reveal something secret泄 露(机密) 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **babbling**] (of a stream) make a continuous murmur as the water flows over stones (小溪)潺潺作响 ■n. the sound of babbling 潺潺声 ➤foolish, excited, or confused talk 蠢话;胡言乱语;叽里咕噜的话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **babblement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. babbelen, or an independent Engl. formation, based on the repeated syllable ba, typical of a child's early speech.

**babbler** /'bæblə(r)/ n. 1 a person who babbles 唠 叨(或喋喋不休、叽里咕噜说话)的人 2 a thrush-like songbird with a long tail, short rounded wings, and a loud voice 画眉 [Family Timaliidae: many species.]

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**babby** /'bæbi/ n. (pl. **babbies**) dialect form of BABY * baby的方言形式

**babe** /beɪb/ n. 1 literary 【文】 a baby 婴儿 2 informal 【非正式】an affectionate form of address for a lover 宝贝儿(对恋人的亲昵称呼) 3 informal 【非正式】an attractive young woman 美人儿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. imitative of an infant's first attempts at speech.

**babel** /'beɪbl/ n. a confused noise made by a number of voices (多种口音交织形成的)嘈杂声
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from the Tower of Babel, where, according to the biblical story, God confused the languages of the builders.

**babesiosis** /bəbi:zi'ǝusis/ (also 亦作 **babesiasis** /bɑ:bɪ'zaıǝsıs/) n. a protozoal disease of livestock transmitted by tick bites, affecting the red blood cells and causing red or blackish urine 巴贝虫病
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from mod. L. Babesia (a genus of protozoans), from the name of the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babès.

**babiche** /bə'bi:ʃ/ n. strips of rawhide, used by North American Indians for making fastenings, snares, etc.兽皮条(北美印第安人用来制作扣件、捕猎 陷阱等)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Canad. Fr., from Micmac a:papi:č.

**babirusa** /bɑ:bɪ'ru:sǝ/ n. a forest-dwelling wild pig with several upturned horn-like tusks, native to Malaysia 鹿豚[Babyrousa babyrussa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Malay, from babi 'hog' + rusa 'deer'.

**Babism** /'bɑ:bız(ə)m/ n. a religion founded in 1844 by the Persian Mirza Ali Muhammad, who taught that a new prophet would follow Muhammad 巴布 教(1844年由波斯人米尔扎·阿里·穆罕默德创立) See also另见 BAHAʼI.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Babi** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Pers. from Arab. bāb 'intermediary', lit. 'gate' (taken as a name by the founder) + -ISM.

**baboon** /bə'bu:n/ n. a large ground-dwelling social monkey with a long doglike snout and large teeth 狒狒;山魈[Genera Papio and Mandrillus: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a grotesque figure used in architecture): from OFr. babuin or med. L. babewynus, perh. from OFr. baboue 'muzzle, grimace'.

**babu** /'bɑ:bu:/ n. (pl. **babus**) Indian 【印度】1 a respectful title or form of address for a man 巴布 (对男子的敬称) 2 an office worker 职员,文员
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bābū, lit. 'father'.

**babushka** /bə'bʊʃkǝ, 'bæbʊʃkǝ/ n. 1 (in Russia) an old woman or grandmother(俄罗斯)老婆婆,祖 母 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a headscarf tied under the chin (颏下打结的)三角包头巾,婆婆头巾
-ORIGIN 词源 Russ., 'grandmother'.

**baby** /'beɪbi/n. (pl. **babies**) 1 a child or animal that is newly or recently born 婴儿;幼畜;幼兽 2 a timid or childish person 胆怯的人;孩子气的人 3 informal 【非正式】a person with whom one is having a romantic relationship (often as a form of address) 宝贝儿(指恋爱对象,常用于称呼) ■adj. comparatively small or immature of its kind(相对)小的, 幼小的 ■v. (**babies**, **babying**, **babied**) pamper or be overprotective towards 把……当作婴儿对待,娇惯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **babyhood** n.
-PHRASES 短语 **throw the baby out with the bathwater** discard something valuable along with other things that are undesirable 把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒 掉,把精华和糟粕一起丟掉
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. imitative of an infant's first attempts at speech.

**baby blue** n. 1 a pale shade of blue 婴儿蓝,浅蓝 色 2 (**baby blues**) informal 【非正式】blue eyes 蓝 眼睛 3 (**baby blues**) informal 【非正式】 postnatal depression 产后抑郁(症)

**baby boom** n. informal 【非正式】a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following the Second World War(尤指第二次世界 大战后的)婴儿潮,生育高峰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baby boomer** n.

**baby bouncer** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a harness suspended by elastic or a spring, into which a baby is put, with its feet within reach of the floor, to exercise its legs 婴 儿跳跳椅(用于锻炼婴儿双腿)

**baby bust** n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate 出生率 突降,生育低谷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baby buster** n.

**baby carriage** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】a pram 婴儿车

**babycino** /beıbı'tʃi:nǝu/ n. (pl. **babycinos**) a drink of hot milk frothed up with pressurized steam, intended for children 婴儿奇诺(用加压蒸汽制作、供 儿童饮用的起泡热牛奶)
-ORIGIN词源 1990s: blend of BABY and CAPPUCCINO.

**baby-doll** adj. denoting a style of women's clothing resembling that traditionally worn by a doll or young girl(女装)娃娃式的

**baby grand** n. the smallest size of grand piano 小型 三角钢琴,小型卧式钢琴

**Babygro** /'beɪbigrǝu/ n. (pl. **Babygros**) trademark 【商标】an all-in-one stretch garment for babies 婴儿 连体服

**babyish** /'beɪbiɪ∫/ adj. childish; immature 孩子气的, 幼稚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **babyishly** adv. **babyishness** n.

**Babylon** /'bæbɪlən/ n. black English, derogatory 【黑 英,贬】(chiefly among Rastafarians) aspects of white culture seen as degenerate or oppressive, especially the police 堕落残暴(对白人、尤其是警察 群体的评价,主要为塔法里教用语)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: by assoc. with the ancient city of Babylon(see 见 BABYLONIAN).

**Babylonian** /bæbɪ'ləʊniən/ n. 1 an inhabitant of Babylon or Babylonia, an ancient city and kingdom in Mesopotamia 巴比伦人;巴比伦王国人 2 the dialect of Akkadian spoken in ancient Babylon 巴比 伦语(古巴比伦人使用的阿卡德语方言) ■adj. relating to Babylon or Babylonia 巴比伦的,巴比伦王国的

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**babymother** /'beɪbɪmʌðə(r)/ (or **babyfather** /'beɪbi,fɑ:ðə(r)/) n. black English 【黑英】 the mother (or father) of one or more of one's children 孩儿妈(或孩 儿爸)

**baby oil** n. a mineral oil used to soften the skin 润肤 油,婴儿油

**baby's breath** n. a herbaceous plant of delicate appearance which bears tiny scented pink or white flowers 圆锥石头花,满天星[Gypsophila paniculata.]

**babysit** /'beɪbisɪt/ v. (**babysits**, **babysitting**; past and past part. **babysat**) look after a child or children while the parents are out 代人临时照看 (小孩)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **babysitter** n.

**baby walker** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a wheeled frame in which a baby is suspended in a harness and can move itself about with its feet 婴儿学步车

**bacalao** /bækə'laʊ/ n. dried or salted codfish, as used in Spanish and Latin American cookery 鳕鱼 干;腌鳕鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**baccalaureate** /bækə'lɔ:riət/ n. 1 an examination qualifying successful candidates for higher education 中学毕业会考 See also另见 INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE. 2 a university bachelor's degree(大 学)学士学位
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr. baccalauréat or med. L. baccalaureatus, from baccalaureus 'bachelor'.

**baccarat** /'bækəra:/ n. a gambling card game in which players hold two or three-card hands, the winning hand being that giving the highest remainder when its face value is divided by ten 巴卡 拉纸牌戏(玩家每人抓两张或三张牌,牌面总点数之和 除以十后余数最大者为赢家)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. baccara, of unknown origin.

**bacchanal** /'bækənl, -næl/ chiefly literary 【主文】_n. 1 an occasion of wild and drunken revelry 纵酒狂 欢 2 a priest, worshipper, or follower of Bacchus, the Greek or Roman god of wine 酒神祭司;酒神信 徒(或崇拜者) ■adj. characterized by wild revelry; bacchanalian 纵酒狂欢的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. bacchanalis, from the name of the god Bacchus.

**Bacchanalia** /bækə'neɪliə/ pl. n. [also treated as sing. 亦视作单数] 1 the Roman festival of the god Bacchus(罗马)酒神节 2 (**bacchanalia**) wild revelry 纵酒狂欢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacchanalian** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. bacchanalia, neut. pl. of the adj. bacchanalis (see见 BACCHANAL).

**bacchant** /'bækənt/ n. (pl. **bacchants** or **bacchantes** /bə'kænti:z/; fem. 阴性 **bacchante** /bə'kænt, bə'kænti/) a priest, priestess, or follower of the god Bacchus 酒神祭司;酒神崇拜者
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bacchante, from L. bacchari 'celebrate the feast of Bacchus'.

**baccy** /'bæki/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】tobacco 烟草

**bach** /bæx/n. Welsh 【威尔士】 used as a term of endearment, often after a personal name老兄,伙计 (表示亲昵的称呼,常用在人名后)
-ORIGIN 词源 Welsh, lit. 'little'.

**bachelor** /'bætʃ(ə)lə(r)/ n. 1 a man who is not and has never been married 单身汉,光棍儿 ➤Zoology 【动】 a male bird or mammal prevented from breeding by a dominant male(因遭优势雄性阻挠而)未交 配的雄鸟,未交配的雄兽 2 a person who holds a first degree from a university or other academic institution (only in titles or set expressions)学 士(仅用于头衔或固定表达式) 3 historical【史义】a young knight serving under another's banner(在他 人旗下听命的)年轻骑士
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bachelorhood** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bacheler 'a young man aspiring to knighthood'.

**bachelor apartment** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】a studio flat 单身公寓

**bachelorette** /bætʃələ'ret/n. N. Amer. 【北美】a young unmarried woman 单身年轻女子

**bachelor girl** n. an independent, unmarried young woman(独立生活的)单身年轻女子

**bachelor party** (or **bachelorette party**) n. N. Amer.【北美】a party given for a man (or woman) who is about to get married, attended by men (or women) only (为即将结婚者举办的只有同性亲友参 加的)单身聚会

**bachelor's buttons** pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] an ornamental plant with small, button-like, double flowers 齿叶蓍;毛茛[Achillea ptarmica (daisy family) and Ranunculus acris (buttercup family).]

**Bach flower remedies** /bætʃ/pl. n. preparations of the flowers of various plants used in a system of complementary medicine intended to relieve ill health by influencing underlying emotional states 巴赫花药疗法
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: named after the British physician Edward Bach.

**bacilliform** /bə'sılıfɔ:m/ adj. chiefly Biology 【主生 物】 rod-shaped 杆状的;杆菌状的

**bacillus** /bə'sıləs/ n. (pl. **bacilli** /-laɪ, -li:/) a rod-shaped bacterium 芽孢杆菌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacillary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L. (genus name), dimin. of L. baculus 'stick'.

**back** /bæk/n. 1 the rear surface of the human body from the shoulders to the hips(人的)背部,后背 ➤the corresponding upper surface of an animal's body(动物的)脊背 ➤the spine 脊柱 ➤the main structure of a ship's hull or an aircraft's fuselage 船 体;(飞机的)机身 2 the side or part of something away from the spectator or from the direction in which it moves or faces 后部;尾部 ➤the side or part of an object opposed to the one that is normally seen or used 反面;背面 ➤the part of a chair against which the sitter's back rests 椅背 3 a player in a team game who plays in a defensive position behind the forwards 后卫 ■adv. 1 in the opposite direction from the one that one is facing or travelling towards 向后;在后 ➤at a distance away 在远处 ➤(also亦作 **back of**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】behind 在…后面 2 so as to return to an earlier or normal position or condition回原处;恢复原状 3 in or into the past 在过去,回到过去 4 in return回报;回应 ■v. 1 give material or moral support to(在物质或道义上)支 持,做…的后盾 ➤bet money on (a person or animal) winning a race or contest 赌(人或动物)赢 2 cover the back of (something) for support, protection, or decoration 在…背后加固,给…加背衬 3 (especially in popular music) provide musical accompaniment to (a singer or musician)(尤指流行音乐中)为(歌 手或音乐演奏者)伴奏 4 walk or drive backwards 倒着走,后退,倒(车) ➤(of the wind) change direction anticlockwise around the points of the compass(风)逆时针转向 The opposite of 反义词 VEER¹. 5 (**back on/on to**) (of a building or other structure) have its back facing or adjacent to (建筑 物等)背对着,背连着 ➤lie behind 位于………后面 ■adj. 1 of or at the back 后面的;后部的 2 in a remote or subsidiary position边远的;偏僻的;处于次要 位置的 3 from or relating to the past 过去的, 以往的: **back pay** 欠薪 4 directed towards the rear or in a reversed course 向后的;相反的 5 Phonetics 【语音】(of a sound) articulated at the back of the mouth(语音)舌后的,舌根的

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-PHRASES 短语 **at someone's back** in pursuit or support of someone追求,支持(某人) **back and forth** to and fro 来回地 **back in the day** in the past 在过去,在往昔 **the back of beyond** a very remote or inaccessible place 偏僻处所 **back to front** Brit. 【英】 with the back at the front and the front at the back 前后颠倒 **back water** reverse the action of the oars to slow down or stop a boat 倒划,倒桨 **behind someone's back** without a person's knowledge and in an unfair way 背着(某人) **get (or put) someone's back up** annoy or anger someone 惹 恼,激怒(某人) **put one's back into** approach (a task) with vigour对(任务)全力以赴 **turn one's back on** ignore; reject 忽视;背弃 **with one's back to (or up against) the wall** in a desperate situation 走投 无路,处于绝境
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **back down** concede defeat 认输 **back off** draw back from action or confrontation 放弃行动;不再对抗 **back out** withdraw from a commitment食言,反悔 **back up** (of vehicles) form into a queue due to congestion (车辆)堵塞 **back something up** Computing 【计】 make a spare copy of (data or a disk)备份(数据或 磁盘)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backer** n. **backless** adj. **backmost** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bæc, of Gmc origin.

**backache** /'bækeık/ n. prolonged pain in one's back 背痛

**backbeat** /'bækbi:t/ ■n. Music 【音】 a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar, used especially in jazz and popular music(尤指爵士 乐和流行音乐中的)基调强节奏

**backbencher** /bæk'bentʃə(r)/ n. (in the UK) an MP who does not hold office in the government or opposition and who sits behind the front benches in the House of Commons(英国的)后座议员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backbench** adj.

**backbiting** /'bæk,baıtıŋ/ n. malicious talk about an absent person 背后中伤,背后诽谤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backbiter** n.

**backblocks** /'bækblɒks/pl. n. Austral./NZ【澳新】 land in the remote and sparsely inhabited interior (人烟稀少的)内陆腹地

**backboard** /'bækbɔ:d/n. 1 a board used to support or straighten a person's back, especially after an accident 脊椎矫正板 2 Basketball 【篮球】 an upright board behind the basket, off which the ball may rebound 篮板

**back boiler** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a boiler built in behind a fireplace or integral to a gas fire 炉灶后部热水器;煤 气暖炉热水器

**backbone** /'bækbǝun/ n. 1 the spine 脊骨,脊柱 2 the chief support of a system or organization 支柱, 骨干 ➤strength of character 骨气,坚毅 3 Computing & Telecommunications【计,电信】a high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network主干网络,基于网络

**back-breaking** adj. (especially of manual labour) physically demanding(尤指体力劳动)累人的,繁 重的

**back-burner** v. N. Amer. 【北美】 postpone action on 把…搁置一时,暂缓
-ORIGIN 词源 from phr. ON THE BACK BURNER (see见 BURNER).

**back catalogue** n. all the works previously produced by a recording artist or record company (唱片艺术家或唱片公司录制的)往期作品

**backchat** /'bæktʃæt/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 rude or impudent remarks 回嘴,顶嘴

**backcloth** /'bækklɒθ/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 another term for BACKDROP * backdrop 的另一种说法

**backcomb** /'bækkǝum/ v. chiefly Brit.【主英】comb (the hair) from the ends of the strands towards the scalp to make it look thicker 倒梳(头发)

**backcountry** /'bæk,kʌntri/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北 美】 sparsely inhabited rural areas人烟稀少的乡村, 穷乡僻壤

**backcourt** /'bækkɔ:t/ n. 1 (in tennis, basketball, and other games) the part of each side of the court nearest the back wall or back boundary line(网球、 篮球等运动场地的)后场 2 the defensive players in a basketball team(篮球队的)后卫

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**backcross** /'bækkrɒs/ Genetics 【遗传】■v. cross(a hybrid) with one of its parents or an organism genetically identical to one of the parents(使) 回交,(使)逆代杂交 ■n. an instance or result of backcrossing 回交,逆代杂交

**backdate** /bæk'deit/ ■v. Brit. 【英】make(something, especially a pay increase) retrospectively valid 使(尤指加薪)有追溯效力 ➤put an earlier date to (a document or agreement) than the actual one 在(文 件或协议)上写较早的日期

**back door** n. 1 the rear door of a building 后门 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] underhand; clandestine 开后门 的,不正当的: **a back-door tax increase** 不正当的税收 增加
-PHRASES 短语 **by (or through) the back door** in a clandestine or underhand way走后门,用不正当 手段

**backdraught** /'bækdrɑ:ft/(US【美】 **backdraft**) ■n. 1 a current of air or water that flows backwards down a chimney, pipe, etc. (风或水的)倒灌,反流 2 a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all available oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available(火的)突爆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backdraughting** n.

**backdrop** /'bækdrɒp/n. 1 a painted cloth hung at the back of a theatre stage as part of the scenery(剧院 舞台上的)背景幕 2 the setting or background for a scene or event 背景 ■v. (**backdrops**, **backdropping**, **backdropped**) serve as a background to 做………的背景

**back-end** adj. 1 relating to the end of a project, process, or investment 后期的,后段的 2 Computing 【计】denoting a specialized subordinate processor or program, not directly accessed by the user 后端的

**back-fanged** adj. Zoology 【动】 denoting a snake (such as a boomslang) in which the rear pair or pairs of teeth have grooves to conduct the venom (非洲树蛇等)有后毒牙的 Compare with 比较 FRONT-FANGED.

**backfield** /'bækfi:ld/n. American Football 【美橄】 the area of play behind the line of scrimmage 守卫区

**backfill** /'bækfıl/ v. refill (an excavated hole) with the material dug out of it回填(挖出的坑) ■n. material used for backfilling 回填料

**backfire** /bæk'faıə(r)/ v. 1 (of a vehicle or its engine) undergo a mistimed explosion in the cylinder or exhaust(车辆或车辆引擎)回火 2 (of a plan or action) rebound adversely on the originator (计划或行动)产生反作用,得到事与愿违的结果

**backflip** /'bækflip/ n. a backward somersault done in the air with the arms and legs stretched out straight 后空翻

**back-formation** n. a word that is formed from its seeming derivative, typically by removal of a suffix (e.g. **edit** from **editor**)逆构词

**backgammon** /'bæk,gæmən/ n. 1 a board game in which two players move their pieces around twenty-four triangular points according to the throw of dice巴加门,十五子棋戏 2 the most complete form of win in backgammon(巴加门棋戏 中的)全胜
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BACK + GAMMON².

**background** /'bækgraund/ n. 1 part of a scene, picture, or description that forms a setting for the main figures, events, etc.背景,后景 2 the circumstances prevailing at a particular time or underlying an event 背景情况 ➤a person's education, experience, and social circumstances 出身背景,履 历 3 a persistent low level of radioactivity, radiation, noise, etc. present in an environment 本底(辐 射);背景(噪声) 4 tasks or processes running on a computer that do not need input from the user(计 算机的)后台 ■v. 1 form a background to 构成………的背 景 2 put in the background 将………置入背景 3 provide with background information 为……提供背景资料

**backgrounder** /'bækgraundə(r)/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 an official briefing or handout giving background information 背景情况介绍会;(分发的)背景介绍材料

**background music** n. music intended as an unobtrusive accompaniment to an activity, or to provide atmosphere in a film 背景音乐

**backhand** /'bækhænd/n. (in tennis and other racket sports) a stroke played with the back of the hand facing in the direction of the stroke, with the arm across the body(网球等执拍运动中的)反手击球 ■v. strike with a backhanded blow or stroke 用手背打; 反手击(球)

**backhanded** /bæk'hændid/ adj. 1 made with the back of the hand facing in the direction of movement 用手背的,反手的 2 indirect or ambiguous 拐弯抹角的,模棱两可的: **a backhanded compliment** 间接赞美

**backhander** /'bækhændə(r)/ n. 1 a backhand stroke or blow反手一击;用手背的一击 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a bribe回扣,贿赂

**back-heel** v. kick (a ball) backwards with the heel (用脚跟)回踢,往后踢(球)

**backhoe** /'bækhǝu/ (Brit. also 【英亦作】**backhoe loader**) n. a mechanical excavator which draws towards itself a bucket attached to a hinged boom 反铲挖土机

**backing** /'bækıŋ/ n. 1 material or moral support (物质或道义上的)支持 2 a layer of material that forms, protects, or strengthens the back of something 背衬;护背 3 (especially in popular music) musical or vocal accompaniment to the main singer or soloist(尤指流行音乐中的)伴奏, 伴唱 4 Phonetics 【语音】 the movement of the place of formation of a sound towards the back of the mouth(发音部位)后移

**backing track** n. a recorded musical accompaniment, especially one for a soloist to play or sing along with(尤指独奏、独唱的)录音伴奏

**backland** /'bæklænd/n. 1 (also 亦作 **backlands**) another term for BACKCOUNTRY * backcountry 的另一 种说法 2 land behind an area which is built on or otherwise developed 偏僻地区,边远地区

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**backlash** /'bæklæ∫/ n. 1 a strong and adverse reaction by a large number of people 强烈反应;集体 反对 2 recoil or degree of play arising between parts of a mechanism(机械的)反冲

**backlift** /'bæklıft/ n. (in sport) a backward movement of the bat or leg before playing a stroke or kicking the ball(体育运动中拍子的)向后挥动, (腿的)回踢

**backlight** /'bæklaıt/ n. illumination from behind 背后照明 ■v.(past **backlit**; past part. **backlit** or **backlighted**) illuminate from behind 从背后照亮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backlighting** n.

**backline** /'bæklaın/ n. 1 a line marking the back of something, especially the area of play in a game(尤 指运动场的)底线,端线 2 Rugby【英橄】 the players lined out across the field behind a scrum or line-out 后卫球员 3 the amplifiers used by a popular music group, typically placed across the back of the stage (流行乐队的)后台扬声器

**backlist** /'bæklıst/ n. a publisher's list of books published before the current season and still in print(出版商的)存书目录,重版目录

**backload** /'bækləud/ n. a load transported on the return journey of a delivery truck(卡车的) 回载 ■v. 1 transport a backload 回载 2 place more charges at the later stages of (a financial agreement) than at the earlier stages(金融协议)后期费用偏高

**backlog** /'bæklɒg/ n. an accumulation of work or matters needing to be dealt with 积压

**backlot** /'bæklɒt/ n. an outdoor area in a film studio where large exterior sets are made and some outside scenes are filmed(电影制片厂的)外景场地

**backmarker** /'bækma:kə(r)/n. Brit.【英】a competitor who is among the last in a race(赛跑中) 跑在后面的运动员

**back number** ■n. Brit. 【英】 an issue of a periodical earlier than the current one 过期期刊

**back order** n. a retailer's order for a product which is temporarily out of stock with the supplier 延 期交货订单 ■v. (**back-order**) place an order for (a product) which is temporarily out of stock 延期交货

**back office** n. an office or centre in which the administrative work of a business is carried out, as opposed to its dealings with customers 事务部门,后 勤部门

**backpack** /'bækpæk/ n. a rucksack 背包 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **backpacking**] travel or hike carrying one's belongings in a rucksack 背着背包旅行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backpacker** n.

**back pass** n. Soccer 【足】 a deliberate pass to one's own goalkeeper(把球传给本队守门员的)回传

**back passage** n. Brit. euphemistic【英,婉】a person's rectum 直肠

**back-pedal** v. 1 move the pedals of a bicycle backwards (formerly in order to brake)倒踩(自行 车的脚踏板以刹车) 2 hastily reverse one's previous action or opinion背弃,出尔反尔

**backplane** /'bækpleın/ n. a board to which the main circuit boards of a computer may be connected, and which provides connections between them(计算 机)底板

**back-projection** n. the projection of a picture on to the back of a translucent screen 背景放映,背面 放映
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **back-project** v.

**backrest** /'bækrest/ n. a support for a seated person's back 靠背

**back room** n. a place where secret, administrative, or supporting work is done 密室,里屋

**back row** n. [treated as sing. or pl.视作单数或复数] Rugby 【英橄】the forwards who are in the third row in a scrum(争球时)后排(或第三排)进攻队员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **back-rower** n.

**backscatter** /'bæk,skætə(r)/ n. 1 Physics 【物】 deflection of radiation or particles through an angle of 180°(辐射或粒子的)背散射 2 Photography【摄】 light from a flashgun or other light source that is deflected directly into a lens 背散射光 ■v. Physics 【物】deflect(radiation or particles) through an angle of 180°使(辐射、粒子)背散射

**backscratching** /'bæk,skrætʃıŋ/ n. informal 【非正 式】 the reciprocal provision of help, typically in an underhand manner (尤指私下)相互通融,互开方便 之门

**back-seat driver** n. informal 【非正式】 a passenger in a car who gives the driver unwanted advice 后座 驾驶员(指坐在汽车后座对驾驶员指手画脚的乘客)

**backshift** /'bækʃıft/ n. Grammar【语法】the changing of a present tense in direct speech to a past tense in reported speech (or a past tense to pluperfect)(时态)后移

**backside** /'bæksaıd/n. 1 informal 【非正式】a person's buttocks or anus 屁股,肛门 2 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 the reverse or rearward side反面; 背面

**back slang** n. slang in which words are spoken as though they were spelled backwards (e.g. **redraw** for **warder**)倒拼暗语

**backslapping** /'bæk,slæpıŋ/ n. the action of offering hearty congratulations or praise 拍后背以示 祝贺(或赞许) ■adj. vigorously hearty 热诚的,诚挚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backslapper** n.

**backslash** /'bækslæ∫/n. a backward-sloping diagonal line (\), used in some computer commands 反斜杠(\)

**backslide** /'bækslaıd/ v. (past **backslid**; past part. **backslid** or **backslidden**) relapse into bad ways 倒 退,滑坡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backslider** n. **backsliding** n.

**backspace** /'bækspeıs/ n. 1 a key on a computer keyboard or typewriter used to cause the cursor or carriage to move backwards(电脑键盘或打字 机的)退格键 2 a device on a video recorder or camcorder which produces a slight backward run between shots to eliminate disturbance caused by the interruption of the scanning process(录像机或 摄影机上的)反回装置 ■v. move a computer cursor or typewriter carriage backwards 退格

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**backspin** /'bækspın/ n. a backward spin given to a moving ball, causing it to stop more quickly or rebound at a steeper angle on hitting a surface(球的) 回旋,下旋

**backsplash** /'bæksplæ∫/n. North American term for SPLASHBACK * splashback的北美说法

**back-stabbing** n. the action of criticizing someone while feigning friendship 暗箭伤人,背后中伤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **back-stabber** n.

**backstage** /bæk'steɪdʒ/ adv. & adj. in or to the area behind the stage in a theatre 在(剧院)后台;到 (剧院)后台;(剧院)后台的

**backstairs** /'bæksteǝz/pl. n. 1 stairs at the back or side of a building 后楼梯 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] underhand; clandestine 私下的,秘密的

**backstay** /'bæksteı/ n. a stay on a sailing ship leading downwards and aft from the upper part of a mast(帆船上的)后支索,后拉索

**backstitch** /'bækstıt∫/ n. a method of sewing with overlapping stitches 来回针 ■v. sew using backstitch 用来回针缝

**backstop** /'bækstɒp/ ■n. 1 a person or thing placed at the rear of something as a barrier or support 后 围栏;后盾,支柱 2 Baseball 【棒】 a high fence or similar structure behind the home plate area 本垒 后的挡球网 3 Baseball 【棒】 a catcher 捕手,接球手 ■v. Baseball 【棒】 act as backstop for 为……当捕手

**backstory** /'bæk,stɔ:ri/ n. (pl. **backstories**) a history or background created for a fictional character in a film or television programme 背后故 事(指电影或电视节目中虚构人物的经历、背景)

**back straight** (N. Amer. 【北美】**backstretch**) n. the part of a racecourse that is furthest from the grandstand and parallel to the home straight 非终点 直道

**backstreet** /'bækstri:t/ n. 1 a minor street后 街,小道 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] secret, especially because illegal 秘密的,偷偷摸摸的: **backstreet abortions** 非法流产

**backstroke** /'bækstrǝuk/ n. a swimming stroke performed on the back with the arms lifted alternately out of the water in a backward circular motion and the legs extended and kicking 仰泳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backstroker** n.

**backswing** /'bækswıŋ/n. Golf 【高尔夫】 a backward swing of the arm or the golf club when about to hit a ball(手臂或球棒击球时的)向后挥动

**back talk** n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 backchat 反唇相讥,顶嘴

**back-to-back** adj. 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】(of houses) built in a terrace backing on to another terrace, with a party wall or a narrow alley between (住宅) 连栋的 2 consecutive 连续的 ■adv. (**back to back**) 1 (of two people) facing in opposite directions with their backs touching (两人)背靠背地 2 consecutively 连续地

**back-to-nature** adj. advocating or relating to reversion to a simpler way of life回归大自然的,返璞 归真的

**backtrack** /'bæktræk/ v. 1 retrace one's steps 原路 返回 > reverse one's previous position or opinion 变 卦,出尔反尔 2 US 【美】 pursue; track跟踪,监视

**backup** /'bækʌp/ ■n. 1 material or moral support 援助,支持 ➤a reserve备用品,后备 2 Computing 【计】 the procedure for backing up data 备份;a copy made in such a way 备份文件 3 N. Amer.【北美】 a traffic jam 交通堵塞

**backveld** /'bækvelt/ n. S. African 【南非】 remote country districts, especially when considered to be unsophisticated or conservative(尤指偏僻闭塞的) 落后乡村
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backvelder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 partial translation of Afrik. agterveld, lit. 'back countryside'.

**backward** /'bækwǝd/ adj. 1 directed behind or to the rear 向后的 2 having made less progress than is normal or expected 落后的 ➤(of a person) having learning difficulties(人)迟钝的 3 [with neg.与否定 结构连用](**backward in**) lacking the confidence to do 羞怯的,自卑的: **He was not backward in displaying his talents.** 他毫不畏缩地展示自己的才 华。4 Cricket【板】 (of a fielding position) behind an imaginary line passing through the stumps at the batsman's end at right angles to the wicket (场地位 置)线后的 ■adv. variant of BACKWARDS * backwards 的变体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **backwardly** adv. **backwardness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from earlier abackward, from ABACK.

**backwardation** /bækwə'deı∫n/ n. Brit. Stock Exchange【英,股】1 a situation in which the spot or cash price of a commodity is higher than the forward price 现货升水,现货溢价 2 a situation in which the offer price for stock is lower than the bid 交割延期

**backwards** /'bækwǝdz/ (also 亦作 **backward**) adv. 1 in the direction of one's back 向后地 2 back towards the starting point 往回,向原处 3 in reverse of the usual direction or order 反向地,倒,逆 4 towards the past 回溯 ➤towards a worse state 每况愈 下地,越来越糟地
-PHRASES 短语 **backwards and forwards** to and fro 来来回回 **bend (or fall or lean) over backwards** informal【非正式】 make every effort to be fair on helpful 竭尽全力(实现公正或给予帮助) **know something backwards** be entirely familiar with something 对某事物了如指掌

**backwash** /'bækwɒ∫/ n. 1 the motion of receding waves(水的)反流 2 a backward current created by an object moving through water or air (物体在水 或空气中运动激起的)反流

**backwater** /'bæk,wɔ:tə(r)/ n. 1 a part of a river not reached by the current, where the water is stagnant 死水 2 a place or state in which no development or progress is taking place 停滞状态,落后地区

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**backwoods** /'bækwudz/pl. n. chiefly N. Amer.【主 北美】 remote uncleared forest land 蛮荒林地 ➤a remote or sparsely inhabited region, especially one considered backward or conservative(尤指保守落 后、人烟稀少的)偏远地区

**backwoodsman** /'bæk,wudzmən/ n. (pl. **backwoodsmen**) 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】an inhabitant of backwoods 偏远地区居民 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a peer who very rarely attends the House of Lords“蛮荒”议员(指很少出席会议的上院 议员)

**backyard** /bæk'jɑ:d/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a yard at the back of a house or other building 后院 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a back garden 后花园 3 informal【非正式】 the area close to where one lives, regarded with proprietorial concern(住所的)附近地区,“后院”

**bacon** /'beık(ə)n/n. cured meat from the back or sides of a pig 培根,熏火腿
-PHRASES 短语 **bring home the bacon** informal 【非正 式】 1 supply material provision or support 提供物质 援助 2 achieve success 获得成功
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from a Gmc word meaning 'ham, flitch'.

**baconer** /'beık(ə)nə(r)/ n. a pig suitable for being made into bacon and ham, typically heavier than both a porker and a cutter(适于制作腌熏肉和火腿 的)肉猪

**Baconian** /beɪ'kəʊniən/ adj. 1 relating to the English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) or his inductive method of reasoning and philosophy 培根(哲学)的;培根归纳推理法的 2 relating to or denoting the theory that Bacon wrote the plays attributed to Shakespeare 认为莎士比亚戏剧实为培根 所著的 ■n. 1 an adherent of Baconian philosophy 培 根主义者 2 a supporter of the Baconian theory 支持培 根是莎士比亚剧作实际作者的人

**bacteraemia** /bæktə'ri:miə/ (US【美】**bacteremia**) ■n. Medicine【医】 the presence of bacteria in the blood 菌血症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacteraemic** adj.

**bacteria** /bæk'tıəriə/ plural form of BACTERIUM * bacterium的复数形式

**bactericide** /bæk'tıǝrısaɪd/n. a substance which kills bacteria 杀菌剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bactericidal** adj.

**bacterio-** /bæk'tıəriǝu/ comb. form representing 表 BACTERIUM

**bacteriological** /bæk,tıəriə'lɒdʒıkl/ adj. 1 relating to bacteriology or bacteria 细菌学的;细菌的 2 relating to or denoting germ warfare 细菌战的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacteriologic** adj. **bacteriologically** adv.

**bacteriology** /bæk,tıəri'ɒlədʒi/ n. the study of bacteria 细菌学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacteriologist** n.

**bacteriolysis** /bæk,tıəri'ɒlısıs/ ■n. Biology 【生物】the rupture of bacterial cells, especially by an antibody (尤指抗体的)溶菌(作用)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacteriolytic** adj.

**bacteriophage** /bæk'tıəriǝ(u)feɪdʒ, -fɑ:ʒ/n. Biology 【生物】a kind of virus which parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it 噬菌体
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from BACTERIUM + Gk phagein 'eat'.

**bacteriostat** /bæk'tıəriǝ(u)stæt/ n. a substance that prevents the multiplying of bacteria without destroying them 抑菌剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacteriostasis** n. **bacteriostatic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from BACTERIUM + Gk statos 'standing'.

**bacterium** /bæk'tıəriəm/ n. (pl. **bacteria** /-riə/) a member of a large group of unicellular micro-organisms (prokaryotes) which have cell walls but lack an organized nucleus and other structures, and include numerous disease-causing forms 细菌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bacterial** adj. **bacterially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk baktērion, dimin. of baktēria 'rod, cane' (because the first ones to be discovered were rod-shaped).
> USAGE 用法说明
> **Bacteria**, the plural form of bacterium, is sometimes mistakenly treated as a singular form. * bacteria 是 bacterium的复数形式,有时被 错误地视作单数形式。

**Bactrian** /'bæktriən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Bactria, an ancient region and empire in central Asia 巴克特里亚人 ■adj. relating to Bactria 巴克特里亚的

**Bactrian camel** n. see 见 CAMEL.

**baculovirus** /'bækjulə(u),vaırəs/n. Biology 【生 物】 a member of a family of DNA viruses infecting invertebrates 杆状病毒
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from L. baculum 'rod, stick' + VIRUS.

**bad** /bæd/ adj. (**worse**, **worst**) 1 of poor quality or a low standard糟糕的,劣质的,差劲的 ➤(often 常用 **bad at**) not able to do a particular thing well不 擅长的 ➤inappropriate 不适合的 2 unwelcome or unpleasant 讨厌的,使人不快的 ➤severe or serious 厉害的;严重的 ➤(**bad for**) harmful to 有害的 3 offending moral standards or accepted conventions 道德败坏的;粗鲁的 4 injured, ill, or diseased 受 伤的,生病的 5 (of food) decayed(食物)腐坏 的 6 guilty; ashamed 内疚的,羞愧的 7 (**badder**, **baddest**) informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】 good; excellent好的;顶呱呱的
-PHRASES 短语 **be bad news** informal 【非正式】 be unwelcome or unpleasant 不受欢迎,令人不快 **in a bad way** ill or in trouble生病的;陷入麻烦的 **to the bad** 1 to ruin (走)向毁灭 2 in deficit 负债 **too bad** informal 【非正式】 indicating that something is regrettable but now beyond retrieval 可惜;不幸

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baddish** adj. **badness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from OE bæddel 'hermaphrodite, womanish man'.

**badass** /'bædæs/ N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 ■n. an aggressive or uncooperative person 寻衅闹事 的人,不合作者 ■adj. 1 tough or aggressive 惹是生非 的 2 very good 优秀的

**bad blood** ■n. ill feeling 怨恨,恶感

**bad break** n. informal【非正式】a piece of bad luck 厄运,坏运

**bad debt** n. a debt that cannot be recovered 坏账, 死账

**baddy** /'bædi/(also亦作 **baddie**) n. (pl. **baddies**) informal【非正式】a villain or criminal in a book, film, etc.(书、电影等中的)恶棍,坏人

**bade** /beɪd, bæd/ past of BID² * bid² 的过去式

**bad faith** n. intent to deceive 欺诈,欺骗: **The slave owners had acted in bad faith.** 奴隶主恶意欺骗。

**bad form** n. an offence against current social conventions 不礼貌行为

**badge** /bædʒ/n. 1 a small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth bearing a design or words, typically worn to identify a person or to indicate support for a cause 徽章;奖章 2 a sign or feature revealing a quality or condition(质量或状态的)象征: **He converts the macho stereotype into a badge of honour.** 他把大男人 的刻板形象变成了荣誉的象征。■v. mark with a badge 授予…徽章
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**badger** /'bædʒə(r)/ n. a heavily built omnivorous nocturnal mammal of the weasel family, typically having a grey and black coat and a white-striped head 獾 [Meles meles (Eurasia) and Taxidea taxus (N. America).] ■v. repeatedly and annoyingly ask (someone) to do something 纠缠;困扰
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from BADGE, with ref. to its distinctive head markings.
> 1911 The first edition is in general a master-2011 piece of clarity, but some entries made few concessions to readers. Take, for example, badger, which is defined as 'grey-coated strong-jawed nocturnal hibernating plantigrade quadruped between weasels and bears'. The definition seems perverse in not mentioning the animal's striped head, and 'between weasels and bears' reflects outmoded ideas of taxonomic hierarchy. 第一版总体上堪称 释义明晰的杰作,但有些条目还是未能真正迎合读者 的需求。例如,badger的释义为“冬眠型夜行性跖行 四足动物,皮毛灰色,颌骨强壮,介于鼬和熊之间”。 该释义居然未言及獾头部有条纹,着实奇怪。再者, “介于鼬和熊之间”反映了过时的分类法思想。

**badger-baiting** n. a sport in which dogs draw a badger from its sett and kill it, illegal in the UK since 1830 耍獾游戏(狗将獾从洞穴中引出并杀死, 1830年起在英国被视为非法)

**bad hair day** ■n. informal 【非正式】 a day on which everything seems to go wrong 倒霉日

**badinage** /'bædɪnɑ:ʒ/ n. witty conversation 调 侃,打趣,戏谑
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from badiner 'to joke'.

**badlands** /'bædlændz/pl. n. extensive tracts of heavily eroded, uncultivable land with little vegetation(侵蚀而成的)贫瘠地带,不毛之地

**badly** /'bædli/ adv. (**worse**, **worst**) 1 in a bad manner 糟糕地 2 severely; seriously厉害地;严重地 3 very much 非常
-PHRASES 短语 **badly off** not wealthy; poor 贫困的, 境况不佳的

**badmash** /bʌd'mɑ:ʃ/n. Indian 【印度】 a dishonest or unprincipled man 坏蛋,流氓
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu, from Pers. bad 'evil' + Arab. ma'āš 'means of livelihood'.

**badminton** /'bædmɪntǝn/ n. a game with rackets in which a shuttlecock is hit back and forth across a net 羽毛球(运动)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Badminton in SW England, country seat of the Duke of Beaufort, where the game was first played.

**bad-mouth** v. informal 【非正式】criticize maliciously 说……的坏话,恶意批评

**bad-tempered** adj. easily annoyed or angered 粗暴 的,易怒的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bad-temperedly** adv.

**BAe** abbr. British Aerospace 英国宇航公司

**Baedeker** /'beɪdɪkə(r)/ n. a travel guidebook published by the firm founded by the German publisher Karl Baedeker (1801-1859)贝德克尔 旅行指南

**baffle** /'bæfl/v. 1 totally bewilder 使困惑 2 restrain or regulate (a fluid, a sound, etc.)控制,抑制(液 体、声音等) ■n. a device used to restrain the flow of a fluid, gas, or loose material or to prevent the spreading of sound or light in a particular direction 折流装置;缓冲装置
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bafflement** n. **baffler** n. **baffling** adj. **bafflingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(in the sense 'cheat, deceive') : perh. rel. to Fr. bafouer 'ridicule' or obs. Fr. beffer 'mock, deceive'.

**bafflegab** /'bæf(ə)lgæb/n. N. Amer. informal 【北 美,非正式】incomprehensible or pretentious jargon 难懂的话

**BAFTA** /'bæftǝ/ abbr. British Academy of Film and Television Arts 英国电影与电视艺术学院

**bafta** /'bɑ:ftǝ/ (also 亦作 **baft**) n. coarse fabric, typically of cotton(尤指棉质的)粗糙织物
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Urdu, from Pers. baft 'textile', bafta 'woven'.

**bag** /bæg/n. 1 a flexible container with an opening at the top包,袋 ➤a piece of luggage 一件行李 2 (**bags**) loose folds of skin under a person's eyes 眼 袋 3 (**bags**) Brit. dated【英,过时】 loose-fitting trousers 宽松裤 4 (**bags of**) informal, chiefly Brit. 【非 正式,主英】plenty of 大量,许多 5 the amount of game shot by a hunter(猎人的)全部猎物 6 (usu. 通常用 **old bag**) informal 【非正式】an unpleasant or disliked woman 恶女人,丑女人 7 (**one's bag**) informal【非正式】 one's particular interest or taste 爱 好;品味 8 Baseball 【棒】 a base垒,垒包 ■v. (**bags**, **bagging**, **bagged**) 1 put in a bag 把………装进袋子 2 succeed in killing or catching (an animal)捕杀, 捕获(动物) ➤succeed in securing 成功获得 3 (of clothes) form loose bulges due to wear(衣服) 宽松下垂 4 N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】fit(a patient) with an oxygen mask 给(病人)戴上氧气面 罩 5 Austral. informal【澳,非正式】 criticize 批评

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-PHRASES 短语 **bag and baggage** with all one's belongings 连同全部财物;完全彻底地 **bag of tricks** informal 【非正式】 a set of ingenious plans, techniques, or resources 一整套巧妙的计划(或技巧、资源) **bags (or bags I)** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a child's expression used to make a claim to something(儿 童用语)要,要求得到 **in the bag** informal 【非正式】 1 (of something desirable) as good as secured(渴 求之物)十拿九稳,收入囊中 2 US【美】 drunk 喝醉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bagful** n. (pl. **bagfuls**). **bagger** n. **bagless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from ON baggi.

**Baganda** /bə'gændə/ pl. n. (sing. **Muganda**) an African people of the kingdom of Buganda, now forming part of Uganda 巴干达人(旧时非洲布干达王 国一民族,现属乌干达)
-ORIGIN 词源 a local name; cf. Kiswahili Waganda.

**bagasse** /bǝ'gæs/n. the dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane 甘蔗渣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Sp. bagazo 'pulp'.

**bagatelle** /bægǝ'tel/ n. 1 a game in which small balls are hit into numbered holes on a board, with pins as obstructions 弹球游戏 2 something trifling or negligible 小事,琐事,不值一提的事 3 a short, light piece of music 轻快小曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. bagatella, perh. from baga 'baggage' or from a dimin. of L. baca 'berry'.

**bagel** /'beɪgl/n. a dense, ring-shaped bread roll 面 包圈
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent. (as beigel): from Yiddish beygel.

**baggage** /'bægidʒ/n. 1 personal belongings packed in suitcases for traveling 行李 2 past experiences or long-held opinions perceived as encumbrances 包袱(指先入之见或固有看法): **emotional baggage** 情感包袱 3 dated 【过时】a cheeky or disagreeable girl or woman 坏女人,荡妇
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bagage (from baguer 'tie up'), or bagues 'bundles'; perh. rel. to BAG.

**baggy** /'bægi/adj. (**baggier**, **baggiest**) (of clothing) loose and hanging in folds(衣服)宽松下垂的 ➤(of eyes) having folds of puffy skin below them(眼 睛)有眼袋的,肿胀的 ■n. (**baggies**) informal 【非正 式】loose, wide-legged trousers 宽松肥腿长裤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baggily** adv. **bagginess** n.

**bag lady** n. informal【非正式】 a homeless woman who carries her possessions around in shopping bags (用购物袋背着全部家当露宿街头的)流浪妇女

**bagman** /'bægmən/ n. (pl. **bagmen**) 1 US & Austral./NZ informal【美,澳新,非正式】 an agent who collects or distributes the proceeds of illicit activities 代人收取(或分配)非法收益的人 2 Canadian【加】 a political fundraiser(政治上的)资金募集者 3 Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】a travelling salesman 旅行推销员

**bagnio** /'bɑ:njǝu, 'bænjǝu/ n. (pl. **bagnios**) 1 archaic【古】 a brothel 妓院 2 historical 【史义】(in East Asia) a prison(东亚的)监狱
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. bagno, from L. balneum 'bath'.

**bagpipe** /'bægpaɪp/ (also 亦作 **bagpipes**) ■n. a musical instrument with reed pipes that are sounded by the pressure of wind emitted from a bag squeezed by the player's arm 风笛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bagpiper** n.

**ba gua** /bɑ: 'gwɑ:/(also亦作 **pa kua**) ■n. 1 a Chinese religious motif incorporating the eight trigrams of the I Ching, arranged around a symbol denoting the balance of yin and yang 八卦 2 a Chinese martial art in which movements are focused on a circle and the defence of eight points around it 八卦掌
-ORIGIN 词源 from Chin. bā 'eight' + guà 'divinatory symbols'.

**baguette** /bæg'et/ n. 1 a long, narrow French loaf 法国长棍面包 2 a gem cut in a long rectangular shape 细长形切磨宝石 3 Architecture 【建】 a small moulding, semicircular in section 半圆饰,小圆凸线 4 a slim, rectangular handbag with a short strap 长 方形短带小手提包
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. bacchetto, dimin. of bacchio, from L. baculum 'staff'.

**bagworm** /'bægwɜ:m/ n. an American moth, the caterpillar and flightless female of which live in a portable protective case constructed out of plant debris 蓑蛾, 袋蛾 [Family Psychidae.]

**bah** /bɑ:/ exclam. an expression of contempt or disagreement 呸(表示轻蔑或反对)

**Baha'i** /bɑ:'hɑ:i/(also亦作 **Bahai**) n. (pl. **Baha'is**) 1 a monotheistic religion founded in the 19th century as a development of Babism, emphasizing the essential oneness of humankind and of all religions and seeking world peace 巴哈教派(19世纪 创立,发展自巴布教派,强调人神统一,追求世界和 平) 2 an adherent of the Baha'i faith 巴哈派教徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Baha'ism** /bɑ:'hɑ:ɪz(ə)m/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 Pers., from Arab. bahā' 'splendour'.

**Bahamian** /bə'heɪmiən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the Bahamas 巴哈马人 ■adj. relating to the Bahamas 巴哈马的

**Bahasa Indonesia** /bə'hɑ:sə/ ■n. the official language of Indonesia 印度尼西亚语 See 见INDONESIAN.

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-ORIGIN 词源 from Malay bahasa 'language'.

**Bahasa Malaysia** /mə'leɪzə/ n. the official language of Malaysia 马来语 See 见 MALAY.

**bahookie** /bə'hu:ki/ n. Scottish 【苏格兰】 a person's buttocks 屁股
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: prob. a blend of BEHIND and HOUGH + -IE.

**Bahraini** /bɑ:'reɪni/ n. a native or inhabitant of Bahrain 巴林人 ■adj. relating to Bahrain or its inhabitants 巴林的;巴林人的

**baht** /bɑ:t/ n. (pl. same单复同) the basic monetary unit of Thailand, equal to 100 satangs铢(泰国基本 货币单位,1铢=100萨当)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Thai bāt.

**Bahutu** /bə'hu:tu:/ plural form of HUTU * Hutu 的复数 形式

**bail**¹ /beɪl/ n. 1 the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money is lodged to guarantee their appearance in court 保释 2 money paid by or for such a person as security 保释金 ■v. release or secure the release of (an accused person) on payment of bail 保释
-PHRASES 短语 **go(or stand) bail** act as surety for an accused person做………的保释人 **jump bail** informal 【非正式】fail to appear for trial after being released on bail 弃保潜逃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bailable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., lit. 'custody, jurisdiction', from bailler 'take charge of', from L. bajulare 'bear a burden'.

**bail**² /beɪl/ ■n. 1 (usu.通常用 **bails**) Cricket 【板】 either of the two crosspieces bridging the stumps 三柱门上的横木 2 a bar on a computer printer or typewriter which holds the paper steady 压纸杆 3 a bar separating horses in an open stable(马厩里 隔离马匹的)栅栏木 4 Austral./NZ【澳新】a movable framework for securing the head of a cow during milking(挤牛奶时固定牛头部的)活动闸架 ■v. (often 常用 **bail someone/thing up**) Austral./NZ 【澳新】 1 confront (someone) with intent to rob拦 路抢劫 ➤detain in conversation 强留(对方)谈话 2 secure (a cow) during milking(挤奶时)用活动闸 架固定(牛)的头部
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a bailey): from OFr. baile 'palisade, enclosure', baillier 'enclose'.

**bail**³ /beɪl/ (Brit. also 【英亦作】 **bale**) ■v. 1 scoop water out of (a ship or boat)把水舀出(船) 2 (**bail out**) make an emergency parachute descent from an aircraft 紧急跳伞 3 (**bail someone/thing out**) rescue someone or something from a difficulty 解救
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bailer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. bail 'bucket', from Fr. baille, based on L. bajulus 'carrier'.

**bailee** /beɪ'li:/ ■n. Law 【律】 a person or party to whom goods are delivered for a purpose, without transfer of ownership 受托人

**bailey** /'beɪli/ n. (pl. **baileys**) the outer wall of a castle(城堡的)郭,外墙
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from OFr. baile (see 见 BAIL²).

**Bailey bridge** /'beɪli/ n. a temporary bridge of lattice steel designed for rapid assembly from prefabricated standard parts, used especially in military operations(尤指军用的)贝利桥,活动便桥
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: named after the English engineer Sir D. Bailey, its designer.

**bailie** /'beɪli/ n. (pl. **bailies**) chiefly historical【主史 义】 a municipal officer and magistrate in Scotland (苏格兰)高级市政官
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. used interchangeably with BAILIFF): from OFr. bailli.

**bailiff** /'beɪlıf/n. 1 a sheriff's officer who executes writs and processes and carries out distraints and arrests 郡副司法长官(负责传唤、查封财物和逮捕) 2 Brit.【英】 the agent of a landlord(地主的)管家 3 N. Amer.【北美】 an official in a court of law who keeps order and looks after prisoners 法警 4 Brit. historical 【英,史义】 the sovereign's representative in a district, especially the chief officer of a hundred (尤指百户邑地区的)君主代表 5 the first civil officer in the Channel Islands(英国海峡群岛的)首席文官
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baillif, inflected form of bailli(see见 BAILIE), based on L. bajulus 'carrier, manager'.

**bailiwick** /'beılıwık/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】 one's sphere of operations or area of interest 经营范围; 兴趣范围 2 Law【律】 the district or jurisdiction of a bailie or bailiff 高级市政官(或郡副司法长官)的辖区
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from BAILIE + WICK².

**bailment** /'beɪlmənt/ ■n. Law 【律】 an act of delivering goods to a bailee(财物的)寄托

**bailor** /beɪ'lɔ:/ ■n. Law 【律】 a person or party that entrusts goods to a bailee(财物)寄托人

**Baily's beads** pl. n. Astronomy 【天文】 a string of bright points seen at the edge of the darkened moon at the beginning or end of totality in an eclipse of the sun, caused by the uneven lunar topography 贝利珠(日全食现象出现前后因月球地形 起伏不平而在其表面看到的一连串亮点)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the English astronomer Francis Baily.

**bain-marie** /bænmə'ri:/ n. (pl. **bains-marie** or **bain-maries** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a pan of hot water in which a cooking container is placed to cook slowly 隔水炖锅
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., translation of med. L. balneum Mariae 'bath of Maria', translating Gk kaminos Marias 'furnace of Maria', said to be a Jewish alchemist.

**Bairam** /baɪ'ra:m/ n. either of two annual Muslim festivals, **Greater bairam** and **Lesser bairam**(伊斯 兰教)拜兰节(可指大拜兰节或小拜兰节) See见EID.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Turk. baïram (earlier form of bayram), from Pers. bazrām.

**bairn** /beən/ n. chiefly Scottish & N. English 【主苏格兰 和英北】a child小孩,孩子

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-ORIGIN 词源 OE bearn, of Gmc origin; rel. to BEAR¹.

**bait** /beɪt/n. 1 food used to entice fish or other animals as prey 诱饵 2 variant spelling of BATE¹ * bate¹ 的另一种拼法 ■v. 1 deliberately annoy or taunt 逗 弄,引诱 2 allow dogs to attack (a trapped or restrained animal)放狗攻击(被困动物) 3 put bait on (a hook) or in (a trap, net, etc.)放饵于,给…上饵
-PHRASES 短语 **rise to the bait** react to a provocation or temptation exactly as intended 上钩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON beit 'pasture, food', beita 'to hunt or chase'.

**baiza** /'baɪza:/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **baizas**) a monetary unit of Oman, equal to one thousandth of a rial 派沙(阿曼货币单位,1,000派沙=1里亚尔)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab.

**baize** /beɪz/ n. a felt-like material that is typically green, used for covering billiard and card tables 台 面呢(通常为绿色,用作台球桌、牌桌的衬垫)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. baies, fem. pl. of bai (see 见SAY), treated as a sing. noun.

**bajada** /bə'hɑ:də/ n. a broad slope of alluvial material at the foot of an escarpment 山麓冲积平原
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., 'descent, slope'.

**Bajan** /'beɪdʒn/ adj. & n. informal term for BARBADIAN * Barbadian 的非正式说法

**bajillion** /bə'dʒıliən/ cardinal number informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 an extremely large number 无穷大: **I've still got a bajilion things to do.** 我 还有无数事情要做。
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: fanciful formation on the pattern of billion and million.

**bajra** /'bɑ:dʒra:/ ■n. (in South Asia) pearl millet or similar grain(南亚的)珍珠粟,御谷
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bājrā, bājrī.

**bake** /beɪk/ v. 1 cook (food) by dry heat without direct exposure to a flame, typically in an oven 烘, 焙,烤 2 (of the sun or other agency) subject to dry heat(太阳等)晒,烤 ➤informal 【非正式】 be or become extremely hot in hot weather 灼热,炙热 ■n. 1 a dish consisting of a number of ingredients mixed together and baked 烘焙食品: **a vegetable bake** 烘焙蔬菜 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a social gathering at which baked food of a specified kind is eaten 烧烤聚 会: **a clambake** 烤蛤会
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bacan, of Gmc origin.

**bakeapple** /'beɪkæpl/n. Canadian 【加】 the fruit of the cloudberry 云莓

**baked Alaska** /ə'læskə/ n. a dessert consisting of sponge cake and ice cream in a meringue covering, cooked briefly in a hot oven 烘烤冰激凌

**baked beans** pl. n. baked haricot beans, typically cooked in tomato sauce and tinned (通常加番茄汁 烘制、罐装的)烘豆

**bakehouse** /'beɪkhaus/n. dated 【过时】 a building or area in which bread is made 面包房

**Bakelite** /'beık(ə)laɪt/ n. trademark 【商标】 an early brittle form of plastic made from formaldehyde and phenol 电木,酚醛塑料
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after Leo H. Baekeland, the Belgian-born American chemist who invented it, + -ITE¹.

**baker** /'beɪkə(r)/ n. a person whose trade is making and selling bread and cakes 面包师,糕点师
-PHRASES 短语 **baker's dozen** a group of thirteen 十三个[from the former bakers' custom of adding an extra loaf to a dozen sold to a retailer, this constituting the latter's profit.]

**bakery** /'beɪk(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **bakeries**) a place where bread and cakes are made or sold 面包房,面包店

**Bakewell tart** /beɪkwel/n. Brit. 【英】 a baked open tart consisting of a pastry case lined with jam and filled with almond sponge cake 贝克韦尔馅饼,杏仁 果酱馅饼
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the town of Bakewell in Derbyshire.

**baking powder** n. a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and cream of tartar, used as a raising agent in baking 发酵粉

**baking soda** n. sodium bicarbonate 小苏打,碳酸 氢钠

**bakkie** /'bæki, 'bɑki/ n. (pl. **bakkies**) S. African 【南 #】1 a light truck or pickup truck 轻型卡车;皮卡 2 a basin or other container盆;容器
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., from bak 'container' + the dimin. suffix -ie.

**baklava** /'bɑ:kləvə, 'bæk-/ n. a Middle Eastern dessert made of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in honey 蜜糖果仁千层酥
-ORIGIN 词源 from Turk.

**baksheesh** /bæk'ʃi:ʃ/n. (in parts of Asia) a small sum of money given as alms, a tip, or a bribe(亚 洲部分地区的)小费,酬金,贿赂
-ORIGIN 词源 based on Pers. bakšīš, from bakšīdan 'give'.

**balaclava** /bælə'klɑ:və/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】a close-fitting woollen hat covering the whole head and neck, with holes for the eyes and mouth 巴拉克 拉瓦盔式帽
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (worn orig. by soldiers in the Crimean War): named after the village of Balaclava in the Crimea.

**balafon** /'bæləfɒn/ n. a large xylophone with hollow gourds as resonators, used in West African music 巴拉风(西非音乐中使用的一种木琴)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via Fr. from Manding bala 'xylophone' + fo 'to play'.

**balalaika** /bælə'laıkə/ n. a Russian musical instrument like a guitar with a triangular body and typically three strings 巴拉莱卡琴,俄罗斯三角琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Russ., of Tartar origin.

**balance** /'bæləns/ n. 1 an even distribution of weight ensuring stability 平衡 ➤Sailing【帆】 the ability of a boat to stay on course without adjustment of the rudder(船的)平衡力 2 mental or emotional stability 沉着,镇定 3 a condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions 平衡,均衡 4 an apparatus for weighing, with a balanced beam and two pans 天平 5 (also **the balance**) a decisive factor or degree of influence 决定因素,影响力 6 the amount of money held in an account 余额 7 (in phr. **on balance**) after taking all aspects into consideration 总的来说 ➤(in phr. **in the balance**) uncertain 不确定,未定 8 the remaining amount or part of something 剩余部分 9 Astrology 【占星】 (the Balance) a sign of the zodiac (Libra), which the sun enters for a month around 23 September 天秤宫 ■v. 1 put (something) in a steady position so that it does not fall 使平衡 ➤(of a person) keep one's body in a steady position(人)保持平衡 2 compare the value of (one argument) with another(在两个论点间)权衡,斟酌 3 (of a scale) be in a state of equilibrium(天平)平衡 4 offset or compare the value of (one thing) with another 抵消;与…相称 5 (also **balance out**) be or make equal in amount 使相等;等于 6 do the accounting for (an account or a business) to establish the debit and credit totals are equal 结算,结清(账目)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balanced** adj. **balancer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from late L. bilancia, from (libra) bilanx '(balance) having two scale pans'.
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proportions 平衡;(比例)协调 **4** an apparatus for weighing, especially one with a central pivot, beam, and two scales 天平 **5** a counteracting weight or force 配重;平衡力 > (also 亦作 **balance wheel**) the regulating device in a clock or watch (钟表的)平衡轮,摆轮 **6** a predominating amount; a preponderance 大部分;多数: The balance of opinion was that work was important. 多数人认为工作很重要。 **7** a figure representing the amount of money held in an account 结余,账户余额: his bank balance 他的账户结余 > the difference between an amount due and an amount paid (应付与所付的)差额 ■v. **1** be or put in a steady position (使)平衡 **2** offset or compare the value of (one thing) with another 抵偿 > [often as adj. 常作形容词 **balanced**] establish equal or appropriate proportions of elements in 使对称, 使平衡: a balanced diet 平衡饮食 **3** compare debits and credits in (an account) to ensure that they are equal 使(借贷)平衡;销(账)
-PHRASES 短语 **balance of payments** the difference in total value between payments into and out of a country over a period 国际收支差额 **balance of power** 1 a situation in which states of the world have roughly equal power (各国间的)势均力敌 2 the power held by a small group when larger groups are of equal strength (在大集团势均力敌时小集团的)平衡力量 **balance of trade** the difference in value between a country's imports and exports 贸易差额,进出口差额 **be (or hang) in the balance** be in an uncertain or critical state 不确定;在危急时刻 **on balance** when all factors are taken into consideration 总的来说 **throw (or catch) someone off balance** make someone unsteady or catch someone unawares 使某人失去平衡;乘某人不备
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balancer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. balance (n.), balancer (v.), based on late L. (libra) bilanx' (balance) having two scale-pans.

**balance sheet** n. a written statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business 资产负债表; 决算表

**balander** /bə'lændə(r)/ (also 亦作 **balanda**) n. derogatory【贬】(among Australian Aboriginals) a white man (澳大利亚土著用语)白人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Makasarese balanda, from Malay belanda (alt. of HOLLANDER in the sense 'Dutchman').

**balanitis** /bælə'naıtıs/ n. Medicine 【医】inflammation of the glans penis 阴茎头炎,龟头炎
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk balanos 'glans penis' (lit. 'acorn') + -ITIS.

**balas ruby** /'bæləs/ n. a ruby of a delicate rose-red variety 玫红尖晶石,巴喇思红宝石
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. balais, from Arab. balakš, from Pers. Badakšān, a district of Afghanistan where it is found.

**balata** /'bælətə, bə'la:tə/ n. a tropical American tree which bears edible fruit and produces latex 巴拉塔树 [Manilkara bidentata.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Carib. balatá.

**balboa** /bæl'bəvə/ n. the basic monetary unit of Panama, equal to 100 centésimos 巴波亚(巴拿马货币单位,1巴波亚=100分)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa.

**balbriggan** /bæl'brıg(ə)n/ n. a knitted cotton fabric, formerly used for stockings and underwear 巴尔布里根针织材料(用于制袜和内衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the town of Balbriggan in Ireland, where it was orig. made.

**balcony** /'bælkəni/ n. (pl. **balconies**) **1** a platform enclosed by a wall or balustrade on the outside of a building 阳台 **2** the highest tier of seats in a theatre or cinema (剧院或影院的)楼座 N. Amer. 【北美】 the dress circle in a theatre (剧院的)特等包厢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balconied** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital. balcone.

**bald** /bɔ:ld/ adj. **1** having a scalp wholly or partly lacking hair 秃的 > (of an animal) not covered by the usual fur, hair, or feathers (动物)无毛的 **2** (of a tyre) having the tread worn away (轮胎)磨平的 **3** (of language) plain; blunt (语言)不加修饰的,直接的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balding** adj. **baldish** adj. **baldly** adv. **baldness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from an OE base meaning 'white patch'.

**baldachin** /'bældəkın, 'bɔ:ld-/ (also 亦作 **baldaquin** /'bɔ:ldəkın/) n. a ceremonial canopy over an altar, throne, or doorway (祭坛、王座或门廊的)华盖
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a rich brocade): from Ital. baldacchino, from Baldacco 'Baghdad', from where the brocade originated.

**bald eagle** n. a white-headed North American eagle, the national bird of the US 白头海雕(美国国鸟) [Haliaetus leucocephalus.]

**balderdash** /'bɔ:ldədæʃ/ n. senseless talk or writing 废话;胡言
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a frothy liquid or an unappetizing mixture of drinks): of unknown origin.

**bald-faced** adj. N. Amer. 【北美】another term for BAREFACED * barefaced 的另一种说法

**baldmoney** /'bɔ:ld,mʌni/ n. (pl. **baldmoneys**) another term for SPIGNEL * spignel 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the gentian; now only Scots): origin unknown.

**baldric** /'bɔ:ldrık/ n. historical 【史义】a belt for a sword or other piece of equipment, worn over one shoulder and reaching down to the opposite hip (刀、剑或其他装备的)斜背肩带
-ORIGIN 词源 ME baudry, from OFr. baudre.

**baldy** /'bɔ:ldi/ (also 亦作 **baldie**) n. (pl. **baldies**) informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】a bald-headed person 光头,秃子 ■adj. chiefly Scottish & Irish 【主苏格兰和爱】**bald** 秃的

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**bale¹** /beıl/ n. **1** a large bundle of paper, hay, or cotton (纸、干草或棉花的)大捆 **2** the quantity in a bale as a measure, specifically (in the US) 500 lb of cotton 包,捆(度量单位,在美国特指500磅棉花) ■v. make into bales 把…打成包,把…扎成捆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from MDu., from OFr.; ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BALL¹.

**bale²** /beıl/ n. archaic 【古】**1** evil considered as a destructive force 邪恶;灾难 **2** physical or mental torment 不幸,痛苦
-ORIGIN 词源 OE balu, bealu, of Gmc origin.

**bale³** /beil/ v. Brit. 【英】variant spelling of BAIL³ * bail³的另一种拼法

**Balearic** /bæli'ærık, bə'lıərık/ adj. relating to or denoting the Balearic islands (Majorca, Ibiza, Minorca, Formentera, etc.) 巴利阿里群岛的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Balearis + -IC.

**baleen** /bə'li:n/ n. whalebone 鲸须
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baleine, from L. balaena 'whale'.

**baleen whale** n. any of the group of whales that have plates of whalebone in the mouth for straining plankton from the water 须鲸 [Suborder Mysticeti.]

**balefire** /'beılfaıə(r)/ n. US 【美】a large open-air fire (野外燃点的)大火,篝火
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: from obs. bale 'great fire' + FIRE.

**baleful** /'beılfl/ adj. menacing 狠毒的,邪恶的 > having a harmful effect 有毒的,有害的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balefully** adv. **balefulness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bealufull (see 见 BALE², -FUL).

**balibuntal** /bælı'bʌntl/ n. a fine close-woven straw, used for making hats 菲律宾草帽缏
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Baliuag in the Philippines, where it originated, + BUNTAL.

**Balinese** /ba:lı'ni:z/ n. (pl. same 单复同) **1** a native or inhabitant of Bali 巴厘人 **2** the Indonesian language of Bali 巴厘语 ■adj. relating to Bali or its people or language 巴厘的;巴厘人的;巴厘语的

**balk** /bɔ:k, bɒk/ v. & n. chiefly US 【主美】variant spelling of BAULK * baulk 的另一种拼法

**Balkan** /'bɔ:lkən/ adj. relating to the countries occupying the part of SE Europe forming a peninsula bounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, and the Black seas 巴尔干半岛的 ■n. (**the Balkans**) the Balkan countries 巴尔干半岛诸国

**Balkanize** or **Balkanise** /'bɔ:lkənaız, 'bɒl-/ v. divide (a region or body) into smaller mutually hostile states or groups 使巴尔干化,使分裂成若干敌对小国(或小集团)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Balkanization** /bɔ:lkənaı'zeıʃn/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from the Balkan Peninsula (where this was done in the late 19th and early 20th cent.) + -IZE.

**balky** /'bɔ:lki, 'bɒki/ (Brit. also 【英亦作】**baulky**) adj. (**balkier, balkiest**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】awkward; uncooperative 笨拙的;不听使唤的

**ball¹** /bɔ:l/ n. **1** a solid or hollow sphere, especially one that is kicked, thrown, or hit in a game 球 > a game played with a ball, especially (N. Amer.) baseball 球类运动(【北美】尤指棒球) **2** a single throw or kick of the ball in a game (对球的一次)扔,击,投,踢 > Cricket 【板】a delivery of the ball by the bowler to the batsman 投球 > Baseball 【棒】a pitch delivered outside the strike zone which the batter does not attempt to hit (投手投出的)坏球 ■v. **1** squeeze or form into a ball 把…捏(或揉)成团 **2** N. Amer. vulgar slang 【北美,粗俚】(of a man) have sex with (男子)干,与…性交 **3** Brit. 【英】(of a flower) fail to open properly, decaying in the half-open bud (花)未开先衰
-PHRASES 短语 **the ball is in your court** it is up to you to make the next move 接下来就看你的了 **the ball of the foot** the rounded protuberant part of the foot at the base of the big toe 大脚趾球 **the ball of the thumb** the rounded protuberant part of the hand at the base of the thumb 拇指球 **keep the ball rolling** maintain the momentum of an activity 使活动继续 **keep one's eye on (or take one's eye off) the ball** keep (or fail to keep) one's attention focused on the matter in hand 集中(或未能集中)注意力 **on the ball** alert to new ideas and methods 敏锐的,机警的 **play ball** informal 【非正式】cooperate 合作 **start (or get or set) the ball rolling** make a start 开始 **the whole ball of wax** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】everything 全部,所有
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON bǫllr, of Gmc origin.

**ball²** /bɔ:l/ n. a formal social gathering for dancing 舞会
-PHRASES 短语 **have a ball** informal 【非正式】enjoy oneself greatly 玩个痛快,狂欢
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. bal 'a dance'.

**ballad** /'bæləd/ n. **1** a poem or song narrating a popular story in short stanzas 叙事诗歌;民谣 **2** a slow sentimental or romantic song 抒情歌曲;情歌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balladeer** n. **balladry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. balade, from Provençal balada 'dance, song to dance to'.

**ballade** /bæ'la:d/ n. **1** a poem consisting of one or more triplets of stanzas with a repeated refrain and an envoi 三节联韵诗 **2** a short, lyrical piece of music, especially one for piano (尤指用作钢琴曲的)叙事曲
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: earlier spelling of BALLAD.

**ball and chain** n. a heavy metal ball secured by a chain to the leg of a prisoner to prevent escape 球镣(系于犯人腿上以防逃跑的沉重金属球)

**ball-and-socket joint** n. a joint in which a partially spherical end lies in a socket, allowing movement and rotation in all directions 球窝关节

**ballan wrasse** /'bælən/ n. a large wrasse (fish) of rocky shores and reefs 贝氏隆头鱼 [Labrus bergylta.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: ballan from Ir. ballán, from ball 'spot'.

**ballast** /'bæləst/ n. **1** a heavy substance, such as gravel or lead, placed in the bilge of a ship to

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ensure its stability (船只上碎石、铅等)压舱物 > a substance carried in an airship or on a hot-air balloon to stabilize it (稳定飞机或热气球的)镇重物 **2** gravel or coarse stone used to form the bed of a railway track or the substratum of a road (铁道或公路路基的)道砟 > a mixture of coarse and fine aggregate for making concrete (拌制混凝土的)石渣 **3** a passive component used in an electric circuit to moderate changes in current (电路中的)镇流器 ■v. provide with ballast 给…装压舱物
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. of Low Ger. or Scand. origin.

**ball bearing** n. a bearing in which the parts are separated by a ring of small metal balls which reduce friction 滚珠轴承,球轴承 > a ball used in such a bearing 滚珠,钢球

**ballboy** /'bɔ:lbɔı/ (or **ballgirl**) n. a boy (or girl) who retrieves balls that go out of play during a tennis match or baseball game (网球、棒球比赛中的)球童

**ball-breaker** (also 亦作 **ball-buster**) n. informal 【非正式】a sexually demanding woman who destroys men's self-confidence (因性欲强烈)使男人自卑的女子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ball-breaking** adj.

**ball clay** n. a fine-textured clay used in the manufacture of ceramics 球土(制陶用细黏土)

**ballcock** /'bɔ:lkɒk/ n. a valve which automatically tops up a cistern when liquid is drawn from it, especially in a flushing toilet 浮球阀(尤用于抽水马桶)

**ballerina** /bælə'ri:nə/ n. a female ballet dancer 芭蕾舞女演员
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., fem. of ballerino 'dancing master'.

**ballet** /'bæleı/ n. **1** an artistic dance form performed to music, using precise and formalized set steps and gestures 芭蕾舞 **2** a creative work of this form, or the music written for it 芭蕾舞作品;芭蕾舞曲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balletic** adj. **balletically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. balletto, dimin. of ballo 'a dance'.

**ballet dancer** n. a person who dances in ballets 芭蕾舞演员

**balletomane** /'bælıtəʊ,meın/ n. a ballet enthusiast 芭蕾舞爱好者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balletomania** n.

**ball float** n. the spherical float attached to a hinged arm in the ballcock of a water cistern (水箱浮球阀的)浮球

**ball game** n. **1** a game played with a ball 球类运动 > N. Amer. 【北美】a baseball match 棒球比赛 **2** informal 【非正式】a situation that is completely different from a previous one (指完全异于先前的)情况,局势: a whole new ball game 全新的情况

**ballgown** /'bɔ:lgaʊn/ n. a woman's elaborate full-length dress suitable for wearing to balls and similar social gatherings (女士出席舞会等社交聚会时穿着的)舞会礼服

**ballhawk** /'bɔ:lhɔ:k/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a skilled ball player 争球能手
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ballhawking** n.

**ballista** /bə'lıstə/ n. (pl. **ballistae** /-sti:/ or **ballistas**) a catapult used in ancient warfare for hurling large boulders (古代战争中用来发射石弹的)弩炮,投石器
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., based on Gk ballein 'to throw'.

**ballistic** /bə'lıstık/ adj. **1** relating to projectiles or their flight 射弹的;弹道的 **2** moving under the force of gravity only 弹道运动的
-PHRASES 短语 **go ballistic** informal 【非正式】fly into a rage 大发雷霆,勃然大怒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ballistically** adv.

**ballistic missile** n. a missile which is initially powered and guided but falls under gravity on to its target 弹道导弹

**ballistics** /bə'lıstıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the science of projectiles and firearms 弹道学

**ball lightning** n. a rare form of lightning in the shape of a moving luminous globe 球状闪电

**ballocks** /'bɒləks/ pl. n. variant spelling of BOLLOCKS * bollocks 的另一种拼法

**ballon** /'bælɒ̃/ n. (in dancing) the ability to appear effortlessly suspended while performing movements during a jump (舞蹈中腾空跳跃的)轻盈,轻快优雅
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Ital. ballone, from balla 'ball'.

**balloon** /bə'lu:n/ n. **1** a small rubber sac which is inflated and used as a child's toy or a decoration 气球 **2** a large bag filled with hot air or gas to make it rise in the air, typically having a basket for passengers (特指用于载客的)热气球 **3** a rounded outline in which the words or thoughts of characters in a comic strip or cartoon are written (漫画或卡通里圈出人物对白或想法的)气球形框 **4** a large rounded drinking glass, used especially for brandy (尤指饮白兰地的)球形大酒杯 **5** Scottish informal 【苏格兰,非正式】a stupid person 蠢人,笨蛋 ■v. **1** swell out in a spherical shape 鼓起;凸起(成球状) > increase rapidly 激增 **2** travel by hot-air balloon 乘热气球旅行 **3** Brit. 【英】(with reference to a ball) lob or be lobbed high in the air 把(球)踢飞;(球)被踢飞
-PHRASES 短语 **when the balloon goes up** informal 【非正式】when the action or trouble starts 行动(或麻烦)开始时
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ballooner** n. **ballooning** n. **balloonist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. denoting a game played with a large inflated leather ball): from Fr. ballon or Ital. ballone 'large ball'.

**balloon angioplasty** n. Medicine 【医】surgical widening of a blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter (动脉)球囊血管成形术

**balloon catheter** n. Medicine 【医】a type of catheter incorporating a small balloon which is introduced into a blood vessel and then inflated in order to clear an obstruction or dilate a narrowed

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region 球囊导管

**balloonfish** /bə'lu:nfıʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **balloonfishes**) a tropical porcupine fish which lives in shallow water and can inflate itself when threatened 河豚 [Diodon holocanthus.]

**balloon tyre** n. a large tyre containing air at low pressure 低压轮胎

**ballot** /'bælət/ n. **1** a procedure by which people vote secretly on an issue (匿名)投票表决 > (**the ballot**) the total number of votes cast in a ballot 投票总数 **2** a lottery held to decide the allocation of tickets or other things among a number of applicants (决定票等分配办法的)抽签决定 ■v. (**ballots, balloting, balloted**) **1** elicit a secret vote from (members of an organization) 投票决定 > cast one's vote 投票 **2** allocate by drawing lots 抽签决定
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. denoting a small coloured ball placed in a container to register a vote): from Ital. ballotta, dimin. of balla (see 见 BALL¹).

**ballot box** n. a sealed box into which voters put completed ballot papers 投票箱

**ballotine** /'bæləti:n/ n. a piece of roasted meat which has first been boned, stuffed, and folded or rolled into an egg-like shape 烤肉卷
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., ult. from balle 'a package of goods'.

**ballpark** /'bɔ:lpa:k/ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】■n. **1** a baseball ground 棒球场 **2** informal 【非正式】a particular area or range (特定)区域,范围 ■adj. informal 【非正式】approximate 大概的,大致的: The ballpark figure is $400-500. 大约在400到500美元。

**ballplayer** /'bɔ:lpleıə(r)/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】a baseball player 棒球手

**ballpoint pen** n. a pen with a tiny ball as its writing point 圆珠笔

**ballroom** /'bɔ:lru:m/ n. a large room for formal dancing 舞厅

**ballroom dancing** n. formal dancing in couples 双人交际舞

**balls** /bɔ:lz/ vulgar slang 【粗俚】■pl. n. **1** testicles 蛋子儿,睾丸 **2** courage; nerve 勇气;胆量 **3** [treated as sing. 视作单数] Brit. 【英】nonsense; rubbish 胡说,废话 ■v. (**balls something up**) bungle something 把…搞砸

**balls-up** n. Brit. vulgar slang 【英,粗俚】a bungled task or action 混乱,一团糟

**ballsy** /'bɔ:lzi/ adj. (**ballsier, ballsiest**) informal 【非正式】bold and confident 有胆量的,胆识过人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ballsiness** n.

**ball valve** n. a one-way valve opened and closed by pressure on a ball which fits into a cup-shaped opening 球阀,弹子阀

**bally** /'bæli/ adj. & adv. Brit. 【英】old-fashioned euphemism for BLOODY² * bloody² 的过时委婉语

**ballyhoo** /bæli'hu:/ informal 【非正式】■n. extravagant publicity or fuss 大吹大擂,假大空的宣传 ■v. (**ballyhoos, ballyhooing, ballyhooed**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】praise or publicize extravagantly 大吹大擂,言过其实地宣传
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): of unknown origin.

**ballyrag** /'bælıræg/ v. variant spelling of BULLYRAG * bullyrag 的另一种拼法

**balm** /ba:m/ n. **1** a fragrant ointment used to heal or soothe the skin (用于治疗或滋润皮肤的)香膏 > something that has a soothing or restorative effect 安慰物,慰藉物 **2** a tree which yields a fragrant resinous substance, especially one used in medicine 香脂树 [Genus Commiphora: numerous species.]
> used in names of other fragrant plants, chiefly of the mint family, e.g. **lemon balm** (用于其他芳香植物,主要是薄荷科植物的名称中,如香蜂花)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. basme, from L. balsamum (see 见 BALSAM).

**balm of Gilead** /'gılıæd/ n. **1** a fragrant medicinal resin obtained from certain trees 几来香脂 **2** a tree that yields balm of Gilead 几来树 [Commiphora gileadensis (Arabia) and other species.]

**balmoral** /bæl'mɒr(ə)l/ n. **1** a round brimless hat with a cockade or ribbons attached, worn by certain Scottish regiments (某些苏格兰军团戴的)无边扁圆帽 **2** a heavy laced leather walking boot 结带皮靴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Balmoral Castle in Scotland.

**bal musette** /bæl mju:'zet/ n. (pl. **bals musettes** pronunc. same 单复发音同) (in France) a dance hall with an accordion band (法国有手风琴乐队伴奏的)舞厅
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., orig. denoting dancing outdoors to bagpipe accompaniment.

**balmy** /'ba:mi/ adj. (**balmier, balmiest**) **1** (of the weather) pleasantly warm (气候)温和舒适的 **2** old-fashioned spelling of BARMY * barmy 的过时拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balmily** adv. **balminess** n.

**balneology** /bælni'ɒlədʒi/ n. **1** the study of medicinal springs and the therapeutic effects of bathing in them 浴疗学 **2** another term for BALNEOTHERAPY * balneotherapy 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balneological** adj. **balneologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. balneum 'bath' + -LOGY.

**balneotherapy** /bælniə(ʊ)'θerəpi/ n. the treatment of disease by bathing in mineral springs 矿泉浴疗法

**baloney** /bə'ləʊni/ n. **1** informal 【非正式】nonsense 胡说,瞎扯 [said to be a corruption of BOLOGNA.] **2** North American term for BOLOGNA * bologna 的北美说法

**balsa** /'bɔ:lsə/ n. **1** (also 亦作 **balsa wood**) very lightweight timber used chiefly for making models and rafts 轻木木材(主要用于制造模型和木筏) **2** the fast-growing tropical American tree from which balsa wood is obtained 轻木 [Ochroma lagopus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., 'raft'.

**balsam** /'bɔ:lsəm, 'bɒl-/ n. **1** an aromatic resinous substance exuded by various trees and shrubs, used as a base for certain fragrances and medical preparations 香脂 > a tree or shrub which yields

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balsam 产香脂的树木 **2** a herbaceous plant cultivated for its helmeted pink or purple flowers 凤仙花 [Genus Impatiens.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balsamic** /bɔ:l'sæmık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, via L. from Gk balsamon.

**balsam fir** n. a North American fir tree which yields Canada balsam 香脂冷杉 [Abies balsamea.]

**balsamic vinegar** n. dark, sweet Italian vinegar that has been matured in wooden barrels 意大利甜香醋

**bals musettes** /bæl mju:'zet/ plural form of BAL MUSETTE * bal musette 的复数形式

**Balt** /bɔ:lt, bɒlt/ n. **1** a speaker of a Baltic language 说波罗的语的人 **2** a native or inhabitant of one of the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia 波罗的海沿岸国家(包括立陶宛、拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚)的人

**balthazar** /bæl'θæzə(r)/ n. a very large wine bottle, equivalent in capacity to sixteen regular bottles 大香槟酒瓶(容量相当于16个普通酒瓶)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Balthazar, the name of the king of Babylon who 'made a great feast ... and drank wine before a thousand' (Dan: 5:1).

**Balti** /'bælti/ n. **1** a native or inhabitant of Baltistan, a region in the Himalayas 巴尔蒂人(巴尔蒂为喜马拉雅山脉中一地区) **2** the Tibetan language of the Baltis 巴尔蒂语(巴尔蒂人说的藏语) ■adj. relating to the Baltis or their language 巴尔蒂人的;巴尔蒂语的
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Ladakhi dial.

**balti** /'bɔ:lti, 'bælti/ n. (pl. **baltis**) a type of Pakistani cuisine in which the food is cooked in a small two-handled pan known as a karahi 巴尔提菜(一种用双柄小平锅烹饪的巴基斯坦菜)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu bāltī, lit. 'pail'.

**Baltic** /'bɔ:ltık, 'bɒlt-/ n. **1** (**the Baltic**) an almost landlocked sea of northern Europe 波罗的海
> (also 亦作 **the Baltic States**) a small group of states on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, consisting of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia 波罗的海诸国(包括拉脱维亚、立陶宛和爱沙尼亚) **2** an Indo-European branch of languages consisting of Lithuanian, Latvian, and Old Prussian (印欧语系中)波罗的语族的(包括立陶宛语、拉脱维亚语和古普鲁士语) ■adj. relating to the Baltic Sea or the Baltic group of languages 波罗的海的;波罗的语族的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. Balticus, from late L. Balthae 'dwellers near the Baltic Sea'.

**Baluchi** /bə'lu:tʃi/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Baluchis**) **1** a native or inhabitant of Baluchistan in western Asia 俾路支人 **2** the Iranian language of Baluchistan 俾路支语 ■adj. relating to the Baluchi or their language 俾路支人的;俾路支语的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Pers. Balūč(ī).

**baluster** /'bæləstə(r)/ n. a short pillar forming part of a series supporting a rail or coping (支撑栏杆或压顶板的)望柱,小柱
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. balustre, from Ital. balaustro, from balaust(r)a 'wild pomegranate flower' (because of the resemblance to the curving calyx tube of the flower).

**balustrade** /bælə'streıd/ n. a railing supported by balusters 栏板,钩栏;扶手
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **balustraded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from balustre (see 见 BALUSTER).

**bam** /bæm/ exclam. used to imitate the sound of a hard blow or convey the idea of something happening abruptly 噼,嘭

**Bambara** /bæm'ba:rə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Bambaras**) **1** a member of a West African people living chiefly in Mali 班巴拉人(主要居住在西非马里) **2** the Mande language of the Bambara 班巴拉语(班巴拉人说的曼德语)
-ORIGIN 词源 a local name.

**bambino** /bæm'bi:nəʊ/ n. (pl. **bambini** /-ni:/ or **bambinos**) a baby or young child 婴儿;幼儿
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., dimin. of bambo 'silly'.

**bamboo** /bæm'bu:/ n. a giant woody grass with hollow jointed stems, grown chiefly in the tropics for use in furniture and implements 竹(子) [Bambusa and other genera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Du. bamboes, based on Malay mambu.

**bamboo shoot** n. a young shoot of bamboo, eaten as a vegetable 竹笋

**bamboozle** /bæm'bu:zl/ v. informal 【非正式】cheat or mystify 欺骗;迷惑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bamboozler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**ban¹** /bæn/ v. (**bans, banning, banned**) officially or legally prohibit 禁止;取缔 ■n. an official or legal prohibition 禁令
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bannan 'summon by a public proclamation', of Gmc origin; the noun is partly from OFr. ban 'proclamation, summons, banishment'.

**ban²** /ba:n/ n. (pl. **bani** /'ba:ni/) a monetary unit of Romania, equal to one hundredth of a leu 巴尼(罗马尼亚货币单位,100巴尼=1列伊)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Romanian.

**banal** /bə'na:l, -'næl/ adj. tediously unoriginal or commonplace 乏味的,平庸的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **banality** n. (pl. **banalities**). **banally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. relating to feudal service in the sense 'compulsory', hence 'common to all'): from Fr., from ban (see 见 BAN¹).

**banana** /bə'na:nə/ n. **1** a long curved fruit which grows in clusters and has soft pulpy flesh and yellow skin when ripe 香蕉 **2** (also 亦作 **banana plant** or **banana tree**) the tropical and subtropical palm-like plant which bears bananas 香蕉树,芭蕉树 [Genus Musa: several species.]
-PHRASES 短语 **go (or be) bananas** informal 【非正式】become (or be) mad, angry, or excited 发疯,发狂;发怒 **top banana** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非

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正式,主北美】the most important person in an organization (机构中的)头号人物
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Port. or Sp. from Mande.

**banana belt** n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a region with a comparatively warm climate 香蕉带(气候相对温暖地带)

**banana plug** n. Electronics 【电子】a single-pole connector with a curved strip of metal forming a spring along its tip 香蕉插头

**bananaquit** /bə'na:nəkwıt/ n. a small grey and yellow songbird with a curved bill, common in the Caribbean and Central and South America 曲嘴森莺 [Coereba flaveola.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: quit is of imitative origin.

**banana republic** n. derogatory 【贬】a small state whose economy is dominated by a single export controlled by foreign capital 香蕉共和国(经济依赖被外资控制着的单一出口产品的小国)

**banana split** n. a sweet dish made with bananas cut down the middle and filled with ice cream, sauce, and nuts 香蕉圣代

**banausic** /bə'nɔ:sık/ adj. formal 【正式】**1** mundane 实用的,功用性的 **2** relating to technical work 技术工作的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk banausikos 'of or for artisans'.

**Banbury cake** /'bænb(ə)ri/ n. Brit. 【英】a flat pastry with a spicy currant filling 班伯里馅饼,葡萄干夹心饼
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: named after the town of Banbury in Oxfordshire, where it was orig. made.

**bancassurance** /'bæŋkə,ʃʊərəns/ (also 亦作 **bank-assurance**) n. Brit. 【英】the selling of life assurance and other insurance products by banking institutions 银行保险(银行机构销售寿险等保险产品)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bancassurer** n.

**banco** /'bæŋkəʊ/ exclam. (in baccarat and chemin de fer) expressing a player's willingness to meet the banker's whole stake single-handed 全押(用于巴卡拉牌戏和铁道牌牌戏中,表明玩家要单挑庄家的全部赌注)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via Fr. from Ital., 'bank'.

**band¹** /bænd/ n. **1** a flat, thin strip or loop of material used as a fastener, for reinforcement, or as decoration 带;箍 > a belt or strap transmitting motion between two wheels or pulleys 传动带 **2** a stripe, line, or elongated area of a different colour or composition from its surroundings (颜色或成分不同的)线,带,片: a band of cloud 一片狭长的云 **3** (especially in financial contexts) a range of values or a specified category within a series 波幅,范围,区间(尤用于金融语境) > a range of frequencies or wavelengths in a spectrum 频带;波段: channels in the UHF band 超高频的频道
> any of several groups into which school pupils of the same age are divided on the basis of similar ability (根据能力给同龄学生划分的)级,等,段 **4** (**bands**) a collar with two hanging strips, worn by certain lawyers, clerics, and academics as part of their formal dress (律师、牧师及学者袍服上)带有两条饰带的领圈 **5** archaic 【古】a bond 镣铐,锁链 ■v. **1** surround or fit with a band 缠,用带绑,给…上箍 **2** mark with a stripe or stripes of a different colour (用不同颜色)给…做条纹标记 **3** allocate to a range or category 给…分级;把…分类
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bander** n. **banding** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from ON, reinforced in ME by OFr. bande, of Gmc origin; rel. to BIND.

**band²** /bænd/ n. **1** a small group of musicians and vocalists who play pop, jazz, or rock music (流行音乐、爵士乐或摇滚乐)乐队 > a group of musicians who play brass, wind, or percussion instruments 管弦乐队 **2** a group of people having a common interest or purpose or characterized by a common feature (有共同兴趣、目的或特点的)人群 **3** N. Amer. 【北美】a herd or flock 牧群;鸟兽群 ■v. form a group for a mutual purpose (为共同目的)聚集成群,联合起来
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bande, of Gmc origin; rel. to BANNER.

**bandage** /'bændıdʒ/ n. a strip of woven material used to bind up a wound or to protect an injured part of the body 绷带 ■v. bind with a bandage 用绷带包扎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bandaging** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from bande (see 见 BAND¹).

**Band-Aid** /'bændeıd/ n. trademark, chiefly N. Amer. 【商标,主北美】a piece of sticking plaster of a type having a gauze pad 邦迪牌创可贴

**bandana** /bæn'dænə/ (also 亦作 **bandanna**) n. a large coloured handkerchief or neckerchief worn tied around the head or neck 印花大手帕(或围巾、丝巾);印度方巾
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. via Port. from Hindi.

**B. & B.** abbr. bed and breakfast

**bandbox** /'bæn(d)bɒks/ n. a circular cardboard box for carrying hats (装帽子的)圆纸板盒
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: orig. denoting a box used for neckbands.

**bandeau** /'bændəʊ/ n. (pl. **bandeaux** /-dəʊz/) **1** a narrow band worn round the head to hold the hair in position 束发带 **2** a woman's strapless top formed from a band of fabric fitting around the bust 抹胸
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from OFr. bandel, dimin. of bande (see 见 BAND¹).

**banderilla** /bændə'ri:jə, -rıljə/ n. a decorated dart thrust into a bull's neck or shoulders during a bullfight (斗牛时刺入牛颈或肩的)花镖
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., dimin. of bandera 'banner'.

**banderillero** /bændərıl'jeərəʊ, -ri:'jeərəʊ/ n. (pl. **banderilleros**) a bullfighter who uses banderillas 花镖手
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**banderole** /'bændərəʊl/ (also 亦作 **banderol**) n. **1** a long, narrow flag with a cleft end, flown at a masthead (挂在桅顶的)风信旗,燕尾旗 **2** a ribbon-like stone scroll bearing an inscription 铭文石卷轴

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. banderuola, dimin. of bandiera 'banner'.

**bandh** /bʌnd/ n. Indian 【印度】a general strike 总罢工
-ORIGIN 词源 via Hindi from Sanskrit bandh 'to stop'.

**bandicoot** /'bændıku:t/ n. a mainly insectivorous marsupial native to Australia and New Guinea 袋狸 [Family Peramelidae: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Telugu pandikokku, lit. 'pig-rat'.

**bandit** /'bændıt/ n. (pl. **bandits** or **banditti** /bæn'dı:ti/) **1** a violent robber or outlaw belonging to a gang 土匪,强盗 **2** military slang 【军俚】an enemy aircraft 敌机
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **banditry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. bandito, bandire 'ban'.

**bandleader** /'bændli:də(r)/ n. a player at the head of a musical band 乐队队长

**bandmaster** /'bæn(d),ma:stə(r)/ n. the conductor of a musical band, especially a brass or military one (尤指铜管乐队或军乐队的)指挥

**bandog** /'bændɒg/ n. a fighting dog bred for its strength and ferocity 班道戈犬(一种烈性斗犬)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, orig. denoting a dog kept on a chain or 'band'.

**bandolier** /bændə'lıə(r)/ (also 亦作 **bandoleer**) n. a shoulder belt with loops or pockets for cartridges (肩背)子弹带
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bandoulière; perh. from Sp. bandolera (from banda 'sash'), or from Catalan bandolera (from bandoler 'bandit').

**bandoneon** /bæn'dəʊniən/ n. a type of square concertina, especially popular in Argentina (尤流行于阿根廷的)班多钮手风琴
-ORIGIN 词源 via Sp. from Ger. Bandonion, named after Heinrich Band, the German musician who invented it.

**bandora** /bæn'dɔ:rə/ (also 亦作 **bandore** /bæn'dɔ:(r)/) n. a kind of bass lute with a scallop-shaped body and metal strings 班多拉琴(扇贝形低音鲁特琴)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: origin uncertain; rel. to Du. bandoor, Sp. bandurria, also BANJO: prob. based on Gk pandoura 'three-stringed lute'.

**bandpass** /'bæn(d)pa:s/ n. Electronics 【电子】the range of frequencies which are transmitted through a filter 带通

**bandsaw** /'bændsɔ:/ n. a saw consisting of an endless moving steel belt with a serrated edge 带锯

**bandshell** /'bændʃel/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a bandstand in the form of a large concave shell with special acoustic properties 贝壳形乐队演奏台

**bandstand** /'bæn(d)stænd/ n. a covered outdoor platform for a band to play on (有篷的室外)乐队演奏台

**bandura** /bæn'djʊərə/ n. a Ukrainian stringed instrument resembling a large asymmetrical lute with many strings, held vertically and plucked like a zither 班杜拉琴(乌克兰弦乐器)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ukrainian; cf. BANDORA.

**bandwagon** /'bæn(d),wægən/ n. **1** historical 【史义】a wagon used for carrying a band in a parade (游行队伍中的)乐队彩车 **2** an activity or cause that has suddenly become fashionable or popular 风靡一时的活动,时尚,热潮: The company is jumping on the Green bandwagon. 该公司正在追赶这股环保浪潮。

**bandwidth** /'bændwıdθ/ n. a range of frequencies, especially one used in telecommunications 带宽(频带区间,尤用于电信中) > the transmission capacity of a computer network or other telecommunication system 带宽(计算机网络或其他电信系统的传输容量)

**bandy¹** /'bændi/ adj. (**bandier, bandiest**) (of a person's legs) curved outwards so that the knees are wide apart (人腿)向外弯的,罗圈形的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from obs. bandy, denoting a curved stick used in hockey.

**bandy²** /'bændi/ v. (**bandies, bandying, bandied**) (usu. 通常用 **be bandied about/around**) pass on or discuss (an idea or rumour) in a casual or uninformed way (随意或无知地)传播,散布,谈论(看法或流言)
-PHRASES 短语 **bandy words** argue pointlessly or rudely 无谓争论,争吵
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'pass a ball to and fro'): perh. from Fr. bander 'take sides at tennis', from bande (see 见 BAND²).

**bandy³** /'bændi/ n. a form of hockey played on a field or on ice with a ball and large curved sticks 班迪球,冰上曲棍球 > (pl. **bandies**) the curved stick used in this sport 班迪球(或冰上曲棍球)球棍
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from BANDY².

**bane** /beın/ n. **1** a cause of great distress or annoyance 灾星,祸根: The telephone was the bane of my life. 电话是我生活中的灾星。 **2** archaic 【古】poison 毒药
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baneful** adj. (archaic 【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bana, of Gmc origin.

**baneberry** /'beınb(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **baneberries**) a plant with fluffy spikes of creamy-white flowers and shiny berries 类叶升麻 [Actaea spicata (herb Christopher) and other species.]
> the bitter, often poisonous berry of the baneberry 类叶升麻浆果

**bang¹** /bæŋ/ n. **1** a sudden loud, sharp noise (突发的)巨响 > a sudden painful blow 猛击,猛撞 **2** (**bangs**) N. Amer. 【北美】a fringe of hair cut straight across the forehead 刘海儿 **3** Computing, chiefly N. Amer. 【计,主北美】the character '!' 感叹号 ■v. **1** strike or put down forcefully and noisily 轰然猛击;猛摔 > make or cause to make a sudden loud noise (使)突发巨响 **2** vulgar slang 【粗俚】(of a man) have sex with (男性)干,与…性交 ■adv. informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】exactly 准确地,恰恰: The train arrived bang on time. 火车准点到达。
-PHRASES 短语 **bang for one's (or the) buck** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】value for money 花钱换得的价值 **bang goes something** informal 【非正式】a plan or hope is suddenly or completely destroyed

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(计划、希望)突然破灭 **bang on** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】exactly right 完全正确,完全如此 **get a bang out of** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】derive excitement or pleasure from 从…得到刺激(或快感) **with a bang** **1** abruptly 突然地 **2** impressively 令人赞叹地
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **bang away at** informal 【非正式】do persistently or doggedly 锲而不舍地做 **bang on about** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】talk at tedious length about 就…喋喋不休,唠叨 **bang something out** informal 【非正式】**1** play music noisily and unskillfully 聒噪地胡乱演奏(音乐) **2** produce something hurriedly or in great quantities 仓促(或大量)制造 **bang someone up** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】imprison someone 关押,囚禁(某人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: imitative, perh. of Scand. origin.

**bang²** /bæŋ/ n. variant spelling of BHANG * bhang 的另一种拼法

**banger** /'bæŋə(r)/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】**1** informal 【非正式】a sausage 香肠 **2** informal 【非正式】an old car 老爷车,破旧汽车 **3** a loud explosive firework 爆竹,鞭炮

**Bangla** /'bʌŋlə/ n. the Bengali language 孟加拉语 ■adj. **1** Bangladeshi 孟加拉国人的 **2** Bengali 孟加拉的;孟加拉人(或语)的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Bengali bāṅglā.

**Bangladeshi** /bæŋglə'deʃi/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Bangladeshis**) a native or inhabitant of Bangladesh 孟加拉国人 ■adj. relating to Bangladesh or its people 孟加拉国的;孟加拉国人的

**bangle** /'bæŋgl/ n. an ornamental band worn on the arm 臂镯
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Hindi baṅglī 'glass bracelet'.

**bangtail** /'bæŋteıl/ n. a horse's tail that has been cut straight across just below the level of the hocks (剪至跗关节处的)马尾

**bangtail muster** n. Austral. 【澳】a count of cattle involving cutting across the tufts at the tail ends as each is counted 剪尾毛清点

**bang-up** adj. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】excellent 极好的,优秀的

**bani** /'ba:ni/ plural form of BAN² * ban² 的复数形式

**banish** /'bænıʃ/ v. **1** send (someone) away, especially from a country, as an official punishment (作为官方惩罚)放逐,流放(某人),(尤指)把(某人)驱逐出境 **2** dismiss from one's mind (从头脑中)清除,排除
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **banishment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baniss-, banir; ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BAN¹.

**banister** /'bænıstə(r)/ (also 亦作 **bannister**) n. the uprights and handrail at the side of a staircase 楼梯扶手 > a single upright at the side of a staircase 楼梯扶手柱
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from earlier barrister, alt. of BALUSTER.

**banjax** /'bændʒæks/ v. informal 【非正式】ruin or incapacitate 破坏;使丧失行为能力
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s (orig. Anglo-Ir.): of unknown origin.

**banjo** /'bændʒəʊ/ n. (pl. **banjos** or **banjoes**) a stringed instrument of the guitar family, with a round open-backed soundbox of parchment stretched over a metal hoop 班卓琴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **banjoist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: orig. a black Amer. alt. of bandore (see 见 BANDORA).

**bank¹** /bæŋk/ n. **1** the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake (河、湖的)岸,畔,堤,边坡 **2** a long, high mound or elevation 垄;埂;冈 **3** a transverse slope given to a road, railway, or sports track to enable vehicles or runners to maintain speed round a curve (公路、铁路或跑道弯道处外高内低的)超高斜面 **4** a set of similar things grouped together in rows (近似事物的)排,列,组: banks of lights 一排排的灯 **5** the sideways tilt of an aircraft when turning in flight (飞机飞行中转弯时的)坡度 **6** the cushion of a pool table (普尔台球桌的)台边 ■v. **1** heap or form into a mass or mound 把…堆起来 **2** (of an aircraft or vehicle) tilt sideways in making a turn (飞机或机动车)带坡度转弯 **3** build (a road, railway, or sports track) with a bank on a bend 给(公路、铁路或跑道)建弯道超高斜面 **4** Brit. 【英】(of a locomotive) provide additional power for (a train) in ascending an incline (上坡时机车)推进,推送(列车) **5** (of an angler) land (a fish) (垂钓者)把(鱼)弄上岸
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON bakki, of Gmc origin; rel. to BENCH.

**bank²** /bæŋk/ n. **1** a financial establishment that uses money deposited by customers for investment, pays it out when required, makes loans at interest, and exchanges currency 银行
> (**the bank**) the store of money or tokens held by the banker in some gambling or board games (某些赌博或棋类游戏中的)庄家赌本(或筹码) **2** a stock of something available for use when required 储备库: a blood bank 血库 **3** a site or receptacle where something may be deposited for recycling (存放可再生材料的)回收站,容器: a paper bank 废纸回收站 ■v. **1** deposit (money or valuables) in a bank 把(钱或贵重物品)存入银行
> have an account at a particular bank (在某银行)开有账户 **2** (**bank on**) rely on confidently (满心)依赖,指望 **3** informal 【非正式】win or earn (a sum of money) 赢得,赚到(一笔钱)
-PHRASES 短语 **break the bank** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] informal 【非正式】cost more than one can afford 费用太高,支付不起
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. banque or Ital. banca.

**bankable** /'bæŋkəbl/ adj. certain to bring profit and success 有利可图的,有赚头的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bankability** /bæŋkə'bılıti/ n.

**bankassurance** /'bæŋkə,ʃʊərəns/ n. variant spelling of BANCASSURANCE * bancassurance 的另一种拼法

**bank bill** n. **1** Brit. 【英】a bill of exchange drawn by one bank on another 银行汇票 **2** US 【美】a banknote

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钞票,纸币

**bank card** n. another term for CHEQUE CARD * cheque card 的另一种说法

**bank draft** n. a cheque drawn by a bank on its own funds 银行汇票

**banker¹** /'bæŋkə(r)/ n. **1** a person who manages or owns a bank or group of banks 银行家 > the person running the table, controlling play, or acting as dealer in some gambling or board games (赌博或棋类游戏中的)庄家 **2** Brit. 【英】a supposedly certain bet 有把握的赌注 > a result forecast identically (while other forecasts differ) in several football-pool entries on one coupon (一张足球彩票上)与实战结果相符的预测
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. banquier, from banque (see 见 BANK²).

**banker²** /'bæŋkə(r)/ n. Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】a river flooded to the top of its banks 水涨齐岸的河流

**banker's hours** pl. n. N. Amer. 【北美】short working hours 短工作时

**banker's order** n. Brit. 【英】an instruction to a bank to make payments of a stated sum at regular intervals 长期付款委托书

**bank holiday** n. Brit. 【英】a day on which banks are officially closed, kept as a public holiday 银行假日,公众假日

**banking¹** /'bæŋkıŋ/ n. the business conducted or services offered by a bank 银行业;银行业务

**banking²** /'bæŋkıŋ/ n. an embankment or artificial bank 堤,堤岸,人造河堤

**banknote** /'bænknəʊt/ n. a piece of paper money, constituting a central bank's promissory note (中央银行发行的)钞票,纸币

**Bank of England** n. the central bank of England and Wales, which issues legal tender, manages the national debt, administers exchange rate policy, and sets interest rates 英格兰银行(英格兰和威尔士的中央银行)

**bank rate** n. another term for BASE RATE OF DISCOUNT RATE * base rate 或 discount rate 的另一种说法

**bankroll** /'bænkrəʊl/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】a roll of banknotes 一卷钞票 ■v. informal 【非正式】support financially 资助,为…提供资金

**bankrupt** /'bæŋkrʌpt/ adj. **1** declared in law unable to pay one's debt 破产的 **2** completely lacking in a particular good quality or value 完全缺乏(某种好品质或好价值)的: The cause is morally bankrupt. 这一追求道德沦丧。■n. a person judged by a court to be bankrupt 破产者 ■v. reduce to a bankrupt state 使破产
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bankruptcy** n. (pl. **bankruptcies**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. banca rotta 'broken bench'.

**banksia** /'bæŋksiə/ n. an evergreen Australian shrub with flowers resembling bottlebrushes 山龙眼(澳大利亚的一种常青灌木) [Genus Banksia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820).

**banksia rose** n. a small-flowered Chinese climbing rose 木香 [Rosa banksiae.]

**banksman** /'bæŋksmən/ n. (pl. **banksmen**) a person who instructs the driver of a crane or reversing vehicle (指挥吊运或倒车的)信号工

**bank statement** n. a printed record of the transactions in and balance of a bank account 银行对账单,银行结单

**banner** /'bænə(r)/ n. **1** a long strip of cloth bearing a slogan or design, carried in a procession or hung in a public place 横幅;旗帜 > historical 【史义】a flag on a pole used as the standard of a monarch, knight, or army (国王、骑士或军队的)旗号 **2** a heading or advertisement on a web page in the form of bar, column, or box (互联网网页上的)标题广告,横幅广告,条幅广告 ■adj. N. Amer. 【北美】excellent; outstanding 优秀的,出色的: a banner year 出色的一年
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bannered** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baniere, ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BAND².

**banneret** /'bænərıt/ n. historical 【史义】**1** a knight who commanded his own troops in battle under his own banner (率领军队在个人旗帜下征战的)方旗爵士 **2** a knighthood given on the battlefield for courage (因作战英勇而被授予的)方旗爵士爵位
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baneret, lit. 'bannered', from baniere (see 见 BANNER).

**banner headline** n. a large newspaper headline, especially one across the top of the front page (尤指报纸首页的)通栏大标题

**bannister** /'bænıstə(r)/ n. variant spelling of BANISTER * banister 的另一种拼法

**bannock** /'bænək/ n. a round, flat loaf, typically unleavened, associated with Scotland and northern England (苏格兰和英格兰北部)未发酵的燕麦饼
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bannuc, of Celtic origin.

**banns** /bænz/ pl. n. a notice read out on three successive Sundays in a parish church, announcing an intended marriage and giving the opportunity for objections (婚礼前接连三个星期日在教区教堂发布的)结婚预告
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: pl. of BAN¹.

**banoffi pie** /bə'nɒfi/ (also 亦作 **banoffee pie**) n. a pie or tart made with bananas, toffee, and cream 香蕉太妃馅饼(用香蕉、太妃糖和奶油制成)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from BANANA + TOFFEE.

**banquet** /'bæŋkwıt/ n. an elaborate and formal meal for many people 宴会 ■v. (**banquets, banqueting, banqueted**) entertain with a banquet 宴请
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **banqueter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr., dimin. of banc (see 见 BANK¹).

**banquette** /bæŋ'ket/ n. **1** an upholstered bench along a wall (沿墙摆放的)长条形软座 **2** a raised step behind a rampart (防御墙后的)射击踏垛
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. banchetta,

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dimin. of banca (see 见 BANK²).

**banshee** /bæn'ʃi:, 'bænʃi:/ n. (in Irish legend) a female spirit whose wailing warns of a death in a house 报丧女妖(爱尔兰传说中的女妖,以号哭的形式预告死亡)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ir. bean sídhe, from Old Ir. ben síde 'woman of the fairies'.

**bantam** /'bæntəm/ n. a chicken of a small breed 矮脚鸡
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: appar. named after the province of Bantam in Java, although the fowl is not native there.

**bantamweight** /'bæntəmweıt/ n. a weight in boxing and other sports intermediate between flyweight and featherweight (拳击等运动中的)最轻量级

**banteng** /'bænteŋ/ n. a SE Asian forest ox that resembles the domestic cow, domesticated in Bali 爪哇野牛 [Bos javanicus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Malay.

**banter** /'bæntə(r)/ n. the playful and friendly exchange of teasing remarks (无恶意的)玩笑,戏谑 ■v. engage in banter (善意地)开玩笑,戏谑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **banterer** n. **bantering** adj. **banteringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**bantling** /'bæntlıŋ/ n. archaic 【古】a young child 蒙童,小儿
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from BAND¹ + -LING, or a corruption of Ger. bänkling 'bastard'.

**Bantu** /bæn'tu:, 'bæntu:/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Bantus**) **1** a member of an extensive group of indigenous peoples of central and southern Africa (非洲中部和南部的)班图人 **2** the group of Niger-Congo languages spoken by the Bantu, including Swahili, Xhosa, and Zulu 班图语支(包括斯瓦希里语、科萨语和祖鲁语)
-ORIGIN 词源 pl. (in certain Bantu languages) of -ntu 'person'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Bantu** is a strongly offensive word in South African English, especially when used of individual people, but is still used outside South Africa to refer to the group of languages and their speakers collectively. 在南非英语中,Bantu 一词具有强烈的冒犯意味,尤其指个人的时候。但是在南非以外的地区,仍然使用该词来统称班图语支以及该语支的使用群体。

**banyan** /'bænjən/ (also 亦作 **banian**) n. **1** (also 亦作 **banyan tree**) an Indian fig tree, whose branches produce wide-ranging aerial roots which later become accessory trunks 印度榕树 [Ficus benghalensis.] **2** a loose flannel undergarment worn in India (印度)法兰绒宽松内衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Port., from Gujarati vāņiyo 'man of the trading caste', from Sanskrit (orig. applied by Europeans to a tree under which traders had built a pagoda).

**banzai** /bæn'zaı/ exclam. **1** a Japanese battle cry 冲呀(日本人作战时的吶喊) **2** a form of greeting used to the Japanese emperor 万岁(对日本天皇的敬呼) ■adj. fierce and reckless 凶猛的,鲁莽的 > informal 【非正式】behaving wildly 拼死的
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, lit. 'ten thousand years (of life to you)'.

**baobab** /'beıə(ʊ)bæb/ n. a short African or Australian tree with a very thick trunk and large edible fruit, living to a great age 猴面包树 [Genus Adansonia: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from an Afr. lang.

**BAOR** abbr. British Army of the Rhine 莱茵地区英国驻军

**bap** /bæp/ n. Brit. 【英】**1** a large, round, flattish bread roll, typically with a floury top (多指表面撒有面粉的)大面包卷 **2** (**baps**) informal 【非正式】a woman's breasts (女人的)乳房
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**baptism** /'bæptız(ə)m/ n. the Christian rite of sprinkling water on to a person's forehead or of immersing them in water, symbolizing purification or regeneration and admission to the Christian Church 浸礼,洗礼(基督教入教仪式)
-PHRASES 短语 **baptism of fire** a difficult introduction to a new job or experience 火的洗礼,严峻考验
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baptismal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baptesme, via eccles. L. from eccles. Gk baptismos, from Gk baptizein 'immerse, baptize'.

**baptismal name** /bæp'tızml/ n. a personal name given at baptism 教名

**baptist** /'bæptıst/ n. **1** (**Baptist**) a member of a Protestant Christian denomination advocating baptism only of adult believers by total immersion 浸礼会教友 **2** a person who baptizes someone 施洗者

**baptistery** /'bæptıst(ə)ri/ (also 亦作 **baptistry**) n. (pl. **baptisteries** or **baptistries**) the part of a church used for baptism (教堂中的)洗礼堂 > (in a Baptist chapel) a sunken receptacle used for baptism by total immersion (浸礼会礼拜堂的)浸礼池

**baptize** or **baptise** /bæp'taız/ v. **1** administer baptism to 给…施洗礼 **2** give a specified name or nickname to 为…命名;给…取绰号
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from eccles. L. baptizare, from Gk baptizein 'immerse, baptize'.

**Bar.** /'bærək/ abbr. Baruch (Apocrypha) (in biblical references) 《巴录书》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**bar¹** /ba:(r)/ n. **1** a long rigid piece of wood, metal, or similar material, used as an obstruction, fastening, or weapon (木、金属或类似材质的)杆,棒 > a sandbank or shoal at the mouth of a harbour or an estuary (港口或河口的)沙滩,沙洲 > Brit. 【英】a metal strip below the clasp of a medal, awarded as an additional distinction (奖章扣下面表示特殊荣誉的)金属绶带 > Heraldry 【纹章】a charge in the form

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of a narrow horizontal stripe across the shield 横条纹图记 **2** a counter in a pub or cafe across which drinks or refreshments are served (酒馆、咖啡馆的)柜台,吧台 > a room in a pub, restaurant, or hotel in which alcohol is served (酒馆、餐馆或酒店中的)酒吧间 > an establishment where alcohol and other refreshments are served 酒柜,餐柜 > a small shop or stall serving refreshments or providing a specified service 小食品店;食品柜: a snack bar 零食柜 **3** a barrier or restriction to action or advance 障碍,限制: a bar to promotion 升职障碍 > a plea arresting an action or claim in a law case (能中止诉讼的)抗辩 **4** Music 【音】any of the short sections or measures into which a piece of music is divided, shown on a score by vertical lines across the stave 小节 **5** (**the bar**) a partition in a court room, now usually notional, beyond which most people may not pass and at which an accused person stands (法庭上的)被告席 > Brit. 【英】a rail marking the end of each chamber in the Houses of Parliament (议院中议员席末端的)围栏 **6** (**the Bar**) the profession of barrister 出庭律师(职)业 > Brit. 【英】barristers collectively (总称)出庭律师 > N. Amer. 【北美】lawyers collectively (总称)律师 ■v. (**bars, barring, barred**) **1** fasten with a bar or bars (用横木)闩 **2** prohibit from doing something or going somewhere 禁止做;禁止前往 > exclude from consideration 不予考虑 > Law 【律】prevent or delay (an action) by objection 通过反对阻止(或推迟) **3** mark with bars or stripes 给…做条纹标记 ■prep. chiefly Brit. 【主英】except for 除了 > Brit. Horse Racing 【英,赛马】except the horses indicated (used when stating the odds) (用于表述概率)除了(标明的马)外
-PHRASES 短语 **bar none** with no exceptions 没有例外地 **be called (or go) to the Bar** Brit. 【英】be admitted as a barrister 取得出庭律师资格 **be called within the Bar** Brit. 【英】be appointed a Queen's Counsel 被任命为王室法律顾问 **behind bars** in prison 在狱中
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barred** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. barre (n.), barrer (v.), of unknown origin.

**bar²** /ba:(r)/ n. a unit of pressure equivalent to a hundred thousand newtons per square metre or approximately one atmosphere 巴(压强单位,相当于每平方米100,000牛顿,近1个大气压)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk baros 'weight'.

**bara brith** /bærə 'brıθ/ n. a traditional Welsh tea bread, made with raisins, currants, and candied peel 威尔士水果面包
-ORIGIN 词源 Welsh, lit. 'speckled bread'.

**barathea** /bærə'θi:ə/ n. a fine woollen cloth, sometimes mixed with silk or cotton, used for coats and suits 巴拉瑟亚毛葛(有时掺丝或棉,用于制外套和西服)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**baraza** /bə'ra:zə/ n. (in East Africa) a public meeting place (东非)公共集会地
-ORIGIN 词源 from Kiswahili.

**barb¹** /ba:b/ n. **1** a sharp projection near the end of an arrow, fish hook, or similar object, which is angled away from the main point so as to make extraction difficult (箭头、鱼钩等的)倒钩,倒刺 **2** a deliberately hurtful remark 讥讽,讽刺 **3** a barbel at the mouth of some fish 触须 > one of the fine hair-like filaments growing from the shaft of a feather, forming the vane 羽支 **4** a freshwater fish with barbels around the mouth, popular in aquaria 鲃 [Barbus pentazona and other species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barbed** adj. **barbless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a piece of linen worn around the chin by nuns): from OFr. barbe, from L. barba 'beard'.

**barb²** /ba:b/ n. a small horse of a hardy breed originally from North Africa 非洲马
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. barbe, from Ital. barbero 'of Barbary'.

**Barbadian** /ba:'beıdiən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Barbados 巴巴多斯人 ■adj. relating to Barbados or its people 巴巴多斯的;巴巴多斯人的

**barbarian** /ba:'beərıən/ n. **1** (in ancient times) a member of a people not belonging to one of the major civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian) (古代希腊、罗马文明之外的)外邦人;(基督教之外的)非基督徒 **2** an uncultured or brutish person 未开化之人;野蛮人 ■adj. **1** relating to ancient barbarians (古代)非希腊罗马的,非基督徒的 **2** uncultured; brutish 蛮荒的,未开化的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. barbarien, from barbare, or from L. barbarus, from Gk barbaros 'foreign'.

**barbaric** /ba:'bærık/ adj. **1** savagely cruel 残暴的,野蛮的 **2** primitive; unsophisticated 原始的;淳朴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barbarically** adv.

**barbarism** /'ba:b(ə)rız(ə)m/ n. **1** absence of culture and civilization 野蛮状态,不文明状态 **2** extreme cruelty or brutality 残暴;极度野蛮 **3** a word or expression which is badly formed according to traditional philological rules, e.g. a word formed from elements of different languages, such as breathalyser (English and Greek) 不合传统语文学规则的词语(或表达方式)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barbarity** n. (pl. **barbarities**). **barbarization** or **barbarisation** n. **barbarize** or **barbarise** v.

**barbarous** /'ba:b(ə)rəs/ adj. **1** exceedingly brutal 残暴的,野蛮的 **2** primitive; uncivilized 原始的;不文明的,未开化的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barbarously** adv. **barbarousness** n.

**Barbary ape** /'ba:b(ə)ri/ n. a tailless macaque monkey that is native to NW Africa and also found on the Rock of Gibraltar 叟猴,无尾猕猴 [Macaca sylvana.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Barbary, a former name for the western part of N. Africa.

<187>
**Barbary sheep** n. a short-coated sheep with a long neck ruff, found in the high deserts of northern Africa 鬣羊 [Ammotragus lervia.]

**barbastelle** /ba:bə'stel, 'ba:bəstel/ n. a bat with broad ears that meet over the head 宽耳蝠 [Genus Barbastella: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. barbastello.

**barbecue** /'ba:bıkju:/ n. **1** an outdoor meal or gathering at which meat, fish, or other food is grilled over an open fire or on an appliance 户外烧烤 **2** an appliance or rack for grilling food at a barbecue (户外烧烤用的)烤炉,烤架 ■v. (**barbecues, barbecuing, barbecued**) cook (food) on a barbecue 烧烤(食物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'wooden framework for storing meat or fish to be dried'): from Sp. barbacoa, perh. from Arawak barbacoa 'wooden frame on posts'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> Note that the spelling is **barbecue**, not **barbeque**, a form which arises from the word's pronunciation and from the informal abbreviations **BBQ** and **Bar-B-Q**. 注意正确的拼写形式是 barbecue,而不是 barbeque。后者系由发音和非正式缩写 BBQ 及 Bar-B-Q 而生的一种拼法。

**barbecue sauce** n. a spicy sauce typically made from tomatoes, onions, chillies, and vinegar 烧烤沙司,烤肉酱

**barbed wire** n. wire with clusters of short, sharp spikes set at short intervals along it, used as a defensive barrier (用于防御工事的)带刺铁丝

**barbel** /'ba:bl/ n. **1** a fleshy filament growing from the mouth or snout of a fish (鱼的)口须 **2** a large freshwater fish of the carp family, with barbels hanging from the mouth 鲃 [Barbus barbus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. barbellus, dimin. of barbus 'barbel', from barba 'beard'.

**barbell** /'ba:bel/ n. a long metal bar to which discs of varying weights are attached at each end, used for weightlifting 杠铃
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BAR¹ + BELL¹.

**barber** /'ba:bə(r)/ n. a person who cuts men's hair and shaves or trims beards as an occupation (为男士服务的)理发师 ■v. cut or trim (a man's hair) 为(男士)理发(或修面)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Anglo-Norman Fr. from OFr. barbe (see 见 BARB¹).

**barberry** /'ba:b(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **barberries**) a spiny shrub with yellow flowers and red berries 欧洲小檗;小檗 [Berberis vulgaris and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. berberis (see 见 BERBERIS).

**barbershop** /'ba:bəʃɒp/ n. a popular style of close harmony singing, typically for four male voices 理发店四重唱(一般为男声的一种合唱方式)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the former custom of passing time in a barber's shop by harmonizing to a lute or guitar.

**barber's pole** n. a pole painted with spiralling red and white stripes and hung outside barbers' shops as a business sign (红白螺旋条纹相间的)理发店门前彩柱

**barbet** /'ba:bıt/ n. a brightly coloured fruit-eating songbird, chiefly tropical, that has a stout bill with tufts of bristles at the base 须䴕;拟䴕 [Family Capitonidae: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. denoting a poodle): from Fr., from barbe (see 见 BARB¹).

**barbette** /ba:'bet/ n. a fixed armoured housing at the base of a gun turret on a warship or armoured vehicle (军舰或装甲车辆的)炮塔座
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., dimin. of barbe (see 见 BARB¹).

**barbican** /'ba:bık(ə)n/ n. the outer defence of a city or castle, especially a double tower above a gate or drawbridge (城或城堡的)外堡,碉楼(尤指城门或吊桥两边的双塔)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. barbacane; prob. based on Arab.

**barbie** /'ba:bi/ n. (pl. **barbies**) informal, chiefly Austral./NZ 【非正式,主澳新】a barbecue 户外烧烤

**Barbie doll** /'ba:bi/ n. informal 【非正式】an attractive but characterless or unintelligent young woman 芭比娃娃(指外表迷人但无个性或愚蠢的年轻女子)
-ORIGIN 词源 the proprietary name of a doll representing a conventionally attractive young woman.

**bar billiards** pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] Brit. 【英】a form of billiards played on a small table, in which balls are struck into holes guarded by pegs 酒吧台球

**barbital** /'ba:bıtl/ n. North American term for BARBITONE * barbitone 的北美说法

**barbitone** /'ba:bıtəʊn/ n. a long-acting sedative and sleep-inducing drug of the barbiturate type 巴比妥

**barbiturate** /ba:'bıtjʊərət, -reıt/ n. **1** any of a class of sedative drugs derived from barbituric acid 巴比妥类镇静药 **2** Chemistry 【化】a salt or ester of barbituric acid 巴比土酸盐(或酯)

**barbituric acid** /ba:bı'tjʊərık, -'tʃʊərık/ n. Chemistry 【化】a synthetic organic compound from which the barbiturates are derived 巴比土酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. barbiturique, from Ger. Barbitursäure, from the given name Barbara + Säure 'acid'.

**barbola** /ba:'bəʊlə/ n. the craft of making small models of fruit or flowers from a plastic paste 塑料花果制作工艺
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: an arbitrary formation from BARBOTINE.

**barbotine** /'ba:bətın/ n. slip (liquid clay) used to decorate pottery (涂在陶器表面的)装饰用料浆
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr.

**Barbour** /'ba:bə(r)/ (also 亦作 **Barbour jacket**) n. trademark 【商标】a type of green waxed outdoor

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jacket 巴伯衫(一种户外穿的绿色上蜡短上衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the English draper John Barbour.

**Barbudan** /ba:'bu:dən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Barbuda, an island in the West Indies 巴布达岛人 ■adj. relating to Barbuda or its inhabitants 巴布达岛的;巴布达岛人的

**barbule** /'ba:bju:l/ n. a minute filament projecting from the barb of a feather 羽小支
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. barbula, dimin. of barba 'beard'.

**barbwire** /ba:b'waıə(r)/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】barbed wire 带刺铁丝(网)

**BarcaLounger** /'ba:kə,laʊndʒə(r)/ n. US trademark 【美,商标】a type of deeply padded reclining chair 巴式懒人椅,苏丹式躺椅
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from the name of Edward J. Barcolo, who acquired the original licence to manufacture the chairs, and LOUNGER.

**barcarole** /'ba:kərəʊl, ba:kə'rəʊl/ (also 亦作 **barcarolle** /-rɒl, -'rɒl/) n. a song traditionally sung by Venetian gondoliers 威尼斯船歌
> a musical composition in the style of such a song 威尼斯船歌式乐曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. barcarolle, from Venetian Ital. barcarola 'boatman's song', from barca 'boat'.

**barchan** /'ba:k(ə)n/ n. a crescent-shaped shifting sand dune, as found in the deserts of Turkestan (中亚地区沙漠中的)新月形流动沙丘
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Turkic barkhan.

**bar chart** (also chiefly N. Amer. 【亦主北美】**bar graph**) n. a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles 条形图

**barcode** /'ba:kəʊd/ n. a machine-readable code in the form of a pattern of parallel lines of varying widths, printed on and identifying a commodity for stock control 条形码 ■v. mark with a barcode 给…标上条形码

**Barcoo** /ba:'ku:/ adj. Austral. informal 【澳,非正式】relating to the remote inland area of Australia 内陆的: Barcoo sickness 内陆病
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of a river and area in western Queensland.

**bard¹** /ba:d/ n. **1** archaic or literary 【古或文】a poet, traditionally one reciting epics (吟游)诗人
> (**the Bard**) Shakespeare 诗圣(指莎士比亚) **2** (**Bard**) the winner of a prize for Welsh verse at an Eisteddfod (威尔士诗歌音乐竞赛年会的)获奖诗人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bardic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Sc. Gaelic bàrd, Ir. bard, Welsh bardd, of Celtic origin.

**bard²** /ba:d/ n. a rasher of fat bacon placed on meat or game before roasting (覆盖在行将烤炙的肉类或野味上的)熏肥肉片 ■v. cover with bards 在…上覆盖熏肥肉片
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. barde, a transferred sense of barde 'armour for the breast of a warhorse'.

**bardie** /'ba:di/ (also 亦作 **bardee** or **bardy**) n. (pl. **bardies**) Austral. 【澳】the edible larva or pupa of certain beetles or moths (某些昆虫)可食用的幼虫(或蛹)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Nyungar (and other Aborig. languages) bardi.

**bardo** /'ba:dəʊ/ n. (in Tibetan Buddhism) a state of existence between death and rebirth (藏传佛教用语)中阴(死亡和重生之间的存在状态)
-ORIGIN 词源 Tibetan bar-do, from bar 'interval' + do 'two'.

**bardolatry** /ba:'dɒlətri/ n. humorous 【幽】excessive admiration of Shakespeare 莎士比亚崇拜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bardolater** n.

**Bardolino** /ba:də'li:nəʊ/ n. a red wine from the Veneto region of Italy 巴多利诺红葡萄酒(产于意大利威尼托大区)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**bare** /beə(r)/ adj. **1** (of a person or part of the body) not clothed or covered 没穿衣服的,赤裸的
> without the appropriate or usual covering or contents 光秃秃的,无遮盖(或装饰)的,空无内容的: bare floorboards 光秃秃的地板 > (**bare of**) without 没有 **2** without elaboration; basic 不加修饰的;基本的 > only just sufficient 勉强够的: a bare majority 勉强多数 ■v. uncover (a part of the body) and expose it to view 使(身体某部分)裸露
-PHRASES 短语 **the bare bones** the essential components or aspects 最基本的东西,梗概,基本内容 **bare one's teeth** show one's teeth, typically when angry (多指生气时)吡着牙 **with one's bare hands** without using tools or weapons 徒手;赤手空拳,两手空空
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bareness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bær (n.), barian (v.), of Gmc origin.

**bareback** /'beəbæk/ adj. & adv. on an unsaddled horse 不用马鞍的(地)

**bareboat** /'beəbəʊt/ adj. (of a boat or ship) hired without a crew 租空船的

**barefaced** /beə'feıst/ adj. shameless and undisguised 厚颜无耻的,露骨的: a barefaced lie 无耻的谎言
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barefacedly** adv. **barefacedness** n.

**barefoot** /'beəfʊt/ (also 亦作 **barefooted**) adj. & adv. wearing nothing on one's feet 赤着脚(的)

**barefoot doctor** n. a paramedical worker with basic medical training working in a rural district in China (中国乡村地区的)赤脚医生

**barège** /bə'reıʒ/ n. a light, silky dress fabric resembling gauze and made from wool 巴勒吉纱罗
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., named after the village of Barèges in SW France, where it was orig. made.

**barehanded** /beə'hændıd/ adj. & adv. with nothing in or covering one's hands 徒手(的),赤手空拳(的);手上无覆盖物(的)

**bareheaded** /beə'hedıd/ adj. & adv. without a covering for one's head 光着头(的);头上无遮盖

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物(的)

**bare-knuckle** (also 亦作 **bare-knuckled**) adj. (of a boxer or boxing match) without gloves (拳击手或拳击比赛)不戴手套的

**barely** /'beəli/ adv. **1** only just; almost not 仅仅,只不过,几乎不: He was barely able to speak. 他几乎不能说话。 **2** only a very short time before 刚刚,才 **3** in a simple and sparse way 简陋地,贫乏地

**barf** /ba:f/ informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】■v. vomit 呕吐 ■n. vomited food 呕吐物
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s (orig. US): of unknown origin.

**barfly** /'ba:flaı/ n. (pl. **barflies**) informal 【非正式】a person who spends much of their time drinking in bars 酒吧常客,整天泡酒吧者

**bargain** /'ba:gən/ n. **1** an agreement between two or more people as to what each will do for the other (双方或多方间的)协定,协议 **2** a thing bought or offered for sale for a lower price than normal 特价商品,便宜货 ■v. **1** negotiate the terms of a transaction 谈判,讨价还价 **2** (**bargain for/on**) be prepared for; expect 预料,指望
-PHRASES 短语 **drive a hard bargain** be uncompromising in making a deal 狠狠地杀价,极力讨价还价 **into the bargain** in addition 此外,而且
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bargainer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bargaine (n.), bargaignier (v.); prob. of Gmc origin.

**barge** /ba:dʒ/ n. **1** a long flat-bottomed boat for carrying freight on canals and rivers (运河或河流上运载货物的)驳船,拖船 > a long ornamental boat used for pleasure or on ceremonial occasions (用于游玩或典礼的)结彩大游艇,画舫 **2** a boat used by the chief officers of a warship (军舰将官的)专用艇 ■v. **1** move forcefully or roughly 闯,冲 > (**barge in**) intrude or interrupt rudely or awkwardly (粗暴或尴尬地)打扰,干预,插手 **2** convey by barge 用驳船运
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., perh. based on Gk baris 'Egyptian boat'.

**bargeboard** /'ba:dʒbɔ:d/ n. an ornamental board fixed to the gable end of a roof to hide the ends of the roof timbers (山墙)封檐板
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from barge- (used in terms relating to a gable), perh. from med. L. bargus 'gallows'.

**bargee** /ba:'dʒi:/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】a person in charge of or working on a barge 驳船船长(或船员)

**bargepole** /'ba:dʒpəʊl/ n. a long pole used to propel a barge and fend off obstacles 驳船撑篙
-PHRASES 短语 **would not touch someone/thing with a bargepole** informal 【非正式】would refuse to have anything to do with someone or something 不愿与…发生干系

**bar graph** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】another term for BAR CHART * bar chart 的另一种说法

**bar-hop** v. (**bar-hops, bar-hopping, bar-hopped**) [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **bar-hopping**] visit several bars in succession, having a drink in each (接连不断地)从一家酒吧喝到另一家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bar-hopper** n.

**barilla** /bə'rılə/ n. an impure alkali made from the ashes of saltwort and other plants (猪毛菜等植物烧成灰烬后得到的)苏打灰
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. barrilla, dimin. of barra 'bar'.

**barista** /bə'rıstə/ n. a person who serves in a coffee bar 咖啡馆招待员
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: Ital., 'barman'.

**barite** /'bæraıt, 'beə-/ n. variant spelling of BARYTE * baryte 的另一种拼法

**baritone** /'bærıtəʊn/ n. **1** an adult male singing voice between tenor and bass 男中音歌手 **2** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting an instrument that is second lowest in pitch in its family (乐器)上低音(部)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baritonal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital. baritono, from Gk barutonos, from barus 'heavy' + tonos (see 见 TONE).

**barium** /'beərıəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 56, a soft white reactive metal of the alkaline earth group 钡(化学元素,原子序数为56,白色活泼金属,质软,属碱土类) (Symbol 符号: **Ba**)
> Medicine 【医】a mixture of barium sulphate and water, opaque to X-rays, which is swallowed to permit radiological examination of the stomach or intestines 钡餐(作肠胃检查时吞食的硫酸钡和水的混合物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BARYTA + -IUM.

**bark¹** /ba:k/ n. the sharp explosive cry of a dog, fox, or seal (狗、狐或海豹的)叫声,吠声 ■v. **1** (of a dog, fox, or seal) give a bark (狗、狐或海豹)吠叫 **2** utter (a command or question) abruptly or aggressively 厉声(命令或提问);咆哮 > US 【美】call out in order to sell or advertise something 大声叫卖
-PHRASES 短语 **one's bark is worse than one's bite** one is not as ferocious as one seems 言语比行动凶狠 **be barking up the wrong tree** informal 【非正式】be pursuing a mistaken line of thought 找错目标
-ORIGIN 词源 OE beorc (n.), beorcan (v.), of Gmc origin.

**bark²** /ba:k/ n. the tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub 树皮;茎皮 ■v. **1** strip the bark from 剥去(树木或其他植物)的皮 **2** scrape the skin off (one's shin) by accidentally hitting it 擦破(胫部)的皮 **3** tan or dye (leather or other materials) using the tannins found in bark (用树皮鞣质)鞣,染(革或其他材料)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-barked** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON bǫrkr; perh. rel. to BIRCH.

**bark³** /ba:k/ n. archaic or literary 【古或文】a ship or boat 船,舟
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of BARQUE.

**bark beetle** n. a small wood-boring beetle that tunnels under the bark of trees 小蠹 [Family Scolytidae: many species.]

**barkcloth** /'ba:kklɒθ/ n. cloth made from the inner bark of the paper mulberry or similar tree (用构树

<190>
等树的内皮制成的)树皮布

**barkentine** /'ba:k(ə)nti:n/ n. US spelling of BARQUENTINE * barquentine 的美式拼法

**barker** /'ba:kə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】a tout at an auction or sideshow who calls out to passers-by to attract custom (拍卖会、马戏团等处)大声招徕顾客者

**barking** /'ba:kıŋ/ adj. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】completely mad 彻底发疯的,神经错乱的

**barking deer** n. another term for MUNTJAC * muntjac 的另一种说法

**barley** /'ba:li/ n. a hardy cereal with coarse bristles extending from the ears, cultivated chiefly for use in brewing and stockfeed 大麦 [Genus Hordeum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bærlic (adj.), from bære, bere 'barley' + -lic (see 见 -LY¹).

**barleycorn** /'ba:lıkɔ:n/ n. a former unit of measurement (about a third of an inch) based on the length of a grain of barley 巴利肯,麦粒长(旧时长度单位,等于⅓英寸)

**barleymow** /'ba:liməʊ/ n. archaic 【古】a stack of barley 大麦堆

**barley sugar** n. an amber-coloured sweet made of boiled sugar, traditionally shaped as a twisted stick 大麦棒糖

**barley water** n. Brit. 【英】a drink made from water and a boiled barley mixture 大麦茶

**barley wine** n. a strong English ale 浓(艾尔)啤酒

**bar line** n. Music 【音】a vertical line used in a musical score to mark a division between bars 小节线

**barm** /ba:m/ n. **1** the froth on fermenting malt liquor (麦芽酒发酵时浮在表面的)泡沫状酵母 **2** archaic or dialect 【古或方】yeast or leaven 酵母
-ORIGIN 词源 OE beorma, of W. Gmc origin.

**barmaid** /'ba:meıd/ n. **1** Brit. 【英】a woman serving behind the bar of a pub 吧台女招待 **2** US 【美】a female bartender 酒吧女招待

**barman** /'ba:mən/ n. (pl. **barmen**) chiefly Brit. 【主英】a man serving behind the bar of a pub 吧台男招待

**barmbrack** /'ba:mbræk/ n. a kind of soft, spicy bread containing dried fruit, originating in Ireland (源自爱尔兰、有葡萄干等的)果子面包
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ir. bairin breac 'speckled cake'.

**barm cake** n. N. English 【英北】a soft, flattish bread roll 酵母饼(一种松扁的小圆面包)

**Barmecide** /'ba:mısaıd/ adj. rare 【罕】illusory or imaginary and therefore disappointing 画饼充饥的,虚假的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Arab. Barmakī, a prince in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, who gave a beggar a feast consisting of ornate but empty dishes.

**bar mitzvah** /ba: 'mıtsvə/ n. the religious initiation ceremony of a Jewish boy who has reached the age of 13 (13岁时举行的)犹太男孩成人仪式 ■v. administer this ceremony to 为(男孩)举行犹太成人仪式
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. bar mişwāh, lit. 'son of the commandment'.

**barmy** /'ba:mi/ adj. (**barmier, barmiest**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】mad; crazy 生气的;疯狂的: I thought I was going barmy extremely. 我觉得自己要发疯了。
> extremely foolish 痴傻的,傻到家的: This is a barmy decision. 这是个愚蠢至极的决定。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barmily** adv. **barminess** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'frothy'): from BARM + -Y¹.

**barn¹** /ba:n/ n. **1** a large farm building used for storage or for housing livestock 谷仓;(放农具、农机等的)仓库;牲口棚 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】a large shed for storing road or railway vehicles (停放汽车、火车等的)大车库,大车棚
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bern, berern, from bere 'barley' + ern, ærn 'house'.

**barn²** /ba:n/ (abbrev. 略作: **b**) n. Physics 【物】a unit of area, 10⁻²⁸ square metres, used especially in particle physics 靶(恩)(尤用于粒子物理学的面积单位,等于10⁻²⁸平方米)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: appar. from the phr. as big as a barn door.

**barnacle** /'ba:nəkl/ n. a marine crustacean with an external shell, which attaches itself permanently to underwater surfaces and feeds by using modified feathery legs as filters 蔓足亚纲动物(附着于水下岩石、船底等处) [Class Cirripedia: many species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barnacled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. bernaca.

**barnacle goose** n. a goose with a white face and black neck, breeding in arctic tundra 白颊黑雁 [Branta leucopsis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from the former belief that the bird hatched from barnacles.

**barn burner** n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a very exciting event, especially a sports contest 非常激动人心的活动(尤指体育竞赛)

**barn dance** n. **1** an informal social gathering for country dancing 谷仓舞会 **2** a dance for a number of couples moving round a circle, typically involving changes of partner (围成一圈、一般需交换舞伴的)谷仓舞

**barnet** /'ba:nıt/ n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a person's hair (人的)头发
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from rhyming sl. barnet fair, a famous horse fair held at Barnet in Hertfordshire.

**barney** /'ba:ni/ n. (pl. **barneys**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a quarrel, especially a noisy one 争吵;(尤指)大吵大闹
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**barn owl** n. a pale-coloured owl with a heart-shaped face, typically nesting in farm buildings 仓鸮 [Tyto alba and related species.]

**barnstorm** /'ba:nstɔ:m/ v. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】**1** tour rural districts giving theatrical performances, formerly often in barns 在乡间作巡回演出(旧时常在谷仓内进行) > travel around giving exhibitions of flying and performing aeronautical stunts (巡回)驾机载客飞行观光,作特技飞行表演 **2** make a rapid

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tour as part of a political campaign 巡回进行政治活动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barnstormer** n.

**barnstorming** /'ba:nstɔ:mıŋ/ adj. flamboyantly vigorous and effective 激情四射且非常成功的

**barnyard** /'ba:nja:d/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a farmyard 农家场院;晒谷场

**baro-** /'bærəʊ/ comb. form relating to pressure 压力的: barotraumas 气压伤
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk baros 'weight'.

**barograph** /'bærəgra:f/ n. a barometer that records its readings over time (自记)气压计

**Barolo** /bə'rəʊləʊ/ n. a full-bodied red wine from Barolo in NW Italy (意大利)巴罗洛红葡萄酒

**barometer** /bə'rɒmıtə(r)/ n. **1** an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining altitude 气压计,气压表;晴雨表 **2** an indicator of change 变化的标志: Furniture is a barometer of changing tastes. 家具是品位变化的晴雨表。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barometric** adj. **barometrical** adj. **barometry** n.

**baron** /'bær(ə)n/ n. **1** a member of the lowest order of the British nobility 男爵 > historical 【史义】a person who held lands or property from the sovereign or a powerful overlord (由君主或最高领主敕封土地或财产的)贵族 **2** a powerful person in business or industry (行业)巨头,大王: a press baron 报业巨头
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baronial** /bə'rəʊniəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from med. L. baro, baron- 'man, warrior', prob. of Gmc origin.

**baronage** /'bær(ə)nıdʒ/ n. **1** [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] barons or nobles collectively (总称)男爵,贵族 **2** an annotated list of barons or peers 男爵(或贵族)名录

**baroness** /'bær(ə)nəs/ n. the wife or widow of a baron 男爵夫人
> a woman holding the rank of baron either as a life peerage or as a hereditary rank 女男爵

**baronet** /'bær(ə)nıt/ n. a member of the lowest hereditary titled British order 准男爵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baronetcy** n. (pl. **baronetcies**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Latin baronettus, from med. L. baro, baron- (see 见 BARON).

**baronetage** /'bær(ə)nıtıdʒ/ n. **1** [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] baronets collectively (总称)准男爵 **2** an annotated list of baronets 准男爵名录

**baron of beef** n. Brit. 【英】a joint of beef consisting of two sirloins joined at the backbone 连带两侧腰肉的牛肉块

**barony** /'bær(ə)ni/ n. (pl. **baronies**) **1** the rank and estates of a baron 男爵爵位及领地 **2** historical 【史义】(in Ireland) a division of a county (爱尔兰)分区(郡以下的区划) **3** historical 【史义】(in Scotland) a large manor or estate (苏格兰)大庄园

**baroque** /bə'rɒk, -'rəʊk/ adj. relating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries characterized by ornate detail 巴罗克风格的(17、18世纪欧洲流行的一种建筑、音乐和艺术风格,以华丽的细节为特征) > highly ornate and extravagant in style 绮靡的,过分装饰的 ■n. the baroque style or period 巴罗克风格(或时期)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. (orig. denoting a pearl of irregular shape).

**baroreceptor** /'bærəʊrı,septə(r)/ n. Zoology 【动】a receptor sensitive to changes in pressure 压力感受器

**barotitis** /bærə(ʊ)'taıtıs/ n. Medicine 【医】discomfort and inflammation in the ear caused by the changes of pressure occurring during air travel 气压损伤性中耳炎

**barotrauma** /'bærə(ʊ),trɔ:mə/ n. Medicine 【医】injury caused by a change in air pressure, affecting typically the ear or the lung 气压伤,气压性损伤

**barouche** /bə'ru:ʃ/ n. historical 【史义】a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a collapsible hood over the rear half (后半部带折叠车篷的)四轮大马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. dial. Barutsche, from Ital. baroccio, based on L. birotus 'two-wheeled'.

**barque** /ba:k/ n. **1** a sailing ship, typically with three masts, in which the foremast and mainmast are square-rigged and the mizzenmast is rigged fore and aft (前桅和主桅横帆、后桅纵帆的)三桅帆船 **2** literary 【文】a boat 轻舟,小船
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., prob. from Provençal barca, from late L. barca 'ship's boat'.

**barquentine** /'ba:k(ə)nti:n/ (US 【美】**barkentine**) n. a sailing ship similar to a barque but with only the foremast square-rigged and the remaining masts rigged fore and aft (仅前桅横帆的)三桅帆船
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BARQUE, on the pattern of brigantine.

**barrack¹** /'bærək/ v. provide (soldiers) with accommodation 为(士兵)提供营房

**barrack²** /'bærək/ v. **1** Brit. 【英】jeer loudly at (a performer or speaker) 对(演员或演讲人)大声鼓噪,向…喝倒彩起哄 **2** (**barrack for**) Austral./NZ 【澳新】give support and encouragement to 为…喝彩助威
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Northern Ir. dial.

**barrack-room lawyer** n. Brit. 【英】a person who makes authoritative-sounding pronouncements on subjects in which they are not qualified 不具资格的乱发话者

**barracks** /'bærəks/ pl. n. [often treated as sing. 常视作单数] a large building or group of buildings used to house soldiers 兵营,营房
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: barrack from Fr. baraque, from Ital. baracca or Sp. barraca 'soldier's tent'.

**barrack square** n. Brit. 【英】a drill ground near a barracks 营房附近的练兵场

**barracoon** /bærə'ku:n/ n. historical 【史义】an enclosure in which black slaves were temporarily confined 黑人奴隶的临时禁闭处
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. barracón, from barraca (see 见 BARRACKS).

**barracouta** /bærə'ku:tə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or

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**barracoutas**) a long, slender fish of southern oceans, highly valued as food 长体蛇鯖 [Thyrsites atun.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of BARRACUDA.

**barracuda** /bærə'ku:də/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **barracudas**) a large predatory tropical marine fish with a slender body and large jaws and teeth 魣,梭鱼 [Genus Sphyraena: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**barrage** /'bæra:ʒ/ n. **1** a concentrated artillery bombardment over a wide area 火力网,弹幕 **2** an overwhelming number of questions or complaints delivered in rapid succession 连珠炮似的问题(或抱怨) **3** an artificial barrier across a river, to prevent flooding or to aid irrigation or navigation 拦河闸 ■v. bombard with questions or complaints 连珠炮似的发问(或抱怨)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from barrer 'to bar'.

**barrage balloon** n. a large anchored balloon, typically with netting suspended from it, serving as an obstacle to low-flying enemy aircraft (用绳系于地面上防止敌机低飞的)阻塞气球

**barramundi** /bærə'mʌndi/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **barramundis**) a large, chiefly freshwater fish of Australia and SE Asia 尖吻鲈;盲鰽 [Lates calcarifer and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from an Aborig. lang. of Queensland.

**barranca** /bə'ræŋkə/ (also 亦作 **barranco**) n. (pl. **barrancas** or **barrancos**) chiefly US 【主美】a narrow, winding river gorge 峡谷,深谷
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp.

**barratry** /'bærətri/ n. **1** archaic 【古】fraud or gross negligence on the part of a ship's master or crew at the expense of its owners or users (船长或船员使船东或货主遭受损失的)不法行为,欺诈行为,严重失职行为 **2** Law 【律】vexatious litigation or incitement to it 挑词架讼 **3** historical 【史义】trade in the sale of Church or state appointments 圣职(或官职)买卖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barrator** n. **barratrous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baraterie, from barater 'deceive', based on Gk prattein 'do, perform, manage'.

**Barr body** /ba:(r)/ n. Physiology 【生理】a densely staining structure in the cell nuclei of females, consisting of a condensed, inactive X chromosome and regarded as diagnostic of genetic femaleness 巴氏小体,性染色质
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the Canadian anatomist M. L. Barr.

**barre** /ba:(r)/ n. a horizontal bar at waist level used as a support by ballet dancers during certain exercises (用于练习芭蕾舞的)把杆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**barré** /'bæreı/ n. Music 【音】a method of playing a chord on the guitar or a similar instrument in which one finger is laid across all the strings at a particular fret (在吉他等弦乐器上弹奏和弦的)大横按
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'barred', past part. of barrer.

**barrel** /'bær(ə)l/ n. **1** a cylindrical container bulging out in the middle, traditionally made of wooden staves enclosed by metal hoops (传统上以木条和铁箍制成的)桶 > a measure of capacity for oil and beer, equal to 36 imperial gallons for beer and 35 imperial gallons or 42 US gallons (roughly 159 litres) for oil 桶(石油或啤酒的液量单位,等于36英制加仑啤酒,35英制加仑或42美制加仑石油) **2** a cylindrical tube forming part of an object such as a gun or a pen 筒形物;枪管;笔杆 **3** the belly and loins of a four-legged animal such as a horse (马等四足动物的)躯干 ■v. (**barrels, barrelling, barrelled**; US 【美】**barrels, barreling, barreled**) **1** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】drive or move very fast 高速行驶;飞奔 **2** put into a barrel or barrels 把…装桶
-PHRASES 短语 **over a barrel** informal 【非正式】in a severely disadvantageous position 处于不利地位,受制于人 **with both barrels** informal 【非正式】with unrestrained force 不遗余力,用上全力
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. baril, from med. L. barriclus 'small cask'.

**barrel-chested** adj. having a large rounded chest 桶状胸

**barrel distortion** n. a type of defect in optical or electronic images in which vertical or horizontal straight lines appear as convex curves (光学或电子图像的)桶形畸变

**barrelfish** /'bærəlfıʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **barrelfishes**) an Atlantic fish which lives in deep water when adult, and among flotsam on the surface when young 冰岛高体鲳;塔斯马尼亚灰柔鲳;美洲栉鲳 [Schedophilus medusophagus and Hyperoglyphe perciforma.]

**barrelhead** /'bær(ə)lhed/ n. the flat top of a barrel 桶顶
-PHRASES 短语 **on the barrelhead** North American term for ON THE NAIL * on the nail 的北美说法 (see 见 NAIL)

**barrelhouse** /'bær(ə)lhaʊs/ n. **1** N. Amer. 【北美】a cheap or disreputable bar 廉价(或低级)酒吧 **2** an unrestrained and unsophisticated style of jazz music 廉价酒吧爵士乐

**barrel organ** n. a small pipe organ played by turning a handle, which rotates a cylinder studded with pegs that open the valves to produce a preset tune 手摇风琴

**barrel roll** n. an aerobatic manoeuvre in which an aircraft follows a single turn of a spiral while rolling once about its longitudinal axis (特技飞行中的)桶滚,横滚

**barrel vault** n. Architecture 【建】a vault forming a half cylinder 筒拱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barrel-vaulted** adj.

**barren** /'bær(ə)n/ adj. **1** (of land) too poor to produce much or any vegetation (土地)贫瘠的,荒芜的 > (of a tree or plant) not producing fruit or seed (树木或植物)不结果实的 **2** (of a female

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animal) unable to bear young (雌性动物)不育的,不孕的 **3** bleak and lifeless 单调的,无生气的 **4** (**barren of**) devoid of 没有,缺乏 ■n. (**barrens**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】barren tracts of land 荒地,瘠地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barrenly** adv. **barrenness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. barhaine, of unknown origin.

**barrenwort** /'bær(ə)nwɜ:t/ n. a creeping plant with cup-shaped spurred flowers and colourful foliage, formerly thought to cause infertility 淫羊藿 [Genus Epimedium.]

**barrette** /bæ'ret/ n. a hairslide 条状发夹
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., dimin. of barre 'bar'.

**barricade** /bærı'keıd/ n. an improvised barrier erected to obstruct the movement of opposing forces 路障,街垒 ■v. block or defend with a barricade 设路障阻塞(或防御)
-PHRASES 短语 **man (or go to) the barricades** strongly protest against or defend something 强烈抗议,竭力保卫
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from barrique 'cask', from Sp. barrica; rel. to BARREL (barrels often being used to build barricades).

**barrier** /'bærıə(r)/ n. a fence or other obstacle that prevents movement or access 障碍物,屏障,关卡
> an obstacle to communication, understanding, or progress 障碍,隔阂,壁垒: a language barrier 语言障碍
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. barriere; rel. to BARRE.

**barrier cream** n. Brit. 【英】a cream used to protect the skin from damage or infection (防止皮肤受损或感染的)护肤脂

**barrier method** n. a method of contraception using a device or preparation which prevents sperm from reaching an ovum 屏障避孕法

**barrier reef** n. a coral reef close and running parallel to the shore but separated from it by a channel of deep water 堡礁

**barring** /'ba:rıŋ/ prep. except for; if not for 除…以外;除非

**barrio** /'bærıəʊ/ n. (pl. **barrios**) a district of a town in Spanish-speaking countries (西班牙语国家城镇的)区 > (in the US) the Spanish-speaking quarter of a town or city, especially a poor one (美国城镇中的)西班牙语居民聚居区(尤指贫民区)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**barrister** /'bærıstə(r)/ (also 亦作 **barrister-at-law**) n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】a person called to the bar and entitled to practise as an advocate, particularly in the higher courts (尤指在高级法院执业的)出庭律师 Compare with 比较 SOLICITOR.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from the noun BAR¹, perh. on the pattern of minister.

**barroom** /'ba:ru:m/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a room with a bar selling alcoholic drinks 酒吧间

**barrow¹** /'bærəʊ/ n. Brit. 【英】a two-wheeled handcart used especially by street vendors (尤指街头小贩使用的)双轮手推车,流动售货车
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bearwe 'stretcher, bier', of Gmc origin; rel. to BEAR¹.

**barrow²** /'bærəʊ/ n. Archaeology 【考古】an ancient burial mound 冢,古墓
-ORIGIN 词源 OE beorg, of Gmc origin.

**barrow boy** n. Brit. 【英】a boy or man who sells wares from a barrow in the street 街头推车小贩

**barry** /'ba:ri/ adj. Heraldry 【纹章】divided into four, six, or eight equal horizontal bars of alternating tinctures 均衡分作(四、六或八道)横条的
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. barré 'barred, striped'.

**Barsac** /'ba:sæk/ n. a sweet white wine from the district of Barsac in SW France 巴尔萨克白葡萄酒(产自法国西南部巴尔萨克地区)

**bar sinister** n. popular term for BEND SINISTER * bend sinister 的流行说法

**Bart.** /ba:t/ abbr. Baronet

**bar tack** n. a stitch made to strengthen a potential weak spot in a garment or other sewn item (加在衣物等缝制品易破损处的)加固缝针
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bar-tacked** adj. **bar tacking** n.

**bartender** /'ba:,tendə(r)/ n. a person serving drinks at a bar 酒吧招待,酒吧侍者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bartend** v.

**barter** /'ba:tə(r)/ v. (often 常用 **barter for**) exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services 以(货)易货,以(等价物品或劳务)作为交換 ■n. the action or system of bartering 易货;易货贸易
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barterer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from OFr. barater (see 见 BARRATRY).

**Bartholin's gland** /'ba:təlınz/ n. Anatomy 【解】either of a pair of glands near the entrance of the vagina, which secrete a fluid that lubricates the vulva 巴托林腺,前庭大腺
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named by the Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholin.

**Bartlett pear** /'ba:tlit/ n. a dessert pear of a juicy early-ripening variety 巴氏梨(西洋梨的一个栽培种)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the American merchant Enoch Bartlett.

**barton** /'ba:t(ə)n/ n. archaic 【古】a farmyard 农家场院
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bere-tūn, from bere 'barley' + tūn 'enclosed piece of land, homestead, village'.

**bar tracery** n. Architecture 【建】tracery with strips of stone across an aperture 线形花色窗棂

**bartsia** /'ba:tsiə/ n. a herbaceous plant of the figwort family, of which some kinds are partly parasitic on grasses 疗齿草 [Odontites verna (red bartsia) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. Bartsia, a genus named after the 18th-cent. Prussian botanist Johann Bartsch.

**barycentric** /bærı'sentrık/ adj. relating to the centre of gravity 重心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **barycentre** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk barus 'heavy' + -CENTRIC.

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**baryon** /'bæriɒn/ n. Physics 【物】a subatomic particle with a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton, such as a nucleon or hyperon 重子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baryonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk barus 'heavy' + -ON.

**baryta** /bə'raıtə/ n. Chemistry 【化】barium hydroxide 氢氧化钡

**baryte** /'bæraıt, 'beə-/ (also 亦作 **barytes** /bə'raıti:z/, **barite**) n. a colourless or white mineral consisting of barium sulphate 重晶石
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as barytes): from Gk barus 'heavy' + endings based on Gk -ites.

**basal** /'beısl/ adj. forming or belonging to a base 基础的;基部的

**basal cell carcinoma** n. technical term for RODENT ULCER * rodent ulcer 的专业说法

**basal ganglia** pl. n. Anatomy 【解】a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement 基底核

**basal metabolic rate** n. the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing and keeping warm 基础代谢率
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basal metabolism** n.

**basalt** /'bæsɔ:lt, -(ə)lt/ n. a dark fine-grained volcanic rock composed largely of plagioclase with pyroxene and olivine 玄武岩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basaltic** /bə'sɔ:ltık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. basaltes (var. of basanites), from Gk basanitēs, from basanos 'touchstone'.

**bascule bridge** /'bæskju:l/ n. a type of bridge with a section which can be raised and lowered using counterweights 竖旋桥;(衡重式)仰开桥
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. (earlier bacule), 'see-saw', from battre 'to bump' + cul 'buttocks'.

**base¹** /beıs/ n. **1** the lowest part of something, especially the part on which it rests or is supported 基,底;基座,底座 > Architecture 【建】the part of a column between the shaft and pedestal or pavement 柱脚 > Botany & Zoology 【植,动】the end at which a part or organ is attached to the trunk or main part 基部 **2** a conceptual structure or entity on which something draws or depends 基础: The town's economic base collapsed. 该镇的经济基础崩溃了。
> a foundation or starting point 根据;基础;起点 **3** a person's main place of work or residence (工作或居住的)主要地点 > a centre of operations for military or other activity 基地;据点;总部 **4** a main element or ingredient to which other things are added 基本成分,主要成分 > a substance into which a pigment is mixed to form paint (油漆的)基质 **5** Chemistry 【化】a substance capable of reacting with an acid to form a salt and water, or of accepting or neutralizing hydrogen ions 碱 **6** Electronics 【电子】the middle part of a bipolar transistor, separating the emitter from the collector (双极晶体管的)基极 **7** Linguistics 【语言】the root or stem of a word or a derivative 词基 > the uninflected form of a verb 动词原形 **8** Mathematics 【数】a number used as the basis of a numeration scale (记数法的)基(数)
> a number in terms of which other numbers are expressed as logarithms (对数的)底 **9** Baseball 【棒】one of the four stations that must be reached in turn to score a run 垒 ■v. **1** (**base something on**) use something as the foundation for 以…作为…的基础: The film is based on a novel. 该电影改编自一本小说。 **2** use a place as a centre of operations 以…作为运作中心
-PHRASES 短语 **get to first base** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】achieve the first step towards one's objective (向目标)迈出第一步 **off base** informal 【非正式】mistaken 与事实不符的,错误的 **touch base** informal 【非正式】briefly make or renew contact (短暂地)建立(或恢复)联系
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-based** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. basis 'base, pedestal', from Gk.

**base²** /beıs/ adj. **1** without moral principles; ignoble 不道德的,卑鄙的 **2** archaic 【古】denoting or befitting a person of low social class 卑下的,卑贱的 **3** (of coins or other articles) not made of precious metal (硬币等物件)非贵重金属的,成色低的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basely** adv. **baseness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'low, short'): from OFr. bas, from med. L. bassus 'short' (found in classical L. as a cognomen).

**baseball** /'beısbɔ:l/ n. a ball game played chiefly in the US and Canada between two teams of nine on a diamond-shaped circuit of four bases 棒球运动

**baseball cap** n. a cotton cap with a large peak 棒球帽

**baseboard** /'beısbɔ:d/ n. North American term for SKIRTING * skirting 的北美说法

**basehead** /'beıshed/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a habitual user of freebase or crack 可卡因瘾君子

**base hit** n. Baseball 【棒】a hit that allows the batter to advance safely to a base without an error by the team in the field 安打

**base hospital** n. **1** a military hospital situated away from the area of active operations during a war (军队的)后方医院 **2** Austral./NZ 【澳新】a hospital serving a large rural area 乡村医院

**base jump** n. a parachute jump from a fixed point, e.g. a high building, rather than an aircraft (从高楼等固定点进行的)高处定点跳伞 ■v. [often as noun 常作名词 **base jumping**] perform such a jump 作高处定点跳伞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **base jumper** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: base from building, antenna-tower, span, earth (denoting the types of structure used).

**baseless** /'beısləs/ adj. without foundation in fact 无根据的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baselessly** adv. **baselessness** n.

**baseline** /'beıslaın/ n. **1** a minimum or starting point used for comparisons (用于比较的)基数,起

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点 **2** (in tennis, volleyball, etc.) the line marking each end of a court (网球、排球等球场的)底线 **3** Baseball 【棒】the line between bases which a runner must stay close to when running 垒线

**baseload** /'beısləʊd/ n. the permanent minimum load that a power supply system is required to deliver (供电系统的)基底负载,基底负荷

**baseman** /'beısmæn/ n. (pl. **basemen**) Baseball 【棒】a fielder designated to cover either first, second, or third base 守垒员

**basement** /'beısmənt/ n. **1** a room or floor which is partly or entirely below ground level 地下室 **2** Geology 【地质】the oldest formation of rocks underlying a particular area 基底
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. from archaic Du. basement 'foundation', perh. from Ital. basamento 'column base'.

**basement membrane** n. Anatomy 【解】a thin, delicate membrane separating an epithelium from underlying tissue 基膜

**base metal** n. a common metal that is not considered precious, such as copper, tin, or zinc 贱金属,非贵重金属(如铜、锡、锌)

**basenji** /bə'sendʒi/ n. (pl. **basenjis**) a smallish hunting dog of a central African breed, which growls and yelps but does not bark 巴辛吉犬(一种原产于中非的小型猎犬)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: a local word.

**base pair** n. Biochemistry 【生化】a pair of complementary bases on opposite strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, consisting of adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and cytosine pairs with guanine 碱基对

**base rate** n. (in the UK) the interest rate set by the Bank of England for lending to other banks, used as the benchmark for interest rates generally (英国由英格兰银行规定的贷款给其他银行的)基本利率

**bases** /'beısi:z/ plural form of BASE¹ and BASIS * base¹ 和 basis 的复数形式

**base station** n. **1** a relay located at the centre of any of the cells of a cellular telephone system 基站(移动电话系统中电信区中心的中继站) **2** a short-range transceiver which connects a cordless phone to the main telephone network 基站(连接无绳电话与主电话网络的短距离接收机)

**bash** /bæʃ/ informal 【非正式】■v. **1** strike hard and violently 重击,猛击 **2** criticize severely 严厉抨击 **3** (**bash something out**) produce something rapidly and carelessly 粗制滥造出 ■n. **1** a heavy blow 重击,猛击 **2** a party or social event 聚会;社交活动 **3** Brit. 【英】an attempt 尝试: She'll have a bash at anything. 她什么事都想尝试一下。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basher** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as v.): imitative, perh. a blend of BANG¹ and SMASH.

**basha** /'bæʃə/ n. an improvised shelter for one or a few soldiers (一个或数个士兵的)临时掩避处
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s (orig. denoting a bamboo hut with a thatched roof): Assamese.

**bashful** /'bæʃfl/ adj. shy and easily embarrassed 羞怯的,忸怩的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bashfully** adv. **bashfulness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from obs. bash 'make or become abashed' (from ABASH) + -FUL.

**Bashkir** /bæʃ'kıə(r)/ n. **1** a member of a Muslim people living in the southern Urals 巴什基尔人(居住在乌拉尔山脉南部) **2** the Turkic language of the Bashkirs 巴什基尔语(属突厥语)
-ORIGIN 词源 via Russ. from Turkic Başkurt.

**basho** /'bæʃəʊ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **bashos**) a sumo wrestling tournament 相扑场
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, from ba 'place, occasion' + shō 'place'.

**BASIC** /'beısık/ n. a simple high-level computer programming language, formerly widely used * BASIC 语言(初学者通用符号指令码)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: acronym from Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

**basic** /'beısık/ adj. **1** forming an essential foundation; fundamental 基本的,基础的 **2** consisting of the minimum required or offered 最低限度的,起码的: The food was good, if a bit basic. 食物还不错,就是有些简单。 **3** Chemistry 【化】containing or having the properties of a base; alkaline 碱的;含碱的;碱性的
> Geology 【地质】relatively poor in silica 基性的,含氧化硅较少的: basic lava 基性熔岩
> Metallurgy 【冶】relating to or denoting steel-making processes involving lime-rich materials (炼钢法)碱式的: basic slag 碱性渣 ■n. (**basics**) **1** the essential facts or principles of a subject or skill 基本原理,基本原则 **2** essential food or materials (食物或材料的)基本供给

**basically** /'beısıkli/ adv. fundamentally 主要地,基本上 > used to summarize the most important aspects of a situation 大致说来,从根本上说

**Basic English** n. a simplified form of English limited to 850 selected words, intended for international communication 基本英语(用于国际交流,限制在850个精选词汇)

**basicity** /beı'sısıti/ n. Chemistry 【化】the number of hydrogen atoms replaceable by a base in a particular acid 碱度

**basic oxygen process** n. a steel-making process in which carbon and other impurities are burned away from iron by a jet of oxygen in a retort lined with a basic refractory 碱性吹氧炼钢法

**basic wage** n. **1** a minimum wage earned before additional payments such as overtime 基本工资 **2** Austral./NZ 【澳新】the minimum living wage, as determined by industrial tribunal (劳动法庭规定的)最低生活保障工资

**basidiomycete** /bə,sıdiəʊ'maısi:t/ n. (pl. **basidiomycetes** /-'maısi:ts, -maı'si:ti:z/) Botany 【植】a fungus of a large group whose spores develop within basidia and which includes the majority of familiar mushrooms and toadstools 担子菌
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: anglicized sing. of mod. L.

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Basidiomycetes (former class name), from basidium (see 见 BASIDIUM) + Gk mukētes 'fungi'.

**basidium** /bə'sıdiəm/ n. (pl. **basidia** /-diə/) a microscopic club-shaped spore-bearing structure produced by certain fungi 担子
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk basidion, dimin. of basis (see 见 BASIS).

**basil** /'bæzl, -zıl/ n. **1** an aromatic plant of the mint family, native to tropical Asia, used as a culinary herb 罗勒 [Ocimum basilicum (**sweet basil**) and other species.] **2** (also 亦作 **wild basil**) a European plant which grows in hedges and scrub 普通风轮菜 [Clinopodium vulgare.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. basile, via med. L. from Gk basilikon, neut. of basilikos (see 见 BASILICA).

**basilar** /'bæsılə(r)/ adj. Anatomy & Zoology 【解,动】of or situated at the base of something, especially the skull (尤指颅骨)基底的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from mod. L. basilaris, formed irregularly from L. basis (see 见 BASIS).

**basilect** /'bæzılekt, 'beısı-/ n. Linguistics 【语言】a less prestigious dialect or variety of a language 下层方言;低势语 Contrasted with 对照 ACROLECT.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basilectal** /bæzı'lektl, beısı-/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from BASIS + -lect as in dialect.

**Basilian** /bə'zıliən/ adj. relating to St Basil the Great (c.330-379), or the order of monks and nuns following his monastic rule 圣巴西勒的;圣巴西勒修会的 ■n. a Basilian monk or nun 圣巴西勒修会的修士(或修女)

**basilica** /bə'sılıkə, -'zıl-/ n. a large oblong hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a law court or for public assemblies 会堂,长方形廊柱大厅(左右两边各有一条柱廊,一端呈半圆形,古罗马时期用作法庭或集会场所) > a similar building used as a Christian church 会堂(或长方形廊柱大厅)式基督教堂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basilican** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., lit. 'royal palace', from Gk basilikē, fem. of basilikos 'royal', from basileus 'king'.

**basilisk** /'bæzılısk/ n. **1** a mythical reptile with a lethal gaze or breath, hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg 蛇怪(神话中由蛇从公鸡蛋中孵出、其目光或气息可致命的一种怪物) > Heraldry 【纹章】another term for COCKATRICE * cockatrice 的另一种说法 **2** a long, slender Central American lizard, the male of which has a crest running from the head to the tail 双嵴冠蜥 [Basiliscus plumifrons.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk basiliskos 'little king, serpent', from basileus 'king'.

**basin** /'beısn/ n. **1** a large bowl or open container for washing in, preparing food, or holding liquid 盆;脸盆,洗涤池 **2** a broadly circular valley or natural depression on the earth's surface 凹地;洼地 > an area drained by a river and its tributaries 流域 > an enclosed area of water where boats can be moored 内湾,内港 **3** Geology 【地质】a circumscribed rock formation where the strata dip towards the centre 盆地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basinful** n. (pl. **basinfuls**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bacin, from med. L. bacinus, from bacca 'water container'.

**basinet** /'bæsınıt/ n. historical 【史义】a light, close-fitting steel helmet 轻钢盔
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bacinet 'little basin'.

**basipetal** /beı'sıpıtl/ adj. Botany 【植】(of growth or development) downwards towards the base or point of attachment (生长或发育)向基的 Often contrasted with 常对照 ACROPETAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basipetally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BASIS + L. petere 'seek' + -AL.

**basis** /'beısıs/ n. (pl. **bases** /'beısi:z/) the underlying support for an idea, argument, or process 基础;根据 > the principles according to which an activity is carried on 基本原则,基本准则: She needed coaching on a regular basis. 她需要定期接受训练。
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a base or pedestal): via L. from Gk, 'stepping'; cf. BASE¹.

**basis point** n. Finance 【金】one hundredth of one percentage point (used in expressing differences of interest rates) 基点(即0.01%,用于表示利率差异)

**bask** /ba:sk/ v. **1** lie exposed to warmth and sunlight for pleasure 晒太阳 **2** (**bask in**) revel in (something pleasing) 沉浸在(美好事物)中
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'bathe'); perh. rel. to ON baða 'bathe'.

**basket** /'ba:skıt/ n. **1** a container used to hold or carry things, made from interwoven strips of cane or wire 篮,篓,筐 > a structure suspended from a hot-air balloon for carrying the crew, equipment, and ballast (热气球的)吊篮 **2** Basketball 【篮】a net fixed on a hoop used as the goal > a goal scored 投篮得分 **3** Finance 【金】a group or range of currencies or investments (货币或投资的)一篮子,一组
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basketful** n. (pl. **basketfuls**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. basket, of unknown origin.

**basketball** /'ba:skıtbɔ:l/ n. a game played between two teams of five players in which goals are scored by throwing a ball through a netted hoop fixed at each end of the court 篮球运动

**basket case** n. informal 【非正式】a person or thing regarded as useless or unable to cope 无用之人(或事物);无法应对之人(或事物)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: orig. US sl. denoting a soldier who had lost all four limbs.

**Basket Maker** n. a member of a culture of the southwestern US, forming the early stages of the Anasazi culture 篮篓人(美国西南部构成阿纳萨齐文化早期阶段的一古代文化成员)

**basketry** /'ba:skıtri/ n. **1** the craft of basket-making 编制篮筐的技艺 **2** baskets collectively (总称)篮,篓,筐

**basketwork** /'ba:skıtwɜ:k/ n. material woven in

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the style of a basket (篮、篓等)编制品 > the craft of making basketwork 编制篮筐的技艺

**basking shark** n. a large shark which feeds exclusively on plankton and typically swims slowly close to the surface 姥鲨 [Cetorhinus maximus.]

**basmati rice** /bæs'ma:ti, -z-/ n. a kind of long-grain Indian rice with a delicate fragrance 印度香米
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bāsmatī, lit. 'fragrant'.

**basophil** /'beısə(ʊ)fıl/ n. Physiology 【生理】a basophilic white blood cell 嗜碱性粒细胞

**basophilic** /beısə(ʊ)'fılık/ adj. Physiology 【生理】(of a cell or its contents) readily stained with basic dyes (细胞或细胞的组成部分)嗜碱性的

**Basotho** /bə'su:tu:/ pl. n. (sing. **Mosotho**) the South Sotho people collectively, living chiefly in Lesotho (总称)巴索托人(主要生活在莱索托)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Sesotho.

**Basque** /bæsk, ba:sk/ n. **1** a member of a people living in the western Pyrenees in both France and Spain 巴斯克人(居住在法国和西班牙比利牛斯山西部地区) **2** the language of the Basques, which is thought to be unrelated to any other language 巴斯克语
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., from L. Vasco; cf. GASCON.

**basque** /bæsk, ba:sk/ n. a close-fitting bodice extending from the shoulders to the waist and typically having a short continuation below waist level 巴斯克衫(一种略长过腰部的女子紧身上衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BASQUE, referring to traditional Basque dress.

**bas-relief** /'bæsrı,li:f, 'ba:(s)-/ n. Art 【艺】low relief 浅浮雕
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as basse relieve): from Ital. basso-rilievo 'low relief', later altered to the Fr. form.

**bass¹** /beıs/ n. **1** the lowest adult male singing voice 男低音 **2** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the member of a family of instruments that is the lowest in pitch (乐器)低音的 > a bass guitar or double bass 低音吉他,低音提琴 **3** the low-frequency output of a radio or audio system, corresponding to the bass in music (无线电或音频的)低频输出
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bassist** n. **bassy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of BASE², influenced by BASSO.

**bass²** /bæs/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **basses**) **1** the common freshwater perch 鲈(鱼) **2** any of several fish similar to or related to the bass 鮨(鱼) [Dicentrarchus labrax (European seas) and other species. See also 另见 SEA BASS.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of dial. barse, of Gmc origin.

**bass³** /bæs/ n. another term for BAST * bast 的另一种说法

**bass clef** n. Music 【音】a clef placing F below middle C on the second-highest line of the stave 低音谱号

**basset** /'bæsıt/ (also 亦作 **basset hound**) n. a sturdy hunting dog of a breed with a long body, short legs, and long, drooping ears 巴塞特犬,巴吉度犬(一种身长腿短、耳长下垂的猎犬)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., dimin. of bas 'low'.

**basset horn** n. an alto clarinet in F, typically with a bent mouthpiece and upturned bell 巴赛特单簧管
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., translation of Fr. cor de bassette, from Ital. corno di bassetto, from corno 'horn' + di 'of' + bassetto (dimin. of basso 'low').

**bassinet** /bæsı'net/ n. a child's wicker cradle 婴儿摇篮
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., dimin. of bassin 'basin'.

**basso** /'bæsəʊ/ n. (pl. **bassos** or **bassi** /-si/) a bass voice or vocal part 男低音(部)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., 'low', from L. bassus 'short, low'.

**bassoon** /bə'su:n/ n. a large bass woodwind instrument of the oboe family, played with a double reed 大管,低音管,巴松管
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bassoonist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. basson, from Ital. bassone, from basso 'low' (see 见 BASSO).

**basso profundo** /prə'fʌndəʊ/ n. (pl. **bassos profundos** or **bassi profundi** /-di/) a bass singer with an exceptionally low range 深沉男低音歌手
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ital., from basso 'low' + profondo 'deep'.

**basso-relievo** /bæsəʊrı'li:vəʊ/ n. (pl. **basso-relievos**) Art 【艺】low relief 浅浮雕
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital. basso-rilievo.

**bass viol** n. **1** a viola da gamba 低音维奥尔琴,古大提琴 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】a double bass 低音提琴

**basswood** /'bæswʊd/ n. a North American lime tree with large leaves 美洲椴 [Tilia americana.]

**bast** /bæst/ n. fibre obtained from plants and used for matting and cord, in particular the inner bark of a lime tree (尤指椴树的)韧皮部,韧皮纤维
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bæst, of unknown origin.

**bastard** /'ba:stəd, 'bæst-/ n. **1** archaic or derogatory 【古或贬】an illegitimate person 私生子 **2** informal 【非正式】an unpleasant or despicable person 浑蛋,杂种 > Brit. 【英】a person of a specified kind 家伙,人: You lucky bastard! 你这个幸运的家伙! > a difficult or awkward situation or device 棘手的情况;使用不便的装置 ■adj. **1** archaic or derogatory 【古或贬】illegitimate 私生的 **2** no longer in its pure or original form 杂种的,不纯的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bastardy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. bastardus, prob. from bastum 'packsaddle'; cf. OFr. fils de bast, lit. 'packsaddle son' (i.e. the son of a mule driver who uses a packsaddle for a pillow and is gone by morning).

**bastardize** or **bastardise** /'ba:stədaız/ v. **1** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **bastardized**] debase by adding new elements 使变低劣,使不纯 **2** archaic 【古】declare (someone) illegitimate 宣告(某人)为私生子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bastardization** n.

**bastard wing** n. a group of small quill feathers on the first digit of a bird's wing (鸟的)小翼羽

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**baste¹** /beıst/ v. pour fat or juices over (meat) during cooking (烹调时)在(肉)上浇油脂(或卤汁)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **baster** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: of unknown origin.

**baste²** /beıst/ v. Needlework 【针线】tack with long, loose stitches in preparation for sewing (在正式缝之前)用长针脚疏缝,粗缝
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bastir 'sew lightly', ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BAST.

**baste³** /beıst/ v. informal, dated 【非正式,过时】beat soundly; thrash 狠揍,毒打
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **basting** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. a figurative use of BASTE¹.

**bastide** /bæ'sti:d/ n. a fortified village or small town in southern France (法国南部的)筑防村庄(或小镇)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via OFr. from Provençal bastida.

**bastinado** /bæstı'neidəʊ, -'na:dəʊ/ chiefly historical 【主史义】■n. a form of punishment or torture that involves caning the soles of a person's feet 答跖刑 ■v. (**bastinadoes, bastinadoing, bastinadoed**) punish or torture in such a way 对(某人)施以答跖刑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. bastonada, from bastón 'stick, cudgel', from late L. bastum 'stick'.

**bastion** /'bæstiən/ n. **1** a projecting part of a fortification allowing an increased angle of fire 棱堡 **2** an institution or person strongly maintaining particular principles, attitudes, or activities 堡垒(指坚决捍卫特定原则、态度或活动的某一制度或个人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. bastione, from bastire 'build'.

**basuco** /bə'su:kəʊ/ n. impure or low-grade cocaine 低纯度(或劣质)可卡因
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from Colombian Sp.; perh. rel. to Sp. bazucar 'shake violently'.

**bat¹** /bæt/ n. **1** an implement with a handle and a solid surface, used in sports such as cricket or baseball for hitting the ball (板球、棒球等体育运动中使用的)球板,球棒,球拍 **2** a slab on which pottery is formed, dried, or fired (制陶时用的)拉坯底板 ■v. (**bats, batting, batted**) **1** (in sport) take the role of hitting rather than throwing the ball (在体育运动中)击(球) **2** hit with the flat of one's hand 用手掌打 **3** (**bat something around/about**) informal 【非正式】casually discuss an idea or proposal 随意讨论(想法、计划等) **4** (**bat around/about**) informal 【非正式】travel widely, frequently, or casually 漫游,闲逛
-PHRASES 短语 **off one's own bat** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】at one's own instigation 自发地,主动地 **right off the bat** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】at the very beginning 一开始,马上
-ORIGIN 词源 OE batt 'club, stick, staff', perh. partly from OFr. batte, from battre 'to strike'.

**bat²** /bæt/ n. **1** a mainly nocturnal mammal capable of sustained flight, with membranous wings that extend between the fingers and limbs 蝙蝠 [Order Chiroptera: many species.] **2** (**old bat**) informal 【非正式】an unattractive and unpleasant woman 丑妇
-PHRASES 短语 **have bats in the belfry** informal 【非正式】be eccentric or mad 行为古怪;发疯
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt., perh. by assoc. with med. L. batta, blacta, of ME bakke, of Scand. origin; sense 2 is from bat, a sl. term for 'prostitute', or from BATTLEAXE.

**bat³** /bæt/ v. (**bats, batting, batted**) flutter (one's eyelashes) 扑闪(眼睫毛)
-PHRASES 短语 **not bat (or without batting) an eyelid** (or N. Amer. 【北美】**eye**) informal 【非正式】show (or showing) no surprise or concern 眼都不眨一下,不以为意
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): from dial. and US bat 'to wink, blink', var. of obs. bate 'to flutter'.

**Batak** /'bætək/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Bataks**) **1** a member of a people of the northern part of Sumatra in Indonesia (居住在苏门答腊岛北部的)巴塔克人 **2** the Indonesian language of the Batak 巴塔克语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Batak.

**Batavian** /bə'teıviən/ historical or archaic 【史义或古】■n. a member of an ancient Germanic people who inhabited the island of Betuwe, now part of the Netherlands 巴塔维人(一支古日耳曼部落的成员,居住在现属荷兰的贝蒂沃地区) ■adj. **1** relating to the ancient Batavians 巴塔维人的 **2** relating to the Dutch 荷兰人的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Batavia (from Batavi 'the people of Betuwe') + -AN.

**batch** /bætʃ/ n. a quantity or consignment of goods produced at one time 一批生产量 > Computing 【计】a group of records processed as a single unit (数据的)批 ■v. arrange (things) in sets or groups 将…分批(或分组)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the senses 'process of baking', 'quantity produced at one baking'): based on an OE word rel. to bacan (see 见 BAKE).

**batch file** n. a computer file containing a list of instructions to be carried out in turn 批处理文件

**batchmate** /'bætʃmeıt/ n. Indian 【印度】a classmate 同班同学

**bate¹** /beıt/ (also 亦作 **bait**) n. Brit. informal, dated 【英,非正式,过时】an angry mood 生气,愤怒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BAIT in the sense 'torment'.

**bate²** /beıt/ v. Falconry 【鹰猎】(of a hawk) beat the wings in agitation and flutter off the perch (鹰)鼓翅躁动
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. batre 'to beat' (see also 另见 BATTER¹).

**bat-eared fox** n. a small fox found in southern and East Africa, with very large ears that are used to locate insect prey 大耳狐 [Otocyon megalotis.]

**bateau** /'bætəʊ/ n. (pl. **bateaux** /-əʊz/) a light flat-bottomed riverboat used in Canada (加拿大的)平底河船,轻舟

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-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., 'boat'.

**bateau-mouche** /bætəʊ'mu:ʃ/ n. (pl. **bateaux-mouches** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a type of pleasure boat used on the Seine in Paris (巴黎塞纳河上的)平底游船
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'fly boat', because of the boat's mobility.

**bated** /'beıtıd/ adj. (in phr. 用于短语 **with bated breath**) in great suspense 屏息以待地,焦虑地
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from the past part. of obs. bate 'restrain', from ABATE.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The correct phrase is **with bated breath** not with **baited breath**. 正确短语是 with bated breath, 而不是 with baited breath.

**bateleur eagle** /'bæt(ə)lɜ:(r)/ n. a short-tailed African eagle with mainly black plumage and a bare red face 短尾雕 [Terathopius ecaudatus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: bateleur from Fr., lit. 'acrobat, juggler' (with ref. to the tilting motion of the bird in flight).

**Batesian mimicry** /'beıtsiən/ n. Zoology 【动】mimicry in which an animal is protected by its resemblance to one avoided by predators 贝氏拟态,警戒拟态
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the English naturalist Henry W. Bates.

**Bates method** /beıts/ n. a technique intended to improve eyesight using eye exercises 贝氏视力矫正法
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: named after the American ophthalmologist William H. Bates.

**batfish** /'bætfıʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **batfishes**) **1** a sea fish with a flattened body that is round or almost triangular when viewed from above 蝙蝠鱼 [Family Ogcocephalidae: many species.] **2** a deep-bodied, laterally compressed sea fish of the Indo-Pacific region, resembling an angelfish 燕鱼 [Genus Platax.]

**bath¹** /ba:θ/ n. (pl. **baths**) **1** a large tub that is filled with water for immersing and washing the body 浴缸,浴盆 > an act of washing in a bath (用上浴缸的)洗澡,沐浴 **2** (also 亦作 **baths**) Brit. 【英】a building containing a public swimming pool or washing facilities (附有游泳池或洗浴设施的)公共浴室 **3** a container holding a liquid in which an object is immersed in chemical or industrial processing (化学或工业过程中用于浸泡的)浴器,池,槽 ■v. Brit. 【英】wash in a bath (在浴缸里)洗澡
-PHRASES 短语 **take a bath** informal 【非正式】suffer a heavy financial loss 遭受惨重经济损失
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bæð, of Gmc origin.

**bath²** /bɑ:θ/ n. an ancient Hebrew liquid measure equivalent to about 40 litres or 9 gallons 巴思(希伯来古液量单位,相当于约40升或9加仑)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. bat.

**Bath bun** /ba:θ/ n. Brit. 【英】a round yeast bun containing currants and topped with icing or sugar (含有无核小葡萄干、缀有糖霜或食糖的)巴斯圆面包
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the city of Bath in SW England, where it was orig. made.

**bath chair** n. dated 【过时】an invalid's wheelchair (供残疾人坐的)巴斯椅,轮椅
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the city of Bath in SW England, frequented for its supposedly curative hot springs.

**bathe** /beıð/ v. **1** wash by immersing one's body in water (浸在水中)洗浴 > soak or wipe gently with liquid to clean or soothe 浸洗;轻轻擦洗 > N. Amer. 【北美】wash (someone) in a bath (在浴缸里)给(某人)洗澡 **2** chiefly Brit. 【主英】take a swim 游泳 **3** suffuse or envelop 使沐浴,使沉浸: The park lay bathed in sunshine. 公园沐浴在阳光中。■n. Brit. 【英】a swim 游泳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bather** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE baðian, of Gmc origin.

**bathhouse** /'ba:θhaʊs/ n. a building containing baths for communal use 公共浴室

**bathing machine** n. historical 【史义】a wheeled hut drawn to the edge of the sea, for changing in and bathing from (拉至海边更衣或洗澡用的)更衣车

**bathing suit** (Brit. also 【英亦作】**bathing costume**) n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a swimming costume 游泳衣

**batholith** /'bæθəlıθ/ n. Geology 【地质】a very large igneous intrusion extending to an unknown depth in the earth's crust 岩基
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: coined in Ger. from Gk bathos 'depth' + -LITH.

**bathos** /'beıθɒs/ n. (in literature) an unintentional change in mood from the important and serious to the trivial or ridiculous (文学作品中非出自本意的从重要、严肃突转为琐碎、荒诞的)突降
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bathetic** /bə'θetık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk, lit. 'depth'.

**bathrobe** /'ba:θrəʊb/ n. a dressing gown, especially one made of toweling (尤指毛巾布做成的)浴袍,睡衣

**bathroom** /'ba:θru:m/ n. **1** a room containing a bath and usually also a washbasin and toilet 浴室,卫生间 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】a room containing a toilet 厕所,洗手间

**bath salts** pl. n. a crystalline substance that is dissolved in bathwater to soften or perfume it 浴盐

**bath sponge** n. a marine sponge of warm waters, the fibrous skeleton of which is used as a sponge for washing 浴用海绵(指角骨海绵和马海绵) [Genera Spongia and Hippospongia.]

**Bath stone** n. a type of oolitic limestone found especially near Bath in SW England, grey to yellowish in colour and used in building and sculpture 奶色石

**bathtub** /'ba:θtʌb/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a bath 浴缸,浴盆

**bathy-** /'bæθi/ comb. form relating to depth 深度的: bathysphere 探海球

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-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk bathus 'deep'.

**bathyal** /'bæθiəl/ adj. relating to the zone of the sea between the continental shelf and the abyssal zone 深海(底)的

**bathymeter** /bə'θımətə(r)/ n. an instrument used to measure the depth of water in seas or lakes 水深测量器,测深计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bathymetric** adj. **bathymetry** n.

**bathypelagic** /bæθıpı'lædʒık/ adj. Biology 【生】(of fish and other organisms) inhabiting the sea at a depth of between about 1,000 and 3,000 metres (approximately 3,300 and 9,800 ft), where it is dark and cold (鱼类和其他生物)深海的,大洋深层的

**bathyscaphe** /'bæθıskæf/ n. chiefly historical 【主史义】a type of manned submersible vessel 深潜器
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: coined in Fr. from Gk bathus 'deep' + skaphos 'ship'.

**bathysphere** /'bæθısfiə(r)/ n. a manned spherical chamber for deep-sea observation, lowered by cable from a ship 探海球,深海球形潜水器

**batik** /'bætık, bə'ti:k/ n. a method of producing coloured designs on textiles using wax to resist dye, originating in Java 蜡防印花法(源于爪哇)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Javanese, lit. 'painted'.

**batiste** /bə'ti:st/ n. a fine, light linen or cotton fabric resembling cambric 上等细亚麻布;细薄棉布
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. (earlier batiche); prob. rel. to battre 'to beat'.

**batman** (or **batwoman**) /'bætmən/ n. (pl. **batmen** or **batwomen**) dated 【过时】(in the British armed forces) an officer's personal servant (英国军官的)勤务兵,传令兵
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting an orderly in charge of the bat horse which carried the officer's baggage): from OFr. bat (from med. L. bastum 'packsaddle') + MAN.

**bat mitzvah** /ba:t 'mıtsvə/ n. a religious initiation ceremony for a Jewish girl at the age of religious maturity (twelve years and one day) 犹太女孩成人仪式(12岁零1天时举行)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. bat mişwāh 'daughter of commandment', suggested by BAR MITZVAH.

**baton** /'bætɒn/ n. **1** a thin stick used by a conductor to direct an orchestra or choir 指挥棒
> a stick carried and twirled by a drum major (军乐队指挥用的)指挥杖 **2** a short stick passed from runner to runner in a relay race (接力赛跑用的)接力棒 **3** a police officer's truncheon 警棍 **4** a staff of office or authority 权杖,官杖 > (**batons**) one of the suits in some tarot packs, corresponding to wands in others (塔罗牌中的)权杖(牌组) **5** Heraldry 【纹章】a narrow bend truncated at each end (自左上角至右下角的)短棒状条纹 **6** a short bar replacing some figures on the dial of a clock or watch (钟、表面上代替数字的)短棒状线条
-PHRASES 短语 **pass (or take up) the baton** hand over (or take up) a duty or responsibility 移交(或接受)职责
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bâton, earlier baston, from late L. bastum 'stick'.

**baton round** n. Brit. 【英】a large rubber or plastic projectile shot from a special gun, used especially in riot control (尤用于镇压暴乱的)橡皮子弹

**batrachian** /bə'treıkiən/ n. & adj. another term for ANURAN * anuran 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Batrachia, from Gk batrakhos 'frog'.

**bats** /bæts/ adj. informal, dated 【非正式,过时】(of a person) mad (人)疯癫的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from the phr. have bats in the belfry (see 见 BAT²).

**batsman** /'bætsmən/ n. (pl. **batsmen**) a player who bats in cricket (板球运动中的)击球手
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **batsmanship** n.

**Batswana** /bə'tswa:nə/ plural form of TSWANA * Tswana 的复数形式

**batt** /bæt/ n. a piece of felted material or fibreglass used for insulation (保温用)毡料,玻璃棉
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the general sense 'lump, piece'): of unknown origin.

**battalion** /bə'tæliən/ n. a large body of troops, forming part of a brigade (军队的)营
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bataillon, from Ital. battaglione, from battaglia 'battle', from L. (see 见 BATTLE).

**battels** /'bætlz/ pl. n. (at Oxford University) a college account for food and accommodation expenses (牛津大学的)膳宿费账
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from dial. battle 'nourish, 'nutritious'; prob. rel. to BATTEN².

**battement** /'bæt(ə)mɒ̃/ n. Ballet 【芭蕾】a movement in which one leg is moved outward from the body and in again 巴特芒(单腿向外再收回的动作)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'beating'.

**batten¹** /'bæt(ə)n/ n. a long, flat wooden or metal strip for strengthening, stiffening, or securing something 板条;压条 ■v. strengthen, stiffen, or fasten with battens 用板条(或压条)加固(或固定)
-PHRASES 短语 **batten down the hatches** **1** Nautical 【航海】secure a ship's tarpaulins 封舱 **2** prepare for a difficult situation 为困难做好准备
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **battening** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. batant, pres. part. (used as n.) of batre 'to beat', from L. battuere.

**batten²** /'bæt(ə)n/ v. (**batten on**) thrive or prosper at the expense of 靠…兴盛(或繁荣),损…肥己
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'improve, grow fat'): from ON batna 'get better', rel. to BETTER.

**Battenberg** /'bætənbɜ:g/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】an oblong sponge cake covered with marzipan, with a square cross section quartered with two colours of sponge 巴滕贝格双色蛋糕
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the town of Battenberg in Germany.

**batter¹** /'bætə(r)/ v. **1** strike repeatedly with hard blows 连续猛击 > subject (one's spouse, partner, or
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child) to repeated violence and assault 虐待殴打(配偶、伴侣或孩子) 2 [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **battering**] criticize severely or defeat heavily 猛烈抨击; 重创
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **batterer** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. batre 'to beat' (from L. battuere) + -ER.

**batter²** /'bætǝ(r)/ n. a mixture of flour, egg, and milk or water, used for making pancakes or coating food before frying 面糊 (由面粉、鸡蛋、牛奶或水调制而成, 用来做薄饼或给油炸食品上浆) N. Amer. 【北美】a mixture of ingredients for a cake 蛋糕混合料
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bateure 'the action of beating', from batre 'to beat'.

**batter³** /'bætǝ(r)/ n. a player who bats in baseball (棒球运动中的) 击球员

**batter⁴** /'bætǝ(r)/ v. (**of** a wall) slope backwards from the perpendicular (墙) 向后倾斜 ■n. a backwards slope in a wall (墙的) 向后倾斜
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**battered¹** /'bætǝd/ adj. (**of** food) coated in batter and fried (食品) 裏面糊炸的

**battered²** /'bætǝd/ adj. injured by repeated blows 殴击致伤的 > (**of** a thing) damaged by age and repeated use (物品因长期使用而) 磨损的

**batterie** /bæt(ǝ)'ri:/ n. Ballet 【芭蕾】 the action of beating the feet or calves together during a leap 巴特瑞 (空中打脚)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., lit. 'beating'.

**batterie de cuisine** /bætəri: də kwı'zi:n/ n. the equipment required for the preparation of meals 炊具, 厨具
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., 'set of equipment for the kitchen'; cf. **BATTERY**.

**battering ram** n. a heavy object swung or rammed against a door to break it down (用于砸门的) 大槌
> **historical** 【史义】 a heavy beam, originally with an end in the form of a carved ram's head, used in breaching fortifications 攻城槌

**battery** /'bætri/ n. (pl. **batteries**) 1 a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power 电池(组) 2 an extensive series or range of things 一套, 一组; 一系列 3 Brit. 【英】 a series of small cages for the intensive rearing of poultry 层架式饲养笼 4 Law 【律】 the infliction of unlawful personal violence on another person, even where the contact does no physical harm 殴打罪 5 (**the battery**) Baseball 【棒】 the pitcher and the catcher 投捕组合 6 a fortified emplacement for heavy guns 炮台 > an artillery subunit of guns, men, and vehicles 炮兵连
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. baterie, from battre 'to strike', from L. battuere (in the sense 'metal articles wrought by hammering' later 'a collection of artillery', whence 'Leyden jars connected up so as to discharge simultaneously').

**batting** /'bætɪŋ/ n. cotton wadding in sheets for use in quilts (用于被褥的) 棉絮, 棉胎

**battle** /'bætl/ n. 1 a sustained fight between organized armed forces 战斗, 战役 2 a lengthy and difficult conflict or struggle 斗争, 较量 ■v. fight or struggle tenaciously with an opponent or to achieve something 搏斗; 奋争, 斗争
-**PHRASES** 短语 **battle royal** (pl. **battles royal**) B a fiercely contested fight or dispute 殊死战, 恶斗; 激烈的争论 **battle stations** chiefly US 【主美】 the positions taken by military personnel in preparation for battle (军事人员的) 战斗岗位
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **battler** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bataille (n.), bataillier (v.), based on late L. battualia 'military or gladiatorial exercises', from L. battuere 'to beat.'

**battleaxe** /'bæt(ə)læks/ (US also 【美亦作】 **battleax**) ■n. 1 a large axe used in ancient warfare 战斧 2 informal 【非正式】 a formidably aggressive older woman (年老的) 悍妇

**battlecruiser** /'bæt(ə)l,kru:zə(r)/ n. an early 20th-century warship that was faster and more lightly armoured than a battleship 战列巡洋舰

**battledore** /'bæt(ə)ldɔ:(r)/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **battledore and shuttlecock**) a game played with a shuttlecock and rackets, a forerunner of badminton 板羽球游戏 (羽毛球运动的前身) > the small racket used in this game 板羽球球拍 2 a wooden paddle-shaped implement formerly used to beat and stir washing (洗衣时拍打搅动用的) 桨状木板
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. from Provençal batedor 'beater', from batre 'to beat.'

**battledress** /'bætldres/ n. clothes worn in combat by soldiers 战斗服, 战地服装

**battlefield** /'bætlfi:ld/ (also 亦作 **battleground**) ■n. the piece of ground on which a battle is fought 战场

**battlement** /'bæt(ə)lm(ə)nt/ n. a parapet with openings at regular intervals along the top of a wall, forming part of a fortification 雉堞, 城垛
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **battlemented** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bataillier 'fortify with movable defence turrets', possibly rel. to **BATTLE**.

**battleship** /'bæt(ə)lʃɪp/ n. a heavy warship with extensive armour protection and large-calibre guns 战列舰

**battue** /bǝ't(j)u:/ n. the driving of wild birds or animals towards hunters by beaters 哄赶猎物
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., fem. past part. of battre 'to beat.'

**batty** /'bæti/ adj. (**battier**, **battiest**) informal 【非正式】 mad 神经错乱的, 疯癫的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **battily** adv. **battiness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from **BAT²** + **-Y¹**.

**Batwa** /'bætwɑ:/ plural form of **Twa** ▶ Twa 的复数形式

**batwing** /'bætwɪŋ/ adj. (**of** a sleeve) having a deep armhole and a tight cuff (袖子) 似蝙蝠翼的, 腋下宽松腕部收紧的

**bauble** /'bɔ:bl/ n. 1 a small, showy trinket or decoration 小玩意儿, 小摆饰 Brit. 【英】 a decora-tive hollow ball hung on a Christmas tree (圣诞树上挂的) 球形小装饰 2 a baton formerly used as an emblem by jesters (旧时宫廷小丑所持的) 笨伯杖
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. baubel 'child's toy', of unknown origin.

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**baud** /bɔ:d/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or **bauds**) Computing 【计】 a unit of transmission speed for electronic signals, corresponding to one information unit or event per second 波特 (电子信号传输速度单位)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: Fr., from the name of the French engineer Jean M. E. Baudot.

**baulk** /bɔ:lk, bɔ:k/ (chiefly US also 【主美亦作】 **balk**) ■v. 1 (**baulk at**) hesitate to accept (an idea or undertaking) 对 (想法或任务) 犹豫 (或畏缩) 2 thwart or hinder (a plan or person) 阻碍, 妨碍 (计划或人) 3 (**of** a horse) refuse to go on (马) 拒绝前行, 逡巡不前 ■n. 1 a roughly squared timber beam 梁木, 粗枋 2 the area on a billiard table between the baulk line and the bottom cushion (台球桌上的) 开球区 3 Baseball 【棒】 an unlawful action made by a pitcher that may deceive a base runner (投手的) 违例佯投动作 4 a ridge left unploughed between furrows (犁沟间的) 埂
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE balc (in the sense 'unploughed ridge', later 'obstacle'), from ON bálkr 'partition.'

**baulk line** n. a transverse line marked on a billiard table, extending the diameter of the D to the sides of the table (台球桌上的) 开球线

**baulky** /'bɔ:lki/ adj. British spelling of **BALKY** ▶ balky 的英式拼法

**bauxite** /'bɔ:ksait/ n. an amorphous clayey rock that is the chief ore of aluminium, consisting of hydrated alumina with variable proportions of iron oxides 铝土矿
-**DERIVatives** 派生词 **bauxitic** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from Les Baux (a village in SE France, near which it was first found) + **-ITE¹**.

**bavardage** /bævɑ:'dɑ:ʒ/ n. rare 【罕】 idle gossip 闲话, 家常
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from bavarder 'to chatter'.

**Bavarian** /bə'veəriən/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Bavaria, a region in southern Germany 巴伐利亚人 2 the dialect of German used in Bavaria 巴伐利亚方言 ■adj. relating to Bavarians or their language; 巴伐利亚人的; 巴伐利亚方言的

**bavarois** /bævǝ'wɑ:/ (also 亦作 **bavaroise** /-'wɑ:z/) ■n. a dessert containing gelatin and whipped cream 巴伐利亚奶油冻
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., lit. 'Bavarian.'

**bawbee** /'bɔ:bi:/ n. Scottish 【苏格兰】 1 a coin of low value 小钱币 2 a former silver coin worth three (later six) Scottish pennies (旧时的) 银币 (初值3苏格兰便士, 后值6苏格兰便士)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from the laird of Sillebawby, mint-master under James V.

**bawd** /bɔ:d/ n. archaic 【古】 a woman in charge of a brothel 妓院老板娘, 鸨母, 老鸨
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: shortened from obs. bawdstrot, from OFr. baudestroyt 'procuress', from baude 'shameless.'

**bawdry** /'bɔ:dri/ n. obscenity in speech or writing 淫秽, 下流

**bawdy** /'bɔ:di/ adj. (**bawdier**, **bawdiest**) humorously indecent 淫秽的, 下流的 ■n. humorously indecent talk or writing 猥亵的语言
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bawdily** adv. **bawdiness** n.

**bawdy house** ■n. archaic 【古】 a brothel 妓院

**bawl** /bɔ:l/ v. 1 shout out noisily 大叫, 大喊, 吼叫 > (**bawl someone out**) reprimand someone angrily 大声训斥(某人) 2 weep noisily 号哭, 痛哭 ■n. a loud shout 大叫声
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense 'howl, bark'): imitative.

**bawn** /bɔ:n/ n. 1 Irish & Canadian 【爱, 加】 an area of grassy land near a house; a meadow (房屋附近的) 草坪; 草地 2 Canadian 【加】 a flat expanse of rocks on a beach, on which fish are spread to dry (可供晒鱼的) 海边平坦岩石区
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Ir. badún.

**bay¹** /beɪ/ n. a broad curved inlet of the sea 海湾
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. baie, from Old Sp. bahia.

**bay²** /beɪ/ (also 亦作 **bay laurel** or **sweet bay**) n. an evergreen, purple-berried Mediterranean shrub, with aromatic leaves that are used in cookery 月桂 [Laurus nobilis.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (denoting the laurel berry): from OFr. baie, from L. baca 'berry.'

**bay³** /beɪ/ n. 1 a window area that projects outwards from a wall (凸窗的) 凸出结构 2 a section of wall in the nave of a church between two buttresses or columns 壁凹 (教堂中殿两个扶壁或柱间的一段墙壁) 3 an area specially allocated or marked off (特别划分出来的) 隔间: a loading bay 装货间 4 (also 亦作 **bay platform**) Brit. 【英】 a short terminal platform at a railway station also having through lines 尽头式站台
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. baie, from baer 'to gape', from med. L. batare.

**bay⁴** /beɪ/ adj. (**of** a horse) brown with black points (马) 枣红色的 ■n. a bay horse 枣红马
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bai, from L. badius.

**bay⁵** /beɪ/ v. (**of** a dog) bark or howl loudly, especially in pursuit of quarry (尤指在追逐猎物时狗) 高声吠叫 ■n. the sound of baying (尤指在追逐猎物时狗的) 吠声
-**PHRASES** 短语 **at bay** trapped or cornered 被围困, 走投无路 **bay for blood** demand retribution 要求 (某人) 得到惩罚 (或报应) **hold** (or **keep**) **at bay** prevent from approaching or having an effect 使无法近身, 使无法产生影响
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. (a)bai (n.), (a)baiier (v.) 'bark'; imitative.

**bayadère** /baɪə'deə(r)/ n. a Hindu dancing girl (印度的) 舞女
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr., from Port. bailadeira.

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**bayberry** /'beɪbəri/ n. (pl. **bayberries**) a North American shrub with aromatic leathery leaves and waxy berries 杨梅 [Genus Myrica: several species.]

**Bayes' theorem** /'beɪz/ n. Statistics 【统】 a theorem expressing the conditional probability of each of a set of possible causes for a given observed outcome in terms of the known probability of each cause and the conditional probability of the outcome of each cause 贝叶斯定理
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Bayesian** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after the English mathematician Thomas Bayes.

**bay leaf** n. the aromatic dried leaf of the bay tree, used in cooking (用于烹调的) 干月桂叶

**bayonet** /'beɪənət/ n. 1 a long blade fixed to the muzzle of a rifle for use in hand-to-hand fighting (枪上的) 刺刀 2 [as modifer 作修饰语] denoting a type of fitting for a light bulb or other appliance which is pushed into a socket and then twisted into place (灯泡等) 卡口式的 ■v. (**bayonets**, **bayoneting**, **bayoneted**) stab with a bayonet 用刺刀刺
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (denoting a kind of short dagger): from Fr. baïonnette, from Bayonne, a town in SW France, where they were first made.

**bayou** /'baɪu:/ n. (pl. **bayous**) (in the southern US) a marshy outlet of a lake or river (美国南部的) 牛轭湖, 长沼
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Louisiana Fr., from Choctaw bayuk.

**bay rum** n. a perfume for the hair, distilled originally from rum and bayberry leaves 桂油香水

**bay window** n. a window built to project outwards from a wall 凸窗

**bazaar** /bə'zɑ:(r)/ n. 1 a market in a Middle Eastern country (中东国家的) 集市, 街市, 市场 2 a fundraising sale of goods 义卖
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Ital. bazarro, from Turk., from Pers. bāzār 'market'.

**bazillion** /bə'zɪljən/ cardinal number informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a very large number 极大的数目, 天文数字: a bazillion dollar payout 一笔天文数字的美元支出
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1980s: prob. a blend of **BILLION** and **GAZILLION**.

**bazoo** /bə'zu:/ n. US informal 【美, 非正式】 1 a person's mouth (人的) 嘴 2 a person's bottom 屁股
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: perh. from Du. bazuin 'trombone, trumpet.'

**bazooka** /bə'zu:kə/ n. 1 a short-range tubular rocket launcher used against tanks (反坦克) 巴祖卡火箭筒 2 a kazoo shaped like a trumpet 长号式卡祖笛
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: appar. from **BAZOO** in the original sense 'kazoo.'

**bazoom** /bə'zu:m/ n. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a woman's breast (女人的) 胸部, 乳房
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: prob. an alt. of **BOSOM**.

**BB** symb. 1 Brit. 【英】 double-black (used in describing grades of pencil lead) ▶ 2B, 倍黑 (用于描述铅笔芯等级) 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a standard size of lead pellet used in air rifles ▶ BB 气枪弹

**BBC** abbr. British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司

**bbl.** abbr. barrels (especially of oil 尤指石油)

**BBQ** abbr. informal 【非正式】 a barbecue 户外烧烤

**BBS** abbr. Computing 【计】 bulletin board system 公告板系统

**BC** abbr. 1 (**bc**) before Christ (placed after a date, indicating that it is before the Christian era) 公元前 2 British Columbia (in official postal use) (加拿大) 不列颠哥伦比亚省 (正式邮政用语)
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> вс is placed after the numerals, as in 72 BC (not BC 72), ▶ BC 置于数字之后, 如公元前72年应是 72 BC (不是 BC 72)。Compare with 比较 **AD**.

**bcc** abbr. blind carbon copy (an indication that a duplicate letter or email should be or has been sent to another person without the knowledge of the main recipient) 密件抄送

**BCD** abbr. binary coded decimal 二进制编码的十进制

**BCE** abbr. before the Common Era (indicating dates before the Christian era, used especially by non-Christians) (尤为非基督教徒使用的) 公元前

**B-cell** n. Physiology 【生理】 another term for **B-LYMPHOCYTE** ▶ B-lymphocyte 的另一种说法

**BCG** abbr. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, an anti-tuberculosis vaccine 卡介苗

**BD** abbr. 1 Bachelor of Divinity 神学士 2 Bangladesh (international vehicle registration 孟加拉国 (国际车船注册))

**Bde** abbr. Brigade

**bdellium** /'deliəm/ n. a fragrant resin produced by a number of trees related to myrrh, used in perfumes 伪没药 (一种用于香水的芳香树脂)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via L. from Gk bdellion, of Semitic origin.

**Bdr** abbr. Brit. 【英】 Bombardier

**BDS** abbr. Bachelor of Dental Surgery 牙外科学士

**BE** abbr. 1 Bachelor of Education 教育学士 2 Bachelor of Engineering 工学士 3 bill of exchange

**Be** symb. the chemical element beryllium (化学元素) 铍

**be** /bi:, bi/ v. (sing. present **am**; **are**; **is**; pl. present **are**; 1st and 3rd sing. past **was**; 2nd sing. past and pl. past **were**; present subjunctive **be**; past subjunctive **were**; present participle **being**; past part. **been**) 1 (usu. 通常用 **there is/are**) exist; be present 存在; 在场 2 take place 发生; 举行 > occupy a position in space 位于, 在 > stay in the same place or condition 逗留, 呆; 持续 > come; go; visit 来; 去: 拜访 3 (when connecting a subject and complement) having the specified state, nature, or role (表示特定状态、本质或角色) 是: Amy was 91. 艾米91岁了。> represent or signify 代表; 表示, 意味着 ■aux. v. 1 used with a present participle to form continuous tenses (与现在分词连用构成进行时) 2 used with a past participle to form the passive voice (与过去分词连用构成被动语态) 3 used to indicate something that is due to happen (表示预定发生) > used to express obligation or necessity (表示应该或必须) > used to hypothesize about something that might happen (假设可能发生)

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-**PHRASES** 短语 **the be-all and end-all** informal 【非正式】 a feature of an activity that is of greater importance than any other (活动的) 根本, 核心 **not be oneself** not feel in one's usual physical or mental state (身体或精神) 不舒服, 处于不正常状态 **-to-be** of the future 未来的, 将来的: his bride-to-be 他未来的新娘
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēon, an irregular verb whose full conjugation derives from several orig. distinct verbs; the forms **am** and **is** are rel. to L. sum and est.

**be-** /bɪ-/ prefix forming verbs 构成动词: 1 all over; all round 四面八方: **bespatter** 溅洒, 溅污 > thoroughly; excessively 彻底; 极度: **bewilder** 使糊涂 2 (added to intransitive verbs and to adjectives and nouns expressing transitive action (加在不及物动词、形容词和名词前表示及物动作)) 使: **bemoan** 哀悼 | **befriend** 和…交朋友 3 (added to nouns) affect with (加在名词前) 以…影响: **befog** 使困惑 (added to adjectives) cause to be (加在形容词前) 导致: **befoul** 弄脏 4 (forming adjectives ending in **-ed**) having; covered with (加在以-ed结尾的形容词前) 饰以, 覆盖以: **bejewelled** 饰以珠宝的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE, weak form of bi 'by'.

**beach** /bi:tʃ/ n. a pebbly or sandy shore at the edge of the sea or a lake 海滩, 湖滨 ■v. bring on to a beach from the water 拖…上岸 > (with reference to a whale) become or cause to become stranded on a beach (使) (鲸) 搁浅
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: perh. rel. to OE bæce, bece 'brook.'

**beachcomber** /'bi:tʃkəʊmə(r)/ ■n. 1 a person who searches beaches for articles of value (在海滩捡漂浮物的) 流浪汉 2 a long wave rolling in from the sea 拍岸浪

**beachfront** /'bi:tʃfrʌnt/ n. another term for **SEAFRONT** ▶ seafront 的另一种说法

**beachhead** /'bi:tʃhed/ n. a fortified position on a beach taken by landing forces 滩头堡, 登陆场

**Beach-la-mar** /bi:tʃlə'mɑ:(r)/ n. variant spelling of **BISLAMA** ▶ Bislama 的另一种拼法

**beach plum** n. a maritime shrub related to the plum, with edible fruit, found on the east coast of North America 海滨李 [Prunus maritima.]

**beachside** /'bi:tʃsaɪd/ n. the area adjacent to a beach 海滩边, 海滩地区

**beachwear** /'bi:tʃweə(r)/ n. clothing suitable for wearing on the beach 海滩服, 沙滩装

**beacon** /'bi:k(ə)n/ n. 1 a fire lit on the top of a hill as a signal (用作信号的) 烽火 2 a light serving as a signal for ships or aircraft 灯塔; 立标; 灯标 3 a radio transmitter signalling the position of a ship or aircraft (用于指示船只或飞机位置的) 无线电信标
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE beacn 'sign, portent, ensign', of W. Gmc origin.

**bead** /bi:d/ n. 1 a small, rounded piece of glass, stone, plastic, etc., perforated and typically threaded in a string with others to make a necklace or rosary 有孔小珠 2 a drop of a liquid on a surface (液体在平面上的) 小滴 3 a small knob forming the foresight of a gun (枪的) 圆形准星 4 the reinforced inner edge of a tyre (轮胎的) 胎圈, 胎边 5 an ornamental plaster moulding resembling a string of beads or having a semicircular cross section 凸圆线脚, 串珠饰 ■v. 1 decorate or cover with beads 缀珠状物于 2 form into a string like beads (使) 形成珠链状
-**PHRASES** 短语 **draw** (or **get**) **a bead on** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 take aim at with a gun 用枪瞄准
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beaded** adj. **beading** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE gebed 'prayer', of Gmc origin; current senses derive from the use of a rosary (each bead representing a prayer).

**beadle** /'bi:dl/ n. Brit. 【英】 1 a ceremonial officer of a church, college, or similar institution 教区执事; 大学仪仗官 2 historical 【史义】 a minor parish officer dealing with petty offenders (负责轻微犯罪者的) 堂区委员会助理
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bydel 'a person who makes a proclamation', influenced by OFr. bedel, ult. of Gmc origin.

**beadsman** /'bi:dzmən/ n. (pl. **beadsmen**) historical 【史义】 a pensioner provided for by a benefactor in return for prayers (须为施主祈祷的) 受救济贫民

**beadwork** /'bi:dwɜ:k/ n. decorative work made of beads 珠饰品

**beady** /'bi:di/ adj. (**beadier**, **beadiest**) (of a person's eyes) small, round, and observing things clearly (人的眼睛) 晶亮如珠的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beadily** adv. **beadiness** n.

**beagle** /'bi:gl/ n. a small, short-legged hound, kept as a pet or for hunting hares 小猎兔犬 ■v. hunt with beagles 由小猎兔犬指引追猎
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beagler** n. **beagling** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C15: perh. from OFr. beegueule 'open-mouthed.'

**beak¹** /bi:k/ n. 1 a bird's horny projecting jaws; a bill (鸟) 喙 > a projecting jaw in some other animals (某些其他动物的) 喙状嘴 2 a projection at the prow of an ancient warship, used to pierce the hulls of enemy ships (古代战舰的) 冲撞角
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beaked** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bec, from L. beccus, of Celtic origin.

**beak²** /bi:k/ n. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a magistrate or schoolmaster 地方治安官; 男校长
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: prob. from criminals' sl.

**beaked whale** n. a whale of a group with elongated jaws that form a beak, including the bottlenose whales 喙鲸 [Family Ziphiidae: several species.]

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**beaker** /'bi:kə(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a tall plastic drinking container (塑料) 高酒杯 > a lipped cylindrical glass container for laboratory use (实验室用的) 烧杯 > archaic 【古】 a large drinking container with a wide mouth 大口酒杯
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from ON bikarr, perh. based on Gk bikos 'drinking bowl.'

**Beaker folk** pl. n. a late Neolithic and early Bronze Age European people named after the distinctive waisted pots (**Beaker ware**) associated with their burials 宽口陶器人 (欧洲新石器时代晚期和青铜时代早期的一族, 以其特有的随葬宽口陶器得名)

**beaky** /'bi:ki/ adj. (**of** a person's nose) hooked (人的鼻子) 鹰钩状的, 喙状的

**beam** /bi:m/ n. 1 a long sturdy piece of squared timber or metal used horizontally in building to support a load above 梁, 横梁 > a narrow horizontal length of squared timber used for balancing exercises in gymnastics (体操运动中的) 平衡木 2 a horizontal beam supporting the deck and joining the sides of a ship (支承船甲板的) 横梁 > the direction of an object visible from the side of a ship when it is perpendicular to the centre line of the vessel (与船的中心线垂直的) 横向: There was land in sight on the port beam. 左舷正横方向可以看到陆地。> a ship's breadth at its widest point 船宽, 船幅 3 a ray or shaft of light 光束; 光线; 光柱 > a directional flow of particles or radiation 粒子束; 辐射束 > a series of radio or radar signals emitted as a navigational guide (导航用的无线电或雷达) 波束, 射束 4 a radiant smile (绽放的) 笑容 5 the crossbar of a balance (天平的) 杠杆 6 an oscillating shaft in a beam engine (横梁发动机的) 传动杆 7 the shank of an anchor 锚柄, 锚干 ■v. 1 transmit (a radio signal or broadcast) in a specified direction 定向发出 (无线电信号或广播) 2 shine brightly 照耀 3 smile radiantly 绽放笑容, 笑逐颜开
-**PHRASES** 短语 **a beam in one's eye** a fault that is greater in oneself than in the person one is finding fault with 眼中的横梁 (与他人相比自身特别重大的缺点) [with biblical allusion to Matt.7:3.] **off beam** informal 【非正式】 on the wrong track 不对, 错 **on her** (or **its**) **beam ends** (of a ship) heeled over on its side (船) 倾侧近90°, 几乎倾覆
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēam 'tree, beam', of W. Gmc origin.

**beam compass** n. a compass for drawing large circles, consisting of a horizontal rod connected by sliding sockets to two vertical legs 长臂圆规

**beam engine** n. a stationary steam engine with a large oscillating shaft that transmits the vertical movement of the pistons to a crank or pump 横梁发动机

**Beamer** /'bi:mə(r)/ n. another term for **BEEMER** ▶ Beemer 的另一种说法

**beamer** /'bi:mə(r)/ ■n. Cricket 【板】 a ball bowled directly at a batsman's head or upper body without bouncing (投手投出的) 高球

**beam sea** n. Nautical 【航海】 a sea which is rolling against a ship's side approximately at right angles (约与船的龙骨成直角冲向船舷的) 横向浪

**beamy** /'bi:mi/ adj. (**beamier**, **beamiest**) (**of** a ship) broad-beamed (船) 幅宽的

**bean** /bi:n/ n. 1 an edible kidney-shaped seed B growing in long pods on certain leguminous plants 豆; 菜豆 2 a leguminous plant bearing beans in pods 豆科植物 [Phaseolus and other genera: numerous species.] 3 the hard seed of coffee, cocoa, and certain other plants 咖啡豆; 可可豆 4 (**N. Amer.** also 【北美亦作】 **beans**) [with neg. 与否定结构连用] informal 【非正式】 a very small amount or nothing at all 丝毫, 一点 5 informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】 a person's head (人的) 头部, 脑袋 ■v. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 hit on the head 击打(某人)的头部
-**PHRASES** 短语 **full of beans** informal 【非正式】 lively; in high spirits 活泼的; 兴高采烈的 **old bean** Brit. informal, dated 【英, 非正式, 过时】 a friendly form of address (亲昵称呼) 老伙计
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēan, of Gmc origin.

**beanbag** /'bi:nbæg/ n. 1 a small bag filled with dried beans and used in children's games (儿童玩的) 豆子袋 2 a large cushion filled with polystyrene granules, used as a seat (以聚苯乙烯粒为填充物的) 豆袋椅

**bean counter** n. informal 【非正式】 an accountant or bureaucrat who places excessive emphasis on controlling expenditure and budgets 精打细算的会计 (或官员)

**bean curd** n. another term for **TOFU** ▶ tofu 的另一种说法

**beanery** /'bi:nəri/ n. (pl. **beaneries**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a cheap restaurant 廉价饭馆

**beanfeast** /'bi:nfi:st/ n. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a celebratory party with plentiful food and drink 盛宴, 庆祝会
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: orig. denoting an annual dinner given to employees, which always featured beans and bacon.

**bean goose** n. a grey goose with orange-yellow bill and legs, breeding in the arctic tundra of Lapland and Siberia 豆雁 [Anser fabalis.]

**beanie** /'bi:ni/ n. (pl. **beanies**) a small close-fitting hat worn on the back of the head 无檐小便帽
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1940s: perh. from **BEAN** (in the sense 'head') + **-IE**.

**beano** /'bi:nəʊ/ n. (pl. **beanos**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a party 聚会
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: abbrev. of **BEANFEAST**.

**beanpole** /'bi:npəʊl/ n. informal 【非正式】 a tall, thin person 瘦高个子

**bean sprouts** pl. n. the edible sprouting seeds of certain beans 豆芽

**beanstalk** /'bi:nstɔ:k/ n. the stem of a bean plant 豆茎

**bear¹** /beə(r)/ v. (past **bore**; past part. **borne**) 1 carry or convey 携带; 运送 > have as an attribute or visible mark 带有, 具有; 写有; 印有 2 support (a weight) 支承 (重量) 3 [with neg. 与否定结构连用] manage to tolerate 忍受, 容忍: I can't bear it. 我受不了了。4 give birth to (a child) 生育 (孩子) > (**of** a tree or plant) produce (fruit or flowers) (树或植物) 结 (果实), 开 (花) 5 turn and proceed in a specified direction 拐弯; (朝某一方向) 延伸: bear left 左转 6 (**bear oneself**) conduct oneself in a specified manner 表现

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-**PHRASES** 短语 **bear someone a grudge** nurture a feeling of resentment against someone 对某人心怀怨恨 **bear in mind** remember and take into account 记住, 记在心里 **bear someone malice** (or **ill will**) wish someone harm 对某人有恶意 **bear witness** (or **testimony**) **to** testify to 证明; 表明 **be borne in upon** come to be realized by 被认识到 **bring to bear** 1 muster and use to effect 应用, 使用 2 aim (a weapon) (用武器) 瞄准
-**PHRASAL VERBS** 短语动词 **bear down** (**of** a woman in labour) exert downwards pressure in order to push the baby out (产妇) 用力生下婴儿 **bear down on** approach in a purposeful or intimidating manner 向…进逼 **bear off** (or **away**) Sailing 【帆】 change course away from the wind 改变航线以避开大风 **bear on** be relevant to 与…有关 **bear something out** support or confirm something 支持, 证实 **bear up** remain cheerful in the face of adversity (面对逆境) 情绪乐观, 保持振作 **bear with** be patient or tolerant with 对…有耐心, 忍受; 容忍
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bearable** adj. **bearability** n. **bearably** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE beran, of Gmc origin.

**bear²** /beə(r)/ n. 1 a large, heavy mammal which walks on the soles of its feet, having thick fur and a very short tail 熊 [Family Ursidae: several species.] 2 Stock Exchange 【证】 a person who sells shares hoping to buy them back later at a lower price 卖空者, 做空头者 Often contrasted with 常对照 **BULL¹**. [said to be from a proverb warning against 'selling the bear's skin before one has caught the bear.'] 3 a rough or bad-mannered person 粗人; 脾气粗暴的人
-**PHRASES** 短语 **like a bear with a sore head** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 very irritable 易怒的, 动不动发火的 **loaded for bear** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 fully prepared for a confrontation or challenge 做好准备的, 严阵以待的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bera, of W. Gmc origin.

**bear-baiting** n. historical 【史义】 a form of entertainment which involved setting dogs to attack a captive bear 纵狗斗熊 (昔时一种取乐方式)

**bearberry** /'beəb(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **bearberries**) a creeping dwarf shrub of the heather family, with pinkish flowers and bright red berries 熊果 [Genus Arctostaphylos: several species.]

**bearcat** /'beəkæt/ n. a bear-like climbing mammal, especially the red panda 熊狸; 小熊猫

**beard** /bɪəd/ n. 1 a growth of hair on the chin and lower cheeks of a man's face (下巴上的) 胡须, 络腮胡子 > an animal's growth or marking that is likened to a beard, such as the gills of an oyster (动物的) 颔毛, 须状物 (如牡蛎的鳃) > a tuft of hairs or bristles on certain plants (某些植物的) 芒, 髯毛 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a woman who accompanies a homosexual man as an escort to a social occasion (在社交场合陪同男同性恋者以掩饰其同性恋身份的) 名义女伴 ■v. boldly confront or challenge (someone formidable) 公然反对, 大胆挑战 (令人生畏者)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bearded** adj. **beardless** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE, of W. Gmc origin.

**bearded dragon** (also 亦作 **bearded lizard**) n. a semi-arboreal Australian lizard with spiny scales and a large throat pouch bearing sharp spines 鬃狮蜥 [Genus Pogona: several species.]

**bearded tit** n. a small long-tailed songbird of the parrotbill family, inhabiting reed beds 文须雀 [Panurus biarmicus.]

**bearded vulture** n. another term for **LAMMERGEIER** ▶ lammergeier 的另一种说法

**bearer** /'beərə(r)/ ■n. 1 a person or thing that carries something 负荷者; 搬运工, 载体, 托架 2 a person who presents a cheque or other order to pay money (支票或其他票据的) 持有人 [as modifier 作修饰语] payable to the possessor 向持票人兑付的, 不记名的: bearer bonds 不记名债券

**bear garden** (also 亦作 **bear pit**) n. a scene of uproar and confusion 嘈杂的场所, 喧闹的场面
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16, denoting a place set apart for bear-baiting.

**beargrass** /'beəgrɑ:s/ n. a North American plant with long, coarse, grass-like leaves, especially a wild yucca 旱叶草; 野丝兰

**bear hug** n. a rough, tight embrace 熊抱, 粗鲁的紧紧拥抱

**bearing** /'beərɪŋ/ n. 1 a person's way of standing, moving, or behaving 姿态; 举止 2 relation; relevance 关系, 关联: The case has no bearing on the issues. 这个案件与这些问题没有关系。3 (**bearings**) a device in a machine that allows two parts to rotate or move in contact with each other with reduced friction 轴承 4 the direction or position of something relative to a fixed point, normally measured in degrees and with magnetic north as zero 方位 > (**one's bearings**) awareness of one's position relative to one's surroundings 方向感 5 Heraldry 【纹章】 a device or charge 图案

**bearing rein** n. a fixed rein which causes a horse to raise its head and arch its neck 勒马缰绳

**bearish** /'beərɪʃ/ adj. 1 resembling or likened to a bear 像熊一样的, 粗暴的; 笨手笨脚的 2 Stock Exchange 【证】 characterized by falling share prices 熊市的, 股价下跌的 > inclined to sell because of an anticipated fall in prices 抛空的, 抛售股票的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bearishly** adv. **bearishness** n.

**bear market** n. Stock Exchange 【证】 a market in which share prices are falling, encouraging selling 熊市, 空头市场

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**Béarnaise sauce** /beə'neɪz/ n. a rich sauce thickened with egg yolks and flavoured with tarragon (以蛋黄调稠、用狭叶青蒿调味的) 贝阿恩沙司
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Béarnaise, fem. of Fr. béarnais 'of Béarn', a region of SW France.

**bear pit** n. another term for **BEAR GARDEN** ▶ bear garden 的另一种说法

**bear's breech** n. a Mediterranean plant with large deep-cut leaves and tall spikes of purple-veined white flowers 莨芳花 [Acanthus mollis.]

**bear's ear** n. another term for **AURICULAR** ▶ auricular 的另一种说法

**bear's foot** n. a hellebore with leaves that are said to resemble a bear's foot 熊足嚏根草

**bearskin** /'beəskɪn/ n. a tall cap of black fur worn ceremonially by certain troops 熊皮高帽

**beast** /bi:st/ n. 1 an animal, especially a large or dangerous mammal 动物; (尤指大型或凶猛的) 四足兽, 野兽 > a bovine farm animal (牛科) 牲畜 2 an inhumanly cruel or depraved person 禽兽, 恶棍
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. beste, based on L. bestia.

**beastie** /'bi:sti/ n. (pl. **beasties**) Scottish or humorous 【苏格兰或幽】 a small animal or insect 小动物; 小昆虫

**beastly** /'bi:stli/ Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 ■adj. (**beastlier**, **beastliest**) very unpleasant 可恶的, 令人厌憎的 ■adv. dated 【过时】 to an extreme and unpleasant degree 极, 令人厌憎地
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beastliness** n.

**beast of burden** n. an animal that is used for carrying loads 驮畜

**beast of prey** n. an animal, especially a mammal, that kills and eats other animals 食肉猛兽

**beat** /bi:t/ v. (past **beat**; past part. **beaten**) 1 strike (a person or an animal) repeatedly and violently so as to hurt or punish them (接连地) 猛击, 猛打 ➤ strike repeatedly so as to make a noise 反复敲打 (使发出声音) ➤ flatten or shape (metal) by striking it repeatedly with a hammer 锻造, 锤打 (金属) 2 defeat in a game or other competitive situation 战胜, 打败 > surpass (a record or score) 打破(纪录) > overcome (a problem) 克服(困难) > informal 【非正式】 baffle 难倒, 使困惑: It beats me how you manage it. 我真搞不懂你是怎么做到的。3 (**of** the heart) pulsate (心脏) 跳动, 搏动 4 (**of** a bird) move (the wings) up and down (鸟) 扑扇(翅膀) 5 stir (cooking ingredients) vigorously (用力) 搅拌(烹调配料) 6 move across (an area of land) repeatedly striking at the ground cover in order to raise game birds for shooting 在…处边走动边拍打地被植物 (以惊起野鸟供射猎) 7 Sailing 【帆】 sail into the wind, with repeated tacking 以“之”字形抢风航行 ■n. 1 a main accent or rhythmic unit in music or poetry (音乐的) 节拍, 拍子; (诗歌的) 强音 ➤ a rhythm or rhythmic sound or movement 有节奏的声响; 振动 > a pulsation of the heart (心脏的) 跳动, 搏动 > a periodic variation of sound or amplitude due to the combination of two sounds or other vibrations with similar but not identical frequencies 拍音; 差拍 2 the movement of a bird's wings (鸟的) 扇翅 3 an area allocated to a police officer and patrolled on foot (警察的) 巡区 > a spell of duty allocated to a police officer (警察的) 轮值时间 > a stretch of water fished by an angler (垂钓者的) 钓鱼区 4 a brief pause or moment of hesitation (短暂) 停顿; (片刻) 犹豫 ■adj. informal 【非正式】 completely exhausted 筋疲力尽的
-**PHRASES** 短语 **beat about the bush** discuss a matter without coming to the point 说话兜圈子, 拐弯抹角 **beat the bounds** historical 【史义】 mark parish boundaries by walking round them and striking certain points with rods 巡视堂区辖界 (堂区牧师等人沿辖界巡视, 边走边以柳条击界碑) **beat the clock** perform a task within a fixed time limit (在一定时限内) 赶任务 **beat a (hasty) retreat** withdraw (匆忙) 撤退; (急忙) 打退堂鼓 **beat time** indicate or follow a musical tempo with a baton or other means 打拍子 **off the beaten track** in or into an isolated place 位于(或进入) 偏僻地区(的) **to beat the band** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 so as to surpass all competition 无可相比地; 起劲地; 猛烈地
-**PHRASAL VERBS** 短语动词 **beat someone down** force someone to reduce the price of something 杀…的价 **beat it** informal 【非正式】 leave a place 离开 **beat off** vulgar slang 【粗俚】 (**of** a man) masturbate (男子) 手淫 **beat someone/thing off** succeed in resisting an attacker or an attack 逐走, 赶跑; 击退 **beat someone up** assault someone by hitting them repeatedly 痛打, 狠揍 (**beat oneself up**) informal 【非正式】 reproach or criticize oneself excessively 过度责怪自己 **beat up on someone** N. Amer. 【北美】 assault someone 攻击某人
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beatable** adj. **beating** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēatan, of Gmc origin.

**beatbox** /'bi:tbɒks/ n. informal 【非正式】 1 a drum machine 电子鼓 2 a radio and cassette or CD player used to play loud music 咚咚盒 (指高声播放音乐的收音机或盒式收录机) ■v. imitate the sounds of a drum machine with the voice (用嘴) 模仿电子鼓声音, 表演节奏口技
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beatboxer** n. **beatboxing** n.

**beater** /'bi:tə(r)/ n. 1 an implement or machine used for beating 拍打器; 搅拌器 2 [in combination 用于复合词] a person who habitually hits someone 经常性打人的人: a wife-beater 经常打老婆的人 3 a person employed to make game birds fly up by beating the ground cover 拍打地被以惊起野鸟供狩猎的人 4 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 an old or dilapidated vehicle 老爷车; 破车

**beat generation** n. a movement of young people in the 1950s and early 1960s who rejected conventional society, valuing self-expression and favouring modern jazz 垮掉的一代 (指20世纪50年代至60年初期摈弃传统社会、重视自我表现并喜爱现代爵士音乐的年轻人)

**beatific** /bi:ə'tɪfɪk/ adj. 1 feeling or expressing blissful happiness 至福的, 极乐的 2 Christian Theology 【基督神学】 imparting holy bliss 赐福的, 使极乐的

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-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beatifically** adv.

**beatification** /bi,ætɪfɪ'keɪʃn/ n. (in the Roman Catholic Church) declaration by the Pope that a dead person is in a state of bliss, constituting a first step towards canonization and permitting public veneration (天主教) 宣福礼

**beatify** /bi'ætɪfaɪ/ v. (**beatifies**, **beatifying**, **beatified**) (in the Roman Catholic Church) announce the beatification of (天主教) 为…行宣福礼
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from OFr. beatifier or eccles. L. beatificare, from L. beatus 'blessed.'

**beatitude** /bi'ætɪtju:d/ n. 1 supreme blessedness 至福 > (**the Beatitudes**) the blessings listed by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5:3-11) 耶稣八福, 真福八端 (耶稣在登山训众时列出的8种福分, 见《马太福音》第5章第3至11节) 2 (**His**/**Your Beatitude**) a title given to patriarchs in the Orthodox Church 法座 (东正教牧首的称号)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. beatitude or L. beatitudo, from beatus 'blessed.'

**beatnik** /'bi:tnɪk/ n. a young person belonging to a subculture associated with the beat generation “垮掉的一代”的青年

**beat-up** adj. informal 【非正式】 worn out by overuse 破烂的, 破旧的

**beau** /bəʊ/ n. (pl. **beaux** or **beaus** /bəʊz, bəʊ/) dated 【过时】 1 a boyfriend or male admirer 男友; 情郎; 男性追求者 2 a dandy 花花公子, 纨绔子弟
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'handsome.'

**Beaufort scale** /'bəʊfət/ n. a scale of wind speed ranging from 0 (calm) to 12 (hurricane) 蒲福风级 (将风力分为0至12级)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after Sir Francis Beaufort, the English admiral who devised it.

**beau geste** /ʒest/ n. (pl. **beaux gestes** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a noble and generous act 崇高慷慨的行为
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., lit. 'splendid gesture.'

**beau idéal** /bəʊ i:deɪ'æl/ n. a person or thing representing the highest possible standard of excellence in a particular respect 十全十美的典型
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., lit. 'ideal beauty.'

**Beaujolais** /'bəʊʒəleɪ/ n. a light red wine produced in the Beaujolais district of SE France 博若莱红葡萄酒 (产于法国东南部博若莱地区)

**Beaujolais Nouveau** n. a Beaujolais wine sold in the first year of a vintage (一年期) 博若莱新酿
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from **BEAUJOLAIS** + Fr. nouveau 'new'.

**beau monde** /mpnd/ ■n. (**the beau monde**) fashionable society 时髦社会, 上流社会
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., lit. 'fine world'.

**Beaune** /bəʊn/ n. a red burgundy wine from the region around Beaune in eastern France 博讷红葡萄酒 (产于法国东部博讷地区)

**beaut** /bju:t/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. an excellent or beautiful person or thing 卓越 (或美好) 的人 (或事物) ■adj. Austral./NZ 【澳新】 excellent 卓越的

**beauteous** /'bju:tiəs/ adj. literary 【文】 beautiful 美的, 美丽的

**beautician** /bju:'tɪʃn/ n. a person whose job is to give facials and other beauty treatments 美容师

**beautiful** /'bju:tɪfl/ adj. 1 pleasing the senses or mind aesthetically 美的, 美丽的 2 of a very high standard; excellent 出色的, 卓越的, 完美的
-**PHRASES** 短语 **the beautiful game** Brit. 【英】 soccer 足球
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beautifully** adv.

**beautify** /'bju:tɪfaɪ/ v. (**beautifies**, **beautifying**, **beautified**) make beautiful 美化
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beautification** n. **beautifier** n.

**beauty** /'bju:ti/ n. (pl. **beauties**) 1 a combination of qualities that delights the aesthetic senses 美, 美丽 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting something intended to make someone more attractive 使更美貌的, 美容的: beauty treatment 美容 3 a beautiful woman 美女, 美人 4 an excellent example of something 典范, 范例 5 an attractive feature or advantage 妙处; 优点
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. beaute, based on L. bellus 'beautiful, fine.'

**beauty contest** n. a contest in which the winner is the woman judged the most beautiful 选美比赛

**beauty queen** n. a woman judged most beautiful in a beauty contest (选美比赛的) 第一名, 选美皇后

**beauty salon** (also 亦作 **beauty parlour**) n. an establishment in which hairdressing, make-up, and similar cosmetic treatments are carried out professionally 美容院

**beauty sleep** n. humorous 【幽】 sleep considered to be essential in keeping one looking young and attractive 美容觉

**beauty spot** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a place known for its beautiful scenery 风景名胜, 景点 2 a small natural or artificial mole on a woman's face, considered to enhance her attractiveness 美人痣, 人工美人斑

**beaux** /bəʊ(z)/ plural form of **BEAU** ▶ beau 的复数形式

**beaux arts** /bəʊz 'ɑ:(r)/ pl. n. 1 fine arts 美术 2 (usu. 通常用 **Beaux Arts**) [as modifier 作修饰语] relating to the classical decorative style maintained by the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in the 19th century (19世纪巴黎美术学院所提倡的) 古典装饰风格的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. beaux-arts.

**beaver¹** /'bi:və(r)/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **beavers**) 1 a large semiaquatic broad-tailed rodent, noted for its habit of gnawing through trees to fell them in order to make lodges and dams 河狸, 海狸 [Castor canadensis (N. America) and C. fiber (Eurasia).] ➤ the soft light brown fur of the beaver 海狸毛皮 > (also 亦作 **beaver hat**) chiefly historical 【主史义】 a hat made of felted beaver fur 海狸皮帽 > (also 亦作 **beaver cloth**) a heavy woollen cloth resembling felted beaver fur 海狸呢 (一种似海狸毛皮的厚羊毛布料) 2 a very hard-working person 卖力工作的人; 兢兢业业的人 3 (**Beaver**) a member of the youngest branch of the Scout Association, for boys and girls aged 6 to 8 小童子军 (加入童子军协会的约六至八岁的男孩和女孩) ■v. (usu. 通常用 **beaver away**) informal 【非正式】 work hard 努力工作, 卖力干活

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-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE beofor, befor, of Gmc origin.

**beaver²** /'bi:və(r)/ n. the lower part of the face guard of a helmet in a suit of armour 头盔面甲下半部
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from OFr. baviere 'bib', from baver 'slaver.'

**beaver³** /'bi:və(r)/ n. 1 vulgar slang, chiefly N. Amer. 【粗俚, 主北美】 a woman's genitals or pubic area 女性生殖器; 阴部 2 Brit. informal, dated 【英, 非正式, 过时】 a bearded man 大胡子男人
-**ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**beaverboard** /'bi:vəbɔ:d/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a kind of fibreboard 比弗板 (一种木纤维板)

**beaver lamb** n. lambskin made to look like beaver fur (羊皮制) 仿海狸毛皮

**bebop** /'bi:bɒp/ n. a type of jazz originating in the 1940s and characterized by complex harmony and rhythms (发源于20世纪40年代、以复杂的和声与节奏为特点的) 博普爵士乐
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bebopper** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1940s (orig. US): imitative of the typical rhythm of this music.

**becalm** /bɪ'kɑ:m/ v. leave (a sailing ship) unable to move through lack of wind 使 (帆船) 因无风而停航

**became** /bɪ'keɪm/ past participle of **BECOME** ▶ become 的过去分词

**becard** /'bekəd, bə'kɑ:d/ n. a small bird of the tyrant flycatcher family, found mainly in Central and South America 厚嘴霸鹞, 比卡雀 [Genus Pachyramphus: several species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. bécarde, from bec 'beak.'

**because** /bɪ'kɒz/ conj. for the reason that; since 因为
-**PHRASES** 短语 **because of** by reason of 因为, 由于
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from the phr. by cause, influenced by OFr. par cause de 'by reason of.'
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> When **because** follows a negative construction the meaning can be ambiguous. In the sentence he did not go because he was ill, for example, it is not clear whether it means either 'the reason he did not go was that he was ill' or 'being ill wasn't the reason for him going; there was another reason'. Use a comma when the first interpretation is intended (he did not go, because he was ill), or avoid using **because** after a negative altogether. See also usage at **REASON**.
> 当 **because** 跟在否定结构后时, 意思有可能含混不明。例如, He did not go because he was ill 一句, 既可以理解为“他没去是因为他生病了”, 也可以理解为“他不是因为生病了才去的, 还有别的原因”。如果是要表达第一种意思, 应在 go 和 because 之间加一个逗号, 或者避免使用 because 跟在否定结构后这种句式。另见 **reason** 处的用法说明。

**béchamel** /'beɪʃəmel/ n. a rich white sauce made with milk infused with herbs and other flavourings 贝夏梅尔调味白汁
-**ORIGIN** 词源 named after the Marquis Louis de Béchamel, who is said to have invented a similar sauce.

**bêche-de-mer** /beʃdə'meə(r)/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **bêches-de-mer** pronunc. same 单复发音同) 1 a B large sea cucumber which is eaten as a delicacy in China and Japan 海参 2 (**Bêche-de-mer**) another term for **BISLAMA** ▶ Bislama 的另一种说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: pseudo-Fr., alt. of Port. bicho do mar, lit. 'sea worm.'

**beck¹** /bek/ n. N. English 【英北】 a stream 小溪, 小涧
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from ON bekkr, of Gmc origin.

**beck²** /bek/ ■n. archaic 【古】 a gesture requesting attention, such as a nod or wave (点头或挥手) 示意
-**PHRASES** 短语 **at someone's beck and call** always having to be ready to obey someone's orders 唯某人之命是从, 听凭某人调遣
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: abbreviated form of **BECKON**.

**becket** /'bekɪt/ n. a loop of rope or similar device for securing loose items on a ship (船上用于固定零散物品的) 索环, 环扣
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**beckon** /'bekən/ v. make a gesture to encourage or instruct someone to approach or follow 示意…过来 (或跟随) > summon in this way 召唤
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE biecnan, bēcnan, of W. Gmc origin.

**becloud** /bɪ'klaʊd/ v. literary 【文】 make obscure or muddled 遮蔽; 搅浑

**become** /bɪ'kʌm/ v. (**becomes**, **becoming**; past **became**; past part. **become**) 1 begin to be (开始) 变得 > develop into 成为, 变成 > (**of** a person) qualify or be accepted as (人) 取得资格担任, 被接纳为 > (**become of**) (in questions 用于疑问句) happen to 发生于 2 (**of** clothing) look well on (衣服) 合身, 相称 > be appropriate to (someone) 适合 (某人)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE becuman 'come to a place, come to be or do something' (see 见 **BE-**, **COME**), of Gmc origin.

**becoming** /bɪ'kʌmɪŋ/ adj. 1 (**of** clothing) looking well on someone (衣服) 合身的, 好看的 2 decorous 得体的, 适宜的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **becomingly** adv. **becomingness** n.

**becquerel** /'bekərel/ (abbrev. 略作: **Bq**) ■n. Physics 【物】 the SI unit of radioactivity, corresponding to one disintegration per second 贝可 (勒尔) (放射性活度国际单位, 等于每秒1次衰变)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after the French physicist A.-H. Becquerel.

**BEd** abbr. Bachelor of Education 教育学士

**bed** /bed/ n. 1 a piece of furniture incorporating a mattress or other surface for sleeping or resting on 床, 床铺 > a place for a patient in a hospital (医院) 病床, 床位 > informal 【非正式】 used with reference to a bed as a place for sexual activity 做爱的床 2 an area of ground where flowers and plants are grown (花) 坛; (苗) 床 3 a flat base or foundation on which something rests or is supported 基座, 基底 > chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 the open part of a truck or cart, where goods are carried (卡车或运货马车的) 敞开装货区 4 a stratum or layer of rock (地质上的) 层, 岩层 5 the bottom of the sea or a lake or river 海底; 湖底; 河床 > a place on the seabed where shellfish breed or are bred (贝壳动物的) 海底生息地 ■v. (**beds**, **bedding**, **bedded**) 1 provide with sleeping accommodation 为…提供宿处 > (**bed down**) settle down for the night in an improvised place (临时在某处) 过夜 2 informal 【非正式】 have sex with 与…做爱, 与…上床 3 (**bed something out**) transfer a plant from a pot or seed tray to the ground 把 (植物) 从花盆移栽到花坛 (或苗床) 4 fix firmly; embed 固定; 嵌放, 埋置 > lay or arrange in a layer 把…铺成一层

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-**PHRASES** 短语 **bed and board** lodging and food 食宿 **bed of nails** a board with nails pointing out of it, as lain on by fakirs and ascetics (托鉢僧或苦行者睡的) 钉床 **a bed of roses** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] a situation or activity that is comfortable or easy 安乐窝, 满意的境况 **be brought to bed** archaic 【古】 (**of** a woman) give birth to a child (女子) 临盆, 分娩 **get out of bed on the wrong side** start the day in a bad mood, which continues all day long 一整天从起床开始就心情不佳 **put something to bed** informal 【非正式】 make a newspaper ready for press 将 (报纸) 付印
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bedded** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bed, bedd (n.), beddian (v.), of Gmc origin.

**bedabble** /bɪ'dæbl/ v. archaic 【古】 stain or splash with dirty liquid or blood (用污液或血) 弄脏, 玷污

**bedad** /bɪ'dæd/ exclam. Irish 【爱】 used to express surprise or for emphasis (表示惊讶或强调) 老天爷, 天哪
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: alt. of by God.

**bed and breakfast** n. sleeping accommodation and breakfast provided in a guest house or hotel (家庭旅馆或宾馆提供的) 住宿和早餐 > a guest house 家庭旅馆, 家庭客栈 ■v. (**bed-and-breakfast**) Brit. Stock Exchange 【英, 证】 sell (shares) and buy them back by agreement the next day 售出 (股票) 并约定次日购回

**bedaub** /bɪ'dɔ:b/ v. literary 【文】 smear or daub with a sticky substance (用黏性物质) 涂抹

**bedazzle** /bɪ'dæzl/ v. greatly impress with brilliance or skill 使眼花缭乱, 使叹为观止
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bedazzlement** n.

**bed-blocking** n. the long-term occupation of hospital beds by elderly patients as a result of a shortage of places in residential homes “押床” (老年患者因养老院不足而长期占用医院床位)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bed-blocker** n.

**bedbug** /'bedbʌg/ n. a bloodsucking wingless bug which sucks the blood of sleeping humans 温带臭虫 [Cimex lectularius.]

**bedchamber** /'bed,tʃeɪmbə(r)/ n. archaic 【古】 a bedroom 卧室, 睡房

**bedclothes** /'bedkləʊðz/ pl. n. coverings for a bed, such as sheets and blankets 寝具, 床上用品

**bedcover** /'bed,kʌvə(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 1 a bedspread 床罩 2 (**bedcovers**) bedclothes 寝具, 床上用品

**beddable** /'bedəbl/ adj. informal 【非正式】 sexually attractive or available 性感迷人的, 可与之上床的

**bedder** /'bedə(r)/ n. 1 a plant suitable for use as a bedding plant 适于栽在花坛的植物 2 Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a servant employed to clean and tidy rooms in Cambridge colleges (剑桥大学各学院中的) 房间清洁工 3 Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a house or flat with a specified number of bedrooms 有特定数目卧室的房子 (或公寓): a one-bedder 一居室的公寓

**bedding** /'bedɪŋ/ n. 1 bedclothes 寝具, 床上用品 ➤ straw or similar material for animals to sleep on (供牲畜垫在身下作睡铺的) 垫草 2 a base or bottom layer 底层, 基层 3 Geology 【地质】 the stratification or layering of rocks 层理

**bedding plant** n. an annual plant produced for planting in a bed when it is about to bloom 花坛植物

**bedeck** /bɪ'dek/ v. decorate lavishly 华丽地装饰

**bedeguar** /'bedɪgɑ:(r)/ n. a reddish moss-like growth on rose bushes, caused by the developing larvae of a wasp 针褥瘿
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. bédégar, from Pers. bād-āwar, lit. 'wind-brought.'

**bedel** /'bi:dl, bɪ'del/ (also 亦作 **bedell**) ■n. (in some British universities) an official with largely ceremonial duties (英国某些大学的) 仪仗官
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: archaic spelling of **BEADLE**.

**bedevil** /bɪ'dev(ə)l/ v. (**bedevils**, **bedevilling**, **bedevilled**; US 【美】 **bedevils**, **bedeviling**, **bedeviled**) cause continual trouble to 困扰, 纠缠
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bedevilment** n.

**bedew** /bɪ'dju:/ v. literary 【文】 cover or sprinkle with drops of water 以水珠布满 (或喷洒)

**bedfellow** /'bedfeləʊ/ n. a person or thing that is closely connected with another 密友, 盟友: Politics can make strange bedfellows. 政治能让意想不到的人结成盟友。

**Bedford cord** /'bedfəd/ n. a tough woven fabric with prominent ridges 厚实凸条织物; 经向灯芯绒
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after Bedford in central England.

**bedhead** /'bedhed/ n. Brit. 【英】 an upright board or panel fixed at the head of a bed 床头板

**bed-hop** ■v. informal 【非正式】 engage in successive casual sexual affairs 随意和人上床, 频繁更换上床对象
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bed-hopper** n.

**bedight** /bɪ'daɪt/ adj. archaic 【古】 adorned 经过装饰的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: past part. of archaic bedight 'equip, array' (see 见 **BE-**, **DIGHT**).

**bedim** /bɪ'dɪm/ v. (**bedims**, **bedimming**, **bedimmed**) literary 【文】 make dim 使昏暗, 使模糊

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**bedizen** /bɪ'daɪz(ə)n, -'dɪz-/ v. literary 【文】 dress up or decorate gaudily 华丽而俗气地打扮 (或装饰)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from **BE-** + obs. dizen 'deck out.'

**bedjacket** /'beddʒækɪt/ n. a soft loose jacket worn for extra warmth when sitting up in bed (坐在床上时套在睡衣外面的) 短上衣

**bed joint** n. a horizontal layer of mortar underneath a layer of masonry (砖石层下面的) 灰浆层

**bedlam** /'bedləm/ n. 1 a scene of uproar and confusion 喧嚣, 混乱 2 archaic 【古】 an asylum 疯人院
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: early form of Bethlehem, referring to the hospital of St Mary of Bethlehem in London, used as an asylum for the insane

**bed linen** n. sheets, pillowcases, and duvet covers 寝具, 床上用品 (指床单、枕套和羽绒被)

**Bedlington terrier** /'bedlɪŋt(ə)n/ n. a terrier of a breed with a narrow head, long legs, and curly grey hair 贝德灵顿㹴
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after the village of Bedlington in northern England, where the breed originated.

**bedmaker** /'bed,meɪkə(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 another term for **BEDDER** (sense 2) ▶ bedder (释义2) 的另一种说法

**Bedouin** /'beduɪn/ (also 亦作 **Beduin**) n. (pl. same 单复同) a nomadic Arab of the desert 贝都因人 (沙漠中游牧的阿拉伯人)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from OFr. beduin, based on Arab. badawi, (pl.) badawin 'dwellers in the desert', from badw 'desert.'

**bedpan** /'bedpæn/ n. a receptacle used by a bedridden patient for urine and faeces (病人用的) 床上便盆

**bedplate** /'bedpleɪt/ n. a metal plate forming the base of a machine (机器的金属) 底板, 座板

**bedpost** /'bedpəʊst/ n. any of the four upright supports of a bedstead 床柱

**bedraggled** /bɪ'drægld/ adj. dishevelled 蓬乱的, 邋遢的

**bedridden** /'bed,rɪd(ə)n/ adj. confined to bed by sickness or old age (因生病或年老而) 卧床不起的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: formed irregularly from archaic bedrid 'bedridden person', from the base of **RIDE**.

**bedrock** /'bedrɒk/ n. 1 solid rock underlying loose deposits such as soil or alluvium 基岩 2 the fundamental principles on which something is based 基本原则, 基本原理

**bedroll** /'bedrəʊl/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a sleeping bag or other bedding rolled into a bundle 铺盖卷

**bedroom** /'bedru:m/ n. 1 a room for sleeping in 卧室, 寝室 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] N. Amer. 【北美】 denoting a dormitory town or suburb (城镇或市郊) 住宅区的

**Beds.** abbr. Bedfordshire (英格兰) 贝德福德郡

**bedside** /'bedsaɪd/ n. the space beside a bed 床边
-**PHRASES** 短语 **bedside manner** a doctor's approach or attitude to a patient 医生对待病人的举止 (或态度)

**bedsit** /'bedsɪt/ (also 亦作 **bedsitter** or **bed-sitting room**) ■n. Brit. 【英】 a rented room consisting of a combined bedroom and living room, with cooking facilities (带有厨房设施的) 卧室兼起居室两用租间 B

**bedskirt** /'bedskɜ:t/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a valance for a bed 床帏, 床幔

**bedsock** /'bedsɒk/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 each of a pair of thick socks worn for extra warmth in bed 睡袜

**bedsore** /'bedsɔ:(r)/ n. a sore that develops as a result of lying in bed in one position for a prolonged period (长期卧床引起的) 褥疮

**bedspread** /'bedspred/ n. a decorative cloth used to cover a bed 床罩

**bedstead** /'bedsted/ n. the framework of a bed 床架

**bedstraw** /'bedstrɔ:/ n. a herbaceous plant with small flowers and whorls of slender leaves, formerly used for stuffing mattresses 拉拉藤 [Genus Galium: several species.]

**bedtime** /'bedtaɪm/ ■n. the usual time when someone goes to bed 睡觉时间, 就寝时间

**Bedu** /'bedu:/ ■n. another term for **BEDOUIN** ▶ Bedouin 的另一种说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Arab. badw.

**Beduin** /'beduɪn/ n. variant spelling of **BEDOUIN** ▶ Bedouin 的另一种拼法

**bed-warmer** n. a long-handled metal pan filled with warm coals, formerly used for warming a bed 暖床炉 (长柄锅状炭炉, 睡前暖床用)

**bed-wetting** n. involuntary urination during the night 尿床, 溺褥; 遗尿
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bed-wetter** n.

**bee** /bi:/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **honeybee** or **hive bee**) a stinging social insect which collects nectar and pollen from flowers and produces wax and honey 蜜蜂 [Apis mellifera and other species.] 2 an insect of a large group to which the honeybee belongs, including many solitary as well as social kinds 蜂 [Superfamily Apoidea.] 3 a meeting for communal work or amusement (大家聚在一起劳动或娱乐的) 聚会: a sewing bee 缝纫会
-**PHRASES** 短语 **the bee's knees** informal 【非正式】 an outstandingly good person or thing 了不起的人(或事物), 顶尖儿 **have a bee in one's bonnet** informal 【非正式】 be preoccupied or obsessed with something 一门心思, 入迷, 沉溺
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE béo, of Gmc origin.

**bee bread** n. a compound of honey and pollen used as food by bees in the nest 蜂粮, 花粉蜜

**beech** /bi:tʃ/ n. a large tree with smooth grey bark, glossy leaves, and hard, pale, fine-grained wood 水青冈, 山毛榉 [Fagus sylvaticus (Europe) and other species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēce, of Gmc origin.

**beechmast** /'bi:tʃmɑ:st/ n. the angular brown nuts of the beech tree, pairs of which are enclosed in a prickly case 水青冈(或山毛榉)实

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**beechnut** /'bi:tʃnʌt/ n. the small angular brown fruit of the beech tree, pairs of which are enclosed in a prickly case 水青冈(或山毛榉)实

**beechwood** /'bi:tʃwʊd/ n. the wood of the beech tree 水青冈(或山毛榉) 木材

**beedi** /'bi:di:/ n. (pl. **beedis**) variant spelling of **BIDI** ▶ bidi 的另一种拼法

**bee-eater** n. a brightly coloured insectivorous bird with a downcurved bill and long central tail feathers 蜂虎 [Merops apiaster and other species.]

**beef** /bi:f/ n. 1 the flesh of a cow, bull, or ox, used as food 牛肉 (pl. **beeves** /bi:vz/) Farming 【农牧】 a cow, bull, or ox fattened for its meat 菜牛, 肉牛 2 informal 【非正式】 flesh with well-developed muscle (发达) 肌肉 > strength or power 力量, 力气; 功率 ➤ the substance of a matter 要点, 实质, 关键 3 (pl. **beefs**) informal 【非正式】 a complaint or grievance 牢骚; 怨愤 ■v. informal 【非正式】 1 (**beef something up**) give something more substance or strength 充实; 加强 2 complain 抱怨, 发牢骚
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. boef, from L. bos, bov- 'ox'.

**beefalo** /'bi:fələʊ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **beefaloes**) a hybrid animal of a cross between cattle and buffalo 皮弗娄牛 (一种家牛和野牛交配而生的杂种牛)

**beefburger** /'bi:fbɜ:gə(r)/ n. a flat round cake of minced beef, fried or grilled and typically eaten in a bun 牛肉汉堡包

**beefcake** /'bi:fkeɪk/ n. informal 【非正式】 men with well-developed muscles 肌肉男

**beefeater** /'bi:fi:tə(r)/ n. a Yeoman Warder or Yeoman of the Guard in the Tower of London 英国皇家禁卫军仪仗卫士, 伦敦塔看守
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: (orig. a derogatory term for a well-fed servant).

**bee fly** n. a squat, hairy bee-like fly whose larvae are generally parasites of bees and wasps 蜂虻 [Family Bombyllidae: many species.]

**beefsteak** /'bi:fsteɪk/ n. a thick slice of steak, especially rump steak 牛排

**beefsteak fungus** n. a reddish-brown bracket fungus which resembles raw beef 牛舌菌, 肝色牛排菌 [Fistulina hepatica.]

**beef tea** n. Brit. 【英】 a hot drink made with a beef extract 牛肉茶, 牛肉汁

**beef tomato** (chiefly N. Amer. also 【主北美亦作】 **beefsteak tomato**) n. a tomato of a large, firm variety 牛排番茄 (一种大个番茄)

**beef Wellington** n. a dish consisting of beef coated in pâté and wrapped in puff pastry 威灵顿牛肉馅饼

**beefwood** /'bi:fwʊd/ n. a tropical hardwood tree with close-grained red wood 木麻黄(树) [Species in several families, in particular Casuarina equisetifolia.]

**beefy** /'bi:fi/ adj. (**beefier**, **beefiest**) 1 informal 【非正式】 muscular or robust 结实的, 肌肉发达的 > large and impressively powerful 魁梧的, 健壮的 2 tasting like beef 有牛肉味的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beefily** adv. **beefiness** n.

**beehive** /'bi:haɪv/ n. 1 a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box 蜂巢, 蜂箱 2 a woman's domed and lacquered hairstyle popular in the 1960s 蜂窝式发型 (流行于20世纪60年代的女士发型)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beehived** adj.

**beekeeping** /'bi:ki:pɪŋ/ n. the occupation of owning and breeding bees for their honey 养蜂(业)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beekeeper** n.

**beeline** /'bi:laɪn/ n. (in phr. 用于短语 **make a beeline for**) hurry directly to 直奔
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: with ref. to the straight line supposedly taken instinctively by a bee returning to the hive.

**Beelzebub** /bi'elzɪbʌb/ n. a name for the Devil 别西卜 (魔王的别称)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from late L. Beëlzebub, translating Heb. ba 'al zěbūb 'lord of flies', the name of a Philistine god, and Gk Beelzeboul 'the Devil.'

**Beemer** /'bi:mə(r)/ (also 亦作 **Beamer**) n. informal 【非正式】 a car or motorcycle manufactured by BMW 宝马汽车 (或摩托车)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 representing a pronunc. of the first two letters of BMW.

**been** /bi:n/ past participle of **BE** ▶ be 的过去分词

**bee orchid** n. an orchid with a flower that resembles a bee 蜂兰 [Ophrys apifera and related species.]

**beep** /bi:p/ n. a short, high-pitched sound emitted by electronic equipment or a vehicle horn (电子装置或汽车喇叭发出的) 嘟声 ■v. produce a beep 发出嘟声 > chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 summon with a device that beeps 用寻呼机传呼(某人)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beeper** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: imitative.

**beer** /bɪə(r)/ n. an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavoured with hops 啤酒
-**PHRASES** 短语 **beer and skittles** Brit. 【英】 amusement or enjoyment 吃喝玩乐, 享受
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beerily** adv. **beeriness** n. **beery** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēor, of W. Gmc origin, based on monastic L. biber 'a drink', from L. bibere 'to drink.'

**beer belly** (or **beer gut**) ■n. informal 【非正式】 a man's protruding stomach, caused by excessive consumption of beer 啤酒肚
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beer-bellied** adj.

**beer cellar** n. 1 an underground room for storing beer 啤酒窖 2 a basement bar where beer is served 地下室啤酒吧

**beer engine** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a machine that draws up beer from a barrel in a cellar (从酒桶中汲取啤酒的) 啤酒泵

**beer garden** n. a garden attached to a pub, where beer is served 露天花园啤酒吧

**beerhouse** /'bɪəhaʊs/ n. Brit. historical 【英, 史义】 a pub licensed to sell beer but not spirits 啤酒店 (领有执照出售啤酒, 但不得出售烈酒)

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**beer mat** n. a small cardboard mat for resting glasses on in a pub 啤酒杯垫

**beer money** n. informal 【非正式】 a small amount of money allowed or earned 零用钱; 小费

**beer parlour** ■n. Canadian 【加】 an establishment where beer is served 啤酒店; 啤酒吧

**beestings** /'bi:stɪŋz/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the first milk produced by a cow or goat after giving birth (牛或羊的) 初乳
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bysting, of W. Gmc origin.

**bee-stung** adj. informal 【非正式】 (**of** a woman's lips) full and red (女子嘴唇) 饱满红润的

**beeswax** /'bi:zwæks/ n. 1 the wax secreted by bees to make honeycombs, used in making wood polishes and candles 蜂蜡 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a person's concern 关心的事: That's none of your beeswax. 那不关你的事儿。■v. polish (furniture) with beeswax 给(家具)打蜡

**beeswing** /'bi:zwɪŋ/ n. a filmy crust on old port (陈酒中形成的) 膜状酒垢

**beet** /bi:t/ n. a herbaceous plant cultivated as a source of food for humans and livestock, and for processing into sugar 甜菜 [Beta vulgaris.] > North American term for **BEETROOT** ▶ beetroot 的北美说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bēte, of W. Gmc origin, from L. beta, perh. of Celtic origin.

**Beethovenian** /beɪt(h)əʊ'vi:niən/ adj. relating to the work of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) (德国作曲家) 贝多芬的, 贝多芬音乐作品的

**beetle¹** /'bi:tl/ n. 1 an insect of a large order distinguished by having forewings modified into hard wing cases that cover and protect the hindwings and abdomen 甲虫 (指鞘翅目昆虫) [Order Coleoptera: many species.] 2 Brit. 【英】 a dice game in which a picture of a beetle is drawn or assembled 画甲虫, 拼甲虫 (一种掷骰子游戏) ■v. informal 【非正式】 make one's way hurriedly or with short, quick steps 匆忙 (或快步) 前进
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bitula, bitela 'biter', from the base of bitan 'to bite.'

**beetle²** /'bi:tl/ n. 1 a very heavy mallet 大槌; 夯; 杵子 2 a machine used for heightening the lustre of cloth by pressure from rollers 捶布机 ■v. 1 ram, crush, or drive in with a beetle 用大槌捶; 用夯打, 用杵子捣 2 finish (cloth) with a beetle 用捶布机捶(布)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bētel, of Gmc origin.

**beetle³** /'bi:tl/ ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **beetling**] (especially of a person's eyebrows) project or overhang (尤指人的眉毛) 凸出, 悬垂
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beetle-browed** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: back-form. from beetle-browed (ME).

**beetle-crusher** n. Brit. humorous 【英, 幽】 a large boot, shoe, or foot 大靴, 大鞋, 大脚

**beetroot** /'bi:tru:t/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 1 the edible dark-red spherical root of a variety of beet 甜菜根 2 the variety of beet which produces beetroots 甜菜 [Beta vulgaris.]

**beeves** /bi:vz/ plural form of **BEEF** (sense 1 of the noun) ▶ beef (名词释义1) 的复数形式

**beezer** /'bi:zə(r)/ adj. Brit. informal, dated 【英, 非正式, B 过时】 excellent 呱呱叫的, 极好的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: from the earlier noun beezer, denoting something large or impressive.

**BEF** abbr. British Expeditionary Force 英国远征军

**befall** /bɪ'fɔ:l/ ■v. (past **befell**; past part. **befallen**) literary 【文】 (especially of something bad) happen to (尤指不好的事) 发生在, 降临于
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE befeallan 'to fall.'

**befit** /bɪ'fɪt/ v. (**befits**, **befitting**, **befitted**) be appropriate for; suit 对…适当, 适合于
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **befitting** adj. **befittingly** adv.

**befog** /bɪ'fɒg/ v. (**befogs**, **befogging**, **befogged**) make confused 使困惑, 使如坠雾中

**befool** /bɪ'fu:l/ v. archaic 【古】 make a fool of 愚弄, 欺骗

**before** /bɪ'fɔ:(r)/ prep., conj., & adv. 1 during the period of time preceding (时间) 在…以前 2 in front of (位置) 在…前面, 在…面前 > in front of and required to answer to (a court of law, tribunal, or other authority) 面对 (法庭等官方机构) 受审或作出交待 3 in preference to; with a higher priority than 优先于; (重要性等) 在…之前
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE beforan (see 见 **BY**, **FORE**), of Gmc origin.

**beforehand** /bɪ'fɔ:hænd/ adv. in advance 提前, 预先
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. influenced by OFr. avant main.

**befoul** /bɪ'faʊl/ v. make dirty; pollute 弄脏, 污染; 玷污

**befriend** /bɪ'frend/ v. act as or become a friend to 对…以朋友相待, 和…交朋友

**befuddle** /bɪ'fʌdl/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **befuddled**] muddle or confuse 使糊涂, 使困惑
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **befuddlement** n.

**beg** /beg/ v. (**begs**, **begging**, **begged**) 1 ask (someone) earnestly or humbly for something 恳求(某人)给予 > ask for (something) earnestly or humbly 恳请得到: He begged their forgiveness. 他请求他们的原谅。> (**beg off**) withdraw from a promise or undertaking 恳求免除约束(或义务) 2 ask for food or money as charity 乞求施舍, 乞讨 3 (**of** a dog) sit up with the front paws raised expectantly in the hope of a reward (狗) 坐着举起前脚作乞求状
-**PHRASES** 短语 **beg the question** 1 (**of** a fact or action) invite an obvious question or point (事实或行动) 引发问题 2 assume the truth of an argument or proposition to be proved, without arguing it 认为某一有待证实的论点或观点是真实的 **beg yours** Austral./NZ 【澳新】 I beg your pardon 对不起, 请原谅 **go begging** (of an article or opportunity) be available because unwanted by others (物品或机会因没人要而) 随时可用

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-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. from OE bedecian, of Gmc origin.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The original meaning of the phrase **beg the question** is 'assume the truth of an argument or proposition to be proved'. To some traditionalists this is still the only correct meaning. However, over the last 100 years or so another use has arisen: 'invite an obvious question'. This is by far the commonest use today and is widely accepted. 短语 **beg the question** 最开始是指“假设一个有待证实的论点或陈述是真实的”。对有些传统人士来说, 这仍然是唯一正确的用法。然而在过去的一百多年, 另一个新的用法产生了, 即“引出一个明显的问题”。这也是如今最为常见, 并被普遍接受的用法。

**begad** /bɪ'gæd/ exclam. archaic 【古】 expressing surprise or emphasis (表示惊讶或强调) 老天爷, 天哪
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: alt. of by God; cf. **BEDAD** and **GAD²**.

**began** /bɪ'gæn/ past of **BEGIN** ▶ begin 的过去式

**begat** /bɪ'gæt/ archaic past of **BEGET** ▶ beget 的古代过去式

**beget** /bɪ'get/ v. (**begets**, **begetting**; past **begot**; past part. **begotten**) archaic or literary 【古或文】 1 produce (a child) 生 (孩子) 2 bring about; cause 产生, 引起
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **begetter** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE begietan 'get, obtain by effort' (see 见 **BE-**, **GET**).

**beggar** /'begə(r)/ n. 1 a person who lives by begging for food or money 乞丐, 叫花子 2 informal 【非正式】 a person of a specified type 家伙: Lucky beggar! 幸运的家伙! ■v. reduce to poverty 使贫穷
-**PHRASES** 短语 **beggar belief** (or **description**) be too extraordinary to be believed or described 难以置信 (或形容)

**beggarly** /'begəli/ adj. 1 meagre and ungenerous 菲薄的; 悭吝的 2 poverty-stricken 穷困潦倒的, 赤贫的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beggarliness** n.

**beggar-my-neighbour** n. a card game for two players in which the object is to acquire one's opponent's cards “抢邻居” (一种两人扑克牌游戏, 目的是获得对方的牌) ■adj. (**of** national policy) self-aggrandizing at the expense of competitors (国家政策以损害竞争对手为代价) 自我扩张的

**beggary** /'begəri/ n. a state of extreme poverty 贫如洗, 赤贫

**begging letter** n. a letter asking for a gift or donation 乞讨信, 募捐信

**begin** /bɪ'gɪn/ ■v. (**begins**, **beginning**; past **began**; past part. **begun**) 1 perform or undergo the first part of (an action or activity) 开始 (行动或活动) > (**begin on/upon**) set to work on 着手进行 > start speaking 开始说话 > (**begin with**) have as a first element 以…开始 > (**begin at**) (**of** a commodity) have as its lowest price (商品) 最低价格为, 起步价是 2 come into being 开始存在; 开始形成 3 [with neg. 与否定结构连用] informal 【非正式】 have any chance or likelihood of doing 有可能: I can't begin to describe my confusion. 我的困惑之情根本无法形容。
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beginner** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE beginnan, of Gmc origin.

**beginning** /bɪ'gɪnɪŋ/ n. the time or place at which something begins 开始, 起初; 起点 > the first or earliest part 开端, 开头部分 > (**beginnings**) a person's background or origin 背景, 出身

**begone** /bɪ'gɒn/ exclam. archaic 【古】 go away at once! 立刻滚开!

**begonia** /bɪ'gəʊniə/ n. a herbaceous plant grown for its striking foliage and for its flowers, which have brightly coloured sepals but no petals 秋海棠 [Genus Begonia.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., named after the French botanist Michel Bégon (1638-1710), who discovered it.

**begorra** /bɪ'gɒrə/ exclam. an exclamation of surprise traditionally attributed to the Irish 天啦, 老天 (传统上认为是爱尔兰人表示惊讶的感叹语)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: alt. of by God.

**begot** /bɪ'gɒt/ past of **BEGET** ▶ beget 的过去式

**begotten** /bɪ'gɒt(ə)n/ past participle of **BEGET** ▶ beget 的过去分词

**begrime** /bɪ'graɪm/ v. blacken with ingrained dirt 弄脏, 沾黑

**begrudge** /bɪ'grʌdʒ/ v. 1 envy (someone) the possession or enjoyment of 嫉妒, 艳羡 2 give reluctantly or resentfully 勉强给予; 吝惜, 吝啬
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **begrudger** n. (chiefly Irish 【主爱】), **begrudging** adj. **begrudgingly** adv.

**beguile** /bɪ'gaɪl/ v. 1 charm or enchant 使着迷, 使陶醉, 强烈吸引 > trick into doing something 诱骗(做某事) 2 literary 【文】 help (time) pass pleasantly 愉快度过, 轻松消磨 (时间)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beguilement** n. **beguiler** n. **beguiling** adj. **beguilingly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BE-** + obs. guile 'to deceive' (see 见 **GUILE**).

**beguine** /beɪ'gi:n/ n. a popular dance of Caribbean origin, similar to the foxtrot 贝津舞 (源于加勒比海地区、类似狐步舞的一种流行舞蹈)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from W. Ind. Fr., from Fr. béguin 'infatuation.'

**begum** /'beɪgəm/ n. Indian 【印度】 a Muslim woman of high rank (穆斯林) 贵妇人 > (**Begum**) the title of a married Muslim woman, equivalent to Mrs 夫人, 太太 (用于称呼穆斯林已婚妇女)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Urdu begam, from Turk. bigim 'princess.'

**begun** /bɪ'gʌn/ past participle of **BEGIN** ▶ begin 的过去分词

**behalf** /bɪ'hɑ:f/ ■n. (in phr. 用于短语 **on** (US also 【美亦作】 **in**) **behalf of** or **on someone's behalf**) 1 in the interests of a person, group, or principle 为了(个人或团体) 的利益; 为了维护 (某一原则) 2 as a representative of 代表 3 on the part of; done by 在…一方, 由…所为

<215>
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from a mixture of the earlier phrs on his halve and bihalve him, both meaning 'on his side.'

**behave** /bɪ'heɪv/ v. 1 act or conduct oneself in a specified way 表现, 行事 2 (also 亦作 **behave oneself**) conduct oneself in accordance with accepted norms 循规蹈矩, 举止得体
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BE-** + **HAVE** in the sense 'bear oneself in a particular way.'

**behaved** /bɪ'heɪvd/ adj. conducting oneself in a specified way 有…样行为的, 举止…的: a well-behaved child 行为乖巧的孩子

**behaviour** /bɪ'heɪvjə(r)/ (US 【美】 **behavior**) ■n. the way in which someone behaves 行为, 举止, 表现 > the way in which an animal or person responds to a situation or stimulus 行为 (动物或人对环境或刺激所作出的反应): the feeding behaviour of predators 食肉动物的摄食行为
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BEHAVE**, on the pattern of demeanour, and influenced by obs. haviour from **HAVE**.

**behavioural** /bɪ'heɪvjər(ə)l/ (US 【美】 **behavioral**) ■adj. involving, relating to, or emphasizing behaviour 行为(上)的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **behaviourally** adv.

**behavioural economics** pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a method of economic analysis that applies psychological insights into human behaviour to explain economic decision-making 行为经济学 (应用心理学方法从人类行为角度解释经济决策)

**behaviouralism** /bɪ'heɪvjərəliz(ə)m/ (US 【美】 **behavioralism**) n. 1 the methods and principles of the scientific study of animal (and human) behaviour 行为科学研究的方法和原则 2 advocacy of or adherence to a behavioural approach to social phenomena 行为科学主义
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **behaviouralist** n. & adj.

**behavioural science** n. the scientific study of human and animal behaviour (研究人和动物行为的) 行为科学

**behaviourism** (US 【美】 **behaviorism**) /bɪ'heɪvjərɪzəm/ n. Psychology 【心理】 the theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns 行为主义
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **behaviourist** n. & adj. **behaviouristic** adj.

**behaviour therapy** n. the treatment of neurotic symptoms by training the patient's reactions to stimuli (对神经症症状的) 行为治疗, 行为疗法

**behead** /bɪ'hed/ v. cut off the head of (someone), especially as a form of execution (尤指作为一种死刑执行方式的) 砍…的头, 斩…之首
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE behēafdian; from **BE-** + heafod (see 见 **HEAD**).

**beheld** /bɪ'held/ past and past participle of **BEHOLD** ▶ behold 的过去式和过去分词

**behemoth** /bɪ'hi:mɒθ, 'bi:hɪməʊθ/ n. a huge or monstrous creature 巨兽, 怪物
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Heb. běhēmōt, intensive pl. of běhēmāh 'beast.'

**behest** /bɪ'hest/ n. (usu. 通常用 **at the behest of**) literary 【文】 a person's orders or command 吩咐; 命令
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE behæs 'a vow', from a Gmc base meaning 'bid.'

**behind** /bɪ'haɪnd/ prep. & adv. 1 at or to the far side of 在(或向)…的后面 > hidden by (藏)在…的后面 2 further back than other members of a moving group 跟在…后面, 落在…后面 3 in support of or giving guidance to 作…的后盾; 支持; 指导 > guiding, controlling, or responsible for (an event or plan) 在(事件或计划) 幕后(指导、操纵或负责) 4 after the departure or death of 在…身后, 在…死后 5 less advanced than in achievement or development (成就或发展) 落后于, 滞后于 6 having a lower score than (another competitor) (比分) 落后于 7 late in accomplishing a task (任务进度) 落后, 拖沓 ➤ in arrears 拖欠, 逾期未付 ■n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a person's bottom (人的) 屁股 2 Australian Rules 【澳橄】 a kick that sends the ball over a behind line, or a touch that sends it between the inner posts, scoring one point (得1分的) 边门球
-**PHRASES** 短语 **behind the curve** see 见 **CURVE**.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE behindan, bihindan, from bi 'by' + hindan 'from behind.'

**behindhand** /bɪ'haɪndhænd/ adj. late or slow in doing something 迟的, 慢的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: on the pattern of **beforehand**.

**behind line** n. Australian Rules 【澳橄】 the line between an inner and outer goalpost (内外门柱之间的) 边门线

**behold** /bɪ'həʊld/ v. (past and past part. **beheld**) archaic or literary 【古或方】 see or observe 看; 看见; 注视
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beholder** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bihaldan, from bi- 'thoroughly' + haldan 'to hold.'

**beholden** /bɪ'həʊldən/ adj. (usu. 通常用 **beholden to**) owing gratitude for a service or favour 感恩的, 铭感的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: archaic past part. of **BEHOLD**, in the otherwise unrecorded sense 'bound.'

**behoof** /bɪ'hu:f/ n. archaic 【古】 benefit or advantage 利益, 好处
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE behōf, of W. Gmc origin.

**behove** /bɪ'həʊv/ (US 【美】 **behoove** /-'hu:v/) ■v. (**it behoves someone to do something**) formal 【正式】 it is a duty, responsibility, or appropriate response for someone to do something 做…是(某人) 职责所系; (某人) 做…是恰当的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE behōfian, from behōf (see 见 **BEHOOF**).

**beige** /beɪʒ/ n. a pale sandy fawn colour 米色 B

<216>
**beignet** /'benjeɪ/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 1 a fritter 油炸馅饼 2 a square of fried dough eaten hot sprinkled with icing sugar 糖霜油炸面饼
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from archaic buyne 'hump, bump.'

**being** /'bi:ɪŋ/ n. 1 existence 存在 > living; being alive 生存; 有生命 2 the nature or essence of a person (人的) 天性, 本质 3 a real or imaginary living creature (真实或虚构的) 生物: alien beings 外星生物

**beira** /'beɪrə/ ■n. a rare antelope found in Somalia and Ethiopia 大耳羚 [Dorcatragus megalotis.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 a local name.

**beisa oryx** /'beɪzə/ n. a gemsbok (antelope) native to the Horn of Africa 长角羚 [Oryx gazella beisa.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Amharic.

**bejabers** /bɪ'dʒeɪbəz/ (also 亦作 **bejabbers** /-'dʒæbəz/) exclam. Irish informal 【爱, 非正式】 expressing surprise (表示惊讶) 老天爷啊, 耶稣作证
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: alt. of by Jesus.

**bejesus** /bɪ'dʒi:zəs/ (also 亦作 **bejeezus**) ■exclam. Irish & N. Amer. informal 【爱, 北美, 非正式】 used to express surprise or for emphasis (表示惊讶或强调) 天哪, 耶稣作证

**bejewelled** /bɪ'dʒu:əld/ (US 【美】 **bejeweled**) ■adj. adorned with jewels 饰以珠宝的

**bel** /bel/ n. a unit of measurement used in comparing two sound intensities or electrical power levels, corresponding to an intensity ratio of 10 to 1 贝尔 (声强或电功率比值单位)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: named after Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone.

**belabour** /bɪ'leɪbə(r)/ (US 【美】 **belabor**) v. 1 attack physically or verbally 攻击; 抨击 2 argue or discuss in excessive detail 就…作过多的争论 (或讨论)

**Belarusian** /belə(ʊ)'rʌʃn, belə(ʊ)'ru:siən/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Belarus in eastern Europe 白俄罗斯人 2 the Eastern Slavic language of Belarus 白俄罗斯语 ■adj. relating to Belarus, its people, or their language 白俄罗斯的; 白俄罗斯人的, 白俄罗斯语的

**belated** /bɪ'leɪtɪd/ adj. coming late or too late 来迟的; 过迟的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belatedly** adv. **belatedness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (in the sense 'overtaken by darkness'): past part. of obs. belate 'delay.'

**belay** /'bi:leɪ, bɪ'leɪ/ v. 1 fix (a rope) round a rock, pin, or other object to secure it 把(绳索) 固定在岩石 (或系索栓等) 上 2 secure (a rock climber) using a belay 固定绳索保护 (攀岩者) 3 nautical slang 【海俚】 stop! 停 ■n. 1 an act of belaying 固定绳索 2 a spike of rock or other object used for belaying (岩石等) 绳索固定物
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belayer** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from **BE-** + **LAY¹**.

**belaying pin** n. a fixed pin used on board ship and in rock climbing to secure a rope fastened around it (船上或攀岩用的) 系索栓

**bel canto** /ˌbel 'kæntəʊ/ n. a lyrical style of operatic singing using a full, rich, broad tone 美声唱法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: Ital., lit. 'fine song.'

**belch** /beltʃ/ v. 1 emit wind noisily from the stomach through the mouth 打嗝 2 expel (smoke or flames) forcefully out or up 冒(烟); 喷(火) ■n. an act of belching 打嗝; 冒烟; 喷火
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE belcettan, prob. imitative.

**beldam** /'beldəm/ (also 亦作 **beldame**) n. archaic 【古】 an old woman 老妇人, 老太婆
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bel 'beautiful' + **DAM³**.

**beleaguer** /bɪ'li:gə(r)/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **beleaguered**] 1 lay siege to 包围, 围困 2 put in a very difficult situation 使陷入困境
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Du. belegeren 'camp round.'

**belemnite** /'beləmnaɪt/ n. an extinct marine cephalopod mollusc with a bullet-shaped internal shell, typically found as fossils in deposits of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods 箭石
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from mod. L. belemnites, based on Gk belemnon 'dart.'

**Belfast sink** /'belfɑ:st/ n. a type of deep rectangular kitchen sink, traditionally made of glazed white porcelain 贝尔法斯特式 (厨房) 洗池 (一种长方形深水池, 传统上用上釉白瓷制成)

**belfry** /'belfri/ n. (pl. **belfries**) the place in a bell tower or steeple in which bells are housed 钟楼, 钟塔
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME berfrey, from OFr. berfrei, later belfrei, of W. Gmc origin.

**Belgae** /'beldʒi:, 'belgaɪ/ pl. n. an ancient Celtic people inhabiting Gaul north of the Seine and Marne Rivers 比利其人 (属古凯尔特民族, 居住在塞纳河和马恩河以北的高卢地区)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from L.

**Belgian** /'beldʒn/ n. a native or national of Belgium or a person of Belgian descent 比利时人 ■adj. relating to Belgium 比利时的

**Belgian hare** n. a rabbit of a dark red long-eared domestic breed 比利时兔 (一种红棕色长耳家兔)

**Belgic** /'beldʒɪk/ adj. relating to the Belgae 比利其人的

**Belial** /'bi:liəl/ n. a name for the Devil 彼勒 (魔王的别名)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Heb. běliyyaʻal 'worthlessness.'

**belie** /bɪ'laɪ/ v. (**belies**, **belying**, **belied**) 1 fail to give a true notion of 掩饰, 掩盖, 使人对…误解 2 fail to justify (a claim or expectation) 辜负(要求或期望)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE belēogan 'deceive by lying', from **BE-** + lēogan 'to lie.'

**belief** /bɪ'li:f/ n. 1 an acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without proof (尤指不需证据的) 相信 > a firmly held opinion or conviction 信念, 信条, 看法 > a religious conviction 宗教信仰 2 (**belief in**) trust or confidence in 对…的信任(或信心)
-**PHRASES** 短语 **beyond belief** astonishing; incredible 难以置信, 不可思议

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-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: alt. of OE gelēafa; cf. **BELIEVE**.

**believe** /bɪ'li:v/ v. 1 feel sure that (something) is true 相信, 确信 > accept the statement of (someone) as true 相信(某人)的话 > have religious faith 笃信宗教 2 (**believe in**) have faith in the truth or existence of 相信…的真实性 (或存在) 3 (**believe in**) have confidence in 信任, 对…有信心 4 think or suppose 认为; 猜想: I believe we've already met. 我想我们已经见过面了。> (**believe in**) think that (something) is right or acceptable 认为(某事) 正确(或可以接受)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **believability** n. **believable** adj. **believably** adv. **believer** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE belȳfan, belēfan, alt. of gelēfan, of Gmc origin.

**Belisha beacon** /bə'li:ʃə/ n. (in the UK) an orange ball containing a flashing light, mounted on a post at each end of a zebra crossing (英国) 贝利沙人行横道指示灯
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: named after Leslie Hore-Belisha, Minister of Transport when the beacons were introduced.

**belittle** /bɪ'lɪtl/ v. dismiss as unimportant 轻视, 贬低
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belittlement** n. **belittler** n. **belittling** adj. **belittlingly** adv.

**Belizean** /be'li:ziən/ (also 亦作 **Belizian**) n. a native or inhabitant of Belize, a country on the Caribbean coast of Central America 伯利兹人 ■adj. relating to Belize 伯利兹的

**bell¹** /bel/ n. 1 a hollow object, typically made of metal and in the shape of a deep inverted cup, that sounds a clear musical note when struck 铃; 钟 > the sound or stroke of a bell, used as a signal (作为信号的) 铃声, 钟声 2 (**bells**) a musical instrument consisting of a set of metal tubes, suspended in a frame and played by being struck 钟琴 3 Nautical 【航海】 (preceded by a numeral) the time as indicated every half-hour of a watch by the striking of the ship's bell one to eight times (跟在数字之后) …击钟 (舰船上八击钟计时法中每次鸣钟表示的半小时间隔): at five bells in the forenoon of June 11 ▶ 6月11日上午五击钟 (即10点30分) 4 something bell-shaped, in particular the end of a trumpet 钟状物; (尤指) 喇叭口 ■v. 1 summon or indicate with a bell 用铃声召唤 (或表示) 2 flare outwards in the shape of a bell 成钟(口)状鼓起 (或展开)
-**PHRASES** 短语 **bell the cat** take the danger of a shared enterprise upon oneself (为众人的事) 承担风险 [an allusion to a fable in which the mice suggest hanging a bell around the cat's neck to have warning of its approach.] **bells and whistles** attractive additional features or trimmings 附加的诱人特色(或点缀) **(as) clear** (or **sound**) **as a bell** perfectly clear (or sound) 极为清晰 (或状况极佳) **give someone a bell** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 telephone someone 给某人打个电话 **ring a bell** informal 【非正式】 revive a distant recollection 唤起遥远的回忆, 听上去耳熟
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE belle, of Gmc origin; perh. rel. to **BELL²**.

**bell²** /bel/ n. the cry of a stag or buck at rutting time (雄鹿或其他某些雄性动物发情期的) 吼叫声 ■v. B (**of** a stag or buck) make this cry (雄鹿或其他某些雄性动物在发情期) 吼叫
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bellan 'to bellow', of Gmc origin.

**belladonna** /belə'dɒnə/ n. deadly nightshade 颠茄 > a drug made from belladonna, containing atropine 颠茄制剂
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from mod. L., from Ital. bella donna 'fair lady', perh. from the cosmetic use of its juice to dilate the pupils.

**bellbird** /'belbɜ:d/ n. 1 a tropical American bird of the cotinga family with a loud explosive call 钟伞鸟, 钟雀 [Genus Procnias.] 2 an Australasian songbird with ringing bell-like calls 钟吸蜜鸟 [Anthornis melanura (New Zealand) and other species.]

**bell-bottoms** pl. n. trousers with a wide flare below the knee 喇叭裤
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bell-bottomed** adj.

**bellboy** /'belbɔɪ/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a porter in a hotel or club (宾馆或俱乐部里为人搬运行李的) 服务员, 侍应生

**bell curve** ■n. Mathematics 【数】 a graph of a normal (Gaussian) distribution, with a large rounded peak tapering away at each end 钟形曲线

**belle** /bel/ n. a beautiful girl or woman 美女, 美人
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., fem. of beau 'beautiful.'

**belle époque** /bel eɪ'pɒk/ n. the period of settled and comfortable life preceding the First World War “美好时期” (指第一次世界大战前安宁舒适的时期)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., 'fine period.'

**belles-lettres** /bel'letr(ə)/ pl. n. literary works written and read for their aesthetic effect 美文学
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belletrism** /bel'letrɪz(ə)m/ n. **belletrist** n. **belletristic** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'fine letters.'

**bellflower** /'bel,flaʊə(r)/ n. a plant with blue, purple, or white bell-shaped flowers 风铃草 [Genus Cam-panula: many species.]

**bell heather** n. a common heather with purplish-red flowers 苏格兰欧石楠 [Erica cinerea.]

**bellhop** /'belhɒp/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 another term for **BELLBOY** ▶ bellboy 的另一种说法

**bellicose** /'belɪkəʊs/ adj. aggressive; ready to fight 好斗的, 好战的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bellicosity** /belɪ'kɒsɪti/ n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. bellicosus, from bellicus 'warlike', from bellum 'war'.

**belligerence** /bə'lɪdʒ(ə)r(ə)ns/ (also 亦作 **belligerency**) n. aggressive or warlike behaviour 好斗, 好战

**belligerent** /bə'lɪdʒərənt/ adj. hostile and aggressive 敌意的, 好斗的 > engaged in a war or conflict 交战中的; 冲突中的 ■n. a nation or person engaged in war or conflict 交战国; 冲突方

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-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belligerently** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. belligerant-, belligerare 'wage war', from bellum 'war'.

**Bellini** /bə'li:ni/ n. (pl. **Bellinis**) a cocktail consisting of peach juice mixed with champagne 贝利尼鸡尾酒 (桃汁加香槟调制而成)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 named after the Venetian painter Giovanni Bellini (c.1430-1516): the cocktail is said to have been invented in Venice during an exhibition of his works.

**bell jar** n. a bell-shaped glass cover for use in a laboratory (实验室用的) 钟形玻璃罩

**bellman** /'belmən/ n. (pl. **bellmen**) historical 【史义】 a town crier (在街上摇铃向公众报事的) 打铃人, 更夫

**bell metal** n. an alloy of copper and tin for making bells, with a higher tin content than in bronze 钟铜 (用以铸钟的铜锡合金)

**bellow** /'beləʊ/ ■v. emit a loud, deep roar, typically in pain or anger (一般指痛苦或愤怒地) 咆哮, 吼叫 ➤ shout or sing very loudly 大声喝道; 大声唱道 ■n. a loud, deep shout or sound 咆哮, 吼叫, 轰鸣声
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. from OE bylgan.

**bellows** /'beləʊz/ pl. n. 1 a device with an air bag that emits a stream of air when squeezed together with two handles, used for blowing air into a fire (折式) 风箱 > a similar device used in a harmonium or small organ (簧风琴或小管风琴的) 风箱 2 an object or device with concertinaed sides to allow it to expand and contract, such as a tube joining a lens to a camera body 伸缩式波纹管; (照相机等的) 皮腔
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. from OE belga, pl. of belig (see 见 **BELLY**).

**bell pepper** n. North American term for **SWEET PEPPER** ▶ sweet pepper 的北美说法

**bell pull** n. a cord or handle which rings a bell when pulled 拉铃索; 拉铃手柄

**bell push** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a button that operates an electric bell when pushed 电铃按钮

**bell-ringing** n. the activity or pastime of ringing church bells or handbells (教堂) 鸣钟; 摇铃
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bell-ringer** n.

**Bell's palsy** /belz/ n. paralysis of the facial nerve causing muscular weakness in one side of the face 贝尔麻痹, 面神经麻痹, 面瘫
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after the Scottish anatomist Sir Charles Bell, who first described it.

**bell tent** n. a cone-shaped tent supported by a central pole 钟形帐篷 (中央用一根柱子支撑)

**bellwether** /'bel,weðə(r)/ n. 1 the leading sheep of a flock, often with a bell on its neck 系铃领头羊 2 a leader or indicator of a trend 领导者; 征兆, 预示

**belly** /'beli/ n. (pl. **bellies**) 1 the front part of the human trunk below the ribs, containing the stomach and bowels (人的) 腹(部), 肚子 > the stomach 胃 > (also 亦作 **belly pork**) a cut of pork from the underside between the legs 猪腹部肉 2 the rounded underside of a ship or aircraft 船底; (飞机的) 机腹 3 the top surface of an instrument of the violin family, over which the strings are placed (弦乐器的) 面板 ■v. (**bellies**, **bellying**, **bellied**) swell or cause to swell or bulge (使) 鼓起, (使) 张满
-**PHRASES** 短语 **go belly up** informal 【非正式】 go bankrupt 破产
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **-bellied** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE belig 'bag', of Gmc origin.

**bellyache** /'belieɪk/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. a stomach pain 肚子痛, 胃痛 ■v. complain noisily or persistently 嘀嘀咕咕 (或没完没了) 地抱怨
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bellyacher** n.

**belly button** n. informal 【非正式】 a person's navel 肚脐

**belly dance** n. a style of dance originating in the Middle East, performed by women and involving undulating movements of the belly and gyration of the hips (源于中东的) 摆腹舞, 肚皮舞
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belly dancer** n. **belly dancing** n.

**bellyflop** /'beliflɒp/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. a dive into water, landing flat on one's front 胸腹先着水的跳水动作 ■v. (**bellyflops**, **bellyflopping**, **bellyflopped**) perform a bellyflop 胸腹先着水地跳水

**bellyful** /'belifʊl/ n. (pl. **bellyfuls**) a sufficient amount to eat 够填饱肚子的量
-**PHRASES** 短语 **have a** (or **one's**) **bellyful** informal 【非正式】 have more than enough of something 过量, 过度

**belly laugh** n. a loud unrestrained laugh 纵情大笑, 捧腹大笑

**belong** /bɪ'lɒŋ/ ■v. 1 (**belong to**) be the property of 属于, 是…的财产 > be the rightful possession of; be due to 应为…拥有; 应归于 2 (**belong to**) be a member of 是…的成员 > (**of** a person) fit or be acceptable in a specified place or environment (人) 在群体中合得来, 适应环境 3 (**of** a thing) be rightly placed in or assigned to a specified position (事物) 应被放置, 应被分归 (在某位置)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belonging** n. **belongingness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BE-** + long 'belong', based on OE gelang 'together with.'

**belongings** /bɪ'lɒŋɪŋz/ pl. n. a person's movable possessions (个人的) 所有物, 财产, 动产

**Belorussian** /beləʊ'rʌʃn/ (also 亦作 **Byelorussian**) ■n. & adj. another term from **BELARUSIAN** ▶ Belarusian 的另一种说法

**beloved** /bɪ'lʌvɪd, -'lʌvd/ adj. dearly loved 所钟爱的 ■n. a much loved person 心爱之人
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: past part. of obs. belove 'be pleasing', later 'love.'

**below** /bɪ'ləʊ/ prep. & adv. 1 at a lower level than 在(…) 下面 [as adv. 作副词] Nautical 【航海】 below deck 在甲板下 2 lower than (a specified amount, rate, or norm) (数量、比率或标准) 在(…) 以下 3 (in printed text) mentioned further down (在印刷文本中) 在下文中
-**PHRASES** 短语 **below stairs** Brit. dated 【英, 过时】 in the basement of a house as occupied by servants 在(仆人住的) 地下室

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-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BE-** + **LOW¹**.

**below decks** (also 亦作 **below deck**) adj. & adv. in or into the space below the main deck of a ship 在(或到) 主甲板下面(的) ■n. (**belowdecks**) the space below the main deck of a ship 主甲板下的船舱

**Bel Paese** /bel pɑ:'eɪzeɪ, -zi/ ■n. trademark 【商标】 a rich, mild, creamy white cheese of a kind originally made in Italy “丽乡”乳酪 (原产于意大利)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., lit. 'fair country.'

**belt** /belt/ n. 1 a strip of leather or other material worn round the waist to support or hold in clothes or to carry weapons 皮带, 腰带 > a belt worn as a sign of rank or achievement, as in judo, karate, or similar sports (柔道、空手道等运动的) 段级标识带 > (**the belt**) the punishment of being struck with a belt (作为惩罚用皮带的) 抽打 2 a continuous band of material used in machinery for transferring motion from one wheel to another 传动带 3 a strip or encircling area of a specified kind 条形(或环形) 区域: the asteroid belt 小行星带 4 informal 【非正式】 a heavy blow (一记) 重击 ■v. 1 fasten or secure with a belt 用带束紧(或固定) 2 beat or hit very hard 猛揍, 狠打 > (**belt something out**) informal 【非正式】 sing or play something loudly and without finesse 信口大声唱, 随意大声演奏 3 informal 【非正式】 rush or dash in a specified direction (朝特定方向) 飞奔, 飞驰 4 (**belt up**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 be quiet 住口, 保持安静
-**PHRASES** 短语 **below the belt** unfair; disregarding the rules 不公正, 不按规则 **belt and braces** Brit. 【英】 providing double security, by using more than one means to the same end 双重保险 **tighten one's belt** cut one's expenditure 勒紧裤腰带, 节省开支 **under one's belt** safely or satisfactorily achieved, experienced, or acquired (安全或令人满意地) 完成(或经历、获得)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **belted** adj. **belting** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE, of Gmc origin, from L. balteus 'girdle.'

**Beltane** /'belteɪn/ ■n. an ancient Celtic festival celebrated on May Day (古凯尔特人在5月1日庆祝的) 五朔节
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Sc. Gaelic bealltainn.

**belted galloway** n. an animal belonging to a variety of the galloway breed of cattle, with a broad white band across its body 束带加洛韦牛

**belter** /'beltə(r)/ ■n. informal 【非正式】 1 an outstanding example of something 典范, 范例 2 a loud, forceful singer or song 声音洪亮的歌手, 嘹亮的歌曲

**beltman** /'beltmæn/ n. (pl. **beltmen**) Austral./NZ 【澳新】 a member of a lifesaving team who swims out, wearing a belt with a line attached, to help those in difficulty 海滨救生员

**beltway** /'beltweɪ/ ■n. US 【美】 a ring road 环形公路, 环路

**beluga** /bə'lu:gə/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or **belugas**) 1 a small white toothed whale of Arctic coastal waters, related to the narwhal 白鲸 [Delphinapterus leucas.] 2 a very large sturgeon occurring in the inland seas and rivers of central Eurasia, from which caviar is obtained 欧鳇 [Huso huso.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Russ. belukha, beluga, from B belyi 'white'.

**belvedere** /'belvɪdɪə(r)/ n. a summer house or opensided gallery positioned to command a fine view 观景楼; 凉廊
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Ital., lit. 'fair sight.'

**belying** /bɪ'laɪɪŋ/ present participle of **BELIE** ▶ belie 的现在分词

**BEM** abbr. British Empire Medal 不列颠帝国勋章

**bema** /'bi:mə/ n. (pl. **bemas** or **bemata** /'bi:mətə/) 1 the altar part in ancient and Orthodox churches (古代或东正教教堂的) 圣坛, 祭坛 2 the platform from which orators spoke in ancient Athens (古雅典的) 讲坛
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Gk bēma 'step, raised place.'

**Bemba** /'bembə/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a member of an African people of Zambia (赞比亚的) 本巴人 2 the Bantu language of the Bemba 本巴语
-**ORIGIN** 词源 the name in Bemba.

**bemire** /bɪ'maɪə(r)/ v. archaic 【古】 cover or stain with mud 使覆(或沾) 上污泥

**bemoan** /bɪ'məʊn/ v. lament or express sorrow for 哀悼; 悲叹

**bemuse** /bɪ'mju:z/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **bemused**] confuse or bewilder 使困惑, 使茫然
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bemusedly** adv. **bemusement** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from **BE-** + **MUSE²**.

**ben¹** /ben/ ■n. Scottish 【苏格兰】 a high mountain 高山, 山峰: Ben Nevis 内维斯山
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Sc. Gaelic and Ir. beann.

**ben²** /ben/ n. (usu. in phr. 通常用于短语 **but and ben**) Scottish 【苏格兰】 the inner room in a two-roomed cottage (农舍里外两个房间中的) 内间, 里间
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: dial. var. of ME binne 'within', from OE binnan.

**bench** /bentʃ/ n. 1 a long seat for more than one person 长凳, 长椅 2 a long, sturdy work table in a workshop or laboratory (车间等的) 工作台; (实验室的) 试验台 3 (**the bench**) the office of judge or magistrate 法官职位; 治安法官职位 > a judge or magistrate presiding over a particular case (审理某一案件的) 法官, 治安法官 4 (**the bench**) a seat at the side of a sports field for coaches and players not taking part in a game (体育场内的) 教练及替补队员席 5 a platform on which dogs are exhibited at shows (狗展的) 展览台 ■v. 1 exhibit (a dog) at a show (在狗展上) 展览(狗) 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 withdraw (a sports player) from play 把 (场上运动员) 换下
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE benc, of Gmc origin.

**bencher** /'ben(t)ʃə(r)/ ■n. Law 【律】 (in the UK) a senior member of any of the Inns of Court (英国) 律师公会主管

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**benchmark** /'bentʃmɑ:k/ n. 1 a standard or point of reference against which things may be compared or assessed 基准; 基准尺度; 基准点 2 a surveyor's mark cut in a wall or building and used as a reference B point in measuring altitudes (测量高度的) 水准点 ■v. evaluate or check by comparison with a benchmark (通过与基准比较) 评估, 衡量, 检测

**bench press** n. a bodybuilding and weightlifting exercise in which a lifter lies on a bench with feet on the floor and raises a weight with both arms (躺在长凳上双脚着地做的) 杠铃推举 ■v. (**bench-press**) raise (a weight) in a bench press 推举 (杠铃)

**bench test** (also 亦作 **bench run**) n. a test carried out on a machine, a component, or software before it is released 台架试验, 试验台试验 (指在机器、零件或软件发售前进行的测试) ■v. (**bench-test**) run a bench test on 对…进行台架试验

**bend¹** /bend/ v. (past and past part. **bent**) 1 shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle 使弯曲, 折弯 > (**of** a road, river, or path) deviate from a straight line (公路、河流或小径) 转弯, 转向 2 (**of** a person) incline the body downwards; stoop 俯身, 身体前倾 3 interpret or modify (a rule) to suit oneself 扭曲, 篡改 (规则) 4 direct (one's attention or energies) to a task 使(注意力、精力等) 集中(于); 使(自己) 专注 5 Nautical 【航海】 attach (a sail or cable) by means of a knot 系, 缚 (帆或缆绳) ■n. 1 a curved or angled part 弯曲部分, 成角度部分 > a curve in a road, path, or river (公路、小径或河流的) 转弯处, 弯道 2 a kind of knot used to join two ropes together, or one rope to another object 绑结 3 (**the bends**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] decompression sickness 屈肢症, 减压病
-**PHRASES** 短语 **bend someone's ear** informal 【非正式】 talk to someone, especially at length or to ask a favour (尤指为了请求帮助而) 缠住某人, (喋喋不休地) 向某人诉说 **bend one's elbow** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 drink alcohol 喝酒, 饮酒 **round** (or US 【美】 **around**) **the bend** informal 【非正式】 mad 疯狂的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bendable** adj. **bendiness** n. **bendy** adj. (**bendier**, **bendiest**).
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bendan 'put in bonds, tension a bow by means of a string', of Gmc origin.

**bend²** /bend/ n. Heraldry 【纹章】 a broad diagonal stripe from top left to bottom right of a shield (盾形纹章) 左上方至右下方) 对角条纹
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. bande, OFr. bende 'flat strip.'

**bender** /'bendə(r)/ n. 1 a drinking bout 一阵狂饮 2 Brit. 【英】 a shelter made by covering a framework of bent branches with canvas (用折弯的树枝加帆布搭成的) 雨篷 3 Brit. informal, derogatory 【英, 非正式, 贬】 a male homosexual 男同性恋者

**bendlet** /'bendlɪt/ n. Heraldry 【纹章】 a bend of half the normal width, usually borne in groups of two or three (盾形纹章左上方至右下方) 小对角条纹 (是一般对角条纹一半的宽度, 通常两或三条一组)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: prob. from OFr. bendel 'little bend' + **-ET¹**.

**bend sinister** ■n. Heraldry 【纹章】 a broad diagonal stripe from top right to bottom left of a shield (a supposed sign of bastardy) (盾形纹章右上方至左下方) 对角条纹 (私生所出的标识)

**beneath** /bɪ'ni:θ/ prep. & adv. 1 extending or directly underneath 在(…) 下方; 在(…) 底下 2 [as prep. 作介词] of lower status or worth than (地位或价值) 低于, 次于: He is rather beneath her. 他配不上她。
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE biniðan, bineoðan, from bi (see 见 **BY**) + niðan, neoðan 'below', of Gmc origin.

**benedicite** /benɪ'daɪsɪti/ n. a blessing, especially a grace said at table in religious communities 祈福; (尤指) 餐前祷告
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., 'bless you!', pl. imper. from benedicere 'wish well'; the first word of the Latin canticle Benedicte, omnia opera.

**Benedictine** /benɪ'dɪktɪn/ n. 1 a monk or nun of a Christian religious order following the rule of St Benedict (天主教) 本笃会修士(或修女) 2 trademark 【商标】 a liqueur based on brandy, originally made by Benedictine monks in France 法国廊酒 (主要成分为白兰地, 最早由法国本笃会修士酿造) ■adj. of St Benedict or the Benedictines 本尼狄克的, 本笃会修士(或修女) 的

**benediction** /benɪ'dɪkʃn/ n. the utterance or bestowing of a blessing 祝福; 降福 > (**Benediction**) a Catholic service in which the congregation is blessed with the sacrament (天主教) 祈求上帝赐福仪式 > the state of being blessed 恩赐, 恩惠
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benedictory** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. benedictio(n-), from benedicere 'bless', from bene 'well' + dicere 'say.'

**Benedictus** /ˌbenɪ'dɪktəs/ n. Christian Church 【基】 1 an invocation beginning Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini (Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord), forming a set part of the Mass 《和散那颂》 (弥撒中以拉丁语 Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini (奉主名而来的是应当称颂的) 开头的一段祷文) 2 a canticle beginning Benedictus Dominus Deus (Blessed be the Lord God), from Luke 1:68-79 《以色列颂》 (以拉丁语 Benedictus Dominus Deus (主以色列的神是应当称颂的) 开头的一首颂歌), 出自《路加福音》第1章第68至79节)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., 'blessed', past part. of benedicere 'bless.'

**benefaction** /benɪ'fækʃn/ n. formal 【正式】 a donation or gift 捐助, 捐赠
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from late L. benefactio(n-), from bene facere 'do good (to)'.

**benefactor** /'benɪfæktə(r)/ n. a person who gives money or other help to a person or cause 捐助人, 赞助人; 施主
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benefactress** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L., from bene facere 'do good (to)'

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**benefice** /'benɪfɪs/ n. a Church office, typically that of a rector or vicar, for which property and income are provided in respect of pastoral duties (多指教区长或教区牧师的有财产和固定收入的) 圣职
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beneficed** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. beneficium 'favour, support', from bene facere 'do good (to)'.

**beneficent** /bɪ'nefɪsnt/ adj. doing good or resulting in good 行善的, 乐善好施的, 有益的, 效果好的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beneficence** n. **beneficently** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. beneficent-, from bene facere 'do good (to)'.

**beneficial** /benɪ'fɪʃl/ adj. 1 favourable or advantageous 有益的, 有利的 2 Law 【律】 relating to rights to the use or benefit of property, other than legal title (除法定产权外的权利) 有使用权的, 可受益的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beneficially** adv.

**beneficiary** /benɪ'fɪʃəri/ n. (pl. **beneficiaries**) a person who gains benefit from something, especially a trust or will (尤指信托或遗嘱的) 受益人, 受惠者

**benefit** /'benɪfɪt/ n. 1 an advantage or profit gained from something 益处, 好处 2 a payment made by the state or an insurance scheme to someone entitled to receive it, e.g. an unemployed person (国家支付的) 补助金, 救济金, 抚恤金; (根据保险计划所得的) 保险金 3 a public performance designed to raise money for a charity 义演; 义赛 ■v. (**benefits**, **benefiting** or **benefitting**, **benefited** or **benefitted**) receive an advantage; profit 获益, 得利 ➤ bring advantage to 有益于, 对…有好处
-**PHRASES** 短语 **benefit of clergy** 1 exemption of the English clergy and nuns from the jurisdiction of the ordinary civil courts (abolished in 1827) (英格兰) 神职人员(不受普通民事法院审判的) 特权(于1827年废除) 2 ecclesiastical sanction or approval 教会的批准 **the benefit of the doubt** a concession that a person or fact must be regarded as correct, if the contrary has not been proven (在没有相反证据之前) 假定某人没有错, 假定某事属实
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. bienfet, from L. benefactum 'good deed', from bene facere 'do good (to)'.
> **1911** Just as public spending cuts and the **2011** payment of **benefit** are hotly debated political issues today, so they were a hot topic when the first edition came out, as **1911** was the year that the Liberal politician David Lloyd George put the National Insurance Act through Parliament. This gave workers some insurance against illness and unemployment, and is regarded as marking the beginning of the welfare state in the UK. **Welfare state** isn't in the first edition (and indeed wasn't coined until the 1940s), but the relevant sense of **benefit** was added to the 1914 reprint: 'allowance, pension, attendance, to which person is entitled under National Insurance Act or as member of benefit society &c.'. 正如公共开支削减和福利给付是今天人们激烈辩论的政治议题一样, 第一版面世时它们也是热门话题。1911年, 自由党政治家戴维·劳合·乔治推动《国民保险法》在议会获得通过。该法赋予了工人一定的医疗保险和失业保险, 被认为是英国福利国家的肇始。第一版没有收录 **welfare state** (其实“福利国家”这个说法20世纪40年代才出现), 但1914年重印本增收了 **benefit** 的“福利”义: “依据《国民保险法》或作为福利社会一分子所享有的补助、养老金、护理等。”

**benefit society** n. another term for **FRIENDLY SOCIETY** ▶ friendly society 的另一种说法

**benevolent** /bə'nevələnt/ adj. 1 well meaning and kindly 善意的, 仁慈的 2 (**of** an organization) serving a charitable rather than a profit-making purpose (机构) 慈善的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benevolence** n. **benevolently** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. benivolent, from L. bene volent- 'well wishing', from bene 'well' + velle 'to wish.'

**BEng** abbr. Bachelor of Engineering 工学士

**Bengali** /ben'gɔ:li/ n. (pl. **Bengalis**) 1 a native or inhabitant of Bengal 孟加拉国人 2 the Indic language of Bangladesh and West Bengal, written in a script similar to the Devanagari script 孟加拉语 ■adj. relating to Bengal, its people, or their language 孟加拉国的; 孟加拉国人的; 孟加拉语的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Hindi bangālī.

**Bengal light** /ben'gɔ:l/ n. a kind of firework giving off a blue flame and used for lighting or signalling 孟加拉焰火 (用于照明或用作信号)

**benighted** /bɪ'naɪtɪd/ adj. 1 in a state of intellectual or moral ignorance 愚昧无知的; 不明是非的 2 archaic 【古】 overtaken by darkness 陷入黑暗的, 天色变黑的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benightedness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: past part. of archaic benight.

**benign** /bɪ'naɪn/ adj. 1 genial and kindly 温厚的, 善良的 2 favourable; not harmful 有利的; 无害的 > Medicine 【医】 (**of** a tumour) not malignant (肿瘤) 良性的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benignity** /bɪ'nɪgnɪti/ n. **benignly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. benigne, from L. benignus, prob. from bene 'well' + -genus '-born.'

**benignant** /bɪ'nɪgnənt/ adj. less common term for **BENIGN** ▶ benign 的不常见说法
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benignancy** n. **benignantly** adv.

**benign neglect** n. non-interference which has the effect of being more beneficial than continual attention 善意的忽视 (指比持续关注产生更为有利影响的不予干预)

**Beninese** /benɪ'ni:z/ n. a native or inhabitant of Benin, a country in West Africa 贝宁人 ■adj. relating to Benin or its people 贝宁的; 贝宁人的

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**benison** /'benɪz(ə)n, -s-/ n. literary 【文】 a blessing 祝福, 赐福
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. beneiçun, from L. benedictio (see 见 **BENEDICTION**).

**benne** /'beni/ n. US term for **SESAME** ▶ sesame 的美式说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Malay bene.

**bent¹** /bent/ past and past participle of **BEND¹** ▶ bend¹ 的过去式和过去分词 ■adj. 1 sharply curved or having an angle 弯曲的, 折弯的 2 Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 dishonest; corrupt 不诚实的; 贪赃枉法的 3 Brit. informal, derogatory 【英, 非正式, 贬】 homosexual 同性恋的 4 (**bent on**) determined to do or have 下定决心的, 决意的 ■n. a natural talent or inclination 天资, 天赋; 倾向
-**PHRASES** 短语 **bent out of shape** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 angry or agitated 气呼呼的; 焦虑不安的

**bent²** /bent/ n. 1 a stiff grass which is used for lawns and in hay grasses 剪股颖 (用作草坪草或饲料草) [Agrostis capillaris and other species.] 2 archaic or dialect 【古或方】 a heath or unenclosed pasture 荒野; 荒草牧场
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OE beonet, of W. Gmc origin.

**Benthamism** /'benθəmɪz(ə)m/ n. the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), which holds that the proper object of society is to secure the greatest happiness for the greatest number 边沁主义 (英国哲学家边沁所认为的社会的固有目标即达到“最大多数人的最大幸福”的功利主义学说)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Benthamite** n. & adj.

**benthos** /'benθɒs/ n. Ecology 【生态】 the flora and fauna found on the bottom of a sea or lake (海或湖) 底栖生物
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benthic** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk, 'depth of the sea.'

**bento** /'bentəʊ/ n. (pl. **bentos**) a lacquered or decorated wooden Japanese lunch box (木制的) 日式(午) 餐盒 > a Japanese-style packed lunch, consisting of rice, vegetables, sashimi, etc. 日式盒饭, 便当 (包括米饭、蔬菜、生鱼片等)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Japanese.

**bentonite** /'bentənaɪt/ n. a kind of absorbent clay formed by breakdown of volcanic ash, used especially as a filler 膨润土 (由火山灰分解而形成的一种吸水性强的黏土, 尤用作填料)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from the name of Fort Benton in Montana, US, where it is found, + **-ITE¹**.

**ben trovato** /ben trə(ʊ)'vɑ:təʊ/ adj. (**of** a story) invented but appropriate or plausible (故事) 虚构但合情理的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., lit. 'well found.'

**bentwood** /'bentwʊd/ n. wood that is artificially shaped for use in making furniture (经人工处理用于制造家具的) 弯木

**Benue-Congo** /'benweɪ/ n. a major branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages, including Efik and Fula 贝努埃-刚果语支 (尼日尔-刚果语系的主要分支)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from the names of rivers.

**benumb** /bɪ'nʌm/ v. deprive of feeling 使感情麻木, 使呆滞
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from obs. benome, past part. of benim 'deprive', from **BE-** + OE niman 'take.'

**Benzedrine** /'benzɪdri:n/ n. trademark for **AMPHETAMINE** 苯齐巨林 (安非他明的商标名)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from **BENZOIC ACID** and **EPHEDRINE**.

**benzene** /'benzi:n/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a volatile liquid hydrocarbon present in petroleum, having a hexagonal ring-shaped molecule which is the basis of most aromatic organic compounds 苯 [C₆H₆]
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **benzenoid** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **BENZOIC ACID** + **-ENE**.

**benzene ring** n. Chemistry 【化】 the hexagonal unsaturated ring of six carbon atoms present in benzene and many other aromatic molecules 苯环

**benzine** /'benzi:n/ (also 亦作 **benzin** /-zɪn/) n. a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum 挥发油, 汽油
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19 (denoting benzene): from **BENZOIN** + **-INE**.

**benzoate** /'benzəʊeɪt/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of benzoic acid 苯甲酸盐 (或酯)

**benzodiazepine** /benzəʊdaɪ'eɪzɪpi:n, -'æzəpi:n/ n. Medicine 【医】 any of a class of heterocyclic organic compounds used as tranquillizers, such as Librium and Valium 苯并二氮杂䓬类 (用作安定药)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from **BENZENE** + **DI-¹** + **AZO-** + **EPI-** + **-INE¹**.

**benzoic acid** /ben'zəʊɪk/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a white crystalline compound present in benzoin and other plant resins, used as a food preservative 苯甲酸, 安息香酸

**benzoin** /'benzəʊɪn/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **gum benzoin**) a fragrant gum resin obtained from certain East Asian storax trees 安息香胶 2 Chemistry 【化】 a crystalline aromatic ketone present in benzoin 苯偶姻, 安息香
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. benjoin, based on Arab. lubānjāwi 'incense of Java.'

**benzol** /'benzɒl/ (also 亦作 **benzole** /-zəʊl/) n. crude benzene, formerly used as a fuel 粗苯

**benzopyrene** /benzə(ʊ)'paɪri:n/ (also 亦作 **benzpyrene**) ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a polycyclic hydrocarbon which is the major carcinogen present in cigarette smoke 苯并芘

**benzoquinone** /benzə(ʊ)'kwɪnəʊn/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a yellow crystalline compound related to benzene but having two hydrogen atoms replaced by oxygen 苯醌

**benzoyl** /'benzəʊaɪl, -zəʊɪl/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting the acyl group -C(O)C₆H₅, derived from benzoic acid 苯甲酰基的

**benzyl** /'benzaɪl, -zɪl/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting the group -CH₂C₆H₅ derived from toluene 苄基的, 苯甲基的

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**bequeath** /bɪ'kwi:ð/ v. leave (property) to a person or other beneficiary by a will (通过遗嘱) 将…遗赠给 > hand down or pass on 传下, 留下
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bequeathal** n. **bequeather** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE becwethan, from **BE-** + cwethan 'say' (see 见 **QUOTH**).

**bequest** /bɪ'kwest/ n. the action of bequeathing 遗赠 > something that is bequeathed 遗产; 遗赠物
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BE-** + OE cwis 'speech.'

**berate** /bɪ'reɪt/ v. scold or criticize angrily 厉声斥责, 怒斥
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from **BE-** + **RATE²**.

**Berber** /'bɜ:bə(r)/ n. 1 a member of the indigenous people of North Africa 柏柏尔人 (北非土著民族) 2 the Afro-Asiatic language of the Berbers 柏柏尔语
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Arab. barbar, from Gk barbaros 'foreigner' (see 见 **BARBARIAN**).

**berberis** /'bɜ:bərɪs/ n. a plant of a genus that comprises the barberries 小檗 [Genus Berberis.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from mod. L. and OFr., from med. L. barbaris.

**berceuse** /beə'sɜ:z/ n. (pl. **berceuses** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a lullaby 催眠曲, 摇篮曲
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from bercer 'to rock.'

**bereave** /bɪ'ri:v/ ■v. (**be bereaved**) be deprived of a close relation or friend through their death 丧失亲人(或朋友)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bereavement** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE berēafian (see 见 **BE-**, **REAVE**).

**bereft** /bɪ'reft/ adj. 1 (**bereft of**) deprived of or lacking 被剥夺的, 缺少的: Her room was bereft of colour. 她的房间色彩单调。2 lonely and abandoned 孤独的, 无依靠的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: archaic past part. of **BEREAVE**.

**beret** /'bereɪ, -ri/ n. a round flattish cap of felt or cloth 贝雷帽
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. béret 'Basque cap', from Old Provençal berret, based on late L. birrus 'hooded cape.'

**berg¹** /bɜ:g/ n. short for **ICEBERG** ▶ iceberg 的缩略式

**berg²** /bɜ:g/ n. S. African 【南非】 a mountain or hill 大山, 山丘
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Du.

**bergamot¹** /'bɜ:gəmɒt/ n. 1 an oily substance extracted from a variety of Seville orange, used in cosmetics and as flavouring in Earl Grey tea 香柠檬油 2 (also 亦作 **bergamot orange**) the tree bearing this variety of orange 香柠檬树 3 an aromatic North American herb of the mint family 美国薄荷 [Monarda didyma and other species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: named after Bergamo in northern Italy.

**bergamot²** /'bɜ:gəmɒt/ n. a dessert pear of a rich, sweet variety 王子梨
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. bergamotte, from Ital. bergamotta, from Turk. begarmudu 'prince's pear.'

**bergenia** /bə'gi:niə/ n. an evergreen Asian plant with large, thick leaves and typically pink, red, or purple flowers 岩白菜 (亚洲常绿植物, 叶大而厚, 一般开粉色、红色或紫色花) [Genus Bergenia.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., named after the 18th-cent. German botanist Karl A. von Bergen.

**bergschrund** /'bɜ:gʃrʊnd/ ■n. a crevasse at the head of a glacier 冰川边沿裂隙
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Ger., from Berg 'mountain' + Schrund 'crevice.'

**berg wind** n. S. African 【南非】 a hot dry northerly wind blowing from the interior to coastal districts 山风 (自内地吹向沿海地区的干燥热北风)

**beribboned** /bɪ'rɪb(ə)nd/ adj. decorated with many ribbons 饰有缎带的

**beriberi** /berɪ'beri/ n. a disease causing inflammation of the nerves and heart failure, ascribed to a deficiency of vitamin B₁ 脚气病
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Sinhalese, from beri 'weakness.'

**Beringian** /be'rɪndʒiən/ adj. relating to Beringia, the region surrounding the Bering Strait, especially in the geological past when a land bridge connected Siberia and Alaska in this area 白令地区 (指白令海峡周围地区, 尤指地质史上连接西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的陆地桥) 的

**berk** /bɜ:k/ n. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a stupid person 笨蛋, 傻瓜
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: abbrev. of Berkeley or Berkshire Hunt, rhyming sl. for 'cunt.'

**berkelium** /bɜ:'ki:liəm, 'bɜ:kliəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 97, an unstable radioactive metal of the actinide series 锫 (化学元素, 原子序数为97, 锕系放射性金属, 不稳定) (Symbol 符: **Bk**)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1949: from the University of Berkeley in California (where it was first made) + **-IUM**.

**Berks.** /bɑ:ks, 'bɑ:kʃə(r), ʃɪə(r)/ abbr. Berkshire (英格兰) 伯克郡

**Berliner** /bɜ:'lɪnə(r)/ n. a native or citizen of Berlin 柏林人

**berm** /bɜ:m/ n. a raised bank or flat strip of land bordering a river, canal, or road 沿河高岸; 沿河狭长平地 > an artificial ridge or embankment 人工护堤, 人工岸堤 > a narrow ledge, especially one between a ditch and the base of a parapet (尤指沟渠与护墙墙脚之间的) 狭窄空地
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (denoting a narrow space): from Fr. berme.

**Bermudan** /bə'mju:d(ə)n/ n. a native or inhabitant of Bermuda 百慕大人 ■adj. relating to Bermuda or its people 百慕大的; 百慕大人的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Bermudian** adj. & n.

**Bermuda** /bə'mju:də/ rig n. Sailing 【帆】 a fore-and-aft yachting rig with a tall tapering mainsail 百慕大帆装

**Bermuda shorts** (also 亦作 **Bermudas**) pl. n. casual knee-length shorts 百慕大短裤 (一种及膝休闲短裤)

**berry** /'beri/ n. (pl. **berries**) 1 a small roundish juicy fruit without a stone 浆果 > Botany 【植】 any fruit that has its seeds enclosed in a fleshy pulp, e.g. a banana 有核浆果 (如香蕉) 2 a fish egg or roe of a lobster or similar creature (鱼虾等的) 卵

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-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **berried** adj. **berrying** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE berie, of Gmc origin.

**berserk** /bə'sɜ:k, -z-/ adj. out of control; wild or frenzied 狂怒的, 狂暴的 ■n. (also 亦作 **berserker**) an ancient Norse warrior who fought with frenzy (古代挪威的) 狂暴武士
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from ON berserkr, prob. from birn-, bjorn (see 见 **BEAR²**) + serkr 'coat.'

**berth** /bɜ:θ/ n. 1 a fixed bunk on a ship or train (船、火车等的) 铺位, 床位 2 a ship's allotted place at a wharf or dock (船在码头的) 泊位 ■v. 1 moor or be moored in a berth (使) 停泊 2 provide a berth for (a passenger) 为(旅客) 提供床位
-**PHRASES** 短语 **give someone/thing a wide berth** stay well away from someone or something 远离, 回避 (某人或某事物)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **berthing** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (in the sense 'adequate sea room'): prob. from a naut. use of **BEAR¹** + **-TH²**.

**bertha** /'bɜ:θə/ ■n. chiefly historical 【主史义】 a deep collar, typically of lace, attached to the top of a low neckline (低开领服装上的) 花边宽领
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from the given name Bertha.

**beryl** /'berɪl/ n. a transparent pale green, blue, or yellow mineral consisting of a silicate of beryllium and aluminium, sometimes used as a gemstone 绿柱石, 绿玉
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. beril, via L. from Gk bērullos.

**beryllium** /bə'rɪliəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 4, a hard grey metal which is the lightest of the alkaline earth metals 铍 (化学元素, 原子序数为4, 最轻的碱土金属) (Symbol 符: **Be**)

**beseech** /bɪ'si:tʃ/ v. (past and past part. **besought** or **beseeched**) literary 【文】 ask (someone) urgently and fervently for something 恳求, 哀求, 乞求
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **beseeching** adj. **beseechingly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from **BE-** + OE sēcan (see 见 **SEEK**).

**beset** /bɪ'set/ v. (**besets**, **besetting**, **beset**) 1 trouble or harass persistently 使苦恼, 困扰 ➤ surround or attack from all sides 包围; 围攻 2 (**be beset with**) archaic 【古】 be covered or studded with 被…覆盖, 镶嵌着
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE besettan, from **BE-** + settan (see 见 **SET¹**).

**beside** /bɪ'saɪd/ prep. 1 at the side of; next to 在…旁边, 在…附近, 紧靠 > compared with 与…相比 2 in addition to; apart from 另外, 除此之外
-**PHRASES** 短语 **beside oneself** distraught 心烦意乱的, 忧虑的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE be sīdan (adv.) 'by the side.'

**besides** /bɪ'saɪdz/ prep. in addition to; apart from 另外, 除此之外 ■adv. in addition; as well 此外(还) > used to introduce an additional idea or explanation 而且 (用以补充一个想法或解释)

**besiege** /bɪ'si:dʒ/ v. 1 surround (a place) with armed forces in order to capture it or force its surrender 围困, 围攻(某地) 2 crowd round oppressively 簇拥在…周围, 围住 > (**be besieged**) be inundated by large numbers of requests or complaints 被(大量要求或抱怨) 扰得应接不暇
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **besieger** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: alt. of assiege, from OFr. asegier.

**besmear** /bɪ'smɪə(r)/ v. literary 【文】 smear or cover with (something) 弄脏; 涂抹

**besmirch** /bɪ'smɜ:tʃ/ v. 1 damage (someone's reputation) 诋毁, 玷污(某人的名声) 2 literary 【文】 make dirty; soil 弄脏, 弄污

**besom** /'bi:z(ə)m, 'bɪz-/ n. 1 a broom made of twigs tied round a stick 长柄细枝扫帚 2 Scottish & N. English derogatory 【苏格兰, 英北, 贬】 a woman or girl 娘们; 丫头
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE besema, of W. Gmc origin.

**besotted** /bɪ'sɒtɪd/ adj. 1 strongly infatuated 痴迷的, 沉醉的 2 archaic 【古】 intoxicated; drunk 喝醉的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: past part. of besot 'make foolishly affectionate', from **BE-** + **SOT**.

**besought** /bɪ'sɔ:t/ past and past participle of **BESEECH** ▶ beseech 的过去式和过去分词

**bespangle** /bɪ'spæŋgl/ v. literary 【文】 adorn with something that sparkles 以亮片装饰, 用闪光物点缀

**bespatter** /bɪ'spætə(r)/ v. spatter with liquid 溅污

**bespeak** /bɪ'spi:k/ v. (past **bespoke**; past part. **bespoken**) 1 be evidence of 证明, 证实 2 order or reserve in advance 预订 3 archaic 【古】 speak to 对…说
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bisprecan 'speak out' (see 见 **BE-**, **SPEAK**), later 'discuss, decide on.'

**bespectacled** /bɪ'spektəkld/ adj. wearing glasses 戴眼镜的

**bespoke** /bɪ'spəʊk/ adj. Brit. 【英】 (**of** goods) made to order (商品) 定做的 > (**of** a computer program) written or adapted for a specific user or purpose (计算机程序) 定制的

**besprinkle** /bɪ'sprɪŋkl/ v. literary 【文】 sprinkle with liquid, powder, etc. 洒遍, 撒遍

**Bessemer process** /'besɪmə(r)/ n. a steel-making process, now largely superseded, in which carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from molten pig iron by oxidation in a blast of air in a special tilting retort (a **Bessemer converter**) 酸性转炉法, 贝塞麦炼钢法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after the English engineer Sir Henry Bessemer, who developed it.

**best** /best/ adj. of the most excellent or desirable type or quality 最好的, 最棒的, 最佳的 > most appropriate, advantageous, or well advised 最恰当的; 最有利的; 最明智的 ■adv. to the highest degree; most 最高程度地; 最 > to the highest standard 最好地 ➤ most suitably, appropriately, or usefully 最合适地, 最恰当地; 最有用地 ■n. (**the best**) that which is the most excellent or desirable 最佳部分; 最理想的人(或事物) > (**one's best**) the highest standard or level attainable 最高水准, 最高水平 > (in sport) a record performance (体育运动的) 最好成绩 ■v. informal 【非正式】 outwit or get the better of 胜过

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-**PHRASES** 短语 **all the best** best wishes 祝一切顺利 **at best** taking the most optimistic view 乐观估计, 充其量 **be for the best** be desirable in the end, although not at first seeming so (开头不好) 结局理想的 **best of breed** the animal in a show judged to be the best representative of its breed (动物展览会上推选出来的) 最佳品种 > any item or product considered to be the best of its kind (某类产品的) 最佳代表 **the best of three** (or **five** etc.) victory achieved by winning the majority of a specified odd number of games 三局两胜(或五局三胜等) **the best part of** most of …的大部分 **best wishes** an expression of hope for someone's future happiness 一切顺利, 万事如意 **get the best of** overcome (someone) 战胜, 控制(某人) **give someone/thing best** Brit. 【英】 admit the superiority of someone or something 承认(某人/某事) 优越, 向某人/某事物认输 **had best** would find it most sensible 最好做某事 **make the best of** derive what limited advantage one can from (something unsatisfactory) (在不利情况下) 尽力而为, 勉为其难 **six of the best** Brit. historical or humorous 【英, 史义或幽】 a caning as a punishment, traditionally with six strokes of the cane 鞭打六下的刑罚
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE betest (adj.), betost (adv.), of Gmc origin.

**best boy** n. the assistant to the chief electrician of a film crew (电影摄制组) 灯光助理

**best end** n. Brit. 【英】 the rib end of a neck of lamb or other meat (羔羊等的) 颈部肋条

**bestial** /'bestiəl/ adj. of or like a beast 野兽的, 野兽般的 > savagely cruel and depraved 兽性的, 野蛮的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bestialize** or **bestialise** v. **bestially** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. bestialis, from L. bestia 'beast'.

**bestiality** /besti'æləti/ n. 1 savagely cruel or depraved behaviour 野蛮行径, 兽行 2 sexual intercourse between a person and an animal 兽奸

**bestiary** /'bestiəri/ n. (pl. **bestiaries**) a treatise on animals, especially a medieval work with a moralizing tone (尤指中世纪带有道德说教色彩的) 动物寓言集
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from med. L. bestiarium, from L. bestia 'beast'.

**bestir** /bɪ'stɜ:(r)/ ■v. (**bestirs**, **bestirring**, **bestirred**) (**bestir oneself**) exert or rouse oneself 发奋, 激励, 使忙碌
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense 'use for, devote to'): from **BE-** + OE stōw 'place.'

**best man** n. a male friend or relative chosen by a bridegroom to assist him at his wedding 男傧相, 伴郎

**bestow** /bɪ'stəʊ/ v. 1 confer (an honour, right, or gift) 授予(荣誉、权利); 赠与(礼物) 2 archaic 【古】 put (something) in a specified place 存放, 储藏
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bestowal** n.

**best practice** n. commercial or professional procedures that are accepted or prescribed as being correct or the most effective 最优方法; 最佳惯例

**bestrew** /bɪ'stru:/ v. (past part. **bestrewed** or **bestrewn**) literary 【文】 scatter or lie scattered over B (a surface) 撒在(表面) 上, 遍布(表面)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bestrēowian (see 见 **BE-**, **STREW**).

**bestride** /bɪ'straɪd/ v. (past **bestrode**; past part. **bestridden**) span or straddle 横跨, 跨立
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE bestrīdan (see 见 **BE-**, **STRIDE**).

**bestseller** /bes(t)'selə(r)/ n. a book or other product that sells in very large numbers 畅销书, 畅销货
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **bestselling** adj.

**besuited** /bɪ'su:tɪd/ adj. (**of** a man) wearing a suit (男人) 穿西装的

**bet** /bet/ v. (**bets**, **betting**; past and past part. **bet** or **betted**) 1 risk a sum of money or other valued item against someone else's on the basis of the outcome of an unpredictable event such as a race or game (对比赛结果) 打赌, 赌博 2 informal 【非正式】 used to express certainty 肯定, 笃定: He'll be surprised to see me, I'll bet. 我敢说他看到我会很惊讶。■n. an act of betting 打赌, 赌博 > a sum of money staked 赌注 > informal 【非正式】 a candidate or option offering a specified likelihood of success 有可能成功的人(或选择): Allen looked a good bet for victory. 艾伦看上去很有获胜的可能。> (**one's bet**) informal 【非正式】 one's opinion 意见, 观点
-**PHRASES** 短语 **you bet!** informal 【非正式】 you may be sure; certainly 你放心, 当然, 一定
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **betting** n. **bettor** (also 亦作 **better**) n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: perh. a shortening of the obs. noun abet 'abetment.'

**beta** /'bi:tə/ n. 1 the second letter of the Greek alphabet (B, β), transliterated as 'b' 贝塔 (希腊字母表的第2个字母, 译写作 b) [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the second of a series of items or categories 乙类, β项, β类 > Brit. 【英】 a second-class mark given for a piece of work (成绩) 乙等, 二类 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] relating to beta decay or beta particles ▶ β衰变的, β粒子的 3 (also 亦作 **beta coefficient**) a measure of the movement in price of a security relative to the stock market, used to indicate possible risk 贝塔系数 (度量单一证券的价格相对总体股票市场的波动性, 用以预测风险)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 via L. from Gk.

**beta blocker** n. any of a class of drugs which inhibit the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors responsible for increased cardiac action, used to control heart rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high blood pressure ▶ β-受体阻滞药 (用于控制心律、治疗心绞痛及高血压)

**beta decay** n. radioactive decay in which an electron is emitted ▶ β衰变

**betake** /bɪ'teɪk/ v. (past **betook**; past part. **betaken**)
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**beta particle better**

**(betake oneself to)** literary 【文】 go to前往,去

**beta particle** (also 亦作 **beta ray**) n. Physics 【物】 a fast-moving electron emitted by radioactive decay of substances (originally regarded as rays) * ẞ粒子

**beta rhythm** n. Physiology 【生理】 the normal electrical activity of the brain when conscious and alert, consisting of oscillations (**beta waves**) with a frequency of 18-25 hertz(脑的)β节律

**beta test** n. an independent trial of machinery or software, carried out in the final stages of development (after alpha-testing)(在研发最后阶段对机械、软件等进行的a测试之后的)测试■v. (**beta-test**) subject to a beta test 对…进行测试

**betatron** /'bi:tətrpn/n. Physics 【物】 an apparatus for accelerating electrons in a circular path by magnetic induction 电子回旋加速器,电子感应加速器
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from BETA + -TRON.

**betel** /'bi:tl/ n. an Asian evergreen climbing plant, whose leaves are chewed as a mild stimulant with **betel nuts** (the seeds of the areca palm)萎叶[Piper betle.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Port. from Malayalam verrila.

**bête noire**/beit 'nwa:(r), bet/ n. (pl. **bêtes noires** pronunc. same 单复发音同)(**one's bête noire**) a person or thing that one particularly dislikes 遭人厌恶的人(或事物)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. ‘black beast'.

**Beth Din**/bert 'di:n/ (also 亦作 **Beit Din**) n. a Jewish court of law composed of three rabbinic judges, responsible for matters of religious law and the settlement of civil disputes 犹太法庭(法官由三名犹太法律学者担任,处理有关犹太宗教法律的事务和犹太民事纠纷)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. bēt dīn, lit. 'house of judgement'.

**bethink**/br'θŋk/ v. (past and past part. **bethought**) (**bethink oneself**) formal 【正式】 come to think思考,考虑

**betide** /br'tard/v. literary 【文】happen; befall 发生;降临
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from BE- + obs. tide 'befall', from OE tidan 'happen', from tid(see 见 TIDE).

**betimes** /br'taımz/adv. 1 archaic 【古】 in good time; early 提前,提早2N. Amer.【北美】 sometimes; on occasion有时,偶尔
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from obs. betime(see见BY, TIME).

**bêtise** /ber'ti:z, be'ti:z, betiz/ n. a foolish or ill-timed remark or action 愚蠢行为,不合时宜的言行
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'stupidity', from bête 'foolish'.

**betoken** /bı'tǝukən/ v. literary【文】 be a warning or sign of 警示,预示
-ORIGIN 词源 OE betācnian, from BE- + tacnian 'signify', of Gmc origin; rel. to TOKEN.

**betony** /'betǝni/ n. (pl. **betonies**) a plant of the mint family bearing spikes of showy purple flowers 药水苏 [Stachys officinalis.] used in names of other plants, e.g. **water betony**(用于其他植物的名称中,如水苏)
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. betoine, based on L. betonica, perh. from the name of an Iberian tribe.

**betook**/br'tuk/ past of BETAKE * betake 的过去式

**betray** /br'trei/ v. 1 act treacherously towards (one's country) by aiding the enemy背叛(祖国) ➤be disloyal to or inform on 辜负,出卖,不忠于 2 unintentionally reveal; be evidence of 显露,暴露,证明: She drew a deep breath that betrayed her indignation. 她深吸一口气,愤慨之情溢于言表。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **betrayal** n. **betrayer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from BE- + obs. tray 'betray', from OFr. trair, based on L. tradere 'hand over'.

**betroth** /bi'trǝuð, -0/ v. (**be betrothed**) dated 【过时】be formally engaged to be married 与………订婚 ■n. (**one's betrothed**) the person to whom one is engaged 订婚对象
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **betrothal** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME betreuthe: from BE + TRUTH.

**better** /'betə(r)/ adj. 1 more desirable, satisfactory, or effective 更好的,更满意的,更有效的[compar. of the adj. GOOD * good 的比较级] ➤ more appropriate, advantageous, or well advised 更合适的;更有利的;更明智的 2 partly or fully recovered from illness or injury(身体)好些的,更健康的 [compar. of the adj. WELL¹ * well 的比较级]. adv. more excellently or effectively更出色地;更有效地➤to a greater degree; more 在更大程度上;更➤ more suitably or usefully 更适合地;更有用地 ■n. 1 that which is better; the better one 较好者,优胜者2 (**one's betters**) chiefly dated or humorous【主过时或幽】 one's superiors in social class or ability 上司们,比自己强的人 ■v. improve on or surpass 提高;超过(**better oneself**) achieve a higher social position or status 取得更高社会地位 overcome or defeat (someone)战胜,击败(某人)
-PHRASES 短语 **one's better half** informal 【非正式】 one's wife, husband, or partner妻子,丈夫,伴侣 **better off** in a more advantageous position, especially in financial terms(尤指经济状况)比以前宽裕 **the better part of** most of 大部分 **better than N. Amer.**【北美】 more than多于,超过 **the better to** - so as to do the specified thing better 为了更好地……… **for better or (for) worse** whether the outcome is good or bad 无论如何,不管结果是好是坏 **get the better of** defeat or overcome 战胜,克服 **go one better** narrowly surpass 略胜一筹;稍有提高 **had better** would find it wiser to 最好做,应该做
-ORIGIN 词源 OE betera (adj.), of Gmc origin.

> USAGE 用法说明
> In the verb phrase **had better do something** the word **had** is often dropped in informal spoken contexts, as in **you better not come tonight**. In writing, the **had** may be contracted to **'d** but it should not be dropped altogether. 动词短语 had better do something 中的 had 在非正式口语中经常被省略掉,如: **You better not come tonight**,你今晚最好不要来。在书面语中,had可以缩写成'd,但是不应该完全省略。

<227>
**betterment | beyond**

**betterment** /'betəmənt/ n. 1 improvement 改善,改进,提高2 Law 【律】 the enhanced value of real property arising from local improvements改良,改进(指对不动产进行改良从而提高其价值)

**bettong** /'beton/ n. a short-nosed Australian rat-kangaroo(澳大利亚)草原袋鼠,赤褐袋鼠 [Genera Bettongia and Aepyprymnus.]
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Dharuk.

**between** /br'twi:n/ prep. & adv. 1 at, into, or across the space separating (two objects, places, or points)在(两物、两地区或两点)之间2 in the period separating (two points in time)在(两个时间点)之间 3 [as prep.作介词] indicating a connection or relationship involving two or more parties(表示两方或多方关系)在……之间4 [as prep.作介词] by combining the resources or actions of (two or more parties)(表示协同作用)共同,一起
-PHRASES 短语 **between ourselves** (or **you and me**) in confidence 你知我知,秘密的(**in) between times** (or **whiles**) in the intervals between other actions 在间歇期间
-ORIGIN 词源 OE betweonum, from be 'by' + a Gmc word rel. to TWO.

> USAGE 用法说明
> It is correct to say **between you and me**, rather than **between you and I**. A preposition such as **between** takes the object case and is followed by object pronouns such as **me, him, her**, and **us** rather than subject pronouns such as **I, he, she,** and **we**. Thus it is right to say **between us** or **between him and her** and it is clearly wrong to say **between we** or **between he and she**, 英语中说 between you and me,而不是 between you and I。像 between 这样的介词带宾语,后接人称代词的宾格形式,如me,him, her及us,而不是主格形式I, he, she 及we。因此像 between us 或 between him and her 这样的表达是正确的,而像 between we 或 between he and she 这样的表达则是明显错误的。

**betwixt**/br'twikst/ prep. & adv. archaic term for BETWEEN * between 的古代说法
-PHRASES 短语 **betwixt and between** informal 【非正式】 neither one thing nor the other 非此非彼,模棱两可
-ORIGIN 词源 OE betwēox, from be 'by' + a Gmc word rel. to TWO.

**beurre blanc** /b3: 'blñ/ n. a creamy sauce made with butter, onions, and vinegar or lemon juice 黄油白沙司(黄油加洋葱、醋或柠檬汁制成)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'white butter'.

**BeV** abbr. another term for GEV * GeV的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from billion (10°) electron-volts.

**bevatron** /'bevǝtron/ n. a synchrotron used to accelerate protons to energies in the billion electronvolt range 高能质子同步稳相加速器
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from BEV + -TRON.

**bevel** /'bev(ə)l/ n. 1 (in carpentry) a surface or edge which slopes away from a horizontal or vertical surface(木工活的)斜面,斜边2(also 亦作 **bevel square**) a tool for marking angles in carpentry and stonework 斜角规v. (**bevels, bevelling, bevelled**; US【美】**bevels, beveling, beveled**) [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **bevelled**] cut a bevel on 把…切成斜面(或斜边)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from an OFr. dimin. of baif 'open-mouthed', from baer (see见 BAY³).

**bevel gear** n. a gear working another gear at an angle to it by means of bevel wheels 锥齿轮,伞齿轮

**bevel wheel** n. a toothed wheel whose working face is oblique to the axis 斜摩擦轮

**beverage** /'bev(ə)rıd3/ n. a drink other than water 饮料
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bevrage, based on L. bibere 'to drink'.

**bevvy** /'bevi/ n. (pl. **bevvies**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】an alcoholic drink 酒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bevvied** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: abbrev. of BEVERAGE.

**bevy** /'bevi/n. (pl. **bevies**) a large group of people or things 一大批(人或物)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bewail** /br'weıl/v. greatly regret or lament (对…)深感遗憾;(因……)感到悲伤

**beware**/br'weə(r)/ v. be cautious and alert to risks or dangers 谨防,谨慎,当心,留意
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from the phr. **be ware**(see见 BE-, WARE³).

**bewhiskered** /bı'wıskǝd/ adj. having hair or whiskers growing on the face 长络腮胡子的

**Bewick's swan** /'bju:iks/n. a bird of the Eurasian race of the tundra swan 小天鹅 [Cygnus columbianus bewickii.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of the English artist and engraver Thomas Bewick (1753-1828).

**bewigged** /br'wigd/ adj. (of a person) wearing a wig 戴假发的

**bewilder** /bi'wıldə(r)/ v. [often as adj.常作形容词 bewildered] perplex or confuse 使迷惑,使糊涂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bewilderedly** adv. **bewildering** adj. **bewilderingly** adv. **bewilderment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BE- + obs. wilder 'lead or go astray', of unknown origin.

**bewitch**/br'wit∫/ v. 1 cast a spell over 对………施魔法2 enchant and delight 使迷醉,使陶醉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bewitching** adj. **bewitchingly** adv. **bewitchment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from BE- + WITCH.

**bey**/ber/n. (pl. **beys**) historical 【史义】 the governor of a district or province in the Ottoman Empire(奥斯曼帝国的)总督,省长
-ORIGIN 词源 Turk., mod. form of beg 'prince, governor'.

**beyond**/br'jond/ prep. & adv. 1 at or to the further side of 在(或向)……的那一边;在(或向)更远处

<228>
**bezant | bi-**

more extensive or extreme than 比………更广泛;超出极限 2 happening or continuing after(发生)在……之后,(延续)到…之后3 having reached or progressed further than (a specified level or amount)(在数量或水平上)超过,逾越4 to or in a degree where a specified action is impossible(在程度方面)超出,使不可能>too advanced for 非……所及5 apart from; except 除……之外 ■n. (**the beyond**) the unknown, especially in references to life after death 未知,(尤指)死后灵魂的存在
-ORIGIN 词源 OE begeondan, from be 'by' + geondan, of Gmc origin.

**bezant** /'bez(ə)nt/ n. 1 historical 【史义】 a gold or silver coin originally minted at Byzantium 拜占庭帝国的金币(或银币)2 Heraldry【纹章】a roundel or (i.e. a solid gold circle)金色圆形图案
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. besant, from L. Byzantius 'Byzantine'.

**bezel** /'bezl/ n. a grooved ring holding the cover of a watch face or other instrument in position (钟表等面盖的)环形凹槽 a groove holding the crystal of a watch or the stone of a gem in its setting (镶嵌水晶手表上的水晶或珠宝上的宝石的)凹形底座
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr., of unknown origin.

**bezique** /br'zi:k/ n. a trick-taking card game for two, played with a double pack of sixty-four cards, including the seven to ace only in each suit 伯齐克牌戏>the holding of the queen of spades and the jack of diamonds in bezique(伯齐克牌戏中)由黑桃王后和方块杰克组成的组牌
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. bésigue, perh. from Pers. bāzīgar 'juggler' or bāzi 'game'.

**bezoar** /'bi:zo:(r), 'bezǝua:(r)/ n. 1 a small stony concretion which may form in the stomachs of certain animals, formerly used as an antidote for various ailments胃石,牛黄2a wild goat with flat scimitar-shaped horns, the ancestor of the domestic goat 野山羊 [Capra aegagrus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. bezoard, based on Arab. bāzahr, from Pers. pādzahr 'antidote'.

**b.f.** abbr. (in bookkeeping) brought forward (簿记用语)承前页

**BFPO** abbr. British Forces (or Field) Post Office 英国军邮局

**BG** abbr. Bulgaria (international vehicle registration)保加利亚(国际车船注册)

**BGH** abbr. bovine growth hormone 牛生长激素

**BH** abbr. Belize (international vehicle registration)伯利兹(国际车船注册)
-ORIGIN 词源 from British Honduras (former name for Belize).

**Bh** symb. the chemical element bohrium(化学元素)铍

**Bhagwan** /bag'wa:n/ ■n. Indian【印度】1 God 天主,神 2 a guru or revered person导师;德高望重的人
-ORIGIN 词源 Hindi bhagwān, from Sanskrit.

**bhajan** /'badzn/n. Hinduism 【印度教】a devotional song 祈祷歌
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit bhajana.

**bhaji** /'ba:dzi/ n. (pl. **bhajis** or **bhajia** /'ba:dziə/) (in Indian cuisine) a small flat cake or ball of vegetables, fried in batter(印度)素菜薄煎饼,油煎素菜团
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bhājī 'fried vegetables'.

**bhakti** /'bakti/n. Hinduism 【印度教】 devotional worship directed to one supreme deity, usually Vishnu or Shiva守贞专奉(指专心恋慕一位神,通常为毗湿奴或湿婆的虔修运动)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit.

**bhang**/bæŋ/ (also亦作 **bang**) n. the leaves and flower-tops of cannabis, used as a narcotic in India 印度大麻的叶和花穗(用作麻醉剂)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bhāng.

**bhangra** /'ba:ŋgrǝ/ n. a type of popular music combining Punjabi folk traditions with Western pop music 班格拉乐(融合印度旁遮普民乐和西方摇滚乐成分的一种流行乐)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s(denoting a traditional folk dance): from Punjabi bhāngrā.

**bharal** /'bar(ə)l/ n. a Himalayan wild sheep with a bluish coat and backward-curving horns 岩羊,崖羊 [Pseudois nayaur.]
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Hindi.

**bhelpuri** /'beil,puri/ n. an Indian dish of puffed rice, onions, spices, and hot chutney 印度酸辣酱泡夫饭
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bhel 'mixture' + pūrī 'deep-fried bread'.

**bhikkhu** /'bıku:/(also亦作 **bhikku**) n. a Buddhist monk or devotee 佛教僧侣,佛教信徒
-ORIGIN 词源 Pali, from Sanskrit bhikșú 'beg'.

**bhindi** /'bındi:/n. Indian term for OKRA * okra 的印度说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bhindi.

**bhp** abbr. brake horsepower

**bhuna** /'bu:nǝ/(also 亦作 **bhoona**) n. a medium-hot dry curry originating in Bengal 辣味中等的干咖喱
-ORIGIN 词源 from Bengali, Urdu bhunnā 'to be fried', ult. from Sanskrit bhrajj 'fry, parch, roast'.

**Bhutanese**/bu:tə'ni:z/ n. a native or inhabitant of Bhutan, a small kingdom on the slopes of the Himalayas 不丹人 ■adj. relating to Bhutan or its people 不丹的;不丹人的

**Bi** symb. the chemical element bismuth(化学元素)铋

**bi** abbr. informal 【非正式】bisexual

**bi-**/bar/ (also **bin-** before a vowel 元音前亦作**bin-**) ■comb. form two; having two二,双:biathlon 滑雪射击两项赛 occurring twice in every one or once in every two 每……两次;每两………一次: bicentennial 每两百年发生一次的 lasting for two 持续两………的: biennial二年生的Chemistry 【化】(in names of compounds) containing two atoms or groups of a specified kind)(用于化合物名称)联(二): biphenyl联(二)苯>Chemistry 【化】 denoting an acid salt…酸盐: bicarbonate 重碳酸盐

<229>
**bialy | bibliography**

-ORIGIN 词源 from L., 'doubly, having two'; rel. to Gk di- 'two'.

> USAGE 用法说明
> The meaning of **bimonthly** (and similar words such as **biyearly**) is ambiguous. Such words can either mean 'occurring or produced twice a month' or 'occurring or produced every two months'. The only way to avoid this ambiguity is to use alternative expressions like **every two months** and **twice a month**. * bimonthly(类似的词如 biyearly等)可作多种解释。这类词既可能表示“每月发生两次”,又可以表示“每两个月发生一次”。避免这种歧义的最好办法是使用其他表达方式,如:**every two month** 每两月一次,**twice a month** 每月两次。

**bialy**/bi'a:li/ n. (pl. **bialys**) US【美】 a flat bread roll topped with chopped onions 比亚利碎洋葱面包卷
-ORIGIN 词源 Yiddish, from Białstok, the city in Poland where such bread was orig. made.

**biannual**/bar'ænjuǝl/adj. occurring twice a year -年两次的 Compare with 比较 BIENNIAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biannually** adv.

**bias** /'barəs/ n. 1 inclination or prejudice for or against one thing or person 偏袒,偏见a systematic distortion of a statistical result due to a factor not allowed for in its derivation 偏倚2a diagonal across the grain of a fabric(对织物的)斜裁 3 Bowls【草地保龄】the irregular shape given to one side of a bowl 偏重心球形 the oblique course taken by such a bowl (滚木球滚动的)偏斜路线 4 Electronics 【电子】 a steady voltage, magnetic field, or other factor applied to a system to cause it to operate over a predetermined range 偏压;偏置 ■v. (**biases, biasing, biased**) 1 influence unfairly; prejudice 使偏心,使有偏见2 Electronics【电子】give a bias to 加偏压于
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'oblique line') : from Fr. biais, from Provençal.

**bias binding** n. a narrow strip of fabric cut on the bias, used to bind edges or for decoration 斜裁滚边,曲折滚边

**bias-ply** adj. North American term for CROSS-PLY * cross-ply 的北美说法

**biathlon** /bar'æələn/ n. a sporting event in which the competitors combine cross-country skiing and rifle shooting 冬季两项(包括越野滑雪和步枪射击)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biathlete** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from BI- + Gk athlon 'contest', on the pattern of pentathlon.

**biaxial**/bar'æksiəl/ adj. having or relating to two axes 双轴的,二轴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biaxially** adv.

**bib¹**/bib/n. 1 a piece of cloth or plastic fastened round a child's neck to keep its clothes clean while eating(小孩吃饭时使用的)围涎,围嘴 a loose-fitting sleeveless garment worn for identification, e.g. by competitors and officials at sports events(体育比赛中参赛者和工作人员穿上表明身份的)马甲衫,背心➤the part above the waist of the front of an apron or pair of dungarees 围裙(或工装裤)的上部2a common European inshore fish of the cod family 大眼鱈[Trisopterus luscus.]
-PHRASES 短语 **one's best bib and tucker** informal 【非正式】one's smartest clothes (某人)最漂亮的衣服,最好的行头 **stick(or poke) one's bib in** Austral. informal【澳,非正式】interfere干涉,干预
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from BIB².

**bib²**/bib/v. (**bibs, bibbing, bibbed**) archaic【古】 drink (an alcoholic drink)饮(酒)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bibber** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from L. bibere 'to drink'.

**bibb lettuce**n. N. Amer. 【北美】a butterhead lettuce of a variety that has crisp dark green leaves 比布莴苣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19:named after the American horticulturalist Jack Bibb.

**bibcock** /'bıbkopk/(also 亦作 **bib tap**) n. a tap with a bent nozzle fixed at the end of a pipe 弯嘴龙头
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from вів¹ and соск¹.

**bibelot** /'bıbələu/ n. a small ornament or trinket 小摆设;小饰件
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., based on bel 'beautiful'.

**bibi**/'bi:bi:/ n. (pl. **bibis**) Indian 【印度】 a man's wife 妻子>dated【过时】a man's non-European girlfriend (男子的)非欧洲血统女友
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu bībī, from Pers.

**Bible** /'barbl/ n. 1 (**the Bible**) the Christian scriptures, consisting of the Old and New Testaments 基督教《圣经》(包括《旧约》和《新约》)the Jewish scriptures, consisting of the Torah or Law, the Prophets, and the Hagiographa or Writings 犹太教《圣经》(包括托拉或称律法书,先知书,及哈吉奥格拉法或称圣录) 2 (**bible**) informal 【非正式】a book regarded as authoritative 权威著作
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from eccles. L. biblia, from Gk (ta) biblia '(the) books', from biblion 'book'.

**Bible-basher** (also 亦作 **Bible-thumper**) n. informal 【非正式】a person who expounds the teachings of the Bible in an aggressively evangelical way 狂热宣讲《圣经》教义的人,《圣经》宣讲的狂热分子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Bible-bashing** n. & adj.

**Bible Belt** ■n. those areas of the southern and middle western US and western Canada where Protestant fundamentalism is strong《圣经》地带(指新教基要主义流行的美国中西部和南部及加拿大西部地区)

**biblical** /'bıblıkl/ adj. relating to or contained in the Bible《圣经》的,《圣经》中的>resembling the language or style of the Bible与《圣经》语言(或风格)相似的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biblically** adv.

**biblio-** /'bibliǝu/ comb. form relating to a book or books 与书有关的: bibliophile 藏书家
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk biblion 'book'.

**bibliography** / bıbli'ngrǝfi/ n. (pl. **bibliographies**)

<230>
**bibliomancy | bid**

**phies**) 1 a list of sources referred to in a particular work(某著作的)参考书目 a list of the books of a specific author or on a specific subject(某作者或关于某专题的)书目 2 the study of books in terms of their classification, printing, and publication 目录学,文献学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bibliographer** n. **bibliographic** /-ǝ'græfık/ adj. **bibliographical** adj. **bibliographically** adv.

**bibliomancy** /'bibliǝ(u),mænsi/ n. the practice of foretelling the future by interpreting a randomly chosen passage from a book, especially the Bible 书籍占卜(尤指从《圣经》随意翻出一段以作占卜)

**bibliomania** /bibliǝ(u)'meıniə/ n. passionate enthusiasm for collecting and possessing books 藏书癖,藏书狂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bibliomaniac** n. & adj.

**bibliometrics**/bibliǝ(u)'metriks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] statistical analysis of books or other publications 文献计量学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bibliometric** adj.

**bibliophile** /'bibliəfaıl/ n. a person who collects or has a great love of books 藏书家,爱书者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bibliophilic** adj. **bibliophily** /bibli'pfili/n.

**bibliopole** /'bibliǝ(v)pəul/ n. archaic 【古】 a dealer in books 书商
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk bibliopōlēs, from biblion 'book' + põlēs 'seller'.

**bib tap** n. another term for BIBCOCK * bibcock的另一种说法

**bibulous** /'bibjuləs/ adj. formal 【正式】 excessively fond of drinking alcohol 嗜酒如命的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bibulously** adv. **bibulousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. bibulus 'freely drinking'.

**bicameral** /baı'kæm(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. (of a legislative body) having two chambers(立法机构)有两个议院的,两院制的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bicameralism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BI- + L. camera 'chamber' + -AL.

**bicarb** /'baika:b/n. informal 【非正式】 sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠,小苏打

**bicarbonate** /bar'ka:bǝnert, -nət/ n. 1 Chemistry 【化】 a salt containing the anion HCO₃重碳酸盐2(also亦作 **bicarbonate of soda**) sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠,小苏打

**bice**/bars/ n. dated 【过时】 a blue or blue-green pigment made from basic copper carbonate 蓝色(或蓝绿色)颜料
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bis 'dark grey'.

**bicentenary** / baisen'ti:nəri, -'ten-/ n. (pl. **bicentenaries**) the two-hundredth anniversary of a significant event 二百周年纪念
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bicentennial** n. & adj.

**bicephalous** /bar'sef(ə)ləs, -'kef-/ adj. having two heads(具)二头的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BI- + Gk kephale 'head' + -OUS.

**biceps** /'baiseps/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a large muscle in the upper arm which turns the hand to face palm uppermost and flexes the arm and forearm 肱二头肌(also亦作 **leg biceps**) a muscle in the back of the thigh which helps to flex the leg 股二头肌
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'two-headed' (because the muscle has two points of attachment).

**bichir**/'bıfıə(r)/ n. an elongated African freshwater fish with hard shiny scales and a series of separate fins along its back(非洲) 多鳍鱼 [Genus Polypterus: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: via Fr. from dial. Arab. abu shir.

**bichon frise** /bi:fn 'fri:z/ n. a small dog of a breed with a fine, curly white coat 卷毛比熊犬
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. barbichon 'little water spaniel' + frisé 'curly-haired'.

**bicker** /'bıkə(r)/ v. 1 argue about petty and trivial matters 争吵,口角2 literary【文】(of water) flow with a gentle repetitive noise(水)作潺潺声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bickerer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bicky** /'biki/ (also 亦作 **bikky**) n. (pl. **bickies**) informal 【非正式】 a biscuit 饼干

**bicoastal**/bar'kǝustl/ adj. US 【美】 relating to or living on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the US(住在)美国大西洋和太平洋东西海岸的

**bicolour** /'baıklə(r)/(also 亦作 **bicoloured**, US【美】 **bicolor**) adj. having two colours双色的,二色的

**biconcave** /bar'konkerv/ adj. concave on both sides 双凹的

**biconvex**/bar'konveks/ adj. convex on both sides 双凸的

**bicultural**/bar'kʌltf(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. having or combining the cultures and customs of two nations or ethnic groups 二元文化的,两种文化结合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biculturalism** n.

**bicuspid**/bar'kaspıd/ adj. having two cusps or points 双尖的 n. a tooth with two cusps, especially a human premolar tooth双尖牙,前磨牙
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BI- + L. cuspis, cuspid- 'sharp point'.

**bicuspid valve** ■n. Anatomy 【解】 the mitral valve 二尖瓣

**bicycle** /'baısıkl/n. a vehicle consisting of two wheels held in a frame one behind the other, propelled by pedals and steered with handlebars attached to the front wheel 自行车,单车v. ride a bicycle 骑自行车
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bicyclist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from BI- + Gk kuklos 'wheel'.

**bicyclic** /bar'saıklık, -'sık-/ adj. Chemistry 【化】 having two fused rings of atoms in its molecule二的

**bid¹** /brd/ v. (**bids, bidding**; past and past part. **bid**) 1 offer (a certain price) for something, especially at an auction(尤指拍卖时买方)出(价),喊(价)(**bid for**) (of a contractor) tender for (work)(承包商)投标争取(工程) 2 (often 常作 **bid for**)

<231>
**bid | big**

for) make an effort to obtain or achieve 努力获得,争取3 Bridge【桥牌】make a statement during the auction undertaking to make (a certain number of tricks)叫(牌)■n. 1 an offer to buy something 出价,叫价an offer to do work or supply goods at a stated price 投标 2 an effort to obtain or achieve 努力,企图,尝试3 Bridge 【桥牌】 an undertaking by a player in the auction to make a stated number of tricks with a stated suit as trumps 叫牌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bidder** n. **bidding** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE beodan 'to offer, command', of Gmc origin.

**bid²**/bid/v. (**bids, bidding**; past **bid** or **bade**; past part. **bid**) 1 utter (a greeting or farewell) to 表示(问候或告别)2 archaic 【古】 command (someone) to do something 命令,吩咐
-PHRASES 短语 **bid fair to** archaic 【古】 seem likely to 有可能
-ORIGIN 词源 OE biddan 'ask', of Gmc origin.

**biddable** /'bıdəbl/ adj. 1 meekly ready to accept and follow instructions 听话的,顺从的2Bridge 【桥牌】strong enough to justify a bid 有资格叫牌的,有实力叫牌的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biddability** / bıdə'bılıti/n.

**bidden** /'bıdən/ archaic or literary past participle of BID² * bid²的古代或文学性过去分词

**biddy** /'bidi/ n. (pl. **biddies**) informal 【非正式】a woman, especially an old one 婆娘;(尤指)老太婆
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(orig. denoting a chicken): of unknown origin.

**bide**/bard/v. archaic or dialect 【古或方】 remain or stay in a certain place 停留,居住
-PHRASES 短语 **bide one's time** wait quietly for a good opportunity to do something 等候时机
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bidan, of Gmc origin.

**bidet** /'bi:der/ n. a low oval basin used for washing one's genital and anal area(清洗下身的)坐洗盆
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'pony'.

**bidi**/'bi:di:/ (also 亦作 **beedi** or **biri**) n. (pl. **bidis**) (in South Asia) a type of cheap cigarette(南亚的)劣质烟卷
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bidi 'betel plug, cigar'.

**bidirectional** baıdə'rekfǝnl/ adj. functioning in two directions 双向的

**Biedermeier** /'bi:də,maıə(r)/ adj. denoting a 19th-century German style of furniture and decoration characterized by restraint and utilitarianism 比德迈式的(指19世纪在德国流行的一种家具和室内装饰风格,特点为稳健实用)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of a fictitious German schoolmaster created by L. Eichrodt (1854).

**biennial**/bar'eniǝl/ adj. 1 taking place every other year 两年一次的,每隔一年的Compare with比较BIANNUAL, 2(of a plant) taking two years to grow from seed to fruition and die(植物)二生的 Compare with 比较 ANNUAL, PERENNLAL. n. 1 a biennial plant 二年生植物2 an event celebrated or taking place every two years 两年一次的(庆祝)活动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biennially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. biennis (from bi- 'twice' + annus 'year') + -AL.

> USAGE 用法说明
> **Biennial** and **biannual** are often confused. **Biennial** means 'occurring every two years', while **biannual** means 'twice a year'. See also usage at **Bi-**. * biennial 常与 biannual 混淆。 biennial 意为“两年一度”,而 biannual 则意为“一年两度”。另见bi-处的用法说明。

**biennium** /bar'eniǝm/ n. (pl. **biennia** /-niǝ/ or **bienniums**) a period of two years 两年期
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: L., from bi- 'twice' + annus 'year'.

**bien pensant** /bjæ põ's/ adj. right-thinking; orthodox 中规中矩的,正统的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'well thinking'.

**bier**/bıə(r)/ n. a movable platform on which a coffin or corpse is placed before burial 棺材架,停尸架
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bēr, of Gmc origin; rel. to BEAR¹.

**bifacial**/bar'ferfl/ adj. having two faces, or two different faces有两面的;异面的

**biff**/bf/informal 【非正式】 ■v. strike (someone) roughly with the fist(用拳头)重击(某人)■n.a sharp blow with the fist(用拳头的)重击,捶打
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. imitative.

**biffin**/'brfin/ n. an English cooking apple of a dark red variety(英国产)红苹果
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: representing a dial. pronunc. of beefing, from BEEF + -ING¹, with ref. to the colour.

**bifid** /'barfıd/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】(of a part of a plant or animal) divided by a deep cleft or notch into two parts二裂的,两叉的,双歧的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. bifidus, from bi- 'doubly' + fidus (from findere 'to split').

**bifocal**/bar'fǝukl/ adj. denoting a lens having two parts each with a different focal length, one for distant and one for near vision(镜片)双焦点的,双光的■n.(**bifocals**) a pair of glasses with bifocal lenses 双焦点眼镜,双光眼镜

**bifurcate** v. /'baıfǝkeit/ divide into two branches or forks(使)分支,(使)分叉 adj. /bar'f3:kət/ forked; branched分支的,分叉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bifurcation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. bifurcat-, bifurcare 'divide into two forks', from L. bifurcus 'two-forked'.

**big**/big/adj. (**bigger, biggest**) 1 of considerable size, power, or extent (尺寸、权力或范围)大的 ➤larger than others of the same kind(比同类)大的>informal【非正式】 exciting great interest or popularity 令人着迷的,大受欢迎的2 of considerable importance or seriousness 重大的,至关重要的 3 informal, often ironic【非正式,常讽】generous 大方的,慷慨的■v. (**big someone/thing up**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】praise or recommend someone or something highly 大加称赞,极力推荐

<232>
**bigamy | big time**

-PHRASES 短语 **the Big Apple** informal【非正式】 New York City 纽约市 **big money** (chiefly N. Amer. also【主北美亦作】 **big bucks**) informal 【非正式】 large amounts of money 大笔钱 **the big screen** informal 【非正式】 the cinema电影,大银幕 **big tent** a political party's policy of permitting and encouraging a broad spectrum of views among its members “大帐篷”政策(指某政党允许和鼓励成员发表各自观点): [as modifier 作修饰语] a big-tent campaign 一场鼓励献言献策的“大帐篷”运动 **big with child** archaic 【古】 advanced in pregnancy 怀孕多时的,月份重的 **give someone the big E** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 reject someone 拒绝某人,排斥某人[Efrom elbow.] **talk big** informal【非正式】 talk confidently or boastfully 说大话,吹牛 **think big** informal 【非正式】 be ambitious自负,野心勃勃 **too big for one's boots** informal 【非正式】conceited 自负的,自命不凡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biggish** adj. **bigness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bigamy** /'bıgəmi/ n. the offence of marrying someone while already married to another person 重婚罪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bigamist** n. **bigamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bigamie, from bigame 'bigamous, from late L. bigamus, from bi- 'twice' + Gk-gamos 'married'.

**big band** n. a large group of musicians playing jazz or swing music 大乐队(指大型爵士乐队或摇摆乐队)

**Big Bang** n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】the rapid expansion of matter from a state of extremely high density and temperature which according to current cosmological theories marked the origin of the universe 创世大爆炸(现代宇宙学理论认为宇宙从极致密状态迅速膨胀,由此起源) 2 (in the UK) the introduction in 1986 of major changes in trading in the Stock Exchange 大震动(指英国伦敦证券交易所 1986年进行的证券交易改革)

**big box** n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a very large store which sells goods at discount prices, especially one specializing in a particular type of merchandise(尤指专卖某一类商品的)大型折扣店

**Big Brother** n. informal 【非正式】 a person or organization exercising total control over people's lives 独裁者,专制组织,黑老大
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from the name of the head of state in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949).

**big bud** n. a disease of blackcurrant bushes in which the buds become swollen due to the presence of mites 巨芽病

**big business** n. large-scale financial or commercial activity 大宗业务,大生意

**big cat** n. any of the large members of the cat family, including the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, cheetah, and puma 大型猫科动物(如狮、虎、豹等)

**big cheese** n. informal 【非正式】an important person 重要人物,大亨
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: cheese, prob. via Urdu from Pers. čīz 'thing'.

**big crunch** n. Astronomy 【天文】 a contraction of the universe to a state of extremely high density and temperature (a hypothetical opposite of the BIG BANG)大反冲(指宇宙收缩至极致密状态)

**big dipper** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a roller coaster 过山车2 (**the Big Dipper**) North American term for PLOUGH (sense 2 of the noun) * plough(名词释义2)的北美说法

**big end** n. (in a piston engine) the larger end of the connecting rod, encircling the crankpin(活塞发动机中围绕曲柄的连杆)大端

**bigeye** /'biga1/ ■n. 1 a large migratory tuna found in warm seas 大眼金枪鱼 [Thunnus obesus.] 2 a reddish fish with large eyes which lives in the tropical Atlantic and the western Indian Ocean 沙大眼鲷 [Priacanthus arenatus.]

**Bigfoot** /'bigfut/ n. (pl. **Bigfeet**) a large, hairy ape-like creature supposedly found in NW America 北美野人

**big game** n. large animals hunted for sport 大型猎物

**big gun** n. informal 【非正式】 a powerful person 大人物,权势人物

**bigha** /'bi:gǝ/ n. (in South Asia) a measure of land area varying locally from 1/3 to 1 acre (1/8 to 2/5 hectare)毕格哈(南亚一种土地面积单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bīghā.

**big-head** n. informal 【非正式】a conceited person自负的人,骄傲之人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **big-headed** adj. **big-headedness** n.

**bighorn**/'bıgho:n/ ■n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **bighorns**) a stocky brown wild sheep with large horns, found in the Rocky Mountains(见于洛基山脉的)加拿大盘羊 [Ovis canadensis.]

**bight**/bart/ n. 1 a curve or recess in a coastline or other geographical feature 海湾,河湾2 a loop of rope 绳环,绳圈
-ORIGIN 词源 OE byht 'a bend or angle', of Gmc origin.

**big league** n. a top league in a professional sport, especially baseball(尤指棒球等体育活动的)顶级职业协会(或联盟)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **big leaguer** n.

**big mouth** n. informal 【非正式】 an indiscreet or boastful person轻率之人;爱吹噓的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **big-mouthed** adj.

**bigot**/'bıgət/ n. a person who is prejudiced in their views and intolerant of the opinions of others 偏执的人,执拗的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bigoted** adj. **bigotry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., of unknown origin.

**big shot** (also亦作 **big noise**) ■n. informal 【非正式】an important person要人,大人物

**big-ticket** adj. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 expensive 昂贵的,贵重的

**big time** n. (**the big time**) informal【非正式】the

<233>
**big top | bilge keel**

highest or most successful level in a career(事业发展的)巅峰,顶峰 adv. on a large scale; to a great extent 大规模地,很大程度上
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **big-timer** n.

**big top** n. the main tent in a circus(马戏场的)大帐篷

**big wheel** n. 1 a Ferris wheel费里斯转轮,摩天轮2 North American term for BIGWIG * bigwig 的北美说法

**bigwig**/'bigwig/n. informal 【非正式】 an important person 大人物,重量级人物
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: so named from the large wigs formerly worn by distinguished men.

**Bihari** /br'ha:ri/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of the state of Bihar in NE India 比哈尔人2a group of three closely related Indic languages spoken principally in Bihar 比哈尔语 adj. relating to Bihar or its languages 比哈尔的,比哈尔人的,比哈尔语的

**bijou** /'bi:zu: adj. small and elegant 小巧雅致的. (pl. **bijoux** pronunc. sarne 单复发音同)archaic【古】 a jewel or trinket 珠宝;廉价首饰
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Breton bizou 'finger ring', from biz 'finger'.

**bijouterie**/bi:'zu:t(ə)ri/ n. jewellery or trinkets (总称)珠宝,廉价首饰
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from BIJOU.

**bike**/bark/informal 【非正式】 ■n. a bicycle or motorcycle 自行车,摩托车■v. ride a bicycle or motorcycle 骑自行车(或摩托车)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biker** n.
-ORIGIN词源C19: abbrev.

**bikini** /br'ki:ni/ n. (pl. **bikinis**) a women's two-piece swimsuit 比基尼式泳装,三点式泳装
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: named after Bikini, an atoll in the western Pacific, where an atom bomb was exploded in 1946 (because of the supposed 'explosive' effect created by the garment).

**bikini briefs** pl. n. scanty women's knickers 比基尼式女三角裤

**bikini line** n. the area of skin around the pubic mound as revealed by the high-cut legs of a bikini 比基尼线(指比基尼底部裤边周围的皮肤区)

**bikini wax** n. a cosmetic treatment in which pubic hair is removed from the bikini line by waxing 比基尼蜜蜡脱毛

**bikky** /'bıki/ n. (pl. **bikkies**) variant spelling of BICKY * bicky的另一种拼法

**Bikram yoga** /'bıkræm/ n. trademark【商标】a type of hatha yoga characterized by a set series of postures and breathing exercises, performed in a room heated to around 100℉ 比克拉姆瑜伽,高温瑜伽(其特点是在温度高达100华氏度的房间里进行一套固定的体位和呼吸练习)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Indian yoga teacher Bikram Choudhury (b.1946), who developed it.

**bilabial**/bar'lerbiǝl/ adj. Phonetics 【语音】denoting a speech sound formed by closure or near closure of the lips, e.g. p, b, m, w双唇音的

**bilateral**/bar'lætərəl/ adj. 1 having or relating to two sides 有两边的,双边的2involving two parties 双方的,双边的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bilaterally** adv.

**bilateral symmetry** n. the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane 两侧对称

**bilayer** /'bailerǝ(r)/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a fiim two molecules thick, especially one formed by lipid molecules with their hydrophilic ends directed outwards 双分子层(膜)

**bilberry** /'bılbəri/ n. (pl. **bilberries**) 1 the small biue edible berry of a hardy dwarf shrub found on heathland and high ground 越橘浆果2 the shrub on which bilberries grow乌饭树,越橘[Vaccinium myrtilus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. of Scand. origin.

**bilbo** /'bilbǝu/ n. (pl. **bilbos** or **bilboes**) historica! 【史义】a sword noted for the temper and elasticity of its blade 毕尔巴鄂剑(以其坚韧闻名),精制的剑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Bilboa, an earlier English form of Bilbao, the Spanish seaport noted for the manufacture of fine blades.

**bilboes** /'bılbǝuz/ pl. n. an iron bar with sliding shackles, formerly used for confining a prisoner's ankles(旧时用于锁住犯人踝部的)滑动式脚镣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**bilby** /'bilbi/ n. (pl. **bilbies**) a burrowing Australian bandicoot with long ears(澳大利亚)兔耳袋狸 [Genus Macrotis: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from an Aborig. lang.

**Bildungsroman** /'bılduŋzrəu,ma:n/ n. a novel dealing with a person's formative years or spiritual education 教育小说(描写主人公的成长过程或精神教育经历)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ger., from Bildung 'education' + Roman 'a novel'.

**bile**/bail/ n. 1 a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, which aids digestion 胆汁 2 anger or bitterness 怒气,乖戾,怨恨
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. bilis.

**bile duct** n. the duct which conveys bile from the liver and the gall bladder to the duodenum 胆管

**bi-level** adj. having or functioning on two levels 双层的,两层的

**bilge** /bild3/ n. 1 the area on the outer surface of a ship's hull where the bottom curves to meet the vertical sides (船) 舭 (**bilges**) the lowest internal portion of the hull 舱底(also **bilge water**) dirty water that collects inside the bilges 舱底污水 2 informal【非正式】nonsense; rubbish垃圾,废话 ■v. archaic 【古】 break a hole in the bilge of (a ship)凿破(船)的舭
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: prob. a var. of BULGE.

**bilge keel** n. each of a pair of plates or timbers fastened under the sides of the hull of a ship to

<234>
**bilharzia | billfish**

prevent rolling and support its weight in dry dock 舭龙骨

**bilharzia**/bıl'ha:tsiə/ n. a chronic disease caused by infestation with blood flukes (schistosomes), endemic in parts of Africa and South America 血吸虫病
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., former name of the genus Schistosoma, named after the German physician T. Bilharz, who discovered the parasite.

**bilharziasis** / bılha:'tsarəsıs/n. Medicine 【医】 bilharzia 血吸虫病

**biliary** /'bıliəri/ adj. Medicine 【医】 relating to bile or the bile duct 胆汁的;胆管的

**bilinear**/bar'lıniə(r)/ adj. Mathematics 【数】1 rare 【罕】relating to or contained by two straight lines 双直线的 2 denoting a function of two variables that is linear and homogeneous in both independently (函数)双线性的

**bilingual**/bar'lıŋgwəl/ adj. speaking two languages fluently 熟谙两种语言的,双语都流利的 expressed in or using two languages 双语表达的,使用两种语言的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bilingualism** n. **bilingually** adv.

**bilious** /'biliǝs/ adj. 1 affected by or associated with nausea or vomiting 呕吐的,作呕的(of a colour) lurid or sickly(颜色)令人厌恶的,令人恶心的2 spiteful or bad-tempered 乖戾的;脾气粗暴的 3 Physiology 【生理】 relating to bile 胆汁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biliously** adv. **biliousness** n.

**bilirubin**/bılı'ru:bin/n. Biochemistry 【生化】an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of haemoglobin and excreted in bile 胆红素
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. bilis 'bile' + ruber 'red' + -IN¹.

**biliverdin**/bılı'v3:dın/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a green pigment excreted in bile, an oxidized precursor of bilirubin 胆绿素
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. bilis 'bile' + Fr. vert 'green' + -IN'.

**bilk**/bilk/v. informal 【非正式】 1 cheat or defraud 欺骗,诈骗 obtain (money) fraudulently 骗取(钱财)2 archaic【古】 evade; elude 逃避,逃遁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bilker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(orig. used in cribbage meaning 'spoil one's opponent's score') : perh. a var. of BAULK.

**Bill**/bil/ n. (**the Bill** or **the Old Bill**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] Brit. informal【英,非正式】 the police 警察
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: familiar form of the name William.

**bill¹**/bıl/ n. 1 a printed or writfen statement of the money owed for goods or services 账单 2a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion 议案,法案3a programme of entertainment at a theatre or cinema(剧院、电影院的)节目单,节目表4N. Amer. 【北美】a banknote 钞票,纸币5 a poster or handbill海报,传单,广告单 ■v. 1 list (a person or event) in a programme 把(人或项目)列入节目单 (**bill someone/thing as**) proclaim someone or something as宣传(某人或某事物)为2 send a bill to 给………寄账单 charge (asum of money)要(价),收(费)
-PHRASES 短语 **fit (or fill) the bill** be suitable for a particular purpose 适合需要,管用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **billable** adj. **billing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME(denoting a written list or catalogue): from Anglo-Norman Fr. bille, prob. based on med. L. bulla 'seal, sealed document'.

**bill²** /bil/ n. 1 the beak of a bird, especially when it is slender, flattened, or weak, or belongs to a web-footed bird or a bird of the pigeon family(尤指蹼足或鸠鸽科鸟类的)喙,嘴 the muzzle of a platypus 鸭嘴兽的吻2N. Amer. 【北美】 the peak of a cap 帽尖,帽顶 3 the point of an anchor fluke 锚爪尖4 [in place names 用于地名] a narrow promontory 岬,角: Portland Bill 波特兰岬 ■v. (of birds, especially doves) stroke bill with bill during courtship (鸟类,尤指鸽子求偶时)接嘴
-PHRASES 短语 **bill and coo** informal 【非正式】 behave or talk in a loving and sentimental way 卿卿我我
-DERIVATIVES 派生词**-billed** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bile, of unknown origin.

**bill³**/bil/ n. a medieval weapon like a halberd with a hook instead of a blade 钩镰枪(中世纪武器)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bil, of W. Gmc origin.

**billabong** /'bıləbəŋ/ n. Austral. 【澳】 a branch of a river forming a backwater or stagnant pool 死河、死水潭
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Wiradhuri bilabang 'channel that is dry except after rain'.

**billboard** /'bılbɔ:d/n. a large board used to display advertisements; a hoarding 告示牌,广告牌

**billet¹** /'bilit/ n. a civilian house where soldiers are lodged temporarily 士兵临时住宿处(指民宅)■V. (**billets, billeting, billeted**) lodge (soldiers) in a civilian house 安置(士兵)投宿民宅
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. denoting a short written document, later a written order requiring a house-holder to lodge the bearer): from Anglo-Norman Fr. billette, dimin. of bille(see 见 BILL¹).

**billet²** /'bılıt/ n. 1 a thick piece of wood 板皮木条 a small bar of metal for further processing 金属坏段,短锭2 Architecture 【建】 each of a series of short cylindrical pieces inserted at intervals in Norman decorative mouldings 错齿饰,错齿式粉刷线脚 3 Heraldry【纹章】 a rectangle placed vertically as a charge 矩章
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. billette and billot, diminutives of bille 'tree trunk', from med. L. billa, billus 'branch, trunk, prob. of Celtic origin.

**billet-doux**/bılı'du: n. (pl. **billets-doux** /-'du:z/) chiefly humorous 【主幽】 a love letter 情书
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., lit. 'sweet note'.

**billfish** /'bilf1f/ n. (pl. **same**单复同 or **billfishes**) a marlin, sailfish, spearfish, or similar fish 旗鱼

<235>
**billfold | biltong**

[Family Istiophoridae.]

**billfold**/'bilfǝuld/n. N. Amer. 【北美】a wallet 钱包,钱夹

**billhook**/'bılhuk/ n. a tool having a sickle-shaped blade with a sharp inner edge, used for pruning or lopping branches(修剪树枝的)钩镰

**billiards**/'bıljədz/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a game for two people played on a billiard table, using three balls(三球)台球(戏)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. billard, denoting both the game and the cue, dimin. of bille (see见 BILLET²).

**billiard table** n. a rectangular cloth-covered table used for billiards, snooker, and some forms of pool, with six pockets at the corners and sides into which balls are struck with cues 台球桌,斯诺克球桌

**billion** /'bıljən/cardinal number (pl. **billions** or, with numeral or quantifying word, same与数量词连用时单复同)1 the number equivalent to the product of a thousand and a million; 1,000,000,000 or 10°十亿 Brit. dated【英,过时】 a million million (1,000,000,000,000 or 10¹²) 万亿2(**billions**) informal【非正式】 a very large number or amount 大量,无数
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **billionth** ordinal number.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from million, by substitution of the prefix bi- 'two' for the initial letters.

**billionaire**/bıljə'neə(r)/ n. a person possessing assets worth at least a billion pounds or dollars 亿万富翁
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BILLION, on the pattern of millionaire.

**bill of costs** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a solicitor's account of charges and expenses incurred 诉讼费用账单

**bill of exchange** n. a written order requiring a person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee 汇票

**bill of fare** n. dated 【过时】a menu菜单,菜谱

**bill of goods** wn. N. Amer. 【北美】a consignment of merchandise货物清单,
-PHRASES 短语 **sell someone a bill of goods** deceive someone 欺骗某人

**bill of health** n. a certificate relating to the incidence of infectious disease on a ship or in a port (船只或港口的)检疫证书,健康证书
-PHRASES 短语 **a clean bill of health** a declaration or confirmation of good health or condition 健康证明;合格证明

**bill of indictment** n. historical or N. Amer. 【史义或北美】 a written accusation as presented to a grand jury(提交大陪审团的)公诉书草案,申请公诉书

**bill of lading** n. a detailed list of a ship's cargo given by the master of the ship to the person consigning the goods 提货(凭)单

**bill of quantities** n. a detailed statement of work, prices, dimensions, and other details, for the erection of a building by contract 建筑细则,建筑工程清单

**bill of rights** n. a statement of rights, in particular the English constitutional settlement of 1689 and the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the US, ratified in 1791 权利法案(尤指英国1689年的《权利法案》和美国1791年的《人权法案》)

**bill of sale** n. a certificate of transfer of personal property, used especially where something is transferred as security for a debt (尤指通过担保方式将财产转让给他人的)卖契,卖据

**billon** /'bılən/ n. an alloy formerly used for coinage, containing gold or silver with a predominating amount of copper or other base metal(旧时用于铸币的)比朗金(或银)合金
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'bronze or copper money'.

**billow** /'bılǝu/ n. 1 a large undulating mass of cloud, smoke, or steam 翻滚的云团,滚滚浓烟;气浪 2 archaic 【古】 a large sea wave(海的)巨浪,波涛 ■v. (of fabric) fill with air and swell outwards(衣物充气)鼓起(of smoke, cloud, or steam) move or flow outward with an undulating motion(烟、云、蒸汽)翻滚,汹涌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **billowy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ON bylgja.

**billposter**/'bıl,pəstə(r)/(also 亦作 **billsticker**) n. a person who pastes up advertisements on hoardings 张贴广告的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **billposting** n.

**billy** /'bili/(also 亦作 **billycan**) n. (pl. **billies**) Brit. 【英】a tin or enamel cooking pot with a lid and folding handle, used in camping(野营用的)铁皮(或搪瓷)锅
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Aborig. billa 'water'.

**billycart** /'bılika:t/n. Austral. 【澳】 a small handcart 小推车 a go-kart卡丁车,微型单座赛车
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: billy perh. from BILLY GOAT; formerly such carts were sometimes pulled by a goat.

**billy club**n. N. Amer. 【北美】a truncheon 警棍,棍子
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Billy, familiar form of the given name William.

**billycock** /'bilikpk/n. historical 【史义】 a kind of bowler hat 圆圆顶硬礼帽
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: said to be from the name of William Coke, nephew of Thomas William Coke, Earl of Leicester.

**billy goat** n. a male goat 公山羊

**billy-o** /'biliǝu/n. (in phr. 用于短语 **like billy-o**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 very much, hard, or strongly非常;拼命地;猛烈地: I had to run like billy-o. 我不得不拼命跑。
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bilobed**/bar'lǝubd/(also 亦作 **bilobate** /-'lǝubert/) ■adj. having or consisting of two lobes 双叶的

**bilocation**/baılə'keıfn/ n. the supposed phenomenon of being in two places simultaneously 两地同时出现

**biltong** /'bılton, 'bəl-/ n. chiefly S. African【主南非】

<236>
**bimanual | binding**

lean meat which is salted and dried in strips 晒干的腌肉条
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., from Du. bil 'buttock' + tong 'tongue'.

**bimanual**/bar'mænjuəl/ adj. performed with both hands 用双手操作的,用双手做的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bimanually** adv.

**bimbo** /'bımbəʊ/ n. (pl. **bimbos**) informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】an attractive but unintelligent or frivolous young woman 头脑简单的漂亮妞,举止轻浮的年轻女子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bimbette** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent. (orig. in the sense 'fellow, chap'): from Ital., lit. 'little child'.

**bimetallic**/baımı'tælık/ adj. 1 made or consisting of two metals 双金属的2 historical 【史义】 relating to bimetallism 复本位制的

**bimetallism** /bar'met(ə)lız(ə)m/ n. historical 【史义】 a system of allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other 复本位制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bimetallist** n.

**bimillenary** / baımı'lenəri, -'li:n-, baı'mılənəri/ adj. relating to a period of two thousand years or a two-thousandth anniversary 两千年的;两千周年的n. (pl. **bimillenaries**) a bimillenary period or anniversary 两千年期;两千周年

**bimodal** /bar'məudl/ adj. having or involving two modes, in particular (of a statistical distri-bution) having two maxima(统计分布)双峰的

**bimolecular**/baımə'lekjulə(r)/ adj. Chemistry【化】 consisting of or involving two molecules 双分子的

**bimonthly** /bar'man@li/ adj. & adv. appearing or taking place twice a month or every two months 月两次(的);两月一次(的)

**bin**/bin/Brit. 【英】 ■n. 1 a receptacle in which to deposit rubbish 垃圾箱,垃圾桶 a capacious receptacle for storing a specified substance 储物箱,容器 a partitioned stand for storing bottles of wine 酒瓶架2 Statistics 【统】 each of a series of ranges of numerical value into which data are sorted in statistical analysis 统计堆栈 ■v. (**bins, binning, binned**) 1 throw (something) away by putting it in a bin 把…扔进垃圾箱 store (wine) in a bin把(酒)放进酒瓶架 2 Statistics【统】 group together (data) in bins 把(数据)归入统计堆栈
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bin(n), binne, of Celtic origin.

**bin-**/bm/prefix variant form of BI- before a vowel (as in binaural) * bi-用于元音前的变体形式(如binaural)

**binary** /'baınəri/ adj. 1 composed of or involving two things 由两部分构成的;涉及两部分的;二元的;双重的 2 using or denoting a system of numerical notation with two as its base, employing the digits 0 and 1 二进制的■n. (pl. **binaries**) 1 the binary system of notation二进制;二进制记数法2 Astronomy 【天文】a system of two stars revolving round their common centre 双星
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'duality, a pair') : from late L. binarius, from bini 'two together'.

**binary tree** ■n. Computing 【计】 a data structure in which each record is linked to two successor records 二叉树

**binaural** /bı'nɔ:r(ə)l, bai-/ adj. 1 of or involving both ears 双耳的2 relating to sound recorded using two microphones and transmitted separately to the two ears of the listener 两路立体声的

**bind**/band/ v. (past and past part. **bound**) 1 tie or fasten (something) tightly together 捆扎,绑住> restrain (someone) by tying their hands and feet 捆住…的手和脚 wrap or encircle (something) tightly 紧紧包住;围裹2 hold in a united or cohesive group or mass 使结合在一起,使黏合> hold or combine with (a substance) by chemical bonding(通过化学成键作用)与(某物质)结合 3 impose a legal or contractual obligation on 使负法律义务,使受合同约束 indenture (someone) as an apprentice 订契约收………为徒 secure (a contract), typically with a sum of money(多指用定金)敲定,获得(合同) (**bind someone over**) (of a court of law) require someone to fulfil an obligation, typically by paying a sum of money as surety(法庭)要求某人履行义务(多指交付保证金) 4 fix together and enclose (the pages of a book) in a cover 装订(图书) 5 trim(the edge of a piece of material) with a fabric strip 给……镶边6 Logic【逻】 (of a quantifier) be applied to (a given variable) so that the variable falls within its scope(量词)适用于(给定的变量) 7 (of a food or medicine) make (someone) constipated(食物或药品)使便秘n. 1 informal 【非正式】 an annoyance令人厌烦(或生气)的事物 a problematical situation 困境 2 a statutory constraint 法律约束3 Music 【音】 another term for TIE * tie的另一种说法4 another term for BINE * bine的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bindan, of Gmc origin.

**binder**/'baındə(r)/ n. 1 a cover for holding magazines or loose sheets of paper together 杂志夹;活页夹2a reaping machine that binds the stalks of a crop into sheaves 割捆机 3a bookbinder(书籍的)装订工

**bindery** /'baınd(ə)ri/h. (pl. **binderies**) a work-shop or factory in which books are bound(图书)装订厂

**bindi** /'bındi:/ ■n. (pl. **bindis**) a decorative mark worn in the middle of the forehead by Indian women, especially Hindus 吉祥痣(印度妇女前额中间的装饰印记)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bindi.

**bindi-eye** /'bındiar/ n. a small perennial Australian plant of the daisy family, with a burr-like fruit 楔叶刺冠菊[Calotis cuneifolia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 perh. from an Aborig. lang.

**binding** /'baındıŋ/ n. 1 a strong covering holding the pages of a book together(书籍的)封面、封皮2 fabric cut or woven in a strip, used for binding the edges of a piece of material 镶边:滚条3(also亦

<237>
**binding energy | bioactive**

作**-ski binding**) Skiing 【滑雪】 a device fixed to a ski to grip a ski boot(滑雪靴的)固定装置 ■adj. (of an agreement) involving a contractual obligation(协议)有约束力的,必须遵守的

**binding energy** ■n. Physics 【物】 the energy that holds a nucleus together, equal to the mass defect of the nucleus 结合能

**binding site** ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a location on a macromolecule or cellular structure at which chemical interaction with a specific active substance takes place 结合部位

**bindlestiff** /'bınd(ə)lstıf/ n. US informal【美,非正式】a tramp 流浪汉
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: prob. from an alt. of BUNDLE + STIFF.

**bindweed** /'bandwi:d/ n. a twining plant with trumpet-shaped flowers, several kinds of which are invasive weeds 旋花(植物) [Convolvulus and other genera: many species.]

**bine**/bam/ n. a long, flexible stem of a climbing plant, especially the hop(蔓生植物,尤指忽布的)藤,蔓
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. a dial. form of bind.

**bin-end** n. Brit. 【英】 one of the last bottles from a bin of wine 酒瓶架上的最后一批瓶装酒之一

**bing**/bin/n. chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 a heap of ore or waste material from a mine 一堆(金属矿物或矿区废物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ON bingr 'heap'.

**binge**/bindz/informal 【非正式】 ■n. a period of excessive indulgence放纵,无节制:[as modifier 作修饰语] binge drinking 狂饮 v. (**binges, bingeing** or **binging, binged**) indulge in an activity, especially eating or drinking, to excess 狂饮作乐,大吃大喝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **binger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bingo** /'bingǝu/ n. a game in which players mark off randomly called numbers on printed cards, the winner being the first to mark off all their numbers 宾戈(游戏)■exclam. 1 a call by someone who wins a game of bingo宾戈(宾戈游戏赢家的叫声)2 expressing satisfaction at a sudden positive event or outcome好,妙(表示满意)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s (as an interjection): of unknown origin.

**bingo wings** pl. n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】folds of loose flesh or skin hanging from the undersides of a woman's upper arms(女性的)上臂赘肉
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from the game of BINGO, in which the loose flesh may be visible when a winner calls out and raises their card.

**binnacle** /'bınəkl/ n. a built-in housing for a ship's compass(船舶)罗经柜,罗盘座
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (as bittacle): from Sp. bitácula, bitácora or Port. bitacola, from L. habitaculum 'dwelling place'.

**binocular**/br'npkjulə(r)/ adj. adapted for or using both eyes 双目的,双眼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **binocularly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. bini 'two together' + oculus 'eye', on the pattern of ocular.

**binoculars** /br'ndkjələz/ pl. n. an optical instrument with a lens for each eye, used for viewing distant objects 双筒望远镜

**binocular vision** n. vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth 双眼视力,双眼视觉

**binomial**/bar'nǝumiǝl/n. 1 Mathematics 【数】 an algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms 二项式2 the two-part Latin name of a species of living organism (consisting of the genus followed by the specific epithet)(拉丁语物种学名中的)双名3 Grammar 【语法】a noun phrase with two heads joined by a conjunction, in which the order is relatively fixed (as in knife and fork)偶合词组,成对词(指由连词连接两个词序固定的中心词的名词短语,如 knife and fork) adj. consisting of or relating to a binomial 二项的;二项式的
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. binôme or mod. L. binomium (from bi- 'having two' + Gk nomos 'part, portion') + -AL.

**binomial distribution** ■n. Statistics 【统】 a frequency distribution of the possible number of successful outcomes in a given number of trials in each of which there is the same probability of success 二项分布

**binomial theorem** n. a formula for finding any power of a binomial without multiplying at length 二项式定理

**binominal** /bar'numınl/ adj. another term for BINOMIAL (sense of the adjective) * binomial(形容词释义)的另一种说法

**bint**/bint/n. Brit. informal, derogatory【英,非正式,贬】a girl or woman丫头;娘儿们
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Arab., lit. 'daughter, girl'.

**binturong**/'bıntjurdŋ/ n. a tree-dwelling Asian civet with a blackish coat and a muscular prehensile tail 熊狸 [Arctictis binturong.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Malay.

**binucleate** /bar'nju:kliət/ adj. Biology 【生物】(of a cell) having two nuclei(细胞)双核的

**bio** /'barǝu/ n. (pl. **bios**) informal【非正式】a biography 传记

**bio-** /'barǝ(u)/ comb. form relating to life 生命的: biosynthesis 生物合成 biological; relating to biology 生物学的: biohazard 生物危害 of living beings 生物的: biogenesis 生源说
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk bios 'human life', the sense being extended in mod. scientific usage to mean 'organic life'.

**bioaccumulate** / barəʊə'kju:mjǝleit/ v. (of a substance) become concentrated inside the bodies of living things(物质)在生物体内堆积
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioaccumulation** n.

**bioactive**/barǝu'æktıv/ adj. (of a substance) having a biological effect(物质)生物活性的

<238>
**bioassay | biofuel**

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioactivity** n.

**bioassay** barǝǝ'ser/ n. measurement of the concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues 生物测定,生物检定

**bioavailability** / barədə veılə'bıləti/n. Physiology 【生理】the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect 生物利用度
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioavailable** adj.

**biocenosis** /barǝ(u)sı'nǝusis/ ■n. US spelling of BIOCOENOSIS * biocoenosis 的美式拼法

**biocentrism**/baiǝ(u)'sentriz(ə)m/ n. the view or belief that the rights and needs of humans are not more important than those of other living things 生物中心论,生物中心主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biocentric** adj. **biocentrist** n.

**biochemistry** / baiǝ(u)'kemistri/ n. the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical processes which occur within living organisms 生物化学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biochemical** adj. **biochemically** adv. **biochemist** n.

**biochip** /'barǝutfıp/ n. a logical device analogous to the silicon chip, whose components are formed from biological molecules or structures 生物芯片(其组成部分由生物分子或生物结构形成)

**biocide** /'barǝsaid/ n. 1 a substance that is poisonous to living organisms, such as a pesticide 杀生物剂,抗微生物剂2the destruction of life 生命毁灭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biocidal** adj.

**biocircuit** / baiǝu's3:kıt/ n. an integrated circuit incorporating biological molecules or structures 生物集成电路

**bioclimatic** / barǝuklar'mætık/ adj. Ecology 【生态】 relating to the interrelation of climate and the activities and distribution of living organisms 生物气候的

**biocoenosis** / baiǝ(u)sı'nǝUSIS/ (US 【美】 **biocenosis**) n. (pl. **biocoenoses** /-si:z/) Ecology 【生态】 an association of different organisms forming a closely integrated community 生物群落
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from BIO- + Gk koinosis 'sharing'.

**biocompatible** / baiǝ(u)kəm'pætıbl/ adj. not harmful to living tissue 生物相容的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biocompatibility** n.

**biocomputer**/baıəkəm'pju:tə(r)/ n. a computer based on circuits and components formed from biological molecules or structures(电路和元件由生物分子或生物结构组成的)生物计算机 the brain regarded as a computer 像电脑一样的人脑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biocomputing** n.

**biocontrol**/baıǝukən'trǝul/ n. short for BIOLOGICAL CONTROL * biological control 的缩略式

**biodata** /'barǝ(u), deitə/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] biographical details 生平细节

**biodegradable** / barǝ(u)dı'greıdəbl/ adj. capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms 可生物降解的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biodegradability** n. **biodegradation** n. **biodegrade** v.

**biodiesel** /'barǝ(u),di:zl/ n. a biofuel intended as a substitute for diesel 生物柴油

**biodiverse** / barǝ(u)dar'v3:s/ adj. (of a habitat or region) having a high level of biodiversity(栖息地或区域)生物多样的

**biodiversity** / barǝ(u)dar'v3:sǝti/ n. the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat 生物多样性

**biodynamics** / barǝ(u)daı'næmiks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] 1 the study of physical motion or dynamics in living systems 生物动力学,生物动态 2 a method of organic farming that incorporates certain astrological and spiritual principles and practices 活机耕作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biodynamic** adj.

**bioelectric** barǝur'lektrik/ adj. relating to electricity or electrical phenomena produced within living organisms 生物电的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioelectrical** adj.

**bioenergetics** / barǝu,enə'dzetıks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] 1 the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms 生物能学(一门研究生物体内能量转换的科学) 2 a system of alternative psychotherapy based on the belief that emotional healing can be aided through resolution of bodily tension 生物能疗法(一种另类心理治疗体系,认为消除肉体紧张状态有助于治愈情感创伤)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioenergetic** adj.

**bioengineering** / barǝu,endzı'nıǝrıŋ/ n. 1 another term for GENETIC ENGINEERING * genetic engineering 的另一种说法 2 the use of artificial tissues or organs in the body 人工器官移植 3 the use in engineering or industry of organisms or biological processes 生物工程 4 another term for BIOMECHANICS * biomechanics 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioengineer** n. & v.

**bioethanol** / barǝ(u)'edǝnpl/ n. ethanol produced from plants such as sugar cane or maize, used as an alternative to petrol 生物乙醇,生物酒精

**bioethics** /barǝu'elıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing.视作单数] the ethics of medical and biological research 生命伦理学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioethical** adj. **bioethicist** n.

**biofeedback** / barǝu'fi:dbæk/ n. the use of electronic monitoring of a normally automatic bodily function in order to train someone to acquire voluntary control of that function 生物反馈

**bioflavonoid**/barǝu'flervənəıd/ n. any of a group of compounds occurring mainly in citrus fruits and blackcurrants, sometimes regarded as vitamins 生物类黄酮,维生素P

**biofuel** /'barǝ(v) fju:ǝl/ n. fuel derived directly from living matter 生物燃料

<239>
**biog | bionic**

**biog**/'barng/n. informal 【非正式】a biography 传记

**biogas** /'barǝugæs/ n. gaseous fuel, especially methane, produced by the fermentation of organic matter 沼气

**biogenesis**/baıǝ(u)'dzenısıs/n. 1 the synthesis of substances by living organisms 生物合成 2 historical 【史义】the hypothesis that living matter arises only from other living matter 生源说(认为一切活体皆源自其他活体的假说)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biogenetic** adj.

**biogenic** barǝ(u)'dzenık/ adj. produced or brought about by living organisms生物成因的,生物发生的

**biogeochemical** / barǝu,dzi:ǝu'kemikl/ adj. relating to the cycle in which chemical elements and simple substances are transferred between living systems and the environment 生物地球化学的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biogeochemist** n. **biogeochemistry** n.

**biogeography** / barəudzi'ngrəfi/ n. the branch of biology concerned with the geographical distribution of plants and animals 生物地理学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biogeographer** n. **biogeographic** adj. **biogeographical** adj. **biogeographically** adv.

**biographee**/bar,pgrǝ'fi:/ n. a person who is the subject of a biography 传记主人公

**biographical** / barǝ'græfıkl/ adj. dealing with a particular person's life传记的,关于(某人)生平的: biographical information 生平信息
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biographic** adj. **biographically** adv.

**biography**/bar'ngrǝfi/ n. (pl. **biographies**) an account of someone's life written by someone else 传记
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biographer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. biographie or mod. L. biographia, from med. Gk, from bios 'life' + -graphia 'writing'.

**biohazard** /'barǝuhæzəd/n. a risk to human health or the environment arising from biological research 生物危害(指微生物研究引起的对人类健康或环境的危害)

**bioindicator**/barǝu'ındıkeıtə(r)/ n. an organism used as an indicator of the quality of an ecosystem, especially with respect to pollution 指示生物

**bioinformatics** / barǝ(u), infǝ'mætıks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic codes 生物信息学

**biological** barə'lodzıkl/ adj. 1 relating to biology or living organisms 生物学的;生物体的(of a detergent) containing enzymes to assist the cleaning of washing(洗涤剂)加酶的2(of a parent or child) related by blood; natural 有血缘关系的,生身的3 relating to or denoting the use of microorganisms or toxins of biological origin as weapons of war 使用生物武器的 n. a biological product used for therapeutic purposes 生物制品,生物制剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biologic** adj. **biologically** adv.

**biological clock** n. an innate mechanism that controls the cyclical physiological activities of an organism 生物钟

**biological control** n. the control of a pest by the introduction of a natural enemy or predator 生物防治;生物控制

**biologism** /bar'plǝdzız(ə)m/ n. the interpretation of human life from a strictly biological point of view 生物主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biologistic** adj.

**biology** /bar'plǝdzi/ n. 1 the scientific study of living organisms 生物学 2 the plants and animals of a particular area(某一地区的)生物3 the features of a particular organism or class of organisms(某个或某类生物的)生物特征
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger., via Fr. from Gk bios 'life' + -LOGY.

**bioluminescence** / barǝu,lu:mı'nesns/n. the biochemical emission of light by living organisms such as glow-worms and deep-sea fishes 生物发光
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioluminescent** adj.

**biomass** /'baiǝ(u)mæs/ n. 1 the total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume 生物量2 organic matter used as a fuel, especially in the generation of electricity(尤指用于发电燃料的)生物质

**biome** /'barǝum/■n. Ecology 【生态】 a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra 生物群系
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from BIO- + -OME.

**biomechanics** / barəmə'kænıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms 生物力学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biomechanical** adj. **biomechanically** adv. **biomechanist** n.

**biomedical**/barǝ(u)'medıkl/ adj. relating to both biology and medicine 生物医学的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biomedicine** n.

**biometry**/bar'pmitri/(also 亦作 **biometrics**/baiǝ(u)-'metriks/) n. the application of statistical analysis to biological data 生物统计学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biometric** adj. **biometrical** adj. **biometrician** n.

**biomimetic** / barǝumr'metık/ adj. Biochemistry 【生化】 relating to or denoting synthetic methods which mimic biochemical processes 仿生的

**biomolecule** / barǝu'mplıkju:l/ n. a molecule that is involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms 生物分子

**biomorph** /'barǝ(u)mǝ:f/ n. a decorative form or object based on or resembling a living organism 生物形态 a graphical representation of an organism generated on a computer 计算机微生物图形
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biomorphic** adj.

**bionic**/bar'pnık/ adj. 1 relating to or denoting the use of electromechanical body parts instead of or as well as living ones 仿生学的2 informal【非正式】

<240>
**bionomics | biotechnology**

having ordinary human powers increased by or as if by the aid of such devices(似)利用仿生装置增强人体功能的
-DERIVatives 派生词 **bionically** adv. **bionics** pl. n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from BIO-, on the pattern of electronic.

**bionomics**/baıǝ(u)'nomiks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the study of the behaviour and adaptation of organisms in their natural habitat; ecology 生态学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bionomic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BIO-, on the pattern of economics.

**biopharmaceutical** / barǝu,fa:mǝ'sju:tıkl/ n. a biological macromolecule or cellular component, such as a blood product, used as a pharmaceutical 生物药物

**biophysics**/baıǝ(u)'fızıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the science of the application of the laws of physics to biological phenomena 生物物理学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biophysical** adj. **biophysicist** n.

**biopic** /'barǝupık/ n. informal 【非正式】 a biographical film 传记(影)片

**biopiracy**/barǝu'paırəsi/ n. the practice of commercially exploiting naturally occurring biochemical or genetic material while failing to pay fair compensation to the community from which it originates 生物剽窃,生物侵权

**biopolymer**/baiǝu'pplımə(r)/ n. a polymeric substance occurring in living organisms, e.g. a protein, cellulose, or DNA 生物高分子,生物聚合体,生物聚合物

**bioprospecting** / barǝu'prospektıŋ/ n. the search for plant and animal species from which medicinal drugs and other commercially valuable compounds can be obtained生物(资源)勘测
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioprospector** n.

**biopsy** /'bappsi/ n. (pl. **biopsies**) an examination of tissue taken from the body, to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease 活检,活组织检查■v.(**biopsies, biopsying, biopsied**) conduct a biopsy on 对………进行活组织检查
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Fr. from Gk bios 'life' + opsis 'sight'.

**bioreactor**/barǝuri'æktə(r)/ ■n. an apparatus in which a biological reaction or process is carried out, especially on an industrial scale 生物反应器

**bioregion** /'barǝuri:dzn/ n. a region defined by characteristics of the natural environment rather than by man-made divisions 生物区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioregional** adj.

**bioregionalism** / barəu'ri:dzənəlız(ə)m/ n. the belief that human activity should be constrained by ecological or geographical boundaries rather than political ones 生物区域主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioregionalist** n.

**bioremediation** / barǝ(u)rı,mi:di'erfn/ n. the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants 生物修复,生物整治,生物治疗

**biorhythm** /'baiǝ(u),rið(ə)m/ n. a recurring cycle in the physiology or functioning of an organism, such as the daily cycle of sleeping and waking 生物节律
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biorhythmic** adj.

**BIOS** /'baips/ n. a set of computer instructions in firmware which control input and output operations(计算机)基本输入输出系统
-ORIGIN 词源 acronym from Basic Input-Output System.

**bioscience**/barǝu'saıəns/ n. any of the life sciences 生命科学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioscientist** n.

**bioscope** /'barəskəup/ n. dated or S. African 【过时或南非】a cinema or film 电影院,电影

**biosensor** /'barǝ(u),sensə(r)/ n. a device which uses a living organism or biological molecules, especially enzymes or antibodies, to detect the presence of chemicals 生物传感器

**biosolids** /'baiǝu,splıdz/ pl. n. organic matter recycled from sewage, especially for use in agriculture(尤用于农业的)生物固体,生物污泥

**biosphere** /'barəsfıə(r)/ n. 1 the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms 生物圈 2 an artificial structure enclosing a self-contained ecosystem 人造生物圈
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biospheric** adj.

**biostratigraphy** / baiǝ(u)strǝ'tıgrǝfi/ n. the branch of stratigraphy concerned with fossils and their use in dating rock formations 生物地层学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biostratigrapher** n. **biostratigraphic** adj. **biostratigraphical** adj. **biostratigraphically** adv.

**biosynthesis**/barǝ(u)'sındısıs/n. the production of complex molecules within living organisms or cells 生物合成
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biosynthetic** adj.

**biosystematics** / baiǝ(u), sistǝ'mætıks/pl. n. [treated as sing.视作单数] the study of the classification of organisms, their relationships, and the processes by which they evolved生物分类学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biosystematist** n.

**biota** /bar'ǝutǝ/n. Ecology 【生态】 the animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period生物区(系)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: mod. L., from Gk biote 'life'.

**biotech** /'barǝ(u)tek/ n. short for BIOTECHNOLOGY * biotechnology 的缩略式

**biotechnology** / barǝ(u)tek'nolǝdzi/ n. the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc. 生物技术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biotechnological** adj. **biotechnologist** n.

<241>
**bioterrorism | birchbark**

**bioterrorism**/baiǝ(u)'terǝrız(ə)m/ n. the use of infectious agents or other harmful biological or biochemical substances as weapons of terrorism 生物恐怖主义,生化恐怖主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioterrorist** n.

**biotic**/bar'ptık/ adj. relating to or resulting from living organisms 生物的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. biotique, or via late L. from Gk biotikos, from bios 'life'.

**biotin** /'barətım/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a vitamin of the B complex, found in egg yolk, liver, and yeast, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and glucose 生物素
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: coined in Ger. from Gk bios 'life' + -IN¹.

**biotite** /'barǝtart/ n. a black, dark brown, or greenish-black micaceous mineral, occurring as a constituent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks 黑云母
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French mineralogist J.-B. Biot.

**biotope** /'barətǝup/ ■n. Ecology 【生态】 the region of a habitat associated with a particular ecological community 生态单元
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Ger. Biotop, based on Gk topos 'place'.

**biotransformation** / baiǝutrænsfǝ'meıfn, -nz-/n. the alteration of a substance, typically a drug, within the body(特指药物在体内的)生物转化

**bioturbation** / barǝuts:'berfn/ ■n. Geology 【地质】 the disturbance of sedimentary deposits by living organisms 生物扰动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bioturbated** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from BIO- + L. turbatio(n-), from turbare 'disturb'.

**biotype** /'barǝ(u)tarp/ n. a group of organisms having an identical genetic constitution 生物型

**biowarfare**/barǝ'wɔ:feə(r)/ n. biological warfare 生物战

**bioweapon** /'barǝuwepǝn/ n. a harmful biological agent used as a weapon of war 生物武器

**bipartisan**/baipa:tı'zæn/ adj. of or involving the agreement or cooperation of two political parties 两党的,两党同意(或合作)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bipartisanship** n.

**bipartite**/bar'pa:tait/ adj. 1 involving or made by two separate parties涉及两方的,双边的;由双方完成的2 technical【技】 consisting of two parts 由两部分构成的

**biped** /'barped/ n. an animal which walks on two feet 两足动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bipedal** /bar'pi:dl/ adj. **bipedalism** n. **bipedality** / barpi:'dæliti/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. bipes, biped- (from bi- 'having two' + pes, ped- 'foot').

**biphasic**/bar'feızık/ adj. technical 【技】 having two phases 双相的

**biphenyl**/bar'fi:naıl, bar'fenıl/n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound containing two phenyl groups bonded together, e.g. the PCBs 联(二)苯

**bipinnate** /bar'pinert/ adj. Botany 【植】 (of a pinnate leaf) having leaflets that are further subdivided in a pinnate arrangement二回羽状的

**biplane** /'barplein/ n. an early type of aircraft with two pairs of wings, one above the other 双翼(飞)机

**bipod**/'barppd/ n. a two-legged stand or support 双脚架,两脚架

**bipolar**/bar'pǝulə(r)/ adj. 1 having or relating to two poles or extremities 两极的,双极的(of a plant or animal species) of or occurring in both polar regions(植物或动物品种)两极地区的,见于两极地区的2(of psychiatric illness) characterized by both manic and depressive episodes, or manic ones only(精神疾病)双相(型)的3(of a nerve cell) having two axons, one either side of the cell body(神经细胞)双极成的4 Electronics 【电子】(of a transistor or other device) using both positive and negative charge carriers(晶体管等)双极的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bipolarity** n.

**bipolar disorder** n. a mental disorder marked by alternating periods of elation and depression 双相型障碍(躁狂和抑郁交错发作的一种心理障碍)
> USAGE 用法说明
> The terms **bipolar disorder** or **bipolar affective disorder** are increasingly being used in place of **manic depression**. 由 bipolar disorder 或 bipolar affective disorder 取代 manic depression 的趋势日益明显。

**bippy** /'bipi/n. US informal 【美,非正式】a person's buttocks 臀部,屁股
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: of unknown origin.

**biracial**/bar'reıfl/ adj. concerning or containing members of two racial groups(关于)两个种族的;包含两个种族的

**biramous** /bar'reıməs/ adj. Zoology 【动】(especially of crustacean limbs and antennae) dividing to form two branches (尤指甲壳动物的肢体和触角)双枝型的,双叶型的
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from BI- + RAMUS + -ous.

**birch** /b3:tf/n. 1 a slender hardy tree with thin, peeling, silver-grey or white bark, which yields a hard pale wood 桦 [Betula pendula (silver birch) and related species.] 2 (**the birch**) chiefly historical 【主史义】a formal punishment in which a person is flogged with a bundle of birch twigs 桦条鞭答■v. chiefly historical【主史义】beat with the birch as a punishment 用桦条鞭笞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birchen** adj. (archaic 【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bierce, birce, of Gmc origin.

**birchbark** /'b3:tfba:k/ n. the impervious bark of the North American paper birch, formerly used by American Indians to make canoes and other items 桦树皮

<242>
**Bircher | bird's-nest orchid**

**Bircher** /'b3:tfə(r)/ n. a member or supporter of the John Birch Society, an extreme right-wing and anticommunist American organization 伯奇协会成员,伯奇分子(美国一极端右翼反共组织)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of John Birch, a USAF officer.

**bird** /b3:d/n. 1 a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal of a class distinguished by the possession of feathers, wings, and a beak, typically able to fly鸟,禽[Class Aves.] 2 informal 【非正式】 a person of a specified kind人,家伙: She's a sharp old bird. 她是个精明的老家伙。3 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a young woman or girlfriend 年轻女子;女友
-PHRASES 短语 **the bird has flown** the person one is looking for has escaped or left 被找的人逃逸(或离开)了 **the birds and the bees** informal【非正式】 basic facts about sex and reproduction, as told to a child(讲给儿童听的)性启蒙知识 **do(one's) bird** Brit. informal【英,非正式】serve a prison sentence 坐牢,服刑[bird from rhyming sl. birdlime 'time'.] **flip someone the bird** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 stick one's middle finger up at someone as a sign of contempt or anger 向某人竖起中指(表示轻蔑和恼怒)(**strictly) for the birds** informal 【非正式】 not worthy of consideration 不值得考虑 **give someone the bird** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】boo or jeer at someone 给某人喝倒彩,嘲弄某人 **have a bird** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】be shocked or agitated 感到震惊,焦躁不安
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birdlike** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brid 'chick, fledgling', of unknown origin.

**birdbrain** /'b3:dbrein/ n. informal 【非正式】a silly or stupid person 笨蛋,傻瓜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birdbrained** adj.

**birdcage** /'b3:dke1d3/ n. a wire or cane cage for pet birds 鸟笼

**bird cherry** n. a small wild cherry tree, with bitter black fruit that is eaten by birds 稠李 [Prunus padus.]

**bird dog** N. Amer. 【北美】 ■n. 1 a gun dog trained to retrieve birds 捕鸟猎犬2 informal 【非正式】 a talent scout 猎头,物色人才者v. (**bird-dog**) informal 【正式】search out or pursue with dogged determination 对………穷追不舍,对………孜孜以求

**bird-eating spider**n. another term for TARANTULA (sense 1) tarantula(释义1)的另一种说法

**birder** /'b3:də(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】a birdwatcher 鸟类观察者,观鸟者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birding** n.

**bird flu** n. a severe, often fatal, type of influenza that affects birds, especially poultry, and that can also be fatal to humans 禽流感

**birdie** /'b3:di/ n. (pl. **birdies**) 1 informal 【非正式】 a child's word for a bird 小鸟2 Golf 【高尔夫】a score of one stroke under par at a hole 小鸟球(比标准杆数少一杆入洞)■v.(**birdies, birdying, birdied**) Golf 【高尔夫】play(a hole) with a score of one stroke under par 在(球洞)打出小鸟球
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: dimin. of BIRD; the golf term from US sl. bird, denoting something excellent.

**birdlime** /'b3:dlaım/ n. a sticky substance spread on to twigs to trap small birds 粘鸟胶

**bird of paradise** n. 1 (pl. **birds of paradise**) a tropical Australasian bird, the male of which is noted for the beauty of its plumage and its spectacular courtship display风鸟,极乐鸟[Family Paradisaeidae: many species.] 2 (also 小作 **bird of paradise flower**) a southern African plant which bears a showy flower with a long projecting tongue 鹤望兰[Strelitzia regina and related species.]

**bird of passage** n. 1 dated 【过时】 a migratory bird 候鸟2 a person who passes through a place without staying long 四处漂泊的人

**bird of prey** n. a bird that feeds on animal flesh and typically has a hooked bill and sharp talons (e.g. an eagle, hawk, or owl); a raptor 猛禽

**bird pepper** n. a tropical American capsicum pepper which is thought to be the ancestor of both sweet and chilli peppers 辣椒 [Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum.] the small, red, very hot fruit of the bird pepper 朝天椒

**birdseed** /'b3:dsi:d/ n. a blend of seeds for feeding to birds 鸟食

**bird's-eye** n. 1 (also 亦作 **bird's-eye speedwell**) North American term for GERMANDER SPEEDWELL * germander speedwell 的北美说法 2 a small geometric pattern woven with a dot in the centre鸟眼花纹,芝麻点花纹

**bird's-eye chilli** n. a small very hot chilli pepper(很辣的)小尖椒,鸟眼小辣椒

**bird's-eye view** n. a general view from above 鸟瞰

**bird's-foot** n. (pl. **bird's-foots**) a leguminous plant bearing pods shaped like the foot of a bird鸟脚鸡足豆[Ornithopus perpusillus.]

**bird's-foot trefoil** n. a small leguminous plant which has three-lobed leaves, yellow flowers streaked with red, and triple pods that resemble the feet of a bird 百脉根,牛角花,五叶草 [Lotus corniculatus.]

**birdshot** /'b3:dfpt/ n. the smallest size of shot for sporting rifles or other guns 小号铅弹

**bird's-nest** n. 1 a brownish or yellowish saprophytic flowering plant with scale-like leaves 松下兰,松滴兰[Monotropa hypopitys (**yellow bird's-nest**) and Pterospora andromeda (**giant bird's-nest**, N. America).] 2 a fungus with a small bowl-shaped fruiting body that opens to reveal egg-shaped organs containing the spores 鸟巢菌 [Crucibulum laeve and other species, family Nidulariaceae.]

**bird's-nesting** n. the practice of hunting for birds' nests in order to take the eggs 掏鸟窝,摸鸟蛋

**bird's-nest orchid** n. a yellowish-brown saprophytic orchid with a mass of roots resembling a bird's nest 鸟巢兰[Neottia nidus-avis.]

<243>
**bird's nest soup | BIS**

**bird's nest soup** ■n. (in Chinese cookery) a soup made from the dried gelatinous coating of the nests of swifts and other birds(中式烹饪的)燕窝汤

**birdsong** /'b3:dspŋ/ n. the musical vocalizations of birds鸟鸣,鸣啭

**bird strike** n. a collision of a bird and an aircraft 鸟撞击(鸟和飞机相撞)

**bird table** n. Brit. 【英】 a small platform or table in a garden on which food for birds is placed 鸟食台

**birdwatching** /'b3:d,wDtfiŋ/ ■n. the practice of observing birds in their natural environment as a hobby(在大自然中)观察鸟类,观鸟
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birdwatcher** n.

**birdwing**/'b3:dwin/ n. a very large boldly marked butterfly occurring in tropical Australasia 鸟翼凤蝶[Genus Ornithoptera: several species, including Queen Alexandra's bird-wing (O. alexandrae), the world's largest butterfly.]

**birefringent**/baırı'frin(d)3nt/ adj. Physics【物】 having two different refractive indices 双折射的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birefringence** n.

**bireme** /'batri:m/n, an ancient warship with two files of oarsmen on each side(古代)双排桨战船
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. biremis, from bi- 'having two' + remus 'oar'.

**biretta** /br'retǝ/ n. a square cap with three flat projections on top, worn by Roman Catholic clergymen(天主教神职人员所戴的)四角帽,法冠
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. berretta or Sp. birreta, based on late L. birrus 'hooded cape'.

**biri** /'biri: n. (pl. **biris**) variant spelling of BIDI * bidi 的另一种排法

**biriani** bıri'a:ni/ n. variant spelling of BIRYANI * biryani 的另一种拼法

**birl**/b3:l/Scottish 【苏格兰】 ■v. spin or whirl (使)快速旋转,(使)飞旋■n. a spin or whirl 快速旋转
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: imitative.

**Birman** /'b3:mən/ n. a cat of a long-haired breed, typically with a cream body and dark head, tail, and legs 缅甸猫(长毛,身体乳白色,头、尾、腿呈深色)
-ORIGIN 词源 var. of BURMAN.

**biro**/'bairǝu/ n. (pl. **biros**) Brit. trademark 【英,商标】 a kind of ballpoint pen 伯罗牌圆珠笔
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: named after László József Biró, Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint.

**birr**/b3:(r)/ n. the basic monetary unit of Ethiopia, equal to 100 cents 比尔(埃塞俄比亚基本货币单位,1比尔=100分)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Amharic.

**birth**/b3:0/ n. 1 the emergence of a baby or other young from the body of its mother; the start of life as a physically separate being出生,诞生2 the beginning of something 创始,起源3 a person's ancestry or origin出身,血统: He is of noble birth. 他出身贵族。■ v. chiefly N. Amer.【北美】 give birth to 生(孩子);产(崽)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **birthing** n.
-PHRASES 短语 **give birth** bear a child or young 生小孩;产崽
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON byrth; rel. to BEAR¹.

**birth certificate** n. an official document recording a person's birth and identifying them by name, place and date of birth, and parentage 出生证明

**birth control** n. the practice of preventing unwanted pregnancies, especially by use of contraception 节育,避孕

**birthdate** /'b3:0dert/ n. the date on which a person is born 出生日期

**birthday** /'b3:0der/ n. the annual anniversary of the day on which a person was born 生日 the day of one's birth 出生之日
-PHRASES 短语 **in one's birthday suit** humorous 【幽】naked 赤裸裸的,一丝不挂的

**Birthday Honours** pl. n. (in Britain) the titles and decorations awarded on a sovereign's official birthday (英国)在国王(或女王)生日授予的荣誉称号

**birthing pool** n. a large circular bath in which a woman may give birth 分娩池,产盆

**birthmark** /'b3:0ma:k/ n. an unusual, typically permanent, mark on the body which is there from birth 胎记,胎痣

**birth mother** n. a woman who has given birth to a child, as opposed to an adoptive mother 生母,生身母亲

**birth parent** n. a biological as opposed to an adoptive parent亲生父母,生身父母

**birthplace** /'b3:0pleis/ n. 1 the place where a person was born 出生地 2 the place where something began or originated 发源地,发祥地

**birth rate** n. the number of live births per thousand of population per year 出生率

**birthright** /'b3:0rait/ n. a right of possession or privilege that a person has from birth, especially as an eldest son因出身而享有的权利(或特权);(尤指)长子特权 a natural or moral right, possessed by all 与生俱来的权利

**birth sign** ■n. Astrology 【占星】the zodiacal sign through which the sun is passing when a person is born(出生时的)星座

**birthstone** /'b3:Ostǝun/ n. a gemstone popularly associated with the month or astrological sign of a person's birth 诞生石(与人的出生月份或星座相对应的宝石)

**birthweight** /'b3:0wert/ n. the weight of a baby at birth产重,出生时体重

**birthwort** /'b3:0w3:t/ n. a climbing or herbaceous plant with heart-shaped leaves, formerly used as an aid to childbirth and to induce abortion 马兜铃 [Genus Aristolochia.]

**biryani** bıri'a:ni/(also 亦作 **biriani** or **biriyani**) n. an Indian dish made with highly seasoned rice and meat, fish, or vegetables 印度比尔亚尼菜(由重料调味的大米、肉、鱼和蔬菜制成)
-ORIGIN 词源 Urdu, from Pers. biryāni, from biriyān 'fried, grilled'.

**BIS** abbr. Bank for International Settlements 国际清

<244>
**bis | bistro**

算银行

**bis**/bis/adv. Music 【音】 to be repeated 重复演奏
-ORIGIN 词源 via Fr. and Ital. from L., lit. 'twice'.

**bis-**/bis/ comb. form Chemistry 【化】 forming the names of compounds containing two groups identically substituted or coordinated(构成化合物名称)两,双:bis(2-aminoethyl) ether双(2-氨基)乙醚

**biscotti** /br'skpti/ pl. n. small rectangular Italian biscuits made with nuts 意大利脆饼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**biscuit** /'bıskıt/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a small, flat, crisp unleavened cake 饼干 N. Amer.【北美】a small, soft round cake like a scone 软烤小圆饼 2 porcelain or other pottery which has been fired but not glazed 陶器素坯 3 a light brown colour 灰褐色 4 Carpentry 【木】 a small flat piece of wood used to join two larger pieces of wood together, fitting into slots in each(连接两块木板的)小块体,木榫
-PHRASES 短语 **take the biscuit** (or chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】**cake**) informal 【非正式】 be the most remarkable or foolish of its kind 最了不起;愚蠢之极
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biscuity** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bescuit, based on L. bis 'twice' + coctus, past part. of coquere 'to cook' (because biscuits were orig. cooked in a twofold process: first baked and then dried out in a slow oven).

**bisect**/bar'sekt/ v. divide into two parts 把…分成两部分;把……一分为二
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bisection** n. **bisector** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BI-+ L. sect-, secare 'to cut'.

**biserial** /bar'sıəriəl/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 arranged in or consisting of two series or rows 双列的

**bisexual**/bar'sekfuǝl/ adj. 1 sexually attracted to both men and women 双性恋的2 Biology 【生物】 having characteristics of both sexes 两性的■n. a person who is sexually attracted to both men and women 双性恋者
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bisexuality** n.

**bish**/b1f/n. Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】a mistake or blunder 错误,过错
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: of unknown origin.

**bishop** /'bıfǝp/ n. 1 a senior member of the Christian clergy, usually in charge of a diocese and empowered to confer holy orders(基督教)主教 2 a chess piece, typically with its top shaped like a mitre, that can move in any direction along a diagonal(国际象棋中的)象3 mulled and spiced wine(加糖和香料的)热果子酒
-ORIGIN 词源 OE biscop, bisceop, based on Gk episkopos 'overseer', from epi 'above' + -skopos 'looking'.

**bishopric** /'bıfǝprık/ n. the office or rank of a bishop 主教职级a diocese(主教所管辖的)教区
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bisceoprice, from bisceop (see见 BISHOP) + rice 'realm'.

**bishop suffragan**n. see 见 SUFFRAGAN,

**Bislama** /'bıflə,ma:/ (also 亦作 **Beach-la-mar** or **Bêchede-mer**) n. an English-based pidgin language used as the national language of Vanuatu, where it shares official status with English and French 比斯拉马语(以英语为基础的洋泾浜语,与法语、英语并列为瓦努阿图官方语言)
-ORIGIN 词源 alt. of Port. bicho do mar 'sea cucumber' (traded as a commodity, the word later being applied to the language of trade).

**bismillah** /bıs'mılə/ exclam. in the name of God (an invocation used by Muslims at the beginning of an undertaking)以真主的名义,真主啊
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. bi-smi-llah, the first word of the Koran.

**bismuth**/'bızmǝ/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 83, a brittle reddish-tinged grey metal 铋(化学元素,原子序数为83,略带红色的灰色金属,质脆)(Symbol 符: Bi)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. bisemutum, Latinization of Ger. Wismut, of unknown origin.

**bison** /'bars(ə)n/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a hump-backed shaggy-haired wild ox 野牛[Bison bison (the N. American buffalo) and B. bonasus (Europe, now only Poland).]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., ult. of Gmc origin.

**bisphenol A** /'bisfi:npl/n. Chemistry【化】a synthetic organic compound used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and other polymers 双酚A

**bisque¹** /bisk, bi:sk/ n. a rich soup made from lobster or other shellfish 龙虾浓汤,海贝浓汤
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'crayfish soup'.

**bisque²**/bisk/ n. an extra turn or stroke allowed to a weaker player in croquet 优待球(槌球赛中让给较弱对手的额外击球机会)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(orig. a term in real tennis): from Fr., of unknown ultimate origin.

**bisque³**/bisk/ n. another term for BISCUIT (sense 2) * biscuit(释义2)的另一种说法

**bistable**/bar'sterbl/ adj. denoting an electronic circuit or device which has two stable states (电路或电子装置)双稳(态)的

**bistort** /'bisto:t/ n. a herbaceous plant with a spike of flesh-coloured flowers and a twisted root 拳参 [Polygonum bistorta and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bistorte or med. L. bistorta, from bis 'twice' + torta (fem. past part. of torquere 'to twist').

**bistoury** /'bıst(ǝ)ri/ n. (pl. **bistouries**) a surgical knife with a straight or curved narrow blade (外科手术用的)细长刀
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. bistouri, orig. bistorie 'dagger', of unknown origin.

**bistre** /'bıstə(r)/ (US also 【美亦作】**bister**) n. a brownish-yellow pigment made from the soot of burnt wood(制自木材烟灰的)黄褐色颜料
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., of unknown origin.

**bistro** /'bi:strǝu, 'bis-/ n. (pl. **bistros**) a small, inexpensive restaurant 小酒店,小餐馆
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: Fr.; perh. rel. to bistouille, a

<245>
**bisulphate | bite**

northern colloq. term meaning 'bad alcohol'.

**bisulphate**/bar'salfert/ (US【美】 **bisulfate**) n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt of the anion HSO4-硫酸氢盐,酸式硫酸盐

**bit¹**/bit/ n. 1 a small piece, quantity, or extent of something 小片;小块;少量,一点儿2 informal 【非正式】 a set of actions or ideas associated with a specific activity(与某种活动有关的)一整套做法(或想法): She did her theatrical bit. 她做了些跟演戏有关的事。3 informal【非正式】 a girl or young woman 小妮子,女郎4N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a unit of 12 1/2 cents (used only in even multiples)一角两分半(仅用于双数倍数)
-PHRASES 短语 **a bit** somewhat 多少,有点儿,在某种程度上 **bit by bit** gradually 一点一点地,渐渐地 **a bit of a**- 1 used to suggest that something is not severe or extreme 有点儿,差不多: a bit of an accident一点小意外 2 denoting a young person or one of slight build年轻的;身量小的: a bit of a girl 小丫头 **a bit of all right** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 an attractive or pleasing person or thing 有魅力的人;吸引人的东西 **bit of fluff** (or **skirt** or **stuff**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】a woman regarded in sexual terms性感尤物,风骚女子 **bit on the side** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 1 a person with whom one is unfaithful to one's partner 情妇;情夫2 money earned outside one's normal job 外快 **do one's bit** informal 【非正式】 make a useful contribution 做贡献,尽力 **in bits** Brit. informal【英,非正式】very upset or emotionally affected 不安的;苦恼的;心绪不宁的 **to bits** 1 into pieces 成碎片,粉碎2 informal 【非正式】very much 非常,很
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bita 'bite, mouthful', of Gmc origin.

**bit²**/bit/ past of BITE * bite 的过去式

**bit³**/bit/ n. 1 a metal mouthpiece attached to a bridle, used to control a horse(马的)嚼子,衔铁 a tool or piece for boring or drilling 钻头,钎头 the cutting or gripping part of a plane, pincers, or other tool(刨子等的)刀头;(钳等的)夹头,钳牙3 the part of a key that engages with the lock lever 钥匙齿 4 the copper head of a soldering iron 烙铁头 ■v. put a bit into the mouth of (a horse)给(马)上嚼子
-PHRASES 短语 **get (or take or have) the bit between** (or N. Amer. 【北美】**in) one's teeth** begin to tackle a task in a determined way 开始坚定地处理(任务)
- DERIVATIVES 派生词**-bitted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bite 'biting, a bite', of Gmc origin.

**bit**/bit/n. Computing 【计】 a unit of information expressed as either a 0 or 1 in binary notation 比特(信息量度单位)
-ORIGIN 词源1940s: blend of BINARY and DIGIT.

**bitch**/bitf/n. 1 a female dog, wolf, fox, or otter 母狗,母狼,母狐狸;母水獭 2 informal【非正式】 a disliked or spiteful woman 令人讨厌的女人;坏女➤black English 【黑英】 a woman (used in a non-derogatory sense)女人(无贬义) a person who is completely subservient to another走狗,奴才3(**a bitch**) informal 【非正式】a difficult or unpleasant thing or situation 难题;困境4 informal【非正式】 a complaint 抱怨,牢骚v. informal 【非正式】make spitefully critical comments 诽谤,诋毁
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bicce, of Gmc origin.

**bitchery** /'bitfəri/ n. informal 【非正式】 spiteful behaviour 恶毒的行为

**bitching** /'bitfiŋ/ (also 亦作 **bitchen**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】■adj. excellent出色的,极好的■adv. extremely 极其,非常

**bitchy** /'bitfi/ adj. (**bitchier, bitchiest**) informal 【非正式】spitefully critical 恶意的,恶毒的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bitchily** adv. **bitchiness** n.

**bite**/bart/v. (past **bit**; past part. **bitten**) 1 use the teeth to cut into something 咬,啃 (of a snake, insect, or spider) wound with a sting, pincers, or fangs(蛇、昆虫或蜘蛛)咬,叮,蜇2(of a tool, tyre, boot, etc.) grip or take hold on a surface (工具)咬住;(轮胎)抓地;(鞋)防滑 (of an object) press painfully into part of the body(物体)刺痛,勒痛3(of an acid) corrode a surface(酸)腐蚀 4 take effect, with unpleasant consequences 产生不良影响,造成不良后果:The budget cuts were starting to bite.缩减预算开始产生不良后果。> informal【非正式】 annoy or worry 使烦恼;使担忧: What's biting you now? 你在烦些什么?5(of a fish) take the bait or lure on the end of a fishing line into the mouth (鱼)吞饵,上钩>informal【非正式】be persuaded to accept an offer 劝诱之下接受6(**bite something back**) refrain with difficulty from saying something 强忍住不说 n. 1 an act or instance of biting咬;叮a piece cut off by biting 咬下的一块 Dentistry 【口腔】 the bringing together of the teeth in occlusion 咬合,啮合 2 informal 【非正式】a quick snack 快餐 3 a sharp or pungent flavour 浓烈(或刺鼻)的味道 a feeling of cold in the air 冷意,寒意
-PHRASES 短语 **be bitten by the - bug** develop a passionate interest in a specified activity 热衷于,迷恋上(某项活动) **bite the big one** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】1die死,咽气2 be very unpleasant 令人厌恶,让人反感 **bite the bullet** decide after hesitation to do something difficult or unpleasant 决心做(难事或不快之事)[from the old custom of giving wounded soldiers a bullet to bite on when undergoing surgery without anaesthetic.] **bite the dust** informal 【非正式】 die or be killed 死掉;被杀死 **bite the hand that feeds one** deliberately harm or offend a benefactor 恩将仇报,以怨报德 **bite off more than one can chew** take on a commitment one cannot fulfil 承担力所不及的事,贪多嚼不烂 **the biter bitten** (or **bit**) indicating that someone is being treated in the same way as they have treated others 骗人者被骗 **bite one's tongue** make a determined effort to avoid saying something 保持缄默 **once bitten, twice shy** an unpleasant experience induces

<246>
**bite-sized | bituminize**

caution 一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳 **put the bite on** N. Amer. & Austral./NZ informal【北美,澳新,非正式】 borrow or extort money from从………借钱;向………勒索钱财[1930s(orig. US): bite, from the sl. sense 'deception'.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **biter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bitan, of Gmc origin.

**bite-sized** (also 亦作 **bite-size**) adj. 1 (of a piece of food) small enough to be eaten in one mouthful (食物)小块的,可一口吞掉的2 informal【非正式】 very small or short 很小的,很短的

**biting** /'bartın/ adj. 1 (of wind or cold) painfully cold(风或寒气)刺骨的,凛冽的2(of wit or criticism) harsh or cruel(俏皮话或批评)犀利的,辛辣的,恶毒的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bitingly** adv.

**bitmap** /'bitmæp/ Computing 【计】 ■n. a representation in which each item corresponds to one or more bits of information, especially the information used to control the display of a computer screen 位图v. (**bitmaps, bitmapping, bitmapped**) represent as a bitmap 以位图表现

**bitonal** /bar'tǝunl/ adj. (of music) having parts in two different keys sounding together(音乐)二重调的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bitonality** n.

**bit part** n. a small acting role in a play or a film(戏剧或电影中的)小角色,龙套

**bit rate**n. Electronics 【电子】 the number of bits per second that can be transmitted along a digital network 比特率

**Bitrex** /'bitreks/n. trademark 【商标】 a bitter-tasting synthetic organic compound added to cleaning fluids or other products to make them unpalatable“必苦”苦味剂(加入清洗液或其他产品中产生苦味的合成有机化合物)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: an invented name.

**bitser** /'bıtsə(r)/ ■n. variant spelling of BITZER * bitzer的另一种拼法

**bitstream**/'bitstri:m/n. Electronics 【电子】 a stream of data in binary form 位流

**bitten** /'bitn/ past participle of BITE * bite 的过去分词

**bitter** /'bıtə(r)/ adj. 1 having a sharp, pungent taste or smell; not sweet 苦的,苦味的2 causing pain or unhappiness引起痛苦的,使不快的feeling or showing angry hurt or resentment 愤怒的,怨恨的 ➤ (of a conflict) harsh and acrimonious(冲突)激烈的3(of wind or weather) intensely cold(风或天气)严寒的,寒冷入骨的n. 1 Brit. 【英】beer that is strongly flavoured with hops and has a bitter taste 苦啤酒 2(**bitters**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] alcohol flavoured with bitter plant extracts, used as an additive in cocktails 比特酒,苦酒,必打士酒(用于调制鸡尾酒)
-PHRASES 短语 **to the bitter end** to the very end, in spite of difficulties(不顾困难)坚持到底
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bitterly** adv. **bitterness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE biter, of Gmc origin.

**bitter apple** ■n. another term for COLOCYNTH * colocynth的另一种说法

**bittercress** /'bıtəkres/ n. a plant with small white flowers, which grows as a weed in damp soils 碎米荠 [Genus Cardamine: several species.]

**bitter gourd** n. a climbing plant of the cucumber family, native to Africa and SE Asia and cultivated in India for its long, rough-skinned fruit 苦瓜 Also called 亦称 KARELA. [Momordica charantia.]

**bitter lemon** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a carbonated semi-sweet soft drink flavoured with lemons 柠檬味碳酸饮料

**bitterling** /'bıtǝlıŋ/ n. a small brightly coloured freshwater fish of central Europe, whose eggs develop inside mussels 苦味鎊皱 [Rhodeus amarus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Bitterling, from bitter 'bitter' (translating L. amarus) + -LING.

**bittern¹** /'bit(ə)n/ n. a marshbird of the heron family with brown streaked plumage, noted for the male's deep booming call 麻鸭 [Botaurus stellaris (Eurasia), B. lentiginosus (N. America), and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME bitore, from OFr. butor, based on L. butio 'bittern' + taurus 'bull' (because of its call).

**bittern²** /'bit(ə)n/ (also 亦作 **bitterns**) n. a concentrated solution of various salts remaining after the crystallization of salt from seawater 盐卤,卤水
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from BITTER.

**bitter orange** n. another term for SEVILLE ORANGE * Seville orange 的另一种说法

**bittersweet** adj. / bitǝ'swi:t/ 1 sweet with a bitter aftertaste 又苦又甜的2 arousing pleasure tinged with sadness or pain 苦乐参半的n. /'bitəswi:t/ 1 another term for WOODY NIGHTSHADE * Woody nightshade 的另一种说法2avine-like American climbing plant bearing clusters of bright orange pods 南蛇藤 [Celastrus scandens and other species.]

**bittersweet chocolate**n. North American term for PLAIN CHOCOLATE * plain chocolate 的北美说法

**BitTorrent** /'bi(t)tprǝnt/n. Computing, trademark 【计,商标】a peer-to-peer file transfer protocol for sharing large amounts of data over the Internet 比特流(通过因特网分享大容量数据的点对点文件传输协议)
-ORIGIN词源C21: blend of BIT and TORRENT.

**bitty** /'biti/ adj. (**bittier, bittiest**) informal【非正式】1 Brit.【英】made up of small parts that seem unrelated 东拼西凑的,大杂拌的2 [in combination 用于复合词] N. Amer. 【北美】tiny微小的,少量的:a little-bitty girl 瘦小的女孩
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bittily** adv. **bittiness** n.

**bitumen** /'bitfumən/ n. a black viscous mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally or as a residue from petroleum distillation, used for road surfacing and roofing 沥青,柏油
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bituminous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting naturally occurring asphalt used as mortar) : from L.

**bituminize** or **bituminise** /br'tju:mınaız/ v. convert

<247>
**bituminous coal | black**

into or treat with bitumen使成沥青;用沥青处理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bituminization** n.

**bituminous coal**/br'tju:mınǝs/n. black coal having a relatively high volatile content and burning with a characteristically bright smoky flame 烟煤

**bitwise** /'bıtwarz/ adj. Computing 【计】 denoting an operator in a programming language which manipulates the individual bits in a byte or word (算符)逐位的,按位的

**bitzer** /'bıtsə(r)/ (also 亦作 **bitser**) ■n. Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】1a contraption made from unrelated parts 拼凑起来的新奇玩意儿2a mongrel dog 杂种狗
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: abbrev. of the phr. **bits and pieces**.

**bivalence**/bar'verləns/n. Logic 【逻】 the existence of only two states or truth values (e.g. true and false) 二值(如真和假)

**bivalent** adj. 1 /'brv(ə)l(ə)nt/ Biology 【生物】(of homologous chromosomes) associated in pairs(同源染色体)二价的2/bar'veil(ə)nt/ Chemistry 【化】 another term for DIVALENT * divalent 的另一种说法■n. /'brv(ə)l(ə)nt/ Biology 【生物】 a pair of homologous chromosomes (一对)二价染色体
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BI- + L. valent-, valere 'be strong'.

**bivalve** /'barvælv/ n. an aquatic mollusc which has a compressed body enclosed within a hinged shells, such as an oyster, mussel, or scallop 双壳(类)动物[Class Bivalvia.] adj. 1 (also 亦作 **bivalved**) (of a mollusc or other aquatic invertebrate) having a hinged double shell 有双壳的 2 Botany 【植】(of a fruit) having two valves(果)两裂爿的

**bivariate** /bar'veəriət/ adj. Statistics【统】involving or depending on two variates 二维的,二元的

**bivouac** /'bivuæk, 'bivwæk/ n. a temporary camp without tents or cover(尤指士兵或登山者的)露营地,露宿地 ■v. (**bivouacs, bivouacking, bivouacked**) stay in a bivouac 露营,露宿
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., prob. from Swiss Ger. Bîwacht 'additional guard at night'.

**bivvy** /'bivi/informal 【非正式】 ■n. (pl. **bivvies**) a small tent or temporary shelter 小帐篷,临时营帐v.(**bivvies, bivvying, bivvied**) use a tent or temporary shelter 使用小帐篷(或临时营帐)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: abbrev. of BIVOUAC.

**biweekly**/bar'wi:kli/ adj. & adv. appearing or occurring every two weeks or twice a week 两周一次(的);一周两次(的) ■n. (pl. **biweeklies**) a biweekly periodical 双周刊;每周两期的期刊

**bi-wiring** n. the use of two wires between an amplifier and a loudspeaker to operate the low-and high-frequency speaker circuits separately 双线分音

**biyearly**/bar'jıǝli/ adj. & adv. appearing or occurring every two years or twice a year 两年一次(的);一年两次(的)

**biz**/biz/n. informal 【非正式】 short for BUSINESS * business 的缩略式

**bizarre** /bı'za:(r)/ adj. very strange or unusual 古怪的,不寻常的,诡异的
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bizarrely** adv. **bizarreness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. bizzarro 'angry', of unknown origin.

**bizarrerie** /bı'za:rəri/ n. (pl. **bizarreries**) a strange and unusual thing奇异的东西,怪诞的东西
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from Fr., from BIZARRE.

**bizzy** /'bızi/ n. (pl. **bizzies**) variant spelling of BUSY * busy 的另一种拼法

**Bk** symb. the chemical element berkelium(化学元素)锫

**bk** abbr. book

**BL**/bi:'el/abbr. 1 (in Scotland and Ireland) Bachelor of Law (苏格兰和爱尔兰的)法学士 2 bill of lading 3 British Library 不列颠图书馆

**blab**/blæb/v. (**blabs, blabbing, blabbed**) informal 【非正式】reveal secrets by indiscreet talk 说漏嘴,泄露秘密
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Gmc origin; ult. imitative.

**blabber** /'blæbə(r)/ informal 【非正式】■v.talk discreetly or excessively 胡扯,信口开河;喋喋不休 ■n. a person who blabbers 胡扯的人,信口开河的人;喋喋不休的人indiscreet or excessive talk 胡言乱语;喋喋不休

**blabbermouth** /'blæbəmau/ n. informal 【非正式】 a person who talks excessively or indiscreetly 喋喋不休的人;碎嘴;信口开河者

**black**/blæk/ adj. 1 of the very darkest colour due to the absence of or complete absorption of light 黑色的,漆黑的 (of coffee or tea) served without milk (咖啡、茶)不加牛奶的2 relating to or denoting a human group having dark-coloured skin, especially of African or Australian Aboriginal ancestry(尤指非洲人和澳大利亚土著)皮肤黝黑的 3 characterized by tragedy, disaster, or despair 悲惨的;灾难深重的;绝望的>(of humour) presenting tragic or harrowing situations in comic terms(幽默)用喜剧词汇表达不幸的,黑色的full of anger or hatred 愤怒的;仇恨的 4 Brit. dated【英,过时】(of goods or work) not to be handled or undertaken by trade union members, as an expression of solidarity with an industrial dispute elsewhere(货物或工作)受工会抵制的 5 (of a ski run) of the highest level of difficulty (滑雪道)难度系数最大的 6 of or denoting the suits spades and clubs in a pack of cards 黑桃和梅花组牌的 ■n. 1 black colour or pigment 黑色;黑颜料 black clothes or material, worn as a sign of mourning 丧服,孝服 (**Black**) the player of the black pieces in chess or draughts(国际象棋或跳棋中)执黑子的一方2 a member of a dark-skinned people, especially one of African or Australian Aboriginal ancestry (尤指有非洲或澳大利亚土著血统的)黑人3 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】blackcurrant cordial 黑醋栗甜酒 ■v.1 make black, especially by the application of black polish or make-up(尤指使用黑漆或化妆品)使变成黑色,涂黑2(**black something out**) make a room or building dark by extinguishing lights, covering

<248>
**blackamoor | blackboy**

windows, etc. 使某处变黑 obscure something completely 抹掉>(of a television company) decide not to broadcast a controversial programme(电讯公司)停播争议节目3(**black out**) undergo a sudden and temporary loss of consciousness 突然昏迷,暂时失去知觉4 Brit. dated 【英,过时】refuse to deal with (goods or people) or undertake (work), as a form of industrial action 抵制(货物、人员、工作)
-PHRASES 短语 **black someone's eye** hit someone in the eye so as to cause bruising 把某人眼眶打得青肿 **in the black** not owing any money 无债务的 **in someone's black books** informal 【非正式】in disfavour with someone 不受人喜欢 **look on the black side** informal【非正式】 take a pessimistic view of a situation 看阴暗面,态度悲观
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **blackish** adj. **blackly** adv. **blackness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blæc, of Gmc origin.

> (USAGE 用法说明
> **Black** has been used to refer to African peoples and their descendants since the 14th century, and it is the most widely used and generally accepted term in Britain today. In the US the currently preferred term is **African American**. * black一词自14世纪以来一直被用于指非洲人及其后裔。在英国这一用法目前仍最为普遍且被广泛接受。在美国目前人们更倾向于使用 African American.

**blackamoor**/'blækəmə:(r), -muə(r)/ n. archaic 【古】 a black African or a very dark-skinned person 非洲黑人;皮肤黝黑的人
-ORIGIN词源C16: from BLACK + MOOR.

**black and tan**n. 1 a terrier of a breed with a black back and tan markings on face, flanks, and legs黑背黄斑㹴2 Brit.【英】 a drink composed of stout and bitter 黑淡啤酒3(**Black and Tans**) an armed force recruited by the British government to fight Sinn Fein in Ireland in 1921 爱尔兰王室警吏团[so named because of the khaki and black colours of their uniform]

**black and white** adj. 1 consisting of or displaying images in black, white, and shades of grey rather than in colour 黑白的2(of a situation or debate) involving clearly defined opposing principles or issues(情形或争论)是非分明的,黑白分明的■n. US informal【美,非正式】a police car 警车

**black art** n. 1 (also 亦作 **black arts**) another term for BLACK MAGIC * black magic 的另一种说法2a technique or practice considered mysterious and sinister 诡计;妖术;歪门邪道

**blackball** /'blækbo:l/ v. reject or vote against (a candidate applying to become a member of a private club)投票反对,拒绝(申请者加入私人俱乐部)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from the practice of registering an adverse vote by placing a black ball in a ballot box.

**black bass** n. a North American freshwater sporting and food fish of the sunfish family 黑鲈 [Genus Micropterus: several species.]

**black bean** n. 1 a cultivated variety of soy bean, used fermented in oriental cooking 黄豆(东方烹饪中发酵后使用)2 a Mexican variety of the French bean 墨西哥扁豆 3 a leguminous Australian liana with blackish flowers 黑花珊瑚豌豆| Kennedia nigricans.]

**black bear** n. a medium-sized forest-dwelling bear with blackish fur and a paler face 黑熊 [Ursus americanus (America) and Selenarctos thibetanus (E. Asia).]

**black beetle**n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】the common cockroach 蟑螂

**black belt** ■n. a black belt worn by an expert in judo, karate, and other martial arts(柔道、空手道等武术中的)黑腰带

**BlackBerry** /'blækbəri/ n. trademark 【商标】a handheld wireless device that provides Internet access and email, telephone, and text messaging facilities 黑莓手机 ■v. (**BlackBerries, BlackBerrying, BlackBerried**) communicate with (someone) using a BlackBerry device 用黑莓手机联系(某人)

**blackberry** /'blækbəri/ n. (pl. **blackberries**) 1 an edible soft fruit consisting of a cluster of soft purple-black drupels 黑莓(浆果) 2 the prickly climbing shrub of the rose family which bears blackberries 黑莓 [Rubus fruticosus.] v. (**blackberries, blackberrying, blackberried**) [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **blackberrying**] gather blackberries 采摘黑莓

**black bile**n. (in medieval science and medicine) one of the four bodily humours, believed to be associated with a melancholy temperament 黑胆汁(中世纪医学认为与抑郁质相关)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: translation of Gk melankholia (see见 MELANCHOLY).

**blackbird** /'blækb3:d/n. 1 a thrush of which the male has all-black plumage and a yellow bill, and the female is brown 乌鸫[Turdus merula.] 2 an American songbird with largely black plumage 红翅黑鹂 [Agelaius phoeniceus (red-winged blackbird) and other species, family Icteridae.] 3 historical 【史义】a black or Polynesian captive on a slave ship 黑鸟(运奴船上被俘虏的黑人或波利尼西亚人)

**blackboard** /'blækbɔ:d/ n. a large board with a smooth dark surface for writing on with chalk 黑板

**black body** ■n. Physics 【物】 a hypothetical perfect absorber and radiator of energy, with no reflecting power 黑体

**black bottom** n. a popular American dance of the 1920s 黑臀舞,黑人扭摆舞(流行于20世纪20年代)

**black box** n. a flight recorder in an aircraft(飞机)黑匣子

**blackboy** /'blækbəı/ n. an Australian tree or erect shrub with long, stiff grass-like leaves 黄万年青,刺叶树 [Genus Xanthorrhoea: several species.]

<249>
**black bread | blackhead**

**black bread** n. a coarse dark-coloured type of rye bread 黑面包

**blackbuck** /'blækbak/ n. a small Indian gazelle, the horned male of which has a black back and white underbelly, the female being hornless 印度羚 [Antilope cervicapra.]

**black bulgar** n. a cup-shaped stemless black fungus which grows on the fallen trunks and branches of broadleaved trees 胶陀螺,猪嘴蘑[Bulgaria inquinans.]

**black bun** n. rich fruit cake in a pastry case, traditionally eaten in Scotland at New Year 苏格兰黑面包

**blackbutt** /'blækbat/ n. a tall straight-trunked Australian eucalyptus tree, typically with fire-charred fibrous bark on the lower trunk and with pale brown wood 弾丸桉 [Eucalyptus pilularis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BLACK + BUTT³ in the sense 'tree trunk'.

**blackcap** /'blækkæp/ n. a warbler with a black cap in the male and a reddish-brown one in the female 黑顶林莺[Sylvia atricapilla.]

**blackcock** /'blækkok/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同)the male of the black grouse 雄黑琴鸡

**black consciousness** n. awareness of one's identity as a black person 黑人意识

**blackcurrant** / blæk'korənt/ n. 1 a small round edible black berry which grows in loose hanging clusters 黑茶藨子2 the widely cultivated shrub which bears blackcurrants 黑茶蔗子树 [Ribes nigrum.]

**Black Death** n. the great epidemic of a disease thought to be bubonic plague, which killed a large proportion of the population of Europe in the mid 14th century 黑死病(14世纪中期曾致大批欧洲人死亡)

**black diamond** n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a lump of coal 煤块 2 a dark, opaque form of diamond 黑金刚石3N. Amer.【北美】a difficult ski slope 黑道

**black dog**un. melancholy or depression 沮丧;忧郁: I'm happier, but the black dog is still there. 我心情好些了,但还是有点儿沮丧。
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: orig. as a term for a bad shilling.

**black economy**n. the part of a country's economic activity which is not recorded or taxed by its government 黑市经济

**blacken** blækən/ v. 1 become or make black or dark(使)变黑,(使)变暗2damage or destroy (someone's reputation)诋毁,败坏(某人的名声)

**black eye** n. an area of bruised skin around the eye resulting from a blow(被打成的)青肿眼眶

**black-eyed bean** (also 亦作 **black-eye bean**, US【美】**black-eyed pea**) n. 1 a creamy-white edible bean with a black mark at the point where it was attached to the pod 黑眼豆 2 the plant which produces black-eyed beans 豆 [Vigna sinensis.]

**black-eyed Susan** n. 1 a slender tropical climbing plant having flowers with yellowish petals and a dark centre 翼叶山牵牛[Thunbergia alata.] 2 a type of cultivated rudbeckia 黑心金光菊 [Rudbeckia hirta.]

**blackface** /'blækfers/ n. 1 a sheep of a breed with a black face 黑脸羊,黑面羊2the make-up used by a non-black performer playing a black role 黑人妆(非黑人演员扮演黑人时所化的妆)

**black-figure** n. a type of ancient Greek pottery in which figures are painted in black, details being added by incising through to the red clay background(古希腊)黑彩陶器 Compare with 比较 RED-FIGURE.

**blackfish** /'blækf1f/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **blackfishes**) 1 a large, dark open-ocean fish related to the perches 黑长鲳[Centrolophus niger.] 2 a salmon just after spawning 刚产完卵的鲑鱼

**black flag** n. 1 historical 【史义】 a pirate's ensign, featuring a white skull and crossbones on a black background 海盗旗(黑底,绘有白色骷髅头和交叉的股骨)2 historical【史义】a black flag hoisted outside a prison to announce an execution(宣布执行死刑时悬挂的)黑旗3 Motor Racing 【赛车】a black flag used to signal to a driver that he must stop at the pits as a punishment for a misdemeanour 黑旗(用于示意赛车手必须停车)

**blackfly** /'blækflat/ n. (pl. **same**单复同 or **blackflies**) 1 a black or dark green aphid which is a common pest of crops and gardens 黑蝇 [Aphis fabae and other species.] 2 a small black bloodsucking fly which can transmit a number of serious diseases 蚋 [Simulium and other genera.]

**Blackfoot** /'blækfut/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Blackfeet**) 1 a member of a confederacy of North American Indian peoples of the north-western plains consisting of three closely related tribes: the Blackfoot proper or Siksika, the Bloods, and the Peigan 黑脚人(包括三个血缘很近的部落,即正统黑脚人、布卢德人与皮埃甘人)2 the Algonquian language of the Blackfoot 黑脚语(属阿尔衮琴语)

**Black Forest gateau** (N. Amer. 【北美】**Black Forest cake**) n. a chocolate sponge layered with cherries and cream and topped with chocolate icing 黑森林(巧克力)蛋糕

**Black Friar** n. a friar of the Dominican order (who wear black habits)黑衣兄弟会(穿黑色衣服)

**black frost** n. frost which does not have a white surface 黑霜,暗霜

**black gold** n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】oil “黑金”,石油

**black grouse** ■n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a large grouse, the male of which has glossy blue-black plumage and a lyre-shaped tail 黑琴鸡 [Tetrao tetrix.]

**blackguard** /'blæga:d, -gǝd/dated【过时】 ■n. a man who behaves in a dishonourable or contemptible way无赖,小人,流氓v. disparage or denounce 侮辱,毁谤;谴责,指责
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **blackguardly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(orig. denoting a body of servants): from BLACK + GUARD.

**blackhead** /'blækhed/n. a plug of sebum in a hair follicle, darkened by oxidation(黑头)粉刺

<250>
**black hole | blackshirt**

**black hole**n. Astronomy 【天文】 a region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape 黑洞

**black ice** n. a transparent coating of ice on a road surface(路面上结的)黑冰

**blacking** /'blækıŋ/ n. black paste or polish, especially black shoe polish 黑色涂料,黑色上光剂;(尤指)黑鞋油

**blackjack** /'blækdzæk/ n. 1 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 a gambling card game in which players try to acquire cards with a face value totalling 21 and no more 二十一点(牌戏) 2 a weed related to the bur-marigold, with barbed bla ck seeds 鬼针草[Bidens pilosa.] 3 N. Amer. 【北美】 a flexible lead-filled truncheon 弹性灌铅棍 4 historical 【史义】 a pirates' black flag 海盗旗5 historical【史义】a tarred-leather container used for alcoholic drink 皮酒囊,皮酒袋

**Black Jew** n. another term for FALASHA * Falasha的另一种说法

**blacklead** /'blækled/n. another term for GRAPHITE * graphite 的另一种说法■v. polish (metal, especially cast iron) with graphite 用石墨抛光(金属,尤指铸铁)

**blackleg** /'blækleg/ n. 1 Brit. derogatory【英,贬】a person who continues working when fellow workers are on strike 黑腿子,工贼(指罢工时继续上班的人)2 a bacterial disease of cattle and sheep, causing necrosis in the leg(牛、羊的)黑腿病,气肿疽3a plant disease in which part of the stem blackens and decays 黑茎病 ■v.(**blacklegs, blacklegging, blacklegged**) Brit. derogatory【英,贬】continue working when one's fellow workers are on strike 不参加罢工,当工贼

**black letter** n. an ornate early bold style of type黑花体字

**black light** n. ultraviolet or infrared radiation, invisible to the eye黑光(指紫外辐射或红外辐射)

**blacklist** /'blæklist/ n. a list of people or groups regarded as unacceptable or untrustworthy 黑名单 ■v. put on a blacklist 把………列入黑名单

**black lung** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of coal dust 黑肺,尘肺病

**black magic** n. magic involving the supposed invocation of evil spirits for evil purposes 巫术,妖术

**blackmail** /'blækmeil/n. the criminal offence of demanding money from someone in return for not revealing discreditable information 敲诈,勒索,讹诈 the use of threats or unfair manipulation in an attempt to influence someone 胁迫;威胁:emotional blackmail 情感要挟 v. subject to blackmail 遭受敲诈,被勒索;受胁迫
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **blackmailer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting protection money levied by Scottish chiefs): from BLACK + obs. mail 'tribute, rent', from ON mál 'speech, agreement'.

**Black Maria** n. informal 【非正式】 a police vehicle for transporting prisoners 囚车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): said to be named after a black woman, Maria Lee, who kept a boarding house in Boston and helped police in escorting drunk and disorderly customers to jail.

**black mark**n. informal 【非正式】 a note or record of a person's misdemeanour or discreditable action 污点,不良记录

**black market** n. an illegal trade in officially controlled or scarce commodities 黑市
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **black marketeer** n. **black marketeering** n.

**black mass** n. a travesty of the Roman Catholic Mass in worship of the Devil 黑弥撒

**black money** n. income illegally obtained or not declared for tax purposes 黑钱(非法或匿报的收益)

**Black Monk** n. a member of the Benedictines (who typically wear black habits)黑修士(多穿黑衣)

**black Muslim** n. a member of the Nation of Islam, a black Islamic sect advocating a separate black nation 黑人穆斯林

**black nationalism** n. the advocacy of the national civil rights of black people, especially in the US(尤指美国的)黑人国家主义

**blackout** /'blækaut/ n. 1 a period when all lights must be turned out or covered to prevent them being seen by the enemy during an air raid (空袭期间的)灯火管制(**blackouts**) Brit. 【英】dark curtains put up in windows during an air raid(空袭期间用的)黑窗帘 a sudden failure of an electrical power supply 断电,停电2atemporary loss of consciousness 一时性黑矇 3 an official suppression of information 新闻管制,消息封锁:a total news blackout 新闻的彻底封锁

**Black Panther** n. a member of a US Black Power organization 黑豹党人

**black powder** n. gunpowder 黑火药

**Black Power** n. a movement in support of rights and political power for black people 黑人权力运动

**black pudding** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a black sausage containing pork, dried pig's blood, and suet 黑香肠(含猪肉、干猪血和板油)

**Black Rod** (in full 全形 **Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod**) n. (in the UK) the chief usher of the Lord Chamberlain's department of the royal household, who is also usher to the House of Lords(英国的)黑杖侍从

**black rot** n. a fungal or bacterial disease of plants producing blackening, shrivelling, and rotting(植物的)黑腐病

**black salsify** n. another term for SCORZONERA * scorzonera的另一种说法

**black sheep**■n. informal 【非正式】 a member of a family or group who is regarded as a disgrace to it 败类,害群之马

**blackshirt** /'blækf3:t/ n. 1 a member of a Fascist organization, in particular of an Italian paramilitary group founded by Mussolini 法西斯组织成员,(尤指意大利的)黑衫队队员2 (in the UK) a supporter of
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**blacksmith** /'blæksm10/ n. a person who makes and repairs things in iron by hand 铁匠 ➤ a farrier 蹄铁工

**black smoker** ■n. Geology 【地质】a geothermal vent on the seabed which ejects superheated water containing black sulphide minerals 海底黑烟柱

**black spot** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a place marked by a particular problem 麻烦多发地区: an accident black spot 事故多发地区 2 a fungal or bacterial disease of plants, producing black blotches on the leaves 黑斑病

**black stump** n. Austral. informal【澳,非正式】a notional place regarded as the last outpost of civilization 文明的界线

**black swan** n. 1 a mainly black swan, native to Australia and introduced widely elsewhere 黑天鹅[Cygnus atratus.] 2 archaic 【古】 something extremely rare 极稀有之物

**black tea** n. tea of the most usual type, that is fully fermented before drying 红茶 Compare with 比较 GREEN TEA.

**blackthorn** /'blækɔ:n/ n. a thorny shrub which bears white flowers before the leaves appear, followed by astringent blue-black fruits (sloes)黑刺李[Prunus spinosa.]

**blackthorn winter** n. Brit. 【英】 a spell of cold weather at the time in early spring when the blackthorn flowers 刺李寒

**black tie** n. men's formal evening wear 男式晚礼服

**blacktop** /'blæktop/n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】asphalt, tarmacadam, or other black material used for surfacing roads(铺路用的)沥青,柏油碎石

**black tracker** n. Austral. 【澳】 an Aborigine employed to help find people lost or hiding in the bush 土著警察助手(受雇寻找丛林中迷路(或躲藏)者的土人)

**black velvet** n. a drink consisting of a mixture of stout and champagne 黑天鹅绒鸡尾酒

**black water** n. technical 【技】 waste water and sewage from toilets 黑水(指厕所排出的污水和污物) Compare with 比较 GREY WATER.

**blackwater fever** /'blæk, wɔ:tə(r)/ n. a severe form of malaria in which blood cells are rapidly destroyed, resulting in dark urine 黑尿热

**black widow** n. a highly venomous American spider having a black body with red markings 红斑寇蛛 [Latrodectus mactans.]

**blackwood** /'blækwud/ n. a tropical hardwood tree which produces high-quality dark wood 黄檀 [Dalbergia melanoxylon (Africa) and other species.]

**blackwork** /'blækw3:k/ n. a type of embroidery done in black thread on white cloth, popular in Tudor times 白底黑线刺绣

**bladder** /'blædə(r)/ n.1 a muscular membranous sac in the abdomen which receives urine from the kidneys and stores it for excretion 膀胱 2 an inflated or hollow flexible bag or chamber 气囊
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blædre, of Gmc origin, rel. to BLOW¹.

**bladder campion** n. a white-flowered campion with a swollen bladder-like calyx behind the deeply cut petals 白玉草 [Silene vulgaris.]

**bladdered** /'blædəd/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 extremely drunk 烂醉如泥的,酩酊大醉的

**bladderwort** /'blædəws:t/ n. an aquatic plant with small air-filled bladders which keep the plant afloat and trap tiny animals to provide nutrients 狸藻属 [Genus Utricularia.]

**bladderwrack** /'blædəræk/ n. a common brown shoreline seaweed with tough strap-like fronds containing air bladders that give buoyancy 墨角藻 [Fucus vesiculosus.]

**blade** /bleid/n. 1 the flat cutting edge of a knife or other tool or weapon刃,刀口,刀片2 the broad, flat part of an oar, propeller, or other object(船桨、螺旋桨等的)桨叶,叶状物3 along, narrow leaf of grass(草的)叶片4 informal, dated【非正式,过时】a dashing or energetic young man 潇洒(或精力充沛)的青年男子5 a shoulder bone in a joint of meat, or the joint itself 肩胛骨;肩胛v. informal 【非正式】skate using Rollerblades 滑轮滑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bladed adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blæd, of Gmc origin.

**blaeberry** /'bleib(ə)ri, -beri/ n. (pl. blaeberries) Scottish and northern English term for BILBERRY * bilberry 的苏格兰和英格兰北部说法
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from dial. blae 'blackish-blue'.

**blag** /blæg/Brit. informal【英,非正式】■n.1a violent robbery or raid 暴力抢劫;暴力袭击 2 an act of using clever talk or lying to obtain something 骗取 ■v. (blags, blagging, blagged) 1 steal in a violent robbery or raid 抢劫,打劫2 obtain by clever talk or lying 骗取
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blagger n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Fr. blaguer 'tell lies'.

**blague** /bla:g/n. literary 【文】 a joke or piece of nonsense 笑话:废话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blagueur n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**blah** /bla:/■n. informal 【非正式】 1 used as a substitute for actual words where they are felt to be too tedious or lengthy to give in full 等等等等;如何如何 2 (the blahs) N. Amer. 【北美】depression 抑郁, 沮丧

**blain** /blein/ n. rare 【罕】 an inflamed swelling or sore疱,水疱
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blegen, of W. Gmc origin.

**Blairism** /'bleərız(ə)m/ ■n. the policies of the British Labour statesman Tony Blair 布莱尔主义(英国工党政治家托尼·布莱尔的政策)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 Blairite n. & adj.

**Blakey** /'bleıki/ n. (pl. Blakeys) Brit.【英】a protective metal plate fitted to the sole of a shoe or boot(鞋或靴的)金属护底,金属鞋掌
-ORIGIN词源C19: named after the manufacturers.

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**blame** /blem/ ■v. assign responsibility for a fault or wrong to 归咎于,责怪n. responsibility for a fault or wrong 过错,罪责
-PHRASES 短语 be to blame be responsible for a fault or wrong 对(过错或罪行)负责
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blameable (US also 【美亦作】 blamable) adj. blameful adj. blameworthiness n. blameworthy adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. blamer, blasmer, from pop. L. var. of eccles. L. blasphemare, from Gk blasphēmein (see见 BLASPHEME).

**blame game** n. informal 【非正式】a situation in which one party blames others rather than attempting to seek a solution“踢皮球”,推卸责任
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blame-gaming n.

**blameless** /'bleımləs/ adj. innocent of wrongdoing 无辜的,清白的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blamelessly adv. blamelessness n.

**blanc** /blæ/adj. (of wine) white (葡萄酒)白色的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'white'.

**blanch** /bla:n(t)∫/ v. 1 make or become white or pale 漂白,(使)变白;(使)苍白2 prepare (vegetables) for freezing or further cooking by immersing briefly in boiling water 焯(蔬菜) [often as adj. 常作形容词 blanched] peel (almonds) by immersing them briefly in boiling water 焯(杏仁)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. blanchir, from blanc 'white', ult. of Gmc origin.

**blancmange** /blə'monz, -'ma:n3/■n. Brit. 【英】 a sweet opaque gelatinous dessert made with flavoured cornflour and milk 牛奶冻
-ORIGIN 词源 ME blancmanger: from OFr. blanc mangier, from blanc 'white' + mangier 'eat.

**blanco** /'blæŋkəʊ/ Brit. 【英】 ■n. a white substance used for whitening belts and other items of military equipment 布兰可擦白剂v. (blancoes, blancoing, blancoed) whiten with blanco 用布兰可擦白剂擦白
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. blanc 'white', ult. of Gmc origin.

**bland** /blænd/ adj. 1 lacking strong features or characteristics and therefore uninteresting 枯燥乏味的,平白无奇的(of food or drink) lacking flavour or seasoning; insipid(食品、饮料)无味的,清淡的 2 showing no strong emotion 漠然的,无动于衷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blandly adv. blandness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'gentle in manner') : from L. blandus 'soft, smooth.

**blandish** /'blændı∫/ v. archaic 【古】 coax with kind words or flattery哄骗;奉承,谄媚
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. blandiss-, blandir, from L. blandiri, from blandus 'soft, smooth.

**blandishments** /'blændı∫mənts/ pl. n. flattery or kind words intended to persuade 奉承话,好言劝诱

**blank** /blæŋk/ adj. 1 not marked or decorated; bare, empty, or plain 无装饰的,空白的,光秃秃的,朴素的 2 not comprehending or reacting 茫然的,呆滯的: a blank look 茫然的表情3 complete; absolute 完全的,绝对的: a blank refusal to discuss the issue 断然拒绝讨论这个问题 4 used euphemistically in place of an obscene word(委婉语,替代淫秽词)n. 1 a space left to be filled in a document(文件中的)空白处,空格2 (also亦作 blank cartridge) a cartridge containing gunpowder but no bullet 空弾 3 an empty space or period of time 空白;空档期: My mind was a total blank. 我大脑一片空白。4 an object with no mark or design on it, in particular a roughly cut disc or block intended for stamping or finishing 毛坯,坯料5 a dash written instead of a word or letter, especially to avoid using an obscene word 代字破折号(尤用于代替淫秽词语) v. 1 make blank or empty 使变空白;腾空2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】deliberately ignore (someone)不理睬,忽视(某人) 3 N. Amer. 【北美】 defeat without allowing the opponent to score 零封 4 cut (a metal blank) 切割(金属坯件)
-PHRASES 短语 draw a blank elicit no successful response 失败
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blankly adv. blankness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'white, colourless') : from OFr. blanc 'white', ult. of Gmc origin.

**blank cheque** n. 1 a cheque with the amount left for the payee to fill in 空白支票,未填金额的签名支票 2 an unlimited freedom of action 自由处理权,全权

**blanket** /'blæŋkıt/ n. 1 a large piece of woollen material used as a covering for warmth, as on a bed 毯子,毛毯 2 a thick mass or layer 覆盖物,覆盖层: a blanket of cloud 厚厚的云层3 a rubber surface used for transferring the image in ink from the plate to the paper in offset printing(胶印的)橡皮布 ■adj. covering all cases; total 全面的,综合的,总括的: a blanket ban on tobacco advertising 全面禁止香烟广告 ■v.(blankets, blanketing, blanketed) 1 cover completely with a thick layer 覆盖,笼罩2 Sailing 【帆】 take wind from the sails of (another craft) by passing to windward 迎风航驶抢(他船)的上风
-PHRASES 短语 born on the wrong side of the blanket dated【过时】illegitimate私生的,非婚生的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blanketing n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via Old North. Fr. from OFr. blanc 'white', ult. of Gmc origin.

**blanket bath** ■n. Brit. 【英】 an all-over wash given to a person confined to bed (给卧床不起者洗的)湿毯浴

**blanket bog** n. an extensive flat peat bog formed in cool regions of high rainfall or humidity 覆被沼泽

**blanket finish** ■n. a very close finish in a race 集体冲过终点

**blanket stitch** n. a buttonhole stitch used on the edges of a blanket or other material too thick to be hemmed 锁边缝线迹,锁缝线迹

**blanket weed** n. a common green freshwater alga forming mats of long filaments 水绵[Genus Spirogyra.]

**blankety-blank** / blæŋkəti'blæŋk/ adj. & n. informal

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【非正式】used euphemistically to replace an obscene or taboo word (委婉语,代替淫秽词或禁忌语)

**blanking plate** n. a plate that covers an opening to protect it from moisture or dust 盖板,挡板

**blank verse** n. verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameters 无韵诗,(尤指)抑扬五音步诗

**blanquette** /blō'ket/ n. a dish consisting of white meat in a white sauce 白汁烩肉
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., based on blanc 'white'.

**blare** /bleǝ(r)/ v. make a loud, harsh sound 发出响亮刺耳之声 n. a loud, harsh sound 响亮刺耳之声
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'roar, bellow') : from MDu. blaren, bleren, or Low Ger. blaren, of imitative origin.

**blarney** /'bla:ni/ n. talk intended to be charming or persuasive (often considered typical of Irish people)(常指爱尔兰人说的)奉承话,花言巧语,哄骗话
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after Blarney Castle in Ireland, where there is a stone said to give the gift of persuasive speech to anyone who kisses it.

**blasé** /'blazer/ adj. unimpressed with or indifferent to something because of overfamiliarity 无动于衷的,漠然的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., past part. of blaser 'cloy', prob. ult. of Gme origin.

**blaspheme** /blæs'fi:m/ v. speak irreverently about God or sacred things 亵渎(上帝或圣物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blasphemer n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from eccles. L. blasphemare 'reproach, revile, blaspheme', from Gk blasphemein, from blasphēmos 'evil-speaking'; cf. BLAME.

**blasphemy** /'blæsfǝmi/ n. (pl. blasphemies) profane or sacrilegious talk about God or sacred things 亵渎上帝(或圣物)的言语;对神不敬的谈话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blasphemous adj. blasphemously adv.

**blast** /bla:st/ n. 1 a destructive wave of highly compressed air spreading outwards from an explosion 爆炸气浪,冲击波2a strong gust of wind or air 一阵强风,一股强气流 ➤ a strong current of air used in smelting(冶炼时用的)鼓风3 a single loud note of a horn or whistle(号角、哨子的)嘟声,鸣声4 informal【非正式】a severe reprimand 严厉斥责,训斥 5 N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 an enjoyable experience or lively party 快乐的经历;热闹的聚会 ■v. 1 blow up or break apart with explosives(用炸药)炸碎(或炸开) 2 (blast off) (of a rocket or spacecraft) take off from a launching site(火箭或宇宙飞船)发射,升空3 produce loud continuous music or noise 发出持续响亮的音乐声(或噪声) 4 informal【非正式】criticize fiercely 猛烈批评 5 kick or strike (a ball) hard猛踢(球);狠打(球)6 literary【文】(of wind) wither or shrivel (a plant)(风)使(植物)枯萎(或皱缩) 7 strike with divine anger (used as a curse)天杀的,该死的(用于诅咒):Damn and blast this awful place! 这该死的鬼地方,让它见鬼去吧! exclam. informal 【非正式】 expressing annoyance 该死,讨厌
-PHRASES 短语(at) full blast at maximum power or intensity 开足马力地,全力以赴地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blaster n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blæst, of Gmc origin; rel. to BLAZE³.

**-blast** /blæst/comb. form Biology 【生物】 denoting an embryonic cell or tissue 胚细胞的,胚胎组织的: erythroblast 成红血细胞 Compare with 比较 -CYTE.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk blastos 'germ, sprout'.

**blasted** /'bla:stid/ adj. informal 【非正式】 1 used to express annoyance该死的,讨厌的: Make your own blasted coffee! 弄你那该死的咖啡吧!2 drunk 喝醉的

**blast furnace** n. a smelting furnace in the form of a tower into which a blast of hot compressed air can be introduced, especially for smelting iron(尤指炼铁用的)高炉,鼓风炉

**blasto-** /'blæstǝu/ comb. form relating to germination胚,芽: blastoderm 囊胚层
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk blastos 'germ, sprout.

**blastocyst** /'blæstǝ(u)sist/ ■n. Embryology 【胚胎】a mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred 胚泡

**blastoderm** /'blæstǝ(u)d3:m/ ■n. Embryology【胚胎】a blastula having the form of a disc of cells on top of the yolk 囊胚层

**blast-off** n. the launch of a rocket or spacecraft (火箭、航天器的)点火发射

**blastomere** /'blæstǝ(u)miə(r)/n. Embryology 【胚胎】 a cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum 卵裂球

**blastomycosis** / blæstǝ(u)mar'kǝusis/n. Medicine 【医】 a disease of the skin or internal organs caused by infection with parasitic fungi 芽生菌病
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. genus name Blastomyces.

**blastula** /'blæstjulə/ n. (pl. blastulae /-li:/ or blastulas) Embryology 【胚胎】an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells 囊胚
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk blastos 'sprout.

**blat** /blæt/informal【非正式】■v.(blats, blatting, blatted) 1 make a bleating sound 咩咩叫,像羊一样叫 2 travel quickly飞驰n. a bleat or similar noise 咩咩的叫声,像羊般的叫声

**blatant** /'blert(ə)nt/ adj. open and unashamed; flagrant 公然的,无耻的;臭名远扬的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blatancy n. blatantly adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (first used by Spenser in blantant beast, a thousand-tongued monster, then in the sense 'clamorous'): perh. alt. of Scots blatand 'bleating'.

**blather** /'blæðə(r)/ (also 亦作 blither) v. talk at length without making much sense(滔滔不绝地)胡说,乱讲n. rambling but empty talk 连篇废话
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. Scots and north. Engl. dial.) : from ON blathra 'talk nonsense', from blathr 'nonsense.

**blatherskite** /'blæðəskart/ (also 亦作 bletherskate)

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■n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a person who talks at great length without making much sense 喋喋不休的人;废话连篇的人 ➤ foolish talk; nonsense 蠢话,废话
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BLATHER + SC. skite 'contemptible person'.

**blatter** /'blætə(r)/ v. informal 【非正式】move or strike with a clatter 咔嗒咔嗒地移动;噼里啪啦地击打
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: orig. Scots.

**blaxploitation** / blæksplor'terfn/ n. the exploitation of black people with regard to stereotyped roles in films 对黑人的利用(指在电影中让黑人担任固定角色)

**blaze¹** /bleız/ n. 1 a very large or fiercely burning fire 大火,烈火2 a very bright light or display of colour(光或色彩的)展现a conspicuous display or outburst of something 呈现;进发:They broke up in a blaze of publicity. 他们在众目睽睽之下闹翻了。 3 (blazes) informal 【非正式】 used as a euphemism for 'hell’(委婉语)地狱v.1 burn or shine fiercely or brightly 猛烈燃烧,熊熊燃烧;闪耀2 shoot repeatedly or indiscriminately 连续射击,滥射
-PHRASES 短语 like blazes informal 【非正式】 very fast or forcefully 迅速地;狂暴地,激烈地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blazing adj. blazingly adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blæse 'torch, bright fire', of Gmc origin.

**blaze²** /bleız/n. 1 a white stripe down the face of a horse or other animal(马等动物脸上的)白条纹2a cut made on a tree to mark a route(用作路标的)树皮刻痕 ■v.(blaze a trail) mark out a path or route 标明道路 ➤ be the first to do something; pioneer 开拓;带头;倡导
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: ult. of Gmc origin; rel. to BLAZE¹, and prob. to BLEMISH.

**blaze³** /bleız/ v. present (news) in a prominent or sensational manner 大肆报道,炒作(新闻)
-ORIGIN 词源ME (in the sense 'blow out on a trumpet'): from Mid. Low Ger. or MDu. blāzen 'to blow'; rel. to BLOW¹.

**blazer** /'bleızə(r)/ ■n. 1 a coloured summer jacket worn by schoolchildren or sports players as part of a uniform(学生或运动员穿的)夹克2aman's smart jacket not forming part of a suit(与裤子不配套的)男式便上装

**blazing star** n. 1 a North American plant of the daisy family with tall spikes of purple or white flowers 蛇鞭菊 [Genus Liatris.] 2 a North American plant of the lily family bearing spikes of white flowers 黄矮百合[Chamaelirium luteum.]

**blazon** /'bleız(ə)n/ v. 1 display or report prominently or vividly 显著展示;生动报告 2 describe or depict (armorial bearings) in a correct heraldic manner 描述(纹章)■n. a correct description of armorial bearings 纹章的正确描述 ➤ archaic【古】a coat of arms 盾形纹章,盾徽
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a shield): from OFr. blason 'shield', of unknown origin; verb influenced by BLAZE³.

**blazonry** /'blerz(ə)nri/ n. the art of describing or painting heraldic devices or armorial bearings 纹章说明,纹章绘制 ➤ heraldic devices or armorial bearings 纹章图案;盾形徽章

**bleach** /bli:tf/v. 1 make white or much lighter by a chemical process or by exposure to sunlight 漂白,晒白,使颜色变淡2 clean or sterilize with bleach 用漂白剂清洗(或消毒) ■n. a chemical used for bleaching and also to sterilize drains, sinks, etc. 漂白剂;消毒剂
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blæcan (v.), blæce (n.), from blæc 'pale', of Gmc origin; rel. to BLEAK¹.

**bleacher** /'bli:tfə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that bleaches 漂白工人;漂白剂2N. Amer. 【北美】a cheap bench seat in an uncovered part of a sports ground (运动场上的)廉价座位

**bleacherite** /'bli:tfərait/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】a person sitting in the bleachers 露天看台的观众

**bleaching powder** n. a powder containing calcium hypochlorite, used to bleach materials 漂白粉

**bleak¹** /bli:k/ adj. 1 bare and exposed to the elements 荒凉的,裸露的: a bleak moor 裸露的荒野 ➤ charmless and inhospitable; dreary乏味的;不宜居住的;凄凉的(of the weather) cold and miserable(天气)寒冷的,凄冷的2(of a situation) not hopeful or encouraging(形势)暗淡的,无望的,悲观的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bleakly adv. bleakness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blāc shining, white', or from ON bleikr; ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BLEACH.

**bleak²** /bli:k/ n. a small silvery river fish of the carp family 欧白鱼[Alburnus alburnus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from ON bleikja.

**blear** /blıə(r)/ archaic 【古】 ■adj. dim or dull 暗淡的,蒙胧的v. make (the eyes) dim or bleary 使(视线)模糊,蒙胧
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v.): prob. rel. to Mid. High Ger. blerre 'blurred vision' and Low Ger. blarroged 'bleary-eyed'.

**bleary** /'blıəri/ adj. (blearier, bleariest) (of the eyes) dull and unfocused from sleep or tiredness (眼睛)无神的,呆滞的;睡眼惺忪的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blearily adv. bleariness n.

**bleat** /bli:t/ v. 1 (of a sheep or goat) make a characteristic weak, wavering cry (羊)咩咩地叫 2 speak or complain in a weak or foolish way 低声抱怨;愚蠢地发牢骚 ■n. 1 the weak, wavering cry of a sheep or goat(羊的)咩咩声2a weak or foolish cry or complaint(微弱或愚蠢的)叫声(或抱怨)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bleater n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blætan, of imitative origin.

**bleb** /bleb/ ■n. 1 a small blister on the skin 疱疹
> Biology 【生物】a rounded outgrowth on the surface of a cell(细胞上的)泡2a small bubble in glass or in afluid(玻璃或液体中的)气泡
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of BLOB.

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**bleed** /bli:d/ v. (past and past part. bled) 1 lose blood from the body as a result of injury or illness 流血,出血2 draw blood from (someone) as a former method of medical treatment 给(某人)放血 3 (often in phr. 常用于短语 bleed someone dry) informal【非正式】 drain of money or resources 榨取(钱财或资源) 4 (of dye or colour) seep into an adjacent colour or area(染料或颜料)渗色,渗开
> Printing【印刷】(of a design) be printed so that it runs off the page after trimming使(设计)出血 5 allow (fluid or gas) to escape from a closed system through a valve放出,排出(液体或气体)■n. the action or an instance of bleeding 流血,出血
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blēdan, of Gmc origin; rel. to BLOOD.

**bleeder** /'bli:də(r)/ n. 1 Brit. informal【英,非正式】a person regarded with contempt or pity浑蛋;可怜虫 2 informal【非正式】a haemophiliac 血友病患者 3 Baseball 【棒】 a ground ball hit that barely passes between two infielders 穿越(安打)

**bleeding** /'bli:dın/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】used for emphasis, or to express annoyance 该死的;讨厌的(表示强调或恼怒)

**bleeding edge** n. the very forefront of technological development(科技发展的)最尖端,最前沿
-ORIGIN 词源 after LEADING EDGE, CUTTING EDGE.

**bleeding heart** n. 1 informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】a person considered to be excessively softhearted or liberal 濫好人2 a cultivated plant with red or partly red heart-shaped flowers 荷包牡丹 [Dicentra cucullaria and other species.]

**bleep** /bli:p/n. a short high-pitched sound made by an electronic device as a signal or to attract attention(电子设备发出的)嘟嘟声,嘀嘀声 ■V. 1 (of an electronic device) make a bleep(电子设备)发出嘟嘟(或嘀嘀)声2 (in broadcasting) censor (a word or phrase) by substituting a bleep(广播时)用嘟嘟声抹去(某些字句)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bleeper n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: imitative.

**blemish** /'blemı∫/ n. 1 a small mark or flaw which spoils the appearance of something 缺陷,污点2 a moral defect or fault (道德上的)污点,瑕疵■v. [often as adj.常作形容词 blemished] spoil the appearance of 破坏………的外观;玷污,使有缺陷
-ORIGIN 词源ME(asv.): from OFr. ble(s)miss-, ble(s)mir 'make pale, injure'; prob. of Gmc origin.

**blench¹** /blen(t)f/v. make a sudden flinching movement out of fear or pain(因害怕或痛苦)突然退缩,畏缩
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blencan 'deceive', of Gmc origin.

**blench²** /blent∫/ v. chiefly dialect【主方】 variant spelling of BLANCH * blanch的另一种拼法

**blend** /blend/ v. 1 mix and combine (something) with something else 使混合,使交融 ➤ form a harmonious combination 交融,协调 2 be an unobtrusive part of a whole融入,(与……)融为一体: A bodyguard has to blend in. 保镖必须要融入人群。 ■n. 1 a mixture of different things or people 混合物;混杂的人群2 a word made up of the parts and combining the meanings of two others, for example motel from motor and hotel 缩合词(如motel)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin and rel. to ON blanda 'to mix'.

**blende** /blend/ n. another term for SPHALERITE * sphalerite 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ger., from blenden 'deceive' (because it resembled galena but yielded no lead).

**blender** /'blendə(r)/ n. an electric device used for liquidizing, chopping, or puréeing food 搅拌器

**Blenheim** /'blenım/ n. a dog of a small red and white breed of spaniel 布莱尼姆犬
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire.

**Blenheim Orange** n. an English dessert apple of a golden or orange-red variety which ripens late in the season 莱尼姆苹果

**blenny** /'bleni/ n. (pl. blennies) a small spiny-finned fish with scaleless skin and a blunt head, typically found in shallow coastal waters 䲁 [Blennius and other genera, family Blenniidae.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. blennius, from Gk blennos 'mucus' (because of its mucous coating).

**blent** /blent/ literary 【文】 past and past participle of BLEND * blend 的过去式和过去分词

**bleomycin** / bli:ǝu'maısın/n. Medicine 【医】a bacterial antibiotic used to treat Hodgkin's disease and other cancers 博来霉素
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: an arbitrary alt. of earlier phleomycin, a related antibiotic.

**blepharitis** /blefǝ'raıtıs/n. Medicine 【医】inflammation of the eyelid 睑缘炎
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk blepharon 'eyelid' + -ITIS.

**blepharoplasty** /'blef(ə)rǝ(u), plæsti/ n. Medicine 【医】surgical repair or reconstruction of an eyelid (眼)睑成形术
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk blepharon 'eyelid' + -PLASTY.

**blepharospasm** /'blef(ə)rəuspæz(ə)m/n. involuntary tight closure of the eyelids(眼)睑痉挛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk blepharon 'eyelid' + SPASM.

**blesbok** /'blesbok/ n. an antelope with a mainly reddish-brown coat and white face, found in south-western South Africa 南非大羚羊 [Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Afrik., from Du. bles 'blaze' + bok 'buck'.

**bless** /bles/v. 1 consecrate or invoke divine favour upon (someone) by means of a religious rite(通过宗教仪式)宣布………为圣物,使圣洁 ➤ call (God) holy; praise (God)赞美,颂扬(上帝) ➤ (bless oneself) make the sign of the cross 画十字 2 (bless someone with) endow someone with (a cherished thing or attribute)使有幸得到,赋予3 used in expressions of surprise, endearment, etc.(用于表示惊奇、喜爱等)
-PHRASES 短语 bless you! said to a person who has

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just sneezed 上帝保佑!(对打喷嚏者说的话)[from the phr. (may) God bless you.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blēdsian, blētsian, based on blöd 'blood' (orig. perh. 'mark or consecrate with blood').

**blessed** /'blesid, blest/ adj. 1 made holy; consecrated 神圣的,神圣化的
>a title preceding the name of a dead person considered to have led a holy life, especially a person formally beatified by the Roman Catholic Church神圣的,尊敬的(尤用于受天主教宣福礼之死者名字前) 2 endowed with divine favour and protection 受上帝保佑的3 informal【非正式】used in mild expressions of annoyance or exasperation 该死的,讨厌的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blessedly adv. blessedness n.

**blessing** /'blesıŋ/ ■n. 1 God's favour and protection 赐福,天恩;天佑
> a prayer asking for such favour and protection 祷告祈福 ➤ grace said before or after a meal(餐前或餐后的)谢恩祷告 2 a beneficial thing for which one is grateful 喜事,幸运: It's a blessing we're alive. 真幸运,我们都还活着。3 a person's sanction or support 批准,支持,认可
-PHRASES 短语 a blessing in disguise an apparent misfortune that eventually has good results 貌似灾难,实际是好事

**blest** /blest/ adj. archaic or literary term for BLESSED * blessed的古代或文学说法

**blether** /'bleðə(r)/ n. chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】another term for BLATHER *blather的另一种说法

**bletherskate** /'bleðǝskeit/ n. variant spelling of BLATHERSKITE * blatherskite的另一种拼法

**blew** /blu:/ past of BLOW¹ and BLOW³ * blow¹ 和 blow³的过去式

**blewit** /'blu:it/ (also 亦作 blewits) n. an edible mushroom with a pale buff or lilac cap and a lilac stem 粉紫香蘑 [Lepista saeva and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from BLUE¹.
>
**blight** /blart/ n. 1 a plant disease, especially one caused by fungi such as mildews, rusts, and smuts (尤指真菌引起的)疫病 2 a thing that spoils or damages something 破坏因素 ➤ ugly or neglected urban landscape(城市中)脏乱差的地方,被忽视的地方■V. 1 infect (plants) with blight 使(植物)染上疫病 2 spoil, harm, or destroy 损坏,伤害,毁坏
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting inflammation of the skin): of unknown origin.

**blighter** /'blaıtə(r)/ ■n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a person regarded with contempt, irritation, or pity 讨厌鬼,可怜虫

**Blighty** /'blasti/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】1 Britain or England, as used by soldiers serving abroad in the First and Second World Wars 英国老家2 military slang【军俚】a wound suffered in the First World War, sufficiently serious to merit being shipped home to Britain(第一次世界大战期间)需送回英国医治的伤
-ORIGIN 词源 first used by soldiers in the Ind. army; Anglo-Ind. alt. of Urdu bilāyati, wilāyati 'foreign, European'.

**blimey** /'blarmi/ exclam. Brit. informal【英,非正式】expressing surprise, excitement, or alarm哎呀,天哪(表示惊讶、兴奋或惊恐)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. form of (God) blind (or blame) me!

**blimp** /blımp/n. informal 【非正式】 1 (also 亦作 Colonel Blimp) Brit. 【英】 a pompous, reactionary person 自负的反动分子2 a small airship or barrage balloon 软式飞艇,防空气球3N. Amer.【北美】an obese person 大胖子4 a soundproof cover for a film camera(摄影机的)隔音罩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blimpish adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War (in sense 2); sense 1 derives from a character invented by the cartoonist David Low.

**blin** /blin/singular form of BLINI * blini的单数形式

**blind** /blaınd/ adj. 1 unable to see because of injury, disease, or a congenital condition 失明的,盲的2 done without being able to see or without certain information盲目的,不确定的➤(of flying) using instruments only (飞行)单凭仪表操纵的 3 lacking perception, judgement, or reason 愚钝的,缺乏判断力的,不理性的: They were blind to his potential. 他们未发现他的潜能。4concealed, closed, or blocked off 隐藏的,封闭的,阻塞的➤(of a corner or bend) impossible to see round(角落或拐弯处)看不到另一头的5(of a plant) without buds, eyes, or terminal flowers(植物)无芽的,无芽眼的,无顶生花的6 [with neg.与否定结构连用] informal 【非正式】the slightest 丝毫的,一丁点儿的: It didn't do a blind bit of good. 这个毫无益处。■v. 1 cause (someone) to be unable to see 使(某人)看不见,使失明 2 deprive of understanding or judgement 使无理解力,使丧失判断力➤(blind someone with) confuse or overawe someone with (something they do not understand)(用某人不懂的事)将某人搞糊涂(或吓住)3 Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】move very fast and dangerously 快速而危险地移动 n. 1 a screen for a window, especially one on a roller or made of slats窗帘;(尤指)卷帘,百叶窗
>Brit.【英】an awning over a shop window(商店)橱窗遮篷2 something designed to conceal one's real intentions借口,幌子,障眼物3N. Amer.【北美】a hide, as used by hunters(猎人的)埋伏处,伏击处 4 Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】a heavy drinking bout 酗酒,暴饮adv. without being able to see clearly 看不清地
-PHRASES 短语 bake something blind bake a pastry case without a filling 烘烤未加馅料糕点 ➤ (as) blind as a bat informal 【非正式】 having very bad eyesight 视力极差的 ➤ blind drunk informal 【非正式】 extremely drunk 酩酊大醉的 ➤ turn a blind eye pretend not to notice 视而不见 [said to be in allusion to Nelson, who lifted a telescope to his blind eye at the Battle of Copenhagen (1801), thus not seeing the signal to 'discontinue the action'.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blindly adv. blindness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

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**blind alley** n. 1 a cul-de-sac死胡同2 a course of action leading nowhere僵局,绝路,死棋

**blind date** n. a date with a person one has not previously met, with a romantic or sexual aim(他人安排的)初次约会,相亲

**blinder** /'blaındə(r)/ n. 1 Brit. informal【英,非正式】an excellent performance in a game or race(游戏或比赛中)炫目的表演,出色的表演2(blinders) N. Amer.【北美】 blinkers on a horse's bridle(马的)眼罩

**blindfold** /'blaındfǝuld/ n. a piece of cloth tied around a person's head to cover the eyes 蒙眼布 ■V. deprive of sight with a blindfold 蒙住眼睛,(用眼罩)使看不见 adv. Brit. 【英】 with a blindfold covering the eyes 蒙着眼睛
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt., by assoc. with FOLD¹, of blindfeld, past part. of obs. blindfell 'strike blind, blindfold', from OE geblindfellan (see见 BLIND, FELL²).

**blind gut** n. the caecum 盲肠

**blinding** /'blaındıŋ/ adj. 1 (of light) very bright(光线)极亮的,炫目的2 suddenly and overwhelmingly obvious 赫然显现的,再明显不过的3 informal【非正式】(of an action) remarkably skilful and exciting(行动)干净利索的,漂亮的n. the process of covering a newly made road with grit to fill cracks 堵塞,填没 ➤ a thin bed of concrete laid before the main mass of concrete 混凝土垫层
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blindingly adv.

**blind man's buff** (US also 【美亦作】 blind man's bluff) n. a game in which a blindfold player tries to catch others while being pushed about by them 捉迷藏
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from buff 'a blow', from OFr. bufe (see见 BUFFET).

**blind pig** (also 亦作 blind tiger) ■n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】an illegal bar 非法酒吧
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. so called to evade prohibiton laws, the bars being disguised as exhibition halls for the display of natural curiosities.

**blind side** n. a direction in which a person has a poor view of approaching traffic or danger 盲区,危险的一面 ■v. (blindside) N. Amer. 【北美】1 hit or attack on the blind side攻其不备2 make unable to perceive the truth of a situation 使不明真相,使糊涂

**blindsight** /blandsart/n. Medicine 【医】 a condition in which the sufferer responds to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them 盲视

**blind snake** n. a small burrowing insectivorous snake of a group which lacks a distinct head and has very small inefficient eyes 盲蛇 [Typhlopidae and other families: many species.]

**blind spot** n. 1 Anatomy 【解】the point of entry of the optic nerve on the retina, insensitive to light 盲点 2 an area where a person's view is obstructed 盲区,死角 ➤ an area in which a person lacks understanding or impartiality(对某一领域的)无知,偏见 3 Telecommunications 【电信】 a point within the normal range of a transmitter where there is unusually weak reception 静区

**blind stamping** (also 亦作 blind tooling) n. the impressing of a design on a book cover without the use of colour or gold leaf(书籍封面的)无色(或无烫金)压凹印,素压印

**blind stitch** n. a sewing stitch producing stitches visible on one side only 暗缝线迹,暗针

**blind tiger** n. another term for BLIND PIG * blind pig的另一种说法

**blind trust** n. a trust independently administering the private business interests of a person in public office to prevent conflict of interest 盲目信托

**blindworm** /'blaındw3:m/n. another term for SLOW-WORM * slow-worm 的另一种说法

**bling** /blın/ (also 亦作 bling-bling) n. & adj. informal【非正式】 used to refer to ostentatiously expensive clothing or jewellery, or the style or attitudes associated with them 华贵服饰(的);珠光宝气(的): all the trappings of the bling lifestyle - sports cars, champagne, designer clothes 光鲜生活方式的种种羁绊——————跑车、香槟、名牌服饰
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: perh. imitative of light reflecting off jewellery, or of jewellery clashing together.

**blini** /'blıni, 'bli:ni/(also 亦作 bliny or blinis) ■pl. n. (sing. blin) pancakes made from buckwheat flour and served with sour cream 荞麦薄烤饼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Russ.

**blink** /blink/ v. 1 shut and open the eyes quickly 眨眼 2 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] react with surprise or disapproval 对……感到惊奇;反对: He doesn't blink at the unsavoury aspects of his subject. 他对他话题中令人反感的部分毫不奇怪。3back down from a confrontation 让步,退缩4(of a light) flash on and off(光)闪烁,闪亮n.1 an act of blinking 眨眼2 a momentary gleam of light(光的)闪烁
-PHRASES 短语 in the blink of an eye (or in a blink) very quickly 一眨眼,一瞬间 ➤ on the blink informal 【非正式】(of a machine) not working properly; out of order(机器)出故障,运转不灵
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in senses 'deceive', 'flinch', 'open the eyes after sleep'): from blenk, Scots var. of BLENCH¹.

**blinker** /'blıŋkə(r)/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】1(blinkers) a pair of small screens attached to a horse's bridle to prevent the horse seeing sideways and behind and being startled during a race 马眼罩 2 (blinkers) a thing that prevents someone from understanding a situation fully 障碍物 3 a vehicle indicator light that flashes on and off 交通信号灯 ■v. 1 put blinkers on (a horse)给(马)套上眼罩2 [often as adj. 常作形容词 blinkered] cause to have a narrow or limited outlook 使有偏见,使有局限性

**blinking** /'blınkıŋ/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】used to express annoyance 讨厌的,可恨的

**blinks** (also 亦作 water blinks) ■pl. n. [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] a small fleshy plant with tiny white flowers, growing in damp habitats 水生小鸡草,闪光小鸡草[Montia fontana.]

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BLINK, with ref. to the gleaming white flowers.

**blintze** /blin(t)s/n. a thin rolled pancake filled with cheese or fruit and then fried or baked(用乳酪或水果作馅,煎炸或烘焙的)薄饼卷
-ORIGIN 词源 from Yiddish blintse, from Russ. blinets 'little pancake'; cf. BLINI.

**bliny** /'blıni/ pl. n. variant spelling of BLINI * blini 的另一种拼法

**blip** /blip/n. 1 a bleep made by an electronic device (电子装置发出的)短促尖声,哔哔声
> a small flashing point of light on a radar screen representing an object (雷达屏幕上的)光点2 an unexpected, minor, and usually temporary deviation from a trend 变故;暂时性问题: The company's success is a seasonal blip. 公司的成功只是昙花一现。■v.(blips, blipping, blipped) 1 (of an electronic device) make a blip(电子装置)发哔哔声 2 open (the throttle of a motor vehicle) momentarily 短暂打开(机动车的油门)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (denoting a sudden rap or tap) : imitative.

**blipvert** /'blıpv3:t/ n. a television advert of a few seconds' duration(持续数秒钟的)电视广告

**bliss** /blıs/n. perfect happiness极乐,洪福 ➤ a state of spiritual blessedness天堂,乐园v.(bliss out or be blissed out) informal 【非正式】 be in a state of perfect happiness, oblivious to everything else 欣喜若狂,喜不自胜
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blīths, bliss, of Gmc origin; rel. to BLITHE.

**blissful** /'blisfl/ adj. extremely happy; full of joy 极乐的,欣喜若狂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blissfully adv. blissfulness n.

**blister** /'blıstə(r)/ ■n. 1 a small bubble on the skin filled with serum and typically caused by friction or burning 水疱(多因摩擦或烧伤引起) 2 a similar swelling, filled with air or fluid, on a surface(物体表面的)气泡,液泡3 Medicine, chiefly historical 【医,主史义】a preparation applied to the skin to form a blister 起疱剂,发疱药4 Brit. informal, dated 【英,非正式,过时】an annoying person 讨厌鬼,烦人的人■v. be or cause to be affected with blisters(使)起水疱(或气泡)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from OFr. blestre 'swelling, pimple'.

**blister beetle** n. a beetle that, when it is alarmed, secretes a substance that causes blisters 芫菁[Lytta and other genera: several species.]

**blistering** /'blıstərıŋ/ adj. 1 (of heat) intense(热度)强烈的,灼人的2(of criticism) very vehement (批评)猛烈的,不留情的3(in sport) extremely fast, forceful, or impressive(体育)飞快的,有力的,令人赞叹的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blisteringly adv.

**blister pack** n. another term for BUBBLE PACK * bubble pack 的另一种说法

**blithe** /blaið/ adj. 1 cheerfully or thoughtlessly indifferent 漠视………的,把……不当一回事的2 literary【文】happy or joyous欢快的,欣喜的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blithely adv. blitheness n. blithesome /-s(ə)m/ adj. (literary【文】).
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blithe, of Gmc origin; rel. to BLISS.

**blither** /'blıðə(r)/ v. & n. variant spelling of BLATHER * blather的另一种拼法

**blithering** /'blıðəriŋ/ adj. informal 【非正式】complete; utter完全的,十足的,绝对的: a blithering idiot 大白痴

**BLitt** /bi:'lit/abbr. Bachelor of Letters 文学学士
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Baccalaureus Litterarum.

**blitz** /blits/n. 1 an intensive or sudden military attack 闪电战,袭击战 ➤ (the Blitz) the German air raids on Britain in 1940-1941 (1940至1941年)德国对英国的空袭2 informal 【非正式】 a sudden and concerted effort 闪电式行动3 American Football【美橄】a play in which one or more defensive backs charge the quarterback of the opposing team 闪击四分卫 v. 1 attack or seriously damage in a blitz 以闪电战袭击(或重创) 2 succeed in overwhelming or defeating utterly全胜,大败3American Football 【美橄】charge in a blitz 闪击
-ORIGIN 词源 abbrev. of BLITNKRIEG.

**blitzkrieg** /'blitskri:g/ n. an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory闪电战,闪击战
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: from Ger., lit. 'lightning war'.

**blizzard** /'blızəd/ n. a severe snowstorm with high winds 暴风雪
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US, denoting a violent blow) : of unknown origin.

**bloat¹** /blǝut/ v. cause to swell with fluid or gas 使膨胀,使鼓起■n. a disease of livestock characterized by an accumulation of gas in the stomach 胃气胀
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. bloat 'swollen, soft', perh. from ON blautr 'soft, flabby'.

**bloat²** /blǝut/ v. cure (a herring) by salting and smoking it lightly 腌熏(鲱鱼)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: rel. to bloat herring 'bloater', of obscure origin.

**bloated** /'blǝutıd/ adj. 1 swollen with fluid or gas 肿起的,鼓起的2 excessively large or wealthy 极大的;富可敌国的

**bloater** /'blǝutə(r)/ n. a herring cured by salting and light smoking 腌熏鲱鱼

**bloatware** /'blǝutweə(r)/n. Computing, informal 【计,非正式】 software whose usefulness is reduced because of the excessive memory it requires 膨胀件

**blob** /blpb/n. 1 a drop of a thick liquid or viscous substance(液体或黏性物质的)一滴2an indeterminate roundish mass or shape一块,一团3 informal【非正式】 a score of 0 in a game(比赛)零分■v.(blobs, blobbing, blobbed) splash or mark with blobs 给…洒上(或蘸上)液滴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blobby adj. (blobbier, blobbiest).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a bubble): cf. BLOTCH, BLUBBER¹, and PLOP.

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**bloc** /blpk/ n. a group of countries or political parties who have formed an alliance 阵营,集团
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., lit. 'block'.

**block** /blpk/n. 1 a large solid piece of hard material with flat surfaces on each side 大块 ➤ a starting block 起跑器
>Printing【印刷】 a piece of wood or metal engraved for printing on paper or fabric 印版
>a head-shaped mould used for shaping hats or wigs 帽模;假发发模2 Brit. 【英】 a large single building subdivided into separate flats or offices 大厦,大楼: a block of flats 公寓大楼 ➤ a group of buildings bounded by four streets(由四条街道围成的)建筑群,街区
>N. Amer.【北美】 the length of one side of such a block 街区长度: He lives a few blocks away. 他住在几个街区之外。3 a large quantity or allocation of things regarded as a unit(一)大宗,(一)大批4 an obstacle to progress 障碍,故障 ➤ a chock for stopping the motion of a wheel (防止轮子滚动的)垫块,塞块5a flat area, especially a solid area of colour (物体的)平面;(尤指)纯色色块6 a pulley or system of pulleys mounted in a case滑轮;滑轮组7(also亦作 cylinder block or engine block) a large metal moulding containing the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine(内燃机的)汽缸体8(also 亦作 blockhole) Cricket 【板】 the spot on which a batsman rests the end of the bat while waiting to receive a ball 停板洞■v. 1 prevent movement or flow in 堵塞,阻塞2 impede or prevent (an action or movement)阻碍,阻止(行动或移动)➤(often常用 block something out) exclude (something unpleasant) from one's mind忘掉,抹去(不愉快的事) ➤ (in sport) impede with one's body(体育)阻挡 ➤ Cricket 【板】 stop (a ball) with the bat defensively 防御性挡(球)3 impress a design on (a book cover)将(图案)压印在(书籍封面上)4(block something out/in) mark out an outline or shade something in roughly 勾勒出轮廓;粗略描黑 ➤ [as noun 作名词 blocking] the physical arrangement of actors on a stage or film set 舞台调度;场面调度5shape(a hat) using a wooden mould 用木模给(帽子)定型
-PHRASES 短语 knock someone's block off informal 【非正式】hit someone very hard猛击,痛殴(某人) ➤ on the (auction) block for sale at auction 待拍 ➤ put one's head (or neck) on the block informal 【非正式】 put one's standing or reputation at risk by proceeding with an action 铤而走险
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blocker n. blocky adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a log or tree stump) : from OFr. bloc (n.), bloquer (v.), from MDu. blok, of unknown ultimate origin.

**blockade** /blp'kerd/n. 1 an act of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving 封锁 2 an obstruction of a biochemical or other physiological function(生化或生理功能的)阻滞,阻塞 v. set up a blockade of 封锁
-PHRASES 短语 run a blockade (of a ship) manage to enter or leave a blockaded port(船只)设法突破封锁区,穿过封锁区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blockader n.
-ORIGIN词源C17: from BLOCK + -ADE¹.

**blockage** /'blokıd3/ n. an obstruction which makes movement or flow difficult or impossible 阻塞,阻碍

**block and tackle** n. a lifting mechanism consisting of ropes, a pulley block, and a hook 滑轮组

**blockboard** /'blokbɔ:d/n. Brit. 【英】 a building material consisting of a core of wooden strips between two layers of plywood 夹芯板

**blockbuster** /'blok,bastə(r)/ ■n. informal 【非正式】a film or book that is a great commercial success 卖座电影;畅销书
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blockbusting adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s (denoting a huge aerial bomb) : from BLOCK + BUSTER.

**block capitals** pl. n. plain capital letters 正体大写字母

**block diagram** n. a diagram showing the general arrangement of parts of a complex system or process 框图

**blockhead** /'blokhed/n. informal 【非正式】a very stupid person 笨蛋,傻瓜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blockheaded adj.

**blockhole** /'blokhǝul/ n. see见 BLOCK (sense 8 of the noun名词释义8)

**blockhouse** /'blpkhaus/n. 1 a reinforced concrete shelter used as an observation point 掩体(用作观察哨) ➤ historical 【史义】 a one-storeyed timber building used as a fort 木屋(只有一层高,用作堡垒) 2 US【美】 a house made of squared logs (用方木建造的)木屋

**blockish** /'blpkı∫/ adj. 1 bulky or crude in form 大块的;粗笨的2unintelligent; stupid 迟钝的,愚蠢的

**block letters** pl. n. block capitals 正体大写字母

**block plane** n. a carpenter's plane with a blade set at an acute angle, used especially for planing across the end grain of wood 短刨(尤用于刨平木材两端)

**block release** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a system of allowing employees a period off work for education 在职进修制

**blockship** /'blokſip/ n. a ship which is moored or grounded in a channel in order to block it 阻塞船,封锁用船

**block system** n. a system of railway signalling which divides the track into sections and allows no train to enter a section that is not completely clear 闭塞系统(一区段间只能通过一辆列车)

**block vote** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a vote proportional in power to the number of people a delegate represents, used particularly at a trade-union conference 集体投票(尤用于工会会议)

**blog** /blog/n. a personal website on which an individual records opinions, links to other sites, etc. on a regular basis 博客 v. (blogs, blogging, blogged) [usu. as noun 通常作名词 blogging] add new material to or regularly update a blog 发博文,更新博客

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloggable adj. blogger n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: abbrev. of WEBLOG.

**blogosphere** /'blogəsfıə(r)/ n. (the blogosphere) informal【非正式】 personal websites and weblogs collectively 博客世界(个人网站和博客的总称)

**bloke** /blǝuk/ ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】aman 男士,男子
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Shelta.

**blokeish** /'bləukı∫/(also亦作 blokish or blokey) ■adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】stereotypically male in behaviour and interests(行为和爱好)典型男人的,男人味十足的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blokeishness n.

**blonde** /blond/■adj. (also 亦作 blond)(of hair) fair or pale yellow(头发)金黄色的,浅黄色的 ➤ having fair hair and a light complexion 金发白皮肤的■n. 1 a woman with blonde hair 金发女郎2the colour of blonde hair 金黄色,浅黄色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blondish adj. blondness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(earlier as blond): from Fr., fem. of blond, from med. L. blundus 'yellow', perh. from Gmc.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The alternative spellings blonde and blond correspond to the feminine and masculine forms in French, but in English the distinction is not always made, as English does not have such distinctions of grammatical gender. The word is more commonly used of women, though. In American usage the usual spelling is blond for both adjective and noun. * blonde 和 blond 两种拼法来源于法语,分别指阴性和阳性。但由于英语语法中不分阴阳性,因此可以不作区别。但该词多指女性。美国英语中形容词和名词通常都拼作 blond。

**Blood** /blad/n. (pl. same 单复同 or Bloods) a member of a North American Indian people belonging to the Blackfoot Confederacy 布卢德人

**blood** /blad/n. 1 the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body, 血液 2 violence involving bloodshed 杀戮,残杀3 fiery or passionate temperament 火爆脾性;血性十足 4 family background; descent or lineage出身;血统,家世: She must have Irish blood. 她肯定有爱尔兰血统。5 dated【过时】 a fashionable and dashing young man 潮男,时髦青年 ■v. 1 initiate (someone) in a particular activity使(某人)初次参加(某活动)2 Hunting 【猎】 smear the face of (a novice hunter) with the blood of the kill 用猎物的血涂(新猎手)的脸 ➤ give(ahound) a first taste of blood让(猎狗)先尝血味
-PHRASES 短语 blood and thunder informal 【非正式】 unrestrained and violent action or behaviour 暴力行为 ➤ one's blood is up one is in a fighting mood 血性大发,斗志昂扬 ➤ blood, sweat, and tears extremely hard work 艰苦卓绝的工作,做牛做马的活儿 ➤ first blood 1 the first shedding of blood in a fight or (formerly) a duel(指拳击比赛或旧时决斗中的)最先见血2 the first point or advantage gained in a contest(比赛中)先得分,领先 ➤ give blood allow blood to be removed medically from one's body in order to be stored for use in transfusions 献血 ➤ have blood on one's hands be responsible for someone's death 背负血债,双手沾满鲜血 ➤ in one's blood ingrained in or fundamental to one's character 天生就有的,骨子里的 ➤ make someone's blood boil informal 【非正式】 infuriate someone 激怒,使勃然大怒 ➤ make someone's blood run cold horrify someone 使不寒而栗,使感到恐怖 ➤ new(or fresh) blood new members admitted to a group 新成员,新人,新鲜血液 ➤ of the blood (royal) literary 【文】royal皇室的,皇家的 ➤ young blood a younger member or members of a group 年轻成员,新鲜血液
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blod, of Gmc origin.

**blood bank** n. a place where supplies of blood or plasma for transfusion are stored 血库

**bloodbath** /'bladba:0/ n. an event in which many people are killed violently 血洗,大屠杀

**blood-brain barrier** n. Anatomy 【解】 a semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid, and constituting a barrier to the passage of cells, particles, and large molecules 血脑屏障

**blood brother** n. a man who has sworn to treat another man as a brother, typically by a ceremonial mingling of blood 血盟兄弟,结拜兄弟

**blood count** n. a determination of the number of corpuscles in a specific volume of blood 血细胞计数

**blood-curdling** adj. horrifying; very frightening 令人毛骨悚然的

**blood donor** n. a person who gives blood 献血者

**blood doping** (also 亦作 blood boosting) n. the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an (illegal) attempt to enhance performance 血液回输(赛前把掺氧的血液注入运动员体内以提高成绩)

**blooded** /'bladıd/ adj. 1 having blood or a temperament of a specified kind有……血(统)的;有……禀性的: thin-blooded 血液浓度低的2chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】(of horses or cattle) of good pedigree(马或牛)纯种的,品种优良的

**blood feud** n. a lengthy conflict between families involving a cycle of retaliatory killings 血亲复仇

**bloodfin** /'bladfin/ n. a small South American freshwater fish with bright red fins, popular in aquaria 红鳍细脂鯉 [Aphyocharax rubripinnis.]

**blood fluke** n. another term for SCHISTOSOME * schistosome 的另一种说法

**blood group** n. any of the various types of human blood whose antigen characteristics determine compatibility in transfusion, especially those of the ABO system 血型,(尤指)ABO血型系统

**blood horse** ■n. dated 【过时】 a thoroughbred horse 良种马,纯种马

**bloodhound** /'bladhaund/ n. a large hound of

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a breed with a very keen sense of smell, used in tracking 大警犬,寻血猎犬

**blood knot** n. a type of knot used by anglers to join two fishing lines (垂钓者连接两条钓绳的)血结

**bloodless** /'bladlǝs/ adj. 1 (of a conflict) without violence or killing(冲突)非暴力的,不流血的2(of the skin) drained of colour (肤色) 苍白的,无血色的➤lacking in vitality; feeble 无精打采的,无力的;虚弱的3(of a person) cold or ruthless(人)无情的,冷血的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloodlessly adv. bloodlessness n.

**bloodletting** /'blad,letin/ n. 1 historical 【史义】 the surgical removal of some of a patient's blood for therapeutic purposes 放血(木) 2 violence during a conflict 杀戮,流血3 informal 【非正式】bitter quarrelling or severe staff reductions within an organization 内江;大幅裁员

**bloodline** /'bladlaın/ n. a pedigree or set of ancestors 血统,种系

**bloodlust** /'bladlast/ n. uncontrollable desire to kill嗜血,杀戮欲

**blood meal** n. dried blood used for feeding animals and as a fertilizer(饲养动物或用作肥料的)血粉

**blood money** n. 1 money paid in compensation to the family of someone who has been killed 赎罪金,人身赔偿金2 money paid to a hired killer 付给杀手的酬金

**blood orange** n. an orange of a variety with red or red-streaked flesh 血橙

**blood poisoning** n. a diseased state due to the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood 败血症

**blood pressure** n. the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, which is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls 血压

**blood pudding** (also chiefly N. Amer. 【亦主北美】 blood sausage) n. black pudding 黑香肠

**blood relation** (also 亦作 blood relative) n. a person who is related to another by birth rather than by marriage 血肉同胞,血亲

**bloodshed** /'bladfed/n. the killing or wounding of people 杀戮,流血

**bloodshot** /'blodfpt/ adj. (of the eyes) inflamed or tinged with blood, typically as a result of tiredness (眼睛多因疲倦而)充血的,布满血丝的

**blood sport** n. a sport involving the hunting, wounding, or killing of animals 猎杀动物的运动

**bloodstain** /'bladstein/n. a mark or discoloration caused by blood 血迹,血斑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloodstained adj.

**bloodstock** /'bladstok/ n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数]thoroughbred horses collectively 纯种马

**bloodstone** /'bladstǝun/ n. a green gemstone that is spotted or streaked with red, a variety of chalcedony 血滴石,鸡血石

**bloodstream** /'bladstri:m/ n. the blood circulating through the body of a person or animal 血流

**bloodsucker** /'blad,sakə(r)/ n. an animal or insect that sucks blood, especially a leech or a mosquito 吸血动物(尤指水蛭或蚊子)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloodsucking adj.

**blood sugar** n. the concentration of glucose in the blood 血糖

**bloodthirsty** /'blad,03:sti/ adj. (bloodthirstier, bloodthirstiest) eager to kill and maim 好杀戮的,嗜血的,残忍的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloodthirstily adv. bloodthirstiness n.

**blood vessel** n. a tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary 血管

**bloodwood** n. a hardwood tree with deep red wood 伞房花桉[Eucalyptus gummifera (Australia) and other species.]

**bloodworm** /'bladw3:m/ ■n. 1 the bright red aquatic larva of a midge 血虫 2 another term for TUBIFEX * tubifex的另一种说法

**bloody¹** /'bladi/ adj. (bloodier, bloodiest) 1 covered with or composed of blood 血淋淋的,含血的 2 involving much violence or cruelty 血腥的,残酷的■v.(bloodies, bloodying, bloodied) cover or stain with blood血染,用血污染
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloodily adv. bloodiness n.

**bloody²** /'bladi/ adj. (bloodier, bloodiest) informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式,主英】1 used to express anger or shock, or for emphasis 用于表示愤怒、惊讶或强调 2 dated【过时】unpleasant or perverse 讨厌的,故意抬杠的: Don't be too bloody to poor Nigel. 不要太为难可怜的奈杰尔了。
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from BLOODY'; perh. connected with the 'bloods' (aristocratic rowdies) of C17-18; hence the phr. bloody drunk (=as drunk as a blood) meant 'very drunk indeed'.
> 1911 The original 19th-century OED described 2011 **bloody** as 'now constantly in the mouths of the lowest classes, but by respectable people considered "a horrid word", on a par with obscene or profane language'. By 1911 things had calmed down somewhat, and the word was just classed as 'foul language'. People engaged in the traditional pursuit of looking up rude words in the first edition wouldn't have got very far: most of today's vulgar words were omitted, with piss ('not now in polite use') and shit ('not decent) representative of the most vulgar terms included. 首版于19世纪的《牛津英语大词典》(OED) 描述 **bloody** 时称,“现在常被底层人群挂在嘴边,但正人君子认为‘恶俗不堪”,和淫秽下流的语言没有二致。”1911年时,指责之声多少有些平息,**bloody** 仅仅仅被归为“脏话”。从事粗话传统研究者想要在第一版中寻找粗俗的字眼,不会有多少收获;今天的粗话大多没有被收录,所收录的粗话中最粗俗的也不过是 piss(“今不用于礼貌说法”)和shit(“不雅”)这样的字眼。

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**Bloody Mary** n. (pl. Bloody Marys) a drink consisting of vodka and tomato juice 红玛丽鸡尾酒(由伏特加和番茄汁制成)

**bloody-minded** adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】deliberately uncooperative 故意不合作的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloody-mindedly adv. bloody-mindedness n.

**blooey** /'blu:i/(also 亦作 blooie) adv. & adj. US informal【美,非正式】awry; amiss歪斜地(的);不合适地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: of unknown origin.

**bloom¹** /blu:m/ v. 1 produce flowers; be in flower 开花;处于花期2 be or become very healthy 容光焕发 3 technical 【技】 coat (a lens) with a special surface layer to reduce reflection 给(透镜)敷膜 ■n. 1 a flower, especially one cultivated for its beauty(尤指观赏性的)花 ➤ the state or period of blooming 开花;花期:The apple trees were in bloom. 那些苹果树正在开花。2 a youthful or healthy glow in a person's complexion 青春容颜;健康脸色3a delicate powdery surface deposit on fruits, leaves, or stems(水果、叶子或茎上的)粉衣,粉霜4a full, bright sound in a musical recording(音乐录音中)饱满宏亮的声音 5 a rapid growth of microscopic algae or cyanobacteria in water resulting in a coloured scum on the surface(水中微生物或蓝细菌的)密集孳生
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON blóm 'flower, blossom', blómi 'prosperity', blómar ‘flowers.

**bloom²** /blu:m/ ■n. a mass of iron or steel hammered or rolled into a thick bar for further working 初轧坯,大方坯 ➤ historical 【史义】an unworked mass of puddled iron 搅炼熟铁 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 blooming] make (metal) into such a mass 把(金属)轧成大方坯
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blōma, of unknown origin.

**bloomer¹** /'blu:mə(r)/ ■n. Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】a stupid mistake 愚蠢的错误
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: equivalent to blooming error.

**bloomer²** /'blu:mə(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a large loaf with diagonal slashes on a rounded top 条形大面包(顶部有斜刀纹)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: of unknown origin.

**bloomer³** /'blu:mə(r)/ ■n. [in combination 用于复合词] a plant that blooms at a specified time(有特定花期的)开花植物

**bloomers** /'blu:mǝz/ pl. n. 1 women's loose-fitting knee-length knickers 女式及膝宽松衬裤 2 historical 【史义】 women's loose-fitting trousers, gathered at the knee or ankle 女式及膝灯笼裤;女式长灯笼裤
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Mrs Amelia J. Bloomer, an American social reformer who advocated a similar garment.

**bloomery** /'blu:məri/ n. (pl. bloomeries) historical 【史义】 a forge or mill producing blooms of wrought iron 熟铁吹炼炉;熟铁吹炼炉作坊

**blooming** /'blu:mıŋ/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】used to express annoyance or for emphasis讨厌的,该死的;十足的(表示烦恼或强调)

**bloop** /blu:p/N. Amer. 【北美】 ■v. 1 Baseball【棒】hit (a ball) as a blooper 击出刚出内场的高飞球2 informal 【非正式】make a mistake出纰漏,犯错n. another term for BLOOPER * blooper 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloopy adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: imitative.

**blooper** /'blu:pə(r)/ n. informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】1 an embarrassing error 洋相,出丑2 Baseball 【棒】 a fly ball hit just beyond the infield 刚出内场的高飞球 ➤ a ball thrown high by the pitcher (投手投出的)高吊下旋球

**blossom** /'blpsəm/ n. a flower or a mass of flowers on a tree or bush 花朵,花簇 ➤ the state or period of flowering 开花;花期■v.1(of a tree or bush) produce blossom(树或灌木)开花2 mature or develop in a promising or healthy way成熟;发展,繁荣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blossomy adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blōstm, blōstma (n.), blōstmian (v.), of Gmc origin; rel. to BLOOM¹.

**blot** /blpt/ n. 1 a dark mark or stain, especially one made by ink污迹,污渍,(尤指)墨渍2athing that mars something that is otherwise good 瑕疵,不足 3 Biochemistry 【生化】 a procedure in which proteins or nucleic acids separated on a gel are transferred directly to an immobilizing medium for identification 印迹v. (blots, blotting, blotted) 1 dry with an absorbent material 吸干,擦干2 mark, stain, or mar弄脏,弄污3(blot something out) obscure a view 使模糊,遮蔽
>disregard a painful memory or thought 把(痛苦的回忆或念头)从记忆中抹去4Biochemistry 【生化】transfer by means of a blot 印迹
-PHRASES 短语 blot one's copybook Brit.【英】tarnish one's good reputation 玷污………的名誉
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin and rel. to ON blettr.

**blotch** /blpts/n. a large irregular patch or unsightly mark斑块,污块 v. cover or mark with blotches 给…弄上斑块,弄脏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blotchiness n. blotchy adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: partly alt. of obs. plotch, influenced by BLOT; partly a blend of BLOT and вотсн.

**blotter** /'blotə(r)/ n. 1 a sheet or pad of blotting paper inserted into a frame and kept on a desk 吸墨纸板,吸墨台2N. Amer. 【北美】 a temporary recording book, especially a police charge sheet 临时记录簿;(尤指)警务登记簿

**blotting paper** n. absorbent paper used for soaking up excess ink when writing with a quill or fountain pen 吸墨纸

**blotto** /'blotǝu/ adj. informal 【非正式】 extremely drunk 烂醉如泥的,酩酊大醉的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from BLOT + -0.

**blouse** /blauz/ n. 1 a woman's upper garment resembling a shirt 女式宽松衬衣 2 a loose smock or tunic of a type formerly worn by peasants and

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manual workers (旧时农民和体力劳动者穿的)工作衣,罩衫3 a type of jacket worn as part of military uniform 军装上衣 ■v. make (a garment) hang in loose folds 使(衣服)松垂
-PHRASES 短语 big girl's blouse Brit. informal【英,非正式】a weak, cowardly, or oversensitive man 软蛋,懦夫;过于敏感的人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., of unknown origin.
> 1911 Now an archetypally female garment, 2011 **blouse** was defined in the first edition as 'workman's loose linen or cotton upper garment usu. belted at the waist (chiefly French)'. The modern sense was given second, as 'woman's loose light bodice visible only to waist, and there belted': presumably 'visible only to waist' means 'tucked in', but the expression feels odd to the modern ear. * **blouse** 现在是典型的女装,但在第一版中被释义为“工匠宽松的亚麻布或棉布上装,通常束腰(主要是法国人)。现代义位列第二,表述为“女性宽松而轻薄的长裙上身,仅腰部以上可见,束腰”:“仅腰部以上可见”想必是指“掖进下身”,但这种说法在现代人听来颇为奇怪。

**blouson** /'blu:zpn/ n. a short loose-fitting jacket, typically bloused and finishing at the waist 宽松式膨腰女衫
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., dimin. of BLOUSE.

**bloviate** /'blǝuviert/ v. US 【美】 talk at length, especially in an inflated or empty way 冗长空洞地演说
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bloviation n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from BLOW¹.

**blow¹** /blǝu/ v. (past blew; past part. blown) 1 (of wind) move creating an air current(风)吹,吹动➤be carried or driven by the wind 被吹动,被吹走2 expel air through pursed lips 吹气 ➤ force air through the mouth into (an instrument) to make a sound 吹奏,吹响(乐器) ➤ force air through a tube into (molten glass) to create an artefact 吹制(玻璃) ➤ remove the contents of (an egg) by forcing air through it 把蛋清和蛋黄从(蛋壳)中吹出➤(of a whale) eject air and vapour through the blowhole (鲸鱼)喷水泡3 sound (the horn of a vehicle)鸣(喇叭) 4(of an explosion) displace violently or send flying 猛烈爆炸,炸飞 ➤ burst or burn out through pressure or overheating(因压力或过热)(使)爆炸,(使)爆破 ➤ (of a vehicle tyre) burst suddenly while the vehicle is in motion(轮胎)爆胎 5 informal 【非正式】spend recklessly 挥霍,大手笔6 informal【非正式】completely bungle (an opportunity)搞砸(机会) ➤ expose (a stratagem)揭露(计谋): His cover was blown. 他的伪装被揭穿了。7(past part. blowed) Brit. informal【英,非正式】damn该死,见鬼: 'Well, blow me', he said.“唉,真倒霉,”他说。8 N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】leave离开9 (of flies) lay eggs in or on(苍蝇)产卵于10 informal【非正式】play jazz or rock music in an unrestrained style 纵情吹奏爵士乐(或摇滚乐) 11 [as adj.作形容词 blown] breathing hard; exhausted 大口喘气的;筋疲力尽的 ■n. 1 a strong wind大风,强风2 an act of blowing 吹奏 3 informal 【非正式】cannabis or cocaine 大麻,可卡因
-PHRASES 短语 blow a fuse (or gasket) informal 【非正式】lose one's temper发脾气,动怒 ➤ blow hot and cold alternate inconsistently between two moods, attitudes, etc.出尔反尔,冷热无常 ➤ blow someone a kiss kiss the tips of one's fingers then blow across them towards someone as a gesture of affection 飞吻 ➤ blow someone's mind informal 【非正式】impress or otherwise affect someone very strongly 给某人留下深刻印象;影响某人 ➤ blow one's nose clear one's nose of mucus by blowing through it into a handkerchief (用手帕)擤鼻子 ➤ blow one's top (or chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】lid or stack) informal 【非正式】 lose one's temper 发脾气 ➤ blow with the wind be incapable of maintaining a consistent course of action 随波逐流
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 blow someone away informal【非正式】 1 kill someone using a firearm 枪杀,击毙(某人)2 cause someone to be extremely impressed 使某人被打动,给某人留下印象 ➤ blow in informal【非正式】 arrive casually and unannounced 不期而至 ➤ blow off informal 【非正式】 1 lose one's temper and shout 发脾气大叫大嚷2 break wind noisily 放响屁 ➤ blow someone off N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】fail to keep an appointment with someone 爽约,放…鸽子 ➤ end a romantic or sexual relationship with someone 分手,结束恋情 ➤ blow something off N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】ignore or fail to attend something 忽视;未能参加,未能出席 ➤ blow someone out N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】defeat someone convincingly 让某人输得心服口服 ➤ blow over (of trouble) fade away without serious consequences (麻烦)结束,解决 ➤ blow up 1 explode 爆炸 2 lose one's temper 发脾气,发火3(of a wind or storm) begin to develop(风或暴风雨)开始形成4(of a scandal or dispute) emerge or become public(丑闻)曝光;(分歧)公开化5 inflate膨胀,胀大 ➤ blow something up 1 cause something to explode 使爆炸 2 inflate or enlarge something 膨胀,扩大
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blāwan, of Gmc origin.

**blow²** /blǝบ/ n. 1 a powerful stroke with a hand or weapon(用手或武器的)重击2 a sudden shock or disappointment 震惊;失望
-PHRASES 短语 blow-by-blow (of a description of an event) giving all the details in the order in which they occurred(对事件的描述)按时间顺序的,逐一的 ➤ come to blows start fighting after a disagreement (因意见不合而)大打出手
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**blow³** /blǝu/ archaic or literary 【古或文】■v. (past blew; past part. blown) produce flowers or be in flower 开花,处于花期 ■n. the state or period of flowering 开花;花期
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blowan, of Gmc origin; rel. to BLOOM¹ an BLOSSOM.

**blowback** /'blǝubæk/ n. 1 a process in which gases

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expand or travel in a direction opposite to the usual one 回吹,逆吹2 chiefly US 【主美】the unintended adverse results of a political action or situation(政治上不期然的)不利后果

**blowdown** /'blǝudaun/ n. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】a tree that has been blown down by the wind 被风刮倒的树 2 the removal of solids or liquids from a container or pipe using pressure(固体或液体的)排出

**blow-dry** v. arrange (the hair) into a particular style while drying it with a handheld dryer 用吹风机给(头发)定型
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blow-dryer n.

**blower** /'bləvə(r)/ n. 1 a device for creating a current of air to dry or heat something 鼓风机,送风机 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】a telephone 电话

**blowfish** /'blǝufıf/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or blowfishes) a fish that is able to inflate its body when alarmed, especially a globefish 鲀,(尤指)河豚

**blowfly** /'blǝuflaı/ n. (pl. blowflies) a bluebottle or similar large fly which lays its eggs on meat and carcasses 丽蝇 [Family Calliphoridae.]

**blowgun** /'blǝugan/ n. another term for BLOWPIPE * blowpipe 的另一种说法

**blowhard** /'blǝuha:d/n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a boastful person 吹牛者,说大话者

**blowhole** /'blǝuhǝul/ n. 1 the nostril of a whale or dolphin on the top of its head(鲸、海豚的)呼吸孔 2 a hole in ice for breathing or fishing through (供呼吸或捕鱼的)冰窟窿3a vent for air or smoke in a tunnel or other structure(隧道等的)通风孔,排烟孔

**blow-in** n. Irish & Austral.【爱,澳】a newcomer or recent arrival新人,初来乍到者

**blow job** n. vulgar slang 【粗俚】 an act of fellatio 口交,口淫

**blowlamp** /'blǝulæmp/ ■n. British term for BLOWTORCH * blowtorch的英式说法

**blown¹** /blǝun/ past participle of BLOW¹ * blow¹的过去分词 adj. informal 【非正式】(of a vehicle) provided with a turbocharger(车辆)涡轮增压的

**blown²** /blǝun/ past participle of BLOW³ * blow³的过去分词

**blowout** /'bləvaut/ n. 1 an occasion when a vehicle tyre bursts or an electric fuse melts爆胎;保险丝烧断 ➤ an uprush of oil or gas from a well(石油、天然气的)井喷2 informal 【非正式】 a large, lavish meal 盛宴 3 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a decisive win in an election or sporting contest(竞选或体育比赛中的)决定性胜利 4 US informal 【美,非正式】an argument or outburst of anger 争吵,勃然大怒

**blowpipe** /'blǝupaıp/ n. 1 a primitive weapon consisting of a long tube through which an arrow or dart is blown 吹矢枪(一种原始武器) 2 a long tube by means of which molten glass is blown 吹管(吹制玻璃用) ➤ a tube used to intensify the heat of a flame by blowing air or other gas through it at high pressure 吹火管

**blowsy** /'blauzi/(also 亦作 blowzy) adj. (blowsier, blowsiest) (of a woman) coarse, untidy, and red-faced(女人)粗糙的,邋遢的,红脸的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blowsily adv. blowsiness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. blowze 'beggar's female companion', of unknown origin.

**blowtorch** /'blǝuto:tf/ n. a portable device producing a hot flame which can be directed on to a surface, typically to burn off paint喷灯,焊枪(多用于去除油漆)

**blow-up** n. 1 an enlargement of a photograph 放大的照片2 informal 【非正式】 an outburst of anger 勃然大怒 adj. inflatable可膨胀的,可充气的

**blowy** /'blǝui/ adj. (blowier, blowiest) windy or windswept 刮风的,风大的

**BLT** /bi:el'ti:/ ■n. informal 【非正式】 a sandwich filled with bacon, lettuce, and tomato熏肉、生菜、番茄三明治

**blub** /blob/ v. (blubs, blubbing, blubbed) informal 【非正式】cry noisily and uncontrollably; sob 号啕大哭,哭泣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of BLUBBER2.

**blubber¹** /'blabǝ(r)/ n. the fat of sea mammals, especially whales and seals 海兽脂,(尤指)鲸脂,海豹脂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blubbery adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the foaming of the sea) : perh. symbolic; cf. BLOB and BLOTCH.

**blubber²** /'blabə(r)/ v. informal 【非正式】 cry noisily and uncontrollably; sob号啕大哭,哭泣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blubberer n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. symbolic; cf. BLOB and BLUBBER¹.

**bluchers** /'blu:kəz/ pl. n. historical 【史义】 strong leather half-boots or high shoes 布吕歇尔靴;高帮皮鞋
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Prussian general G. L. von Blücher.

**bludge** /bladz/ Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】■v. live off the efforts of others 寄生 ➤ cadge or scrounge 乞讨:骗取■n. an easy job or assignment 轻松的任务,轻巧活儿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: back-form. from BLUDGER.

**bludgeon** /'bladzn/ n. a thick stick with a heavy end, used as a weapon 大头粗棒(用作武器) ■V. 1 beat with a bludgeon(用大头棒)揍,打2 bully into doing something强迫,威胁,恫吓
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**bludger** /'bladzə(r)/n. Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】a scrounger or idler 乞讨者,游手好闲者: a dole bludger 吃失业救济金的游手好闲者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. Brit. sl. denoting a pimp who robbed his prostitute's clients): abbrev. of bludgeoner.

**blue¹** /blu: adj. (bluer, bluest) 1 of a colour intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky or sea on a sunny day蓝色的,蔚蓝色的➤(of a cat, fox, or rabbit) having fur of a smoky grey colour(猫、狐狸、兔子)毛色青灰的2 informal 【非

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正式】 melancholy, sad, or depressed 忧郁的,悲伤的,沮丧的3 informal 【非正式】(of a film, joke, or story) with sexual or pornographic content(电影、笑话、故事)色情的,淫秽的4 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】politically conservative(政治上)保守的,守旧的5(of aski run) of the second-lowest level of difficulty(滑雪道)蓝道的 n. 1 blue colour, pigment, or material 蓝色;蓝色颜料;蓝色材料 ➤ (the blue) literary 【文】 the sky or sea, or the unknown 天空,大海,未知世界
>another term for BLUING * bluing 的另一种说法 2 Brit. 【英】 a person who has represented Cambridge University or Oxford University in a particular sport in a match between the two universities 蓝色荣誉者 3 used in names of small butterflies with predominantly blue wings (用于小型蓝翅蝶类的名称中,如蓝灰蝶)[Polyommatus icarus (common blue) and related species.] 4 Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】a nickname for a red-headed person 红头发者的昵称 5 Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】an argument or fight争执;斗殴 ■v. (blues, bluing or blueing, blued) 1 make or become blue(使)变成蓝色 2 chiefly historical 【主史义】wash(white clothes) with bluing 用蓝色漂白剂洗(白色衣服)
-PHRASES 短语 blue on blue Military 【军】 denoting or relating to an attack made by one's own side that accidentally harms one's own forces 误伤友军:blue-on-blue incidents 误伤友军事件[from the use of blue to indicate friendly forces in military exercises.] ➤ once in a blue moon informal 【非正式】very rarely 极为罕见的,千载难逢的[because a 'blue moon' is a phenomenon (due to atmospheric dust) that occurs only very rarely.] ➤ out of the blue (or out of a clear blue sky) informal 【非正式】without warning; unexpectedly 突然,猝不及防的talk a blue streak N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】speak continuously and at great length 喋喋不休,讲个没完
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blueness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bleu, ult. of Gmc origin.

**blue²** /blu: v. (blues, bluing or blueing, blued) Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】squander or spend recklessly 挥霍,大手笔
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. a var. of BLOW¹.

**blue baby** n. a baby with cyanosis, generally on account of a congenital heart or circulatory defect 青紫婴儿(通常因患先天性心脏病或循环不畅所致)

**Bluebeard** /'blu:biǝd/n. a man who murders his wives 杀妻者
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of a fairy-tale character who killed several wives in turn for disobeying his order to avoid a locked room, which contained the bodies of his previous wives.

**bluebeat** /blu:'bi:t/ n. another term for SKA * ska 的另一种说法

**bluebell** /'blu:bel/ n. 1 a woodland plant of the lily family, which produces clusters of blue bell-shaped flowers in spring 蓝钟花 [Hyacinthoides nonscripta.] 2 Scottish term for HAREBELL * harebell 的苏格兰说法 3 any of various other plants with blue bell-shaped flowers 滨紫草;兰花参[Genera Mertensia (N. America) and Wahlenbergia (Australia and S. Africa).]

**blueberry** /'blu:bəri/ n. (pl. blueberries) 1 the small blue-black berry of a North American dwarf shrub, related to the bilberry 越橘果 2 the shrub that produces blueberries 越橘树 [Genus Vaccinium: several species.]

**bluebird** /'blu:b3:d/ n. an American songbird, the male of which has a blue head, back, and wings 蓝鸲[Genus Sialia: three species.]

**blue blood** ■n. noble birth 贵族血统
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blue-blooded adj.

**Blue Book** n. 1 (in the UK) a report bound in a blue cover and issued by Parliament or the Privy Council(英国)蓝皮书2 (in the US) an official book listing government officials(美国)政府官员名录

**bluebottle** /'blu:botl/ n. 1 a common blowfly with a metallic-blue body 反吐丽蝇[Calliphora vomitoria.] 2 Austral. & S. African【澳,南非】the Portuguese man-of-war 僧帽水母3 Brit. 【英】 the wild cornflower 野矢车菊4 Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】a police officer 警察

**blue cheese** n. cheese containing veins of blue mould, such as Stilton and Danish Blue 蓝纹奶酪

**blue-chip** adj. 1 denoting companies or their shares considered to be a reliable investment, though less secure than gilt-edged stock(公司或其股票)绩优的,赚钱的,蓝筹的 2 of the highest quality 顶尖的,一流的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blue chipper n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.(orig. US): from the blue chip used in gambling games, which usu. has a high value.

**bluecoat** /'blu:kǝut/ n. a US soldier of the 19th century * 19世纪美国士兵

**blue-collar** adj. relating to manual work or workers, particularly in industry体力劳动的;蓝领工人的

**blue crane** n. a large South African crane with blue-grey plumage, the national bird of South Africa 蓝(蓑羽)鹤 [Anthropoides paradisea.]

**blue ensign** n. a blue flag with the Union Jack in the top corner next to the flagstaff, flown chiefly by British naval auxiliary vessels 蓝船旗,蓝色军旗

**blue-eyed boy** n. Brit. informal, chiefly derogatory 【英,非正式,主贬】 a person highly regarded and treated with special favour 宠儿

**blue-eyed Mary** n. a low-growing southern European plant of the borage family, with bright blue flowers 蓝眼玛丽,春脐果草[Omphalodes verna.]

**bluefin** /'blu:fin/ n. the commonest large tuna, which occurs worldwide in warm seas 金枪鱼 [Thunnus thynnus.]

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**bluefish** /'blu:f1f/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or bluefishes) a predatory blue-coloured marine fish, which inhabits tropical and temperate waters and is popular as a game fish 鲑 [Pomatomus saltatrix, the only member of the family Pomatomidae.]

**blue flag** n. 1 a European award for beaches based on cleanliness and safety (欧洲)海滩“蓝旗奖”(根据清洁和安全程度评定) 2 Motor Racing 【赛车】 a blue flag used to indicate to a driver that there is another driver trying to lap him 蓝旗(表示另一车手想超车)

**bluegill** /'blu:gıl/ n. an edible North American freshwater fish with a deep body and bluish cheeks and gill covers 蓝鰓太阳鱼 [Lepomis macrochirus.]

**bluegrass** /'blu:gra:s/n. 1 (also 亦作 Kentucky bluegrass) a European meadow grass introduced into North America and grown for fodder 早熟禾[Poa pratensis and other species.] 2 a kind of country music characterized by virtuoso playing of banjos and guitars 蓝草音乐(一种乡村音乐)

**blue-green algae** pl. n. another term for CYANOBACTERIA * cyanobacteria 的另一种说法

**blue ground** n. another term for KIMBERLITE * kimberlite 的另一种说法

**bluegum** /'blu:gam/ n. a eucalyptus tree with blue-green aromatic leaves and smooth bark 桉 [Genus Eucalyptus: several species.]

**blue heeler** ■n. Austral./NZ【澳新】 a cattle dog with a dark speckled body 澳洲牧牛犬,昆士蓝赫勒犬

**blue helmet** n. a member of a United Nations peacekeeping force 蓝盔(联合国维和部队成员)

**blueing** /'blu:ıŋ/ n. variant spelling of BLUING * bluing 的另一种拼法

**blueish** /'blu:If/ adj. variant spelling of BLUISH * bluish 的另一种拼法

**bluejacket** /'blu:dzækit/ n. informal 【非正式】a sailor in the navy 水兵

**Blue John** n. a blue or purple banded variety of fluorite found in Derbyshire 萤石;氟石

**blue law** ■n. N. Amer.【北美】a law prohibiting certain activities, such as shopping, on a Sunday 蓝色法规(禁止在星期日从事购物等活动)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: in ref. to strict puritanical laws in colonial New England, orig. printed on blue paper.

**blue line** n. Ice Hockey 【冰球】 either of the two lines running across the ice between the centre line and the goal line(冰球场中线和球门线之间的)蓝线

**blue metal** ■n. Brit. 【英】 broken blue stone used for road-making(铺路用的)碎蓝灰砂岩

**blue mould** n. a bluish fungus which grows on food, especially the mould producing blue cheeses (尤指产生蓝纹奶酪的)青霉[Penicillium and other genera.]

**bluenose** /'blu:nǝuz/n. informal 【非正式】 1 US【美】a priggish or puritanical person古板的人;清教徒式的人2(Bluenose) Canadian 【加】 a person from Nova Scotia 新斯科舍省人,“青鼻子”
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bluenosed adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 prob. with ref. to BLUE LAW.

**blue note** ■n. Music 【音】 a minor interval where a major would be expected, used especially in jazz 蓝调(尤用于爵士乐)

**blue pencil** n. a blue pencil as traditionally used to censor a text蓝铅笔(用来修正文案)

**Blue Peter** n. a blue flag with a white square in the centre, raised by a ship about to leave port 开船旗

**blue plate** adj. N. Amer. 【北美】 (of a restaurant meal) consisting of a full main course ordered as a single menu item 蓝盆(指餐馆菜单上的套餐)
-ORIGIN 词源 with ref. to blue plates on which fixed-price restaurant meals were formerly served.

**blue pointer** n. another term for MAKO * mako 的另一种说法

**blueprint** /'blu:print/ n. 1 a design plan or other technical drawing 设计图,蓝图2 something which acts as a plan, model, or template规划;模型;模板 ■v. N. Amer.【北美】 draw up(a plan or model)起草(计划);设计(模板)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the original process in which prints were composed of white lines on a blue ground or of blue lines on a white ground.

**blue riband** n. 1 (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】blue ribbon) a ribbon of blue silk given to the winner of a competition or as a mark of great distinction (奖给冠军或表示殊荣的)蓝绶带➤a badge worn by members of the Order of the Garter(嘉德勋位获得者佩戴的)蓝绶带2 (Blue Riband or Ribbon) a trophy for the ship making the fastest eastward sea crossing of the Atlantic Ocean on a regular commercial voyage 蓝带奖(授予向东横越大西洋的速度最快的商船)■adj. (blue-ribbon) N. Amer.【北美】 1 of the highest quality; first-class一流的,一等的2(of a jury or committee) carefully or specially selected(陪审团或委员会)精挑细选的,专设的

**blue rinse** n. a preparation used as a rinse on grey or white hair to give it a temporary blue tint 蓝色染发剂

**blue roan** n. an animal with a coat of black and white hairs evenly mixed, giving it a blue-grey hue 青沙毛色动物

**blues** /blu:z/pl. n. 1 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] melancholic music of black American folk origin, typically in a twelve-bar sequence 布鲁斯音乐,蓝调2 (the blues) informal 【非正式】feelings of melancholy, sadness, or depression 忧郁,悲伤,沮丧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bluesy adj. (bluesier, bluesiest).
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from blue devils 'depression or delirium tremens'.

**blue screen** (also 亦作 green screen) n. [often as modifier 常作修饰语](in film and video) a blue (or green) background in front of which moving subjects are filmed and which allows a separately filmed background to be added to the final image (电影或视频中的)蓝屏: a blue-screen effect 蓝屏抠像效果

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**blue shift** n. Astronomy 【天文】the displacement of the spectrum to shorter wavelengths in the light coming from distant celestial objects moving towards the observer 蓝移 Compare with 比较 RED SHIFT.

**blue-sky** adj. informal 【非正式】creative or visionary and unconstrained by practicalities 想象的,幻想的,不切实际的: blue-sky research 天马行空的研究

**bluesman** /'blu:zmən/ n. (pl. bluesmen) a male performer of blues music 布鲁斯演奏者

**bluestocking** /'blu: stokin/ n. often derogatory 【常贬】an intellectual or literary woman 女知识分子,女文人
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: in ref. to literary assemblies held in London by society ladies, where some of the men favoured less formal blue (rather than black) stockings.

**bluestone** /'blu:stǝon/ n. 1 a bluish or grey building stone 青石 2 any of the smaller dolerite stones forming the inner part of Stonehenge 蓝灰砂岩

**bluet** /'blu:t/ n. a low-growing evergreen North American plant with milky-blue flowers 蓝花耳草 [Hedyotis caerulea.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., dimin. of bleu 'blue'.

**bluethroat** /'blu:erǝut/ n. a songbird resembling the robin, of which the male has a blue throat with a red or white spot in the centre 蓝喉歌鸲,蓝点颏 [Luscinia svecicus.]

**blue tit** n. a common tit (songbird) with a blue cap, greenish-blue back, and yellow underparts 青山雀 [Parus caeruleus.]

**bluetongue** /blu:'taŋ/ n. a viral disease of sheep, characterized by fever, lameness, and a blue, swollen mouth and tongue (羊)蓝舌病

**Bluetooth** 'blu:tu:0/ n. trademark 【商标】 a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices 蓝牙
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the 10th-cent. Viking king Harald Bluetooth, who united Denmark and Norway.

**blue vinny** /'vini/ (also 亦作 blue vinney) n. a blue-mould skimmed milk cheese from Dorset(多塞特郡制)蓝色奶酪
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: vinny from OE fyniğ 'mouldy, musty'.

**blue vitriol** n. archaic 【古】 crystalline copper sulphate 胆矾

**blue whale** n. a mottled bluish-grey rorqual which is the largest living animal and reaches lengths of up to 27 m (90 ft)蓝鲸 [Balaenoptera musculus.]

**bluey** /'blu:i/ adj. almost or partly blue 近乎蓝色的,带有蓝色的n. (pl. blueys) Austral./NZ informal, dated【澳新,非正式,过时】1a bundle of possessions carried by a bushman(丛林居民用的)蓝色包袱,旅行包 [so named because the covering was generally a blue blanket.] 2 a nickname for a redheaded person 红头发者的别称

**bluff¹** /blof/ n. an attempt to deceive someone into believing that one can or will do something 唬人,吹牛 ■v. try to deceive someone as to one's abilities or intentions吹牛,虚张声势,唬人
-PHRASES 短语 call someone's bluff 1 challenge someone to carry out a stated intention, in the expectation of being able to expose it as a pretence 戳穿某人的幌子,揭穿某人的谎言 2 (in poker or brag) make an opponent show their hand in order to reveal that its value is weaker than their heavy betting suggests(扑克或布莱格牌戏中)使某人摊牌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bluffer n.
-ORIGIN 词源C17(in the sense 'blindfold, hoodwink'): from Du. bluffen 'brag', or bluf 'bragging'.

**bluff²** /blaf/ adj. good-naturedly frank and direct直率的,坦诚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bluffly adv. bluffness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18(in the sense 'surly'): figurative use of BLUFF³.

**bluff³** /blaf/n. 1 a steep cliff, bank, or promontory 悬崖,陡岸,峭壁 2 Canadian 【加】a grove or clump of trees 灌木丛,树丛adj. (of a cliff or a ship's bows) having a vertical or steep broad front(悬崖)垂直的;(船头)宽垂直的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(in naut. use): of unknown origin.

**bluing** /'blu:in/ (also 亦作 blueing) n. 1 chiefly historical【主史义】 blue powder used to preserve the whiteness of laundry 蓝色漂白粉,上蓝剂2a greyish-blue finish on metal produced by heating 发蓝处理

**bluish** /'blu:if/(also 亦作 blueish) adj. having a blue tinge 浅蓝的,带蓝色的

**blunder** /'blandə(r)/ ■n. a stupid or careless mistake 愚蠢的错误,纰漏v. 1 make a blunder 犯错 2 move clumsily or as if unable to see 笨手笨脚地移动;摸索
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blunderer n. blundering adj. blunderingly adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin and rel. to BLIND.

**blunderbuss** /'blandǝbas/ n. 1 historical【史义】a short large-bored gun firing balls or slugs 大口径前膛枪 2 an unsubtle and imprecise action or method 不慎重的行为(或方法),粗枝大叶
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. (by assoc. with BLUNDER) of Du. donderbus, lit. 'thunder gun'.

**blunge** /blan(d)3/v. mix (clay or other materials) with water in a revolving apparatus, for use in ceramics (制陶时)掺水拌(黏土等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blunger n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: blend of BLEND and PLUNGE.

**blunt** /blant/ adj. 1 lacking a sharp edge or point 钝的,不锋利的➤having a flat or rounded end 平底的;圆底的 2 uncompromisingly forthright in manner(态度)强硬直率的,生硬的v. 1 make or become less sharp(使)变钝2 weaken or reduce the force of 减弱,弄钝n. black slang 【黑俚】a hollowed-out cigar filled with cannabis 大麻雪茄

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bluntly adv. bluntness n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the sense 'dull, insensitive') : perh. of Scand. origin and rel. to ON blunda 'shut the eyes'.

**blunt instrument** n. a heavy object without a sharp edge or point, used as a weapon 钝器(用作武器) ➤ an imprecise or heavy-handed way of doing something 蛮干,鲁莽行事

**blur** /bl3:(r)/ ■v. (blurs, blurring, blurred) make or become unclear or less distinct(使)变得模糊不清 ■n. something that cannot be seen, heard, or recalled clearly 看不清(或听不清)的东西,模糊的回忆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blurry adj. (blurrier, blurriest).
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(in the sense 'smear'): perh. rel. to blear.

**Blu-ray** /'blu:rer/ n. a format of DVD designed for the storage of high-definition video and data 蓝光(一种DVD存储格式)
-ORIGIN 词源 C21: from blu, a respelling of BLUE¹ (from the colour of the laser used to read the DVD), + RAY¹.

**blurb** /bl3:b/informal 【非正式】 ■n. a short description of a book, film, or other product written for promotional purposes(图书、电影等的)内容简介 ■v. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】write a blurb for 为…写内容简介
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: coined by the American humorist Gelett Burgess.

**blurt** /bl3:t/ v. (usu. 通常用 blurt out) say (something) suddenly and without careful consideration 脱口而出,冲口而出
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. imitative.

**blush** /blaf/ v. 1 become red in the face through shyness, embarrassment, or shame脸红,羞红脸 2 literary 【文】 be or become pink or pale red 呈粉色,变淡红色 ■n. 1 an instance of blushing 令人脸红的事2 literary【文】 a pink or pale red tinge 粉红,淡红 3 a wine with a slight pink tint made in the manner of white wine but from red grape varieties 桃红葡萄酒,玫瑰红酒4N. Amer. 【北美】another term for BLUSHER (sense 1) * blusher (释义1)的另一种说法
-PHRASES 短语 at first blush at the first glimpse or impression 乍一看,据初次印象
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blushing adj. blushingly adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE blyscan, rel. to Du. blozen.

**blusher** /'blafǝ(r)/ n. 1 a cosmetic used to give a warm reddish tinge to the cheeks 胭脂,腮红 2 a toadstool with white flesh that turns pink when bruised or cut 雁菌 [Amanita rubescens.]

**bluster** /'blastə(r)/ v. 1 talk in a loud, aggressive, or indignant way with little effect气势汹汹地说,威吓(但效果不大) 2 (of wind or rain) blow or beat fiercely and noisily(风)呼啸;(雨)狂泻n. blustering talk 咆哮,气势汹汹的话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 blusterer n. blustery adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: ult. imitative.

**Blu-tack** /'blu:tæk/n. Brit. trademark【英,商标】a blue sticky material used to attach paper to walls 宝贴万用胶

**B-lymphocyte** ■n. Physiology 【生理】 a lymphocyte of a type not processed by the thymus gland, responsible for producing antibodies * B淋巴细胞 Compare with 比较 T-LYMPHOCYTE.
-ORIGIN 词源 B for BURSA, referring to the organ in birds where it was first identified.

**BM** abbr. 1 Bachelor of Medicine 医学士 2 British Museum 不列颠博物馆

**BMA** abbr. British Medical Association 英国医学会

**BMI** abbr. body mass index

**B-movie** n. a low-budget film of poor quality made for use as a supporting feature in a cinema programme * B级片,二流影片

**BMR** abbr. basal metabolic rate

**BMus** /bi:'mazl/abbr. Bachelor of Music 音乐学士

**BMX** n. [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting or relating to bicycles of a robust design suitable for cross-country racing 小轮车的
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from bicycle motocross.

**BN** abbr. 1 baron 2 battalion

**bn** /'biljǝn/ abbr. billion

**BNP** abbr. British National Party 英国国家党

**BO** /bi:'ǝu/abbr. informal 【非正式】 body odour

**bo¹** /bǝu/ exclam. another term for BOO * boo的另一种说法

**bo²** /bǝu/n. US informal【美,非正式】 used as a friendly form of address 老兄,兄弟(友好的称呼语)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. an abbrev. of BOY.

**boa** /'bəvə/ n. 1 a large snake which kills its prey by constriction and bears live young 巨蚺 [Boa constrictor (tropical America) and other species, family Boidae.] 2 a long, thin stole of feathers or fur worn around a woman's neck, usually as part of evening dress(通常搭配晚礼服的)毛皮细长女围巾
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L., of unknown ultimate origin.

**boab** /'bǝuæb/n. Austral. 【澳】 another term for BAOBAB * baobab的另一种说法

**boak** /bǝuk/ v. variant spelling of BOKE * boke 的另一种拼法

**boar** /bo:(r)/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or boars) 1 (also 亦作 wild boar) a tusked wild pig from which domestic pigs are descended 野猪 [Sus scrofa.] 2 an uncastrated domestic male pig 未阉割的公猪3 the full-grown male of certain other animals, especially a badger, guinea pig, or hedgehog成年雄性动物(尤指獾、豚鼠、刺猬)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bār, of W. Gmc origin.

**board** /bo:d/ n. 1 a long, thin, flat piece of wood used for floors or other building purposes 木板 ➤ (the boards) informal 【非正式】 the stage of a theatre(剧院)舞台2athin, flat rectangular piece of stiff material, e.g.a chopping board or noticeboard 长方形板(如菜板、布告牌) ➤ the piece

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of equipment on which one stands in surfing, skateboarding, etc.冲浪板;滑雪板3 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the decision-making body of an organization委员会,理事会,董事会 4 the provision of regular meals in return for payment or services 膳食,伙食 ➤ archaic 【古】 a table set for a meal 餐桌,饭台5 Sailing 【帆】 a distance covered by a vessel in a single tack 抢风航行的一段路程 ■V. 1 get on or into (a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle) 上(船、飞机等)
>(be boarding) (of an aircraft) be ready for passengers to get on(飞机)开始登机 2 live in someone's house and receive meals in return for payment or services付费(在某人家)膳宿
> (of a pupil) live in school during term time in return for payment (学生)在学校寄宿3 (board something up/over) cover or seal a window or building with pieces of wood 用板条封住(窗户、建筑物)4 [as adj.作形容词 boarded] made of wooden boards 木板制的5 ride on a snowboard 滑雪
-PHRASES 短语 go by the board (of a plan or principle) be abandoned, rejected, or ignored(计划或原则)被放弃,遭拒,被忽视[from naut. use meaning 'fall overboard', board meaning the side of the ship.] ➤ on board 1 on or in a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle 在船(或飞机等) 上2 informal 【非正式】 on to a team as a member成为队员,加入 ➤ take something on board informal 【非正式】 fully consider or assimilate a new idea or situation 充分考虑,完全采纳 ➤ tread the boards informal 【非正式】 appear on stage as an actor(作为演员)上台表演
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boarding n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bord, of Gmc origin; reinforced in ME by OFr. bort 'edge, ship's side' and ON borth 'board, table'.

**boarder** /'bə:də(r)/ n. 1 a person who boards, in particular a pupil who lives in school during term time in return for payment 寄宿者,(尤指)寄宿生 2 a person who forces their way on to a ship in an attack(袭击中的)强行登船者

**board foot** n. (pl. board feet) a unit of volume for wood equal to 144 cu. in.板英尺(等于144立方英寸)

**board game** n. a game that involves the movement of counters or other objects around a board 棋类游戏

**boarding house** n. a private house providing food and lodging for paying guests 提供膳宿的私人住宅

**boarding pass** (also 亦作 boarding card) n. a passenger's pass for boarding an aircraft 登机牌

**boarding school** n. a school in which the pupils live during term time 寄宿制学校

**Board of Green Cloth** n. full form of GREEN CLOTH * Green Cloth 的全形

**Board of Trade** n. 1 North American term for CHAMBER OF COMMERCE * Chamber of Commerce 的北美说法 2 a now nominal British government department concerned with commerce and industry 英国贸易委员会

**boardroom** /'bə:dru:m/n. a room in which a board of directors meets regularly 董事会会议室

**boardsailing** /'bɔ:d,seılıŋ/ n. another term for WINDSURFING * windsurfing的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boardsailor n.

**board school** n. historical 【史义】 an elementary school under the management of a school board 地方教育委员会管理的小学

**board shorts** pl. n. long shorts of a kind originally worn by surfers 沙滩裤;冲浪短裤

**boardwalk** /'bɔ:dwə:k/ n. a wooden walkway across sand or marshy ground 木板人行道 ➤ N. Amer. 【北美】a promenade along a beach or waterfront 海滩人行道

**boart** /bo:t/ n. variant spelling of BORT * bort 的另一种拼法

**boast¹** /bǝust/ v. 1 talk with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about oneself自夸,自吹自擂,吹嘘 2 possess (a feature that is a source of pride)拥有(值得自豪的特点) ■n. an act of boasting 自夸,自吹自擂,吹嘘
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boaster n. boasting adj. boastingly adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**boast²** /bǝust/ n. (in squash) a stroke in which the ball hits a side wall before hitting the front wall (壁球用语)侧墙球
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Fr. bosse, denoting a rounded projection in the wall of a court for real tennis.

**boastful** /'bǝustfl/ adj. showing excessive pride and self-satisfaction in one's achievements, possessions, etc.夸夸其谈的,自吹自擂,吹噓的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boastfully adv. boastfulness n.

**boat** /bǝut/ n. a small vessel propelled by oars, sails, or an engine 小船,小舟,小艇➤a vessel of any size(泛指)船■v. travel in a boat 划船,荡舟;坐船旅行
>transport in a boat 用船运送
-PHRASES 短语 be in the same boat informal【非正式】be in the same difficult circumstances as others 在同一条船上,处于同样的困境 ➤ push the boat out Brit. informal【英,非正式】 be extravagant 挥霍,铺张 ➤ rock the boat informal 【非正式】 disturb an existing situation 捣乱,搅局,砸场子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boatful n. (pl. boatfuls), boating n. boatload n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bāt, of Gmc origin.

**boatbuilder** /'bəut,bıldə(r)/ n. a person or company that designs and builds boats 造船者,造船公司
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boatbuilding n.

**boat deck** n. the deck from which a ship's lifeboats are launched 艇甲板

**boatel** /bǝu'tel/ (also 亦作 botel) ■n. 1 a waterside hotel with facilities for mooring boats(附有泊船设施的)水上旅馆2 a moored ship used as a hotel (用作旅馆的)泊船
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s (orig. US): blend of BOAT and HOTEL.

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**boater** /'bǝutə(r)/ n. 1 a flat-topped hardened straw hat with a brim 平顶硬草帽 [orig. worn while boating.] 2 a person who travels in a boat 乘船游玩者,泛舟人

**boathook** /'bǝuthuk/ n. a long pole with a hook and a spike at one end, used for moving boats 钩篙

**boathouse** /'bǝuthaus/n. a shed at the edge of a river or lake used for housing boats 船库,泊船屋

**boatie** /'bǝuti/ n. (pl. boaties) informal 【非正式】a boating enthusiast 划船迷,划船爱好者

**boatman** /'boutmən/ n. (pl. boatmen) a person who provides transport by boat摆渡者;小船出租人

**boat neck** n. a type of wide neckline on a garment that sits just below the collarbone 船领,一字领

**boat people** pl. n. refugees who have left a country by sea 船民,乘船外逃的难民

**boat race** n. 1 a race between rowing crews 划船比赛 2 Brit. rhyming slang【英,同韵俚语】a person's face脸蛋,面孔

**boatswain** /'bǝus(ə)n/ (also 亦作 bo'sun or bosun) ■n. a ship's officer in charge of equipment and the crew 水手长
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bātswegen (see 见 BOAT, SWAIN).

**boatswain's chair** n. a seat suspended from ropes, used for work on the body or masts of a ship or the face of a building高空作业坐板,工作吊板

**boat train** n. a train scheduled to connect with the arrival or departure of a boat(接驳轮船的)火车

**boatyard** /'bǝutja:d/ n. a place where boats are built or stored 造船厂;船坞

**Bob** /bpb/n. (in phr.用于短语 Bob's your uncle) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 used to express the ease with which a task can be achieved 小事一桩,小菜一碟

**bob¹** /bpb/ v. (bobs, bobbing, bobbed) 1 make or cause to make a quick, short movement up and down 使上下移动,颠簸 ➤ (often 常用 bob up) make a sudden move so as to appear or disappear 突然出现(或消失) 2 curtsy briefly 简单行礼 ■n. 1 a quick, short movement up and down抖动,颠簸2 a brief curtsy 鞠躬礼,屈膝礼
-PHRASES 短语 bob and weave (of a boxer) move rapidly up and down and from side to side as an evasive tactic(拳击手)身体左挡右闪 ➤ bob for apples try to catch floating apples with one's mouth, as a game 咬苹果游戏
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bob²** /bpb/ n. 1 a short hairstyle that hangs evenly all round 波波头(发型) 2 a weight on a pendulum, plumb line, or kite tail 钟摆;测锤;风筝坠子3a bobsleigh 大雪橇 4 a short line at or towards the end of a stanza 诗节末尾的短行■v. (bobs, bobbing, bobbed) 1 cut (hair) in a bob把(头发)剪成波波 2 ride on a bobsleigh 坐雪橇
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a bunch or cluster) : of unknown origin.

**bob³** /bpb/n. (pl. same 单复同)Brit. informal【英,非正式】a shilling 一先令
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**bob⁴** /bpb/ n. a change of order in bell-ringing 变序鸣钟
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. connected with вов¹.

**bobber** /'bpbə(r)/ n. 1 a person who rides on a bobsleigh 乘坐雪橇者2 a float used in angling 浮子

**bobbin** /'bobin/ n. 1 a cylinder, cone, or reel holding thread or yarn 线轴,绕线简 2 a small bar attached to a string used for raising a door latch门门抬手(系在绳上、用于抬起门门)
-ORIGIN词源C16: from Fr. bobine.

**bobbinet** /'bpbinet/ n. machine-made cotton net (imitating bobbin lace)六角网眼纱,珠罗纱

**bobbin lace** n. lace made by hand with thread wound on bobbins 梭结花边

**bobble¹** /'bpbl/ n. a small ball made of strands of wool, as used as a decoration on a hat or as forming on the surface of knitted fabric 小绒球,小羊毛球(装饰帽子等)
>(bobbles) small plastic balls attached to elastic, used for fastening girls' hair(皮筋上的)塑料小球
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bobbly adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: dimin. of вов².

**bobble²** /'bobl/ informal 【非正式】 ■v. 1 move with an irregular bouncing motion(不规则)弹跳2N. Amer.【北美】mishandle (aball) 漏接(球)■n. 1 an irregular bouncing motion(球的)不规则弹跳2 Ν. Amer.【北美】a mishandling of a ball 漏接的球
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: frequentative of вов¹.

**bobby** /'bpbi/ n. (pl. bobbies) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a police officer 警察
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: after Sir Robert Peel, the British Prime Minister who established the Metropolitan Police.

**bobby calf** n. an unweaned calf slaughtered for veal 未断奶的小牛
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: perh. from вов², in the sense 'small, short'.

**bobby-dazzler** n. Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】 an excellent person or thing出色之人(或物),了不起的人(或物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. north. Engl. dial.

**bobby pin** n. N. Amer. & Austral./NZ【北美,澳新】a sprung hairpin or small clip 扁平发夹,小发夹
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from вов² (because orig. used with bobbed hair) + -PIN².

**bobby socks** pl. n. N. Amer. 【北美】 socks reaching just above the ankle, worn by teenage girls in the 1940s and 1950s 齐踝短袜
-ORIGIN 词源 cf. BOB² in the sense 'cut short'.

**bobby-soxer** n. N. Amer. informal, dated【北美,非正式,过时】a teenage girl 小姑娘,少女

**bobcat** /'bobkæt/ n. a small North American lynx with a barred and spotted coat and a short tail 短尾猫,红猫[Felis rufus.]
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from Bов² (with ref. to its short tail) + CAT¹.

**bobolink** /'bəbəlıŋk/ n. a North American songbird

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with a finch-like bill长刺歌雀 [Dolichonyx oryzivorus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. Bob o'Lincoln, Bob Lincoln) : imitative of its call.

**bobotie** /bə'bu:ti, -'buǝti/ n. a South African dish of curried minced meat baked with a savoury custard topping(南非)咖喱肉末
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., prob. of Malay or Javanese origin.

**bobsleigh** /'bobsler/ (N. Amer.【北美】bobsled) n. a mechanically steered and braked sledge used for racing down an ice-covered run 大雪橇(供比赛用)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bobsleighing (N. Amer.【北美】bobsledding) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from вов² in the sense 'short' + SLEIGH.

**bobstay** /'bobster/ n. a rope used to hold down the bowsprit of a ship and keep it steady 船头斜桅支索
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. from воB¹ + STAY².

**bobsy-die** /bpbzı'dai/ n. dialect & NZ 【方,新】a great deal of fuss or trouble 小题大做,大惊小怪
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: contr. of Bob's-a-dying.

**bobtail** /'bobteil/ n. a docked tail of a horse or dog (马或狗)截短的尾巴
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from вов² + TAIL¹.

**bob weight** n. a counterweight to a moving part in a machine 平衡锤,配重

**bobwhite** /'bpbwart/ n. an American quail with mottled reddish-brown plumage and a pale throat and eye stripe 山齿鹑 [Colinus virginianus.]
-ORIGIN词源C19: imitative of its call.

**bocage** /ba'ka:3/ n. 1 (in France) pastureland divided into small hedged fields interspersed with groves of trees(法国)树围地2 the modelling of plants and flowers in clay(瓷器上的)树木花草造型
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from OFr. boscage (see 见BOSCAGE).

**bocce** /'bptfer, 'botfi/ (also 亦作 boccia /'bvtfə/) ■n. an Italian game similar to bowls but played on a smaller green 地掷球,意大利式地滚球
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'bowls', pl. of boccia 'ball'.

**Boche** /bpf/n. (the Boche) informal, dated 【非正式,过时】Germans, especially German soldiers, collectively(总称)德国佬(尤指德国兵)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. soldiers' sl., orig. in the sense 'rascal'; applied to Germans in the First World War.

**bock** /bpk/n. a strong, dark German beer 巴克啤酒 (一种德国烈性黑啤酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Fr. from an abbrev. of Ger. Eimbockbier 'beer from Einbeck', a town in Hanover.

**BOD** /bpd/abbr. biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量

**bod** /bpd/n. informal 【非正式】 1a body 身体 2 chiefly Brit.【主英】a person 人
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: orig. Scots.

**bodach** /'bǝuda:x/n. Scottish & Irish【苏格兰,爱】1 an old man or peasant 老人;农民2aghost 鬼魂,幽灵
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (earlier as buddough): from Sc. Gaelic.

**bodacious** /bǝu'deıfəs/ adj. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】excellent, admirable, or attractive 出色的;令人赞叹的;吸引人的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. a var. of SW dial. boldacious, blend of BOLD and AUDACIOUS.

**bode** /bǝud/ v. (bode well/ill) be a portent of a good or bad outcome 预兆,预示
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bodian 'proclaim, foretell', from boda 'messenger', of Gmc origin.

**bodega** /bə'deıgǝ/ n. a cellar or shop selling wine and food, especially in a Spanish-speaking country (尤指西班牙语国家的)酒窖,酒栈
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., via L. from Gk apothēkē 'storehouse'; cf. BOUTIQUE.

**Bode's law** /bəudz, 'bəudǝz/ n. Astronomy【天文】an empirical formula by which the distances of the first seven planets from the sun are roughly derived in terms of powers of two 波得定则
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the German astronomer Johann E. Bode.

**bodge** /bpdz/v. Brit. informal【英,非正式】make or repair badly or clumsily 拙劣地制造(或修补);笨拙地制造(或修补)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodger n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: alt. of вотсн.

**bodgie** /'bpdzi/ Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】■n. (pl. bodgies) historical 【史义】a Teddy boy 不良少年,无赖青年■adj. flawed, worthless, or false有缺陷的;无价值的;假的
-ORIGIN 词源 prob. from bodger (see 见 BODGE).

**bodhisattva** / bodr'sa:tvǝ/ n. (in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so through compassion for suffering beings 菩提萨埵,菩萨(大乘佛教用语)
-ORIGIN 词源 Sanskrit, 'a person whose essence is perfect knowledge', from bodhi 'perfect knowledge' + sattva 'being, essence'.

**bodhrán** /'baura:n, bau'ra:n/ n. a shallow one-sided Irish drum typically played using a short stick 宝思兰鼓(爱尔兰一种单面浅鼓,通常用短棍敲击)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ir.

**bodhitree** n. variant of BO TREE * bo tree的变体

**bodice** /'bpdis/ n. the part of a woman's dress (excluding sleeves) above the waist 上衣片,大身(不带袖子) ➤ a woman's sleeveless undergarment, often laced at the front (蕾丝)紧身胸衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: orig. bodies, pl. of BODY, retaining the original pronunc.

**bodice-ripper** ■n. humorous【幽】 a sexually explicit historical novel or film(有历史背景的)色情小说,色情电影
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodice-ripping adj.

**bodiless** /'bpdılıs/ adj. 1 lacking a body 无实体的,无躯体的2having no material form or being; incorporeal 非实体的,无形的,非物质的

**bodily** /'bpdili/ adj. 1 of or concerning the body身体的,躯体的2material or physical 物质的,实体的 ■adv. 1 by taking hold of a person's body with force

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揪住身体地2 in one mass; as a whole 整个地;全体地

**bodkin** /'bpdkın/ n. 1 a thick, blunt needle with a large eye, used for drawing tape through a hem 大针眼缝针 ➤ historical 【史义】 a long pin used to fasten women's hair(女子用的)长发夹 2 Printing【印刷】 a pointed tool used for removing pieces of metal type for correction 粗针,锥子3 archaic 【古】a dagger匕首,短剑
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in sense 3): perh. of Celtic origin and rel. to Ir. bod, Welsh bidog, Sc. Gaelic biodag 'dagger'.

**body** /'bodi/ n. (pl. bodies) 1 the physical structure, including the bones, flesh, and organs, of a person or animal(人或动物的)身体,躯体
>the trunk apart from the head and the limbs 躯干 ➤ a corpse 尸体 ➤ informal, dated 【非正式,过时】a person人 2 the main or central part of something 主体,主干: the main body of the text 文章的正文部分 ➤ a mass or collection 大量,大批: a large body of water 一大片水域 3 an organized group of people with a common function 机构,团体: a regulatory body 管理机构 4 technical 【技】 a material object 实体,实物5 a full flavour in wine(酒的)浓香,香醇 ➤ fullness of a person's hair(头发的)浓密6 Brit.【英】a woman's close-fitting stretch garment for the upper body, usually fastening at the crotch 女紧身上衣,束身胸衣 ■v. (bodies, bodying, bodied) (body something forth) formal 【正式】 give material form to something abstract 使具体化,使实物化
-PHRASES 短语 in a body as a group 一块儿;集体地 ➤ keep body and soul together stay alive in difficult circumstances苟活,勉强撑下去 ➤ over my dead body informal 【非正式】 used to express strong opposition 除非我死了(表示强烈反对)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词-bodied adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bodig, of unknown origin.

**body armour** n. clothing worn by the army and police to protect against gunfire 防弹衣

**body art** n. the practice of decorating the body by means of tattooing, piercing, etc.人体艺术(包括纹身、穿孔等)

**body bag** n. a bag used for carrying a corpse from the scene of an accident or crime 运尸袋

**body blow** n. 1 a heavy punch to the body 对身体的重击2 a severe setback 严重挫折,打击

**bodyboard** /'bpdibo:d/ n. a short, light surfboard ridden in a prone position 卧式冲浪板,趴板
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodyboarder n. bodyboarding n.

**bodybuilder** /'bodibildə(r)/ n. a person who strengthens and enlarges their muscles through exercise such as weightlifting 健身者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodybuilding n.

**body check** n. (especially in ice hockey) an attempt to obstruct a player by bumping into them (尤指冰球中的)身体阻截(或贴挤) ■v.(bodycheck) obstruct (a player) with a body-check 用身体阻截(对方球员)

**body clock** n. a person's biological clock 生物钟

**body colour** n. opaque pigment used in painting, especially gouache不透明颜料,(尤指)水粉画颜料

**body corporate** n. formal term for CORPORATION * corporation 的正式说法

**body double** n. a stand-in for a film actor during stunt or nude scenes(特技或裸镜中的)替身演员

**body dysmorphic disorder** n. a psychological disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with imaginary defects in their appearance 躯体变形障碍

**body English** ■n. N. Amer.【北美】 1a follow-through motion after throwing a ball 身体随球侧扭[from ENGLISH (sense 2 of the noun).] 2 another term for BODY LANGUAGE * body language 的另一种说法

**bodyguard** /'bodiga:d/ n. a person employed to protect a rich or famous person保镖,警卫

**body language** n. the conscious and unconscious bodily movements and postures by which feelings are communicated 身体语言

**bodyline** /'bodilaın/n. Cricket, historical 【板,史义】 fast short-pitched bowling on the leg side, threatening the batsman's body(威胁击球员身体的)近身快球

**body louse** n. a louse which infests the human body and is able to transmit several diseases through its bite, including typhus 体蝨 [Pediculus humanus humanus.]

**body mass index** n. (pl. body mass indices) an approximate measure of whether someone is over- or underweight, calculated by dividing their weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres 体表指数

**body odour** n. the unpleasant smell of a person's unwashed body体臭,汗臭

**body piercing** n. the decorative piercing of parts of the body other than the ear lobes 穿体装饰

**body politic** n. the people of a nation or society considered as an organized group of citizens 人民,全体公民

**body-popping** n. a kind of dancing characterized by jerky robotic movements of the joints 机械舞(关节像机器人似的抽动)

**body scrub** n. an exfoliating and cleansing cosmetic preparation applied to the skin (去死皮令皮肤光洁的)磨砂膏

**bodyshell** /'bpdiſel/ n. the frame of a motor or railway vehicle, to which the panels are attached(汽车或火车的)车身外壳,车架

**body shop** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a garage where repairs to the bodywork of vehicles are carried out 车身修理厂

**bodysnatcher** /'bodi,snætfǝ(r)/ n. historical 【史义】 a person who illicitly disinterred corpses for dissection 盗尸者(供解剖用)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodysnatching n.

**body stocking** n. a woman's one-piece undergarment covering the torso and legs 女式连体内衣

**bodysuit** /'bpdisu:t/ n. another term for BODY (sense 6 of the noun) * body(名词释义6)的另一种

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说法

**bodysurf** /'bodisə:f/ v. surf without using a board人体冲浪,徒手冲浪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodysurfer n.

**body warmer** n. a sleeveless padded jacket worn outdoors 防寒背心

**body wave** n. a light permanent wave designed to give body to the hair 波浪发型(使头发显得丰盈飘逸)

**bodywork** /'bpdiw3:k/ n. 1 the metal outer shell of a vehicle 车辆外壳,车身2therapies in complementary medicine which involve touching or manipulating the body 推拿按摩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bodyworker n.

**body wrap** n. a beauty treatment involving wrapping the body in hot bandages, intended to make one slimmer 裹敷瘦身法

**Boeotian** /bi'ǝufn/ n. a native of Boeotia, an area of ancient Greece north of Athens 比奥蒂亚人 ■adj. relating to Boeotia 比奥蒂亚的

**Boer** /bə:(r), 'bəvə(r), buə(r)/ n. 1 a member of the Dutch and Huguenot population which settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century 布尔人2 (boer) S. African 【南非】 an Afrikaner farmer 南非白人农民;布尔人农民
-ORIGIN 词源 from Du. boer 'farmer'.

**boerewors** /'bu:rə,vo:s, 'bo-/ n. S. African【南非】a traditional sausage containing coarsely ground beef and pork 布尔农家香肠(内含牛肉粒和猪肉粒)
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., from boere 'Afrikaner or farmer's' + wors 'sausage'.

**boeuf bourguignon** /b3:f 'bo:ginji/ n. a dish consisting of beef stewed in red wine 勃艮第牛肉(由红葡萄酒炖制而成)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'Burgundy beef'.

**boff** /bpf/N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 ■v. 1 hit or strike打,击打2 have sex with 与…性交 n. 1 a blow or punch击打,殴打2an act of sexual intercourse 性交
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: imitative.

**boffin** /'bpfinn. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a person engaged in scientific or technical research 科技工作者,科研人员
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: of unknown origin.

**boffo** /'bpfǝu/ N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】■adj. 1 (of a play or film) resoundingly successful(戏剧、电影)轰动的,大获成功的2(of a laugh) deep and unrestrained(笑声)放任的,纵情的 n. (pl. boffos) a great success 大获成功
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from US boff 'roaring success' +-0.

**Bofors gun** /'bǝufəz/ n. a type of light anti-aircraft gun 波福斯防空高射炮
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after Bofors in Sweden, where it was first manufactured.

**bog** /bpg/n. 1 an area of very soft wet muddy ground 沼泽
> Ecology 【生态】 wetland with acid, peaty soil 酸性泥炭沼泽 Compare with 比较 FEN¹. 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】a toilet 厕所 ■v. (bogs, bogging, bogged) 1 (usu. 通常用 be bogged down) cause to become stuck; hinder the progress of 使陷入;阻碍进程2(bog off) Brit. informal【英,非正式】go away走开,离开3(bog in) Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】start a task enthusiastically 热火朝天地干起来
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bogginess n. boggy adj. (boggier, boggiest).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Ir. or Sc. Gaelic bogach, from bog 'soft'.

**bog arum** n. an arum with heart-shaped leaves, growing in boggy ground 水芋 [Calla palustris.]

**bog asphodel** n. a yellow-flowered marsh plant of the lily family 纳茜菜 [Narthecium ossifragum.]

**bogbean** /'bogbi:n/ n. a plant of bogs and shallow water with creeping rhizomes, three-lobed leaves, and hairy flowers 睡菜 [Menyanthes trifoliata.]

**bog cotton** n. another term for COTTON GRASS * cotton grass 的另一种说法

**bogey¹** /'bǝugi/ Golf 【高尔夫】 ■n. (pl. bogeys) a score of one stroke over par at a hole 柏忌(超标准杆数一杆) ➤ old-fashioned term for PAR (sense 1 of the noun) * par(名词释义1)的过时说法■V. (bogeys, bogeying, bogeyed) play (a hole) in one stroke over par在(球洞)打出柏忌
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Bogey(see见 BOGEY²).

**bogey²** /'bǝugi/ (also 亦作 bogy) n. (pl. bogeys) 1 an evil or mischievous spirit 恶鬼,妖怪2 US military slang【美,军俚】an enemy aircraft 敌机 3 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a piece of nasal mucus (一块)鼻屎
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (as a name applied to the Devil) : of unknown origin.

**bogeyman** /'bǝugimæn/ (also 亦作 bogyman) ■n. (pl. bogeymen) an evil spirit 恶魔,鬼怪

**boggart** /'bogǝt/ n. Scottish & N. English 【苏格兰,英北】an evil or mischievous spirit 妖魔,鬼怪
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: rel. to obs. bog 'bugbear', BOGGLE, and BOGLE.

**boggle** /'bpgl/v. informal 【非正式】be startled or baffled 感到惊讶;困惑:The mind boggles at the spectacle.一想到这个场面就感到惊讶。
>(boggle at) hesitate or be anxious at 犹豫;焦虑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. of dial. origin and rel. to BOGLE and BOGEY2.

**bogie** /'bǝugi/ n. (pl. bogies) 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】an undercarriage with four or six wheels pivoted beneath the end of a railway vehicle(铁路车辆的)转向架 ➤ Indian【印度】 a railway carriage 铁路客车车厢 2 chiefly N. English【主英北】 a low truck on four small wheels载重货车;小车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19(orig. in north. Engl. dial. use) : of unknown origin.

**bog iron** n. an impure, porous form of limonite deposited in bogs 沼铁矿

**bogland** /'boglænd/n. marshy land 沼泽地

**bogle** /'bǝugl/n. 1 a phantom or goblin 幽灵,鬼怪 2 Scottish & N. English 【苏格兰,英北】a scarecrow 稻

<274>
草人
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin; prob. rel. to BOGEY².

**bog moss** n. another term for PEAT MOSS (sense 1) * peat moss(释义1)的另一种说法

**bog myrtle** n. a deciduous shrub of boggy places, with short upright catkins and aromatic grey-green leaves 香杨梅 [Myrica gale.]

**bog oak** n. an ancient oak tree preserved in peat, with hard black wood 泥炭栎,沼栎

**Bogomil** /'bǝugəmıl, 'bng-/ n. a member of a heretical medieval Balkan sect professing a modified form of Manichaeism 鲍格米勒派教徒(中世纪巴尔干地区的异端教派,宣扬改良的摩尼教教义)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 Bogomilism n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. Gk Bogomilos, from Bogomil, lit. 'beloved of God', the name of the person who first spread the heresy.

**bog rosemary** n. a pink-flowered evergreen dwarf shrub, growing in boggy soils 小石楠,姬石楠杜鹃 [Genus Andromeda: two species.]

**bog spavin** n. a soft swelling of the joint capsule of the hock, occurring in young horses(幼马的)跗关节部腱鞘炎

**bog-standard** adj. Brit. informal, derogatory 【英,非正式,贬】ordinary; basic 庸常的,普通的

**bogtrotter** /'bpg,trptə(r)/ n. informal, offensive 【非正式,冒】an Irish person 爱尔兰佬

**bogus** /'bǝugəs/ adj. not genuine or true 假冒的,伪造的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 bogusly adv. bogusness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18(orig. US, denoting a machine for making counterfeit money): perh. from tantrabogus, used to denote any strange-looking apparatus, poss. rel. to Devon dial. tantarabobs 'the Devil'.

**bogy** /'bǝugi/ n. (pl. bogies) variant spelling of BOGEY² * bogey²的另一种拼法

**bogyman** /'bǝugimæn/ n. variant spelling of BOGEYMAN * bogeyman的另一种拼法

**bohea** /bǝu'hi:/ n. a low-quality black China tea from the last crop of the season 武夷红茶;下品红茶
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the Bu-yi (Wuyi) hills in China.

**Bohemian** /bǝ(u)'hi:miən/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Bohemia, a region of the Czech Republic 波希米亚人2(also 亦作 bohemian) a socially unconventional person, especially an artist or writer 放荡不羁的人(尤指艺术家或作家) [C19: from Fr. bohémien 'gypsy' (because gypsies were thought to come from Bohemia).] adj. 1 relating to Bohemia or its people 波希米亚的,波希米亚人的2(also亦作 bohemian) socially unconventional 放荡不羁的,离经叛道的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 Bohemianism n.

**boho** /'bǝuhǝบ/ n. (pl. bohos) & adj. informal term for BOHEMIAN (sense 2 of the noun, sense 2 of the adjective) * Bohemian(名词释义2,形容词释义2)的非正式说法

**bohrium** /'bə:riəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 107, a very unstable element made by high-energy atomic collisions铍(化学元素,原子序数为107,由高能原子碰撞产生,非常不稳定) (Symbol 符: Bh)
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s (earlier (1970s) called nielsbohrium): named after the Danish physicist Niels Bohr.

**bohunk** /'bǝuhʌŋk/n. N. Amer. informal, derogatory 【北美,非正式,贬】an immigrant from central or SE Europe 来自中欧(或东南欧)的移民
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: appar. from BOHEMIAN + -hunk, alt. of HUNGARIAN.

**boil¹** /bərl/v.1 (with reference to a liquid) reach or cause to reach the temperature at which it bubbles and turns to vapour(使)(液体)沸腾,烧开,达到沸点2(with reference to food) cook or be cooked by immersion in boiling water(使)(食物)在沸水中煮3(of the sea or clouds) be turbulent and stormy (大海或云)翻滚,汹涌 ➤ (of a person or emotion) be stirred up or inflamed(人或情绪)被激起,被激怒 ➤ (boil over) become so excited or tense as to lose control(因为太激动或紧张而)失控,爆发4(boil down to) amount to 等于:相当于n.1 the act or process of boiling 煮沸,沸腾 ➤ boiling point 沸点 2 Fishing【垂钓】a sudden rise of a fish at a fly (鱼吞饵时的)突然上浮
-PHRASES 短语 keep the pot boiling maintain the brisk momentum or interest value of something 保持活力,保持干劲,保持兴趣
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. boillir, from L. bullire 'to bubble', from bulla 'bubble'.

**boil²** /bəil/ n. an inflamed pus-filled swelling on the skin疖(子)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE byle, byl, of W. Gmc origin.

**boiled shirt** n. dated 【过时】 a dress shirt with a starched front 前胸上浆的白衬衫(用于硬胸礼服)

**boiled sweet** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a hard sweet made of boiled sugar 硬糖;夹心糖

**boiler** /'bəılə(r)/ n. 1 a fuel-burning apparatus for heating water, especially a device providing a domestic hot-water supply or serving a central heating system 烧水装置(尤指家用热水器或家用中央暖气锅炉) ➤ a tank for generating steam for a steam engine(蒸汽机的)锅炉2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a chicken suitable for cooking only by boiling 只适合煮食的鸡3 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】an unattractive or unpleasant woman 相貌平平(或令人反感)的女人

**boilermaker** /'bərlə,meıkə(r)/ n. 1 a person who makes boilers 锅炉制造工 ➤ a metalworker in heavy industry(重工业的)钣金工2N. Amer.【北美】a shot of whisky followed immediately by a glass of beer(喝啤酒前饮下的)小杯威士忌

**boilerplate** /'bərləpleit/ n. 1 rolled steel plates for making boilers 锅炉板 2 (boilerplates) Climbing 【登】smooth, overlapping slabs of rock 陡崖板3

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chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】stereotyped or clichéd writing 公式化文章,老套的文章 ➤ standardized pieces of text for use as clauses in contracts or as part of a computer program(合同)样本;(程序)样板文件

**boiler suit** an. Brit. 【英】 a one-piece suit worn as overalls for heavy manual work(重体力劳动者穿的)连衫裤工作服

**boilie** /'bərli/ n. (pl. boilies) a flavoured fishing bait, spherical in shape, used to catch carp 球形饵

**boiling** /'bəılım/ adj. at or near boiling point 沸腾的;接近沸点的
>informal【非正式】 extremely hot 酷热的,炙热的n. boiling point 沸点

**boiling point** n. 1 the temperature at which a liquid boils 沸点 2 the point at which anger or excitement breaks out into violence (愤怒或激动情绪的)爆发点

**boiling-water reactor** n. a nuclear reactor in which the coolant and moderator is water, which is boiled to produce steam 沸水反应堆

**boing** /born/exclam. representing a reverberating sound, especially the noise of a compressed spring suddenly released 啵嚶(尤指弹簧压缩后突然弹起时发出的声音)

**boink** /bomk/ v. & n. N. Amer. 【北美】variant spelling of BONK * bonk 的另一种拼法

**boisterous** /'bəıstərəs/ adj. 1 noisy, energetic, and cheerful 喧闹的,活跃的;兴奋的2(of weather or water) wild or stormy(天气或水)狂暴的,猛烈的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boisterously adv. boisterousness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'rough, stiff'): var. of earlier boistuous 'rustic, coarse, boisterous'.

**boîte** /bwat/ n. (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同)a small restaurant or nightclub 小饭馆;小酒馆;小型夜总会
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'box'.

**bok choy** /bok 'tfo1/n. US spelling of PAK CHOI * pak choi 的美式拼法

**boke** /bǝuk/ (also 亦作 boak) Scottish 【苏格兰】■V. vomit 呕吐 n. a spell of vomiting 呕吐发作
-ORIGIN 词源 ME bolke; rel. to BELCH.

**bokken** /'bok(ə)n/ n. a wooden sword used as a practice weapon in kendo(日本剑道中练习用的)木剑
-ORIGIN 词源 from Japanese.

**bokmakierie** /bokmə'kıəri/ n. (pl. bokmakieries) a shrike (bird) with yellow underparts and a black band across the breast, common in southern Africa 南非丛鸣[Telophorus zeylonus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Afrik., imitative of its call.

**Bokmål** /'bu:kmo:l/ n. one of two standard forms (the other being Nynorsk) of the Norwegian language, a modified form of Danish 布克莫尔语(挪威语两种规范形式之一【另一种为尼诺斯克语],由丹麦语演化而来)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Norw. bok 'book' + mål 'language'.

**bolas** /'bələs/ n. [treated as sing. or pl.视作单数或复数](especially in South America) a missile consisting of a number of balls connected by strong cord, thrown to entangle the limbs of cattle or other animals(尤指南美)流星锤,套牛绳
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. and Port., pl. of bola 'ball'.

**bold** /bǝuld/ adj. 1 confident and daring or courageous 自信的;大胆的;勇敢的➤dated 【过时】audacious; impudent放肆的,鲁莽的,冒失的2(of a colour or design) strong or vivid(色彩、式样)醒目的,显著的,鲜明的➤(of type) having thick strokes (字体)黑体的,粗体的n. a typeface with thick strokes 黑体字,粗体字
-PHRASES 短语 be (or make) so bold as to do something dare to do something that might be considered audacious 不顾唐突…,不揣冒昧……… ➤ (as) bold as brass confident to the point of impudence 放肆,唐突,厚颜无耻
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boldly adv. boldness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bald, of Gmc origin.

**boldface** /'bǝuldfeis/ n. a typeface with thick strokes 黑体字,粗体字
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 boldfaced adj.

**bole¹** /bǝul/ ■n. a tree trunk 树干
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from ON bolr.

**bole²** /bǝul/ n. a fine reddish clay containing iron oxide, used as a ground for oil painting 红玄武士
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. bolus (see见 SOLUS).

**bolection** /bə'lekfn/ n. Architecture 【建】 a decorative moulding above or around a panel 凸出嵌线(一种装饰线条)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**bolero** /bə'leǝrǝu/ n. (pl. boleros) 1 a Spanish dance in simple triple time 波莱罗舞(一种简单的3/4拍西班牙舞) ➤ the music for a bolero 波莱罗舞曲2a woman's short open jacket 波蕾若外套,女式开襟短上衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp.

**boletus** /bə'li:təs/ (also 亦作 bolete) n. (pl. boletuses) a toadstool with pores rather than gills on the underside of the cap, and a thick stem 牛肝菌 [Genus Boletus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., from Gk bōlitēs, perh. from bōlos 'lump'.

**bolide** /'bǝulaıd/ n. a large meteor which explodes in the atmosphere 火流星
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from L. bolis, bolid-, from Gk bolis 'missile'.

**bolivar** bplı'va:(r), bp'li:va:(r)/ n. the basic monetary unit of Venezuela, equal to 100 centimos 玻利瓦尔(委内瑞拉基本货币单位,1玻利瓦尔=100分)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Venezuelan Simon Bolívar, who liberated Venezuela from the Spanish.

**Bolivian** /bə'lıviən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Bolivia 玻利维亚人 ■adj. relating to Bolivia or its inhabitants 玻利维亚的;玻利维亚人的

**boliviano** /bǝlıvi'a:nǝu/ n. (pl. bolivianos) the basic monetary unit of Bolivia, equal to 100 centavos or cents 玻利维亚诺(玻利维亚基本货币单
<276>
位, 1玻利维亚诺=100分)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Sp., lit. 'Bolivian'.

**boll** /bǝul/ n. the rounded seed capsule of plants such as cotton or flax(棉、亚麻等的)圆荚,铃,蒴
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a bubble): from MDu. bolle 'rounded object'; rel. to BOWL¹.

**bollard** /'bola:d, -ləd/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a short post used to prevent traffic from entering an area(阻止 汽车进入的)护柱,安全柱 2 a short post on a ship or quayside for securing a rope(船上或码头区的) (带)缆桩
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from ON bolr(see 见 BOLE¹) + -ARO.

**bollix** /'bplıks/ vulgar slang 【粗俚】 ■v. (usu. 通常用 bollix something up) bungle (a task)搞砸,弄糟 (工作)■n. 1 [treated as pl.视作复数] variant spelling of BOLLOCKS * bollocks 的另一种拼法 2 [treated as sing. 视作单数]Irish【爱】 a foolish or contemptible man 傻瓜;王八蛋

**bollocking** /'bplǝkıŋ/ (also 亦作 **ballocking**) n. Brit. vulgar slang【英,粗俚】a severe reprimand 臭骂
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bollock v.

**bollocks** /'bələks/ (also 亦作 **ballocks**) ■pl. n. Brit. vulgar slang【英,粗俚】 1 the testicles 睾丸 2 [treated as sing. 视作单数] nonsense; rubbish 胡说,屁话, 废话
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: pl. of bollock, var. of earlier ballock, of Gmc origin; rel. to BALL¹.

**bollocky** /'bələki/ adj. Austral. informal【澳,非正 式】naked 裸体的,一丝不挂的

**boll weevil** n. a small weevil which feeds on the fibres of the cotton boll 墨西哥棉铃象[Anthonomus grandis.]

**bollworm** /'bǝulw3:m/ n. a moth caterpillar which is a pest of cotton and other crops in North America 棉铃虫

**Bollywood** /'boliwud/ n. a name for the Indian popular film industry, based in Bombay (now Mumbai)宝莱坞(以孟买为中心的印度大众电影业)

**bolo** /'bələบ/ n. (pl. bolos) a large single-edged knife used in the Philippines(菲律宾)大砍刀
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**bologna** /bə'ləunjə, bə'lvnjə/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】a large smoked sausage made chiefly of bacon, veal, and pork suet 博洛尼亚香肠
> -ORIGIN 词源 named after Bologna, a city in northern Italy.

**bolometer** /bə'lomitə(r)/ n. an electrical instrument for measuring radiant energy 热辐射计,热辐 射仪,辐射热计
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bolometric adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk bole 'ray of light' + -METER.

**boloney** /bə'ləuni/ n. variant spelling of BALONEY * baloney 的另一种拼法

**bolo tie** /'bǝบไǝบ/ ท. N. Amer. 【北美】 a tie consisting of a cord with a large ornamental fastening at the throat 波洛领带(一种有饰扣的线编领带)
> -ORIGIN 词源 alt. of bola tie, from its resemblance to the BOLAS.

**Bolshevik** /'bpl∫IVIK/ n. historical 【史义】1 a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which seized power in the Revolution of 1917 布尔什维克(俄国1917年十月革 命后掌权的社会民主工党多数派成员) 2 a person with politically subversive or radical views 政见激进者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 Bolshevism n. Bolshevist n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 Russ., from bol'she 'greater' (with ref. to the greater faction).

**bolshie** /'bolfi/ (also 亦作 **bolshy**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】■adj. deliberately combative or uncooperative 好斗的,故意不合作的 ■n. (**Bolshie**) dated 【过 时】a Bolshevik or socialist 布尔什维克;社会主义者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bolshiness n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: abbrev. of BOLSHEVIK.

**bolster**¹ /'bəulstə(r)/ n. 1 a long, thick pillow 长枕 头 2 a part on a vehicle or tool providing structural support or reducing friction 车架承梁;垫木;软 垫
> Building【营造】 a short timber cap over a post increasing the bearing of the beams it supports 梁 垫,托木 ■v. support or strengthen支撑,加强,加固
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bolsterer n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE: of Gmc origin.

**bolster**² /'bəulstə(r)/ n. a heavy chisel used for cutting bricks 阔凿,砖工凿
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**bolt**¹ /bǝult/ n. 1 a long pin with a head that screws into a nut, used to fasten things together 螺栓 a bar that slides into a socket to fasten a door or window(门、窗的)插销;闩 the sliding piece of the breech mechanism of a rifle 枪栓 2 a short, heavy arrow shot from a crossbow 弩箭 3 a flash of lightning across the sky 闪电,霹雳 ■v. fasten with a bolt 用螺栓固定,凡
> -PHRASES 短语 a **bolt from (or out of) the blue** a sudden and unexpected event 意外事件,晴天霹雳 **bolt upright** with the back very straight 背部笔直 地,腰杆儿挺直地 **have shot one's bolt** informal 【非 正式】 have done everything possible but still not succeeded 技穷,已尽全力(仍无济于事)
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE: of unknown origin.

**bolt**² /bǝult/ v. 1 run away suddenly 突然跑掉 ➤(in hunting) cause (a rabbit or fox) to run out of its burrow or hole (狩猎时)使(兔子、狐狸)窜出洞 穴 2(of a plant) suddenly start producing mainly flowers and seeds instead of leaves (植物)抽薹,蹿 高结籽 3 eat (food) quickly 狼吞虎咽(地吃食物)
> -PHRASES 短语 **make a bolt for** try to escape by running suddenly towards 企图迅速逃向
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bolter n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from BOLT¹, expressing the sense 'fly like an arrow'.

**bolt**³ /bǝult/ n. 1 a roll of fabric, originally as a measure(织物)匹 2 a folded edge of a piece of paper that is trimmed off to allow it to be opened (纸的)毛 边,未切边

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> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: transferred use of BOLT¹.

**bolt**⁴ /bǝult/ (also 亦作 **boult**) v. archaic 【古】 pass through a sieve 筛
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. bulter.

**bolt-action** adj. (of a gun) having a breech which is opened by turning a bolt and sliding it back(枪)直 动式枪机的,手动式枪机的

**bolt-hole** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 an escape route or hiding place 逃跑路线;藏身处

**Boltzmann's constant** /'bolsmənz/ n. Chemistry 【化】 the ratio of the gas constant to Avogadro's constant, equal to 1.381 × 10⁻²³ joules per Kelvin in the case where the number of molecules is equal to Avogadro's number 玻耳兹曼常量(气体常数与阿伏伽 德罗常量的比值,等于1.381×10⁻²³焦耳/开)
> -ORIGIN 词源 named after the Austrian physicist L. Boltzmann.

**bolus** /'bələs/ n. (pl. **boluses**) 1 a small rounded mass of a substance, especially of food being swallowed团(尤指吞咽中的食物) 2 a large pill used in veterinary medicine(兽医用的)大药丸
> Medicine 【医】 a single dose of a drug given all at once一剂药
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk bōlos 'clod'.

**boma** /'bəumǝ/ n. (in eastern and southern Africa) an enclosure, especially one for animals(非洲东部 和南部的)围场(尤用于保护动物)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Kiswahili.

**bomb** /bpm/ n. 1 a container of explosive or incendiary material, designed to explode on impact or when detonated by a timing or remote-control device 炸弹 ➤(**the bomb**) nuclear weapons collectively(总称)核弹,核武器 2 (**a bomb**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a large sum of money 一大笔钱 3 informal【非正式】 a thing that fails badly 惨败,大 败 4(also 亦作 **volcanic bomb**) a lump of lava thrown out by a volcano 火山弾 5 a pear-shaped weight used to anchor a fishing line to the bottom (用以使钓线沉入水底的)梨形重物 6 informal 【非正 式】a cannabis cigarette 大麻卷烟 ■v. 1 attack with a bomb or bombs轰炸,投炸弹 2 Brit. informal【英,非 正式】move very quickly疾行,迅速移动 3 informal 【非正式】fail badly 惨败,大败
> -PHRASES 短语 **go down a bomb** Brit. informal【英,非 正式】 be very well received 大受欢迎 **go like a bomb** Brit. informal【英,非正式】1 be very successful 大获 成功 2 move very fast 迅速移动
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bomblet n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. bombe, from Ital. bomba, prob. from L. bombus 'booming, humming', from Gk bombos, of imitative origin.

**bombard** v. /bpm'ba:d/ 1 attack continuously with bombs or other missiles(用炸弹、导弹等)连续 轰炸,连续攻击 2 subject to a continuous flow of questions or information 连珠炮似的提问;大量提供 信息给 3 Physics 【物】 direct a stream of high-speed particles at (a substance)轰击(物质) ■n. /'bomba:d/ an early form of cannon 射石炮
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 bombardment n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bombarde, prob. based on L. bombus (see见 вomв).

**bombarde** /'bpmba:d/ n. 1 a shawm (wind instrument) of alto pitch 蓬巴德双簧管 2 a powerful bass reed organ stop 蓬巴德音栓
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. (see见 BOMBARD).

**bombardier** /bombə'dıə(r)/ n. 1 a rank of non-commissioned officer in certain artillery regiments, equivalent to corporal 炮兵军士(相当于下士) 2 a member of a bomber crew in the US air force responsible for aiming and releasing bombs(美国 空军)投弹手,轰炸员
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from OFr. bombarde (see见 BOMBARD).

**bombardier beetle** n. a beetle that discharges a puff of irritant vapour with an audible pop when alarmed 放屁甲虫,炮弹甲虫[Brachinus crepitans and other species.]

**bombardon** /'bomba:dn/ n. a bass tuba 邦巴东号
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital. bombardone, from bombardo 'cannon'.

**bombast** /'bombæst/ n. high-sounding language with little meaning 华而不实的言辞,大话
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bombastic** /bpm'bæstık/ adj. **bombastically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting cotton wool used as padding, later used figuratively): from OFr. bombace, from med. L. bombax, bombac-, alt. of bombyx 'silkworm'.

**Bombay duck** /'bpm'ber/ n. the bummalo (fish), dried and eaten as an accompaniment to curries 龙 头鱼(晒干后与咖喱一起食用)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of BUMMALO by assoc. with the city of Bombay (now Mumbai) in India, from which bummalo were exported; the reason for the use of the term duck is unknown.

**Bombay mix** n. a spiced snack consisting of lentils, peanuts, and deep-fried strands of gram flour 孟 买什锦豆(风味小吃,含兵豆、花生和油炸鹰嘴豆面 棍儿)

**bombazine** /'bombəzi:n/ n. a twilled dress fabric of worsted and silk or cotton 邦巴津织物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting raw cotton): from Fr. bombasin, from med. L. bombacinum, from bombycinus 'silken', based on Gk bombux 'silkworm'.

**bomb bay** n. a compartment in the fuselage of an aircraft used to hold bombs (飞机的)炸弹舱

**bomb disposal** n. the defusing or controlled detonation of unexploded bombs 未爆弹处理

**bombe** /bomb/ n. a frozen dome-shaped dessert 球冻甜点
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'bomb'.

**bombé** /'bber/ adj. (of furniture) rounded(家 具)圆形的
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: Fr., lit. 'swollen out'.

**bombed** /bpmd/ adj. informal 【非正式】intoxicated by drink or drugs 烂醉的;因吸毒而晕乎乎的

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**bomber** /'bomə(r)/ n. 1 an aircraft that drops bombs 轰炸机 2 a person who plants bombs, especially as a terrorist 安放炸弹者(尤指恐怖分子) 3 informal【非正式】 a large cannabis cigarette 大号大麻 卷烟

**bomber jacket** n. a short jacket gathered at the waist and cuffs by elasticated bands and having a zip front 投弹手夹克(腰际和袖口有松紧带的短夹克)

**bombinate** /'bombinert/ v. literary 【文】buzz; hum 发嗡嗡声
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L. bombinat-, bombinare 'buzz', from L. bombus (see见 BOMB).

**bombora** /bom'bə:rǝ/ n. Austral. 【澳】 a wave which forms over a submerged offshore reef or rock, producing a dangerous stretch of broken water 潜 浪,暗礁浪(形成于暗礁之上,造成凶险的碎浪水域)
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from an Aborig. word, perh. Dharuk bumbora.

**bombshell** /'bomfel/ n. 1 an overwhelming surprise or disappointment 爆炸性事件,出人意料的事;令人 失望的事 2 informal【非正式】a very attractive woman 美女,“肉弹” 3 dated 【过时】 an artillery shell 炮弹

**bombsight** /'bomsart/ n. a device used in an aircraft for aiming bombs 轰炸瞄准器

**bomb squad** n. a division of a police force which investigates the planting of terrorist bombs(警方 的)防爆小组

**Bon** /bpn/ (also 亦作 **O-Bon**) n. a Japanese Buddhist festival held annually in August to honour the dead 盆会(盂兰盆会,日本每年8月拜祭亡灵的佛 教节日)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Japanese.

**bona fide** /bǝunə 'faidi/ adj. genuine; real 真正的, 真实的 ■adv. chiefly Law 【主律】 without intention to deceive 诚实地,真诚地,无欺地
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'with good faith', ablative sing. of BONA FIDES.

**bona fides** /bǝunə 'faidi:z/ n. 1 honesty and sincerity of intention 真诚,诚意 2 [treated as pl. 视 作复数]informal 【非正式】 a person's credentials 资 格;资历;资格证书
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'good faith'.

**bonanza** /bə'nænzə/ n. a source of wealth, good fortune, or profits 财源;幸运际遇,生财之道
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US, with ref. to success when mining): from Sp., lit. 'fair weather, prosperity', from L. bonus 'good'.

**Bonapartism** /'bəənəpa:tız(ə)m/ n. attachment to or advocacy of the government and dynasty of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)波拿巴主义
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 Bonapartist n. & adj.

**bon appétit** /'bon æpe'ti:/ exclam. used to wish someone an enjoyable meal 祝你好胃口
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'good appetite'.

**bona vacantia** /bənə və'kæntiə/ n. Law【律】 (in the UK) goods without an apparent owner, to which the Crown may have right(英国)无主物, 无主财产
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., 'ownerless goods'.

**bonbon** /'bonbon/ n. a sweet 糖果
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., reduplication of bon 'good', from L. bonus.

**bonbonnière** /bonbon'jeə(r)/ n. a small ornamental box or jar for confectionery 糖果盒
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**bonce** /bpns/ n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a person's head头,脑袋
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19 (denoting a large marble): of unknown origin.

**bond** /bond/ n. 1 a thing used to tie or fasten things together 捆绑物,捆缚物
> (**bonds**) physical restraints used to hold someone prisoner 镣铐,枷 锁 2 a force or feeling that unites people (将人联 合在一起的)结合力,纽带 3 a binding agreement, especially one which commits someone to make a payment to another 契约,合同(尤指支付契约)
> a certificate issued by a government or a public company promising to repay borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest at a specified time 公债;债 券
> an insurance policy held by a company, which protects against losses resulting from circumstances such as bankruptcy(公司防范破产等风险的)保单
> N. Amer.【北美】a sum of money paid as bail 保 释金 4 (also 亦作 **chemical bond**) a strong force of attraction holding atoms together in a molecule 键 5 Building【营造】 a pattern in which bricks are laid to ensure the strength of a structure 砌式,砌合 ■v. 1 join or be joined securely to something else (使)结合,连接,黏合 2 establish a relationship based on shared feelings or experiences(因有相同 的情感或经历而)建立关系 3 join or be joined by a chemical bond(使)键合 4 [usu. as adj.通常作形容 词 **bonding**] lay (bricks) in a strong overlapping pattern使(砖)砌合 5 [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **bonding**] place (dutiable goods) in bond(将应税货 物)存入保税仓库
> -PHRASES 短语 **in bond** (of dutiable goods) stored in a bonded warehouse(应税货物)在保税仓库中
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: var. of BAND¹.

**bondage** /'bondidz/ n. 1 the state of being a slave or feudal serf 奴役 2 sexual activity that involves the tying up or restraining of one partner 捆绑式性行为
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Latin bondagium, from ME bond 'serf' from ON bóndi 'tiller of the soil', based on búa 'dwell'; influenced by BOND.

**bondager** /'bondıdzə(r)/ ■n. historical 【史义】a person who performed services as a condition of feudal tenure农奴;奴隶

**bonded** /'bondid/ adj. 1 joined securely together, especially by an adhesive, heat process, or pressure 牢固结合的;黏合的 2 bound by a legal agreement 受 法律协议(或契约)约束的 3 (of dutiable goods) placed in bond(应税货物)存入保税仓库的

**bonded warehouse** n. a customs-controlled warehouse for the retention of imported goods until the duty owed is paid 保税仓库,关栈

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**bond paper** n. high-quality writing paper 高级书写 纸,证券纸

**bondsman** /'bon(d)zmən/ n. (pl. **bondsmen**) 1 a person who stands surety for a bond 保证人,担保人 2 archaic 【古】 a slave or feudal serf 奴隶;农奴

**bone** /bǝun/ n. 1 any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in vertebrates 骨(头) ➤(**one's bones**) one's body 身体 2 the calcified material of which bones consist 骨质 ➤ a thing made of a substance resembling bone, e.g. a strip of stiffening for an undergarment(支撑衣服用的)鯨骨 3 (in southern Africa) one of a set of carved dice or bones used by traditional healers in divination (非洲南部) 占卜用的骨头 ■v. 1 remove the bones from (meat or fish) before cooking 剔除(肉或鱼) 的骨头 2 (**bone up on**) informal 【非正式】study (a subject) intensively苦学;突击学习
> -PHRASES 短语 **bone of contention** a source of continuing disagreement 争执的原因,争端之源 **close to the bone** (of a remark) accurate to the point of causing discomfort(言语)尖锐的,伤人的 ➤(of a joke or story) near the limit of decency(笑 话、故事)近乎下流的,露骨的 **cut (or pare) something to the bone** reduce something to the bare minimum 把･･･削减到最低限度 **have a bone to pick with someone** informal 【非正式】 have reason to disagree or be annoyed with someone 同……有 争端要解决,对…有理由怀恨 **in one's bones** felt or believed deeply or instinctively 从心底里(感到;凭 直觉相信 **make no bones about** have no hesitation in stating or dealing with (something unpleasant) 对(不快之事)直言不讳(或坦然处之) **off (or on) the bone** (of meat or fish) having had the bones removed (or left in)(肉、鱼)去骨的(或带骨的) **to the bone** 1 (of a wound) so deep as to expose a bone(伤口)及骨,到骨头 2(especially of cold) affecting a person in a penetrating way(尤指寒冷) 彻骨,深入骨髓 **work one's fingers to the bone** work very hard 拼命干活,勤奋工作
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boned** adj. **boneless** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bān, of Gmc origin.

**bone ash** n. the mineral residue of calcined bones 骨灰

**bone china** n. white porcelain containing bone ash 骨灰瓷

**bone dry** adj. extremely dry干透的,极干的

**bonefish** /'bǝunfıf/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **bonefishes**) a silvery game fish of warm coastal waters 北梭鱼[Albula vulpes and other species.]

**bonehead** /'bǝunhed/ n. informal 【非正式】a stupid person 蠢货,笨蛋
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boneheaded** adj.

**bone idle** adj. extremely idle 懒到骨子里的,懒到 极点的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: expressing idle through to the bone.

**bonemeal** /'bǝunmi:l/ n. crushed or ground bones used as a fertilizer 骨粉(用作肥料)

**boner** /'bənə(r)/ n. 1 N. Amer. informal【北美,非 正式】a stupid mistake 愚蠢的错误 2 N. Amer. vulgar slang【北美,粗俚】 an erection of the penis (阴茎) 勃起

**boneset** /'bǝunset/ n. 1 a plant of the daisy family, bearing clusters of small white flowers and used in herbal medicine 贯叶泽兰 [Eupatorium perfoliatum.] 2 Brit. 【英】 the common comfrey, the ground-up root of which was formerly used as a 'plaster' to set broken bones 聚合草

**bonesetter** /'bəun,setə(r)/ ■n. historical 【史义】a person who set broken or dislocated bones without being a qualified surgeon 正骨者

**boneshaker** /'bəun,feıkə(r)/ ■n. Brit. informal【英,非 正式】an old vehicle with poor suspension 破旧摇晃 晃的车子 ➤ an early type of bicycle without rubber tyres 无橡胶轮胎的老式自行车

**bone spavin** n. osteoarthritis of the hock in horses (马的)骨跗节赘

**bone-tired** (also 亦作 **bone-weary**) adj. extremely tired 筋疲力尽的

**boneyard** /'bəunja:d/ n. informal 【非正式】a cemetery 公墓,墓地

**bonfire** /'bonfaıə(r)/ n. an open-air fire lit to burn rubbish or as part of a celebration 篝火,营火
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a fire on which bones were burnt, or for burning heretics): from BONE + FIRE.

**Bonfire Night** n. (in the UK) 5 November, on which fireworks are displayed and effigies of Guy Fawkes burnt in memory of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605篝火之夜(英国每年11月5日晚燃放烟火并焚烧 盖伊·福克斯像,以纪念1605年的火药阴谋案)

**bong**¹ /bŋ/ n. a low-pitched resonant sound 当当 声 ■v. make this sound 发出当当声
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: imitative.

**bong**² /bpn/ n. a water pipe used for smoking cannabis 大麻叶烟枪
> -ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from Thai baung, lit. 'cylindrical wooden tube'.

**bongo**¹ /'bongǝย/ n. (pl. **bongos** or **bongoes**) each of a pair of small drums, held between the knees and played with the fingers 邦戈鼓
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Latin Amer. Sp. bongó.

**bongo**² /'bongǝu/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **bongos**) an African forest antelope having a chestnut coat with white stripes 肯尼亚林羚[Tragelaphus euryceros.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Kikongo.

**bonhomie** /'bonəmi:, bonə'mi:/ n. good-natured friendliness 友善,温和
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bonhomous** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from bonhomme 'good fellow'.

**bonito** /bə'ni:tǝu/ n. (pl. **bonitos**) a small tuna with dark stripes, important as a food and game fish 鲣;狐鲣[Sarda sarda (Mediterranean), Katsuwonus pelamis (the skipjack, worldwide), and other species.]

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> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp.

**bonk** /boŋk/ (N. Amer. also【北美亦作】**boink**) informal 【非正式】 ■v. 1 hit so as to cause a reverberating sound敲,撞击(以产生回声) 2 have sex 性交 ■n. 1 a reverberating sound 回响 2 an act of sexual intercourse 性交,性行为
> -ORIGIN 词源1930s: imitative.

**bonkbuster** /'bpŋk,bastə(r)/ ■n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a type of popular novel characterized by frequent explicit sexual encounters 色情小说,性爱 小说
> -ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from BONK, on the pattern of blockbuster.

**bonkers** /'boŋkəz/ adj. informal 【非正式】mad; crazy 疯狂的
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: of unknown origin.

**bon mot** /bpn 'mǝu/ n. (pl. **bon mots** or **bons mots** pronunc. same 单复发音同 or /-mǝuz/) a clever or witty remark 警句,妙语
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'good word'.

**bonne bouche** /,bon 'bu:f/ n. (pl. **bonne bouches** or **bonnes bouches** pronunc. same单复发音同)an appetizing item of food eaten at the end of a meal (用餐末了时吃的)美食
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from bonne, fem. of bon 'good', and bouche 'mouth'.

**bonne femme** /bon 'fæm/ adj. [postpos. 后置](of fish, stews, and soups) cooked in a simple way (鱼、炖菜、汤)简单烹调的,做法简单的
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from the phr. à la bonne femme 'in the manner of a good housewife'.

**bonnet** /'bpnit/ n. 1 a woman's or child's hat tied under the chin and with a brim framing the face (颏 下系带的)女帽,童帽 2 a soft brimless hat like a beret, worn by men and boys in Scotland (苏格 兰男式)无边呢帽 ➤Heraldry【纹章】the velvet cap within a coronet(冠冕里的)绒帽 3 (also亦作 **war bonnet**) the ceremonial headdress of an American Indian(美洲印第安人的)羽毛头饰 4 Brit.【英】 the hinged metal canopy covering the engine of a motor vehicle(汽车)引擎罩 5 a cowl on a chimney 烟囱罩 6 Sailing, historical 【帆,史义】an additional canvas laced to the foot of a sail 辅助帆,副底帆
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bonneted** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bonet, from med. L. abonnis 'headgear'.

**bonnethead** /'bpnithed/ n. a small American hammerhead shark with a narrow rounded head 窄 头双髻鲨 [Sphyrna tiburo.]

**bonny** /'boni/ (also 亦作 **bonnie**) adj. (**bonnier**, **bonniest**) chiefly Scottish & N. English 【主苏格兰和 英北】1 physically attractive or healthy-looking 漂 亮的;健康的 2 sizeable; considerable 相当大的: It's worth a bonny sum. 这值很大一笔钱。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bonnily** adv. **bonniness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: perh. rel. to OFr. bon 'good'.

**bonobo** /'bonəbəu/ n. (pl. **bonobos**) a small chimpanzee found in the rainforests of the Democratic Republic of Congo(Zaire)倭黑猩猩 [Pan paniscus.]
> -ORIGIN词源 a local word.

**bonsai** /'bonsai/ n. the art of growing ornamental, artificially dwarfed varieties of trees or shrubs 盆景 艺术
> -ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, from bon 'tray' + sai 'planting'.

**bonspiel** /'bonspi:l/ n. a curling match 冰壶比赛, 冰上溜石比赛
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. of Low Ger. origin.

**bontebok** /'bontǝbpk/ n. (pl. same单复同 or **bonteboks**) an antelope with a reddish-brown coat and white face, found in eastern South Africa 南非白腿 大羚羊 [Damaliscus dorcas dorcas.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Afrik., from Du. bont 'pied' + bok 'buck'.

**bonus** /'bǝunəs/ n. 1 a sum of money added to a person's wages for good performance 奖金, 额外报酬 ➤Brit. 【英】 an extra dividend or issue paid to shareholders(股票)红利 2 an extra and unexpected welcome event 额外的好处,意外收获
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. bonus (masc.) 'good'.

**bonus issue** ■n. Brit. 【英】 an issue of additional shares to shareholders instead of a dividend 红利股 发行

**bon vivant** /'bõ vi:'võ/ n. (pl. **bon vivants** or **bons vivants** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a person indulging in a sociable and luxurious lifestyle 爱交 际且生活奢侈的人
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'person living well'.

**bon viveur** /'bõ vi:'v3:(r)/ n. (pl. **bon viveurs** or **bons viveurs** pronunc. same 单复发音同) another term for BON VIVANT * bon vivant 的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: pseudo-Fr., from Fr. bon 'good' and viveur 'a living person'.

**bon voyage** /bpn vǝr'ja:3/ exclam. have a good journey一路平安,一路顺风
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., lit. 'good journey'.

**bonxie** /'boŋksi/ n. (pl. **bonxies**) the great skua (seabird)大贼鸥
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Shetland dial., from Norw. bunksi, from bunke 'dumpy body'.

**bony** /'bǝuni/ adj. (**bonier**, **boniest**) 1 of, like, or containing bones骨的;似骨的;带有骨头的 2 so thin that the bones can be seen骨瘦如柴的,皮包骨的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boniness** n.

**bony fish** n. a fish of a large class distinguished by a skeleton of bone, and comprising the majority of modern fishes 硬骨鱼 [Class Osteichthyes.]

**bonze** /bonz/ n. a Japanese or Chinese Buddhist religious teacher(日本或中国的)和尚,僧人
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from Japanese bonzō, bonsō 'priest'.

**bonzer** /'bənzə(r)/ (also 亦作 **bonza**) adj. Austral./ NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】 excellent 极好的,优秀的
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: perh. an alt. of BONANZA.

**boo** /bu:/ exclam. 1 said suddenly to surprise someone 啵(表示让人受惊) 2 said to show disapproval or contempt嘘(表示不满或蔑视) ■v. (**boos**,

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**booing**, **booed**) say 'boo' to show disapproval or contempt 发出嘘声(表示不满或蔑视)
> -PHRASES 短语 **wouldn't say boo to a goose** used to emphasize that someone is very shy or reticent 非常 羞怯,少言寡语
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: imitative of the lowing of oxen.

**booay** /'bu:ar/ (also 亦作 **booai**) n. (**the booay**) NZ 【新】 remote rural districts 偏远乡村
> -PHRASES 短语 **up the booay** informal 【非正式】com-pletely wrong or astray 大错特错;完全迷失方向
> -ORIGIN 词源 perh. from the place name Puhoi in North Auckland, New Zealand.

**boob**¹ /bu:b/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. 1 Brit.【英】an embarrassing mistake 尴尬的错误 2 N. Amer.【北美】 a stupid person笨蛋,蠢货 ■v. Brit. 【英】 make an embarrassing mistake 犯尴尬的错误
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: abbrev. of BOOBY¹.

**boob**² /bu:b/ n. informal 【非正式】 a woman's breast (女人的)奶子,乳房
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: abbrev. of BOOBY².

**boo-boo** /'bu:bu:/ n. informal 【非正式】 1 a mistake 错误 2 N. Amer.【北美】 a minor injury 小伤,轻伤
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: reduplication of воов¹.

**boobook owl** /'bu:buk/ n. a small brown Australasian owl with a characteristic double hoot 布布克鹰鹗[Ninox novaeseelandiae.]
> -ORIGIN词源 C19: imitative of its call.

**boob tube** n. informal 【非正式】 1 Brit. 【英】a woman's tight-fitting stretchy strapless top(无吊带 的女式弹力)紧身胸衣 2 N. Amer. 【北美】television or a television set 电视(机)

**booby**¹ /'bu:bi/ n. (pl. **boobies**) 1 informal【非正 式】 a stupid person呆子,傻瓜 2 a large tropical seabird of the gannet family, with brown, black, or white plumage and brightly coloured feet 鲣鸟 [Genus Sula: several species.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from Sp. bobo, from L. balbus 'stammering'.

**booby**² /'bu:bi/ n. (pl. **boobies**) informal 【非正式】 a woman's breast(女人的)乳房
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: alt. of dial. bubby, perh. rel. to Ger. dial. Bübbi 'teat'.

**booby prize** n. a prize given to the person who comes last in a contest 末名奖

**booby trap** n. an object containing a concealed explosive device designed to detonate when someone touches it 饵雷,诡雷 ■v. (**booby-trap**) place a booby trap in or on 安装饵雷

**boodle** /'bu:dl/ n. informal 【非正式】money, especially that gained or spent dishonestly 钱(尤指 不义之财或不正当花费)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a pack or crowd): from Du. boedel, boel 'possessions, disorderly mass'.

**boofhead** /'bu:fhed/ n. Austral. informal 【澳,非正 式】a fool 傻瓜,笨蛋
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: prob. from bufflehead 'simpleton', based on obs. buffle 'buffalo'.

**boogaloo** /bu:gə'lu:/ n. a dance to rock-and-roll music performed with swivelling and shuffling movements of the body 波加洛舞
> -ORIGIN 词源 1960s: perh. an alt. of boogie-woogie (see见 BOOGIE).

**boogie** /'bu:gi/ ■n. (also 亦作 **boogie-woogie**) (pl. **boogies**) 1 a style of blues played on the piano with a strong, fast beat 布吉乐 2 informal【非正式】 a dance to pop or rock music 布吉舞 ■v. (**boogies**, **boogieing**, **boogied**) informal 【非正式】 dance to pop or rock music 跳布吉舞
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.(orig. US in the sense 'party'): of unknown origin.

**boogie board** n. a short, light surfboard ridden in a prone position 布吉板(一种短而轻的冲浪板)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boogie-boarder** n.

**boohoo** /'bu:hu:/ ■exclam. representing the sound of someone crying noisily 呜呜(表示大哭声)
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: imitative.

**boojum** /'bu:dzəm/ n. an imaginary dangerous animal(虚构的)可怕怪物
> -ORIGIN 词源 1876: nonsense word coined by Lewis Carroll in The Hunting of the Snark.

**book** /buk/ n. 1 a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers书,书籍 ➤ a main division of a literary work or of the Bible(文学作品或《圣经》的) 卷,部,篇 2 a bound set of blank sheets for writing in 簿子,本子: an accounts book 账簿 ➤(**books**) a set of records or accounts 账目 ➤ a bookmaker's record of bets accepted and money paid out 赌注 记录 3 a set of tickets, stamps, matches, etc., bound together 装订成册之物(如票据簿、邮票册、火柴板 等) 4 (**the book**) the first six tricks taken by the declarer in a hand of bridge (桥牌中庄家)将宕 ■v. 1 reserve (accommodation, a ticket, etc.)预订 (住处、票等) ➤(**book in**) register one's arrival at a hotel(旅客)登记入住 ➤ engage (a performer or guest) for an event 预约(演员或客人) ➤(**be booked up**) have all places reserved 预订一空 2 make an official note of the details of (someone who has broken a law or rule)登记(犯法或违规者)的详细资 料 ➤Soccer【足】 (of a referee) note down the name of (a player) cautioned for foul play(裁判)记名警 告(犯规球员)
> -PHRASES 短语 **bring someone to book** chiefly Brit. 【主英】officially call someone to account for their behaviour 要求……作出解释,要求………说明原委 **by the book** strictly according to the rules 严格遵守规 则,完全照章办事 **in someone's bad (or good) books** in disfavour (or favour) with someone 获 得(或失去)某人的好感,得(或失)宠于某人 **in my book** in my opinion 依我之见,在我看来 **make (or open) a book** (N. Amer.【北美】**make book**) take bets and pay out winnings on the outcome of a contest or other event 接受赌注,做博彩经 纪 **on the books** contained in a list of members, employees, or clients 记录在案的,登记入册 的 **People of the Book** Jews and Christians as

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regarded by Muslims有经的人(穆斯林对犹太教徒 和基督徒的统称) **suit one's book** Brit. dated【英, 过时】be convenient to one 投某人所好,符合某人的 要求 **take a leaf out of someone's book** imitate or emulate someone in a particular way 模仿某人,学某 人的样 **throw the book at** informal 【非正式】charge or punish (someone) as severely as possible重罚, 严惩
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **booker** n. **booking** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bōc, bōcian 'to grant by charter', of Gmc origin.

**bookable** /'bukəbl/ adj. 1 able to be reserved 可预 订的 2 Soccer【足】(of an offence) serious enough for the offending player to be cautioned by the referee(犯规)可记名警告的

**bookbinder** /'buk,bamdə(r)/ n. a person who binds books 装订工
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bookbinding** n.

**bookcase** /'bukkers/ n. an open cabinet containing shelves on which to keep books 书架,书柜

**book club** n. a society which sells its members selected books at reduced prices 读书俱乐部,书 友会

**bookend** /'bukend/ n. a support placed at the end of a row of books to keep them upright书挡,书靠, 书立

**book group** n. a group of people who meet regularly to discuss books that all members of the group have read 读书会,读书小组

**book hand** n. a formal style of handwriting used by professional copiers of books before the invention of printing 书写体

**bookie** /'buki/ n. (pl. **bookies**) informal 【非正式】a bookmaker 赌注登记经纪人

**bookish** /'bukıf/ adj. 1 devoted to reading and studying 好读书的,爱学习的 2 (of language) literary in style(语言)文绉绉的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bookishly** adv. **bookishness** n.

**bookkeeping** /'buk,ki:pin/ n. the activity of keeping records of financial affairs 簿记,记账
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bookkeeper** n.

**bookland** /'buklænd/ n. Brit. historical【英,史义】 an area of common land granted by charter to a private owner 书田,契田,契地
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE, from bóc 'charter' + LAND.

**book learning** n. knowledge gained from study rather than personal experience 书本知识

**booklet** /'buklət/ n. a small, thin book with paper covers 小册子

**booklouse** /'buklaus/ n. (pl. **booklice**) a minute insect with no or rudimentary wings, capable of causing damage to books and paper 书蝨 [Liposcelis bostrychophilus and other species.]

**book lung** ■n. Zoology 【动】(in an arachnid) each of a pair of respiratory organs in the abdomen, composed of many fine leaves 书肺

**bookmaker** /'buk meıkə(r)/ n. a person whose job is to take bets, calculate odds, and pay out winnings 博彩经纪人,赌注登记经纪人
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bookmaking** n.

**bookman** /'bukmən/ n. (pl. **bookmen**) archaic 【古】a literary man文人;学者,饱学之士

**bookmark** /'bukma:k/ n. a strip of leather or card used to mark a place in a book 书签 ➤ a record of the address of a website, file, or other data made to enable quick access by a user 收藏夹 ■v. record the address of (a website, file, etc.) to enable quick access in future将(网站、文件等)添加到收藏夹

**bookmobile** /'bukmə,bi:l/ n. N. Amer.【北美】a mobile library 流动图书馆

**book of hours** n. a book of prayers appointed for particular canonical hours or times of day, used by Roman Catholics for private devotions 祈祷书(天 主教徒的个人祈祷用书)

**bookplate** /'bukplert/ n. a decorative label in the front of a book, bearing the name of its owner 藏书 者标签

**bookrest** /'bukrest/ n. Brit. 【英】 a support for an open book on a table 阅读架,看书架

**bookseller** /'buk,selə(r)/ n. a person who sells books 图书销售商
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bookselling** n.

**bookshelf** /'bukſelf/ n. (pl. **bookshelves**) a shelf on which books can be stored 书架

**bookshop** /'bukfpp/ n. a place where books are sold 书店

**bookstall** /'buksto:l/ n. a kiosk where books, magazines, etc. are sold 书报亭,书报摊

**booksy** /'buksi/ adj. informal 【非正式】 affectedly literary or bookish 喜欢读书的,书呆子气的

**book token** n. Brit. 【英】 a voucher which can be exchanged for books costing up to a specified amount 书券,购书券

**book value** n. the value of a security or asset as entered in a firm's books 账面价值 Often contrasted with 常对照 MARKET VALUE.

**bookwork** /'bukw3:k/ n. 1 the activity of keeping records of accounts 记账,簿记,管账 2 the studying of textbooks, as opposed to practical work 书本学习

**bookworm** /'bukw3:m/ n. 1 informal【非正式】a person who enjoys reading 书迷,书虫 2 the larva of a wood-boring beetle which feeds on the paper and glue in books 书蠹

**Boolean** /'bu:liǝn/ adj. denoting a system of algebraic notation used to represent logical propositions by means of the binary digits 0 (false) and 1 (true), especially in computing and electronics 布尔数学(或 逻辑)体系的 ■n. Computing 【计】 a binary variable with these possible values 布尔变量,逻辑变量
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of the English mathematician G. Boole + -AN.

**boom**¹ /bu:m/ n. a loud, deep, resonant sound 隆隆 声 ■v. make this sound 隆隆作响
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boominess** n. **booming** adj. **boomy** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: ult. imitative; perh. from Du.

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bommen 'to hum, buzz'.

**boom**² /bu:m/ n. a period of great prosperity 繁荣时 期,繁盛时期 ■v. experience a boom繁荣,迅速增长: Business is booming. 生意蒸蒸日上。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boomy** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from воом¹.

**boom**³ /bu:m/ n. 1 a pivoted spar to which the foot of a vessel's sail is attached 帆下桁,帆脚杆 2 a movable arm carrying a microphone or film camera (话筒或摄影机的)吊杆,活动支臂 3 a floating beam used to contain oil spills or to form a barrier across a harbour mouth 水栅,浮栅
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Du., 'beam, tree, pole'; rel. to BEAM.

**boom box** n. informal【非正式】 a large portable radio and cassette player capable of powerful sound 便携式大收录机

**boomer** /'bu:mə(r)/ n. 1 Austral. informal【澳,非正 式】 a large male kangaroo 大雄袋鼠 2 a large wave 巨浪

**boomerang** /'bu:mǝræŋ/ n. a curved flat piece of wood that can be thrown so that it will return to the thrower, traditionally used by Australian Aboriginals as a hunting weapon回飞镖(澳大利亚 土著惯用的狩猎武器)
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from Dharuk.

**boomslang** /'bu:mslæŋ/ n. a large, highly venomous southern African tree snake 非洲树蛇[Dispholidus typus.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Afrik., from Du. boom 'tree' + slang 'snake'.

**boon** /bu:n/ n. 1 a thing that is helpful or beneficial 有 用(或有益)之物 2 archaic 【古】 a favour or request 恩惠;请求
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from ON bón.

**boon companion** n. a close friend密友,挚友
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: boon from OFr. bon, from L. bonus 'good'.

**boondocks** /'bu:ndoks/ pl. n. (**the boondocks**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】rough or isolated country 偏僻地区,穷乡僻壤
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Tagalog bundok 'mountain'.

**boondoggle** /'bu:ndogl/ N. Amer. informal【北美,非 正式】■n. an unnecessary, wasteful, or fraudulent project 琐细无价值的事 ■v. waste money or time on such projects 做琐细无价值的事
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: of unknown origin.

**boong** /buŋ/ n. Austral. offensive【澳,冒】an Aboriginal 澳大利亚土著
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: origin uncertain.

**boonies** /'bu:nız/ pl. n. short for BOONDOCKS * boondocks 的缩略式

**boor** /bo:(r), buə(r)/ n. a rough and bad-mannered person 没礼貌的人,粗野的人
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boorish** adj. **boorishly** adv. **boorishness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源C16: from Low Ger. būr or Du. boer 'farmer'.

**boost** /bu:st/ v. 1 help or encourage to increase or improve 推动,推进 2 N. Amer【北美】 push from below 向上推,举 ■n. 1 a source of help or encouragement 推动,促进 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a push from below向上的一推,一举
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US, in sense 2): of unknown origin.

**booster** /'bu:stə(r)/ n. 1 Medicine 【医】 a dose of a vaccine increasing or renewing the effect of an earlier one 加强剂量 2 the first stage of a rocket or spacecraft, used to give initial acceleration(火箭、航 天器的)助推器 3 a source of help or encouragement 鼓励,推动 4 a device for increasing electrical voltage or signal strength(电压的)升压机;(信号 的)放大器

**boosterism** /'bu:stərız(ə)m/ ■n. chiefly N. Amer.【主 北美】 the keen promotion of a person, organization, or cause 热心支持
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boosterish** adj.

**booster seat** n. an extra seat placed on an existing seat for a small child(幼童的)加高坐椅

**boot**¹ /bu:t/ n. 1 a sturdy item of footwear covering the foot and ankle, and sometimes the lower leg靴 子 2 informal 【非正式】 a hard kick 猛踢 3 Brit.【英】 a space at the back of a car for carrying luggage(汽 车的)行李箱 4 historical 【史义】an instrument of torture for crushing the foot“铁靴子”(一种箝足的 刑具) ■v. 1 kick hard 猛踢 2 (**boot someone out**) informal 【非正式】 force someone to leave unceremoniously 赶走,撵走 3 start(a computer) and put it into a state of readiness for operation 启动(计 算机)[from BOOTSTRAP.]
> -PHRASES 短语 **the boot** (or N. Amer. 【北美】**shoe**) is on the other foot** the situation has reversed局 势逆转 **die with one's boots on** die in battle or while actively occupied 战死;工亡;殉职 **give(or get) the boot** informal 【非正式】dismiss (or be dismissed) from a job(被)解雇 **old boot** informal 【非正式】an ugly or disliked old woman 难看(或讨 厌)的老太婆 **put the boot in** Brit. informal 【英,非正 式】kick or attack someone when they are already on the ground(在对方倒地后)狠踢一脚,补上一脚
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bootable** adj. **booted** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from ON bóti or its source, OFr. bote.

**boot**² /bu:t/ n. (in phr.用于短语 **to boot**) as well 也,还
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bōt 'advantage, remedy', of Gmc origin.

**bootblack** /'bu:tblæk/ n. historical 【史义】 a person who polished boots and shoes 擦鞋匠

**bootboy** /'bu:tbox/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a rowdy youth with close-cropped hair and heavy boots 皮靴 阿飞,小流氓,小无赖 2 historical 【史义】 a boy who cleaned boots and shoes 擦鞋童

**boot camp** n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a military training camp with very harsh discipline 新兵训练 营 ➤a prison for young offenders, run on military

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lines(军事化管理的)少年犯劳教营

**boot-cut** adj. (of trousers) flared very slightly below the knee, so as to be worn comfortably over boots(裤子)靴型的,套靴口的

**bootee** /bu:'ti:/ (also 亦作 **bootie**) n. 1 a baby's soft woollen shoe 婴儿软绒鞋 2 a woman's short boot 女式短靴

**boot-faced** adj. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】having a grim or scowling expression 表情严肃的,苦着脸的

**booth** /bu:ð, bu:0/ n. 1 a small temporary structure used for selling goods or staging shows at a market or fair(集市、游乐场或展销会的)临时摊位,临时演 出棚 2 an enclosed compartment allowing privacy when telephoning, voting, etc.(供打电话、投票等 的)小间
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON buth, based on búa 'dwell'.

**bootjack** /'bu:tdzæk/ n. a device for holding a boot by the heel to ease withdrawal of one's foot V字形 脱靴器

**bootlace** /'bu:tleis/ n. a cord or leather strip for lacing boots 靴带

**bootlace tie** n. Brit. 【英】 a narrow tie of a kind popular in the 1950s饰扣式领带,靴带式领带(风靡 于20世纪50年代)

**bootleg** /'bu:tleg/ adj. (of alcoholic drink or a recording) made or distributed illegally(酒、音像 制品)非法制售的 ■n. an illegal musical recording 盗版 音像制品
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bootlegger** n. **bootlegging** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the smugglers' practice of hiding bottles in their boots.

**bootless** /'bu:tlıs/ adj. archaic 【古】 (of a task) ineffectual; useless(工作)无效的,无用的
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bōtlēas 'not able to be compensated for by payment' (see见 BOOT²).

**bootlicker** /'bu:tılıkə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】an obsequious person马屁精,谄媚者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bootlicking** n.

**bootmaker** /'bu:t,meıkə(r)/ n. a maker of boots and shoes 靴匠,鞋匠

**boots** /bu:ts/ n. Brit. dated【英,过时】 a hotel employee performing menial tasks such as cleaning shoes(旅馆中负责擦鞋等的)杂役
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: pl. of воот¹, used as sing.

**bootstrap** /'bu:tstræp/ ■n. 1 a loop at the back of a boot, used to pull it on 靴襻襟 2 Computing 【计】 the action of booting a computer 自展,引导 ■v. 1 Computing 【计】 fuller form of BOOT¹ (sense 3 of the verb) * boot'(动词释义3)的全形 2 start up (an Internet-based business or other enterprise) with minimal financial resources 依靠最少的资金创立(网 络公司或其他企业) 3 use existing resources to raise (oneself) to a better situation 自力更生: The world's developing countries are bootstrapping themselves out of poverty. 世界上的发展中国家正在自力更生,摆脱 贫困。
> -PHRASES 短语 **pull oneself up by one's bootstraps** improve one's position by one's own efforts 自力 更生

**booty**¹ /'bu:ti/ n. valuable stolen goods 贵重赃物
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. būte, buite 'exchange, distribution'.

**booty**² /'bu:ti/ n. (pl. **booties**) N. Amer. informal 【北 美,非正式】a person's bottom(人的)屁股
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: alt. of BODY or BOTTY.

**bootylicious** /bu:ti'lı fəs/ adj. US informal【美,非正 式】(of a woman) sexually attractive(女子)性感的
> -ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from BOOTY², on the pattern of delicious.

**booze** /bu:z/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. alcoholic drink 酒 ■v. drink large quantities of alcohol 豪饮,狂饮
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME bouse, from MDu. būsen 'drink to excess'.

**booze cruise** n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】an excursion to Europe by ferry, the aim of which is to bring back cheap or tax-free alcohol(乘渡轮前往欧 洲大陆购买廉价或免稅酒的)购酒游

**boozer** /'bu:zə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】 1 a person who drinks large quantities of alcohol豪饮者,狂饮者 2 Brit.【英】a pub 酒吧,酒馆

**booze-up** ■n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a heavy drinking session 狂饮作乐

**boozy** /'bu:zi/ adj. (**boozier**, **booziest**) informal 【非正式】drinking or involving large quantities of alcohol 豪饮的,狂饮的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boozily** adv. **booziness** n.

**bop**¹ /bpp/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. 1 chiefly Brit. 【主 英】 a dance to pop music 博普舞 ➤ an organized social occasion with such dancing 博普舞会 2 short for BEBOP * bebop的缩略式 ■v. (**bops**, **bopping**, **bopped**) dance to pop music 跳博普舞
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bopper** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: shortening of BEBOP.

**bop**² /bpp/ informal 【非正式】■v. (**bops**, **bopping**, **bopped**) hit or punch quickly 快速击打 ■n. a quick blow or punch 快速的一击
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s (orig. US) : imitative.

**bora**¹ /'bə:rǝ/ n. a cold, dry NE wind blowing in the upper Adriatic 布拉风(亚得里亚海北部一种干冷的东 北风)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: dial. var. of Ital. borea, from L. boreas (see见 BOREAL).

**bora**² /'bə:rǝ/ n. an Australian Aboriginal rite in which boys are initiated into manhood(澳大利亚土 著的)男孩成年仪式
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from Kamilaroi buuru.

**boracic** /bə'ræsık/ adj. 1 consisting of or containing boric acid 硼酸的;含硼酸的 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】having no money 没钱的[from boracic lint, rhyming sl. for 'skint'.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from med. L. borax, borac- (see 见BORAX)+-IC.

**borage** /'bpridz/ n. a herbaceous plant with bright blue flowers and hairy leaves 琉璃苣[Borago officinalis.]

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> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bourrache, from med. L. borrago, perh. from Arab. 'abū hurās 'father of roughness' (referring to the leaves).

**borane** /'bɔ:reim/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 any of a series of unstable compounds of boron and hydrogen 硼烷

**borate** /'bo:reit/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt in which the anion contains both boron and oxygen, as in borax 硼酸盐

**borax** /'bɔ:ræks/ n. a white mineral consisting of hydrated sodium borate, found in some alkaline salt deposits and used in making glass and as a metallurgical flux 硼砂
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L., from Arab. būrak, from Pahlavi būrak.

**borborygmus** /bə:bə'rıgməs/ n. (pl. **borborygmi** /-max/) technical 【技】 a rumbling noise made by fluid and gas in the intestines 腹鸣
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **borborygmic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk borborugmos.

**Bordeaux** /bo:'dǝu/ n. (pl. same 单复同 /-'dǝuz/) a wine from Bordeaux, a district of SW France 波尔 多葡萄酒

**Bordeaux mixture** n. a fungicidal solution for plants, containing copper sulphate and calcium oxide 波尔多(混合)液(一种石灰硫酸铜合剂,用于 植物杀菌)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: first used in the vineyards of Bordeaux.

**bordelaise** /bɔ:də'leız/ adj. denoting or served with a sauce of red wine and onions 波尔多式的,红 酒和洋葱调味的
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from (à la) bordelaise 'Bordeaux-style'.

**bordello** /bo:'delǝu/ n. (pl. **bordellos**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 a brothel 妓院
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital., prob. from OFr. bordel, dimin. of borde 'small farm, cottage', ult. of Gmc origin.

**border** /'bə:də(r)/ n. 1 a line separating two countries or other areas 边界 ➤(**the Border**) the boundary between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland 北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国边界 ➤ (**the Borders**) the boundary and adjoining districts between Scotland and England 苏格兰和英 格兰交界地带 2 a decorative band around the edge of something 花边;饰边 ➤ a strip of ground along the edge of a lawn for planting flowers or shrubs(草 坪边缘的)狭长花坛(或绿化带) ■v. 1 form a border around or along 形成………的边界 2 (of a country or area) be adjacent to (another)(国家或地区)与……… 接壤(或交界) 3 (**border on**) come close to (an extreme condition)近似,接近(极端情况)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **borderless** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bordeure; ult. of Gmc origin.

**Border collie** n. a sheepdog, typically black and white, of a breed originating near the border between England and Scotland 边镜牧羊犬(原产于 英格兰和苏格兰边界附近)

**borderer** /'bə:d(ə)rə(r)/ ■n. a person living near the border between two countries 边境居民

**borderland** /'bə:dəlænd/ n. a district near the border between two countries or areas边疆,边境

**borderline** /'bə:dəlaın/ n. a boundary separating two countries or areas 边界线 ■adj. only just acceptable in quality or as belonging to a category 将将合格的,勉强属于某类的,处于某类边缘的

**Border terrier** n. a small terrier of a breed with rough hair, originating in the Cheviot Hills between England and Scotland 边境便(原产于英格兰和苏格 兰交界处的切维厄特丘陵)

**bordure** /'bo:djuə(r)/ ■n. Heraldry 【纹章】 a broad border used as a charge in a coat of arms, often as a mark of difference(盾形纹章的)缘饰
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of BORDER.

**bore**¹ /bo:(r)/ v. 1 make (a hole) in something with a drill or other tool 挖,凿(洞) ➤ hollow out (a gun barrel or other tube)给(枪管等)镗孔 2 (of an athlete or racehorse) push another competitor out of the way(运动员、赛马)将…挤开 ■n. the hollow part inside a gun barrel or other tube(枪炮管或其他 管的)膛 ➤ the diameter of this 内径,口径: a small-bore rifle 小口径来复枪
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE borian(v.), of Gmc origin.

**bore**² /bo:(r)/ n. a dull and uninteresting person or activity 令人厌烦的人(或活动) ■v. cause (someone) to feel weary and uninterested by being dull and tedious 使厌烦,使厌倦
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**bore**³ /bo:(r)/ n. a steep-fronted wave caused by the meeting of two tides or by a tide rushing up a narrow estuary 涌潮
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from ON bára 'wave'.

**bore**⁴ /bo:(r)/ past of BEAR¹ * bear'的过去式

**boreal** /'bə:riǝl/ adj. 1 chiefly Ecology 【主生态】 of the North or northern regions, adjacent to or including the Arctic 北方的,北部的 2 (**Boreal**) Geology【地质】relating to or denoting the second climatic stage of the postglacial period in northern Europe (about 9,000 to 7,500 years ago)北方气候 期的(大约9,000至7,500年以前)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. borealis, from L. Boreas, denoting the god of the north wind, from Gk.

**bored** /bo:d/ adj. weary and impatient because one is unoccupied or lacks interest in something 无聊 的,无趣的,空虚的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boredly** adv.
> USAGE 用法说明 The traditional constructions for **bored** are **bored by** or **bored with**. The construction **bored of** is extremely common, and is perfectly logical by analogy with constructions such as tired of, but is not fully accepted by some people. * bored 的传统搭配是 bored by 或

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者bored with。bored of 这一搭配极为普遍,而且 由 tired of 之类的搭配来类推也完全符合逻辑,但有 的人对此并不完全认同。

**-bored** /bo:d/ adj. (of a gun) having a specified bore(枪)……口径的

**bore da** /'boreda:/ exclam. Welsh 【威尔士】 good morning! 早安,早上好
> -ORIGIN 词源 Welsh, from bore 'morning' + da 'good'.

**boredom** /'bə:dəm/ n. the state of feeling bored 无 聊,厌烦

**boreen** /bo:'ri:n/ ■n. Irish 【爱】a narrow country road 乡间小路
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ir. bóithrín, dimin. of bóthar 'road'.

**borehole** /'bɔ:hǝul/ n. a deep, narrow hole in the ground made to locate water or oil 钻孔,井眼

**borer** /'bə:rə(r)/ n. 1 a worm, mollusc, or insect which bores into plant material or rock 钻孔生物; 蛀虫 2 a tool for boring 钻孔器

**boric** /'bə:rık/ adj. Chemistry 【化】 of boron 硼的

**boric acid** n. Chemistry 【化】 a weakly acid crystalline compound derived from borax, used as a mild antiseptic 硼酸 [B(OH)₃]

**boride** /'bo:raid/ n. a binary compound of boron with a metallic element 硼化物

**boring** /'bo:rıŋ/ adj. not interesting; tedious 令人生 厌的,乏味的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boringly** adv. **boringness** n.

**borlotti bean** /bo:'loti/ n. a type of kidney bean with a pink speckled skin that turns brown when cooked 波罗蒂豆(一种芸豆,做熟后呈棕色)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Ital. borlotti, pl. of borlotto 'kidney bean'.

**born** /bo:n/ adj. 1 existing as a result of birth 出生 的,诞生的 2 (**-born**) having a specific nationality 在……出生的;………裔的: a German-born philosopher 德裔 哲学家 3 having a natural ability to do a particular job or task 天生的,天赋的: a born engineer 天生的工 程师 4 (**born of**) existing as a result of (a situation or feeling)来源于(情况或情感): His work is born of despair. 他的作品源于绝望。
> -PHRASES 短语 **born and bred** by birth and upbringing 从出身和教养两方面 **in all one's born days** throughout one's life (used for emphasis)有生之日,此生 **not know one is born** Brit. 【英】 not realize how easy one's life is 生在福中不知福 **I(or she, etc.) wasn't born yesterday** I am (or she, etc. is) not foolish or gullible 我(或她等)又不是三岁小孩儿
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE boren, past part. of beran (see见 BEAR¹).

**born-again** adj. 1 having converted to a personal faith in Christ(基督徒)再生的,皈依的 2 newly converted to and very enthusiastic about (an idea, cause, etc.)新近热衷(某思想、事业等)的

**borne** /bo:n/ past participle of BEAR¹ * bear的过去分词

**-borne** /bo:n/ adj. carried by the thing specified 由…运载的,由…携带的

**Bornean** /'bə:niən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Borneo 婆罗洲人 ■adj. relating to Borneo or its people 婆罗洲的;婆罗洲人的

**Bornholm disease** /'bo:nhǝum/ n. a viral infection with fever and pain in the muscles of the ribs 博恩霍 尔姆病,流行性胸肌痛
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after the Danish island of Bornholm, where it was first described.

**boro-** /'bə:rǝu/ comb. form Chemistry 【化】 representing 表示 BORON: borosilicate 硼硅酸盐

**boron** /'bo:rpn/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 5, a non-metal which can be isolated as a brown, amorphous powder or (if pure) a black crystalline semiconductor 硼(化学元素,原子序数 为5,非金属,单质为无定形棕色粉末或黑色晶体半导 体)(Symbol符: B)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BORAX, on the pattern of carbon.

**boronia** /bə'rǝuniə/ n. a sweet-scented Australian shrub, cultivated for its perfume and flowers 博龙香 [Genus Boronia.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the Italian botanist Francesco Borone (1769-1794).

**borosilicate glass** /bə:rǝu'sılıkeit/ n. a low-melting glass made from a mixture of silica and boric oxide 硼硅(酸盐)玻璃

**borough** /'barǝ/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a town (as distinct from a city) with a corporation and privileges granted by a royal charter 自治市(由皇家特许状赋 予法人地位和特权的市镇) ➤ historical 【史义】a town sending representatives to Parliament 自治市(在议 会中有代表的市镇) ➤ an administrative division of London 伦敦市的行政区 2 a municipal corporation in certain US states (美国某些州的)自治村镇 ➤ each of five divisions of New York City 纽约市的行 政区
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE burg, burh 'fortress, citadel', later 'fortified town', of Gmc origin; cf. BURGH.

**borrow** /'borǝu/ v. 1 take and use (something belonging to someone else) with the intention of returning it 借用(他人之物) ➤ take and use (money) from a person or bank under agreement to pay it back later 借入(钱) 2 Golf 【高尔夫】 allow (a certain distance) when playing a shot to compensate for a slope or other irregularity(遇到坡或其他不平整处 时)留出(修正量) ■n. Golf【高尔夫】 a slope or other irregularity on a golf course 坡;不平整处
> -PHRASES 短语 **be(living) on borrowed time** be surviving against expectations 活得比预期长久 **borrow trouble** N. Amer. 【北美】take needless action that may have detrimental effects 自寻烦恼,自讨苦吃
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **borrower** n. **borrowing** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE borgian, of Gmc origin.

**borrow pit** n. a pit resulting from the excavation of material for use in embankments取土坑,借土坑

**borscht** /bo:ft/ (also 亦作 **borsch** /bo:f/) n. a Russian or Polish soup made with beetroot 罗宋汤
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Russ. borshch.

**borstal** /'bo:stl/ n. Brit. historical【英,史义】a

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custodial institution for young offenders少改所,青 少年犯教养院
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the village of Borstal in southern England, where the first of these was established.

**bort** /bo:t/ (also 亦作 **boart**) n. inferior diamonds used in cutting tools 圆粒金刚石,钻石粒
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Du. boort.

**borzoi** /'bo:zər/ n. (pl. **borzois**) a large Russian wolfhound of a breed with a narrow head and silky coat 俄国灵提,俄罗斯狼犬
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Russ. borzoi (adj.), borzaya (n.), from borzyi 'swift'.

**boscage** /'bpskid3/ (also亦作 **boskage**) ■n. a mass of trees or shrubs树丛;灌木丛
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., ult. of Gmc origin.

**bosh** /bpf/ n. informal 【非正式】 nonsense 废话, 胡说
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Turk. bos 'empty, worthless'.

**bosky** /'boski/ adj. literary 【文】 covered by trees or bushes 树木丛生的;长满灌木的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ME bosk, var. of BUSH¹.

**Bosnian** /'bpzniǝn/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of the Balkan country Bosnia and Herzegovina 波斯尼 亚人 2 the Slavic language of the Bosnians 波斯尼 亚语 ■adj. relating to Bosnia and Herzegovina or its people 波斯尼亚的,波斯尼亚人的

**bosom** /'buz(ǝ)m/ n. 1 a woman's breast or chest (女人的)乳房,胸部 ➤ the breast as the seat of emotions 胸怀,内心: Quivering dread was settling in her bosom.令人惊悸的恐惧萦绕在她心头。 2 a person's loving care or protection关怀,爱护: Bruno went home each night to the bosom of his family. 布鲁诺每 晚都回家,享受家庭的温暖。 ■adj. (of a friend) very close(朋友)亲密的,知心的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-bosomed** adj. **bosomy** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bōsm, of W. Gmc origin.

**boson** /'bauzon/ n. Physics 【物】 a subatomic particle, such as a photon, which has zero or integral spin玻色子
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: named after the Indian physicist S. N. Bose + -ON.

**boss**¹ /bps/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. a person who is in charge of an employee or organization 老板,上 司,领导 ■v. (usu. 通常用 **boss someone about/around**) give orders in a domineering manner 对 (某人)发号施令 ■adj. N. Amer.【北美】excellent 极好 的,第一流的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): from Du. baas 'master'.

**boss**² /bps/ n. 1 a stud on the centre of a shield (盾牌中心的)饰球,饰钉 2 Architecture【建】an ornamental carving at the point where the ribs in a ceiling cross 凸雕饰 3 the centre of a propeller (螺旋桨的)桨毂 4 a large mass of igneous rock protruding through other strata 岩瘤
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. boce.

**bossa nova** /bəsə 'nəvə/ n. a style of Brazilian music derived from samba but more melodic and less percussive 波萨诺伐舞曲(源自桑巴) ➤ a dance to this music 波萨诺伐舞
> -ORIGIN 词源 Port., from bossa 'tendency' and nova (fem. of novo) 'new'.

**boss-eyed** adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】cross-eyed; squinting斜眼的;斜视的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: cf. dial. boss 'miss, bungle'.

**bossism** /'bdsız(ə)m/ ■n. US 【美】the controlling of a political party by party managers(对政党的)首脑 控制,领袖支配

**bossy**¹ /'bpsi/ adj. (**bossier**, **bossiest**) informal 【非 正式】 fond of giving orders; domineering 爱发号施 令的;颐指气使的,专横的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bossily** adv. **bossiness** n.

**bossy**² /'bpsi/ n. (pl. **bossies**) N. Amer. informal 【北 美,非正式】a cow or calf 母牛,牛犊
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bossyboots** /'bpsibu:ts/ n. Brit. informal 【英,非正 式】a bossy person爱发号施令的人

**bosting** /'bostiŋ/ adj. dialect【方】 very good; excellent 极好的,出色的
> -ORIGIN 词源 1970s: prob. a dial. pronunc. of bursting or busting.

**Boston** /'bpst(ə)n/ n. 1 a card game resembling solo whist 波士顿牌戏 2 a variation of the waltz or the two-step 波士顿舞(一种华尔兹舞或二步舞)

**Boston crab** ■n. Wrestling 【摔跤】a hold in which a wrestler sits astride a prone opponent and pulls upwards on the opponent's legs 波士顿蟹式固定, 波士顿蟹钳式(摔跤者骑坐在对手背上,用力往上拉其 双腿)

**Bostonian** /bos'tǝuniən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Boston, the state capital of Massachusetts (美 国)波士顿人 ■adj. relating to Boston 波士顿的

**Boston ivy** n. a Virginia creeper with three-lobed leaves, cultivated for its foliage 地锦,爬山虎 [Parthenocissus tricuspidata.]

**bosun** /'bǝus(ə)n/ (also 亦作 **bo'sun**) n. variant spelling of BOATSWAIN * boatswain的另一种拼法

**bot**¹ /bpt/ n. the larva of a botfly 肤蝇幼虫
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. of Low Ger. origin.

**bot**² /bpt/ n. Computing【计】an autonomous program on a network which can interact with systems or users, especially in the manner of a player in some computer games 自动程序,机器人程序
> -ORIGIN 词源 1980s: shortening of ROBOT.

**bot**³ /bpt/ abbr. 1 botanic; botanical; botany 2 bottle 3 bought

**botanical** /bə'tænıkl/ adj. relating to botany 植物 的;植物学的 ■n. a substance obtained from a plant and used as an additive 植物制剂
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **botanically** adv.

**botanic garden** (also 亦作 **botanical garden**) n. a place where plants are grown for scientific study and display to the public 植物园

**botanizing** /'bot(ə)naızıŋ/ or **botanising** n. the studying of plants in their natural habitat 植物研究,植 物调查

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> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **botanize** or **botanise** v.

**Botany** /'bot(ə)ni/ (also 亦作 **Botany wool**) n. merino wool 澳洲细羊毛,博坦尼羊毛
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Botany Bay in Australia, from where the wool orig. came.

**botany** /'bpt(ə)ni/ n. the scientific study of the structure, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance of plants 植物学 ➤ the plant life of a particular region or geological period(某一 地区或某一地质时期的)植物
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **botanic** adj. **botanist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from earlier botanic (from Fr. botanique, based on Gk botanikos, from botanē 'plant') + -r³.

**botch** /bts/ informal【非正式】■v. carry out (a task) badly or carelessly 拙劣地做,漫不经心地做 (工作) ■n. (also 亦作 **botch-up**) a badly carried out task 搞砸的事,拙劣的工作
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **botcher** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'repair' but orig. not implying clumsiness): of unknown origin.

**botel** /bǝu'tel/ n. variant spelling of BOATEL * boatel 的另一种拼法

**botfly** /'botflai/ n. (pl. **botflies**) a stout hairy-bodied fly whose larvae are internal parasites of horses and other mammals 肤蝇,马蝇,胃蝇[Gasterophilus and other genera.]

**both** /bǝue/ predet., det., & pron. two people or things, regarded and identified together 双方,两者 ■adv. applying equally to each of two alternatives不 仅…而且…,既……又………
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from ON báthir.

**bother** /'bvdə(r)/ v. 1 [with neg.与否定结构连 用] take the trouble to do something 麻烦,费心: He didn't bother to ask why. 他没有费事去问原因。 2 worry, disturb, or upset (someone)使(某人)焦 虑(或烦恼) ➤[usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] feel concern about or interest in关心;对…感兴趣 ■n. trouble; fuss麻烦,困难;小题大做 ➤ a cause of trouble or fuss 讨厌的事 ■exclam. chiefly Brit.【主英】 used to express mild irritation 讨厌(表示轻微的恼火)
> -ORIGIN 词源C17 (as a noun in the dial. sense 'noise, chatter'): of Anglo-Ir. origin; prob. rel. to Ir. bodhaire 'noise', bodhraim 'deafen, annoy'.

**botheration** /bpðə'reıfn/ informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】■n. bother 麻烦;小题大做 ■exclam. used to express irritation讨厌,可恶(表示恼怒)

**bothersome** /'boðəsəm/ adj. annoying; troublesome 引起麻烦的,令人烦恼的,讨厌的

**both ways** adv. & adj. another term for EACH-WAY * each-way 的另一种说法
> -PHRASES 短语 **have it both ways** benefit from two incompatible ways of thinking or behaving 两者兼得

**bothy** /'bp0i/ (also 亦作 **bothie**) ■n. (pl. **bothies**) (in Scotland) a small hut for farm labourers or as a mountain refuge(苏格兰)茅屋,棚屋,工棚
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: obscurely rel. to Ir. and Sc. Gaelic both, bothan, and perh. to воотн.

**Botox** /'bǝutpks/ n. trademark 【商标】 a drug prepared from botulin, used medically to treat certain muscular conditions and cosmetically to remove wrinkles by temporarily paralysing facial muscles 保妥适,伯克托斯(A型肉毒杆菌毒素)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Botoxed** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from BOTULINUM TOΧΙΝ.

**bo tree** /bǝu/ (also 亦作 **bodhi tree**) n. a fig tree native to India and SE Asia, regarded as sacred by Buddhists 菩提树 [Ficus religiosa.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: representing Sinhalese bõgaha 'tree of knowledge' (Buddha's enlightenment having occurred beneath such a tree), from bō (from Sanskrit budh 'understand thoroughly') + gaha 'tree'.

**botryoidal** /'botriǝdl/ adj. (chiefly of minerals) shaped like a cluster of grapes(主要指矿物质)葡萄 状的
> -ORIGIN词源 C18: from Gk botruoeidēs (from botrus 'bunch of grapes') + -AL.

**botrytis** /bə'traitis/ n. a greyish powdery mould, deliberately cultivated on the grapes for certain wines 葡萄孢
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. (name of a genus of moulds), from Gk botrus 'cluster of grapes'.

**Botswanan** /bp'tswanǝn/ n. a native or inhabitant of Botswana, a country of southern Africa 博茨瓦纳 人 ■adj. relating to Botswana 博茨瓦纳的

**bottarga** /bə'ta:gǝ/ n. salted and dried tuna or grey mullet roe 腌金枪鱼(或鲻鱼)卵
> -ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from Arab. butarkhah, from Coptic outarakhon.

**botte** /bpt/ n. Fencing 【击剑】 an attack or thrust 一 击,一刺
> --ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**bottle** /'bptl/ n. 1 a container with a narrow neck, used for storing liquids 细颈瓶 ➤(**the bottle**) informal【非正式】 used in reference to the heavy drinking of alcohol 嗜酒,贪杯: He took to the bottle. 他贪恋上了杯中之物。 ➤ a baby's feeding bottle(婴 儿)奶瓶 ➤ a large metal cylinder holding liquefied gas 液化气钢瓶 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】one's courage or confidence勇气;信心 ■v. 1 place in bottles for storage 把………装入瓶中 2 (**bottle something up**) repress or conceal feelings压抑,隐 藏(情感) 3 (**bottle out**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 lose one's nerve and decide not to do something 丧 气,灰心,打退堂鼓 4 informal 【非正式】 hit with a bottle 用瓶子砸
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. boteille, from med. L. butticula, dimin. of late L. buttis (see 见 BUTT).

**bottle bank** n. Brit. 【英】 a place where used glass bottles may be deposited for recycling 空瓶回收站

**bottle blonde** adj. (of a woman's hair) of a shade of blonde that looks dyed(女子头发)像漂染成浅亚 麻色的 ■n. a woman with such hair 浅亚麻色头发的 女人

**bottlebrush** /'botlbraf/ n. 1 a cylindrical brush for cleaning inside bottles 洗瓶刷 2 an Australian

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shrub or small tree with spikes of scarlet or yellow flowers resembling bottlebrushes 红千层[Genus Callistemon.]

**bottle-feed** v. feed (a baby) with milk from a bottle 用奶瓶喂(婴儿)

**bottle green** n. dark green 深绿色

**bottleneck** /'bptlnek/ n. 1 a narrow section of road where traffic flow is restricted 瓶颈路段 2 a device worn on a guitarist's finger and used to produce sliding effects on the strings (吉他手戴的)指套, “瓶颈”

**bottlenose dolphin** /'botlnǝuz/ (also亦作 **bottle-nosed dolphin**) n. a stout-bodied dolphin with a distinct short beak, found in tropical and temperate coastal waters 宽吻海豚[Tursiops truncatus.]

**bottlenose whale** (also 亦作 **bottle-nosed whale**) ■n. a beaked whale with a bulbous forehead 巨齿鲸 [Genus Hyperoodon: two species.]

**bottler** /'bətlə(r)/ n. 1 a person who bottles drinks 装瓶工 2 Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】an admirable person or thing 值得称赞的人(或事物)

**bottle tree** n. an Australian tree with a swollen bottle-shaped trunk containing water 瓶树;格雷 戈里猴面包树[Adansonia gregorii (a baobab) and Brachychiton rupestre.]

**bottom** /'bətəm/ n. 1 the lowest point or part of something 底部,底层 ➤ the furthest part or point of something 远端,尽头 ➤(also 亦作 **bottoms**) the lower half of a two-piece garment(套装的)下 装,下半身 2 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a person's buttocks 臀部,屁股 3 archaic 【古】 stamina or strength of character 持久力,耐力 4 Physics 【物】 one of six flavours of quark 底夸克 ■adj. in the lowest position 最低的,最下的 ➤ in the furthest position away in a downhill direction (下山方向的)最远处的 ■v. 1 (of a ship) touch the bottom of the sea(船)触底, 到达海底 2 (**bottom out**) (of a situation) reach the lowest point before stabilizing or improving (情况)触底,达到最低点
> -PHRASES 短语 **at bottom** fundamentally 基本上,本 质上 **be at the bottom of** be the fundamental cause or origin of 是……的真正起因(或根源) **the bottom falls (or drops) out** something suddenly fails or collapses 出现暴跌(或垮台)的局面 **bottoms up!** informal【非正式】 said as a toast before drinking 干 杯! **get to the bottom of** find an explanation for (a mystery)查明(神秘事件)的起因 **you(can) bet your bottom dollar** informal 【非正式】 a particular thing is bound to happen 确信(某事必定发生)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-bottomed** adj. **bottomless** adj. **bottommost** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE botm, of Gmc origin.

**bottom drawer** n. Brit. dated【英,过时】 linen and other items stored by a woman in preparation for her marriage 女子为结婚准备的衣物,嫁妆

**bottom feeder** n. 1 any marine creature that lives on the seabed and feeds by scavenging 底栖食腐生 物 2 N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a member of a group of very low social status who survives by any means possible 底层谋生者

**bottom fermentation** n. the process by which lagers are fermented, proceeding at low temperature with the yeast falling to the bottom 下面发酵,底 层发酵

**bottomland** /'bətəmlænd/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】low-lying land, typically by a river 低洼地,滩地

**bottom line** n. informal 【非正式】 1 the final total of an account or balance sheet 账本底线,盈亏一览结算 线 2 the fundamental and deciding factor 根本因素

**bottomry** /'bptəmri/ n. dated 【过时】 a system of merchant insurance in which a ship is used as security against a loan to finance a voyage 押船借贷 合同
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from воттом (in the sense 'ship') + -RY.

**bottom-up** adj. proceeding from the bottom or beginning of a hierarchy or process upwards 自下而 上的

**botty** /'bpti/ n. (pl. **botties**) Brit. informal【英,非正 式】a person's bottom(人的)屁股

**botulin** /'bptjulin/ n. the bacterial toxin involved in botulism 肉毒杆菌毒素

**botulinum toxin** /botjo'lamǝm/ (also 亦作 **botulinus toxin**) n. another term for BOTULIN * botulin的另 一种说法

**botulism** /'botjulız(ə)m/ n. a dangerous form of food poisoning caused by a bacterium (Clostridium botulinum) growing on improperly sterilized foods 肉毒中毒
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Botulismus 'sausage poisoning', from L. botulus 'sausage'.

**bouclé** /'bu:kleı/ n. yarn with a looped or curled ply结子花式线,毛圈花式线
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'buckled, curled'.

**boudin** /'bu:de/ n. (pl. same单复同)a French type of black pudding 法式黑布丁
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**boudoir** /'bu:dwa:(r)/ n. a woman's bedroom or small private room 女子卧室,闺房
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'sulking place', from bouder 'pout, sulk'.

**bouffant** /'bu:f/ adj. (of hair) styled so as to stand out from the head in a rounded shape(头发)蓬 松的 ■n. a bouffant hairstyle 蓬松发式
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'swelling', pres. part. of bouffer.

**bougainvillea** /bu:g(ə)n'vıliə/ (also 亦作 **bougainvillaea**) n. an ornamental shrubby climbing plant widely cultivated in the tropics, with brightly coloured papery bracts surrounding the flowers 叶 子花[Genus Bougainvillea.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 named after the French explorer L. A. de Bougainville.

**bough** /bau/ n. a main branch of a tree 大枝,主枝
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bōg, bōh 'bough or shoulder', of Gmc origin; rel. to Bow³.

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**bought** /bo:t/ past and past participle of BUY * buy的 过去式和过去分词

**boughten** /'bo:t(ə)n/ archaic past participle of BUY * buy的古代过去分词 ■adj. dialect, chiefly N. Amer. 【方,主北美】bought rather than homemade 买来 的,现成的

**bougie** /'bu:zi/ n. (pl. **bougies**) Medicine【医】a thin, flexible surgical instrument for exploring or dilating a passage of the body 探条
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'wax candle', from Arab. Bijāya, the name of an Algerian town which traded in wax.

**bouillabaisse** /'bu:jǝbeis/ n. a rich, spicy stew or soup made with fish, originally from Provence 鱼浓 汤,法式杂鱼汤
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from mod. Provençal bouiabaisso.

**bouilli** /'bu:ji/ n. stewed or boiled meat 炖肉,煮肉
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'boiled'.

**bouillon** /'bu:jp/ ■n. thin soup or stock made by stewing meat, fish, or vegetables(肉、鱼、蔬菜等做 成的)清汤
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from bouillir 'to boil'.

**boulder** /'bəuldə(r)/ n. a large rock 巨砾
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bouldery** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: shortened from earlier boulder-stone, of Scand. origin.

**boulder clay** n. clay containing many large stones, formed by deposition from melting glaciers 泥砾层, 漂砾土

**bouldering** /'bəuldərın/ n. Climbing 【登】climbing on large boulders, either for practice or as a sport in its own right 抱石

**boule**¹ /bu:l/ n. (pl. **boules** pronunc. same 单复发音 同)a metal ball used in the French game of boules, a form of bowls played on rough ground 法式滚球戏
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'bowl'.

**boule**² /'bu:li/ n. a legislative body of ancient or modern Greece 希腊议会;(古希腊的)五百人会议
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk boulē 'senate'.

**boulevard** /'bu:ləva:d/ n. a wide street, typically one lined with trees 林阴大道
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., 'a rampart' (later 'a promenade on the site of one'), from Ger. Bollwerk (see 见BULWARK).

**boulevardier** /bu:ləva:'djeı/ n. a wealthy, fashionable socialite纨绔子弟,花花公子
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., orig. in the sense 'person who frequents boulevards'.

**boulle** /bu:l/ (also 亦作 **buhl**) ■n. brass, tortoiseshell, or other material used for inlaying furniture 布勒家 具镶嵌材料(如黄铜、龟壳等)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. boule, from the name of the French cabinetmaker André Boulle.

**boult** /bǝult/ v. variant spelling of BOLT⁴ * bolt⁴ 的 另一种拼法

**bounce** /bauns/ v. 1 (of an object, especially a ball) spring quickly up or away from a surface after hitting it(球等物体)弹起,反弹 ➤(of light, sound, or an electronic signal) reflect back from a surface(光、 声或电子信号)折回,反射 ➤(also亦作 **bounce back**) (of an email) be returned to its sender after failing to reach its destination(电子邮件)被退回 ➤ (**bounce back**) recover well after a setback or problem 恢复元气,重振旗鼓 2 move or jump up and down repeatedly 上下跳动,蹦跳 ➤ move in an energetic or enthusiastic manner 蹦蹦跳跳地 走 3 informal 【非正式】(of a cheque) be returned by a bank when there are insufficient funds in an account to meet it (支票因银行账户余额不足)遭到 银行拒付退回 4 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主 北美】dismiss from a job 解雇,开除 5 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】pressurize (someone) into doing something 逼迫(某人)做某事 ■n. 1 a rebound of a ball or other object(球或其他物体的)弹回,反弹 ➤ an act of bouncing up and down上下跳跃,弹跳 2 exuberant self-confidence 充分的自信 3 health and body in a person's hair(头发的)弹性
> -PHRASES 短语 **bounce an idea off someone** informal 【非正式】discuss an idea with someone in order to test or improve it 和某人讨论某一想法(以对其进行 检验或改进)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME bunsen 'beat, thump', perh. imitative, or from Low Ger. bunsen 'beat', Du. bons 'a thump'.

**bouncebackability** /'baunsbækə'bılıti/ n. informal 【非正式】(especially in sport) the capacity to recover quickly from a setback(尤指体育运动中)遇 挫反弹力,卷土重来力: Promotion-chasing sides need to show the requisite bouncebackability after defeat. 想 要晋级方必须在失利后显示出必备的反弹能力。

**bouncer** /'baunsə(r)/ n. 1 a person employed by a nightclub, bar, or pub to prevent troublemakers entering or to eject them from the premises(夜总 会等的)保镖,保安员 2 Cricket 【板】 a ball bowled fast and short so as to rise high after pitching 反弹球

**bouncing** /'baunsın/ adj. (of a baby) vigorous and healthy(婴儿)健康有活力的,健壮的

**bouncing Bet** (also 亦作 **bouncing Betty**) n. another term for SOAPWORT * soapwort 的另一种说法

**bouncy** /'baunsi/ adj. (**bouncier**, **bounciest**) 1 able to bounce or making something bounce well 有 弹性的,有反弹力的 2 confident and lively自信的, 有活力的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bouncily** adv. **bounciness** n.

**bouncy castle** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a large inflatable structure on which children can jump and play 跳跳城 堡,充气城堡(儿童在上面跳着玩)

**bound**¹ /baund/ v. walk or run with leaping strides 蹦蹦跳跳地走(或跑) ■n. a leaping movement towards or over something 跳,跳跃
> -ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. bond (n.), bondir (v.) 'resound', later 'rebound', from late L. bombitare, from L. bombus 'humming'.

**bound**² /baund/ n. 1 a boundary界限,边界 2 a limitation or restriction 限制,限定 ➤technical【技】 a limiting value 界 ■v. 1 form the boundary of 形 成…的边界,成为………的界限 2 restrict 限制,限定

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> -PHRASES 短语 **out of bounds** 1 beyond the acceptable or permitted limits 逾越限度;越轨 2 (in sport) beyond the field of play(在体育运动中)出界
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bodne, from med. L. bodina, earlier butina.

**bound**³ /baund/ adj. going towards somewhere 到… 去的: a train bound for Edinburgh 开往爱丁堡的列 车 ➤ destined to have a particular experience 注 定的: They were bound for disaster. 他们注定要遇到 灾难。
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME boun (in the sense 'ready, dressed'), from ON búinn, past part. of búa 'get ready'.

**bound**⁴ /baond/ past and past participle of BIND * bind 的过去式和过去分词 ■adj. 1 (**-bound**) restricted or confined to or by a place or situation 受 限制的,被局限在(处所或情况中)的: His job kept him city-bound. 他的工作使他只能呆在城里。 2 certain to be or to do or have something必然会……的,注 定会……的 ➤ obliged to do something有………义务的 3 (**-bound**) (of a book) having a specified binding (书)有…封皮的,……装订的 4 (of a grammatical element) occurring only in combination with another form(语素)黏着的
> -PHRASES 短语 **I'll be bound** Brit. 【英】 I am sure 我 敢肯定,我确信

**boundary** /'baundri/ n. (pl. **boundaries**) 1 a line marking the limits of an an area 分界线,边界 2 Cricket 【板】a hit crossing the limits of the field, scoring four or six runs长打(使球越过边界线的击球,得4分 或6分)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of dial. bounder, from BOUND² + -ER¹.

**boundary layer** n. a layer of stationary fluid (such as water or air) surrounding an immersed moving object 边界层,界面层,附面层

**bounden** /'baund(ə)n/ archaic past participle of BIND * bind的古代过去分词
> -PHRASES 短语 **a (or one's) bounden duty** an obligatory responsibility本分,应尽的义务

**bounder** /'baundə(r)/ n. Brit. informal, dated【英,非正 式,过时】a dishonourable man卑鄙小人

**boundless** /'baundləs/ adj. unlimited or immense无 限的,巨大的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boundlessly** adv. **boundlessness** n.

**bounteous** /'bauntiǝs/ adj. archaic 【古】 bountiful 慷慨的;充裕的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bounteously** adv. **bounteousness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bontif, -ive 'benevolent' (from bonte 'bounty'), on the pattern of plenteous.

**bountiful** /'baontifl/ adj. 1 abundant 大量的,充裕的 2 giving generously 慷慨的
> -PHRASES 短语 **Lady Bountiful** a woman who engages in ostentatious acts of charity 故作慷慨的女慈善家 [C19: from the name of a character in Farquhar's The Beaux' Stratagem (1707).]
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bountifully** adv.

**bounty** /'baunti/ n. (pl. **bounties**) 1 a reward paid for killing or capturing someone(杀死或抓住某人 的)赏金 2 historical 【史义】a sum paid by the state to encourage trade 贸易津贴 ➤ a sum paid by the state to army or navy recruits on enlistment(陆军或海军新 兵入伍时领的)新兵补贴 3 literary 【文】 something given or occurring in generous amounts 大量给予 (或存在)之物 ➤ generosity 慷慨
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bonte 'goodness', from L. bonitas, from bonus 'good'.

**bounty hunter** n. a person who pursues a criminal for a reward 为获得赏金而追捕罪犯的人

**bouquet** /bu'keı, bǝu'ker, 'buker/ n. 1 a bunch of flowers 花束 2 the characteristic scent of a wine or perfume(酒或香水的)香味,芬芳
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. (earlier 'clump of trees'), from a dial. var. of OFr. bos 'wood'.

**bouquet garni** /'ga:ni/ n. (pl. **bouquets garnis**) a bunch of herbs used for flavouring a stew or soup 烹调用混合香料
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'garnished bouquet'.

**Bourbon** /'buǝb(ə)n/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a chocolate-flavoured biscuit with a chocolate-cream filling 巧克 力夹心饼干 2 US【美】 a reactionary 反动分子
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Bourbon, the surname of a branch of the French royal family.

**bourbon** /'b3:b(ə)n, 'buǝ-/ n. a kind of American whisky distilled from maize and rye 波旁威士忌
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Bourbon County, Kentucky, where it was first made.

**bourdon** /'buǝd(ə)n/ n. Music 【音】 a low-pitched stop in an organ or harmonium(管风琴或簧风琴 的)脚键音栓
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'drone of a bagpipe') : from OFr., 'drone', of imitative origin.

**bourgeois** /'buǝzwa:/ (also 亦作 **bourgeoise** /'buǝzwa:z/) adj. of or characteristic of the middle class, especially in having materialistic values or conventional attitudes 中产阶级的 ➤(in Marxist contexts) capitalist(马克思主义理论 中)资产阶级的,资本家的 ■n. (pl. same 单复同)a bourgeois person中产阶级分子;资产阶级分子
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from late L. burgus 'castle' (in med. L. 'fortified town'), ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BOROUGH; cf. BURGESS.

**bourgeoisie** /buǝzwa:'zi:/ ■n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the middle class 中产阶级 ➤(in Marxist contexts) the capitalist class(马克思主义理 论中的)资产阶级
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from BOURGEOIS.

**bourn**¹ /bo:n, buən/ n. dialect【方】 a small stream 小河,小溪
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: S. Engl. var. of BURN².

**bourn**² /boin, buǝn/ (also 亦作 **bourne**) ■n. literary 【文】1 a boundary边界,界限 2 a goal; a destination 目标,目的地
> -ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. borne, from OFr. bodne (see见BOUND²).

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**bourrée** /'buǝreı/ n. 1 a lively French dance like a gavotte 布雷舞 2 Ballet【芭蕾】 a series of very fast little steps performed on the tips of the toes with the feet close together 布雷舞步 ■v. perform a bourrée 跳布雷舞
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., lit. 'faggot of twigs' (the dance being performed around a twig fire).

**bourse** /buəs/ n. a stock market in a non-English-speaking country, especially France(尤指法语国家 的)证券交易所
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., lit. 'purse', via med. L. from Gk bursa 'leather'.

**Boursin** /'buǝsẽ/ n. trademark 【商标】 a kind of soft cheese from France * Boursin 奶酪
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**boustrophedon** /baustrǝ'fi:d(ə)n, bu:-/ adj. & adv. (of words) written from right to left and from left to right in alternate lines(字词)用牛耕式转行书写法 (的),右行左行交互书写(的)
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from Gk, lit. 'as an ox turns in ploughing'.

**bout** /baut/ n. 1 a short period of intense activity 一段,一阵 ➤ an attack of illness or strong emotion (疾病的)发作;(情感的)爆发 2 a wrestling or boxing match 摔跤比赛,拳击比赛 3 a curve in the side of a violin or other musical instrument(小提琴 等乐器的)曲线
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from dial. bought 'bend, loop'; prob. of Low Ger. origin.

**boutade** /bu:'ta:d/ n. formal 【正式】 a sudden outburst 突发,突然爆发
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., from bouter 'to thrust'.

**boutique** /bu:'ti:k/ n. a small shop selling fashionable clothes 时装精品店
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., 'small shop', via L. from Gk apothēkē 'storehouse'.

**boutique hotel** n. a stylish small hotel, typically one situated in a fashionable urban location 时尚小 旅店,精品小旅店(多位于繁华地段)

**bouton** /'bu:ton/ n. an enlarged part of a nerve fibre or cell where it forms a synapse with another nerve疖,小结
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Fr., lit. 'button'.

**boutonnière** /bu:ton'jeǝ/ n. a spray of flowers worn in a buttonhole 佩戴在扣眼上的花
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., 'buttonhole', from bouton 'button'.

**bouvier** /'bu:vier/ n. a large, powerful dog of a rough-coated breed originating in Belgium 佛兰德牧 牛狗(原产于比利时)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'cowherd'.

**bouzouki** /bu'zu:ki/ n. (pl. **bouzoukis**) a long-necked Greek form of mandolin 布祖基琴
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from mod. Gk mpouzouki, perh. rel. to Turk. bozuk 'spoilt' (with ref. to roughly made instruments).

**bovid** /'bǝuvıd/ n. Zoology 【动】 a mammal of the cattle family (Bovidae)牛科动物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Bovidae, from L. bos, bov 'ox'.

**bovine** /'bǝuvaın/ adj. relating to or resembling cattle 牛的;似牛的 ■n. an animal of the cattle family 牛科 动物
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bovinely** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L. bovinus, from L. bos, bov- 'ox'.

**bovine spongiform encephalopathy** n. see 见 BSE.

**Bovril** /'bpvrıl/ n. trademark 【商标】 a concentrated essence of beef diluted with hot water to make a drink 牛肉汁
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from L. bos, bov- 'ox'.

**bovver** /'bpvə(r)/ n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 hooliganism or troublemaking 街头群殴: [as modifier 作 修饰语] a bovver boy 参加斗殴的男孩
> -ORIGIN 词源 1960s: cockney pronunc. of BOTHER.

**bovver boots** n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 heavy laced boots extending to the mid-calf, typically worn by skinheads 街斗钉靴(多为光头仔所穿)

**bow**¹ /bǝu/ n. 1 a knot tied with two loops and two loose ends 蝴蝶结 2 a weapon for shooting arrows, made of a curved piece of wood joined at both ends by a taut string弓 3 a partially curved rod with horsehair stretched along its length, used for playing some stringed instruments 琴弓 4 a curved stroke forming part of a letter (e.g. b, p) (字母的)一弯 5 a metal ring forming the handle of a key or pair of scissors(钥匙、剪刀的)金属环状 柄 6 N. Amer.【北美】 a side piece or lens frame of a pair of glasses 眼镜脚;眼镜框 ■v. play (a stringed instrument) using a bow 用琴弓拉(弦乐器)
> -PHRASES 短语 **have (or add) another string to one's bow** Brit. 【英】 have a further resource available 做两手准备,留备选方案
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE boga 'bend, bow, arch', of Gmc origin; rel. to Bow².

**bow**² /bau/ v. 1 bend the head or upper body as a sign of respect, greeting, or shame点头;鞠躬,欠身 2 bend or cause to bend with age or under a heavy weight(使)躬身,(使)驼背 3 submit to pressure or demands屈服,让步 4 (**bow out**) withdraw or retire from something 撤回,收回;退出 ■n. an act of bowing 鞠躬,欠身
> -PHRASES 短语 **bow and scrape** behave obsequiously 打躬作揖,奴颜婢膝 **make one's bow** make one's first formal appearance in a particular role 初次露 面,首次亮相 **take a bow** acknowledge applause by bowing 鞠躬答谢;谢幕
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE būgan 'bend, stoop', of Gmc origin; rel. to Bow¹.

**bow**³ /bau/ (also 亦作 **bows**) n. the front end of a ship 艏
> -PHRASES 短语 **on the bow** Nautical 【航海】 within 45° of the point directly ahead 船首方向45°范围内 **a shot across the bows** a warning statement or gesture 警告

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> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Low Ger. boog, Du. boeg, 'shoulder or ship's bow'; rel. to BOUGH.

**bow compass** n. a compass with jointed legs 弓形 圆规,弹簧圆规

**bowdlerize** or **bowdlerise** /'baudləraız/ v. remove from (a text) material regarded as improper or offensive 删节,删除(篇章)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bowdlerism** n. **bowdlerization** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of Dr Thomas Bowdler, who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare.

**bowel** /'bauǝl/ n. 1 (often 常用 **bowels**) the intestine 肠 2 (**the bowels of**) the deepest inner parts of something 内部,深处
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bouel, from L. botellus, dimin. of botulus 'sausage'.

**bowel movement** n. an act of defecation 大便

**bower**¹ /'bauə(r)/ ■n. 1 a pleasant shady place under trees 树阴,阴凉处 2 literary 【文】 a summer house or country cottage 避暑别墅,夏屋 3 literary【文】 a lady's private room 闺房 ■v. literary 【文】 shade; enclose 遮蔽;围绕
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE būr, of Gmc origin.

**bower**² /'bauə(r)/ n. an anchor carried at a ship's bow 艏锚
> -ORIGIN词源 C15: from BOW³ + -ER¹.

**bowerbird** /'bauǝba:d/ n. an Australasian bird noted for the male's habit of constructing an elaborate bower adorned with feathers, shells, etc. to attract the female 凉亭鸟[Family Ptilonorhynchidae: several species.]

**bowfin** /'bǝufın/ n. a predatory American freshwater fish with a large blunt head and a long dorsal fin, able to survive long periods out of water 弓鳍鱼[Amia calva.]

**bow-fronted** adj. having a convexly curved front 弧形的;圆凸面的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bow front** n.

**bowhead whale** /'bǝuhed/ n. a black Arctic right whale, feeding by skimming the surface for plankton 北极(露脊)鲸[Balaena mysticetus.]

**bowie knife** /'bǝui/ n. a long knife with a blade double-edged at the point 鲍伊猎刀,单刃猎刀
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the American frontiersman Jim Bowie.

**bowl**¹ /bǝul/ n. 1 a round, deep dish or basin 碗; 盆;钵 ➤ a rounded, concave part of an object 凹处 ➤Geography【地理】a natural basin 盆地 2 [in names 用于名称] chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a stadium for sporting or musical events 圆形体育馆;圆形剧场 ➤ an American football game played after the season between leading teams(美国橄榄球强队之间的季 后赛)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bowlful** n. (pl. **bowlfuls**).
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bolle, bolla, of Gmc origin; rel. to BOLL.

**bowl**² /baul/ n. 1 a wooden or hard rubber ball used in the game of bowls (草地滚球戏中的)木 球,硬橡胶球 ➤ a large ball used in tenpin bowling or skittles 保龄球 2 a spell of bowling in cricket (板 球的)一轮投球 ■v. 1 roll (a round object) along the ground 滚(一个圆形物) 2 Cricket 【板】 (of a bowler) propel (the ball) towards the wicket for the batsman to attempt to hit (投手)投(球) ➤ dismiss (a batsman) by knocking down the wicket with a bowled ball 投杀(板手) 3 move rapidly and smoothly 快速平稳移动 4 (**bowl someone over**) knock someone down 撞倒,击倒 ➤ informal 【非正 式】completely overwhelm or astonish someone 使 大吃一惊,使震惊
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bowling** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. boule, from L. bulla 'bubble'.

**bow-legged** /bǝu'legıd/ adj. having legs that curve outwards at the knee 弓形腿的,罗圈腿的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bow legs** pl. n.

**bowler**¹ /'bələ(r)/ n. 1 Cricket 【板】 a member of the fielding side who bowls 投球手 2 a player at bowls, tenpin bowling, or skittles 玩保龄球(或九柱 戏)的人

**bowler**² /'bələ(r)/ (also 亦作 **bowler hat**) n. a man's hard felt hat with a round dome-shaped crown 圆顶高帽,常礼帽
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the English hatter William Bowler.

**bowline** /'bǝulm/ ■n. 1 a rope attaching the weather side of a square sail to a ship's bow(方帆)帆脚索 2 a simple knot for forming a non-slipping loop at the end of a rope 单套结
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. bõline, MDu. boechlijne, from boeg 'ship's bow' + lijne 'line'.

**bowling alley** n. a long, narrow track along which balls are rolled in skittles or tenpin bowling(九柱戏 或保龄球的)球道

**bowling crease** n. Cricket 【板】 the line from behind which a bowler delivers the ball 投球线

**bowling green** n. an area of closely mown grass on which the game of bowls is played 草地滚球场

**bowls** /bǝulz/ pl. n. [treated as sing.视作单数]a game played with heavy wooden bowls, the object of which is to propel one's bowl to a position as close as possible to a small white ball (the jack)草 地滚球戏,滚木球戏

**bowman**¹ /'bǝumən/ n. (pl. **bowmen**) an archer弓 箭手,射手

**bowman**² /'baumən/ n. (pl. **bowmen**) the rower who sits nearest the bow of a boat 头桨手

**bow saw** n. a saw with a narrow blade stretched on a light curved frame 弓锯

**bowser** /'bauzə(r)/ n. trademark 【商标】1 a tanker used for fuelling aircraft or supplying water(为飞机 加油或供水的)加油车,供水车 2 Austral./NZ【澳新】a petrol pump 加油泵
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from the name of a company of oil storage engineers.

**bowshot** /'bǝufpt/ n. the distance to which a bow

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can send an arrow箭的射程,一箭之遥

**bowsie** /'bauzi:/ n. (pl. **bowsies**) Irish 【爱】 a low-class or unruly person下等人;不法之徒
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bowsprit** /'bǝusprit/ n. a spar running out from a ship's bow, to which the forestays are fastened 艏 斜桁
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. bōgsprēt, MDu. boechspriet, from boech 'bow' + spriet 'sprit'.

**Bow Street Runner** n. historical, informal 【史义,非 正式】a London policeman 伦敦警察
> -ORIGIN 词源 named after Bow Street in London, former site of the chief metropolitan magistrates' court.

**bowstring** /'bəǝustrıŋ/ n. the string of an archer's bow 弓弦

**bow tie** n. a man's tie in the form of a bow 蝶形领结

**bow window** n. a curved bay window 凸肚窗,圆 肚窗

**bow-wow** /bau'wau/ exclam. an imitation of a dog's bark(模仿的)狗叫声 ■n. /'bauwau/ informal 【非正 式】a child's word for a dog 汪汪(儿语,指狗)

**bowyer** /'bǝujə(r)/ n. a person who makes or sells archers' bows 制造(或出售)弓的人

**box**¹ /bpks/ n. 1 a container with a flat base and sides and a lid箱,盒,匣 ➤(**the box**) informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式,主英】television 电视 2 an area enclosed within straight lines on a page or computer screen, to be filled in with or containing information 空格;方框;(电脑屏幕上的)文字输 入区 3 (**the box**) Soccer 【足】 the penalty area 罚球区,禁区 ➤ Baseball 【棒】 the area occupied by the batter 击球区 4 an enclosed area reserved for people in a theatre or sports ground, or for witnesses or the jury in a law court(戏院或运动场 的)包厢;(法庭的)证人席,陪审员席 5 a protective casing for part of a mechanism 护箱 ➤Brit.【英】 a shield for protecting a man's genitals in sport, especially cricket(尤指板球运动员的)下体护身 6 a facility at a newspaper office for receiving replies to an advertisement(报社设的)广告回函信箱 ➤ a facility at a post office whereby letters are kept until collected by the addressee(从邮局租用的)个人专用 信箱 7 Brit.【英】 a small country house used when shooting or fishing(狩猎或捕鱼时住的)乡间小屋 8 historical【史义】 a coachman's seat(马车的)驭者 座,驾驶员席 ■v. 1 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **boxed**] put in or provide with a box装………入箱(或盒) 2 (**box someone in**) restrict someone's ability to move freely 堵住,困住
> -PHRASES 短语 **out of one's box** Brit. informal【英,非 正式】intoxicated with alcohol or drugs 喝醉的;(吸 毒后)轻飘飘的 **think outside the box** informal 【非正 式】have ideas that are original or creative 创造性地 思考,不受束缚地思考
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boxful** n. (pl. **boxfuls**). **box-like** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE, prob. from late L. buxis, from L. pyxis 'boxwood box', from Gk puxos (see 见 вох³).

**box**² /bpks/ v. fight an opponent with the fists in padded gloves as a sport 与………进行拳击比赛 ■n. a slap on the side of a person's head 耳光
> -PHRASES 短语 **box clever** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 outwit someone 智胜,骗过 **box someone's ears** slap someone on the side of the head 扇某人耳光
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boxing** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**box**³ /bpks/ (also 亦作 **box tree**) n. a slowgrowing evergreen shrub with small glossy leaves, yielding hard wood 锦熟黄杨 [Buxus sempervirens.] ➤ any of various other trees with similar foliage or wood 嘉 赐树,脚骨脆[Casearia praecox (tropical America) and other species.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE, via L. from Gk puxos.

**box**⁴ /bpks/ v. (in phr.用于短语 **box the compass**) recite the compass points in correct order 依次列举罗 盘方位
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from Sp. bojar 'sail round', from Mid. Low Ger. bögen 'bend', from the base of BOW¹.

**Box and Cox** Brit. 【英】 ■n. an arrangement whereby people make use of the same facilities at different times(同一设备的)轮流使用 ■v. share facilities in this way 轮流使用(同一设备)
> -ORIGIN 词源 the title of a play (1847) by J. M. Morton, in which two characters, John Box and James Cox, unknowingly share a room.

**box beam** n. another term for BOX GIRDER * box girder 的另一种说法

**boxboard** /'boksbɔ:d/ n. stiff cardboard used to make boxes(制箱、盒用的)硬纸板

**box camera** n. a simple box-shaped hand camera 盒式照相机

**box canyon** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a narrow canyon with a flat bottom and vertical walls 箱形峡谷

**boxcar** /'bokska:(r)/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 an enclosed railway freight wagon(铁路上用的)棚车

**boxed set** n. another term for BOX SET * box set 的另 一种说法

**box elder** n. an American maple with leaves resembling those of the elder and green or purplish twigs 梣叶槭 [Acer negundo.]

**Boxer** /'bpksə(r)/ n. a member of a fiercely nationalistic Chinese secret society which flourished in the 19th century拳民,义和团成员
> -ORIGIN 词源 from BOXER, translating Chin. Yihéquán, lit. 'righteous harmony fists'.

**boxer** /'bəksə(r)/ n. 1 a person who boxes as a sport 拳击运动员 2 a medium-sized dog of a breed with a smooth brown coat and pug-like face 斗拳狗

**boxer shorts** (also 亦作 **boxers**) pl. n. men's underpants resembling shorts 拳击短裤,男式平脚裤

**boxfish** /'boksfif/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **boxfishes**) a tropical marine fish with a shell of bony plates covered in spines enclosing the body 箱魨 [Tetrosomus gibbosus and other species.]

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**box girder** n. a hollow girder that is square or rectangular in cross section箱(形)梁

**Boxing Day** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a public holiday on the first day (or first weekday) after Christmas Day 节 礼日(圣诞节次日或圣诞节后的第一个工作日)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the former custom of giving tradespeople a Christmas box (gift) on this day.

**boxing glove** n. a heavily padded mitten worn in boxing 拳击手套

**box jellyfish** n. a jellyfish with a box-shaped swimming bell, living in warm seas 箱形水母 [Class Cubozoa.]

**box junction** n. Brit. 【英】 a road area at a junction marked with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit is clear 交叉路口黄格区

**box kite** n. a tailless kite in the form of a long box open at each end 箱形风筝

**box number** n. a number identifying a private advertisement in a newspaper, used as an address for replies 信箱号码

**box office** n. a place at a theatre, cinema, etc. where tickets are sold (戏院或电影院等的)票房,售 票处

**box pew** n. a church pew enclosed by wooden partitions 礼拜堂的厢座

**box pleat** n. a pleat consisting of two parallel creases facing opposite directions and forming a raised panel 箱形裥

**box room** n. Brit. 【英】 a very small room 小屋, 斗室

**box score** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】the tabulated results of a baseball game or other sporting event(棒球等 比赛的)技术统计

**box set** (also 亦作 **boxed set**) n. a set of related items, typically books or recordings, packaged together in a box and sold as a unit(多指图书、音像 制品的)盒装

**box spanner** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a cylindrical spanner with a hexagonal end fitting over the head of a nut 套筒扳手

**box spring** n. each of a set of vertical springs housed in a frame in a mattress 床垫弹簧

**boxthorn** /'bokseon/ n. a thorny shrub bearing red berries, some kinds of which are used for hedging 枸杞 [Genus Lycium: several species.]

**box turtle** n. a land-living turtle having a lower shell with hinged lobes that can be drawn up tightly 箱龟 [Genus Terrapene: several species.]

**boxty** /'boksti/ n. a type of Irish bread made using grated raw potatoes and flour 马铃薯面包
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Ir. bacstaí.

**boxy** /'boksi/ adj. (**boxier**, **boxiest**) 1 squarish in shape 四四方方的 2 (of a room or space) cramped (房间或空间)狭促的,逼仄的

**boy** /boi/ n. 1 a male child or youth男孩;男青年 2 (**boys**) informal 【非正式】 men who mix socially or belong to a particular group(指同属一个团队 的)一群男人 3 dated, offensive【过时,冒】a black male servant or worker(黑人)男仆,男佣 ■exclam. informal【非正式】 used to express strong feelings(用 于表示强烈的感情)好家伙: Oh boy, that's wonderful! 好家伙,太棒了!
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **boyhood** n. **boyish** adj. **boyishly** adv. **boyishness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**boyar** /'bǝia:(r), bǝo'ja:(r)/ n. a member of the former aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince 波雅尔(沙俄贵族阶层成员)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Russ. boyarin 'grandee'.

**boycott** /'bəıkt/ v. withdraw from commercial or social relations with (someone) as a punishment or protest 抵制(个人) ➤ refuse to buy or handle (goods) for this reason 拒绝购买(或经销)(商品) ■n. an act of boycotting 抵制行动
> -ORIGIN 词源 from the name of Captain Charles C. Boycott, an Irish land agent so treated in 1880 in an attempt to get rents reduced.

**boyfriend** /'borfrend/ n. a person's regular male companion in a romantic or sexual relationship 男 友,男朋友

**Boyle's law** /'boılz/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a law stating that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature 玻意耳定律
> -ORIGIN 词源 from the name of the English scientist Robert Boyle (1627-1691).

**boyo** /'bǝrǝu/ n. (pl. **boyos**) Welsh & Irish informal 【威尔士,爱,非正式】 a boy or man 男孩;男人

**boy racer** n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a young man fond of driving very fast in high-powered cars 飙车青年

**Boy Scout** ■n. North American or old-fashioned term for SCOUT¹ (sense 2 of the noun) * scout(名 词释义2)的北美说法或过时说法

**boysenberry** /'bəız(ə)n,b(ə)ri, beri/ n. (pl. **boysenberries**) 1 a large red edible blackberry-like fruit 博伊森莓(指果实) 2 the shrubby hybrid bramble plant that bears boysenberries 博伊森莓 [Rubus loganobaccus.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after the American horti culturalist Robert Boysen.

**boy wonder** n. informal 【非正式】 an exceptionally talented young man 神童,青年才俊

**bozo** /'bǝuzǝu/ n. (pl. **bozos**) informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】a stupid or insignificant man笨蛋;微不足道之人
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: of unknown origin.

**BP** abbr. 1 before the present(era)上个纪元 2 blood pressure 3 British Pharmacopoeia 英国药典

**Bp** abbr. Bishop

**bp** abbr. 1 Biochemistry 【生化】 base pair(s) 2 Finance【金】basis point(s) 3 boiling point

**BPC** abbr. British Pharmaceutical Codex 英国药物 处方书

**BPH** abbr. Medicine 【医】 benign prostatic hyperplasia (or hypertrophy)良性前列腺增生(或肥大)

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**BPhil** /bi:'fil/ abbr. Bachelor of Philosophy 哲学学士

**bpi** abbr. Computing 【计】 bits per inch, used to indicate the density of data that can be stored on magnetic tape 位/英寸

**bpm** abbr. beats per minute 每分钟节拍数

**bps** abbr. Computing 【计】 bits per second 位/秒

**Bq** abbr. becquerel

**BR** abbr. 1 Brazil (international vehicle registration)巴西(国际车船注册) 2 historical 【史义】British Rail (or, earlier, Railways)英国铁路公司

**Br** symb. the chemical element bromine(化学元 素)溴

**Br.** abbr. 1 British 2 (in religious orders 用于宗教称 呼) Brother

**bra** /bra:/ n. a woman's undergarment worn to support the breasts 胸罩,文胸
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **braless** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: abbrev. of BRASSIERE.

**braai** /'brai/ S. African 【南非】 ■n. (pl. **braais**) short for BRAAIVLEIS * braaivleis 的缩略式 ■v. (**braais**, **braaiing** or **braaing**, **braaied**) grill (meat) over an open fire 烤(肉)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Afrik.

**braaivleis** /'braı,flers/ n. S. African 【南非】 a picnic or barbecue where meat is grilled over an open fire 烤肉野餐会
> -ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., 'grilled meat', from braai 'to grill' + vleis 'meat'.

**brace** /breis/ n. 1 a device supporting a weak or injured part of the body 支柱,托架,支架 ➤ a wire device fitted in the mouth to straighten the teeth牙 齿矫正架 ➤ a strengthening piece of iron or timber in building or carpentry(建筑或木工用的)支柱, 撑柱 2 (**braces**) Brit. 【英】 a pair of straps passing over the shoulders and fastening to the top of trousers at the front and back to hold them up (裤 子的)背带 3 (pl. same单复同) a pair of things, especially birds or mammals killed in hunting(尤指 已被猎杀的鸟或哺乳动物的)一对,一双 4 (also亦作 **brace and bit**) a drilling tool with a crank handle and a socket to hold a bit 手摇曲柄钻 5 either of two connecting marks { and }, used in printing(印 刷)大括弧 ➤ Music 【音】 a similar mark connecting staves to be performed at the same time 连谱号 6 a rope attached to the yard of a ship for trimming the sail (船上的)转帆索 ■v. 1 make stronger or firmer with wood, iron, etc. (用木材或铁器等)支撑,使 固定,使稳固 2 press (one's body) firmly against something in order to stay balanced(人)撑牢, 站稳 3 (**brace oneself**) prepare for something difficult or unpleasant 做好准备,准备应对
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bracier 'embrace', from brace 'two arms', from L. bracchia, pl. of bracchium 'arm', from Gk brakhiōn.

**bracelet** /'breislət/ n. 1 an ornamental band or chain worn on the wrist or arm 手镯;手链;臂镯 2 (**bracelets**) informal 【非正式】handcuffs 手铐
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from bras 'arm', from L. bracchium.

**bracer**¹ /'breisǝ(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】an alcoholic drink taken to prepare one for something difficult 烈性饮料

**bracer**² /'breısə(r)/ n. a wrist guard used in archery and other sports 护腕 ➤ historical 【史义】 a piece of armour covering the arm(盔甲的)护臂
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. braciere, from bras (see见BRACELET).

**brachial** /'breıkiəl/ adj. 1 Anatomy 【解】 relating to the arm or an arm-like structure 臂的;臂状的 2 Zoology【动】denoting the upper valve of a brachiopod's shell 腕的
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. brachialis, from brac(c)hium 'arm'.

**brachiate** /'brækiest/ v. (of apes) swing from branch to branch by the arms(猿)用臂荡来荡 去;臂行 ■adj. /'brækiǝt, 'breık-/ Biology 【生物】1 branched 有枝的 2 having arms有臂的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brachiation** n. **brachiator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. brachium 'arm' + -ATE².

**brachiopod** /'brækiǝ(u)ppd/ n. Zoology 【动】a marine invertebrate of the phylum Brachiopoda, which comprises the lamp shells 腕足动物
> -ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Brachiopoda, from Gk brakhiōn 'arm' + pous, pod- 'foot'.

**brachiosaurus** /brækiǝ(u)'sɔ:rəs/ n. a huge herbivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic to mid Cretaceous periods, with forelegs much longer than the hind legs 腕龙 [Genus Brachiosaurus.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk brakhión 'arm' + sauros 'lizard'.

**brachistochrone** /brǝ'kıstəkrǝun/ n. Mathematics 【数】 a curve between two points along which a body can move under gravity in a shorter time than for any other curve 最速降线,捷线
> -ORIGIN 词源C18: from Gk brakhistos 'shortest' + khronos 'time'.

**brachy-** /'bræki/ comb. form short 短的: brachycephalic 短头的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk brakhus 'short'.

**brachycephalic** / brækısı'fælık, -ke'fælık/ adj. having a relatively broad, short skull 短头的 Often contrasted with 常对照 DOLICHOCEPHALIC.
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brachycephaly** n.

**brachytherapy** / brækı'Ѳerǝpi/ n. the treatment of cancer, especially prostate cancer, by the insertion of radioactive implants directly into the tissue 近程 治疗(尤用于治疗前列腺癌)

**bracing** /'breısın/ adj. fresh and invigorating 使人 心旷神怡的,令人振奋的: bracing sea air 清新的海上 空气
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bracingly** adv.

**brack** /bræk/ n. Irish 【爱】 a cake or bun containing dried fruit 水果蛋糕(或圆面包)
> -ORIGIN 词源 shortening of BARMBRACK.

**bracken** /'brækən/ n. a tall fern with coarse lobed fronds 欧洲蕨 [Pteridium aquilinum.]

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> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Scand. origin.

**bracket** /'brækit/ n. 1 each of a pair of marks( ) [ ] { } < > used to enclose words or figures and separate them from the surrounding context 括号 2 a category of similar people or things 类似的人 (或事) 3 a right-angled support projecting from a wall, holding a shelf, lamp, etc.(固定在墙上的) 托架,支架 4 Military 【军】 the distance between two artillery shots fired either side of the target to establish range 夹叉距离 ■v. (**brackets**, **bracketing**, **bracketed**) 1 enclose (words or figures) in brackets把(词或数字)置于括号内 ➤ Mathematics 【数】 enclose(a complex expression) in brackets to denote that the whole of the expression has a particular relation to another expression 用括号括 起(复杂表达式) 2 place in the same category 把… 归入一类 3 attach by means of a bracket 用托架托住 4 Military 【军】 establish the range of (a target) by firing preliminary shots short of and beyond it 采用 夹叉射击测定(目标)距离
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. braguette or Sp. bragueta 'codpiece, bracket, corbel', from Provençal braga, from L. braca, (pl.) bracae 'breeches'.

**bracket fungus** n. a fungus which forms shelf-like projections on the trunks of trees 多孔菌 [Order Aphyllophorales: many species.]

**brackish** /'brækıf/ adj. (of water) slightly salty, as in river estuaries(水)略带盐分的,微咸的 ➤ living in or requiring brackish water(生活在或需要)咸 水的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brackishness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. brack 'salty', from Mid. Low Ger., MDu. brac.

**bract** /brækt/ ■n. Botany 【植】 a modified leaf or scale with a flower or flower cluster in its axil 苞片
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. bractea 'thin plate of metal'.

**bracteate** /'bræktiǝt, -tiet/ adj. Botany 【植】 having or bearing bracts 有苞片的 ■n. Archaeology 【考古】a coin or ornament of thinly beaten precious metal 布莱克梯特垂饰

**brad** /bræd/ n. a nail of rectangular cross section with a flat tip and a small asymmetrical head 角钉, 销钉,无头钉
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON broddr 'spike'.

**bradawl** /'brædo:l/ n. a tool for boring holes, resembling a screwdriver 打眼钻,锥钻

**Bradshaw** /'brædfɔ:/ n. a timetable of all passenger trains in Britain, issued 1839-1961 全英火车时刻表 (1839至1961年间发行)
> -ORIGIN 词源 named after its first publisher, George Bradshaw.

**bradycardia** /'brædı'ka:diǝ/ n. Medicine 【医】 abnormally slow heart action 心动过缓
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk bradus 'slow' + kardia 'heart'.

**bradykinin** /brædı'kaının/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound released in the blood which causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels 缓激肽
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk bradus 'slow' + kinēsis 'motion'+ -IN¹.

**brae** /bre1/ ■n. Scottish 【苏格兰】 a steep bank or hillside 陡岸,陡坡
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON brá 'eyelash', of Gmc origin; cf. BROW¹.

**Braeburn** /'breibs:n/ n. a New Zealand dessert apple of a variety with crisp flesh 新西兰布雷本苹果
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Braeburn Orchards, where it was first grown commercially.

**brag** /bræg/ v. (**brags**, **bragging**, **bragged**) say something boastfully 吹嘘,吹牛 ■n. 1 a simplified form of poker 布莱格牌戏(一种简化扑克) 2 an act of bragging 吹牛,吹嘘
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bragger** n. **bragging** adj. **braggingly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**braggadocio** /'brægədəutfiǝu/ n. boastful or arrogant behaviour自夸,吹牛
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Braggadocchio, a braggart in Spenser's The Faerie Queene, from BRAG or BRAGGART + the Ital. suffix -occio, denoting something large.

**braggart** /'brægǝt, -a:t/ n. a person who brags 自夸 者;吹牛者
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bragard, from braguer 'to brag'.

**Brahman** /'bra:mən/ n. (pl. **Brahmans**) 1 (also 亦作 **Brahmin**) a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood 婆罗门(印度最高种姓 成员) 2 (also 亦作 **Brahma**) the ultimate reality underlying all phenomena in the Hindu scriptures 梵(指万物之母) 3 US spelling of BRAHMIN (sense 3) * Brahmin(释义3)的美式拼法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Brahmanic** /bra:'mænık/ adj. **Brahmanical** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 sense 1 from Sanskrit brāhmaņa; sense 2 from Sanskrit brahman.

**Brahmana** /'bra:mənə/ n. (in Hinduism) any of the lengthy commentaries on the Vedas(印度教的) 《梵书》

**Brahmanism** /'bra:mənız(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **Brahminism**) n. the early form of Hinduism that emerged in India (c.900 BC) under the influence of the Brahmans 婆罗门教

**brahmaputra** /'bra:mə'pu:trǝ/ n. a chicken of a large Asian breed 布拉马普特拉鸡
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Brahmaputra, a river of southern Asia.

**Brahmin** /'bra:mın/ n. 1 variant spelling of BRAHMAN (sense 1) * Brahman (释义1)的另一种拼法 2 US 【美】 a socially or culturally superior person 文 人雅士 3 (also 亦作 **Brahminy bull** or US【美】 **Brahman**) an ox of a humped breed originally domesticated in India 婆罗门牛
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Brahminical** adj.

**Brahms and Liszt** /'bra:mzən'lıst/ adj. Brit. informal

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【英,非正式】drunk 喝醉的
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: rhyming sl. for 'pissed'.

**Brahui** /brǝ'hu:i/ n. (pl. same单复同) 1 a member of a pastoral people of western Pakistan(巴基斯坦 西部的)布拉灰人 2 the Dravidian language of the Brahui 布拉灰语
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Brahui.

**braid** /breid/ n. 1 threads of silk, cotton, etc. woven into a decorative band(用丝、棉等编成的)饰边,穗 带 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a plaited length of hair 发辫,辫子 ■v. 1 plait (hair)编结(发辫) 2 [usu.as adj. 通常作形容词 **braided**] edge or trim with braid (用饰带等)镶边,镶缀 3 [usu. as adj.通常作形容词 **braided**] (of a river or stream) flow into shallow interconnected channels divided by deposited earth(河或小溪)交叉往来
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **braiding** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bregdan 'make a sudden movement', also 'interweave', of Gmc origin.

**brail** /breil/ Sailing 【帆】 ■n. (**brails**) small ropes that are led from the leech of a fore-and-aft sail to pulleys on the mast for temporarily furling it 卷帆索 ■v. (**brail something up**) furl a sail by hauling on the brails 用卷帆索卷(帆)
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. braiel, from med. L. bracale 'girdle', from braca 'breeches'.

**Braille** /breil/ n. a written language for blind people, in which characters are represented by patterns of raised dots 布莱叶盲文 ■v. print or transcribe in Braille 用布莱叶盲文印刷;把………译成布莱叶盲文
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the blind French educationist Louis Braille, who developed it.

**brain** /brein/ n. 1 an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity 脑 ➤(**brains**) the substance of an animal's brain used as food (供食用的)动 物脑髓 2 intellectual capacity智商,智力 3 (**the brains**) informal 【非正式】 a clever person who is the main organizer within a group(群体中的)聪 明人,组织者 ■v. informal 【非正式】 hit hard on the head with an object 用…敲脑袋
> -PHRASES 短语 **have something on the brain** informal 【非正式】 be obsessed with something 念念不忘,耿耿 于怀,萦绕
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-brained** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE brægen, of W. Gmc origin.

**brainbox** /'breinboks/ n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a very clever person智者,极其聪明的人

**braincase** /'breinkers/ n. the cranium 颅

**brainchild** /'breint faild/ n. (pl. **brainchildren**) informal 【非正式】 an idea or invention considered to be the creation of a particular person(某人的)主 意;发明

**brain coral** n. a compact coral with a convoluted surface resembling that of the brain 脑珊瑚 [Diploria and other genera.]

**brain-dead** adj. 1 having suffered brain death 脑 死亡的 2 informal 【非正式】 extremely stupid 愚蠢至 极的

**brain death** n. irreversible brain damage causing the end of independent respiration 脑死亡

**brain drain** n. informal 【非正式】 the emigration of highly skilled or qualified people from a country人 才外流,人才流失

**brainfever bird** /'breın,fi:vǝ(r)/ n. the common hawk cuckoo of India and Sri Lanka, which has a monotonous persistent call 普通鹰鹃 [Cuculus varius.]

**brainiac** /'breiniæk/ n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正 式】a very intelligent person 智力超群者,天才
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from the name of a superintelligent alien character of the Superman comic strip.

**brainless** /'breinləs/ adj. stupid; very foolish 缺乏 头脑的,愚笨的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brainlessly** adv. **brainlessness** n.

**brainpan** /'breinpæn/ n. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】a person's skull 颅

**brainpower** /'brein,pauə(r)/ ■n. intellectual power or ability 智力,智能

**brainstem** /'breinstem/ ■n. Anatomy 【解】the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain 脑干

**brainstorm** /'breinstǝ:m/ n. 1 Brit. informal【英,非 正式】a moment in which one is suddenly unable to think clearly 脑猝病,突然神志不清 2 a spontaneous group discussion to produce ideas and solutions to problems 头脑风暴;集思广益 ➤ N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a sudden clever idea 突发的奇想,灵 机一动 ■v. [often as noun 常作名词 **brainstorming**] produce an idea or solution by having a group discussion 开集体研讨会

**brains trust** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a group of experts who give impromptu answers to questions in front of an audience(回答公众提问的)专家小组 2 (usu.通常 用 **brain trust**) N. Amer. 【北美】a group of experts appointed to advise a government or politician (给政 府或政客提供建议的)智囊团,专家小组

**brain-teaser** (also 亦作 **brain-twister**) n. informal 【非正式】a problem or puzzle 难题;谜
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brain-teasing** adj.

**brainwash** /'breinwpf/ v. indoctrinate systematically and so completely as to effect a radical transformation of attitudes and beliefs 为……洗脑;把…思 想强加于人

**brainwave** /'brenwerv/ n. 1 an electrical impulse in the brain 脑电波 2 informal 【非正式】 a sudden clever idea 灵机,妙想

**brainwork** /'breinw3:k/ n. mental activity; thought 脑 力劳动;思考

**brainy** /'breini/ adj. (**brainier**, **brainiest**) informal 【非正式】intelligent 有头脑的,聪明的,有才智的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brainily** adv. **braininess** n.

**braise** /breız/ v. fry (food) lightly and then stew slowly in a closed container 稍煎后用文火炖(食物)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. braiser, from braise 'live

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coals' (in which the container was placed).

**brake**¹ /breik/ n. a device for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, typically by applying pressure to the wheels 制动器 ■v. slow or stop a moving vehicle using a brake(用制动器)减速,刹车
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**brake**² /breık/ ■n. historical 【史义】 an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels 敞篷四轮马车
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: var. of BREAK².

**brake**³ /breık/ n. 1 a toothed instrument used for crushing flax and hemp(亚麻等的)捣碎机 2 (also 亦作 **brake harrow**) a heavy machine formerly used for breaking up large lumps of earth 重型碎 土机
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. rel. to BREAK¹.

**brake**⁴ /breik/ n. a thicket 灌木丛
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bracu (orig. in the pl. in fearnbraca 'thickets of fern'), rel. to Mid. Low Ger. brake 'branch, stump'.

**brake**⁵ /breık/ n. a coarse fern of warm countries, typically with fronds divided into long segments 凤 尾蕨 [Genus Pteris.] ➤ archaic 【古】bracken 欧洲蕨
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. an abbrev. of BRACKEN (interpreted as pl.).

**brake**⁶ /breık/ archaic past of BREAK¹ * break'的古代 过去式

**brake block** n. a block of hard material pressed against the rim of a wheel to slow it down by friction 刹车块

**brake disc** n. the disc attached to the wheel in a disc brake 制动盘

**brake drum** n. a broad, short cylinder attached to a wheel, against which the brake shoes press to cause braking 制动鼓,刹车鼓

**brake horsepower** n. (pl. same单复同)an imperial unit equal to one horsepower, used in expressing the power available at the shaft of an engine 制动功率

**brake lining** n. a layer of hard material attached to a brake shoe or pad to increase friction against the drum or disc制动衬片,制动衬带

**brakeman** /'breıkmən/ n. (pl. **brakemen**) 1 (Brit. also【英亦作】**brakesman**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北 美】 a railway worker responsible for a train's brakes (火车上的)制动员 2 a person in charge of the brakes in a bobsleigh(大雪橇的)刹车手

**brake pad** n. a thin block which presses on to the disc in a disc brake 制动衬块,闸片

**brake shoe** n. a long curved block which presses on to a brake drum闸瓦,闸块,制动蹄,制动铁鞋

**bramble** /'bræmbl/ n. a prickly scrambling shrub of the rose family, especially a blackberry 薔薇 科有刺灌木(尤指黑莓) ➤ Brit. 【英】 the fruit of the blackberry 黑莓 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **brambling**] Brit.【英】 gather blackberries 采摘黑莓
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brambly** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bræmbel, bræmel, of Gmc origin; rel. to BROOM.

**brambling** /'bræmblıŋ/ n. a finch with a white rump, related to the chaffinch 燕雀 [Fringilla montifringilla.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from or rel. to the obs. Ger. synonym Brämling, rel. to BRAMBLE, or a var. of BRANDLING (because both are streaked).

**Bramley** /'bræmli/ (also 亦作 **Bramley's seedling**) ■n. (pl. **Bramleys**) an English cooking apple of a large variety with green skin and firm flesh 布拉姆利 苹果(煮熟后食用)
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the English butcher Matthew Bramley, in whose garden it first grew.

**bran** /bræn/ n. pieces of grain husk separated from flour after milling 麸皮
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., of unknown origin.

**branch** /bra:ntf/ n. 1 a part of a tree which grows out from the trunk or a bough 枝(条) 2 a part of a river, road, or railway that extends from the main part(河流的)支流;(公路或铁路的)支路,支线 3 a division of a large organization(大型机构的)分部,分 支 ➤a subdivision of a subject, group of languages, etc.(某学科的)分科;语支 ■v. 1 (of a road or path) divide into one or more subdivisions(道路或小径) 分支,分岔 2 (of a tree or plant) bear or send out branches(树或植物)出枝 3 (**branch out**) extend one's activities or interests in a new direction 扩大活 动(或兴趣)范围
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **branchlet** n. **branch-like** adj. **branchy** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. branche, from late L. branca 'paw'.

**branchia** /'bræŋkiə/ n. (pl. **branchiae** /-kii:/) the gills of fish and some invertebrates 鳃
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **branchial** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. branchia, (pl.) branchiae, from Gk brankhia (pl.).

**branchiopod** /'bræŋkiǝ(o)ppd/ n. Zoology 【动】a small aquatic crustacean of the class Branchiopoda, with gills on the feet, e.g. a water flea or fairy shrimp 鳃足类
> -ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Branchiopoda, from Gk brankhia 'gills' + pous, pod- 'foot'.

**branch line** n. a secondary railway line running from a main line to a terminus(铁路)支线

**brand** /brænd/ n. 1 a type of product manufactured by a company under a particular name 某品牌产品 ➤ a brand name 商标 ➤ a particular type of something(特 定的)一种,一类: the Finnish brand of socialism 芬兰 式社会主义 2 an identifying mark burned on livestock with a branding iron 烙印,火印 3 a piece of burning or smouldering wood 燃烧的(或烧焦的)木头 4 literary【文】 a sword 剑 ■v. 1 mark with a branding iron 打烙印于 2 mark out as having a particular shameful quality 加污名于: She was branded a liar. 她被打上了骗子的烙印。 3 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **branded**] assign a brand name to 加商标于
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brander** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE brand 'burning', of Gmc origin;

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rel. to BURN¹.

**brandade** /brõ'da:d/ ■n. a Provençal dish consisting of salt cod puréed with olive oil and milk 橄榄油大蒜鳕鱼 羹(普罗旺斯菜肴)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from mod. Provençal brandado 'something that has been shaken'.

**branding iron** n. a metal implement which is heated and used to brand livestock 烙铁(为牲口打 标记用)

**brandish** /'brændı∫/ v. wave or flourish (something) as a threat or in anger or excitement 挥舞, 挥动
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brandisher** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. brandir, ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to BRAND.

**brand leader** n. the bestselling or most highly regarded product of its type 畅销品牌,名牌

**brandling** /'brændlıŋ/ n. a red earthworm with rings of a brighter colour, used in compost and as bait by anglers 赤子爱胜蚵 [Eisenia fetida.]

**brand name** n. a name given by the maker to a product or range of products 商标,商品名

**brand new** adj. completely new全新的,崭新的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from BRAND + NEW, with the idea 'straight from the fire'.

**brandy** /'brændi/ n. (pl. **brandies**) a strong alcoholic spirit distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice 白兰地(酒)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from earlier brandwine, from Du. brandewijn, from branden 'burn, distil' + wijn 'wine'.

**brandy butter** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a paste of butter and sugar, flavoured with brandy 白兰地黄油

**brandy snap** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a crisp rolled gingerbread wafer 白兰地姜饼

**brane** /brem/ ■n. Physics 【物】 an extended object analogous to the strings of string theory but having any number of dimensions rather than one dimension 膜
> -ORIGIN 词源 1980s: short for MEMBRANE.

**branks** /bræŋks/ pl. n. historical 【史义】 an instrument of punishment for a scolding woman, consisting of an iron framework for the head and a sharp metal gag for restraining the tongue 口钳
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: origin uncertain; cf. Ger. Pranger 'a pillory or bit for a horse'.

**brant** /brænt/ n. North American term for BRENT GOOSE * brent goose 的北美说法

**bran tub** n. Brit. 【英】 a lucky dip in which items are buried in bran 摸彩桶

**brash**¹ /bræf/ adj. 1 confident in a rude or overbearing way 狂妄的,无礼的 2 showy or tasteless in appearance(外表)炫耀的,无品位的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brashly** adv. **brashness** n.
> -ORIGIN词源 C19 (orig. dial.); perh. a form of RASH¹.

**brash**² /bræf/ n. 1 loose broken rock or ice 碎石堆; 碎冰堆 2 clippings from hedges or other plants(修剪 剪下的)树枝堆
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**brass** /bra:s/ n. 1 a yellow alloy of copper and zinc 黄铜 ➤(also亦作 **horse brass**) Brit.【英】 a flat brass ornament for the harness of a draught horse 黄铜马饰 ➤ a memorial consisting of a flat piece of inscribed brass set into the wall or floor of a church 黄铜纪念牌(钉在教堂地上或墙上,刻有铭文) ➤ a brass block used for stamping a design on a book binding(用于书籍封面设计的)铜版 2 brass wind instruments forming a band or section of an orchestra 铜管乐器 3 (also亦作 **top brass**) informal 【非正式】people in authority 权威人士 4 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】money 钱
> -PHRASES 短语 **brassed off** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 exasperated 恼怒的,气急败坏的 **brass monkey** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 used to indicate extremely cold weather(用来表示天寒地冻): cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey 冷得都能冻掉下 [from a type of brass rack or 'monkey' in which cannonballs were stored and which contracted in very cold weather, ejecting the balls.] **get down to brass tacks** informal 【非正式】 start to consider the basic facts or practical details 开始讨论基本事实(或 具体问题)
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE bræs, of unknown origin.

**brassard** /'bræsa:d/ n. 1 a band or badge worn on the upper sleeve 臂章,袖章 2 historical 【史义】a piece of armour for the upper arm 臂铠
> -ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr., from bras 'arm'.

**brass band** n. a group of musicians playing brass instruments 铜管乐队

**brasserie** /'bræsəri/ n. (pl. **brasseries**) a restaurant in France or in a French style, serving inexpensive food(供应廉价食物的)法国餐馆(或法式餐馆)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., orig. 'brewery'.

**brass hat** ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a high-ranking officer in the armed forces 高级军官

**brassica** /'bræsıkə/ n. a plant of a genus that includes cabbage, swede, rape, and mustard 芸苔 [Genus Brassica.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. 'cabbage'.

**brassie** /'bræsi, 'bra:si/ (also 亦作 **brassy**) n. (pl. **brassies**) Golf, informal 【高尔夫,非正式】a number two wood 二号球棒
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: so named because the wood was orig. shod with brass.

**brassiere** /'bræzıə(r), 'bræzieə(r)/ n. full form of BRA * bra的全形
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr. brassiére, lit. 'bodice, child's vest'.

**brass rubbing** n. the action of rubbing heelball or chalk over paper laid on an engraved brass to reproduce its design 拓印 ➤ an image created by brass rubbing 拓像

**brassy**¹ /'bra:si/ adj. (**brassier**, **brassiest**) 1 resembling brass in colour 黄铜色的 2 sounding harsh or loud like a brass instrument (声音)似铜管乐 器的,响亮刺耳的 3 tastelessly showy or loud 浮华的, 俗艳的
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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brassily** adv. **brassiness** n.

**brassy²** /'bra:si/ n. variant spelling of BRASSIE * brassie的另一种拼法

**brat** /bræt/n. derogatory or humorous 【贬或幽】a badly behaved child顽童,淘气包
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brattish** adj. **brattishness** n. **bratty** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. an abbrev. of synonymous Scots bratchet, from OFr. brachet 'hound, bitch'.

**brat pack** n. informal 【非正式】 a rowdy and ostentatious group of young celebrities 一群喧哗、招摇的年轻名流
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brat packer** n.

**brattice** /'brætis/ n. a partition or shaft lining in a coal mine 风幛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bratticed** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a wooden gallery for use in a siege): from OFr. bretesche, from med. L. britisca, from OE brittisc 'British'.

**bratwurst** /'brætv3:st/ n. a type of fine-textured German pork sausage 德国熟香肠
-ORIGIN 词源 Ger., from Brat 'a spit' + Wurst 'sausage'.

**bravado** /brǝ'va:dǝu/ n. boldness intended to impress or intimidate 逞能,虚张声势
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. bravada, from bravo (see见 BRAVE, -ADO).

**brave** /brerv/ adj. having or showing courage 勇敢的,无所畏惧的 n. dated 【过时】 an American Indian warrior 美洲印第安武士 ■v. endure or face (unpleasant conditions) with courage 勇于担当;勇敢面对(困境)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bravely** adv. **braveness** n. **bravery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr., from Ital. bravo 'bold' or Sp. bravo 'courageous, untamed, savage'.

**bravo¹** /bra:'vǝu, 'bra:vǝu/ exclam. used to express approval for a performer好,妙n. (pl. bravos) a code word representing the letter B, used in radio communication 字母B的代称(用于无线电通信中)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital., lit. 'bold' (see见 BRAVE).

**bravo²** /'bra:vǝu/ n. (pl. bravos or bravoes) dated 【过时】a thug or hired assassin 暴徒;(雇来的)杀手
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital., from bravo 'bold (one)' (see见 BRAVE).

**bravura** /brǝ'v(j)uǝrǝ/ n. 1 great skill and brilliance, typically shown in a performance(多指表演的)高超技巧,出色2 the display of great daring 大胆行为,无畏之举
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., from bravo 'bold'.

**braw** /brɔ:/ adj. Scottish 【苏格兰】 fine, good, or pleasing 好的,优秀的,令人愉悦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brawly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: var. of BRAVE.

**brawl** /brɔ:l/n. a rough or noisy fight or quarrel(乱嚷嚷的)打斗,争吵 ■v. take part in a brawl争吵,打架
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brawler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. ult. imitative and rel. to BRAY¹.

**brawn** /brɔ:n/ n. 1 physical strength as opposed to intelligence 体力(与智力相对) 2 Brit. 【英】 cooked meat from a pig's or calf's head, pressed with jelly 腌猪头(或牛头)肉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brawniness** n. **brawny** adj. (brawnier, brawniest).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. braon 'fleshy part of the leg', of Gmc origin.

**Braxton Hicks contractions** /brækstən 'hıks/pl. n. Medicine 【医】 intermittent weak contractions of the uterus occurring during pregnancy布·希收缩,布拉克斯顿·希克斯收缩
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the English gynaecologist John Braxton Hicks.

**braxy** /'bræksi/ n. a fatal bacterial infection of young sheep 羊炭疽
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from obs. brack 'break, rupture, flaw', from Gmc base of BREAK¹.

**bray¹** /breɪ/ n. the loud, harsh cry of a donkey 驴叫声 ■v. utter a bray 发出驴叫声 speak or laugh loudly and harshly 粗厉大声地说话(或发笑)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. brait 'a shriek', braire 'to cry', perh. ult. of Celtic origin.

**bray²** /breɪ/ v. archaic 【古】 crush to small pieces, especially with a pestle and mortar(尤指用杵和臼) 捣碎,碾碎
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. breier, of Gmc origin; rel. to BREAK¹.

**braze** /breɪz/ v. form, fix, or join by soldering with an alloy of copper and zinc 用铜锌合金焊接 n. a brazed joint 铜焊接头
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr. braser 'solder'.

**brazen** /'breɪz(ə)n/ adj. 1 bold and shameless 肆无忌惮的,恬不知耻的 2 chiefly literary 【主文】 made of brass 黄铜造的v. (brazen it out) endure a difficult situation with apparent confidence and lack of shame厚着脸皮,胆大妄为
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brazenly** adv. **brazenness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bræsen 'made of brass', from bræs 'brass'.

**brazier¹** /'breɪziə(r), -zə(r)/ n. 1 a portable heater consisting of a pan or stand holding lighted coals 火盆 2 N. Amer.【北美】 a barbecue 烤肉野餐
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. brasier, from braise 'hot coals'.

**brazier²** /'breɪziə(r)/ n. a worker in brass 铜匠
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **braziery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from BRASS + -IER.

**Brazil** /brə'zıl/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **Brazil nut**) the large three-sided nut of a South American forest tree (Bertholletia excelsa) 巴西果2 (also 亦作 **Brazil wood**) the hard red wood of a tropical tree (genus Caesalpinia) from which dye is obtained 巴西(苏)木

**Brazilian** /brə'zıliən/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Brazil 巴西人 2 a style of waxing a woman's pubic hair so that only a narrow central strip remains 巴西式除毛法 adj. relating to Brazil 巴西的

**breach** /bri:tʃ/ n. 1 an act of breaking a law, agreement, or code of conduct 违反,违背,破坏 a break in relations(关系的)破裂,决裂2a gap in a wall or barrier, especially one made by an attacking army(尤指墙或壁垒被敌军攻破的)缺口■v. 1 make a breach in 突破,撕裂2 break(a law, agreement, or code of conduct)违反,违背,破坏(法律、协议、行为准则)

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-PHRASES 短语 **breach of the peace** public disturbance, or an act considered likely to cause one 破坏治安(的行为) **breach of promise** the action of breaking a sworn assurance 失信,食言 **step into the breach** replace someone who is suddenly unable to do a job 做替补,救场
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. breche, ult. of Gmc origin; rel. to BREAK¹.

**bread** /bred/n. 1 food made of flour, water, and yeast mixed together and baked 面包 2 informal 【非正式】money 钱
-PHRASES 短语 **bread and butter** a person's livelihood or main source of income 生计,主要收入来源 **bread and circuses** entertainment or political policies intended to keep the masses happy and docile 面包和马戏,食物和娱乐(指安抚群众的娱乐活动或惠民政策)**break bread** celebrate the Eucharist 分圣餐;领圣餐 **cast one's bread upon the waters** do good without expecting gratitude or reward 做好事不求报答[with biblical allusion to Eccles. 11:1.] **know which side one's bread is buttered** informal 【非正式】know where one's advantage lies 明白自己的优势所在
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bread, of Gmc origin.

**bread-and-butter letter** n. a letter expressing thanks for hospitality 感谢款待的信

**breadbasket** /'bred,ba:skit/ n. 1 a region that supplies cereals to another“粮仓”,粮食主产区 2 informal【非正式】 a person's stomach胃,肚子

**breadboard** /'bredbɔ:d/n. Electronics【电子】 a board for making an experimental model of an electric circuit 实验电路板

**breadcrumb** /'bredkrʌm/ n. a small fragment of bread 面包屑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breadcrumbed** adj.

**breaded** /'bredid/ adj. (of food) coated with breadcrumbs and fried(食品)裹面包屑炸的

**breadfruit** /'bredfru:t/ n. the large round starchy fruit of a tree (Artocarpus altilis) native to Pacific islands, used as a vegetable and to make a substitute for flour 面包果

**breadhead** /'bredhed/n. informal 【非正式】a person who is motivated by, or obsessed with, making money 财迷

**breadline** /'bredlaın/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 the poorest condition in which it is acceptable to live 贫困线 2N. Amer.【北美】a queue of people waiting to receive free food 等候领取救济的队伍

**bread sauce** n. sauce made with milk and bread-crumbs, typically eaten with roast turkey 牛奶沙司,牛奶调味汁(多与烤火鸡一道食用)

**breadstick** /'bredstɪk/ n. a crisp stick of baked dough 面包棍儿,棍式面包

**breadth** /brede/ n. 1 the distance or measurement from side to side of something幅度,宽度 wide range 广泛性: her breadth of experience 她丰富的阅历 2 dated【过时】a piece of cloth of standard or full width 幅宽
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breadthways** (also 亦作 **breadth-wise**) adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. brede (rel. to BROAD), on the pattern of length.

**bread tree** (also 亦作 **bread palm**) n. a cycad native to tropical and southern Africa, which yields an edible sago-like starch 非洲苏铁 [Genus Encephalartos.]

**breadwinner** /'bred,winə(r)/ n. a person who earns money to support their family 养家糊口者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breadwinning** n.

**break¹** /breık/ v. (past broke; past part. broken) 1 separate into pieces as a result of a blow, shock, or strain 打破,打碎(of waves) curl over and dissolve into foam(波浪)卷碎,破碎(成泡沫) (of the amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus) be discharged when the sac is ruptured in the first stages of labour (羊水)破裂2 make or become inoperative(使)失效,(使)失灵 3 interrupt (a continuity, sequence, or journey)打断(连续性、顺序或旅行) stop so as to have a rest or holiday 休息,休假: They broke for coffee. 他们停下来喝了咖啡。▶ lessen the impact of(a fall)减轻(落体的)冲击力 disconnect or interrupt (an electric circuit)切断,中断(电路)4 fail to observe (a law, regulation, or agreement)违反,破坏(法律、规则或协定)5crush the strength, spirit, or resistance of 击垮(力量、精神、抵抗)6 surpass (a record)打破(纪录)7 (of an attacking player or a military force) make a rush or dash(进攻队员或军队)突破: Mitchell broke quickly, allowing Hughes to score.米切尔快速突破,让休斯得分。8 (of the weather) change suddenly, especially after a fine spell(尤指持续的晴天后天气)突变(of a storm) begin violently (暴风雨)爆发(of dawn or a day) begin as the sun rises(晨曦)初露,(天)破晓9 (of a person's voice) falter and change tone(人的声音)颤抖,变调(of a boy's voice) change in tone and register at puberty(男孩)青春期变声 10 (of news) suddenly become public(新闻)突然传开(break something to) make bad news known to 向………透露坏消息 11 succeed in deciphering (acode)破解,破译(密码) 12 use(a banknote) to pay for something and receive change兑开(纸币),破钱13(of two boxers or wrestlers) come out of a clinch(拳击手或摔跤手)分开,抱持后拆散 14 make the first stroke at the beginning of a game of billiards, pool, or snooker 开球 15 unfurl (a flag or sail)展开(旗帜或船帆) 16 Phonetics 【语音】(of a vowel) develop into a diphthong, under the influence of an adjacent sound(元音)变成双元音■n. 1 an interruption or pause 打破,断绝: a break with the past 和过去告别

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> Brit. 【英】 an interval during the school day 课间休息 ➤a short holiday 短假a change of line, paragraph, or page 换行;换段;换页: a page break 换页 2 a rush or dash, especially by an attacking player or team (尤指进攻球员或球队)进攻,突破3 informal 【非正式】 an opportunity or chance 机遇,机会4 agapor opening 缺口,口子,豁口: a break in the hedge 树篱上的豁口 5 an instance of breaking, or the point where something is broken 破裂,折断;裂口,裂缝6(also 亦作 **break of serve** or **service break**) Tennis 【网】 the winning of a game against an opponent's serve 破发 7 Snooker & Billiards【斯,台】aconsecutive series of successful shots 一杆连续得分 a player's turn to make the opening shot of a game 开局,开杆 8 a short solo or instrumental passage in jazz or popular music(爵士或流行音乐中的)独奏(或乐器演奏)
-PHRASES 短语 **break one's back** (or **neck**) put great effort into achieving something 努力做成某事 **break the back of** accomplish the main or hardest part of (a task)完成某项任务中最主要(或最困难)的部分 **break even** reach a point in a business when profits are equal to costs 盈亏相等,不赚不赔 **breaking and entering** (in North American, and formerly also British, law) the crime of entering a building by force to commit burglary 入室盗窃罪 (北美和英国旧时的法律用语)**break a leg!** theatrical slang【戏俚】good luck! 好运! **break of day** dawn 晨曦,黎明 **break someone's serve** win a game in a tennis match against an opponent's service 破掉某人的发球局 **break ship** Nautical 【航海】fail to rejoin one's ship after absence on leave (船员)逾假不归 **break wind** release gas from the anus 放屁 **give someone a break** informal 【非正式】stop putting pressure on someone 停止给某人施加压力,让某人喘口气 **make a clean break** remove oneself completely from a situation 彻底脱离(某种环境)
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **break away** escape from the control or influence of a person or practice 挣脱,逃跑 **break down** 1 cease to function or continue; fail 出故障;抛锚2 lose control of one's emotions when in distress(情感)失控,崩溃 **break in** 1 force entry to a building 强行闯入2 interject 插话,打断 **break something in** 1 accustom a horse to being ridden 驯马2 wear shoes until they become supple and comfortable(鞋子)磨合 **break into** 1 enter forcibly 强行进入2suddenly burst into (laughter, song, or faster movement)突然笑(或唱)起来,突然加快行动 **break something off** abruptly end or discontinue something 断然停止,突然中断 **break out** 1 (of something undesirable) start suddenly(不好的事情)突然爆发2 escape 逃跑,逃离 **break out in** be suddenly affected by an unpleasant sensation or condition 突感不适 **break something out** informal 【非正式】 open and start using something打开(或开启)･･･ **break up** 1 (of a gathering or relationship) end or part company (聚会或关系)结束;分手chiefly Brit. 【主英】end the school term学期结束,学校放假2(of a radio or telephone signal) be interrupted by interference (无线电或电话信号)被干扰,被中断 3 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】start laughing uncontrollably 放声大笑 4 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】become upset 心烦,懊恼 **break with** 1 quarrel or cease relations with 争吵;与…断绝关系2act in a way that is not in accordance with (a custom or tradition)打破常规
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breakable** adj. & n. **breakage** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brecan (v.), of Gmc origin.

**break²** /breɪk/ n. 1 former term for BREAKING CART * breaking cart 的旧时说法 2 historical【史义】 another term for BRAKE² * brake²的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from C16 brake 'cage', later 'framework'.

**breakaway** /'breɪkəweɪ/ n. 1 a divergence or secession from something established or long-standing 脱离,分离出来之物2a sudden attack or forward movement, especially in sport(尤指体育运动中的)快攻,突破

**breakbeat** /'breɪkbi:t/ n. a sample of a syncopated drum beat, usually repeated to form a rhythm used as a basis for dance music, hip hop, etc. 切分音鼓点 ➤dance music featuring breakbeats 切分音鼓点舞曲

**breakdancing** /'breɪk,da:nsıŋ/ n. an energetic and acrobatic style ofstreet dancing, developed by black people in the US 霹雳舞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breakdance** v. & n. **breakdancer** n.

**breakdown** /'breɪkdaʊn/ n. 1 a failure or collapse 失败;塌陷 a sudden collapse in mental health 精神崩溃 2 chemical or physical decomposition(化学或物理的)分解3 an explanatory analysis 解释性分析

**breaker** /'breɪkə(r)/ n. 1 a large sea wave that breaks on the shore碎浪,浪花2 a person or thing that breaks 破坏者(或物) 3 a person who interrupts a conversation on a Citizens' Band radio channel, indicating that they wish to transmit a message 要求使用民用波发送信息的人 any CB radio user 民用波段使用者

**break-even** n. the point or state at which profits are equal to costs 收支相抵(点),盈亏平衡(点)

**breakfall** /'breɪkfɔ:l/n. (in martial arts) a controlled fall in which most of the impact is absorbed by the arms or legs(武术)护身倒

**breakfast** /'brekfǝst/ n. a meal eaten in the morning, the first of the day 早餐,早饭v. eat breakfast 吃早饭,进早餐
-PHRASES 短语 **have (or eat) someone for breakfast** informal 【非正式】 deal with or defeat someone with contemptuous ease不费吹灰之力对付(或打败)某人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breakfaster** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from BREAK¹ + FAST².

**breakfront** /'breɪkfrʌnt/ n. [usu. as modifier 通常作修饰语] a piece of furniture having the line of its front broken by a curve or angle 断层式家具

**break-in** n. an illegal forced entry in order to steal something 非法闯入

**breaking cart** n. a two-wheeled carriage with a skeleton body, used for breaking in young horses 双轮驯马大车

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**breakneck** /'breɪknek/ adj. dangerously or extremely fast 快得危险的,极快的

**breakout** /'breɪkaʊt/ n. 1 a forcible escape, especially from prison脱逃,(尤指)越狱2 an outbreak 爆发: a breakout of hostilities 战事的爆发 adj. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 1 suddenly and extremely popular or successful风靡一时的;突然成功的 2 denoting a group which breaks away from a gathering for discussion离会的,离席的

**break point** n. Tennis 【网】 the state of a game when the player receiving service needs only one more point to win the game 破发点

**breakthrough** /'breɪkθru:/ n. a sudden important development or discovery 突破,重大发现
> an instance of achieving success in a particular sphere or activity 突破点: His big breakthrough came in 1988. 他在1988年迎来了重大突破。

**breakthrough bleeding** n. bleeding from the uterus occurring abnormally between menstrual periods 突破出血

**break-up** n. 1 the separation or breaking up of something into several parts 分裂,瓦解2 an end to a relationship(关系)结束,破裂

**breakwater** /'breɪk,wɔ:tə(r)/ n. a barrier built out into the sea to protect a coast or harbour from the force of waves 防波堤

**bream¹** /bri:m/ n. (pl. same 单复同)a greenish-bronze deep-bodied freshwater fish 欧鳊 [Abramis brama.] ➤ used in names of other fishes, e.g. **sea bream**(用于其他鱼类的名称中,如海鲷)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bresme, of Gmc origin.

**bream²** /bri:m/ v. Nautical, archaic 【航海,古】 clear (a ship's bottom) of accumulated matter by burning and scraping it 清扫(船底)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: prob. of Low Ger. origin and rel. to BROOM.

**breast** /brest/n. 1 either of the two soft protruding organs on the upper front of a woman's body which secrete milk after childbirth(女性的)乳房2a person's or animal's chest region(人或动物的)胸膛,胸脯 a joint of meat or poultry cut from an animal's breast(动物的)胸脯肉 ■v. face and move forwards against or through 面对,挺胸而上reach the top of (a hill)登顶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-breasted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE breost, of Gmc origin.

**breastbone** /'brestbəʊn/ n. a thin, flat bone running down the centre of the chest, to which the ribs are attached; the sternum 胸骨

**breast drill** n. a drill on which pressure is brought to bear by the operator's chest 胸压手摇钻

**breastfeed** /'brestfi:d/ v. (past and past part. **breastfed**) feed (a baby) with milk from the breast 给(婴儿)喂母乳 (of a baby) feed from the breast (婴儿)吮吸母乳

**breast implant** n. a prosthesis implanted behind or in place of a female breast in reconstructive or cosmetic surgery 乳房假体

**breastpin** /'brestpin/ n. archaic 【古】 a small brooch or badge worn on the breast 胸针胸章

**breastplate** /'brestpleɪt/ n. 1 a piece of armour covering the chest 胸铠,胸甲 2 a set of straps attached to the front of a saddle and passing across the horse's chest(系于马鞍前部的)兜胸皮带

**breast pump** n. a device for drawing milk from a woman's breasts by suction 抽乳器,吸奶器

**breaststroke** /'breststrəʊk/ n. a style of swimming on one's front, in which the arms are pushed forwards and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are alternately tucked in and kicked out 蛙泳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breaststroker** n.

**breastsummer** /'bres(t),sʌmə/ n. Architecture【建】 a beam across a broad opening, sustaining a superstructure 过梁,托墙梁
-ORIGIN词源C17: from BREAST and SUMMER².

**breastwork** /'bres(t)wɜ:k/ n. a low temporary defence or parapet 胸墙,女儿墙

**breath** /breθ/ n. 1 air taken into or expelled from the lungs 呼吸的空气 an inhalation or exhalation of air from the lungs (一次)呼吸2a slight movement of air 微风 3 a hint or suggestion 迹象,暗示: He avoided the slightest breath of scandal. 他对流言蜚语唯恐避之不及。
-PHRASES 短语 **breath of fresh air** a refreshing change 带来新鲜感的变化 **catch one's breath** 1 cease breathing momentarily in surprise or fear(因惊讶或害怕而)屏息2 rest after exercise to restore normal breathing松一口气,歇一口气 **draw breath** breathe in 吸气 **hold one's breath** cease breathing temporarily 屏气 **out of breath** gasping for air, typically after exercise(多指运动后)喘不过气来,气短 **take someone's breath away** astonish someone with awed respect or delight 使某人惊讶得透不过气来 **under (or below) one's breath** in a very quiet voice 低声地,小声地 **waste one's breath** talk or give advice without effect 白费口舌,白说
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bræth 'smell, scent', of Gmc origin; rel. to BROOD.

**breathable** /'bri:ðəbl/ adj. 1 (of air) fit to breathe (空气)适合吸入的2(of clothing) admitting air to the skin and allowing sweat to evaporate (衣服)透气的,排汗的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breathability** n.

**breathalyser** /'breθəlaɪzə(r)/ (N. Amer. trademark 【北美,商标】**Breathalyzer**) n. a device used by police for measuring the amount of alcohol in a driver's breath 呼吸分析器,呼气测醉器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breathalyse** (US 【美】**breath-alyze**) v.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of BREATH and ANALYSE, + -ER¹.

**breathe** /bri:ð/ v. 1 take air into the lungs and then expel it as a regular physiological process 呼吸 (of a plant or invertebrate animal) respire or exchange gases(植物或无脊椎动物)呼吸2 say with quiet intensity 轻声吐露,低声说出3 give an impression of 呈现出,留下……印象: The room breathed an air of efficiency. 房间给人一种整洁利索的印象。4(of wine) be exposed to fresh air(酒)暴露于新鲜空气中5(of material or soil) admit or emit air or moisture(材料或土壤)透气,透水

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-PHRASES 短语 **breathe(freely) again** relax after being frightened or tense 放松,放下心来 **breathe down someone's neck** follow closely behind 紧跟在某人后面 constantly check up on someone 密切监视某人 **breathe one's last** die 咽气,死亡 **breathe (new) life into** reinvigorate 注入活力,振兴 **not breathe a word** remain silent about something secret 守口如瓶,严守秘密
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'exhale, steam'): from BREATH.

**breather** /'bri:ðə(r)/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】a brief pause for rest 小憩 2 a vent or valve to release pressure or to allow air to move freely通气孔,呼吸阀

**breathing** /'bri:ðıŋ/ n. a sign in Greek (' or ') indicating the presence of an aspirate (**rough breathing**) or the absence of an aspirate (**smooth breathing**) at the beginning of a word(希腊语中的)送气符号,不送气符号

**breathing space** n. an opportunity to pause, relax, or decide what to do next 休息的机会,喘息的时机

**breathless** /'breθləs/ adj. 1 gasping for breath, typically due to exertion(多因吃力而)气喘吁吁的,上气不接下气的feeling or causing great excitement, fear, etc.(出于极度兴奋或恐惧等)屏息的2(of air) stiflingly still 静止无风的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breathlessly** adv. **breathlessness** n.

**breathtaking** /'breθ,teɪkɪŋ/ adj. astonishing or awe-inspiring 动人心魄的,激动人心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breathtakingly** adv.

**breath test** n. a test in which a driver is made to blow into a breathalyser 呼气测醉检测 ■v.(**breath-test**) test with a breathalyser 进行呼气测醉检测

**breathy** /'breθi/ adj. (**breathier**, **breathiest**) (of a voice) having an audible sound of breathing(说话)大声呼气的,喘粗气的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breathily** adv. **breathiness** n.

**breccia** /'bretʃə, tʃiə/ n. Geology 【地质】rock consisting of angular fragments of stones cemented by finer calcareous material 角砾岩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brecciate** v. **brecciation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., lit. 'gravel', ult. rel. to BREAK¹.

**Brechtian** /'brextiǝn/ adj. relating to the work of the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956)布莱希特戏剧的

**bred** /bred/past and past participle of BREED * breed 的过去式和过去分词

**breech** /bri:tʃ/n. 1 the part of a cannon behind the bore 炮尾2 the back part of a rifle or gun barrel 枪尾,后膛3 archaic 【古】 a person's buttocks 臀部
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brēc 'garment covering the loins and thighs', pl. of broc (of Gmc origin), interpreted as a sing. form.

**breech birth** (also 亦作 **breech delivery**) n. a delivery of a baby which is so positioned in the womb that the buttocks or feet are delivered first 臀位分娩

**breechblock** /'bri:tʃblɒk/ n. a metal block which closes the aperture at the breech of a rifle or gun barrel 枪门;炮门

**breechclout** /'bri:tʃklaʊt/ n. North American term for LOINCLOTH * loincloth 的北美说法

**breeches** /'brɪtʃɪz/pl. n. short trousers fastened just below the knee, now chiefly worn for riding or as part of ceremonial dress 及膝短裤;马裤 informal 【非正式】trousers 长裤

**breeches buoy** n. a lifebuoy on a rope with a canvas support resembling a pair of breeches, by means of which a person may be transferred from a ship 裤形救生圈

**breeching** /'bri:tʃıŋ/ n. 1 a strong leather strap passing round the hindquarters of a horse harnessed to a vehicle and enabling the horse to push backwards (马的)尻带 2 historical 【史义】a thick rope used to secure the carriages of cannon on a ship 止退索

**breech-loader** n. a gun designed to have ammunition inserted at the breech rather than through the muzzle 后膛枪(或炮)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breech-loading** adj.

**breed** /bri:d/ v. (past and past part. bred) 1 (of animals) mate and then produce offspring (动物)繁殖,产仔 cause (an animal) to produce offspring 使(动物)产仔,繁殖 develop (a variety of plant or animal)培育(动植物品种),育种2 bring up to behave in a particular way 培养,养育3 produce or lead to 产生,酿成,滋生:Success had bred a certain arrogance.成功滋生出些许傲慢。4Physics 【物】 create (fissile material) by nuclear reaction 增殖,再生(易裂变物质)n. 1 a distinctive stock of animals or plants within a species, typically one deliberately developed(多指经人工培育的动植物的)同一品种,种2 a sort or kind类型,种类
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brēdan, of Gmc origin; rel. to BROOD.

**breeder** /'bri:də(r)/ n. 1 a person or animal that breeds 动物饲养者,产仔的动物2 derogatory 【贬】(in gay slang) a heterosexual person(同性恋者俚语)异性恋者3a nuclear reactor which creates another fissile material (plutonium-239) as a by-product of energy production by fission of uranium-238增殖反应堆

**breeding** /'bri:dıŋ/ n. good manners regarded as characteristic of the aristocracy and conferred by heredity 教养,修养

**breeding ground** n. a place or situation that favours the development of something 滋生地,发源地

**breeks** /bri:ks/pl. n. chiefly Scottish & N. English 【主苏格兰和英北】 another term for BREECHES * breeches 的另一种说法

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**breeze¹** /bri:z/ n. 1 a gentle wind 微风 2 informal 【非正式】something easy to do 轻而易举之事 ■V. informal【非正式】 come or go in a casual or cheerful manner 轻松愉快地来(或去) > (**breeze through**) deal with or accomplish with ease 轻松应对(或完成)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(in sense 'NE wind'): prob. from Old Sp. and Port. briza.

**breeze²** /bri:z/ n. small cinders mixed with sand and cement to make breeze blocks煤渣;炉渣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. braise, brese 'live coals'.

**breeze block** n. Brit. 【英】 a lightweight building brick made from breeze 焦渣砌块

**breezeway** /'bri:zweɪ/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a roofed outdoor passage, as between a house and a garage (正屋与车库之间的)有顶通道

**breezy** /'bri:zi/ adj. (**breezier**, **breeziest**) 1 pleasantly windy 微风的,轻风的2relaxed, informal, and cheerily brisk 随意放松的,轻松活泼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **breezily** adv. **breeziness** n.

**brekkie** /'breki/(also 亦作 **brekky**) n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】breakfast 早餐,早点

**bremsstrahlung** /'bremz,ʃtra:lʊŋ/ n. Physics【物】 electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle on passing through the electric and magnetic fields of a nucleus 轫致辐射
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Ger., from bremsen 'to brake' + Strahlung 'radiation'.

**Bren gun** n. a lightweight quick-firing machine gun used by the Allied forces in the Second World War 布伦式轻机枪
-ORIGIN 词源 blend of **Br**no in the Czech Republic (where it was orig. made) and **En**field (where it was later made).

**brent goose** /brent/ n. a small northern goose with a mainly black head and neck 黑雁 [Branta bernicla.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bresaola** /bre'saʊlə/ n. an Italian dish of sliced raw beef cured by salting and air-drying(意大利)风干牛肉
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from bresada, past part. of brasare 'braise'.

**brethren** /'breðrən/ archaic plural of BROTHER * brother 的古代复数形式 ■pl. n. fellow Christians or members of a male religious order(基督教)兄弟;(男性宗教团体的)教友们

**Breton** /'bret(ə)n/ n. 1 a native of Brittany 列塔尼人2 the Celtic language of Brittany, derived from Cornish 布列塔尼语
-ORIGIN 词源 OFr., 'Briton'.

**breve** /bri:v/ n. 1 Music 【音】 a note having the time value of two semibreves, represented as a semibreve with two short bars either side, or as a square 二全音符 2 a written or printed mark (~) indicating a short or unstressed vowel 短弱音符(~) 3 historical【史义】an authoritative letter from a pope or monarch(教皇或君主的)谕令,上谕
-ORIGIN 词源ME: var. of BRIEF: the musical term was orig. used in a series where a long was of greater time value than a breve.

**brevet** /'brevit/ n. a former type of military commission conferred especially for outstanding service, by which an officer was promoted to a higher rank without the corresponding pay 名誉晋升■v.(**brevets**, **breveting** or **brevetting**, **breveted** or **brevetted**) confer a brevet rank on 名誉晋升,晋升……名誉军衔
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting an official letter): from OFr. brievet 'little letter', dimin. of bref.

**breviary** /'bri:viəri/ n. (pl. **breviaries**) a book containing the service for each day, to be recited by those in orders in the Roman Catholic Church(天主教的)《日课经》
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. breviarium 'summary, abridgement', from breviare 'abridge'.

**brevity** /'breviti/ n. 1 concise and exact use of words 简洁,简练2 shortness of time 短暂,短促
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. brievete, from L. brevitas, from brevis 'brief'.

**brew** /bru:/ v. 1 make (beer) by soaking, boiling, and fermentation 酿造(啤酒)2make (tea or coffee) by mixing it with hot water泡(茶);沏(咖啡)3(of an unwelcome situation) begin to develop (坏事)酝酿,即将发生■n. 1 a kind of beer一种啤酒 2 informal 【非正式】 a drink of tea一杯茶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brewer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE breowan, of Gmc origin.

**brewery** /'bru:əri/ n. (pl. **breweries**) a place where beer is made commercially 啤酒厂

**brewpub** /'bru:pʌb/ n. chiefly US 【主美】an establishment selling beer brewed on the premises 出售自酿啤酒的酒馆

**brewski** /'bru:ski/ n. (pl. brewskis or brewskies) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 a beer 啤酒
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from BREW + a fanciful ending.

**briar¹** /braıə(r)/ (also 亦作 **brier**) n. a prickly scrambling shrub, especially a wild rose 多花蔷薇,(尤指)野蔷薇[Rosa eglanteria (**sweet briar**) and other species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **briary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brær, brēr, of unknown origin.

**briar²** /braiǝ(r)/ (also 亦作**brier**) n. 1 (also亦作 **briar pipe**) a tobacco pipe made from woody nodules borne by the tree heath(欧石楠根瘤做成的)烟斗2another term for TREE HEATH * tree heath 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. bruyère 'heath, heather'.

**bribe** /braib/v. dishonestly persuade (someone) to act in one's favour by a payment or other inducement 行贿,贿赂(某人) ■n. an inducement offered in an attempt to bribe 贿赂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bribable** adj. **briber** n. **bribery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME (in the sense 'rob, extort'): from OFr. briber, brimber 'beg', of unknown origin.

**BRIC** /brɪk/abbr. Brazil, Russia, India, and China (regarded in terms of their fast-growing economies) 金砖四国(指巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国四个经济快速发展的国家)

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**bric-a-brac** /'brɪkəbræk/n. miscellaneous objects and ornaments of little value 小摆饰,小装饰,小古玩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from obs. à bric et à brac 'at random'.

**brick** /brɪk/ n. 1 a small rectangular block of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building砖,砖头 **bricks** collectively as a building material 砖材(总称)2 Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】 a generous, helpful, and reliable person 慷慨可靠的人,乐于助人的人v. 1 block or enclose with a wall of bricks 用砖墙堵起,用砖墙围起2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 throw bricks at 朝………扔砖头
-PHRASES 短语 **bricks and mortar** 1 buildings, especially housing 建筑物(尤指住房)2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a business that operates conventionally rather than (or as well as) via the Internet 按传统模式运营的,既以传统模式又通过因特网运营的 **like a ton of bricks** informal【非正式】with crushing weight, force, or authority(重量、力度或势力)压人的,势不可挡的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger., MDu. bricke, brike; prob. reinforced by OFr. brique; of unknown ultimate origin.

**brickbat** /'brɪk,bæt/ n. 1 a highly critical remark 严厉批评,尖锐评论2 a piece of brick used as a missile (用作投射物的)碎砖,砖块

**brickfield** /'brɪkfi:ld/ n. an area of ground where bricks are made 砖厂

**brickie** /'brɪki/ n. (pl. **brickies**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】a bricklayer砖匠,砌砖工

**bricklayer** /'brɪk,leıə(r)/ n. a person whose job is to build walls, houses, and other structures with bricks 砖匠,砌砖工
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bricklaying** n.

**brick red** n. a deep brownish red 砖红色,褐红色

**brickwork** /'brɪkwɜ:k/ n. the bricks in a wall, house, etc.(墙、房屋等的)砖布局,砖结构

**brickyard** /'brɪkja:d/ n. a place where bricks are made 砖厂

**bricolage** /brɪkə'la:ʒ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **bricolages**) 1 (in art or literature) construction or creation from a diverse range of available things(艺术或文学)用各种现成材料进行的加工(或创作) 2 athing created from a diverse range of things 拼凑物
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**bricoleur** /brɪkə'lɜ:(r)/ n. a person who engages in bricolage 用手头现成材料创作的人
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'handyman'.

**bridal** /'braɪdl/ adj. relating to a bride or a newly married couple 新娘的;新婚夫妇的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OE brȳd-ealu 'wedding feast', from brȳd 'bride' + ealu 'ale-drinking'.

**bride** /braɪd/n. a woman on her wedding day or just before and after the event 新娘
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brȳd, of Gmc origin.

**bridegroom** /'braɪdgru:m/ n. a man on his wedding day or just before and after the event 新郎
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brȳdguma, from brȳd 'bride' + guma 'man'; the second syllable influenced by GROOM.

**bride price** n. (in tribal societies) a payment made to a bride's family by that of the groom(部落社会中给新娘家的)聘礼,彩礼

**bridesmaid** /'braɪdzmeɪd/ n. 1 a girl or woman who accompanies a bride on her wedding day 伴娘,女傧相 2 informal 【非正式】 a person who never attains a desired goal 永远达不到理想目标的人[from the saying 'always the bridesmaid and never the bride'.]

**bridewell** /'braɪdw(ə)l/ n. archaic 【古】 a prison or reform school for petty offenders 拘留所;感化院
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: named after St Bride's Well in London, near which such a building stood.

**bridge¹** /brɪdʒ/ n. 1 a structure carrying a road, path, or railway across a river, road, etc.桥,桥梁 2 the spale in a ship from which the captain and officers direct operations(船舰的)驾驶台3the upper bony part of a person's nose 鼻梁 4 a partial denture supported by natural teeth on either side 齿桥(起固定假牙的作用)5 Music 【音】 the part on a stringed instrument over which the strings are stretched(弦乐器的)琴马6Music 【音】 a bridge passage or middle eight 连接部 7 an electric circuit used chiefly to measure an unknown resistance by equalizing the potentials in two parts of the circuit 电桥 v. 1 be or make a bridge over 架桥连接;横跨………之上 2 reduce or eliminate (a difference between two groups)缩小,消除(差距)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bridgeable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brycg, of Gmc origin.

**bridge²** /brɪdʒ/ n. a card game related to whist, played by two partnerships of two players who at the beginning of each hand bid for the right to name the trump suit, the highest bid also representing a contract to make a specified number of tricks 桥牌
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bridge-and-tunnel** adj. US informal【美,非正式】 (of a person) living in the suburbs and perceived as unsophisticated(人)住在郊区的,不懂世故的
-ORIGIN 词源 with ref. to the means used to commute into New York.

**bridge-building** n. the promotion of friendly relations between groups 架设友谊之桥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bridge-builder** n.

**bridgehead** /'brɪdʒhed/ n. a strong position secured by an army inside enemy territory from which to advance or attack 桥头堡

**bridge passage** n. a transitional section in a musical composition leading to a new section or theme 过渡乐段,桥段

**bridge roll** n. Brit. 【英】 a small, soft bread roll with a long, thin shape 松软小面包卷

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**bridging loan** (N. Amer. 【北美】**bridge loan**) n. a sum of money lent by a bank to cover an interval between two transactions, typically the buying of one house and the selling of another 过渡贷款(多指在买房和卖房的间隔期内给予的贷款)

**bridie** /'braɪdi/ n. (pl. **bridies**) Scottish【苏格兰】a meat pasty 肉馅饼
-ORIGIN 词源 perh. from obs. bride's pie.

**bridle** /'braɪdl/ n. 1 the headgear used to control a horse, consisting of buckled straps to which a bit and reins are attached马勒,马笼头,辔头 2 Nautical 【航海】a mooring cable 系船索 ■v. 1 put a bridle on 给(马)套笼头2 bring under control 控制,约束3 show resentment or anger 表示憎恨(或愤怒)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bridel (n.), brīdlian (v.), of Gmc origin.

**bridleway** /'braɪd(ə)lweɪ/ (also 亦作 **bridle path**) n. Brit.【英】a path or track along which horse riders have right of way 马道

**bridoon** /brɪ'du:n/ n. a snaffle bit which is frequently used in conjunction with a curb bit in a double bridle 小辔头
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. bridon, from bride 'bridle'.

**Brie** /bri:/ n. a kind of soft, mild, creamy cheese with a firm white skin 布里干酪
-ORIGIN 词源 named after **Brie** in northern France.

**brief** /bri:f/ adj. 1 of short duration 短暂的,间歇的 2 concise; using few words 简洁的,简练的3(of clothing) not covering much of the body(衣服)过短的,暴露的■n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a summary of the facts and legal points in a case given to a barrister to argue in court 案情摘要 a piece of work for a barrister 辩护状 N. Amer. 【北美】 a written statement of the facts and legal points supporting one side of a case, for presentation to a court 答辩摘要2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a solicitor or barrister 事务律师,出庭律师 3 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a set of instructions given to a person about a task 指令,吩咐 4 a letter from the Pope on a matter of discipline 教皇通谕,教廷通牒 ■V. instruct thoroughly in preparation for a task 指导 Brit. 【英】instruct (a barrister) by brief向(出庭律师)简要说明情况
-PHRASES 短语 **hold a brief for** Brit. 【英】 be retained as counsel for为…辩护,当……的辩护律师 **hold no brief for** Brit.【英】 not support 不予支持 **in brief** in short 简言之
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **briefer** n. **briefly** adv. **briefness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. brief, from L. brevis 'short'; the noun is via late L. breve 'note, dispatch'.

**briefcase** /'bri:fkeɪs/ n. a rectangular case with a handle for carrying books and documents 公文包

**briefing** /'bri:fɪŋ/n. a meeting for giving information or instructions情况介绍会,通气会

**briefs** /bri:fs/pl. n. short, close-fitting underpants or knickers 三角裤,短内裤

**brier¹** /braıə(r)/ n. variant spelling of BRIAR¹ * briar¹ 的另一种拼法

**brier²** /braıə(r)/ n. variant spelling of BRIAR² * briar²的另一种拼法

**Brig.** /brɪg/abbr. Brigadier

**brig¹** /brɪg/n. 1 a two-masted square-rigged ship, typically having an additional lower fore-and-aft sail on the gaff and a boom to the mainmast 横帆双桅船 2 informal 【非正式】 a prison, especially on a warship(尤指军舰上的)禁闭室
-ORIGIN 词源C18: abbrev. of BRIGANTINE.

**brig²** /brɪg/n. Scottish & N. English【苏格兰,英北】a bridge 桥
-ORIGIN 词源 from ON bryggja.

**brigade** /brɪ'geɪd/ n. 1 a subdivision of an army, typically consisting of a small number of battalions and forming part of a division 旅 2 an organization with a quasi-military structure 准军事组织3 informal, often derogatory【非正式,常贬】a group of people with a characteristic in common 臭味相投者,同道者: the anti-smoking brigade 反吸烟组织
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. brigata 'company'.

**brigade major** n. the principal staff officer to the brigadier in command at the headquarters of a brigade 旅参谋长

**brigadier** /brɪgə'dıə(r)/ n. a rank of officer in the British army, above colonel and below major general (英国)陆军准将
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. (see见 BRIGADE, -IER).

**brigadier general** n. a rank of officer in the US army, air force, and marine corps, above colonel and below major general(美国陆军、空军或海军陆战队)准将

**brigalow** /'brɪgələʊ/ n. an Australian acacia tree 金合欢 [Genus Acacia: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from an Aborig. word, perh. Kamilaroi burigal.

**brigand** /'brɪg(ə)nd/ n. a member of a gang that ambushes and robs people in forests and mountains 山贼,山中土匪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brigandage** n. **brigandry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from Ital. brigante, lit. '(person) contending', from brigare (see见 BRIGADE).

**brigantine** /'brɪg(ə)nti:n/ n. a two-masted sailing ship with a square-rigged foremast and a mainmast rigged fore and aft 双桅帆船
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr., from Ital. brigantino, from brigante (see见 BRIGAND).

**bright** /braɪt/ adj. 1 giving out much light, or filled with light 明亮的,有光亮的2(of colour) vivid and bold(颜色)鲜艳的,鲜明的 3 intelligent and quick-witted 聪明的,机敏的4cheerfully lively 欣喜的,欢快的5(of prospects) good(前景)光明的6(of sound) clear and typically high-pitched(声音)清晰的,嘹亮的n. (**brights**) N. Amer.【北美】 headlights switched to full beam 远光灯
-PHRASES 短语 **bright and early** very early in the morning 一大早(**as) bright as a button** informal 【非正式】intelligently alert and lively 非常机灵的;欢快的 **bright-eyed and bushy-tailed** informal 【非正式】alert and lively 机敏活泼的look on the bright side be optimistic or cheerful in spite of difficulties 乐观,看好的一面

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brighten** v. **brightish** adj. **brightly** adv. **brightness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE beorht, of Gmc origin.

**bright spark** n. informal, often ironic【非正式,常讽】a clever or witty person聪明人,机灵鬼

**brightwork** /'braɪtwɜ:k/ n. polished metalwork on ships or other vehicles(船或其他交通工具上)抛光的金属部件

**brill¹** /brɪl/n. a flatfish similar to the turbot 菱鲆 [Scophthalmus rhombus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: of unknown origin.

**brill²** /brɪl/adj. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】excellent; marvellous 卓越的,非凡的,出色的

**brilliant** /'brɪliənt/ adj. 1 (of light or colour) very bright or vivid(光或色)明亮的,灿烂的2exceptionally clever or talented 聪明绝顶的;才华横溢的3 Brit. informal【英,非正式】excellent; marvellous 极好的,非凡的n. a diamond of brilliant cut(多面切割的)钻石
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brilliance** (also 亦作 **brilliancy**) n. **brilliantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. brillant, from briller 'shine', prob. ult. from L. beryllus(see见BERYL).

**brilliant cut** n. a circular cut for gemstones in the form of two many-faceted pyramids joined at their bases, the upper one truncated near its apex 多面型琢型

**brilliantine** /'brɪliənti:n/n. 1 dated 【过时】scented oil used on men's hair to make it look glossy(男用)润发油2US 【美】 shiny dress fabric made from cotton and mohair or cotton and worsted 亮光薄呢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brilliantined** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. brillantine, from brillant (see见BRILLIANT).

**brim** /brɪm/n. 1 the projecting edge around the bottom of a hat帽边,帽檐2 the lip of a cup, bowl, etc.(杯、碗等的)边,沿v. (**brims**, **brimming**, **brimmed**) [often as adj. 常作形容词 **brimming**] fill or be full to the point of overflowing充满,充溢,充盈
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brimful** adj. **brimless** adj. **-brimmed** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting the edge of a body of water): perh. rel. to Ger. Bräme 'trimming'.

**brimstone** /'brɪmst(ə)n, -stəʊn/ n. 1 archaic【古】 sulphur 硫磺 2 a large butterfly, the male of which is bright yellow and the female greenish-white 鼠李粉蝶,钩粉蝶[Gonepteryx rhamni.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brynstan, prob. from bryne 'burning' + stān 'stone'.

**brimstone moth** n. a small bright yellow moth 鲜黄尺蛾[Opisthograptis luteolat.]

**brindle** /'brɪndl/adj. (also 亦作 **brindled**)(especially of a domestic animal) brownish or tawny with streaks of other colour (尤指家畜)棕色间杂其他颜色的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of ME brinded, prob. of Scand. origin.

**brine** /braɪn/ n. water containing dissolved salt 盐水,卤水 technical 【技】 a strong solution of a salt or salts 浓盐溶液 ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **brined**] soak or preserve in brine 用盐水浸泡(或处理)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brīne, of unknown origin.

**brine shrimp** n. a small fairy shrimp which lives in brine pools and salt lakes and is used as food for aquarium fish 咸水卤虫 [Artemia salina.]

**bring** /brɪŋ/ v. (past and past part. **brought**) 1 carry or accompany to a place带(或伴随)(到某处) 2 cause to move or to come into existence 使………来;使形成 3 cause to be in a particular state or condition 使处于某种状态(或境况): Take an aspirin to bring down your temperature. 吃片阿司匹林来退烧。4 cause someone to receive (money) as income or profit 给………带来收入;使获利:Five novels brought him £150,000.五本小说给他带来了15万英镑的收入。5 [usu. with neg.通常和否定结构连用](**bring oneself to do something**) force oneself to do something unpleasant 强迫自己做某事 6 initiate (legal action)起诉,控告
-PHRASES 短语 **bring the house down** make an audience laugh or applaud very enthusiastically 博得满堂彩 **bring it on** informal 【非正式】 used to express confidence in meeting a challenge 面对挑战充满信心 **bring something to bear** exert influence or pressure 施加(影响或压力)**bring something to pass** chiefly literary【主文】cause something to happen 使发生 **bring something to the table** see见 TABLE.
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **bring something about** 1 cause something to happen 引起,导致2 cause a ship to head in a different direction 使船转向 **bring someone down** cause someone to lose power 使某人下台 **bring someone/thing forth** archaic【古】 give birth to someone or something 诞生,使发生 **bring something forward** 1 propose an idea for consideration 提出(想法) 2 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **brought forward**] (in bookkeeping) transfer a total sum from the bottom of one page to the top of the next(记账)承前,结转 **bring something off** achieve something successfully 做好,做成 **bring someone on** encourage someone who is learning to develop or improve鼓励,激励 **bring something on** 1 cause something unpleasant to occur 招致,招惹(**bring something on/upon**) be responsible for something unpleasant that happens to (someone)使遭受,对……负责2 (of the weather) promote the growth of crops(天气)促进农作物生长 **bring someone out** encourage someone to feel more confident 鼓励,激励 **bring something out** 1 produce and launch a new product or publication 推出(新产品或新书刊) 2 emphasize a feature 烘托出;突出 **bring someone round** (or US【美】 **around**) 1 restore someone to consciousness 使苏醒 2 persuade someone to agree to something 劝说某人同意某事 **bring someone to** restore someone to consciousness 使苏醒

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**bring something to** cause a boat to stop, especially by turning into the wind (尤指通过逆风而行)使船停止 **bring up** (chiefly of a ship) come to a stop(主要指船)停止 **bring someone up** look after a child until it is an adult 把孩子抚养成人 **bring something up** 1 vomit something 呕吐 2 raise a matter for discussion or consideration 提出(以供讨论或考虑)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bringer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bringan, of Gmc origin.

**bring-and-buy sale**n. Brit. 【英】 a charity sale at which people donate things to sell and buy those brought by others 慈善交易会

**brinjal** /'brɪndʒɔ:l, -dʒɒl/ n. Indian & S. African 【印度,南非】an aubergine 茄子
-ORIGIN 词源 based on Port. berinjela, from Arab. al-bādinjān(see见 AUBERGINE).

**brink** /brɪŋk/ n. 1 the extreme edge of land before a steep slope or a body of water(陡坡或水域的)边缘 2 the verge of a state or situation, typically an undesirable one(多指坏事的)边缘: The country was on the brink of a crisis. 该国处于危机的边缘。
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Scand. origin.

**brinkmanship** /'brıŋkmənʃıp/ (US also 【美亦作】 **brinksmanship**) n. the pursuit of a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping 边缘政策(指将某危险政策推行到极限)

**briny** /'braɪni/ adj. (**brinier**, **briniest**) of salty water or the sea; salty盐水的;大海的;咸的n.(**the briny**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】the sea 大海

**brio** /'bri:əʊ/ n. vigour or vivacity 活力,生动,生机
-ORIGIN词源 C18: from Ital.

**brioche** /bri:'ɒʃ, 'bri:ɒʃ/ n. a small round French roll made from a light sweet yeast bread 奶油鸡蛋卷
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Norman Fr. brier, synonym of broyer, lit. 'split up into small pieces'.

**briquette** /brɪ'ket/(also 亦作 **briquet**) n. a block of compressed coal dust or peat used as fuel 型煤
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., dimin. of brique 'brick'.

**bris** /brɪs/ n. the ceremony in which a Jewish baby boy is circumcised 割礼
-ORIGIN 词源 Heb. běrīt, short for běrīt milah 'covenant of circumcision'.

**brisé** /'bri:zeɪ/ n. Ballet 【芭蕾】a jump in which the dancer sweeps one leg into the air to the side while jumping off the other and brings both legs together in the air before landing 布里塞(带击打动作的舞步) ■adj. (of a fan) consisting entirely of pierced sticks of ivory, horn, or tortoiseshell(扇子)完全由条状象牙、角或玳瑁壳穿起来的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'broken'.

**brisk** /brɪsk/ adj. 1 active and energetic 活跃的,充满活力的2 slightly brusque 稍嫌唐突的,略显无礼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brisken** v. **briskly** adv. **briskness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from Fr. brusque(see见 BRUSQUE).

**brisket** /'brɪskɪt/ n. meat from the chest of a cow (母牛的)胸肉
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from ON brjósk 'cartilage, gristle'.

**brisling** /'brɪslɪŋ, 'brɪz-/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **brislings**) a sprat, especially one seasoned and smoked in Norway and sold in a can(尤指挪威罐装出售的烟熏)小鲱鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Norw. and Dan.

**bristle** /'brɪsl/ n. a short, stiff hair on an animal's skin or a man's face (动物身上粗硬的)鬃;(男子脸上的)粗硬短须,胡渣a stiff animal hair, or a manmade substitute, used to make a brush(制刷用的)动物短毛,人工制刷材料 ■v. 1 (of hair or fur) stand upright away from the skin, as a sign of anger or fear(毛发)竖立2 react angrily or defensively 被激怒;被侵犯3 (**bristle with**) be covered with or abundant in 被…覆盖;充盈
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bristly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OE byrst (of Gmc origin) + -LE¹.

**bristlecone pine** /'brɪs(ə)lkəʊn/ n. a very long-lived shrubby pine of western North America 刺果松 [Pinus longaeva.]

**bristletail** /'brɪs(ə)lteɪl/ n. a small primitive wingless insect which has two or three bristles at the end of the abdomen 缨尾虫 [Orders Thysanura (with three bristles, including the silverfish) and Diplura (with two bristles).]

**bristle worm** n. a marine annelid worm of a class including ragworms, lugworms, and fan worms, which have a segmented body with numerous bristles on the fleshy lobes of each segment 海毛虫 [Class Polychaeta.]

**Bristol board** /'brɪstl/ n. a type of stiff, smooth cardboard used as a drawing surface or for cutting and shaping 草纸板

**Bristol fashion** adj. Brit. informal, dated 【英,非正式,过时】in good order 井然有序的,井井有条的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. in naut. use, referring to the prosperity brought to the English port of Bristol by its shipping.

**bristols** /'brɪstlz/pl. n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a woman's breasts(女人的)乳房
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from rhyming sl. Bristol Cities 'titties'.

**Brit** /brɪt/informal【非正式】 n. a British person 英国人■adj. British 英国的

**Britannia** /brɪ'tænjə/ n. the personification of Britain, usually depicted as a helmeted woman with shield and trident 不列塔尼亚(英国的象征,通常被塑造成一位头戴钢盔手持盾牌及三叉戟的女人)
-ORIGIN 词源 the L. name for Britain.

**Britannia metal** n. a silvery alloy consisting of tin with about 5-15 per cent antimony and usually some copper, lead, or zinc 不列颠合金

**Britannia silver** n. hallmarked silver that is at least 95.8 per cent pure 不列颠银

**Britannic** /brɪ'tænɪk/ adj. dated 【过时】(chiefly in names or titles) of Britain or the British Empire (主要用于名字或头衔)不列颠的,大英帝国的

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**Briticism** /'brɪtɪsɪz(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **Britishism** /-ʃɪz(ə)m/) n. an idiom used in Britain but not in other English-speaking countries 英国人特用的习语;英国用语

**British** /'brɪtɪʃ/ adj. 1 relating to Great Britain or the United Kingdom 大不列颠的,英国的2 of the British Commonwealth or (formerly) the British Empire 英联邦的;(旧时)大英帝国的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Britishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Brettisc, from Bret 'Briton', from L. Britto, or its Celtic equivalent.

**British overseas territory** n. a territory that is under the sovereignty of the UK but does not form part of the UK itself, represented by a governor 英国海外领土

**Britisher** /'brɪtɪʃə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】(especially in North America) a native or inhabitant of Britain (尤用于北美)英国人,不列颠人

**British thermal unit** n. a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat needed to raise 1 lb of water at maximum density through one degree Fahrenheit 英制热单位[1.055 × 10³ joules.]

**Briton** /'brɪtn/ n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Great Britain, or a person of British descent 大不列颠人;英国人2a Celtic inhabitant of southern Britain before and during Roman times布立吞人(罗马占领时期及以前的凯尔特人)
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. Breton, from L. Britto, Britton-, or its Celtic equivalent.

**Britpop** /'brɪtpɒp/ n. pop music by British groups of the mid 1990s, typically influenced by the Beatles and other British groups of the 1960s 英式流行音乐(多受20世纪60年代披头士等英国乐队的影响)

**brittle** /'brɪtl/ adj. 1 hard but liable to break easily 脆的,易碎的2(of a voice) unpleasantly hard and sharp and showing signs of nervousness or instability(声音)尖厉刺耳的n. a brittle sweet made from nuts and set melted sugar 果仁薄脆糖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brittlely** (or **brittly**) adv. **brittleness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to OE brēotan 'break up'.

**brittle bone disease** n. another term for OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA or OSTEOPOROSIS * osteogenesis imperfecta 或 osteoporosis 的另一种说法

**brittlestar** /'brɪtlsta:(r)/ n. a marine animal related to a starfish, with long, thin, flexible arms radiating from a small central disc 阳遂足,蛇尾[Ophiura and other genera, class Ophiuroidea.]

**Brittonic** /brɪ'tɒnɪk/ adj. & n. variant of BRYTHONIC * Brythonic 的变体

**BRN** abbr. Bahrain (international vehicle registration)巴林(国际车船注册)

**bro** /brəʊ/n. informal 【非正式】short for BROTHER * brother 的缩略式 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a friendly greeting or form of address(招呼语)伙计,老弟

**broach¹** /brəʊtʃ/ v. 1 raise (a sensitive subject) for discussion 提出,引入(敏感话题) 2 pierce or open (a cask or other container) to draw alcohol (在酒桶等容器上)钻孔汲取,开启
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in sense 'prick or pierce'): from OFr. brochier, based on L. brocchus, broccus 'projecting'.

**broach²** /brəʊtʃ/v. Nautical 【航海】 (of a ship) veer and pitch forward, presenting a side to the wind and waves and losing steerage control (船)突然横转
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**broach spire** n. an octagonal church spire rising from a square tower without a parapet(教堂塔楼的)八面锥形尖顶

**broad** /brɔ:d/ adj. 1 having a distance larger than usual from side to side; wide广的,宽的 of a specified distance wide………宽的2 large in area or scope 辽阔的,宽阔的: a broad range of experience 经验丰富 3 without detail; general粗略的;概括的4 (of a hint) clear and unambiguous(暗示)明白清楚的,直白的5(of a regional accent) very noticeable; strong(地方口音)明显的,浓重的6 rather coarse and indecent 粗俗的,粗糙的n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a woman 女人
-PHRASES 短语 **broad daylight** full daylight; day 大白天,光天化日
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broaden** v. **broadly** adv. **broad-ness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brād, of Gmc origin.

**broadband** /'brɔ:dbænd/ adj. of or using signals over a wide range of frequencies in high-capacity telecommunications 宽带的

**broad bean** n. 1 a large flat edible green bean which is usually eaten without the pod 蚕豆 2 the plant which yields broad beans 蚕豆[Vicia faba.]

**broadbill** /'brɔ:dbıl/ n. a small, colourful songbird of the Old World tropics, with a large head and a wide, flattened bill 阔嘴鸟[Family Eurylaimidae: numerous species.]

**broad-brush** adj. lacking in detail and finesse 大概的,粗略的

**broadcast** /'brɔ:dka:st/ v. (past **broadcast**; past part. **broadcast** or **broadcasted**) 1 transmit by radio or television广播,播送,播放2make known to many people传播,宣传3 scatter (seeds) rather than placing in drills or rows播撒(种子) ■n. a radio or television programme or transmission 广播节目;电视节目 ■adv. by scattering 四散地,撒播地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broadcaster** n.

**Broad Church** n. a tradition or group within the Anglican Church favouring a liberal interpretation of doctrine 宽和教会派 a group or doctrine which encompasses a wide range of views and people 开放型组织;自由的学说

**broadcloth** /'brɔ:dklɒθ/n. clothing fabric of fine twilled wool or worsted, or plain-woven cotton 绒面呢;细平布

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**broad gauge** n. a railway gauge which is wider than the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.435 m) 宽轨

**broad jump** n. North American term for LONG JUMP * long jump 的北美说法

**broadleaved** /'brɔ:dli:vd/ (also 亦作 **broadleaf**) adj. denoting trees or herbaceous plants with relatively wide flat leaves, as opposed to conifers or grasses 阔叶的

**broadloom** /'brɔ:dlu:m/ n. carpet woven in wide widths 阔幅地毯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broadloomed** adj.

**broad-minded** adj. tolerant or liberal 宽宏大量的,气量大的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broad-mindedly** adv. **broad-mindedness** n.

**broad money** n. Economics【经济】money in any form, including bank or other deposits as well as notes and coins广义货币

**broad pennant** (also亦作 **broad pendant**) n. a short swallow-tailed pennant distinguishing the commodore's ship in a squadron(标志指挥官所在舰的)阔三角燕尾旗

**broadsheet** /'brɔ:dʃi:t/ n. 1 a newspaper with a large format, regarded as more serious than tabloids 大开本报纸 2 a large piece of paper printed with information on one side only 单面大张印刷品

**broadside** /'brɔ:dsaɪd/ n. 1 a fierce verbal attack (措辞严厉的)谴责2 historical 【史义】 a firing of all the guns from one side of a warship 舷炮齐发3 the side of a ship above the water between the bow and quarter 舷侧 4 another term for BROADSHEET (sense 2) * broadsheet(释义2)的另一种说法 ■adv. with the side turned in a particular direction 侧向地
> **on the side** 在侧面 ■v. N. Amer. 【北美】collide with the side of (a vehicle)(车辆侧面)撞上,刷擦
-PHRASES 短语 **broadside on** sideways on 舷侧相向,舷侧靠

**broad-spectrum** adj. denoting antibiotics, pesticides, etc. effective against a large variety of organisms广谱的

**broadsword** /'brɔ:dsɔ:d/n. a sword with a wide blade, used for cutting rather than thrusting 阔刀,大砍刀

**broadtail** /'brɔ:dteıl/ n. a karakul sheep 卡拉库耳宽尾绵羊

**broadway** /'brɔ:dweɪ/ n. a large open or main road 公路,干道

**broast** /brəʊst/ v. N. Amer.【北美】cook(food) by a combination of broiling and roasting 烘烤,烧烤(食物)
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: blend of BROIL and ROAST.

**Brobdingnagian** /ˌbrɒbdɪŋ'nægiən/ adj. very large; gigantic 巨大的,庞大的n. a giant 巨人
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Brobdingnag, å land in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) where everything is of huge size.

**brocade** /brə'keɪd/ n. a rich fabric woven with a raised pattern, usually with gold or silver thread 织锦缎■V. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **brocaded**] weave with this design 织出凸花纹
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. and Port. brocado, from Ital. broccato, from brocco 'twisted thread'.

**Broca's area** /'brəʊkəz/n. Anatomy 【解】 a region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe 布罗卡区
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French surgeon Paul Broca.

**broccoli** /'brɒkəli/ n. a cultivated variety of cabbage with heads of small green or purplish flower buds, eaten as a vegetable 青花菜,花茎甘蓝
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital., pl. of broccolo 'cabbage sprout, head'.

**broch** /brɒk, brɒx/ n. a prehistoric circular stone tower in northern Scotland(苏格兰北部的)史前圆形石塔
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in sense 'borough or town') : alt. of BURGH.

**brochette** /brɒ'ʃet/ n. 1 a skewer or spit on which chunks of meat or fish are barbecued, grilled, or roasted 烤肉(或鱼)串2 a dish of meat or fish chunks cooked in such a way(用针、串烤制的)烤肉(或鱼)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., dimin. of broche 'skewer'.

**brochure** /'brəʊʃə(r), brɒ'ʃʊə(r)/ n. a small book or magazine containing pictures and information about a product or service 小册子
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'something stitched', from brocher (see见BROACH¹).

**brock** /brɒk/n. Brit. 【英】 a name for the badger 獾
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brocc, broc, of Celtic origin.

**Brocken spectre** /'brɒk(ə)n/ n. a magnified shadow of an observer thrown on to a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low 布罗肯幽灵(或宝光)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Brocken, the highest of the Harz Mountains in Germany.

**brocket** /'brɒkɪt/ n. a small deer with short straight antlers, found in Central and South America墨西哥鹿 [Genus Mazama: four species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a red deer stag in its second year, with straight antlers): from Anglo-Norman Fr. broquet, dimin. of broque, var. of broche (see见BROOCH).

**broderie anglaise** /brəʊd(ə)ri 'ɒŋgleɪz/ n. open embroidery, typically in floral patterns, on fine white cotton or linen 马德拉刺绣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'English embroidery'.

**brogan** /'brəʊg(ə)n/ n. a coarse stout leather shoe reaching to the ankle 粗革皮靴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ir. brógán, Sc. Gaelic brógan, lit. 'small brogue'.

**brogue¹** /brəʊg/ n. a strong outdoor shoe with ornamental perforated patterns in the leather 拷花皮鞋 a rough shoe of untanned leather, formerly worn in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands 粗革皮鞋

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sc. Gaelic and Ir. bróg, from ON brók (rel. to BREECH).

**brogue²** /brəʊg/ n. a marked accent, especially Irish or Scottish, when speaking English(尤指爱尔兰或苏格兰人讲英语时带的)土腔
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. allusively from BROGUE', referring to the rough footwear of Irish peasants.

**broil¹** /brɔɪl/v. N. Amer. 【北美】 1 cook (meat or fish) by exposure to direct heat 烤(肉或鱼)2 become very hot, especially from the sun(尤指被太阳)烤热
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bruler 'to burn', of unknown origin.

**broil²** /brɔɪl/n. archaic 【古】 a quarrel or a commotion争吵;混乱,骚乱
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from obs. broil 'to muddle'; cf. EMBROIL.

**broiler** /'brɔɪlə(r)/ n. 1 a young chicken suitable for roasting, grilling, or barbecuing(适于烤炙的)小鸡,童子鸡2N. Amer. 【北美】 a gridiron, grill, or special part of a stove for broiling meat or fish 烤肉架

**broke** /brəʊk/ past (and archaic past participle) of BREAK¹ * break的过去式(和古代过去分词)■adj. informal【非正式】 having no money 破产的,不名一文的
-PHRASES 短语 **go for broke** informal 【非正式】risk everything in an all-out effort 孤注一掷,全力以赴

**broken** /'brəʊkən/ past participle of BREAK¹ * break¹的过去分词adj. (of a language) spoken falteringly and with many mistakes, as by a foreigner(语言)结巴的,有错误的,支离破碎的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brokenly** adv. **brokenness** /'brəʊk(ə)nnɪs/n.

**broken chord**n. Music 【音】 a chord in which the notes are played successively 分解和弦

**broken-down** adj. 1 worn out and dilapidated 疲惫的;破旧的2 not working 出故障的,不好用的

**broken field** n. American Football 【美橄】 the area beyond the line of scrimmage, where the defenders are relatively scattered 防守分布区

**broken-hearted** adj. overwhelmed by grief or disappointment心碎的,伤心的;失望的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broken-heartedness** n.

**broken home** n. a family in which the parents are divorced or separated(父母离异或分居的)破裂家庭

**broken reed** n. see见REED.

**broken wind** n. another term for COPD in horses *COPD(指马)的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broken-winded** adj.

**broker** /'brəʊkə(r)/ n. a person who buys and sells goods or assets for others 经纪人,代理人,中间人 Compare with 比较 BROKER-DEALER. V. arrange or negotiate (a deal or plan)安排,协商(交易或计划)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brokerage** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a retailer or pedlar) : from Anglo-Norman Fr. brocour, of unknown ultimate origin.

**broker-dealer** n. (in the UK) a person combining the former functions of a broker and jobber on the Stock Exchange (now the official term on the UK Stock Exchange)(英国)经纪交易商

**broking** /'brəʊkıŋ/ n. Brit. 【英】 the business or service of buying and selling goods or assets for others 经纪业

**brolga** /'brɒlgǝ/ n. a large grey Australian crane with an elaborate courtship display 澳洲鹤[Grus rubicundus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Kamilaroi burralga (also found in other Aborig. languages).

**brolly** /'brɒli/ n. (pl. **brollies**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】an umbrella 伞

**bromance** /'brəʊmæns/n. informal 【非正式】 a close but non-sexual relationship between two men 兄弟情(指两个男子间不涉及性爱的亲密关系)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bromantic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C21: blend of BROTHER and ROMANCE.

**brome** /brəʊm/ n. an oat-like grass which is sometimes grown for fodder or ornamental purposes 雀麦 [Genus Bromus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. Bromus, from Gk bromos 'oat'.

**bromeliad** /brə'mi:liæd/ n. a plant of a tropical and subtropical American family (Bromeliaceae), typically having short stems with rosettes of stiff, spiny leaves 凤梨科植物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Bromelia (a genus, named after the Swedish botanist Olaf Bromel) + -AD¹.

**bromide** /'brəʊmaɪd/ n. 1 Chemistry 【化】a compound of bromine with another element or group 溴化物: methyl bromide 甲基溴 2 a reproduction or piece of typesetting on bromide paper(溴化银相纸上的)图像,排字3dated 【过时】 a sedative preparation containing potassium bromide 溴化钾镇静剂 4 a trite statement intended to soothe or placate 套话,老掉牙的安慰话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bromidic** adj.

**bromide paper** n. photographic printing paper coated with silver bromide emulsion 溴化银相纸

**bromine** /'brəʊmi:n/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 35, a dark red toxic liquid halogen with a choking, irritating smell 溴(化学元素,原子序数为35,深红色液体,卤素,有毒,有刺激性气味) (Symbol符: Br)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. brome, from Gk brōmos 'a stink', + -INE².

**bromo-** /'brəʊməʊ/ (usu. **brom-** before a vowel 元音前通常用 brom-) comb. form Chemistry【化】 representing 表示 BROMINE

**bronchi** /'brɒŋkaɪ/ plural form of BRONCHUS * bronchus 的复数形式

**bronchial** /'brɒŋkiəl/ adj. relating to the bronchi or bronchioles (细)支气管的

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**bronchial tree** n. the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles, conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs 支气管树

**bronchiole** /'brɒŋkiəʊl/ n. Anatomy 【解】 any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides 细支气管
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bronchiolar** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. bronchiolus, bronchiolum, diminutives of late L. bronchia, denoting the branches of the main bronchi.

**bronchiolitis** /ˌbrɒŋkiə'laıtıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the bronchioles 细支气管炎

**bronchitis** /brɒŋ'kaıtıs/n. inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes, typically with spasm of bronchial muscle and coughing 支气管炎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bronchitic** adj. & n.

**broncho-** /'brɒŋkəʊ/ comb. form relating to the bronchi 支气管的: bronchopneumonia 支气管肺炎
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk bronkho-, from bronkhos 'windpipe'.

**bronchodilator** /ˌbrɒŋkə(ʊ)daɪ'leɪtə(r)/ n. Medicine 【医】a drug that causes widening of the bronchi, e.g. any of those taken by inhalation for the alleviation of asthma 支气管扩张药
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bronchodilation** n.

**bronchopneumonia** /ˌbrɒŋkə(ʊ)nju:'məʊniə/ n. inflammation of the lungs, arising in the bronchi or bronchioles 支气管肺炎

**bronchoscope** /'brɒŋkəskəʊp/ n. a fibre-optic cable that is passed into the windpipe in order to view the bronchi 支气管镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bronchoscopy** n.

**bronchospasm** /'brɒŋkə(ʊ)ˌspæz(ə)m/n. Medicine 【医】spasm of bronchial smooth muscle, producing narrowing of the bronchi 支气管痉挛

**bronchus** /'brɒŋkəs/ n. (pl. **bronchi** /'brɒŋkaɪ/) any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe 支气管
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from late L., from Gk bronkhos 'windpipe'.

**bronco** /'brɒŋkəʊ/ n. (pl. **broncos**) a wild or half-tamed horse of the western US 布朗科马
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., lit. 'rough, rude'.

**brontosaurus** /ˌbrɒntə'sɔ:rəs/ (also 亦作 **brontosaur** /'brɒntəsɔ:/) n. another term for APATOSAURUS * apatosaurus 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. (former genus name), from Gk brontē 'thunder' + sauros 'lizard'.

**Bronx cheer** /brɒŋks/n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a sound of derision made by blowing through closed lips with the tongue between them (表示嘲笑的)咂舌声,嘘声
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: named after the **Bronx** in New York.

**bronze** /brɒnz/ n. 1 a yellowish-brown alloy of copper with up to one-third tin 青铜 2 a yellowish-brown colour 古铜色,黄褐色3a work of sculpture or other object made of bronze 青铜像,青铜制品 ■v. 1 give a bronze surface to 给………镶上青铜面2 make suntanned 使晒黑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bronzy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C17 (asv.): from Fr. bronze (n.), bronzer (v.), from Ital. bronzo, prob. from Pers. birinj 'brass'.

**Bronze Age** n. a prehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age, when weapons and tools were made of bronze rather than stone 青铜器时代

**bronze medal** n. a medal made of or coloured bronze, customarily awarded for third place in a race or competition 铜质奖章,铜牌

**bronzer** /'brɒnzə(r)/ n. a cosmetic liquid or powder applied to the skin to give it colour or shine, typically to give the appearance of a suntan 古铜色化妆品

**bronzewing** /'brɒnzwɪŋ/ n. an Australian pigeon with a metallic bronze band on the wing 铜翅鸠 [Phaps chalcoptera and related species.]

**broo** /bru:/n. (in phr. 用于短语 **on the broo**) Scottish informal【苏格兰,非正式】claiming unemployment benefit 要求领失业救济金
-ORIGIN 词源1930s: alt. of BUREAU.

**brooch** /brəʊtʃ/n. an ornament fastened to clothing with a hinged pin and catch 胸针,领针
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of broach 'skewer, bodkin', from OFr. broche 'spit for roasting', based on L. brocchus, broccus 'projecting'; cf. BROACH¹.

**brood** /bru:d/ n. 1 a family of young animals, especially birds, produced at one hatching or birth 一窝(小动物,尤指小鸟) 2 bee or wasp larvae 幼蜂■V. 1 think deeply about something that makes one unhappy 沉思,冥想(不愉快的事)2 [as adj.作形容词 **brooding**] appearing darkly menacing 阴郁的,阴森的3(of a bird) sit on (eggs) to hatch them(鸟) 孵(蛋) (of a fish, frog, or invertebrate) hold (developing eggs) within the body(鱼、青蛙或无脊椎动物)孕育(幼卵) ■adj. (of an animal) kept to be used for breeding(动物)传种的,为繁殖而饲养的: a brood mare一匹母种马
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broodingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brōd, of Gmc origin; rel. to BREED.

**brooder** /'bru:də/ n. a heated house for chicks or piglets 育雏暖房

**broody** /'bru:di/ adj. (**broodier**, **broodiest**) 1 (of a hen) inclined to incubate eggs(母鸡)想孵蛋的 2 informal【非正式】(of a woman) having a strong desire to have a baby (妇女)想要孩子的3 thoughtful and unhappy 忧思的,郁郁沉思的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **broodily** adv. **broodiness** n.

**brook¹** /brʊk/ n. a small stream 小溪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brooklet** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brōc, of unknown origin.

**brook²** /brʊk/v. [with neg.和否定结构连用] formal 【正式】tolerate or allow (opposition)容忍,允许(反对意见)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brūcan 'use, possess' or 'digest, stomach', of Gmc origin.

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**brooklime** /'brʊklaɪm/ n. a speedwell with smooth fleshy leaves and deep blue flowers, growing in wet areas 有柄水苦荬[Veronica beccabunga.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME broklemok, from BROOK¹ + hleomoce, the name of the plant in OE.

**brookweed** /'brʊkwi:d/ n. a small white-flowered plant which grows in wet ground 水茴草 [Samolus valerandi.]

**broom** /bru:m/ n. 1 a long-handled brush of bristles or twigs, used for sweeping 扫帚 2 a shrub typically having many yellow flowers, long, thin green stems, and small or few leaves 金雀花[Cytisus scoparius and many other species, especially in the genera Cytisus and Genista.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brōm (in sense 2), of Gmc origin; rel. to BRAMBLE.

**broomball** /'bru:mbɔ:l/n. N. Amer. 【北美】a game similar to ice hockey in which players run rather than skate and use rubber brooms or broom handles to push a ball into the goal 扫帚球

**broomrape** /'bru:mreɪp/ n. a leafless parasitic plant with tubular flowers, which attaches itself to the roots of its host plant 列当 [Genus Orobanche.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from BROOM + L. rapum 'tuber'.

**broomstick** /'bru:mstɪk/ n. the handle of a broom, on which witches are said to fly(传说中女巫骑的)扫帚柄

**Bros** /brɒs/pl. n. brothers (in names of companies) 兄弟(用于公司名)

**brose** /brəʊz/n. chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 a kind of porridge made with oatmeal or dried peas 麦片粥
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: orig. a Scots form of ME brewis 'broth', from OFr. brouez.

**broth** /brɒθ/n. 1 a thin soup of meat or vegetable stock, sometimes thickened with barley or other cereals 肉汤;菜汤meat or fish stock肉汤;鱼汤2 Microbiology 【微生物】a liquid nutrient medium for the culture of bacteria 肉汤
-PHRASES 短语 **a broth of a boy** Irish 【爱】 a very lively boy or young man 活泼的男孩(或男青年)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin; rel. to BREW.

**brothel** /'brɒθl/ n. a house where men visit prostitutes 妓院
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from ME brothel 'worthless man, prostitute'.

**brothel creepers** pl. n. informal 【非正式】 soft-soled suede shoes 小山羊软底皮鞋

**brother** /'brʌðə(г)/ n. 1 a man or boy in relation to other sons and daughters of his parents 兄弟2a male associate or fellow member of an organization 男同事,男会员 3 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a black man 黑人兄弟4 something which resembles or is equivalent to another 相似物,相关物5(pl. also 亦作 **brethren**) Christian Church 【基】a(male) fellow Christian(男)教士,兄弟 a member of a religious order of men(某修道会的)男教友 exclam. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 used to express annoyance or surprise 老兄(用来表示恼怒或惊讶)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brotherliness** n. **brotherly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brōthor, of Gmc origin.

**brother-german**n. (pl. **brothers-german**) archaic 【古】a brother sharing both parents, as opposed to a half-brother or stepbrother(同父同母的)亲兄弟

**brotherhood** /'brʌðəhʊd/ n. 1 the relationship between brothers 兄弟关系 a feeling of kinship and closeness 手足情谊 2 an association or community of people with a common interest, religion, or trade 协会;修士会;同业公会 N. Amer. 【北美】a trade union 工会
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from obs. brotherred (based on OE -ræden 'condition, state'), assoc. with words ending in -HOOD and -HEAD¹.

**brother-in-law** n. (pl. **brothers-in-law**) 1 the brother of one's wife or husband 大(或小)舅子;大伯子;小叔子2 the husband of one's sister or sister-in-law 姐夫;妹夫;连襟

**brotherly love** /'brʌðəli/ n. feelings of humanity and compassion towards one's fellow humans(人类相互之间的)手足情,兄弟之爱

**brougham** /'bru:(ə)m/n. historical【史义】1a horse-drawn carriage with a roof, four wheels, and an open driver's seat in front 布鲁厄姆马车2a car with an open driver's seat 古典华贵轿车(驾驶室为无顶敞篷)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Lord Brougham, who designed the carriage.

**brought** /brɔ:t/ past and past participle of BRING * bring 的过去式和过去分词

**brouhaha** /'bru:ha:ha:/ n. a noisy and overexcited reaction 嘈杂,喧哗
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., prob. imitative.

**brow¹** /braʊ/ n. 1 a person's forehead 额头,脑门2 an eyebrow 眉毛 3 the summit of a hill or pass 山顶;坡顶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-browed** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brū 'eyelash, eyebrow', of Gmc origin.

**brow²** /braʊ/ n. a ship's gangway or landing platform(轮船的)跳板,浮码头
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Norw. bru, from ON brú 'bridge'.

**browbeat** /'braʊbi:t/ v. (past browbeat; past part. **browbeaten**) intimidate or cajole with words or looks 声色俱厉地威逼(或劝诱)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **browbeater** n.

**brown** /braʊn/ adj. 1 of a colour produced by mixing red, yellow, and blue, as of dark wood or rich soil 褐色的,棕色的,咖啡色的2dark-skinned or suntanned 古铜色的,黝黑的,晒黑的 n. 1 brown colour, pigment, or material 褐色(或棕色);褐色(或棕色)颜料;褐色(或棕色)材质 2 used in names of various butterflies with mainly brown wings, e.g. **meadow brown**(用于各种棕翅蝶类的名称中,如草地褐蝶) ■v. 1 make or become brown by cooking(使)成为棕色2(**be browned off**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 be irritated or depressed 生气;沮丧

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-PHRASES 短语(**as) brown as a berry** very suntanned (晒得)漆黑的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brownish** adj. **brownness** n. **browny** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brūn, of Gmc origin.

**brown ale** n. Brit. 【英】 a dark, mild beer 黑啤酒

**brown algae** pl. n. a large group of algae that are typically olive brown or greenish in colour, including many seaweeds 褐藻 [Class Phaeophyceae.]

**brown bag lunch** N. Amer. 【北美】 n. a packed lunch carried to work, school, etc. 午餐盒饭,便当 ■v. (**brown-bag it**) take a packed lunch to work, school, etc. 带便当上班(或上学等)

**brown bear** n. a large bear with a coat colour ranging from cream to black 棕熊 [Ursus arctos.]

**brown belt** n. a belt of a brown colour marking a level of proficiency below that of a black belt in judo, karate, or other martial arts 褐带(柔道、空手道等武术中用来表示选手级别)

**brown coal** n. another term for LIGNITE * lignite 的另一种说法

**brown dwarf** n. Astronomy 【天文】a celestial object which is intermediate in size between a giant planet and a small star, believed to emit mainly infrared radiation 棕矮星

**brown fat** n. dark-coloured adipose tissue with many blood vessels, able to provide bodily heat quite rapidly 褐色脂肪

**brownfield** /'braʊnfi:ld/ adj. (of an urban site) having had previous development on it(城市基址)褐色地带的,已开发过的Compare with 比较 GREENFIELD.

**brown goods** pl. n. television sets, audio equip-ment, and similar household appliances 黑色家电 (如电视机、音响设备等)Compare with 比较 WHITE GOODS.

**brown holland** n. unbleached holland linen 本色(荷兰)亚麻布

**Brownian motion** /'braʊniən/ n. Physics 【物】 the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding medium 布朗运动
-ORIGIN 词源C19: named after the Scottish botanist Robert Brown.

**Brownie** /'braʊni/ n. (pl. **Brownies**) 1 (Brit. also 【英亦作】**Brownie Guide**) a member of a branch of the Guide Association, for girls aged between about 7 and 10 (7-10岁的)女童子军2(**brownie**) a small square of rich chocolate cake, with nuts 干果巧克力蛋糕 Austral./NZ【澳新】 a piece of sweet currant bread 葡萄干面包3(**brownie**) a benevolent elf supposedly haunting houses and doing housework secretly 棕仙,棕精灵(据信会进屋偷偷做家务)
-PHRASES 短语 **brownie point** humorous 【幽】a notional award given for a good deed or an attempt to please 善行积分

**Browning** /'braʊnıŋ/ n. 1 a type of water-cooled automatic machine gun 勃朗宁自动机枪 2 a type of automatic pistol 勃朗宁自动手枪
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the American designer John M. Browning.

**browning** /'braʊnıŋ/ n. Brit. 【英】 darkened flour for colouring gravy褐色面粉(上色用)

**brown-nose** informal 【非正式】 n. (also 亦作 **brown-noser**) a person who acts in a grossly obsequious way 谄媚者,献媚者 ■v. obsequiously curry favour with (someone)拍(某人)马屁,向(某人)献媚

**brownout** /'braʊnaʊt/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a partial blackout 部分停电

**brown owl** n.1 another term for TAWNY OWL * tawny owl 的另一种说法2(**Brown Owl**) informal 【非正式】(in the UK) the adult leader of a group of Brownies (officially termed the Brownie Guider)(英国)幼年女童子军队长(官方名称为Brownie Guider)

**brown rice** n. unpolished rice with only the husk of the grain removed 糙米

**brown rot** n. 1 a fungal disease producing discoloration and shrivelling of apples, pears, and other fruit 褐腐(水果真菌病) 2 a fungal disease resulting in the softening and cracking of timber 褐腐(木材真菌病)

**brown sauce** n. a commercially prepared relish containing vinegar and spices 浇汁

**Brownshirt** /'braʊnʃɜ:t/ n. a member of a Nazi militia founded by Hitler in 1921 and suppressed in 1934, with brown uniforms 褐衫队员

**brownstone** /'braʊnstəʊn/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】1a kind of reddish-brown sandstone used for building 褐砂岩 2 a building faced with brownstone 褐砂岩墙面的房屋

**brown sugar** n. unrefined or partially refined sugar 红糖

**brown trout** n. (pl. same 单复同) the common trout of European lakes and rivers, typically with dark spotted skin 鳟 [Salmo trutta.]

**browse** /braʊz/ v. 1 survey goods or text in a leisurely and casual way浏览,随便看看
> scan through a text, website, or collection of data to gain an impression of the contents 浏览,查看(文本、网站数据)2(of an animal) feed on leaves, twigs, etc. (动物)吃(叶子、嫩枝等) ■n.1 an act of browsing 随意观看,浏览2 vegetation eaten by animals (动物吃的)嫩叶,嫩枝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **browsable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. broster, from brost 'young shoot', prob. of Gmc origin.

**browser** /'braʊzə(r)/ n. 1 a person or animal that browses 浏览的人;吃东西的动物 2 Computing 【计】 a program with an interface for displaying HTML files, used to navigate the World Wide Web 浏览器

**brrr** /brrr/ exclam. used to express a reaction to feeling cold 呃,哦(表示打冷战)

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**BRU** abbr. Brunei (international vehicle registration 文莱(国际车船注册)

**brucellosis** /ˌbru:sə'ləʊsɪs/ n. a bacterial disease chiefly affecting cattle and causing undulant fever in humans 布氏菌病
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from mod. L. Brucella, genus name of the bacterium responsible (named after the Scottish physician Sir David Bruce) + -OSIS.

**brucite** /'bru:saɪt/ n. a white, grey, or greenish mineral consisting of hydrated magnesium hydroxide 水镁石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the American mineralogist Archibald Bruce.

**bruin** /'bru:ɪn/ n. a name for a bear, especially in stories(尤指故事中的)熊
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Du. bruin 'brown'; used as a name for the bear in the fable Reynard the Fox.

**bruise** /bru:z/n. an injury appearing as an area of discoloured skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood vessels(皮肤上的)淤伤,挫伤> a similar area of damage on a fruit, vegetable, or plant(水果、蔬菜或植物上的)伤痕,破损v. 1 inflict a bruise on 使淤伤,打青 be susceptible to bruising 易受伤 2 crush or pound (food)压碎,碾碎(食物)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE brȳsan 'crush, injure or damage with a blow', reinforced in ME by OFr. bruisier 'break'.

**bruiser** /'bru:zə(r)/ n. informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】a tough, aggressive person 好勇斗狠之人

**bruising** /'bru:zɪŋ/ adj. (of a contest) aggressively conducted and likely to be damaging(竞争)十分激烈的,有杀伤性的■n. bruises on the skin (皮肤上的)淤伤,青肿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bruisingly** adv.

**bruit** /bru:t/v. spread (a report or rumour) widely 散播(传闻或谣言) ■n. 1 archaic 【古】 a report or rumour 传闻,谣言2 Medicine【医】 a sound, especially an abnormal one, heard through a stethoscope(尤指听诊器中听到的)杂音
-ORIGIN 词源ME(asn.): from OFr. bruit 'noise', from bruire 'to roar'.

**brumby** /'brʌmbi/ n. (pl. **brumbies**) (in Australia) a wild or unbroken horse(澳大利亚)野马,未驯服的马
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**brume** /bru:m/ n. literary【文】mist or fog薄雾,雾
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brumous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. bruma 'winter'.

**Brummagem** /'brʌmədʒ(ə)m/ adj. informal 【非正式】1 Brit.【英】relating to Birmingham 伯明翰的2 dated【过时】cheap, showy, or counterfeit 廉价的,俗丽的,冒牌的
-ORIGIN 词源C17: dial. form.

**Brummie** /'brʌmi/(also 亦作 **Brummy**) informal 【非正式】n.(pl. **Brummies**)Brit.【英】 a person from Birmingham 伯明翰人 adj. informal 【非正式】 1 Brit.【英】from or relating to Birmingham 来自伯明翰的;与伯明翰有关的2(**brummy**) Austral./NZ 【澳新】 counterfeit, showy, or cheaply made伪造的,俗艳的;廉价的

**brunch** /brʌntʃ/ n. a late morning meal eaten instead of breakfast and lunch 早午餐

**Bruneian** /bru:'naıən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the sultanate of Brunei on the NW coast of Borneo 文莱人 ■adj. relating to Brunei 文莱的

**brunette** /bru:'net, brʊ-/ (US also 【美亦作】**brunet**) n. a woman or girl with dark brown hair 长深褐色头发的女人(或女孩)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., fem. of brunet, dimin. of brun 'brown'.

**brung** /brʌŋ/dialect past and past participle of BRING * bring 在方言中的过去式和过去分词

**brunt** /brʌnt/ n. (usu. in phr. 通常用于短语 **bear the brunt**) the chief impact of something bad 正面的冲击,首当其冲
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a blow or attack, also the force or shock of something): of unknown origin.

**bruschetta** /bru'sketə/ n. toasted Italian bread drenched in olive oil, usually served with garlic or tomatoes(通常佐以大蒜或番茄的)意大利烤面包
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from bruscare 'to toast'.

**brush¹** /brʌʃ/ n. 1 an implement with a handle and a block of bristles, hair, or wire, used for cleaning, smoothing, or painting 刷子,毛刷 an act of brushing 刷,拂,掸2aslight and fleeting touch 轻拂,轻抹,轻碰 a brief encounter with someone or something unpleasant or notable 短暂的遭遇,擦肩而过: a brush with death 与死神打了个照面 3 the bushy tail of a fox 狐狸尾巴4(usu.通常用**brushes**) a drumstick with long wire bristles, used to make a soft hissing sound 刷槌 5 a piece of carbon or metal serving as an electrical contact with a moving part in a motor or alternator 电刷 6 Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】girls or women regarded sexually 性感女子 ■v. 1 clean, smooth, or apply with a brush(用刷子)擦,掸,拂 2 touch or push lightly and gently 轻触,轻推 3 (**brush someone/thing off**) dismiss someone or something in an abrupt, contemptuous way 打发,不予理睬,漠然处之4(**brush up on** or **brush something up**) work to regain a previously learned skill复习,温故
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brushless** adj. (chiefly technical 【主技】). **brushy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: noun from OFr. broisse; verb partly from OFr. brosser 'to sweep'.

**brush²** /brʌʃ/n. chiefly N. Amer. & Austral./NZ【主北美,澳新】 undergrowth, small trees, and shrubs下木,灌木-N. Amer.【北美】cut brushwood (砍下的)枝桠材-Austral./NZ 【澳新】 dense forest 密林
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. broce, perh. based on L. bruscum, denoting an excrescence on a maple.

**brush discharge** n. a broad electrical discharge from a conductor occurring when the potential difference is high but not sufficient for a spark or arc 刷形放电

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**brushed** /brʌft/ adj. 1 (of fabric) having a soft raised nap(织物)拉绒的2(of metal) finished with a non-reflective surface(金属)哑光的

**brush-off** n. informal 【非正式】 a rejection or dismissal 拒绝;解雇

**brushstroke** /'brʌfstrəʊk/ n. a mark made by a paintbrush drawn across a surface一笔,一画

**brushtail** /'brʌʃteɪl/(also 亦作 **brushtail possum**) n. a mainly tree-dwelling nocturnal Australian marsupial with a pointed muzzle and a furred tail with a naked tip 帚尾袋貂 [Trichosurus vulpecula and related species.]

**brush-turkey** n. a large mound-building bird resembling a turkey, found mainly in New Guinea 塚雉[Family Megapodiidae: several species.]

**brush wolf**n. North American term for COYOTE * coyote 的北美说法

**brushwood** /'brʌʃwʊd/ n. undergrowth, twigs, and small branches 灌木,树枝,嫩枝

**brushwork** /'brʌʃwɜ:k/ n. the way in which a painter uses their brush(画家的)笔法,绘画风格

**brusque** /brusk, bru:sk/ adj. abrupt or offhand 唐突的,冷淡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brusquely** adv. **brusqueness** n. **brusquerie** /'brusk(ə)ri:, 'bru:-/n. (archaic 【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., 'lively, fierce', from Ital. brusco 'sour'.

**Brussels carpet** /'brʌslz/ n. a carpet with a heavy woollen pile and a strong linen back 布鲁塞尔毛圈地毯

**Brussels lace** /'brʌslz/n. an elaborate kind of lace, typically with a raised design 布鲁塞尔梭结花边

**Brussels sprout** /'brʌslz/ (also 亦作 **Brussel sprout**) n. a vegetable consisting of the small compact bud of a variety of cabbage which bears many such buds along a tall single stem 抱子甘蓝

**brut** /bru:t/ adj. (of sparkling wine) very dry(汽酒)无甜味的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'raw, rough'.

**brutal** /'bru:tl/ adj. 1 savagely violent 残忍的,野蛮的2 without any attempt to disguise unpleasantness 直截了当的,毫无掩饰的: brutal honesty 冷酷的直接3 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】very bad极差的,糟透的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brutality** /bru:'tælɪti/n. **brutally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15(in the sense 'relating to the lower animals'): from OFr., or from med. L. brutalis, from brutus (see见 BRUTE).

**brutalism** /'bru:təlɪzəm/ n. 1 cruelty and savageness 残忍,野蛮 2 a stark style of functionalist architecture that makes use of steel and concrete in massive blocks 粗野主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brutalist** n. & adj.

**brutalize** or **brutalise** /'bru:təlaɪz/ v. 1 make brutal by repeated exposure to violence 使无情;使麻木2 treat brutally 残暴对待
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brutalization** n.

**brute** /bru:t/ n. 1 a violent or savage person or animal 残暴的人(或野兽) informal 【非正式】a cruel or insensitive person 残忍的人;麻木的人2 an animal as opposed to a human being 野兽 adj. 1 unreasoning and animal-like 不理智的,野兽似的2 merely physical 纯体力的: brute force 纯蛮力3 harsh or inescapable 残酷的;不可避免的: brute necessity 残酷的必然性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **brutish** adj. **brutishly** adv. **brutishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(as adj.): from OFr. brut(e), from L. brutus 'dull, stupid'.

**bruxism** /'brʌksɪz(ə)m/n. Medicine 【医】 involuntary habitual grinding of the teeth, typically during sleep 夜磨牙症
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk brukhein 'gnash the teeth' + -ISM.

**Brylcreem** /'brɪlkri:m/ n. trademark【商标】a cream used on men's hair to give it a smooth, shiny appearance * Brylcreem 发乳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Brylcreemed** adj.

**bryology** /braɪ'ɒlədʒi/ n. the study of mosses and liverworts 苔藓植物学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bryological** adj. **bryologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Gk bruon 'moss' + -LOGY.

**bryony** /'braɪəni/ n. (pl. **bryonies**) a climbing hedgerow plant with red berries 泻根 [Bryonia dioica (**white bryony**) and Tamus communis (**black bryony**).]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, via L. from Gk bruōnia.

**bryophyte** /'braɪə(ʊ)faɪt/n. Botany 【植】 a small flowerless green plant of the division Bryophyta, which comprises the mosses and liverworts 苔藓植物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Bryophyta, from Gk bruon 'moss' + phuta 'plants'.

**bryozoan** /ˌbraɪə'zəʊən/ Zoology 【动】 n. a sedentary aquatic invertebrate of the phylum Bryozoa, which comprises the moss animals 苔藓动物 adj. relating to the bryozoans 苔藓动物的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Bryozoa, from Gk bruon 'moss' + zōia 'animals'.

**Brythonic** /brɪ'θɒnɪk/ (also 亦作 **Brittonic**) n. the southern group of Celtic languages, consisting of Welsh, Cornish, and Breton 布里索尼诸语言(包括威尔士语、康沃尔语和布列塔尼语)Compare with 比较 GOIDELIC. adj. denoting or relating to Brythonic 布里索尼诸语言的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Welsh Brython 'Britons' + -IC.

**BS** abbr. 1 US 【美】 Bachelor of Science 理学士 2 Bachelor of Surgery 外科学士 3 Blessed Sacrament 圣(餐)礼4British Standard(s) 英国标准 5 N. Amer. vulgar slang【北美,粗俚】bullshit 胡说,废话

**BSc** abbr. Bachelor of Science 理学士

**BSE** abbr. bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a fatal disease of cattle which affects the central nervous system, causing agitation and staggering, and is believed to be related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans 牛海绵状脑病

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**BSI** abbr. British Standards Institution 英国标准协会

**B-side** /'bi:saɪd/ n. the less important side of a gramophone record(唱片的)B面

**BSL** abbr. British Sign Language 英国手语

**BST** abbr. 1 bovine somatotrophin, especially as an additive in cattle feed 牛生长激素(尤用作牛饲料添加剂)2 British Summer Time 英国夏令时

**BT** abbr. British Telecom 英国电信公司

**Bt** abbr. baronet

**B2B** /ˌbi:tə'bi:/ abbr. business-to-business, denoting trade conducted via the Internet between businesses 商对商,企业对企业

**B2C** /ˌbi:tə'si:/ abbr. business-to-consumer, denoting trade conducted via the Internet between businesses and consumers商对客,企业对消费者

**Btu** (also亦作 **BTU**) abbr. British thermal unit(s)

**BTW** /ˌbaɪðə'weɪ/abbr. by the way 顺便地

**bub** /bʌb/n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a rude or aggressive way of addressing a boy or man 小家伙,老弟(粗鲁或具有挑衅意味)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from earlier bubby (perh. a child's form of BROTHER), or from Ger. Bube 'boy'.

**bubba** /'bʌbə/n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】1 a form of address to a brother 布巴(用于称呼兄弟) 2 derogatory【贬】an uneducated conservative white male of the southern US 美国南方未受教育的保守白种男人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of BROTHER; cf. BUB.

**bubble** /'bʌbl/ n. 1 a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gas泡,水泡,泡沫
> an air- or gas-filled spherical cavity in a liquid or a solidified liquid such as glass 气泡2 a transparent domed cover or enclosure 透明圆罩 a place or position that is protected from danger or unpleasant reality 安全岛,避风港,世外桃源 ■V.1 (of a liquid) be agitated by rising bubbles of air or gas(液体)冒泡,起泡2 (**bubble with**) be filled with (an irrepressible positive feeling)洋溢(难以抑制的良好感觉)3(**bubble up**) (of a feeling) intensify to the point of being expressed(情绪)充溢
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: partly imitative, partly an alt. of BURBLE.

**bubble and squeak**n. Brit. 【英】 a dish of cooked cabbage fried with cooked potatoes 油煎土豆卷心菜

**bubble bath** n. fragrant liquid added to bathwater to make it foam (沐浴用的)起泡剂

**bubble car** n. a small car with a transparent domed canopy and typically three wheels 泡泡车(多为三个轮子)

**bubble chamber**n. Physics 【物】 an apparatus in which the tracks of ionizing particles are visible as a row of bubbles in a liquid 气泡室

**bubblegum** /'bʌblgʌm/ n. 1 chewing gum that can be blown into bubbles 泡泡糖 2 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】simple, catchy pop music aimed particularly at teenagers 泡泡糖摇滚乐

**bubblehead** /'bʌblhed/n. informal 【非正式】a foolish person 蠢货,笨蛋

**bubblejet printer** /'bʌbldʒet/ n. a form of inkjet printer 气泡式喷墨打印机

**bubble pack** n. a small package enclosing goods in transparent dome-shaped plastic on a flat cardboard backing 泡壳包装

**bubbler** /'bʌb(ə)lə(r)/ n. Austral. & US【澳,美】a drinking fountain 喷泉式饮水器

**bubble shell** n. a marine mollusc with a thin scroll-like shell 泡螺[Bullidae and related families: many species.]

**bubble wrap**n. (trademark in the US 【美国商标】) plastic packaging in sheets containing numerous small air cushions气泡膜,塑料泡膜

**bubbly** /'bʌbli/ adj. (**bubblier**, **bubbliest**) 1 containing bubbles多泡的,起泡的 2 cheerful and high-spirited 兴高采烈的n. informal 【非正式】 champagne 香槟

**bubo** /'bju:bəʊ/ n. (pl. **buboes**) a swollen inflamed lymph node in the armpit or groin 腹股沟淋巴结炎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bubonic** /bju:'bɒnɪk/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., from Gk boubōn 'groin or swelling in the groin'.

**bubonic plague** n. a form of plague transmitted by rat fleas and characterized by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes 腺鼠疫

**buccal** /'bʌkl/ adj. technical 【技】 relating to the cheek or mouth(面)颊的,口的,口腔的
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from L. bucca 'cheek' + -AL.

**buccaneer** /ˌbʌkə'nıə(r)/ n. 1 historical【史义】 a pirate, originally one preying on ships in the Caribbean 海盗(最初在加勒比海出没) 2a recklessly adventurous and unscrupulous person 冒险家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buccaneering** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. denoting European hunters in the Caribbean): from Fr. boucanier, from boucan 'a frame on which to cook or cure meat', from Tupi mukem.

**buccinator** /'bʌksɪneɪtə/ n. Anatomy 【解】a flat, thin muscle in the wall of the cheek 颊肌
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from buccinare 'blow a trumpet'.

**buchu** /'bʌku:/ n. 1 a heather-like South African shrub, cultivated for its essential oil and as an ornamental 布枯 [Agathosma betulina and other species.] 2 a diuretic drug made from buchu leaves 利尿剂(由布枯叶制成)
-ORIGIN词源C18: from Khoikhoi.

**buck¹** /bʌk/ n. 1 the male of some animals, especially deer and antelopes 雄性动物(尤指鹿和羚羊) S. African 【南非】 an antelope (of either sex)羚羊 2 a vertical jump performed by a horse, with the head lowered, back arched, and back legs thrown out behind(马的)弓背跃起 3 archaic 【古】a fashionable and daring young man 花花公子,纨绔子弟■v. 1 (of a horse) perform a buck (马)突然弓背跃起 2 oppose or resist反抗;抵制: **buck the trend** 顶住势头3(**buck someone up** or **buck up**) informal 【非正式】make or become more cheerful(使)振奋adj. US military slang【美,军俚】 lowest of a particular rank(某军衔等级中)级别最低的: a buck private 三等兵

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-PHRASES 短语 **buck up one's ideas** become more serious, energetic, and hard-working 振作起来,打起精神
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: partly from buc 'male deer', of Gmc origin; reinforced by bucca 'male goat'.

**buck²** /bʌk/n. informal 【非正式】 1 N. Amer. & Austral./NZ【北美,澳新】adollar(一)美元;(一)澳元2 S. African 【南非】 a rand垫皮,衬底3 Indian【印度】a rupee(一)卢比
-PHRASES 短语 **a fast buck** easily and quickly earned money 快钱,容易之财
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**buck³** /bʌk/n. an object placed as a reminder in front of a poker player whose turn it is to deal 培克
-PHRASES 短语 **the buck stops here** informal 【非正式】 the responsibility for something cannot be passed to someone else 责任止于此 **pass the buck** informal【非正式】shift responsibility to someone else 推卸责任
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**buckaroo** /ˌbʌkə'ru:/n. N. Amer. dated 【北美,过时】 a cowboy 牛仔
-ORIGIN词源C19: alt. of VAQUERO.

**buckbean** /'bʌkbi:n/ n. another term for BOGBEAN * bogbean的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Flemish bocks boonen 'goat's beans'.

**buckboard** /'bʌkbɔ:d/n. N. Amer. 【北美】an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels and seating that is attached to a plank between the front and rear axles 弹性板四轮马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from buck 'body of a cart' (perh. a var. of obs. bouk 'belly, body') + BOARD.

**buckeen** /bʌ'ki:n/ n. historical 【史义】 a poor but aspiring young man of the lower Anglo-Irish gentry 破落贵族,贫穷但有抱负的青年

**bucket** /'bʌkɪt/ n. 1 a cylindrical open container with a handle, used to carry liquids(水)桶,(盛液体的)吊桶 a compartment on the outer edge of a waterwheel(水车的)戽斗 the scoop of a dredger or grain elevator, or one attached to the front of a digger or tractor(挖泥船或谷物升降机的)铲斗,戽斗;(挖掘机或拖拉机的)挖斗,铲斗2(**buckets**) informal【非正式】 large quantities of liquid 大量液体 ■v. (**buckets**, **bucketing**, **bucketed**) informal 【非正式】1(**bucket down**) Brit. 【英】 rain heavily下大雨,大雨倾盆2 (of a vehicle) move quickly and jerkily(车辆)急速颠簸着行驶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bucketful** n. (pl. **bucketfuls**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. buquet 'tub, pail', perh. from OE būc 'belly, pitcher'.

**bucketload** /'bʌkɪtləʊd/n. as much as can be held by a bucket 一桶的量 informal 【非正式】 a large amount or number 大量,许多

**bucket seat** n. a vehicle seat with a rounded back to fit one person 凹背单人坐椅

**bucket shop** n. informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】 1 an unauthorized office speculating in stocks or currency using the funds of unwitting investors 投机性证券经纪行 2 Brit. 【英】 a travel agency providing cheap air tickets(提供廉价机票的)旅行社

**buckeye** /'bʌkaɪ/ n. 1 an American tree or shrub related to the horse chestnut 七叶树 [Genus Aesculus: several species.] ➤ the shiny brown nut of the buckeye 七叶树的坚果2 an orange and brown New World butterfly with conspicuous eyespots on the wings 北美眼蛱蝶[Junonia coenia.] 3 (**Buckeye**) US informal【美,非正式】a native of the state of Ohio 俄亥俄州人

**buckhorn** /'bʌkhɔ:n/n. horn of a deer used for knife handles and rifle sights 鹿角

**buckjump** /'bʌkdʒʌmp/ Austral./NZ 【澳新】 v. (of a horse) jump vertically with its head lowered, back arched, and legs drawn together (马)弓背跳起n. an act of buckjumping(马的)弓背跳跃动作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buckjumper** n.

**buckle** /'bʌkl/ n. a flat rectangular or oval frame with a hinged pin, used for joining the ends of a belt or strap 搭扣,扣环 v. 1 fasten or decorate with a buckle(用搭扣)系牢(或装饰)2 bend and give way under pressure屈服,退让 3 (**buckle down**) tackle a task with determination 全力以赴,努力从事
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bocle, from L. buccula 'cheek strap of a helmet', from bucca 'cheek'; sense 2 is from Fr. boucler 'to bulge'.

**buckler** /'bʌklə(r)/ n. historical 【史义】 a small round shield held by a handle or worn on the forearm 小圆盾
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. (escu) bocler, lit. '(shield) with a boss', from bocle (see见 BUCKLE).

**Buckley's** /'bʌkli:z/ n. (in phr.用于短语 **have Buckley's chance**) Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】have little or no chance 希望渺茫,毫无机会
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of uncertain origin.

**buckling** /'bʌklıŋ/ n. a smoked herring 熏鲱鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger. Bückling 'bloater'.

**buckminsterfullerene** /ˌbʌkmɪnstə'fʊləri:n/n. Chemistry 【化】 a form of carbon having molecules of 60 atoms arranged in a polyhedron resembling a geodesic sphere 巴基球;富勒烯 See also另见 FULLERENE.
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: named after the American designer and architect Richard Buckminster Fuller.

**buck naked** adj. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】completely naked一丝不挂的

**bucko** /'bʌkəʊ/ n. (pl. **buckoes** or **buckos**) informal 【非正式】a young man 小伙子,年轻人

**buckra** /'bʌkrə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **buckras**) US & W. Indian informal, chiefly derogatory【美,西印,非正式,主贬】 a white man 白人
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from Ibibio and Efik (m)bakara 'European, master'.

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**buckram** /'bʌkrəm/ n. coarse linen or other cloth stiffened with paste, used as interfacing and in bookbinding 硬麻布,硬衬
-PHRASES 短语 **men in buckram** archaic 【古】 non-existent people 不存在的人,莫须有的人[with allusion to Shakespeare's 1 Henry IV II. iv. 210-250.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. boquerant, perh. from Bukhoro, a city in Uzbekistan.

**Bucks.** /bɒks/abbr. Buckinghamshire(英国)白金汉郡

**Buck's Fizz** n. Brit. 【英】 champagne or sparkling white wine mixed with orange juice as a cocktail巴克鸡尾酒
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from the name Buck's Club, in London.

**buckshee** /bʌk'ʃi:, 'bʌkʃi:/ adj. informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】free of charge 免费的
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: alt. of BAKSHEESH.

**buckshot** /'bʌkʃɒt/ n. coarse lead shot used in shotgun shells 大型铅弹

**buckskin** /'bʌkskɪn/ n. 1 the skin of a male deer 鹿皮(**buckskins**) clothes or shoes made from buckskin 鹿皮衣(或鞋)2thick smooth cotton or woollen fabric棉布,毛织品3 N. Amer.【北美】a horse of a greyish-yellow colour 灰黄色的马
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buckskinned** adj.

**buckthorn** /'bʌkθɔ:n/ n. a thorny shrub or small tree which bears black berries 鼠李 [Rhamnus cathartica and other species.]

**buck tooth** n. an upper tooth that projects over the lower lip 龅牙
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buck-toothed** adj.

**buckwheat** /'bʌkwi:t/ n. an Asian plant of the dock family, producing starchy seeds used for fodder or milled into flour 养荞麦 [Fagopyrum esculentum.]
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from MDu. boecweite 'beech wheat', its grains being shaped like beechmast.

**buckyballs** /'bʌkibɔ:lz/pl. n. Chemistry, informal 【化,非正式】spherical molecules of a fullerene, especially buckminsterfullerene 巴奇球

**buckytubes** /'bʌkitju:bz/pl. n. Chemistry, informal 【化,非正式】cylindrical molecules of a fullerene 富勒烯圆柱型分子

**bucolic** /bju:'kɒlɪk/ adj. relating to rural or pastoral life 田园生活的,乡村生活的■n. a pastoral poem 田园诗,牧歌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bucolically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk boukolikos, from boukolos 'herdsman', from bous 'ox'.

**bud¹** /bʌd/mn. 1 a compact knob-like growth on a plant which develops into a leaf, flower, or shoot 芽 2 Biology【生物】 an outgrowth from an organism that separates to form a new individual asexually 芽体 3 Zoology 【动】 a rudimentary leg or other appendage of an animal which has not yet grown, or never will grow, to full size 退化的腿,其他不发育(或已退化)的附器■v. (**buds**, **budding**, **budded**) Biology 【生物】form a bud 发芽,萌芽 graft a bud of (a plant) on to another plant 芽接,把(一种植物的)芽嫁接到另一种植物上
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bud²** /bʌd/n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 another term for BUDDY * buddy的另一种说法

**Buddhism** /'bʊdɪz(ə)m/ n. a widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddartha Gautama (Buddha; c.563-c.460 BC) in NE India in the 5th century BC, which teaches that enlightenment may be reached by elimination of earthly desires and of the idea of the self 佛教
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Buddhist** n. & adj. **Buddhistic** adj.

**budding** /'bʌdıŋ/ adj. beginning and showing signs of promise 崭露头角的,有前途的

**buddle** /'bʌdl/n. a shallow container in which ore is washed 洗矿槽,淘汰盘
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**buddleia** /'bʌdliə/ n. a shrub with clusters of fragrant lilac, white, or yellow flowers 大叶醉鱼草[Buddleia davidii (butterfly bush) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L.: named in honour of the English botanist Adam Buddle (died 1715).

**buddy** /'bʌdi/ informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】n. (pl. **buddies**) a close friend 密友,好友 ➢a working companion with whom close cooperation is required 搭档,合作伙伴 a person who befriends and helps an Aids sufferer(尤指帮助艾滋病患者的)义工 ■v.(**buddies**, **buddying**, **buddied**) (often 常用 **buddy up with/to**) become friendly with与……成为朋友,与…交友
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. an alt. of BROTHER, or a var. of BUTTY².

**budge** /bʌdʒ/v. 1 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] make or cause to make the slightest movement (使)稍稍移动(**budge up** or **over**) informal【非正式】make room for another person by moving 给别人腾出空 2 change or cause to change an opinion (使)改变主意
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bouger 'to stir', based on L. bullire 'to boil'.

**budgerigar** /'bʌdʒ(ə)rıga:(r)/ n. a small gregarious Australian parakeet which is green with a yellow head in the wild, but has been bred in a variety of colours as a pet 虎皮鹦鹉 [Melopsittacus undulatus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of Aborig. origin, perh. an alt. of Kamilaroi gijirrigaa.

**budget** /'bʌdʒɪt/ n. 1 an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time 预算方案
> (**Budget**) a regular estimate of national revenue and expenditure put forward by a finance minister 国家预算 2 the amount of money needed or available for a purpose 项目款项,专款3 archaic 【古】 a quantity of written or printed material 一批书面(或印刷)材料 ■v. (**budgets**, **budgeting**, **budgeted**) allow a certain amount in a budget 编入预算 ■adj. inexpensive 便宜的,不贵的: budget holidays 花钱不多的假期
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **budgetary** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'a pouch or wallet'): from OFr. bougette, dimin. of bouge, from L. bulga, of Gaulish origin; in the mid 18th cent. the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in presenting his annual statement, was said 'to open the budget'.

**budgie** /'bʌdʒi/ n. (pl. **budgies**) informal term for BUDGERIGAR * budgerigar 的非正式说法

**budo** /'bu:dəʊ/ n. martial arts 日本武术,武道 the code on which martial arts are all based 武道规范,武道准则
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese budō, from bu 'military' + dō 'way'.

**budwood** /'bʌdwʊd/n. lengths of young branches with buds prepared for grafting on to the rootstock of another plant 接穗

**budworm** /'bʌdwɜ:m/ n. a moth caterpillar that is destructive to buds, especially of spruce and other conifers(尤指危害云杉等针叶树嫩芽的)蛾幼虫

**buff¹** /bʌf/ n. 1 a yellowish-beige colour 浅黄色,米色 2 a dull yellow leather with a velvety surface (表面柔滑的)暗黄色皮革3 a cloth or pad used for polishing 抛光布;抛光垫v. polish (something) 擦亮,擦光 give (leather) a velvety finish by removing the surface of the grain 给(皮革)上光adj. (also 亦作 **buffed**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】in good physical shape; muscular 身材好的;健壮的
-PHRASES 短语 **in the buff** informal 【非正式】 naked 裸体的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from Fr. buffle, from Ital. bufalo, from late L. bufalus(see 见 BUFFALO).

**buff²** /bʌf/n. informal 【非正式】 a person who is interested in and very knowledgeable about a particular subject爱好者,………迷: a computer buff 电脑迷
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from BUFF¹, orig. applied to fire-watchers, because of the buff uniforms worn by New York firemen.

**buffalo** /'bʌf(ə)ləʊ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **buffaloes**) 1 a heavily built wild ox with swept-back horns 水牛 [Synceros caffer (sub-Saharan Africa) and genus Bubalus (India and SE Asia, four species).] 2 the North American bison 北美野牛 ■v. (**buffaloes**, **buffaloing**, **buffaloed**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】overawe; intimidate 吓唬,恫吓baffle使困惑,难倒
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from Port. bufalo, from late L. bufalus, from earlier bubalus, from Gk boubalos 'antelope, wild ox'.

**buffalo grass** n. 1 a creeping grass of the North American plains 野牛草 [Buchloe dactyloides.] 2 a grass of Australia and New Zealand 侧钝叶草[Stenotaphrum secundatum.]

**Buffalo wings** pl. n. N. Amer. 【北美】 deep-fried chicken wings in a spicy sauce, served with blue-cheese dressing 布法罗炸鸡翅

**buffer¹** /'bʌfə(r)/ n. 1 (**buffers**) Brit. 【英】 a pair of shock-absorbing pistons projecting from a cross-beam at the end of a railway track or on a railway vehicle(铁轨末端或铁路车辆的)活塞缓冲器,活塞减震器 2 a person or thing that reduces a shock or forms a barrier between adversaries 起缓冲作用的人(或物)3(also 亦作 **buffer solution**) Chemistry 【化】 a solution which resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it 缓冲液4 Computing 【计】 a temporary memory area or queue used when creating or editing text, or when transferring data 缓冲器,缓冲区 ■v. 1 lessen or moderate the impact of 缓冲,减轻2 treat with a chemical buffer 用缓冲液处理
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from obs. buff (v.), imitative of the sound of a blow to a soft body.

**buffer²** /'bʌfə(r)/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a foolishly old-fashioned or incompetent elderly man 守旧的老顽固,无能的老家伙
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. from obs. buff (see见 BUFFER¹), or from dial. buff 'stutter, splutter'.

**buffer state** n. a small neutral country situated between two larger hostile countries缓冲国(两个敌对大国之间的中立小国)

**buffer stock** n. a reserve of a commodity that can be used to offset price fluctuations 缓冲存货,缓冲储备

**buffet¹** /'bʊfeɪ, 'bʌfeɪ/ n. 1 a meal consisting of several dishes from which guests serve themselves 自助餐 2 a room or counter in a station, hotel, etc. selling light meals or snacks 快餐部;点心柜台
> (also 亦作 **buffet car**) Brit. 【英】 a railway carriage selling light meals or snacks(列车上的)餐车3 /also 亦读 'bɒfɪt/ a piece of dining-room furniture with cupboards and open shelves for crockery 餐具柜(或架)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from OFr. bufet 'stool'.

**buffet²** /'bʌfɪt/ v. (**buffets**, **buffeting**, **buffeted**) (especially of wind or waves) strike repeatedly and violently(尤指风、浪)连续拍打,反复猛击 n. 1 dated【过时】 a blow 打击 2 Aeronautics【航空】 another term for BUFFETING * buffeting 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. buffeter (v.), buffet (n.), dimin. of bufe 'a blow'.

**buffet³** /'bɒfɪt/n. Scottish & N. English 【苏格兰,英北】a low stool or hassock矮凳;踏脚凳
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bufet, of unknown origin.

**buffeting** /'bʌfıtıŋ/ n. Aeronautics 【航空】 irregular oscillation of part of an aircraft, caused by turbulence 抖振

**bufflehead** /'bʌf(ə)lhed/ n. a small diving duck related to the goldeneye, with a large puffy head巨头鹊鸭[Bucephala albeola.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'simpleton'): from obs. buffle 'buffalo' + HEAD.

**buffo** /'bu:fəʊ/ n. (pl. **buffos**) a comic part or actor in Italian opera(意大利歌剧中的)滑稽男演员,丑角 adj. of or typical of Italian comic opera 意大利滑稽歌剧(特有)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., 'puff of wind, buffoon'.

**buffoon** /bə'fu:n/ n. a ridiculous but amusing person 滑稽的人;小丑

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buffoonery** n. (pl. **buffooneries**). **buffoonish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bouffon, from Ital. buffone, from med. L. buffo 'clown'.

**bug** /bʌg/n. 1 informal 【非正式】a harmful microorganism 病菌 an illness caused by a microorganism 因病菌引起的疾病 2 Entomology 【昆】an insect of a large order having piercing and sucking mouthparts, including aphids, leafhoppers, cicadas, and many other insects 半翅目昆虫 [Order Hemiptera.] chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】any small insect 小昆虫 3 informal 【非正式】 an enthusiasm for something 着迷,热衷:They caught the sailing bug. 他们迷上了帆船运动。a concealed miniature microphone as used for secret recording 窃听器4 an error in a computer program or system(计算机程序或系统的)故障,错误■v.(**bugs**, **bugging**, **bugged**) 1 conceal a miniature microphone in 装窃听器于2 informal 【非正式】 annoy; bother 使恼怒;烦扰,打扰3(**bug off**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 go away 走开
>(**bug out**) leave quickly 急速地离开4(**bug out**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 bulge outwards 凸出
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**bugaboo** /'bʌgəbu:/n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】an object of fear; a bogey吓人的东西;妖怪
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. of Celtic origin and rel. to Welsh bwci bo 'bogey, the Devil', bwci 'hobgoblin', and Cornish bucca.

**bugbane** /'bʌgbeɪn/ n. a tall plant with spikes of cream or yellow flowers and fern-like leaves, formerly used to drive away bedbugs 升麻 [Cimicifuga foetida and related species.]

**bugbear** /'bʌgbeə(r)/ n. 1 a cause of obsessive fear, anxiety, or irritation 使人特别害怕(或焦虑、烦恼)的根由2 archaic【古】 an imaginary being invoked to frighten children(用以吓唬孩子的)虚构的怪物
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from obs. bug 'bogey' (of unknown origin) + BEAR².

**bug-eyed** adj. having bulging eyes 眼睛暴凸的

**bugger** /'bʌgə(r)/ vulgar slang, chiefly Brit.【粗俚,主英】 n. 1 a contemptible or pitied person 卑鄙小人;可怜虫an annoyingly awkward thing 让人讨厌的事物2 derogatory 【贬】 a person who commits buggery 鸡奸者■v.1 practise buggery with 与………鸡奸 2 cause serious harm or trouble to 给…造成严重损坏(或麻烦) (**bugger about/around**) act stupidly or carelessly 愚蠢(或敷衍)地做某事 3 (**bugger off**) go away 走开 exclam. (also 亦作 **buggeration**) used to express annoyance 该死 (表示恼怒)
-PHRASES 短语 **bugger all** nothing无,什么都没有
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. denoting a heretic): from MDu., from OFr. bougre 'heretic', from med. L. Bulgarus 'Bulgarian', particularly one belonging to the Orthodox Church.

**buggery** /'bʌg(ə)ri/ n. anal intercourse 鸡奸,肛交

**Buggins's turn** /'bʌgɪnz/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a system by which appointments or awards are made in rotation rather than by merit 轮流任职,轮流获奖(而不是凭才能)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Buggins, used to represent a typical surname.

**buggy¹** /'bʌgi/ n. (pl. **buggies**) 1 a small motor vehicle with an open top 小型敞篷车辆2(also亦作 **baby buggy**) a light collapsible pushchair(轻便可折叠的)婴儿手推车3 historical【史义】a light horse-drawn vehicle for one or two people(供1至2人乘坐的)轻便马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**buggy²** /'bʌgi/ adj. (**buggier**, **buggiest**) 1 infested with bugs 被臭虫叮咬的2N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】mad疯的,精神失常的

**bughouse** /'bʌghaʊs/n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a psychiatric hospital 精神病院,疯人院

**bugle¹** /'bju:gl/n. (also 亦作 **bugle-horn**) a brass instrument like a small trumpet, traditionally used for military signals号角,军号,喇叭 ■v. sound a bugle 吹号
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bugler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the sense 'wild ox'): via OFr. from L. buculus, dimin. of bos 'ox'; hence bugle-horn, denoting the horn of an ox used to give signals.

**bugle²** /'bju:gl/ (N. Amer. also【北美亦作】 **bugleweed**) n. a creeping plant with blue flowers on upright stems 筋骨草 [Ajuga reptans and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. bugula.

**bugle³** /'bju:gl/n. an ornamental tube-shaped bead on clothing(衣服上装饰用的)柱状小珠
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**bugloss** /'bju:glɒs/ n. a bristly plant of the borage family, with bright blue flowers 牛舌草[Anchusa arvensis and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. buglosse or L. buglossus, from Gk bouglōssos 'ox-tongued', from bous 'ox' + glōssa 'tongue'.

**buhl** /bu:l/ n. variant spelling of BOULLE * boulle 的另一种拼法

**build** /bɪld/ v. (past and past part. **built**) 1 construct by putting parts or materials together 建造,建筑
> (**build something in/into**) incorporate something as a permanent part of 使永久成为………的一部分 2 increase in size or intensity over time 增大;加强(**build on**) use as a basis for further development 在……的基础上发展;把…建立于n. 1 the proportions of a person's or animal's body 体形,体格2 the style or form of construction of something 造型,构造
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **builder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE byldan, from bold, botl 'dwelling', of Gmc origin; rel. to BOWER¹.

**building** /'bıldıŋ/ n. 1 a structure with a roof and walls 建筑,房屋 2 the process or trade of building houses and other structures建筑,建造;建筑业

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**building society** n. Brit. 【英】 a financial organization owned by its members which pays interest on their investments and lends capital for mortgages 建屋互助会

**build-up** n. 1 a gradual accumulation or increase 积聚;增长2 a period of excitement and preparation before a significant event(重大活动前的)准备期,准备时间

**built** /bɪlt/ past and past participle of BUILD * build 的过去式和过去分词 adj. of a specified physical build 有……体格(或体形)的: a slightly built woman 一位身材娇小的女人

**built-in** adj. forming an integral part of a structure 内置的,嵌入式的 inherent; innate内在的;天生的,固有的

**built-up** adj. 1 (of an area) densely covered by buildings(某地区)建筑物多的,高楼林立的2 increased in height by the addition of parts 加高的;垫高的

**bulb** /bʌlb/n. 1 a rounded underground storage organ present in lilies and some other plants, consisting of a short stem surrounded by fleshy leaf bases and lying dormant over winter 鳞茎,球茎2 short for LIGHT BULB * light bulb 的缩略式3 an expanded or rounded part at the end of something (事物末端的)球状物4a hollow container from which air can be expelled by squeezing, used to fill a syringe, pipette, etc.(注射器,吸管等的)喷头
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk bolbos 'onion, bulbous root'.

**bulbil** /'bʌlbɪl/ n. Botany 【植】 a small bulb-like structure, especially in the axil of a leaf, which may fall to form a new plant(尤指叶腋处可能会落地长成新植株的)珠芽,小鳞茎
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. bulbillus, dimin. of bulbus 'onion, bulbous root'.

**bulbous** /'bʌlbəs/ adj. 1 round or bulging in shape 圆鼓鼓的2(of a plant) growing from a bulb (植物)由球茎(或鳞茎)生长而成的

**bulbul** /'bʊlbʊl/ n. a tropical African and Asian songbird, typically with drab plumage 鹎 [Family Pycnonotidae: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Pers., of imitative origin.

**Bulgar** /'bʌlga:(r)/ n. a member of a Slavic people who settled in what is now Bulgaria in the 7th century 保加利亚人(7世纪时定居在当今保加利亚的一部分斯拉夫人)
-ORIGIN 词源 from med. L. Bulgarus, from Old Church Slavonic Blūgarinŭ.

**Bulgarian** /bʌl'geəriən/ n. 1 a native or national of Bulgaria 保加利亚人2 the Southern Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria 保加利亚语 adj. relating to Bulgaria, its people, or their language 保加利亚的;保加利亚人的;保加利亚语的

**bulgar wheat** /'bɒlgə(r)/ (also 亦作 **bulgur wheat**) n. a cereal food made from whole wheat partially boiled then dried 干小麦(将全麦煮后再弄干的一种谷类食物)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Turk. bulgur 'bruised grain'.

**bulge** /bʌldʒ/ n. 1 a rounded swelling distorting a flat surface 膨胀;肿胀2 Military【军】 a piece of land projecting outwards from an otherwise regular line 凸出部 3 informal 【非正式】a temporary increase 暂时的增长: a bulge in the birth rate 出生率的暴增 ■V. swell or protrude to an unnatural extent 膨胀;凸出 ➤ be full of and distended with 装满,塞满
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bulging** adj. **bulgingly** adv. **bulgy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'wallet or bag') : from OFr. boulge, from L. bulga (see见 BUDGET).

**bulimarexia** /bju:,lımə'reksiǝ, bʊ-/ n. chiefly US 【主美】 another term for BULIMIA * bulimia 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bulimarexic** adj. & n.

**bulimia** /bju:'lımiǝ, bʊ-/(also 亦作 **bulimia nervosa**) n. an emotional disorder characterized by bouts of overeating, typically alternating with fasting or self-induced vomiting or purging 神经性贪食(症)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bulimic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as bolisme, later bulimy): mod. L., or from med. L. bolismos, from Gk boulimia 'ravenous hunger', from bous 'ox' + limos 'hunger'.

**bulk** /bʌlk/ n. 1 the mass or magnitude of something large(大的)体积
> a large mass or shape 大块,大块;巨大的形状 [as modifier 作修饰语] large in quantity 大量的,大批的: a bulk supplier 批量供应商 2 the greater part 大部分,一大半: The bulk of the traffic had passed. 车流高峰已经过去。3 roughage in food 食物纤维质4 cargo in an unpackaged mass 散装货物■v. 1 treat (a product) so that its quantity appears greater than it is 使(产品)数量显得很大 2 combine (shares or commodities for sale)合并(待售的股票或商品)
-PHRASES 短语 **bulk large** be of great size or importance 显得巨大(或重要)**in bulk** 1 (of goods) in large quantities(商品)大批量的2(of a cargo or commodity) not packaged(货物或商品)散装的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from ON búlki 'cargo'; perh. also by alt. of obs. bouk 'belly, body'.

**bulk buying** n. the purchase of goods in large amounts, typically at a discount 大宗购买,成批进货
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bulk-buy** v.

**bulk carrier** n. a ship that carries non-liquid cargoes in bulk 散货船

**bulkhead** /'bʌlkhed/n. a barrier between separate compartments inside a ship, aircraft, etc.(船或飞机的)舱壁,隔板,隔离壁
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from ON bálkr 'partition' + HEAD.

**bulk modulus**n. Physics 【物】 the relative change in the volume of a body produced by a unit compressive or tensile stress acting uniformly over its surface 体积弹性模量

**bulky** /'bʌlki/ adj. (**bulkier**, **bulkiest**) large and unwieldy 体积大的,又大又笨的,不灵便的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bulkily** adv. **bulkiness** n.

**bull¹** /bʊl/ n. 1 an uncastrated male bovine animal (未阉割的)公牛 2 a large male animal, e.g. a whale or elephant 雄性巨兽(如雄鲸或公象)3 Brit.【英】 a bullseye 靶心 4 Stock Exchange 【证】 a person who buys shares hoping to sell them at a higher price later 多头,看多者 Often contrasted with 常对照 BEAR². V. 1 informal 【非正式】move powerfully or violently 用力挤;行动莽撞2(**be bulling**) (of a cow) be on heat(母牛)发情

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-PHRASES 短语 **like a bull at a gate** acting hastily and without thought 鲁莽地;凶猛地 **like a bull in a china shop** behaving clumsily in a delicate situation 笨拙莽撞地 **take the bull by the horns** deal decisively with a difficult situation 勇敢面对困境,不畏艰险
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bula, from ON boli; cf. BULLOCK.

**bull²** /bʊl/ n. a papal edict 教皇诏书
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bulle, from L. bulla 'bubble, rounded object' (in med. L. 'seal or sealed document').

**bull³** /bʊl/n. informal 【非正式】 nonsense 胡说,废话
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**bulla** /'bʊlə/ n. (pl. **bullae** /'bʊli:/) 1 Medicine 【医】 a large blister or other cavity containing fluid or air 大疱 2 Anatomy 【解】 a rounded prominence 饰泡 3 a round seal attached to a papal bull(罗马教皇的)印玺
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bullate** adj. (Botany【植】). **bullous** adj. (Medicine【医】).
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'bubble'.

**bullace** /'bʊlɪs/ n. a thorny shrub with small purple-black fruits, of which the damson is a cultivated form 乌荆子李[Prunus insititia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. buloce 'sloe': of unknown origin.

**bull bar** n. a strong metal grille fitted to the front of a motor vehicle to protect against impact damage (汽车前面的)防撞架,保险杠

**bulldog** /'bʊldɒg/n. 1 a dog of a sturdy breed with a powerful protruding lower jaw, a flat wrinkled face, and a broad chest斗牛犬 2 informal 【非正式】(at Oxford and Cambridge Universities) a proctor's assistant(牛津大学和剑桥大学的)学监助理 ■V. (**bulldogs**, **bulldogging**, **bulldogged**) N. Amer.【北美】 wrestle(a steer) to the ground by holding its horns and twisting its neck 抓住牛角扳倒(小公牛)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bulldogger** n.

**bulldog ant** (also 亦作 **bull ant**) n. a large Australian ant with large jaws and a powerful sting 猛蚁 [Genus Myrmecia.]

**bulldog bond** n. a sterling bond issued on the UK market by a foreign borrower 外国债券,猛犬债券 (指外国举债者在英国市场上发行的英镑债券)

**bulldog clip** n. Brit. trademark【英,商标】a sprung metal device with two flat plates that close to hold papers together(夹纸用的)金属夹

**bulldoze** /'bʊldəʊz/ v. 1 clear or destroy with a bulldozer(用推土机)清除,推倒2intimidate or coerce 威吓:强迫
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from BULL¹ + -doze, alt. of the noun DOSE.

**bulldozer** /'bʊl,dəʊzə(r)/ n. a powerful tractor with caterpillar tracks and a broad curved blade at the front for clearing ground 推土机

**bullet** /'bʊlɪt/ n. 1 a metal projectile fired from a small firearm, typically cylindrical and pointed子弹,枪弹,弹头2 (**the bullet**) informal【非正式】 dismissal from employment 解雇,炒鱿鱼 3 Printing 【印刷】 a small solid circle printed before each in a list of items 小圆点
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. boulet, boulette 'small ball', dimin. of boule, from L. bulla 'bubble'.

**bulletin** /'bʊlətɪn/ n. a short official statement or summary of news公告;公报 a regular newsletter or report 通讯,会刊,简报
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. bullettino, dimin. of bulletta 'passport', dimin. of bulla 'seal, bull'.

**bulletin board** n. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】 a noticeboard 布告栏,告示牌2 a computer-based system, typically dedicated to a particular topic, by which users can read or download files supplied by others and add their own files(电子)公告板

**bulletproof** /'bʊlɪtpru:f/ adj. able to resist the penetration of bullets 防弹的

**bullet train** n. a Japanese high-speed passenger train(日本的)高速火车,子弹列车

**bull fiddle** n. informal, chiefly US【非正式,主美】a double bass 低音大提琴

**bullfighting** /'bʊl,faɪtɪŋ/ n. the sport of baiting and killing a bull as a public spectacle 斗牛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bullfight** n. **bullfighter** n.

**bullfinch** /'bʊlfɪntʃ/ n. a stocky finch with mainly grey and black plumage and a white rump, of which the male has a pink breast 红腹灰雀[Pyrrhula pyrrhula and other species.]

**bullfrog** /'bʊlfrɒg/n. a very large frog with a deep booming croak 牛蛙 [Rana catesbiana (N. America) and other species elsewhere.]

**bullhead** /'bʊlhed/ n. 1 a small, mainly freshwater fish with a broad flattened head and spiny fins 杜父鱼[Cottus gobio (miller's thumb) and other species.] 2 an American freshwater catfish 棕鮦 [Ictalurus nebulosus and related species.]

**bullheaded** /bʊl'hedɪd/ adj. determined and obstinate 固执的,任性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bullheadedly** adv. **bullheaded-ness** n.

**bullhorn** /'bʊlhɔ:n/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a megaphone 扩音器;喇叭筒,话筒

**bullion** /'bʊliən/ n. gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight 金条(或块),银条(或块)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., in the sense 'a mint', var. of OFr. bouillon, based on L. bullire 'to boil'.

**bullish** /'bʊlıʃ/ adj. 1 aggressively confident and self-assertive有信心的;乐观的 2 Stock Exchange
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【证】 characterized or influenced by rising share prices 行情看涨的, 牛市的, 多头的 ▶︎ confident or optimistic about something (对某事)自信的; 乐观的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bullishly** adv. **bullishness** n.

B **bull market** **n.** Stock Exchange 【证】 a market in which share prices are rising 牛市

**bull-necked** **adj.** (of a man) having a thick neck (人)颈部短粗的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bull neck** n.

**bull-nosed** **adj.** having a rounded edge or end 外圆角的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bull nose** n.

**bullock** /'bulək/ **n.** a castrated male bovine animal raised for beef 阉牛 **v.** Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】work very hard 费力地工作, 干重活
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bulluc, dimin. of bula (see 见 **BULL**¹).

**bullocky** /'buləki/ **n.** (pl. **bullockies**) Austral./NZ informal, historical 【澳新, 非正式, 史义】a bullock driver 赶牛人

**bullpen** /'bulpen/ **n.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】**1** an exercise area for baseball pitchers 棒球投手练习区 **2** a large cell in which prisoners are held before a court hearing (关押候审者的)大囚室

**bullring** /'bulrıŋ/ **n.** an arena where bullfights are held 斗牛场

**bullroarer** /'bul,rɔ:rə(r)/ **n.** Austral. 【澳】 a sacred object used in Aboriginal religious ceremonies, consisting of a piece of wood attached to a string, whirled round to produce a roaring noise 吼板(澳大利亚等地土著用于宗教仪式的一种旋转时能发出吼声的木板)

**bullrush** /'bulrʌʃ/ **n.** variant spelling of **BULRUSH** ▶︎ bulrush 的另一种拼法

**bullseye** /'bulzaı/ **n.** **1** the centre of the target in sports such as archery and darts 靶心 **2** a large, hard peppermint-flavoured sweet 圆形薄荷硬糖, 牛眼糖 **3** dated 【过时】a thick disc of glass forming a small window in a ship or the glass of a lamp (船上)小圆窗的玻璃; 牛眼灯玻璃

**bullshit** /'bulʃıt/ vulgar slang 【粗俚】 ■**n.** nonsense 胡说, 屁话 ■**v.** (**bullshits**, **bullshitting**, **bullshitted**) talk nonsense in an attempt to deceive (企图骗人而)胡说, 瞎说
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bullshitter** n.

**bullshot** /'bulʃɒt/ **n.** a cocktail made with vodka, beef bouillon, and Worcester sauce 公牛弹丸鸡尾酒(用伏特加、牛肉汤和辣酱油调制而成的一种鸡尾酒)

**bull snake** **n.** a large constricting snake of the North American plains 牛蛇 [Pituophis catenifer sayi.]

**bull terrier** **n.** a dog that is a cross-breed of bulldog and terrier 斗牛㹴(由斗牛犬与㹴犬杂交而成)

**bull trout** **n.** a North American trout of cold rivers and lakes 鲑鱼 [Salvelinus confluentus.]

**bullwhip** /'bulwıp/ N. Amer. 【北美】 ■**n.** a whip with a long heavy lash (有很长辫索的)牛鞭 ■**v.** (**bullwhips**, **bullwhipping**, **bullwhipped**) strike with a bullwhip 用牛鞭抽打

**bully**¹ /'bʊli/ **n.** (pl. **bullies**) a person who deliberately intimidates or persecutes those who are weaker 恃强凌弱者; 强横霸道者 ■**v.** (**bullies**, **bullying**, **bullied**) intimidate or persecute (someone weaker) 威吓, 欺侮
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. as a term of endearment, then a form of address to a male friend) : prob. from MDu. boele 'lover'.

**bully**² /'bʊli/ **adj.** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 excellent 出色的, 特好的
-PHRASES 短语 **bully for you!** (or him etc.) often ironic 【常讽】an expression of admiration or approval 好啊! 妙啊! (表示钦佩或赞同)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. meaning 'admirable, gallant, jolly'): from **BULLY**¹.

**bully**³ /'bʊli/ **n.** (pl. **bullies**) (also 亦作 **bully-off**) the start of play in field hockey, in which two opponents strike each other's sticks three times and then go for the ball (曲棍球)开球, 争球 **v.** (**bullies**, **bullying**, **bullied**) start play in this way 开局
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bully**⁴ /'bʊli/ (also 亦作 **bully beef**) **n.** informal 【非正式】corned beef 腌牛肉
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: alt. of BOUILLI.

**bullyrag** /'bʊliræg/ (also 亦作 **ballyrag**) **v.** (**bully-rags**, **bullyragging**, **bullyragged**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】treat in a scolding or intimidating way 辱骂; 吓唬
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**bulrush** /'bʊlrʌʃ/ (also 亦作 **bullrush**) **n.** a reed mace, clubrush, or similar waterside plant 宽叶香蒲; 灯心草
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from **BULL**¹ meaning 'large, coarse'.

**bulwark** /'bʊlwək/ **n.** **1** a defensive wall 堡垒, 壁垒 **2** an extension of a ship's sides above deck level 舷墙
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. and MDu. bolwerk.

**bum**¹ /bʌm/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a person's buttocks or anus 屁股; 肛门
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bum**² /bʌm/ informal 【非正式】 ■**n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 **1** a vagrant 流浪汉, 流浪乞丐 **2** a lazy or worthless person 懒汉; 无用的人 **3** a devotee of a particular activity 迷恋(某项活动)者, …迷: a ski bum 滑雪迷 ■**v.** (**bums**, **bumming**, **bummed**) **1** get by asking or begging 讨要; 乞讨 **2** (**bum around**) travel with no particular purpose 闲逛, 流浪 ▶︎ pass one's time idly 虚度光阴 **3** (usu. 通常用 **be bummed out**) N. Amer. 【北美】make (someone) feel upset or disappointed 使心烦; 使失望 ■**adj.** bad; wrong 劣质的; 错误的: Not one bum note was played. 一个音符都没弹错。
-PHRASES 短语 **give someone the bum's rush** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】forcibly eject someone 驱逐某人

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from BUMMER.

**bumbag** /'bʌmbæg/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a small pouch for valuables on a belt, worn round the waist or hips 腰包

**bum-bailiff** **n.** historical, derogatory 【史义, 贬】a bailiff who collected debts or arrested debtors (收债或逮捕负债人的)法警
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from **BUM**¹, so named from the idea of an approach from behind.

**bumbershoot** /'bʌmbəʃu:t/ ■**n.** US informal 【美, 非正式】an umbrella 伞
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of UMBRELLA + (PARA)CHUTE.

**bumble** /'bʌmbl/ **v.** **1** act or speak in an awkward or confused manner 笨手笨脚地行动; 语无伦次地说 **2** (of an insect) buzz or hum (昆虫)发嗡嗡(或营营)声, 嗡嗡作响
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bumbler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from BOOM¹ + **-LE**.

**bumblebee** /'bʌmb(ə)lbi:/ **n.** a large hairy bee with a loud hum, living in small colonies underground 熊蜂 [Genus Bombus: many species.]

**bumf** /bʌmf/ (also 亦作 **bumph**) **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】**1** useless or tedious printed information 无用的印刷品; 乏味的书面材料 **2** dated 【过时】 toilet paper 手纸, 厕纸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of sl. bum-fodder.

**bumfluff** /'bʌmflʌf/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】the first beard growth of an adolescent (青少年)初长出的胡须

**bumiputra** /bu:mɪ'pu:trə/ **n.** (pl. **same** 单复同 or **bumiputras**) a Malaysian of indigenous Malay origin 马来西亚土著; 马来人
-ORIGIN 词源 Malay, lit. 'son of the soil'.

**bummalo** /'bʌmələʊ/ **n.** (pl. **same** 单复同)a small elongated South Asian fish, dried as food 龙头鱼 [Harpodon nehereus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from Marathi bombil.

**bummer** /'bʌmə(r)/ **n.** informal 【非正式】**1** an annoying or disappointing thing 令人恼怒(或失望)的事 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 a vagrant or loafer 懒汉; 流浪者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Ger. Bummler, from bummeln 'stroll, loaf about'.

**bump** /bʌmp/ **n.** **1** a light blow or a jolting collision 轻碰, 轻撞 ▶︎ Rowing 【划船】(in races where boats make a spaced start one behind another) the point at which a boat begins to overtake or touch the boat ahead, thereby defeating it (赛船中后船追赶前船时, 轻撞其尾就算胜利的)追撞 **2** a protuberance on a level surface (平面上的)隆起物, 凸出物 ▶︎ dated 【过时】a lump on a person's skull, formerly thought to indicate a particular mental faculty (头盖骨上的)隆起部分(过去被认为象征着某种才能) **3** Aeronautics 【航空】a rising air current causing an irregularity in an aircraft's motion (引起飞机颠簸的)颠簸气流 ■**v.** **1** knock or run into with a jolt 碰, 撞 > (**bump into**) meet by chance 邂逅, 偶遇 ▶︎ Rowing 【划船】gain a bump against 追到并撞上(前船) **2** move or travel with much jolting 颠簸着行进 **3** (**bump someone off**) informal 【非正式】murder someone 谋杀, 干掉(某人) **4** (**bump something up**) informal 【非正式】make something larger or appear to be larger 使变大, 使显大 **5** refuse (a passenger) a reserved place on a flight because of deliberate overbooking by the airline (因航班超额预订而)取消(乘客)订位 ▶︎ N. Amer. 【北美】displace from a job or position 使让位, 取代
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as v.): imitative, perh. of Scand. origin.

**bumper** /'bʌmpə(r)/ **n.** **1** a horizontal bar across the front or back of a motor vehicle to reduce damage in a collision (汽车的)保险杠 **2** (also 亦作 **bumper race**) Horse Racing 【赛马】 a flat race for inexperienced horses intended for future steeplechases (由无比赛经验的马参加的为将来障碍赛作准备的)平地赛马 **3** archaic 【古】 a generous glass of an alcoholic drink 大满杯酒 ■**adj.** exceptionally large or successful 特大的; 极成功的: a bumper crop 大丰收
-PHRASES 短语 **bumper-to-bumper** very close together 紧挨着

**bumper car** **n.** a dodgem 碰碰车

**bumph** /bʌmf/ **n.** variant spelling of **BUMF** ▶︎ bumf 的另一种拼法

**bumpkin** /'bʌmpkɪn/ **n.** an unsophisticated country person 乡巴佬, 土包子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bumpkinish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from Du. boomken 'little tree' or MDu. bommekijn 'little barrel', denoting a dumpy person.

**bump-start** **n.** & **v.** another term for **PUSH-START** ▶︎ push-start 的另一种说法

**bumptious** /'bʌmpʃəs/ **adj.** irritatingly self-assertive 自负的, 自以为是的, 狂妄的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bumptiously** adv. **bumptiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **BUMP**, on the pattern of fractious.

**bumpy** /'bʌmpi/ **adj.** (**bumpier**, **bumpiest**) (of a surface) uneven (表面)高低不平的 ▶︎ (of movement) involving sudden jolts and jerks (移动)颠簸的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bumpily** adv. **bumpiness** n.

**bum rap** **n.** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a false charge leading to imprisonment (导致被告入狱的)不实指控

**bum-rush** **v.** US informal 【美, 非正式】force or barge one's way into 强行闯入, 冲入

**bum steer** **n.** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】a piece of false information 虚假信息

**bumsters** /'bʌmstəz/ pl. **n.** trousers that are cut very low on the hips 低腰裤

**bun** /bʌn/ **n.** **1** a small cake or bread roll 小圆蛋糕; 小圆面包 **2** a woman's hairstyle in which the hair is drawn into a tight coil at the back of the head (盘在脑后的)圆发髻 **3** (**buns**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】a person's buttocks 屁股

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-PHRASES 短语 **have a bun in the oven** informal 【非正式】be pregnant 怀孕
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bunce** /bʌns/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】money or profit gained by someone 赚得的钱(或利润)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

B **bunch** /bʌntʃ/ **n.** **1** a number of things growing or fastened together 束, 捆, 串 ▶︎ informal 【非正式】a group of people 一群人 ▶︎ informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a large amount; a lot 大量, 许多 **2** (**bunches**) Brit. 【英】 a girl's hairstyle in which the hair is tied back into two clumps 双发辫 ■**v.** collect, form, or fasten into a bunch (使)成一束, (使)成一群
-PHRASES 短语 **bunch of fives** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a punch 拳头
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bunchy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bunch grass** **n.** a grass that grows in clumps, especially on the North American plains 裂稃草 [Schizachyrium scoparium and other species.]

**bunco** /'bʌŋkəʊ/ N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 ■**n.** (pl. **buncos**) a swindle or confidence trick 欺骗, 行骗 ■**v.** (**buncoes**, **buncoing**, **buncoed**) dated 【过时】swindle or cheat 欺诈, 欺骗
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Sp. banca, a card game.

**buncombe** /'bʌŋkəm/ **n.** variant spelling of **BUNKUM** ▶︎ bunkum 的另一种拼法

**bund** /bʌnd/ **n.** (in India and Pakistan) an embankment or causeway (印度、巴基斯坦的)堤岸, 沿江马路
> a wall surrounding an industrial fuel tank (工业用燃料罐的)外壁
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Urdu from Pers.

**bundle** /'bʌndl/ **n.** **1** a collection of things or quantity of material tied or wrapped up together 捆, 束, 包, 一大堆, 一大批
> Anatomy 【解】a set of nerve, muscle, or other fibres running in parallel close together (神经、肌肉或其他纤维的)束
**2** informal 【非正式】 a large amount of money 一大笔钱 ■**v.** **1** tie or roll up in or as if in a bundle 把…扎成一捆(或一包) **2** (usu. 通常用 **be bundled up**) dress in many warm clothes 穿得暖和 **3** informal 【非正式】push or carry forcibly 推搡; 撵走 ▶︎ (of a group) move in a disorganized way (一组人)匆忙地移动 **4** sleep fully clothed with another person, as a former local custom during courtship (旧时求婚风俗)与某人和衣而睡
-PHRASES 短语 **a bundle of fun** (or **laughs**) informal, often ironic 【非正式, 常讽】something extremely amusing or pleasant 极其有趣(或高兴)的事 **drop one's bundle** Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】go to pieces 垮掉, 散掉 **go a bundle on** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】be very keen on 非常喜爱, 热衷于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bundler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. orig. from OE byndelle 'a binding', reinforced by Low Ger. and Du. bundel.

**bundobust** /'bʌndəbʌst/ (also 亦作 **bandobast** /'bændəbæst, 'bʌndəbæst/) **n.** Indian 【印度】arrangements or organization 安排, 组织
-ORIGIN 词源 Urdu, from Pers. band-o-bast 'tying and binding'.

**bundu** /'bʊndu:/ **n.** S. African 【南非】 a distant or wilderness region 蛮荒之地, 荒野
-ORIGIN 词源 prob. from Shona bundo 'grasslands'.

**bunfight** /'bʌnfaıt/ **n.** Brit. humorous 【英, 幽】a grand or official tea party or other function (大型正式的)茶会(或其他活动)

**bung**¹ /bʌŋ/ **n.** a stopper for a hole in a container (容器的)塞子 ■**v.** close with a bung (用塞子)塞住 ▶︎ (**bung something up**) block something up 堵塞, 塞住
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from MDu. bonghe (n.).

**bung**² /bʌŋ/ Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 ■**v.** put or throw (something) somewhere carelessly or casually 随意放置, 随便乱扔 ■**n.** a bribe 贿赂
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: symbolic; the noun sense dates from the 1950s.

**bung**³ **adj.** Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】**1** ruined or useless 毁坏的, 无用的 **2** dated 【过时】dead 死亡的
-PHRASES 短语 **go bung** fail completely or die 失败, 死亡
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. Austral. pidgin): from Yagara (an extinct Aborig. lang.).

**bungalow** /'bʌŋg(ə)ləʊ/ **n.** a house with only one main storey 平房, 单层住宅
> (in SE Asia) a large detached house with more than one storey (东南亚的)独栋别墅
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Hindi bangla 'belonging to Bengal', from a type of cottage built for early European settlers in Bengal.

**bungee** /'bʌndʒi/ **n.** (also 亦作 **bungee cord** or **rope**) a long nylon-cased rubber band used for securing luggage and in the sport of bungee jumping (固定行李或蹦极跳用的)尼龙绳, 弹力绳
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: of unknown origin.

**bungee jumping** **n.** the sport of leaping from a high place, secured by a bungee around the ankles 蹦极(跳)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bungee jump** n. **bungee jumper** n.

**bunghole** /'bʌŋhəʊl/ **n.** a hole through which a cask can be filled or emptied 桶孔, 桶口

**bungle** /'bʌŋgl/ **v.** carry out (a task) clumsily or incompetently (由于笨拙或能力不够)把(工作)搞砸 ▶︎ [as adj. 作形容词 **bungling**] prone to making mistakes 容易出纰漏的, 笨拙的 ■**n.** a mistake or failure 错误; 失败
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bungler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin; cf. **BUMBLE**.

**bunion** /'bʌnjən/ **n.** a painful swelling on the first joint of the big toe 大趾囊肿
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: ult. from OFr. buignon, from buigne 'bump on the head'.

**bunk**¹ /bʌŋk/ **n.** a narrow shelf-like bed 架子床, 铺位 ■**v.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 sleep in a bunk or

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improvised bed in shared quarters 合住; 合铺
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin; perh. rel. to **BUNKER**.

**bunk**² /bʌŋk/ **v.** (**bunk off**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】abscond from school or work 逃课; 旷工
-PHRASES 短语 **do a bunk** make a hurried departure 匆忙离开
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**bunk**³ /bʌŋk/ **n.** informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】nonsense 废话, 胡说
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: abbrev. of **BUNKUM**.

**bunk bed** **n.** a piece of furniture consisting of two beds, one above the other (有上下铺的)双层床

**bunker** /'bʌŋkə(r)/ **n.** **1** a large container or compartment for storing fuel 燃料箱; 燃料舱 **2** a reinforced underground shelter for use in wartime 地下掩体, 地堡 **3** a hollow filled with sand, used as an obstacle on a golf course (高尔夫球场用作障碍物的)沙坑 **v.** **1** refuel (a ship) 给(船)补给燃料 **2** Golf 【高尔夫】hit (the ball) into a bunker 把(球)击入沙坑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. Scots, denoting a seat or bench): perh. rel. to **BUNK**¹.

**bunkhouse** /'bʌŋkhaʊs/ **n.** a building with basic sleeping accommodation for workers (供工人住的)工棚, 简易宿舍

**bunkum** /'bʌŋkəm/ (also 亦作 **buncombe**) **n.** informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】nonsense 废话, 胡说
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Buncombe County in North Carolina, mentioned in a speech made by its congressman solely to please his constituents.

**bunk-up** **n.** informal 【非正式】a helping push or pull up 助推, 助拉

**bunny** /'bʌni/ **n.** (pl. **bunnies**) informal 【非正式】**1** a child's term for a rabbit (儿语)兔子 **2** (also 亦作 **bunny girl**) a club hostess or waitress wearing a skimpy costume with ears and a tail (夜总会的)兔女郎, 兔状打扮的女招待 **3** Austral. 【澳】 a victim or dupe 受害者: 易受骗的人
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from dial. bun 'squirrel, rabbit'.

**bunny-hop** **v.** jump forward in a crouched position 蹲地跳 **n.** an act of bunny-hopping 蹲地跳

**bunsen burner** /'bʌnsn/ **n.** a small adjustable gas burner used in laboratories (实验室用的)本生灯, 煤气灯
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the German chemist R. Bunsen.

**bunt**¹ /bʌnt/ **v.** **1** Baseball 【棒】(of a batter) gently tap (a pitched ball) without swinging (击球手)触击 **2** butt with the head or horns (用头或角)抵, 顶, 触 **n.** Baseball 【棒】 an act of bunting a ball 触击
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. rel. to **BUTT**¹.

**bunt**² /bʌnt/ **n.** the baggy centre of a fishing net or a sail (渔网的)网身; (船帆的)帆腹
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**bunt**³ /bʌnt/ **n.** a disease of wheat caused by a smut fungus, the spores of which smell of rotten fish (小麦的)腥黑穗病
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**buntal** /'bʌntl/ **n.** the straw from a talipot palm used for making hats (用于编制帽子的)金丝草
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Tagalog.

**bunting**¹ /'bʌntıŋ/ **n.** a seed-eating songbird related to the finches, typically with brown streaked plumage and a boldly marked head 鵐 [Emberiza and other genera, family Emberizidae: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**bunting**² /'bʌntıŋ/ **n.** flags and other colourful festive decorations (用作节日装饰的)彩旗, 旗帜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**buntline** /'bʌntlaın/ **n.** a line for restraining the loose centre of a sail while it is furled 拢帆索

**bunya** /'bʌnjə/ (also 亦作 **bunya bunya** /'bʌnjə 'bʌnjə/) **n.** a tall Australian tree related to the monkey puzzle, bearing large cones containing edible seeds (产于澳大利亚的)大叶南洋杉 [Araucaria bidwillii.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Wiradhuri (an Aborig. lang.).

**bunyip** /'bʌnjıp/ ■**n.** Austral. 【澳】 **1** a mythical monster said to inhabit inland waterways (传说中的)沼泽怪兽 **2** an impostor or pretender 冒名顶替者, 骗子
-ORIGIN 词源 from an Aborig. word.

**buoy** /bɔı/ **n.** an anchored float serving as a navigation mark, to show hazards, or for mooring 浮标, 航标 ■**v.** **1** (usu. 通常用 **be buoyed up**) keep afloat 使浮起, 使飘起 ▶︎ cause (a price) to rise to or remain high 使(价格)上浮至(或维持)较高水平 **2** mark with a buoy 用浮标指示
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buoyage** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from MDu. boye, boeie, from a Gmc base meaning 'signal'.

**buoyancy aid** **n.** a sleeveless jacket lined with buoyant material, worn for water sports (水上运动时穿的)浮力马甲

**buoyant** /'bɔıənt/ **adj.** **1** able or tending to keep afloat 能浮起的, 有浮力的 **2** cheerful and optimistic 轻松愉快的; 乐观的 **3** (of an economy or market) engaged in much activity (经济或市场)有活力的, 繁荣的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buoyancy** n. **buoyantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. bouyant or Sp. boyante, boyar 'to float'.

**BUPA** /'bu:pə/ **abbr.** British United Provident Association, a private health insurance organization (英国私人健康保险组织)有远见者联合会, 保柏

**bupkis** /'bʌpkıs/ **n.** US informal 【美, 非正式】nothing at all 什么也没有
-ORIGIN 词源 Yiddish, probably from Russ. bobki 'beans'.

**BUR** **abbr.** Burma (international vehicle registration) 缅甸(国际车船注册)

**bur** /bɜ:(r)/ ■**n.** see 见 **BURR**.

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**burb** /bɜ:b/ **n.** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】short for **SUBURB** ▶︎ suburb 的缩略式

**Burberry** /'bɜ:b(ə)ri/ **n.** (pl. **Burberries**) trademark 【商标】a lightweight belted raincoat with a distinctive tartan lining 巴宝莉雨衣
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Burberrys Ltd, the manufacturer.

B **burble** /'bɜ:bl/ **v.** **1** make a continuous murmuring noise 发汨汨声 **2** speak unintelligibly and at unnecessary length 絮叨, 嘟嘟囔囔地说 **3** (of an airflow) break up into turbulence (气流)产生涡流 ■**n.** **1** continuous murmuring noise 汨汨声 **2** rambling speech 空谈, 胡说
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burbler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'to bubble'): imitative.

**burbot** /'bɜ:bət/ **n.** an elongated bottom-dwelling fish that is the only freshwater member of the cod family 江鳕 [Lota lota.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. borbete, prob. from borbe 'mud'.

**burden** /'bɜ:dn/ **n.** **1** a heavy load 负荷, 重负 **2** a cause of hardship, worry, or grief (引起困难、担忧或悲伤的)精神负担 ▶︎ the main responsibility for a task (任务的)重担 **3** a ship's carrying capacity (船的)载重量, 吨位 **4** the main theme of a speech, book, or argument (演讲、书或争论的)主题, 主旨 **5** archaic 【古】 the refrain or chorus of a song 叠歌; 合唱 ■**v.** **1** load heavily 加负荷于, 使负重 **2** cause worry, hardship, or grief to 烦扰, 使苦恼(或遭罪、悲伤)
-PHRASES 短语 **burden of proof** the obligation to prove an assertion 举证责任
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burdensome** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE byrthen, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to **BEAR**¹.

**burdock** /'bɜ:dɒk/ **n.** a herbaceous plant of the daisy family, with large leaves and prickly flowers which cling to fur or clothing 牛蒡 [Arctium pubens and other species.]

**bureau** /'bjuərəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **bureaux** or **bureaus**) **1** Brit. 【英】 a writing desk with drawers and an angled top that opens downwards to form a writing surface 书桌, 写字台 ▶︎ N. Amer. 【北美】 a chest of drawers 五斗橱, 衣柜 **2** an office for transacting particular business 办事处, 办公室, 机构 ▶︎ a government department (政府部门的)局, 司, 处
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., orig. 'baize' (often used to cover writing desks).

**bureaucracy** /bju(ə)'rɒkrəsi/ **n.** (pl. **bureaucracies**) **1** a system of government in which most decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives 官僚体制, 官僚制度 **2** excessively complicated administrative procedure 官僚主义, 官僚作风
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bureaucratization** or **bureaucratisation** n. **bureaucratize** or **bureaucratise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. bureaucratie, from bureau (see 见 **BUREAU**).

**bureaucrat** /'bjuərəkræt/ **n.** a government official perceived as being overly concerned with procedural correctness 官僚, 官僚主义者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bureaucratic** adj. **bureaucratically** adv.

**bureau de change** /bjuərəʊ də 'ʃɑ̃ʒ/ **n.** (pl. **bureaux de' change** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a place where one can exchange foreign money 外币兑换处
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'office of exchange'.

**burette** /bju'ret/ (US 【美】 also 亦作 **buret**) **n.** a graduated glass tube with a tap at one end, for delivering known volumes of a liquid 滴定管, 量管
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from buire 'jug'.

**burg** /bɜ:g/ **n.** **1** an ancient or medieval fortress or walled town (古代或中世纪的)堡垒, 城堡 **2** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】a town or city 城镇, 城市
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from late L. burgus (see 见 **BURGESS**); sense 2 is from Ger. Burg 'castle, city' (rel. to **BOROUGH**).

**burgage** /'bɜ:gıdʒ/ **n.** historical 【史义】(in England and Scotland) tenure of land in a town held in return for service or annual rent (英格兰和苏格兰的)租地法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. burgagium, from burgus 'fortified town', of Gmc origin.

**burgee** /bɜ:'dʒi:/ **n.** a triangular flag flown from the mast of a yacht to indicate the owner's membership of a particular sailing club (表示为某帆船俱乐部成员的)三角旗, 燕尾旗
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from Fr. bourgeois (see 见 **BURGESS**) in the sense 'owner, master'.

**burgeon** /'bɜ:dʒn/ **v.** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **burgeoning**] grow or increase rapidly 迅速发展; 激增
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bourgeonner 'put out buds', from borjon 'bud', based on late L. burra 'wool'.

**burger** /'bɜ:gə(r)/ **n.** a hamburger 汉堡包

**burgess** /'bɜ:dʒıs/ **n.** **1** archaic 【古】 an inhabitant of a town or borough with full rights of citizenship 自由居民, 自治市居民 **2** Brit. historical 【英, 史义】a Member of Parliament for a borough, corporate town, or university (代表自治市镇或大学的)议员 **3** (in the US and historically in the UK) a magistrate or member of the governing body of a town (美国及历史上英国的)镇行政官; 镇长
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. burgeis, from late L. burgus 'castle, fort' (in med. L. 'fortified town'); rel. to **BOROUGH**.

**burgh** /'bʌrə/ **n.** archaic or Scottish 【古或苏格兰】a borough or chartered town 自治市, 特别市
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burghal** /'bɜ:gl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: Scots form of **BOROUGH**.

**burgher** /'bɜ:gə(r)/ **n.** **1** archaic 【古】 a citizen of a town or city 城镇居民 **2** historical 【史义】(in southern Africa) a citizen of a Boer Republic (南部非洲)布尔共和国的公民 **3** (**Burgher**) a descendant of a Dutch or Portuguese colonist in Sri Lanka (斯

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里兰卡的)荷兰(或葡萄牙)殖民者后裔
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from **BURGH**, reinforced by Du. burger, from burg (see 见 **BOROUGH**).

**burghul** /bɜ:'gu:l/ **n.** another term for **BULGAR WHEAT** ▶︎ bulgar wheat 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Pers.

**burglar** /'bɜ:glə(r)/ **n.** a person who commits burglary 入室窃贼, 破门盗窃者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burglarious** /-'gleəriəs/ adj. (archaic 【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from legal Fr. burgler or Anglo-Latin burgulator, burglator; rel. to OFr. burgier 'pillage'.

**burglarize** or **burglarise** /'bɜ:gl(ə)raız/ **v.** North American term for **BURGLE** ▶︎ burgle 的北美说法

**burglary** /'bɜ:gl(ə)ri/ **n.** (pl. **burglaries**) illegal entry into a building with intent to commit a crime such as theft 入室盗窃

**burgle** /'bɜ:gl/ **v.** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 commit burglary in (a building) 在(某处)破门盗窃, 闯入…行窃
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. a colloq. back-form. from **BURGLAR**.

**burgomaster** /'bɜ:gə(ʊ),mɑ:stə(r)/ **n.** the mayor of a Dutch, Flemish, German, Austrian, or Swiss town (荷兰、佛兰德地区、德国、奥地利或瑞士的)市长, 镇长
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Du. burgemeester, from burg (see 见 **OROUGH**) + meester 'master'.

**burgoo** /bɜ:'gu:/ ■**n.** **1** US 【美】a stew or thick soup, typically one served at a picnic (一般指野餐时喝的)杂烩浓汤 **2** chiefly Nautical 【主航海】a thick porridge 稠粥
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. burgul (see 见 **BURGHUL**).

**burgrave** /'bɜ:greıv/ **n.** historical 【史义】the governor or hereditary ruler of a German town or castle (德国城镇或城堡的)世袭领主
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ger. Burggraf, from Burg (see 见 **OROUGH**) + Graf 'count, noble'.

**Burgundian** /bɜ:'gʌndiən/ **n.** **1** a native or inhabitant of Burgundy, a region of east central France 勃艮第人 **2** a member of a Germanic people that invaded Gaul and established the kingdom of Burgundy in the 5th century AD (5世纪入侵高卢并建立勃艮第王国的)勃艮第人 ■**adj.** relating to Burgundy or the Burgundians 勃艮第(人)的

**burgundy** /'bɜ:g(ə)ndi/ **n.** (pl. **burgundies**) **1** a red wine from Burgundy in east central France 勃艮第红葡萄酒 **2** a deep red colour 深红色, 紫红色

**burial** /'beriəl/ **n.** **1** the burying of a dead body 埋葬, 掩埋 ▶︎ a funeral 葬礼 **2** Archaeology 【考古】a grave or the remains found in it 墓地, 坟墓
-ORIGIN 词源 OE byrgels 'place of burial, grave', of Gmc origin; rel. to **BURR**.

**burin** /'bjuərın/ **n.** **1** a handheld steel tool used for engraving 雕刻刀 **2** Archaeology 【考古】 a flint tool with a chisel point 錾刀(一种尖端像凿子的古代燧石工具)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr.

**burka** /'bɜ:kə/ (also 亦作 **burkha** or **burqa**) **n.** a long, loose garment covering the whole body, worn in public by some Muslim women (一些穆斯林女子在公众场合穿的蒙住全身的)长袍, 罩袍
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu and Pers. burka, from Arab. burku'.

B **Burkinan** /bɜ:'ki:nən/ **n.** a native of Burkina, a country in western Africa 布基纳人 ■**adj.** relating to Burkina or its people 布基纳(人)的

**Burkitt's lymphoma** /'bɜ:kıts/ **n.** Medicine 【医】cancer of the lymphatic system, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus 伯基特淋巴瘤
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the British surgeon Denis P. Burkitt.

**burl**¹ /bɜ:l/ **n.** **1** a lump in wool or cloth (毛线或布料的)粒结, 起球 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 a rounded knotty growth on a tree 树节, 树瘤
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bourle 'tuft of wool', dimin. of bourre 'coarse wool', from late L. burra 'wool'.

**burl**² /bɜ:l/ ■**n.** Austral./NZ 【澳新】 an attempt 尝试
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: regional usage of **BIRL**.

**burlap** /'bɜ:læp/ **n.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】coarse canvas woven from jute or hemp, used for sacking 粗麻布 ▶︎ a similar, lighter material used in dressmaking and furnishing (制衣物或家具用的)细麻布
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**burlesque** /bɜ:'lesk/ **n.** **1** a comically exaggerated imitation, especially in a literary or dramatic work; a parody (尤指以文学或戏剧作品进行的)滑稽模仿, 诙谐模仿; 滑稽模仿作品 **2** a variety show, typically including striptease (通常包括脱衣舞等的)滑稽杂演 ■**v.** (**burlesques**, **burlesquing**, **burlesqued**) parody or imitate in a comically exaggerated way 通过模仿嘲弄; (嘲弄地)模仿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burlesquer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. burlesco, from burla 'mockery'.

**burly** /'bɜ:li/ **adj.** (**burlier**, **burliest**) (of a person) large and strong (人)高大壮实的, 魁梧的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burliness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'dignified, imposing'): prob. from an unrecorded OE word meaning 'stately, fit for the bower' (see 见 **BOWER**¹, **-LY**¹).

**Burman** /'bɜ:mən/ **n.** (pl. **Burmans**) & **adj.** another term for **BURMESE** ▶︎ Burmese 的另一种说法

**bur-marigold** **n.** a plant of the daisy family, with small yellow flowers and barbed fruit which cling to passing animals 大狼把草, 接力草 [Bidens frondosa and other species.]

**Burmese** /bɜ:'mi:z/ **n.** (pl. **same** 单复同) **1** a native or national of Burma (Myanmar) in SE Asia 缅甸人 ▶︎ a member of the largest ethnic group of Burma 缅族人 **2** the Sino-Tibetan official language of Burma 缅甸语 **3** (also 亦作 **Burmese cat**) a cat of a short-coated breed originating in Asia 缅甸猫 ■**adj.**

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relating to Burma, its people, or their language 缅甸的; 缅甸人的, 缅甸语的

**burn**¹ /bɜ:n/ **v.** (past and past part. **burned** or chiefly Brit. 【主英】**burnt**) **1** (of a fire) flame or glow while consuming a fuel (火)燃烧, 烧着 ▶︎ use (a fuel) as a source of heat or energy 烧(燃料); 以…作燃料 **2** be or cause to be harmed or destroyed by fire 烧掉, 烧毁; 烧伤 ▶︎ (of the skin) become red and painful through exposure to the sun (皮肤)被晒伤 ▶︎ feel hot as a result of illness, injury, or emotion (因患病、受伤或情绪变化)感到火辣辣, 感到灼热 **3** (**be burning with**) be entirely possessed by (a desire or emotion) 充满(欲望或情感) **4** (**burn out**) become exhausted through overwork (因过度工作)筋疲力尽 **5** informal 【非正式】drive very fast 高速驾驶 **6** (**burn someone up**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】make someone very angry 使某人大怒 **7** produce (a CD) by copying from an original or master copy 刻录(光盘) ■**n.** **1** an injury or area of damage caused by burning 烫伤; 烧伤 ▶︎ a painful sensation in the muscles experienced as a result of sustained exercise (肌肉持续运动后的)酸痛 **2** a firing of a rocket engine in flight (火箭发动机的)中途点火 **3** N. Amer. & Austral./NZ 【北美, 澳新】an act of clearing of vegetation by burning 烧除地上草木
-PHRASES 短语 **burn one's boats** (or **bridges**) do something which makes turning back impossible 破釜沉舟 **burn the candle at both ends** go to bed late and get up early 晚睡早起, 超负荷工作 **burn a hole in one's pocket** (of money) tempt one to spend it quickly or extravagantly 大手大脚(花钱) **burn the midnight oil** work late into the night 开夜车, 挑灯夜战 **burn rubber** informal 【非正式】drive very fast 飚车, 高速驾车
-ORIGIN 词源 OE birnan 'be on fire' and bærnan 'consume by fire', both from the same Gmc base.

B **burn**² /bɜ:n/ **n.** Scottish & N. English 【苏格兰, 英北】a small stream 小溪, 小河
-ORIGIN 词源 OE burna, burn(e), of Gmc origin.

**burner** /'bɜ:nə(r)/ **n.** **1** a part of a cooker, lamp, etc. that emits a flame 煤气头, 炉头, 灯头 ▶︎ N. Amer. 【北美】 the heating element of an electric cooker (电饭锅等的)加热器 **2** an apparatus for burning something 燃烧器
-PHRASES 短语 **on the back burner** having low priority 暂时搁置一边

**burnet** /'bɜ:nɪt/ **n.** **1** a plant of the rose family, with globular pinkish flower heads and leaves composed of many small leaflets 地榆 [Genus Sanguisorba: several species.] **2** a day-flying moth, typically having greenish-black wings with crimson markings 斑蛾 [Zygaena and other genera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. brunete, burnete (denoting brown cloth or a plant with brown flowers), dimin. of brun 'brown'.

**burnet rose** **n.** a small wild rose with white flowers and leaves like those of burnet 地榆蔷薇 [Rosa pimpinellifolia.]

**burning** /'bɜ:nıŋ/ **adj.** **1** very deeply felt 强烈的; 热切的: a burning ambition 野心勃勃 **2** of urgent interest and importance 紧急的, 十分重要的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burningly** adv.

**burning bush** **n.** **1** a shrub with bright red fruit or autumn foliage 地肤 **2** another term for **GAS PLANT** ▶︎ gas plant 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: with biblical allusion to Exod. 3:2.

**burning glass** **n.** a lens for concentrating the sun's rays on an object so as to set fire to it (取)火镜, 凸透镜

**burnish** /'bɜ:nıʃ/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **burnished**] polish by rubbing 抛光, 擦亮 **n.** the shine on a polished surface 光泽, 光亮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burnisher** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. burniss-, burnir, var. of brunir 'make brown', from brun 'brown'.

**burnous** /bɜ:'nu:s/ (US also 【美亦作】**burnoose**) ■**n.** a long, loose hooded cloak worn by Arabs (阿拉伯人穿的)连风帽的长斗篷
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: Fr., from Arab. burnus, from Gk birros 'cloak'.

**burnout** /'bɜ:naʊt/ **n.** **1** the reduction of a fuel or substance to nothing 燃尽, 烧光 **2** overheating of an electrical device or component (电气设备或元件的)烧坏, 烧毁 **3** physical or mental collapse 精疲力竭

**burnt** /bɜ:nt/ chiefly Brit. 【主英】 past and past participle of **BURN**¹ ▶︎ burn 的过去式和过去分词

**burnt ochre** **n.** a deep yellow-brown pigment made by calcining ochre 煅赭石, 烧赭石

**burnt offering** **n.** **1** a religious sacrifice burnt on an altar 燔祭品 **2** humorous 【幽】 an overcooked or charred item of food 煮过头的食物; 烧焦的食物

**burnt sienna** **n.** see 见 **SIENNA**.

**burnt umber** **n.** see 见 **UMBER**.

**bur oak** **n.** a North American oak with large fringed acorn cups and wood formerly used in shipbuilding 大果栎 [Quercus macrocarpa.]

**burp** /bɜ:p/ informal 【非正式】 ■**v.** belch 打嗝 ▶︎ make (a baby) belch after feeding 使(婴儿)打嗝 ■**n.** a belch 嗝; 饱嗝
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: imitative.

**burpee** /'bɜ:pi:/ **n.** a squat thrust made from and ending in a standing position 立卧撑
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s (orig. in Burpee test, a test of agility in which a series of burpees were executed rapidly): named after the American psychologist Royal H. Burpee.

**burp gun** **n.** US informal 【美, 非正式】a lightweight sub-machine gun 短冲锋枪

**burqa** /'bɜ:kə/ **n.** variant spelling of **BURKA** ▶︎ burka 的另一种拼法

**burr** /bɜ:(r)/ **n.** **1** a whirring sound 呼呼声
> a rough pronunciation of the letter r, as in some regional accents (某些地区方言中的)颤动小舌的r音, 粗喉

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音 **2** (also 亦作 **bur**) a rough edge left on a metal object by the action of a tool (金属被切割后留下的)毛边, 毛口 **3** (also 亦作 **bur**) a small drill used in woodworking, dentistry, or surgery 木钻; 牙钻; 骨钻 **4** a siliceous rock used for millstones 硬石 > a whetstone 磨刀石 **5** (also 亦作 **bur**) a prickly seed case or flower head that clings to clothing and animal fur 刺果; 刺球状花序 **6** (also 亦作 **bur**) [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting wood containing a pattern of dense swirls in the grain 树瘤木纹 **7** the coronet of a deer's antler 鹿茸冠 ■**v.** **1** make a whirring sound 发呼呼声 ▶︎ speak with a burr 说话带粗喉音 **2** form a rough edge on (metal) 使(金属)形成毛边
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin; the accent sense is prob. imitative.

**burra** /'bʊrə/ **adj.** Indian 【印度】 big or important 大的; 重要的, 重大的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi barā 'great, greatest'.

**Burra Din** /'bʌrə 'dın/ **n.** Indian 【印度】Christmas 圣诞节
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi barā 'great' and din 'day'.

**burrawang** /'bʌrəwæŋ/ (also 亦作 **burrawong**) ■**n.** **1** an Australian cycad with palm-like leaves and a sunken underground trunk 澳洲旋叶苏铁 [Macrozamia spiralis.] **2** the poisonous nut of the burrawang, which becomes edible after prolonged soaking 澳洲旋叶苏铁果
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Dharuk.

**bur-reed** **n.** an aquatic reed-like plant with rounded flower heads and oily seeds 黑三棱 [Genus Sparganium.]

**burrito** /bə'ri:təʊ/ **n.** (pl. **burritos**) a Mexican dish consisting of a tortilla rolled round a filling of minced beef or beans (用碎牛肉或豆作馅料的)墨西哥玉米面卷饼
-ORIGIN 词源 Latin Amer. Sp., dimin. of Sp. burro, lit. 'donkey'.

**burro** /'bʊrəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **burros**) chiefly US 【主美】a small donkey used as a pack animal (用来驮货的)小毛驴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp.

**burrow** /'bʌrəʊ/ **n.** a hole or tunnel dug by a small animal as a dwelling (小动物掘出的)洞穴, 地洞, 地道 ■**v.** **1** make a burrow 掘地洞 ▶︎ dig into or through something solid 挖穿 **2** hide underneath or delve into something (使)钻到某物下面; 钻入(某处)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burrower** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of **BOROUGH**.

**bursa** /'bɜ:sə/ **n.** (pl. **bursae** /-si:/ or **bursas**) Anatomy 【解】 a fluid-filled sac or cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint 囊, 黏液囊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bursal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L., 'bag, purse'.

**bursar** /'bɜ:sə(r)/ ■**n.** **1** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a person who manages the financial affairs of a college or school (大学或学校的)财务主管 **2** Scottish 【苏格兰】a student holding a bursary 获奖学金的学生
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. boursier or med. L. bursarius, from bursa (see 见 **BURSA**).

**bursary** /'bɜ:səri/ **n.** (pl. **bursaries**) chiefly Brit. 【主英】**1** a grant, especially one awarded to a student 奖学金 **2** a bursar's office 财务主管办公室
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bursarial** /bɜ:'seəriəl/ adj. **bursarship** n.

B **burse** /bɜ:s/ **n.** a flat, square fabric-covered case in which a corporal cloth is carried to and from a church altar 圣餐布盒
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. bourse or med. L. bursa (see 见 **BOURSE**, **BURSA**).

**bursitis** /bɜ:'saıtıs/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 inflammation of a bursa, typically in a shoulder joint 滑囊炎, 黏液囊炎

**burst** /bɜ:st/ **v.** (past and past part. **burst**) **1** break or cause to break suddenly and violently apart (使)爆炸; (使)破裂 **2** be very full 爆满; 充满: The wardrobe was bursting with clothes. 衣柜里放满了衣服。
> (**be bursting with**) feel (an irrepressible emotion or impulse) 充满(难以抑制的情感或冲动)
**3** move or be opened suddenly and forcibly 猛冲; 突然打开 ▶︎ suddenly begin doing or producing something 突然开始(做某事或产生某物): An aircraft crashed and burst into flames. 飞机坠毁后立刻燃烧起来。 **4** separate (stationery) into single sheets 分(页); 断(纸) ■**n.** **1** an instance or the result of bursting 爆炸; 爆裂, 破裂 **2** a sudden brief outbreak of something violent or noisy 迸发, 爆发 **3** a period of continuous effort 一阵猛劲
-PHRASES 短语 **burst someone's bubble** shatter someone's illusions 使某人幻想破灭
-ORIGIN 词源 OE berstan, of Gmc origin.

**burster** /'bɜ:stə(r)/ **n.** Astronomy 【天文】a cosmic source of powerful short-lived bursts of X-rays or other radiation (X射线或其他射线)暴源

**bursty** /'bɜ:sti/ **adj.** informal or technical 【非正式或技】 occurring in bursts 阵发的

**burthen** /'bɜ:ðn/ **n.** archaic form of **BURDEN** ▶︎ burden 的古代形式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **burthensome** adj.

**burton**¹ /'bɜ:t(ə)n/ **n.** (in phr. 用于短语 **go for a burton**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】be ruined, destroyed, or killed 被毁灭(或坏)的; 被杀害的
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War (orig. RAF sl.): perh. referring to Burton ale, from Burton-upon-Trent.

**burton**² /'bɜ:t(ə)n/ (also 亦作 **burton-tackle**) **n.** historical 【史义】 a light two-block tackle for hoisting 复滑车, 辘轳
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: alt. of ME Breton tackle, a naut. term in the same sense (see 见 **BRETON**).

**Burundian** /bʊ'rʊndiən/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of Burundi, a country in central Africa 布隆迪 ■**adj.** relating to Burundi or its people 布隆迪的, 布隆迪人的

**bury** /'beri/ **v.** (**buries**, **burying**, **buried**) **1** put or hide underground 埋藏, 掩埋 ▶︎ place (a dead

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body) in the earth or a tomb 埋葬(尸体) **2** cover completely 掩盖, 掩藏 ▶︎ cause to disappear or become unnoticeable 使消失; 使湮没 **3** (**bury oneself**) involve oneself deeply in something 专心致志
-PHRASES 短语 **bury one's head in the sand** ignore unpleasant realities 不正视现实, 逃避现实
-ORIGIN 词源 OE byrgan, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to **BORROW** and **BOROUGH**.

B **Buryat** /'bʊrjæt/ **n.** (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Buryats**) **1** a member of a people living in southern Siberia, Mongolia, and northern China 布里亚特人(居住在南西伯利亚、蒙古和中国北部) **2** the language of the Buryat, related to Mongolian 布里亚特语的

**burying beetle** **n.** a black beetle which buries small animal carcasses to provide food for its larvae 埋葬虫, 葬甲 [Nicrophorus and other genera.]

**bus** /bʌs/ **n.** (pl. **buses**; US also 【美亦作】**busses**) **1** a large motor vehicle carrying paying passengers on a fixed route 公共汽车, 公交车 **2** Computing 【计】 a distinct set of conductors within a computer system, to which pieces of equipment may be connected in parallel 总线 ■**v.** (**busses**, **bussing**, **bussed** or **buses**, **busing**, **bused**) **1** transport or travel in a bus 用公共汽车载送; 乘坐公共汽车 ▶︎ US 【美】 transport (a child of one ethnic group) to a school where another is predominant 用校车接送(某一种族的学童) **2** N. Amer. 【北美】clear (dirty crockery) in a restaurant or cafeteria (在饭店或自助餐馆里)清洗(脏碗碟)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **busload** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortening of **OMNIBUS**.

**busbar** /'bʌsbɑ:(r)/ **n.** a system of electrical conductors in a generating or receiving station into which power is fed for distribution 母线, 汇流条

**busboy** /'bʌsbɔı/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】a man who clears tables in a restaurant or café (负责清理餐桌的)餐馆打杂工

**busby** /'bʌzbi/ **n.** (pl. **busbies**) a tall fur hat with a cloth flap hanging down on the right-hand side, worn by certain regiments of hussars and artillerymen 毛皮高顶帽 ▶︎ popular term for **BEARSKIN** (the cap) ▶︎ bearskin (帽子)的流行说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a bushy wig): of unknown origin.

**bush**¹ /bʊʃ/ **n.** **1** a shrub or clump of shrubs with stems of moderate length 灌木(丛) **2** (**the bush**) (in Australia and Africa) wild or uncultivated country (澳大利亚和非洲的)荒野, 灌木地带, 未开垦地带 ▶︎ the vegetation of such a district 灌木地带植物
> [as modifier 作修饰语] chiefly S. African 【主南非】 uncivilized; primitive 未开化的, 原始的
**3** vulgar slang 【粗俚】a woman's pubic hair (女人的)阴毛 **4** historical 【史义】a bunch of ivy as a vintner's sign 常春藤枝(酒商的标记) ■**v.** spread out into a thick clump 成浓密的一簇
-PHRASES 短语 **go bush** Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】run wild 变野, 发狂
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bos, bosc, vars of bois 'wood', reinforced by ON buski, of Gmc origin.

**bush**² /bʊʃ/ ■**n.** Brit. 【英】 **1** a metal lining for a round hole, especially one in which an axle revolves 衬套; (尤指)轴衬 **2** a sleeve that protects an electric cable where it passes through a panel (电缆)套管
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from MDu. busse.

**bushbaby** /'bʊʃ beıbi/ **n.** (pl. **bushbabies**) a small nocturnal tree-dwelling African primate with very large eyes 婴猴 [Genus Galago: several species.]

**bushbuck** /'bʊʃbʌk/ **n.** a small antelope having a reddish-brown coat with white markings, found in southern Africa 数羚 [Tragelaphus scriptus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **BUSH**¹ + **BUCK**¹, influenced by Du. bosbok.

**bushcraft** /'bʊʃkrɑ:ft/ **n.** skill at living in the bush 丛林谋生技能

**bush cricket** **n.** a mainly carnivorous insect related to the grasshoppers, with very long antennae 螽斯 [Family Tettigoniidae: many species.]

**bushed** /bʊʃt/ **adj.** informal 【非正式】 **1** exhausted 筋疲力尽的 **2** Austral./NZ 【澳新】 lost in the bush 在野外迷路的 ▶︎ flummoxed or bewildered 困惑的, 迷惘的 **3** Canadian 【加】 psychologically disturbed on account of isolation (因与世隔绝而)精神不正常的

**bushel** /'bʊʃl/ (abbrev. 略作: **bu.**) **n.** **1** Brit. 【英】a measure of capacity equal to 8 gallons (equivalent to 36.4 litres) 蒲式耳(等于8加仑, 合36.4升) **2** US 【美】 a measure of capacity equal to 64 US pints (equivalent to 35.2 litres) 蒲式耳(等于64品脱, 合35.2升)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bushelful** n. (pl. **bushelfuls**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. boissel, perh. of Gaulish origin.

**bush fire** **n.** a fire in scrub or a forest 丛林大火, 林区大火

**bushido** /'bu:ʃɪdəʊ/ **n.** the code of honour and morals of the Japanese samurai 武士道
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese bushidō, from bushi 'samurai' + dō 'way'.

**bushing** /'bʊʃɪŋ/ **n.** another term for **BUSH**² ▶︎ bush² 的另一种说法

**bush jacket** **n.** a safari jacket 丛林夹克, 狩猎夹克

**bush lawyer** **n.** Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】a person claiming legal or other knowledge without the qualifications to do so 冒牌律师

**bush league** N. Amer. 【北美】 ■**n.** a minor league of a sport, especially baseball (尤指棒球)职业运动小联合会 ■**adj.** (**bush-league**) informal 【非正式】second-rate 二流的, 次等的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bush-leaguer** n.

**Bushman** /'bʊʃmən/ **n.** (pl. **Bushmen**) **1** a member of any of several aboriginal peoples of southern Africa, especially of the Kalahari Desert 布须曼人(非洲南部, 尤其是卡拉哈里沙漠的土著) **2** old-fashioned term for **SAN** (the languages of the Bushmen) ▶︎ San (布须曼人的语言)的过时说法 **3** (**bushman**)

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a person who lives or travels in the Australian bush 丛林人(在澳大利亚丛林生活或旅行的人)

**bushmaster** /'bʊʃ,mɑ:stə(r)/ **n.** a very large American pit viper 巨蝮 [Lachesis muta.]

**bush pig** **n.** a wild pig native to the forests and savannahs of Africa and Madagascar 非洲野猪 [Potamochoerus porcus.]

**bushranger** /'bʊʃreındʒə(r)/ ■**n.** **1** US 【美】a person living far from civilization 丛林居民 **2** Austral./NZ historical 【澳新, 史义】 an outlaw living in the bush 绿林人(藏匿在丛林地带的逃犯)

**bush sickness** **n.** a deficiency disease of animals caused by a lack of cobalt in the soil (动物因土壤缺钴所致的)丛林病

**bush telegraph** **n.** a rapid informal network by which information or gossip is spread 传播消息的小道

**Bushveld** /'bʊʃfelt, -velt/ **n.** (**the Bushveld**) a region in the hot, dry north-east of South Africa and adjoining countries (南非及邻国的)灌木丛生地区

**bushwa** /'bʊʃwɑ:/ ■**n.** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 nonsense 废话, 胡扯
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: appar. a euphemism for **BULLSHIT**.

**bushwalking** /'bʊʃ,wɔ:kıŋ/ **n.** chiefly Austral./NZ 【主澳新】 hiking or backpacking 丛林徒步(或背包)旅行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bushwalker** n.

**bushwhack** /'bʊʃwæk/ **v.** **1** [often as noun 常作名词 **bushwhacking**] N. Amer. & Austral./NZ 【北美, 澳新】 live or travel in the bush 在丛林中生活(或旅行) > work clearing scrub and felling trees 砍伐杂树 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】engage in guerrilla warfare 打游击战 > ambush (someone) 伏击
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bushwhacker** n.

**bushwhacked** /'bʊʃwækt/ **adj.** informal 【非正式】exhausted 筋疲力尽的

**bushy**¹ /'bʊʃi/ **adj.** (**bushier**, **bushiest**) **1** growing thickly 茂盛的, 浓密的 **2** covered with bush or bushes 灌木丛生的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bushily** adv. **bushiness** n.

**bushy**² /'bʊʃi/ (also 亦作 **bushie**) **n.** (pl. **bushies**) Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】 a person who lives in the bush 丛林居民; 乡下人

**business** /'bıznəs/ **n.** **1** a person's regular occupation or trade 职业, 行业 ▶︎ work to be done or matters to be attended to (待处理的)事务, 事情 **2** a person's concern 关心的事 **3** commercial activity 生意; 商业 ▶︎ a commercial organization 工商企业; 商行, 商店 **4** informal 【非正式】 a matter 事, 事务: the business of trying to find her mother 她努力寻找母亲的事情 **5** Theatre 【戏】 actions other than dialogue in a play (戏剧表演中除台词外的)动作 **6** (**the business**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】an excellent person or thing 优秀的人(或事物)
-PHRASES 短语 **in business** informal 【非正式】 able to begin something 能够开始某事 **in the business of** engaged in or prepared to engage in (准备)从事 **like nobody's business** informal 【非正式】extraordinarily 非常, 极其 **send someone about their business** dated 【过时】tell someone to go away 把某人打发走
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bisignis 'anxiety' (see 见 **BUSY**, **-NESS**); sense 2 dates from ME and is the root of current senses.

**business card** **n.** a small card printed with one's name, occupation, and business address 商业名片

B **business end** **n.** informal 【非正式】the functional part of a tool or device (工具、设备等)发挥功能的一头, 锐利的一端

**businesslike** /'bıznəslaık/ **adj.** efficient and practical 有效率的; 务实的

**businessman** /'bıznəsmæn/ (or **businesswoman**) ■**n.** (pl. **businessmen** or **businesswomen**) a person who works in commerce, especially at executive level 商人(尤指高层管理人员)

**business model** **n.** a plan for the successful operation of a business, identifying sources of revenue and details of products and financing 商业模式

**business park** **n.** an area composed of company offices and light industrial premises (公司办公楼和轻工业厂房集中的)商业园区

**business studies** pl. **n.** [treated as sing. 视作单数]the study of economics and management 商学

**busk**¹ /bʌsk/ **v.** **1** play music in the street for voluntary donations 街头卖艺 **2** (**busk it**) informal 【非正式】improvise 即兴创作, 即兴发挥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **busker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the naut. sense 'cruise about'): from obs. Fr. busquer 'seek'.

**busk**² /bʌsk/ **n.** historical 【史义】 a stiffening strip for a corset (女紧身胸衣的)撑衣片
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. busc, from Ital. busco 'splinter'.

**buskin** /'bʌskın/ **n.** historical 【史义】 a calf-high or knee-high boot 高筒靴 ▶︎ a thick-soled laced boot worn by an ancient Athenian tragic actor to gain height (古雅典悲剧演员穿的)厚底靴 ▶︎ (**the buskin**) the style or spirit of tragic drama 悲剧风格; 悲剧精神
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buskined** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from OFr. bouzequin, var. of brousequin, from MDu. broseken.

**busman** /'bʌsmən/ **n.** (pl. **busmen**) a bus driver 公交车司机, 公共汽车驾驶员
-PHRASES 短语 **a busman's holiday** leisure time spent doing the same thing that one does at work 照常工作的假日

**buss** /bʌs/ archaic or N. Amer. informal 【古或北美, 非正式】 ■**n.** a kiss 亲吻 ■**v.** kiss 亲吻
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt. of ME bass (n. and v.), prob. from Fr. baiser, from L. basiare.

**bus stop** **n.** a regular stopping place on a bus route 公共汽车停靠站

**bust**¹ /bʌst/ **n.** **1** a woman's breasts (女人的)乳房 **2** a sculpture of a person's head, shoulders, and chest 胸像, 半身像

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. buste, from Ital. busto, from L. bustum 'tomb, sepulchral monument'.

**bust**² /bʌst/ informal 【非正式】 ■**v.** (past and past part. **busted** or **bust**) **1** break, split, or burst 打碎; (使)破裂; (使)爆裂 > (**bust up**) (of a group or couple) separate (团体成员)分离; (夫妻关系)破裂 **2** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】strike violently 猛烈打击 **3** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 raid or search (premises) 袭击; 搜查 ▶︎ arrest 逮捕 **4** chiefly US 【主美】 demote (a soldier) 使(士兵)降级 ■**n.** **1** a period of economic difficulty or depression 经济困难(或萧条)时期 **2** a police raid (警察的)搜捕, 袭击 **3** a worthless thing 垃圾, 无价值之物 **4** chiefly N. Amer. 【北美】a violent blow 猛击 ■**adj.** **1** damaged or broken 毁坏的; 断裂的 **2** bankrupt 破产的: Firms will go bust. 公司将会破产。
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. US): var. of **BURST**.

B **bustard** /'bʌstəd/ **n.** a large, heavily built, swift-running bird of open country 鸨 [Family Otididae: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: perh. an Anglo-Norman Fr. blend of OFr. bistarde and oustarde, both from L. avis tarda 'slow bird'.

**bustee** /'bʌsti:/ ■**n.** Indian 【印度】a slum or shanty town 贫民窟, 棚户区
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi bastī 'dwelling'.

**buster** /'bʌstə(r)/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 **1** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a mildly disrespectful form of address to a man or boy) (用于对男子、男孩不太客气的称呼)(小)家伙 **2** a person or thing that stops a specified thing 制伏…的人(或物): a crime-buster 制服犯罪的人 **3** an impressive person or thing 有影响的人(或物)

**bustier** /'bʌstieə, 'bʊst-/ **n.** a woman's close-fitting sleeveless top, usually without straps (通常无肩带、无袖的)紧身女胸衣
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from buste (see 见 **BUST**¹).

**bustle**¹ /'bʌsl/ **v.** move in an energetic and busy manner 奔忙, 忙乱 ▶︎ [often as adj. 常作形容词 **bustling**] (of a place) be full of activity (场所)熙熙攘攘, 繁忙 **n.** excited activity and movement 热闹的活动, 忙乱
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. a var. of obs. buskle, frequentative of busk 'prepare', from ON.

**bustle**² /'bʌsl/ ■**n.** historical 【史义】a pad or frame worn under a skirt to puff it out behind (撑裙子用的)衬垫, 裙撑
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**bustline** /'bʌstlaın/ **n.** the measurement round a woman's body at the bust (女性的)胸围

**bust-up** **n.** informal 【非正式】 a serious quarrel or fight 剧烈争吵, 激烈打斗

**busty** /'bʌsti/ **adj.** (**bustier**, **bustiest**) informal 【非正式】(of a woman) having large breasts (女子)胸部丰满的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **bustiness** n.

**busway** /'bʌsweı/ **n.** a road or section of a road set apart exclusively for buses, typically one with tracks or grooves for guiding them 公共汽车专用道

**busy** /'bızi/ **adj.** (**busier**, **busiest**) **1** having a great deal to do 忙碌的 ▶︎ (of a place) full of activity or people (场所)熙熙攘攘的, 热闹的 **2** (of a person) presently occupied; engaged (人)忙碌的 ▶︎ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】(of a telephone line) engaged (电话)占线的, 忙音的 **3** excessively detailed or decorated 杂乱的; 过分装饰的 ■**v.** (**busies**, **busying**, **busied**) (**busy oneself**) keep occupied 忙于 ■**n.** (also 亦作 **bizzy**) (pl. **busies** or **bizzies**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a police officer 警官, 警察
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **busily** adv. **busyness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bisgian (v.), bisig (n.).

**busy bee** **n.** informal 【非正式】 an industrious person 勤奋的人

**busybody** /'bızi,bɒdi/ **n.** (pl. **busybodies**) a meddling or prying person 爱管闲事的人, 爱打听消息的人

**busy Lizzie** /'lızi/ **n.** (pl. **busy Lizzies**) Brit. 【英】an East African plant with abundant red, pink, or white flowers, grown as a house plant 苏丹华凤仙, 玻璃翠 [Impatiens walleriana.]

**busywork** /'bızıwɜ:k/ **n.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】work that keeps a person busy but has little value in itself 打发时间的工作

**but**¹ /bʌt/ **conj.** **1** used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has come before or with what is expected (用于引入与前述或预想形成对比的词语或分句) **2** [with neg. or in questions 与否定结构连用或用于疑问句] other than; otherwise than 除了, 除…之外 **3** [with neg. 与否定结构连用] archaic 【古】 without it being the case that 若不 ■**prep.** except; apart from 除了, 除…之外 ■**adv.** **1** only 仅仅 **2** Austral./NZ & Scottish informal 【澳新, 苏格兰, 非正式】though; however 然而, 但是: He was a nice bloke but. 但他仍不失为一个好人。 ■**n.** an objection 但是(表示反对): no ifs and buts 没有假如和但是
-PHRASES 短语 **but for** except for 除…以外 ▶︎ if it were not for 要不是, 若不是
-ORIGIN 词源 OE be-ūtan, būtan, būta 'outside, without, except' (see 见 **BY**, **OUT**).

**but**² /bʌt/ **n.** Scottish 【苏格兰】 an outer room, especially in a two-roomed cottage (尤指两居室房舍的)外间
-PHRASES 短语 **but and ben** see 见 **BEN**².
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from **BUT**¹ in the early sense 'outside'.

**butadiene** /,bju:tə'daıi:n/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】a gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbon, used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber 丁二烯 [C₄H₆]

**butane** /'bju:teın/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a flammable hydrocarbon gas of the alkane series, present in petroleum and natural gas and used as a fuel 丁烷 [C₄H₁₀]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **BUTYL** + **-ANE**².

**butanoate** /,bju:tə'nəʊeıt/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】a salt or ester of butanoic acid 丁酸盐; 丁酸酯

**butanoic acid** /,bju:tə'nəʊık/ **n.** systematic

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chemical name for **BUTYRIC ACID** ▶︎ butyric acid 的学名

**butch** /bʊtʃ/ informal 【非正式】 ■**adj.** aggressively or ostentatiously masculine in appearance or behaviour 男性特征明显的, 男子气的 ■**n.** a mannish lesbian (女同性恋中)具有男性特征的一方
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: perh. an abbrev. of **BUTCHER**.

**butcher** /'bʊtʃə(r)/ **n.** a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat in a shop 肉商, 肉贩 > a person who slaughters and cuts up animals for food 屠夫 > a person who kills brutally 刽子手 ■**v.** **1** slaughter or cut up (an animal) for food 屠宰(牲畜) > kill (someone) brutally 屠杀, 残杀(人) **2** ruin deliberately or through incompetence 故意破坏; (因无能而)搞砸
-PHRASES 短语 **have (or take) a butcher's** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 have a look 看一眼 [butcher's from butcher's hook, rhyming sl. for a 'look'.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **butchery** n. (pl. **butcheries**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from an Anglo-Norman Fr. var. of OFr. bochier, from boc 'he-goat', prob. of the same ultimate origin as **BUCK**¹.

**butcher-bird** **n.** **1** a shrike, so called from its habit of impaling prey on thorns 伯劳 **2** a crow-like predacious Australasian songbird, with a heavy hook-tipped bill 钟雀 [Genus Cracticus: several species.]

**butcher's broom** **n.** a low evergreen shrub, with flat shoots that give the appearance of stiff spine-tipped leaves 假叶树 [Ruscus aculeatus.]

**butcher's meat** (also 亦作 **butcher meat**) **n.** Brit. 【英】fresh uncured meat excluding game and poultry (野味与家禽以外的)鲜肉

**Buteyko** /bu:'teıkəʊ/ **adj.** of or denoting a technique of controlled breathing claimed to alleviate asthma (据称能减轻哮喘症状的)布特科氏呼吸技术的
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: named after the Russian physiologist Konstantin Buteyko.

**butler** /'bʌtlə(r)/ **n.** the chief manservant of a house 男管家
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bouteillier 'cup-bearer', from bouteille 'bottle'.

**butler sink** **n.** another term for **BELFAST SINK** ▶︎ Belfast sink 的另一种说法

**butt**¹ /bʌt/ **v.** **1** hit with the head or horns 以头(或角)顶撞 **2** (**butt in**) interrupt or intrude on a conversation or activity 插嘴, 插手, 干涉 > (**butt out**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】stop interfering 停止插嘴; 停止干涉 **n.** a rough push with the head (用头的)顶撞
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. boter, of Gmc origin.

**butt**² /bʌt/ **n.** **1** an object of criticism or ridicule (批评或嘲弄的)对象 **2** an archery or shooting target or range 箭靶; 枪靶; 靶场 ▶︎ a mound on or in front of which a target is set up for archery or shooting 靶垛 ▶︎ a grouse-shooter's stand (射猎松鸡者的)隐蔽处
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. but, of unknown origin.

**butt**³ /bʌt/ **n.** **1** (also 亦作 **butt end**) the thicker end of something, especially a tool or a weapon (尤指工具或武器)粗大的一端 ▶︎ the square end of a plank or plate meeting the end or side of another 接头处, 平接处 **2** (also 亦作 **butt end**) the stub of a cigar or a cigarette 烟头, 烟蒂 **3** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】a person's bottom 臀部, 屁股 **4** the trunk of a tree, especially the part just above the ground 树干(尤指接近地面处的部分) ■**v.** meet end to end 毗连: The shop butted up against the row of houses. 这家商店和那排房子紧紧相连。
> join (pieces of stone, timber, etc.) with the ends or sides flat against each other 使(石板、木板等)对头连接; 使平接
-PHRASES 短语 **butt naked** informal 【非正式】completely naked 全裸的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: the noun appar. rel. to Du. bot 'stumpy', also to **BUTTOCK**; the verb partly from **BUTT**², reinforced by **ABUT**.

B **butt**⁴ /bʌt/ **n.** **1** a cask used for wine, ale, or water (盛酒或水的)大桶 **2** US 【美】 a liquid measure equal to 126 US gallons (equivalent to 477.5 litres) 一桶(液体计量单位, 等于126美制加仑, 合477.5升)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bot, from late L. buttis.

**butte** /bju:t/ **n.** N. Amer. or technical 【北美或技】an isolated hill with steep sides and a flat top 孤山(顶部平坦, 四面陡峭)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., 'mound', from OFr. but (cf. **BUTT**²).

**butter** /'bʌtə(r)/ **n.** a pale yellow edible fatty substance made by churning cream and used as a spread or in cooking 黄油 **v.** **1** spread with butter 往…上抹黄油 **2** (**butter someone up**) informal 【非正式】flatter someone 奉承, 巴结, 拍…的马屁
-PHRASES 短语 **look as if butter wouldn't melt in one's mouth** informal 【非正式】 appear innocent while being the opposite 假装天真, 表面老实
-ORIGIN 词源 OE butere, of W. Gmc origin, based on L. butyrum, from Gk bouturon.

**butter-and-eggs** **n.** any of a number of plants having two shades of yellow in the flower, especially toadflax 柳穿鱼

**butterball** /'bʌtəbɔ:l/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 **1** a plump bird, especially a turkey or bufflehead 肥禽(尤指火鸡或巨头鹊鸭) **2** informal, derogatory 【非正式, 贬】a fat person 胖子

**butter bean** **n.** a lima bean, especially one of a variety with large flat white seeds 利马豆; 棉豆

**butterbur** /'bʌtəbɜ:(r)/ **n.** a waterside plant with pale purple flowers and large soft leaves formerly used to wrap butter 蜂斗菜 [Petasites hybridus and related species.]

**buttercream** /'bʌtəkri:m/ **n.** a mixture of butter and icing sugar used as a filling or topping for a cake 奶油糖霜

**buttercup** /'bʌtəkap/ **n.** a herbaceous plant with bright yellow cup-shaped flowers, common in grassland and as a garden weed 毛茛 [Genus Ranunculus: many species.]

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**butterfat** /'bʌtəfæt/ **n.** the natural fat contained in milk and dairy products 乳脂

**butterfingers** /'bʌtə fıŋgəz/ ■**n.** (pl. **same** 单复同) informal 【非正式】a clumsy person, especially one who fails to hold a catch 笨手笨脚的人(尤指常失球的人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **butterfingered** adj.

**butterfish** /'bʌtəfıʃ/ **n.** (pl. **same** 单复同 or **butterfishes**) any of various fishes with oily flesh or slippery skin, especially the gunnel 鲳(尤指锦鳚)

B **butterfly** /'bʌtəflaı/ **n.** (pl. **butterflies**) **1** any of a large group of nectar-feeding lepidopterous insects with two pairs of large, typically colourful wings, distinguished from moths by having clubbed or dilated antennae, holding their wings erect when at rest, and being active by day 蝴蝶 **2** [as modifier 作修饰语] having a two-lobed shape resembling the spread wings of a butterfly 蝴蝶状的: a butterfly clip 蝶形别针 **3** a showy or frivolous person 炫耀的人; 轻浮的人: a social butterfly 交际花 **4** (**butterflies**) informal 【非正式】a fluttering and nauseous sensation felt in the stomach when one is nervous (由紧张等情绪引起的)欲呕吐的感觉, 恶心 **5** a stroke in swimming in which both arms are raised out of the water and lifted forwards together 蝶泳 ■**v.** (**butterflies**, **butterflying**, **butterflied**) split (a piece of meat) almost in two and spread it out flat 把(肉)切开摊成蝶形
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: perh. from the cream or yellow colour of common species, or from a former belief that the insects stole butter.

**butterfly bush** ■**n.** a buddleia cultivated for its large spikes of fragrant purplish-lilac or white flowers 大叶醉鱼草 [Buddleja davidii.]

**butterfly effect** **n.** (with reference to chaos theory) the phenomenon whereby a minute localized change in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere (混沌理论的)蝴蝶效应
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from the notion that a butterfly fluttering in Rio de Janeiro could change the weather in Chicago.

**butterfly fish** **n.** **1** a brightly coloured reef-dwelling fish popular in marine aquaria 蝴蝶鱼 [Chaetodon and related genera.] **2** a predatory marine fish with long venomous spines 蓑鲉鱼 [Genus Pterois.] **3** a West African freshwater fish with large pectoral fins used in leaping out of the water 齿蝶鱼 [Pantodon buchholzi.]

**butterfly knife** **n.** a long, broad knife used in pairs in some forms of kung fu (功夫中使用的)蝴蝶刀

**butterfly nut** **n.** another term for **WING NUT** ▶︎ wing nut 的另一种说法

**butterfly valve** **n.** a valve consisting of a rotating circular plate or a pair of hinged semicircular plates, mounted inside a pipe 蝶形阀, 节流门

**butterhead lettuce** **n.** a class of lettuce varieties having soft leaves that grow in a loose head and are said to have the flavour of butter 奶油生菜

**butter icing** **n.** another term for **BUTTERCREAM** ▶︎ buttercream 的另一种说法

**buttermilk** /'bʌtəmılk/ **n.** **1** the slightly sour liquid left after butter has been churned, used in baking or consumed as a drink 酪乳 **2** a pale yellow colour 奶黄色, 浅黄色

**butter muslin** **n.** Brit. 【英】 loosely woven cotton cloth, formerly used for wrapping butter 奶油包布, 黄油外包布

**butternut** /'bʌtənʌt/ **n.** **1** a North American walnut tree cultivated as an ornamental and also for its quality wood 灰胡桃 [Juglans cinerea.] **2** the edible oily nut of the butternut tree (可食的)灰胡桃

**butternut squash** ■**n.** a winter squash of a pear-shaped variety with light yellowish-brown rind and orange flesh 冬南瓜

**butterscotch** /'bʌtəskɒtʃ/ **n.** a brittle yellow-brown sweet made with butter and brown sugar 奶油硬糖

**butterwort** /'bʌtəwɜ:t/ **n.** a carnivorous bog plant with violet flowers and leaves that trap and digest small insects 捕虫堇 [Genus Pinguicula: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: named from the plant's supposed ability to keep cows in milk.

**buttery**¹ /'bʌt(ə)ri/ **adj.** containing, tasting like, or covered with butter 含黄油的, 味似黄油的; 涂有黄油的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **butteriness** n.

**buttery**² /'bʌt(ə)ri/ **n.** (pl. **butteries**) Brit. 【英】a room in a college where food is kept and sold to students (大学里的)餐饮部
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. boterie 'butt-store', from OFr. bot (see 见 **BUTT**⁴).

**buttie** /'bʌti/ **n.** (pl. **butties**) variant spelling of **BUTTY**¹ ▶︎ butty 的另一种拼法

**buttle** /'bʌtl/ **v.** humorous 【幽】 work as a butler 做男管家(或男仆)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: back-form. from **BUTLER**.

**buttock** /'bʌtək/ **n.** either of the two round fleshy parts of the human body that form the bottom 半边屁股
-ORIGIN 词源 OE buttuc, prob. from the base of **BUTT**³ + **-OCK**.

**button** /'bʌt(ə)n/ **n.** **1** a small disc or knob sewn on to a garment, either to fasten it by being pushed through a buttonhole or for decoration 纽扣, 扣子 **2** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a decorative badge pinned to clothing 纽扣徽章, 圆形徽章 **3** a knob on a piece of electrical or electronic equipment which is pressed to operate it 按钮 **4** Fencing 【击剑】a knob fitted to the point of a foil to make it harmless 剑头 ■**v.** **1** fasten or be fastened with buttons 扣上(…的)纽扣 **2** (**button it**) informal 【非正式】 stop talking 闭嘴 **3** (**button something up**) informal 【非正式】complete something satisfactorily 圆满完成, 大功告成
-PHRASES 短语 **button one's lip** informal 【非正式】stop

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or refrain from talking 住嘴, 不吭声 **on the button** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】precisely 准确地 **push (or press) someone's buttons** informal 【非正式】provoke a reaction in someone 激起某人的反应
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-buttoned** adj. **buttonless** adj. **buttony** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. bouton, of Gmc origin and rel. to **BUTT**¹.

**button-back** **n.** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a chair or sofa with a quilted back, the stitching being hidden by buttons (纽扣包缝的)棉靠背椅(或沙发)

**button chrysanthemum** **n.** a variety of chrysanthemum with small spherical flowers 纽扣菊

**button-down** **adj.** **1** (of a shirt collar) having points which are buttoned to the garment 领尖钉有纽扣的 **2** (also 亦作 **buttoned down** or **buttoned up**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】(of a person) conservative or inhibited 保守的; 羞怯的, 内向的

**buttonhole** /'bʌtnhəʊl/ **n.** **1** a slit made in a garment to receive a button for fastening 扣眼, 纽扣孔 **2** Brit. 【英】 a flower or spray worn in a lapel buttonhole 扣眼插花 ■**v.** **1** informal 【非正式】accost and detain (a reluctant person) in conversation 强留(某人)谈话 **2** make buttonholes in 给…打扣眼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buttonholer** n.

**buttonhole stitch** **n.** a looped stitch used for edging buttonholes or pieces of material 锁眼针迹

**buttonhook** /'bʌt(ə)nhʊk/ **n.** a small hook with a long handle for fastening tight buttons (often formerly on buttoned boots) 纽扣钩

**button mushroom** **n.** a young unopened mushroom 未张开的小蘑菇

**button-quail** **n.** a small quail-like bird related to the rails 三趾鹑 [Genus Turnix: several species.]

**Buttons** /'bʌt(ə)nz/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a nickname for a liveried pageboy, especially in a pantomime (尤指童话剧中的)小跟班儿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the rows of buttons on his jacket.

**button-through** **adj.** Brit. 【英】 (of clothing) fastened with buttons from top to bottom (衣服)开扣式的, 开襟的

**buttonwood** /'bʌt(ə)nwʊd/ **n.** **1** N. Amer. 【北美】a plane tree 梧桐树 **2** a tropical American mangrove, used in the production of tanbark and charcoal 锥果木 [Conocarpus erectus and Laguncularia racemosa.]

**buttress** /'bʌtrıs/ **n.** **1** a projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall 扶壁, 扶垛 **2** a projecting portion of a hill or mountain 山边扶壁状凸出部分 ■**v.** support with buttresses 用扶壁支撑 > support or strengthen 支持, 加固: Authority was buttressed by religious belief. 权力由于宗教信仰得以巩固。
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. (ars) bouterez 'thrusting (arch)', from boter (see 见 **BUTT**¹).

**butt ugly** **adj.** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】(chiefly of a person) extremely unattractive (主要指人)极其难看的

**butty**¹ /'bʌti/ (also 亦作 **buttie**) ■**n.** (pl. **butties**) informal, chiefly N. English 【非正式, 主英北】a sandwich 三明治
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **BUTTER** + **-Y**².

**butty**² /'bʌti/ **n.** (pl. **butties**) Brit. 【英】 **1** informal 【非正式】(among miners) a friend or workmate (矿工中的)朋友, 工友 **2** historical 【史义】 a middleman negotiating between the miners and mine owner 包工头 **3** (also 亦作 **butty boat**) an unpowered freight barge intended to be towed (待拖船拖的)驳船
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. from **BOOTY**¹ in the phr. play booty 'join in sharing plunder'.

B **butut** /'bu:tu:t/ **n.** (pl. **same** 单复同 or **bututs**) a monetary unit of Gambia, equal to one hundredth of a dalasi 布图(冈比亚货币单位, 100布图 = 1达拉西)
-ORIGIN 词源 a local word.

**butyl** /'bju:taıl, -tıl/ **n.** [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting an alkyl group -C₄H₉, derived from butane 丁基的: butyl acetate 乙酸丁酯
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **BUTYRIC ACID** + **-YL**.

**butyl rubber** **n.** a synthetic rubber made by polymerizing isobutylene and isoprene 丁基橡胶, 异丁(烯)橡胶

**butyrate** /'bju:tıreıt/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of butyric acid 丁酸盐; 丁酸酯

**butyric acid** /bju:'tırık/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a syrupy liquid organic acid present in rancid butter and in arnica oil; butanoic acid 丁酸, 酪酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. butyrum (see 见 **BUTTER**) + **-IC**.

**buxom** /'bʌks(ə)m/ **adj.** (of a woman) full-figured with large breasts (女人)丰满的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **buxomness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'compliant', later 'lively and good-tempered', influenced by the assoc. of plumpness with an easy-going nature): from the stem of OE būgan 'to bend' (see 见 **BOW**²) + **-SOME**¹.

**buy** /baı/ **v.** (**buys**, **buying**; past and past part. **bought**) **1** obtain in exchange for payment 买, 采买, 购买 > (**buy someone out**) pay someone to give up an ownership, interest, or share 买下(某人)的所有权(或产权、股份) > (**buy oneself out**) obtain one's release from the armed services by payment 交钱使…免服兵役 > (**buy something in**) withdraw something at auction because it fails to reach the reserve price (因低于保留价格而)收回拍卖品 **2** get by sacrifice or great effort (用牺牲或努力)换得, 得到 **3** informal 【非正式】 accept the truth of 接受, 相信 **n.** informal 【非正式】a purchase 采购, 购买
-PHRASES 短语 **buy the farm** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】die 死, 死亡 **buy it** informal 【非正式】be killed 被杀, 被害 **buy time** delay an event temporarily so as to have longer to improve one's own position 争取时间, 赢得时间
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bycgan, of Gmc origin.

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**buy-back** **n.** the buying back of goods by the original seller, especially a form of borrowing in which shares are sold with an agreement to repurchase them later (原卖主对售出物的)回买, 回收; (尤指股份)回购

**buyer** /'baıə(r)/ **n.** a person who buys 购买者, 买主 > a person employed to select and purchase stock for a business 采购员
-PHRASES 短语 **buyer's** (or **buyers'**) **market** an economic situation in which goods or shares are plentiful and buyers can keep prices down 买方市场(指供大于求的经济形势)

B **buy-in** **n.** **1** a purchase of shares by a broker after a seller has failed to deliver similar shares 买回, 补进(指证券经纪人重新购买, 补足抛出的股票) **2** a purchase of shares in a company by managers who are not employed by it 买进(其他公司的股份) **3** the buying back by a company of its own shares 回购本公司股票 **4** agreement with, or acceptance of, a policy, suggestion, etc. 同意, 接受(政策、建议等)

**buyout** /'baıaʊt/ **n.** the purchase of a controlling share in a company, especially by its own managers (尤指被公司管理层)控股收购

**buzz** /bʌz/ **n.** **1** a low, continuous humming or murmuring sound, made by or similar to that made by an insect (昆虫发出的或类似昆虫发出的)嗡嗡声, 嗞嗞声 ▶︎ the sound of a buzzer or telephone 蜂鸣器(或电话)的嗡嗡声 ▶︎ informal 【非正式】a telephone call 电话 **2** an atmosphere of excitement and activity 忙乱, 忙碌, 热闹 ▶︎ informal 【非正式】a thrill 兴奋, 激动 **3** informal 【非正式】a rumour 流言, 谣言 ■**v.** **1** make a low, continuous humming sound 发嗡嗡声 ▶︎ signal with a buzzer 用蜂鸣器发信号 **2** move quickly 迅速移动, 急行 > (**buzz off**) informal 【非正式】go away 走开, 离开 ▶︎ informal 【非正式】(of an aircraft) fly very close to (something) at high speed (飞机)高速逼近(某物) **3** (often 常用 **be buzzing with**) have an air of excitement or purposeful activity 充满嘈杂声, 闹哄哄
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative.

**buzzard** /'bʌzəd/ **n.** **1** a large hawklike bird of prey with broad wings and a rounded tail, typically seen soaring in wide circles [Buteo buteo and other species.] **2** N. Amer. 【北美】a vulture 兀鹫
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. busard, based on L. buteo 'falcon'.

**buzz bomb** **n.** informal term for **FLYING BOMB** ▶︎ flying bomb 的非正式说法

**buzz cut** **n.** a very short haircut in which the hair is clipped close to the head 板寸, 平头(发型)

**buzzer** /'bʌzə(r)/ **n.** an electrical device that makes a buzzing noise to attract attention 蜂鸣器

**buzz saw** ■**n.** North American term for **CIRCULAR SAW** ▶︎ circular saw 的北美说法

**buzzword** /'bʌzwɜ:d/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 a word, often an item of jargon, that is fashionable at a particular time or in a particular context 时髦行话, 流行术语

**buzzy** /'bʌzi/ **adj.** (**buzzier**, **buzziest**) informal 【非正式】(of a place or atmosphere) lively and exciting (场所)热闹的; (气氛)活跃的, 热烈的

**BVM** **abbr.** Blessed Virgin Mary 圣母马利亚

**b/w** **abbr.** black and white (printing, film, photographs, or television pictures (印刷、电影、照片或电视图像)黑白(的)

**bwana** /'bwɑ:nə/ **n.** (in East Africa) a boss or master (often used as a title or form of address) (东非的)老板, 主人(常用作头衔或称谓)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Kiswahili.

**BWR** **abbr.** boiling-water reactor

**by** /baı/ **prep.** **1** through the agency or means of 凭借, 用, 通过 ▶︎ indicating how something happens (表示事情如何发生) **2** indicating a quantity or amount, or the size of a margin (表示数量、数额、大小)按…计算 ▶︎ identifying a parameter (表示参量)根据, 按 ▶︎ expressing multiplication, especially in dimensions (表示乘法, 尤用于面积)乘 **3** indicating the end of a time period (表示某段时期的终结)在…之前, 不晚于 **4** near to; beside 在…旁边, 靠近 ▶︎ past and beyond 经过, 通过 **5** during 在…期间 **6** according to 根据, 关于 **7** used in mild oaths (用于誓言中)以…的名义: By God! 上帝作证! ■**adv.** so as to go past 经过, 过去 **n.** (pl. **byes**) variant spelling of **BYE**¹ ▶︎ bye 的另一种拼法
-PHRASES 短语 **by and by** before long 很快, 不久 **by the by** (or **bye**) incidentally 顺便提一句 **by and large** on the whole 总的来说 [orig. in naut. use, describing the handling of a ship both to the wind and off it.] **by oneself** **1** alone 独自(的), 单独(的) **2** unaided 独力(的) **by way of** see 见 **WAY**.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bi, bī, be, of Gmc origin.

**by-** /baı/ (also 亦作 **bye-**) **prefix** subordinate; incidental; secondary 次要的; 附带的; 从属的: by-election 补缺选举

**by-blow** **n.** Brit. dated 【英, 过时】 a man's illegitimate child 私生子

**by-catch** **n.** the unwanted fish and other marine creatures trapped by commercial fishing nets during fishing for a different species (捕鱼时的)意外收获

**bye**¹ /baı/ **n.** **1** the transfer of a competitor directly to the next round of a competition in the absence of an assigned opponent (比赛中的)轮空 **2** Cricket 【板】a run scored from a ball that passes the batsman without being hit (recorded as an extra) 漏击得分 **3** Golf 【高尔夫】 one or more holes remaining unplayed after a match has been decided (因赛局已定而剩下未打的)余穴
-PHRASES 短语 **by the bye** variant spelling of **BY THE BY** ▶︎ by the by 的另一种拼法 (see 见 **BY**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting an incidental matter): from **BY**.

**bye**² /baı/ **exclam.** informal 【非正式】goodbye 再见

**bye-** /baı/ **prefix** variant spelling of **BY-** ▶︎ by- 的另一种拼法

**bye-bye** /baı'baı/ **exclam.** informal 【非正式】

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goodbye 再会, 再见
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: child's reduplication.

**bye-byes** **n.** a child's word for sleep (儿语)睡觉
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the sound bye-bye, long used as a refrain in lullabies.

**by-election** **n.** Brit. 【英】 the election of an MP in a single constituency to fill a vacancy arising during a government's term of office (政府执政期间的)下院议员补缺选举

**Byeline** /'baılaın/ **n.** variant spelling of **BYLINE** (sense 2) ▶︎ byline (释义2) 的另一种拼法

**Byelorussian** /,bjelə(ʊ)'rʌʃn/ **adj.** & **n.** variant spelling of **BELORUSSIAN** ▶︎ Belorussian 的另一种拼法

**by-form** **n.** a secondary form of a word 词的次要形式

**bygone** /'baıgɒn/ **adj.** belonging to an earlier time 过往的, 以往的, 过时的
-PHRASES 短语 **let bygones be bygones** forget past differences or offences and be reconciled 过去的事情就让它过去吧

**by-law** (also 亦作 **bye-law**) **n.** **1** Brit. 【英】a regulation made by a local authority or corporation 地方法规; 公司章程 **2** a rule made by a company or society to control the actions of its members (公司或社团的)内部规定
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from obs. byrlaw 'local law or custom', from ON býjar, genitive sing. of býr 'town', but assoc. with **BY**.

**byline** /'baılaın/ **n.** **1** a line in a newspaper naming the writer of an article (报纸所刊文章的)作者署名行 **2** (also 亦作 **byeline**) (chiefly in soccer) the part of the goal line to either side of the goal (主要指足球的)球门线

**byname** /'baıneım/ **n.** a nickname 浑名, 别名, 绰号

**BYOB** **abbr.** bring your own bottle (used on party invitations) 请自带酒水(主要用于宴会请柬)

**bypass** /'baıpɑ:s/ **n.** **1** a road passing round a town to provide an alternative route for through traffic 绕行公路, 绕行道路 **2** a secondary channel, pipe, or connection to allow a flow when the main one is closed or blocked (主管道关闭或阻塞后所用的)旁通管 **3** a surgical operation in which an alternative channel is created, especially to improve blood flow to the heart when a coronary artery is blocked 分流术 > the alternative channel created during a bypass operation (分流手术中做的)旁路, 分路 ■**v.** go past or round 经过, 绕过 ▶︎ provide (a town) with a bypass 为(城镇)建设绕行公路

**byplay** /'baıpleı/ **n.** subsidiary action in a play or film (戏剧或电影的)穿插动作

**by-product** **n.** **1** an incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture of something else 副产品 **2** an unintended but inevitable secondary result 附带结果

**byre** /'baıə(r)/ ■**n.** Brit. 【英】 a cowshed 牛棚
-ORIGIN 词源 OE bȳre; perh. rel. to **BOWER**¹.

**byroad** /'baırəʊd/ **n.** a minor road 小路, 小径

**Byronic** /baı'rɒnık/ **adj.** characteristic of Lord Byron (1788-1824) or his poetry 拜伦的; 拜伦诗歌作品的
> (of a man) alluringly dark, mysterious, and moody (男人)拜伦似的, 拜伦风格的(具备迷人的深邃、神秘和喜怒无常等气质)

B **byssinosis** /,bısı'nəʊsıs/ **n.** a lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation of textile fibre dust 棉屑沉着病, 棉尘肺
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. byssinus 'made of byssus' + **-OSIS**.

**byssus** /'bısəs/ **n.** (pl. **byssuses** or **byssi** /-saı/) **1** historical 【史义】 a fine textile fibre and fabric of flax 黄麻; 黄麻织物 **2** Zoology 【动】a tuft of tough silky filaments by which mussels and some other bivalves adhere to rocks and other objects 足丝; 丝足
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **byssal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., from Gk bussos, of Semitic origin.

**bystander** /'baı,stændə(r)/ **n.** a person who is present at an event or incident but does not take part 旁观者

**byte** /baıt/ **n.** Computing 【计】 a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit 字节, 位组 ▶︎ such a group as a unit of memory size (作为存储单元的)字节
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: an arbitrary formation based on **BIT**⁵ and **BITE**.

**by-the-wind sailor** **n.** a surface-dwelling colonial marine coelenterate of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, with a disc-like float bearing a sail 帆水母 [Velella velella.]

**byway** /'baıweı/ **n.** **1** a minor road or path 小路, 旁路 **2** a little-known area of knowledge 冷僻领域(知识)

**byword** /'baıwɜ:d/ **n.** **1** a person or thing cited as a notable example or embodiment of something 代名词 **2** a word or expression summarizing a thing's characteristics or a person's principles (某物特点或某人原则的)概括

**Byzantine** /bı'zæntaın, baı-/ **adj.** **1** relating to Byzantium (later called Constantinople, now Istanbul), the Byzantine Empire, or the Eastern Orthodox Church 拜占庭的, 拜占庭帝国的, 东正教的 ▶︎ of a rich and highly decorated artistic and architectural style which developed in the Byzantine Empire and spread to Italy, Russia, and elsewhere 拜占庭艺术风格的, 拜占庭建筑风格的 **2** excessively complicated and detailed 极其复杂的, 细节繁多的 ▶︎ characterized by deviousness or underhand methods 刁钻的, 诡秘的 **n.** a citizen of Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire 拜占庭(或拜占庭帝国)人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Byzantinism** /bı'zæntınız(ə)m, baı-/ n. **Byzantinist** n.

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**C**¹ /si:/ (also 亦作 **c**) **n.** (pl. **Cs** or **C's**) **1** the third letter of the alphabet 英语字母表中的第3个字母 **2** denoting the third in a set of items, categories, sizes, etc. 第C项, C类 (一组中的第3个) **3** Music 【音】 the first note of the diatonic scale of C major, the major scale having no sharps or flats C音 (C大调的第1个音) **4** the Roman numeral for 100 (罗马数字)100 [abbrev. of L. centum 'hundred'.] **5** (**C**) a computer programming language originally developed for implementing the Unix operating system * C语言 (一种计算机编程语言) [formerly known as B, abbrev. of BCPL.]

**C**² /si:/ **abbr.** **1** (**C.**) Cape (chiefly on maps 主要用于地图上) **2** cargo (in designations of US aircraft types 表示美国飞机类型): a C-130 C-130型运输机 **3** Celsius or centigrade **4** (in names of sports clubs 用于体育俱乐部名称) City **5** (**C.**) Brit. 【英】Command Paper (second series 第二辑, 1870-1899) **6** (in Britain 英国) Conservative **7** (©) copyright **8** Physics 【物】 coulomb(s) **9** Cuba (international vehicle registration) 古巴 (国际车船注册) **symb.** **1** Physics 【物】 capacitance **2** the chemical element carbon (化学元素)碳
-PHRASES 短语 **the Big C** informal 【非正式】cancer 癌症

**c** **abbr.** **1** Cricket 【板】 caught by 被接住 **2** cent(s) **3** centi-: cSt (centistokes) 厘斯 **4** (**c.**) century or centuries **5** (preceding a date or amount 用在日期或数字前) circa **6** colt **symb.** Physics 【物】 the speed of light in a vacuum 真空中的光速: E = mc² 能量=质量×光速的平方

**c/-** **abbr.** Austral./NZ 【澳新】care of (used chiefly in addresses on envelopes) 由…转交 (主要用于信封上的地址)

**C & W** **abbr.** country and western (music) (美国)乡村与西部音乐

**CA** **abbr.** **1** California (in official postal use) (美国)加利福尼亚州 (正式邮政用语) **2** Scottish & Canadian 【苏格兰, 加】chartered accountant 特许会计师

**Ca** **symb.** the chemical element calcium (化学元素)钙

**ca** **abbr.** (preceding a date or amount 用于日期或数字前) circa

**CAA** **abbr.** (in the UK) Civil Aviation Authority (英国)民航局

**caatinga** /'ka:tıŋgə/ **n.** (in Brazil) vegetation in semiarid country consisting of thorny shrubs and stunted trees (巴西)卡廷加群落
-ORIGIN 词源 via Port. from Tupi, from caá 'natural vegetation' + tinga 'white'.

**CAB** **abbr.** **1** Citizens' Advice Bureau 公民咨询处 **2** US 【美】 Civil Aeronautics Board 民用航空委员会

**cab**¹ /kæb/ **n.** **1** (also 亦作 **taxi cab**) a taxi 出租车 **2** the driver's compartment in a truck, bus, or train (卡车、巴士或火车)驾驶室 **3** historical 【史义】a horse-drawn vehicle for public hire 出租马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of **CABRIOLET**.

**cab**² /kæb/ **n.** informal 【非正式】a cabinet containing a speaker or speakers for a guitar amplifier 扬声器箱

**cabal** /kə'bæl/ **n.** a secret political clique or faction 政治阴谋小集团
> archaic 【古】 a secret intrigue 密谋, 阴谋
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting the Kabbalah): from Fr. cabale, from med. L. cabala (see 见 **KABBALAH**).

**Cabala** /kə'bɑ:lə, 'kæbələ/ **n.** variant spelling of **KABBALAH** ▶︎ kabbalah 的另一种拼法

**cabaletta** /,kæbə'letə/ ■**n.** (pl. **cabalettas** or **cabalette**) a simple aria with a repetitive rhythm 卡巴莱塔(指含有反复段落、节奏简单的短咏叹调)
> the uniformly quick final section of an aria 卡巴莱塔(指咏叹调的结束部分)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital., var. of coboletta 'short stanza'.

**caballero** /,kæbə'ljeərəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **caballeros**) **1** a Spanish gentleman 西班牙绅士 **2** US 【美】(in the south-western states) a horseman (西南各州的)骑马人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Sp., 'gentleman, horseman', based on L. caballus 'horse'; cf. **CAVALIER**, **CHEVALIER**.

**cabana** /kə'bɑ:nə/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 a hut, cabin, or shelter at a beach or swimming pool (海滨或游泳池边的)小室, 小屋
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. cabaña.

**cabaret** /'kæbəreı, ,kæbə'reı/ **n.** entertainment held in a nightclub or restaurant while the audience eat or drink at tables (餐馆或夜总会提供的)卡巴莱歌舞表演 ▶︎ a nightclub or restaurant where cabaret is performed (有歌舞表演的)卡巴莱餐馆, 卡巴莱夜总会
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a French inn): from OFr., lit. 'wooden structure'.

**cabbage** /'kæbıdʒ/ **n.** **1** a cultivated plant eaten as a vegetable, having thick green or purple leaves surrounding a spherical heart or head of young leaves 甘蓝; 卷心菜 [Brassica oleracea.] **2** Brit.

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offensive 【英, 冒】 a person whose physical or mental activity is impaired or destroyed as a result of injury or illness (因受伤或疾病而身心受损的)植物人, 废人 ▶︎ informal 【非正式】a person who leads a very dull life 对什么都不感兴趣的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cabbagy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dial. caboche 'head', var. of OFr. caboce.

**cabbage lettuce** **n.** a lettuce of a variety which has broad, rounded leaves forming a globular head close to the ground 结球莴苣, 卷心莴苣

**cabbage palm** **n.** **1** a Caribbean palm with edible buds that resemble a cabbage 菜王棕(顶芽可食用) [Roystonea oleraceae.] **2** an evergreen plant of warm regions, resembling a cabbage and cultivated as a greenhouse or house plant 朱蕉 [Genus Cordyline.]

**cabbage roll** ■**n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 a boiled cabbage leaf formed into a roll with a stuffing of rice and minced meat and baked (包有饭和肉的)白菜卷

**cabbage rose** **n.** a kind of rose with a large, round, compact double flower 洋蔷薇

**cabbage tree** **n.** a cabbage palm, especially a New Zealand tree grown for its sugary sap or for ornament 澳洲朱蕉 [Cordyline australis.]

**cabbage white** **n.** a white butterfly whose caterpillars are pests of cabbages and related plants 菜粉蝶(因其幼虫食卷心菜菜叶而得名) See 见 **WHITE**.

**Cabbala** /kə'bɑ:lə, 'kæbələ/ **n.** variant spelling of **KABBALAH** ▶︎ kabbalah 的另一种拼法

**cabbalistic** /,kæbə'lıstık/ **adj.** relating to or associated with mystical interpretation or esoteric doctrine 犹太神秘哲学的 See also 另见 **KABBALAH**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cabbalism** n. **cabbalist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 var. of Kabbalistic: see 见 **KABBALAH**.

**cabby** /'kæbi/ (also 亦作 **cabbie**) **n.** (pl. **cabbies**) informal 【非正式】 a taxi driver 出租车司机

**caber** /'keıbə(r)/ **n.** a roughly trimmed tree trunk used in the Scottish Highland sport of tossing the caber (在苏格兰传统的投掷运动中使用的)长树干, 长木柱
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sc. Gaelic cabar 'pole'.

**Cabernet Franc** / kæbǝneı 'frɒ̃/ **n.** a variety of black wine grape grown chiefly in parts of the Loire Valley and NE Italy 品丽珠(主要产于卢瓦尔河谷和意大利东北部的酿酒葡萄) ▶︎ a red wine made from this grape 品丽珠红葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**Cabernet Sauvignon** /,kæbəneı 'səʊvınjɒ̃/ **n.** a variety of black wine grape originally from the Bordeaux area of France 赤霞珠(原产于法国波尔多的酿酒葡萄) ▶︎ a red wine made from this grape 赤霞珠红葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**cabildo** /kə'bıldəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **cabildos**) (in Spanish-speaking countries) a town council or local government council (西班牙语国家的)市政会 ▶︎ a town hall 市政厅
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from late L. capitulum 'chapter house'.

**cabin** /'kæbın/ **n.** **1** a private room or compartment on a ship 船舱 **2** the passenger compartment in an aircraft (飞机上的)座舱 **3** a small wooden shelter or house 小木屋 ■**v.** (**cabins**, **cabining**, **cabined**) [often as adj. 常作形容词 **cabined**] dated 【过时】 confine in a small place 使身居斗室; 禁锢, 束缚
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cabane, from Provençal cabana, from late L. capanna, cavanna.

**cabin boy** **n.** chiefly historical 【主史义】a boy employed to wait on a ship's officers or passengers (轮船上的)男服务员, 侍者

C **cabin class** **n.** the intermediate class of accommodation on a passenger ship (轮船的)二等舱

**cabin crew** **n.** [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the members of an aircraft crew who attend to passengers or cargo (客舱或货舱)空乘人员

**cabin cruiser** **n.** a motorboat with living accommodation (有舱房的)汽艇

**cabinet** /'kæbınət/ **n.** **1** a cupboard with drawers or shelves for storing or displaying articles 贮藏柜; 陈列柜 ▶︎ a wooden box, container, or piece of furniture housing a radio, television set, or speaker (放置收音机、电视机或扬声器的)柜子 **2** (also 亦作 **Cabinet**) (in the UK, Canada, and other Commonwealth countries) the committee of senior ministers responsible for controlling government policy (英国、加拿大及其他英联邦国家的)内阁 ▶︎ (in the US) a body of advisers to the President, composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government (美国)总统顾问团(由政府各行政部门首脑组成)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cabinetry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from **CABIN** + **-ET**¹, influenced by Fr. cabinet; sense 2 derives from the obs. sense 'a small private room'.

**cabinetmaker** /'kæbınət,meıkə(r)/ **n.** a skilled joiner who makes furniture or similar high-quality woodwork (熟练的)家具木工, 细木工
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cabinetmaking** n.

**cabinet pudding** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a steamed suet pudding containing dried fruit (加果脯的)面包布丁

**cabin fever** **n.** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】lassitude and irritability resulting from long confinement indoors during the winter 舱热症, 幽闭症(由于冬日久居室内所引起的疲乏、易怒等症候)

**cable** /'keıbl/ **n.** **1** a thick rope of wire or hemp, typically used for construction, mooring ships, and towing vehicles 钢索 ▶︎ the chain of a ship's anchor 缆绳 ▶︎ (also 亦作 **cable moulding**) Architecture 【建】a moulding resembling twisted rope 卷缆花饰 **2** an insulated wire or wires having a protective casing and used for transmitting electricity or telecommunication signals 电缆 **3** a cablegram 海底电报 **4** Nautical 【航海】 a length of 200 yards (182.9 m) or (in the US) 240 yards (219.4 m) 链(海上测距单位) ■**v.** **1** dated 【过时】 send a cablegram

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to 给(某人)发海底电报 **2** provide (an area) with power lines or other equipment necessary for cable television 给(某地)铺设电缆或提供有线电视所需设备
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from an Anglo-Norman Fr. var. of OFr. chable, from late L. capulum 'halter'.

**cable car** **n.** **1** a transport system, typically one on a mountainside, in which cabins are suspended on a continuous moving cable driven by a motor at one end of the route 缆车 **2** a carriage on a cable railway 缆车车厢

**cablegram** /'keıblgræm/ **n.** historical 【史义】a telegraph message sent by cable (用海底电缆发出的)海底电报

C **cable-knit** **adj.** (of a garment) knitted using cable stitch (衣服)绞花编织的

**cable-laid** **adj.** (of rope) made of three triple strands (绳子)多股的

**cable railway** **n.** a railway along which carriages are drawn by a continuous cable 缆索铁路, 缆索道

**cable release** ■**n.** Photography 【摄】 a cable attached to the shutter release of a camera, allowing the photographer to open the shutter without touching the camera 快门线(有此不必手持相机即可按快门)

**cable-stayed bridge** **n.** a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by a number of cables running directly to one or more towers 斜拉桥

**cable stitch** **n.** a combination of knitted stitches resembling twisted rope 绞花组织, 辫子组织

**cable television** **n.** a system in which television programmes are transmitted to subscribers' sets by cable 有线电视

**cableway** /'keıblweı/ **n.** a transport system in which goods are carried suspended from a continuous moving cable 索道, 缆道

**cabochon** /'kæbəʃɒn/ **n.** a gem polished but not faceted (已抛光但未琢面的)宝石
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., dimin. of caboche 'head'.

**caboclo** /kə'bəʊkləʊ/ **n.** (pl. **caboclos**) (in Brazil) an American Indian (巴西)印第安人后裔 ▶︎ a Brazilian of mixed white and Indian or Indian and black ancestry (巴西的)印第安人与白人(或黑人)混血儿
-ORIGIN 词源 Brazilian Port., perh. from Tupi Kaa-boc 'person having copper-coloured skin'.

**caboodle** /kə'bu:dl/ **n.** (in phr. 用于短语 **the whole caboodle** or **the whole kit and caboodle**) informal 【非正式】the whole number or quantity of people or things in question 一群(人); 一堆(东西)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): perh. from the phr. kit and boodle, in the same sense.

**caboose** /kə'bu:s/ **n.** **1** N. Amer. 【北美】a railway wagon with accommodation for the train crew, typically attached to the end of the train (常挂在火车车尾, 供列车员起居之用的)货车守车 **2** archaic 【古】a kitchen on a ship's deck (轮船上的)舱面厨房
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Du. kabuis, kombuis.

**cabotage** /'kæbətɑ:ʒ, -tıdʒ/ **n.** **1** the right to operate sea, air, or other transport services within a particular territory 境内营运权 **2** restriction of the operation of transport services within or into a particular country to that country's own transport services 国内运输限制
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from caboter 'sail along a coast'.

**cabriole** /'kæbriəʊl/ **n.** Ballet 【芭蕾】 a jump in which one leg is extended into the air, the other is brought up to meet it, and the dancer lands on the second foot 卡勃里奥尔(一腿向旁伸出, 另一腿抬起触碰的跳跃动作)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'light leap', from cabrioler (earlier caprioler), from Ital. capriolare (see 见 **CAPRIOLE**).

**cabriole leg** ■**n.** a kind of curved leg characteristic of Chippendale and Queen Anne furniture (奇彭代尔和安妮女王时期家具所特有的)弯脚
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: so named from the resemblance to the front leg of a leaping animal (see 见 **CABRIOLE**).

**cabriolet** /'kæbriə(ʊ)leı/ **n.** **1** a car with a roof that folds down 篷式汽车 **2** a light two-wheeled carriage with a hood, drawn by one horse 单马双轮轻便车
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from cabriole (see 见 **CABRIOLE**); so named because of the carriage's motion.

**ca'canny** /kɑ:'kæni/ **n.** Brit. dated 【英, 过时】a policy of deliberately limiting output at work 息工
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. Scots in the sense 'proceed warily'): from ca' (var. of the verb **CALL**) and **CANNY**.

**cacao** /kə'kɑ:əʊ, -'keıəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **cacaos**) **1** bean-like seeds from which cocoa, cocoa butter, and chocolate are made 可可豆 **2** the small tropical American evergreen tree that bears cacao seeds, which are contained in large oval pods growing on the trunk 可可(树) [Theobroma cacao.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Sp. from Nahuatl cacaua.

**cacciatore** /,kætʃə'tɔ:reı, -ri/ (also 亦作 **cacciatora** /-rə/) **adj.** [postpos. 后置] prepared in a spicy tomato sauce with mushrooms and herbs (用蕃茄、磨菇、香料等)焖炖的: chicken cacciatore 焖炖鸡
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'hunter' (because of the use of ingredients that a hunter might have to hand).

**cachaca** /kə'ʃɑ:kə/ **n.** a Brazilian white rum made from sugar cane 卡沙萨酒(巴西甘蔗酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 Brazilian Port., from Port. cacaça '(white) rum'.

**cachalot** /'kæʃəlɒt/ **n.** old-fashioned term for **SPERM WHALE** ▶︎ sperm whale 的过时说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Sp. and Port. cachalote, from cachola 'big head'.

**cache** /kæʃ/ **n.** **1** a hidden store of things 隐藏物, 贮藏物 **2** Computing 【计】 an auxiliary memory from which high-speed retrieval is possible 高速缓冲存储器 ■**v.** (**caches**, **cacheing** or **caching**, **cached**) store in a cache 贮藏, 储存
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cacheable** adj. **cacheless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from cacher 'to hide'.

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**cachectic** /kə'kektık/ **adj.** Medicine 【医】 relating to or having the symptoms of cachexia 恶病质的

**cachepot** /'kæʃpəʊ, 'kæʃpɒt/ **n.** (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同)an ornamental holder for a flowerpot (花盆的)装饰性托盆
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. cache-pot, from cacher 'to hide' + pot 'pot'.

**cache-sexe** /'kæʃseks/ **n.** (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同)a covering for a person's genitals, typically worn by erotic dancers or tribal peoples (仅遮住阴部的)小裤衩, 三角裤
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from cacher 'to hide' and sexe 'genitals'.

**cachet** /'kæʃeı/ ■**n.** **1** prestige 声望; 威望 **2** a distinguishing mark or seal 识别标记; 印戳 **3** a flat capsule enclosing a dose of unpleasant-tasting medicine 扁囊剂
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from cacher in the sense 'to press'.

**cachexia** /kə'keksiə/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness 恶病质
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk kakhexia, from kakos 'bad' + hexis 'habit'.

**cachinnate** /'kækıneıt/ **v.** literary 【文】 laugh loudly 放声大笑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cachinnation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (earlier (C17) as cachinnation): from L. cachinnat-, cachinnare 'laugh loudly'.

**cachou** /'kæʃu:, kə'ʃu:/ **n.** (pl. **cachous**) dated 【过时】a pleasant-smelling lozenge sucked to mask bad breath 口香糖
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'catechu'): from Fr., from Port. cachu, from Malay kacu.

**cachucha** /kə'tʃu:tʃə/ **n.** a lively Spanish solo dance in triple time, performed with castanet accompaniment 卡楚恰舞(一种西班牙单人舞)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**cacique** /kə'si:k/ **n.** **1** (in Latin America or the Spanish-speaking Caribbean) a native chief (拉丁美洲或加勒比海西班牙语区的)部落首领, 酋长 **2** (in Spain or Latin America) a local political boss (西班牙或拉丁美洲的)地方政界巨头 **3** a gregarious tropical American bird that has black plumage with patches of red or yellow 酋长鸟(一种美洲热带鸟) [Genus Cacicus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. or Fr., from Taino.

**cack** /kæk/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 excrement 粪便, 排泄物
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (as cac- in cachūs 'privy'); based on L. cacare 'defecate'.

**cack-handed** /kæk'hændıd/ **adj.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】**1** inept; clumsy 笨拙的, 手脚不灵活的 **2** derogatory 【贬】 left-handed 左撇子的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cack-handedly** adv. **cack-handedness** n.

**cackle** /'kækl/ **v.** **1** (of a hen or goose) give a raucous clucking cry (母鸡或母鹅)发出咯咯声 ▶︎ laugh in a loud, harsh way 高声谈笑 **2** talk inconsequentially and at length 扯淡 **n.** a cackling sound 咯咯声
-PHRASES 短语 **cut the cackle** informal 【非正式】stop talking aimlessly and come to the point 别扯淡, 谈正经的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from Mid. Low Ger. kākelen, partly imitative, reinforced by kāke 'jaw, cheek'.

**cacodemon** /,kækə(ʊ)'di:mən/ **n.** a malevolent spirit or person 恶鬼, 恶魔, 恶人
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk kakodaimōn, from kakos 'bad' + daimōn 'spirit'.

**cacodyl** /'kækə(ʊ)daıl, -dıl/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】a malodorous, toxic, spontaneously flammable liquid organic compound containing arsenic 卡可基, 二甲胂基
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kakōdēs 'stinking' (from kakos 'bad') + **-YL**.

C **cacodylate** /,kækəʊ'daıleıt/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】a salt or ester of cacodylic acid 卡可基酸盐, 二甲肿酸盐

**cacodylic acid** /,kækə(ʊ)'daılık, -'dılık/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a toxic crystalline acid containing arsenic, used as a herbicide 卡可基酸, 二甲肿酸

**cacoethes** /,kækəʊ'i:θi:z/ **n.** rare 【罕】 an urge to do something inadvisable 狂癖, 恶习
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk kakoēthes 'ill-disposed'.

**cacomistle** /'kækə(ʊ),mısl/ **n.** a nocturnal raccoon-like animal with a dark-ringed tail, found in North and Central America 蓬尾浣熊 [Genus Bassariscus: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Latin Amer. Sp. cacomixtle, from Nahuatl tlacomiztli.

**cacophony** /kə'kɒf(ə)ni/ **n.** (pl. **cacophonies**) a harsh discordant mixture of sounds 刺耳的声音, 不和谐的声音
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cacophonous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cacophonie, from Gk kakophōnia, from kakophōnos 'ill-sounding'.

**cactus** /'kæktəs/ **n.** (pl. **cacti** /-taı/ or **cactuses**) a succulent plant of a large family native to arid regions of the New World, with a thick fleshy stem which typically bears spines, lacks leaves, and has brilliantly coloured flowers 仙人掌 [Family Cactaceae.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cactaceous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'cardoon'): from L., from Gk kaktos 'cardoon'.

**cacuminal** /kə'kju:mınl/ **adj.** Phonetics 【语音】another term for **RETROFLEX** ▶︎ retroflex 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cacuminare 'make pointed' + **-AL**.

**CAD** **abbr.** computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计

**cad** /kæd/ **n.** dated or humorous 【过时或幽】a man who behaves dishonourably, especially towards a woman (尤指对女人)粗俗的男人, 无教养的男人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caddish** adj. **caddishly** adv. **caddishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a passenger picked up

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by the driver of a horse-drawn coach for personal profit): abbrev. of **CADDIE** or **CADET**.
> **1911** Cad is now a very dated word used **2011** chiefly for humorous effect, but in 1911 it was current slang. Rather surprisingly, the first meaning given in the first edition was 'omnibus [i.e. bus] conductor', a Victorian sense that was rare even then. This was followed by the more familiar 'member of lower classes', 'person of low manners', and 'blackguard'. cad一词目前已经十分过时, 主要用于取得幽默效果, 但在1911年却是流行俚语。令人颇感意外的是, 本词典第一版中给出的第一个义项居然是“公共汽车售票员”, 这个维多利亚时期的意义即便在当年也已经很罕用了。当年此义之后陆续是更为常见的几个义项:“下等人”;“粗人”;“无赖, 小人”。

**cadastral** /kə'dæstr(ə)l/ **adj.** (of a map or survey) showing the extent, value, and ownership of land, especially for taxation (地图或勘测)地籍的(记载土地面积、价值和产权, 尤供征税用)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from cadastre 'register of property'.

**cadaver** /kə'dɑ:və(r), -'deı-/ **n.** Medicine or literary 【医或文】a corpse 尸体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cadaveric** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., from cadere 'to fall'.

**cadaverous** /kə'dævərəs/ **adj.** resembling a corpse in being very pale, thin, or bony 死尸般的; 惨白的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cadaverously** adv. **cadaverousness** n.

C **CADCAM** **abbr.** computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacture 计算机辅助设计与制造

**caddie** /'kædi/ (also 亦作 **caddy**) **n.** (pl. **caddies**) a person who carries a golfer's clubs and provides other assistance during a match (高尔夫比赛中的)球童 **v.** (**caddies**, **caddying**, **caddied**) work as a caddie 当球童
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. Scots, denoting a gentleman who joined the army without a commission, later coming to mean 'odd-job man'): from Fr. **CADET**.

**caddis** /'kædis/ (also 亦作 **caddis fly**) **n.** a small moth-like insect of an order having aquatic larvae that build protective cases of sticks, stones, etc. 石蛾(一种貌似蛾子的昆虫, 其幼虫生活在水中) [Order Trichoptera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**caddis worm** **n.** the soft-bodied aquatic larva of a caddis fly, used as fishing bait 石蚕(石蛾的幼虫, 可作鱼饵)

**Caddoan** /'kædəʊən/ **n.** **1** a member of a group of American Indian peoples formerly inhabiting the Midwest 卡多人 **2** the family of languages spoken by the Caddoans, which includes Pawnee, now all virtually extinct 卡多人语系 ■**adj.** relating to the Caddoans or their languages 卡多人的, 卡多语系的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Caddo (a Caddoan lang.) kaduhdacu, denoting a band belonging to this group, + **-AN**.

**caddy**¹ /'kædi/ **n.** (pl. **caddies**) a small storage container 小容器
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from earlier catty, denoting a unit of weight of 1⅓ lb (0.61 kg), from Malay kati.

**caddy**² /'kædi/ **n.** & **v.** variant spelling of **CADDIE** ▶︎ caddie 的另一种拼法

**cadence** /'keıd(ə)ns/ **n.** **1** a modulation or inflection of the voice (声音的)抑扬顿挫 **2** Music 【音】 a sequence of notes or chords comprising the close of a musical phrase (乐段或乐句的)收束, 终止 **3** rhythm 节律, 节拍
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cadenced** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from Ital. cadenza, based on L. cadere 'to fall'.

**cadency** /'keıd(ə)nsi/ **n.** chiefly Heraldry 【主纹章】the status of a younger branch of a family (家族的)非长子地位
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'rhythm or metrical beat'): based on L. cadent-, cadere 'to fall'; the current sense is appar. by assoc. with **CADET**.

**cadential** /kə'denʃl/ **adj.** Music 【音】 relating to a cadenza or cadence 华彩段的; 收束的, 终止的

**cadenza** /kə'denzə/ **n.** Music 【音】 a virtuoso solo passage inserted into a movement in a concerto or other work, typically near the end 华彩段(通常位于协奏曲结尾附近供独奏者发挥其演奏技巧的段落)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital. (see 见 **CADENCE**).

**cadet** /kə'det/ **n.** **1** a young trainee in the armed services or police 军官候补生, 警官候补生
> a secondary school pupil who undergoes voluntary training in the armed services 接受军训的中学生
**2** formal or archaic 【正式或古】 a younger son or daughter 次子; 次女 ▶︎ a junior branch of a family (家族的)非长子后裔
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cadetship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Gascon dial. capdet, a dimin. based on L. caput 'head'.

**cadge** /kædʒ/ **v.** informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式, 主英】ask for or obtain (something to which one is not strictly entitled) 乞讨; 索取 **n.** Falconry 【鹰猎】a padded wooden frame on which hooded hawks are carried to the field (用来装鹰的)软木框
-PHRASES 短语 **on the cadge** informal 【非正式】seeking to obtain something without paying for it 寻找免费获得某物的机会
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cadger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the dial. sense 'carry about'): back-form. from the noun cadger, which denoted an itinerant dealer; the noun is appar. an alt. of **CAGE**, perh. confused with the dial. verb cadge 'carry about'.

**cadi** /'kɑ:di, 'keıdi/ (also 亦作 **kadi**) **n.** (pl. **cadis**) (in Islamic countries) a judge 卡迪(穆斯林国家的法官)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Arab. kādī, from kadā 'to judge'.

**cadmium** /'kædmiəm/ **n.** the chemical element of

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atomic number 48, a silvery-white metal resembling zinc 镉(化学元素, 原子序数为48, 银白色金属元素) (Symbol 符: **Cd**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cadmia 'calamine', so named because it is found with calamine in zinc ore.

**cadmium yellow** **n.** a bright yellow pigment containing cadmium sulphide 镉黄

**cadre** /'kɑ:də, 'kɑ:dr(ə), 'kædri/ **n.** **1** a small group of people trained for a particular purpose or profession 骨干队伍 **2** /also 亦作 'keıdǝ/ a group of activists in a communist or other revolutionary organization (共产党或其他革命政党的)骨干分子, 干部
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Ital. quadro, from L. quadrus 'square'.

**caduceus** /kə'dju:siəs/ **n.** (pl. **caducei** /-siaı/) an ancient Greek or Roman herald's wand, typically one with two serpents twined round it, carried by the messenger god Hermes or Mercury 墨丘利(或赫耳墨斯)的节杖
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from Doric Gk karukeion, from Gk kērux 'herald'.

**caducity** /kə'dju:sɪti/ **n.** literary 【文】 frailty or transitory nature 脆弱 ▶︎ the infirmity of old age; senility 老迈
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. caducité, from L. caducus (see 见 **CADUCOUS**).

**caducous** /kə'dju:kəs/ **adj.** chiefly Botany 【主植】(of an organ or part) easily detached and shed at an early stage (器官或部分)早脱落的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'epileptic'): from L. caducus 'liable to fall' (from cadere 'to fall') + **-OUS**.

**CAE** **abbr.** computer-aided engineering 计算机辅助工程

**caecilian** /sɪ'sıliən/ (also 亦作 **coecilian**) **n.** Zoology 【动】a burrowing worm-like amphibian of a tropical order distinguished by poorly developed eyes and the lack of limbs 蚓螈 [Order Gymnophiona: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Caecilia (genus name), from L. caecilia 'slow-worm', + **-AN**.

**caecum** /'si:kəm/ (US 【美】 **cecum**) ■**n.** (pl. **caeca** /'si:kə/) Anatomy 【解】 a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines 盲肠
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caecal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. (intestinum) caecum 'blind (gut)', translation of Gk tuphlon enteron.

**Caerns** /kə'nɑ:v(ə)nʃıə(r)/ **abbr.** Caernarfonshire (威尔士)卡那封郡

**Caerphilly** /keə'fıli, kɑ:-, kə-/ **n.** a kind of mild white cheese, originally made in Caerphilly in Wales 卡尔菲利白干酪(原产于威尔士)

**Caesar** /'si:zə(r)/ **n.** **1** a title of Roman emperors, especially those from Augustus to Hadrian 恺撒(尤指罗马帝国从奥古斯都至哈德良期间的帝王称号) **2** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a Caesarean section 剖腹产手术
-PHRASES 短语 **Caesar's wife** a person required to be above suspicion 不容怀疑的人 [with ref. to Plutarch's Caesar (x. 6) 'I thought my wife ought not even to be under suspicion.']
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. Caesar, family name of the Roman statesman Gaius Julius Caesar.

**Caesarean** /sɪ'zeəriən/ (also 亦作 **Caesarian**) **adj.** **1** (**US** 【美】**Cesarean**) of or effected by Caesarean section 剖宫产的 **2** (**Caesarian**) of or connected with Julius Caesar or the Caesars 恺撒的; 古罗马帝王的 **n.** a Caesarean section 剖宫产术

C **Caesarean section** **n.** a surgical operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall of the mother's abdomen 剖腹产手术
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from the story that Julius Caesar was delivered by this method.

**Caesar salad** **n.** a salad consisting of cos lettuce and croutons served with a dressing of olive oil, lemon juice, raw egg, and Worcester sauce 恺撒什锦色拉(一种用莴苣和油炸面包块拌制并加入橄榄油、柠檬汁、生鸡蛋、辣酱油调味的色拉)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after Caesar Cardini, the Mexican restaurateur who invented it.

**caesium** /'si:ziəm/ (US 【美】 **cesium**) **n.** the chemical element of atomic number 55, a soft, silvery, rare, extremely reactive metal of the alkali metal group 铯(化学元素, 原子序数为55, 放射性极强的碱土金属元素) (Symbol 符: **Cs**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. caesius 'greyish-blue' (because it has characteristic lines in the blue part of the spectrum).

**caesium clock** **n.** an atomic clock that uses the vibrations of caesium atoms as a time standard 铯钟(用铯原子的振动频率来调整时间的原子钟)

**caesura** /sɪ'zjʊərə/ **n.** (in Greek and Latin verse) a break between words within a metrical foot (希腊和拉丁诗文中格律音步内单词之间的)停顿 ▶︎ (in modern verse) a pause near the middle of a line (现代诗靠近诗行中间的)停顿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caesural** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from caes-, caedere 'cut, hew'.

**CAF** **abbr.** N. Amer. 【北美】cost and freight 到岸价格(成本加运费)

**cafard** /kæ'fɑ:/ **n.** melancholia 忧郁, 抑郁, 沮丧
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**cafe** /'kæfeı, 'kæfi/ (also 亦作 **café**) **n.** **1** a small restaurant selling light meals and drinks (供应饮料和便餐的)小餐馆 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 a bar or nightclub 酒吧间, 夜总会
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. café 'coffee or coffee house'.

**café Americano** /,kæfeı əmeri'kɑ:nəʊ, ,kæfi/ **n.** see 见 **AMERICANO**.

**café au lait** /,kæfeı əʊ 'leı, ,kæfi/ **n.** **1** coffee with milk 牛奶咖啡 **2** a light brown colour 淡咖啡色
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. café au lait.

**cafe curtain** **n.** a curtain covering the lower half of

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a window 半截窗帘

**café noir** / kæfeı 'nwɑ:(r), ,kæfi/ **n.** black coffee 清咖啡(不加牛奶的咖啡)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. café noir.

**cafe society** **n.** the regular patrons of fashionable restaurants and nightclubs 咖啡馆阶层(高级饭店和夜总会的常客)

**cafeteria** /,kæfə'tıəriə(r)/ **n.** a self-service restaurant 自助餐厅, 自助食堂
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): from Latin Amer. Sp. cafetería 'coffee shop'.

C **cafetière** /,kæf(ə)'tjeə(r)/ **n.** a coffee pot containing a plunger with which the grounds are pushed to the bottom before the coffee is poured 法式咖啡壶, 滤压式咖啡壶(有柱塞, 冲咖啡前可将咖啡渣压在壶底)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from café 'coffee'.

**caff** /kæf/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a cafe 小餐馆; 酒吧间; 夜总会

**caffeine** /'kæfi:n/ **n.** a crystalline compound of the alkaloid type which is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system 咖啡因, 咖啡碱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caffeinated** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. caféine, from café 'coffee'.

**caftan** /'kæftæn/ **n.** variant spelling of **KAFTAN** ▶︎ kaftan 的另一种拼法

**cage** /keıdʒ/ **n.** **1** a structure of bars or wires in which birds or other animals are confined (关鸟等动物的)笼子 **2** a structure of crossing bars or wires designed to hold or support something 笼状支架 > an open framework forming the compartment in a lift 电梯梯厢, 升降机厢 ▶︎ Baseball 【棒】 a portable mesh backstop used for batting practice 打击笼 ■**v.** confine in or as in a cage 把…关进笼子; 囚禁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. cavea.

**cage bird** **n.** a bird of a kind customarily kept in a cage 笼中鸟

**cage fighting** **n.** a form of mixed martial arts which takes place in a cage or similarly enclosed arena 笼斗, 笼中搏击
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cage fighter** n.

**cagey** /'keıdʒi/ **adj.** (**cagier**, **cagiest**) informal 【非正式】uncommunicative owing to caution or suspicion 讳莫如深的; 吞吞吐吐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cagily** adv. **caginess** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent. (orig. US): of unknown origin.

**cagoule** /kə'gu:l/ (also 亦作 **kagoul**) ■**n.** Brit. 【英】a lightweight, hooded, thigh-length waterproof jacket 连帽轻便长防水衣
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Fr., lit. 'cowl'.

**cahoots** /kə'hu:ts/ pl. **n.** (in phr. 用于短语 **in cahoots**) informal 【非正式】colluding or conspiring together secretly 伙同; 合谋; 勾结
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): of unknown origin.

**CAI** **abbr.** computer-assisted (or -aided) instruction 计算机辅助教学

**caiman** /'keımən/ (also 亦作 **cayman**) **n.** a semiaquatic tropical American reptile similar to an alligator, with a heavily armoured belly 凯门鳄 [Caiman sclerops (spectacled caiman) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. caimán, Port. caimão, from Carib acayuman.

**Cain** /keın/ **n.** (in phr. 用于短语 **raise Cain**) informal 【非正式】create trouble or a commotion 闹事, 找麻烦; 制造混乱
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of Cain, eldest son of Adam and Eve and murderer of his brother Abel (Genesis 4).

**Cainozoic** /,kaınə'zəʊık/ **adj.** variant spelling of **CENOZOIC** ▶︎ Cenozoic 的另一种拼法

**caipirinha** /,kaıpı'rinjə/ **n.** a Brazilian cocktail made with cachaca, lime or lemon juice, sugar, and crushed ice 巴西凯皮丽娜鸡尾酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Brazilian Port., from caipira 'yokel'.

**caique** /kaı'i:k, ka:-/ **n.** **1** a light rowing boat used on the Bosporus (航行于博斯普鲁斯海峡的)轻便划艇 **2** a small eastern Mediterranean sailing ship 东地中海帆船
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. caïque, from Ital. caicco, from Turk. kayık.

**Cairene** /'kaıəri:n/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of Cairo 开罗人 **adj.** relating to Cairo or its inhabitants 开罗的; 开罗人的

**cairn** /keən/ **n.** **1** a mound of rough stones built as a memorial or landmark (纪念性的或用作路标的)堆石标 ▶︎ a prehistoric burial mound made of stones (史前)石坟堆 **2** (also 亦作 **cairn terrier**) a small terrier of a breed with short legs, a longish body, and a shaggy coat 凯恩㹴 (一种腿短、体长、毛发蓬乱的小猎犬)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Sc. Gaelic carn.

**cairngorm** /'keəngɔ:m/ **n.** another term for **SMOKY QUARTZ** ▶︎ smoky quartz 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the Cairngorm Mountains in Scotland.

**caisson** /'keıs(ə)n, kə'su:n/ **n.** **1** a large watertight chamber in which underwater construction work may be carried out (水下建筑工作用的)沉箱 **2** a vessel or watertight structure used as a gate across the entrance of a dry dock or basin (干船坞或港池的)坞门, 浮箱式坞门
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'large chest', from Ital. cassone, the spelling alt. in Fr. by assoc. with caisse 'case'.

**caisson disease** **n.** another term for **DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS** ▶︎ decompression sickness 的另一种说法

**caitiff** /'keıtıf/ ■**n.** archaic 【古】 a contemptible or cowardly person 小人, 卑劣的人; 懦夫
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a captive or prisoner): from OFr. caitif 'captive', based on L. captivus (see 见 **CAPTIVE**).

**cajole** /kə'dʒəʊl/ **v.** persuade (someone) to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery (用甜言蜜语)劝诱, 哄骗, 诱骗

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cajolement** n. **cajolery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cajoler.

**Cajun** /'keıdʒn/ **n.** a member of any of the communities in the bayou areas of southern Louisiana formed by descendants of French Canadians, speaking an archaic form of French 卡津人(美国法裔路易斯安那州人, 讲旧式法语) ■**adj.** relating to the Cajuns, especially with reference to their folk music or cuisine 卡津人(或音乐、烹饪)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of **ACADIAN**.

**cajuput** /'kædʒəpʌt/ (also 亦作 **cajeput**) ■**n.** **1** an aromatic medicinal oil resembling eucalyptus oil, obtained from an Australasian tree with papery bark 白千层油 **2** the tree from which cajuput oil is obtained 白千层(树) [Melaleuca cajuputi.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Malay kayu putih, lit. 'white tree'.

**cake** /keık/ **n.** **1** an item of soft sweet food made from baking a mixture of flour, fat, eggs, sugar, etc. 蛋糕 **2** an item of savoury food formed into a flat round shape, and baked or fried 饼, 饼状食物 ▶︎ a flattish compact mass of something (扁平而坚实的)块状物: a cake of soap 一块肥皂 **3** the amount of money or assets regarded as available for sharing 可供分享的钱财: a fair slice of the education cake 教育这块“蛋糕”中合理的一份 ■**v.** (of a thick or sticky substance) cover and become encrusted on (厚实或黏稠的东西)覆盖结壳
-PHRASES 短语 **cakes and ale** dated 【过时】 merry-making 行乐, 作乐 **a piece of cake** informal 【非正式】something easily achieved 容易做的事, 不费力的事 **sell like hot cakes** informal 【非正式】be sold quickly and in large quantities 畅销, 抢手 **take the cake** see 见 **take the biscuit** at **BISCUIT**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cakey** adj. (informal 【非正式】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a small flat bread roll): of Scand. origin.

**cake flour** ■**n.** North American term for **PLAIN FLOUR** ▶︎ plain flour 的北美说法

**cakehole** /'keıkhəʊl/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a person's mouth 嘴, 嘴巴

**cakewalk** /'keıkwɔ:k/ **n.** **1** informal 【非正式】 a very easy task 易如反掌的事 **2** a strutting dance popular in the 19th century, developed from an American black contest in graceful walking which had a cake as a prize 步态舞(由美国黑人以蛋糕为奖品的走步竞赛演变而来) ■**v.** **1** informal 【非正式】 achieve something easily 轻松完成 **2** do a cakewalk 跳步态舞

**CAL** **abbr.** computer-assisted (or -aided) learning 计算机辅助学习

**Cal** **abbr.** large calorie(s) 大卡, 千卡(热量单位)

**Cal.** **abbr.** California (美国)加利福尼亚州

**cal** **abbr.** small calorie(s) 小卡(热量单位)

**cal.** **abbr.** caliber

**Calabar bean** /'kæləbɑ:/ **n.** the poisonous seed of a tropical West African climbing plant (Physostigma venosum) 毒扁豆
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after **Calabar** in Nigeria.

**calabash** /'kæləbæʃ/ **n.** **1** (also 亦作 **calabash tree**) an evergreen tropical American tree which bears fruit in the form of large woody gourds 炮弹果树, 葫芦瓢树(常青乔木, 产于热带美洲, 果实呈大葫芦状) [Crescentia cujete.] **2** a water container, tobacco pipe, or other object made from the dried shell of a gourd 葫芦制品(容器、烟斗等)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. calebasse, from Sp. calabaza, perh. from Pers. karbuz 'melon'.

**calabaza** /,kælə'bɑ:zə/ ■**n.** West Indian and US term for **CALABASH** ▶︎ calabash 的西印度群岛和美国说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp.

**calaboose** /,kælə'bu:s/ **n.** US informal 【美, 非正式】a prison 监狱, 大牢
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from black Fr. calabouse, from Sp. calabozo 'dungeon'.

C **calabrese** /'kæləbri:s, ,kælə'bri:z, -'breısi/ **n.** a bright green dense-headed variety of broccoli 花茎甘蓝, 西兰花
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Ital., lit. 'of or from Calabria, a region of SW Italy'.

**calamanco** /,kælə'mæŋkəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **calamancoes**) historical 【史义】 a glossy woollen cloth chequered on one side only 卡拉曼科亚麻布(或色条呢)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**calamander** /'kæləmændə(r)/ **n.** another term for **COROMANDEL** ▶︎ coromandel 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sinhalese kaḷu-madīriya, perh. from Coromandel ebony (see 见 **COROMANDEL**), changed by assoc. with Sinhalese kaḷu 'black'.

**calamari** /,kælə'mɑ:ri/ (also 亦作 **calamares** /,kælə'mɑ:reız/) pl. **n.** squid served as food 枪乌贼, 鱿鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., pl. of calamaro, from med. L. calamarium 'pen case', from Gk kalamos 'pen' (with ref. to the squid's long tapering internal shell and its ink).

**calamine** /'kæləmaın/ **n.** a pink powder consisting of zinc carbonate and ferric oxide, used to make a soothing lotion or ointment 炉甘石(用于制作镇痛洗剂或软膏)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (referring to zinc ore): via OFr. from med. L. calamina, alt. of L. cadmia, from Gk kadmeia (gē) 'Cadmean (earth)', from Kadmos 'Cadmus', the name of the legendary founder of Thebes.

**calamint** /'kæləmınt/ **n.** an aromatic herbaceous plant or shrub with blue or lilac flowers 新风轮菜 [Genus Calamintha.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. calament, from med. L. calamentum, from late L. calaminthe, from Gk kalaminthē.

**calamity** /kə'læməti/ **n.** (pl. **calamities**) an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress 灾难, 灾祸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calamitous** adj. **calamitously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. calamite, from L. calamitas.

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**calamus** /'kæləməs/ **n.** (pl. **calami** /-maı/) **1** another term for **SWEET FLAG** ▶︎ sweet flag 的另一种说法 > (also 亦作 **calamus root**) a preparation of the aromatic root of the sweet flag 菖蒲根制品 **2** Zoology 【动】 the hollow lower part of the shaft of a feather 羽根
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a reed or an aromatic plant mentioned in the Bible): from L., from Gk kalamos.

**calando** /kə'lændəʊ/ **adv.** Music 【音】 gradually decreasing in speed and volume (速度和音量)渐缓渐弱地
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'slackening'.

C **calandra lark** /kə'lændrə/ **n.** a large lark with a stout bill and a black patch on each side of the neck 草原百灵 [Melanocorypha calandra.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. calandre, via med. L. from Gk kalandros.

**calash** /kə'læʃ/ **n.** another term for **CALECHE** ▶︎ caleche 的另一种说法

**calathea** /ˌkælə'θiə/ **n.** a tropical American plant which typically has variegated and ornamental leaves, often grown as a greenhouse or pot plant 肖竹芋 [Genus Calathea: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kalathos 'basket'.

**calc-** /kælk/ **comb. form** (used chiefly in geological terms) of lime or calcium (主要用于地质学术语)石灰的, 钙的: calcrete 钙结砾岩; 钙结层
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger. Kalk 'lime', with spelling influenced by L. calx (see 见 **CALX**).

**calcaneus** /kæl'keıniəs/ (also 亦作 **calcaneum** /-niəm/) **n.** (pl. **calcanei** /-niaı/ or **calcanea** /-niə/) Anatomy 【解】 the bone forming the heel 根骨
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L.

**calcareous** /kæl'keəriəs/ **adj.** **1** containing calcium carbonate; chalky 含碳酸钙的; (似)白垩的, 石灰质的 **2** Ecology 【生态】(of vegetation) occurring on chalk or limestone (植被)生于白垩(或石灰岩上)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. calcarius (from calx, calc- 'lime') + **-EOUS**.

**calceolaria** /,kælsiə'leəriə/ **n.** a South American plant which is cultivated for its brightly coloured slipper- or pouch-shaped flowers 蒲包花 [Genus Calceolaria.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from L. calceolus, dimin. of calceus 'shoe'.

**calces** /'kælsi:z/ plural form of **CALX** ▶︎ calx 的复数形式

**calci-** /'kælsi/ **comb. form** relating to calcium or its compounds 钙的; 钙化物的: calcifuge 嫌钙植物
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. calx, calc- 'lime'.

**calcic** /'kælsık/ **adj.** (chiefly of minerals) containing or relatively rich in calcium (主要指矿物)含钙的, 含钙量高的

**calcicole** /'kælsıkəʊl/ **n.** Botany 【植】 a plant that grows best in calcareous soil 钙生植物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calcicolous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CALCI-** + L. colere 'inhabit'.

**calciferol** /kæl'sıfərɒl/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】vitamin D₂, essential for the deposition of calcium in bones 维生素D₂, 钙化醇

**calciferous** /kæl'sıf(ə)rəs/ **adj.** containing or producing calcium salts, especially calcium carbonate 含钙盐(尤指碳酸钙)的; 产生钙盐(尤指碳酸钙)的

**calcifuge** /'kælsıfju:dʒ/ **n.** Botany 【植】 a plant that is not suited to calcareous soil 嫌钙植物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CALCI-** + **-FUGE**.

**calcify** /'kælsıfaı/ **v.** (**calcifies**, **calcifying**, **calcified**) [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **calcified**] harden by deposition of or conversion into calcium carbonate or some other insoluble calcium compounds (使)钙化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calcific** adj. **calcification** n.

**calcine** /'kælsaın, -sın/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **calcined**] reduce, oxidize, or desiccate by roasting or strong heat 煅烧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calcination** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. calcinare, from late L. calcina 'lime', from L. calx, calc- (see 见 **CALX**).

**calcite** /'kælsaıt/ **n.** a white or colourless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate 方解石
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calcitic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Calcit, from L. calx, calc- (see 见 **CALX**).

**calcitonin** /ˌkælsı'təʊnın/ ■**n.** Biochemistry 【生化】a polypeptide hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium 降钙素

**calcium** /'kælsiəm/ **n.** the chemical element of atomic number 20, a soft grey reactive metal of the alkaline earth metal group 钙(化学元素, 原子序数为20, 质软, 灰白色, 化学性质活泼, 属碱土金属) (Symbol 符: **Ca**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. calx, calc- (see 见 **CALX**) + **-IUM**.

**calcium carbonate** **n.** a white insoluble compound occurring naturally as chalk, limestone, marble, and calcite, and forming mollusc shells 碳酸钙 [CaCO₃]

**calcium hydroxide** **n.** a soluble white crystalline compound commonly produced in the form of slaked lime 氢氧化钙 [Ca(OH)₂]

**calcium oxide** **n.** a white caustic alkaline solid commonly produced in the form of quicklime 氧化钙 [CaO]

**calcrete** /'kælkri:t/ ■**n.** Geology 【地质】a breccia or conglomerate cemented together by calcareous material, formed in soils in semi-arid conditions 钙结砾岩; 钙结层
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from **CALC-** + a shortened form of **CONCRETE**.

**calculable** /'kælkjələbl/ **adj.** able to be measured or assessed 可计算的; 可估计的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calculability** n. **calculably** adv.

**calculate** /'kælkjuleıt/ **v.** **1** determine mathematically 计算; 核算 ▶︎ reckon or judge 估算; 判断 **2** (**calculate on**) include as an essential element in one's plans 将…作为计划中的必要因素 **3** intend (an action) to have a particular effect 为(行动)作计划, 筹划 **4** US
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dialect 【美,方】suppose 以为,认为
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calculative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. calculat-, calculare 'count', from calculus 'a small pebble (as used on an abacus)'.

**calculated** /'kælkjulertıd/ adj. done with awareness of the likely consequences 蓄意的,故意作出的: a vicious and calculated assault 有蓄谋的恶意攻击
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calculatedly** adv.

**calculating** /'kælkjulertın/ adj. selfishly scheming 精明的,工于心计的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calculatingly** adv.

**calculation** /kælkju'lerfn/ n. 1 a mathematical determination of quantity or extent 计算 2 an assessment of the risks or effects of a course of action 估计:评估

**calculator** /'kælkjulertə(r)/ n. something used for making mathematical calculations, in particular a small electronic device with a keyboard and a visual display 计算器

**calculus** /'kælkjuləs/ n. (pl. **calculuses**) 1 (also 亦作 **infinitesimal calculus**) the branch of mathematics concerned with the determination and properties of derivatives and integrals of functions, by methods based on the summation of infinitesimal differences 微积分 a particular method or system of calculation or reasoning 演算法,计算法 2 (pl. **calculi** /-lar, -li:/) Medicine 【医】a concretion of minerals formed in the kidney, gall bladder, or other organ(人体内的)结石 another term for **TARTAR** * tartar的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., lit. 'small pebble'.

**caldarium** /kæl'deəriəm/ n. (pl. **caldaria** /-riə/) a hot room in an ancient Roman bath(古罗马浴室中的)高温间
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**caldera** /kpl'deərə, -'dıərə/ n. a large volcanic crater, especially one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano 巨火山口;(尤指)破火(山)口,塌陷火口
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., from late L. caldaria 'boiling pot'.

**caldron** /'ko:ldrən/ n. chiefly US 【主美】 variant spelling of **CAULDRON** * cauldron 的另一种拼法

**caleche** /kə'lef/ (also 亦作 **calash**) ■n. historical 【史义】1 a light low-wheeled carriage with a removable folding hood 卡拉施马车(一种低轮轻便马车,有可拆卸的折叠篷) 2 a woman's hooped silk hood 篷形女头巾
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. calèche, via Ger. from Polish kolasa, from koto 'wheel'.

**Caledonian** /kælı'dǝuniən/ adj. (chiefly in names or geographical terms) relating to Scotland or the Scottish Highlands(主要用于名字或地理术语)苏格兰的,苏格兰高地的,喀里多尼亚的 ■n. humorous or literary【幽或文】 a person from Scotland 苏格兰人
-ORIGIN 词源 from Caledonia, the L. name for northern Britain, + **-AN**.

**calendar** /'kælındə(r)/ n. 1 a chart or series of pages showing the days, weeks, and months of a particular year 日历,历书 2 a system by which the beginning, length, and subdivisions of the year are fixed 历法 See also 另见 **JULIAN CALENDAR** and **GREGORIAN CALENDAR**. 3 a list or schedule of special days, events, etc. 日程表;记事录 ■V. enter in a calendar 把…记入记事录
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calendric** /kæ'lendrık/ adj. **calendrical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. calendier, from L. kalendarium 'account book', from kalendae (see 见 **CALENDS**).

**calendarize** or **calendarise** /'kæləndəraız/ V. (usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **calendarized**) schedule, allocate, or record (something) on a month-by-month basis 按月安排(或分配、记录)

**calendar month** n. see 见 **MONTH**.

**calendar year** n. see 见 **YEAR** (sense 2 释义 2).

**calender** /'kælındə(r)/ n. a machine in which cloth or paper is pressed by rollers to glaze or smooth it 轧光机 ■v. press in a calender 轧光
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. calendre (n.), calendrer (v.).

**calends** /'kælındz/ (also 亦作 **kalends**) pl. n. the first day of the month in the ancient Roman calendar(古罗马日历的)朔日,初一
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (denoting an appointed time) : from OFr. calendes, from L. kalendae, calendae 'first day of the month' (when the order of days was proclaimed).

**calendula** /kə'lendjulə/ n. a plant of a genus that includes the common or pot marigold 金盞花 [Genus Calendula.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., dimin. of calendae (see 见 **CALENDS**); perh. because it flowers for most of the year.

**calenture** /'kæl(ə)ntjuə(r)/ n. feverish delirium supposedly caused by the heat in the tropics 热病(发热性谵妄,据认为由热带高温引起)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Sp. calentura 'fever'.

**calf¹** /ka:f/ n. (pl. **calves**) 1 a young bovine animal, especially a domestic cow or bull in its first year(尤指家养的一岁内的)小牛,牛犊 2 the young of some other large mammals, such as elephants(象等大型哺乳动物的)崽,幼兽 3 a floating piece of ice detached from an iceberg 仔冰(脱离冰山的浮冰块)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calf-like** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cælf, of Gmc origin.

**calf²** /ka:f/ n. (pl. **calves**) the fleshy part at the back of a person's leg below the knee 腓肠,小腿肚
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON kálfi.

**calf love** n. another term for **PUPPY LOVE** * puppy love的另一种说法

**calfskin** /'ka:fskın/ n. leather made from the hide or skin of a calf 小牛皮;小牛皮革

**calibrate** /'kælibrest/ v. 1 mark (a gauge or instrument) with a standard scale of readings

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标定(测量仪器的刻度) 2 correlate the readings of (an instrument) with those of a standard 校准(仪器的读数) 3 adjust (experimental results) to take external factors into account or to allow comparison with other data 校正,调整(实验结果)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calibration** n. **calibrator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CALIBRE** + **-ATE³**.

**calibre** /'kælıbə(r)/ (US 【美】 **caliber**) n. 1 quality of character or level of ability 品性;能力 the standard reached by something(某事物所达到的)标准 2 the internal diameter of a gun barrel (枪炮的)口径,内径 the diameter of a bullet, shell, or rocket(子弹、炮弹或火箭的)直径;弹径
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calibred** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'social standing') : from Fr., from Ital. calibro, perh. from Arab. kālib 'mould'.

**caliche** /kə'li:tfi/ n. 1 a mineral deposit of gravel, sand, and nitrates, found in dry areas of America (美洲干旱地区的)钙积层 2 another term for **CALCRETE** * calcrete 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Latin Amer. Sp.

**calico** /'kælıkǝu/ n. (pl. **calicoes** or US also 【美亦作】**calicos**) Brit. 【英】 a type of plain white or unbleached cotton cloth(本白或未漂白的)白棉布
> N. Amer.【北美】 printed cotton fabric 印花棉布
■adj. N. Amer.【北美】(of an animal, typically a cat) multicoloured or piebald(猫等动物)杂色的,有花斑的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. also calicut): alt. of Calicut, a seaport in SW India where the fabric originated.

**Calif.** /kælı'fo:niə/ ■abbr. California(美国)加利福尼亚州

**Californian** /kælı'fə:niən/ n. a native or inhabitant of California(美国)加利福尼亚人 ■adj. relating to California(美国)加利福尼亚州的

**California poppy** / kælı'fə:niə/ n. an annual poppy native to western North America, cultivated for its brilliant yellow or orange flowers 花菱草 [Eschscholtzia californica.]

**californium** /kælı'fo:niəm/ ■n. the chemical element of atomic number 98, an unstable, artificially made radioactive metal of the actinide series 锎(锕系人工放射性金属元素,原子序数为98,不稳定)(Symbol 符:Cf)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: named after California University (where it was first made) + **-IUM**.

**caliper** /'kælıpǝ(r)/ (also 亦作 **calliper**) ■n. 1 an instrument for measuring external or internal dimensions, typically with two hinged legs and in-turned or out-turned points 测径规,两脚规,卡钳,卡尺 2 a motor-vehicle or bicycle brake consisting of two or more hinged components(摩托车或自行车的)线闸 3 a metal support for a person's leg 双脚规形夹(支撑腿的金属支架)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: appar. an alt. of **CALIBRE**.

**caliph** /'keılıf, 'kæ-/ n. historical 【史义】 the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad 哈里发(伊斯兰国家政教合一的领袖,被认为是穆罕默德的继承人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caliphate** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. caliphe, from Arab. kalifa 'deputy (of God)' (from the title kalifat Allāh), or 'successor (of Muhammad)' (from the title kalifat rasül Allah 'of the Messenger of God').

**calisthenics** /kælıs'teniks/ pl. n. US spelling of **CALLISTHENICS** * callisthenics 的美式拼法

**calix** /'keılıks, 'kæ-/ n. variant spelling of **CALYX** * calyx 的另一种拼法

**calk** /ko:k/ n. & v. US spelling of **CAULK** * caulk 的美式拼法

**call** /kɔ:l/ v. 1 cry out to (someone) in order to summon them or attract their attention 呼喊,喊叫(某人) telephone 给………打电话 bring (a witness) into court to give evidence 传唤(证人)到庭作证 Bridge 【桥牌】make(a particular bid) during the auction 叫(牌) 2 (of an animal, especially a bird) make its characteristic cry(动物,尤指鸟)叫,鸣,啼 3 give a specified name to 给………命名;把………叫做 address by a specified name, title, etc. 称呼 consider or describe (someone or something) as being 把………视作(或描述为): He's the only person I would call a friend. 他是我唯一可称作朋友的人。4 pay a brief visit 短暂拜访 (**call for**) stop to collect 停下来接 (**call at**) (of a train or coach) stop at (a specified station) on a particular route(火车或长途客车)停靠 5 fix a date or time for (a meeting, strike, or election)为(会议、罢工或选举)确定日期或时间;召集;召开 predict the outcome of (a future event)预测(未来事件的)结果 6 dated 【过时】 inspire or urge to do something 激励;敦促 7 Computing 【计】cause the execution of (a subroutine) 调用(子程序) 8 Cricket 【板】 (of an umpire) no-ball (a bowler) for throwing(裁判员)判定(投手)投球犯规 ■n. 1 a cry made as a summons or to attract attention 呼喊,喊叫 a telephone communication 打电话 Bridge 【桥牌】a bid, response, or double 叫牌 2 the characteristic cry of a bird or other animal(鸟兽的)叫声 3 (**call for**) an appeal or demand for 呼吁;要求 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] demand or need for 需要;需求: There is little call for antique furniture. 仿古家具需求很小。4 a brief visit 短暂拜访 5 a vocation (神的)召唤,感召: his call to be a disciple 要他做信徒的召唤 6 a shout by an official in a game indicating that the ball has gone out of play or that a rule has been breached(球出界或犯规时裁判员的)判决
-PHRASES 短语 **at call** see 见 **on call** (sense 2 释义 2). **call attention to** cause people to notice 唤起对…的注意 **call something into (or in) question** cast doubt on something 对………表示怀疑 **the call of nature** euphemistic 【婉】 a need to urinate or defecate 内急 **call the shots (or tune)** take the initiative in deciding how something should be done 采取主动,首先采取行动 **call someone/thing to order** ask those present at a meeting to be silent so that business may proceed 要求………遵守会议秩序

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**on call** 1 available to provide a professional service if necessary, but not formally on duty 随叫随到的 2 (of money lent) repayable on demand(借出的钱)一经通知即要归还的
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **call for** require; demand 要求,需要 **call someone/thing down** cause someone or something to appear or occur 使出现;使发生 **call something in** require payment of a loan or promise of money 要求还款;要求兑现给钱承诺 **call something off** cancel an event or agreement 取消 **call on/upon** have recourse to 要求;请求 **call someone up** summon someone to serve in the army or to play in a team 征召………入伍(或入队) **call something up** summon for use something that is stored or kept available 调用(储备物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ceallian, from ON kalla 'summon loudly'.

**calla** /'kælə/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **water calla**) another term for **BOG ARUM** * bog arum 的另一种说法 2 (usu. 通常用 **calla lily**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】another term for **ARUM LILY** * arum lily的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L.

**callaloo** /kælǝ'lu:/ (also 亦作 **callalou**) n. 1 the spinach-like leaves of a tropical American plant, widely used in Caribbean cookery 黄肉芋叶(似菠菜叶) a soup or stew made with callaloo leaves 黄肉芋叶汤(或炖菜) 2 the plant from which callaloo leaves are obtained 黄肉芋 [Genus Xanthosoma.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Amer. Sp. calalú.

**Callanetics** /kælə'netıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] trademark【商标】a system of physical exercises based on small repeated movements 卡伦健美操
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: named after Callan Pinckney, the American deviser of the system.

**callback** /'ko:lbæk/ n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 an invitation to return for a second audition or interview 二次试镜(或面试)邀请

**call box** n. Brit. 【英】 a public telephone booth 公用电话亭

**call centre** n. an office in which large numbers of telephone calls are handled, especially one providing the customer services functions of a large organization 电话服务中心,(尤指大机构的)客服中心

**call girl** n. a female prostitute who accepts appointments by telephone 电话应招妓女

**calligraph** /'kælıgra:f/ v. write decoratively 用美术体书写

**calligraphy** /kə'lıgrəfi/ n. decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering 美术字,手写体 the art of producing this 书法艺术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calligrapher** n. **calligraphic** adj. **calligraphist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk kalligraphia, from kalligraphos 'person who writes beautifully'.

**call-in** n. North American term for **PHONE-IN** * phone-in 的北美说法

**calling** /'ko:lın/ n. a strong urge towards a particular way of life or career; a vocation 召唤,天职
> a profession or occupation 职业;行业

**calling card** n. 1 a visiting card or business card 名片 2 a phonecard or telephone charge card 电话卡,电话计费卡

**calliope** /kə'larǝpi/ n. chiefly historical 【主史义】 an American keyboard instrument resembling an organ but with the notes produced by steam whistles 汽笛风琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk Kalliope, the name of the Muse of epic poetry (lit. 'having a beautiful voice').

**calliper** /'kælıpə(r)/ n. variant spelling of **CALIPER** * caliper 的另一种拼法

**callipygian** / kælı'pıdziən/ (also 亦作 **callipygean**) ■adj. rare【罕】having well-shaped buttocks 臀部线条优美的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **callipygous** /-'pıdzəs, -'paıdzəs/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk kallipūgos, from kallos 'beauty' + pūgē 'buttocks', + **-IAN**.

**callistemon** /kælı'sti:mən/ n. a plant of a genus that comprises the bottlebrushes 红千层 [Genus Callistemon.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kallos 'beauty' + stēmōn 'thread or stamen'.

**callisthenics** / kælıs'teniks/ (US【美】 **calisthenics**) ■pl. n. gymnastic exercises to achieve bodily fitness and grace of movement 健美体操,健身操
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **callisthenic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kallos 'beauty' + sthenos 'strength' + **-ICS**.

**call letters** pl. n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a sequence of letters used by a television or radio station as an identifying code(电台、电视台的)代号字母,呼号

**call money** ■n. money loaned by a bank or other institution which is repayable on demand 活期贷款,通知贷款

**callop** /'kæləp/ n. an edible deep-bodied gold and green freshwater fish found in Australia 黄腹驼背鳜,栉尖吻鲈 [Plectroplites ambiguus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: perh. from an Aborig. lang. of southern Australia.

**call option** ■n. Stock Exchange 【正】 an option to buy assets at an agreed price on or before a particular date 看涨期权,认购期权

**callosity** /kə'lpsiti/ n. (pl. **callosities**) technical 【技】a callus 胼胝
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. callosité, from L. callositas, from callous 'hard-skinned', from callum, callus 'hardened skin'.

**callous** /'kæləs/ adj. insensitive and cruel 冷酷无情的 ■n. variant spelling of **CALLUS** * callus 的另一种拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **callously** adv. **callousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. callosus 'hard-skinned'.

**calloused** /'kæləsd/ (also 亦作 **callused**) ■adj. (of a part of the body) having an area of hardened skin

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(身体部位)皮肤粗糙的,起茧的

**call-out** n. an instance of being summoned to deal with an emergency or to do repairs 应召出勤;上门服务

**callow** /'kæləu/ adj. (of a young person) inexperienced and immature(年轻人)无经验的,不成熟的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **callowly** adv. **callowness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE calu 'bald', of W. Gmc origin, prob. from L. calvus 'bald', later 'unfledged'.

**call sign** (also 亦作 **call signal**) n. a message, code, or tune that is broadcast by radio to identify the broadcaster or transmitter(电台的)呼叫信号,呼号

**call-up** n. an instance of being summoned to serve in the armed forces or a sports team(兵役或运动队的)征召

**callus** /'kæləs/ (also 亦作 **callous**) n. 1 a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially one caused by friction 胼胝,老茧(尤因摩擦而起) 2 Medicine 【医】 the bony healing tissue which forms around the ends of broken bone 骨痂 3 Botany 【植】 a hard formation of tissue, especially new tissue formed over a wound 胼胝体;(尤指)愈伤组织
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. callum, callus 'hardened skin'.

**callused** /'kæləst/ adj. variant spelling of **CALLOUSED** * calloused 的另一种拼法

**call waiting** n. a service whereby someone making a telephone call is notified of an incoming call on the line that they are already using 来电等待(服务)

**calm** /ka:m/ adj. 1 not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other emotions 镇静的,沉着的 2 (of a place) peaceful and undisturbed(地方)平静的,宁静的 (of weather or the sea) free from wind(天气或海洋)无风的,平静的 ■n. 1 the state or fact of being peaceful or tranquil 镇静;安静,宁静 2 the absence of wind 平静;无风 (**calms**) an area of the sea without wind(海洋的)无风带 ■v. (often 常用 **calm down**) make or become tranquil and quiet(使)平静,(使)镇静
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calmly** adv. **calmness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via one of the Romance languages from Gk kauma 'heat (of the day)'.

**calmative** /'ka:mətıv, 'kæl-/ adj. (of a drug) having a sedative effect(药)镇静的 ■n. a calmative drug 镇静药

**calomel** /'kæləmel/ n. mercurous chloride, a white powder formerly used as a purgative甘汞,轻粉(旧时用作泻药) [Hg2Cl₂]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., perh. from Gk kalos 'beautiful' + melas 'black' (perh. because orig. obtained from a black mixture of mercury and mercuric chloride).

**Calor gas** /'kælə(r)/ n. Brit. trademark【英,商标】 liquefied butane stored under pressure in portable containers, used as a substitute for mains gas and in camping 卡乐燃气(便携式罐装液化丁烷)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: Calor from L. calor 'heat'.

**caloric** /kə'lərık, 'kælərık/ adj. chiefly N. Amer. or technical【主北美或技】 relating to heat; calorific热(量)的;热卡的 ■n. Physics 【物】 a hypothetical fluid substance formerly thought to be responsible for the phenomenon of heat 热质(一种假想的生热物质)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calorically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. calorique, from L. calor 'heat'.

**calorie** /'kæləri/ n. (pl. **calories**) 1 (also 亦作 **small calorie**) the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1°C (now usually defined as 4.1868 joules)卡,小卡(使1克水温度上升1摄氏度所需的热能,等于4.1868焦) 2 (also 亦作 **large calorie**) the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water through 1°C, equal to one thousand small calories and often used to measure the energy value of foods 千卡,大卡(使1千克水温度上升1摄氏度所需的热能,常用于衡量食品的热值)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from L. calor 'heat' + -ie (see 见 **-y³**).

**calorific** /kælə'rıfık/ adj. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 relating to the amount of energy contained in food or fuel (食品或燃料)热卡的,热量的 high in calories 高热量的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calorifically** adv.

**calorific value** n. the energy contained in a fuel or food (now usually expressed in joules per kilogram)(燃料、食品的)发热值,发热量

**calorimeter** / kælə'rımıtə(r)/ n. an apparatus for measuring the amount of heat involved in a chemical reaction or other process 热量计,量热器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calorimetric** adj. **calorimetry** n.

**calotype process** /'kælətarp/ ■n. historical 【史义】an early photographic process in which negatives were made using paper coated with silver iodide 卡罗式照相法,碘化银纸照相法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kalos 'beautiful' + **TYPE**.

**calque** /kælk/ Linguistics【语言】 ■n. another term for **LOAN TRANSLATION** * loan translation 的另一种说法 ■v. (**be calqued on**) be a calque of 借译自
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Fr., lit. 'copy, tracing'.

**caltrop** /'kæltrǝp/ (also 亦作 **caltrap**) n. 1 a spiked metal ball thrown on the ground to impede wheeled vehicles or (formerly) cavalry horses (阻挠轮式车辆或骑兵前进用的)铁蒺藜 2 a creeping plant with woody carpels that typically have hard spines 蒺藜 [Genus Tribulus.] 3 (also 亦作 **water caltrop**) another term for **WATER CHESTNUT** (sense 2) * water chestnut (释义 2) 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 OE calcatrippe, from med. L. calcatrippa, from calx 'heel' or calcare 'to tread' + a word rel. to **TRAP¹**.

**calumet** /'kæljomet/ n. a North American Indian peace pipe(北美印第安人的)和平烟斗
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from late L. calamellus

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'little reed'.

**calumniate** /kə'lamniert/ v. formal 【正式】make false and defamatory statements about 诽谤,中伤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calumniation** n. **calumniator** n.

**calumny** /'kæləmni/ n. (pl. **calumnies**) the making of false and defamatory statements about someone 诽谤,中伤 ■v. (**calumnies**, **calumnying**, **calumnied**) formal 【正式】calumniate 诽谤,中伤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calumnious** /kə'lamniəs/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. calumnia.

**calutron** /kə'lu:tron/ n. a device that uses large electromagnets to separate uranium isotopes from uranium ore 加利福尼亚大学回旋加速器,电磁型同位素分离器
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from **Cal**ifornia) **U**niversity) (cyclo)**tron**.

**Calvados** /'kælvədps/ n. apple brandy, traditionally made in the Calvados region of Normandy 卡尔瓦多斯苹果白兰地

**calve** /ka:v/ v. 1 give birth to a calf 生小牛,产犊 2 (of a mass of ice) split off from an iceberg or glacier (冰体)崩离、崩解
-ORIGIN 词源 OE calfian, from cælf 'calf'.

**calves** /ka:vz/ plural form of **CALF¹**, **CALF²** * calf¹, calf² 的复数形式

**Calvin cycle** /'kælvin/ n. another term for **DARK REACTION** * dark reaction 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the American biochemist Melvin Calvin (1911-1997).

**Calvinism** /'kælvınız(ə)m/ n. the Protestant theological system of John Calvin (1509-1564) and his successors, a development of Lutheranism centring on the doctrine of predestination 加尔文主义(约翰·加尔文及其继承者的新教神学体系)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Calvinist** n. **Calvinistic** adj.

**calx** /kælks/ n. (pl. **calces** /'kælsi:z/) Chemistry, archaic【化,古】a powdery metallic oxide formed when an ore or mineral has been heated 金属灰;矿灰;生石灰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'lime', prob. from Gk khalix 'pebble, limestone'.

**calypso** /kə'lıpsǝu/ n. (pl. **calypsos**) a kind of West Indian music or song in syncopated African rhythm, typically with words improvised on a topical theme 卡利普索民歌(一般围绕时事即兴编词,流行于西印度群岛)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **calypsonian** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: of unknown origin.

**calyx** /'keılıks, 'kæ-/ (also 亦作 **calix**) n. (pl. **calyces** /-lisi:z/ or **calyxes**) 1 Botany 【植】the sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl that encloses the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud 花萼 2 Zoology 【动】 a cup-like cavity or structure, in particular part of the pelvis of a mammalian kidney 萼(器);(尤指哺乳动物的)肾盏
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from Gk kalux 'case of a bud, husk', rel. to kaluptein 'to hide'.

**calzone** /kæl'tsǝuni, -ner/ n. (pl. **calzoni** or **calzones**) a type of pizza that is folded in half before cooking to contain a filling 半圆形烤馅饼(比萨饼的一种)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital. dial., prob. a special use of calzone 'trouser leg'.

**CAM** abbr. computer-aided manufacturing 计算机辅助制造

**cam** /kæm/ n. 1 a projection on a rotating part in machinery, designed to make sliding contact with another part while rotating and impart reciprocal or variable motion to it(机器转动部件上的)凸轮 2 short for **CAMSHAFT** * camshaft 的缩略式
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Du. kam 'comb', as in kamrad 'cog wheel'.

**camaraderie** /kæmə'ra:d(ə)ri/ n. mutual trust and friendship 同志情谊;友谊
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from camarade 'comrade'.

**camarilla** /kæmə'rıl(j)ǝ/ ■n. derogatory 【贬】a group of advisers to a ruler or politician that have a shared purpose(统治者或政客的)智囊团,顾问团
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., dimin. of camara 'chamber'.

**camas** /kə'mæs/ (also 亦作 **camass** or **quamash**) n. a North American plant of the lily family, cultivated for its starlike blue or purple flowers 克美莲;棋盘花 [Genera Camassia and Zigadenus: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Chinook Jargon kamass.

**cambazola** /kæmbə'zələ/ (also 亦作 **cambozola**) ■n. trademark【商标】 a type of German blue soft cheese with a rind like Camembert 坎巴佐拉干酪(一种德国产的蓝色软奶酪,外皮似卡芒贝尔干酪)
-ORIGIN 词源 blend of **CAMEMBERT** and **GORGONZOLA**.

**camber** /'kæmbə(r)/ n. 1 a slightly convex or arched shape of a road or other horizontal surface(路面或其他平面的)拱 Brit.【英】 a tilt built into a road at a bend or curve(路面弯道处的)斜面 2 the slight sideways inclination of the front wheels of a motor vehicle(机动车前轮稍微的)外倾 3 the extent of curvature of a section of an aerofoil (翼面的)弯度
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cambered** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cambre, dial. var. of chambre 'arched', from L. camurus 'curved inwards'.

**Camberwell beauty** /'kæmbəwel/ n. a migratory butterfly with deep purple yellow-bordered wings 黄缘蛱蝶 [Nymphalis antiopa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Camberwell in London.

**cambium** /'kæmbiǝm/ n. (pl. **cambia** or **cambiums**) Botany 【植】 a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division 形成层
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cambial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting one of the alimentary humours once supposed to nourish the body) : from med. L., 'change, exchange'.

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**Cambodian** /kæm'bəudiən/ n. 1 a native or national of Cambodia, or a person of Cambodian descent 柬埔寨人 2 another term for **KHMER** (the language) * Khmer(语言)的另一种说法 ■adj. relating to Cambodia 柬埔寨的

**Cambrian** /'kæmbriǝn/ adj. 1 (chiefly in names or geographical terms) Welsh(主要用于名字或地理术语中)威尔士的 2 Geology 【地质】 relating to or denoting the first period in the Palaeozoic era (between the Precambrian aeon and the Ordovician period, about 570 to 510 million years ago), a time when there was extensive invertebrate life 寒武纪的(古生代的第一个纪)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. Cambria 'Wales', var. of Cumbria, from Welsh Cymry 'Welshman' or Cymru 'Wales'.

**cambric** /'kæmbrik/ n. a lightweight, closely woven white linen or cotton fabric 细纺,细薄布
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Kamerijk, Flemish form of Cambrai, a town in northern France, where it was orig. made; cf. **CHAMBRAY**.

**Cambridge blue** /'keımbrıdz/ n. Brit. 【英】 1 a pale blue colour 剑桥蓝(一种淡蓝色) 2 a person who has represented Cambridge University in a particular sport in a match against Oxford University 剑桥大学运动员(代表剑桥大学与牛津大学进行对抗比赛者)

**Cambs.** /kæmz, 'keımbrıdzfə(r)/ ■abbr. Cambridgeshire(英格兰)剑桥郡

**camcorder** /'kæm,kə:də(r)/ n. a portable combined video camera and video recorder 摄录一体机

**came¹** /keim/ past tense of **COME** * come 的过去式

**came²** /kerm/ n. each of a number of strips forming a framework for enclosing a pane of glass, especially in a leaded window(尤指铅条镶嵌玻璃窗的)有槽铅条,H形铅条
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**camel** /'kæml/ n. 1 a large, long-necked, mainly domesticated ungulate mammal of arid country, with long legs, broad feet, and either one or two humps on the back 骆驼(包括单峰驼和双峰驼) [Camelus dromedarius (Arabian camel, N. Africa and SW Asia, with one hump) and C. ferus (Bactrian camel, central Asia, two humps).] 2 a fabric made from camel hair 驼绒织物 3 an apparatus for raising a sunken ship, consisting of one or more watertight chests to provide buoyancy (打捞沉船的)打捞浮筒,起重浮箱
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. camelus, from Gk kamēlos, of Semitic origin.

**camelback** /'kæmlbæk/ n. a back with a hump-shaped curve on a sofa or other piece of furniture (沙发或其他家具的)驼峰形靠背

**camel cricket** n. a humpbacked wingless insect related to the grasshoppers, typically living in caves or holes 灶马,驼背蟋蟀 [Family Raphidophoridae: many species.]

**cameleer** / kæmə'lıə(r)/ n. a person who controls or rides a camel 赶驼人;骑驼人

**camel hair** (also 亦作 **camel's hair**) n. 1 a fabric made from the hair of a camel 驼绒织物 2 fine, soft hair from a squirrel's tail, used in artists' brushes(制画笔用的)松鼠尾毛

**camelid** /kə'mi:lıd, 'kæməlıd/ n. Zoology【动】 a mammal of a family (Camelidae) comprising the camels together with the llama and its relatives 骆驼科动物(包括骆驼、美洲驼等)

**camellia** /kə'mi:liǝ, -'meliǝ/ n. an evergreen East Asian shrub related to the tea plant, grown for its showy flowers and shiny leaves 山茶 [Camellia japonica and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named by Linnaeus after the 17th-cent. Moravian botanist Joseph Kamel (Latinized as Camellus).

**camelopard** /'kæmılǝ(u)pa:d, kə'melǝpa:d/ n. archaic 【古】a giraffe 长颈鹿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk kamēlopardalis, from kamēlos 'camel' + pardalis (see 见 **PARD**).

**Camelot** /'kæmilot/ n. a place associated with romance and optimism 卡默洛特,乐园
-ORIGIN 词源 the place where King Arthur held his legendary court.

**camel spider** n. another term for **SUN SPIDER** * sun spider 的另一种说法

**Camembert** /'kæməmbeə/ n. a kind of rich, soft, creamy cheese with a whitish rind, originally made near Camembert in Normandy 卡芒贝尔(或卡门培尔)干酪

**cameo** /'kæmiǝu/ n. (pl. **cameos**) 1 a piece of jewellery consisting of a portrait in profile carved in relief on a background of a different colour 凯米奧浮雕宝石 2 a short piece of writing which neatly encapsulates something 小品文 3 a small distinctive part in a play or film, played by a distinguished actor(电影、戏剧中由名演员出演的)客串小角色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. camahieu, cama(h)u; later influenced by Ital. cam(m)eo, from med. L. cammaeus.

**cameo glass** n. decorative glass consisting of layers of different colours, the outermost being cut away to leave a design in relief 宝石玻璃,浮雕玻璃

**camera¹** /'kæm(ə)rə/ n. a device for recording visual images in the form of photographs, cinema film, or video signals 照相机;摄像机
-PHRASES 短语 **on (or off) camera** while being (or not being) filmed or televised(不)在摄制中;(不)在电视播送中

**camera²** /'kæm(ə)rǝ/ n. [in names 用于名称] a chamber or round building 小室,房间;圆形建筑
-PHRASES 短语 **in camera** chiefly Law 【主律】 in private, in particular taking place in the private chambers of a judge, with the press and public excluded 私下;(尤指)在法官办公室

**camera lucida** /'lu:sıdǝ/ n. an instrument in which rays of light are reflected by a prism to produce an

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image on a sheet of paper, from which a drawing can be made 描像器
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., 'bright chamber', on the pattern of camera obscura.

**cameraman** /'kæmrəmæn/ (or **camerawoman** /'kæmrəwomǝn/) n. (pl. **cameramen** or **camerawomen**) a person who operates a video, television, or film camera 摄影师,摄像师

**camera obscura** /pbs'kjuǝrǝ/ n. 1 a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object on to a screen inside 暗箱(早期的照相机) 2 a small round building with a rotating angled mirror at the apex of the roof, projecting an image of the landscape on to a horizontal surface inside 暗室
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., 'dark chamber'.

**camera phone** n. a mobile phone with a built-in camera 拍照手机

**camera-ready** adj. Printing 【印刷】 in the right form to be reproduced photographically on to a printing plate(稿件)可照相制版的

**camerawork** /'kæmrǝw3:k/ n. the way in which cameras are used in a film or television programme (电影或电视节目)摄影术,拍摄方法

**Cameroonian** / kæmǝ'ru:niǝn/ n. a native or inhabitant of Cameroon, a country on the west coast of Africa 喀麦隆人 ■adj. relating to Cameroon 喀麦隆的

**cam follower** n. the part of a machine in sliding or rolling contact with a rotating cam and given motion by it 凸轮从动件

**camiknickers** /'kæmi,nıkəz/ pl. n. Brit.【英】 a woman's one-piece undergarment which combines a camisole and a pair of French knickers 连裤女式内衣

**Camisard** /'kæmısa:, kæmı'sa:/ ■n. a member of the French Protestant insurgents who rebelled against the persecution that followed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes 卡米撒派(《南特敕令》被废除后起义反抗迫害的法国新教徒)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Provençal camisa, from late L. camisia 'shirt', because of the Camisards' white shirts.

**camisole** /'kæmisǝul/ n. a woman's loose-fitting undergarment for the upper body 女式贴身背心;宽松女式内衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., either from Ital. camiciola, dimin. of camicia, or from Sp. camisola, dimin. of camisa, both from late L. camisia 'shirt or nightgown'.

**camomile** /'kæmǝmail/ (also 亦作 **chamomile**) n. an aromatic plant of the daisy family, with white and yellow flowers 苹果菊 [Chamaemelum nobile (sweet camomile) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. camomille, from late L. chamomilla, from Gk khamaimēlon 'earth apple' (because of the apple-like smell of its flowers).

**Camorra** /kə'mprə/ n. a secret criminal society originating in Naples and Neapolitan emigrant communities in the 19th century 卡莫拉(19世纪意大利那不勒斯及那不勒斯移民社区中的黑帮组织)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., perh. from Sp. camorra 'dispute, quarrel'.

**camouflage** /'kæmǝfla:3/ n. 1 the disguising of military personnel and equipment by painting or covering them to make them blend in with their surroundings(军事上的)伪装
> the clothing or materials used for such a purpose 伪装器材 2 the natural colouring or form of an animal which enables it to blend in with its surroundings(动物的)保护色,拟态 ■v. hide or disguise by means of camouflage 伪装,隐蔽
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: from Fr., from camoufler 'to disguise'.

**camp¹** /kæmp/ ■n. 1 a place with temporary accommodation used by soldiers, refugees, or travelling people(军人、难民或旅行者临时的)营地 a complex of buildings for holiday accommodation 度假营(指供度假用的建筑群) 2 (also 亦作 **summer camp**) N. Amer. 【北美】a summer holiday programme for children, offering a range of activities 夏令营 3 the supporters of a particular party or doctrine regarded collectively 阵营(某一党派或学说的全体拥护者) 4 Brit. Archaeology 【英,考古】a prehistoric enclosed or fortified site, especially an Iron Age hill fort 史前古堡(或古垒)(尤指铁器时代的山丘堡垒) 5 S. African 【南非】 a fenced field or enclosed area for grazing (有围栏的)牧场 Austral. /NZ【澳新】 a place where livestock regularly congregate 牲口聚集地 ■v. 1 live or stay temporarily, especially in a tent or caravan while on holiday(尤指假日在帐篷或宿营拖车中)宿营,露营 2 Austral./NZ【澳新】(of livestock) assemble together(牲口)聚集到一起 3 S. African 【南非】 divide(land) and enclose it with fences 划分(土地)并圈以围栏
-PHRASES 短语 **break camp** take down a tent or the tents of an encampment ready to leave 撤营,拔营
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. camp, champ, from Ital. campo, from L. campus 'level ground'.

**camp²** /kæmp/ informal 【非正式】 ■adj. (of a man) ostentatiously and extravagantly effeminate(男子)十分女人气的 deliberately exaggerated and theatrical in style 夸张的,做作的 ■n. camp behaviour or style 十分女人气的举止,做作的风格 ■V. (usu. 通常用 **camp it up**) (of a man) behave in a camp way(男子)表现得女里女气
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **campery** n. **campily** adv. **campiness** n. **campness** n. **campy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**campaign** /kæm'pein/ n. 1 a series of military operations intended to achieve an objective in a particular area 战役 2 an organized course of action to achieve a goal(有目的的)运动 ■v. work in an organized and active way towards a goal 参加运动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **campaigner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a tract of open

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country): from Fr. campagne, via Ital. from late L. campania, from campus (see 见 **CAMP¹**).

**campanile** / kæmpǝ'ni:le1/ n. a bell tower, especially a free-standing one(尤指独立的)钟塔,钟楼
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital., from campana 'bell'.

**campanology** / kæmpə'nələdzi/ n. the art or practice of bell-ringing 鸣钟术,鸣钟法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **campanological** adj. **campanologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. campanologia, from late L. campana 'bell'.

**campanula** /kæm'pænjulə/ n. another term for **BELLFLOWER** * bellflower 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., dimin. of late L. campana 'bell'.

**campanulate** /kæm'pænjulət/ adj. Botany 【植】(of a flower) bell-shaped, like a campanula(花)钟状的

**Campari** /kæm'pa:ri/ n. trademark【商标】a reddish pink aperitif flavoured with bitters 金巴利开胃酒

**camp bed** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a folding portable bed 折叠床,行军床

**campcraft** /'kæmpkra:ft/ n. knowledge and skill required for a simple outdoor life 野营知识;野营技能

**camper** /'kæmpə(r)/ n. 1 a person who spends a holiday in a tent or holiday camp野营者,营员 informal 【非正式】a person in a specified mood 情绪…的人: I am not a happy camper. 我不是个快乐的人。2 (also 亦作 **camper van**) a large motor vehicle with living accommodation 野营车(有生活设施的大型机动车)

**campesino** / kæmpǝ'si:nǝo/ n. (pl. **campesinos**) (in Spanish-speaking countries) a peasant farmer (西班牙语国家的)小农,个体农民
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**campfire** /'kæmpfarə(r)/ n. an open-air fire in a camp 营火,篝火

**camp follower** n. 1 a civilian working in or attached to a military camp 随营人员 2 a person who associates with a group without being a full member of it(支持某一团体但并非其正式成员的)追随者

**campground** /'kæmpgraund/ n. North American term for **CAMPSITE** * campsite 的北美说法

**camphor** /'kæmfə(r)/ n. a white volatile crystalline substance with an aromatic smell and bitter taste, used in insect repellents and the manufacture of celluloid 樟脑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **camphoric** /kæm'forık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. camphore or med. L. camphora, from Arab. kāfür, via Malay from Sanskrit karpūra.

**camphorate** /'kæmfǝreit/ v. impregnate or treat with camphor 用樟脑浸渍(或处理)

**camphor tree** n. an East Asian tree, the chief natural source of camphor 樟树 [Cinnamomum camphora.]

**campion** /'kæmpiən/ n. a plant of the pink family, typically having pink or white flowers with notched petals 冠军花,捕蝇草(包括蝇子草和剪秋罗) [Genera Silene and Lychnis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. rel. to **CHAMPION**, applied to a plant of this kind said to have been used for victors' garlands in ancient times.

**campo** /'kæmpǝu/ n. (pl. **campos**) 1 (**the campo**) (in South America, especially Brazil) a grass plain with occasional stunted trees(南美,尤指巴西的)草原 2 a square in an Italian or Spanish town(意大利或西班牙城镇的)广场
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp., Port., and Ital. campo, lit. 'field'.

**campsite** /'kæmpsait/ n. a place used for camping, especially one equipped for holidaymakers(尤指度假者的)野营地,宿营地

**campus** /'kæmpəs/ n. (pl. **campuses**) the grounds and buildings of a university or college (大学或学院的)校园 a branch or area of a university away from the main site 分校区
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. US): from L. campus (see 见 **CAMP¹**).

**campylobacter** /'kæmpılǝu,bæktə(r), kæmpılǝu-'bæktə(r)/ n. a bacterium of a genus including species responsible for abortion in animals and food poisoning in humans 弯曲杆菌 [Genus Campylobacter.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kampulos 'bent' + **BACTERIUM**.

**camshaft** /'kæmfa:ft/ n. a shaft with one or more cams attached to it, especially one operating the valves in an internal-combustion engine(尤指内燃机内操纵气阀的)凸轮轴

**camwood** /'kæmwod/ n. the hard red wood of the African padauk tree 非洲紫檀木
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from Temne k'am + **WOOD**.

**Can.** abbr. Canada or Canadian 加拿大;加拿大人:加拿大的

**can¹** /kæn/ modal v. (3rd sing. present **can**; past **could**) 1 be able to 能,能够 [with neg. or in questions 与否定结构连用或用于疑问句] used to express doubt or surprise(表示疑惑或惊讶): He can't have finished. 他不可能已经完成了。 used to indicate that something is typically the case(表示一般属实)有时会,时而可能: He could be very moody. 他有时喜怒无常。2 be permitted to 被允许,可以
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cunnan 'know'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
The use of **can** rather than **may** to request or express permission, as in **may/can I ask you a few questions?**, is not incorrect in standard English, although some people object to it. **May** is, generally speaking, a more polite way of asking for something, however, and is the better choice in more formal contexts. 用 **can** 而不是 **may** 表示请求或允许,在规范英语中属正确用法,例如: **May/Can I ask you a few questions?** (我能问

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你几个问题吗?)但有些人不同意这种说法。但一般而言,**may** 表示请求时更为客气,在较正式语境下用 **may** 更为妥当。

**can²** /kæn/ n. 1 a cylindrical metal container, in particular one in which food or drink is hermetically sealed for storage over long periods(盛食品或饮料的)金属罐 2 (**the can**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】prison 监狱,牢房 3 (**the can**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 a toilet 茅房,厕所 4 (**cans**) informal 【非正式】headphones 耳机 ■v. (**cans**, **canning**, **canned**) 1 preserve in a can 将………装罐保存 2 N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】dismiss from a job or reject as inadequate 解雇,炒…的鱿鱼
-PHRASES 短语 **a can of worms** a complicated matter likely to prove awkward or embarrassing 棘手的问题;难题;麻烦事 **in the can** informal 【非正式】on tape or film and ready to be broadcast or released (录像资料)录制完毕;(影片)已拍摄好
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE canne, either of Gmc origin or from late L. canna.

**Canaanite** /'kernǝnait/ n. a native or inhabitant of Canaan, the biblical name for the area of ancient Palestine west of the River Jordan, the Promised Land of the Israelites 迦南人

**Canada balsam** /'kænədə/ n. a yellowish resin obtained from the balsam fir, used for mounting specimens on microscope slides 加拿大香胶,加拿大(树)胶

**Canada goose** n. a common brownish-grey North American goose, introduced in Britain and elsewhere 加拿大黑雁 [Branta canadensis.]

**Canadian** /kə'neıdiən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Canada 加拿大人 ■adj. relating to Canada 加拿大的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Canadianism** n.

**Canadian football** n. a form of football played in Canada, resembling American football 加拿大式橄榄球

**Canadien** /kænæ'dj/ Canadian 【加】 ■n. a French Canadian 法裔加拿大人 ■adj. French Canadian 法裔加拿大人的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**canaille** /kæ'nai/ n. (**the canaille**) derogatory 【贬】the common people; the masses 草民,愚民
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Ital. canaglia 'pack of dogs', from cane 'dog'.

**canal** /kə'næl/ n. 1 an artificial waterway allowing the passage of boats inland or conveying water for irrigation 运河 2 a tubular duct in a plant or animal conveying food, liquid, or air(动植物体内的)管,道
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., alt. of chanel 'channel', from L. canalis 'pipe, groove, channel', from canna 'cane'.

**canalize** or **canalise** /'kænǝlaız/ v. 1 convert (a river) into a navigable canal 把(河流)改造成运河 2 convey through a duct or channel(通过导管或水道)运送
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canalization** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. canaliser, from canal (see 见 **CANAL**).

**canapé** /'kænǝper/ n. 1 a small piece of bread or pastry with a savoury topping, often served with drinks(上面浇有配料的)吐司 2 a decorative French antique sofa 长沙发
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**canard** /kə'na:d, 'kæna:d/ n. 1 an unfounded rumour or story 谣言;虚假报道 2 a small wing-like projection on an aircraft forward of the main wing, for extra stability or control(飞机的)鸭式翼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'duck', also 'hoax', from OFr. caner 'to quack'.

**Canarese** /kænə'ri:z/ n. & adj. variant spelling of **KANARESE** * Kanarese 的另一种拼法

**canary** /kə'neəri/ n. (pl. **canaries**) 1 a bright yellow finch with a melodious song, popular as a cage bird 金丝雀 [Serinus canaria (Canary Islands, Azores, and Madeira) and related species in Africa.] 2 (also 亦作 **canary yellow**) a bright yellow colour 鲜黄色 3 historical 【史义】 a sweet wine from the Canary Islands, similar to Madeira 加那利甜酒
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. canari, from Sp. canario 'canary' or 'person from the Canary Islands'.

**canary creeper** n. a South American climbing plant bearing bright yellow flowers 黄花藤 [Tropaeolum peregrinum.]

**canary grass** n. a tall grass of NW Africa and the Canary Islands, grown for its seeds which are fed to cage birds 繭草,草芦,加那利草(产于非洲西北部和加那利群岛,其籽可作鸟食) [Genus Phalaris: several species.]

**canasta** /kə'næstə/ n. a card game resembling rummy, using two packs and usually played by two pairs of partners 卡纳斯塔纸牌戏(与拉米纸牌戏相似,用两副纸牌,通常四人分两家进行)
> a meld of seven cards in canasta(卡纳斯塔纸牌戏中可贏分的)套七张牌
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Sp. (of Uruguayan origin), lit. 'basket', based on L. canistrum (see 见 **CANISTER**).

**cancan** /'kænkæn/ n. a lively, high-kicking stage dance originating in 19th-century Parisian music halls and performed by women in long skirts and petticoats 康康舞
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., child's word for canard 'duck', from OFr. caner 'to quack'.
> 1911 The **cancan** is famously associated with 2011 the 'naughty nineties' (the 1890s) in Paris and the pictures of Toulouse-Lautrec. The Fowlers were in no doubt about their opinion of this racy French craze -they defined it simply as 'indecent dance'. They were not the only Oxford authors with a lofty attitude towards the cancan: Percy Scholes, editor of the first Oxford Companion to Music (1938),

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wrote that 'Its exact nature is unknown to anyone connected with this Companion'. 康康舞与巴黎“淘气的九十年代”(19世纪90年代)和土鲁斯-劳特累克的画作有着著名的联系。福勒兄弟对法国的这种狂热浪潮态度鲜明——————直截了当地将其定义为“不雅的舞蹈”。牛津的作者中,对康康舞持这种高傲态度的并非仅此二人:《牛津音乐指南》第一版(1938)的作者珀西·斯科尔斯写道,“其准确实质不为本指南有关人士所知。”

**cancel** /'kænsl/ ■v. (**cancels**, **cancelling**, **cancelled**; US also【美亦作】**cancels**, **canceling**, **canceled**) 1 decide that (a planned event) will not take place 取消(预定的安排) annul or revoke 废除;撤销;使无效:His visa had been cancelled. 他的签证已被撤销。2 mark or tear (a ticket or stamp) to show that it has been used or invalidated 盖销,注销(票证或邮票) 3 (often 常用 **cancel something out**) (of a factor or circumstance) neutralize or negate the effect of (another)(一种因素或情况)抵消(另一种) 4 Mathematics【数】 delete (an equal factor) from both sides of an equation or from the numerator and denominator of a fraction 消去,约去(公因式或公因数) ■n. 1 a mark made on a postage stamp to show that it has been used 邮戳 2 Printing 【印刷】 a new page or section inserted in a book to replace the original text 撤销页,替换页,修版 3 US【美】(in music) a natural sign(4)(音乐中的)本位号
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cancellation** n. **canceller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. canceller, from L. cancellare, from cancelli 'crossbars'.

**cancelbot** /'kænsǝlbpt/ n. Computing【计】 a program that searches for and deletes email messages originating from specified addresses(自动搜索并删除来自特定地址的电子邮件的)清除器,清除程序

**cancellous** /'kæns(ə)ləs/ adj. Anatomy 【解】(of bone tissue) having a porous, mesh-like structure, typical of the interior of mature bones(骨组织)网状的,松质的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cancelli 'crossbars' + **-ous**.

**Cancer** /'kænsə(r)/ n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】 a constellation (the Crab), said to represent a crab crushed under the foot of Hercules 巨蟹座 2 Astrology【占星】 the fourth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the northern summer solstice (about 21 June) 巨蟹宫(黄道十二宫第四宫,太阳于6月21日左右北夏至日进入该宫)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Cancerian** /kæn'sıəriən, -'seəriən/ n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**cancer** /'kænsə(r)/ n. 1 a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body 癌(症) a malignant growth or tumour resulting from such a division of cells 恶性肿瘤 2 something evil or destructive that is hard to contain or eradicate 弊端,毒瘤: the cancer of racism 种族主义毒瘤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cancerous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L., 'crab or creeping ulcer', translating Gk karkinos, said to have been applied to tumours because the swollen veins around them resembled the limbs of a crab.

**cancer stick** n. informal, humorous 【非正式,幽】a cigarette “癌棒”,香烟

**candela** /kæn'delə, 'di:lə, 'kændılə/ (abbrev. 略作: **cd**) n. Physics 【物】 the SI unit of luminous intensity 堪(德拉)(国际单位制中发光强度的单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from L., 'candle'.

**candelabra tree** /kændə'la:brə/ n. a tree with upward-curving boughs, resembling a candelabrum 烛台树 [Genus Euphorbia (Africa) and Araucaria angustifolia (S. America).]

**candelabrum** /kændr'la:brəm/ (also 亦作 **candelabra** /-brǝ/) n. (pl. **candelabra** or **candelabras**) a large branched candlestick or holder for several candles or lamps 华柱(枝状大烛台或灯台)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., from candela (see 见 **CANDLE**).
> **USAGE** 用法说明
Based on the Latin forms, the correct singular is **candelabrum** and the plural is **candelabra**. However, in practice **candelabra** is increasingly used as the singular form, with the plural as **candelabras**, and these forms are coming to be regarded as part of standard English. 根据拉丁语词形,正确的单数形式是 **candelabrum**,正确的复数形式是 **candelabra**。然而,在实际运用中,**candelabra** 越来越多地被用作单数形式,而 **candelabras** 则被用作复数形式。这些形式逐渐被看作规范英语的组成部分。

**candid** /'kændıd/ adj. 1 truthful and straightforward; frank 坦率的,直言不讳的 2 (of a photograph or film) taken informally, especially without the subject's knowledge(照片或胶片)随意拍摄的;(尤指)偷拍的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **candidly** adv. **candidness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'white'): from L. candidus cf. **CANDOUR**.

**candida** /'kændıdə/ n. a yeast-like parasitic fungus that sometimes causes thrush 念珠菌 [Genus Candida.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., fem. of L. candidus 'white'.

**candidate** /'kændıdert, -dət/ n. 1 a person who applies for a job or is nominated for election 求职者:候选人 2 Brit. 【英】 a person taking an examination 考生,应试者 3 a person or thing suitable for or likely to receive a particular fate, treatment, or position 适合(或有可能获得)(某种命运、待遇或职位)的人(或事物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **candidacy** n. **candidature** n. (Brit. 【英】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. candidates 'white-robed', from candidus 'white'

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**candidiasis** / kændı'darəsIS/ n. infection with candida, especially as causing oral or vaginal thrush 念珠菌病

**candiru** /kændı'ru:/ n. a minute, slender bloodsucking catfish of the Amazon region, sometimes entering the body orifices of mammals 寄生鲇 [Vandellia cirrhosa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Port. from Tupi candirú.

**candle** /'kændl/ n. 1 a cylinder or block of wax or tallow with a central wick which is lit to produce light as it burns 蜡烛 2 (also 亦作 **international candle**) Physics 【物】 a unit of luminous intensity, superseded by the candela(国际)烛光(发光强度单位,已被坎德拉取代) ■v. test (an egg) for freshness or fertility by holding it to the light 对光检查(禽蛋是否新鲜或能否孵化),对(禽蛋)进行光检
-PHRASES 短语 **be unable to hold a candle to** informal 【非正式】be not nearly as good as 无法与………媲美 **(the game's) not worth the candle** the potential advantages to be gained from doing something do not justify the cost or trouble involved 不值得,不划算
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **candler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE candel, from L. candela, from candere 'be white or glisten'.

**candleberry** /'kændlbəri/ n. (pl. **candleberries**) a bayberry, candlenut, or other tree or shrub whose berries yield wax 蜡莓

**candlefish** /'kændlf1f/ n. (pl. same or 单复同 **candlefishes**) a small edible marine fish with oily flesh, occurring on the west coast of North America 蜡鱼 [Thaleichthys pacificus.]

**candlelight** /'kændllast/ n. dim light provided by a candle or candles 烛光
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **candlelit** adj.

**Candlemas** /'kændlmæs, -məs/ n. a Christian festival held on 2 February to commemorate the purification of the Virgin Mary (after childbirth, according to Jewish law) and the presentation of Christ in the Temple (基督教)圣烛节,圣母行洁净礼日(2月2日)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Candelmæsse (see 见 **CNADLE**, **MASS**).

**candlenut** /'kændlnat/ n. an evergreen tree native to SE Asia and the South Pacific islands, with large seeds that yield an oil used for lighting 石栗 [Aleurites moluccana.]

**candlepower** /'kændl,pauə(r)/ n. illuminating power expressed in candelas or candles(以坎德拉或烛光表示的)发光强度

**candlestick** /'kændlstık/ n. a support or holder for one or more candles 烛台,烛架

**candlewick** /'kændlwık/ n. a thick, soft cotton fabric with a raised tufted pattern 烛芯纱盘花簇绒织物

**can-do** adj. informal 【非正式】willing or determined to take action and achieve results “能行”的: a **can-do** attitude “能行”的态度

**candomblé** /kændum'bler/ n. a Brazilian sect of the macumba cult 康多拜(巴西马库姆巴教的一个教派)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Brazilian Port.

**candour** /'kændə(r)/ (US 【美】**candor**) ■n. the quality of being open and honest 坦诚,坦率
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'whiteness', hence 'purity', 'lack of bias', 'honesty'): from L. candor.

**candy** /'kændi/ n. (pl. **candies**) (also 亦作 **sugar candy**) 1 N. Amer. 【北美】sweets; confectionery 糖果 2 chiefly Brit.【主英】sugar crystallized by repeated boiling and slow evaporation 冰糖 ■v. (**candies**, **candying**, **candied**) [often as adj. 常作形容词 **candied**] preserve (fruit) by coating and impregnating it with a sugar syrup 把(水果)制成蜜饯
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as v.): as n. from ME sugar-candy, from Fr. sucre candi 'crystallized sugar', from Arab. sukkar 'sugar' + kandi 'candied'.

**candy apple** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 1 a toffee apple 太妃糖苹果 2 (also 亦作 **candy-apple red**) a bright red colour 鲜红色

**candy-ass** n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 a timid, cowardly, or despicable person 胆小鬼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **candy-assed** adj.

**candyfloss** /'kændiflps/ n. Brit. 【英】 1 a mass of pink or white fluffy spun sugar wrapped round a stick 棉花糖 2 something worthless or insubstantial 无价值(或不实在)的东西

**candyman** /'kændimæn/ n. (pl. **candymen**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a person who sells illegal drugs 毒贩

**candy-striped** adj. patterned with alternating stripes of white and another colour, typically pink 肯特直条纹(一般为白色和粉色相间)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **candy-stripe** adj. & n.

**candy-striper** n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 a female voluntary nurse in a hospital 志愿女护士
-ORIGIN 词源 so named because of their candy-striped uniforms.

**candytuft** /'kænditaft/ n. a plant with small heads of white, pink, or purple flowers, grown as a garden or rockery plant 屈曲花 [Genus Iberis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Candy (obs. form of Candia, former name of Crete) + **TUFT**.

**cane** /kein/ n. 1 the hollow jointed stem of tall reeds, grasses, etc., especially bamboo or the slender, pliant stem of plants such as rattan(尤指竹子、藤等植物中空而有节的)茎,秆 a woody stem of a raspberry or related plant(悬钩子等的)木质茎 2 a length of cane or a slender stick used as a support for plants, a a walking stick, or an instrument of punishment(用作植物支架、手杖或惩罚工具的)竿,条,杖 ■v. 1 beat with a cane as a punishment 用藤条(或笞杖)打 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 defeat heavily or punish severely 重挫,大败;严惩 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】take (drink or drugs) in large quantities 豪饮(酒);大量吸食(毒品)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., via L. from Gk kanna, kanne, of Semitic origin.

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**canebrake** /'keinbreik/ n. US 【美】 a piece of ground covered with a dense growth of canes 密布植物茎秆之地

**caned** /keind/ adj. 1 (of furniture) made or repaired with cane(家具)用藤(或茎杆)制作(或修理)的 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】intoxicated with drink or drugs 醉酒的;(因吸毒而)迷醉的

**cane rat** n. a large rat-like African rodent found in wetlands south of the Sahara 蔗鼠 [Genus Thryonomys.]

**cane toad** n. a large brown toad of tropical America, introduced elsewhere for pest control 蔗蟾蜍,海蟾蜍 [Bufo marinus.]

**canid** /'kænıd/ n. Zoology 【动】a mammal of the dog family (Canidae) 犬科动物

**canine** /'keinain, 'kæ-/ adj. relating to or resembling a dog 犬的;似犬的 ■n. 1 a dog or other animal of the dog family 犬;犬科动物 2 (also 亦作 **canine tooth**) a pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars, often greatly enlarged in carnivores 尖牙,犬齿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., from L. caninus, from canis 'dog'.

**caning** /keınıŋ/ n. 1 a beating with a cane as a punishment 鞭打,杖打 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a resounding defeat 惨败 a severe reprimand 严厉斥责

**canister** /'kænıstə(r)/ n. 1 a round or cylindrical container used for storing food, chemicals, rolls of film, etc.(储存食品、化学品、胶卷等的)圆罐,圆桶 2 historical【史义】small bullets packed in cases that fit the bore of a gun 霰弹(筒)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (denoting a basket): from L. canistrum, from Gk kanastron 'wicker basket', from kanna (see 见 **CANE**).

**canker** /'kæŋkə(r)/ n. 1 a destructive fungal disease of trees that results in damage to the bark(树木的)溃疡病 an open lesion in plant tissue caused by infection or injury(植物组织的)溃疡 fungal rot in parsnips, tomatoes, or other vegetables(番茄等蔬菜的)腐烂病,溃疡病 2 an ulcerous condition of an animal, especially an inflammation of the ear caused by a mite infestation (动物的)溃疡,(尤指)烂耳病 (also 亦作 **canker sore**) N. Amer. 【北美】 a small ulcer of the mouth or lips 口疮 ■v. 1 become infected with canker 患溃疡(或口疮) 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **cankered**] infect with a corrupting bitterness 腐烂;败坏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cankerous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a tumour): from OFr. chancre, from L. cancer (see 见 **CANCER**).

**cankerworm** /'kæŋkəw3:m/ n. the caterpillar of a North American moth that feeds on the buds and leaves of trees 尺蠖(一种北美蛾类的幼虫,专吃树木的芽和叶)

**canna** /'kænǝ/ n. a lily-like tropical American plant with bright flowers and ornamental strap-like leaves 美人蕉 [Genus Canna: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L., from L. canna (see 见 **CANE**).

**cannabinol** /'kænǝbınol, kə'næb-/ n. Chemistry 【化】a crystalline compound whose derivatives, especially THC, are the active constituents of cannabis 大麻酚
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cannabinoid** n.

**cannabis** /'kænǝbıs/ n. 1 a dried preparation or resinous extract made from a plant, used (generally illegally) as a psychotropic drug (chiefly in cigarettes) 大麻制品 2 the plant from which cannabis comes, also used to produce hemp fibre 大麻 [Cannabis sativa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., from Gk kannabis.

**canned** /kænd/ adj. 1 preserved in a sealed can 罐装的 2 informal, chiefly derogatory【非正式,主贬】(of music, applause, etc.) pre-recorded(音乐、掌声等)预先录制的 3 informal 【非正式】drunk 醉酒的

**cannel coal** /'kænl/ n. a hard, compact kind of bituminous coal 烛煤
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from north. Engl. cannel 'candle'.

**cannellini bean** / kænə'li:ni/ n. a kidney-shaped bean of a medium-sized creamy-white variety 意大利白腰豆,小管豆(乳白色肾形豆)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital. cannellini, lit. 'small tubes'.

**cannelloni** /kænə'ləuni/ n. rolls of pasta stuffed with a meat or vegetable mixture, usually cooked in a cheese sauce 肉馅面卷,菜馅面卷 a dish of this (一道)肉馅面卷,菜馅面卷
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'large tubes', from cannello 'tube'.

**cannelure** /'kæn(ə)ljuə(r)/ n. a groove round the cylindrical part of a bullet(弹壳)槽线,沟槽
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from canneler 'provide with a channel', from canne 'reed, cane'.

**cannery** /'kænəri/ n. (pl. **canneries**) a factory where food is canned 罐头食品厂

**cannibal** /'kænıbl/ n. a person who eats the flesh of other human beings 食人肉者 an animal that eats the flesh of its own species 同类相食的动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cannibalism** n. **cannibalistic** adj. **cannibalistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. Canibales, var. of Caribes, a West Indian people reputed to eat humans (see 见 **CARIB**).

**cannibalize** or **cannibalise** /'kænıbəlaız/ v. 1 use (a machine) as a source of spare parts for another, similar machine 拆用(一台机器的)零件,拼修 2 (of a company) reduce (the sales of one of its products) by introducing a similar, competing product(公司)以类似的竞争性产品压低(原有产品的销售) 3 (of an animal) eat (an animal of its own kind)(动物)吃(同类)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cannibalization** n.

**cannon** /'kænən/ n. 1 (pl. usu. same 通常单复同) a large, heavy piece of artillery formerly used

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in warfare (旧时战争中所用的)火炮,加农炮 an automatic heavy gun that fires shells from an aircraft or tank(飞机或坦克上的)机关炮 2 Billiards & Snooker, chiefly Brit.【台,斯,主英】a stroke in which the cue ball strikes two balls successively 双球连击,连撞两球 [C19: alt. of **CAROM**.] 3 Engineering【工程】 a heavy cylinder or hollow drum rotating independently on a shaft 空心轴 ■v. chiefly Brit.【主英】 1 collide with something forcefully or at an angle(猛力地或以一定角度)相撞,碰撞 2 Billiards & Snooker 【台,斯】make a cannon shot 双球连击,连撞两球
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. canon, from Ital. cannone 'large tube', from canna (see 见 **CANE**).

**cannonade** / kænə'neıd/ n. a period of continuous heavy gunfire(连续的)炮轰,轰击 ■v. discharge heavy guns continuously(连续地)炮轰,轰击
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. cannonata, from cannone (see 见 **CANNON**).

**cannonball** /'kænənbə:l/ n. 1 a round metal or stone projectile fired from a cannon 炮弹 2 (also 亦作 **cannonball dive**) N. Amer. 【北美】a jump into water feet first with the knees clasped to the chest 炮弹式跳水(双脚先入水的抱膝跳水)

**cannon bone** n. a long tube-shaped bone between a horse's fetlock and the knee or hock (马的)炮骨

**cannoneer** /kænə'nıə(r)/ ■n. historical 【史义】an artilleryman who positioned and fired a cannon 炮手

**cannon fodder** n. soldiers regarded merely as material to be expended in war 炮灰(指士兵)

**cannot** /'kæpt/ contr. can not 不能够,不可以
> **USAGE** 用法说明
Both the one-word form **cannot** and the two-word form **can not** are acceptable, but **cannot** is far more common. Reserve the two-word form for constructions in which **not** is part of a set phrase, such as '**not only ... but (also)**': Paul can **not** only sing well, he also paints brilliantly. 写成一个词的形式 **cannot**,与写成两个词的形式 **can not**,都是可以接受的,但前者常见得多。但当 **not** 为固定短语的一部分时,如“**not only ... but (also)**”,应使用 **can not**: Paul can **not** only sing well, he also paints brilliantly. 保罗不仅唱得好,画得也很好。

**cannula** /'kænjulǝ/ n. (pl. **cannulae** /-li:/ or **cannulas**) Surgery 【外科】 a thin tube inserted into the body to administer medication, drain off fluid, or introduce a surgical instrument 插管,套管
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'small reed', dimin. of canna (see 见 **CANE**).

**cannulate** /'kænjulert/ v. Surgery 【外科】 introduce a cannula into 装插管于,插套管于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cannulation** n.

**canny** /'kæni/ adj. (**cannier**, **canniest**) 1 shrewd, especially in financial or business matters(尤指在财务和生意上)精明的,老谋深算的 2 N. English & Scottish【英北,苏格兰】 pleasant; nice 令人愉快的,惬意的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cannily** adv. **canniness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. Scots): from **CAN¹** (in the obs. sense 'know') + **-Y¹**.

**canoe** /kə'nu:/ n. a narrow keelless boat with pointed ends, propelled with a paddle 划艇;独木舟 ■v. (**canoes**, **canoeing**, **canoed**) travel in or paddle a canoe 乘坐(或划)划艇
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canoer** n. **canoeing** n. **canoeist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. canoa, from Arawak, from Carib canaoua.

**canola** /kə'nələ/ n. oilseed rape of a variety grown in North America 加拿大油菜籽
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from **Can**ada + **-ola** (based on L. oleum 'oil').

**canon¹** /'kænən/ n. 1 a general rule or principle by which something is judged 准则;原则;标准
> a Church decree or law 教令;教规 2 a collection or list of sacred books accepted as genuine 正典经籍,正典 the works of a particular author or artist that are recognized as genuine(某作家或艺术家的)真作,真迹 a list of literary works considered to be permanently established as being of the highest quality 文学经典 3 the part of the Roman Catholic Mass containing the words of consecration (天主教弥撒中的)祝圣 4 Music 【音】 a piece in which the same melody is begun in different parts successively, so that the imitations overlap 卡农
-PHRASES 短语 **in canon** Music 【音】 with different parts successively beginning the same melody 复调
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: from L., from Gk kanōn 'rule', reinforced in ME by OFr. canon.

**canon²** /'kænən/ n. 1 a member of the clergy on the staff of a cathedral, especially one who is a member of the chapter 主教座堂教士(尤指教士团成员) 2 (also 亦作 **canon regular** or **regular canon**) (fem. 阴性 **canoness**) a member of certain orders of Roman Catholic clergy that live communally like monks or nuns(天主教某些修会中的)群居教士
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. canonie, from L. canonicus (see 见 **CANONIC**).

**canon cancrizans** /'kæŋkrızænz/ n. Music 【音】 a canon in which the theme or subject is repeated backwards in the second part 逆行卡农
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CANON¹** + med. L. cancrizans 'walking backwards' (from cancer 'crab').

**canonic** /kə'npnık/ adj. 1 Music 【音】 in the form of a canon 卡农的 2 another term for **CANONICAL** * canonical 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canonicity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (as n.): from OFr. canonique or L. canonicus 'canonical', based on Gk kanon 'rule' (cf. **CANON¹**).

**canonical** /kə'npnıkl/ adj. 1 according to or ordered by canon law 按照教会法的;教会法规定的 2 accepted as being accurate and authoritative 权威性的;标准的,公认的 3 relating to a cathedral chapter or a member of it 主教座堂教士团(成员)的 ■n. (**canonicals**) the prescribed official dress of

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the clergy(教规规定的)教士服
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canonically** adv.

**canonical hours** pl. n. 1 the times of daily Christian prayer appointed in the breviary, or the offices set for them (matins with lauds, prime, terce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline) 祈祷时刻,日课 2 (in the Church of England) the time during which a marriage may lawfully be celebrated (usually between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m.)(英格兰圣公会)法定婚礼时间(通常在上午8点至下午6点之间)

**canonist** /'kænǝnıst/ n. an expert in canon law 教会法专家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canonistic** adj.

**canonize** or **canonise** /'kænǝnaız/ v. 1 (in the Roman Catholic Church) officially declare (a dead person) to be a saint(天主教会)谥(死者)为圣徒 2 sanction by Church authority(教会当局)批准,认可
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canonization** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. canonizare 'admit as authoritative', from L. canon (see 见 **CANON¹**).

**canon law** n. ecclesiastical law, especially that laid down by papal pronouncements 教会法

**canon regular** n. see 见 **CANON²**.

**canonry** /'kænənri/ n. (pl. **canonries**) the office or benefice of a canon 教士职位;教士圣俸

**canoodle** /kə'nu:dl/ v. informal 【非正式】kiss and cuddle amorously 亲吻爱抚
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): of unknown origin.

**Canopic jar** /kə'nǝupık/ n. a covered urn used in ancient Egyptian burials to hold the visceral organs from an embalmed body 卡诺卜坛(古埃及用来盛放制成木乃伊的死者的内脏)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Canopic from L. Canopicus, from Canopus, a town in ancient Egypt.

**canopy** /'kænǝpi/ n. (pl. **canopies**) 1 a cloth covering over a throne, bed, etc. (御座、床等上面的)罩篷,罩盖 a roof-like projection or shelter 华盖,挑篷 the expanding, umbrella-like part of a parachute(降落伞的)伞衣 2 the transparent plastic or glass cover of an aircraft's cockpit(飞机的)座舱盖 3 the uppermost branches of the trees in a forest, forming a more or less continuous layer of foliage 林冠 ■v. (**canopies**, **canopying**, **canopied**) [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **canopied**] cover or provide with a canopy 用罩篷(或挑篷)遮盖
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. canopeum, alt. of L. conopeum 'mosquito net over a bed', from Gk kõnõpeion 'couch with mosquito curtains', from kõnõps 'mosquito'.

**canorous** /kə'nə:rəs/ adj. rare 【罕】 melodious or resonant 悦耳的;浑厚的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. canorus (from canere 'sing') + **-ous**.

**canst** /kænst/ archaic second person singular present of **CAN¹** * can 的古代第二人称单数现在式

**cant¹** /kænt/ n. 1 hypocritical and sanctimonious talk 伪善言辞,道貌岸然的话 2 derogatory【贬】 language peculiar to a specified group 行话;黑话: thieves' cant 小偷的黑话 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a phrase or catchword temporarily current 时髦的套语 ■v. dated 【过时】 talk hypocritically and sanctimoniously 伪善地说,道貌岸然地谈论
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in sense 'singing', later 'whining speech, as of a beggar), hence 'jargon': prob. from L. cantare (see 见 **CHANT**).

**cant²** /kænt/ v. be or cause to be in a slanting or oblique position; tilt(使)倾斜 (of a ship) swing round(船只)回转,旋转 ■n. a slope or tilt 斜坡;倾斜
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting an edge or brink) : from Mid. Low Ger. kant, kante, MDu. cant, 'point, side, edge', rel. to med. L. cantus 'corner, side'.

**Cant.** /'kæntıklz/ abbr. Canticles (the Song of Songs) (in biblical references)《雅歌》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**can't** /ka:nt/ contr. cannot

**Cantab.** /'kæntæb/ abbr. of Cambridge University 剑桥大学的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Cantabrigiensis, from Cantabrigia 'Cambridge'.

**cantabile** /kæn'ta:biler/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】in a smooth singing style 可歌地(的);如歌地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'singable'.

**Cantabrigian** /kæntə'brıdziən/ adj. relating to Cambridge or Cambridge University 剑桥的;剑桥大学的 ■n. a member of Cambridge University 剑桥大学人
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. Cantabrigia 'Cambridge' + **-IAN**.

**cantal** /'kænta:l/ n. a hard, strong cheese made chiefly in the Auvergne 康塔勒硬干酪
-ORIGIN 词源 named after Cantal, a department of Auvergne, France.

**cantaloupe** /'kæntǝlu:p/ n. a small round melon of a variety with orange flesh and ribbed skin 罗马甜瓜,棱瓜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. cantaloup, from Cantaluppi near Rome.

**cantankerous** /kæn'tæŋk(ə)rəs/ adj. bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative 脾气坏的,爱争吵的,爱唱反调的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cantankerously** adv. **cantankerousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin; perh. a blend of Anglo-Irish cant 'auction' and rancorous (see 见 **RANCOUR**).

**cantata** /kæn'ta:tə/ n. a medium-length narrative or descriptive piece of music with vocal solos and normally a chorus and orchestra 康塔塔(由独唱演员演唱,通常有合唱、管弦乐队伴奏的中等长度音乐作品)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital. cantata (aria) 'sung (air)', from cantare 'sing'.

**cant dog** n. another term for **CANT HOOK** * cant hook 的另一种说法

**canteen** /kæn'ti:n/ n. 1 a restaurant in a workplace

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or educational establishment (工作场所或学校的)食堂,餐厅 2 Brit. 【英】 a specially designed case or box containing a set of cutlery 餐具套装盒(或箱) 3 a small water bottle, as used by soldiers or campers(士兵或露营者用的)军用水壶
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting a shop selling provisions or alcohol in a barracks): from Fr. cantine, from Ital. cantina 'cellar'.

**canter** /'kæntə(r)/ n. a pace of a horse between a trot and a gallop, with not less than one foot on the ground at any time(马的)慢跑步 a ride on a horse at a canter 骑马慢跑 ■v. move at a canter(使马)慢跑
-PHRASES 短语 **in (or at) a canter** Brit.【英】 without much effort; easily 轻而易举地
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as v.): short for Canterbury pace, from the supposed easy pace taken by medieval pilgrims to Canterbury.

**canterbury** /'kæntǝb(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **canterburies**) a low open-topped cabinet with partitions for holding music or books 分层书架;分层乐谱架

**Canterbury bell** /'kæntǝb(ə)ri/ n. a tall cultivated bellflower with large pale blue flowers 风铃草 [Campanula medium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: named after the bells on Canterbury pilgrims' horses.

**cantharides** /kæn'æridi:z/ pl. n. another name for **SPANISH FLY** * Spanish fly 的另一种名称
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., pl. of cantharis, from Gk kantharis.

**cantharus** /'kænd(ǝrǝs/ n. (pl. **canthari**) (in ancient Greece and Rome) a large two-handled drinking cup(古希腊、古罗马时代的)双柄大陶杯
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from Gk kantharos.

**cant hook** n. a hinged metal hook at the end of a long handle, used for gripping and rolling logs 木杆钩,搬钩(用于钩住翻动原木)

**canthus** /'kænǝs/ n. (pl. **canthi** /-0a1/) the outer or inner corner of the eye, where the upper and lower lids meet 眦,眼角
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canthic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from Gk kanthos.

**canticle** /'kæntıkl/ n. a hymn or chant forming a regular part of a church service 赞美诗,圣歌(教堂礼拜仪式的常规组成部分)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. canticulum 'little song', dimin. of canticum, from canere 'sing'.

**cantilena** /kæntı'leınǝ, -'li:nǝ/ n. Music 【音】the part carrying the melody in a composition 坎蒂莱纳
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., from L., 'song'.

**cantilever** /'kæntıli:və(r)/ n. a long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used chiefly in bridge construction 悬臂(主要用于建桥) a bracket or beam projecting from a wall to support a balcony, cornice, etc. (自墙壁伸出以支撑阳台、檐板等的)悬臂支托,悬臂梁 ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **cantilevered**] support by a cantilever or cantilevers 用悬臂(或悬臂支托)支撑
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**cantillate** /'kæntilert/ v. rare 【罕】 chant or intone 吟咏,吟诵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cantillation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cantillat-, cantillare 'hum', from cantare (see 见 **CHANT**).

**cantina** /kæn'ti:nǝ/ n. 1 (in a Spanish-speaking area) a bar(西班牙语地区的)酒吧,小酒馆 2 (in Italy) a wine shop(意大利的)酒店,酒馆
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. and Ital.

**canting arms** pl. n. Heraldry【纹章】arms containing an allusion to the name of the bearer 暗语纹章(以图案暗指持有者姓氏的纹章)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: canting from **CANT¹**, in the obs. sense 'speak, say'.

**cantle** /'kæntl/ ■n. the raised curved part at the back of a horse's saddle 鞍尾(鞍后的弓起部分)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'a corner'): from Anglo-Norman Fr. cantel, var. of OFr. chantel, from med. L. cantellus, from cantus 'corner, side'.

**canto** /'kæntǝu/ n. (pl. **cantos**) each of the sections into which some long poems are divided 诗章(长诗的一个篇章)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital., lit. 'song', from L. cantus.

**canton** n. 1 /'kænton, kæn'ton/ a political or administrative subdivision of a country 行政区
> a state of the Swiss Confederation (瑞士联邦的)州 2 /'kænt(ə)n/ Heraldry【纹章】 a square charge smaller than a quarter and positioned in the upper (usually dexter) corner of a shield 小四分记(通常位于盾面右上角的方形图记)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cantonal** /'kæntǝnl, kæn-'tǝunl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr., lit. 'corner', from Provençal, rel. to med. L. cantus (see 见 **CANT²**).

**Cantonese** /kæntǝ'ni:z/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a native or inhabitant of Canton (Guangzhou), a city in China 广州人 2 a form of Chinese spoken mainly in SE China and Hong Kong SAR 广东话,粤语 ■adj. relating to Canton or Cantonese 广州的;粤语的

**cantonment** /kæn'tonm(ə)nt, -'tu:n-/ n. (especially in South Asia) a military garrison or camp(尤指南亚的)军队驻地,营房,兵站
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. cantonnement, from cantonner 'to quarter'.

**cantor** /'kænto:(r), -tə(r)/ n. 1 (in Jewish worship) an official who sings liturgical music and leads prayer in a synagogue 乐长(犹太教会堂中礼拜时咏唱礼拜仪式音乐、领导会众祈祷的人) 2 (in formal Christian worship) a person who sings solo verses to which the choir or congregation respond 乐长(基督教正式礼拜中唱诗班或教堂会众的领唱者)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'singer', from canere 'sing'.

**cantorial** /kæn'tɔ:riəl/ adj. 1 relating to a cantor 乐长的,领唱者的 2 relating to or denoting the north side of the choir in a church, on which the cantor

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sits 教堂唱诗班北侧的,乐长位置的 The opposite of 反义词 **DECANAL**.

**cantoris** /kæn'tɔ:ris/ n. the section of a church choir conventionally placed on the north side and taking the second or lower part in antiphonal singing 教堂唱诗班北侧(应答轮唱中的第二声部或低声部) Compare with 比较 **DECANI**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., lit. 'of the cantor' (see 见 **CANTOR**).

**cantrail** /'kæntreıl/ n. Brit. 【英】 a length of wood or metal supporting the roof of a railway carriage (火车车厢的)上侧梁,顶边纵梁

**cantrip** /'kæntrip/ ■n. Scottish archaic【苏格兰,古】a mischievous or playful act; a trick 恶作剧,玩笑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**cantus** /'kæntəs/ ■n. the highest voice in polyphonic choral music(复调合唱乐曲中的)主声部
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L.

**cantus firmus** / kæntǝs 'f3:məs/ n. (pl. **cantus firmi** /kæntu:s 'fə:maı/) Music 【音】 an existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition 固定旋律(复调作品中用作基础的已有旋律)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'firm song'.

**Canuck** /kə'nak/ n. informal 【非正式】a Canadian, especially a French Canadian(尤指法裔)加拿大人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: appar. from Canada.

**canvas** /'kænvəs/ n. (pl. **canvases** or **canvasses**) 1 a strong, coarse unbleached cloth used to make sails, tents, etc. and as a surface for oil painting 帆布 a piece of canvas prepared for use as the surface for an oil painting 油画布,帆布画布 (**the canvas**) the floor of a boxing or wrestling ring, having a canvas covering(拳击或摔跤场地的)帆布台面 2 either of a racing boat's tapering ends, originally covered with canvas(赛艇)艇尖(最初着帆布) ■v. (**canvases**, **canvassing**, **canvassed**; US 【美】**canvases**, **canvasing**, **canvased**) cover with canvas 用帆布遮盖
-PHRASES 短语 **under canvas** 1 in a tent or tents 在帐篷里;在营地里 2 with sails spread 张着帆
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Old North. Fr. canevas, based on L. cannabis 'hemp', from Gk.

**canvasback** /'kænvəsbæk/ n. a North American diving duck related to the pochard 帆背潜鸭 [Aythya valisineria.]

**canvass** /'kænvəs/ v. 1 solicit votes from (electors) 游说;向(选民)拉选票 question (someone) in order to ascertain their opinion on something 征求………的意见 2 Brit. 【英】 propose (an idea or plan) for discussion 提出(主意或计划)供讨论 ■n. an act of canvassing 游说;拉选票,征求意见
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **canvasser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'toss in a canvas sheet'): from **CANVAS**.

**canyon** /'kænjən/ n. a deep gorge, especially one with a river flowing through it(尤指底部有河流过的)峡谷
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. cañón 'tube', based on L. canna 'reed, cane'.

**canyoning** /'kænjǝnınŋ/ (also 亦作 **canyoneering**) ■n. the sport of jumping into a fast-flowing mountain stream and being carried downstream 溪降运动

**canzone** /kæn'tsǝuneı, -z-/ n. (pl. **canzoni** /-ni/) 1 an Italian or Provençal song or ballad 坎佐纳(意大利或普罗旺斯的歌曲或民谣) 2 a type of lyric resembling a madrigal(类似牧歌的)抒情歌曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital., 'song', from L. cantio(n-) 'singing', from canere 'sing'.

**canzonetta** / kænzə'netə, kæntsə'netə/ n. (pl. **canzonettas** or **canzonette** /-'nete1/) a short, light vocal piece, especially in the Italian style of the 17th century 小坎佐纳(尤指17世纪意大利风格的轻快短曲)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital., dimin. of canzone (see 见 **CANZONE**).

**caoutchouc** /'kautſuk/ n. natural rubber that has not been vulcanized 生橡胶
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from obs. Sp. cauchuc, from Quechua kauchuk.

**CAP** abbr. Common Agricultural Policy (欧盟的)共同农业政策

**cap¹** /kæp/ n. 1 a soft, flat hat without a brim and usually with a peak 软帽,便帽(通常有帽舌,但无帽檐) a soft, close-fitting head covering worn for a particular purpose (有特定用途的)紧身软帽: a shower cap 浴帽 an academic mortar board 学位帽 2 a protective lid or cover for a bottle, pen, etc. (瓶子、钢笔等的)盖,套,罩 Dentistry【牙】 an artificial protective covering for a tooth 人造冠 3 an upper limit imposed on spending or borrowing(支出或借款的)上限;最高限额 4 Brit. 【英】 a cap awarded to members of a sports team, especially a national team(运动队,尤指国家队的)队帽 5 (also 亦作 **Dutch cap**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】a contraceptive diaphragm 子宫帽,荷兰帽(避孕用) 6 the broad upper part of the fruiting body of a mushroom or toadstool(蘑菇或伞菌的)菌盖 7 short for **PERCUSSION CAP** * percussion cap 的缩略式 ■v. (**caps**, **capping**, **capped**) 1 put or form a lid or cover on 给…加盖(或帽);在…上形成盖(或帽) put a cap on (a tooth) 包(牙),给(牙)加人造冠 2 provide a fitting climax or conclusion to 使达到高潮;使圆满结束 follow or reply to (a story or remark) with a better one 胜过,盖过(前面的故事或评论) 3 place a limit on (prices, expenditure, etc.)给(价格、花费等)设置上限 4 (**be capped**) Brit. 【英】 be chosen as a member of a sports team, especially a national one 入选运动队(尤指国家队) 5 Scottish & NZ【苏格兰,新】confer a university degree on 授予………大学学位
-PHRASES 短语 **cap in hand** (**N. Amer.** 【北美】**hat in hand**) humbly asking for a favour 谦卑地,谦恭地(请求恩惠) **cap of liberty** a conical cap given to Roman slaves when they were freed, later used as a republican symbol 自由帽(古罗马奴隶获得自由后

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所戴的圆锥形帽子,后用作共和政体的标志) **cap of maintenance** Brit. 【英】 a cap or hat worn or carried as a symbol of official dignity(象征官方身份的)冠冕 **set one's cap at (or US** 【美】 **for)** dated 【过时】(of a woman) try to attract (a particular man) as a suitor(女子)诱使(男子)追求自己 **to cap it all** as the final unfortunate incident in a long series 最糟糕的是,最倒霉的是
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capful** n. (pl. **capfuls**). **capper** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cæppe 'hood', from late L. cарра, perh. from L. caput 'head'.

**cap²** /kæp/ n. Finance 【金】 short for **capitalization** * capitalization 的缩略式 (see 见 **CAPITALIZE**): [as modifier 作修饰语] small-cap stocks 小盘股

**cap.** abbr. 1 capacity 2 capital (city) 3 capital letter 大写字母

**capability** /keıpə'bılǝti/ n. (pl. **capabilities**) power or ability to do something 能力,才能
> an undeveloped or unused faculty 潜力,潜质

**capable** /'kerpəbl/ adj. 1 (**capable of doing something**) having the ability or quality necessary to do something 具有……能力(或素质)的 open to or admitting of something 可以……的;容许………的 2 (of a person) competent(人)能胜任的,能干的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from late L. capabilis, from L. capere 'take or hold'.

**capacious** /kə'peıfəs/ adj. having a lot of space inside; roomy 容量大的;宽敞的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capaciously** adv. **capaciousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. capах, сарас- 'capable' + **-IOUS**.

**capacitance** /kə'pæsit(ə)ns/ n. Physics【物】 ability to store electric charge, equivalent to the ratio of the change in electric charge in a system or component to the corresponding change in electric potential 电容
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CAPACITY** + **-ANCE**.

**capacitate** /kə'pæsıteit/ v. 1 formal or archaic【正式或古】make capable or legally competent 使能够;使具有法定资格 2 (**be capacitated**) Physiology 【生理】(of spermatozoa) undergo changes inside the female reproductive tract enabling them to penetrate and fertilize an ovum(精子)获能
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capacitation** n.

**capacitor** /kə'pæsıtə(r)/ n. a device used to store electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator 电容器

**capacity** /kə'pæsəti/ n. (pl. **capacities**) 1 the maximum amount that something can contain or produce 容量;产能 [as modifier 作修饰语] fully occupying the available space 充满的,满员的,满载的: a capacity crowd 满场的人群 the total cylinder volume that is swept by the pistons in an internal-combustion engine(内燃机)汽缸工作容量 2 the ability or power to do something 能力,才能
> a person's legal competence(法律上的)行为能力 3 a specified role or position 职位 4 dated 【过时】 electrical capacitance 电容
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capacitive** (also 亦作 **capacitative**) adj. (chiefly Physics 【主物】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. capacité, from L. capacitas, from capax, capac- 'that can contain', from capere 'take or hold'.

**caparison** /kə'pærıs(ə)n/ n. an ornamental covering spread over a horse's saddle or harness(装饰用)马衣 ■v. (**be caparisoned**) be decked out in rich decorative coverings 披挂着马衣;盛装打扮
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Fr. caparasson, from Sp. caparazón 'saddlecloth', from capa 'hood'.

**cape¹** /keip/ n. 1 a sleeveless cloak, especially a short one(尤指短的)斗篷,披风 a part of a longer coat or cloak that falls loosely over the shoulders from the neckband(大衣或斗篷上的)披肩 2 N. Amer.【北美】the pelt from the head and neck of an animal 动物头颈部毛皮 ■v. N. Amer.【北美】skin the head and neck of (an animal) to prepare a hunting trophy 剥(动物)的头颈部毛皮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caped** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Provençal capa, from late L. cappa 'covering for the head'.

**cape²** /keip/ n. a headland or promontory 岬,海角,地角 (**the Cape**) the Cape of Good Hope 好望角 (**the Cape**) the former Cape Province of South Africa(南非过去的)开普省
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cap, from Provençal, based on L. caput 'head'.

**Cape doctor** n. S. African informal 【南非,非正式】the strong prevailing SE wind in Western Cape Province 道克特角风(南非西开普省盛行的强东南风)

**Cape Dutch** ■n. historical 【史义】 the form of Dutch spoken by the early settlers at the Cape of Good Hope, which developed into Afrikaans 开普荷语

**capeesh** /kə'pi:f/ exclam. informal, chiefly US 【非正式,主美】do you understand? 懂吗?明白?: Upstairs is off limits. Capeesh? 禁止上楼。懂吗?
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Ital. capisce, third person singular present tense of capire 'understand'.

**Cape gooseberry** n. 1 a soft edible yellow berry enclosed in a lantern-shaped husk 灯笼果(指果实) 2 the tropical South American plant which bears this fruit 灯笼果(指植物) [Physalis peruviana.]

**Cape jasmine** n. a fragrant Chinese gardenia with flowers that are used to perfume tea 梔子 [Gardenia jasminoides.]

**capelin** /'kerplın, 'kæp-/ (also 亦作 **caplin**) n. a small fish of North Atlantic coastal waters, important as a food fish 毛鱗鱼 [Mallotus villosus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Provençal capelan, from med. L. cappellanus (see 见 **CHAPLAIN**).

**capellini** /kæpe'li:ni:/ pl. n. pasta in the form of very thin strands 天使细面(一种很细的意大利面)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., dimin. of capello 'hair'.

**Cape Malay** (also 亦作 **Cape Muslim**) n. (in South Africa) a member of a predominantly

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Afrikaans-speaking and Muslim group resident mainly in the Western Cape Province(南非)开普马来人

**Cape primrose** n. a streptocarpus 海角櫻草

**caper¹** /'keıpə(r)/ v. skip or dance about in a lively or playful way 蹦跳,雀跃 ■n. 1 a playful skipping movement 蹦跳,雀跃 2 informal 【非正式】an illicit or ridiculous activity or escapade 不法活动;荒唐行为;恶作剧
-PHRASES 短语 **cut a caper** make a playful, skipping movement 蹦跳,雀跃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caperer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: abbrev. of **CAPRIOLE**.

**caper²** /'kerpə(r)/ ■n. 1 a cooked and pickled flower bud of a bramble-like southern European shrub, used in pickles and sauces 腌刺山花蕾(用于泡菜和调味汁中) 2 the shrub from which capers are taken 刺山柑 [Capparis spinosa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. câpres or L. capparis, from Gk kapparis; later interpreted as pl.

**capercaillie** /kæpə'kerli/ (Scottish also 【苏格兰亦作】**capercailzie** /-'keılzi/) n. (pl. **capercaillies**) a large turkey-like grouse of mature pine forests in northern Europe (西方)松鸡 [Tetrao urogallus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sc. Gaelic capull coille, lit. 'horse of the wood'.

**caper spurge** n. an ornamental European spurge which has become naturalized in North America 续随子 [Euphorbia lathyris.]

**Capetian** /kə'pi:fn/ adj. relating to or denoting a dynasty ruling France 987-1328(法国)卡佩王朝的 ■n. a member of the Capetian dynasty(法国)卡佩王朝成员
-ORIGIN 词源 named after Hugh Capet, founder of the dynasty.

**Cape Verdean** /'v3:diən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the Cape Verde Islands, a small country off the coast of Senegal 佛得角人 ■adj. relating to the Cape Verde Islands 佛得角(群岛)的

**capias** /'kerpiǝs, 'kæp-/ n. (pl. **capiases**) Law 【律】a writ ordering the arrest of a named person 拘捕令
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. capias (ad respondendum), lit. 'you are to seize (until reply is made)'.

**capillarity** /kæpr'læriti/ n. the tendency of a liquid in a narrow tube or pore to rise or fall as a result of surface tension 毛细(管)作用

**capillary** /kə'pıləri/ n. (pl. **capillaries**) 1 Anatomy 【解】 any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules 毛细管,毛细血管 2 (also 亦作 **capillary tube**) a tube with an internal diameter of hair-like thinness 毛细管 ■adj. relating to capillaries or capillarity 毛细(血)管的;毛细(管)作用的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. capillaris, from capillus 'hair', influenced by OFr. capillaire.

**capillary action** n. another term for **CAPILLARITY** * capillarity 的另一种说法

**capillary joint** n. a joint made between two pipes by putting their ends into a slightly larger joining piece and filling the gaps with molten solder 毛细接合(或接头)

**capital¹** /'kæpitl/ n. 1 the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative centre 首都:首府;省会 a place particularly associated with a specified activity(特定活动的)中心,重要都市: the fashion capital of the world 世界时装之都 2 wealth owned by a person or organization or invested, lent, or borrowed 资产;资本 the excess of a company's assets over its liabilities 资产净值,净资产 3 a capital letter 大写字母 ■adj. 1 (of an offence or charge) liable to the death penalty (罪行或指控)可判处死刑的 2 (of a letter of the alphabet) large in size and of the form used to begin sentences and names (字母)大写的 3 informal, dated 【非正式,过时】excellent 极好的,第一流的
-PHRASES 短语 **make capital out of** use to one's own advantage 利用 **with a capital** —used for emphasis 名副其实地,不折不扣地: She was ugly with a capital U. 她丑陋至极。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capitally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj. in the sense 'relating to the head or top'): via OFr. from L. capitalis, from caput 'head'.

**capital²** /'kæpıtl/n. Architecture 【建】 the distinct, typically broader section at the head of a pillar or column 柱顶,柱头
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. capitel, from late L. capitellum 'little head', dimin. of L. caput.

**capital gain** n. a profit from the sale of property or an investment 资本利得,资本收益

**capital gains tax** n. a tax levied on capital gains 资本利得税,资本收益税

**capital goods** pl. n. goods that are used in producing other goods, rather than being bought by consumers 资本货物,生产资料

**capital-intensive** adj. requiring the investment of large sums of money 资本密集(型)的

**capitalism** /'kæpıt(ə)lızm/ n. an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state 资本主义(制度)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capitalist** n. & adj. **capitalistic** adj. **capitalistically** adv.

**capitalize** or **capitalise** /'kæpıt(ə)laız/ v. 1 (**capitalize on**) take the chance to gain advantage from 利用;从………获利 2 provide with capital 为………提供资本 3 convert into capital 使资本化 reckon (the value of an asset) by setting future benefits against the cost of maintenance(通过从未来效益中扣除维修费用)核定(资产)的资本化价值 4 write or print (a word or letter) in capital letters 将(单词或字母)大写
> begin(a word) with a capital letter 把(单词)首字母大写
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capitalization** n.

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**capital levy** n. a tax by means of which the state appropriates a fixed proportion of private wealth 资本税,财产税

**capital punishment** n. the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime 死刑

**capital ship** n. a large warship such as a battleship or aircraft carrier 主力舰

**capital sum** n. a lump sum of money payable to an insured person or paid as an initial fee or investment 一次给付金;初始费;资本额

**capital territory** n. a territory containing the capital city of a country, as in Australia, Nigeria, and Pakistan(澳大利亚、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦等国的)首都地区

**capitate** /'kæpitert/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 ending in a distinct compact head 头状的;锤形的 ■n. (also 亦作 **capitate bone**) Anatomy 【解】the largest of the carpal bones, situated at the base of the palm of the hand 头状骨
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. capitatus, from caput, capit-, 'head'.

**capitation** /kæpr'tersn/ n. the payment of a fee or grant to a doctor, school, etc., the amount being determined by the number of patients, pupils, etc. 人头税,按人头付费(或拨款)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting the counting of heads) : from late L. capitatio 'poll tax', from caput 'head'.

**capitol** /'kæpıtl/ n. 1 (in the US) a building housing a legislative assembly(美国)州议会大厦
> (**the Capitol**) the seat of the US Congress in Washington DC(美国)国会大厦 2 (**the Capitol**) the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill in ancient Rome(古罗马的)朱庇特神庙
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. capitolie, capitoile, later assimilated to L. Capitolium (from caput, capit- 'head').

**capitular** /kə'pıtjulə(r)/ adj. 1 relating to a cathedral chapter 教士团的,牧师会的 2 Anatomy & Biology 【解,生物】relating to a capitulum 细头状的,小头的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. capitularis, from L. capitulum 'small head'.

**capitulary** /kə'pıtjuləri/ n. (pl. **capitularies**) historical【史义】a royal ordinance, especially under the Merovingian dynasty 法典,法令汇编(尤指墨洛温王朝的法典)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. capitularius, from L. capitulum in the sense 'section of a law'.

**capitulate** /kə'pitjulert/ v. cease to resist an opponent or an unwelcome demand; surrender 投降
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capitulator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'parley, draw up terms'): from Fr. capituler, from med. L. capitulare 'draw up under headings', from L. capitulum, dimin. of caput 'head'.

**capitulation** /kə,pıtfu'leıfn/ n. 1 the action of capitulating 投降 2 (**capitulations**) historical 【史义】 an agreement or set of conditions(包括一系列条款的)条约,协议

**capitulum** /kə'pıtjuləm/ n. (pl. **capitula** /-lə/) Anatomy & Biology【解,生物】a compact head of a structure, in particular a dense flat cluster of small flowers or florets 头状花序
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., dimin. of caput 'head'.

**caplet** /'kæplit/ n. trademark 【商标】 a coated oral medicinal tablet 囊片(一种裹有易吞剂的药锭)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: blend of **CAPSULE** and **TABLET**.

**caplin** /'keıplın/ n. variant spelling of **CAPELIN** * capelin 的另一种拼法

**cap'n** /'kæpn/ n. informal contraction of **CAPTAIN** * captain 的非正式缩约形式

**capo¹** /'kæpǝu/ (also 亦作 **capo tasto**) n. (pl. **capos**) a clamp fastened across all the strings of a fretted musical instrument to raise their tuning(弦乐器上的)弦枕,品位卡
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital. capo tasto, lit. 'head stop'.

**capo²** /'kæpǝu/ n. (pl. **capos**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 the head of a crime syndicate, especially the Mafia, or a branch of one(黑手党等犯罪集团或其分支帮派的)头目
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Ital., from L. caput 'head'.

**Capo di Monte** /kæpǝu dı 'monter, 'monti/ n. a type of porcelain that is generally white with richly coloured rococo decoration 卡波迪蒙特瓷器(通常为白色,以洛可可风格的绚丽色彩为装饰)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the Capo di Monte palace near Naples.

**capoeira** / kæpu'eırǝ/ n. a system of physical discipline and movement originating among Brazilian slaves 卡波卫勒舞(一种从巴西奴隶中诞生的有关身体训练和运动的系统方式)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Port.

**capon** /'keip(ə)n/ n. a castrated domestic cock fattened for eating(养肥供食用的)阉鸡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caponize** or **caponise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: from OFr., based on L. cаро, capon-.

**caponata** /kæpǝ(u)'na:tə/ n. a dish of aubergines, olives, and onions seasoned with herbs(以茄子、橄榄和洋葱等制成的)什锦菜
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**caponier** /kæpə'nıə(r)/ n. a covered passage across a ditch round a fort(城堡四周壕沟的)有顶通道
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. caponera, lit. 'capon enclosure'.

**capot** /kə'ppt/ n. (in piquet) the winning of all twelve tricks in the hand by one player, for which a bonus is awarded(皮克牌戏中)全胜(指一个人贏得所有点数) ■v. (**capots**, **capotting**, **capotted**) score a capot against(皮克牌戏中)全胜,独赢
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., perh. from a dial. var. of chapoter 'castrate'.

**capo tasto** / kæpǝu 'tæstǝu/ n. (pl. **capo tastos**) see 见 **CAPO¹**.

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**capote** /kə'pǝut/ ■n. N. Amer. historical【北美,史义】 a long cloak or coat with a hood 带风帽长斗篷(或大衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., dimin. of cape (see 见 **CAPE¹**).

**cappelletti** /kæpə'leti/ pl. n. small pieces of pasta folded and stuffed with meat or cheese 意大利水饺
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'little hats'.

**cappuccino** /kæpǝ'tfi:nǝu/ n. (pl. **cappuccinos**) a type of coffee made with milk that has been frothed up with pressurized steam 卡普契诺咖啡(加牛奶后用蒸汽加热煮成的咖啡)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'Capuchin', because its colour resembles that of a Capuchin's habit.

**capriccio** /kə'pritfiǝu/ n. (pl. **capriccios**) 1 a lively piece of music, especially one that is short and free in form 随想曲,狂想曲 2 a painting representing a fantasy or a mixture of real and imaginary features 幻想画;(现实与虚构相杂糅的)图画
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'caprice or capriciousness'): from Ital., lit. 'head with the hair standing on end', hence 'horror', later 'sudden start', from capo 'head' + riccio 'hedgehog'.

**capriccioso** /kəpritfi'ǝuzəu, -sǝu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】in a free and impulsive style 随想地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'capricious', from **CAPRICCIO**.

**caprice** /kə'pri:s/ ■n. 1 a sudden and unaccountable change of mood or behaviour 任性;反复无常,多变 2 Music 【音】another term for **CAPRICCIO** * capriccio 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. **CAPRICCIO**.

**capricious** /kə'prıfəs/ adj. given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behaviour 任性的;反复无常的,多变的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capriciously** adv. **capriciousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. capricieux, from Ital. **CAPRICCIOSO**.

**Capricorn** /'kæpriko:n/ n. Astrology 【占星】the tenth sign of the zodiac (the Goat), which the sun enters at the northern winter solstice (about 21 December) 摩羯宫(黄道十二宫第十宫,太阳于12月21日左右北冬至日进入该宫)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Capricornian** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. capricornus, from caper, capr- 'goat' + cornu 'horn'.

**caprine** /'kæprain/ adj. relating to or resembling a goat or goats 山羊的,像山羊的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. caprinus, from caper, capr- 'goat'.

**capriole** /'kæpriǝul/ n. 1 a movement performed in classical riding, in which the horse leaps from the ground and kicks out with its hind legs(马术的)原地腾跃 2 a leap or caper in dancing, especially a cabriole(舞蹈中的)跳跃(尤指卡勃里奥尔)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Fr., from Ital. capriola 'leap', from capriolo 'roebuck', from L. capreolus, dimin. of caper, capr- 'goat'.

**capri pants** /kə'pri:/ (also 亦作 **capris**) pl. n. women's close-fitting tapered trousers, extending to just above the ankle 卡普里裤(妇女穿的一种紧身裤)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: named after the island of Capri.

**caproate** /'kæprǝuert/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of caproic acid 己酸盐(或酯)

**caproic acid** /kə'prǝuık/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a liquid fatty acid present in milk fat and coconut and palm oils 己酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. caper, capr- 'goat' (because of its smell) + **-IC**.

**caprolactam** /kæprǝ(u)'læktæm/ n. Chemistry 【化】a synthetic crystalline compound which is an intermediate in nylon manufacture 己内酰胺
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from **CAPROIC ACID** + **LACTAM**.

**caps** abbr. capital letters 大写字母

**capsaicin** /kæp'sensin/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a cyclic compound responsible for the pungency of capsicums 辣椒素,辣椒碱
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of capsicine, another substance formerly thought to have the same property.

**Capsian** /'kæpsiǝn/ adj. Archaeology【考古】 relating to or denoting a Palaeolithic culture of North Africa and southern Europe, dated to c. 8000-4500 BC 卡普萨石器文化的(北非和南欧旧石器时代后期的一种文化)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. Capsa (now Gafsa in Tunisia), where objects from this culture were found, + **-IAN**.

**capsicum** /'kæpsıkəm/ n. (pl. **capsicums**) 1 the fruit of a tropical American plant, of which sweet peppers and chilli peppers are varieties 辣椒,甜椒(果实) 2 the plant of the nightshade family which bears capsicums 辣椒(植物) [Genus Capsicum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: mod. L., perh. from L. capsa (see 见 **CASE²**).

**capsid¹** /'kæpsıd/ n. another term for **MIRID** * mirid 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Capsidae (former synonym of the family Miridae), from Capsus (genus name).

**capsid²** /'kæpsıd/ n. Microbiology 【微生物】the protein coat or shell of a virus particle(病毒的)壳体,衣壳
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: coined in Fr. from L. capsa (see 见 **CASE²**).

**capsize** /kæp'saiz/ v. (of a boat) be overturned in the water(船)倾覆
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. based on Sp. capuzar 'sink a ship by the head', from cabo 'head' + chapuzar 'to dive or duck'.

**cap sleeve** n. a short sleeve which tapers to nothing under the arm 盖肩袖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cap-sleeved** adj.

**capstan** /'kæpst(ə)n/ n. 1 a broad revolving cylinder with a vertical axis used for winding a rope or cable(起锚或缠绕吊索等用的)绞盘;卷扬机 2 the motor-driven spindle on a tape recorder that makes

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the tape travel past the head(录音机)主动轮
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Provençal cabestan, from cabestre 'halter', from L. capistrum, from capere 'seize'.

**capstan lathe** n. a lathe with a revolving tool holder on which several tools can be permanently mounted 转塔式六角车床

**capstone** /'kæpstǝun/ n. a stone placed on top of a wall, tomb, or other structure 拱顶石,压顶石

**capsule** /'kæpsju:l, -sjul/ n. 1 a small case or container, especially a round or cylindrical one(尤指圆形或圆柱形的)小容器 a small soluble case of gelatin containing a dose of medicine, swallowed whole 胶囊剂 2 Anatomy 【解】 a sheath or membrane that encloses an organ or other structure, such as a kidney 囊;被膜 3 Botany 【植】 a dry fruit that releases its seeds by bursting open when ripe 莢膜;蒴果 the spore-producing structure of mosses and liverworts 孢蒴(苔藓和叶苔产生孢子的部分) 4 the foil or plastic covering the cork of a wine bottle(覆在酒瓶瓶塞外面的金属或塑料)瓶盖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capsular** adj. **capsulate** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. capsula, dimin. of capsa (see 见 **CASE²**).

**capsulize** or **capsulise** /'kæpsjulaız/ v. put (information) in compact form; summarize 概述(信息)

**Capt.** abbr. Captain

**captain** /'kæptın/ n. 1 the person in command of a ship 船长 the pilot in command of a civil aircraft(民航飞机的)机长 a rank of naval officer above commander and below commodore(海军)上校 2 a rank of officer in the army and in the US and Canadian air forces, above lieutenant and below major(陆军、美国空军以及加拿大空军的)上尉 (in the US) a police officer in charge of a precinct(美国警察局的)副巡长 3 the leader of a team, especially in sports (尤指运动队)队长 a powerful or influential person in a particular field (特定领域的)头面人物,有影响的人:a captain of industry 实业巨头 ■v. serve as the captain of 率领,指挥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **captaincy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. capitain (superseding earlier chevetaigne 'chieftain'), from late L. capitaneus 'chief', from L. caput, capit- 'head'.

**captain general** n. an honorary rank of senior officer in the British army, especially in an artillery regiment(英国)(尤指炮兵部队的)名誉军官

**captcha** /'kæptfǝ/ (also 亦作 **CAPTCHA**) n. a computer program or system intended to distinguish human from machine input, typically as a way of preventing spam and automated extraction of data from websites 验证码
-ORIGIN 词源 C21: acronym from **C**ompletely **A**utomated **P**ublic **T**uring test to tell **C**omputers and **H**umans **A**part.

**caption** /'kæpfn/ n. 1 a title or brief explanation appended to an illustration or cartoon(插图或漫画的)标题,说明文字 a piece of text appearing on screen as part of a film or broadcast(电影或电视的)字幕 2 Law【律】 the heading of a legal document (法律文件的)标题 ■v. provide with a caption 为………配字幕;给…加标题
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'seizing, capture', later 'warrant for arrest' and so 'statement of the authority issuing the warrant'): from L. captio(n-), from capere 'take, seize'.

**captious** /'kæpfəs/ adj. formal 【正式】 tending to find fault or raise petty objections 爱找碴儿的,吹毛求疵的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **captiously** adv. **captiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. captieux or L. captiosus, from captio(n-) (see 见 **CAPTION**).

**captivate** /'kæptiveit/ v. attract and hold the interest and attention of; charm 使着迷;吸引
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **captivating** adj. **captivatingly** adv. **captivation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. captivat-, captivare 'take captive', from captivus (see 见 **CAPTIVE**).

**captive** /'kæptiv/ n. a person who has been taken prisoner or confined 俘虏;囚徒 ■adj. 1 imprisoned or confined 被关押的;受监禁的 2 having no freedom to choose an alternative 无权选择的,受制的: a captive audience 受制受众 3 (of a facility or service) controlled by and reserved for a particular organization(设施或服务)受垄断的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **captivity** n. (pl. **captivities**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. captivus, from capere 'seize, take'.

**captor** /'kæptə(r)/ n. a person who imprisons or confines another 俘获(他人)者

**capture** /'kæptfə(r)/ v. 1 take into one's possession or control by force 俘虏;俘获;捕获;用武力夺取
> (in chess and other board games) make a move that secures the removal of (an opposing piece)(棋类游戏中)吃(子) 2 record or express accurately in words or pictures(用文字或图画准确地)记录,捕捉,描述 3 cause (data) to be stored in a computer 将(数据)存储于计算机 4 Physics 【物】 absorb (a particle) 俘获(粒子) ■n. the action of capturing or the fact of being captured 俘获,捕获,被俘 a person or thing that has been captured 捕获物;俘虏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **capturer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as n.): from Fr., from L. captura, from capt-, capere 'seize, take'.

**Capuchin** /'kæputſin/ n. 1 a friar belonging to a strict branch of the Franciscan order(天主教)嘉布遣会修士 2 a cloak and hood formerly worn by women 嘉布遣斗篷(旧时妇女穿的带风帽的斗篷) 3 (**capuchin**) a South American monkey with a cowl-like cap of hair on the head 卷尾猴 [Genus Cebus: four species.] 4 (**capuchin**) a pigeon of a breed with head and neck feathers resembling a cowl 毛领鸽
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Fr., earlier form of capucin, from Ital. cappuccino, from cappuccio 'hood,

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cowl', from cappa (see 见 **CAPE¹**).

**capybara** /kæpı'ba:rǝ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **capybaras**) a large South American rodent resembling a long-legged guinea pig 水豚(产于南美,似长腿的豚鼠) [Hydrochaerus hydrochaeris.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. capibara or Port. capivara, from Tupi capiuára, from capi 'grass' + uára 'eater'.

**car** /ka:(r)/ n. 1 a powered road vehicle designed to carry a small number of people 小汽车,轿车 2 a railway carriage or (N. Amer.) wagon 火车车厢,【北美】货车 the passenger compartment of a lift, cableway, or balloon(电梯的)梯厢,升降厢;(索道或气球的)吊舱 3 literary 【文】a chariot 战车
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carful** n. (pl. **carfuls**). **carload** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Old North. Fr. carre, based on L. carrum, carrus, of Celtic origin.

**carabid** /'kærəbıd/ n. Entomology 【昆】 a beetle of a family (Carabidae) comprising the predatory ground beetles 步行虫,步甲
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L Carabidae, from L. carabus, denoting a kind of crab.

**carabineer** / kærǝbı'nıə(r)/ (also 亦作 **carabinier**) ■n. historical 【史义】a cavalry soldier whose principal weapon was a carbine 马枪骑兵
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. carabinier, from carabine (see 见 **CARBINE**).

**carabiner** / kærə'bi:nə(r)/ n. variant spelling of **KARABINER** * karabiner 的另一种拼法

**carabiniere** / kærǝbı'njeəri/ n. (pl. **carabinieri** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a member of the Italian paramilitary police(意大利的)军事警察
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'carabineer'.

**caracal** /'kærəkæl/ n. a long-legged lynx-like cat with black tufted ears, native to Africa and western Asia 猞猁,大山猫 [Felis caracal.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. or Sp., from Turk. karakulak, from kara 'black' + kulak 'ear'.

**caracara** /kærə'ka:rə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **caracaras**) a large New World bird of prey with a bare face, feeding largely on carrion 凤头卡拉鹰 [Polyborus plancus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. or Port. caracará, from Tupi-Guarani, imitating its cry.

**caracole** /'kærəkəul/ n. a half turn to the right or left by a horse(马术中向左或向右的)半旋转 ■v. perform a caracole 表演半旋转
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. caracole, caracol 'snail's shell, spiral'.

**caracul** /'kærǝkal/ n. variant spelling of **KARAKUL** * karakul 的另一种拼法

**carafe** /kə'ræf, -'ra:f/ n. an open-topped glass flask typically used for serving wine in a restaurant 卡拉夫瓶(通常指餐厅里用于盛酒的敞口玻璃瓶)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. caraffa, prob. based on Arab. garafa 'draw water'.

**caragana** / kærǝ'ga:nə/ n. a central Asian or Siberian shrub or small tree, sometimes planted as an ornamental 锦鸡儿 [Genus Caragana.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., of Turkic origin.

**caramba** /kə'ræmbǝ/ exclam. informal, often humorous【非正式,常幽】an expression of surprise or dismay 哎呀,天哪,真倒霉(表示惊讶或丧气)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp.

**carambola** /kær(ə)m'bələ/ n. 1 a golden-yellow fruit with a star-shaped cross section; a starfruit 阳桃 2 the tropical tree which bears carambolas 阳桃树 [Averrhoa carambola.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Port., prob. from Marathi karambal.

**caramel** /'kærəml, -mel/ n. 1 sugar or syrup heated until it turns brown, used as a flavouring or colouring for food or drink(用于调味或为酒等着色的)焦糖(浆) 2 a soft toffee made with sugar and butter that have been melted and further heated 卡拉梅尔糖,乳脂糖,太妃糖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caramelization** or **caramelisation** n. **caramelize** or **caramelise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Sp. caramelo.

**carangid** /kə'rændzıd/ n. Zoology 【动】 a marine fish of the jack family (Carangidae), typically with a sloping forehead and two dorsal fins 鲶鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Carangidae, from the genus name Caranx.

**carapace** /'kærǝpers/ n. the hard upper shell of a tortoise or crustacean(龟、鳖等甲壳动物的)硬壳,背甲
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Sp. carapacho, of unknown origin.

**carat** /'kærət/ n. 1 a unit of weight for precious stones and pearls, equivalent to 200 milligrams 克拉(宝石和珍珠的重量单位,1克拉=200毫克) 2 (US also 【美亦作】**karat**) a measure of the purity of gold, pure gold being 24 carats 开(黄金的纯度单位,纯金为24开)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., from Ital. carato, from Arab. ķīrāt, from Gk keration 'fruit of the carob'.

**caravan** /'kærǝvæn/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a vehicle equipped for living in, usually designed to be towed, 旅行拖车,活动住房 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a covered motor vehicle with living accommodation 有篷货车,有篷卡车 3 historical 【史义】 a group of people travelling together across a desert in Asia or North Africa(穿越亚洲或北非沙漠地带的)旅行队
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **caravanner** n. **caravanning** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. caravane, from Pers. kārwān.

**caravanette** / kærǝvæ'net/ ■n. Brit. 【英】a motor vehicle with a rear compartment equipped for living in 活动住房,旅游房车(指带有配置了生活设施的后部车厢的汽车)

**caravanserai** / kærǝ'vænsəraı, -ri/ (US also 【美亦作】**caravansary**) n. (pl. **caravanserais** or **caravansaries**) 1 historical 【史义】 an inn with a central courtyard for travellers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa(商队停宿的)旅店,客栈 2

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a group of people travelling together 旅行队
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Pers. kārwānsarāy, from kārwān 'caravan' + sarāy 'palace'.

**caravel** /'kæravel/ (also 亦作 **carvel**) n. historical【史义】a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese ship of the 15th-17th centuries 西班牙多桅快帆船
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. caravelle, from Port. caravela, dimin. of caravo, via L. from Gk karabos 'horned beetle' or 'light ship'.

**caraway** /'kærǝwer/ n. 1 the seeds of a plant of the parsley family, used for flavouring and as a source of oil 葛缕子籽(用于调味等) 2 the white-flowered Mediterranean plant which bears caraway seeds 葛缕子(一种开白花的地中海植物) [Carum carvi.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. carui, from Arab. alkarāwiyā, prob. from Gk karon 'cumin'.

**carb¹** /ka:b/ n. informal 【非正式】 short for **CARBURETTOR** * carburettor 的缩略式

**carb²** /ka:b/ n. informal 【非正式】 short for **CARBOHYDRATE** * carbohydrate 的缩略式

**carbamate** /'ka:bǝmert/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester containing the anion NH₂COO− or the group -OOCNH₂ 氨基甲酸酯(或盐)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CARBO-** + **AMIDE** + **-ATE¹**.

**carbamazepine** /ka:bə'meızıpi:n/ n. Medicine【医】 a synthetic compound used as an anticonvulsant and analgesic drug 卡马西平,氨甲酰氮革,酰胺咪嗪,立痛定(一种镇痛抗惊厥药物)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from **CARBO-** + **AMIDE**, on the pattern of benzodiazepine.

**carbanion** /ka:'bænaıən/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】an organic ion with a negative charge located on a carbon atom 碳负离子

**carbaryl** /'ka:bərıl/ n. a synthetic insecticide used to protect crops and in the treatment of fleas and lice 西维因,胺甲萘(接触性杀虫剂)
-ORIGIN 词源 C20: from **CARBAMATE** + **-YL**.

**carbide** /'ka:bard/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a compound of carbon with a metal or other element 碳化物: silicon carbide 碳化硅,金刚砂

**carbine** /'ka:ban/ n. a light automatic rifle 卡宾枪
> historical 【史义】 a short rifle or musket used by cavalry(昔时骑兵用的)短筒马枪
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. carabine, from carabin 'mounted musketeer'.

**carbo-** /'ka:bǝu/ comb. form representing 表示 **CARBON**

**carbocation** /ka:bǝ(u)'kætaıən/ n. Chemistry【化】 another term for **CARBONIUM ION** * carbonium ion 的另一种说法

**carbohydrate** / ka:bǝu'haidrest/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 any of a large group of compounds (including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, occur in foods and living tissues, and can be broken down to release energy in the body 碳水化合物

**carbolic** /ka:'bplık/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **carbolic acid**) phenol, especially when used as a disinfectant 石炭酸,苯酚(用作消毒剂) 2 (also 亦作 **carbolic soap**) disinfectant soap containing phenol 酚皂,石炭酸皂

**carbo-load** v. informal 【非正式】(of a sports player or athlete) saturate the muscles with stored glycogen by exercising and dieting and then shortly before a competition eating a large amount of carbohydrates(运动员赛前)大量摄入碳水化合物

**car bomb** n. a terrorist bomb concealed in a parked car(恐怖分子藏在汽车里的)汽车炸弹 ■v. (**car-bomb**) attack with a car bomb用汽车炸弹袭击
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **car bomber** n.

**carbon** /'ka:bən/ n. 1 the chemical element of atomic number 6, a non-metal which has two main forms (diamond and graphite), occurs in impure form in charcoal, soot, and coal, and is present in all organic compounds 碳(化学元素,原子序数为6,非金属元素,单质主要有金刚石和石墨两种存在形式,以杂质的形式存在于木炭、煤烟和煤炭中,也存在于所有有机化合物中)(Symbol 符: C)
> [usu. as modifier 通常作修饰语] carbon fibre 碳纤维 2 carbon dioxide or other gaseous carbon compounds released into the atmosphere, associated with climate change(与气候变化有关的)二氧化碳,含碳气体: [as modifier 作修饰语] carbon emissions 碳排放 3 a rod of carbon in an arc lamp(弧光灯中的)碳精棒 4 a piece of carbon paper, or a carbon copy 复写纸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carbonaceous** adj. **carbonless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. carbone, from L. carbo, carbon- 'coal, charcoal'.

**carbon-12** n. the commonest natural carbon isotope, of mass 12, which is the basis for the accepted scale of atomic mass units 碳-12(质量数为12的最常见的碳同位素,是原子质量单位的基准标度)

**carbon-14** ■n. a long-lived naturally occurring radioactive carbon isotope of mass 14, used in carbon dating and as a tracer in biochemistry 碳-14,放射性碳(质量数为14的碳的天然放射性同位素,用于年代测定并在生物化学中用作示踪剂)

**carbonado** / ka:bə'neıdǝu/ n. (pl. **carbonados**) a dark opaque diamond 黑金刚石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Port.

**carbonara** /ka:bə'na:rə/ adj. [postpos. 后置] denoting a pasta sauce made with bacon or ham, egg, and cream 奶油培根意面沙司的: spaghetti carbonara 奶油培根意面
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'charcoal kiln', perh. influenced by carbonata, a dish of charcoal-grilled salt pork.

**carbonate** /'ka:bǝneit/ n. a salt of the anion CO₃²⁻, typically formed by reaction of carbon dioxide with bases 碳酸盐 ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **carbonated**] dissolve carbon dioxide in(溶解二氧化碳)使成碳酸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carbonation** n.

**carbonatite** /ka:'bonǝtart/ ■n. Geology 【地质】a lava or other igneous rock composed chiefly of carbonates 碳酸岩

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**carbon black** n. a fine carbon powder used as a pigment 炭黑

**carbon capture and storage** n. the process of trapping carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels or other chemical or biological process and storing it in such a way that it is unable to affect the atmosphere 碳捕捉与储存

**carbon copy** n. a copy made with carbon paper 复写本 a person or thing identical to another 一模一样的人(或物)

**carbon credit** ■n. a permit which allows a country or organization to produce a certain amount of carbon emissions and which can be traded if the full allowance is not used 碳信用

**carbon cycle** n. the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels 碳循环

**carbon dating** n. the determination of the age of an organic object from the relative proportions of the isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14 that it contains 碳-14年代测定法,碳定年法

**carbon dioxide** n. a colourless, odourless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration, and absorbed by plants in photosynthesis 二氧化碳 [CO₂]

**carbon disulphide** /dar'salfard/ n. a colourless toxic flammable liquid used as a solvent 二硫化碳 [CS₂]

**carbon fibre** n. a material consisting of thin, strong crystalline filaments of carbon 碳纤维,碳化纤维

**carbonic** /ka:'bpnık/ adj. relating to carbon or carbon dioxide 碳的;二氧化碳的

**carbonic acid** n. a very weak acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water 碳酸 [H₂CO₃]

**Carboniferous** /ka:bə'nıf (ə)rəs/ adj. Geology 【地质】relating to or denoting the fifth period of the Palaeozoic era (between the Devonian and Permian periods, about 363 to 290 million years ago), a time when extensive coal-bearing strata were formed 石炭的;石炭系的

**carbonium ion** /ka:'bəuniəm/ ■n. Chemistry【化】 an organic ion with a positive charge located on a carbon atom 正碳离子,阳碳离子
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from **CARBO-**, on the pattern of ammonium.

**carbonize** or **carbonise** /'ka:bənaiz/ v. convert into carbon, by heating or burning 使碳化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carbonization** n.

**carbon monoxide** n. a colourless, odourless toxic flammable gas formed by incomplete combustion of carbon 一氧化碳 [CO]

**carbonnade** /ka:bə'na:d, -'neid/ ■n. a rich beef stew made with onions and beer 洋葱啤酒烩牛肉
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a piece of meat or fish cooked on hot coals): from Fr., from L. carbo, -onis 'coal, charcoal'.

**carbon paper** n. thin paper coated with carbon, used for making a copy of a document as it is being written or typed 复写纸

**carbon sequestration** n. a natural or artificial process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and held in solid or liquid form 碳固存

**carbon sink** n. Ecology 【生态】 a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 碳汇

**carbon steel** n. steel in which the main alloying element is carbon, and whose properties depend on the percentage of carbon present 碳素钢

**carbon tax** n. a tax on petrol and other fossil fuels 碳税

**carbon tetrachloride** / tetrə'klɔ:raid/ n. a colourless toxic volatile liquid used as a solvent 四氯化碳 [CCl₄]

**carbon trading** n. another term for **EMISSIONS TRADING** * emissions trading 的另一种说法

**carbonyl** /'ka:bənaıl, -nıl/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry【化】 of or denoting the divalent group=C=O, present in aldehydes, ketones, and many other organic compounds 羰基

**car boot sale** n. Brit. 【英】 an outdoor sale at which people sell unwanted possessions, typically from the boots of their cars 行李箱销售(指露天旧物拍卖,物品通常放在汽车行李箱中)

**carborundum** /ka:bə'randǝm/ n. a very hard black solid consisting of silicon carbide, used as an abrasive 金刚砂,碳化硅
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: blend of **CARBON** and **CORUNDUM**.

**carboxyl** /ka:'boksaıl, -sıl/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting the radical -COOH, present in organic acids 羧基
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **CARBO-** + **OX-** + **-YL**.

**carboxylate** /ka:'boksilert/ Chemistry 【化】 ■n. a salt or ester of a carboxylic acid 羧酸盐(或酯) ■v. add a carboxyl group to (a compound) 使(化合物)羧化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carboxylation** n.

**carboxylic acid** /ka:bok'sılık/ n. Chemistry【化】 an acid containing a carboxyl group, such as formic and acetic acids 羧酸

**carboy** /'ka:boı/ n. a large globular glass bottle with a narrow neck, used for holding acids or other corrosive liquids 小口大玻璃瓶
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Pers. karāba 'large glass flagon'.

**carbuncle** /'ka:baŋkl/ n. 1 a severe abscess or multiple boil in the skin(皮肤上的)痈 2 a bright red gem, in particular a cabochon garnet 红宝石,红石榴石
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carbuncular** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. charbuncle, from L. carbunculus 'small coal', from carbo 'coal, charcoal'.

**carburation** /ka:bju'reıfn/ n. the process of

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mixing air with a fine spray of liquid hydrocarbon fuel, as in a carburettor(内燃机的)汽化作用

**carburettor** /ka:bju'retə(r), -bǝ-/ (US【美】**carburetor**) n. a device in an internal-combustion engine for mixing air with a fine spray of liquid fuel 汽化器,化油器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carburetted** (US 【美】 **carbureted**) adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from archaic carburet 'combine or charge with carbon' + **-OR¹**.

**carburize** or **carburise** /'ka:bjuraız, bə-/ v. add carbon to the surface of (iron or steel) by heating with carbon 使(铁或钢)渗碳,使碳化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carburization** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. carbure 'carbide' + **-IZE**.

**carcajou** /'ka:kədzu:, -ǝzu:/ ■n. North American term for **WOLVERINE** * wolverine 的北美说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Canad. Fr., appar. of Algonquian origin (cf. **KINKAJOU**).

**carcass** /'ka:kəs/ (Brit. also 【英亦作】**carcase**) ■n. 1 the dead body of an animal, especially one prepared for cutting up as meat(尤指供切割取肉的)动物尸体 the remains of a cooked bird after all the edible parts have been removed (煮熟的禽鸟的)骨架 2 the structural framework of a building, ship, or piece of furniture(建筑、船只、家具的)架子,骨架,构架
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. carcois, var. of OFr. charcois; in later use from Fr. carcasse; of unknown ultimate origin.

**carceral** /'ka:s(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. rare 【罕】 relating to a prison 监狱的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. carceralis, from carcer 'prison'.

**carcinogen** /ka:'sınǝdzn/ n. a substance capable of causing cancer 致癌原,致癌物

**carcinogenic** / ka:s(1)nə'dzenık/ adj. having the potential to cause cancer 致癌的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carcinogenesis** n. **carcinogenicity** n.

**carcinoid** /'ka:sınǝid/ n. Medicine 【医】 a tumour of a type occurring especially in the appendix and sometimes secreting hormones 类癌

**carcinoma** / ka:sı'nǝumǝ/ n. (pl. **carcinomas** or **carcinomata** /-mətə/) a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs 癌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carcinomatous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk karkinoma, from karkinos 'crab' (cf. **CANCER**).

**carcinomatosis** / ka:sınǝumə'tǝusis/ n. the widespread dissemination of carcinomas in the body 癌病(指全身多发性癌)

**car coat** n. a short, square-cut style of coat designed to be worn when driving a car(开车时穿的)短外套

**car crash** n. informal 【非正式】 a chaotic or disastrous event or situation that holds a ghoulish fascination for onlookers or observers 混乱状况,灾难性事件: Her life is turning into a car crash. 她的生活正变得一团糟。

**card¹** /ka:d/ n. 1 thick, stiff paper or thin cardboard 厚纸片,薄纸板 2 a piece of card for writing on, especially a postcard or greetings card 卡,卡片;(尤指)明信片,贺卡 a business card or visiting card 名片 3 a small rectangular piece of plastic containing machine-readable personal data, e.g. a credit card or cash card 信用卡;借记卡 4 a playing card(纸牌戏中的)纸牌
> (**cards**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] a game played with playing cards 纸牌戏 5 (**cards**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 documents relating to an employee, especially for tax and national insurance, held by the employer (存放于雇主处,尤指用于纳税和保险的)雇员文件 6 a scorecard, in particular a list of holes on a golf course(高尔夫球)计分卡 a programme of events at a race meeting(赛马大会的)节目单,项目单 7 Computing 【计】a circuit board that can be inserted in a computer to give extra facilities 卡;插件 8 informal, dated or N. Amer. 【非正式,过时或北美】a person regarded as odd or amusing 怪人;引人发笑的人 ■v. 1 write on a card, especially for indexing 把…记在卡片上(尤指用作索引资料) 2 N. Amer. 【北美】check the identity card of (someone), especially to verify their age 要求出示身分证(尤用以确认年龄)
-PHRASES 短语 **a card up one's sleeve** Brit.【英】 a plan or asset that is kept secret until it is needed 秘而不宣的计划 **give someone their cards (or get one's cards)** Brit. informal【英,非正式】dismiss someone (or be dismissed) from employment 解雇某人;某人被解雇 **hold all the cards** be in a very strong position 占尽优势 **on (or N. Amer.**【北美】**in) the cards** informal 【非正式】 possible or likely 很可能的,可能发生的 **play(or use) the — card** exploit the specified issue or idea mentioned, especially for political advantage(尤指为取得政治优势而)打…牌,使出…招:He saw an opportunity to play the peace card. 他看到了一次打和平牌的机会。**play one's cards right** make the best use of one's assets and opportunities 办事精明;做事有心计;处理得当 **put(or lay) one's cards on the table** be completely open in declaring one's intentions 摊牌;(把意图)和盘托出
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. carte, from L. carta, charta, from Gk khartēs 'papyrus leaf'.

**card²** /ka:d/ v. comb and clean (raw wool or similar material) with a sharp-toothed instrument to disentangle the fibres before spinning(纺纱前为理顺纤维而用利齿工具)梳理,清理(原毛等) ■n. a toothed implement or machine for this purpose 梳毛机,梳理机
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **carder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. carde, from Provençal carda, from cardar 'tease, comb', based on L. carere 'to card'.
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**Card.** abbr. Cardinal

**cardamom** /'ka:dəməm/ (also亦作 **cardamum**) ■n. 1 the aromatic seeds of a plant of the ginger family, used as a spice 小豆蔻(指种籽) 2 the SE Asian plant which bears cardamom seeds 小豆蔻(指 植物)[Elettaria cardamomum.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. cardamome or L. cardamomum, from Gk kardamomon, from kardamon 'cress' + amōmon, the name of a kind of spice plant.

**cardan joint** /'ka:d(ə)n/n. Brit. 【英】 a universal C joint 万向节,万向接头
-**ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: named after Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576), Italian mathematician.

**cardan shaft** /'ka:d(ə)n/n. Brit. 【英】 a shaft with a universal joint at one or both ends 万向轴

**cardboard** /'ka:dbɔ:d/ n. 1 pasteboard or stiff paper 薄纸板,卡纸板 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] (of a fictional character) lacking depth and realism(指小 说中的人物)肤浅的,不真实的: superficial, cardboard characters 肤浅而不真实的人物

**cardboard city** n. an urban area where homeless people congregate under makeshift shelters 纸箱 街区(有用纸箱搭建、供无家可归者居住的临时住所的 城区)

**card-carrying** adj. registered as a member of a political party or trade union 持有正式成员证的,注 册党员(或会员)的

**card game** n. a game in which playing cards are used 纸牌戏,扑克牌戏

**cardholder** /'ka:d,həəldə(r)/ n. a person who has a credit card or debit card(信用卡或借记卡)持卡人

**cardia** /'ka:diǝ/ ■n. Anatomy 【解】 the upper opening of the stomach, where the oesophagus enters 贲门
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Gk kardia.

**cardiac** /'ka:diæk/ adj. 1 relating to the heart 心 脏的;关于心脏的2 relating to the cardia of the stomach 贲门的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. cardiaque or L. cardiacus, from Gk kardiakos, from kardia 'heart, cardia.

**cardigan** /'ka:dıgən/ n. a knitted jumper fastening with buttons down the front 卡蒂冈式开襟毛衣
-**ORIGIN** 词源C19(Crimean War): named after the 7th Earl of Cardigan, whose troops first wore such garments.

**cardinal** /'ka:dıml/ n. 1 a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church, nominated by and having the power to elect the Pope(天主教会的)红衣主 教,枢机主教2a deep scarlet colour like that of a cardinal's cassock 猩红色,深红色,鲜红色3 an American songbird of which the male is partly or mostly red and which typically has a crest 主红雀 [Cardinalis cardinalis and other species, subfamily Cardinalinae.] adj. of the greatest importance; fundamental 最重要的;基本的: Two cardinal points must be borne in mind. 有两个基本点必须牢记。
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cardinalate** n. **cardinally** adv. **cardinalship** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE, from L. cardinalis, from cardo, cardin hinge'; sense 1 has arisen from the function of such priests as 'pivots' of church life.

**cardinal flower** n. a tall scarlet-flowered lobelia found in North America 红花半边莲 [Lobelia cardi- nalis.]

**cardinality** /ka:dr'næliti/ n. (pl. cardinalities) Mathematics 【数】 the number of elements in a particular set or other grouping(集等的)基数

**cardinal number** n. a number denoting quantity (one, two, three, etc.), as opposed to an ordinal number (first, second, third, etc.)基数,纯数 (如1、2、3等,与序数第1、第2、第3等相对)

**cardinal point** n. each of the four main points of the compass (north, south, east, and west)(罗盘上 的)方位基点(指北、南、东、西)

**cardinal sin** n. any of the seven deadly sins 大 罪(基督教的七大罪孽之一) chiefly humorous【主 幽】a serious error of judgement 严重判断错误: He committed the cardinal sin of criticizing his teammates. 他批评队友,犯了大忌。

**cardinal virtue**n. each of the chief moral attributes of scholastic philosophy: justice, prudence, tempe- rance, and fortitude 基本德性,基本道德(古代经院哲 学中的四德:公正、审慎、节制和坚毅)

**cardinal vowel**n. Phonetics 【语音】 each of a series of vowel sounds used as a standard reference point to assist in the description and classification of vowel sounds 基本元音

**card index** n. a catalogue in which each item is entered on a separate card 卡片目录,卡片索引 ■v. (**card-index**) catalogue (information) in the form of a card index为(资料)制作卡片索引

**carding wool** n. short-stapled pieces of wool which result from the carding process, spun and woven to make standard-quality fabrics 粗纺羊毛 Compare with 比较 COMBING WOOL.

**cardio** /'ka:diǝu/n. informal 【非正式】cardiovascular exercise 心脏强化锻炼

**cardio-** /'ka:diǝu/ comb. form relating to the heart 心脏的: cardiograph心电图仪,心动描记器
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Gk kardia 'heart'.

**cardiogram** /'ka:diǝ(u)græm/ n. a record of muscle activity within the heart made by a cardiograph心 动图,心电图

**cardiograph** /'ka:diǝ(u)gra:f/n. an instrument for recording heart muscle activity 心电图仪,心动描 记器
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cardiographer** n. **cardiography** n.

**cardioid** /'ka:diǝrd/ n. 1 Mathematics 【数】 a heart-shaped curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls around another identical circle 心脏线 2 a directional microphone with a pattern of sensitivity of this shape 心形方向性 传声器,单向传声器 ■adj. of the shape of a cardioid 心脏线形的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Gk kardioeidēs 'heart- shaped', from kardia 'heart' + eidos 'form'

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**cardiology**/ka:di'plǝdzi/ n. the branch of medicine concerned with diseases and abnormal- ities of the heart 心脏病学
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cardiological** adj. **cardiologist** n.

**cardiomegaly** /ka:diǝu'megəlin. Medicine【医】 abnormal enlargement of the heart 心肥大,心脏 肥大
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1960s: from CARDIO- + Gk megas, megal- 'great.

**cardiomyopathy** /ka:diǝumar'pǝdin. Medicine 【医】chronic disease of the heart muscle 心肌病

**cardiopulmonary** /,ka:diǝu'palmən (ə)ri/ adj. Medicine 【医】 relating to the heart and the lungs 心 肺的

**cardiorespiratory** /ka:diǝurıs'pırət (ə)ri/ adj. Medicine 【医】 relating to the action of both heart and lungs 心呼吸的,心肺(呼吸)的

**cardiothoracic** / ka:diǝu'ɔ:ræsık/ adj. Medicine 【医】relating to the heart and chest or lungs 心胸的

**cardiovascular** / ka:diǝu'væskjələ(r)/ adj. Medicine 【医】relating to the heart and blood vessels 心血管的

**carditis**/ka:'daitis/n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the heart 心炎,心脏炎

**cardoon** /ka:'du:n/ n. a tall thistle-like plant related to the globe artichoke, with edible leaves and roots 刺苞菜蓟[Cynara cardunculus.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. cardon, from carde 'edible part of an artichoke', from mod. Provençal cardo, based on L. carduus, cardus 'thistle, artichoke.

**card reader** n. 1 an electronic sensor that reads a magnetic strip or bar code on a credit card, membership card, etc. 读卡机(读信用卡、会员卡等 上面的磁条或条形码的电子传感器) 2 an electronic device that reads and transfers data from various portable memory storage devices 读卡器(读出并传 输各种便携存储器件中数据的电子器件)

**card sharp** (also 亦作 **card sharper**) n. a person who cheats at cards(纸牌游戏)作弊老手

**card swipe** n. an electronic reader through which a swipe card is passed 刷卡机

**card table** n. a table for playing cards on, typically having legs that fold flat for storage and a baize surfac牌桌(一般桌腿可折叠,铺有台面呢)

**card vote** n. Brit. 【英】 another term for BLOCK VOTE * block vote 的另一种说法

**cardy** (also 亦作 **cardie**) n. (pl. **cardies**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】a cardigan 开襟式毛衫

**care**/keǝ(r)/n. 1 the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something 照顾;护理;照管,管 理 Brit.【英】protective custody or guardianship provided for children by a local authority(地方 当局对孤儿等的)收养,监护 2 serious attention or consideration applied to an action or plan 小心,谨 慎3 a feeling of or occasion for anxiety 忧虑,烦 恼;令人焦虑的事,引起烦恼的事: She hadn't a care in the world. 她无忧无虑。■v. 1 feel concern or interest 关心,在意;担忧: I don't care what she says. 我不在 乎她怎么说。2(**care for**) feel affection or liking 喜 欢;对…中意3 (**care for/to do something**) like to have or be willing to do something 想要……;愿 意做………4(**care for**) look after and provide for the needs of 照顾,照料
-**PHRASES** 短语 **care in the community** another term for COMMUNITY CARE * community care 的另一种说法 **care of** at the address of 由･･･转交(常用于信封上) **take care** 1 be cautious; keep oneself safe 当心,注 意2 make sure of doing something 别忘了做,一定 做 **take care of** 1 keep safe and provided for 照顾, C 照料;保管好2 deal with 处理,对付
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caring** n. & adj. **caringly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE caru (n.), carian (v.), of Gmc origin.

**careen** /kə'ri:n/ v. 1 turn (a ship) on its side for cleaning or repair 将(船)倾侧(以清洗或修 理) (of a ship) tilt; lean over(船只)倾侧,倾 斜 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】move in a swift and uncontrolled way(失控地)猛冲,疾驶
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. carène, from Ital. carena, from L. carina 'a keel.

**career** /kə'rıə(r)/ n. an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person's life, usually with opportunities for progress 职业,事业
> the progress through history of an institution or organization(机构或组织的)发展历程 [as modifier 作修饰语] working with commitment in a particular profession 赖以为职业的: a **career** diplomat 职业外交 家
> [as modifier 作修饰语](of a woman) pursuing a profession(妇女)追求事业的,职业的■v. move swiftly and in an uncontrolled way(失控地)疾驰, 猛冲
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16(denoting a road or racecourse): from Fr. carrière, from Ital. carriera, based on L. carrus 'wheeled vehicle.

**careerist** /kə'rıərıst/ n. a person whose main concern is for advancement in their profession 事 业至上者,事业狂
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **careerism** n.

**carefree** /'keǝfri:/ adj. free from anxiety or responsibility 无忧无虑的;不负责任的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carefreeness** n.

**careful** /'keǝfl/ adj. 1 taking care to avoid mishap or harm; cautious 小心的,谨慎的,注意的 (**careful of/about**) protective of 对…保护的 (**careful with**) prudent in the use of 对………慎重使用 的 2 done with or showing thought and attention 用心的,精心的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carefully** adv. **carefulness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE carful(see见 CARE, -FUL).

**caregiver** /'keǝgıvə(r)/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】another term for CARER * carer的另一种说法
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caregiving** n. & adj.

**care home** n. a small institution providing accommodation and care for people who are unable to look after themselves (照顾生活不能自理 者的)护理院

**careless**/'keələs/ adj. 1 not giving sufficient attention

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or thought to avoiding harm or mistakes粗心的,疏忽 的
> (of an action or its result) showing or caused by a lack of attention(行动或其结果)表明不够认真的, 粗心造成的2 (**careless of/about**) not concerned or worried about 对･･･不关心的,对･･不担忧的
> showing no interest or effort; casual淡漠的;漫不 经心的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carelessly** adv. **carelessness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE carlēas 'free from care' (see见 CARE, -LESS).

**Ccarer** /'keǝrǝ(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a family member or paid helper who regularly looks after a sick, elderly, or disabled person 家庭护理员;家庭护士

**caress** /kə'res/ v. touch or stroke gently or lovingly 抚摸,爱抚n. a gentle or loving touch 抚摸,爱抚
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caressing** adj. **caressingly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. caresser (v.), caresse (n.), from Ital. carezza, based on L. carus 'dear.

**caret** /'kærət/ n. a mark(^,人) placed below a line of text to indicate a proposed insertion 脱字号,补 注号
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L., 'is lacking.

**caretaker** /'keǝteıkə(r)/ n. 1 a person employed to look after a public building(公共建筑物的)看门人 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] holding power temporarily 临时代理的: He was to act as caretaker Prime Minister. 他将担任看守首相。3 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a person employed to look after people or animals 照 看人;护理人员

**careworn** /'keǝwo:n/ adj. tired and unhappy because of prolonged worry 忧心忡忡的

**carex** /'keǝreks/ n. (pl. **carices** /-risi:z/) a sedge of a large genus found chiefly in temperate and cold regions 苔草 [Genus Carex.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from L., 'sedge.

**carfare** /'ka:feǝ(r)/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】the fare for travel on a bus, underground train, or similar public transport(乘坐公共交通工具的)车费,车资

**cargo** /'ka:gǝu/ n. (pl. **cargoes** or **cargos**) goods carried commercially on a ship, aircraft, or truck (船、飞机或卡车装载的)货物
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Sp. cargo, carga, from late L. carricare, carcare 'to load', from L. carrus 'wheeled vehicle.

**cargo cult**n. (in the Melanesian Islands) a system of beliefs based around the expected arrival of benevolent spirits in aircraft or ships bringing cargoes of food and other goods(太平洋美拉尼西亚 群岛的)货物崇拜(一些岛上土著的迷信,认为神灵会 带着大量食品和其他货物乘飞机或船来到当地)

**cargo pants** pl. n. loose-fitting casual cotton trousers with large patch pockets halfway down each leg(两边有大贴袋的)货船裤,船员裤

**carhop** /'ka:hpp/ ■n. N. Amer. informal, dated 【北 美,非正式,过时】 a waiter or waitress at a drive-in restaurant“免下车”餐馆服务员

**cariad** /'kæriæd/n. Welsh 【威尔士】 darling; sweetheart 宝贝儿,亲爱的: How's it going, cariad? 宝 贝儿,你最近怎么样?
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Welsh, 'love'.

**Carib** /'kærıb/ n. 1 a member of an indigenous South American people living mainly in coastal regions of French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela 加勒比人(主要居住在法属圭亚那、苏 里南、圭亚那和委内瑞拉沿岸地区的南美原住民)2 the language of the Carib 加勒比语 the Cariban family of languages 加勒比语族3(also 亦作 **Island Carib**) an unrelated Arawakan language, now extinct, formerly spoken in the Lesser Antilles海岛 加勒比语(小安地列斯群岛上从前所讲的阿拉瓦克语,现 已消亡)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Sp. caribe, from Haitian Creole.

**Cariban** /'kærıbn/ n. a family of South American languages including Carib, mostly extinct or nearly so 加勒比语族(现大多濒临或已经消亡) adj. denoting the Cariban languages 加勒比语族的

**Caribbean** /kærı'bi:ən, kə'rıbiən/ adj. relating to the region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (including the West Indies), and the surrounding coasts(包括加勒比海、加勒比海诸岛及加勒比海沿岸地 区的)加勒比海地区的
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> There are two possible pronunciations of the word **Caribbean**. The first, found in the US and the Caribbean itself, puts the stress on the -**rib**-, while the second, more familiar to most British people, puts the stress on the -**be**-. * Caribbean 一词有两种读音。一种把重音放在-rib-上,见于美 国和加勒比海地区本地;另一种把重音放在-be-上, 更为大多数英国人所熟悉。

**caribou** /kə'rıbiən/ n. (pl. same 单复同)N. Amer. 【北美】a reindeer 驯鹿
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Canad. Fr., from Містас ralipu, lit. 'snow shoveller.

**caricature** /'kærıkətjuə(r), -tfo:(r)/ n. a depiction of a person in which distinguishing characteristics are exaggerated for comic or grotesque effect 人物漫画; (对人物的)夸张性描述 v. make a caricature of 用漫 画表现;夸张地描述
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caricatural** adj. **caricaturist** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. caricatura, from caricare 'load, exaggerate', from L. carricare (see见 CHARGE).

**CARICOM** /'kærikom/abbr. Caribbean Commu- nity and Common Market 加勒比共同体和共同市场

**caries** /'keəri:z/ n. decay and crumbling of a tooth or bone 龋齿,骨疽,骨疡
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L.

**carillon** /'kærıljən, -lən, kə'rıljən/ n. 1 a set of bells sounded from a keyboard or by an automatic mechanism 组钟,钟琴2atune played on such bells 组钟乐,钟琴乐
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., from OFr. quarregnon 'peal of four bells', based on L. quattuor 'four.

**carina** /kə'raınə, -'ri:-/ n. (pl. **carinae** /-ni:/ or

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**carinas**) 1 Zoology 【动】a keel-shaped structure, especially the ridge of a bird's breastbone to which the main flight muscles are attached脊,隆线;(尤指鸟 的)龙骨突2 Anatomy 【解】 a cartilage situated at the point where the trachea (windpipe) divides into the two bronchi气管隆嵴
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carinal** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from L., 'keel.

**carinate** /'kærıneit, -nət/ adj. Ornithology【鸟】 denoting a bird having a carina 具龙骨突的 Contrasted with 对照 RATITE.
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carinated** adj. **carination** n.

**caring profession** n. a job that involves looking after other people, such as nursing, teaching, or social work 护理职业,照料工作

**Carioca**/kæri'ǝukə/ n. 1 a native of Rio de Janeiro (巴西)里约热内卢人2(**carioca**) a Brazilian dance resembling the samba 卡里奥克舞(一种类似桑巴舞的 巴西舞蹈)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Port., from Tupi kari'oka 'house of the white man.

**cariogenic**/keəriǝ(u)'dzenık, kæ-/ adj. causing tooth decay 生龋的

**cariole** /'kæriǝul/ n. variant spelling of CARRIOLE * carriole的另一种拼法

**carious** /'keəriəs/ adj. (of bones or teeth) decayed (骨)疽的;(齿)龋的
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L. cariosus (see见 CARIES).

**caritas** /'kærıta:s/n. Christian love of humankind; charity(基督教的)博爱;仁爱
-**ORIGIN**词源 C19: from L.

**carjacking** /'ka:dzækıŋ/ n. the action of stealing a car after violently ejecting its driver 抢劫(或劫持) 汽车,劫车
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carjack** v. **carjacker** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1990s: blend of CAR and hijacking (see 见HIJACK).

**carking** /'ka:kıŋ/ adj. archaic 【古】 causing distress or worry 令人烦恼的;令人忧虑的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: pres. part. of ME cark 'worry, burden', from Old North. Fr. carkier, based on late L. carcare (see见 CHARGE).

**carl**/ka:l/n. archaic 【古】 a man of low birth 出身卑下 的男人 Scottish 【苏格兰】 a man; a fellow男人;家伙
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE: from ON karl 'man, freeman', of Gmc origin.

**carline** /'ka:ln/ n. any of the pieces of squared timber fitted fore and aft between the deck beams of a wooden ship to support the deck planking(船 的)短纵梁
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME (in the sense '(old) woman, witch'): from ON karling; the reason for naut. use of the word remains obscure.

**carline thistle** /'ka:lın, -lain/ n. a spiny plant with long-lived flower heads bearing shiny straw- coloured bracts 刺苞菊 [Carlina vulgaris and related species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from Fr., from med. L. carlina, perh. an alt. of cardina (from L. carduus 'thistle') by assoc. with Carolus Magnus, i.e. Charlemagne.

**Carlovingian**/ka:lə(u)'vındziən/ adj. & n. another term for CAROLINGIAN * Carolingian 的另一种说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. carlovingien, from Karl 'Charles, on the pattern of mérovingien 'Merovingian.

**Carmelite** /'ka:məlaıt/ n. a friar or nun of an order founded at Mount Carmel during the Crusades(天 主教)加尔默罗会修士(或修女) adj. relating to the Carmelites 加尔默罗会修士(或修女)的

**carminative** /'ka:mınətıv, ka:'mınətıv/ Medicine 【医】 C ■adj. relieving flatulence驱风的,减轻胃肠气胀的n. a carminative drug 驱风药
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. carminatif, -ive, or med. L. carminat-, carminare 'heal (by incantation)' from L. carmen (see见 CHARM).

**carmine** /'ka:main, -min/ ■n. a vivid crimson pigment made from cochineal(从胭脂虫体内提取的)洋红,胭 脂红
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr. carmin, based on Arab. kirmiz (see见 KERMES).

**carnage** /'ka:nıd3/ n. the killing of a large number of people 大屠杀
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. carnaggio, from med. L. carnaticum, from L. caro, carn- 'flesh.

**carnal** /'ka:nl/ adj. relating to physical, especially sexual, needs and activities 肉体的;(尤指)肉欲的, 性欲的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carnality** n. **carnally** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Christian L. carnalis, from caro, carn- 'flesh.

**carnal knowledge** n. dated, chiefly Law【过时,主律】 sexual intercourse 性交

**carnallite** /'ka:n(ə)lait/ n. a white or reddish mineral consisting of a chloride of potassium and magnesium 光卤石
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after Rudolf von Carnall, German mining engineer, + -ΠΕ¹.

**carnassial** /ka:'næsiəl/ adj. Zoology 【动】 denoting the large upper premolar and lower molar teeth of a carnivore, adapted for shearing flesh(食肉兽)裂 (齿)的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. carnassier 'carnivorous', based on L. caro, carn- 'flesh.

**Carnatic** /ka:'nætık/ adj. of or denoting the main style of classical Music in southern India, as distinct from the Hindustani Music of the north(音乐)卡 纳蒂克的,南印度的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Anglicization of Karnataka, a state in SW India.

**carnation** /ka:'nerfn/ n. a double-flowered cultivated variety of clove pink, with grey-green leaves and showy pink, white, or red flowers 康乃馨
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16(also in sense 'flesh colour'): perh. based on a misreading of Arab. karanful 'clove or clove pink', influenced by Fr. carnation 'flesh colour or rosy pink', based on L. caro, carn- 'flesh.

**carnauba** /ka:'nəbə, -'naubǝ/ n. 1 a NE Brazilian

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**C**
**carnelian** /ka:'ni:liǝn/ (also 亦作 **cornelian**) n. a dull red or reddish-white semi-precious variety of chalcedony 光玉髓,肉红玉髓
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr.corneline; the prefix car- being suggested by L. caro, carn- 'flesh.

**carnet** /'ka:net/ n. 1 a permit for a particular purpose, especially one allowing a motor vehicle to be taken across a frontier for a limited period(尤指允 许一定时限内过境驾驶的)许可证 2a book of tickets for use on public transport in some countries(某些 国家公共交通工具的)车票簿,本票
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: from Fr., 'notebook.

**carnival** /'ka:nrvl/ n. 1 an annual period of public revelry involving processions, music, dancing, etc. 狂 欢节,嘉年华会2 N. Amer. 【北美】a travelling funfair or circus(流动)游艺团,马戏团
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carnivalesque** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Ital. carnevale, carnovale, from med. L. carnelevamen, carnelevarium 'Shrovetide, from L. caro, carn- 'flesh' + levare 'put away.

**carnivore** /'ka:nıvə:(r)/ n. an animal that feeds on flesh 食肉动物 Zoology 【动】 a mammal of the order Carnivora, which comprises the cats, dogs, bears, hyenas, weasels, civets, raccoons, and mongooses 食肉目动物
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from L. carnivorus (see 见 CARNIVOROUS).

**carnivorous** /ka:'nıv(ə)rəs/ adj. (of an animal) feeding on flesh(动物)食肉的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carnivorously** adv. **carni- vorousness** n. **carnivory**/ka:'nrv(ə)ri/n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. carnivorus, from caro, carn 'flesh' +-vorus (see见-VOROUS).

**carnosaur** /'ka:nəsə:(r)/ n. a large bipedal carnivorous dinosaur of a group including tyrannosaurus, allosaurus, and megalosaurus 肉食龙
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from mod. L., from L. caro, carn- 'flesh' + Gk sauros 'lizard'.

**carnotite** /'ka:nətart/ n. a lemon-yellow radioactive mineral consisting of a vanadate of uranium, potassium, and other elements 钒钾铀矿
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after Marie Adolphe Carnot, French inspector of mines, + -ITE¹.

**carob** /'kærǝb/ n. 1 the edible brownish-purple pod of an Arabian tree, from which a powder is extracted for use as a substitute for chocolate 长角豆 荚(从中提取的粉有时用作巧克力的替代品)2 the tree which yields carob pods长角豆(树)[Ceratonia siliqua.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME from OFr. carobe, from med. L. carrubia, from Arab. karrūba.

**carol** /'kær(ə)l/ ■n. a religious song or popular hymn associated with Christmas 圣诞颂歌v. (**carols**, **carolling**, **carolled**; US 【美】 **carols**, **caroling**, **caroled**) 1 (**go carolling**) sing carols in the streets (在街上)唱圣诞颂歌 2 sing or say (something) happily 欢乐地唱;快乐地说
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caroller** (US 【美】 **caroler**) n. **carolling** (US 【美】 **caroling**) n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. carole (n.), caroler (v.), of unknown origin.

**Caroline** /'kærəlaın/ adj. 1 (also 亦作 **Carolean** /-'li:ǝn/) relating to the reigns of Charles I and II of England (1625-1649; 1660-1685)(指英国查理一世 和二世的)查理时代的2 another term for CAROLINGIAN * Carolingian 的另一种说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源C17: from med. L. Carolus 'Charles'.

**Carolingian** / kærə'lındziǝn/ (also 亦作 **Carlovingian**) adj. 1 relating to or denoting the Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father (Pepin III), which ruled in western Europe from 750 to 987(法兰克王国)卡洛林王朝的(由查理大帝的 父亲丕平三世建立,统治时期为公元750至987年)2 denoting a minuscule script developed in France during the time of Charlemagne, on which modern lower-case letters are largely based 卡洛林小写字体的 ■n. a member of the Carolingian dynasty 卡洛林王 朝王室成员
-**ORIGIN** 词源 alt. of earlier CARLOVINGIAN, by assoc. with med. L. Carolus 'Charles'.

**Carolinian**/kærə'larmiən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US states of South or North Carolina(美 国南或北)卡罗来纳州人 adj. 1 relating to South or North Carolina(美国南或北)卡罗来纳州的2 denoting a forest region extending from South Ontario to South Carolina(美国) 南卡罗来纳州森 林区的

**carol singing** n. the singing of carols, especially by groups going from door to door at Christmas with the object of raising money 唱圣诞颂歌(尤指以筹款 为目的的换门挨户合唱)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carol singer** n.

**carom** /'kærəm/ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】■n. 1 a cannon shot in billiards or pool(台球中的)连撞两 球2(also 亦作 **carom billiards**) a game resembling billiards and depending on cannon shots for scoring 开仓,法国式台球■v. make a carom 使连撞 两球
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: abbrev. of carambole, from Sp. carambola, appar. from bola 'ball'.

**carotene** /'kærəti:n/n. Chemistry 【化】 an orange or red plant pigment found notably in carrots and of which one form (**beta-carotene**) is important in the diet as a precursor of vitamin A胡萝卜素
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carotenoid** /kə'rətinəıd/n.
-**ORIGIN**词源 C19: coined in Ger. from L. carota 'carrot.

**carotid** /kə'rotid/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to or denoting the two main arteries carrying blood to the head and neck 颈动脉的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. carotide or mod. L. carotides, from Gk karotides, pl. of karotis 'drowsiness', from karoun 'stupefy' (because compression of these

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arteries was thought to cause stupor).

**carouse** /kə'rauz/v. drink alcohol and enjoy oneself with others in a noisy, lively way 痛饮狂欢n. a noisy, lively drinking party 纵酒欢宴
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carousal** n. **carouser** n. **carousing** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: orig. as adv. meaning 'right out, completely' in the phr. drink carouse, from Ger. gar aus trinken.

**carousel** / kærǝ'sel, -'zel/ n. 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a merry-go-round at a fair 旋转木马2a rotating machine or device, in particular a conveyor system for baggage collection at an airport 旋转式传 送带;(尤指机场的)行李传送带 3 historical【史义】an equestrian tournament among knights(骑士的) 骑术比赛,竞技比武大会
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. carrousel, from Ital. carosello.

**carp¹** /ka:p/ n. (pl. same 单复同) a deep-bodied freshwater fish, often kept in ponds and sometimes farmed for food 鯉(鱼) [Cyprinus carpio and other species, family Cyprinidae.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. carpe, from late L. carpa.

**carp²**/ka:p/v. complain or find fault continually 抱 怨,找碴儿,挑剔
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carper** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense 'talk, chatter') : from ON karpa 'brag'; later influenced by L. carpere 'pluck at, slander.

**carpaccio** /ka:'pætſiǝu/ n. an Italian hors d'oeuvre consisting of thin slices of raw beef or fish served with a sauce 白汁红肉(配有调味汁的生牛肉或鱼肉 片,为一种意大利冷盘)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., named after the painter Vittore Carpaccio (c.1455-1525) (from his use of red pigments, resembling raw meat in colour).

**carpal** /'ka:pl/ Anatomy & Zoology【解,动】adj. relating to the carpus 腕的■n. a bone of the carpus 腕骨

**carpal tunnel syndrome** n. a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of a major nerve where it passes over the carpal bones 腕管综合征

**car park** un. Brit. 【英】 an area or building where cars or other vehicles may be left temporarily 停车场

**carpe diem** /ka:per 'di:em, 'darem/ exclam. make the most of the present time 及时行乐
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., 'seize the day!', a quotation from Horace (Odes 1.xi).

**carpel** /'ka:pl/n. Botany 【植】 the female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style 心皮
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carpellary** /'ka:pəl(ə)ri/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. carpelle or mod. L. carpellum, from Gk karpos 'fruit.

**carpenter** /'ka:pəntə(r)/ n. a person who makes wooden objects and structures 木工,木匠■V. make by shaping wood做木工活:(以木工技术)制作
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carpentry** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., from OFr. carpentier, charpentier, from late L. carpentarius (artifex) 'carriage (maker)', from carpentum 'wagon, of Gaulish origin.

**carpenter ant** n. a large ant which burrows into wood to make a nest 木工蚁 [Genus Camponotus.]

**carpenter bee** n. a large solitary black bee with purplish wings, which nests in tunnels bored in dead wood or plant stems 木蜂 [Genus Xylocopa.]
C
**carpenter trousers** pl. n. loose-fitting trousers with many pockets of various sizes and loops for tools at the tops or sides of the legs 木工裤

**carpet** /'ka:pit/ n. 1 a floor covering made from thick woven fabric 地毯 a large rug (较大的)小 地毯,地垫2 a thick or soft expanse or layer 地毯状 物: a carpet of bluebell 厚厚的一层蓝钟花 3 used in names of geometrid moths with variegated wings (用 于杂色翅膀尺蛾的名称中)■V. (**carpets**, **carpeting**, **carpeted**) 1 cover with a carpet 用地毯覆盖2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】reprimand severely 训斥,责骂
-**PHRASES** 短语 **on the carpet** informal 【非正式】being severely reprimanded by someone in authority 被 训斥[from carpet referring to the covering of the table before which one would be summoned for reprimand.] **sweep something under the carpet** conceal or ignore a problem or difficulty in the hope that it will be forgotten掩盖(问题);无视 (困难)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carpeting** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME(denoting a thick fabric used as a cover for a table or bed): from OFr. carpite or med. L. carpita, from obs. Ital. carpita 'woollen counterpane', based on L. carpere 'pluck, pull to pieces.

**carpet bag** n. a travelling bag of a kind originally made of carpet-like material毛毡手提包(或旅行 袋)■v.(**carpet-bag**) N. Amer. 【北美】act as a carpetbagger 当毡包客,投机

**carpetbagger** /'ka:pıt,bægə(r)/ n. informal, deroga- tory【非正式,贬】 1 a politician who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections (originally a northerner who went to the South after the American Civil War) 毡包客(在当地无任 何人脉的外来候选人,原指美国内战后南下的北方人) 2 Brit. 【英】 a person who becomes a member of a mutually owned building society or insurance company in order to gain financially in the event of the organization demutualizing 外来投机客(指加入 共有制的建房互助会或保险公司,以在机构取消共有制 时牟利的人)

**carpet beetle**n. a small beetle whose larva (a woolly bear) is destructive to carpets, fabrics, etc. 圓皮蠹 [Genus Anthrenus.]

**carpet-bomb** v. bomb (an area) intensively对(某 一地区)进行地毯式轰炸
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carpet-bombing** n.

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**carpet shark** n. a small shallow-water shark of the Indo-Pacific region, typically with a conspicuous colour pattern 须鲨 [Family Orectolobidae: several species.]

**carpet slipper** n. a soft slipper whose upper part is made of wool or thick cloth(以绒线或厚布作面的) 绒毛拖鞋

**carpet sweeper** ■n. a manual household implement with revolving brushes for sweeping carpets(有旋 转毛刷的)地毯清扫器

**C car phone** n. a mobile phone designed for use in a motor vehicle 车载电话

**carpology** /ka:'pplǝdzi/ n. the study of fruits and seeds 果实分类学;子实体学
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carpological** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk karpos 'fruit' + -LOGY.

**carpool** /'ka:pu:l/ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】■n. a group of people who arrange to make a journey or journeys in a single car 拼车的一伙人 ■v. take part in a carpool 拼车,合伙用车

**carpophore** /'ka:pǝ(u)fo:(r)/ ■n. Botany 【植】1(in a flower) an elongated axis that raises the stem of the pistil above the stamens(花的)心皮柄2(in a fungus) the stem of the fruiting body(真菌的)子 实体柄,孢果柄
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk karpos 'fruit' + -PHORE.

**carport** /'ka:po:t/ n. a shelter for a car consisting of a roof supported on posts, built beside a house(住 房旁边的)汽车棚

**carpus** /'ka:pəs/ n. (pl. **carpi** /-pat/) the group of small bones between the main part of the forelimb and the metacarpus, forming the wrist in humans 腕骨
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from mod. L., from Gk karpos 'wrist.

**carr**/ka:(r)/ ■n. fen woodland or scrub that is typically dominated by alder or willow 卡尔群落(以 桤木、柳树为主的碱沼林地或灌丛)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from ON kjarr 'brushwood', in kjarr-mýrr 'marsh overgrown with brushwood.

**carrack** /'kærək/ n. a large European merchant ship of a kind operating from the 14th to the 17th century 卡拉克帆船(14至17世纪欧洲大型商船)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. caraque; perh. from Sp. carraca, from Arab.

**carrageen** /'kærǝgi:n/ (also 亦作 **carragheen** or **carrageen moss**) n. an edible red shoreline seaweed with flattened branching fronds 皱波角叉菜 [Chondrus crispus.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Ir. carraigin.

**carrageenan** / kærǝ'gi:nən/ n. a carbohydrate extracted from carrageen and used as a thickening or emulsifying agent in food products 卡拉胶,角叉 菜胶(用作食品增稠剂或乳化剂)

**carrel** /'kær(ə)l/ n. 1 a small cubicle with a desk for the use of a reader in a library(图书馆中供单人 使用的)研习间2 historical 【史义】 a small enclosure or study in a cloister(隐修院回廊中的)阅览间
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: appar. rel. to CAROL in the old sense 'ring.

**carriage** /'kærıdz/n. 1 a four-wheeled passenger vehicle pulled by two or more horses(由两匹或多匹 马拉的)四轮马车 a wheeled support for moving a heavy object such as a gun (用于移动重物的带轮) 支架,托架;炮架2 Brit. 【英】any of the separate vehicles of a passenger train(客运列车)车厢3 Brit. 【英】 the conveying of items or merchandise from one place to another(货物)运输4a moving part of a machine that carries other parts into the required position(机器的)滑架,滑座,拖板5a person's bearing or deportment姿势,姿态;举止
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Old North. Fr. cariage, from carier(see见CARRY).

**carriage and pair** n. a carriage pulled by two horses 双驾马车

**carriage clock** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a portable clock in a rectangular case with a handle on top 马车钟(一种 便携式钟表,装在顶部有提手的长方形盒子里)

**carriage dog** n. archaic 【古】 a Dalmatian dog 跟车 狗,达尔马提亚犬
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: because Dalmatians were formerly trained to run behind a carriage as guard dogs.

**carriage release** n. a function or lever which enables the carriage on a typewriter to be moved freely(打字机的)滑架释放功能(或杆)

**carriage return** n. see 见 RETURN (sense 5 of the noun 名词释义5).

**carriage trade** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 the wealthy clientele of a business 富有主顾

**carriageway** /'kæridzwei/n. Brit. 【英】 1 each of the two sides of a dual carriageway or motorway, consisting of two or more lanes 单向车行道(双幅车 行道中的任一边) 2 the part of a road intended for vehicles 车行道,行车道

**carrick bend** /'kærık/ n. a kind of knot used on a ship to join ropes end to end 大绳接结
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from BEND²: carrick perh. an alt. of CARRACK.

**carrier** /'kæriǝ(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that carries, holds, or conveys something 搬运者;携带 者;运输(或运载)工具2 a person or company that undertakes the professional conveyance of goods or people 承运人;运输者;运输公司 3 a person or animal that transmits a disease-causing organism to others, especially without suffering from it themselves 带菌者;带病毒者 Genetics【遗传】an individual possessing a particular gene, especially as a single copy whose effect is masked by a dominant allele, so that the associated characteristic is not displayed but may be passed to offspring(特定基因 的)携带者

**carrier bag** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a plastic or paper bag with handles, for carrying purchased goods 购物袋

**carrier pigeon** n. a pigeon trained to carry messages tied to its neck or leg 信鸽

**carrier wave** n. a high-frequency electromagnetic

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wave modulated in amplitude or frequency to convey a signal 载波

**carriole** /'kæriǝul/ (also 亦作 **cariole**) n. 1 historical 【史义】 a small open horse-drawn carriage for one person 单人敞篷小马车a light covered cart 有篷轻 型运货马车2(in Canada) a kind of sledge pulled by a horse or dogs, with space for one or more passengers(加拿大马或狗拉的单人或多人)雪橇
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. carriuola, dimin. of carro, from L. carrum(see见 CAR).

**carrion** /'kæriǝn/ n. the decaying flesh of dead animals(动物尸体的)腐肉
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. and Old North. Fr. caroine, caroigne, OFr. charoigne, based on L. caro 'flesh.

**carrion beetle** n. a beetle that feeds on decaying animal and plant matter 埋葬虫,尸甲虫,葬甲科昆虫 [Family Silphidae: many species.]

**carrion crow**n. a common black crow 小嘴乌鸦 [Corvus corone.]

**carronade**/kærǝ'neid/n. historical 【史义】a short large-calibre cannon, chiefly in naval use(主要用于 海军的)臼炮
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Carron, near Falkirk in Scotland, where this kind of cannon was first made.

**carrot** /'kærət/ n. 1 a tapering orange-coloured root eaten as a vegetable 胡萝卜(指可食直根)2 a cultivated plant of the parsley family with feathery leaves, which yields carrots 胡萝卜(指植物) [Daucus carota.] 3 an offer of something enticing as a means of persuasion (as contrasted with the 'stick' or punishment)(为说服人做事所许诺的)酬报,好 处(与“大棒”或惩罚相对) 4 (**carrots**) informal, chiefly derogatory【非正式,主贬】a nickname for a red-haired person 红毛头
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carroty** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from Fr. carotte, from L. carota, from Gk karōton.

**carry** /'kæri/v. (**carries**, **carrying**, **carried**) 1 move or transport from one place to another 运送,运载, 提,抱,背have on one's person wherever one goes 携带;佩带;持有conduct; transmit 输送; 传送be infected with (a disease) and liable to transmit it to others传播,传染(疾病) 2 support the weight of 支撑;承载be pregnant with怀(胎) 3 propel (a missile) to a specified distance 推进(导 弹)(至某一距离) take or develop (an idea or activity) to a specified point 使(想法或活动)达到 (某一点)4(of a sound or voice) be audible at a distance(声音)传播5(**carry oneself**) stand and move in a specified way 以某一姿势站立(或移动) 6 have as a feature or consequence具有(特点); 带来(后果)(of a newspaper, television station, etc.) publish or broadcast(报纸等)刊登;(电视 台等)播出 (of a retailing outlet) keep a regular stock of(零售点)备有(商品)7 assume or accept (responsibility or blame)承担(责任),承受(指责) 8 approve (a proposed measure) by a majority of votes 以多数票通过(提议) persuade to support one's policy 劝说……支持(某项政策) N. Amer. 【北 美】gain(a state or district) in an election 在(一 州或选区)胜选9 transfer(a figure) to an adjacent column during an arithmetical operation(算术运算 中)使进位■n.(pl. **carries**) 1 an act of carrying运 送;携带American Football 【美橄】 an act of running or rushing with the ball 带球跑 chiefly N. Amer. 【主 北美】 the action of keeping a gun on one's person 持 枪2 Golf【高尔夫】the distance a ball travels before reaching the ground(球落地之前的)飞行距离 the C range of a gun or similar weapon(枪、炮等的)射程 3 N. Amer.【北美】a portage for boats or supplies(两 条水路间小船、补给品等的)陆上运输
-**PHRASES** 短语 **carry all before one** overcome all opposition 所向无敌,大获全胜 **carry one's bat** Cricket【板】(especially of an opening batsman) be not out at the end of one's side's completed innings (尤指第一击球员)坚持到底(指在一局结束时尚未被判 出局)**carry the can** Brit. informal【英,非正式】take responsibility for a mistake or misdeed 担责;背黑 锅 **carry the day** be victorious or successful 得胜, 取得成功 **carry weight** be influential or important 有影响;有重要性
-**PHRASAL VERBS** 短语动词 **be/get carried away** lose self-control 失去自制 **carry something away** Nautical【航海】lose a mast or other part of a ship through breakage 折断(桅等) **carry something forward** 1 transfer figures to a new page or account 把(账目)转入次页;结转2 keep to use or deal with at a later time把…留作备用;将………留待以后处理 **carry someone off** take someone away by force 强行带走 某人(of a disease) kill someone(疾病)夺去 某人的生命 **carry something off** succeed in doing something difficult 成功做成(难)事 **carry on** 1 continue an activity or task 继续(活动或任务) continue to move in the same direction 继续同向移 动2 informal【非正式】 behave in a specified way 以 (特定方式)行事 behave in an overemotional way意 气用事 3 informal, chiefly derogatory【非正式,主贬】 be engaged in a love affair有不正当的男女关系 **carry something out** perform a task or planned operation 实行,执行,落实 **carry over** extend beyond the normal or original area of application 扩展至通 常(或原有)应用领域之外 **carry something over** keep to use or deal with in a new context 把…留 到新情境下使用(或处理) postpone 推迟,延迟 **carry something through** bring something to completion 完成,实现
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. and Old North. Fr. carier, based on L. carrus 'wheeled vehicle.

**carryall** /'kæriǝ:l/ n. 1 N. Amer.【北美】a large bag or case 大手提包(或箱)2 historical 【史义】 a light carriage 轻便四轮马车 [C18: prob. from Fr. carriole (see见 CARRIOLE).] 3 US 【美】 a large car or truck with seats facing each other along the sides(两边设 有面对面两排座位的)大型载客汽车

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**carrycot** /'kærikpt/n. Brit. 【英】 a small portable cot for a baby 手提式婴儿床

**carry-on** n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a display of excitement or fuss 激动莫名状;大惊小怪状(also 亦作 **carryings-on**) questionable or improper behaviour 成问题的行为,不当行为

**carry-out** n. chiefly Scottish & US【主苏格兰和美】 another term for TAKEAWAY * takeaway 的另一种说法

**carry-over** n. something transferred or resulting from a previous situation or context 转来的部分,留
**C**下的部分,剩余物

**carse**/ka:s/n. Scottish 【苏格兰】 fertile lowland beside a river(河边的)冲积平原,沿河低冲积地
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. an alt. of carrs, pl. of CARR.

**carsick** /'ka:sık/ adj. affected with nausea caused by the motion of a car in which one is traveling 晕 车的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carsickness** n.

**cart** /ka:t/ n. 1 a horse-drawn open vehicle with two or four wheels, used for carrying loads(两轮或 四轮)运货马车 a light two-wheeled open vehicle for driving in, pulled by a single horse(敞篷的)单 马轻型二轮车2a shallow open container on wheels, pulled or pushed by hand 手拉车;手推车 N. Amer. 【北美】a supermarket trolley(超市购物用的)手推 车■v. 1 convey or put in a cart or similar vehicle 用运货马车(或手推车等)运送(或装载)2informal 【非正式】carry(a heavy or cumbersome object) somewhere with difficulty 费力地手提(笨重物品)
> convey or propel unceremoniously 粗暴地运送(或 推动)
-**PHRASES** 短语 **in the cart** Brit. informal【英,非正 式】 in trouble or difficulty 陷入困境;为难 **put the cart before the horse** reverse the proper order or procedure 本末倒置,颠倒正确顺序
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carter** n. **cartful** n. (pl. **cartfuls**). **cartload** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from ON kartr, prob. influenced by Anglo-Norman Fr. and Old North. Fr. carete, dimin. of carre (see见 CAR).

**cartage** /'ka:tıd3/ n. the conveyance of something in a cart or other vehicle 运送,载运

**carte** /ka:t/ n. variant spelling of QUART (sense 2) * quart(释义2)的另一种拼法

**carte blanche** /ka:t 'bla:nf/ n. 1 complete freedom to act as one wishes or thinks best 全权, 自由处置权2(in piquet) a hand containing no court cards as dealt (皮克牌戏中)全手无花牌
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: Fr., lit. 'blank paper.

**cartel**/ka:'tel/ ■n. 1 an association of manufacturers or suppliers formed to maintain high prices and restrict competition 卡特尔,企业联盟(生产商或供 应商为维持高价格、限制竞争而采取的联合)2chiefly historical【主史义】a political coalition intended to promote a mutual interest(政治)联盟
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cartelize** or **cartelise** V.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19 (used orig. with ref. to the coalition of the Conservative and National Liberal parties in Germany (1887): from Ger. Kartell, from Fr. cartel, from Ital. cartello, dimin. of carta, from L. carta(see见 CARD¹).

**Cartesian** /ka:'ti:ziən, -3n/ adj. relating to the French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) and his ideas (法国哲学家)笛卡儿的;笛卡儿哲学的 ■n. a follower of Descartes 笛卡儿主义者
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Cartesianism** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from mod. L. Cartesianus, from Cartesius, Latinized form of the name Descartes.

**Cartesian coordinates** pl. n. coordinates which locate a point in terms of its perpendicular distance from two (or three) mutually perpendicular axes 直角坐标,笛卡儿坐标

**Carthaginian** /ka:ə'dzıniən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the ancient city of Carthage on the coast of North Africa 迦太基人 adj. relating to Carthage or its people 迦太基的;迦太基人的

**carthorse** /'ka:thɔ:s/ n. a large, strong horse suitable for heavy work(适合干重活的)强壮高大 的马

**Carthusian** /ka:'0ju:ziən/ n. a monk or nun of an austere contemplative order founded by St Bruno in 1084(天主教)加尔都西会修士(或修女)■adj. relating to the Carthusians 加尔都西会修士(或修 女)的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from med. L. Carthusianus, from Cart(h)usia, L. name of Chartreuse, near Grenoble, where the order was founded.

**cartilage** /'ka:t(1)lıd3/ n. a firm, flexible connective tissue which is the main component of the articulating surfaces of joints and of structures such as the larynx and respiratory tract and the external ear 软骨
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cartilaginoid** /,ka:t(1)'lædzınǝıd adj. **cartilaginous** /₁ka:t(1)'lædzınəs/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr., from L. cartilago, cartilagin-.

**cartilaginous fish** n. a fish of a large class distinguished by having a skeleton of cartilage rather than bone and including the sharks, rays, and chimaeras 软骨鱼(如鲨鱼、鲮鱼、银鲛等)[Class Chondrichthyes.]

**cartogram** /'ka:təgræm/ n. a map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic form 分区统计图
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. cartogramme, from carte 'map or card' + -gramme (from Gk gramma 'thing written').

**cartography** /ka:'tografi/ n. the science or practice of drawing maps 地图学;地图绘制
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cartographer** n. **cartographic** adj. **cartographical** adj. **cartographically** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. cartographie, from carte (see见 CARD¹) +-graphie (see见-GRAPHY).

**cartomancy** /'ka:tǝ(u),mænsi/ n. fortune telling involving the interpretation of playing cards 纸牌 占卜

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-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cartomancer** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. cartomancie, from carte 'card' + -mancie (see见-MANCY).

**carton** /'ka:t(ə)n/ n. a light cardboard container 纸 (板)盒,纸(板)箱
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from Ital. cartone (see 见 CARTOON).

**cartoon**/ka:'tu:n/ n. 1 a drawing executed in an exaggerated style for humorous or satirical effect 漫画,讽刺画,幽默画2 (also亦作 **cartoon strip**) a comic strip 连环漫画 3 a film made using animation techniques to produce the appearance of movement 动画片,卡通4a full-size drawing made as a preliminary design for a painting or other work of art(画作等的)草图,底图 ■v. represent in a cartoon 以漫画表现;为………绘草图
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cartooning** n. **cartoonish** adj. **cartoonist** n. **cartoony** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Ital. cartone, from carta, from L. carta, charta (see见 CARD¹).

**cartophily**/ka:'tofili/ n. the collecting of picture cards, such as postcards or cigarette cards, as a hobby(作为业余爱好的明信片、烟画等的)画片收集
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cartophilist** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from Fr. carte or Ital. carta 'card' + -PHILY.

**cartouche**/ka:'tu:f/n. 1 a carved tablet or drawing representing a scroll with rolled-up ends, used ornamentally or bearing an inscription(用作装饰或 书写题词的)卷边形牌匾(或雕刻画)
> a decorative architectural feature resembling a scroll(建筑上 的)涡卷装饰 an ornate frame around a design or inscription(图案或铭文的)华丽框架 2 Archaeology 【考古】an oval or oblong enclosing a group of Egyptian hieroglyphs, typically representing the name and title of a monarch(古埃及通常内含统治者 名字和头衔的)长方形(或椭圆形)徽牌
-**ORIGIN** 词源C17: from Fr. cartouche (masc.), earlier cartoche, from Ital. cartoccio, from carta, from L. carta, charta (see见 CARD¹).

**cartridge** /'ka:trıdz/n. 1 a container holding a spool of photographic film, a quantity of ink, or other item or substance, designed for insertion into a mechanism(胶片盒、墨水囊等装盛某种材料以便 塞入较大装置的)容器 2 a casing containing a charge and a bullet or shot for small arms or an explosive charge for blasting弹壳;弹药筒
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. cartouche (fem.), from Ital. cartoccio (see见 CARTOUCHE).

**cartridge belt** n. a belt holding cartridges of ammunition 子弹带

**cartridge paper** ■n. Brit. 【英】 thick, rough-textured paper used for drawing and for strong envelopes(画 画、制信封用的)厚纸,粗面纸
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: orig. used to make cartridge casing.

**cartwheel** /'ka:twi:l/n. 1 the wheel of a cart (大 车)车轮 2 a circular sideways handspring with the arms and legs extended 侧手翻 ■v. perform cartwheels 做侧手翻

**cartwright** /'ka:trait/ n. chiefly historical 【史义】a person whose job is making carts 造车匠

**caruncle** /'kærəŋkı, kə'rʌŋ-/ n. 1 a wattle of a bird such as a turkeycock(禽类喉头下方的)肉垂2 the red prominence at the inner corner of the eye (内眼 角处的)小阜,肉阜3 Botany【植】 a coloured waxy or oily outgrowth from a seed near the micropyle 种阜
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caruncular** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: obs. Fr., from L. caruncula, from caro, carn- 'flesh.
**C**
**carve** /ka:v/ v. 1 cut into or shape (a hard material) in order to produce an object or design 雕刻,刻
> produce (an object or design) by carving 雕刻成 (物体或图案) 2 cut (cooked meat) into slices for eating 把(熟肉)切成片3(**carve something out**) develop a career, reputation, etc. through painstaking effort 奋斗取得(事业、名声等) 4 (**carve something up**) cut into or divide up something ruthlessly 分 割,瓜分(**carve someone up**) informal 【非正式】 aggressively overtake another driver 强行抢车道5 Skiing【滑雪】make (a turn) by tilting one's skis on to their edges and using one's weight to bend them so that they slide into an arc 刻滑转(弯)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **carving** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE ceorfan 'cut, carve', of W. Gmc origin.

**carvel** /'ka:vl/ n. variant spelling of CARAVEL * caravel 的另一种拼法

**carvel-built** adj. (of a boat) having external planks which do not overlap (船) 外板平接的Compare with 比较 CLINKER-BUILT.

**carven** /'ka:v(ə)n/ archaic past participle of CARVE * carve 的古代过去分词

**carver** /'ka:və(r)/ n. 1 a person or tool that carves 雕刻者;切肉者;雕刻工具;切肉工具2Brit.【英】the principal chair, with arms, in a set of dining chairs, intended for the person carving meat(一套餐室椅 中为切肉者准备的)扶手椅

**carvery** /'ka:vəri/ n. (pl. **carveries**) a buffet or restaurant where cooked joints are carved as required(按照顾客要求现切熟肉的)烤肉馆

**car wash** n. a structure containing equipment for washing vehicles automatically洗车处,洗车场

**caryatid** kæri'ætıd/ n. (pl. **caryatides** /-di:z/ or **caryatids**) Architecture 【建】 a pillar in the form of a draped female figure, supporting an entablature (支撑檐部的)女像柱
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: via Fr. and Ital. from L. caryatides, from Gk karuatides, pl. of karuatis 'priestess of Artemis at Caryae', from Karuai (Caryae) in Laconia.

**caryopsis** /kæri'opsis/n. (pl. **caryopses** /-si:z/) Botany 【植】a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat, typical of grasses and cereals 颖果

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-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from mod. L., from Gk karuon 'nut' + opsis 'appearance.

**casaba** /kə'sa:bǝ/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a winter melon of a variety with a wrinkled yellow rind and sweet flesh 卡萨巴甜瓜
-**ORIGIN** 词源 named after Kasaba (now Turgutlu) in Turkey, from which the melons were first exported.

**Casanova**/kæsə'nəvə, -z-/ n. a man notorious for seducing women 浪荡公子,花花公子
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from the name of the Italian adventurer
**C** Giovanni Jacopo Casanova (1725-1798).

**casareep** /'kæsəri:p/ ■n. variant spelling of CASSAREEP * cassareep 的另一种拼法

**casbah** /'kæzba:/ n. variant spelling of KASBAH * kasbah的另一种拼法

**cascabel** /'kæskəbl/ n. a small red chilli pepper of a mild-flavoured variety 铃铛辣椒
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Sp., from Catalan cascavel, from med. L. cascabellus 'little bell'.

**cascade** /kæ'skeid/ n. 1 a small waterfall, especially one in a series 小瀑布(尤指一连串瀑布中的一支) 2 a mass of something that falls, hangs, or occurs in copious quantities 瀑布状物,大簇的下垂物: a cascade of pink bougainvillea 大簇垂下的粉红叶子花 3 a process by which information or knowledge is passed on successively(信息或知识的)连续传 递 4 a succession of devices or stages in a process, each of which triggers or initiates the next(前一 个引发后一个的)一系列装置,连续阶段 ■v. 1 pour downwards rapidly and in large quantities(向瀑布 般)倾泻,流注2 pass (information or knowledge) on to a succession of others连续传递(信息或知识) 3 arrange in a series or sequence 串接,串联
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. cascata, from cascare 'to fall', based on L. casus (see见 CASE¹).

**cascara** /kæs'ka:rǝ/(also 亦作 **cascara sagrada** /sə'gra:də/) n. 1 a purgative made from the dried bark of a North American buckthorn 药鼠李 树皮(用作泻药) 2 the tree from which cascara is obtained 药鼠李(树) [Rhamnus purshiana.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Sp. cáscara (sagrada) '(sacred) bark.

**case¹** /kers/n. 1 an instance of a particular situation; an example of something occurring 事例,实例: a case of mistaken identity 认错身份的例子 the situation affecting or relating to a particular person or thing 特殊情况: I'll make an exception in your case. 我将对你破一次例。an incident under official investigation by the police(警方调查的)案件2 an instance of a disease, injury, or problem 病例,病症, 个案例 a person or their particular problem as a subject of medical or welfare attention(需要医疗或福 利部门关注的)对象,个案3 a legal action, especially one that is to be decided in a court of law(尤指有待 法庭审理的)诉讼,讼案 a set of facts or arguments supporting one side in such a legal action(诉讼一方 提出的)事实,论据,理由alegal action that has been decided and may be cited as a precedent 判例 4 a set of facts or arguments supporting one side of a debate or controversy(在辩论或争议中支持一方 的)事实,论据,理由5 Grammar 【语法】 any of the inflected forms of a noun, adjective, or pronoun that express the semantic relation of the word to other words in the sentence 格(的形式)(表达句中某一词 语与其他词语间语义关系的名词、形容词或代词的任何 屈折变化形式)➤ such a relation whether indicated by inflection or not格(的关系)
-**PHRASES** 短语 **be the case** be so 如此 **on (or off) someone's case** informal 【非正式】continually (or no longer) criticizing or harassing someone 不停 地(或不再)批评(或骚扰)某人
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. cas, from L. casus 'fall', rel. to cadere 'to fall.

**case**/keis/ n. 1 a container designed to hold or protect something 箱:盒;容器 the outer protective covering of a natural or manufactured object套,罩;壳;鞘2a suitcase 旅行箱 3 a box containing twelve bottles of wine or other drink, sold as a unit 装酒箱4 Printing 【印刷】 a partitioned container for loose metal type字盘,活字(分格) ➤ each of the two forms, capital or minuscule, in which a letter of the alphabet may be written or printed 大小写 ■v. 1 enclose within a case 把…装人 箱(或盒、套等)内2 informal 【非正式】 reconnoitre (a place) before carrying out a robbery(为日后抢 劫)对(某处)踩点
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. casse, chasse (mod. caisse 'trunk, chest', châsse 'reliquary, frame'), from L. capsa, rel. to capere 'to hold.

**caseation**/keisi'ersn/n. Medicine 【医】 a form of necrosis characteristic of tuberculosis, in which diseased tissue forms a firm, dry mass like cheese 酪样坏死
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from med. L. caseatio(n-), from L. caseus 'cheese.

**casebook** /'keisbuk/n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a written record of cases, kept by a doctor, investigator, lawyer, etc. (医生、调查员、律师等保存的)书面记录 a book containing extracts of important legal cases (法律) 案例选辑2US【美】a book containing a selection of source materials on a particular subject 专题资料 汇编

**casebound** /'kersbaund/ adj. (of a book) hardback (书)硬封面的,精装的

**case-harden** v. 1 harden the surface of (a material) 使(某材料)表面硬化2 [as adj.作形容词 **case- hardened**] made callous or tough by experience 麻木 不仁的,冷酷无情的

**case history** n. a record of a person's background or medical history kept by a doctor or social worker 个案史;病历

**casein** /'keisiin, -siın/ n. the main protein present in milk and (in coagulated form) in cheese 酪蛋白
-**ORIGIN** 词源C19: from L. caseus 'cheese.

**case knife** n. a type of dagger carried in a sheath 有 鞘的刀

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**case law** n. the law as established by the outcome of former cases 判例法(以过去的判例为根据的法律)

**caseload** /'keislǝud/ n. the number of cases with which a doctor, lawyer, or social worker is concerned at one time(医生、律师、社会工作者等 在某一时间需处理的)个案总数,工作量

**casemate** /'keismeit/ n. historical 【史义】 1a small room in the thickness of the wall of a fortress, with embrasures from which guns or missiles can be fired(堡垒墙内的)掩蔽部,暗炮台 2 an armoured enclosure for guns on a warship(军舰上的)炮塔
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. casamatta, perh. from Gk khasma, khasmat-(see见 CHASM).

**casement**/'keismənt/ n. a window set on a vertical hinge so that it opens like a door 平开窗,门式窗
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (as an architectural term denoting a hollow moulding): from Anglo-Latin cassimentum, from cassa, from L. capsa (see见 CASE²).

**caseous** /'keısiəs/ adj. Medicine 【医】 characterized by caseation 干酪样(坏死)的

**case-sensitive** adj. Computing 【计】 differentiating between capital and lower-case letters 区分大小写的

**case-shot** n. historical 【史义】bullets or pieces of metal in an iron case, fired from a cannon(加农 炮的)霰弹

**case study** n. 1 a detailed study of the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time研究,案例分析 2 a particular instance of something illustrating a thesis or principle(说明某一论题或原理的)个案,案例

**casework** /'keisw3:k/ n. social work directly concerned with individuals and their personal circumstances 社会工作
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caseworker** n.

**cash¹** /kæf/n. money in coins or notes 现金,现钞 (指硬币或纸币) money in any form as an available resource(可用的任何形式的)金钱 v. 1 give or obtain notes or coins for (a cheque or money order)把(支票或汇款单)兑现2 (**cash something in** or N. Amer. 【北美】**cash out**) convert an insurance policy, savings account, etc. into money 把(保险单、 储蓄账户等)兑现(**cash in on**) informal【非正式】 take advantage of or exploit (a situation)捞到好处; 利用3(**cash up**) Brit. 【英】 count and check takings at the end of a day's trading(商店等)结算当日进款
-**PHRASES** 短语 **cash and carry** a system of wholesale trading whereby goods are paid for in full at the time of purchase and taken away by the purchaser 付现自运批发 **cash in one's chips** informal 【非正 式】 die 死 **cash in hand** Brit. 【英】 payment in cash rather than by cheque or other means 现金支付 **cash on delivery** the system of paying for goods when they are delivered 货到付款,交货付款
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cashable** adj. **cashless** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16 (denoting a box for money): from OFr. casse or Ital. cassa 'box', from L. capsa (see见 CASE²).

**cash²**/kæf/n. (pl. same 单复同)historical【史义】a coin of low value from China, southern India, or SE Asia(中国、印度南部或东南亚的)小钱;方孔铜钱
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Port. caixa, from Tamil kāsu, influenced by CASH¹.
**C**
**cashback** /'kæſbæk/ n. 1 a cash refund offered as an incentive to buyers(用于刺激购买者的)现金返还 2 a facility whereby a customer may withdraw cash when making a debit card purchase(持借记卡购物 时的)小额现金提取功能

**cash book** n. a book in which receipts and payments of money are recorded 现金账簿

**cash card** n. Brit. 【英】 a plastic card issued by a bank or building society which enables the holder to withdraw money from a cash dispenser(可在自 动提款机上取款的)现金卡,提款卡

**cash cow**n. informal 【非正式】 a business or investment that provides a steady income or profit 摇钱树(指能带来稳定收入或利润的生意或投资)

**cash crop** n. a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower 经济作物,商 品作物
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cash cropping** n.

**cash desk** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a counter or compartment in a shop or restaurant where payments are made 付款处, 收银台

**cash dispenser** ■n. Brit. 【英】 another term for AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE * automated teller machine 的另一种说法

**cashew** /'kæfu:, kǝ'fu: n. 1 (also 亦作 **cashew nut**) an edible kidney-shaped nut, rich in oil and protein 腰果(坚果) 2 the bushy tropical American tree that bears cashew nuts 腰果(树) [Anacardium occidentale.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Port., from Tupi acajú, сајú.

**cashew apple** n. the swollen edible fruit of the cashew tree, from which the cashew nut hangs(腰 果树的)果梨,假果

**cash flow** n. the total amount of money passing into and out of a business, especially as affecting liquidity(尤指影响资产流动性的)现金流量

**cashier¹** /kæ'fıə(r), kǝ-/ n. a person handling payments and receipts in a shop, bank, or business (商店、银行等的)出纳员,收银员
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Du. cassier or Fr. caissier, from caisse 'cash.

**cashier²**/kæ'fıə(r), kə-/ v. dismiss from the armed forces because of a serious misdemeanour 开除……的 军职
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from Flemish kasseren 'disband troops' or 'revoke a will', from Fr. casser 'revoke, dismiss', from L. quassare(see见 QUASH).

**cash machine** n. another term for AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE * automated teller machine的另一种说法

**cashmere** /'kæfmıə(r)/ n. fine soft wool, originally that from the Kashmir goat 开士米,山羊绒
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: an early spelling of Kashmir.

**cash nexus** n. the relationship constituted by monetary transactions 金钱往来关系

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**cashpoint** /'kæſpoint/ n. Brit. trademark【英, 商标】another term for AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE * automated teller machine的另一种说法

**cash ratio** n. 1 the ratio of the liquid assets of a company to its current liabilities(公司的)现金比 率,流动资产比率 2 the ratio of cash to deposits in a bank(银行的)现金比率,现金准备率,提现率

**cash register** n. a machine used in shops for totalling and recording the amount of each sale and storing the money received 现金出纳机,收银机

**C cash-strapped** adj. informal 【非正式】extremely short of money 极度缺钱的

**casing** /'keısın/ n. 1 a cover or shell that protects or encloses something(保护或封闭用的)套, 罩,壳2 the frame round a door or window 门框; 窗框

**casino** /kə'si:nǝu/ n. (pl. **casinos**) an establish- ment where gambling games are played 赌场
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Ital., dimin. of casa 'house', from L. casa 'cottage.

**cask** /ka:sk/ n. a large barrel-like container for the storage of liquid, especially alcoholic drinks 桶; (尤指)酒桶
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. casque or Sp. casco 'helmet.

**cask beer** n. draught beer brewed and stored in the traditional way, maturing naturally in the cask from which it is served (桶内熟成的)桶装啤酒

**cask-conditioned** adj. (of beer) undergoing a secondary fermentation in the cask and not further processed before serving(啤酒)桶內熟成的,生的

**casket**/'ka:skıt/ n. a small ornamental box or chest for holding valuable objects(放贵重物品的装饰性) 小盒,小箱 Brit. 【英】 a small wooden box for cremated ashes 骨灰盒 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a coffin 棺材
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. an Anglo-Norman Fr. form of OFr. cassette, dimin. of casse (see见 CASE²).

**casque** /ka:sk/ n. 1 historical 【史义】 a helmet 头盔 2 Zoology 【动】a helmet-like structure, such as that on the bill of a hornbill 盔瓣,盔状突
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., from Sp. casco.

**Cassandra** /kə'sændrǝ/ n. a person who prophesies disaster 凶事预言者
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from the name in Gk mythology of Cassandra, who was given the gift of prophecy by Apollo; when she cheated him he caused her prophecies to be disbelieved.

**cassareep** /'kæsəri:p/ ■n. W. Indian 【西印】 a thick brown syrup made by boiling down the juice of grated cassava with sugar and spices 木薯浆
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Arawak casiripe.

**cassata** /kə'sa:tə/ n. Neapolitan ice cream containing candied or dried fruit and nuts 那不勒斯 果子冰激凌
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: Ital.

**cassation** /kə'sersn/n. Music 【音】 an informal instrumental composition of the 18th century, similar to a divertimento and often for outdoor performance 遣兴曲,室外嬉游曲(18世纪的一种非正 式器乐曲)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Ger. Kassation 'serenade', from Ital. cassazione.

**cassava** /kə'sa:və/ n. 1 a starchy tuberous root used as food in tropical countries but requiring careful preparation to remove traces of cyanide (作 为食物的)木薯块茎 2 the shrubby tree from which cassava is obtained, native to tropical America 木薯 [Genus Manihot: several species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Taino casávi, cazábbi, influenced by Fr. cassave.

**Cassegrain telescope** /'kæsıgrein/ n. a reflecting telescope in which light reflected from a secondary mirror passes through a hole in the primary mirror 卡塞格林望远镜
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after N. Cassegrain, the French astronomer who devised it.

**casserole** /'kæsǝrǝul/ n. 1 a large dish with a lid, used for cooking food slowly in an oven 焙盘;炖 锅;砂锅2a kind of stew cooked slowly in an oven 焙盘菜;炖锅菜■v. cook slowly in a casserole 用焙盘 或炖锅慢煮
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., dimin. of casse 'spoon- like container', from Old Provençal casa, from late L. cattia 'ladle, pan', from Gk kuathion, dimin. of kuathos 'cup.

**cassette** /kə'set/ n. a sealed plastic unit containing a length of audio tape, videotape, film, etc. wound on a pair of spools, for insertion into a recorder or playback device 盒式磁带;盒式录音(或录像)带
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr., dimin. of casse (see见 CASE2).

**cassette player** (also 亦作 **cassette recorder**) n. a machine for playing back or recording audio cassettes 盒式放音机(或录音机)

**cassette tape** n. a cassette of audio tape 盒式录 音带

**cassia** /'kæsiə/ n. 1 a leguminous tree or plant of warm climates, producing senna and other valuable products 决明,山扁豆[Genus Cassia: numerous species.] 2 the aromatic bark of an East Asian tree (Cinnamomum aromaticum), yielding an inferior kind of cinnamon(肉)桂皮
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from L., prob. orig. denoting wild cinnamon, via Gk from Heb. qěși 'āh.

**cassis¹** /kæ'si:s, 'kæsts/ (also 亦作 **crème de cassis**) n. a syrupy blackcurrant liqueur produced mainly in Burgundy 黑茶麗子甜酒
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., 'blackcurrant', appar. from L. cassia (see见 CASSIA).

**cassis²**/kæ'si/ n. a wine produced in the region of Cassis, a small town near Marseilles 卡西葡萄酒(产 于法国马赛附近卡西镇一带)

**cassiterite** /kə'sıtəraıt/ n. a reddish, brownish, or yellowish mineral consisting of tin dioxide 锡石
-**ORIGIN** 词源C19: from Gk kassiteros 'tin' + -πε¹.

**cassock** /'kæsǝk/ n. a long garment worn by some

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Christian clergy and members of church choirs(某 些基督教神职人员和唱诗班成员穿的)长袍,法衣
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cassocked** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. casaque 'long coat', from Ital. casacca 'riding coat', prob. from Turkic kazak 'vagabond.

**cassoulet** /'kæsuler/ n. a stew made with meat and beans 豆焖肉
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., dimin. of dial. cassolo 'stew pan', from Old Provençal cassa 'pan.
**C**
**cassowary** /'kæsǝwəri, -weǝri/ n. (pl. **casso- waries**) a very large flightless bird related to the emu, native mainly to New Guinea 鹤鸵 [Genus Casuarius: five species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Malay kesuari.

**cast¹** /ka:st/ v. (past and past part. **cast**) 1 throw forcefully in a specified direction投,扔,掷,抛 ➤throw so as to spread over an area 撒 2 cause (light or shadow) to appear on a surface 投射(光 或影子)direct (one's eyes or thoughts) towards something 投射(视线);聚焦(心思)
> cause to be associated with something 使与………关联: Journalists cast doubt on this version of events. 新闻记者对事件的 这一说法表示怀疑。3 shed or discard (something) 脱落;丢弃4 shape (metal or other material) by pouring it into a mould while molten 浇铸,铸造
> arrange and present in a specified form or style 分类 整理;编排 5 register (a vote)投(票) 6 throw the hooked and baited end of (a fishing line) out into the water 抛(钓钩钩) 7 cause (amagic spell) to take effect施(魔咒) 8 calculate and record details of (a horoscope)推算(星象)9 Hunting 【猎】 let loose (hounds) on a scent放(猎狗)探寻臭迹 search around for a scent 探寻臭迹n. 1 an object made by casting metal or other material 铸件;模压品2(also 亦作 **plaster cast**) a mould used to make such an object 铸模;模子> a bandage stiffened with plaster of Paris, moulded to support and protect a broken limb(固定骨折的腿或臂的)石膏敷料3 an act of casting something投,扔,掷,抛Brit.【英】the leader of a fishing line(钓鱼线的)接钩绳4form, appearance, or character 外观,外貌;特性:She had a somewhat masculine cast of countenance. 她长着一 张有点男人相的脸。5 a slight squint(轻微的)斜视6 short for WORM CAST * worm cast 的缩略式 7 a pellet regurgitated by a hawk or owl (鹰或猫头鹰)呕出的 不消化食物 8 a wide sweep made by a dog or pack of hounds(猎狗等的)散开探寻臭迹
-**PHRASAL VERBS** 短语动词 **cast about (or around or round)** search far and wide 四处寻找 **be cast away** be stranded after a shipwreck(船遇难后幸存 者)流落某处 **be cast down** feel depressed 沮丧,消 沉 **cast off (or cast something off)** 1 Knitting 【针 织】 take the stitches off the needle by looping each over the next to finish the edge 收(针)2 set a boat or ship free from her moorings 解(船缆);解缆出航 3 let loose a hunting hound or hawk放开(猎狗或猎 鹰)4 Printing【印刷】 estimate the space that will be taken in print by manuscript copy(根据稿件)估计 版面篇幅 **cast on (or cast something on)** Knitting 【针织】make the first row of a specified number of loops on the needle起针,开始织(编织品)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **casting** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: from ON kasta 'to cast or throw.

**cast²** /ka:st/ n. the actors taking part in a play or film(参与戏剧或电影的)全体演员 ■v. (past and past part. **cast**) assign a part to (an actor)给(演员) 分配角色,选择……出演角色 allocate parts in (a play or film)为(戏剧或电影)分配角色
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: a special use of CAST¹.

**castanets** / kæstə'nets/pl. n. small concave pieces of wood, ivory, or plastic, joined in pairs by a cord and clicked together by the fingers as a rhythmic accompaniment to Spanish dancing 响板(西班牙舞 蹈的伴奏乐器)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Sp. castañeta, dimin. of castaña, from L. castanea 'chestnut.

**castaway** /'ka:stǝwer/ n. a person who has been shipwrecked and stranded in an isolated place(船 失事后)漂至偏远地方的人

**caste** /ka:st/ n. 1 each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status(印度 社会的)种姓2 Entomology 【昆】(in some social insects) a physically distinct kind of individual with a particular function(某些社会性昆虫的)级
-**PHRASES** 短语 **lose caste** descend in status 失去社会 地位
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **casteism** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Sp. and Port. casta 'lineage, breed', fem. of casto 'pure, unmixed', from L. castus 'chaste.

**castellan** /'kæstələn/ n. historical 【史义】the governor of a castle 城堡总管
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: from Old North. Fr. castelain, from med. L. castellanus, from L. castellum (see见 CASTLE).

**castellated** /'kæstǝleıtıd/ adj. 1 having battlements 有雉堞的2(of a nut or other mechanical part) having grooves or slots on its upper face(螺母等)堞 形的,槽顶的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **castellation** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from med. L. castellatus, from L. castellum (see见 CASTLE).

**caste mark** n. a symbol on the forehead denoting membership of a particular Hindu caste (印度人额上的)种姓标记

**caster** /'ka:stə(r)/ ■n. 1 a person or machine that casts 投掷的人;铸工;铸字机2 Fishing 【垂钓】a fly pupa used as bait(用作鱼饵的)蝇蛹3 variant spelling of CASTOR¹ * castor'的另一种拼法

**caster sugar** (also 亦作 **castor sugar**) ■n. Brit. 【英】finely granulated white sugar 精白砂糖
-**ORIGIN**词源 C19: so named because it was suitable for sprinkling using a castor.

**castigate** /'kæstigeit/ v. reprimand severely 严厉批

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评,申斥
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **castigation** n. **castigator** n. **castigatory** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17(earlier(ME) as castigation): from L. castigare 'reprove', from castus 'pure, chaste.

**Castilian** /kæ'stıliən/ n. 1 a native of the central Spanish region of Castile(西班牙)卡斯蒂利亚人2 the language of Castile, being the standard spoken and literary Spanish 卡斯蒂利亚语,标准西班牙语 ■adj. relating to Castile or Castilian 卡斯蒂利亚的;
**C** 卡斯蒂利亚人的;卡斯蒂利亚语的

**casting couch**n. informal【非正式】a couch supposedly used by a film producer who awards parts in return for sexual favours(据说电影制片人以 角色作性交易时使用的)选角沙发

**casting vote** n. an extra vote used by a chairperson to decide an issue when votes on each side are equal(赞成与反对票数相等时由会议主席投的)决定票
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from an obs. sense of cast 'turn the scale.

**cast iron** n. 1 a hard, relatively brittle alloy of iron and carbon which can be readily cast in a mould 铸 铁2 [as modifier 作修饰语] firm and unchangeable 坚 定的,确定不移的: There are no cast-iron guarantees. 没有哪个保证是永不反悔的。

**castle** /'ka:sl/ n. 1 a large building, typically of the medieval period, which is (or was formerly) fortified as a stronghold 城堡2 Chess, informal 【国 象,非正式】old-fashioned term for ROOK² * rook² 的过时说法 ■v. Chess【国象】move one's king from its original square two squares along the back rank towards a rook on its corner square which is simultaneously moved to the square passed over by the king 王车易位;走王(使与车易位)
-**PHRASES** 短语 **castles in the air (or in Spain)** visionary unattainable schemes; daydreams 空中楼 阁,白日梦;无法实现的计划
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **castled** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE: from Anglo-Norman Fr. and Old North. Fr. castel, from L. castellum, dimin. of castrum 'fort.

**cast net** n. Fishing 【垂钓】a net that is thrown out and drawn in again, as opposed to one that is set up and left 撒网(一种撒出后又立刻收回的渔网)

**cast-off** adj. no longer wanted; abandoned or discarded 抛弃的,丢弃的n. a cast-off garment丢 弃的衣服

**castor¹** /'ka:stə(r)/ (also 亦作 **caster**) ■n. 1 each of a set of small swivelling wheels fixed to the legs or base of a heavy piece of furniture(重家具底部的) 小脚轮,自位轮2 a small container with holes in the top, used for sprinkling the contents(盖上有孔的) 调味品瓶
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: orig. a var. of CASTER.

**castor²** /'ka:stə(r)/ n. a reddish-brown oily substance secreted by beavers, used in medicine and perfumes 海狸香(可入药或制香水)
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME(in the sense 'beaver'): from OFr. or L., from Gk kastor.

**castor bean** n. the seed of the castor oil plant, containing the poisonous compound ricin 蓖麻子

**castor oil** n. a pale yellow purgative oil obtained from the seeds of an African shrub (Ricinus communis) 蓖 麻油
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: perh.so named because it succeeded CASTOR² in medicinal use.

**castor sugar** n. variant spelling of CASTER SUGAR * caster sugar 的另一种拼法

**castrate**/kæ'streit/v./kæ'streit/ remove the testicles of (a man or male animal)割除(男子或雄性动物的) 睾丸,阉割n. /'kæstreit/ a castrated man or male animal 被阉割的男子(或雄性动物)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **castration** n. **castrator** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as castration): from L. castrare.

**castrato**/kæ'stra:tǝu/ n. (pl. **castrati** /-ti/) historical【史义】a male singer castrated in boyhood so as to retain a soprano or alto voice 阉伶,阉人歌 手(童年时接受阉割手术以保持高音的男性歌手)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Ital., past part. of castrare (see见 CASTRATE).

**casual**/'kæzuǝl, -zj-/ adj. 1 relaxed and unconcerned 无忧无虑的,不在乎的made, done, or acting without much care or thought漫不经心的;未经 考虑的: a casual remark 随口说出的话2 not regular or firmly established 临时的;不定期的,不固定 的➤ (of a worker) employed on a temporary or irregular basis(工人)被临时(或不定期)雇 用的➤(of a sexual relationship or encounter) occurring between people who are not established sexual partners(性关系或性接触)随意的,一时 的3 happening by chance; accidental 偶然的, 碰巧的;意外的: a casual meeting 邂逅 4 without formality of style, manner, or procedure 非正式的 ■n. 1 Brit.【英】 a casual worker 临时工;无固定工作 的劳动者2(**casuals**) clothes or shoes suitable for everyday wear rather than formal occasions 便装; 便鞋3 Brit.【英】 a youth belonging to a subculture characterized by the wearing of expensive casual clothing 散漫青年(以穿昂贵的休闲装为特征的亚文化 群体)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **casually** adv. **casualness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. casuel and L. casualis, from casus 'fall.

**casual Friday** n. US term for DRESS-DOWN FRIDAY * dress-down Friday 的美式说法

**casualization** or **casualisation** /kazuǝlar'zerfn/ ■n. the replacement of a permanently employed workforce by casual workers 转为雇用临时工制
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **casualize** V.

**casualty** /'kæzuǝlti/ n. (pl. **casualties**) 1 a person killed or injured in a war or accident(战争或事故 中的)伤亡人员Brit. 【英】 the casualty department of a hospital 急诊室2(chiefly in insurance) an accident, mishap, or disaster(主要用于保险领域)事 故,不幸,灾难

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-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense 'chance, a chance occurrence'): from med. L. casualitas, from casualis (see见 CASUAL), on the pattern of words such as penalty.

**casualty department** (also 亦作 **casualty ward**) ■n. Brit. 【英】 the department of a hospital providing immediate treatment for emergency cases 急诊室

**casual water** ■n. Golf 【高尔夫】a temporary expanse of water which is not a recognized hazard of the course and from which a player may remove a ball without penalty 临时积水

**casuarina**/kæsjuə'ri:nǝ/ n. a tree with slender, jointed, drooping twigs bearing tiny scale-like leaves, native to Australia and SE Asia 木麻黄(原 产地为澳大利亚及东南亚,树枝修长、低垂,叶小呈鳞 状)[Genus Casuarina.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from mod. L. casuarius 'cassowary' (from the resemblance of the branches to the bird's feathers).

**casuist** /'kæzjuist, -3j-/ n. a person who uses clever but false reasoning 诡辩家
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **casuistic** adj. **casuistical** adj. **casuistically** adv. **casuistry** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. casuiste, from Sp. casuista, from L. casus(see见 CASE).

**casus belli**/keısəs 'belaı, ka:sus 'beli/ n. (pl. same 单复同) an act or situation provoking or justifying war交战理由;开战借口
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., from casus (see见 CASE¹) and belli, genitive of bellum 'war'.

**CAT** abbr. 1 clear air turbulence 晴空湍流 2 computer-assisted testing 计算机辅助测试 3 Medicine 【医】computerized axial tomography 计算机化轴向 层析扫描

**cat¹**/kæt/n. 1 a small domesticated carnivorous mammal with soft fur, a short snout, and retractile claws 猫 [Felis catus.] any member of the cat family (Felidae), which includes the lion, tiger, leopard, etc.猫科动物(如狮、虎、豹等) 2 informal 【非正式】a malicious or spiteful woman 心地恶毒 的女人,爱说人坏话的女人3 historical 【史义】short for CAT-O'-NINE-TAILS * cat-o'-nine-tails 的缩略式 ■V. (**cats**, **catting**, **catted**) Nautical 【航海】 raise (an anchor) from the surface of the water to the cathead 把(锚)吊放在锚架上
-**PHRASES** 短语 **the cat's pyjamas** (or **the cat's meow**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 another term for the cat's whiskers * the cat's whiskers 的另一种 说法(see见 CAT'S WHISKER) **let the cat out of the bag** informal 【非正式】reveal a secret carelessly or by mistake(无意中)泄露秘密 **like a cat on a hot tin roof** (Brit. also 【英亦作】**on hot bricks**) informal 【非正式】very agitated or anxious 像热锅上的蚂 蚁,局促不安,如坐针毡 **not have a cat in hell's chance** informal 【非正式】have no chance at all 毫无 机会 **put (or set) the cat among the pigeons** Brit. 【英】 say or do something likely to cause trouble or controversy 引起麻烦(或争议) **see which way the cat jumps** informal 【非正式】 see what direction events are taking before committing oneself 观望形 势(再行动)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catlike** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE catt, catte, of Gmc origin.
**C**
**cat²**/kæt/ n. a catalytic converter(安装在汽车排气 装置上的)催化转换器,催化净化器

**cat³**/kæt/n. a catamaran 双体船

**cata-** /'kætǝ/(also 亦作**cat-**) prefix 1 down; downwards 下,向下:catadromous (鱼)降河产卵 的2 wrongly; badly 错误;糟糕:catachresis 词语误 用3 completely 完全: cataclysm 大灾难 4 against; alongside 对着;并排:catechize向……用问答法传授
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Gk kata 'down.

**catabolism** /kə'tæbəlız(ə)m/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy 分解代谢
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catabolic**/kætə'bplık/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk katabolē 'throwing down.

**catachresis** / kætə'kri:sıs/ n. (pl. **catachreses** /-si:z/) the incorrect use of a word 词语误用
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catachrestic** /-'kri:stık, -'krestık/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L., from Gk katakhrēsis, from katakhresthai 'misuse.

**cataclasis**/kætə'kleısıs/n. Geology 【地质】the fracture and breaking up of rock by natural processes (岩石的)碎裂作用
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cataclastic** /-'klæstık/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: from CATA- + Gk klasis 'breaking.

**cataclysm** /'kætəklız(ə)m/ ■n. a violent upheaval or disaster 大动乱;大灾难
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cataclysmic** adj. **cataclysmically** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (orig. denoting the biblical Flood): from Fr. cataclysme, via L. from Gk kataklusmos 'deluge.

**catacomb** /'kætǝku:m/ n. an underground cemetery consisting of a gallery with recesses for tombs(由走道和若干房室构成的)地下墓地
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE, from late L. catacumbas, the name of the subterranean cemetery of St Sebastian near Rome.

**catadioptric** / kætədar'pptrık/ adj. Optics 【光】 denoting an optical system which involves both the reflecting and refracting of light, in order to reduce aberration 反射折射的,折反射(式)的

**catadromous** /kæ'tædrəməs/ adj. Zoology 【动】(of a fish) migrating down rivers to the sea to spawn (鱼)降河产卵的,下海繁殖的The opposite of 反义词 ANADROMOUS.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from CATA- + Gk dromos 'running', on the pattern of anadromous.

**catafalque** /'kætəfælk/ n. a decorated wooden framework to support a coffin 棺材架;灵柩台
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. catafalco, of

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unknown origin.

**Catalan** /'kætəlæn/ n. 1 a native of Catalonia in NE Spain(西班牙)加泰罗尼亚人2 the Romance language of Catalonia closely related to Castilian Spanish and Provençal 加泰罗尼亚语 ■adj. relating to Catalonia, its people, or their language 加泰罗尼 亚的;加泰罗尼亚人的;加泰罗尼亚语的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr., from Sp. catalán, rel. to Catalan català 'Catalan, Catalunya 'Catalonia.

**catalase** /'kætǝleız/n. Biochemistry 【生化】an enzyme that plays an important role in the removal of hydrogen peroxide from animal and plant cells 过氧化氢酶
-**ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from CATALYSIS + -ASE.
**C**
**catalectic**/kætə'lektık/ adj. Prosody 【诗体】 denoting a metrical line of verse lacking one syllable in the last foot(诗行)最后音步缺音节的,以不完整音 步结尾的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from late L. catalecticus, from Gk katalēktikos, from katalēgein 'leave off'.

**catalepsy** /'kæt(ə)lepsi/ n. a medical condition characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body 僵住(症)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cataleptic** adj. & n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. catalepsie or late L. catalepsia, from Gk katalēpsis, from katalambanein 'seize upon.

**catalogue** /'kætǝlog/ (US also【美亦作】**catalog**) ■n. 1 a complete list of items arranged in alphabetical or other systematic order目录;目录簿 ➤a publication containing details of items for sale 商品目录 2 a series of unfortunate or bad things 系列(不幸或糟糕的事): a catalogue of dismal failures 一连串惨痛的失败v. (**catalogues**, **cataloguing**, **catalogued**; US also 【美亦作】**catalogs**, **cataloging**, **cataloged**) list in a catalogue 将……编入目录
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cataloguer** (US also【美亦作】 **cataloger**) n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. catalogus, from Gk katalogos, from katalegein 'pick out or enrol.

**catalogue raisonné** / reizp'ne1/■n. (pl. **catalogues raisonnés** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a descriptive catalogue of works of art with explanations and comments(艺术品等有说明和评论的)分类目录
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: Fr., 'explained catalogue.

**Catalonian**/kætə'ləuniən/ adj. & n. another term for CATALAN * Catalan的另一种说法

**catalpa** /kə'tælpǝ/ n. a tree with heart-shaped leaves, trumpet-shaped flowers, and slender seed pods, native to North America and east Asia 梓树 [Genus Catalpa.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Creek.

**catalyse** /'kæt(ə)laiz/ (US【美】**catalyze**) v. cause or accelerate (a reaction) by acting as a catalyst 催化;刺激;促进
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catalyser** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from CATALYSIS, on the pattern of analyse.

**catalysis** /kə'tælısıs/n. Chemistry & Biochemistry【化, 生化】the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst 催化
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catalytic** / kætə'lıtık/adj. **catalytically** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from mod. L., from Gk katalusis, from kataluein 'dissolve'.

**catalyst** /'kætəlıst/ n. a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change 催化剂 a person or thing that precipitates an event 刺激(或促进因素)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from CATALYSIS, On the pattern of analyst.

**catalytic converter** n. a device in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle, containing a catalyst for converting pollutant gases into less harmful ones (安装在汽车排气装置上的)催化转换器,催化净化器

**catamaran** /kætəmə'ræn/ n. a yacht or other boat with twin hulls in parallel 双体船
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Tamil kattumaram, lit. 'tied wood.

**catamite** /'kætəmart/ n. archaic 【古】 a boy kept for homosexual practices 娈童,当性奴的男童
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L. catamitus, via Etruscan from Gk Ganumēdēs 'Ganymede' (the name of Zeus's cup-bearer in Gk mythology).

**catamount** /'kætǝmaunt/(also亦作**catamountain** /kætə'mauntın/) ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a puma 美 洲狮 archaic 【古】 any medium-sized or large wild cat 中等(或大型)猫科野兽
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME(as catamountain): from the phr. cat of the mountain.

**cataphatic**/kætǝ'fætık/ adj. Theology 【神学】 (of knowledge of God) obtained through defining God with positive statements(对上帝的知识)用肯定方 法所得的 The opposite of 反义词 APOPHATIC.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk kataphatikos 'affirmative, from kataphasis 'affirmation.

**cataphora** /kə'tæf(ə)rən. Grammar【语法】the use of a word referring to a word used later (e.g. the pronoun he in he may be approaching 37, but Jeff has no plans to retire yet) 下指 Compare with 比较 ANAPHORA.
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cataphoric** / kætǝ'forık/ adj. **cataphorically** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1970s: from CATA- on the pattern of anaphora.

**cataplasm** /'kætəplæz(ə)m/ n. archaic【古】a plaster or poultice 泥罨剂,泥敷剂,糊剂
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cataplasme or late L. cataplasma, from Gk kataplasma, from kataplassein 'plaster over.

**cataplexy** /'kætəpleksi/ n. a medical condition in which strong emotion or laughter causes a person to suffer sudden physical collapse though remaining conscious 猝倒(症)

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-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cataplectic** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk kataplēxis 'stupefaction', from kataplessein, from kata- 'down' + plēssein 'strike.

**catapult** /'kætǝpalt/ n. 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】a forked stick with an elastic band fastened to the two prongs, used for shooting small stones 弹弓2 historical【史义】a machine worked by a lever and ropes for hurling large stones or other missiles 弩 炮;投石机 3a mechanical device for launching a glider or aircraft(发射滑翔机或飞机的)弹射器■V. hurl or launch with or as if with a catapult(似)用 弹弓射;(似)用弹射器发射;猛投move suddenly or at great speed突然(或迅速)移动
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. catapulte or L. catapulta, from Gk katapeltēs, from kata- 'down' + pallein 'hurl.
**C**
**cataract** /'kætərækt/ n. 1 a large waterfall 大瀑布2 a medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision 白内障
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. cataracta 'waterfall, floodgate', also 'portcullis', from Gk kataraktēs 'down-rushing.

**catarrh** /kə'ta:(r)/ ■n. excessive discharge of mucus in the nose or throat 卡他,黏膜炎
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catarrhal** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. catarrhe, from late L. catarrhus, from Gk katarrhous, from katarrhein 'flow down.

**catarrhine** /'kætəraım/ adj. Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting primates of a group distinguished by having close, downwardly directed nostrils and lacking a prehensile tail, comprising the Old World monkeys, gibbons, great apes, and humans(灵长类动物中)狭鼻 类的 Compare with 比较 PLATYRRHINE.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from CATA-+ Gk rhis, rhin- 'nose.

**catastrophe** /kə'tæstrǝfi/ n. 1 an event causing great damage or suffering 灾难,灾祸,大祸2 the denouement of a drama, especially a classical tragedy(戏剧,尤指古典悲剧的)结局
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. catastropha, from Gk katastrophe 'overturning, sudden turn.

**catastrophe theory** n. a branch of mathematics concerned with systems displaying abrupt discontinuous change(数学中的)突变理论

**catastrophic** / kætǝ'strpfık/ adj. involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering 灾难(性) 的 extremely unfortunate or unsuccessful 悲惨 的;惨败的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catastrophically** adv.

**catastrophism** /kə'tæstrəfız(ə)m/ ■n. Geology 【地质】the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events 灾变论(关于地壳 变化主要是由于剧烈和异常的突发灾难所引起的理论) Often contrasted with 常对照 UNIFORMITARIANISM.
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catastrophist** n. & adj.

**catatonia** /kætə'təuniə/ ■n. Psychiatry 【精神】 abnormality of movement and behaviour arising from a disturbed mental state 紧张症,紧张型精神分 裂症
>informal 【非正式】a state of immobility and stupor 强直,木僵
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catatonic** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from CATA + Gk tonos 'tone or tension.

**catawba** /kə'tə:bə/ n. a North American variety of grape(北美)卡托巴葡萄 a white wine made from the catawba grape 卡托巴白葡萄酒
-**ORIGIN** 词源 named after the river Catawba in North and South Carolina.

**catbird** /'kætb3:d/n. a songbird with catlike mewing calls灰(或黑)嘲鸫,猫鸟[Dumetella carolinensis (N. America) and other species.]

**catboat** /'kætbǝut/ n. a sailing boat with a single mast placed well forward and carrying only one sail (桅在靠近船头处的)单桅帆船,独桅艇
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: perh. from cat (denoting a type of merchant ship formerly in NE England) + BOAT.

**cat burglar** n. a thief who enters a building by climbing to an upper storey飞贼,翻墙入室的窃贼

**catcall** /'kætko:l/ n. a shrill whistle or shout of mockery or disapproval(表示反对或嘲弄的)尖叫 声,嘘声 ■v. make a catcall发尖叫声,发嘘声
-**ORIGIN** 词源C17: from CAT¹ + CALL.

**catch**/kæt∫/ v. (past and past part. **caught**) 1 intercept and hold (something which has been thrown, propelled, or dropped)接住,截住,拦住 ➤ seize or take hold of 抓住,握住Cricket 【板】 dismiss (a batsman) by catching the ball before it touches the ground 接杀(击球员) 2 capture (a person or animal that tries or would try to escape) 捉住,逮住;捕获(also 亦作 **catch up** or **catch someone up**) succeed in reaching (a person who is ahead of one)追上,赶上(前面的人) surprise (someone) in an awkward or incriminating situation 撞见;当场发现(或发觉)3accidentally become entangled or trapped in something(不小心)被缠 住,被绊住 have (a part of one's body or clothing) become entangled or trapped in something 使(身 体某部位或衣服)被夹住,使被钩住4 reach in time and board (a train, bus, or aircraft)赶上(火车、 公共汽车或飞机) reach or be in a place in time to see (a person, performance, etc.)(及时赶至某处 从而)看到(某人、某演出等)5(**be caught (up) in**) become involved in (something, especially an unwelcome situation)被卷入(某事,尤指不好的事) 6 engage (a person's interest or imagination)引起, 激发(某人的兴趣或想象) perceive fleetingly(短 暂地)察觉,瞥见 hear or understand (something said), especially with effort(尤指费力地)听清楚, 领会
> succeed in evoking or representing 唤起;再 现7 strike(someone) on a part of the body 击中(某 人)某身体部位➤ accidentally strike (a part of one's body) against something 使(身体某部位)不小心 碰上(或撞上)某物 8 contract(an illness) through infection or contagion得(病);染(疾)9 become ignited and start burning着(火) ■n. 1 an act or

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instance of catching接住;抓住;捉住 an amount of fish caught(鱼的)捕获量 informal 【非正式】a person considered desirable as a partner or spouse 理 想的(婚配)对象 2 a game in which a ball is thrown back and forth between two or more players 传接 球游戏 3 a device for securing something such as a door, window, or box门门;窗钩;(盒子等的)锁扣, 搭扣 4 a hidden problem or disadvantage 隐藏的难 题;暗藏的不利因素 5 an unevenness in a person's voice caused by emotion(因激动导致说话声音的)
**C** 硬塞6 Music【音】 a round, typically one with words arranged to produce a humorous effect(多指幽默) 轮唱歌
-**PHRASES** 短语 **catch someone's eye** 1 be noticed by someone 惹某人注目 2 attract someone's attention by making eye contact(通过目光接触) 引起某人注意 **catch the light** shine or glint in the light 在光照下闪亮 **catch sight of** suddenly notice; glimpse(突然)看见;瞥见**catch the sun** 1 be in a sunny position 在阳光充足的位置2Brit.【英】 become tanned or sunburned 被晒黑;被晒伤
-**PHRASAL VERBS** 短语动词 **catch on** informal 【非正 式】1(of a practice or fashion) become popular (某种做法或时尚)流行起来,受到欢迎2 understand what is meant or how to do something 懂得,理 解 **catch someone out** Brit. 【英】 1 detect that someone has done something wrong 发觉某人 犯了错误;查出某人做了坏事2put someone in a difficult situation for which they are unprepared 使某人突陷困境 **catch up** do work or other tasks which one should have done earlier 赶完,弥补(耽 搁下来的工作等) **catch up with** 1 exchange news with (someone whom one has not seen for some time)(与久未见面的人)交流信息 2 begin to have a damaging effect on 对………开始造成损害
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catchable** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. and Old North. Fr. cachier, var. of OFr. chacier, based on L. captare 'try to catch.

**catch-all** n. a term or category that includes a variety of different possibilities 包涵甚广的术语(或 类别);包罗万象的事物

**catch-as-catch-can** n. 1 archaic 【古】 wrestling in which all holds are permitted 自由式摔跤2 [usu. as modifier 通常作修饰语] a situation of using whatever is available 能抓到什么就抓什么的情况;用随便什么办 法的局面

**catch crop** n. a crop grown in the space or interval between two main crops 填闲作物(两茬主要作物之 间种植的作物)

**catcher** /'kætfǝ(r)/ n. a person or thing that catches 捕捉者;抓取者,捕捉器Baseball 【棒】 a fielder positioned to catch pitches not hit by the batter 接手

**catchfly** /'kæt/flat/ n. (pl. **catchflies**) a campion or related plant with a sticky stem 捕蝇草(指剪秋罗、蝇 子草等属植物)[Silene, Lychnis, and other genera.]

**catching** /'kætſin/ adj. informal【非正式】(of a disease) infectious(疾病)传染性的 (of a person's emotion or mood) likely to spread to other people (情绪或心情)有感染力的

**catchline** /'kætſlam/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 1 an advertising slogan 广告语 2 Printing 【印刷】ashort, eye-catching line of type 醒目的字行

**catchment area** /'kætſmənt/ (also 亦作 **catchment**) ■n. 1 the area from which a hospital's patients or a school's pupils are drawn 受托区(该区居民被指定在 一定的医院或学校就医或入学) 2 the area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or reservoir(河、 湖、水库等的)汇水区

**catchpenny** /'kætſpeni/ adj. having a cheap superficial attractiveness designed to encourage quick sales 花哨而不值钱的

**catchphrase** /'kætſfreiz/n. a well-known sentence or phrase 时髦话,流行语

**catch-22** n. a difficult situation from which there is no escape because it involves mutually conflicting or dependent conditions 两个互相抵触(或互相依 赖)的条件所造成的无法摆脱的困境
-**ORIGIN** 词源 title of a novel by Joseph Heller (1961).

**catchup** /'kætsap/ n. old-fashioned spelling of KETCHUP * ketchup 的过时拼法

**catch-up**(also 亦作 **catchup**) n. informal 【非正 式】 an act of catching someone up in a particular activity 追上,赶上
-**PHRASES** 短语 **play catch-up** 1 fall behind continually with work or financial matters (在工作或财务方面) 始终落后 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 try to equal a competitor in a sport or game(在体育运动或比赛中)试图赶上 对手

**catchweight** /'kætſweit/ n. chiefly historical【主史 义】 unrestricted weight, as a weight category in sport(体育运动中的)不分体重级别

**catchword** /'kætſw3:d/n. 1 a popular word or phrase encapsulating a particular concept 口号, 标语 2 a word printed or placed so as to attract attention 引起注意的词,关键词
> Printing, chiefly historical【印刷,主史义】the first word of a page given at the foot of the previous one, below the last line导词,渡词(印在前页末尾的次页首词)

**catchy** /'kætſi/ adj. (**catchier**, **catchiest**) (of a tune or phrase) instantly appealing and memorable (曲调或短语)悦耳易记的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catchily** adv. **catchiness** n.

**catechesis**/kætı'ki:sıs/n. religious instruction given in preparation for Christian baptism or confirmation(为基督教洗礼或坚振礼做准备的)教义 讲授(in Roman Catholic use) religious instruc- tion in general(天主教用语)一般教义讲授
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: via eccles. L. from Gk katēkhēsis 'oral instruction.

**catechetical** / kætı'ketıkl/ adj. 1 relating to catechesis 教义讲授的2 denoting religious teaching by means of questions and answers(教义讲授)问答 式的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catechetic** adj. **catechetically**

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adv. **catechetics** pl. n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from eccles. Gk katēkhētikos, from katēkhētēs 'catechist', from katekhein (see见 CATECHIZE).

**catechin** /'kættfin/n. Chemistry 【化】 a crystalline organic compound which is the major constituent of catechu 儿茶素

**catechism** /'kætıkız(ə)m/ n. a summary of the principles of Christian religion in the form of questions and answers, used for teaching(基督 教的)《教理问答》(in Roman Catholic use) religious instruction in general(天主教用语)一般教 义讲授
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catechismal** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from eccles. L. catechismus, from eccles. Gk, from katēkhizein (see见 CATECHIZE).
**C**
**catechist**/'kætıkıst/ n. a Christian teacher, especially one using a catechism(尤指使用《教理问答》的)传道员
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: via eccles. L. from eccles. Gk katëkhistēs, from katekhein (see见 CATECHIZE).

**catechize** or **catechise** /'kætıkaız/v. instruct by means of question and answer, especially by using a catechism 用问答式讲授;(尤指)用《教理问答》讲授
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catechizer** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: via late L. from eccles. Gk katēkhizein, from katekhein 'instruct orally, make hear.

**catechol** /'kætitfol, -kol/n. Chemistry 【化】 a crystalline organic compound obtained by distilling catechu 儿茶酚,邻苯二酚
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from CATECHU + -OL.

**catecholamine** / kætı'kələmi:n/n. Biochemistry 【生化】any of a class of aromatic amines including neurotransmitters such as adrenalin and dopamine 儿茶酚胺

**catechu** /'kætitfu:/ n. a vegetable extract containing tannin, chiefly obtained from an Indian acacia tree and used for tanning and dyeing 儿茶
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: mod. L., from Malay kacu.

**catechumen** / katı'kju:men/ n. a Christian preparing for baptism or confirmation 慕道友,望 教者
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via eccles. L. from Gk katekhoumenos 'being instructed', pres. part. of katekhein (see 见 CATECHIZE).

**categorical**/kætǝ'gvrıkl/ adj. unambiguously explicit and direct明确的;直截了当的: a categorical assurance 明确的保证
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **categoric** adj. **categorically** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from late L. categoricus (from Gk kategorikos, from kategoria: see 见 CATEGORY)+ -AL.

**categorical imperative** ■n. Philosophy 【哲】(in Kantian ethics) an unconditional and binding moral obligation which is not dependent on a person's inclination or purpose(康德伦理思想中 的)绝对命令,直言命令

**categorize** or **categorise** /'kætəgəraız/ v. place in a particular category; classify 把…分类;把……归类
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **categorization** n.

**category** /'kætəgəri/ n. (pl. **categories**) 1 a class or division of people or things having particular shared characteristics(人或事物的)种类,类别2 Philosophy 【哲】each of a possibly exhaustive set of classes among which all things might be distributed 范畴 each of the a priori conceptions applied by the mind to sense impressions(通过大脑应用于感性 知觉的)首要概念
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **categorial** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Fr. catégorie or late L. categoria, from Gk kategoria 'statement, accusation', from katēgoros 'accuser'.

**catena** /kə'ti:nə/ n. (pl. **catenae** /-ni:/ or **catenas**) a chain or connected series, especially a series of texts written by early Christian theologians一连串, 一系列;(尤指早期基督教神学家所写的)文选注释丛书
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L., 'chain.

**catenary** /kə'ti:nəri/ n. (pl. **catenaries**) a curve formed by a chain hanging freely from two points on the same horizontal level 悬链线 a chain forming such a curve 悬链 adj. of, involving, or denoting a catenary 悬链线的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from L. catenarius 'relating to a chain', from catena 'chain.

**catenated** /'kætinertid/ adj. connected in a chain or series 连接成链状的;成系列的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catenation** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: past part. of catenate, from L. catenat-, catenare 'chain, fetter.

**cater** /'keitə(r)/ ■v. 1 Brit. 【英】 provide food and drink at a social event (为社交活动)提供饮食 N. Amer.【北美】provide food and drink for (an event) 为(活动)提供饮食,承办酒席2 (**cater for/to**) provide with what is needed or required 满足………的需 要(或要求);迎合(**cater for**) take into account or make allowances for 考虑到,顾及 (**cater to**) satisfy (a need or demand)满足,迎合(需要或 要求)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caterer** n. **catering** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from obs. cater 'caterer', from OFr. acateor 'buyer', from acater 'buy.

**cateran** /'kæt(ə)r(ə)n/ n. historical 【史义】a warrior or raider from the Scottish Highlands(苏格兰高地 的)武士;劫匪,强盗
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME(orig. denoting the peasantry as fighters): from Sc. Gaelic ceathairne 'peasantry.

**cater-cornered** (also亦作 **cater-corner**, **catty- cornered**, **kitty-corner**) adj. & adv. N. Amer.【北 美】 situated diagonally opposite 呈对角线相对(的), 斜对着(的)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from dial. cater 'diagonally', from cater denoting the four on dice, from Fr. quatre 'four', from L. quattuor.

**caterpillar** /'kætəpılə(r)/ n. 1 the larva of a butterfly or moth(蝶或蛾的)蠋,毛虫2(also 亦 作 **caterpillar track** or **tread**) trademark【商标】an articulated steel band passing round the wheels of a

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vehicle for travel on rough ground 卡特彼勒履带
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. from a var. of OFr. chatepelose, lit. 'hairy cat', influenced by obs. piller 'ravager.

**caterwaul** /'kætəwə:l/ v. make a shrill howling or wailing noise 尖声号叫(或号哭)■n. a shrill howling or wailing noise 尖声号叫(或号哭)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caterwauling** n. & adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from CAT¹ + imitative WAUL.

**catfight** /'kætfait/ n. informal 【非正式】 a fight between women 女人间的打斗
-**C**-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catfighting** n.

**catfish** /'kætf1f/n. (pl. same 单复同 or **catfishes**) a freshwater or marine fish with whisker-like barbels round the mouth, typically bottom- dwelling 鲇鱼 [Order Siluriformes: many species.]

**cat flap** n. a small hinged flap through which a cat may enter or leave a building 猫门(供猫进出房子的 活板)

**catgut** /'kætgʌt/ n. a material used for the strings of some musical instruments, made of the dried twisted intestines of sheep or horses (but not cats) (制作乐器弦或外科手术缝合用的)肠线
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: the assoc. with CAT¹ remains unexplained.

**Cath.** abbr. 1 Cathedral 2 Catholic

**Cathar** /'kæθα:(r)/ n. (pl. **Cathars** or **Cathari** /-ri/) a member of a heretical medieval Christian sect which sought to achieve great spiritual purity 清洁派教徒,卡特里派教徒(中世纪基督教异端教派成 员,追求精神上的纯洁)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Catharism** n. **Catharist** n. & adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from med. L. Cathari (pl.), from Gk katharoi 'the pure.

**catharsis** /kə'da:sıs/ n. (pl. **catharses** /-si:z/) 1 the process of releasing pent-up emotions, for example through drama 宣泄(如通过戏剧)2 Medicine, rare 【医,罕】purgation 导泻
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cathartic** adj. & n. **cathartically** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk katharsis, from kathairein 'cleanse', from katharos 'pure.

**cathead** /'kæthed/n. a horizontal beam at each side of a ship's bow, used for raising and carrying an anchor 吊锚架

**cathectic** /kə'lektık/ adj. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 relating to cathexis 聚精会神的

**cathedral** /kə'di:drəl/ n. the principal church of a diocese 主教座堂,主教大堂
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME(as adj., in cathedral church 'the church which contains the bishop's throne'): from late L. cathedralis, from L. cathedra 'seat', from Gk kathedra.

**Catherine wheel** /'kærin/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】a firework in the form of a spinning coil 凯瑟琳棘轮式 焰火 2 Heraldry【纹章】a wheel with curved spikes projecting around the circumference 凯瑟琳棘轮
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: named after St Catherine, with ref. to her martyrdom on a spiked wheel.

**catheter** /'kæıtə(r)/n. Medicine 【医】 a flexible tube inserted through a narrow opening into a body cavity, particularly the bladder, for removing fluid 导管
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catheterization** or **cathete- risation** n. **catheterize** or **catheterise** V.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from late L., from Gk katheter, from kathienai 'send or let down.

**cathetometer** / kælı'tomitə(r)/ n. a telescope mounted on a graduated scale, used for measurement of small vertical distances 垂高计,测高仪
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. cathetus (from Gk kathetos 'perpendicular line', from kathienai 'send or let down') + -METER.

**cathexis** /kə'leksıs/n. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 the undesirable concentration of mental energy in one direction 聚精会神
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: from Gk kathexis 'retention', translating Ger. Libidobesetzung, coined by Freud.

**cathode** /'kædǝud/ n. a negatively charged electrode 阴极(带负电的电极)The opposite of反 义词 ANODE. the positively charged electrode of an electrical device, such as a primary cell, that supplies current(原电池等的)阳极,正极
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cathodal** adj. **cathodic** /kə'pdık/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk kathodos 'way down', from kata 'down'+ hodos 'way'.

**cathode ray** n. a beam of electrons emitted from the cathode of a high-vacuum tube 阴极射线

**cathode ray tube** n. a high-vacuum tube in which cathode rays produce a luminous image on a fluorescent screen 阴极射线管

**cathodic protection** n. protection of a metal structure from corrosion under water by making it act as an electrical cathode 阴极保护

**cathodoluminescence** /kælədə(u),lu:mı'nes(ə)ns/ ■n. Physics【物】 luminescence excited by the impact of an electron beam 阴极射线(致)发光

**catholic** /'kælık/ adj. 1 including a wide variety of things 包罗万象的;广泛的2(**Catholic**) of the Roman Catholic faith 天主教的of or including all Christians 全基督教的 relating to the historic doctrine and practice of the Western Church西 派教会的■n. (**Catholic**) a member of the Roman Catholic Church 天主教教徒
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **Catholicism** n. **catholicity** n. **Catholicize** or **Catholicise** v. **catholicly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. catholique or late L. catholicus, from Gk katholikos 'universal', from kata 'in respect of' + holos 'whole.

**Catholicos** /kə'plikDS/ n. (pl. **Catholicoses** /kə,ovlı'kǝusi:z/ or **Catholicoi** /kə'ODLIKOI/) the Patriarch of the Armenian or the Nestorian Church(亚美尼亚教会或聂斯脫利派的)牧首
-**ORIGIN** 词源C17: from med. Gk katholikos (see见 CATHOLIC).

**cathouse** /'kæthaus/n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非 正式】 a brothel 妓院

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**cat ice** n. thin ice from under which the water has receded 猫冰(水已从下面退去的薄冰)

**cation** /'kætarǝn/n. Chemistry 【化】 a positively charged ion 阳离子 The opposite of 反义词 ANION.
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cationic**/kætar'pnık/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from CATA- or from CATHODE, + ION.

**catkin** /'kætkın/ n. a downy, hanging, wind- pollinated flowering spike of trees such as willow and hazel 柔荑花序
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from obs. Du. katteken 'kitten'.

**cat ladder** un. Brit. 【英】 a ladder used for working on a sloping roof, with a hook at one end 直爬梯

**catlick** /'kætlık/n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a perfunctory wash敷衍的洗,马马虎虎的洗

**catlinite** /'kætlınart/ n. a red clay of the Upper Missouri region, the sacred pipestone of the American Indians 烟斗泥
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from the name of the American artist George Catlin + -ΠΕ¹.
**C**
**catmint** /'kætmint/ n. a plant with downy leaves, purple-spotted white flowers, and a pungent smell attractive to cats 荆芥 [Nepeta cataria and related species.]

**catnap** /'kætnæp/ n. a short sleep during the day (白天的)小睡,瞌睡v.(**catnaps**, **catnapping**, **catnapped**) have a catnap 打瞌睡,打盹儿

**catnip** /'kætnip/ n. another term for CATMINT * catmint 的另一种说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (orig. US): from CAT¹ + nip, var. of dial. nep, nept, from med. L. nepta, from L. nepeta 'catmint.

**cat-o'-nine-tails** / kætə'nainteılz/ n. historical 【史 义】 a rope whip with nine knotted cords, used for flogging(用于体罚的)九尾鞭

**catoptric**/kæ'toptrik/ adj. Physics 【物】 relating to a mirror or reflection 镜子的;反射的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **catoptrics** pl. n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Gk katoptrikos, from katoptron 'mirror.

**CAT scan** n. an X-ray image made using computerized axial tomography 造影扫描图
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **CAT scanner** n.

**cat's cradle** n. a child's game in which patterns are constructed in a loop of string held between the fingers of each hand 翻线儿,翻绳儿,挑绷子(一种 儿童游戏)

**cat's eye** n. 1 a semi-precious stone, especially chalcedony, with a band of bright lustre 猫眼石 (尤指玉髓)2(**catseye**) Brit. trademark【英,商标】 a light-reflecting stud set in a series into a road to mark traffic lanes or the edge of the carriageway (路面上的)猫眼,反光路钮

**cat's foot** n. a small white-flowered creeping plant of the daisy family, with soft white hairs on the stems and leaves 蝶须 [Antennaria dioica.]

**cat's paw**n. a person who is used by another to carry out an unpleasant or dangerous task 被人所利 用的人;爪牙

**cat's tail** (also 亦作 **cattail**) n. a reed mace or other plant with long thin parts suggestive of cats' tails 香蒲;猫尾草(有猫尾状部分的植物)

**catsuit** /'kætsu:t/ n. a woman's close-fitting one- piece garment with trouser legs 女式紧身连衣裤

**catsup** /'kætsǝp/ ■n. US 【美】 another term for KETCHUP * ketchup 的另一种说法

**cat's whisker** n. a fine adjustable wire in a crystal radio receiver(晶体无线电接收机中的)猫须,触 丝,晶须
-**PHRASES** 短语 **the cat's whiskers** informal 【非正式】 an excellent person or thing 了不起的人;绝妙的东西

**cattery** /'kætəri/ n. (pl. **catteries**) a boarding or breeding establishment for cats 猫屋,猫窝

**cattish** /'kætıf/ adj. another term for CATTY * catty 的另一种说法
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cattishly** adv. **cattishness** n.

**cattle** /'kætl/pl. n. large ruminant animals with horns and cloven hoofs, chiefly domesticated for meat or milk or as beasts of burden; cows and oxen [Bos taurus and other species, family Bovidae.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. catel, var. of OFr. chatel (see见 CHATTEL).

**cattle cake**n. Brit. 【英】concentrated food for cattle in a compressed flat form 饼粕类牛饲料,饲料油饼

**cattle call** n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】an open audition for parts in a play or film(戏剧或电 影的)公开试戏

**cattle egret** n. a small egret which normally feeds around grazing cattle and game herds 牛背鹭 [Bubulcus ibis.]

**cattle grid** (N. Amer.【北美】**cattle guard**) n. a metal grid covering a ditch, allowing vehicles and pedestrians to cross but not animals 拦畜沟栅(铺在 沟上,车辆、行人可通过,但牲畜过不去)

**cattleya** /'kætliə/ n. a tropical American orchid with brightly coloured showy flowers and thick leaves 卡特利兰 [Genus Cattleya.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: mod. L., named after William Cattley, English patron of botany.

**catty** /'kæti/ adj. (**cattier**, **cattiest**) 1 spiteful 恶毒 的,刁钻刻薄的2 relating to cats; catlike 猫的;像 猫的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cattily** adv. **cattiness** n.

**catty-cornered** adj. see 见 CATER-CORNERED.

**CATV** abbr. community antenna television (cable television)共天线电视(有线电视)

**catwalk** /'kætwo:k/ n. 1 a platform extending into an auditorium, along which models walk to display clothes(时装表演时的)T型台2a narrow walkway or open bridge, especially in an industrial installation (尤指工业设备中间的)狭窄过道,窄敞口步桥

**caubeen** /kɔ:'bi:n/ n. Irish 【爱】 a hat or beret 帽;贝雷帽
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: Ir., lit. 'old hat', from cáibín 'little cape', dimin. of cába 'cape.

**Caucasian** /kɔ:'keıziǝn, -3n/ adj. 1 relating to or denoting a broad division of humankind covering

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peoples from Europe, western Asia, and parts of India and North Africa 高加索人的,白种人的white- skinned; of European origin 白皮肤的;欧洲血统的2 relating to the region of the Caucasus in SE Europe 高 加索的■n. a Caucasian person 高加索人,白种人
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Caucasian** (or **Caucasoid**) belonged to a set of terms introduced by 19th-century anthropologists attempting to categorize human races. Although such classification is now outdated and potentially offensive, the term **Caucasian** has acquired a more restricted meaning, especially in the US, as a synonym for 'white or of European origin', as in **the police are looking for a Caucasian male in his forties**. * Caucasian(或Caucasoid)属于19世纪人 类学家试图给人种进行分类时所用的术语。虽然这 种分类现在已经过时,而且还有可能使人不快,但 **Caucasian** 一词现已演变出更为狭窄的意义,尤其 在美国,成为“白人或欧洲血统的”的同义语,如: The police are looking for a Caucasian male in his forties.警察在寻找一个四十来岁的白人男子。
**C**
**Caucasoid** /'kə:kəsəıd/ adj. relating to the Caucasian division of humankind 高加索人的,白种 人的■n. a Caucasian 高加索人,白种人

**caucus** /'kə:kəs/ n. (pl. **caucuses**) 1 a meeting of the members of a legislative body who belong to a particular political party, to select candidates or decide policy 政党干部会议(政党决策或选择候选人的 立法机构成员会议) 2 a group of people with shared concerns within a larger organization(较大组织 內部志趣相投的)派别,集团,小组v.(**caucuses**, **caucusing**, **caucused**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】hold or form a caucus 召开政党干部会议,组成派别(或集 团、小组)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: perh. from Algonquian cau'-cau'- as'u 'adviser.

**cauda equina** /kɔ:də ık'waınǝ/n. Anatomy & Zoology【解,动】 the bundle of nerves descending from the lower end of the spinal cord 马尾
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., lit. 'horse's tail.

**caudal** /'kɔ:dl/ adj. of or like a tail尾巴的,像尾巴 的➤at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body(近)尾部的;身体后背部的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caudally** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from mod. L. caudalis, from L. cauda 'tail'.

**caudal fin** ■n. Zoology 【动】 another term for TAIL FIN * tail fin的另一种说法

**caudate** /'kɔ:dert/ adj. 1 Anatomy 【解】 relating to or denoting the upper of the two grey nuclei of the corpus striatum in the cerebrum of the brain 尾状的 2 Zoology【动】(of an animal) having a tail(动物) 有尾的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from med. L. caudatus, from cauda 'tail.

**caudillo** /kau'di:jǝu, -'di:ljǝu/ n. (pl. **caudillos**) (in Spanish-speaking countries) a military or political leader(西班牙语国家的)军事首脑,政治领袖
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Sp., from late L. capitellum, dimin. of caput 'head'.

**caught** /kɔ:t/past and past participle of CATCH * catch 的过去式和过去分词

**caul** /kɔ:l/ n. 1 the amniotic membrane enclosing a fetus 羊膜 part of this membrane occasionally found on a child's head at birth, thought to bring good luck 胎头羊膜(婴儿出生时偶见于头部的部分羊 膜,据信为吉兆) 2 Anatomy 【解】 the omentum 网膜
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. from OFr. cale 'head covering.

**cauldron** /'kɔ:ldrən/ (also 亦作 **caldron**) n. 1 a large metal pot, used for cooking over an open fire (架在火堆上做饭的)大锅2 a situation characterized by instability and strong emotions 沸锅般的情势(表 示不稳定和情绪激烈): a cauldron of repressed anger 强 压着的一腔怒火
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. caudron, based on L. caldarium, calidarium 'cooking pot', from calidus 'hot'.

**cauliflower** /'kılıflaʊə(r)/ n. a cabbage of a variety which bears a large immature flower head of small creamy-white flower buds, eaten as a vegetable 花 (椰)菜
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from obs. Fr. chou fleuri 'flowered cabbage', prob. from Ital. cavolfiore or mod. L. cauliflora.

**cauliflower cheese** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a savoury dish of cauliflower in a cheese sauce 干酪花菜

**cauliflower ear**n. a person's ear that has become thickened or deformed as a result of repeated blows 菜花状耳

**caulk** /kɔ:k/ (US also 【美亦作】 **calk**) n. a waterproof filler and sealant, used in building work and repairs(建筑和修缮中使用的)捻缝材料,防渗 漏剂 v. 1 seal with caulk用捻缝材料填嵌2 make(a boat or its seams)watertight给(船)捻缝;捻(缝)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caulker** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense 'copulate', used of birds): from Old North. Fr. cauquer, caukier, var. of cauchier 'tread, press with force', from L. calcare 'tread', from calx, calc- 'heel.

**causal** /'ko:zl/adj. relating to or acting as a cause 原 因的,成为原因的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **causally** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from late L. causalis, from L. causa 'cause.

**causalgia** /kɔ:'zældzə/ n. severe burning pain in a limb caused by injury to a peripheral nerve 灼性神 经痛
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk kausos 'heat, fever' + -ALGIA.

**causality** /kɔ:'zæləti/ n. 1 the relationship between cause and effect 因果关系 2 the principle that everything has a cause 因果性,因果律

**causation** /kɔ:'zerfn/ n. 1 the action of causing

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something 引起,导致,引发2 the relationship between cause and effect 因果关系

**causative** /'kəzzətıv/ adj. 1 acting as a cause 成为原 因的2Grammar【语法】expressing causation 使役的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **causatively** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. causatif, -ive, or late L. causativus, from causare 'to cause.

**cause** /kɔ:z/n. 1 a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition 原因,起因
> reasonable grounds for a belief or action 理由,动机 2 a principle or movement which one is prepared to defend or advocate (支持或为之奋斗的)原则,运动
> something deserving of support(值得支持的)事 情3 a matter to be resolved in a court of law 诉因; 诉讼理由 an individual's case offered at law 诉讼; 案件■v. make (something, especially something bad) happen; be the cause of 使(某事,尤指坏事) 发生,造成;引起;导致
-**PHRASES** 短语 **cause and effect** the relationship between an action or event and the effect that it produces 原因和结果;因果关系 **make common cause** unite in order to achieve a shared aim 与某人 联合起来,与某人合作(以达到共同的目的)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **causeless** adj. **causer** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. causa (n.), causare (v.).

**'cause**/kDz/conj. informal 【非正式】because 因为

**cause célèbre** / ko:z se'lebr(ǝ)/ n. (pl. **causes célèbres** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a controversial issue that attracts a great deal of public attention(引 起广泛关注的)争议事件
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'famous case'.

**causerie** /'kauzəri/ n. (pl. **causeries** pronunc. same 单复发音同)an informal article or talk, typically on a literary subject(尤指文艺方面的)随笔,漫谈
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from causer 'to talk.

**causeway** /'kɔ:zwei/ n. a raised road or track across low or wet ground(穿过低洼或湿地之处的) 堤道,砌道
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **causewayed** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from CAUSEY + WAY.

**causey** /'ko:zi, -si/ n. (pl. **causeys**) archaic or dialect term for CAUSEWAY * causeway 的古代或方言 说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. causee, based on L. calx 'lime, limestone' (used for paving roads).

**caustic** /'ko:stık, 'kpst-/ adj. 1 able to burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action 苛性的, 腐蚀性的 2 scathingly sarcastic讽刺的,尖刻的3 Physics 【物】formed by the intersection of reflected or refracted parallel rays from a curved surface 焦散 的■n. 1 a caustic substance 腐蚀剂2 Physics 【物】a caustic surface or curve 焦散曲面;焦散曲线
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caustically** adv. **causticity** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via L. from Gk kaustikos, from kaustos 'combustible', from kaiein 'to burn'.

**caustic potash** n. potassium hydroxide 苛性钾, 氢氧化钾

**caustic soda** n. sodium hydroxide 苛性钠

**cauterize** or **cauterise** /'kɔ:təraız/ v. burn the skin or flesh of (a wound) to stop bleeding or prevent infection 烧灼,烙
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cauterization** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cauteriser, from late L. cauterizare, from Gk kautēriazein, from kautērion 'branding iron', from kaiein 'to burn.
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**cautery** /'kɔ:t(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **cauteries**) Medicine 【医】1 an instrument or caustic substance used for cauterizing 烙器 2 the action of cauterizing 烙术
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: via L. from Gk kautērion(see见 CAUTERIZE).

**caution** /'kɔ:fn/ n. 1 care taken to avoid danger or mistakes 小心,谨慎,慎重2 Brit. 【英】 an official or legal warning given to someone who has committed a minor offence but has not been charged(向犯轻 罪但未被指控的人发出的)警告,告诫3 informal, dated 【非正式,过时】an amusing or surprising person 逗人 发笑的人,使人惊讶的人 ■v. 1 say something as a warning 警告(caution against) warn or advise against 劝告,告诫2 Brit.【英】issue an official or legal warning to警告,告诫(of a police officer) advise (someone) of their legal rights when arresting them (指警官在逮捕某人时)提醒(其)法定权利
-**PHRASES** 短语 **throw caution to the wind (or winds)** act in a reckless manner 不顾危险;鲁莽行事;冒险
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. cautio(n-), from cavere 'take heed.

**cautionary** /'kɔ:fənəri/ adj. serving as a warning 提 警告的;告诫的: a cautionary tale 警世故事

**cautious** /'ko:fəs/ adj. careful to avoid potential problems or dangers小心的,谨慎的;注意安全的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cautiously** adv. **cautiousness** n.

**cava** /'ka:və/ n. a Spanish sparkling wine made in the same way as champagne 卡瓦酒(西班牙汽酒)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Sp.

**cavalcade** /kævl'keid, 'kævlkeid/ n. a procession of people walking, on horseback, or riding in vehicles 步行队列,马队;汽车车队
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16 (denoting a ride or raid on horseback): from Fr., from Ital. cavalcata, from cavalcare 'to ride', based on L. caballus 'horse.

**cavalier**/kævəliə(r)/ n. 1 (**Cavalier**) historical 【史 义】 a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War 保皇党成员(英国内战时期查理一世的支持者)2 archaic or literary 【古或文】 a courteous gentleman 彬 彬有礼的绅士 3 archaic 【古】 a cavalryman 骑兵 adj. showing a lack of proper concern 漫不经心的;不在乎的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cavalierly** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. cavaliere, based on L. caballus 'horse.

**cavalry** /'kævlri/ n. (pl. **cavalries**) [usu. treated as pl. 通常视作复数] historical【史义】 soldiers who fought on horseback 骑兵 modern soldiers who fight in armoured vehicles 装甲兵
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cavalryman** n. (pl. **cavalrymen**).

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**cavalry twill** n. strong woollen twill of a khaki or light brown colour马裤呢,急斜纹厚呢,双纹呢

**cavatina**/kævə'ti:nǝ/n. (pl. **cavatine**/kævǝ'ti:neı/, **cavatinas**) Music 【音】 a simple operatic aria or lyrical instrumental piece without repeated sections 谣唱曲
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Ital.

**cave¹** /kerv/ n. a large natural underground
**C** chamber 山洞;洞穴;地穴■v. 1 explore caves as a sport 洞穴探险2 (**cave in** or US also 【美亦作】 **cave**) (of a roof or walls) subside or collapse(房顶、墙)塌 落;塌陷,坍塌
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caver** n. **caving** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. cava, from cavus 'hollow.

**cave²** /'kervi/ exclam. Brit. school slang, dated【英,学 俚,过时】look out! 当心!注意!
-**PHRASES** 短语 **keep cave** act as lookout 望风
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., imper. of cavere 'beware.

**caveat** /'kæviæt, 'kei-/ n. a warning or proviso of specific stipulations, conditions, or limitations 警 告,告诫;限制性条款
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L., lit. 'let a person beware.

**caveat emptor** /'emptǝ:(r)/ n. the principle that the buyer is responsible for checking the quality and suitability of goods before purchase 买者自慎之 (买主购物前有责任检查所购货物是否有问题)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 L., 'let the buyer beware.

**caveman** /'kervmæn/ (or **cavewoman**) n. (pl. **cavemen** or **cavewomen**) a prehistoric person who lived in caves(史前的)洞人,穴居人

**cavern** /'kæv(ə)n/ n. 1 a large cave or chamber in a cave 洞穴,山洞 2 a vast, dark space 大而黑之处
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cavernous** adj. **cavernously** adv.
-**ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. caverne or from L. caverna, from cavus 'hollow'.

**caviar** /'kævia:(r)/(also 亦作 **caviare**) n. the pickled roe of sturgeon or other large fish, eaten as a delicacy 鱼子酱
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Ital. caviale (earlier caviaro) or Fr. caviar, prob. from med. Gk khaviari.

**cavil** /'kævl/ v. (**cavils**, **cavilling**, **cavilled**; US 【美】 **cavils**, **caviling**, **caviled**) make petty or unnecessary objections 吹毛求疵;挑剔,找茬n. a petty or unnecessary objection 吹毛求疵的意见,挑剔
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **caviller** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. caviller, from L. cavillari, from cavilla 'mockery.

**cavitation** /kævi'tersn/n. Physics 【物】1 the formation of an empty space within a solid object or body空(穴)化2 the formation of bubbles in a liquid by the movement of an object through it 气蚀

**cavity** /'kævǝti/ n. (pl. **cavities**) an empty space within a solid object(固体内的)洞,穴a decayed part of a tooth(牙齿的)窝洞
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cavitary** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: from Fr. cavité or late L. cavitas, from L. cavus 'hollow'.

**cavity wall** n. a wall formed from two thicknesses of bricks with a space between them 空斗墙

**cavolo nero** / kævələu 'neǝrǝu/ n. a dark-leaved variety of kale used in Tuscan cookery 托斯卡纳甘蓝
-**ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., from cavolo 'cabbage' + nero 'black.

**cavort** /kə'və:t/ v. prance around excitedly or self- indulgently 跳跃;嬉戏;欢跃
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (orig. US): perh.an alt. of CURVET.

**cavy** /'kervi/ n. (pl. **cavies**) a guinea pig or related South American rodent 豚鼠 [Family Caviidae: numerous species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from mod. L. cavia, from Galibi cabiai.

**caw**/kɔ:/n. the harsh cry of a rook, crow, or similar bird 呱呱叫(乌鸦等的叫声) ■V. utter a caw 呱呱地叫
-**ORIGIN** 词源C16: imitative.

**cay** /ker, ki:/ ■n. (in Spanish America) a low bank or reef of coral, rock, or sand(通用西班牙语的拉丁 美洲地区的)珊瑚礁;砂岛;小礁岛
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Sp. cayo 'shoal, reef', from Fr. quai 'quay.

**cayenne** /ker'en/(also亦作 **cayenne pepper**) n. a hot-tasting red powder made from dried chillies 红 辣椒粉
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Tupi kyynha, quiynha, later assoc. with Cayenne in French Guiana.

**cayman** /'keımən/ n. variant spelling of CAIMAN * caiman的另一种拼法

**Cayuga** /'kerju:gǝ, 'kaı-/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Cayugas**) 1 a member of an American Indian people formerly inhabiting part of New York State 卡尤加人 2 the extinct Iroquoian language of the Cayuga 卡尤加语
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from an Iroquoian place name.

**Cayuse** /'karju:s/n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Cayuses**) 1 a member of an American Indian people of Washington State and Oregon 卡尤塞族人 2 the extinct Penutian language of the Cayuse 卡尤塞语3 (**cayuse**) an American Indian pony 卡尤塞马
-**ORIGIN** 词源 the name in Chinook Jargon.

**CB** abbr. 1 Citizens' Band 2 (in the UK) Com- panion of the Order of the Bath(英国)最低级巴思 爵士

**CBC** abbr. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿 大广播公司

**CBE**abbr. (in the UK) Commander of the Order of the British Empire(英国)第二等的高级英帝国勋位 爵士

**CBI** abbr. Confederation of British Industry 英国工 业联合会

**CBS** abbr. (in the US) Columbia Broadcasting System(美国)哥伦比亚广播公司

**CBT** abbr. cognitive behavioural therapy

**CC** abbr. 1 Brit. 【英】 City Council 市议会 2
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**Companion of the Order of Canada** 加拿大勋爵士 **3** Brit.【英】County Council **4** Brit. 【英】 County Councillor **5** Cricket Club 板球俱乐部

**cc** (also 亦作**c.c.**) **abbr.** **1** carbon copy (an indication that a duplicate has been or should be sent to another person) **2** cubic centimetre(s) 立方厘米

**CCD** **abbr.** Electronics 【电子】 charge-coupled device 电荷耦合器件

**CCJ** **abbr.** (in the UK) county court judgement, issued by a court after a person's failure to repay a debt and recorded in that person's credit history (英国)郡法院判决书

**CCS** **abbr.** carbon capture and storage

**CCTV** **abbr.** closed-circuit television 闭路电视

**CD** **abbr.** **1** civil defence **2** compact disc **3** corps diplomatique 外交团

**Cd** **symb.** the chemical element cadmium(化学元素)镉

**Cd.** **abbr.** (in the UK) Command Paper (third series, 1900-1918)(英国)赦令书(第三辑,1900至1918年)

**cd** **abbr.** candela

**CDC** **abbr.** **1** (in the US) Centers for Disease Control(美国)疾病控制中心 **2** Commonwealth Development Corporation 英联邦发展公司

**CDN** **abbr.** Canada (international vehicle registra- tion)加拿大(国际车船注册)

**cDNA** **abbr.** complementary DNA 互补DNA

**CD-R** **abbr.** compact disc recordable, a CD which can be recorded on once only 可记录光碟

**Cdr** **abbr.** (in the navy or air force 海军或空军) Commander

**Cdre** **abbr.** Commodore

**CD-ROM** **n.** a CD used in a computer as a read-only device for displaying data 只读光盘
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: acronym from compact disc read-only memory.

**CD-RW** **abbr.** compact disc rewritable, a CD on which recordings can be made and erased a number of times 可擦写光盘

**CDT** **abbr.** **1** Central Daylight Time(美国)中部夏令时间 **2** craft, design, and technology (as a subject taught in schools in the UK) 工艺、设计和技术(英国学校开设的一门课程)

**CDV** **abbr.** compact disc video 视频光盘,视盘

**CE** **abbr.** **1** Church of England **2** civil engineer **3** Common Era

**Ce** **symb.** the chemical element cerium(化学元素)铈

**Ceanothus** /si:ǝ'nǝǝs/ **n.** a shrub with dense clusters of small blue flowers, native to North America 美洲茶 [Genus Ceanothus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk keanōthos, a kind of thistle.

**cease** /si:s/ **V.** come or bring to an end; stop 停止, 终止
-PHRASES 短语 **without cease** without stopping 不停地,不断地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cesser, from L. cessare, from cedere 'to yield.

**ceasefire** /'si:sfaıə(r)/ **n.** a temporary suspension of fighting(暂时性的)停火,休战

**ceaseless** /'si:sləs/ **adj.** constant and unending 不停的,不断的;无休止的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ceaselessly** adv.

**cecropia** /sı'krǝupiə/ **n.** **1** a fast-growing tropical American tree 号角树 [Genus Cecropia.] **2** (also 亦作 **cecropia moth**) a very large reddish-brown North American silk moth赛大蚕蛾 [Platysamia cecropia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from the name Cecrops, a king of Attica.

**cecum** /'si:kəm/ **n.** (pl. **ceca** /'si:kǝ/) US spelling of CAECUM * caecum 的美式拼法

**cedar** /'si:də(r)/ **n.** a tall coniferous tree that typically yields fragrant, durable wood 雪松 [Cedrus libani (**cedar of Lebanon**) and other species in the genera Cedrus and Thuja.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cedarn** adj. (literary【文】).
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from OFr. cedre or L. cedrus, from Gk kedros.

**cede** /si:d/ **v.** give up (power or territory)放弃(权力);割让(领土)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. céder or L. cedere 'to yield.

**cedi** /'si:di/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **cedis**) the basic monetary unit of Ghana, equal to 100 pesewas 塞地 (加纳基本货币单位,1塞地=100比塞瓦)
-ORIGIN 词源 of Ghanaian origin, perh.an alt. of SHILLING.

**cedilla** /sı'dılə/ **n.** a mark (,) written under the letter c, especially in French, to show that it is pronounced like an s rather than a k (e.g. façade) 软音符(尤用于法语中,加在字母c下面,表示该字母发s而非k音) a similar mark under s in Turkish and other languages(土耳其等语言中加在字母s下面的)软音符
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Sp., earlier form of zedilla, dimin. of zeda (the letter Z), from Gk zēta.

**Ceefax** /'si:fæks/ **n.** Brit. trademark 【英,商标】a teletext service provided by the BBC(由英国广播公司提供的)图文电视服务

**ceiba** /'saıbə/ **n.** a very tall tropical American tree from which kapok is obtained 吉贝 [Ceiba pentandra.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via Sp. from Taino, lit. 'giant tree.

**ceil** /si:l/ **v.** archaic 【古】 line or plaster the roof of (a building)给(建筑物屋顶)装镶板(或抹灰泥)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. rel. to L. celare, Fr. céler 'conceal.

**ceilidh** /'keili/ **n.** a social event with Scottish or Irish folk Music and singing, traditional dancing, and storytelling 同乐会(有苏格兰或爱尔兰民间音乐、唱歌、传统舞蹈和讲故事的社交集会)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sc. Gaelic ceilidh and Ir. célidhe (earlier form of céilí), from Old Ir. céilide

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'visit, visiting', from céile 'companion.

**ceiling** /'si:lım/ **n.** **1** the upper interior surface of a room 天花(板) **2** an upper limit set on prices, wages, etc. (价格、工资等的)上限,最高限度,最大限额 **3** the maximum altitude that an aircraft can reach(飞机的)升限 the altitude of the base of a cloud layer 云幂,云幕 **4** the inside planking of a ship's bottom and sides 舱底铺板,舱壁护板
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from CEIL + -ING¹.

**ceiling rose** **n.** a circular mounting on a ceiling, through which the wiring of an electric light passes (天花板上的)灯线孔盖

**cel** /sel/ **n.** a transparent sheet of celluloid or similar film material, used in the production of cartoons 赛珞片,胶片(用于动画片制作)
-ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th cent.: abbrev. of CELLULOID.

**celadon** /'selǝdon/ **n.** a pale greyish shade of green 灰绿色 a grey-green glaze used in pottery(瓷器的)灰绿色釉
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. céladon, a colour named after the hero in Honoré d'Urfé's pastoral romance L'Astrée (1607-1627).

**celandine** /'selǝndain/ **n.** **1** (also 亦作 **lesser celandine**) a common plant of the buttercup family, which produces yellow flowers in the early spring 榕叶毛茛 [Ranunculus ficaria.] **2** (**greater celandine**) a yellow-flowered plant of the poppy family, with toxic sap 白屈菜 [Chelidonium majus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, from OFr. celidoine, from med. L. celidonia, based on Gk khelidin 'swallow' (the flowering of the plant being assoc. with the arrival of swallows).

**-cele** /si:l/ (also 亦作**-coele**) **comb. form** Medicine 【医】denoting a swelling or hernia in a specified part 肿大,疝,凸出: hydrocele 鞘膜积液
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kēlē 'tumour'.

**celeb** /sı'leb/ **n.** informal 【非正式】a celebrity名人, 名流

**celebrant** /'selibr(ə)nt/ **n.** **1** a person who performs a rite, especially a priest at the Eucharist 主持仪式者(尤指主持圣餐的牧师) **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 a person who celebrates something 庆祝者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. célébrant or L. celebrant-, celebrare (see见 CELEBRATE).

**celebrate** /'selıbreit/ **v.** **1** mark (a significant time or event) with a social gathering or enjoyable activity 庆祝 **2** perform (a religious ceremony), in particular officiate at (the Eucharist)主持(宗教仪式,尤指圣餐) **3** [often as adj.常作形容词 **celebrated**] honour or praise publicly 公开赞美,颂扬,歌颂: a celebrated mathematician 著名的数学家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **celebration** n. **celebrator** n. **celebratory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. celebrat-, celebrare 'celebrate', from celeber, celebr- 'frequented or honoured.

**celebrity** /sə'lebrǝti/ **n.** (pl. **celebrities**) **1** a famous person 名人,名流 **2** the state of being famous 名声,名望;著名
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'solemn ceremony') : from OFr. celebrite or L. celebritas, from celeber, celebr- 'frequented or honoured.

**celebutante** /si'lebju:ta:nt/ **n.** a celebrity who is well known in fashionable society 名流新宠
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: blend of CELEBRITY and DEBUTANTE.

**celeriac** /sı'leriæk/ **n.** celery of a variety which forms a large swollen turnip-like root 块根芹,根芹菜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from CELERY + an arbitrary use of -AC.

**celerity** /sı'leriti/ **n.** archaic or literary 【古或文】 swiftness of movement 迅速,快速
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. celerite, from L. celeritas, from celer 'swift'.

**celery** /'seləri/ **n.** a cultivated plant of the parsley family, with closely packed succulent leaf stalks that are eaten raw or cooked 芹菜 [Apium graveolens var. dulce.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. céleri, from Ital. dial. selleri, based on Gk selinon 'parsley.

**celery pine** (also 亦作 **celery-top pine**) **n.** a slow-growing Australasian tree with shoots that resemble celery leaves 芹叶松 [Genus Phyllocladus.]

**celery salt** **n.** a mixture of salt and ground celery seed used for seasoning 香芹盐(盐与芹菜籽混合制成的调料)

**celesta** /si'lestǝ/ (also 亦作 **celeste** /si'lest/) **n.** a small keyboard instrument in which felted hammers strike a row of steel plates suspended over wooden resonators, giving an ethereal bell-like sound 钢片琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: pseudo-Latin, based on Fr. céleste 'heavenly.

**celestial** /sə'lestiəl/ **adj.** **1** positioned in or relating to the sky or outer space 天空的,太空的,外层空间的 **2** belonging or relating to heaven 大国的,天堂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **celestially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. caelestialis, from L. caelestis, from caelum 'heaven.

**celestial equator** **n.** the projection into space of the earth's equator 天赤道

**celestial latitude** **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 the angular distance of a point north or south of the ecliptic 黄纬

**celestial longitude** **n.** Astronomy 【天文】the angular distance of a point east of the First Point of Aries, measured along the ecliptic 黄经

**celestial mechanics** **pl. n.** [treated as sing.视作单数] the branch of astronomy concerned with the calculation of the motions of celestial objects such as planets 天体力学

**celestial navigation** **n.** navigation using the sun, moon, and stars天文航海,天文导航

**celestial pole** **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 the point on the celestial sphere directly above either of the earth's geographic poles, around which the stars appear to rotate 天极

**celestial sphere** **n.** an imaginary sphere of which

<403>
the observer is the centre and on which all celestial objects are considered to lie 天球

**celiac** /'si:liæk/ **n.** US spelling of COELIAC * coeliac 的美式拼法

**celibate** /'selıbət/ **adj.** **1** abstaining from marriage and sexual relations for religious reasons(出于宗教原因)立誓不婚的,独身的 **2** having or involving no sexual relations 禁欲的 **n.** a celibate person 独身者; 禁欲者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **celibacy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from celibacy (C17, from Fr. célibat or L. caelibatus 'unmarried state') + -ATE².

**cell** /sel/ **n.** **1** a small room in which a prisoner is locked up or in which a monk or nun sleeps 单间牢房;(修道士或修女睡的)小房间 historical 【史义】 a small monastery dependent on a larger one 附属小修道院 **2** a small compartment in a larger structure such as a honeycomb 小隔间(如蜂房的巢室) **3** Biology 【生物】 the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane 细胞 **4** a small group forming a nucleus of political activity 政治活动核心小组:terrorist cells 恐怖分子的核心组织 **5** a device containing electrodes immersed in an electrolyte, used for current generation or electrolysis 电池 a unit in a device for converting chemical energy or light into electricity 电芯 **6** the local area covered by one of the short-range transmitters in a cellular telephone system(移动电话系统短程发射器的地理覆盖) 小区 **N. Amer.**【北美】 a mobile phone 手机,移动电话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-celled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from OFr. celle or L. cella 'storeroom or chamber.

**cella** /'kelǝ/ **n.** (pl. **cellae** /-li:/) the inner area of an ancient temple(古代庙宇的)内堂,内殿
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**cellar** /'selə(r)/ **n.** a storage space or room below ground level in a house 地窖,地下室 a stock of wine 酒窖 **v.** store in a cellar 把………存入地窖
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. celier, from late L. cellarium 'storehouse', from cella 'storeroom or chamber.

**cellarage** /'selǝrıdz/ **n.** **1** cellars collectively 地窖(总称) **2** money charged for the use of a cellar or storehouse 窖藏费,栈租

**cellarer** /'selərə(r)/ **n.** **1** the person in a monastery who is responsible for provisions and catering(修道院的)食物采购及伙食管理员 **2** a cellarman 酒窖管理员

**cellaret** /selǝ'ret/ (also 亦作 **cellarette**) **n.** historical【史义】 a cabinet or sideboard for keeping alcoholic drinks and glasses in a dining room(餐厅中存放酒瓶和杯子的)酒橱,酒柜

**cellarman** /'seləmən/ **n.** (pl. **cellarmen**) Brit.【英】a person in charge of a wine cellar 酒窖管理员

**cell line** **n.** Biology 【生物】 a cell culture developed from a single cell, consisting of cells with a uniform genetic make-up 细胞系

**cellmate** /'selmeit/ **n.** a person with whom one shares a cell 狱友,同牢室友

**cell-mediated** **adj.** Physiology 【生理】(of immunity) involving the action of white blood cells(免疫)细胞介导的 Often contrasted with 常对照 HUMORAL.

**cello** /'tfelǝu/ **n.** (pl. **cellos**) a bass instrument of the violin family, held upright on the floor between the legs of the seated player 大提琴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cellist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortening (perh. earlier in Ger.) of VIOLONCELLO.

**cellophane** /'selǝfein/ **n.** trademark 【商标】a thin transparent wrapping material made from viscose 赛璐玢
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from CELLULOSE + -phane, from diaphane, a kind of semi-transparent woven silk (from med. L. diaphanous 'diaphanous').

**cellphone** /'selfǝun/ **n.** chiefly N. Amer【主北美】a mobile phone 手机,移动电话

**cellular** /'seljulə(r)/ **adj.** **1** relating to or consisting of living cells 细胞的;由细胞组成的 **2** denoting or relating to a mobile telephone system that uses a number of short-range radio stations 移动电话系统的: a cellular phone手机,移动电话 **3** (of fabric) knitted so as to form holes or hollows that trap air and provide extra insulation(织物)网状的,网眼的 **4** consisting of small compartments or rooms 分格式的,由小隔间组成的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cellularity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. cellulaire, from mod. L. cellularis, from cellula 'little chamber', dimin. of cella.

**cellular phone** **n.** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a mobile phone手机,移动电话

**cellulase** /'seljuleız/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】an enzyme that converts cellulose into glucose or a disaccharide 纤维素酶

**cellulite** /'seljulart/ **n.** persistent subcutaneous fat causing dimpling of the skin(皮下)脂肪团
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from Fr., from cellule 'small cell.

**cellulitis** /selju'laitis/ **n.** Medicine【医】 inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue 蜂窝(组)织炎

**celluloid** /'seljuləıd/ **n.** a transparent flammable plastic made in sheets from camphor and nitrocellulose, formerly used for cinematographic film 赛璐珞
> the cinema as a genre 电影(总称)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CELLULOSE + -OID.

**cellulose** /'seljulǝuz, s/ **n.** **1** an insoluble substance which is a polysaccharide derived from glucose and is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton 纤维素 **2** paint or lacquer consisting principally of cellulose acetate or nitrate in solution 纤维素涂料
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cellulosic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from cellule 'small cell' + -OSE².

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**cellulose acetate** **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a non-flammable polymer made by acetylating cellulose, used as the basis of artificial fibres and plastic 乙酸纤维素

**cellulose nitrate** **n.** nitrocellulose 硝酸纤维素

**Celsius** /'selsiəs/ **adj.** [postpos. when used with a numeral 与数字连用时后置] of or denoting a scale of temperature on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°(温度)摄氏的
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744).
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Celsius** rather than **centigrade** is the standard accepted term when giving temperatures: use **25° Celsius** rather than **25° centigrade**. 表示温度的标准用词应该是**Celsius**,而不是 **centigrade**:用 **25° Celsius**,而不用**25°centigrade**.

**Celt** /kelt/ **n.** **1** a member of a group of peoples inhabiting much of Europe and Asia Minor in pre-Roman times 凯尔特人(古罗马时期之前定居在欧洲大部和小亚细亚地区的民族) **2** a native of a modern nation or region in which a Celtic language is (or was until recently) spoken 现代凯尔特人
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Celtae(pl.), from Gk Keltoi.

**celt** /selt/ **n.** Archaeology 【考古】 a prehistoric stone or metal implement with a bevelled cutting edge (史前用石头或金属制作的)斧,凿
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from med. L. celtis 'chisel.

**Celtiberian** /keltı'bıəriən, -tai-, selt-/ **n.** another term for IBERIAN (sense 3 of the noun) * Iberian(名词释义3)的另一种说法

**Celtic** /'keltik/ **n.** a group of languages including Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Manx, and Cornish 凯尔特语 **adj.** relating to Celtic or to the Celts 凯尔特语的;凯尔特人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Celticism** /-sız(ə)m/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. Celticus (from Celtae 'Celts'), or from Fr. Celtique (from Celte 'Breton').
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> In standard English the normal pronunciation of **Celt** and **Celtic** is with an initial k- rather than an s-, except in the name of the Glaswegian football club **Celtic**. 在标准英语中,**Celt** 和 **Celtic** 的第一个音通常发k,而不是s,但格拉斯哥足球俱乐部的名称 **Celtic**除外。

**Celtic Church** **n.** the early Christian Church in the British Isles 凯尔特教会(不列颠群岛早期的基督教会)

**Celtic cross** **n.** a Latin cross with a circle round the centre 凯尔特十字架(十字交叉处有一圆环)

**Celtic fringe** **n.** the Highland Scots, Irish, Welsh, Manx, and Cornish or their land, in relation to the rest of Britain(相对于英国其他地区而言的苏格兰高地、爱尔兰、威尔士和康沃尔等地的)凯尔特外缘人(或地区)

**Celtic harp** **n.** another term for CLARSACH * clarsach 的另一种说法

**cembalo** /'tfembələu/ **n.** (pl. **cembalos**) another term for HARPSICHORD * harpsichord 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cembalist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital., shortening of clavicembalo, from med. L. clavicymbalum, from L. clavis 'key' + cymbalum 'cymbal.

**cement** /si'ment/ **n.** **1** a powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, used in making mortar and concrete 水泥 **concrete** 混凝土 **2** a soft glue that hardens on setting 黏固剂;胶接剂 **3** (also亦作 **cementum**) Anatomy 【解】 a thin layer of bony material that fixes teeth to the jaw 牙骨质 **4** Geology 【地质】the material which binds particles together in sedimentary rock 胶结物 **v.** fix with cement(用水泥或胶接剂)固定 settle or establish firmly 确定,确立
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cementer** n. **cementitious** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ciment (n.), cimenter (v.), from L. caementum 'quarry stone', from caedere 'hew.

**cementation** / si:men'terfn/ **n.** **1** the binding together of particles or other things by cement 黏固;胶结 **2** Metallurgy 【治】 a process of heating iron in contact with charcoal to make steel 渗碳处理

**cementite** /si'mentart/ **n.** Metallurgy 【治】 a hard, brittle iron carbide present in cast iron and most steels 渗碳体
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CEMENT + -ITE¹.

**cement mixer** **n.** a machine with a revolving drum used for mixing cement with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete 混凝土搅拌机

**cemetery** /'semətri/ **n.** (pl. **cemeteries**) a large burial ground 墓地,公墓
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk koimētērion 'dormitory', from koiman 'put to sleep.

**cenacle** /'senəkl/ **n.** **1** a discussion group or literary clique讨论小组;文学结社 **2** the room in which the Last Supper was held(耶稣与门徒共进最后晚餐的)晚餐厅
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cenacle, from L. cenaculum, from cena 'dinner'.

**CEng** **abbr.** (in the UK) chartered engineer(英国)特许工程师,注册工程师

**cenobite** /'si:nǝbait/ (also 亦作 **coenobite**) **n.** a member of a monastic community(修道院)留院修士
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coenobitic** / si:nə'bıtık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cenobite or eccles. L. coenobita, via late L. from Gk koinobion 'convent.

**cenotaph** /'senǝta:f, -tæf/ **n.** a monument to someone buried elsewhere, especially a war memorial(尤指为葬于他处的阵亡士兵建立的)纪念碑
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cénotaphe, from late L. cenotaphium, from Gk kenos 'empty' + taphos 'tomb.

**Cenozoic** / si:nə'zəuık/ (also 亦作 **Cainozoic**) **adj.** Geology【地质】 relating to or denoting the era following the Mesozoic era (from about 65 million years ago to the present)新生代的

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kainos 'new' + zōion 'animal' + -IC.

**cense** /sens/ **v.** ritually perfume with burning incense 焚香(敬神)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. encenser.

**censer** /'sensǝ(r)/ **n.** a container in which incense is burnt 香炉
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. censier, from encensier, from encens (see见 INCENSE¹).

**censor** /'sensǝ(r)/ **n.** **1** an official who examines material that is to be published and suppresses parts considered offensive or a threat to security(出版发行物的)审查员,审查官 **Psychoanalysis** 【精神分析】 an aspect of the superego which prevents certain ideas and memories from emerging into consciousness 潜意识压抑力 **2** (in ancient Rome) a magistrate who held censuses and supervised public morals 监察官(古罗马负责人口普查和监督社会道德风尚的官员) **v.** examine (a book, film, etc.) officially and suppress unacceptable parts of it 审查(书籍、电影等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **censorial** adj. **censorship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from censere 'assess.

**censorious** /sen'sɔ:riǝs/ **adj.** severely critical 苛刻批评的,吹毛求疵的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **censoriously** adv. **censoriousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. censorious (from censor 'magistrate') + -IOUS.

**censure** /'senfə(r)/ **v.** express severe disapproval of; formally reprove 严厉批评,谴责,斥责 **n.** formal 【正式】disapproval严厉批评,谴责,斥责
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **censurable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. censurer (v.), censure (n.), from L. censura 'judgement, assessment', from censere 'assess.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Censure** and **censor** are frequently confused. **Censure** means 'express severe disapproval of' (the country was censured for human rights abuses) or 'the expression of severe disapproval', while **censor** means 'examine (a book, film, etc.) and suppress unacceptable parts of it' or 'an official who censors books, films, etc.'. **censure** 和 **censor** 这两个词常被混淆。**censure** 意为“严厉批评,谴责”,例如:The country was censured for human rights abuses. 该国因为侵犯人权受到谴责。该词还可用作名词表示“严厉批评,谴责”。而**censor**意为“审查(书籍、电影等)”或“(书籍、电影等的)审查官”。

**census** /'sensǝs/ **n.** (pl. **censuses**) an official count or survey of a population(官方的)人口普查
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a poll tax): from L., from censere assess.

**cent** /sent/ **n.** **1** a monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a dollar, euro, or other decimal currency unit 分(美元、欧元及其他十进制货币单位的百分之一) **2** Music 【音】 one hundredth of a semi-tone 音分
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'a hundred'): from Fr. cent, Ital. cento, or L. centum 'hundred.

**cent.** **abbr.** century

**centas** /'sentæs/ **n.** (pl. same单复同)a monetary unit of Lithuania, equal to one hundredth of a litas 立分(立陶宛货币单位,100立分=1立特)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Lithuanian.

**centaur** /'sento: (r)/ **n.** Greek Mythology 【希神】a creature with the head, arms, and torso of a man and the body and legs of a horse 半人半马怪
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk kentauros, the Gk name for a Thessalonian tribe of expert horsemen.

**centaury** /'sento:ri/ **n.** (pl. **centauries**) a plant of the gentian family, typically having pink flowers 矢车菊[Centaurium minus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. centaurea, based on Gk kentauros 'centaur.

**centavo** /sen'ta:vǝu/ **n.** (pl. **centavos**) a monetary unit of Mexico, Brazil, and certain other countries (formerly including Portugal), equal to one hundredth of the basic unit分(墨西哥、巴西等国家及葡萄牙之前使用的货币单位,100分=1个基本货币单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp. and Port., from L. centum 'a hundred.

**centenarian** / sentr'neəriən/ **n.** a person a hundred or more years old百岁(或百岁以上的)老人 **adj.** a hundred or more years old 百岁(或百岁以上)的

**centenary** /sen'ti:nəri, -'ten-/ **n.** (pl. **centenaries**) Brit.【英】 the hundredth anniversary of a significant event一百周年(纪念)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. centenarius 'containing a hundred', based on L. centum 'a hundred.

**centennial** /sen'teniəl/ **adj.** relating to a hundredth anniversary 一百周年(纪念)的 **n.** a hundredth anniversary一百周年(纪念)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. centum 'a hundred', on the pattern of biennial.

**center** /'sentə(r)/ **n.** US spelling of CENTRE * centre 的美式拼法

**centesimal** /sen'tesıml/ **adj.** relating to division into hundredths百分的;百进位的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centesimally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. centesimus 'hundredth', from centum 'a hundred'.

**centesimo** /tfen'tesımǝu/ **n.** (pl. **centesimos**) a former monetary unit of Italy (used only in calculations), worth one hundredth of a lira分(意大利旧时的货币单位,仅用于计算,100分=1里拉)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**centésimo** /sen'tesımǝu/ **n.** (pl. **centésimos**) a monetary unit of Uruguay and Panama, equal to one hundredth of the basic unit分(乌拉圭及巴拿马的货币单位,100分=1个基本货币单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**centi-** /'senti-/ **comb. form** **1** one hundredth 厘(10⁻²): centilitre 厘升 **2** hundred一百: centipede 蜈蚣

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-ORIGIN 词源 from L. centum 'hundred.

**centigrade** /'sentigreid/ **adj.** [postpos. when used with a numeral 与数字连用时后置] of or denoting a scale of a hundred degrees, in particular the Celsius scale of temperature 摄氏度的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from L. centum 'a hundred' + gradus 'step.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> In giving temperatures, use **Celsius** rather than **centigrade** in all contexts, 表示温度时,用 **Celsius**,而不用 **centigrade**.

**centigram** /'sentigræm/ (abbrev.略作: **cg**) **n.** a metric unit of mass equal to one hundredth of a gram 厘克(质量公制单位,100厘克=1克)

**centile** /'sentail/ **n.** another term for PERCENTILE * percentile 的另一种说法

**centilitre** /'senti,li:tə(r)/ (US【美】**centiliter**) (abbrev. 略作: **cl**) **n.** a metric unit of capacity equal to one hundredth of a litre 厘升(容量公制单位,100厘升=1升)

**centime** /'sõti:m, 'sõti:m/ **n.** a monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a franc or some other decimal currency units, used in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg until the introduction of the euro in 2002分(法国、比利时和卢森堡在2002年启用欧元前的货币单位,100分=1法郎或其他十进制货币单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from L. centesimus 'hundredth', from centum 'a hundred.

**centimetre** /'senti,mi:tə(r)/ (US【美】 **centimeter**) (abbrev.略作: **cm**) **n.** a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre (0.394 in.)厘米(长度公制单位,100厘米等于1米)

**centimo** /'sentimǝu/ **n.** (pl. **centimos**) a monetary unit of a number of Latin American countries (and formerly of Spain), equal to one hundredth of the basic unit分(拉丁美洲国家及西班牙之前使用的货币单位,100分=1个基本货币单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**centimorgan** /'senti,mə:g(ə)n/ **n.** Genetics 【遗】 a unit of distance between two gene loci on a chromosome, one centimorgan indicating a one per cent chance that two genes will be separated by crossing over 厘摩
-ORIGIN 词源 C20: from centi- (denoting a factor of one hundredth) + the name of the American zoologist T. H. Morgan.

**centipede** /'sentipi:d/ **n.** an arthropod with a flattened, elongated body composed of many segments, most of which bear a pair of legs 蜈蚣 [Class Chilopoda: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. centipède or L. centipeda, from centum 'a hundred' + pes, ped- 'foot.

**cento** /'sentǝu/ **n.** (pl. **centos**) rare 【罕】 a literary work made up of quotations from other authors 摘录集
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: L., lit. 'patchwork garment.

**centra** /'sentrǝ/ plural form of CENTRUM * centrum 的复数形式

**central** /'sentrǝl/ **adj.** **1** in or near the centre of something 中心的;靠近中心的 **2** most important; principal 最重要的,主要的 **n.** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a place with a high concentration of a specified type of person or thing(某种特定人或物的)集聚地: You're in workaholic central here. 你这儿是工作狂集中的地方。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centrality** n. **centrally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., or from L. centralis, from centrum (see见 CENTRE).

**Central American** **adj.** relating to the countries of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, in the southernmost part of North America 中美洲 **n.** a native or inhabitant of a Central American country 中美洲国家的居民

**central bank** **n.** a national bank that provides financial and banking services for its country's government and commercial banking system, and issues currency 中央银行

**central casting** **n.** N. Amer.【北美】 an agency that supplies actors for minor, usually stereotypical or generic film roles(提供配角演员的)角色选派部
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of the US organization Central Casting Corporation.

**central heating** **n.** a system for warming a building by heating water or air in one place and circulating it through pipes and radiators or vents 中央供暖系统,集中供热设备

**centralize** or **centralise** /'sentrǝlaız/ **v.** [often as adj.常作形容词 **centralized**] concentrate (control or power) under a single authority使(控制权或权力)处于中央的控制下,对………实行中央集权制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centralism** n. **centralist** n. & adj. **centralization** n.

**central locking** **n.** a locking system in a motor vehicle which enables the locks of all doors to be operated simultaneously(汽车的)中央锁闭系统

**central nervous system** **n.** Anatomy 【解】the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body, in vertebrates comprising the brain and spinal cord 中枢神经系统

**central processing unit** (also 亦作 **central processor**) **n.** Computing 【计】 the part of a computer in which operations are controlled and executed 中央处理器

**central reservation** **n.** Brit. 【英】 the strip of land between the carriageways of a motorway or other major road(高速公路或主干道的)中央隔离带

**centre** /'sentə(r)/ (US 【美】 **center**) **n.** **1** a point or part in the middle of something that is equally distant from all of its sides, ends, or surfaces 中点,中心,中央 the middle player in some team games 中锋
> (in some team games) a kick, hit, or throw of the ball from the side to the middle of the field (集体竞赛项目中的)传中 **2** a point to or from which an activity or process is directed(某项活动或过程

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的)中心,集中点: The city was a centre of discontent. 该市是不满情绪最为集中的地区。 **3** a place or group of buildings where a specified activity is concentrated (特定活动的)集中之处,中心区域: a conference centre 会议中心 **v.** **1** place in the centre 使处于中心位置,把……放在中央 (in some team games) kick, hit, or throw (the ball) from the side to the middle of the field(集体竞赛项目中)传中 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】play as the middle player in some team games(在集体竞赛项目中)担任中锋 **2** (**centre on/around**) have as a major concern or theme(注意力)集中于;使成为中心 (**be centred in**) occur mainly in or around 集中于………
-PHRASES 短语 **centre of attention** a person or thing that excites everyone's interest or concern 众人瞩目的人(或物) **centre of attraction** **1** Physics【物】 the point to which bodies tend by gravity 引力中 L **2** another term for **centre of attention** * centre of attention 的另一种说法 **centre of curvature** Mathematics 【数】 the centre of a circle which passes through a curve at a given point and has the same tangent and curvature at that point 曲率中心 **centre of excellence** a place where the highest standards are maintained 卓越中心(维持最高标准的地方) **centre of gravity** a point from which the weight of a body or system may be considered to act. In uniform gravity it is the same as the centre of mass 重心 **centre of mass** a point representing the mean position of the matter in a body or system 质心 **centre of pressure** Physics 【物】 a point on a surface through which the resultant force due to pressure passes 压心
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centremost** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. centrum, from Gk kentron 'sharp point, stationary point of a pair of compasses', rel. to kentein 'to prick.

**centre back** **n.** Soccer 【足】 a defender who plays in the middle of the field 中后卫

**centre bit** **n.** a drill bit with a central point and side cutters 中心钻

**centreboard** /'sentəbə:d/ (US 【美】**centerboard**) **n.** a pivoted board that can be lowered through the keel of a sailing boat to reduce sideways movement 中插板

**centred** /'sentǝd/ (US 【美】**centered**) **adj.** **1** (**-centred**) taking a specified subject as the most important element 以……为中心的: a child-centred school 以孩子为中心的学校 **2** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 (of a person) well balanced and confident(人)心态平和的,自信的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centredness** n.

**centrefield** /'sentǝfi:ld/ (US 【美】 **center field**) **n.** Baseball 【棒】the central part of the outfield 中外场
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centre fielder** n.

**centrefold** /'sentǝfǝuld/ (US 【美】 **centerfoid**) **n.** the two middle pages of a magazine(杂志的)中央折页
> an illustration on a centrefold, typically a picture of a naked or scantily clad model(通常指杂志内刊登性感模特照片的)中间插页

**centre forward** **n.** Soccer & Hockey【足,曲棍】an attacker who plays in the middle of the field 中锋

**centre half** **n.** Soccer 【足】 another term for CENTRE BACK * centre back的另一种说法

**centrepiece** /'sentǝpi:s/ **n.** an item serving as a central or principal ornament or display 中心装饰品,主要展品

**centre punch** **n.** a punch with a conical point for making an indentation in a surface 中心冲头

**centre spread** **n.** the two facing middle pages of a newspaper or magazine(报刊的)双页版面,中间折页

**centre stage** **n.** the centre of a stage 舞台中央 the most prominent position 最突出的位置 **adv.** in or towards this position 处在舞台中央,处于突出位置

**centric** /'sentrik/ **adj.** **1** in or at the centre; central 中心的;重要的 **2** Botany 【植】(of a diatom) radially symmetrical(硅藻)径向对称的 Compare with 比较 PENNATE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centrical** adj. **centricity** /sen'trısıti/ n.

**-centric** /'sentrik/ **comb. form** **1** having a specified centre 具有特定中心的: geocentric 地心的 **2** originating from a specified viewpoint 来源于特定观点的: Eurocentric 欧洲中心论的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-centricity** comb. form.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kentrikos, on the pattern of words such as (con)centric.

**centrifugal** / sentrr'fju:gl, sen'trifjugl/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 moving away from a centre 离心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centrifugally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. centrifugus, from L. centrum(see 见 CENTRE) +-fugus 'fleeing' (from fugere 'flee').

**centrifugal force** **n.** Physics 【物】 a force, arising from the body's inertia, which appears to act on a body moving in a circular path and is directed away from the centre around which the body is moving 离心力

**centrifugal pump** **n.** a pump that uses an impeller to move water or other fluids 离心泵

**centrifuge** /'sentrifju:d3/ **n.** a machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents, used chiefly to separate liquids from solids 离心机(主要用来从固体中分离液体) **v.** subject to the action of a centrifuge 使受离心作用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centrifugation** / sentrifju-'gerfn/ n.

**centring** /'sentrin/(US【美】**centering**) **n.** **1** the action or process of placing in the centre 定中心,对中 **2** Architecture 【建】 framing used to support an arch or dome under construction 拱鹰架

**centriole** /'sentriǝul/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 each of a pair of minute cylindrical structures near the nucleus in eukaryotic cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres in cell division 中心粒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. centriolum, dimin. of centrum (see见 CENTRE).

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**centripetal** / sentrr'pi:tl, sen'trıpıtl/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 moving towards a centre 向心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centripetally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. centripetus, from L. centrum(see见 CENTRE) + -petus 'seeking' (from petere 'seek').

**centripetal force** **n.** Physics 【物】 a force which acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed towards the centre around which the body is moving 向心力

**centrist** /'sentrist/ **n.** a person having moderate political views 温和派,中间派
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centrism** n.

**centroid** /'sentroid/ **n.** Mathematics 【数】 the centre of mass of a geometric object of uniform density 形心

**centromere** /'sentrǝ(u)mıə(r)/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fibre during cell division 着丝粒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centromeric** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L. centrum (see见 CENTRE) + Gk meros 'part'.

**centrosome** /'sentrəsǝum/ **n.** Biology 【生物】a structure near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles and from which the spindle fibres develop in cell division 中心体
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from L. centrum (see见 CENTRE) + Gk sōma 'body'.

**centrum** /'sentrǝm/ **n.** (pl. **centrums** or **centra** /-trǝ/) Anatomy 【解】 the solid central part of a vertebra 椎体
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from L.

**centuple** /'sentjopl/ **v.** multiply by a hundred(使)增加百倍,(使)乘以百
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., or from eccles. L. centuplus, alt. of L. centuplex, from L. centum 'hundred'.

**centurion** /sen'tjuəriən/ **n.** the commander of a century in the ancient Roman army(古罗马军团中)百人队队长,百夫长
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. centurio(n-), from centuria (see见 CENTURY).

**century** /'sentfəri/ **n.** (pl. **centuries**) **1** a period of one hundred years, in particular each of a number of such periods reckoned from the date of the birth of Christ 世纪,(尤指以基督诞辰为起点的)百年 **2** a batsman's score of a hundred runs in cricket 一百分(板球击球手的得分) **3** a company of a hundred men in the ancient Roman army(古罗马军团的)百人队 an electoral division of ancient Rome 百人团(古罗马的选举分区)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **centurial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. centuria, from centum 'hundred.

**century plant** **n.** a large agave which produces a very tall flowering stem after many years of growth and then dies 龙舌兰[Agave americana.]

**CEO** **abbr.** chief executive officer 首席执行官

**cep** /sep/ **n.** an edible mushroom with a smooth brown cap and pores rather than gills 牛肝菌 [Boletus edulis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. cèpe, from Gascon cep 'tree trunk, mushroom', from L. cippus 'stake.

**cephalic** /sr'fælık, ke-/ **adj.** technical 【技】in or relating to the head头部的,头颅的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cephalique, from L. cephalicus, from Gk kephalikos, from kephalē 'head.

**-cephalic** /sı'fælık/ **comb. form** (used in medical terms)-headed(用于医学术语)头的: leptocephalic 狭长头的

**cephalic index** **n.** Anthropology 【人】 the ratio of the maximum breadth of a skull to its maximum length 颅指数

**cephalo-** /'sefələu, 'kef-/ **comb. form** relating to the head or skull头的;颅的:cephalometry 头影测量法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kephale 'head'.

**cephalopod** /'sef(ə)lə(u)ppd, 'ke-/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 an active predatory mollusc of the large class Cephalopoda, which comprises octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish头足类(包括章鱼、鱿鱼和乌贼)
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Cephalopoda, from Gk kephale 'head' + pous, pod- 'foot.

**cephalosporin** / sefələ(u)'spɔ:rın, ke-/ **n.** any of a group of natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics resembling penicillin 头孢菌素
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from mod. L. Cephalosporium (the genus providing moulds for this) + -IN¹.

**cephalothorax** / sef(ə)lǝu'ɔ:ræks, kef-/ **n.** (pl. **cephalothoraces** /-'ɔ:rəsi:z/ or **cephalothoraxes**) Zoology 【动】 the fused head and thorax of spiders and other chelicerate arthropods 头胸部

**-cephalous** /'sef(ə)ləs/ **comb. form** equivalent to 同-CEPHALIC

**cepheid** /'si:fird, 'se-/ **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 a variable star having a regular cycle of brightness with a frequency related to its luminosity, so allowing estimation of its distance from the earth 造父变星
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from the name of the variable star Delta Cephei, which typifies this class.

**ceramic** /sı'ræmık/ **adj.** **1** made of clay that is permanently hardened by heat 陶瓷制的 **2** relating to ceramics 陶瓷的 **n.** (**ceramics**) **1** ceramic articles 陶瓷器皿,陶瓷制品 [usu. treated as sing 通常视作单数] the art of making ceramics 制陶工艺,陶艺 **2** clay used to make ceramics 黏土,陶土 any non-metallic solid which remains hard when heated (加热时硬度不变的)非金属固体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ceramicist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk keramikos, from keramos 'pottery.

**ceramic hob** **n.** an electric cooker hob made of ceramic, with heating elements fixed to its underside 电陶炉

**cerastium** /sı'ræstiəm/ **n.** (pl. **cerastiums**) a plant of a genus that includes chickweed and snow-in-

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summer 卷耳[Genus Cerastium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kerastēs 'horned' (with ref. to the shape of many seed capsules) + -IUM.

**ceratite** /'serǝtart, 'sıǝr-/ **n.** Palaeontology 【古生】an ammonoid fossil of a type with partly frilled and partly lobed suture lines 齿菊石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Ceratites (from Gk keras, kerat- 'horn') + -ITE¹.

**ceratopsian** /serǝ'topsiǝn, ker-/ **n.** Palaeontology 【古生】a gregarious quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur of a group including triceratops, with a bony frill protecting the neck 角龙
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from mod. L. Ceratopsia (pl., from Gk keras, kerat- 'horn' + ops 'face') + -AN.

**cercaria** /s3:'keəriə/ **n.** (pl. **cercariae** /-ii:/) Zoology 【动】 a free-swimming larval stage in which a parasitic fluke passes from an intermediate host (typically a snail) to another host 尾蚴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., formed irregularly from Gk kerkos 'tail.

**cercopithecine** /s3:kǝ(u)'pı ısi:n/ Zoology 【动】 **adj.** relating to or denoting monkeys of a subfamily (Cercopithecinae) that includes the macaques, mangabeys, baboons, and guenons 猴类的 **n.** a cercopithecine monkey 猴
-ORIGIN 词源 based on Gk kerkopithēkos 'long-tailedmonkey', from kerkos 'tail' + pithēkos 'ape.

**cercus** /'s3:kəs/ **n.** (pl. **cerci** /-kat/) Zoology 【动】 either of a pair of small appendages at the end of the abdomen of some insects and other arthropods 尾须
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L., from Gk kerkos 'tail.

**cere** /siǝ(r)/ **n.** Ornithology 【鸟】 a waxy fleshy covering at the base of the upper beak in some birds 蜡膜
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. cera 'wax'.

**cereal** /'sıəriəl/ **n.** **1** a grain used for food, for example wheat, maize, or rye 谷物
> a grass producing such grain, grown as an agricultural crop 谷类作物 **2** a breakfast food made from a cereal grain or grains 谷类早餐食品
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (as adj.): from L. cerealis, from Ceres, the name of the Roman goddess of agriculture.

**cereal bar** **n.** a prepackaged snack similar in shape to a chocolate bar, made of cereal and typically fruit 压缩干粮

**cerebellum** /,seri'beləm/ **n.** (pl. **cerebellums** or **cerebella**) Anatomy 【解】 the part of the brain at the back of the skull, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity 小脑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cerebellar** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., dimin. of CEREBRUM.

**cerebral** /'serıbr(ə)l, sə'ri:br(ə)l/ **adj.** **1** of the cerebrum of the brain 脑的,大脑的 intellectual rather than emotional or physical 理智的,脑力的 **2** Phonetics 【语音】 another term for RETROFLEX * retroflex 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cerebrally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cerebrum 'brain' + -AL

**cerebral palsy** **n.** a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination and spastic paralysis, caused by damage to the brain before or at birth 大脑性麻痹

**cerebration** / seri'breifn/ **n.** technical or formal 【技或正式】the working of the brain; thinking 大脑作用,大脑活动;思考
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cerebrate** v.

**cerebro-** /'serıbrǝu/ **comb. form** relating to the brain 脑的,大脑的: cerebrospinal 脑脊髓的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. cerebrum 'brain.

**cerebroside** /'serıbrǝ(u)said/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】 any of a group of complex lipids present in the sheaths of nerve fibres 脑苷脂
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from L. cerebrum 'brain' + -OSE² + -IDE.

**cerebrospinal** / serıbrǝ(u)'sparnl/ **adj.** Anatomy 【解】 relating to the brain and spine 脑脊髓的

**cerebrospinal fluid** **n.** Anatomy 【解】 clear watery fluid which fills the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater 脑脊液

**cerebrovascular** / serıbrǝ(u)'væskjulə(r)/ **adj.** Anatomy 【解】 relating to the brain and its blood vessels 脑血管的

**cerebrum** /'serıbrəm/ **n.** (pl. **cerebra** /-brə/) Anatomy 【解】 the principal part of the brain, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of left and right hemispheres 大脑
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'brain.

**cerecloth** /'sıǝklp/ **n.** historical 【史义】 waxed cloth used for wrapping a corpse 蜡布,裹尸布
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from earlier cered cloth, from cere 'to wax', from L. cerare, from cera 'wax'.

**cerement** /'sıəm(ə)nt/ **n.** (**cerements**) historical 【史义】 waxed cloth for wrapping a corpse 蜡布,裹尸布
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from cere (see见 CERECLOTH).

**ceremonial** / serr'məuniəl/ **adj.** **1** relating to or used for ceremonies 礼仪的;礼节的;用于礼仪的 **2** (of a post or role) involving only nominal authority or power(职务或角色)无实权的,名誉上的 **n.** **1** the ritual procedures observed at grand formal occasions 礼仪;礼节 **2** a ceremony 典礼;仪式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ceremonialism** n. **ceremonialist** n. **ceremonially** adv.

**ceremonious** / serə'məuniəs/ **adj.** relating or appropriate to grand formal occasions 礼仪的,礼节的,合乎礼仪(或礼节)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ceremoniously** adv. **ceremoniousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. cérémonieux or late L. caerimoniosus, from L. caerimonia (see见 CEREMONY).

**ceremony** /'serəməni/ **n.** (pl. **ceremonies**) **1** a formal religious or public occasion, typically celebrating a particular event or achievement(尤指为庆祝某个特殊事件或成就而举行的)典礼,庆典

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an act or series of acts performed according to a traditional or prescribed form 仪式 **2** the ritual procedures observed at grand formal occasions 礼节;礼仪:The new Queen was proclaimed with due ceremony. 新女王遵循相应礼仪宣告登基。
-PHRASES 短语 **stand on ceremony** insist on the observance of formalities 讲究客套;拘于礼节 **without ceremony** without preamble or politeness 不拘礼节地;不礼貌地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ceremonie or L. caerimonia 'religious worship', (pl.) 'ritual observances.

**Cerenkov radiation** /tfə'reŋkpf/ **n.** variant spelling of CHERENKOV RADIATION * Cherenkov radiation 的另一种拼法

**cereology** / sıǝri'vlədzı/ **n.** the study or investigation of crop circles 麦田圈研究,庄稼怪圈研究
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cereologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from Ceres (see见 CEREAL) + -LOGY.

**ceresin** /'serısın/ **n.** a hard whitish paraffin wax used with or instead of beeswax 地蜡
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. ceres (from L. cera 'wax') +-IN¹.

**cerise** /se'ri:s, -z/ **n.** a light, clear red colour 鲜红色
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'cherry.

**cerium** /'sıəriəm/ **n.** the chemical element of atomic number 58, a silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series 铈(化学元素,原子序数为58,镧系银白色金属) (Symbol符: **Ce**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the asteroid Ceres, discovered shortly before the element.

**cermet** /'s3:met/ **n.** any of a class of heat-resistant materials made of ceramic and sintered metal 金属陶瓷,合金陶瓷
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of CERAMIC and METAL.

**CERN** **abbr.** Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, former title of the European Organization for Nuclear Research 欧洲原子核研究组织

**cero-** /'sıǝrǝu/ **comb. form** relating to wax 蜡的: ceroplastic 蜡塑的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. cera or Gk kēros 'wax'.

**ceroc** /si'rok/ **n.** a type of modern dance having elements of rock and roll, jive, and salsa 萨洛克舞 (一种融合了摇滚、牛仔舞和萨尔萨舞元素的现代舞)
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: invented word, apparently coined in English from Fr. ce (as in c'est 'this is') + roc 'rock.

**ceroplastic** /,sıǝrǝu'plæstık/ **adj.** relating to modelling in wax 蜡塑的

**cert** /s3:t/ **n.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 **1** an event regarded as inevitable 必定发生的事 **2** a competitor, candidate, etc. regarded as certain to be successful 一定会成功的人(如参赛者、候选人等)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of CERTAINTY.

**cert.** **abbr.** **1** certificate **2** certified

**certain** /'s3:t(ə)n, -tın/ **adj.** **1** able to be firmly relied on to happen or be the case有把握的;可靠的;肯定的 **2** completely convinced of something 确信的;确定的;无疑的 **3** specific but not explicitly named or stated 某事的,某人的,某种的:certain problems 某些问题 **not known to the reader or hearer** 某位的: a certain Mr Percy 某位叫珀西的先生 **pron.** (**certain of**) some but not all 某些,某几个
-PHRASES 短语 **for certain** without any doubt 确定;无疑 **make certain** take action to ensure that something happens 确保(某事发生) establish whether something is definitely correct 弄确实,弄清楚(某事是否属实)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. certus 'settled, sure.

**certainly** /'s3:tnli/ **adv.** definitely; undoubtedly 无疑地,确定地 yes; by all means当然,行

**certainty** /'s3:tnti/ **n.** (pl. **certainties**) **1** the quality or state of being certain 确信;确实,确定性 **2** a true fact or an event that is definitely going to take place 确定的事,必然之事
-PHRASES 短语 **for a certainty** beyond the possibility of doubt 确定无疑地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. certainete, from certain (see见 CERTAIN).

**CertEd** /s3:t'ed/ **abbr.** (in the UK) Certificate in Education(英国)教育学证书

**certifiable** /'s3:tıfaıəbl/ **adj.** able or needing to be certified 可证明的;需要证明的 informal【非正式】 mad; crazy 发疯的,疯狂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **certifiably** adv.

**certificate** **n.** /sə'tıfıkət/ **1** an official document attesting or recording a particular fact or event, a level of achievement, the fulfilment of a legal requirement, etc.证明;证书;凭证 **2** an official classification awarded to a cinema film by a board of censors, indicating its suitability for a particular age group(颁发给电影院表示其适合某年龄段群体观看的)电影放映许可证 **v.** /sə'tıfıkeit/ provide with or attest in an official document 给………颁发证书,证明
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **certification** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. certificat or med. L. certificat-, certificare (see见 CERTIFY).

**certified cheque** **n.** a cheque which is guaranteed by a bank 保付支票

**certified mail** **n.** North American term for RECORDED DELIVERY * recorded delivery 的北美说法

**certify** /'s3:tıfar/ **v.** (**certifies**, **certifying**, **certified**) formally attest or confirm 证明,证实,核证
> chiefly Brit.【主英】 officially recognize as possessing certain qualifications or meeting certain standards 证明具有某种资格(或达到某标准) officially declare (someone) insane 证明(某人)患有精神病
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **certifier** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. certifier, from late L. certificare, from L. certus 'certain.

**certiorari** /ss:tiǝ(u)'ra:ri/ **n.** Law 【律】 a writ by which a higher court reviews a case tried in a lower court 调卷令
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Law L., 'to be informed, a phr. orig. occurring at the start of the writ, from

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certiorare inform', from certior, compar. of certus 'certain.

**certitude** /'s3:titju:d/ **n.** a feeling of absolute certainty 确信,深信 something considered with certainty to be true 确实的事
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. certitudo, from certus 'certain.

**cerulean** /sı'ru:liǝn/ **adj.** of a deep blue colour, like a clear sky 天蓝色的,蔚蓝色的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. caeruleus, from caelum 'sky.

**cerumen** /sr'ru:mən/ **n.** technical term for EARWAX * earwax的专业说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from L. cera 'wax'.

**ceruse** /'sıǝru:s, sı'ru:s/ **n.** archaic term for WHITE LEAD * white lead 的古代说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. cerussa, perh. from Gk kéros 'wax.

**cervelat** /'s3:vǝla:, -læt/ **n.** a kind of smoked pork sausage 熏香肠
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. Fr., earlier form of cervelas, from Ital. cervellata.

**cervical** /'s3:vıkl, s3:'vaıkl/ **adj.** Anatomy【解】 **1** relating to the neck of the womb 子宫颈的 **2** relating to the neck 颈的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., or from mod. L. cervicalis, from L. cervix, cervic- 'neck.

**cervical smear** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a specimen of cellular material from the neck of the womb spread on a microscope slide for examination for cancerous cells 宫颈涂片

**cervicitis** /s3:VI'Sartis/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the cervix 宫颈炎

**cervid** /'s3:VId/ **n.** Zoology 【动】a mammal of the deer family (Cervidae)鹿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Cervidae, from L. cervus 'deer'.

**cervine** /'s3:vam/ **adj.** rare 【罕】 relating to or like deer鹿的;像鹿的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cervinus, from cervus 'deer', + -INE¹.

**cervix** /'s3:vIks/ **n.** (pl. **cervices** /-si:z/) **1** the narrow neck-like passage forming the lower end of the womb 子宫颈 **2** technical 【技】 the neck颈
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L.

**Cesarean** /sizeəriən/ (also 亦作 **Cesarian**) **adj.** & **n.** US spelling of CAESAREAN * Caesarean 的美式拼法

**cesium** /'siziǝm/ **n.** US spelling of CAESIUM * caesium的美式拼法

**cess¹** /ses/ (also 亦作 **sess**) **n.** (in Scotland, Ireland, and India) a tax or levy(用于苏格兰、爱尔兰和印度)税,税款
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: shortened from the obs. noun assess 'assessment.

**cess²** /ses/ **n.** (in phr. 用于短语 **bad cess to**) chiefly Irish【主爱】a curse on 倒霉
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. Anglo-Ir.): perh. from CESS¹.

**cessation** /se'sersn/ **n.** the fact or process of ceasing 停止;终止;中断;暂停
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cessatio (n-), from cessare 'cease.

**cesser** /'sesə(r)/ **n.** Law【律】 termination or cessation, especially of a period of tenure or legal liability(尤指期限或法律责任的)终止,结束
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. cesser 'cease', used as n.

**cession** /'sefn/ **n.** the formal giving up of rights, property, or territory by a state(财产、权利的)转让;(领土的)割让
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cessio (n-), from cedere 'cede'.

**cesspit** /'sesprt/ **n.** a pit for the disposal of liquid waste and sewage 污水坑;化粪池
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from cess (the supposed base of CESSPOOL) + PIT¹.

**cesspool** /'sespu:l/ **n.** an underground container for the temporary storage of liquid waste and sewage 渗井
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(denoting a trap under a drain to catch solids): prob. an alt., influenced by POOL¹, Of archaic suspiral 'vent, water pipe, settling tank', from OFr. souspirail 'air hole', based on L. sub- 'from below' + spirare 'breathe.

**c'est la vie** /ser la: 'vi:/ **exclam.** expressing resignation in the face of an undesirable situation 这就是生活(表达对生活不如意的无奈)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'that's life.

**cestode** /'sestǝud/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 a parasitic flatworm of the class Cestoda; a tapeworm 绦虫
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Cestoda, from L. cestus, from Gk kestos, lit. 'stitched', used as a noun in the sense 'girdle.

**CET** **abbr.** Central European Time 欧洲中部时间

**cetacean** /si'terfǝn/ Zoology 【动】 **n.** a marine mammal of the order Cetacea; a whale, dolphin, or porpoise 鲸目动物 **adj.** relating to the cetaceans 鲸目动物的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Cetacea, from L. cetus, from Gk kētos 'whale.

**cetane** /'si:tein/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a colourless liquid hydrocarbon of the alkane series, present in petroleum spirit 十六烷 [C₁₆H₃₄]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cetus 'whale' (because rel. compounds were first derived from spermaceti) + -ANE².

**cetane number** **n.** a quantity indicating the ignition properties of diesel fuel relative to cetane as a standard 十六烷值

**ceteris paribus** / kertǝrıs 'pæribus, set, si:t-/ **adv.** other things being equal 假如其余情况相同
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L.

**ceviche** /se'vi:tfer/(also 亦作 **seviche**) **n.** a South American dish of marinaded raw fish or seafood 南美洲橙汁腌渍鱼(或腌渍海味)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Latin Amer. Sp.

**CF** **abbr.** **1** (in the UK) Chaplain to the Forces (英国)随军牧师 **2** cystic fibrosis

<412>
**Cf** **symb.** the chemical element californium(化学元素)锎

**cf.** **abbr.** compare with 比较
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. confer 'compare.

**c.f.** **abbr.** carried forward (referring to figures transferred to a new page or account)转下页,过次页

**CFA** (also 亦作 **CFA franc**) **n.** the basic monetary unit of Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, and the Central African Republic, equal to 100 centimes 非洲金融共同体法郎
-ORIGIN 词源 CFA from Fr. Communauté Financière Africaine 'African Financial Community.

**CFC** **abbr.** Chemistry 【化】 chlorofluorocarbon, any of a class of synthetic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine formerly used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants and known to be harmful to the ozone layer 氯氟烃

**CFE** **abbr.** (in the UK) College of Further Education(英国)进修学院

**CFO** **abbr.** chief financial officer 首席财务官

**CFS** **abbr.** chronic fatigue syndrome 慢性疲乏综合征

**CG** **abbr.** Democratic Republic of Congo (international vehicle registration)刚果民主共和国(国际车船注册)

**cg** **abbr.** centigram (s)

**CGI** **abbr.** Computing 【计】 **1** Common Gateway Interface, an interface standard by which World Wide Web servers may access external programs so that data is returned automatically in the form of a web page 通用网关接口,公共网关接口 **2** computer-generated imagery 计算机成像

**CGS** **abbr.** (in the UK) Chief of the General Staff (英国)总参谋长

**cgs** **abbr.** centimetre-gram-second (denoting a system of measurement using these as basic units)厘米-克-秒制

**CGT** **abbr.** capital gains tax

**CH** **abbr.** **1** (in the UK) Companion of Honour (英国)荣誉勋位爵士 **2** Switzerland (international vehicle registration)瑞士(国际车船注册)[from Fr. Confédération Helvétique ‘Swiss Confederation.]

**ch.** **abbr.** **1** chapter **2** (of a horse) chestnut in colour(马)栗色 **3** church

**cha** /tfa:/ **n.** variant spelling of CHAR³ * char³的另一种拼法

**chaat** /tfa:t/ **n.** an Indian dish of boiled vegetables or raw fruit, with spices 印度香料煮水果(或蔬菜)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi cat.

**Chablis** /'Sæbli:/ **n.** a dry white burgundy wine from Chablis in eastern France 夏布利干白葡萄酒

**chacha** /'tfat∫^/ **n.** Indian 【印度】uncle叔叔,伯伯; 舅舅
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi cācā.

**cha-cha** /'tfa:tfa:/ **n.** a ballroom dance with small steps and swaying hip movements, performed to a Latin American rhythm 恰恰舞 **v.** (**cha-chas**, **cha-chaing** /-tfa:(r)m/, **cha-chai'd** or **cha-chaed** /-tfa:d/) dance the cha-cha 跳恰恰舞
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: Latin Amer. Sp.

**chacham** /'x:xəm/ **n.** variant spelling of HAHAM * haham的另一种拼法

**chacma baboon** /'tfækmə/ **n.** a dark grey baboon inhabiting savannah in southern Africa 豚尾狒狒 [Papio ursinus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Khoikhoi.

**chaconne** /sə'kpn/ **n.** Music 【音】 **1** a composition in a series of varying sections in slow triple time 恰空舞曲 **2** a stately dance performed to a chaconne 恰空舞
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Sp. chacona.

**chacun à son goût** / fæksin æ son 'gu:/ **exclam.** each to their own taste 各有所好
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**chad** /tfæd/ **n.** a small piece of waste paper produced by punching a hole in punched card or tape(在卡片或纸带上打孔时打出的)孔屑
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: of unknown origin.

**Chadian** /'tfædiǝn/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of Chad in central Africa 乍得人 **adj.** relating to Chad or Chadians 乍得的;乍得人的

**Chadic** /'tfædık/ **n.** a group of Afro-Asiatic languages spoken in the region of Lake Chad in north central Africa, of which the most important is Hausa 乍得语群 **adj.** relating to Chadic 乍得语群的

**chador** /'tfa:də(r):, 'tfa:də(r), 'tfadə(r)/ (also 亦作 **chaddar** or **chuddar**) **n.** a large piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head and upper body leaving only the face exposed, worn especially by Muslim women(尤指穆斯林妇女裹在上身的)方披巾,披风
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Urdu chadar, chaddar, from Pers. čādar 'sheet or veil.

**chaebol** /'tferbol/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **chaebols**) (in South Korea) a large family-owned business conglomerate(韩国家族拥有的)财阀,大商社
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: Korean, lit. 'money clan.

**chaeta** /'ki:tə/ **n.** (pl. **chaetae** /-ti:/)Zoology【动】 a stiff bristle made of chitin, especially in an annelid worm(尤指环节蠕虫的)刚毛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk khaite 'long hair.

**chafe** /tferf/ **v.** **1** make or become sore by rubbing 擦痛;擦伤;擦破 (of an object) rub abrasively against another(物体)摩擦 **2** rub (a part of the body) to restore warmth or sensation 搓,摩擦(身体部位以生热或恢复知觉) **3** become impatient because of a restriction or inconvenience(因受限制或不方便而)恼怒,烦恼,焦躁 **n.** **1** wear or damage caused by rubbing 磨损;擦伤 **2** archaic 【古】 a state of annoyance 恼怒,烦恼,焦躁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chaufer 'make hot', based on L. calefacere, from calere 'be hot' + facere 'make'.

**chafer** /'tferfə(r)/ **n.** a large flying beetle of a group within the scarab family including many kinds

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destructive to plants, such as the cockchafer and June bug金龟子
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ceafor, cefer, of Gmc origin.

**chaff¹** /tfa:f, tfæf/ **n.** **1** the husks of grain or other seed separated by winnowing or threshing 谷壳,糠
> chopped hay and straw used as fodder(铡碎作饲料的)干草,稻草,草料 **2** strips of metal foil released in the air to obstruct radar detection(用于干扰雷达的)金属箔片
-PHRASES 短语 **separate (or sort) the wheat from the chaff** distinguish valuable people or things from worthless ones 分清好坏,去芜存菁
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cæf, ceaf, prob. from a Gmc base meaning 'gnaw'; rel. to CHAFER.

**chaff²** /tfa:f, tfæf/ **n.** light-hearted joking 逗弄,取笑 **v.** tease(someone)逗弄,取笑(某人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from CHAFE.

**chaffer** /'tfæfə(r)/ **v.** haggle about the price or terms of something讲价钱,讨价还价
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chafferer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'trade or trading') : from OE ceap 'a bargain' + faru 'journey.

**chaffinch** /'tfæfintf/ **n.** a common finch, the male of which has a bluish head, pink underparts, and dark wings with a white flash 苍头燕雀[Fringilla coelebs.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ceaffinc 'chaff finch.

**chafing dish** /'tſerfin/ **n.** **1** a cooking pot with an outer pan of hot water, used for keeping food warm (食物保温用的)暖锅,火锅 **2** a metal pan with a spirit lamp, used for cooking at the table(餐桌上烹调用的)轻便炉

**Chagas' disease** /'tfa:gǝs/ **n.** a disease caused by a trypanosome transmitted by bloodsucking bugs, endemic in Central and South America and causing damage to the heart and central nervous system 查加斯病,南美洲锥虫病
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas.

**chagrin** /'fægrın/ **n.** annoyance or shame at having failed 烦恼,懊恼;悔恨 **v.** (**be chagrined**) feel annoyed or ashamed 感到烦恼;感到懊恼;感到悔恨
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'melancholy') : from Fr. chagrin (n.), lit. 'rough skin, shagreen', chagriner (v.).

**chai** /tfar/ **n.** Indian tea made by boiling tea leaves with milk, sugar, and sometimes spices 印度香茶(茶叶中加入牛奶、糖,有时还加香料)
-ORIGIN 词源 a term in various Indian languages.

**chain** /tfem/ **n.** **1** a connected flexible series of metal links used for fastening, pulling, etc., or in jewellery 链子,链条,锁链 a restricting force or factor 约束,束缚 **2** a sequence of items of the same type forming a line 类似链条的东西 a series of connected things一连串,一系列: a chain of events 一连串事件 a group of hotels, shops, or restaurants owned by the same company连锁(商店、宾馆或餐馆) Brit.【英】 a situation in which the sale of a house or flat is dependent on the prospective buyer selling their own or the seller buying another first 链式售房(即房屋出售须得意向买方先卖掉自有住房或卖方先另购住房才能实现) a part of a molecule consisting of a number of atoms bonded together in a linear sequence(分子中原子有序排列的)链 **3** a jointed measuring line consisting of linked metal rods 测链 the length of this(66ft)测链长度(等于66英尺) **4** (**chains**) a structure projecting horizontally from a sailing ship's sides abreast of the masts, used to widen the basis for the shrouds 舷侧支索扣板 **v.** fasten, secure, or confine with a chain 用链子拴住;用链子束缚
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chaine, chaeine, from L. catena 'a chain.

**chain drive** **n.** a mechanism in which power is transmitted from an engine to the wheels of a vehicle or a boat's propeller by means of an endless chain 链传动(系统)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chain-driven** adj.

**chain gang** **n.** a group of convicts chained together while working outside the prison 用锁链拴在一起在狱外劳动的苦役犯

**chain gear** **n.** a gear transmitting motion by means of a moving endless chain, as typically used in bicycles 链轮,链传动装置

**chain letter** **n.** one of a sequence of letters, each recipient in the sequence being requested to send copies to a specific number of other people 链式邮件(要求收信人看过信后复写一定份数分寄给其他人)

**chain-link** **adj.** made of wire in a diamond-shaped mesh用钢丝编成网眼状的

**chain mail** **n.** historical 【史义】 armour made of small metal rings linked together 锁子甲

**chain reaction** **n.** **1** a chemical or other reaction in which the products themselves promote or spread the reaction, especially a self-sustaining nuclear fission process spread by neutrons链(式)反应 **2** a series of events, each caused by the previous one (事件的)连锁反应

**chainsaw** /'tfeinsɔ:/ **n.** a mechanical power-driven saw with teeth set on a chain moving around the edge of a blade 链锯

**chain shot** **n.** historical 【史义】pairs of cannonballs or half balls joined by a chain, fired from cannons in sea battles 链弹(两弹用铁链连接,古时用于海战)

**chain-smoke** **v.** smoke continually, typically by lighting a cigarette from the stub of the last one smoked 接连不断地抽(烟),一支接一支地抽(烟)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chain-smoker** n.

**chain stitch** **n.** an embroidery or crochet stitch, a line of which resembles a chain 链式针迹,链式线迹

**chain store** **n.** one of a series of shops owned by one firm and selling the same goods 连锁商店,联号商店

**chain wheel** **n.** a wheel transmitting power by means of a chain fitted to its edges 链轮

**chair** /tfeǝ(r)/ **n.** **1** a separate seat for one person,

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typically with a back and four legs 椅子 **2** the person in charge of a meeting or an organization (used as a neutral alternative to chairman or chairwoman) (会议或机构的)主席(用作中性词,替代 chairman或 chairwoman) the role of a chairperson 主席职位 **3** a professorship 教授职位 **4** (**the chair**) US【美】 short for ELECTRIC CHAIR * electric chair 的缩略式 **5** chiefly Brit.【主英】 a metal socket holding a rail in place on a railway sleeper(铁路)轨座 **v.** **1** act as chairperson of 担任……的主席 **2** Brit. 【英】carry (someone) aloft in a chair or in a sitting position to celebrate a victory(用椅子)把(某人)高高抬起(以庆贺胜利)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chaiere (mod. chaire 'bishop's throne', chaise 'chair'), from L. cathedra 'seat', from Gk kathedra; cf. CATHEDRAL.

**chairlift** /'tfeǝlıft/ **n.** **1** a series of chairs hung from a moving cable, used for carrying passengers up and down a mountain(运送乘客上下山等的)索道缆车 **2** a device for carrying people in wheelchairs from one floor of a building to another 座椅电梯

**chairman** /'tfeəmən/ (or **chairwoman**) **n.** (pl. **chairmen** or **chairwomen**) a person in charge of a meeting, committee, company, or other organization (会议或委员会等的)主席;(公司等的)董事长
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chairmanship** n.

**chairperson** /'tfeǝps:s(ə)n/ **n.** **pl.** **chairpersons** a chairman or chairwoman (used as a neutral alternative)主席,会长(用作中性词)

**chaise** /ferz/ **n.** **1** chiefly historical 【主史义】a horse-drawn carriage for one or two people, especially one with an open top and two wheels(供一两人乘坐的)马车(尤指双轮敞篷马车) another term for POST-CHAISE * post-chaise 的另一种说法 **2** US term for CHAISE LONGUE * chaise longue 的美式说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., var. of chaire(see见 CHAIR).

**chaise longue** (US also 【美亦作】**chaise lounge**) **n.** (pl. **chaises longues** pronunc. same 单复发音同) **1** a sofa with a backrest at only one end(仅一端有靠背的)沙发 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 a sunbed or other chair with a lengthened seat for reclining on (日光浴)浴床,躺椅,睡椅
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'long chair.

**chakra** /'tfækrǝ/ **n.** (in Indian thought) each of seven centres of spiritual power in the human body 轮(指印度思想中人体精神力量七个集中点之一)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit cakra 'wheel or circle.

**chalaza** /kə'leızə/ **n.** (pl. **chalazae** /-zi:/) Zoology【动】(in a bird's egg) each of two twisted membranous strips joining the yolk to the ends of the shell 卵黄系带,卵带
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chalazal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk khalaza 'small knot.

**Chalcedonian** /kælsı'dǝuniən/ **adj.** relating to the ecumenical council of the Christian Church, held at Chalcedon in ancient Bithynia in 451, which affirmed the dual but united nature of Christ as god and man(基督教)卡尔西顿会议的(于公元451年举行,确认耶稣基督具备神人二性于一位)

**chalcedony** /kæl'sedǝni/ **n.** (pl. **chalcedonies**) quartz occurring in a microcrystalline form such as onyx and agate 玉髓
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chalcedonic** /kælsı'donik/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. calcedonius, chalcedonius, from Gk khalkēdōn.

**chalcid** /'kælsid/ **n.** Entomology 【昆】 a minute parasitic wasp of a large group (superfamily Chalcidoidea) typically having a metallic coloration 小蜂
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Chalcis (genus name), from Gk khalkos 'copper, brass', + -ID³.

**Chalcolithic** / kælkǝ(u)'lıdık/ **adj.** Archaeology 【考古】 relating to or denoting a period in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, during which some weapons and tools were made of copper 铜石并用时代的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk khalkos 'copper' + lithos 'stone' + -Ic.

**chalcopyrite** /kælkǝ(u)'pairait/ **n.** a yellow mineral consisting of a sulphide of copper and iron, the principal ore of copper 黄铜矿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. chalcopyrites, from Gk khalkos 'copper' + purites (see见 PYRITES).

**Chaldean** /kæl'di:ǝn/ **n.** **1** a member of a people who lived in Chaldea, an ancient country in what is now southern Iraq 迦勒底人(古代迦勒底居民) **2** the Semitic language of the ancient Chaldeans 迦勒底语(古代迦勒底人说的闪族语) a language related to Aramaic and spoken in parts of Iraq(伊朗部分地区说的)阿拉米语 **3** a member of a Syrian Uniate Church based mainly in Iran and Iraq(伊朗、伊拉克等国的)迦勒底叙利亚教会信徒 **adj.** **1** relating to ancient Chaldea or its people or language 古迦勒底的;迦勒底人的;迦勒底语的 **2** relating to the East Syrian Uniate Church 迦勒底叙利亚教会的

**Chaldee** /kæl'di:, 'kældi:/ **n.** **1** the language of the ancient Chaldeans 迦勒底语 dated【过时】the Aramaic language as used in some books of the Old Testament (《圣经·旧约》部分经卷中使用的)阿拉米语 **2** a Chaldean迦勒底人;迦勒底叙利亚教会信徒
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Chaldaei 'Chaldeans.

**chalet** /fæler/ **n.** **1** a wooden house with overhanging eaves, typically in the Swiss Alps(一般位于瑞士阿尔卑斯山区、带悬挑屋檐的)牧人小屋,木屋 **2** a small cabin used by holidaymakers, forming a unit within a holiday complex(度假住的)小木屋
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Swiss Fr., dimin. of OFr. chasel 'farmstead.

**chalice** /'tfælıs/ **n.** **1** historical 【史义】 a goblet (高脚)酒杯 **2** the wine cup used in the Christian Eucharist 圣餐杯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. calix, calic- 'cup.

**chalicothere** /'kælıkədıǝ(r)/ **n.** a horse-like fossil mammal of the late Tertiary period, with stout claws instead of hoofs 爪蹄兽

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-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from mod. L. Chalicotherium (genus name), from Gk khalix, khalik- 'gravel' + therion 'wild animal.

**chalk** /tfo:k/ **n.** a white soft earthy limestone (calcium carbonate) formed from the skeletal remains of sea creatures 白垩 a similar substance (calcium sulphate), made into sticks and used for drawing or writing 粉笔 **v.** **1** draw or write with chalk 用粉笔画(或写) rub the tip of (a snooker cue) with chalk 用白垩粉擦(台球杆)的顶部 **2** Brit. 【英】charge(drinks bought in a pub or bar) to a person's account把(在酒馆或酒吧里买的饮料费用)记在某人账上 **3** (**chalk something up**) achieve something noteworthy获得,取得(了不起的成绩)
-PHRASES 短语 **as different as chalk and cheese** Brit.【英】fundamentally different or incompatible 截然不同的,互不相容的 **by a long chalk** Brit.【英】 by far 远远地,在很大程度上, **chalk and talk** Brit. 【英】 teaching by traditional methods focusing on the blackboard 传统教学法(指以黑板为中心的授课方法) **not by a long chalk** Brit. 【英】 not at all 一点也不 [with ref. to the chalk used for marking up scores in competitive games.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chalkiness** n. **chalky** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cealc, from L. calx(see见CALX).

**chalkboard** /'tfo:kbɔ:d/ **n.** North American term for BLACKBOARD * blackboard 的北美说法

**chalk-stripe** **adj.** (of a garment or material) having a pattern of thin white stripes on a dark background (衣服或布料)查尔克条纹的,白垩条纹的(指阴沉底色上配细白条纹)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chalk-striped** adj.

**challah** /'ha:lə, xa:'la:/ **n.** (pl. **challahs** or **chalot**, **chaloth** /xa:'lpt:/) a plaited loaf of white leavened bread, traditionally baked to celebrate the Jewish Sabbath(传统上为庆祝犹太教安息日烤制的)白面包
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. hallah.

**challan** /'tfolǝn/Indian【印度】 **n.** an official form or document, such as a receipt, invoice, or summons 正式表格,票据,凭证(如收据、发票、传票等) **v.** issue (someone) with an official notice of a traffic offence 给(交通违章者)开罚单
-ORIGIN 词源 Hindi chalan.

**challenge** /'tfælǝndz/ **n.** **1** a call to someone to participate in a contest or fight to decide who is superior 比赛邀清,挑战 a demanding task or situation 艰巨的任务;难关 an attempt to win a sporting contest(体育比赛的)求胜心 **2** a call to prove or justify something怀疑;质疑 **3** Medicine 【医】 exposure of the immune system to pathogenic organisms or antigens 激发免疫反应 **v.** **1** dispute the truth or validity of 怀疑;质疑……的真实性(或合法性) Law 【律】 object to (a jury member) 申请(某陪审员)回避 (of a guard) order (someone) to prove their identity(哨兵)向………查问身份 **2** invite(someone) to engage in a contest or fight 向………挑战(要求竞赛、格斗等) make a rival claim to (a position)向(对手的观点)表示异议 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **challenging**] test the abilities of 考验………的能力 **3** Medicine 【医】 expose (the immune system) to pathogenic organisms or antigens 激发(免疫反应)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **challengeable** adj. **challenger** n. **challengingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chalenge (n.), chalenger (v.), from L. calumnia 'calumny', calumniari 'calumniate.

**challenged** /'tfælınd3d/ **adj.** **1** euphemistic【婉】 suffering from impairment or disability in a specified respect伤残的,有残疾的: physically challenged 身体有残疾的 **2** humorous 【幽】 lacking or deficient in a specified respect(在某特定方面)有缺陷的,缺少……的: vertically challenged 个子不高的

**challis** /'fælis, 'Sæli/ **n.** a lightweight soft clothing fabric made from silk and worsted 印花薄型毛织物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: origin uncertain.

**chalumeau** /'fælumǝu/ **n.** (pl. **chalumeaux** pronunc. same 单复发音同) **1** a reed instrument of the early 18th century from which the clarinet was developed(18世纪早期的)沙吕莫管(后演化成单簧管) **2** (also亦作 **chalumeau register**) the lowest octave of the clarinet's range 单簧的最低音区
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. calamellus 'little reed.

**chalybeate** /kə'lıbiət/ **adj.** of or denoting natural mineral springs containing iron salts(矿泉水等)含铁盐的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. chalybeatus, from L. chalybs, from Gk khalups, khalub- 'steel.

**Cham** /tfæm/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **Chams**) **1** a member of an indigenous people of Vietnam and Cambodia, whose culture is strongly influenced by that of India占人(越南和柬埔寨的土著居民) **2** the Austronesian language of the Cham 占语

**chamaeleon** /kə'mi:liən/ **n.** variant spelling of CHAMELEON * chameleon的另一种拼法

**chamaephyte** /'kæmifart/ **n.** Botany 【植】 a woody plant whose resting buds are on or near the ground 地上芽植物
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk khamai 'on the ground' + -PHYTE.

**chamber** /'tfeimbə(r)/ **n.** **1** a large room used for formal or public events (举行正式或公共活动的)大厅,会议厅 **2** one of the houses of a parliament 上议院,下议院 **3** (**chambers**) Law, Brit.【律,英】 rooms used by a barrister or barristers, especially in the Inns of Court (尤指设于出庭律师公会的)出庭律师事务所
> Law【律】 a judge's office, where proceedings may be held if not required to be held in open court 法官办公室(法官在此处理不必在公开法庭上处理的法律事务) **4** archaic 【古】 a private room, especially a bedroom 私人房间(尤指卧室) **5** an enclosed space or cavity(密封的)腔,室
> the part of a gun bore that contains the charge(枪的)弹膛 **6** [as modifier 作修饰语] Music【音】 of or for a small group of instruments 室内乐的: a chamber

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orchestra 室内管弦乐队 **v.** place (a bullet) into the chamber of a gun装(子弹)入膛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chambered** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chambre, from L. camera 'vault, arched chamber', from Gk kamara 'object with an arched cover.

**chamberlain** /'tfeımbəlın/ **n.** historical 【史义】 **1** an officer who managed the household of a monarch or noble(国王的)内侍;(贵族的)管家 **2** Brit.【英】an officer who received revenue on behalf of a corporation or public body(公司或公共团体等的)财务总管,司库
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chamberlainship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a servant in a bedchamber): via OFr. from Old Saxon kamera, from L. camera (see见 CHAMBER).

**chambermaid** /'tfeımbəmeıd/ **n.** a woman who cleans bedrooms and bathrooms in a hotel(旅馆中清扫客房的)女服务员

**chamber music** **n.** instrumental music played by a small ensemble, such as a string quartet, with one player to a part 室内乐

**Chamber of Commerce** **n.** a local association to promote and protect the interests of the business community 商会

**Chamber of Deputies** **n.** the lower legislative assembly in some parliaments(某些国家议会的)下议院

**chamber of horrors** **n.** a place of entertainment containing instruments or scenes of torture or execution 恐怖屋(指展示刑具、行刑情景的娱乐场所)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name given to a room in Madame Tussaud's waxwork exhibition.

**chamber organ** **n.** a movable pipe organ for playing in a small concert hall, chapel, or private house 室内管风琴

**chamber pot** **n.** a bowl kept in a bedroom and used as a toilet 尿壶,夜壶

**Chambertin** 'Şöbətæ/ **n.** a dry red burgundy wine of high quality from Gevrey Chambertin in eastern France 尚贝坦红葡萄酒(一种优质勃艮第干红葡萄酒,产于法国东部的热夫雷-尚贝坦)

**chambray** /'fæmbrer/ **n.** a cloth with a white weft and a coloured warp 钱布雷布,钱布雷绸(一种色经白纬的平纹布)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19(orig. US): formed irregularly from Cambrai (see见 CAMBRIC).

**chambré** /'Sombrer, 's-/ **adj.** (of red wine) at room temperature(红葡萄酒)保持在室温的
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: Fr., past part. of chambrer 'bring to room temperature, from chambre(see见 CHAMBER).

**chamcha** /'tsamtsǝ/ **n.** Indian informal【印度,非正式】an obsequious person 巴结逢迎的人,马屁精
-ORIGIN 词源 from Bengali and Hindi chamra, cham, lit. 'skin, hide' (perh. from the idea of an obsequious person staying very close to a superior).

**chameleon** /kə'mi:liən/ (also亦作 **chamaeleon**) **n.** a small slow-moving lizard with a prehensile tail, long extensible tongue, protruding eyes, and the ability to change colour 避役 [Chamaeleo and other genera, family Chamaeleonidae: numerous species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chameleonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. chamaeleon from Gk khamaileōn, from khamai 'on the ground' + leōn 'lion.

**chametz** /ha:'mets, 'xa:mets/(also亦作 **chometz**) **n.** Judaism 【犹太教】 leaven or food mixed with leaven, prohibited during Passover(逾越节受禁止的)酵母,混有酵母的食品
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Heb. hāmēs.

**chamfer** /'tfæmfə(r)/ Carpentry 【木】 **v.** cut away (a right-angled edge or corner) to make a symmetrical sloping edge 将…削边,将………削角 **n.** a chamfered edge or corner 削边;削角
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(in the sense 'flute or furrow') : back-form. from chamfering, from Fr. chamfrain, from chant(see见 CAM¹) + fraint 'broken.

**chamise** /(t)fǝ'mi:z/(also 亦作 **chamiso**) **n.** (pl. **chamises** or **chamisos**) an evergreen shrub with small narrow leaves, common in the chaparral of California 小下田菊(常见于加利福尼亚查帕拉尔群落的常绿灌木)[Adenostoma fasciculatum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Mex. Sp. chamiso.

**chamois** **n.** **1** /'fæmwa:/ (pl. same 单复同/-wa:z/) an agile goat-antelope with short hooked horns, found in mountainous areas of southern Europe 岩羚羊 [Genus Rupicapra: two species.] **2** /'fæmi:, 'Jæmwa:/ (pl. same 单复同/-miz, -wa:z/)(also 亦作 **chamois leather**) soft pliable leather now made from sheepskin or lambskin(柔软的)绵羊皮(或羔羊皮)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr.

**chamomile** /'kæməmaıl/ (also 亦作 **camomile**) **n.** an aromatic plant of the daisy family, with white and yellow flowers 果香菊,白花春黄菊 [Chamaemelum nobile (**sweet chamomile**) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. camomille, from late L. chamomilla, from Gk khamaimēlon 'earth apple' (because of the apple-like smell of its flowers).

**Chamorro** /tfə'mərǝu/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **Chamorros**) **1** a member of the indigenous people of Guam 查莫罗人(关岛土著) **2** the Austronesian language of the Chamorro 查莫罗语

**champ¹** /tfæmp/ **v.** **1** munch enthusiastically or noisily 用力咀嚼;大声地咀嚼
> (of a horse) make a noisy biting or chewing action(马)格格地咬(或嚼) **2** fret impatiently 烦躁,急不可待
-PHRASES 短语 **champ (or chafe) at the bit** be restlessly impatient to start doing something 迫不及待,烦躁不安
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. imitative.

**champ²** /tfæmp/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 a champion 冠军

**champagne** /fæm'pein/ **n.** a white sparkling wine from Champagne, a region in NE France 香槟酒(产于法国东北部香槟地区)

**champagne socialist** **n.** Brit. derogatory【英,贬】a person who espouses socialist ideals while enjoying

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a wealthy and luxurious lifestyle 香槟社会主义者(指信仰社会主义同时享受奢侈生活的人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **champagne socialism** n.

**champaign** /'tfæmpein/ **n.** archaic 【古】 open level countryside 原野,平原
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. champagne, from late L. campania, based on L. campus 'level ground.

**champak** /'tfmpǝk, 'tſæm-/ **n.** an Asian evergreen tree bearing fragrant orange flowers, sacred to Hindus and Buddhists 黄兰 [Michelia champaca.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit campaka.

**champers** /fæmpǝz/ **n.** informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式,主英】champagne 香槟酒

**champerty** /'tfæmpǝti/ **n.** Law 【律】 an illegal agreement in which a person with no previous interest in a Lawsuit finances it with a view to sharing the disputed property if the suit succeeds 帮讼(一种非法协议,指之前无利益关系的第三人出资供给诉讼费用,如果诉讼获胜便可取得争议土地的一部分)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **champertous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. champartie, from OFr. champart 'feudal lord's share of produce', from L. campus 'field' + pars 'part.

**champion** /'tfæmpiǝn/ **n.** **1** a person who has surpassed all rivals in a sporting contest or other competition 冠军,第一名 **2** a defender of a cause or person斗士;捍卫者;拥护者 historical 【史义】 a knight who fought in single combat on behalf of the monarch(为国王作战的)战士,武士,勇士 **v.** support the cause of 捍卫;拥护;支持 **adj.** Brit. informal or dialect【英,非正式或方】excellent 极好的,第一流的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from med. L. campio(n-) 'fighter', from L. campus (see见 CAMP¹).

**Champion of England** **n.** (in the UK) a hereditary official who at coronations offers to defend the monarch's title to the throne(英国保卫君主在加冕礼上继承王位的)王国斗士世袭官员

**championship** /'tfæmpiǝnfip/ **n.** **1** a sporting contest for the position of champion 锦标赛 **2** the vigorous defence of a person or cause 捍卫;拥护;支持

**champlevé** /fæm(p)lə'veı, fõ'ləveı/ **n.** enamelwork in which hollows made in a metal surface are filled with coloured enamels 镶嵌珐琅制品
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from champ 'field' + levé 'raised'.

**chana** /'tfonǝ/(also 亦作 **channa**) **n.** Indian【印度】 chickpeas 鹰嘴豆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi canā.

**chance** /tfains/ **n.** **1** a possibility of something happening(某事发生的)可能性 **2** (**chances**) the probability of something desirable happening(希望发生之事的),概率或然性 **3** an opportunity 机会,机遇,时机 **4** the occurrence of events in the absence of any obvious intention or cause偶然,碰巧,意外: He met his brother by chance. 他碰巧遇见了弟弟。 **adj.** fortuitous; accidental 偶然的,意外的: a chance meeting 偶遇 **v.** **1** do something by accident 碰巧(做某事),偶然(做某事) **(chance upon/on/across)** find or see by accident 偶然发现;碰巧遇到 **2** informal【非正式】risk doing(something)冒险做(某事)
-PHRASES 短语 **by any chance** possibly可能,或许 **chance one's arm (or luck)** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 risk doing something 冒险做某事 **on the (off) chance** just in case 对……抱一线希望 **stand a chance** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] have a prospect of success or survival 有可能成功,有可能存活 **take a chance (or chances)** expose oneself to the risk of danger or failure冒险,投机
> **(take a chance on)** risk trusting 冒险相信 **take one's chance** do something risky with the hope of success 准备冒险,碰运气
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cheance, from cheoir 'fall, befall', based on L. cadere.

**chancel** /'tfa:nsl/ **n.** the part of a church near the altar, reserved for the clergy and choir, and typically separated from the nave by steps or a screen(教堂内靠近祭坛,常以台阶或屏风隔开专供牧师和唱诗班用的)圣坛
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. cancelli 'crossbars.

**chancellery** /'tfans(ə)l(ə)ri, -sləri/ **n.** (pl. **chancelleries**) **1** the position, office, or department of a chancellor 大臣的官职(或官署、所掌管的部门) **2** US【美】 an office attached to an embassy or consulate(大使馆或领事馆的)办公处

**chancellor** /'tfa:nsələ(r)/ **n.** a senior state or legal official 大臣;大法官 **(Chancellor)** the head of the government in some European countries, e.g. Germany(德国等一些欧洲国家的)总理,首相 chiefly Brit.【主英】 the honorary head of a university 大学名誉校长 US 【美】 the presiding judge of a chancery court(衡平法院的)首席法官 (in the UK) an officer of an order of knighthood who seals commissions(英国负责在委任状上盖印的)骑士事务大臣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chancellorship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE from OFr. cancelier, from late L. cancellarius 'porter, secretary' (orig. a court official stationed at the grating separating public from judges), from cancelli 'crossbars'.

**Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster** **n.** (in the UK) a member of the government legally representing the Crown as Duke of Lancaster, typically a cabinet minister employed on non-departmental work(英国)兰开斯特公爵郡大臣

**Chancellor of the Exchequer** **n.** the finance minister of the United Kingdom(英国)财政大臣

**chance-medley** **n.** Law, rare【律,罕】the accidental killing of a person in a fight 自卫杀人
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Anglo-Norman Fr. chance medlee, lit. 'mixed chance.

**chancer** /'tfa:nsə(r)/ **n.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a person who exploits any opportunity to the utmost 充分利用机会的人

**chancery** /'tfa:nsəri/ **n.** (pl. **chanceries**) **1** (**Chancery** or **Chancery Division**) Law【律】(in the

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UK) the Lord Chancellor's court, a division of the High Court of Justice(高等法院的)大法官法庭 **2** US【美】a court of equity 衡平法院 **equity** 衡平法 **3** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 an office attached to an embassy or consulate(大使馆或领事馆的)办公处 **4** a public record office 公共档案馆
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: contr. of CHANCELLERY.

**chancre** /'fæŋkə(r)/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 a painless ulcer, particularly one developing on the genitals in venereal disease 下疳,初疮
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. cancer 'creeping ulcer.

**chancroid** /'fæŋkroid/ **n.** a venereal infection causing ulceration of the lymph nodes in the groin 软下疳

**chancy** /'tfamsi/ **adj.** (**chancier**, **chanciest**) informal 【非正式】uncertain; risky 不确定的,冒险的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chancily** adv. **chanciness** n.

**chandelier** / fændə'lıə(r)/ **n.** a large decorative hanging light with branches for several light bulbs or candles 枝形吊灯
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from chandelle 'candle.

**chandler** /'tfandlə(r)/ **n.** **1** (also亦作 **ship chandler**) a dealer in supplies and equipment for ships and boats 船具商 **2** historical 【史义】 a dealer in household items such as oil and groceries 家用杂货经销商
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chandlery** n. (pl. **chandleries**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a candle maker or candle seller): from OFr. chandelier, from chandelle (see见 CHANDELIER).

**change** /tfeind3/ **v.** **1** make or become different (使)变更,(使)改变 (of the moon) arrive at a fresh phase; become new(月亮)转换月相,换到新月 **2** take or use another instead of 替代,替换: She decided to change her name. 她决定改个名字。
> move from one to (another)转换成(另一个)
> **(change over)** move from one system or situation to another 改变制度(或情况)
> remove (something dirty or faulty) and replace it with another of the same kind(用同类物品)更换,替换(脏物或残次品) **engage (a different gear)** in a motor vehicle(给机动车)换(挡) **(change down or up)** Brit. 【英】 engage a lower (or higher) gear in a vehicle or on a bicycle 放慢车速;加快车速 **3** put different clothes on 换衣服 **4** exchange (a sum of money) for the same sum in a different currency or denomination 兑换(货币) **n.** **1** the action of changing 变更,变革 an instance of becoming different改变,变化
> **(the change** or **the change of life**) informal 【非正式】the menopause 绝经(期),更年期 **2** a clean garment or garments as a replacement for something one is wearing 替换的(干净)衣服 **3** coins as opposed to banknotes 硬币(与纸币相对) money given in exchange for the same sum in larger units(兑现大面额货币的)小额货币 money returned to someone as the balance of the sum paid 找头,零钱 **4** an order in which a peal of bells can be rung 钟乐敲打的套路
-PHRASES 短语 **change colour** blanch or flush(脸色)变苍白;脸红 **change hands** (of a business or building) pass to a different owner(企业或房产)易主 (of money or a marketable commodity) pass to another person in the course of a business transaction(钱或交易商品)转手,易手 **a change of air** a different climate, typically as a means of improving one's health(一般指为了增进健康的)改变环境 **change step** alter one's step so that the opposite leg is the one that marks time when marching(行军时)换步 **change one's tune** express a very different opinion or behave in a very different way 改变观点,变卦;转变行为 **for a change** contrary to how things usually happen or in order to introduce variety 为了改变一下,为了换个口味 **get no change out of** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 fail to get information or a desired reaction from 没能探听到消息,得不到想要的反应 **ring the changes** vary the ways of doing something改变做法;打破常规[with allusion to the different orders in which a peal of bells may be rung.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **changeful** adj. **changeless** adj. **changelessly** adv. **changelessness** n. **changer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. change (n.), changer (v.), from late L. cambiare, from L. cambire 'barter'.

**changeable** /'tfeindzəbl/ **adj.** **1** liable to unpredictable variation易变的,不定的 **2** able to be changed or exchanged可改变的;可交换的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **changeability** n. **changeableness** n. **changeably** adv.

**changeling** /'tfemdzlıŋ/ **n.** a child believed to have been secretly substituted by fairies for the parents' real child in infancy(传说中)被(仙女)偷换后留下的婴儿

**changeover** /'tfeındzəvvə(r)/ **n.** a change from one system or situation to another(制度或情况的)改变,变更

**change-ringing** **n.** the ringing of sets of church bells or handbells in a constantly varying order 教堂大钟(或手铃)变奏击打法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **change-ringer** n.

**change-up** **n.** Baseball 【棒】 an unexpectedly slow pitch designed to throw off the batter's timing(投手为使击球手击空而投的)变速投球,慢速投球

**channa** /'tfanǝ/ **n.** variant spelling of CHANA * chana 的另一种拼法

**channel** **n.** **1** a length of water wider than a strait, joining two larger areas of water, especially two seas (尤指连接两个海域的)海峡 **(the Channel)** the English Channel 英吉利海峡 a navigable passage in a stretch of water otherwise unsafe for vessels 水道,航道 **2** a band of frequencies used in radio and television transmission, especially as used by a particular station(尤指某电视台使用的)频道,波道 **3** a medium for communication or the passage

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of information 交际手段,沟通渠道 **4** an electric circuit which acts as a path for a signal 信道 **5** Biology 【生物】a tubular passage or duct for liquid (液体通过的)沟,管 **v.** (**channels**, **channelling**, **channelled**; US 【美】 **channels**, **channeling**, **channeled**) **1** direct towards a particular end 引导,指引 cause to pass along or through a specified route or medium 使通过(特定的路线或渠道):Many countries channel their aid through charities.许多国家通过慈善机构提供帮助。 **2** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **channelled**] form channels or grooves in 在…上开挖水道(或沟渠);在……上开槽 **3** serve as a medium for (a spirit)使(灵魂)附身,通灵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **channeller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chanel, from L. canalis 'pipe, groove, channel', from canna (see见 CANE); cf. CANAL.

**channel-hop** **v.** informal 【非正式】 **1** change frequently from one television channel to another, using a remote control device(用遥控器)不断变换频道,频繁调台 **2** make frequent or brief trips across the English Channel and back to Britain 频繁穿梭于英吉利海峡,常往返于英吉利海峡作短途旅行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **channel-hopper** n.

**channelize** or **channelise** /'tfæn(ə)laız/ **v.** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 another term for CHANNEL (sense 1 of the verb) * channel (动词释义1)的另一种说法

**channel-surf** **v.** another term for CHANNEL-HOP (sense 1) * channel-hop(释义1)的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **channel-sufer** n. **channel-surfing** n.

**chanson** /'fos/ **n.** a French song 法国歌曲
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from L. cantio (n-) 'singing', from canere 'sing.

**chanson de geste** / fõsõ də 'zest/ **n.** (pl. **chansons de geste** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a French historical verse romance of the Middle Ages 法国中世纪史诗
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'song of heroic deeds', from chanson(see见 CHANSON) and geste from L. gesta 'actions, exploits.

**chant** /tfo:nt/ **n.** **1** a repeated rhythmic phrase, typically one shouted or sung in unison by a crowd (一般指一群人反复齐喊或齐唱的)有节奏的话语,歌曲 **2** a monotonous or repetitive song, typically an incantation or part of a ritual(一般指作为咒语或宗教仪式一部分的)吟颂 **3** Music 【音】 a short musical passage in two or more phrases used for singing unmetrical words; a psalm or canticle sung to such music 圣歌,赞美诗 **v.** say or shout repeatedly in a sing-song tone(用唱歌的语调)反复唱,反复呼喊 sing or intone (a psalm, canticle, or sacred text)吟颂(圣歌、赞美诗等)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chanter 'sing', from L. cantare, frequentative of canere 'sing.

**chanter** /'tfaintə(r)/ **n.** Music 【音】 the pipe of a bagpipe with finger holes, on which the melody is played(风笛的)旋律管

**chanterelle** /'tfa:ntǝrel, tfa:ntǝ'rel/ **n.** an edible woodland mushroom which has a yellow funnel-shaped cap and a faint smell of apricots 鸡油菌 (可食用,菌帽为漏斗状,略带杏味)[Cantharelljus cibarius.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from mod. L. cantharellus, dimin. of cantharus, from Gk kantharos, denoting a kind of drinking container.

**chanteuse** /fa:n't3:z/ **n.** a female singer of popular songs 女流行歌手
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from chanter 'sing.

**chantey** /'fænti/ **n.** US spelling of SHANTY² * shanty² 的美式拼法

**chanticleer** /'tfa:ntı,kliǝ/ **n.** literary 【文】a name given to a domestic cock, especially in fairy tales 雄鸡(尤见于童话故事)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. Chantecler, the name of the cock in the fable Reynard the Fox, from chanter (see见 CHANT) + cler 'clear.

**Chantilly cream** /fæn'tıli/ **n.** sweetened or flavoured whipped cream甜味(或调味)掼奶油
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Chantilly, a town near Paris, where it origin ated.

**Chantilly lace** **n.** a delicate kind of bobbin lace 尚蒂利细花花边

**chantry** /'tfa:ntri/ **n.** (pl. **chantries**) a chapel, altar, or other part of a church endowed for the celebration of masses for the donor's soul(为某人做弥撒所捐献的)附属礼拜堂
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chanterie, from chanter 'to sing.

**chanty** /'Sænti/(also 亦作 **chantey**) **n.** (pl. **chanties**) archaic or N. Amer. 【古或北美】variant spellings of SHANTY² * shanty²的另一种拼法

**Chanukkah** /'hænukǝ/ **n.** variant spelling of HANUKKAH * Hanukkah的另一种拼法

**chaology** /ker'dlədzi/ **n.** Physics 【物】 the study of chaotic systems 混沌学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chaologist** n.

**chaos** /'keIDS/ **n.** **1** complete disorder and confusion 混乱,紊乱 **Physics**【物】 the property of a complex system whose behaviour is so unpredictable as to appear random, owing to great sensitivity to small changes in conditions 混沌 **2** the formless matter supposed to have existed before the creation of the universe 混沌(传说中宇宙形成以前模糊一团的景象)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15(denoting a gaping void): via Fr. and L. from Gk khaos 'vast chasm, void.

**chaos theory** **n.** the branch of mathematics that deals with complex systems whose behaviour is highly sensitive to slight changes in conditions, so that small alterations can give rise to great consequences 混沌理论(关于微小变化会产生明显后果的数学研究)

**chaotic** /ker'ptık/ **adj.** in a state of complete confusion and disorder 混乱的,紊乱的 **Physics**

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【物】 relating to systems which exhibit chaos 混沌的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chaotically** adv.

**chap¹** /tfæp/ **v.** (**chaps**, **chapping**, **chapped**) (of the skin) crack and become sore, typically through exposure to cold weather(一般指皮肤暴露于寒冷天气下而)皲裂 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **chapped**] (of the wind or cold) cause (skin) to crack in this way(风、寒冷)使(皮肤)皲裂 **n.** a chapped area 皲裂处
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**chap²** /tfæp/ **n.** informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式,主英】 a man or a boy 男人;小伙子;小男孩
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting a buyer or customer) : abbrev. of CHAPMAN.

**chap³** /tfæp/ **n.** the lower jaw or half of the cheek, especially that of a pig used as food颌,口颊部;(尤指)猪头肉的颌颊部分
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin; cf. CHOPS.

**chap.** **abbr.** chapter

**chaparajos** /fæpǝ'rerhǝus, tf-/ (also 亦作 **chaparejos**) **pl. n.** N. Amer. 【北美】fuller form of CHAPS * chaps 的全形
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Mex. Sp. chaparreras, from chaparra 'dwarf evergreen oak' (with ref. to protection from thorny vegetation: see见 CHAPARRAL).

**chaparral** / fæpǝ'ræl, tf-/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes 查帕拉尔群落
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., from chaparra 'dwarf evergreen oak.

**chapatti** /tfə'pa:ti, -'pæti/ **n.** (pl. **chapattis**) (in Indian cookery) a thin pancake of unleavened wholemeal bread cooked on a griddle(印度烹调中的)薄煎饼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi capāti, from capānā 'roll out.

**chapbook** /'tfæpbuk/ **n.** **1** historical 【史义】a small pamphlet containing tales, ballads, or tracts, sold by pedlars(由小贩沿街叫卖的)小本故事书,小本民谣集,宗教小册子 **2** N. Amer.【北美】 a small paper-covered booklet containing poems or fiction(小开本、纸封面的)诗歌集,小说
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHAPMAN + BOOK.

**chape** /tferp/ **n.** **1** historical 【史义】 the metal point of a scabbard(剑鞘顶部的)金属包头 **2** the metal pin of a buckle 扣钩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., lit. 'cape, hood', from late L. cappa 'cap.

**chapel** /'tfæpl/ **n.** **1** a small building or room used for Christian worship in an institution or private house(附属于机构或私人住宅的)小教堂,祈祷室 a part of a large church or cathedral with its own altar and dedication(附属于大教堂或主教座堂内的)小教堂
> Brit.【英】a place of worship for Nonconformist congregations 非国教徒的教堂 **2** Brit. 【英】the members or branch of a print or newspaper trade union at a particular place of work印刷(或报社)工会会员;印刷(或报社)工会分会
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chapele, from med. L. cappella, dimin. of cappa. 'cap or cape' (the first chapel being a sanctuary in which St Martin's cloak was preserved).

**chapel of ease** **n.** an Anglican chapel situated for the convenience of parishioners living a long distance from the parish church(为方便住所远离教区教堂的教徒而设的)国教小教堂

**chapel of rest** **n.** Brit. 【英】 an undertaker's mortuary(殡仪馆的)停尸室

**chapelry** /tfæpǝlri/ **n.** (pl. **chapelries**) a district served by an Anglican chapel. 小教堂教区,小教堂辖区

**chaperone** /'fæpǝrǝun/ (also 亦作 **chaperon** /'fæpǝron/) **n.** a person who accompanies and looks after another person or group of people 陪伴并照顾别人的人 (especially formerly) an older woman responsible for the decorous behaviour of a young unmarried girl at social occasions(尤指旧时在社交场所陪伴未婚少女负责使其行为端庄得体的)年长女伴,(女)监护人 **v.** accompany and look after 给………当女伴(或监护人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chaperonage** /'fæp(ə)r(ə)nıdz/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a hood or cap): from Fr., fem. of chaperon 'hood', dimin. of chape (see 见 CHAPE).

**chap-fallen** **adj.** archaic 【古】 with one's lower jaw hanging due to extreme exhaustion or dejection (由于极度疲劳或沮丧而)下颌下垂的

**chaplain** /'tfæplin/ **n.** a member of the clergy attached to a private chapel, institution, regiment, etc. (私人教堂、机构、军队等的)牧师,祭司
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chaplaincy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chapelain, from med. L. cappellanus, orig. denoting a custodian of the cloak of St Martin, from cappella (see见 CHAPEL).

**chaplet** /'tſæplit/ **n.** **1** a circlet for a person's head (戴在头上的)装饰圆环,花冠 **2** a string of 55 beads (one third of the rosary number) for counting prayers(用作祈祷时计数的)小串念珠 **3** a metal support for the core of a hollow casting mould 型芯撑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chapleted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chapelet, dimin. of chapel 'hat', based on late L. cappa 'cap.

**chapman** /'tfæpmən/ **n.** (pl. **chapmen**) archaic 【古】a pedlar(沿街叫卖的)流动商贩
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ceapman, from ceap 'bargaining, trade'(see见CHEAP) + MAN.

**chappal** /'tſæpl/ **n.** Indian 【印度】a slipper凉鞋,便鞋
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi cappal.

**chaps** /tfæps/ **pl. n.** leather trousers without a seat, worn by a cowboy over ordinary trousers to protect the legs(牛仔穿的)皮护腿套裤,皮套裤
-ORIGIN词源C19: from CHAPARAJOS.

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**chaptalization** or **chaptalisation** /tfæptǝlar'zeıfn/ **n.** (in winemaking) the correction or improvement of must by the addition of calcium carbonate or sugar(葡萄酒酿制中的)加糖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chaptalize** or **chaptalise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French chemist Jean A. Chaptal, who invented the process.

**chapter** /'tfæptə(r)/ **n.** **1** a main division of a book(书的)章,回,篇
> an Act of Parliament numbered as part of a session's proceedings 参考目次,律目(指议会法案作为某次会议公报一部分的编号) **2** a distinctive period in history or in a person's life(历史或人生的)特殊时期,重要章节
> a series or sequence 一系列;一连串 **3** the governing body of a cathedral or other religious community, or of a knightly order 大教堂的主管人员;教士会;骑士团理事会 **4** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a local branch of a society(社团的)地方分会,支部
-PHRASES 短语 **chapter and verse** an exact reference or authority 确切出处,确切依据 **a chapter of accidents** a series of unfortunate events一系列不幸事件
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chapitre, from L. capitulum, dimin. of caput 'head'.

**Chapter 11** **n.** (in the US) protection from creditors given to a company in financial difficulties for a limited period to allow it to reorganize(美国的)破产保护
-ORIGIN 词源 with allusion to chapter 11 of the US bankruptcy code.

**chapter house** **n.** a building used for the meetings of a religious chapter 牧师会礼堂 US【美】a place where a college fraternity or sorority meets 大学生联谊会会所

**char¹** /tfa:(r)/ **v.** (**chars**, **charring**, **charred**) partially burn so as to blacken the surface 把………烧焦 **n.** charred material 烧焦物
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: appar. a back-form. from CHARCOAL.

**char²** /tfa:(r)/ Brit. informal【英,非正式】 **n.** a char woman 女清洁工;打杂女工 **v.** (**chars**, **charring**, **charred**) work as a charwoman 做女清洁工(或打杂女工)

**char³** /tfa:(r)/ (also 亦作 **cha** /tfa:/) **n.** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】tea茶
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (ascha): from Chin. (Mandarin dial.) chá.

**char⁴** /tfa:(r)/ **n.** variant spelling of CHARR * charr 的另一种拼法

**charabanc** /'færǝbæŋ/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 an early form of bus(早期的)旅行客车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. char-à-bancs 'carriage with benches.

**characin** /'kærǝsın/ **n.** a small freshwater fish of a tropical family (Characidae) including the piranhas and tetras 脂鲤(脂鯉科热带小淡水鱼,包括水虎鱼和方鳍鱼)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Characinus (genus name), from Gk kharax 'pointed stake.

**character** /'kærəktə(r)/ **n.** **1** the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual(人的)品质,性格 strength and originality in a person's nature 品德,品性 a person's good reputation(好的)名誉,名声 **2** the distinctive nature of something(事物的)性质,特性,特色: Gas lamps give the area its character. 煤气灯让该地区独具特色。 **3** a person in a novel, play, or film(小说、戏剧、电影里的)人物,角色 a part played by an actor(演员扮演的)角色 a person seen in terms of a particular aspect of character 有……特点的人: shady characters 可疑人物 **4** informal 【非正式】 an unusual or amusing person(不同寻常或有趣的)人 **5** a printed or written letter or symbol (印刷或书写的)字,字体;符号 **Computing**【计】 a symbol representing a letter or number 字符 **6** chiefly Biology 【主生物】 a characteristic, especially one that assists in the identification of a species (尤指有助于鉴别某一物种的)特征,性状 **v.** archaic 【古】 **1** inscribe or write (something)题;刻;写 **2** describe 描述
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **characterful** adj. **characterless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'distinctive mark', later 'feature or trait'): from OFr. caractere, via L. from Gk kharakter 'a stamping tool.

**character actor** **n.** an actor who specializes in playing eccentric or unusual people rather than leading roles(专门扮演怪异人物而非主要角色的)性格演员

**characteristic** / kærəktə'rıstık/ **adj.** typical of a particular person, place, or thing典型的;独特的 **n.** **1** a feature or quality typical of a person, place, or thing 特点,特征,特性 **2** Mathematics 【数】 the whole number or integral part of a logarithm(对数的)首数
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **characteristically** adv.

**characteristic curve** **n.** a graph showing the relati-onship between two variable but interdependent quantities 特性曲线

**characteristic radiation** **n.** radiation consisting of wavelengths which are peculiar to the element which emits them 标识辐射

**characterize** or **characterise** /'kærəktəraız/ **v.** **1** describe the distinctive character of 描绘………的特征 **2** (of a feature or quality) be typical or characteristic of 是……的特征,以…为特征
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **characterization** n.

**character recognition** **n.** the identification by electronic means of printed or written characters 字符识别

**charade** /sə'ra:d/ **n.** **1** an absurd pretence intended to create a pleasant impression 装模作样 **2** (**charades**) [treated as sing.视作单数] a game of guessing a word or phrase from a written or acted clue given for each syllable and for the whole item 字谜游戏
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from mod. Provençal

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charrado 'conversation.

**charango** /tsǝ'rængǝu/ **n.** (pl. **charangos**) a small Andean guitar, traditionally made from an armadillo shell 小型南美吉他(传统上由犰狳壳制成)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Latin Amer. Sp.

**charas** /'tfa:rəs/ **n.** cannabis resin 大麻脂
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi caras.

**charbroil** /'tfa:broil/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **charbroiled**] N. Amer. 【北美】 grill (food, especially meat) on a rack over charcoal 用炭烤(食品,尤指肉)

**charcoal** **n.** **1** a porous black form of carbon obtained as a residue when wood or other organic matter is heated in the absence of air炭,木炭 a stick of charcoal used for drawing(绘画用的)木炭条,炭笔 **2** a dark grey colour 深灰色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. rel. to COAL in the early sense 'charcoal.

**charcuterie** /fa:'ku:t(ǝ)ri/ **n.** (pl. **charcuteries**) **1** cold cooked meats(熟肉店出售的)凉熟肉 **2** a shop selling cold cooked meats 熟肉店
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from obs. char (earlier form of chair) 'flesh' + cuite 'cooked.

**chard** /tfa:d/(also 亦作 **Swiss chard**) **n.** a beet of a variety with broad edible white leaf stalks and green blades 若选菜,瑞士甜菜
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. carde, perh. influenced by chardon 'thistle.

**Chardonnay** /'fa:dəneı/ **n.** a variety of white wine grape used for making champagne and other wines 霞多丽葡萄(用作香槟酒和其他葡萄酒的原料) a wine made from the Chardonnay grape 霞多丽葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**charentais** /'færǝnteı/ **n.** a melon of a small variety with a pale green rind and orange flesh 夏朗德甜瓜
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'from the Charentes region.

**charge** /tfa:d3/ **v.** **1** demand (an amount) as a price for a service rendered or goods supplied 收(费);要(价) **2** formally accuse (someone) of something, especially an offence under law (正式)指控(尤指)控告,起诉 **3** entrust with a task or responsibility 赋予………任务(或职责),使承担任务(或责任) **4** store electrical energy in (a battery or battery-operated device)给(电池或由电池驱动的设备)充电 **5** technical or formal 【技或正式】 load or fill (a container, gun, etc.) to the full or proper extent 填满,装满(容器等),给(枪炮)装弾
> fill with a quality or emotion 使充满(特性或情绪): The air was charged with menace. 空气中充斥着危险。 **6** rush forward in attack 猛攻 move quickly and forcefully 猛冲;冲锋 **7** Heraldry 【纹章】 place a charge on 饰图案于……… **n.** **1** a price asked 要价,价钱
> a financial liability or commitment 应付款项;承付款项 **2** a formal accusation made against a prisoner brought to trial(正式的)控告,指控 **3** responsibility for care or control 责任,职责 a person or thing entrusted to someone's care 被照管的人(或物) **4** the property of matter that is responsible for electrical phenomena, existing in a positive or negative form(电)荷 the quantity of this carried by a body 电荷量 energy stored chemically in a battery for conversion into electricity(电池中以化学方式贮存、可转化为电的)能量 an act or period of storing electrical energy in a battery充电(期) [in sing. 用单数] informal 【非正式】a thrill兴奋;激动: I get a real charge out of working hard. 努力工作令我十分兴奋。 **5** a quantity of explosive to be detonated in order to fire a gun or similar weapon(枪炮等所需的)装药量 **6** a headlong rush forward, typically in attack 冲锋;猛攻 **7** an official instruction given by a judge to a jury regarding points of law (法官对陪审团作出的)指示 **8** Heraldry【纹章】 a device or bearing placed on a shield or crest(盾或饰章上的)图记,图案
-PHRASES 短语 **press (or prefer) charges** accuse someone formally of a crime so that they can be brought to trial(正式)起诉,控告 **put someone on a charge** Brit. 【英】 charge someone with a specified offence 对某人进行(某种)指控
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chargeable** adj. **charged** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, from OFr. charger (v.), charge (n.), from late L. carricare, carcare 'to load', from L. carrus 'wheeled vehicle.

**charge account** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 an account to which goods and services may be charged on credit 赊账,记账

**charge-cap** **v.** [often as noun 常作名词 **charge-capping**] Brit.【英】(of a government) subject (a local authority) to an upper limit on the charges it may levy on the public for services(政府)要求(地方当局)确定公众服务收费上限

**charge card** **n.** a credit card for use with an account which must be paid in full when a statement is issued (结算单发出后必须结清账目的)签账卡

**charge carrier** **n.** an electron, ion, etc. which carries electric charge in a conductor or semiconductor 载流子

**charge-coupled device** **n.** a high-speed semi-conductor device used chiefly in image detection电荷耦合器件

**chargé d'affaires** / fazer dæ'feǝ(r)/ (also 亦作 **chargé**) **n.** (pl. **chargés d'affaires** pronunc. same 单复发音同)an ambassador's deputy 代办(代理大使的外交官)a state's diplomatic representative in a minor country(派往小国家的)外交使节,公使
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr.,‘(a person) in charge of affairs.

**chargehand** /'tfa:dzhænd/ **n.** Brit. 【英】a worker with supervisory duties ranking below a foreman I头,领班

**charge nurse** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a nurse in charge of a ward in a hospital 护士长

**charger¹** /'tfa:dzə(r)/ **n.** **1** a device for charging a battery or battery-powered equipment 充电器;充电机 **2** historical【史义】a horse ridden by a knight or

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cavalryman(骑士或骑兵的)坐骑,战马

**charger²** /'tfa:dzə(r)/ **n.** archaic 【古】 a large flat dish 大浅盘
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. chargeour, from chargier 'to load', from late L. carricare, carcare (see见 CHARGE).

**chargrill** /'tfa:grıl/ **v.** [usu. as adj.通常作形容词 **chargrilled**] grill (food, typically meat or fish) quickly at a very high heat(用高温)快速烤(食物,一般指肉或鱼)

**chariot** /'tfæriǝt/ **n.** **1** a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing(古代的)双轮战车,双轮赛马车 **2** historical 【史义】a four-wheeled carriage with back seats and a coachman's seat 四轮轻便马车 **3** literary【文】 a stately or triumphal carriage 庄严堂皇的彩车;凯旋车 **v.** literary【文】 convey in or as in a chariot 用马车(或战车)载送;乘坐马车(或战车)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charioteer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., augmentative of char 'cart, based on L. carrus 'wheeled vehicle.

**charisma** /kə'rızmə/ **n.** **1** compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion(能激发忠心的)领袖气质,个人魅力 **2** (pl. **charismata** /kə-'rızmətə/) a divinely conferred power or talent 神授的超凡力量(或才能)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via eccles. L. from Gk kharisma, from kharis 'favour, grace.

**charismatic** /kærız'mætık/ **adj.** **1** having charisma 有号召力的,有个人魅力的 **2** relating to the charismatic movement 灵恩运动的 (of a power or talent) divinely conferred(指力量或才能)神授的 **n.** an adherent of the charismatic movement 灵恩运动支持者 a person who claims divine inspiration 有神授超凡力量(或才能)的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charismatically** adv.

**charismatic movement** **n.** a fundamentalist movement within the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other Christian Churches that emphasizes talents believed to be conferred by the Holy Spirit (天主教、英国国教和其他基督教教派的)灵恩运动(强调超凡能力为圣灵所授)。

**charitable** /'tfærətəbl/ **adj.** **1** relating to the assistance of those in need 慈善的,仁爱的 officially recognized as a charity 慈善团体的,慈善组织的 generous in giving to those in need 慷慨施舍的 **2** tolerant in judging others 宽厚的,宽容的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charitableness** n. **charitably** adv.

**charity** /tfærǝti/ **n.** (pl. **charities**) **1** an organization set up to provide help and raise money for those in need 慈善团体,慈善组织 **2** the voluntary giving of money to those in need 施舍行为,善行
> help or money given in this way 捐助;施舍的金钱 **3** tolerance in judging others 宽容,仁慈,宽厚 **4** archaic 【古】 love of humankind, typically in a Christian context(基督教的)博爱
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: from OFr. charite, from L. caritas, from carus 'dear'.

**charivari** /fa:rr'va:ri/ (chiefly US also 【主美亦作】 **shivaree**) **n.** (pl. **charivaris**) **1** chiefly historical 【主史义】a noisy mock serenade, performed by a group of people to mock an unpopular person or to celebrate a marriage(用以嘲弄不受欢迎的人或祝贺婚礼的)喧闹的仿小夜曲,逗闹音乐 **2** a series of discordant noises 喧闹声;嘈杂声
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr.

**charkha** /'tf3:kǝ/(also 亦作 **charka**) **n.** (in South Asia) a domestic spinning wheel used chiefly for cotton(南亚的)手纺车
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu charka 'spinning wheel', from Pers.

**charlady** /'tfa:leidi/ **n.** (pl. **charladies**) Brit.【英】a charwoman 女清洁工;打杂女工

**charlatan** /'fa:lət(ə)n/ **n.** a person falsely claiming to have a special knowledge or skill 冒充內行的人,江湖骗子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charlatanism** n. **charlatanry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(denoting an itinerant seller of supposed remedies): from Fr., from Ital. ciarlatano, from ciarlare 'to babble.

**Charles's law** /tfa:lz/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】a law stating that the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature 查理定律(认为在恒压下理想气体的体积与绝对温度成正比)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French physicist Jacques A. C. Charles.

**charleston** /'tfa:lstən/ **n.** a lively dance of the 1920s which involved turning the knees inwards and kicking out the lower legs 查尔斯顿舞(流行于20世纪20年代的一种活泼的舞蹈)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: named after the city of Charleston in South Carolina, US.

**charley horse** /'tfa:li/ **n.** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a cramp or feeling of stiffness in a limb 四头肌僵痛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**charlie** /'tfa:li/ **n.** (pl. **charlies**) **1** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a fool蠢人,笨蛋 **2** (**charlies**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a woman's breasts (妇女的)乳房 **3** informal 【非正式】cocaine 可卡因 **4** a code word representing the letter C, used in radio communication 字母C的代称(用于无线电通信)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: dimin. of the male given name Charles.

**charlock** /'tfa:lpk/ **n.** a wild mustard with yellow flowers 新疆白芥 [Sinapis arvensis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cerlic, cyrlic; of unknown origin 词源.

**charlotte** /'fa:lət/ **n.** a pudding made of stewed fruit with a casing or covering of bread, sponge cake, biscuits, or breadcrumbs 水果奶油布丁
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from the female given name Charlotte.

**charlotte russe** /'ru:s/ **n.** a pudding consisting

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of custard enclosed in sponge cake or a casing of sponge fingers 俄式奶油布丁
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. ‘Russian charlotte.

**charm** /tfa:m/ **n.** **1** the power or quality of delighting, attracting, or fascinating others 使人喜悦的力量;引人注意的特性,令人羡慕的品质 an attractive characteristic or feature魅力,吸引力 **2** a small ornament worn on a necklace or bracelet(项链或手镯上的)小装饰物 **3** an object, act, or saying believed to have magic power 咒符,魔法;咒语 **4** Physics 【物】 one of six flavours of quark 粲,粲数 **v.** **1** delight greatly使喜悦,使陶醉 use one's charm in order to influence (someone)用魅力影响(某人) **2** control or achieve by or as if by magic (似)用魔法控制;(似)用魔力取得
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charmer** n. **charmless** adj. **charmlessly** adv. **charmlessness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. charme (n.), charmer (v.), from L. carmen 'song, verse, incantation.

**charmed** /tfa:md/ **adj.** (of a person's life) unusually lucky as though protected by magic (人的生活)幸运的,似被魔法保护的 **exclam.** dated 【过时】expressing polite pleasure at an introduction (介绍相识时的礼貌用语)幸会:Charmed, I'm sure. 幸会,真是幸会。

**charmeuse** /fa:'m3:z/ **n.** a soft, smooth silky dress fabric 查米尤斯绉缎
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., fem. of charmeur 'charmer.

**charming** /'tfa:mıŋ/ **adj.** **1** delightful; attractive 令人高兴的;迷人的 **2** very polite, friendly, and likeable 礼貌的;友好的;可爱的 **exclam.** used as an ironic expression of displeasure or disapproval 真好!(表示不高兴、不赞成的反语)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charmingly** adv.

**charm offensive** **n.** a campaign of flattery, friendliness, and cajolement designed to achieve the support of others(为拉拢他人以获取支持时所采用的)魅力攻势

**charm school** **n.** dated or humorous【过时或幽】a school where young women are taught social graces such as deportment and etiquette(教授少女仪态及礼节的)美姿学校,礼仪学校

**charnel house** /'tfa:nl/ **n.** historical 【史义】a building or vault in which corpses or bones are piled 尸骨存放所,藏骸所
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ME charnel 'burying place', from OFr., from med. L. carnale, from late L. carnalis 'relating to flesh', from caro, carn- 'flesh.

**Charolais** /'færǝ(u)ler/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同)an animal of a breed of large white beef cattle 夏洛来牛 (一种肉用大白牛)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Monts du Charollais, hills in eastern France where the breed originated.

**charophyte** /'ka:rǝ(u),fait, 'kærǝ(u)-, 'tfærǝ(u)-/ **n.** Botany【植】 a plant of a division (Charophyta) that includes the stoneworts 轮藻植物
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. Charophyta, from Chara (genus name) + phuta 'plants.

**charpoy** /'tfa:p01/ **-n.** Indian 【印度】 a light, low bedstead 轻便床架,吊床
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Urdu cārpāī 'four-legged', from Pers.

**charr** /tfa:(r)/ (also 亦作 **char**) **n.** (pl. same 单复同) a trout-like northern freshwater or marine fish 红点鲑 [Genus Salvelinus: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. of Celtic origin.

**charro** /'tfa:rǝu/ **n.** (pl. **charros**) a Mexican cowboy 墨西哥牛仔
-ORIGIN 词源 Mex. Sp., from Sp., lit. 'rustic.

**chart** /tfa:t/ **n.** **1** a sheet of information in the form of a table, graph, or diagram 图表;曲线图
> **(the charts)** a weekly listing of the current bestselling pop records 每周流行歌曲唱片排行榜 **2** a geographical map, especially one used for navigation by sea or air 地图;(尤指)海图,航图,星位图 **v.** **1** make a map of 绘制………的地图 plot (a course) on a chart 在海图上标记(航线) record the progress or development of 记录………的进程 **2** (of a record) sell enough copies to enter the charts at a particular position(唱片)打入每周流行歌曲排行榜
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. charte, from L. charta (see见 CARD¹).

**charter** /'tfa:tə(r)/ **n.** **1** a written grant by a sovereign or legislature, by which a body such as a university is created or its rights and privileges defined(君主或立法机构准许成立大学等机构并授予其特权的)特许状,许可证,凭照 **2** a written constitution or description of an organization's functions(某机构的)章程 **3** (in the UK) a written statement of the rights of a specified group of people(英国说明某部分民众应有权利的)宪章:the patient's charter 病人宪章 **4** the hiring of an aircraft, ship, or motor vehicle(飞机、船或机动车的)包租,租赁 **v.** **1** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **chartered**] grant a charter to (a city, university, etc.)特许设立(城市、大学等) **2** hire (an aircraft, ship, or motor vehicle)包租(飞机、船或机动车)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charterer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chartre, from L. chartula, dimin. of charta(see见 CARD¹).

**chartered** /'tfa:tǝd/ **adj.** Brit. 【英】 (of an accountant, engineer, etc.) qualified as a member of a professional body that has a royal charter (会计师、工程师等)特许的,持有皇家特许状的

**charter flight** **n.** a flight by an aircraft chartered for a specific journey, not part of an airline's regular schedule 包机(飞行)

**charter member** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 an original or founding member of a society or organization (社团、机构等的)创始成员

**charter party** **n.** a deed between a shipowner and a merchant for the hire of a ship and the delivery of cargo 租船契约
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. charte partie, from med.

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L. charta partita 'divided charter.

**charter school** **n.** (in North America) a publicly funded independent school established by teachers, parents, or community groups under the terms of a charter with a local or national authority(北美的)特许学校(一种公共资助的独立学校,由教师、家长或社区团体经地方或联邦当局特许后创办)

**Chartism** /'tfa:tız(ə)m/ **n.** a UK parliamentary reform movement of 1837-1848, the principles of which were set out in a manifesto called The People's Charter 宪章运动(指1837至1848年英国的议会改革运动,其原则被写入《人民宪章》)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Chartist** n. & adj.

**chartreuse** /fa:'tr3:z/ **n.** **1** a pale green or yellow liqueur made from brandy and aromatic herbs 察吐士酒(用白兰地加草木香料制成) **2** a pale green or yellow colour 淡绿色;淡黄色 **3** a dish of fruit set in jelly 水果冻
-ORIGIN 词源 named after La Grande Chartreuse, the Carthusian monastery near Grenoble where the liqueur was first made.

**charwoman** /'tja:,women/ **n.** (pl. **charwomen**) Brit. dated【英,过时】a woman employed as a cleaner in a house or office 女清洁工,打杂女工
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. char or chare 'a chore' (obscurely rel. to CHORE) + WOMAN.

**chary** /'tfeǝri/ **adj.** (**charier**, **chariest**) cautiously or suspiciously reluctant 谨慎的;有戒心的: Leaders are chary of major reform.领导人对重大改革持谨慎态度。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **charily** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cearig 'sorrowful, anxious', of W. Gmc origin; rel. to CARE.

**Chas** /tfa:lz/ **abbr.** Charles 查尔斯

**chase¹** /tfers/ **v.** **1** pursue in order to catch or catch up with 追赶,追逐;追捕 **2** rush or cause to go in a specified direction(使朝某方向)急奔,急赶 **3** try to obtain (something owed or required)努力获得,争取得到(所欠或所需之物) **(chase something up)** (US【美】**chase something down**) investigate an unresolved matter further追查,追问(未决之事) **n.** **1** an act of chasing 追赶,追逐;追捕 **2** (**the chase**) hunting as a sport(作为运动的)狩猎 Brit. 【英】(in place names) an area of unenclosed land formerly reserved for hunting(用于地名中)狩猎地,猎场:Cannock Chase 坎诺克蔡斯(旧猎场)
-PHRASES 短语 **give chase** go in pursuit(开始)追赶,追逐,追捕
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chacier (v.), chace (n.), based on L. captare 'continue to take', from capere 'take.

**chase²** /tfeis/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **chased**] decorate (metal) by engraving or inlaying 浮雕,镂刻(金属)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: appar. from earlier enchase, from OFr. enchasser (see见 ENCHASE).

**chase³** /tfeis/ **n.** (in letterpress printing) a metal frame for holding the composed type and blocks being printed at one time(凸版印刷中活字版的)版框
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. châsse, from L. capsa (see见 CASE²).

**chase⁴** /tfers/ **n.** **1** the part of a gun enclosing the bore 炮膛,炮前身 **2** a groove or furrow cut in the face of a wall or other surface to receive a pipe 管子槽,凹槽
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. chas 'enclosed space.

**chaser** /'tfeisǝ(r)/ **n.** **1** a person or thing that chases 追赶者(或物) **2** a horse for steeplechasing 障碍赛马所用的马 **3** informal【非正式】 a strong alcoholic drink taken after a weaker one (饮淡酒后喝的)烈性酒

**Chasid** /'xæsıd/ **n.** variant spelling of HASID * Hasid 的另一种拼法

**Chasidism** /'xæsıdız(ə)m/ **n.** variant spelling of HASIDISM * Hasidism的另一种拼法

**chasm** /'kæz(ə)m/ **n.** **1** a deep fissure 裂隙,陷窟 **2** a profound difference between people, viewpoints, feelings, etc.(人、观点、情感等之间的)巨大分歧,显著差别
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chasmic** adj. (rare【罕】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. chasma, from Gk khasma 'gaping hollow.

**chasse** /fæs/ **n.** a liqueur drunk after coffee(饮咖啡后喝的)烈性甜酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., abbrev. of chasse-café, lit. 'chase-coffee.

**chassé** /'æser/ **n.** a gliding step in dancing in which one foot displaces the other 沙塞(芭蕾舞中的一种滑步动作) **v.** (**chassés**, **chasséing**, **chasséd**) perform a chassé 做沙塞动作
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'chased.

**Chasselas** /'fæs(ə)la:/ **n.** a variety of white grape, grown for wine or for eating 沙斯拉白葡萄(用于酿酒或食用) a wine made from the Chasselas grape 钞斯拉葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 named after a village near Mâcon, France.

**chasseur** /fæ's3:(r)/ **n.** (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同)historical【史义】 a soldier equipped and trained for rapid movement, especially in the French army(尤指法国军队中的)轻步兵,轻骑兵
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'huntsman', from chasser 'to chase.

**chasseur sauce** **n.** a rich, dark sauce with wine and mushrooms, typically served with poultry or game 猎人沙司(用葡萄酒和蘑菇制作,一般佐食禽肉或野味)

**Chassid** /'xæsıd/ **n.** variant spelling of HASID * Hasid的另一种拼法

**Chassidism** /'xæsı,dız(ə)m/ **n.** variant spelling of HASIDISM * Hasidism的另一种拼法

**chassis** /'fæsi/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同/-SIZ/) **1** the base frame of a motor vehicle, carriage, or other wheeled conveyance(汽车、车厢等的)底盘,车架 **2** the outer structural framework of a piece of audio, radio, or computer equipment(收音机、计算机等的)机壳
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**chaste** /tʃeɪst/ adj. 1 abstaining from extramarital, or from all, sexual intercourse 贞洁的; 禁欲的 2 without unnecessary ornamentation 简洁的, 朴实的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chastely** adv. **chasteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. castus.

**chasten** /'tʃeɪs(ə)n/ v. 1 (of a reproof or misfortune) have a restraining or demoralizing effect on (指责备或不幸)遏制, 磨练, 整治 2 archaic【古】(especially of God) discipline; punish (尤指上帝)惩戒; 惩罚
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chastener** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from an obs. verb chaste, from OFr. chastier, from L. castigare 'castigate', from castus 'chaste'.

**chaste tree** n. an ornamental shrub with blue or white flowers 穗花牡荆 (观赏灌木, 开蓝色或白色花) [Vitex agnus-castus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: so named because of its assoc. with chastity in sacrifices to Ceres (the Roman goddess of agriculture).

**chastise** /tʃæ'staɪz/ v. reprimand severely 严厉训斥, 责骂 ▶ dated【过时】punish, especially by beating 惩戒; 责罚(尤指责打)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chastisement** n. **chastiser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: appar. formed irregularly from the obs. verb chaste (see 见 CHASTEN).

**chastity** /'tʃæstəti/ n. the state or practice of abstaining from extramarital, or from all, sexual intercourse 贞洁; 禁欲

**chastity belt** n. historical【史义】a garment or device designed to prevent the woman wearing it from having sexual intercourse (防止女人私通的) 贞洁带

**chasuble** /'tʃæzjubl/ n. an ornate sleeveless outer vestment worn by a Catholic or High Anglican priest when celebrating Mass 十字褡 (天主教神甫或圣公会高教会派牧师主持弥撒时穿的装饰华丽的无袖法衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chesible, later chasuble, from late L. casubla, alt. of L. casula 'hooded cloak or little cottage', dimin. of casa 'house'.

**chat¹** /tʃæt/ v. (**chats**, **chatting**, **chatted**) talk in a friendly and informal way 闲谈, 聊天 ▶ exchange messages online in real time with one or more simultaneous users of a computer network (在网络上)聊天 ▶ (**chat someone up**) informal【非正式】engage someone in flirtatious conversation 与某人调情 ■ n. an informal conversation 闲谈, 聊天
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: shortening of CHATTER.

**chat²** /tʃæt/ n. used in names of various songbirds with harsh, chattering calls, e.g. **stonechat** (用于多种鸣禽的名称中, 如石)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. imitative of their calls.

**chateau** /'ʃætəʊ/ n. (pl. **chateaux** or **chateaus** pronunc. same 单复发音同 or /-təʊz/) a large French country house or castle 法国庄园; 法国城堡
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from OFr. chastel (see 见 CASTLE).

**chateaubriand** /ˌʃætəʊ'briːɔ̃/ n. a thick fillet of beef steak 里脊牛排
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French writer and statesman François-René, Vicomte de Chateaubriand, whose chef is said to have created the dish.

**chatelaine** /'ʃætəleɪn/ n. 1 dated【过时】a woman in charge of a large house (庄园的)女主人 2 historical【史义】a set of short chains attached to a woman's belt, used for carrying keys or other items (系于妇女腰间用于悬挂钥匙等的)短链, 扣钩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. châtelaine, fem. of châtelain 'castellan', ult. rel. to CASTLE.

**chatline** /'tʃætlaɪn/ n. a telephone service which allows conversation among a number of separate callers 电话聊天服务, 聊天热线

**chatoyant** /ʃə'tɔɪənt/ adj. (of a gem) showing a band of bright lustre caused by reflection from inclusions in the stone (宝石)变彩的, 猫眼状闪光的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chatoyance** n. **chatoyancy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., pres. part. of chatoyer 'to shimmer'.

**chat room** n. an area on the Internet or other computer network where users can communicate, typically one dedicated to a particular topic (互联网)聊天室

**chat show** ■ n. Brit.【英】a television or radio programme in which celebrities are invited to talk informally about various topics (电视或电台的)名人访谈节目, 脱口秀

**chattel** /'tʃætl/ n. (in general use) a personal possession (泛指)个人财产 ▶ Law【律】an item of property other than freehold land, including tangible goods (**chattels personal**) and leasehold interests (**chattels real**) 动产 (包括属人动产和属地动产) See also 另见 GOODS AND CHATTELS.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chatel, from med. L. capitale, from L. capitalis, from caput 'head'; cf. CAPITAL¹ and CATTLE.

**chattel mortgage** ■ n. N. Amer.【北美】a mortgage on a movable item of property 动产抵押

**chatter** /'tʃætə(r)/ v. 1 talk informally about minor matters 闲聊(琐事); 唠叨 2 (of a bird, monkey, or machine) make a series of short, quick high-pitched sounds (鸟)啁啾; (猴子)唧唧叫; (机器)嘎嘎响 3 (of a person's teeth) click repeatedly together from cold or fear (人因寒冷或恐惧而牙齿)打战 ■ n. 1 informal【非正式】talk 聊天, 闲谈 2 a series of short, quick high-pitched sounds 啁啾; 唧唧叫; 嘎嘎响
-PHRASES 短语 **the chattering classes** derogatory【贬】educated or intellectual people considered as a social group given to the expression of liberal opinions 喋喋阶层 (指受过教育, 惯于发表自由主义见解的知识分子阶层)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chatterer** n. **chattery** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative.

**chatterbot** /'tʃætəbɒt/ n. a computer program designed to interact with people by simulating human conversation 智能聊天程序

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**chatterbox** /'tʃætəbɒks/ n. informal【非正式】a person who chatters 话匣子, 话痨

**chatty** /'tʃæti/ adj. (**chattier**, **chattiest**) 1 fond of chatting 爱闲聊的, 爱聊天的 2 (of a conversation, letter, etc.) informal and lively (谈话、信件等)聊天式的, 轻松愉快的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chattily** adv. **chattiness** n.

**Chaucerian** /tʃɔː'sɪəriən/ adj. relating to Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1342–1400) or his writing 乔叟的; 乔叟文风的 ■ n. a student or admirer of Chaucer 研究乔叟的学生, 乔叟崇拜者

**chauffeur** /'ʃəʊfə(r)/ n. a person employed to drive a car (受雇的)汽车司机 ■ v. drive (a car or a passenger in a car) as a chauffeur 开(汽车), 开汽车运送(乘客)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chattily** adv. **chauffeuse** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'stoker' (by assoc. with steam engines).

**chaulmoogra** /tʃɔːl'muːɡrə/ n. a tropical Asian evergreen tree whose seeds yield an oil used medically and as a preservative 印度大风子 (亚洲热带常青树, 籽油可药用或作防腐剂) [Hydnocarpus kurzii.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Bengali caul-mugrā.

**chausses** /ʃəʊs/ pl. n. historical【史义】close-fitting coverings for the legs and feet, in particular those forming part of a knight's armour (尤指保护腿足的)中世纪骑士铠甲
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: Fr., lit. 'clothing for the legs'.

**chautauqua** /tʃə'tɔːkwə, ʃ-/ ■ n. N. Amer. historical【北美, 史义】a cultural programme for adults that combined lectures with music and theatre 肖托夸教育集会 (一种成人文化项目, 其特点是把教育与音乐、戏剧结合起来)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Chautauqua, a county in New York State, where the movement originated.

**chauvinism** /'ʃəʊv(ɪ)nɪz(ə)m/ n. 1 exaggerated or aggressive patriotism 沙文主义 2 excessive or prejudiced support or loyalty for one's own cause, group, or sex 本事业第一主义; 本团体第一主义; 本性别第一主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chauvinist** n. & adj. **chauvinistic** adj. **chauvinistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Nicolas Chauvin, a Napoleonic veteran noted for his extreme patriotism.

**chav** /tʃæv/ n. Brit. informal, derogatory【英, 非正式, 贬】a young lower-class person who behaves in a brash or loutish way (下层阶级里)行为粗俗的年轻人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chavvy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: perh. from Chatham, Kent, or from Polari chavy 'child', from Romany chavi or Polari charver 'woman'.

**chawl** /tʃɔːl/ n. (in South Asia) a large building divided into separate tenements, offering cheap, basic accommodation (南亚)分间出租的宿舍
-ORIGIN 词源 from Marathi cāḷ 'long narrow building'.

**chayote** /tʃeɪ'əʊti/ n. 1 a succulent green pear-shaped tropical fruit resembling a cucumber in flavour 佛手瓜 (热带梨形水果, 绿色, 多汁, 味似黄瓜) 2 the tropical American vine which yields chayotes, also producing an edible tuberous root 佛手瓜 (美洲热带蔓生植物) [Sechium edule.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., from Nahuatl chayotli.

**ChB** abbr. Bachelor of Surgery 外科学士
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Chirurgiae Baccalaureus.

**CHD** abbr. coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病, 冠心病

**cheap** /tʃiːp/ adj. 1 low in price 廉价的, 便宜的 ➤ charging low prices 要价低的, 收费便宜的 ➤ inexpensive because of inferior quality 因质劣而价廉的 2 of little worth because achieved in a discreditable way requiring little effort 不费力气的, 用不正当手段得到的, 无价值的: her moment of cheap triumph 她获得廉价胜利的那一刻 ▶ contemptible 卑鄙的, 可鄙的 3 N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】miserly 吝啬的, 小气的 ■ adv. at or for a low price 廉价地, 便宜地
-PHRASES 短语 **on the cheap** informal【非正式】at a low cost 便宜地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheapish** adj. **cheaply** adv. **cheapness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from an obs. phr. good cheap 'a good bargain', from OE cēap 'bargaining, trade', based on L. caupo 'small trader, innkeeper'.

**cheapen** /'tʃiːpən/ v. 1 reduce the price of 降低…的价格 2 degrade (something) 使降级, 使贬值

**cheapjack** /'tʃiːpdʒæk/ adj. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】of inferior quality 劣质的 ■ n. a seller of cheap inferior goods, typically one at a fair or market (一般指在集市或市场中)专售廉价劣品者, 卖便宜货的小贩

**cheapo** /'tʃiːpəʊ/ (also 亦作 **cheapie**) informal【非正式】■ adj. cheap and inferior 价廉质劣的 ■ n. (pl. **cheapos**) a cheap and inferior item 便宜货, 劣质货

**cheapskate** /'tʃiːpskeɪt/ n. informal【非正式】a miserly person 吝啬鬼; 小气鬼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): from CHEAP + SKATE².

**cheat** /tʃiːt/ v. 1 act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage 行骗, 作弊 ➤ deprive of something by deceitful or unfair means (通过欺骗或不公正的手段)剥夺, 骗取, 诈取 2 avoid (something undesirable) by luck or skill (靠运气或技能)躲过, 逃脱(坏事): She cheated death in a spectacular crash. 她在这场骇人的撞车事故中死里逃生。■ n. 1 a person who cheats 骗子; 作弊者 2 an act of cheating 欺诈行为, 欺骗
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: shortening of ESCHEAT.

**cheater** /'tʃiːtə(r)/ n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】1 a person who cheats 骗子; 作弊者 2 (**cheaters**) informal【非正式】a pair of glasses or sunglasses 眼镜; 墨镜

**cheat grass** ■ n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a tough wild grass which sometimes grows as a weed among cereal crops and in pasture 早雀麦 [Bromus tectorum and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: a local word for various wild plants, perh. from their resemblance to the cereals among which they grew.

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**Chechen** /'tʃetʃen/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chechens**) 1 a member of the largely Muslim people inhabiting Chechnya, an autonomous republic in SW Russia 车臣人 2 the North Caucasian language of the Chechen 车臣语

**check¹** /tʃek/ v. 1 examine the accuracy, quality, or condition of 检查, 核对 ▶ verify or establish to one's satisfaction 查证; 核实 ▶ informal【非正式】take notice of 注意到 2 stop or slow the progress of 阻止, 抑制 ▶ Ice Hockey【冰球】hamper or neutralize (an opponent) with one's body or stick 阻截(对手) ▶ (of a hound) pause to make sure of or regain a scent (猎犬)停下来辨别臭迹 ▶ (of a trained hawk) abandon the intended quarry and fly after other prey (猎鹰)放弃应捕猎物去追其他猎物 3 Chess【国象】move a piece or pawn to a square where it attacks (the opposing king) 照将, 将军 4 (in poker) choose not to make a bet when called upon, allowing another player to do so instead (扑克牌)不下赌注(将下注权让给下家) ■ n. 1 an examination to check accuracy, quality, or condition 检查, 核对: a health check 健康检查 2 an act of checking progress 阻止, 抑制 ➤ a means of control or restraint 控制; 限制 ▶ a temporary loss of the scent in hunting (打猎时猎犬的)臭迹中断 ➤ Falconry【鹰猎】a false stoop when a hawk abandons its intended quarry and pursues other prey 猎鹰放弃应捕猎物去追其他猎物时的假扑 3 a part of a piano which catches the hammer and prevents it retouching the strings 制音器 (钢琴中防止音槌再次碰到琴弦的部件) 4 Chess【国象】an act of checking the opposing king 将军 5 N. Amer.【北美】the bill in a restaurant (餐馆的)账单 6 (also 亦作 **baggage**/**luggage check**) a token of identification for left luggage (行李的)寄放牌, 存放证 7 a counter used as a stake in a gambling game (赌博用的)筹码 8 (also 亦作 **check mark**) North American term for TICK¹ (sense 1 of the noun) *tick (名词释义1)的北美说法 9 a crack or flaw in timber (木材的)裂缝, 裂口 ■ exclam. 1 informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】expressing assent or agreement 好, 行 2 Chess【国象】used by a player to announce that the opponent's king has been placed in check 将! 将军!
-PHRASES 短语 **in check** 1 under control 受控制 2 Chess【国象】(of a king) directly attacked by an opponent's piece or pawn (王)被将军
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **check in** arrive and register at a hotel or airport (在旅馆)登记入住; (在机场)办理登机手续 **check something in** have one's baggage weighed and consigned to the hold of an aircraft 托运(行李) **check into** register one's arrival at (a hotel) 登记入住(旅馆) **check something off** N. Amer.【北美】mark an item on a list to show that it has been dealt with (在核对过的项目后)作记号 (如打钩) **check on** verify, ascertain, or monitor the state or condition of 检查, 证实, 监控(…的现状) **check out** settle one's hotel bill before leaving (从旅馆)结账离开 **check someone/thing out** establish the truth or inform oneself about someone or something 调查; 核实; 了解 ▶ look at; take notice of 看; 注意到 **check up on** investigate to establish the truth about or accuracy of 查证, 核实
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **checkable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: the noun and exclam. from OFr. eschec, from med. L. scaccus, via Arab. from Pers. šāh 'king'; the verb from OFr. eschequier 'play chess, put in check'.

**check²** /tʃek/ n. a pattern of small squares 小格子图案, 小格子花样 ■ adj. (also 亦作 **checked**) having a pattern of small squares 有小格子图案的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from CHEQUER.

**check³** /tʃek/ n. US spelling of CHEQUE * cheque 的美式拼法

**checkbox** /'tʃekbɒks/ n. Computing【计】a small area on a computer screen which, when selected by the user, shows that a particular feature has been enabled (计算机屏幕上的)复选框

**checker¹** /'tʃekə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that checks 检验员, 审核员; 核对物 2 US【美】a cashier in a supermarket (超市的)收银员

**checker²** /'tʃekə(r)/ n. & v. US spelling of CHEQUER * chequer 的美式拼法

**checkerberry** /'tʃekə,beri/ n. (pl. **checkerberries**) 1 a creeping evergreen North American shrub with spiny scented leaves and waxy white flowers 平铺白珠 (一种北美常青蔓生灌木, 树叶长刺有香味, 开白色花) [Gaultheria procumbens.] 2 the edible red fruit of the checkerberry plant 平铺白珠果 (可食用)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from checkers or chequers 'berries of the service tree' (so named from their colour) + BERRY.

**checkerboard** /'tʃekəbɔːd/ ■ n. US spelling of CHEQUERBOARD * chequerboard 的美式拼法

**check-in** ■ n. the point at which a person registers as a passenger at an airport (机场旅客的)登机手续办理处

**checking account** (Canadian【加】**chequing account**) n. N. Amer.【北美】a current account at a bank 活期存款账户, 支票存款账户

**checklist** /'tʃeklɪst/ n. a list of items required, things to be done, or points to be considered (要做或要考虑的事情的)一览表, 清单

**check mark** /'tʃekmɑːk/ n. another term for CHECK¹ (sense 8 of the noun) * check (名词释义8)的另一种说法

**checkmate** /'tʃekmeɪt/ n. 1 Chess【国象】a position of check from which a king cannot escape 将死 2 a final defeat or deadlock 彻底失败, 僵局 ■ v. 1 Chess【国象】put into checkmate 将死(对方的“王”) 2 defeat or frustrate totally 彻底击败, 完全挫败
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. eschec mat, from Arab. šāh māta, from Pers. šāh māt 'the king is dead'.

**checkout** /'tʃekaʊt/ n. a point at which goods are paid for in a supermarket or similar store (超市等的)付款处, 收银台

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**checkpoint** /'tʃekpɔɪnt/ n. a barrier or manned entrance, typically at a border, where security checks are carried out on travelers (边境)检查站, 关卡

**check rein** ■ n. a bearing rein 勒马缰绳

**checksum** /'tʃeksʌm/ n. a digit representing the sum of the correct digits in a piece of data, against which comparisons can be made to detect errors 检查和

**check-up** ■ n. a thorough medical or dental examination to detect any problems 体检, 健康检查

**check valve** ■ n. a valve that closes to prevent backward flow of liquid 单向阀, 止回阀

**Cheddar** /'tʃedə(r)/ n. a kind of firm smooth yellow, white, or orange cheese, originally made in Cheddar in SW England 切德干酪 (一种白、黄或橘红色硬质干酪, 原产于英国切德)

**cheder** /'xeɪdə(r)/ (also 亦作 **heder**) ■ n. (pl. **chedarim** /-'dɑːrɪm/, **cheders**) a school for Jewish children in which Hebrew and religious knowledge are taught 犹太儿童宗教学校 (教授希伯来文和宗教知识)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Heb. ḥeder 'room'.

**cheek** /tʃiːk/ n. 1 either side of the face below the eye 面颊, 脸蛋 2 either of the buttocks 半边屁股 3 either of two side pieces or parts arranged in lateral pairs in a structure (结构上)两侧成对的部件 4 rude or disrespectful talk or behaviour 冒失的话; 无礼的行为 ■ v. informal【非正式】speak impertinently to 对…粗鲁无礼地讲话
-PHRASES 短语 **cheek by jowl** close together 紧靠在一起; 亲密地 **cheek to cheek** (of a couple dancing) with their heads close together in a romantic way (跳舞双方)面贴面地 **turn the other cheek** refrain from retaliating after an attack or insult (受到攻击或侮辱时)甘心容忍, 不予回击 [with biblical allusion to Matt. 5:39.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-cheeked** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cē(a)ce, cēoce 'cheek, jaw', of W. Gmc origin.

**cheekbone** /'tʃiːkbəʊn/ n. the bone below the eye 颧骨

**cheekpiece** /'tʃiːkpiːs/ n. 1 a smooth block fitted to the stock of a rifle or shotgun and resting against the face when aiming from the shoulder (枪把上的)托腮板 2 either of the two straps of a horse's bridle joining the bit and the headpiece (连接嚼子和笼头的)马勒带

**cheeky** /'tʃiːki/ adj. (**cheekier**, **cheekiest**) impudent or irreverent 无礼的, 莽撞的; 厚颜无耻的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheekily** adv. **cheekiness** n.

**cheep** /tʃiːp/ n. 1 a shrill squeaky cry made by a young bird (雏鸟)吱吱的叫声 2 [with neg. 与否定结构连用] informal【非正式】the slightest sound 最轻微的声音: There hasn't been a cheep from anybody. 没有人发出一丁点声音。■ v. make a cheep 吱吱地叫
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. Scots): imitative.

**cheer** /tʃɪə(r)/ v. 1 shout in praise, joy, or encouragement 欢呼; 喝彩; 加油 ➤ praise or encourage with shouts 用欢呼声激励 2 give comfort or support to 安慰; 鼓励 ▶ (**cheer someone up** or **cheer up**) make or become less miserable (使)振作 ■ n. 1 a shout of encouragement, praise, or joy 欢呼; 喝彩 2 (also 亦作 **good cheer**) cheerfulness; optimism 欢乐, 乐观 3 food and drink provided for a festive occasion (喜庆场合供应的)酒菜
-PHRASES 短语 **three cheers** three successive hurrahs expressing appreciation or congratulation (表示赞赏或祝贺的)三声欢呼
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'face', hence 'expression, mood', later 'a good mood'): from OFr. chiere 'face', from late L. cara, from Gk kara 'head'.

**cheerful** /'tʃɪəfʊl/ adj. 1 noticeably happy and optimistic 欢乐的, 兴高采烈的 2 causing happiness; pleasant 令人愉快的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheerfully** adv. **cheerfulness** n.

**cheerio** /ˌtʃɪəri'əʊ/ exclam. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】goodbye 再见

**cheerleader** /'tʃɪəliːdə(r)/ n. a member of a team of girls who perform organized cheering, chanting, and dancing in support of a sports team at matches in the US and elsewhere 拉拉队队员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheerleading** n. & adj.

**cheerless** /'tʃɪələs/ adj. gloomy; depressing 阴郁的; 沉闷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheerlessly** adv. **cheerlessness** n.

**cheerly** /'tʃɪəli/ adv. archaic【古】heartily (used as a cry of encouragement among sailors) 精神饱满地, 使劲地(用作水手间相互鼓励)

**cheers** /tʃɪəz/ exclam. informal【非正式】expressing good wishes before drinking or (Brit.) on parting (祝酒用语)干杯;【英】再见 ➤ chiefly Brit.【主英】expressing gratitude or acknowledgement 谢谢

**cheery** /'tʃɪəri/ adj. (**cheerier**, **cheeriest**) happy and optimistic 欢快的, 高兴的, 乐观的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheerily** adv. **cheeriness** n.

**cheese¹** /tʃiːz/ n. 1 a food made from the pressed curds of milk, either firm or soft in texture 干酪, 奶酪 2 Brit.【英】a conserve having the consistency of soft cheese (黏稠度像奶酪的)膏, 酱: lemon cheese 柠檬酪
-PHRASES 短语 **say cheese** said by a photographer to encourage the subject to smile (照相前请人微笑时说)笑一笑
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cēse, cŷse, of W. Gmc origin; from L. caseus.

**cheese²** /tʃiːz/ v. (**cheese someone off**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】exasperate, frustrate, or bore 激怒, 使烦恼, 使厌烦
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**cheeseboard** /'tʃiːzbɔːd/ n. 1 a board on which cheese is served and cut (盛奶酪的)干酪板 2 a selection of cheeses served as a course of a meal 干酪拼盘

**cheeseburger** /'tʃiːz,bɜːɡə(r)/ ■ n. a beefburger with a slice of cheese on it, served in a bread roll 干酪汉堡包

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**cheesecake** /'tʃiːzkeɪk/ n. 1 a kind of rich sweet tart made with cream and soft cheese on a biscuit base 奶酪饼 2 informal【非正式】images portraying women according to a stereotypical ideal of sexual attractiveness 性感的女人像

**cheesecloth** /'tʃiːzklɒθ/ n. thin, loosely woven, unsized cotton cloth, used for light clothing and in preparing or protecting food 干酪包布 (一种薄纱织物)

**cheese head** ■ n. Brit.【英】a type of screw head with vertical sides and a slightly domed top (螺钉等的)圆头

**cheese-paring** ■ adj. very careful or mean with money 吝啬的, 小气的 ■ n. meanness 吝啬, 小气

**cheese plant** ■ n. see 见 Swiss cheese plant.

**cheese straw** ■ n. a thin strip of cheese-flavoured pastry, eaten as a snack 干酪细酥条

**cheesewood** /'tʃiːzwʊd/ n. a small tropical evergreen tree with white flowers and yellowish-orange fruit 维多利亚海桐 [Pittosporum undulatum (Australia), P. viridifolium (South Africa), and other species.]

**cheesy** /'tʃiːzi/ adj. (**cheesier**, **cheesiest**) 1 like cheese in taste, smell, or consistency 奶酪口味的 2 informal【非正式】cheap and of low quality 便宜的, 劣质的 ▶ hackneyed and trite 陈腐的 ▶ (of a smile) exaggerated and insincere (微笑)夸张的, 不真诚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheesily** adv. **cheesiness** n.

**cheetah** /'tʃiːtə/ n. a large swift-running spotted cat found in Africa and parts of Asia 猎豹 [Acinonyx jubatus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Hindi cītā, perh. from Sanskrit citraka 'leopard'.

**chef** /ʃef/ n. a professional cook, typically the chief cook in a restaurant or hotel 厨师, (一般指餐馆或酒店里的)厨师长 ■ v. (**chefs**, **cheffing**, **cheffed**) work as a chef 当厨师
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'head'.

**chef-d'œuvre** /ˌʃeɪ 'dɜːvr(ə)/ n. (pl. **chefs-d'œuvre** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a masterpiece 杰作
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'chief work'.

**cheiro-** /'kaɪrəʊ/ comb. form variant spelling of CHIRO- * chiro- 的另一种拼法

**Chekhovian** /tʃe'kəʊviən/ adj. relating to or characteristic of the work of the Russian dramatist Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) (俄国戏剧家)契诃夫式的; 契诃夫作品风格的

**chela¹** /'kiːlə/ n. (pl. **chelae** /-liː/) Zoology【动】a pincer-like claw, especially of a crab or other crustacean (尤指蟹或其他甲壳纲动物的)钳爪, 螯
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from L. chele or Gk khēlē 'claw'.

**chela²** /'tʃeɪlə/ n. a follower and pupil of a guru (宗教大师的)门徒, 弟子
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi celā.

**chelate** /'kiːleɪt/ n. Chemistry【化】a compound containing an organic ligand bonded to a central metal atom at two or more points 螯合物 ■ adj. Zoology【动】(of an appendage) bearing chelae (附肢)具螯的 ■ v. Chemistry【化】form a chelate with 与…生成螯合物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chelation** n. **chelator** n.

**chelicera** /kə'lɪs(ə)rə/ n. (pl. **chelicerae** /-riː/) Zoology【动】either of a pair of appendages in front of the mouth in arachnids and some other arthropods, usually modified as pincer-like claws 螯肢; 螯角
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cheliceral** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk khēlē 'claw' + keras 'horn'.

**chelicerate** /kə'lɪsəreɪt, -(ə)rət/ Zoology【动】■ n. a member of the Chelicerata, a large subphylum of arthropods which possess chelicerae, comprising the arachnids, sea spiders, and horseshoe crabs 螯肢动物 ■ adj. relating to chelicerates 螯肢的

**Chelsea boot** /tʃelsi/ n. an elastic-sided boot with a pointed toe 切尔西靴 (尖头, 侧面有松紧带)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after Chelsea, a district of London.

**Chelsea bun** ■ n. Brit.【英】a flat, spiral-shaped currant bun sprinkled with sugar 切尔西葡萄干圆面包

**Chelsea pensioner** ■ n. (in the UK) an inmate of the Chelsea Royal Hospital for old or disabled soldiers (英国)切尔西皇家老残军人休养院的养老者

**chemi-** /'kemi/ comb. form representing 表示 CHEMICAL. See also 另见 CHEMO-.

**chemical** /'kemɪkl/ adj. relating to chemistry or chemicals 化学的; 化学制品的 ➤ relating to or denoting the use of poison gas or other chemicals as weapons of war 化学武器的 ■ n. a distinct compound or substance, especially one which has been artificially prepared or purified 化学制品 ➤ an addictive drug (使人上瘾的)毒品
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. chimique or mod. L. chimicus, chymicus, from med. L. alchymicus, from alchimia (see 见 ALCHEMY).

**chemical bond** ■ n. see 见 BOND (sense 4 of the noun 名词释义4).

**chemical engineering** ■ n. the branch of engineering concerned with the design and operation of industrial chemical plants 化学工程
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemical engineer** n.

**chemical formula** /'fɔːmjʊlə/ n. see 见 FORMULA (sense 1 释义1).

**chemico-** /'kemɪkəʊ/ comb. form representing 表示 CHEMICAL.

**chemiluminescence** /ˌkemi,luːmɪ'nes(ə)ns/ n. the emission of light during a chemical reaction which does not produce significant quantities of heat 化学发光
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemiluminescent** adj.

**chemin de fer** /ʃəmæ̃ də 'feə(r)/ n. a card game which is a variety of baccarat 十一点 (巴卡拉纸牌戏的变种)

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'railway'.

**chemise** /ʃə'miːz/ n. 1 a dress hanging straight from the shoulders, popular in the 1920s 直筒式连衣裙 (流行于20世纪20年代) 2 a woman's loose-fitting undergarment or nightdress 女式无袖宽内衣 (或睡衣)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from late L. camisia 'shirt or nightgown'.

**chemisorption** /ˌkemɪ'sɔːpʃn, -'zɔːp-/ n. Chemistry【化】adsorption in which the adsorbed substance is held by chemical bonds 化学吸附
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemisorbed** adj.

**chemist** /'kemɪst/ n. 1 Brit.【英】a shop where medicinal drugs are dispensed and sold, and in which toiletries and other medical goods can be purchased 药房, 药店 ➤ a person who is authorized to dispense medicinal drugs 药剂师 2 a person engaged in chemical research or experiments 化学家, 化学师
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. chimiste, from mod. L. chimista, from alchimista 'alchemist', from alchimia (see 见 ALCHEMY).

**chemistry** /'kemɪstri/ n. (pl. **chemistries**) 1 the branch of science concerned with the properties and interactions of the substances of which matter is composed 化学 2 the chemical properties of a substance or body (物质的)化学特性 3 the emotional or psychological interaction between two people, especially when experienced as a powerful mutual attraction 人际感情; (尤指彼此强烈吸引的)感情关系

**chemo** /'kiːməʊ/ n. informal【非正式】chemotherapy 化学疗法, 化疗

**chemo-** /'kiːməʊ/ comb. form representing 表示 CHEMICAL. See also 另见 CHEMI-.

**chemoreceptor** /'kiːməʊrɪ,septə(r), ˌkem-/ n. Physiology【生理】a sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli 化学感受器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemoreception** n.

**chemosynthesis** /ˌkiːmə(ʊ)'sɪnθɪsɪs, ˌkem-/ n. Biology【生物】the metabolic synthesis of organic compounds by living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals 化能合成
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemosynthetic** adj.

**chemotaxis** /ˌkiːmə(ʊ)'tæksɪs, ˌkem-/ n. Biology【生物】movement of an organism in response to the changing concentration of a particular substance 趋化性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemotactic** adj.

**chemotherapy** /ˌkiːmə(ʊ)'θerəpi, ˌkem-/ n. the treatment of disease, especially cancer, by the use of chemical substances 化学疗法, 化疗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chemotherapist** n.

**chenille** /ʃə'niːl/ n. a tufty velvety cord or yarn, used for trimming furniture and made into carpets or clothing (装饰家具等使用的)绳绒线, 雪尼尔花线
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'hairy caterpillar'.

**Chenin** /'ʃenæ̃/ (also 亦作 **Chenin blanc**) n. a variety of wine grape native to the Loire valley but widely cultivated elsewhere 白诗南葡萄 (用于酿白葡萄酒, 原产于法国卢瓦尔河流域) ▶ a white wine made from this grape 白诗南白葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., perh. from the name of the manor of Mont-Chenin, Touraine.

**cheongsam** /tʃiɒŋ'sæm, tʃɒŋ-/ ■ n. a straight, close-fitting silk dress with a high neck and side-slit skirt, worn by Chinese and Indonesian women 旗袍
-ORIGIN 词源 Chin. (Cantonese dial.).

**cheque** /tʃek/ (US【美】**check**) n. an order to a bank to pay a stated sum from the drawer's account, written on a specially printed form 支票
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting a counterfoil, or a form with a counterfoil): var. of CHECK¹, in the sense 'device for checking the amount of an item'.

**chequebook** /'tʃekbʊk/ n. a book of forms for writing cheques 支票簿

**chequebook journalism** ■ n. the payment of a large amount of money to acquire the exclusive right to publish a person's story in a newspaper 支票簿新闻 (付一大笔钱以获得独家新闻报道)

**cheque card** ■ n. Brit.【英】a card issued by a bank to guarantee the honouring of cheques up to a stated amount (银行发放的)支票保付限额卡

**chequer** /'tʃekə(r)/ (US【美】**checker**) n. 1 (**chequers**) a pattern of alternately coloured squares (颜色交错的)方格图案 2 (**checkers**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] N. Amer.【北美】the game of draughts 西洋跳棋 ➤ (**checker**) a piece used in this game 西洋跳棋子 ■ v. 1 divide into or mark with chequers 使呈方格图案 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **chequered**] marked by periods of fluctuating fortune 盛衰无常的, 好运与噩运交替的: a chequered career 变化无常的职业生涯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'chessboard', giving rise to chequered meaning 'marked like a chessboard'): from EXCHEQUER.

**chequerboard** /'tʃekəbɔːd/ (US【美】**checkerboard**) ■ n. a board for playing checkers and similar games, having a regular chequered pattern, typically in black and white 西洋跳棋棋盘; 象棋棋盘

**chequered flag** ■ n. Motor Racing【赛车】a flag with a black-and-white chequeredpattern, displayed to drivers at the end of a race 格子旗 (在一场比赛结束时向赛车手展示的一面有黑白两色方格图案的旗子)

**Cherenkov radiation** /tʃə'reŋkɒf/ (also 亦作 **Cerenkov radiation**) ■ n. Physics【物】electromagnetic radiation emitted by particles moving in a medium at speeds faster than that of light in the same medium 切连科夫辐射
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: named after the Soviet physicist Pavel Cherenkov.

**cherimoya** /ˌtʃerɪ'mɔɪə/ (also 亦作 **chirimoya**) ■ n. a green-skinned custard apple produced by an Andean tree (Annona cherimola) 番荔枝
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp., from Quechua, from chiri 'cold or refreshing' + muya 'circle'.

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**cherish** /'tʃerɪʃ/ v. 1 protect and care for lovingly 珍爱, 爱护 2 nurture (a hope or ambition) 抱有, 怀有(希望或抱负)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cheriss-, lengthened stem of cherir, from cher 'dear', from L. carus.

**chermoula** /'ʒɜːmuːlə, 'ʃɑːmuːlə/ n. (in North African cookery) a sauce or marinade for fish or meat containing olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, and coriander (北非烹饪中做鱼或肉时使用的)调味汁 (含橄榄油、柠檬汁、大蒜和香菜)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Arab. šermula.

**chernozem** /'tʃɜːnəzem/ n. a fertile black soil rich in humus, typical of temperate grassland 黑钙土
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Russ., from chernyi 'black' + zemlya 'earth'.

**Cherokee** /ˌtʃerə'kiː/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Cherokees**) 1 a member of an American Indian people formerly inhabiting much of the southern US 切罗基人 2 the Iroquoian language of the Cherokee 切罗基语
-ORIGIN 词源 from obs. Cherokee tsaraki, earlier form of tsaliki.

**Cherokee rose** ■ n. a climbing Chinese rose with fragrant white flowers, which has become naturalized in the southern US 金樱子 [Rosa laevigata.]

**cheroot** /ʃə'ruːt/ n. a cigar with both ends open 方头雪茄烟
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cheroute, from Tamil curuṭṭu 'roll of tobacco'.

**cherry** /'tʃeri/ n. (pl. **cherries**) 1 a small, soft round stone fruit that is typically bright or dark red 樱桃 2 the tree that bears cherries 樱桃树 [Prunus avium (wild cherry), P. cerasus (sour cherry), and other species and varieties.] 3 a bright deep red colour 樱桃色, 鲜红色 4 (**one's cherry**) informal【非正式】one's virginity 童贞
-PHRASES 短语 **a bite at the cherry** Brit.【英】an attempt or opportunity 尝试; 机会 **a bowl of cherries** [with neg. 与否定结构连用] a very pleasant situation 美事, 乐事 **the cherry on the cake** a desirable thing providing the finishing touch to something already very good 锦上添花之物
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Old North. Fr. cherise (taken as pl.), from med. L. ceresia, based on Gk kerasos 'cherry tree, cherry'.

**cherry brandy** ■ n. a sweet, dark red cherryflavoured liqueur made with brandy in which cherries have been steeped, or with crushed cherry stones 樱桃白兰地

**cherry laurel** ■ n. an evergreen shrub or small tree with leathery leaves, white flowers, and cherry-like fruits, native to the Balkans 桂樱 [Prunus laurocerasus.]

**cherry-pick** ■ v. selectively choose (the best things or people) from those available (从人或事物中)精选(最优者)

**cherry picker** ■ n. informal【非正式】1 a hydraulic crane with a railed platform for raising and lowering people 横向吊车机 2 a person who cherry-picks 精挑细选的人, 优中选优之人

**cherry pie** ■ n. a garden heliotrope with fragrant blue flowers 南美天芥菜 [Heliotropium arborescens.]

**cherry plum** ■ n. 1 a SW Asian shrub or small tree with white flowers and small red and yellow edible fruit 樱桃李 [Prunus cerasifera.] 2 the fruit of the cherry plum tree 樱桃李果

**cherry tomato** ■ n. a miniature tomato with a strong flavour 樱桃西红柿

**chert** /tʃɜːt/ n. a hard, dark, opaque rock composed of silica (chalcedony) with an amorphous or microscopically fine-grained texture 燧石(岩)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cherty** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. dial.): of unknown origin.

**cherub** /'tʃerəb/ n. 1 (pl. **cherubim** or **cherubs**) an angelic being described in biblical tradition as attending on God, conventionally represented as a chubby child with wings 撒拉弗 (长有翅膀的天使) 2 (pl. **cherubs**) a beautiful or innocent-looking child 美丽的儿童; 天真的儿童
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cherubic** adj. **cherubically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cherubin, ult. (via L. and Gk) from Heb. kĕrūḇ, pl. kĕrūḇīm.

**chervil** /'tʃɜːvɪl/ n. a plant of the parsley family, with delicate fern-like leaves which are used as a culinary herb 蜡叶躟参 [Anthriscus cerefolium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. chaerephylla, from Gk khairephullon.

**Ches.** /'tʃeʃ(ɪ)ə(r)/ abbr. Cheshire (英格兰)柴郡

**Cheshire** /'tʃeʃə/ n. a kind of firm crumbly cheese, originally made in Cheshire 柴郡干酪

**Cheshire cat** ■ n. a cat depicted with a broad fixed grin, as popularized through Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) 柴郡猫 (刘易斯·卡罗尔所著《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》中的一只咧着嘴笑的猫)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin, but it is said that Cheshire cheeses used to be marked with the face of a smiling cat.

**chess** /tʃes/ n. a board game of strategic skill for two players, the object of which is to put the opponent's king under a direct attack, leading to checkmate 国际象棋
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. esches, pl. of eschec (see 见 CHECK¹).

**chessboard** /'tʃesbɔːd/ n. a square board divided into sixty-four alternating dark and light squares, used for playing chess or draughts 国际象棋棋盘; 国际跳棋棋盘

**chessman** /'tʃesmæn/ n. (pl. **chessmen**) a solid figure used as a chess piece 国际象棋棋子

**chest** /tʃest/ n. 1 the front surface of a person's or animal's body between the neck and the stomach (人或动物的)胸部, 胸膛 ➤ the whole of a person's upper trunk 上身 2 a large strong box for storage or transport 大箱子, 柜子, 大盒子 3 Brit.【英】the treasury or financial resources of an institution 金库; 公款

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■ v. Soccer【足】propel (the ball) by means of one's chest 用胸部挺(球), 胸部挡(球)
-PHRASES 短语 **get something off one's chest** informal【非正式】say something that one has wanted to say for a long time 倾吐心事; 一吐为快 **keep** (or **play**) **one's cards close to one's chest** (or US【美】**vest**) informal【非正式】be extremely secretive about one's intentions 把心思藏在心间, 不露心声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-chested** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cest, cyst, based on Gk kistē 'box'.

**chesterfield** /'tʃestəfiːld/ n. 1 a sofa having a padded back and padded arms that are of the same height and curve outwards 坐卧两用长沙发 ➤ Canadian【加】any sofa 沙发 2 a man's plain straight overcoat, typically with a velvet collar 天鹅绒领男式大衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after an Earl of Chesterfield.

**chestnut** /'tʃesnʌt/ n. 1 a glossy hard brown nut which develops within a bristly case and can be roasted and eaten 板栗 2 (also 亦作 **chestnut tree**, **sweet chestnut**, or **Spanish chestnut**) the large tree that produces chestnuts 欧洲板栗树 [Castanea sativa.] ➤ used in names of similar nuts, and trees and plants that produce them, e.g. **horse chestnut**, **water chestnut** (用于类似坚果以及结类似坚果的树木和植物的名称中, 如七叶树、荸荠) 3 a deep reddish-brown colour 栗色, 红棕色 4 (also 亦作 **chesnut**) a horse of a reddish-brown or yellowish-brown colour 栗色马, 黄棕马 5 a small horny patch on the inside of a horse's leg (马腿内侧的)角质胼胝
-PHRASES 短语 **an old chestnut** a joke, story, or subject that has become uninteresting through constant repetition 陈腐的笑话; 老掉牙的故事; 陈旧乏味的题材
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OE chesten (from OFr. chastaine, via L. from Gk kastanea) + NUT.

**chest of drawers** ■ n. a piece of furniture used for storage, consisting of an upright frame into which drawers are fitted 五斗橱

**chest voice** ■ n. the lowest register of the voice in singing or speaking 胸声

**chesty** /'tʃesti/ adj. (**chestier**, **chestiest**) informal【非正式】1 Brit.【英】having a lot of catarrh in the lungs 肺部多痰的 2 (of a woman) having large or prominent breasts (女人)丰乳的, 乳房高耸的 3 N. Amer.【北美】conceited and arrogant 骄傲的, 自负的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chestily** adv. **chestiness** n.

**Chetnik** /'tʃetnɪk/ n. a member of a Slavic nationalist guerrilla force in the Balkans, especially during the Second World War (尤指二战中巴尔干地区斯拉夫民族主义的)游击队员, 切特尼克
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Serbo-Croat četnik, from četa 'band, troop'.

**chetrum** /'tʃetrʊm/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **chetrums**) a monetary unit of Bhutan, equal to one hundredth of a ngultrum 切扎姆 (不丹货币单位, 100切扎姆=1努扎姆)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Dzongkha.

**cheval glass** /ʃə'væl/ (also 亦作 **cheval mirror**) ■ n. a tall mirror fitted at its middle to an upright frame so that it can be tilted (装在直立支架上可以倾斜的)穿衣镜
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: cheval from Fr., in the sense 'frame'.

**chevalier** /ˌʃevə'lɪə(r)/ n. historical【史义】a knight 骑士 ➤ a member of certain orders of knighthood or of modern French orders such as the Legion of Honour (某些)骑士团成员; (现代法国)荣誉勋位团成员
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from med. L. caballarius, from L. caballus 'horse'.

**chevet** /ʃə'veɪ/ n. Architecture【建】an apse with an ambulatory giving access behind the high altar to a series of chapels set in bays 圆室, 多角室
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'pillow'.

**Cheviot** /'tʃeviət, 'tʃiːv-/ n. 1 a large sheep of a breed with short thick wool 切维厄特羊 2 (**cheviot**) the wool or tweed cloth obtained from Cheviots 切维厄特羊毛(或粗花呢)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the Cheviot Hills in northern England and Scotland.

**chèvre** /ʃevr(ə)/ n. French cheese made with goat's milk 谢夫尔山羊奶酪
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'goat, she-goat'.

**chevron** /'ʃevrən/ n. a V-shaped line or stripe, especially one on the sleeve of a uniform indicating rank or length of service (尤指制服上表示衔级或服役期的)V形臂章; V形条纹 ➤ Heraldry【纹章】an ordinary in the form of a broad inverted V-shape 人字形纹章
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. caper 'goat'; cf. L. capreoli (dimin. of caper) used to mean 'pair of rafters'.

**chevrotain** /'ʃevrəteɪn/ n. a small deer-like mammal with small tusks, found in tropical rainforests 鼷鹿 [Genera Tragulus (Asia) and Hyemoschus (Africa): four species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., dimin. of OFr. chevrot, dimin. of chèvre 'goat'.

**chew** /tʃuː/ v. 1 bite and work (food) in the mouth to make it easier to swallow 嚼, 咀嚼(食物) 2 (**chew something over**) discuss or consider something at length (详细地)讨论, 商谈; 考虑, 沉思 3 (**chew someone out**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】reprimand someone severely 严厉斥责… ■ n. a period of chewing 咀嚼 ➤ a thing, especially a sweet, for chewing 咀嚼物 (尤指糖果)
-PHRASES 短语 **chew the fat** (or **rag**) informal【非正式】chat in a leisurely way 闲聊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chewable** adj. **chewer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cēowan, of W. Gmc origin.

**chewing gum** ■ n. flavoured gum for chewing 口香糖

**chewy** /'tʃuːi/ adj. (**chewier**, **chewiest**) (of food) needing to be chewed for some time before being swallowed (食物)需要多嚼的, 耐嚼的

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chewiness** n.

**Cheyenne** /ʃaɪ'æn/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Cheyennes**) 1 a member of an American Indian people formerly living between the Missouri and Arkansas Rivers 切延内人 (美洲印第安人, 原生活在美国密苏里河和阿肯色河之间) 2 the Algonquian language of the Cheyenne 切延内语 (属阿尔衮琴语)
-ORIGIN 词源 Canad. Fr., from Dakota šahíyena, from šaía 'speak incoherently'.

**Cheyne-Stokes breathing** /ˌtʃeɪn 'stəʊks/ n. Medicine【医】an abnormal cyclical pattern of breathing in which the rate gradually decreases to a complete stop and then increases again 潮式呼吸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the physicians John Cheyne and William Stokes.

**chez** /ʃeɪ/ prep. chiefly humorous【主幽】at the home of 在…的家里: I spent one summer chez Grandma. 我在外婆家度过了一个暑假。
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from OFr. chiese, from L. casa 'cottage'.

**chi¹** /kaɪ/ n. the twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet (Χ, χ), transliterated as 'kh' or 'ch' 希 (希腊字母表的第22个字母, 译写作kh或ch)
-PHRASES 短语 **chi-square test** a statistical method assessing the goodness of fit between a set of observed values and those expected theoretically x²检验, 卡方检验
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk.

**chi²** /kiː/ (also 亦作 **qi** or **ki**) n. the circulating life force whose existence and properties are the basis of much Chinese philosophy and medicine (构成中国哲学和医学重要基础的)气
-ORIGIN 词源 from Chin. qì, lit. 'air, breath'.

**Chianti** /ki'ænti/ n. (pl. **Chiantis**) a dry red Italian wine produced in Tuscany (产于意大利托斯卡纳大区的)基安蒂干红葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Chianti Mountains, Italy.

**chiaroscuro** /kɪɑːrə'skʊərəʊ/ n. the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting (素描、油画中的)明暗对照法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital., from chiaro 'clear, bright' + oscuro 'dark, obscure'.

**chiasma** /kaɪ'æzmə, kɪ-/ n. (pl. **chiasmata** /-tə/) 1 (also 亦作 **optic chiasma**) Anatomy【解】the X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other 视交叉 2 Biology【生物】a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis 交叉
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk chiasma 'crosspiece, cross-shaped mark', from khiazein 'mark with the letter chi'.

**chiasmus** /kaɪ'æzməs, kɪ-/ n. the inversion in a second phrase or clause of the order of words in the first 交错配列
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chiastic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'crosswise arrangement'): mod. L., from Gk khiasmos, from khiazein (see 见 CHIASMA).

**chiastolite** /kaɪ'æstəlaɪt, kɪ-/ n. a variety of the mineral andalusite containing dark carbonaceous inclusions giving a cross-shaped appearance 空晶石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khiastos 'arranged crosswise' + -LITE.

**Chibcha** /'tʃɪbtʃə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chibchas**) 1 a member of a native people of Colombia whose ancient civilization was destroyed by Europeans 奇布查人 (哥伦比亚原住民) 2 the extinct Chibchan language of the Chibcha 奇布查语 (属奇布查语系, 已消亡)
-ORIGIN 词源 Amer. Sp., from Chibcha zipa 'chief'.

**Chibchan** /'tʃɪbtʃən/ n. a language family of Colombia and Central America, most members of which are now extinct or nearly so 奇布查语系 (分布于哥伦比亚及中美洲, 其中大部分语言已经消亡或几近消亡) ■ adj. relating to Chibchan 奇布查语系的

**chibouk** /tʃɪ'buːk/ (also 亦作 **chibouque**) n. a long Turkish tobacco pipe 土耳其长烟管
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr. chibouque, from Turk. çubuk, lit. 'tube'.

**chic** /ʃiːk/ adj. (**chicer**, **chicest**) elegantly and stylishly fashionable 时髦的, 雅致的 ■ n. stylishness and elegance 时髦, 雅致
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chicly** adv. **chicness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., prob. from Ger. Schick 'skill'.

**chicane** /ʃɪ'keɪn/ n. 1 a sharp double bend created to form an obstacle on a motor-racing track (赛车道上设置的)双急弯道 2 dated【过时】(in card games) a hand without cards of one particular suit; a void (牌戏中)没有某一花色的一手牌, 缺门 3 archaic【古】chicanery 诡计; 诈骗 ■ v. archaic【古】employ chicanery 施诡计; 诈骗
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. chicane (n.), chicaner (v.) 'quibble'.

**chicanery** /ʃɪ'keɪnəri/ n. the use of trickery to achieve one's purpose 诡计; 诈骗

**Chicano** /tʃɪ'kɑːnəʊ, ʃɪ-, -'keɪn-/ n. (fem. 阴性 **Chicana**) (pl. **Chicanos** or **Chicanas**) chiefly US【主美】a North American of Mexican origin or descent 奇卡诺人 (墨西哥裔美国人)
-ORIGIN 词源 Mex. Sp., alt. of Sp. mejicano (masc.) 'Mexican'.

**chicha** /'tʃiːtʃə/ n. (in South and Central America) a kind of beer made typically from maize (南美和中美洲主要用玉米酿造的)吉开啤酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Amer. Sp., from Kuna.

**Chichewa** /tʃɪ'tʃeɪwə/ n. another term for NYANJA (the language) * Nyanja (语言)的另一种说法

**chichi** /'ʃiːʃiː/ adj. attempting stylish elegance but achieving only an over-elaborate affectedness 故作典雅的, 过分修饰的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., of imitative origin.

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**Chichimec** /ˌtʃiːtʃi'mek/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chichimecs**) 1 a member of a group of native peoples, including the Toltecs and the Aztecs, formerly dominant in central Mexico 奇奇梅克人 (包括托尔特克人和阿兹特克人, 早期统治着中墨西哥) 2 a Uto-Aztecan language of the Chichimec peoples 奇奇梅克语 (属犹他一阿兹特克语系)
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from Nahuatl.

**chick¹** /tʃɪk/ n. 1 a young bird, especially one newly hatched (尤指刚刚孵出的)小鸟 ➤ a newly hatched young domestic fowl 鸡娃, 雏鸡, 小鸡 2 informal【非正式】a young woman 少妇, 少女, 小妞儿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: abbrev. of CHICKEN.

**chick²** /tʃɪk/ n. (in South Asia) a bamboo screen for a doorway (南亚的)竹门帘
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu chik, from Pers. čigh.

**chickadee** /'tʃɪkədiː/ n. North American term for TIT¹ * tit 的北美说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: imitative of its call.

**chickaree** /'tʃɪkəriː/ n. a squirrel with red fur, found in the coniferous forests of North America 红松鼠 [Genus Tamiasciurus: three species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: imitative of its call.

**Chickasaw** /'tʃɪkəsɔː/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chickasaws**) 1 a member of an American Indian people formerly resident in Mississippi and Alabama 奇克索人 (美洲印第安人, 原居住在今密西西比州和亚拉巴马州) 2 the Muskogean language of the Chickasaw 奇克索语 (属穆斯科格语)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Chickasaw.

**chicken** /'tʃɪkɪn/ n. 1 a domestic fowl kept for its eggs or meat, especially a young one 鸡, (尤指)小鸡 2 informal【非正式】a coward 胆小鬼 ➤ a game in which the first person to lose their nerve and withdraw from a dangerous situation is the loser 胆量比试游戏 ■ adj. informal【非正式】cowardly 胆小的, 怯懦的 ■ v. (**chicken out**) informal【非正式】be too scared to do something 因害怕而不去做; 临阵退缩
-PHRASES 短语 **chicken-and-egg** denoting a situation in which each of two things appears to be necessary to the other 因果难定的情形 [from the question 'Which came first, the chicken or the egg?'] **like a headless chicken** informal【非正式】in a panic-stricken and unthinking manner 像无头苍蝇一样, 惊慌失措
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cīcen, cȳcen, of Gmc origin; prob. rel. to COCK¹.

**chicken brick** ■ n. Brit.【英】an earthenware container for roasting a chicken in its own juices 煲鸡罐

**chicken feed** ■ n. informal【非正式】a paltry sum of money 微不足道的一笔钱, 很少的一点儿钱

**chicken-fried steak** ■ n. US【美】a thin piece of beef which is lightly battered and fried until crisp 软炸牛排

**chickenpox** /'tʃɪkɪnpɒks/ n. an infectious disease causing a mild fever and a rash of itchy inflamed pimples, caused by the varicella-zoster virus; varicella 水痘
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. so named because of its mildness, as compared to smallpox.

**chickenshit** /'tʃɪkɪnʃɪt/ N. Amer. vulgar slang【北美, 粗俚】■ adj. worthless or contemptible 无价值的; 渺小的; 可鄙的 ■ n. a worthless or contemptible person 无用的人; 可鄙之人

**chicken wire** ■ n. light wire netting with a hexagonal mesh 细号钢丝网

**chick flick** ■ n. informal, chiefly derogatory【非正式, 主贬】a film which appeals to young women (针对年轻女性观众的)言情片

**chick lit** ■ n. informal, chiefly derogatory【非正式, 主贬】literature which appeals to young women 少女文学, 年轻女性文学

**chickpea** /'tʃɪkpiː/ n. 1 a round yellowish seed which is a pulse of major importance as food 鹰嘴豆 2 the leguminous plant which bears chickpeas 鹰嘴豆 [Cicer arietinum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier as chiche-pease): from ME chiche (from OFr. chiche, cice, from L. cicer 'chickpea') + PEASE.

**chickweed** /'tʃɪkwiːd/ n. a small white-flowered plant, often growing as a garden weed 繁缕 [Stellaria media and numerous related species.]

**chicle** /'tʃɪkl, -kli/ n. the milky latex of the sapodilla tree, used to make chewing gum 糖胶树胶 (用于制作口香糖) ➤ another term for SAPODILLA * sapodilla 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Latin Amer. Sp., from Nahuatl tzictli.

**chicory** /'tʃɪk(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **chicories**) 1 Brit.【英】a blueflowered Mediterranean plant of the daisy family, cultivated for its edible salad leaves and its carrot-shaped root, which is used as an additive to or substitute for coffee 菊苣 [Cichorium intybus.] 2 North American term for ENDIVE * endive 的北美说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from obs. Fr. cicorée (earlier form of chicorée) 'endive', via L. from Gk kikhorion.

**chide** /tʃaɪd/ v. (past **chided** or archaic【古】**chid** /tʃɪd/; past part. **chided** or archaic【古】**chidden** /'tʃɪd(ə)n/) scold or rebuke 责怪, 责骂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chider** n. **chiding** adj. **chidingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cīdan, of unknown origin.

**chief** /tʃiːf/ n. 1 a leader or ruler of a people 首领, 领袖 ➤ the head of an organization (组织的)长官, 领导 2 Heraldry【纹章】an ordinary consisting of a broad horizontal band across the top of the shield (宽横边)盾顶记 ➤ the upper third of the field 盾面的上三分之一 ■ adj. 1 having the highest rank or authority 最高级别的; 首席的 2 most important 最重要的; 首要的: the chief reason 主要原因
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chiefdom** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chief, chef, based on L. caput 'head'.

**chief constable** ■ n. Brit.【英】the head of the police force of a county or other region (郡县或地区的)警察局长

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**chief inspector** ■ n. Brit.【英】a police officer ranking above inspector and below superintendent 总督察, 总巡官

**chiefly** /'tʃiːfli/ adv. mainly; especially 主要地; 尤其 ➤ mostly 大部分, 大多数

**chief of staff** ■ n. the senior staff officer of a service, command, or formation 总参谋长

**chief petty officer** ■ n. a rank of non-commissioned officer in a navy, above petty officer (美国海军)军士长; (英国海军)上士

**chieftain** /'tʃiːftən/ n. the leader of a a people or clan 族长; 酋长
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chieftaincy** /-si/ n. (pl. **chieftaincies**). **chieftainship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME and OFr. chevetaine, from late L. capitaneus (see 见 CAPTAIN); the spelling was assimilated to CHIEF.

**chief technician** ■ n. a rank of non-commissioned officer in the RAF, above sergeant and below flight sergeant (英国皇家空军)总技术员

**chief warrant officer** ■ n. a rank in the US armed forces, above warrant officer and below the lowest-ranking commissioned officer (美国陆、海、空三军的)一级准尉

**chiffchaff** /'tʃɪftʃæf/ n. a common warbler with drab plumage and a repetitive call 叽咋柳莺 [Phylloscopus collybita.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: imitative of its call.

**chiffon** /'ʃɪfɒn/ n. a light, transparent fabric typically made of silk or nylon 雪纺绸, 薄绸
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. pl., denoting trimmings on a woman's dress): from Fr., from chiffe 'rag'.

**chiffonade** /ˌʃɪfə'nɑːd/ (also 亦作 **chiffonnade**) n. (pl. same 单复同) a preparation of shredded or finely cut leaf vegetables, used as a garnish for soup 菜末 (用作汤品点缀)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from chiffonner 'to crumple'.

**chiffonier** /ˌʃɪfə'nɪə(r)/ n. 1 Brit.【英】a low cupboard either used as a sideboard or with a raised bookshelf on top 餐具柜; 书柜 2 N. Amer.【北美】a tall chest of drawers 高抽屉柜, 高五斗橱
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. chiffonnier, chiffonnière, lit. 'ragpicker', also denoting a chest of drawers for oddments.

**chigger** /'tʃɪɡə(r), 'dʒ-/ (also 亦作 **jigger**) n. 1 a tropical flea, the female of which burrows and lays eggs beneath the host's skin, causing painful sores 穿皮潜蚤 [Tunga penetrans.] 2 N. Amer.【北美】a harvest mite 恙螨
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: var. of CHIGOE.

**chignon** /'ʃiːnjɒ̃/ n. a knot or coil of hair arranged on the back of a woman's head (女人脑后的)发髻
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., orig. 'nape of the neck'.

**chigoe** /'tʃɪɡəʊ/ n. another term for CHIGGER (sense 1) * chigger (释义1)的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. chique, from a W. Afr. lang.

**chihuahua** /tʃɪ'wɑːwə/ n. a very small dog of a smooth-haired large-eyed breed originating in Mexico 奇瓦瓦狗
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Chihuahua in northern Mexico.

**chikungunya** /ˌtʃɪk(ə)n'ɡʌnjə/ n. a viral disease resembling dengue, transmitted by mosquitoes and endemic in East Africa and parts of Asia 奇昆古尼亚热
-ORIGIN 词源 a local Afr. word.

**chilblain** /'tʃɪlbleɪn/ n. a painful, itching swelling on a hand or foot caused by poor circulation in the skin when exposed to cold 冻疮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chilblained** adj.

**child** /tʃaɪld/ n. (pl. **children**) 1 a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority 小孩, 儿童 ➤ a son or daughter of any age 孩子, 儿子, 女儿 2 derogatory【贬】an immature or irresponsible person 幼稚的人; 不负责任的人 3 (**children**) archaic【古】the descendants of a family or people 后代, 子孙
-PHRASES 短语 **child's play** a task which is easily accomplished 轻而易举之事 **with child** archaic【古】pregnant 怀孕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **childhood** n. **childless** adj. **childlessness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cild, of Gmc origin.

**child abuse** ■ n. physical maltreatment or sexual molestation of a child 虐待儿童, 摧残儿童, 性侵儿童

**childbearing** /'tʃaɪldbeərɪŋ/ n. the process of giving birth to children 分娩, 生孩子

**childbed** /'tʃaɪl(d)bed/ n. archaic term for CHILDBIRTH * childbirth 的古代说法

**child benefit** ■ n. (in the UK) regular payment by the state to the parents of a child up to a certain age (英国)儿童津贴

**childbirth** /'tʃaɪldbɜːθ/ n. the action of giving birth to a child 分娩, 生孩子

**childcare** /'tʃaɪldkeə(r)/ n. the care of children, especially by a crèche, nursery, etc. while the parents are working 儿童保育 (尤指父母上班时由日托托儿所代为照看)

**Childe** /tʃaɪld/ ■ n. archaic【古】a youth of noble birth 公子, 少爷
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, var. of CHILD.

**Childermas** /'tʃɪldəmæs/ n. archaic【古】the feast of the Holy Innocents, 28 December 悼婴节 (12月28日)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cildramæsse, from cildra 'of children' + mæsse (see 见 MASS).

**childish** /'tʃaɪldɪʃ/ adj. of, like, or appropriate to a child 孩子的; 孩子般的; 适合于孩子的 ➤ silly and immature 愚蠢的; 幼稚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **childishly** adv. **childishness** n.

**childlike** /'tʃaɪldlaɪk/ adj. (of an adult) having the good qualities, such as innocence, associated with a child (成年人)孩子般的, 单纯的, 天真的

**childminder** /'tʃaɪld,maɪndə(r)/ ■ n. Brit.【英】a person who looks after children in their own house for payment 保育员, 代人照看孩子者

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **child-minding** n.

**childproof** /'tʃaɪldpruːf/ adj. designed to prevent children from injuring themselves or doing damage 对孩童安全的; 防孩童损坏的 ■ v. make inaccessible to children 使孩子接触不到

**children** /'tʃɪldrən/ plural form of CHILD * child 的复数形式

**chile** /'tʃɪli/ n. variant spelling of CHILLI * chilli 的另一种拼法

**Chilean** /'tʃɪliən/ n. a native or inhabitant of Chile 智利人 ■ adj. relating to Chile 智利的

**Chile pine** ■ n. another term for MONKEY PUZZLE * monkey puzzle 的另一种说法

**chile relleno** /ˌtʃiːleɪ reɪ'jeɪnəʊ/ n. (pl. **chiles rellenos**) (in Mexican cuisine) a stuffed chilli pepper, typically battered and deep-fried (墨西哥菜中常裹面糊油炸的)填陷炸椒, 酿辣椒
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., 'stuffed chilli'.

**chili** /'tʃɪli/ n. (pl. **chilies**) US spelling of CHILLI * chilli 的美式拼法

**chiliad** /'kɪliæd/ n. rare【罕】a group of a thousand things -- ➤ a thousand years; a millennium 一千年, 千年期
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk khilias (see 见 CHILIAST).

**chiliarch** /'kɪliɑːk/ n. (in ancient Greece) a commander of a thousand men (古希腊)千夫长
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk khiliarkhēs, from khilioi 'thousand'.

**chiliast** /'kɪliæst/ n. another term for MILLENARIAN * millenarian 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chiliasm** n. **chiliastic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk khiliastēs, from khilias 'a thousand years', from khilioi 'thousand'.

**chill** /tʃɪl/ n. 1 an unpleasant feeling of coldness 寒冷; 寒意, 凉意 2 a feverish cold 感冒发烧 3 a metal mould designed to aid cooling of metal during casting 冷铁 ■ v. 1 make cold 使变冷 ➤ cool (food or drink) in a refrigerator (用冰箱)冷镇, 冷藏(食品或饮料) 2 horrify or frighten 使恐惧, 使害怕 3 (usu. 通常用 **chill out**) informal【非正式】calm down and relax 冷静; 放松 ■ adj. chilly 寒冷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chilling** adj. **chillingly** adv. **chillness** n. **chillsome** adj. (literary【文】).
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cele, ciele 'cold, coldness', of Gmc origin; rel. to COLD.

**chill-cast** ■ v. Metallurgy【冶】rapidly solidify (cast metal) by contact with a cooled metal mould in order to produce a hard, dense surface 冷铸, 冷淬

**chiller** /'tʃɪlə(r)/ n. 1 a cold cabinet or refrigerator for keeping stored food a few degrees above freezing point 冷藏柜, 冰箱 2 short for SPINE-CHILLER * spine-chiller 的缩略式

**chill factor** ■ n. a quantity expressing the perceived lowering of the air temperature caused by the wind 风寒指数

**chilli** /'tʃɪli/ (also 亦作 **chilli pepper**, US【美】**chile**, **chili**) n. (pl. **chillies**, US【美】**chiles** or **chilies**) 1 a small hot-tasting pod of a variety of capsicum, used in sauces, relishes, and spice powders 辣椒 2 short for CHILLI POWDER or CHILLI CON CARNE * chilli powder 或 chilli con carne 的缩略式
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. chile, from Nahuatl chilli.

**chilli con carne** /ˌkɒn 'kɑːneɪ, -ni/ n. a stew of minced beef and beans flavoured with chilli powder 辣味牛肉末炖菜豆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp. chile con carne, lit. 'chilli pepper with meat'.

**chilli powder** ■ n. a hot-tasting mixture of ground dried red chillies and other spices 辣椒粉

**chillum** /'tʃɪləm/ ■ n. (pl. **chillums**) 1 a hookah 水烟筒 2 a pipe used for smoking cannabis 大麻烟斗
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi cilam.

**chilly** /'tʃɪli/ adj. (**chillier**, **chilliest**) 1 unpleasantly cold 寒冷的; 阴冷的 2 unfriendly 不友好的, 冷淡的, 冷漠的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chilliness** n.

**chimaera** /kaɪ'mɪərə/ n. variant spelling of CHIMERA * chimera 的另一种拼法

**chime¹** /tʃaɪm/ ■ n. 1 a bell or a metal bar or tube tuned and used in a set to produce melodious ringing sounds when struck 编钟, 排钟 ➤ a sound made by such an instrument (编钟的)钟声, 钟乐 2 Bell-ringing【鸣钟】a stroke of the clapper against one or both sides of a scarcely moving bell 打铃, 敲钟 ■ v. 1 (of a bell or clock) make chimes (钟或时钟)鸣, 发声 2 (**chime with**) Brit.【英】be in agreement with 与…相符, 与…一致 3 (**chime in**) interject a remark 插话, 插嘴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chimer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the senses 'cymbal' and 'ring out'): prob. from OE cimbal (see 见 CYMBAL), later interpreted as chime bell.

**chime²** /tʃaɪm/ (also 亦作 **chimb**) n. the projecting rim at the end of a cask (桶端的)凸边
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from an OE word rel. to Du. kim and Ger. Kimme; cf. CHINE³.

**chimenea** /ˌtʃɪmɪ'neɪə, -'niːə/ n. a free-standing clay fireplace or oven which consists of a hollow bulbous body tapering to a short chimney-like smoke vent 独立式壁炉; 独立式烹饪炉
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: Sp., 'chimney'.

**chimera** /kaɪ'mɪərə, kɪ-/ (also 亦作 **chimaera**) n. 1 Greek Mythology【希神】a fire-breathing female monster with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail 喀迈拉 (狮头、羊身、蛇尾的吐火女怪) 2 something hoped for but illusory or impossible to achieve 妄想, 幻想; 空想 3 Biology【生物】an organism containing a mixture of genetically different tissues, formed by processes such as fusion of early embryos, grafting, or mutation 嵌合体 4 (**chimaera**) a long-tailed cartilaginous marine fish with an erect spine before the first dorsal fin 银鲛 [Chimaera and other genera, family Chimaeridae.]

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chimeric** /-'merɪk/ adj. **chimerical** adj. **chimerically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk khimaira 'she-goat or chimera'.

**chimichanga** /ˌtʃɪmi'tʃæŋɡə/ n. a tortilla rolled round a savoury filling and deep-fried 墨西哥油炸卷饼
-ORIGIN 词源 Mex. Sp., lit. 'trinket'.

**chimney** /'tʃɪmni/ n. (pl. **chimneys**) 1 a vertical pipe which conducts smoke and gases up from a fire or furnace 烟囱 ➤ a chimney stack 屋顶烟囱 2 a glass tube protecting the flame of a lamp 玻璃灯罩 3 a very steep narrow cleft by which a rock face may be climbed (岩石间可供攀登的)管状裂缝
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cheminee, from late L. caminata, perh. from camera caminata 'room with a fireplace', from L. caminus 'forge, furnace', from Gk kaminos 'oven'.

**chimney breast** ■ n. a part of an interior wall that projects to surround a chimney 壁炉腔

**chimney corner** ■ n. a warm seat within an old-fashioned fireplace 壁炉边暖和的烤火座位

**chimney piece** ■ n. Brit.【英】a mantelpiece 壁炉台, 壁炉架

**chimney pot** ■ n. an earthenware or metal pipe at the top of a chimney 烟囱(管)帽

**chimney stack** ■ n. the part of a chimney that projects above a roof 屋顶烟囱

**chimney sweep** ■ n. a person whose job is cleaning out the soot from chimneys 烟囱清洁工

**chimonanthus** /ˌkaɪmə(ʊ)'nænθəs/ n. a shrub of a Chinese genus including the wintersweet 腊梅 [Genus Chimonanthus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kheimōn 'winter' + anthos 'flower'.

**chimp** /tʃɪmp/ ■ n. informal term for CHIMPANZEE * chimpanzee 的非正式说法

**chimpanzee** /ˌtʃɪmpæn'ziː/ n. an anthropoid ape with large ears, mainly black coloration, and lighter skin on the face, native to west and central Africa 黑猩猩 [Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus (the bonobo or pygmy chimpanzee).]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. chimpanzé, from Kikongo.

**Chimu** /tʃiː'muː/ ■ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chimus**) 1 a member of a native people of Peru that developed the most important civilization before the Incas 奇穆人 (秘鲁土著) 2 the extinct language of the Chimu 奇穆语
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**Chin** /tʃɪn/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chins**) 1 a member of a people of SW Burma (Myanmar) and neighbouring parts of India and Bangladesh (缅甸一带的)钦人 2 the Tibeto-Burman language of the Chin 钦语 (属藏缅语系)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Burmese, 'hill man'.

**chin** /tʃɪn/ n. the protruding part of the face below the mouth, formed by the apex of the lower jaw 颏, 下巴 ■ v. 1 informal【非正式】hit or punch (someone) on the chin 猛击(某人)的下巴 2 draw one's body up so that one's chin is level with (a horizontal bar), as an exercise 引体向上
-PHRASES 短语 **keep one's chin up** informal【非正式】remain cheerful in difficult circumstances (在逆境中)不气馁, 不灰心 **take it on the chin** informal【非正式】accept misfortune stoically 勇敢地承受不幸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-chinned** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cin, cinn, of Gmc origin.

**china** /'tʃaɪnə/ n. 1 a fine white or translucent vitrified ceramic material 瓷料 ➤ household tableware or other objects made from china 瓷器 2 Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a friend 朋友 [from rhyming sl. china plate 'mate'.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Pers. chinī 'relating to China'.

**China aster** ■ n. a Chinese plant of the daisy family, cultivated for its bright showy flowers 翠菊 [Callistephus chinensis.]

**chinaberry** /'tʃaɪnəberi/ n. (pl. **chinaberries**) 1 a tall tree bearing fragrant lilac flowers and yellow berries, native to Asia and Australasia 楝 [Melia azedarach.] 2 the fruit of the chinaberry 楝树果

**china blue** ■ n. a pale greyish blue 灰蓝色

**china clay** ■ n. another term for KAOLIN * kaolin 的另一种说法

**chinagraph pencil** /'tʃaɪnəɡrɑːf/ n. Brit.【英】a waxy pencil used to write on china, glass, or other hard surfaces 瓷器描笔 (用于在瓷器或玻璃等硬物上写字的蜡质铅笔)

**Chinaman** /'tʃaɪnəmən/ n. (pl. **Chinamen**) 1 chiefly archaic or derogatory【主古或贬】a native of China 中国人; 中国佬 2 Cricket【板】a ball that spins from off to leg, bowled by a left-handed bowler to a right-handed batsman 华仔球 (左撇子投手投出的自明侧向腿侧旋转的球)

**China rose** ■ n. 1 a Chinese rose from which various garden rose varieties have been derived 月季花 [Rosa chinensis.] 2 a shrubby tropical hibiscus cultivated for its large showy flowers 朱槿 [Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.]

**china stone** ■ n. partly kaolinized granite containing plagioclase feldspar, which is ground and mixed with kaolin to make porcelain 瓷土石

**China syndrome** ■ n. a hypothetical sequence of events following the meltdown of a nuclear reactor, in which the core melts through its containment structure and sinks deep into the earth (假想核反应堆熔化而造成的)灾难性核事故
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: so named because China is on the opposite side of the earth from a reactor in the US.

**China tea** ■ n. tea made from a small-leaved type of tea plant grown in China, typically flavoured by smoke curing or the addition of flower petals (通常用烟熏或添加花瓣来提香的)中国茶

**Chinatown** /'tʃaɪnətaʊn/ n. a district of a non-Chinese town in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin 唐人街, 中国城

**chinch bug** /tʃɪn(t)ʃ/ n. a plant-eating ground bug that forms large swarms on grasses and rushes 美洲谷杆长蝽; 欧亚窄长蝽 [Blissus leucopterus (America) and Ischnodemus sabuleti (Europe).]

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'bedbug'): from Sp. chinche, from L. cimex, cimic-.

**chincherinchee** /ˌtʃɪntʃərɪn'tʃiː/ n. a white-flowered South African lily 好望角虎眼万年青 [Ornithogalum thyrsoides.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: imitative of the squeaky sound made by rubbing its stalks together.

**chinchilla** /tʃɪn'tʃɪlə/ n. 1 a small South American rodent with soft grey fur and a long bushy tail 毛丝鼠; 灰鼠 [Genus Chinchilla: two species.] 2 a cat or rabbit of a breed with silver-grey or grey fur (银灰色或灰色的)丝毛猫, 丝毛兔 3 the highly valued fur of the chinchilla, or of the chinchilla rabbit 毛丝鼠毛皮; 丝毛兔毛皮
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., from Aymara or Quechua.

**chin-chin** /'tʃɪntʃɪn/ exclam. Brit. informal, dated【英, 非正式, 过时】a toast made before drinking 请, 请! (敬酒语)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: representing a pronunc. of Chin. qǐng-qǐng.

**Chindit** /'tʃɪndɪt/ n. a member of the Allied forces behind the Japanese lines in Burma (Myanmar) in 1943–1945 (1943至1945年在缅甸日军后方作战的)敌后盟军战士
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: from Burmese chinthé, a mythical creature.

**chine¹** /tʃaɪn/ n. 1 the backbone of an animal as it appears in a joint of meat (动物的)脊骨, 脊柱 ➤ a joint of meat containing all or part of the backbone (带脊骨的)脊肉; 脊排 2 a mountain ridge 山脊 ■ v. cut (meat) across or along the backbone 把(肉)沿脊骨切开
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. eschine, based on a blend of L. spina 'spine' and a Gmc word meaning 'narrow piece'; rel. to SHIN.

**chine²** /tʃaɪn/ n. (in the Isle of Wight or Dorset) a deep narrow ravine (英国怀特岛或多塞特郡的)豁口式小狭谷
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cīnu 'cleft, chink', of Gmc origin; rel. to CHINK¹.

**chine³** /tʃaɪn/ n. the angle where the strakes of the bottom of a boat or ship meet the side (船舷与船底相交的)舭缘线
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of CHIME².

**Chinese** /tʃaɪ'niːz/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 the language of China 中文, 汉语 2 a native or inhabitant of China, or a person of Chinese descent 中国人; 华人; 华裔 ■ adj. relating to China, its people, or their language 中国的; 中国人的; 中文的, 汉语的 ➤ belonging to the dominant ethnic group of China (the Han) 汉族的

**Chinese box** ■ n. each of a nest of boxes (一组)中式套盒

**Chinese burn** ■ n. informal【非正式】a burning sensation inflicted on a person by placing both hands on their arm and then twisting it “拧麻花”的灼痛 (双手旋拧他人手臂造成的火辣辣的痛感)

**Chinese cabbage** ■ n. another term for CHINESE LEAVES * Chinese leaves 的另一种说法

**Chinese chequers** (US【美】**Chinese checkers**) ■ pl. n. [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] a board game for two to six players who attempt to move marbles or counters from one corner to the opposite one on a star-shaped board 中国跳棋

**Chinese fire drill** ■ n. N. Amer. informal, often offensive【北美, 非正式, 常冒】a state of disorder or confusion 混乱, 一团槽

**Chinese gooseberry** ■ n. former term for KIWI FRUIT * kiwi fruit 的旧时说法

**Chinese lantern** ■ n. 1 a collapsible paper lantern (可折叠的)纸灯笼 2 a plant with globular orange fruits enclosed in an orange-red papery calyx 酸浆 (结橘红色球形果) [Physalis alkekengi.]

**Chinese leaves** (also 亦作 **Chinese cabbage**) ■ pl. n. an oriental variety of cabbage which does not form a firm heart 白菜, 小白菜; 大白菜 [Brassica chinensis (pak choi) and B. pekinensis (pe tsai).]

**Chinese puzzle** ■ n. an intricate puzzle consisting of many interlocking pieces 九连环

**Chinese red** ■ n. a vivid orange-red 中国红

**Chinese wall** ■ n. an insurmountable barrier, especially to the passage of information 难以逾越的屏障 (尤指对信息的封锁)

**Chinese whispers** ■ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] Brit.【英】a game in which a message is distorted by being passed from person to person in a whisper (信息越传越走样的)传话游戏

**Chinese white** ■ n. white pigment consisting of zinc oxide 锌白(颜料)

**ching** /tʃɪŋ/ n. an abrupt high-pitched ringing sound 叮铃声

**Chink** /tʃɪŋk/ n. informal, offensive【非正式, 冒】a Chinese person 中国佬

**chink¹** /tʃɪŋk/ n. 1 a narrow opening or crack 缝隙, 缝儿 2 a beam of light admitted by a chink (透过缝隙照进的)一道光线
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: rel. to CHINE².

**chink²** /tʃɪŋk/ v. make a light, high-pitched ringing sound, as of glasses or coins striking together 发出“叮”的一声响, 发出清脆的碰撞声 ■ n. a high-pitched ringing sound 叮当声
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: imitative.

**chinkapin** /'tʃɪŋkəpɪn/ n. variant spelling of CHINQUAPIN * chinquapin 的另一种拼法

**chinkara** /tʃɪŋ'kɑːrə/ n. (pl. same 单复同) the Indian gazelle 贝氏羚 [Gazella bennettii.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hindi cikārā, from Sanskrit cikkāra.

**Chinky** /'tʃɪŋki/ n. (pl. **Chinkies**) informal【非正式】1 offensive【冒】a Chinese person 中国佬 2 Brit.【英】a Chinese restaurant 中餐馆

**chinless** /'tʃɪnləs/ adj. 1 lacking a well-defined chin 没下巴的

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2 informal【非正式】lacking strength of character 软弱的, 无个性的

**chin music** ■ n. US informal【美, 非正式】idle chatter 闲聊

**chino** /'tʃiːnəʊ/ n. (pl. **chinos**) 1 a cotton twill fabric, typically khaki-coloured 丝光咔叽军服布 2 (**chinos**) casual trousers made from chino or a similar fabric 丝光咔叽裤
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Latin Amer. Sp., lit. 'toasted' (referring to the typical colour).

**Chino-** /'tʃaɪnəʊ/ comb. form equivalent to 同 SINO-

**chinoiserie** /ʃɪn'wɑːzəri/ n. (pl. **chinoiseries**) a style in Western art, furniture, and architecture characterized by the use of Chinese motifs and techniques (西方艺术、家具和建筑的)中国式风格, 中国风 ➤ objects or decorations in this style 中国式风格的物品 (或装饰)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from chinois 'Chinese'.

**Chinook** /tʃɪ'nʊk, 'nuːk, ʃɪ-/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chinooks**) 1 a member of an American Indian people originally inhabiting the region around the Columbia River in Oregon 奇努克人 (美洲印第安人, 原居住在俄勒冈州的哥伦比亚河流域) 2 the extinct Penutian language of the Chinook 奇努克语 (属佩纽蒂语, 已消亡)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Salish tšinúk.

**chinook** /tʃɪ'nʊk, -nɒk, ʃɪ-/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **chinook wind**) a warm, dry wind which blows down the east side of the Rocky Mountains at the end of winter 奇努克风 (冬末沿美国落基山脉东坡吹下的干暖风) 2 (also 亦作 **chinook salmon**) a large North Pacific salmon which is an important commercial food fish (北太平洋的)大鳞大麻哈鱼 [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.]

**Chinook Jargon** ■ n. an extinct pidgin composed of elements from Chinook, Nootka, English, French, and other languages, formerly used in the Pacific North-West of North America 奇努克混合语 (旧时北美西北部太平洋沿岸的一种皮钦语, 由奇努克语、努特卡语、英语、法语及其他语言混合而成)

**chinquapin** /'tʃɪŋkəpɪn/ (also 亦作 **chinkapin**) n. 1 a North American chestnut tree 北美栗(树) [Castanea pumila and other species.] 2 the edible nut of the chinquapin 北美栗(坚果)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Virginia Algonquian.

**chinstrap** /'tʃɪnstræp/ n. a strap attached to a hat, helmet, etc., to keep it in place by fitting under the wearer's chin (系于颏下固定帽子、头盔等的)颏带

**chintz** /tʃɪnts/ n. printed multicoloured cotton fabric with a glazed finish, used especially for curtains and upholstery (尤用于窗帘和室内装饰的)摩擦轧光印花棉布
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as chints, pl. of chint, denoting a stained or painted calico cloth imported from India): from Hindi chīṁṭ 'spattering, stain'.

**chintzy** /'tʃɪntsi/ adj. (**chintzier**, **chintziest**) 1 Brit.【英】decorated with or resembling chintz 用摩擦轧光印花棉布装饰的; 似摩擦轧光印花棉布的 ➤ brightly colourful but gaudy and tasteless 花里胡哨的, 俗艳的 2 N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】cheap and of poor quality 廉价劣质的 ➤ miserly 小气的, 吝啬的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chintziness** n.

**chin-up** ■ n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】another term for PULL-UP * pull-up 的另一种说法

**chinwag** /'tʃɪnwæɡ/ Brit. informal【英, 非正式】■ n. a chat 闲谈, 闲聊 ■ v. (**chinwags**, **chinwagging**, **chinwagged**) have a chat 闲谈, 闲聊

**chionodoxa** /ˌkaɪənə'dɒksə/ n. a bulbous plant of the lily family, with early-blooming blue flowers 四萼齿草, 雪光花 (百合科植物, 开蓝色花, 花期早) [Genus Chionodoxa.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk khiōn 'snow' + doxa 'glory'.

**chip** /tʃɪp/ ■ n. 1 a small, thin piece removed in the course of chopping, cutting, or breaking a hard material 屑片, 碎片 ➤ a blemish left by the removal of a chip (屑片剥落后留下的)缺口, 缺损处 ➤ Brit.【英】wood or woody fibre split into thin strips and used for weaving hats or baskets (编帽子或篮子等用的)木条 2 Brit.【英】a long rectangular piece of deep-fried potato 油炸土豆条, 炸薯条 ➤ (also 亦作 **potato chip**) N. Amer.【北美】a potato crisp 油炸土豆片, 炸薯片 3 short for MICROCHIP * microchip 的缩略式 4 a counter used in certain gambling games to represent money (一些赌博游戏中代表钱的)筹码 5 (in soccer or golf) a short lofted kick or shot (足球运动中的)高球; (高尔夫球运动中的)短切 ■ v. (**chips**, **chipping**, **chipped**) 1 cut or break (a chip) from a hard material 削下, 凿下(屑片或碎片) ➤ (of a hard material or object) break at the edge or on the surface (硬材料或硬物)边缘(或表面)破损, 出现缺口 2 (**chip away at**) gradually and relentlessly make (something) smaller or weaker 逐渐侵蚀, 不断削弱: Rivals may chip away at one's profits. 竞争对手可能会蚕食利润份额。3 (**chip in**) contribute one's share of a joint activity (为联合行动)出一份力; 凑份子 ➤ informal【非正式】make an interruption 插话, 插嘴 4 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **chipped**] Brit.【英】cut (a potato) into chips 把(土豆)切成条 5 (in soccer or golf) strike (the ball) to produce a short lofted shot or pass (足球运动中)起高球; (高尔夫球运动中)短切
-PHRASES 短语 **a chip off the old block** informal【非正式】someone who resembles their parent in character 性格酷似父(或母)亲的人 **a chip on one's shoulder** informal【非正式】a deeply ingrained grievance 郁积的不满, 耿耿于怀的委屈 **have had one's chips** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】be dead or out of contention 死, 完蛋, 无机会获胜 **when the chips are down** informal【非正式】when a very serious situation arises 在危急关头, 在关键时刻
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: rel. to OE forcippian 'cut off'.

**chip and PIN** ■ n. a way of authorizing payment for goods bought with a credit or debit card in which the card is put into an electronic device and the customer enters their personal identification number 密码刷卡消费

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**chipboard** /'tʃɪpbɔːd/ n. material made in rigid sheets from compressed wood chips and resin and used for furniture and in buildings 刨花板, 碎木胶合板

**Chipewyan** /ˌtʃɪpə'waɪən/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chipewyans**) 1 a member of a Dene people of NW Canada (加拿大西北部的)奇佩维安人 Compare with 比较 CHIPPEWA. 2 the Athabaskan language of the Chipewyan 奇佩维安语 (奇佩维安人说的阿塔帕斯坎语)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Cree, lit.' (wearing) pointed-skin (garments)'.

**chipmunk** /'tʃɪpmʌŋk/ n. a burrowing ground squirrel with cheek pouches and light and dark stripes running down the body, found in North America and northern Eurasia 花鼠 (产于北美和欧亚大陆北部, 体有深浅相间的条纹) [Genus Tamias: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ojibwa.

**chipolata** /ˌtʃɪpə'lɑːtə/ n. Brit.【英】a small thin sausage 蔡珀拉特小香肠
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Ital. cipollata 'a dish of onions', from cipolla 'onion'.

**chipotle** /tʃɪ'pəʊtleɪ/ n. a smoked hot chilli pepper which is used in Mexican cooking 墨西哥烟椒
-ORIGIN 词源 Mex. Sp., from Nahuatl.

**Chippendale** /'tʃɪp(ə)ndeɪl/ adj. (of furniture) designed by or in the style of the English furniture-maker Thomas Chippendale (1718–1779), neoclassical with elements of French rococo and chinoiserie (家具)奇彭代尔设计的, 奇彭代尔式样的 (指融合法国洛可可和中国装饰风格元素的新古典主义式样)

**chipper¹** /'tʃɪpə(r)/ adj. informal【非正式】cheerful and lively 兴高采烈的, 活泼轻快的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from north. Engl. dial. kipper 'lively'.

**chipper²** /'tʃɪpə(r)/ ■ n. 1 a thing that turns something into chips 整, 凿; 削片机 2 Irish informal【爱, 非正式】a fish-and-chip shop 炸鱼薯条快餐店

**Chippewa** /'tʃɪpəwɔː, -wɑː/ (also 亦作 **Chippeway** /-weɪ/) n. (pl. same 单复同) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】another term for OJIBWA * Ojibwa 的另一种说法 Compare with 比较 CHIPEWYAN.
-ORIGIN 词源 alt. of OJIBWA.

**chipping** /'tʃɪpɪŋ/ ■ n. Brit.【英】a small fragment of stone, wood, or similar material (石头、木头等的)屑片, 碎片

**chippy** /'tʃɪpi/ informal【非正式】■ n. (also 亦作 **chippie**) (pl. **chippies**) 1 Brit.【英】a fish-and-chip shop 炸鱼薯条快餐店 2 Brit.【英】a carpenter 木匠 3 N. Amer.【北美】a prostitute 妓女 ■ adj. touchy and irritable 易怒的, 脾气坏的

**chiral** /'kaɪr(ə)l/ adj. Chemistry【化】(of a molecule) not able to be superimposed on its mirror image (分子)手性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chirality** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kheir 'hand' + -AL.

**chi-rho** ■ n. a monogram of chi (X) and rho (P) as the first two letters of Greek Khristos 'Christ' * Christ 的表记 (希腊词 Khristos 的头两个字母)

**chirimoya** /ˌtʃɪrɪ'mɔɪə/ n. variant spelling of CHERIMOYA * cherimoya 的另一种拼法

**chiro-** /'kaɪrəʊ/ (also 亦作 **cheiro-**) ■ comb. form of the hand or hands 手的: chiromancy 手相术
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kheir 'hand'.

**chirography** /kaɪ'rɒɡrəfi/ n. handwriting, especially as distinct from typography (尤指区别于印刷的)书写, 笔迹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chirographic** adj.

**chiromancy** /'kaɪrə(ʊ)mænsi/ n. the prediction of a person's future from interpreting the lines on the palms of their hands; palmistry 手相术

**chironomid** /kaɪ'rɒnəmɪd/ n. Entomology【昆】an insect of a family (Chironomidae) which comprises the non-biting midges 摇蚊
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Chironomus (genus name), from Gk kheironomos 'pantomime dancer'.

**chiropody** /kɪ'rɒpədi/ n. the treatment of the feet and their ailments 足病医术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chiropodist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHIRO- + Gk pous, pod- 'foot'.

**chiropractic** /ˌkaɪərə(ʊ)'præktɪk/ n. a system of complementary medicine based on the diagnosis and manipulative treatment of misalignments of the joints, especially those of the spinal column (尤指对脊柱的)按摩疗法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chiropractor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHIRO- + Gk praktikos 'practical'.

**chiropteran** /kaɪ'rɒpt(ə)r(ə)n/ n. Zoology【动】a mammal of the order Chiroptera; a bat 翼手目动物; 蝙蝠
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Chiroptera, from CHIRO- + Gk pteron 'wing'.

**chirp** /tʃɜːp/ ■ v. 1 (of a small bird or a grasshopper) utter a short, sharp, high-pitched sound (小鸟)啁啾; (蚱蜢)唧唧叫 2 say something in a lively and cheerful way 嘁嘁喳喳地说 ■ n. a chirping sound (小鸟的)啁啾声; (蚱蜢的)唧唧声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chirper** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative.

**chirpy** /'tʃɜːpi/ adj. (**chirpier**, **chirpiest**) informal【非正式】cheerful and lively 兴高采烈的, 活泼轻快的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chirpily** adv. **chirpiness** n.

**chirr** /tʃɜː(r)/ (also 亦作 **churr**) v. (especially of an insect) make a low trilling sound (尤指昆虫)唧唧叫 ■ n. a low trilling sound 唧唧声
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: imitative.

**chirrup** /'tʃɪrəp/ v. (**chirrups**, **chirruping**, **chirruped**) (of a small bird) make repeated short high-pitched sounds (小鸟)啾唧, 吱吱叫 ■ n. a chirruping sound 啾唧声, 吱吱声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chirrupy** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt. of CHIRP.

**chiru** /'tʃiːruː/ n. (pl. same 单复同) a sandy-coloured Chinese Tibetan gazelle with black horns 藏羚 [Pantholops hodgsoni.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Tibetan.

**chisel** /'tʃɪzl/ n. a long-bladed hand tool with a bevelled cutting edge, struck with a hammer or mallet to cut or shape wood, stone, or metal 凿, ■ v. (**chisels**, **chiselling**, **chiselled**; US【美】**chisels**, **chiseling**, **chiseled**) 1 cut or shape with a chisel 凿, 雕, 刻 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **chiselled**] (of a man's facial features) strongly and clearly defined (男子五官)棱角分明的 3 informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】cheat or swindle (someone) out of something 骗取(某人)(某物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chiseller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Old North. Fr., based on L. cis- (as in late L. cisorium), var. of caes-, caedere 'to cut'.

**chit¹** /tʃɪt/ n. Brit. derogatory【英, 贬】an impudent or arrogant young woman 冒失(或傲慢)的年轻女子: a chit of a girl 鲁莽的黄毛丫头
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a whelp, cub, or kitten): perh. rel. to dial. chit 'a sprout'.

**chit²** /tʃɪt/ n. a short official note, memorandum, or voucher, typically recording a sum owed (正式的)短简, 便笺, 凭单; (常指)欠账字据, 欠条
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Anglo-Ind., from Hindi ciṭṭhī 'note, pass'.

**chit³** /tʃɪt/ v. (**chits**, **chitting**, **chitted**) Brit.【英】induce (a potato) to sprout by placing it in a cool light place (将土豆放置在阴凉光照处)给(土豆)催芽
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from dial. chit 'a shoot, sprout'.

**chital** /'tʃiːtl/ n. a deer that has lyre-shaped antlers and a fawn coat with white spots, native to India and Sri Lanka 花鹿, 斑鹿 (产于印度和斯里兰卡) [Cervus axis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hindi cītal, from Sanskrit citrala 'spotted'.

**chitarrone** /ˌkɪtə'rəʊneɪ, -ni/ n. a very large lute similar to a theorbo, used in Italy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries (意大利16世纪末和17世纪初的)基塔隆琴, 长双颈琉特琴
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'large guitar'.

**chit-chat** informal【非正式】■ n. inconsequential conversation 聊天, 闲谈 ■ v. talk about trivial matters 聊天, 闲谈
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: reduplication of CHAT¹.

**chitin** /'kaɪtɪn/ ■ n. Biochemistry【生化】a fibrous substance which forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi 甲壳质, 几丁质, 壳多糖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chitinous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. chitine, from Gk khitōn (see 见 CHITON).

**chiton** /'kaɪtɒn, -t(ə)n/ n. 1 a long woollen tunic worn in ancient Greece 希顿古服 (古希腊人穿的长袍) 2 a marine mollusc that has an oval flattened body with a shell of overlapping plates 石鳖 (海洋软体动物, 身体呈扁平椭圆形, 甲壳由覆瓦状壳板排列组成) [Chiton and other genera, class Polyplacophora.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk khitōn 'tunic'.

**chitter** /'tʃɪtə(r)/ v. 1 make a twittering or chattering sound 啁啾, 吱吱地叫 2 Scottish & dialect【苏格兰, 方】shiver with cold 冷得发抖, 打寒战
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative; cf. CHATTER.

**chitterlings** /'tʃɪtəlɪŋz/ pl. n. the smaller intestines of a pig, cooked for food (食用的)猪小肠
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. rel. to synonymous Ger. Kutteln.

**chitty** /'tʃɪti/ n. (pl. **chitties**) Brit.【英】informal term for CHIT² * chit² 的非正式说法

**chivalrous** /'ʃɪv(ə)lrəs/ adj. (of a man) courteous and gallant, especially towards women (男子)勇武的; (尤指对女人)彬彬有礼的, 殷勤的, 体贴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chivalrously** adv. **chivalrousness** n.

**chivalry** /'ʃɪv(ə)lri/ n. 1 the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code (中世纪的)骑士制度 ➤ the combination of qualities expected of an ideal knight, especially courage, honour, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak 骑士精神 (尤指勇武、荣耀感、谦恭、正义以及扶助弱小的品质) ➤ courteous behaviour, especially that of a man towards women (尤指男性对女性的)彬彬有礼, 殷勤, 体贴 2 archaic【古】knights, noblemen, and horsemen collectively 骑士团; 贵族, 骑师(总称)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chivalric** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chevalerie, from med. L. caballerius, for late L. caballarius (see 见 CHEVALIER).

**chives** /tʃaɪvz/ pl. n. a small plant related to the onion, with long tubular leaves used as a culinary herb 北葱, 细香葱 (药膳用料) [Allium schoenoprasum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., var. of cive, from L. cepa 'onion'.

**chivvy** /'tʃɪvi/ (also 亦作 **chivy**) v. (**chivvies**, **chivvying**, **chivvied**) chiefly Brit.【主英】repeatedly tell (someone) to do something 催促; 强求
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: orig. a noun denoting a hunting cry, prob. from the ballad Chevy Chase, celebrating a skirmish on the Scottish border.

**chlamydia** /klə'mɪdiə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **chlamydiae** /-diː/) a parasitic bacterium which can only reproduce within the cells of another organism and causes a sexually transmitted disease 衣原体 [Genus Chlamydia, order Chlamydiales.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chlamydial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: mod. L., from Gk khlamus, khlamud 'cloak'.

**chlamydomonas** /ˌklæmɪdə'məʊnəs/ n. Biology【生物】a common single-celled green alga living in water and moist soil 衣藻, 衣滴虫 [Genus Chlamydomonas.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk khlamus, khlamud 'cloak' + monas (see 见 MONAD).

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**chlamydospore** /'klæmɪdə(ʊ)spɔː/ n. Botany【植】(in certain fungi) a thick-walled hyphal cell which functions like a spore (某些真菌的)厚壁孢子
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khlamus, khlamud- 'cloak' + SPORE.

**chlamys** /'klæmɪs/ n. a short cloak worn by men in ancient Greece 克莱密斯短氅, (古希腊男子所着之)短斗篷
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk khlamus.

**chloasma** /kləʊ'æzmə/ n. Medicine【医】a temporary condition, typically caused by hormones, in which large brown patches form on the skin 黄褐斑
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khloazein 'become green'.

**chlor-** /klɔː/ comb. form variant spelling of CHLORO- before a vowel * chloro- 的另一种拼法 (用在元音前): chloracne 氯痤疮

**chloracne** /klɔː'rækni/ n. Medicine【医】a skin disease resembling severe acne, caused by exposure to chlorinated chemicals 氯痤疮

**chloral** /'klɔːræl/ n. Chemistry【化】a viscous liquid made by chlorinating acetaldehyde and used as a sedative in the form of a crystalline hydrate 氯醛, 三氯乙醛 [HClO₃]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., blend of chlore 'chlorine' and alcool 'alcohol'.

**chlorambucil** /klɔː'ræmbjʊsɪl/ n. Medicine【医】a drug used in the treatment of cancer 苯丁酸氮芥, 瘤可宁
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from chloro(ethyl)am-(inophenyl)bu(tyric acid), the systematic name, + -cil.

**chloramphenicol** /ˌklɔːræm'fenɪkɒl/ n. Medicine【医】a bacterial antibiotic used against serious infections such as typhoid fever 氯霉素
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from CHLOR- + am(ide) + PHENO- + ni(tro-) + (gly)col.

**chlorate** /'klɔːreɪt/ n. Chemistry【化】a salt or ester of chloric acid 氯酸盐

**chlordane** /'klɔːdeɪn/ n. a toxic, viscous, synthetic compound used as an insecticide 氯丹, 八氯化甲桥茚, 1068 (用作杀虫剂)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from CHLOR- + (in)dene + -ANE².

**chlordiazepoxide** /ˌklɔːdaɪəzɪ'pɒksaɪd/ n. Medicine【医】a tranquillizer used chiefly to treat anxiety and alcoholism 氯氮䓬, 利眠宁
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from CHLOR- + diazo + EPOXIDE.

**chlorella** /klə'relə/ n. Biology【生物】a common single-celled green alga, responsible for turning stagnant water an opaque green 小球藻; 绿藻 [Genus Chlorella.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., dimin. of Gk khlōros 'green'.

**chlorhexidine** /klɔː'heksɪdiːn/ n. a synthetic compound used as a mild antiseptic 氯己定, 洗必泰, 双氯苯双胍己烷 (防腐消毒药)
-ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th cent.: from CHLOR- + hex(ane) + -id(e) + (am)ine.

**chloric acid** /'klɔːrɪk/ n. Chemistry【化】a colourless liquid acid with strong oxidizing properties 氯酸

**chloride** /'klɔːraɪd/ n. Chemistry【化】a compound of chlorine with another element or group 氯化物: sodium chloride 氯化钠

**chlorinate** /'klɔːrɪneɪt, 'klɒ-/ v. impregnate or treat with chlorine 使氯化, 给…加氯, 用氯气处理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chlorination** n. **chlorinator** n.

**chlorine** /'klɔːriːn/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 17, a toxic, irritant, pale green gas of the halogen group 氯 (化学元素, 原子序数为17, 卤族元素, 黄绿色, 刺激性有毒气体) (Symbol 符: CL)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khlōros 'green' + -INE².

**chlorite¹** /'klɔːraɪt/ n. a dark green mineral found in many rocks, consisting of an aluminosilicate of magnesium and iron 氯泥石
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk khlōritis, a green precious stone.

**chlorite²** /'klɔːraɪt/ ■ n. Chemistry【化】a salt of chlorous acid, containing the anion ClO₂⁻ 亚氯酸盐

**chloro-** /'klɔːrəʊ/ comb. form 1 Biology & Mineralogy【生物, 矿物】green 绿: chlorophyll 叶绿素 2 Chemistry【化】representing 表示 CHLORINE: chloroquine 氯喹

**chlorofluorocarbon** /ˌklɔːrə(ʊ)ˌflʊərə(ʊ)'kɑːb(ə)n, -ˌflɔː-/ n. see 见 CFC.

**chloroform** /'klɒrəfɔːm/ n. a volatile sweet-smelling liquid used as a solvent and formerly as a general anaesthetic 氯仿, 三氯甲烷 (旧时医用麻醉剂) [CHCl₃] ■ v. make unconscious with chloroform 用氯仿麻醉
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHLORO- + form- from FORMIC ACID.

**chlorophyll** /'klɒrəfɪl, 'klɔː-/ n. a green pigment which is responsible for the absorption of light by plants to provide energy for photosynthesis 叶绿素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chlorophyllous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Fr. from Gk khlōros 'green' + phullon 'leaf'.

**chlorophyte** /'klɔːrə(ʊ)faɪt, 'klɒ-/ n. Botany【植】a lower plant of the division Clorophyta, which comprises the green algae 绿藻
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Clorophyta, from Gk khlōros 'green' + phuton 'plant'.

**chloroplast** /'klɔːrə(ʊ)plæst, -plɑːst, 'klɒ-/ n. Botany【植】a structure in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place 叶绿体
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khlōros 'green' + plastos 'formed'.

**chloroquine** /'klɔːrə(ʊ)kwiːn, 'klɒ-/ n. Medicine【医】a synthetic drug related to quinoline, chiefly used against malaria 氯喹 (主要用作抗疟药)

**chlorosis** /klə'rəʊsɪs/ n. (pl. **chloroses**) 1 Botany【植】loss of the normal green coloration of leaves, caused by mineral deficiency, disease, or lack of light 缺绿症; 退绿 2 Medicine【医】anaemia caused by iron deficiency, causing a pale, faintly greenish complexion 缺绿症, 萎黄病
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chlorotic** adj.

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**Chlorous acid** /'klɔːrəs/ n. Chemistry【化】a weak acid with oxidizing properties, formed when chlorine dioxide dissolves in water 亚氯酸 [HClO₂]

**chlorpromazine** /klɔː'prəʊməziːn, -zɪn/ n. Medicine【医】a synthetic drug used as a tranquillizer, sedative, and anti-emetic 氯丙嗪, 冬眠灵
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from CHLORO- + prom(eth)azine.

**ChM** abbr. Master of Surgery 外科硕士
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Chirurgiae Magister.

**chocaholic** /ˌtʃɒkə'hɒlɪk/ n. varixant spelling of CHOCOHOLIC * chocoholic 的另一种拼法

**choccy** /'tʃɒki/ n. (pl. **choccies**) informal【非正式】chocolate 巧克力 ➤ a chocolate sweet 巧克力糖果

**choc ice** /tʃɒk/ ■ n. Brit.【英】a small bar of ice cream with a thin coating of chocolate 紫雪糕, 巧克力小冰砖

**chock** /tʃɒk/ n. 1 a wedge or block placed against a wheel or rounded object to prevent it from moving or to support it (防止轮子等圆形物体滑动或起支撑作用的)垫块 2 a ring with a gap at the top, through which a rope or line is run 导缆钳, 导缆器 ■ v. support or make fast with a chock 用垫块垫住
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from Old North. Fr. var. of OFr. çouche, çoche 'block, log', of unknown ultimate origin.

**chock-a-block** ■ adj. informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式, 主英】crammed full 塞满的, 挤满的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. in naut. use, with ref. to tackle having the two blocks run close together): from chock (in CHOCK-FULL) and BLOCK.

**chocker** /'tʃɒkə(r)/ adj. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】1 (also 亦作 **chocka**) full 塞满的 2 tired of or disgusted with something 厌倦的; 讨厌的
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from CHOCK-A-BLOCK.

**chock-full** ■ adj. informal【非正式】filled to overflowing 塞满的, 装满的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin; later assoc. with CHOCK.

**chockstone** /'tʃɒk,stəʊn/ n. Climbing【登】a stone that has become wedged in a vertical cleft 塞石 (揳在竖直岩缝里的石头)

**chocoholic** /ˌtʃɒkə'hɒlɪk/ (also 亦作 **chocaholic**) ■ n. informal【非正式】a person who is very fond of chocolate 嗜食巧克力的人

**chocolate** /'tʃɒklət/ n. 1 a food made from roasted and ground cacao seeds, typically sweetened and eaten as confectionery 巧克力 ➤ a sweet made of or covered with chocolate 巧克力糖, 夹心巧克力糖 2 a drink made by mixing milk or water with chocolate 巧克力饮料 3 a deep brown colour 深褐色, 巧克力色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chocolatey** (also 亦作 **chocolaty**) adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. chocolat or Sp. chocolate, from Nahuatl chocolātl, influenced by unrelated cacaua-ātl 'drink made from cacao'.

**chocolate-box** ■ adj. Brit.【英】(of a view or picture) pretty in a conventional or idealized way (风景或图画)花哨俗气的, 美得不真实的

**chocolate spot** ■ n. a fungal disease of field and broad beans, characterized by dark brown spots 巧克力斑病, 赤斑病

**chocolatier** /ˌtʃɒkə'lætɪə(r)/ n. (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同) a maker or seller of chocolate 巧克力制造商; 巧克力销售商
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr.

**Choctaw** /'tʃɒktɔː/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Choctaws**) 1 a member of an American Indian people now living mainly in Mississippi 乔克托人 (美洲印第安人, 现主要生活在美国密西西比州) 2 the Muskogean language of the Choctaw 乔克托语 3 (in skating) a step from one edge of a skate to the other edge of the other skate in the opposite direction (滑冰)换脚转体180度乔克托滑法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Choctaw čahta.

**choice** /tʃɔɪs/ n. 1 an act of choosing 选择, 抉择 ➤ the right or ability to choose 选择权; 选择能力 2 a range from which to choose 选择范围 ➤ something chosen 被选中的事物 ■ adj. 1 (especially of food) of very good quality (尤指食物)优质的, 精选的 2 (of language) rude and abusive (指语言)粗鲁的, 辱骂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choicely** adv. **choiceness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. chois, from choisir 'choose', of Gmc origin and rel. to CHOOSE.

**choir** /'kwaɪə(r)/ n. 1 an organized group of singers, especially one that takes part in church services 合唱团, (尤指教堂做礼拜时的)唱诗班, 圣乐团 2 a group of instruments of one family playing together (同时演奏的)一组同类乐器 3 the part of a cathedral or large church between the altar and the nave, used by the choir and clergy 唱诗班席
-ORIGIN 词源 ME quer, quere, from OFr. quer, from L. chorus (see 见 CHORUS).

**choirboy** /'kwaɪəbɔɪ/ (or **choirgirl**) n. a boy (or girl) who sings in a church or cathedral choir 唱诗班的男(或女)童歌手

**choir organ** ■ n. a separate division of many large organs, played using a third manual (keyboard) 伴唱键盘

**choisya** /'tʃɔɪziə/ n. an evergreen Mexican shrub with sweet-scented white flowers, grown as an ornamental 墨西哥橘 [Choisya ternata.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Swiss botanist Jacques D. Choisy.

**choke¹** /tʃəʊk/ v. 1 prevent from breathing by constricting or obstructing the throat or depriving of air 使窒息, 使停止呼吸 ➤ have difficulty in breathing because of an obstructed throat or lack of air 窒息; 哽塞 2 fill (a space) so as to make movement difficult or impossible 阻塞, 塞满, 堵塞(空间) 3 make (someone) speechless with strong emotion 使(某人因激动而)哽咽 4 enrich the fuel mixture in (a petrol engine) by reducing the intake of air 阻塞(内燃机)的气门 (以提高燃料混合物的浓度) ■ n. 1 a valve in the carburettor of a petrol engine used to reduce the amount of air in the fuel mixture (控制内燃机进气量的)阻气门, 阻塞门

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2 a narrowed part of a shotgun bore serving to restrict the spread of the shot 枪口锥孔套筒 3 an inductance coil used to smooth the variations of an alternating current or to alter its phase 扼流圈
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OE ācēocian (v.), from cēoce (see 见 CHEEK).

**choke²** /tʃəʊk/ n. the inedible mass of silky fibres at the centre of a globe artichoke 洋蓟的中心部分
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. a confusion of the ending of artichoke with CHOKE¹.

**chokeberry** /'tʃəʊk,beri/ n. (pl. **chokeberries**) a North American shrub with white flowers, bitter scarlet berries, and red autumn foliage 北美沙果灌木 [Genus Aronia.]

**choke chain** ■ n. a chain formed into a loop by passing one end through a ring on the other, placed round a dog's neck to exert control (控制狗时使用的)能抽紧的狗颈圈

**chokecherry** /'tʃəʊk,tʃeri/ n. a North American cherry with astringent fruit which is edible when cooked 美国稠李 [Prunus virginiana.]

**choke-damp** ■ n. choking or suffocating gas, typically carbon dioxide, that is found in mines and other underground spaces (矿井等地下空间中的)窒息性气体 (多为二氧化碳)

**chokehold** /'tʃəʊkhəʊld/ n. a tight grip round a person's neck, used to restrain them by restricting their breathing 掐脖子, 锁喉

**choker** /'tʃəʊkə(r)/ n. 1 a necklace or band of fabric that fits closely around the neck 颈箍式项圈 ➤ dated【过时】a clerical or other high collar 硬高领 2 N. Amer.【北美】a cable looped round a log to drag it 原木拖索

**chokey** /'tʃəʊki/ (also 亦作 **choky**) n. (pl. **chokeys** or **chokies**) Brit. informal, dated【英, 非正式, 过时】prison 监狱; 拘留所
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Anglo-Ind., from Hindi cauki 'customs or toll house, police station'; influenced by CHOKE¹.

**chokidar** /'tʃɒkɪdɑː(r)/ n. variant spelling of CHOWKIDAR * chowkidar 的另一种拼法

**choko** /'tʃəʊkəʊ/ n. (pl. **chokos**) Austral./NZ【澳新】the fruit of the chayote, eaten as a vegetable 佛手瓜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp. chocho, from a Brazilian Indian word.

**chokra** /'tʃəʊkrə/ n. chiefly derogatory【主贬】(in South Asia) a boy, especially one employed as a servant (南亚)男童 (尤指侍童)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi chokrā.

**choky¹** /'tʃəʊki/ adj. (**chokier**, **chokiest**) 1 having or causing difficulty in breathing 使人窒息的, 气闷的 2 breathless with emotion (激动得)哽咽的

**choky²** /'tʃəʊki/ n. variant spelling of CHOKEY * chokey 的另一种拼法

**chola** /'tʃəʊlə/ n. fem. of CHOLO * cholo 的阴性形式

**cholangiography** /ˌkɒlændʒi'ɒɡrəfi/ n. Medicine【医】X-ray examination of the bile ducts, used to locate and identify an obstruction 胆管造影(术)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cholangiogram** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: coined in Sp. from Gk kholē 'bile' + angeion 'vessel' + -graphia (see 见 -GRAPHY).

**chole-** /'kɒli/ (also **chol-** before a vowel 元音前亦作 **chol-**) comb. form Medicine & Chemistry【医, 化】relating to bile or the bile ducts 胆汁; 胆管: cholesterol 胆固醇
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kholē 'gall, bile'.

**cholecalciferol** /ˌkɒlɪkæl'sɪf(ə)rɒl/ n. Biochemistry【生化】vitamin D₃, a compound essential for the deposition of calcium in bones and formed in the skin by the action of sunlight on dehydrocholesterol 胆钙化醇, 维生素D₃

**cholecyst-** /'kɒlɪsɪst/ comb. form relating to the gall bladder 胆囊的: cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. cholecystis 'gall bladder'.

**cholecystectomy** /ˌkɒlɪsɪs'tektəmi/ n. (pl. **cholecystectomies**) surgical removal of the gall bladder 胆囊切除术

**cholelithiasis** /ˌkɒlɪlɪ'θaɪəsɪs/ ■ n. Medicine【医】the formation of gallstones 胆石症

**cholent** /'tʃɒl(ə)nt, 'ʃɒ-/ n. a Jewish Sabbath dish of slowly baked meat and vegetables 蔬菜烤肉拼盘 (犹太教徒在安息日吃的一种食物)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Yiddish tsholnt.

**choler** /'kɒlə(r)/ n. 1 (in medieval science and medicine) one of the four bodily humours, identified with bile, believed to be associated with a peevish or irascible temperament (中世纪科学和医学中的)胆汁 (四种体液之一, 被认为与暴躁易怒有关) 2 archaic【古】anger or irascibility 愤怒, 易怒性情
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. colere, from L. cholera 'diarrhoea' (from Gk kholera), which in late L. acquired the senses 'bile or anger', from Gk kholē 'bile'.

**cholera** /'kɒlərə/ n. 1 an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea 霍乱 2 (usu. 通常用 **chicken cholera**) an infectious form of pasteurellosis affecting fowls 家禽霍乱病
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choleraic** /ˌkɒlə'reɪk/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. (see 见 CHOLER).

**choleric** /'kɒlərɪk/ adj. 1 bad-tempered or irritable 易怒的, 暴躁的 2 (in medieval belief) influenced by or predominating in choler (中世纪观念中)胆汁质的, 受胆汁影响的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cholerically** adv.

**cholesterol** /kə'lestərɒl/ n. a compound which is present in most body tissues and is important in metabolism, and of which high concentrations in the blood are thought to promote atherosclerosis 胆固醇
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kholē 'bile' + stereos 'stiff' + -OL.

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**choli** /'tʃəʊli/ n. (pl. **cholis**) a short-sleeved bodice worn under a sari by Indian women (印度妇女穿的)短袖紧身胸衣, 柯丽衫
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi colī.

**choliamb** /'kəʊliæm(b)/ ■ n. Prosody【诗体】another term for SCAZON * scazon 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choliambic** /ˌkəʊli'æmbɪk/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via late L. from Gk khōliambos, from khōlos 'lame' + iambos (see 见 IAMBUS).

**choline** /'kəʊliːn, -lɪn/ n. Biochemistry【生化】a strongly basic compound important in the synthesis and transport of lipids in the body 胆碱
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger. from Gk kholē 'bile'.

**cholinergic** /ˌkəʊlɪ'nɜːdʒɪk/ adj. Physiology【生理】relating to or denoting nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter 胆碱能的
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from CHOLINE + Gk ergon 'work' + -IC.

**cholinesterase** /ˌkəʊlɪ'nestəreɪz/ n. Biochemistry【生化】an enzyme which breaks down esters of choline 胆碱酯酶

**cholla** /'tʃɔɪə/ n. a cactus with a cylindrical stem, native to Mexico and the south-western US 仙人掌 [Genus Opuntia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Mex. Sp. use of Sp. cholla 'skull, head'.

**cholo** /'tʃəʊləʊ/ n. (fem. **chola**) (pl. **cholos** or **cholas**) 1 a Latin American with Indian blood; a mestizo 乔洛, 梅斯蒂索 (指有印第安血统的拉丁美洲人) 2 US derogatory【美, 贬】a lower-class Mexican, especially in an urban area (尤指城区里的)下层墨西哥人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Amer. Sp., from Cholollán (now Cholula), in Mexico.

**chometz** /hɔː'mets/ n. variant spelling of CHAMETZ * chametz 的另一种拼法

**chomp** /tʃɒmp/ v. munch or chew noisily or vigorously 大声嚼; 用力嚼 ■ n. a chewing noise or action 咀嚼(声)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: imitative.

**Chomskyan** /'tʃɒmskiən/ (also 亦作 **Chomskian**) ■ adj. relating to the American theoretical linguist Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) 乔姆斯基的 ■ n. a follower of Chomsky 乔姆斯基语言学理论的追随者

**chondrite** /'kɒndraɪt/ n. a stony meteorite containing small mineral granules (chondrules) 球粒陨石
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chondritic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khondros 'granule' + -ITE¹.

**chondro-** /'kɒndrə(ʊ)/ comb. form relating to cartilage 软骨的: chondrocyte 软骨细胞
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk khondros 'grain or cartilage'.

**chondrocyte** /'kɒndrə(ʊ)saɪt/ ■ n. Biology【生物】a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it 软骨细胞

**chondroitin** /kɒn'drəʊɪtɪn/ n. Biochemistry【生化】a substance which is the major constituent of cartilage and other connective tissue 软骨素

**chondrule** /'kɒndruːl/ n. a spheroidal mineral grain present in large numbers in some stony meteorites 陨石球粒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHONDRITE + -ULE.

**chook** /tʃʊk/ (also 亦作 **chookie**) n. informal, chiefly Austral./NZ【非正式, 主澳新】1 a chicken or fowl 鸡, 家禽 2 derogatory【贬】an older woman 老太婆
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: prob. from Engl. dial. chuck 'chicken', of imitative origin.

**choose** /tʃuːz/ v. (past **chose**; past part. **chosen**) 1 pick out as being the best of two or more alternatives 挑选, 选择, 选取 2 decide on a course of action 情愿, 决定
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chooser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cēosan, of Gmc origin.

**choosy** /'tʃuːzi/ adj. (**choosier**, **choosiest**) informal【非正式】overly fastidious in making a choice 爱挑剔的, 过分讲究的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choosily** adv. **choosiness** n.

**chop¹** /tʃɒp/ ■ v. (**chops**, **chopping**, **chopped**) 1 cut with repeated sharp, heavy blows of an axe or knife (用斧等)砍, 劈, 剁 ➤ strike with a short, heavy blow 劈击, 重击 2 ruthlessly abolish or reduce in size (大幅度地)削减, 降低, 取消, 终止 ■ n. 1 a downward cutting blow or movement 砍; 劈; 剁 2 a thick slice of meat, especially pork or lamb, adjacent to and usually including a rib 肉排 3 (**the chop**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】dismissal, cancellation, or killing 解雇, 取消; 杀死 4 N. Amer.【北美】crushed or ground grain used as animal feed (谷物碾碎制成的)饲料 5 a broken motion of waves 碎浪
-PHRASES 短语 **chop logic** argue in a tiresomely pedantic way 咬文嚼字 [C16: from a dial. use of chop meaning 'bandy words'.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of CHAP¹.

**chop²** /tʃɒp/ v. (**chops**, **chopping**, **chopped**) (in phr. 用于短语 **chop and change**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】change one's opinions or behaviour repeatedly and abruptly 反复无常
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'barter, exchange'): perh. rel. to OE cēap 'bargaining, trade'; cf. chap- in CHAPMAN.

**chop³** /tʃɒp/ ■ n. archaic【古】a trademark or brand of goods 商标, 品牌
-PHRASES 短语 **not much chop** Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】unsatisfactory 令人不满意的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hindi chāp 'stamp, brand'.

**chop-chop** ■ exclam. & adv. quickly (said to urge someone to hurry up) 快, 赶快 (催促语)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: pidgin Engl., based on Chin. dial. kuài-kuài; cf. CHOPSTICK.

**chophouse** /'tʃɒphaʊs/ n. a restaurant specializing in steak, chops, etc. 排骨餐馆

**chopper** /'tʃɒpə(r)/ n. 1 a short axe with a large blade 短斧 ➤ a machine for chopping 切碎机 2 a device for regularly interrupting a current or beam 断路器; 斩光器

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3 (**choppers**) informal【非正式】teeth 牙齿 4 informal【非正式】a helicopter 直升机 5 informal【非正式】a type of motorcycle with high handlebars 高把拱起式摩托车 6 Brit. vulgar slang【英, 粗俚】a man's penis 鸡巴

**choppy** /'tʃɒpi/ adj. (**choppier**, **choppiest**) 1 (of the sea) having many small waves (海洋)细浪滔滔的 2 (of music) disjointed or jerky (音乐)脱节的, 不连贯的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choppily** adv. **choppiness** n.

**chops** /tʃɒps/ pl. n. informal【非正式】1 a person's or animal's mouth, jaws, or cheeks (人或动物的)嘴, 颚, 颊 2 the technical skill of a jazz or rock musician (爵士乐或摇滚乐乐师的)演奏技巧
-PHRASES 短语 **bust one's chops** N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】exert oneself 尽力 **bust someone's chops** N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】nag or criticize someone 批评, 抱怨
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of CHAP³.

**chopsocky** /'tʃɒpsɒki/ n. N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】kung fu or a similar martial art, especially as depicted in violent action films (尤指暴力动作片中的)中国功夫, 中国武术
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: humorous, perh. suggested by CHOP SUEY.

**chopstick** /'tʃɒpstɪk/ n. each of a pair of small, thin, tapered sticks held in one hand and used as eating utensils by the Chinese and Japanese 筷子
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: pidgin Engl., from chop 'quick' + STICK¹, translating Chin. dial. kuàizi, lit. 'nimble ones'.

**chop suey** /ˌtʃɒp'suːi/ n. a Chinese-style dish of meat stewed and fried with bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, and onions 炒杂烩 (一种中式炒菜, 配料为炖肉与豆芽、竹笋、洋葱)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Chin. zásuì 'mixed bits'.

**choral** /'kɔːrəl/ adj. of, for, or sung by a choir or chorus 合唱队的, 为合唱而创作的, 合唱的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chorally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. choralis, from L. chorus (see 见 CHORUS).

**chorale** /kɒ'rɑːl/ n. 1 a simple, stately hymn tune, or a composition consisting of a harmonized version of one 赞美诗曲调; 众赞歌 2 US【美】a choir or choral society 合唱队; 唱诗班
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Choral (gesang), translating med. L. cantus choralis.

**chord¹** /kɔːd/ n. a group of notes (usually three or more) sounded together in harmony 和弦, 和音 ■ v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **chording**] play, sing, or arrange notes in chords 以和弦演奏(或歌唱、谱曲)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chordal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME cord, from ACCORD; the spelling changed due to confusion with CHORD².

**chord²** /kɔːd/ n. 1 a straight line joining the ends of an arc (弧的)弦 2 Aeronautics【航空】the width of an aerofoil from leading to trailing edge 翼弦, 翼张 3 Engineering【工程】each of the two principal members of a truss 弦杆, 桁弦 4 Anatomy【解】variant spelling of CORD * cord 的另一种拼法 5 literary【文】a string on a harp or other instrument (竖琴等乐器的)弦
-PHRASES 短语 **strike** (or **touch**) **a chord** affect or stir someone's emotions 触动心弦, 引起内心共鸣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: a later spelling (influenced by L. chorda 'rope') of CORD.
> USAGE 用法说明 In modern English there are two words spelled **chord**: the first is the musical term 'a group of notes sounded together', and the second is a technical term in mathematics, aeronautics, and engineering. **Cord** is related to the second **chord** but is now regarded as a distinct word. The anatomical term generally uses the spelling **cord** (as in spinal cord and vocal cord), although **chord** is an acceptable variant. 在现代英语中 **chord** 一词有两种用法, 既可用作音乐术语, 指“和弦”, 又可用作数学、航空学和工程学术语。**cord** 一词与后一种用法相关联, 但现如今已被看作另一个词。解剖学术语通常使用 **cord** 这一拼写形式 (如 spinal cord 和 vocal cord), 尽管 **chord** 是一种可以接受的变体。

**chordate** /'kɔːdeɪt/ Zoology【动】■ n. an animal of the large phylum Chordata, comprising the vertebrates together with the sea squirts and lancelets, all of which are distinguished by possessing a notochord 脊索动物 ■ adj. relating to chordates 脊索动物的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Chordata, from L. chorda (see 见 CHORD²), on the pattern of words such as Vertebrata (see 见 VERTEBRATE).

**chordotonal** /ˌkɔːdə(ʊ)'təʊnl/ adj. Entomology【昆】denoting sense organs responsive to mechanical and sound vibrations 弦音的

**chore** /tʃɔː(r)/ n. a routine or tedious task (乏味的)例行工作, 日常杂务
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. dial. and US): var. of obs. char or chare (see 见 CHARWOMAN).

**chorea** /kɒ'riə/ ■ n. Medicine【医】a neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face 舞蹈症, 舞蹈病
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk khoreia 'dancing in unison', from khoros 'chorus'.

**choreograph** /'kɒriəɡrɑːf/ v. compose the sequence of steps and moves for (a ballet or other dance performance) 为(芭蕾舞等)设计舞蹈动作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choreographer** n.

**choreography** /ˌkɒri'ɒɡrəfi/ n. the sequence of steps and movements in dance, especially ballet (尤指芭蕾舞的)舞步(动作) ➤ the practice of designing steps and movements in dance 编舞, 舞蹈设计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choreographic** adj. **choreographically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'written notation of dancing'): from Gk khoreia 'dancing in unison' (from khoros 'chorus') + -GRAPHY.

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**choreology** /ˌkɒri'ɒlədʒi/ n. the notation of dance movement 舞谱学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choreologist** n.

**choriambus** /ˌkɔːri'æmbəs/ n. (pl. **choriambi** /-baɪ/) Prosody【诗体】a metrical foot consisting of two short (or unstressed) syllables between two long (or stressed) ones 扬抑抑扬格, 长短短长格
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choriambic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via late L. from Gk khoriambos, from khoreios 'of the dance' + iambos (see 见 IAMBUS).

**choric** /'kɒrɪk, 'kɔːrɪk/ adj. of or resembling a chorus in drama or recitation (戏剧中)(类似于)合唱的; (朗诵)(类似于)齐诵的

**chorine** /'kɔːriːn/ n. a chorus girl (歌舞喜剧等中的)歌舞队女演员

**chorio-** /'kɔːriəʊ/ comb. form representing 表示 CHORION or CHOROID.

**chorioallantoic** /ˌkɔːriəʊ,ælən'təʊɪk, ˌkɒriəʊ-/ adj. Embryology【胚胎】relating to or denoting fused chorionic and allantoic membranes around a fetus 绒(毛)膜尿囊的

**choriocarcinoma** /ˌkɔːriə(ʊ)ˌkɑːsɪ'nəʊmə, 'kɒriəʊ-/ ■ n. (pl. **choriocarcinomas** or **choriocarcinomata** /-mətə/) Medicine【医】a malignant tumour of the uterus originating in the fetal chorion 绒(毛)膜癌

**chorion** /'kɔːriən/ n. Embryology【胚胎】the outermost membrane surrounding the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal 卵壳; 绒(毛)膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chorionic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk khorion.

**chorister** /'kɒrɪstə(r)/ n. 1 a member of a choir, especially a choirboy or choirgirl 唱诗班歌手 (尤指男童或女童歌手) 2 US【美】a person who leads the singing of a church choir or congregation 唱诗班领队
-ORIGIN 词源 ME queristre, from an Anglo-Norman Fr. var. of OFr. cueriste, from quer (see 见 CHOIR), assoc. with obs. chorist 'member of a choir or chorus'.

**chorizo** /tʃə'riːzəʊ/ n. (pl. **chorizos**) a spicy Spanish pork sausage 西班牙辣味香肠
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**chorography** /kɒ'rɒɡrəfi/ n. historical【史义】the systematic description and mapping of regions or districts 地志学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chorographer** n. **chorographic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk khōrographia, from khōra or khōros 'region'.

**choroid** /'kɔːrɔɪd, 'kɒr-/ Anatomy【解】■ adj. resembling the chorion, particularly in containing many blood vessels 脉络膜的 ■ n. (also 亦作 **choroid coat**) the pigmented vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina and the sclera (眼球视网膜与巩膜之间的)脉络膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **choroidal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk khoroeidēs, from khorion (see 见 CHORION).

**choroid plexus** ■ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **choroid plexuses**) a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain, producing the cerebrospinal fluid 脉络丛

**choropleth map** /'kɒrə(ʊ)pleθ/ n. a map which uses shading, colouring, or symbols to show the average values of a particular quantity in different areas 等值区域图
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk khōra 'region' + plēthos 'multitude'.

**chorten** /'tʃɔːt(ə)n/ n. a Buddhist shrine (佛教的)神龛
-ORIGIN 词源 from Tibetan.

**chortle** /'tʃɔːtl/ ■ v. laugh in a gleeful way 咯咯地欢笑 ■ n. a gleeful laugh 咯咯的欢笑声
-ORIGIN 词源 1871: coined by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking Glass; prob. a blend of CHUCKLE and SNORT.

**chorus** /'kɔːrəs/ n. (pl. **choruses**) 1 a part of a song which is repeated after each verse 叠歌 2 a piece of choral music, especially one forming part of an opera or oratorio (尤指歌剧或清唱剧中的)合唱曲 3 a large group of singers, especially one performing with an orchestra (尤指与管弦乐队同台表演的)合唱团, 歌咏队 ➤ a group of singers or dancers performing together in a supporting role in a musical or opera (音乐剧、歌剧中作配角的)歌舞队 4 (in ancient Greek tragedy) a group of performers who comment on the main action, typically speaking and moving together (古希腊悲剧中用言语加动作为剧中事件作评论的)解说者 ➤ a character who speaks the prologue and links parts of the play, especially in Elizabethan drama (尤指伊丽莎白时代戏剧中的)朗诵开场白及串场的角色 5 a simultaneous utterance by many people 齐声说的话, 异口同声说的话 6 a device used with an amplified musical instrument to give the impression that more than one instrument is being played 合唱效果器 ■ v. (**choruses**, **chorusing**, **chorused**) (of a group of people) say the same thing at the same time (一群人)齐声说, 异口同声地说
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from Gk khoros.

**chorus girl** ■ n. a young woman who sings or dances in the chorus of a musical (音乐剧中的)歌舞队女演员

**chose** /tʃəʊz/ past of CHOOSE * choose 的过去式

**chosen** /'tʃəʊz(ə)n/ past participle of CHOOSE * choose 的过去分词

**chota** /'tʃəʊtə/ ■ adj. Indian【印度】small or young 小的; 年轻的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi choṭā.

**choucroute** /'ʃuːkruːt/ n. sauerkraut 泡菜
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Ger. dial. Surkrut 'sauerkraut', influenced by Fr. chou 'cabbage'.

**chough** /tʃʌf/ n. 1 a black bird of the crow family with a red or yellow downcurved bill, typically frequenting mountains and sea cliffs (红嘴或黄嘴)山鸦 [Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and other species.]

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2 (**white-winged chough**) a black and white Australian songbird (澳洲)白翅拟鸦 [Corcorax melanorhamphos.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. imitative.

**choux pastry** /ʃuː/ n. very light pastry made with egg, typically used for eclairs and profiteroles 鸡蛋松软面团 (常用于制奶油松饼和泡芙夹心酥球)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from choux or chou, denoting a round cream-filled pastry, from Fr. chou (pl. choux) 'cabbage, rosette'.

**chow** /tʃaʊ/ n. 1 informal【非正式】food 食物, 食品 2 (also 亦作 **chow chow**) a dog of a sturdy Chinese breed with a tail curled over its back, a bluish-black tongue, and typically a dense thick coat (中国)松狮犬 ■ v. (**chow down**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】eat 吃
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortened from CHOW CHOW.

**chow chow** ■ n. 1 another term for CHOW (sense 2 of the noun) * chow (名词释义2)的另一种说法 2 a Chinese preserve of ginger, orange peel, and other ingredients, in syrup (用姜片、橘皮等制作的)中国蜜饯, 什锦蜜饯 3 a mixed vegetable pickle 什锦腌菜, 什锦酱菜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: pidgin Engl., of unknown ultimate origin.

**chowder** /'tʃaʊdə(r)/ n. a rich soup typically containing fish, clams, or corn with potatoes and onions 海鲜杂烩浓汤
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from Fr. chaudière 'stew pot', rel. to Old North. Fr. caudron (see 见 CAULDRON).

**chowderhead** /'tʃaʊdəhed/ n. N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a stupid person 傻瓜, 蠢人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chowderheaded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. a var. of obs. jolter-head 'thick-headed person'.

**chowhound** /'tʃaʊhaʊnd/ n. US informal【美, 非正式】a very enthusiastic eater 贪吃的人

**chowk** /tʃaʊk/ n. (in South Asia) an open market area at the junction of two roads (南亚交叉路口的)露天市场
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi cauk.

**chowkidar** /'tʃəʊkɪdɑː(r)/ (also 亦作 **chokidar** /'tʃɒkɪdɑː(r)/) ■ n. (in South Asia) a watchman or gatekeeper (南亚的)看守人, 看门人
-ORIGIN 词源 from Urdu caukīdār, from cauki 'toll house' + -dār 'keeper'.

**chow mein** /ˌtʃaʊ 'meɪn/ n. a Chinese-style dish of fried noodles with shredded meat or seafood and vegetables (中国式)炒面
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Chin. chăomiàn 'stir-fried noodles'.

**CHP** abbr. combined heat and power 热电联产

**Chr.** abbr. Chronicles (in biblical references 表示《圣经》引文出处)

**chrestomathy** /kre'stɒməθi/ n. (pl. **chrestomathies**) formal【正式】a selection of passages used to help in learning a language (供语言学习用的)文选, 文摘
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khrēstomatheia, from khrēstos 'useful' + -matheia 'learning'.

**Chrimbo** /'krɪmbəʊ/ (also 亦作 **Crimbo**) n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】Christmas 圣诞节
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: child's alt.

**chrism** /'krɪzm/ n. a consecrated oil used for anointing in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican Churches (天主教、正教和英国国教用于涂油仪式的)圣膏, 圣油
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from med. L. crisma, eccles. L. chrisma, from Gk khrisma 'anointing', from khriein 'anoint'.

**chrismation** /krɪz'meɪʃn/ n. Christian Church【基】ceremonial anointing with chrism, especially (in the Orthodox Church) immediately after baptism (尤指正教中在洗礼之后的)抹圣油

**chrisom** /'krɪz(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **chrisom-cloth**) n. historical【史义】a white robe put on a child at baptism, and used as its shroud if it died within the month (婴儿的)白洗礼服
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of CHRISM, representing a popular pronunc.

**Chrissake** /'kraɪseɪk/ (also 亦作 **Chrissakes**) n. (in phr. 用于短语 **for Chrissake**) informal【非正式】for Christ's sake (used as an exclamation of annoyance or exasperation) 我的天啊 (用以表达恼怒)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: representing a pronunc.

**Christ** /kraɪst/ n. the title, also treated as a name, given to Jesus 基督 (耶酥的头衔, 亦为其名的一部分) ■ exclam. an oath used to express irritation, dismay, or surprise (表示恼怒、气馁或惊讶)天哪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Christhood** n. **Christlike** adj. **Christly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Crīst, from L. Christus, from Gk Khristos, noun use of an adjective meaning 'anointed', from khriein 'anoint', translating Heb. māšīaḥ 'Messiah'.

**Christadelphian** /ˌkrɪstə'delfiən/ n. a member of a Christian sect claiming to return to the beliefs and practices of the earliest disciples and expecting a second coming of Christ 基督弟兄会教徒 ■ adj. relating to the Christadelphians 基督弟兄会的
-ORIGIN 词源 from late Gk Khristadelphos 'in brotherhood with Christ' (from Gk Khristos 'Christ' + adelphos 'brother') + -IAN.

**christen** /'krɪsn/ v. 1 name (a baby) at baptism as a sign of admission to a Christian Church (施洗礼时)给(婴儿)取教名 2 informal【非正式】use (something) for the first time 首次使用(某物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **christener** n. **christening** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cristnian 'make Christian', from cristen 'Christian', from L. Christianus, from Christus 'Christ'.

**Christendom** /'krɪsndəm/ n. literary【文】the worldwide body or society of Christians (总称)基督教徒, 基督教世界

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**Christian** /'krɪstiən, -tʃn/ adj. 1 relating to or professing Christianity or its teachings 基督教(教义)的; 信仰基督教的; 信奉基督教教义的 2 informal【非正式】having qualities associated with Christians, e.g. kindness 具备基督教徒品质 (如仁爱)的 ■ n. a person who has received Christian baptism or is a believer in Christianity 受过洗礼的人; 基督教徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Christianization** or **Christianisation** n. **Christianize** or **Christianise** v. **Christianly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. Christianus, from Christus 'Christ'.

**Christian era** ■ n. the era beginning with the traditional date of Christ's birth 基督纪元, 公元

**Christianity** /ˌkrɪsti'ænəti/ n. the religion based on the person and teachings of Christ 基督教。

**Christian name** ■ n. a forename, especially one given at baptism 名; (尤指)教名, 洗礼名
> USAGE 用法说明 In recognition of the fact that English-speaking societies have many religions and cultures, not just Christian ones, the term **Christian name** has largely given way, at least in official contexts, to alternative terms such as **given name**, **first name**, or **forename**. 鉴于英语国家有多种宗教和文化, 而不仅仅是基督教和基督教文化, 因此 **Christian name** (教名)这种说法, 大多数情况下已被其他说法所取代, 如 **given name**, **first name** 或 **forename**, 至少在正式场合是如此。

**Christian Science** ■ n. the beliefs and practices of the Church of Christ Scientist, a Christian sect holding that only God and the mind have ultimate reality 基督教科学派 (基督教的一个派别, 认为只有上帝和意识才是唯一的存在)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Christian Scientist** n.

**Christingle** /'krɪstɪŋɡl/ n. a lighted candle symbolizing Christ, held by children at Advent services (圣诞火礼拜式时儿童举在手中象征基督的)点燃的蜡烛
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: prob. from Ger. dial. Christkindl 'Christ child, Christmas gift'.

**Christmas** /'krɪsməs/ n. (pl. **Christmases**) 1 (also 亦作 **Christmas Day**) the annual Christian festival celebrating Christ's birth, held on 25 December 圣诞节 (12月25日) 2 the period immediately before and after Christmas Day 圣诞节节期 (12月25日前后数日)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Christmassy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Crīstes mæsse (see 见 CHRIST, MASS).

**Christmas box** ■ n. Brit.【英】a present given at Christmas to tradespeople and employees (送给商贩或雇员的)圣诞礼物, 圣诞赏钱

**Christmas cactus** ■ n. a succulent South American plant with red, pink, or white flowers, grown as a house plant 巴西蟹爪 (南美室内观赏植物, 开红、粉红或白色花) [Schlumbergera bridgesii.]
-ORIGIN 词源 so named because it flowers at about the northern midwinter.

**Christmas cake** ■ n. Brit.【英】a rich fruit cake covered with marzipan and icing, eaten at Christmas 圣诞蛋糕 (上面撒有杏仁蛋白软糖、糖霜等, 圣诞节时食用)

**Christmas disease** ■ n. a form of haemophilia caused by deficiency of a blood-clotting factor (Factor IX) different from the one usually implicated in the disease (第九凝血因子缺乏引起的)克里斯马斯病, B型血友病, 乙型血友病
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: Christmas, from the surname of the first patient studied.

**Christmas Eve** ■ n. the day or evening before Christmas Day 圣诞节前夕, 圣诞前夜

**Christmas pudding** ■ n. Brit.【英】a rich boiled pudding eaten at Christmas, made with flour, suet, and dried fruit 圣诞布丁 (圣诞节时食用的水果干布丁)

**Christmas rose** ■ n. a small white-flowered winter-blooming hellebore 圣诞蔷薇, 冬蔷薇, 黑鹿食草, 黑嚏根草 (冬季开白花) [Helleborus niger.]

**Christmas tree** ■ n. an evergreen or artificial tree decorated with lights and ornaments at Christmas 圣诞树

**Christocentric** /ˌkrɪstə(ʊ)'sentrɪk/ adj. having Christ as its centre 以基督为中心的

**Christology** /krɪ'stɒlədʒi/ n. the branch of Christian theology relating to Christ 基督学 (神学中研究基督的分支学科)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Christological** adj. **Christologically** adv.

**Christ's thorn** ■ n. a thorny shrub, popularly held to have formed Christ's crown of thorns 刺马甲子 (多刺灌木) [Ziziphus spinachristi (Mediterranean region) and other species.]

**chroma** /'krəʊmə/ n. purity or intensity of colour 色品, 色度; 色饱和度; 彩度
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khrōma 'colour'.

**chromakey** /'krəʊməkiː/ n. a digital technique by which a block of a particular colour in a video image can be replaced by another colour or image 色度键控(技术) ■ v. (**chromakeys**, **chromakeying**, **chromakeyed**) manipulate using chromakey 色度键控

**chromate** /'krəʊmeɪt/ n. Chemistry【化】a salt in which the anion contains both chromium and oxygen 铬酸盐

**chromatic** /krə'mætɪk/ adj. 1 Music【音】relating to or using notes not belonging to the diatonic scale of the key of a passage 半音的; 变化音的 ➤ (of a scale) ascending or descending by semitones (音阶)半音的 2 relating to or produced by colour 颜色的; 有颜色的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromatically** adv. **chromaticism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. chromatique or L. chromaticus, from Gk khrōmatikos, from khrōma,
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khromat-'colour, chromatic scale'.

**chromatic aberration** n. Optics 【光】 the effect produced by the refraction of different wavelengths of light through slightly different angles, resulting in a failure to focus色(像)差

**chromaticity** /krəmə'tısıti/ n. the quality of colour, independent of brightness 色度;色品

**chromatid** /'krǝumətıd/n. Biology 【生物】 each of the two identical thread-like strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division 染色单体
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk khróma, khromat 'colour' + -ID².

**chromatin** /'krǝumətın/n. Biology 【生物】the material of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting of DNA and protein (and RNA at certain times)染色质
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khróma, khromat- 'colour'.

**chromato-** /'krǝumətǝu/ (also 亦作 **chromo-**) ■comb. form colour; of or in colours 颜色;颜色的; 彩色的:chromatopsia 色视症
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk khrōma, khrōmat- 'colour.

**chromatography** /krəmə'togrəfi/n. Chemistry 【化】 a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates 色谱法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromatogram** n. **chromato-graph** n. **chromatographic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from CHROMATO- + -GRAPHY (early separations being displayed as a number of coloured bands or spots).

**chromatopsia** /krəmə'topsiǝ/n. Medicine【医】 abnormally coloured vision 色视症
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHROMATO- + Gk -opsia 'seeing.

**chrome** /krǝum/ n. 1 chromium plate as a decorative or protective finish (装饰性或保护性的) 铬版 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting compounds or alloys of chromium 铬合物的;铬合金的:chrome steel 铬钢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromed** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Gk khroma 'colour' (some chromium compounds having brilliant colours).

**chrome leather** n. leather tanned with chromium salts铬(鞣)革

**chrome yellow** n. a bright yellow pigment made from lead chromate 铬黄(颜料)

**chrominance** /'krǝumınǝns/n. the colorimetric difference between a given colour in a television picture and a standard colour of equal luminance (电视图像的)色度
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk khroma 'colour', on the pattern of luminance.

**chromite** /'krǝumait/ n. the main ore of chromium, a brownish-black oxide of chromium and iron 铬 铁矿

**chromium** /'krəmiəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 24, a hard white metal used in stainless steel and other alloys 铬(化学元素,原子序 数为24,用于制造不锈钢及其他合金)(Symbol符: Cr)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromic** adj. **chromous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHROME + -IUM.

**chromium plate** ■n. metallic chromium electroplated on to an object as a decorative or protective coating 铬版

**chromo** /'krǝumǝu/ n. (pl. **chromos**) N. Amer.【北 美】 shortened form of CHROMOLITHOGRAPH * chromolithograph 的缩写形式 C

**chromo-**¹ /'krǝumǝu/ comb. form Chemistry【化】 representing 表示 CHROMIUM.

**chromo-**² /'krǝumǝย/ comb. form variant spelling of CHROMATO- * chromato-的另一种拼法

**chromodynamics** / krǝuməudaı'næmıks/pl. n. see 见 QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

**chromogenic** /krǝumə'dzenık/ adj. 1 involving the production of colour or pigments显色的;产色 的 2 Photography 【摄】 denoting a modern process of developing film which uses couplers to produce black-and-white images of very high definition 高清 晰度黑白显影的

**chromolithograph** /krəmə(u)'lıǝ(0)gra:f/ historical 【史义】■n. a coloured picture printed by lithography 彩色石印图 ■v. produce (a coloured picture) by lithography 用彩色平版印刷术印刷(彩色图片)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromolithographer** n. **chromolithographic** adj. **chromolithography** n.

**chromoly** /'krǝumpli/ n. steel containing chromium and molybdenum, used to make strong, lightweight components such as bicycle frames 铬 钼钢
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: blend of CHROMIUM and MOLYBDENUM.

**chromosome** /'krəməsǝom/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nuclei of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes 染色体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromosomal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger. from Gk khroma 'colour' + sōma 'body'.

**chromosphere** /'krəməsfıə(r)/ ■n. a reddish gaseous layer above the photosphere of the sun or another star色球(位于日冕和光球之间的太阳大气层)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chromospheric** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CHROMO-2 + SPHERE.

**Chron.** /'krpnıklz/abbr. Chronicles (in biblicai references)《历代志(上、下)》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**chronic** /'kronik/ adj. 1 (of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring(疾病)慢性 的 (of a problem) long-lasting(问题)长期的, 顽固的 having a bad habit 积习难改的: a chronic liar 积习难改的撒谎者2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】of a very poor quality劣质的,拙劣的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronically** adv. **chronicity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. chronique, via L. from Gk khronikos 'of time', from khronos 'time'.

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**chronic fatigue syndrome** n. a medical condition of unknown cause, with fever, aching, and prolonged tiredness and depression 慢性疲劳综合征

**chronicle** /'kronikl/ n. a written account of important events in the order of their occurrence 编年史,年代记 v. record (a series of events) in a factual and detailed way 翔实记载(一系列事件)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronicler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. cronicle, var. of OFr. cronique, via L. from Gk khronika 'annals', from khronikos (see 见 CHRONIC).
C
**chrono-** /'kronǝu/ comb. form relating to time 时间 的: chronometry 计时学
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk khronos 'time'.

**chronobiology** / kronəbar'dlədzi/n. the branch of biology concerned with cyclical physiological phenomena 时间生物学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronobiologist** n.

**chronograph** /'krvnǝgra:f/ n. an instrument for recording time with great accuracy 记时仪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronographic** adj.

**chronological** /krənə'lodzıkl/ adj. 1 (of a record of events) following the order in which they occurred(事件记录)按发生时间顺序的2 calculated in terms of the passage of time 按实足时间计算的: a person's chronological age一个人的实足年龄3 relating to the establishment of dates of past events 编年的, 年代学的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronologically** adv.

**chronology** /krə'nələdzi/ n. (pl. **chronologies**) 1 the arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence(事件、日期)按发生时间顺序的排 列 2 a list of events or dates in chronological order 按发生时间顺序排列的事件(或日期)3 the study of records to establish the dates of past events 年代学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from mod. L. chronologia, from Gk khronos 'time'+-logia(see见-LOGY).

**chronometer** /krə'nomitə(r)/ n. an instrument for measuring time accurately in spite of motion or variations in temperature, humidity, and air pressure(航海)天文钟

**chronometry** /krə'npmitri/ n. the science of accurate time measurement 计时学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chronometric** adj. **chronometrical** adj. **chronometrically** adv.

**chronotherapy** /kronǝ(u)'derǝpi/ ■n. the treatment of an illness or disorder by administering a drug at a time of day believed to be in harmony with the body's natural rhythms 时间疗法(根据人体生物钟施 行治疗的方法)

**chrysalid** /'krıs(ə)lıd/n. another term for CHRYSALIS * chrysalis 的另一种说法

**chrysalis** /'kris(ə)lıs/ n. (pl. **chrysalises**) a dormant insect pupa, especially of a butterfly or moth 蝶蛹,蛾蛹 the hard outer case enclosing a chrysalis 蛹壳,虫茧
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. chrysal(l)is, chrysal(l)id-, from Gk khrusallis, from khrusos 'gold' (because of the metallic sheen of some pupae).

**chrysanthemum** /kri'sændıməm, -z-/ n. (pl. **chrysanthemums**) a plant of the daisy family with brightly coloured ornamental flowers 菊 [Genera Chrysanthemum or (most cultivated species) Dendranthema.]
-ORIGIN 词源C16(orig. denoting the corn marigold): from L., from Gk khrusanthemon, from khrusos 'gold' + anthemon 'flower.

**chryselephantine** /kriseli'fæntain/ adj. (of ancient Greek sculpture) overlaid with gold and ivory(古希腊雕塑)用黄金和象牙包着的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khruselephantinos, from khrusos 'gold' + elephas, elephant- 'elephant' or 'ivory.

**chrysoberyl** /krısǝ(u)'berıl/ n. a greenish or yellowish-green mineral consisting of an oxide of beryllium and aluminium 金绿玉,金绿宝石
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. chrysoberyllus, from Gk khrusos 'gold' + bērullos 'beryl.

**chrysolite** /'krısəlaıt/ n. a yellowish-green or brownish variety of olivine, used as a gemstone 贵 橄榄石(用作宝石)
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. crisolite, from med. L. crisolitus, from L. chrysolithus, based on Gk khrusos 'gold' + lithos 'stone'.

**chrysoprase** /'krısǝ(u)preiz/ n. an apple-green gemstone consisting of a variety of chalcedony that contains nickel 绿玉髓
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. crisopace, via L. from Gk khrusoprasos, from khrusos 'gold' + prason 'leek.

**chrysotile** /'krısǝ(u)tail/ n. a fibrous form of the mineral serpentine 纤蛇纹石,温石棉
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk khrusos 'gold' + tilos 'fibre.

**chthonic** /'(k)Opnik/ (also 亦作 **chthonian** /'(k)θouniǝn/) adj. relating to or inhabiting the underworld 阴间的,冥府的
-ORIGIN词源C19: from Gk khthôn 'earth' + -IC.

**chub** /tfab/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or chubs) a thick-bodied river fish with a grey-green back and white underparts 圆鳍雅罗鱼 [Leuciscus cephalus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**Chubb** /tfb/n. trademark 【商标】 a lock with a device for fixing the bolt immovably to prevent it from being picked 集宝保险锁
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: after the London locksmith Charles Chubb.

**chubby** /'tfabi/adj. (**chubbier**, **chubbiest**) plump and rounded圆胖的,丰满的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chubbily** adv. **chubbiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from CHUB.

**chuck**¹ /tfak/informal 【非正式】 ■v. 1 throw carelessly or casually(胡乱或随便地)扔,抛 (chuck something away/out) throw something away 丢弃,扔掉(某物)(chuck someone out) force someone to leave a building 撵走,赶走(某人)

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2 end a relationship with (a partner)终止(或断绝)与(伴侣)的恋爱关系 > (usu.通常用 chuck something in) give up 放弃3 (chuck up) vomit 呕吐n.(the chuck) Brit. 【英】 a dismissal or rejection 辞退,解雇,拒绝,摒弃
-PHRASES 短语 **chuck it down** rain heavily 下倾盆大雨,大雨滂沱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chucker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from CHUCK².

**chuck**² /tfak/ v. touch (someone) playfully under the chin轻抚(某人)的下巴n. a playful touch under the chin 轻抚下巴
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from OFr. chuquer, later choquer 'to knock, bump.

**chuck**³ /tf^k/n. 1 a device for holding a workpiece in a lathe or a tool in a drill 卡盘2(also 亦作 chuck steak) a cut of beef extending from the neck to the ribs(颈至肋骨的)牛颈肉
-ORIGIN 词源 C17, as a var. of CHOCK; see also 另见 CHUNK1

**chuck**⁴ /tfak/n. N. English informal【英北,非正式】 used as a familiar form of address(亲昵的称呼用语) 宝贝儿,亲爱的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt. of CHICK¹.

**chuckhole** /'tfakhǝul/n. US【美】a hole or rut in a road(路面上的)坑洞

**chuckle** /'tfakl/ v. laugh quietly or inwardly 轻声笑;暗自笑 n. a quiet or suppressed laugh 轻笑, 暗笑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chuckler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from chuck meaning 'to cluck' in ΜΕ.

**chucklehead** /'tfaklhed/n. informal 【非正式】a stupid person 傻瓜,笨蛋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chuckleheaded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from chuckle 'big and clumsy', prob. rel. to CHUCK³.

**chucklesome** /'tfakls(ǝ)m/ adj. amusing; humorous 有趣的,幽默的

**chuck wagon** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】a wagon with cooking facilities providing food on a ranch or by a roadside(农场或路边提供膳食的)流动炊事车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: chuck, in the informal sense 'food.

**chuddar** /'tfadə(r)/ n. variant spelling of CHADOR * chador 的另一种拼法

**chuddies** /'tfAdız/ pl. n. informal【非正式】(chiefly among British Asians) underpants(主要为亚裔英 国人用语)内裤,衬裤
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: Anglo-Indian, perh. an alt. of CHURIDARS.

**chuddy** /'tfadi/ n. Austral./NZ informal or dialect【澳 新,非正式或方】 chewing gum口香糖
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: origin uncertain; prob. an alt. of chewed.

**chuff** /tfxf/v. (of a steam engine) move with a regular sharp puffing sound(蒸汽机)噗噗地开动
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: imitative.

**chuffed** /tfaft/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】very pleased 高兴的,愉快的
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from dial. chuff 'plump or pleased.

**chug**¹ /tag/v. (**chugs**, **chugging**, **chugged**) move with a series of regular muffled explosive sounds, as of an engine running slowly(如发动机缓 慢运转时一般)突突地开动 n. a chugging sound 突 突声
-ORIGIN 词源C19: imitative.

**chug**² /tfʌg/ v. (**chugs**, **chugging**, **chugged**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】consume (a drink) in large gulps without pausing 把(饮料)一饮而尽, 咕嘟咕嘟地喝 ■n. a large gulp of a drink(喝)一大口 C
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: imitative.

**chukar** /'tfuka:(r)/(also 亦作 **chukor**) n. a partridge similar to the red-legged partridge, but with a call like a domestic hen 石鸡 [Genus Alectoris: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sanskrit cakora.

**Chukchi** /'tfuktfi:/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chukchis**) 1 a member of an indigenous people of extreme NE Siberia 楚克奇人(西伯利亚最东北处的 土著) 2 the language of the Chukchi, belonging to a small family also including Koryak 楚克奇语
-ORIGIN 词源 from Russ.

**chukka** /'tfakǝ/ (US also 【美亦作】**chukker**) n. each of a number of periods (typically six, of 71/2 minutes each) into which play in a game of polo is divided(马球比赛的)一局(多为6局,每局7.5分钟)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hindi cakkar, from Sanskrit cakra 'circle or wheel.

**chum**¹ /tfam/informal【非正式】 ■n. a close friend 好友,密友v. (**chums**, **chumming**, **chummed**) 1 (**chum up**) form a friendship with someone (与某人)结成朋友 2 Scottish 【苏格兰】 accompany (someone) somewhere 陪(某人去某地)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chummily** adv. **chumminess** n. **chummy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. short for chamber-fellow; cf. COMRADE and CRONY.

**chum**² /tſom/chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 ■n. chopped fish and other material used as bait(用切碎的鱼肉等 作成的)鱼饵,诱饵the remains of fish, especially after oil has been expressed(尤指榨油后留下的)鱼 渣■v.(**chums**, **chumming**, **chummed**) fish using chum as bait 用鱼饵钓鱼;撒鱼饵诱鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**chum**³ /tfam/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or **chums**) a large North Pacific salmon that is commercially important as a food fish(北太平洋的)大麻哈鱼 [Oncorhynchus keta.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Chinook Jargon tzum (samun), lit. 'spotted (salmon).

**Chumash** /'tfu:mæf/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Chumashes**) 1 a member of an American Indian people of coastal parts of southern California 丘马什 人(美洲印第安人,生活在美国加利福尼亚南部沿海地 ) 2 the extinct Hokan language of the Chumash

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丘马什语(丘马什人说的霍卡语)

**chumble** /'tsambl/ v. dialect 【方】 nibble; chew 小 口咬;咀嚼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. imitative.

**chump** /tfamp/ ■n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a foolish person 傻瓜,笨蛋2 Brit.【英】 the thick end of something, especially a loin of lamb or mutton(尤 指羊腰肉)粗的一端
-PHRASES 短语 **off one's chump** Brit. informal, dated 【英,非正式,过时】mad发疯的,疯狂的
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-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. a blend of CHUNK¹ and LUMP¹ or STUMP.

**chump change** n. US informal【美,非正式】a very small amount of money 少量的钱,小钱

**chunder** /tfandə(r)/ informal, chiefly Austral. /NZ【非 正式,主澳新】 ■v. vomit 呕吐 ■n. vomit 呕吐
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: prob. from rhyming sl. Chunder Loo 'spew', from the name of a cartoon character Chunder Loo of Akim Foo in the Sydney Bulletin.

**chunk**¹ /tfʌŋk/ n. a thick, solid piece 厚片,大块 > a large amount 大量 ■v. N. Amer. 【北美】divide into chunks 将……分成大块
-ORIGIN 词源 C17:appar. an alt. of CHUCK³.

**chunk**² /tfʌŋk/ v. make a muffled, metallic sound 发咔嚓声
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: imitative.

**chunky** /'tfaŋki/ adj. (**chunkier**, **chunkiest**) 1 bulky and thick 粗大的;厚实的 > (of a person) short and sturdy(人)敦实的,矮胖的2 containing chunks 有大块(或厚片)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chunkily** adv. **chunkiness** n.

**chunter** /'tfantə(r)/ v. Brit. informal【英,非正式】1 chatter or grumble monotonously 嘟囔,发牢骚2 move slowly and noisily 辘辘地行驶
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. imitative.

**chupacabra** /tsu:pə'kæbrǝ/ n. an animal popularly believed to exist in parts of Central America, where it supposedly attacks animals, especially goats 卓 柏卡布拉(据传见于中美洲部分地区,攻击山羊等动物 的怪兽)
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., lit. 'goatsucker', from chupar 'to suck' + cabra 'goat.

**chuppah** /'xupǝ/ (also 亦作 **chuppa**) ■n. (pl. **chuppot** /'xupǝut/) a canopy beneath which Jewish marriage ceremonies are performed(犹太教婚礼上 的)彩棚
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Heb. huppāh ‘cover, canopy.

**church** /tf3:tf/ n. 1 a building used for public Christian worship(基督教的)礼拜堂,教堂2 (**Church**) a particular Christian organization with its own distinctive doctrines 基督教教派3 institutionalized religion as a political or social force 宗教权力机构,教会组织: the separation of church and state 政教分离 v. archaic 【古】take(a woman who has recently given birth) to church for a service of thanksgiving 给(产妇)做感恩礼拜
-PHRASES 短语 **the Church Militant** the body of living Christian believers, regarded as striving to combat evil on earth (contrasted with the Church Triumphant in heaven)战斗的教会(指为抗击世间罪 恶仍生活于现世的全体基督教徒,与天堂的“得胜的教 会”相对)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cir(i)ce, cyr(i)ce, based on med. Gk kurikon, from Gk kuriakon (dōma) 'Lord's (house)', from kurios 'master or lord'.

**Church Commissioners** pl. n. a body managing the finances of the Church of England 英国国教会财 政管理委员会

**churchgoer** /'tfs:tf.gǝǝ(r)/ n. a person who goes to church regularly 定期去教堂做礼拜的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **churchgoing** n. & adj.

**Churchillian** /tf3:'tfiliǝn/ adj. relating to or characteristic of the British statesman Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)丘吉尔的,丘吉尔风格的

**churchman** /'tf3:tfmən/ (or **churchwoman**) n. (pl. **churchmen** or **churchwomen**) a member of the Christian clergy or of a Church 教士,牧师;教徒

**Church of England** n. the English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic and Protestant traditions, rejects the Pope's authority, and has the monarch as its titular head 英 国国教会,英国圣公会

**Church of Scotland** n. the national (Presbyterian) Christian Church in Scotland 苏格兰长老会

**church school** n. (in the UK) a school founded by or associated with the Church of England(英国) 教会学校 (in the US) a private school supported by a Church(美国由教会资助的)私立学校

**Church Slavonic** ■n. the liturgical language used in the Orthodox Church in Russia, Serbia, and some other countries(俄罗斯、塞尔维亚和其他一些国家正 教使用的)教会斯拉夫语

**churchwarden** /tf3:tf'wɔ:d(ə)n/ n. 1 either of two elected lay representatives in an Anglican parish (英国国教会)堂区执事 US 【美】 a church administrator(美国圣公会) 教区执事2 Brit.【英】a long-stemmed clay pipe 陶土制长烟斗

**churchy** /'tf3:tfi/ adj. 1 excessively pious 极度虔诚 的,虔奉宗教的2 like a church 似教堂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **churchiness** n.

**churchyard** /'tf3:tfja:d/ n. an enclosed area surrounding a church, especially as used for burials (尤指用作墓地的)教堂庭院

**churidars** /'tfurida:z/ pl. n. tight trousers worn by people from South Asia(南亚人穿的)紧身长裤
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi cūrīdār 'having a series of gathered rows' (the trousers traditionally being worn too long and tucked up).

**churinga** /tfa'ringǝ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **churingas**) (among Australian Aboriginals) a sacred object 丘林加(澳大利亚土著的神物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Arrernte, lit. 'object from the Dreaming.

**churl** /tf3:l/n. 1 an impolite and mean-spirited person 粗鲁自私的人,粗暴卑鄙的人archaic【古】a miser 吝啬鬼,守财奴2 archaic【古】a peasant 农民

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-ORIGIN 词源 OE ceorl, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to CARL.

**churlish** /'tf3:l1f/ adj. rude, mean-spirited, and surly 粗鲁自私的,粗暴卑鄙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **churlishly** adv. **churlishness** n.

**churn** /tf3in/ n. 1 a machine for making butter by agitating milk or cream(制作黄油的)搅乳器2 Brit. 【英】 a large metal milk can(金属制)大奶罐3 short for CHURN RATE * churn rate 的缩略式 ■V. 1 agitate (milk or cream) in a churn to produce butter 用 搅乳器搅(牛奶或奶油)2move (liquid) about vigorously 剧烈搅动,用力搅拌(液体)3(**churn something out**) produce something in large quantities and without thought(大量)粗制滥造4 [as adj. 作形容词 **churned up**] upset or nervous 心烦 的,不安的,紧张的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cyrin, of Gmc origin.

**churn rate** n. the rate at which customers discontinue using a service, in particular cable and satellite television or Internet providers 客户流失率 (尤指停止使用有线电视、卫星电视或因特网服务的用户 比例)

**churr** /tf3:(r)/mv. & n. variant spelling of CHIRR * chirr 的另一种拼法

**churrasco** /tsu'ræskǝu/ n. a South American dish of steak barbecued over a wood or charcoal fire叉 烧牛排(一种在木柴或炭火上烤制的南美菜肴)
-ORIGIN 词源 Latin Amer. Sp., prob. from Sp. dial. churrascar 'to burn', rel. to Sp. soccarar 'to scorch.

**Churrigueresque** /tsuǝrıgə'resk/ adj. Architecture 【建】 relating to the lavishly ornamented late Spanish baroque style(西班牙)丘里格拉风格的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of the 17th-cent. Spanish architect José Benito de Churriguera.

**chute**¹ /fu:t/(also 亦作 **shoot**) n. a sloping channel or slide for conveying things to a lower level(用于将物品运送到较低位置的)斜槽,溜槽,滑 运槽 a water slide into a swimming pool(通向游 泳池的)滑道
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., 'fall' (of water or rocks); influenced by SHOOT.

**chute**² /fu:t/ n. informal 【非正式】 1 a parachute 降 落伞2 Sailing【帆】a spinnaker 大三角帆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chutist** n.

**chutney** /'tfotni/ n. (pl. **chutneys**) a spicy condi-ment made of fruits or vegetables with vinegar, spices, and sugar 酸辣酱(一种用水果或蔬菜辅以醋、 香料和糖制成的调味品)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hindi catnī.

**chutzpah** /'xutspǝ, 'hu-/ ■n. informal 【非正式】 extreme self-confidence or audacity 大胆放肆,厚 脸皮
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Yiddish, from Aramaic hu spā.

**Chuvash** /'tsu:va:f/ n. (pl. same单复同)1a member of a people living in Chuvashia, an autonomous republic in Russia(俄罗斯境内的)楚 瓦什人2 the Turkic language of the Chuvash 楚瓦什 语(楚瓦什人说的突厥语)

**chyle** /kail/n. Physiology 【生理】a milky fluid which drains from the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion 乳糜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chylous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. chylus, from Gk khūlos 'juice.

**chyme** /karm/ ■n. Physiology 【生理】 the fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food 食糜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **chymous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. chymus, from Gk khūmos 'juice.
C
**chymotrypsin** / kaımə(u)'trıpsın/ n. a pancreatic enzyme which breaks down proteins in the small intestine 糜蛋白酶

**chypre** /fi:pr(ǝ)/ n. a heavy perfume made from sandalwood 西普香水(由檀香木中制取)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'Cyprus', perh. where it was first made.

**CI** abbr. 1 Channel Islands(英国南部的)海峡群岛 2 Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (international vehicle registration)科特迪瓦(国际车船注册)

**Ci** abbr. curie

**CIA** abbr. (in the US) Central Intelligence Agency (美国)中央情报局

**ciabatta** /tfə'ba:tə/ n. a flattish, open-textured Italian bread, made with olive oil 意大利拖鞋面包
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'slipper' (from its shape).

**ciao** /tfau/ exclam. informal 【非正式】 used as a greeting at meeting or parting(见面或分手时打招 呼)你好,再见
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., dial. alt. of schiavo ' (I am your) slave.

**ciborium** /sı'bɔ:riəm/ n. (pl. **ciboria** /-riə/) 1 a receptacle with an arched cover, used in the Christian Church to hold the Eucharist(基督教教 堂里供存放圣体的)有盖圣杯2acanopy over an altar in a church, standing on four pillars(教堂里的)祭 坛华盖
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via med. L. from Gk kiborion 'seed vessel of the water lily, or a cup made from it'

**cicada** /sı'ka:də/ n. a large bug with long transparent wings, the males of which make a loud shrill droning noise after dark 蝉,知了[Family Cicadidae: many species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cicada, cicala.

**cicatrix** /'sıkətriks/ (also 亦作 **cicatrice** /'sıkətrıs/) ■n. (pl. **cicatrices** /-'trarsi:z/) 1 a scar 瘢痕2 Botany 【植】a mark on a stem left after a leaf or other part has become detached(植物茎上的)瘢痕
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cicatricial** / sıkə'trı∫l/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. cicatrix or OFr. cicatrice.

**cicatrize** or **cicatrise** /'sıkətraız/ v. heal by scar formation 结疤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cicatrization** n.

**cicely** /'sısıli/ (also 亦作 **sweet cicely**) n. (pl. **cicelies**) an aromatic white-flowered plant of the parsley family, with fern-like leaves 欧洲没药

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[Myrrhis odorata (Europe), Osmorhiza claytoni (N. America), and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. seselis, from Gk; in-fluenced by the given name Cicely.

**cicerone** /tfitsǝrǝuni, SIS-/ n. (pl. **ciceroni** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a guide who gives information to sightseers导游,导游者
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., from L. Cicero, Ciceron-(see见 CICERONIAN), appar. alluding to the guides' learning.
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**Ciceronian** /ısısə'rəuniən/ adj. 1 characteristic of the work and thought of Cicero (106-43 вс), а writer and orator of ancient Rome(古罗马作家兼 演说家)西塞罗风格的2(of speech or writing) eloquent and rhythmic(演讲或文章)雄辩的,有韵 律的

**cichlid** /'sıklıd/n. Zoology 【动】 a perch-like freshwater fish of a large tropical family (Cichlidae) 丽鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Cichlidae, from Gk kikhlē, denoting a kind of fish.

**cicisbeo** /tfitfız'beiǝu/ n. (pl. **cicisbei** /tfitfiz-'beri:/ or **cicisbeos**) a married woman's male companion or lover(有夫之妇的)情夫,情郎
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., of unknown origin.

**CID** abbr. (in the UK) Criminal Investigation Department(英国伦敦警察厅)刑事调查部

**-cide** /sard/ comb. form 1 denoting a person or substance that kills 杀死……的人(或物): insecticide 杀 虫剂 2 denoting an act of killing 杀死: suicide 自杀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-cidal** comb. form. **-cidally** comb. form.
-ORIGIN 词源 via Fr.; sense 1 from L. -cida; sense 2 from L. -cidium, both from caedere 'kill.

**cider** /'saıdə(r)/ ■n.Brit. 【英】 an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice 苹果酒(also 亦 作 **sweet cider**) N. Amer. 【北美】 an unfermented drink made from crushed fruit, typically apples(未 经发酵的)水果汁(常指苹果汁)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. sidre, via eccles. L. from eccles. Gk sikera, from Heb. šēķār 'strong drink.

**ci-devant** /si:də'võ/ adj. former以前的,先前的, 前任的: her ci-devant pupil 她以前的学生
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'heretofore.

**c.i.f.** abbr. cost, insurance, freight (as included in a price)到岸价格(即成本、保险费加运费)

**cigar** /si'ga:(r)/ ■n. a cylinder of tobacco rolled in tobacco leaves for smoking 雪茄烟
-PHRASES 短语 **close but no cigar** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】almost but not quite successful 差一 点就要成功
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. cigare, or from Sp. cigarro, prob. from Mayan sik'ar 'smoking.

**cigarette** sıgə'ret/ n. a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking 香烟,纸烟, 烟卷
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., dimin. of cigare (see见 CIGAR).

**cigarette card** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a small collectable card with a picture on it, formerly included in packets of cigarettes 香烟卡(过去装在香烟包内的画片)

**cigarette pants** pl. n. women's trousers with straight, very narrow legs 香烟裤(指女性穿的细长直 筒裤)

**cigarillo** /,sıgə'rılǝu/ n. (pl. **cigarillos**) a small cigar 小雪茄烟
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., dimin. of cigarro (see 见CIGAR).

**ciggy** /'sigi/ n. (pl. **ciggy**) informal【非正式】a cigarette 香烟

**ciguatera** / sigwǝ'teǝrǝ/ n. poisoning caused by eating tropical marine fish that carry a toxic dinoflagellate(吃带毒素的热带海洋鱼类导致的)鱼 肉毒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Amer. Sp., from cigua 'sea snail.

**cilantro** /sı'læntrǝu/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 coriander 芫荽(用作调味香料)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Sp., from L. coliandrum 'coriander.

**cilia** /'sıliə/ plural form of CILIUM * cilium 的复数 形式

**ciliary** /'sıliəri/ adj. 1 Biology 【生物】 relating to or involving cilia 纤毛的2 Anatomy【解】 relating to the eyelashes or eyelids 睫毛的;眼睑的

**ciliary body** ■n. Anatomy 【解】 the part of the eye that connects the iris to the choroid 睫状体

**ciliate** /'sıliest/■n. Zoology 【动】 a single-celled animal of a phylum (Ciliophora) distinguished by the possession of cilia 纤毛虫 adj. 1 Zoology 【动】 bearing cilia 具纤毛的2Botany【植】 having a fringe of hairs 具缘毛的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ciliated** adj. **ciliation** n.

**cilice** /'sılıs/n. haircloth 马毛(或驼毛)布
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. cilicium, from Gk kilikion, from Kilikia, the Gk name for Cilicia, an ancient region of SE Asia Minor (because the cloth was made of Cilician goats' hair).

**cilium** /'sıliəm/ n. (usu. in pl. 通常用复数 **cilia** /-liǝ/) 1 Biology 【生物】 a short microscopic hair-like vibrating structure, occurring in large numbers on the surface of certain cells(生物细胞表面的)纤 毛2 Anatomy【解】an eyelash 睫毛
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L.

**cill** /sıl/ n. chiefly Building 【主营造】 variant spelling Of SILL * Sill的另一种拼法

**cimbalom** /'sımb(ə)l(ə)m/ n. a large Hungarian dulcimer 匈牙利大扬琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hungarian, from Ital. cembalo, cimbalo, from L. cymbalum (see见 CYMBAL).

**cimetidine** /sar'metıdi:n/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 a drug used to treat stomach acidity and peptic ulcers 西咪 替丁(治疗胃溃疡药)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from ci- (alt. of cy-in cyano-) + met(hyl) + -IDE + -INE".

**C.-in-C.** abbr. Commander-in-Chief

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**cinch** /sintf/n. 1 informal 【非正式】 an extremely easy task 很容易的事 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 a certainty 必然发生的事2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北 美】 a girth for a Western saddle or pack, used in Mexico and the western US(墨西哥及美国西部地 区缚马鞍等用的)肚带,带子■v. chiefly N. Amer.【主 北美】 secure with a belt 用带缚牢fix(a saddle) securely by means of a girth 用肚带缚紧(马鞍)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. cincha 'girth.

**cinchona** /sın'kǝunǝ/ n. a medicinal drug containing quinine and related compounds, made from the dried bark of various South American trees 金鸡纳素(药物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L. (genus name), named after the Countess of Chinchón, who brought the drug to Spain.

**cincture** /'sıŋktfə(r)/ n. 1 literary 【文】 a girdle or belt 束带;腰带 2 Architecture 【建】 a ring at either end of a column shaft (柱)环带
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. cinctura, from cinct-, cingere 'encircle.

**cinder** /'sındə(r)/ n. a piece of burnt coal or wood that has stopped giving off flames but still has combustible matter in it (未燃尽的)炭渣,炭屑,煤 渣,煤屑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cindery** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE sinder 'slag, of Gmc origin (cf. SINTER); influenced by Fr. cendre (from L. cinis 'ashes').

**cinder block** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a breeze block 炉 渣砖

**cinder cone** n. a cone formed round a volcanic vent by fragments of lava from eruptions 火山渣锥, 火山渣体

**Cinderella** /sındə'relə/ n. a person or thing that is undeservedly neglected or ignored 灰姑娘式的人(或 物),未得到应有注意的人(或物)
-ORIGIN 词源 a girl in a fairy tale who is exploited as a servant by her family but is enabled by a fairy godmother to attend a ball, where she meets Prince Charming.

**cine** /'sıni/adj. Brit. 【英】cinematographic 电影摄影 术的: a cine camera 电影摄影机

**cine-** /'sıni/ comb. form representing 表示 cinematographic (see 见 CINEMATOGRAPHY).

**cineaste** /'sıniæst/ (also 亦作 **cineast**) n. a filmmaker 电影制作人 a person who is fond of or knowledgeable about the cinema电影爱好者,影迷
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Fr. cinéaste, from ciné (from cinéma).

**cinema** /'sınəmə/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 1 a theatre where films are shown 电影院 2 the production of films as an art or industry 电影艺术,电影制作;电影业
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr. cinéma, abbrev. of cinématographe (see见 CINEMATOGRAPH).

> **1911** The 1911 edition didn't have an entry **2011** for cinema (a word not recorded until 1909) it had cinematogrph, 'contrivance for projecting in rapid succession on screen a series of instantaneous photographs, so as to give effect of motion'. The addendum to the 1914 reprint included cinema, and also movies. *1911年版未收录 cinema(该词1909年 才有记录)—————倒是收录了cinematograph,释义 为“将一系列瞬时照片快速而连续地投映至屏幕从而 产生运动效果的发明”。1914年重印时补编中收录了 cinema 和 movies。See also另见 SCREEN.Bcaa

**cinematic** / sınǝ'mætık/ adj. relating to or characteristic of the cinema电影的;电影院的;电影 特色的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cinematically** adv.
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**cinematograph** /,sını'mætǝgra:f/(also 亦作 **kinematograph**) n. historical, chiefly Brit. 【史义,主英】 an early film projector 活动电影机,电影放映机
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. cinématographe, from Gk kinēma, kinēmat- 'movement', from kinein 'to move.

**cinematography** /,sınımə'togrəfi/ n. the art of photography and camerawork in film-making 电影 制片术;电影摄影术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cinematographer** n. **cinematographic** adj. **cinematographically** adv.

**cinéma-vérité** / sınımǝ'veriter/ n. a style of film-making characterized by realistic films avoiding artistic effect 实录电影风格
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'cinema truth.

**cinephile** /'sınifail/ n. an enthusiast of the cinema 电影爱好者,影迷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cinephilia** n.

**cineplex** /'sınıpleks/ n. trademark, chiefly N. Amer. 【商标,主北美】 a multiplex cinema 多厅影院

**cineraria** /ısınə'reəriə/ n. a plant of the daisy family, cultivated as a winter-flowering pot plant 瓜叶菊(人工栽培的菊科植物,冬季开花)[Genus Pericallis (formerly Cineraria).]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., fem. of L. cinerarius 'of ashes' (because of the ash-coloured down on the leaves).

**cinerarium** /¡sınə'reəriəm/ ■n. (pl. **cinerariums**) a place where a cinerary urn is kept 骨灰存放处
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L., neut. of cinerarius 'of ashes.

**cinerary urn** /'sınərəri/ n. an urn for holding a person's ashes after cremation 骨灰瓮
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: cinerary from L. cinerarius 'of ashes.

**cinereous** /sı'nıəriəs/ adj. ash-grey 灰色的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cinereus 'similar to ashes' (from cinis, ciner- 'ashes') + -ous.

**cingulum** /'sıngjuləm/ n. (pl. **cingula** /-lə/) Anatomy【解】1 a curved bundle of nerve fibres in the brain(大脑中的)扣带2a ridge of enamel on the crown of a tooth(牙齿的)舌面隆凸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cingulate** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'belt', from cingere 'gird.

**cinnabar** /'sınǝba:(r)/ n. 1 a bright red mineral consisting of mercury sulphide 辰砂2(also亦作

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**cinnabar moth**) a day-flying moth with black and red wings 红棒球蝶灯蛾 [Tyria jacobaeae.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cinnabaris, from Gk kinnabari, of oriental origin.

**cinnamon** /'sınəmən/ n. 1 an aromatic spice made from the dried and rolled bark of a SE Asian tree 桂 皮(香料)2 the tree which yields cinnamon 锡兰肉 桂[Cinnamomum zeylanicum and related species.] 3 a yellowish-brown colour 黄褐色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cinnamome (from Gk kinnamõmon), and L. cinnamon, both from a Semitic lang. and perh. based on Malay.
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**cinque** /sink/(also 亦作 **cinq**) n. 1 the five on dice (骰子的)五点2 (**cinques**) Bell-ringing 【鸣钟】a system of change-ringing using eleven bells, with five pairs changing places each time十一钟变鸣钟术
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cinc, cink, from L. quinque 'five'.

**cinquecento** /tfinkwitſentǝu/ n. the 16th century as a period of Italian art and literature with a reversion to classical forms(意大利文学艺术复古 的)16世纪
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. '500' (shortened from milcinquecento '1500') used with ref. to the years 1500-1599.

**cinquefoil** /'sınkfoıl/ n. 1 a herbaceous plant of the rose family, with compound leaves of five leaflets and five-petalled yellow flowers 委陵菜(蔷薇科草 本植物,其叶为五片复叶)[Genus Potentilla.] 2 Art 【艺】 an ornamental design of five lobes arranged in a circle 五瓣花饰,五叶饰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. quinquefolium, from quinque 'five' + folium 'leaf.

**Cinzano** /tfm'za:nǝu/ n. trademark 【商标】an Italian vermouth(意大利)沁扎诺牌苦艾酒

**CIO** abbr. historical 【史义】(in North America) Congress of Industrial Organizations(北美)产业 工会联合会

**cipher**¹ /'saıfə(r)/ (also 亦作 **cypher**) ■n. 1 a code 密码,暗号 a key to a code 密码索引,密码检索本2 dated【过时】 a zero 3 an unimportant person or thing 无足轻重的人(或物)4amonogram 拼合字, 花押字 ■v. 1 encode (a message)把(信息)译成密 码2 archaic【古】 do arithmetic 做算术
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cifre, based on Arab. şifr 'zero'.

**cipher**² /'saıfə(r)/ n. a continuous sounding of an organ pipe, caused by a defect(管风琴音管由于机 械故障发出的)连响 ■v. (of an organ pipe) sound continuously(管风琴音管)发出连响
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from CIPHER¹.

**cipolin** /'sıpəlın/ n. an Italian marble with veins of talc, mica, or quartz, showing white and green streaks 云母大理岩
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. cipollino, from cipolla 'onion' (because the veins of other minerals resemble those of onion skin).

**circa** /'s3:kǝ/ prep. approximately 大约
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from L.

**circadian** /s3:'kerdiǝn/ adj. (of biological processes) recurring naturally on a twenty-four-hour cycle(生物进程)昼夜节律的,生理节奏的
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: formed irregularly from L. circa 'about' + dies 'day.

**Circassian** /s3:'kæsiən/ n. 1 a member of a group of mainly Sunni Muslim peoples of the NW Caucasus(西北高加索地区的)切尔克斯人2 either of two North Caucasian languages of the Circassians, Adyghe and Kabardian 切尔克斯语 adj. relating to the Circassians切尔克斯人的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Circassia, Latinized form of Russ. Cherkes, denoting a district in the northern Caucasus.

**circinate** /'S3:sınǝt, -eit/ adj. 1 Botany 【植】rolled up with the tip in the centre拳卷的,旋卷的2 Medicine 【医】circular 循环的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. circinat-, circinare 'make round.

**circle** /'s3:kl/ n. 1 a round plane figure whose boundary consists of points equidistant from the centre 圆,圆圈 a group of people or things forming a circle围成一圈的人(或物) 2a curved upper tier of seats in a theatre(剧场中的)弧形梯级 座位 3 a group of people with a shared profession, interests, or acquaintances(由职业、兴趣相同者或 熟人组成的)圈子,界,组■v. move or be situated all the way around环绕,盘旋;围绕draw a line around 画圈
-PHRASES 短语 **circle the wagons** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】unite in defence of something 为保 护………团结起来[with ref. to the defensive position of a wagon train under attack.] **come (or turn) full circle** return to a past position or situation 兜了个 圈子回到原处 **go (or run) round in circles** informal 【非正式】do something for a long time without achieving anything 在原地兜圈子,(长时间努力但) 毫无进展
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from OFr. cercle, from L. circulus 'small ring', dimin. of circus 'ring'

**circlet** /'s3:klət/ n. 1 an ornamental circular band worn on the head 头箍,环形头饰 2a small circular arrangement or object 小环布置;小圈,小环

**circlip** /'s3:klip/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a metal ring sprung into a slot in a bar to hold something in place(起固 定作用的)簧环,弹性挡圈
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: blend of CIRCLE OF CIRCULAR and CLIP¹.

**circs** /s3:ks/pl. n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 circumstances情形,环境

**circuit** /'s3:kit/ n. 1 a roughly circular line, route, or movement环线;环道;环行2Brit.【英】a track used for motor racing, horse racing, or athletics (用于赛车、赛马或田径运动的)赛道 3 a system of electrical conductors and components forming a complete path around which an electric current can flow 电路,线路,回路 4 an established series

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of sporting events or entertainments巡回赛;巡回 演出 a series of athletic exercises performed in one training session一套循环训练动作 a regular journey by a judge around a district to hear court cases(法官的)巡回审判5 a group of Methodist Churches forming an administrative unit(基督教循 道宗)巡回传道区 ■v. move all the way around 环行
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. circuitus, from circuire, var. of circumire 'go round.

**circuit board** n. a thin rigid board containing an electric circuit 电路板

**circuit breaker** n. an automatic safety device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit 断 路器,断路开关

**circuitous** /s3:'kju:təs/ adj. (of a route) longer than the most direct way(路线)迂回的,绕行的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circuitously** adv. **circuitousness** n.

**circuitry** /'s3:kitri/ n. (pl. **circuitries**) electric circuits collectively 电路系统(总称)

**circular** /'s3:kjələ(r)/ adj. 1 having the form of a circle 圆的;圆形的;环形的2Logic【逻】(of an argument) already containing an assumption of what is to be proved(论证)循环论证的(指论点包 含待论证假设)3 (of a letter or advertisement) for distribution to a large number of people (信件) 供传阅的;(广告)供流传的■n. a circular letter or advertisement供传阅的信件;供流传的广告
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circularity** n. **circularly** adv.

**circular breathing** n. a technique of inhaling through the nose while blowing air through the lips, used especially by players of wind instruments (尤指管乐器演奏者所使用的)循环呼吸法

**circularize** or **circularise** /'s3:kjuləraız/ V. 1 distribute a large number of letters or leaflets to 将(函件或传单)分发给2make circular 使成圆(或 环)形
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circularization** n.

**circular polarization** n. Physics 【物】 polarization in which either the electric or the magnetic vector of the light rotates in a circle perpendicular to the path of propagation圆偏振,圆极化

**circular saw** n. a power saw with a rapidly rotating toothed disc 圆锯

**circulate** /'s3:kjǝleit/ v. 1 move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed area(使) 环流;(使)循环 move around a social function and talk to many people 往来应酬,周旋2pass or cause to pass from place to place or person to person 传播:流传,散布
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circulative** adj. **circulator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (as an alchemical term meaning 'distil something, allowing condensed vapour to return to the original liquid'): from L. circulat-, circulare 'move in a circular path, from circulus (see 见CIRCLE).

**circulating library** n. historical 【史义】a small library with books lent for a fee (收费)租书图书馆
**circulating medium** n. a commodity used in commercial exchange, especially coins or gold 通货 (尤指硬币或黄金)

**circulation** /s3:kjǝ'leıfn/ n. 1 movement to and fro or around something 环流;循环 the continuous motion by which blood travels through the body (体内的)血液循环2 the public availability or knowledge of something 传播;流传:His music has achieved wide circulation. 他的音乐广为流传。3 the number of copies sold of a newspaper or magazine (报纸或杂志的)发行量,销售量
-PHRASES 短语 **in (or out of) circulation** 1 available (or unavailable) for general use在(或不再)流通的 2 (of a person) seen (or not seen) in public(人) (不再)出现在公共场合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circulatory** adj.
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**circum-** /'s3:kəm/ prefix about; around 环绕,在周 围: circumambulate 巡行 | circumpolar 环极的;拱 极的
-ORIGIN 词源from L. circum 'round'.

**circumambient** /s3:kəm'æmbiənt/ adj. literary or formal【文或正式】surrounding 围绕的;周围的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumambience** n. **circumambiency** n.

**circumambulate** /s3:kəm'æmbjulert/ v. formal 【正 式】 walk all the way round 绕……而行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumambulation** n. **circumambulatory** adj.

**circumcircle** /'s3:kəm,s3:kl/n. Geometry 【八】 a circle touching all the vertices of a triangle or polygon 外接圆

**circumcise** /'s3:kəmsaız/ v. 1 cut off the foreskin of (a young boy or man) as a Jewish or Islamic rite, or as a medical treatment(犹太教或伊斯兰 教)为……行割礼;(外科手术)为………环切包皮2 cut off the clitoris, and sometimes the labia, of (a girl or young woman) as a traditional practice in some cultures 环切阴蒂(有时和阴唇)(某些文化中的传统 做法)
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. circonciser, or from L. circumcis-, circumcidere 'cut around.

**circumcision** /s3:kəm'sızn/ n. 1 the action or practice of circumcising 包皮环切(术);割礼(also 亦作 **female circumcision**) (in some cultures) the traditional practice of cutting off the clitoris and sometimes the labia of girls or young women 环切阴蒂(有时和阴唇)(某些文化中的传统做法)2 (**Circumcision**) (in church use) the feast of the Circumcision of Christ, 1 January(宗教用语)割礼节 (1月1日,纪念耶稣受割)

**circumference** /sə'kamf(ə)r(ə)ns/ n. 1 the enclosing boundary of a circle 圆周 2 the distance around something 周长
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumferential** adj. **circumferentially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. circonference, from L. circumferentia, from circum 'around' + ferre 'carry.

**circumflex** /'s3:kəmfleks/n. a mark (^) placed

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over a vowel in some languages to indicate contraction, length, or another quality 音调符号(某些语言 『加在元音字母上表示缩约、音长或其他特性)■adj. Anatomy 【解】curved卷曲的,旋绕的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. circumflexus (from circum 'around' + flectere 'to bend'), translating Gk perispõmenos 'drawn around.

**circumfluent** /s3:'kamfluənt/ adj. rare【罕】 flowing round; surrounding 环流的;围绕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumfluence** n.
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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. circumfluent-, circumfluere 'flow around.

**circumfuse** /sə:kəm'fju:z/ v. archaic 【古】 pour (a liquid) so as to encircle something 在周围倾注 (液体)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. circumfus-, circumfundere 'pour around.

**circumjacent** /s3:kəm'dzeıs(ə)nt adj. archaic 【古】surrounding位于周围的,四周毗邻的,围绕的
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. circumjacent-, circumjacere 'lie round about, border upon.

**circumlocution** /sə:kəmlə'kju:fn/ n. the use of many words where fewer would do 累赘说法,绕弯子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumlocutory** /-'lpkjut(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. circumlocutio(n-) (translating Gk periphrasis), from circum 'around' + locutio(n-) from loqui 'speak.

**circumlunar** /sə:kəm'lu:nə(r)/ adj. moving or situated around the moon环月的;月周的

**circumnavigate** /s3:kəm'nævigeit/ v. sail all the way around 环绕…航行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumnavigation** n. **circumnavigator** n.

**circumpolar** /sə:kəm'pəulə(r)/ adj. 1 situated or occurring around one of the earth's poles 环极的, 绕极的 2 Astronomy 【天文】(of a star) above the horizon at all times in a given latitude(星体)拱 极的

**circumscribe** /'s3:kəmskraıb/ v. 1 restrict; limit 限制,限定,约束2 Geometry 【儿】 draw (a figure) round another, touching it at points but not cutting it 为(图形)作外接(或外切)图形 Compare with比 较 INSCRIBE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumscriber** n. **circumscription** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. circumscribere, from circum 'around' + scribere 'write'.

**circumsolar** /sə:kəm'sǝulə(r)/ adj. moving or situated around the sun 环日的;日周的

**circumspect** /'s3:kəmspekt/ adj. cautious or prudent 谨慎的,慎重的;考虑周全的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumspection** n. **circumspectly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. circumspectus, from circumspicere 'look around.

**circumstance** /'s3:kəmstəns/ n. 1 a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action 状况;条件;环境2 (**circumstances**) one's state of financial or material welfare 经济状况,境况 3 archaic【古】 ceremony and public display 仪式, 形式: pomp and circumstance 排场
-PHRASES 短语 **under (or in) the circumstances** given the difficult nature of the situation 在这种情 况下,既然如此 under (or in) no circumstances never 无论如何也不,决不
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumstanced** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. circonstance or L. substantia, from substare 'encircle, encompass.

**circumstantial** /s3:kəm'stænſl/adj. 1 (of evidence or a legal case) pointing indirectly towards someone's guilt(证据或案件)间接(指认罪行)的2(of a description) containing full details(描述)详尽的, 包括所有细节的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumstantiality** n. **circumstantially** adv.

**circumterrestrial** /sə:kəmtə'restriəl/ adj. moving or situated around the earth环地的;地周的

**circumvallate** /s3:kəm'vælert/ v. literary【文】 surround with or as if with a rampart (似)用城 墙(或壁垒)围住 adj. 1 literary 【文】 surrounded or surrounding as if by a rampart (似)用城墙(或 壁垒)围住的2 Anatomy 【解】 denoting papillae near the back of the tongue, surrounded by taste receptors(舌乳头)轮廓状的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. circumvallat-, circumvallare 'surround with a rampart.

**circumvent** /s3:kəm'vent/ v. 1 find a way around (an obstacle or problem)绕过(障碍);规避(问题) 2 archaic 【古】 outwit 智胜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **circumvention** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cirumvent- 'skirted around', from circumvenire, from circum 'around' + venire 'come.

**circumvolution** /s3:kəmvə'lu:fn/ n. a winding movement of one thing round another 盘绕,缠绕
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. circumvolut-, circumvolvere 'roll around'.

**circus** /'s3:kəs/ n. (pl. **circuses**) 1 a travelling company of acrobats, clowns, and other entertainers which gives performances typically in a large tent 马戏团2(in ancient Rome) a circular or oval sporting arena lined with tiers of seats(古 罗马)竞技场3 informal 【非正式】 a scene of lively activity 热闹场面4 Brit. 【英】a circular open space in a town where several streets converge 环形广场, 环形交叉口: Piccadilly Circus 皮卡迪利广场
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., 'ring or circus.

**ciré** /'si:rex/ n. fabric with a shiny surface obtained by waxing and heating 蜡光织物
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'waxed'.

**cire perdue** / sıǝ ps:'dju:/ n. a method of casting bronze using a clay core and a wax coating placed in a mould; the wax is melted in the mould and bronze poured into the space left, producing a hollow bronze figure when the core is discarded(青

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铜)失蜡铸造法
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'lost wax'.

**cirl bunting** /s3:l/ n. a bunting related to the yellowhammer, the male having a distinctive facial pattern and a black throat 黄道眉鹀[Emberiza cirlus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: cirl from Ital. cirlo, prob. from zirlare 'whistle as a thrush.

**cirque** /s3:k/n. 1 Geology 【地质】 a steep-sided hollow at the head of a valley or on a mountainside 冰斗,围谷 2 literary 【文】 a ring, circlet, or circle 圈;环
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from L. circus.

**cirrhosis** /Sırǝusis/ n. a chronic liver disease marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and thickening of tissue 肝硬化,肝硬变
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cirrhotic** /si'rptık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk kirrhos 'tawny' (the colour of the liver in many cases).

**cirriped** /'sırıped/(also 亦作 **cirripede** /'sırıpi:d/) n. Zoology 【动】 a crustacean of a class (Cirripedia) that comprises the barnacles 蔓足纲动物
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. Cirripedia, from L. cirrus 'a curl' (because of the form of the legs) + pes, ped- 'foot.

**cirrocumulus** / sırǝu'kju:mjuləs/ n. cloud forming a broken layer of small fleecy clouds at high altitude 卷积云

**cirrostratus** / sırǝu'stra:təs, 'streitəs/ n. cloud forming a thin, uniform semi-translucent layer at high altitude 卷层云

**cirrus** /'sırəs/ n. (pl. **cirri** /-rai/) 1 cloud forming wispy streaks at high altitude 卷云2 Zoology 【动】a slender tendril or hair-like filament, e.g. the barbel of a fish 触须;须毛;蔓足;腕丝Botany【植】a tendril 卷须
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'a curl.

**CIS** abbr. Commonwealth of Independent States 独 联体,独立国家联合体

**cis-** /SIS/prefix 1 on this side of 在……这边:cislunar 月球这一边的 historical 【史义】 on the side nearer to Rome 在靠近罗马这一边:cisalpine 阿尔卑斯山南侧 的2 closer to the present 离现在近的: cis-Elizabethan 伊丽莎白之后的3 Chemistry【化】(usu.通常用cis-) denoting molecules in which two particular atoms or groups lie on the same side of a given plane, in particular denoting an isomer in which substituents at opposite ends of a carbon-carbon double bond are on the same side of the bond (分子,尤指异构 体)顺(式):cis-1,2-dichloroethene 顺式-1,2-二氯 乙烯
-ORIGIN词源 from L. cis.

**cisalpine** /sıs'ælpain/ adj. on the southern side of the Alps 阿尔卑斯山南侧的

**cisatlantic** /sısǝt'læntık/ adj. on the same side of the Atlantic as the speaker(就说话者位置而言)在大 西洋这边的

**cisco** /'sıskǝu/ n. (pl. **ciscoes**) a northern freshwater whitefish, important as a food fish 白鮭 [Genus Coregonus, several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**cislunar** /sıs'lu:nə(r)/ adj. between the earth and the moon 月地的

**cisplatin** /sıs'plætın/n. Medicine 【医】 a compound of platinum used in cancer chemotherapy 顺铂(肿 瘤化疗药)
-ORIGIN 词源1980s: from CIS- + PLATINUM.

**cispontine** /SIS'ppntain/ adj. archaic 【古】 on the north side of the Thames bridges in London(伦 C 敦)泰晤士河桥北侧的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from cis- + L. pons, pont- 'bridge.

**cissing** /'sısıŋ/ ■n. (in decorating) failure of paint to adhere properly to a surface(装修中油漆的)收 缩,缩孔
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**cissy** /'sIsi/ n. & adj. Brit. 【英】 variant spelling of SISSY * sissy 的另一种拼法

**cist** /sist/(also 亦作 **kist**) n. 1 Archaeology【考古】 a coffin or burial chamber made from stone or a hollowed tree 石棺,石箱(墓葬),箱形石墓,空心树 干棺2(in ancient Greece) a box for sacred utensils (古希腊的)圣器箱
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cista, from Gk kistē 'box'; sense 1 via Welsh.

**Cistercian** /sr'st3:fn/ n. a monk or nun of an order that is a stricter branch of the Benedictines 西多会士 ■adj. relating to the Cistercians 西多会士的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. cistercien, from Cistercium, the L. name of Cîteaux near Dijon in France, where the order was founded.

**cistern** /'sıstən/ n. 1 a water storage tank, especially as part of a flushing toilet(尤指抽水马桶的)水箱2 an underground reservoir for rainwater(贮存雨水 的)水窑,水囤,地下蓄水池
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cisterne, from L. cisterna, from cista(see见 CIST²).

**cistron** /sIstrpn/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific polypeptide or protein 顺反子
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from CIS- + TRANS- (because of the possibility of two genes being on the same or different chromosomes) + -ON.

**cistus** /'sıstəs/ n. a shrub with large white or red flowers, the twigs of which yield ladanum 岩薔薇 [Genus Cistus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kistos.

**citadel** /'sıtǝdl, -del/ n. 1 a fortress protecting or dominating a city(用来保护或控制城池的)城堡,要 塞,堡垒2 a meeting hall of the Salvation Army 救 世军会议厅
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. citadelle, or from Ital. cittadella, based on L. civitas(see见 CITY).

**citation** /sar'terfn/ n. 1 a quotation from or reference to a book or author引语,引文;引证,引 用2 a mention of a praiseworthy act in an official report 传令嘉奖,通报表彰 a note accompanying

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an award, giving reasons for it 表扬信,嘉奖状,荣誉 状3 Law【律】a reference to a former case, used as guidance or in support of an argument(对先前判 例的)援引,引证 4 N. Amer. 【北美】 a summons to appear in court 法院传票

**cite** /sait/ v. 1 quote (a book or author) as evidence for an argument 引用,引证(书籍或作者) > mention as an example举出,提出(作为例证) 2 mention (someone, especially a soldier) in an official report for a praiseworthy act 传令嘉奖,通 报表彰(某人,尤指军人)3 Law【律】summon to appear in a law court(法庭)传唤,传讯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **citable** adj.
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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. citer, from L. citare, from ciere, cire 'to call.

**CITES** /'sarti:z/abbr. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 濒危野生动植物种国际 贸易公约

**citified** /'sıtıfaid/(also 亦作 **cityfied**) adj. chiefly derogatory【主贬】characteristic of or adjusted to a city 城市气的,城市派头的;习惯于城市生活的

**citizen** /'sıtız(ə)n/ n. 1 a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth 公民2 an inhabitant of a town or city 城镇居民;市民
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **citizenry** n. **citizenship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. citezein, alt. of OFr. citeain, based on L. civitas (see见CITY).

**Citizens' Advice Bureau** n. (in the UK) an office providing free advice on civil matters (now called Citizens Advice)(英国)公民咨询局

**citizen's arrest** n. an arrest by an ordinary person without a warrant, allowable in certain cases(在某 些情况下法律许可的)公民逮捕

**Citizens' Band** n. a range of radio frequencies which are allocated for local communication by private individuals 民用波段,公民波段

**Citizen's Charter** n. a document setting out the rights of citizens, especially a British government document guaranteeing citizens the right of redress where a public service fails to meet certain standards(尤指英国政府颁布的)公民宪章

**citole** /sı'tǝul/ n. a lute-like medieval stringed instrument, forerunner of the cittern 齐特尔琴(中 世纪弦乐器,类似琉特琴,西滕琴的前身)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. cithara (see见 CITTERN).

**citral** /'sıtræl/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a fragrant liquid occurring in citrus and lemon grass oils and used in flavourings and perfumes 柠檬醛

**citrate** /'sıtreit/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of citric acid 柠檬酸盐,柠檬酸酯

**citric** /'sıtrık/ adj. derived from or related to citrus fruit 柠檬的;(取自)柑橘类水果的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. citrus 'citron tree' + -Ic.

**citric acid** n. Chemistry 【化】 a sharp-tasting crystalline acid present in the juice of lemons and other sour fruits, used commercially as a flavouring and setting agent 柠檬酸
**citrine** /'sıtrın/ n. a glassy yellow variety of quartz 黄晶,茶晶
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. citrin 'lemon-coloured', from med. L. citrinus, from L. citrus 'citron tree.

**citron** /'sıtr(ə)n/ n. 1 a shrubby Asian tree bearing large lemon-like fruits with thick fragrant peel 香橼 (树) [Citrus medica.] 2 the fruit of the citron tree 香 橼(果)
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr., from L. citrus 'citron tree', on the pattern of limon 'lemon.

**citronella** /,sıtrə'nelǝ/ n. 1 a fragrant oil used as an insect repellent and in perfume 亚香茅油 2 the South Asian grass from which citronella is obtained 亚香茅,金橘草[Cymbopogon nardus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from CITRON + the dimin. suffix -ella.

**citrus** /'sitrəs/ n. (pl. **citruses**) 1 a tree of a genus that includes citron, lemon, lime, orange, and grapefruit 柑橘属果树 [Genus Citrus.] 2(also 亦作 **citrus fruit**) a fruit from a citrus tree 柑橘类果实
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **citrous** adj. **citrusy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'citron tree, thuja.

**cittern** /'sıt(ə)n/ n. a lute-like stringed instrument with a flattened back and wire strings, used in 16th- and 17th-century Europe 西滕琴(类似琉特琴,用于 16、17世纪的欧洲)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. cithara, from Gk kithara, denoting a kind of harp; the spelling has been influenced by GITTERN.

**city** /'sıti/n. (pl. **cities**) 1 a large town, in particular (Brit.) a town created a city by charter and typically containing a cathedral城市,都市;【英】 特许市(由君主批准设立,多为主教座堂所在地)> N. Amer.【北美】a municipal centre incorporated by the state or province 地方自治市2(**the City**) the part of London governed by the Lord Mayor and the Corporation 伦敦城(由市长和市政当局管 理的伦敦市中心区) the financial and commercial institutions in the City of London伦敦金融商业界
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cityward** adj. & adv. **citywards** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a town): from OFr. cite, from L. civitas, from civis 'citizen.

**City Company** n. (in the UK) a corporation descended from an ancient trade guild of London (英国)伦敦市商业公会

**city desk** ■n. Brit. 【英】 the department of a newspaper dealing with business news(报社的)财 经新闻部 N. Amer. 【北美】the department of a newspaper dealing with local news(报社的)本地新 闻部

**city father** n. a person concerned with the adminis-tration of a city(关注城市管理的)城市元老

**cityfied** /'sıtıfaid/ adj. variant spelling of CITIFIED * citified 的另一种拼法

**city hall** n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] N. Amer. 【北美】 the administrative building of a municipal government 市政厅大楼 municipal offices or officers

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collectively 市政厅,市政府,市政官员(总称)

**cityscape** /'sitiskerp/ ■n. a city landscape 市貌

**city slicker** n. informal, derogatory【非正式,贬】 a person with the sophisticated tastes or values associated with city dwellers 圆滑世故的城里人

**city state** n. chiefly historical【主史义】a city and surrounding territory that forms an independent state 城邦

**City Technology College** n. (in the UK) a type of secondary school set up to teach technology and science in inner-city areas 城市技术学院(英国内城区 教授科技知识的中等学校)

**citywide** /'sıtiward/ adj. & adv. extending throughout a city 全市范围的(地)

**civet** /'SIVIT/ n. 1 a slender nocturnal cat with a barred and spotted coat, native to Africa and Asia 灵猫 [Viverra civetta (Africa), and other species.] 2 a strong musky perfume obtained from the scent glands of the civet 灵猫香3 US【美】 the ring-tailed cat or cacomistle 蓬尾浣熊
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. civette, ult. from Arab. zabad.

**civic** /'sıvık/ adj. relating to a city or town or to the duties or activities of its citizens城镇的;公民的;民 事的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **civically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. civique or L. civicus, from civis 'citizen.

**civic centre** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a building containing municipal offices 市政大厦2N. Amer. 【北美】 a large public building or complex for meetings, sport, etc. (用于举行会议、体育活动等的)公共活动中心

**civics** /'sıvıks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the study of the rights and duties of citizenship 公民学

**civil** /'sıvl/ adj. 1 relating to ordinary citizens, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters 平民 的,非军事的;世俗的2Law 【律】 noncriminal 民事 的: a civil court 民事法庭 3 courteous and polite 文明 的,有礼貌的,有教养的4(of time measurement) fixed by custom or law, not natural or astronomical (时间量度)民用的(区别于天文的)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **civilly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. civilis, from civis 'citizen.

**civil commotion** ■n. English Law【英格兰律】ariot 民暴乱(或骚乱)

**civil defence** n. the organization and training of civilians to prepare for attacks in wartime 民防

**civil disobedience** n. the refusal to comply with certain laws as a political protest 非暴力反抗(拒绝遵 守特定法律,以此作为政治抗议)

**civil engineer** n. an engineer who designs roads, bridges, dams, etc. 土木工程师
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **civil engineering** n.

**civilian** /sə'vıliən/ n. a person not in the armed services or the police force 平民,百姓adj. denoting or relating to civilians平民的,百姓的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **civilianization** or **civilianisation** n. **civilianize** or **civilianise** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a practitioner of civil law): from OFr. civilien, in the phr. droit civilien 'civil law.

**civility** /sə'vılǝti/ n. (pl. **civilities**) politeness and courtesy 礼貌,客气,谦恭> (**civilities**) polite remarks used in formal conversation(正式谈话中的) 客套,寒暄

**civilization** or **civilisation** / sıvǝlar'zeıfn/ n. 1 an advanced stage or system of human social development 文明;文明阶段 the process of achieving civilization 文明进程 2 a civilized nation or region 文明国家(或民族);文明地区
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**civilize** or **civilise** /'sıvəlaız/ v. 1 [usu. as adj. 通常 作形容词 **civilized**] bring to an advanced stage of social development 使文明,使开化2 [as adj.作形容 词 **civilized**] polite and good-mannered 文明的,有 礼貌的,有教养的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **civilizable** adj. **civilizer** n.

**civil law** n. 1 law concerned with ordinary citizens, rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs 民法 2 the system of law predominant on the European continent, influenced by that of ancient Rome 民法法系,大陆法系,罗马法系

**civil liberty** n. freedom of action and speech subject to laws established for the good of the community 公民自由> (**civil liberties**) one's rights to this 公民自由权
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **civil libertarian** n.

**Civil List** n. (in the UK) a fixed annual allowance voted by Parliament to meet the official expenses incurred by the Queen in her role as head of state (英国议会表决通过的)王室年费

**civil marriage** n. a marriage without religious ceremony 世俗婚姻(不举行宗教仪式的婚姻)

**civil partnership** (also chiefly N.Amer.【主北美亦 作】**civil union**) ■n. a legally recognized union of a same-sex couple, with rights similar to those of marriage 民事伴侣关系(指法律认可的同性婚姻,与异 性婚姻享有同等权利)

**civil rights** pl. n. the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality (公)民权

**civil servant** n. a member of the civil service 公务 员,文职人员

**civil service** n. the permanent professional branches of state administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians(政府 的)文职部门,行政部门

**civil union** n. another term for CIVIL PARTNERSHIP * civil partnership 的另一种说法

**civil war** n. a war between citizens of the same country 内战

**civil wrong** ■n. Law 【律】 an infringement of a person's rights 民事过错行为

**civvy** /'sıvi/ n. (pl. **civvies**) informal 【非正式】1a civilian 平民,百姓2(**civvies**) civilian clothes, as opposed to uniform 便服(与制服相对)
-PHRASES 短语 **Civvy Street** Brit. informal 【英,非正

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式】civilian life 平民生活

**CJ** abbr. Chief Justice 首席法官

**CJD** abbr. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

**CL** abbr. 1 chemiluminescence 2 Sri Lanka (international vehicle registration)斯里兰卡(国 际车船注册)[from Ceylon (former name for Sri Lanka).]

**Cl** symb. the chemical element chlorine(化学元 素)氯

**cl** abbr. centilitre
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**clabber** /'klæbə(r)/ chiefly US 【主美】■n. milk that has clotted on souring 凝结的酸牛奶 ■v. curdle or cause to curdle(使)凝结
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ir. bainne clabair, denoting thick milk for churning.

**clack** /klæk/ v. 1 make or cause to make a sharp sound as of a hard object striking another(使) 发出尖利的撞击声,(使)发出啪嗒声 2 archaic【古】 chatter loudly 喋喋不休,大声唠叨 ■n. 1 a clacking sound 啪嗒声,咔嗒声2 archaic 【古】 loud chatter 喋 喋不休,唠叨
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clacker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative.

**clad**¹ /klæd/archaic or literary 【古或文】 past participle of CLOTHE * clothe的过去分词 ■adj. 1 clothed 穿…衣 服的 2 provided with cladding 覆有包层的

**clad**² /klæd/ v. (**clads**, **cladding**; past and past part. **cladded** or **clad**) cover with cladding 给……加包层(或 镀层)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'clothe'): appar. from CLAD¹.

**Claddagh ring** /'klædə/ n. a ring in the form of two hands clasping a heart, given in Ireland as a token of love 克拉达戒指(造型为两只手捧着一颗心,在爱尔 兰象征爱情)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of a small fishing village on the edge of Galway city.

**cladding** /'klædın/ n. a covering or coating on a structure or material 包层,镀层

**clade** /kleid/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 a group of organisms comprising all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor 进化枝,分支
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk klados 'a branch.

**cladistics** /klə'dıstıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing.视 作单数] Biology 【生物】 a method of classification of animals and plants into groups based on characteristics which originated in a common evolutionary ancestor 分支系统学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cladism** /'klædız(ə)m/n. **cladistic** adj.

**clado-** /'kleidǝu, 'klædǝu/ comb. form relating to a branch or branching分支的: cladogram 支序图
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk klados 'a branch or shoot.

**cladoceran** /klə'dvs(ə)r(ə)n/ Zoology 【动】n. a minute branchiopod crustacean of the order Cladocera, which includes the water fleas 枝角目动 物■adj. relating to cladocerans 枝角目动物的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Cladocera, from Gk klados 'a branch or root' + keras 'horn' (because of the branched antennae).

**cladode** /'kleıdǝud/n. Botany 【植】 a flattened leaf-like stem 叶状枝
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kladōdēs 'with many shoots.

**cladogenesis** / kleidǝ(u)'dzenısıs, 'klædǝ(u)-/n. Biology 【生物】the formation of a new species by evolutionary divergence from an ancestral form 分 支发生
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cladogenetic** adj.

**cladogram** /'kleidǝ(u)græm, 'klædǝ(u)-/n. Biology 【生物】a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between species 支序图

**clafoutis** /klæ'fu:ti/ n. (pl. same单复同)a type of flan made of fruit, typically cherries, baked in a sweet batter 克拉芙蒂(一种果馅饼)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from dial. clafir 'to stuff.

**claggy** /'klægi/ adj. Brit. dialect【英,方】tending to form sticky lumps 易结块的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. klag 'sticky mud.

**claim** /klerm/ ■v. 1 assert that something is the case 断言,宣称2 demand as one's property or earnings (对财产或收入)提出要求;认领;索取 request (money) under the terms of an insurance policy (凭保险单)索赔(钱财)3 call for (someone's attention)值得(注意)4cause the loss of (someone's life)使丧失(生命) ■n. 1 an assertion of the truth of something 声称,断言(also亦作 **statement of claim**) a statement of the novel features in a patent(专利中对新特征的)陈述2a demand for something considered one's due (对自 视为应得之物的)索求 a request for compensation under the terms of an insurance policy(据保险单条 款提出的)索赔3(also 亦作 **mining claim**) a piece of land allotted to or taken by someone in order to be mined 矿权地,采矿用地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **claimable** adj. **claimant** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. claime (n.), clamer (v.), from L. clamare 'call out.

**claimer** /'kleimə(r)/ n. Horse Racing 【赛马】1 (N. Amer. also【北美亦作】**claiming race**) a race in which every horse may be claimed by a buyer for a predetermined price related to the weight that the horse carries(根据载重量来事先议定马匹价格的)赛 马会 2 a jockey claiming a weight allowance in a race (马赛中根据马匹载重量要求获得让步的)骑师

**clairaudience** /kleǝr'ɔ:diəns/ n. the supposed faculty of perceiving, as if by hearing, what is inaudible 神听,超人的听力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clairaudient** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. clair 'clear' + AUDIENCE.

**clairvoyance** /kleǝ'vərəns/ n. the supposed faculty of perceiving events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact 千里眼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from clair 'clear' + voir 'to see.

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**clairvoyant** /kleǝ'vəıənt/ n. a person claiming to have clairvoyance 千里眼 adj. having clairvoyance 具有千里眼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clairvoyantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from clair 'clear' + voyant 'seeing.

**clam** /klæm/n. 1 a large marine bivalve mollusc with shells of equal size, several kinds of which are edible 蛤 [Mya arenaria (**softshell clam**), Venus mercenaria (**hardshell clam**, both N. America), Tridacna gigas (**giant clam**, Indo-Pacific), and many other species.] 2 US informal【美,非正式】a dollar 一美元 V. (**clams**, **clamming**, **clammed**) 1 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】dig for or collect clams 挖 蛤,拾蛤2(**clam up**) informal 【非正式】 abruptly stop talking 突然住口
-ORIGIN 词源C16: appar. from earlier clam 'a clamp', from OE clam, clamm 'a bond or bondage', of Gmc origin; rel. to CLAMP¹; sense 2 of the noun is of unknown origin.

**clamant** /'kleım(ə)nt, 'klæm-/ adj. literary【文】 urgently demanding attention 紧急的,迫切的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clamantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. clamant-, clamare 'cry out.

**clambake** /'klæmberk/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a social gathering outdoors, especially for eating seafood 野 餐会(尤指海味野餐会)

**clamber** /'klæmbə(r)/ v. climb or move in an awkward and laborious way(费劲而笨拙地)爬,移 动■n. an act of clambering(费劲而笨拙的)爬, 移动
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from clamb, obs. past tense of CLIMB.

**clamdiggers** /'klæm,dıgəz/ pl. n. women's close-fitting calf-length trousers 女式紧身七分裤

**clammy** /'klæmi/ adj. (**clammier**, **clammiest**) unpleasantly damp and sticky or slimy 黏湿的,黏滑 的(of air) cold and damp(空气)阴冷潮湿的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clammily** adv. **clamminess** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from dial. clam 'to be sticky or adhere', of Gmc origin; rel. to CLAY.

**clamour** /'klæmə(r)/ (US 【美】**clamor**) ■n. a loud and confused noise, especially of shouting 吵闹 声,喧闹声,(尤指)吵嚷声 a vehement protest or demand 强烈抗议;强烈要求■v.(of a group) shout or demand loudly(人群)高喊,大声要求:The surging crowds clamoured for attention. 汹涌的人群高 喊着,期冀得到关注。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clamorous** adj. **clamorously** adv. **clamorousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. clamor, from clamare 'cry out.

**clamp**¹ /klæmp/ ■n. 1 a brace, band, or clasp for streng-thening or holding things together夹具,夹头,夹钳 2 an electric circuit maintaining the voltage limits of a signal at prescribed levels 箝位电路 v. 1 fasten in place or together with a clamp(用夹具)固定, 夹紧 hold(something) tightly against something else 夹住,夹紧fit a wheel clamp to (an illegally parked car)锁定(违法停车车辆的)车轮2(**clamp down**) suppress or prevent something镇压;禁止3 maintain the voltage limits of (an electrical signal) at prescribed values 箝位(电信号)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clamper** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Du. or Low Ger. origin and rel. to CLAM.

**clamp**² /klæmp/n. Brit. 【英】 1 a heap of potatoes or other root vegetables stored under straw or earth (C 藏于稻草或地下的)土豆(或根茎蔬菜)堆2 a three-sided structure used to store silage 青贮窖
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a pile of bricks for firing): prob. from Du. klamp 'heap'; rel. to CLUMP.

**clampdown** /'klæmpdaun/n. informal 【非正式】a concerted attempt to suppress something 严禁;压 制;取缔

**clamshell** /'klæmſel/ n. a thing with hinged parts resembling the shell of a clam, such as a mobile phone or a box for takeaway food 蛤壳式物品(如翻 盖式手机或外卖食品盒)

**clan** /klæn/ n. 1 a close-knit group of interrelated families, especially in the Scottish Highlands(尤 指苏格兰高地人的)宗族2a group with a strong common interest(因共同利益而结成的)集团,帮 派,宗派
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clanship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Sc. Gaelic clann 'offspring, family', from Old Ir. cland, from L. planta 'sprout.

**clandestine** /klæn'destın, 'klændestin/ adj. done secretly or kept secret 偷偷摸摸的,私下的,秘密的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clandestinely** adv. **clandestinity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. clandestin or L. clandestinus, from clam 'secretly.

**clang** /klæn/n. a loud, resonant metallic sound 铿锵声,当当声 ■v. make or cause to make a clang (使)发出铿锵声(或当当声)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: imitative, influenced by L. clangere 'resound.

**clanger** /'klæŋə(r)/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】an embarrassing mistake令人窘困的错误

**clangour** /'klæŋgə(r)/ (US【美】**clangor**) n. a continuous clanging sound(持续的)铿锵声,叮当声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clangorous** adj. **clangorously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. clangor, from clangere 'resound.

**clank** /klæŋk/n. a loud, sharp sound as of pieces of metal being struck together(金属撞击的)叮当声 ■v. make or cause to make a clank(使)发出叮当声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clanking** adj. **clankingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative.

**clannish** /'klænıf/ adj. (of a group) tending to exclude others outside the group(人群)抱团的, 小集团的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clannishly** adv. **clannishness** n.

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**clansman** /'klænzmən/ (or **clanswoman**) n. (pl. **clansmen** or **clanswomen**) a member of a clan氏 族成员;宗族成员

**clap**¹ /klæp/v. (**claps**, **clapping**, **clapped**) 1 strike the palms of (one's hands) together repeatedly, especially to applaud拍(手),(尤指)鼓掌(of a bird) flap (its wings) audibly(鸟)振(翼),拍 (翅) 2 slap encouragingly on the back 拍肩(以示 鼓励) 3 place(a hand) briefly over one's face as a gesture of dismay or regret(以手)抚额(表示沮丧 或遗憾)4(**clap something on**) abruptly impose a restrictive or punitive measure on 对…强加(限 制);强制执行(惩罚性措施) ■n. 1 an act of clapping 拍手,鼓掌 2 an explosive sound, especially of thunder 爆裂声,(尤指)霹雳,炸雷
-PHRASES 短语 **clap someone in jail (or irons)** put someone in prison (or in chains)将某人投入监狱, 给某人戴上镣铐
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-ORIGIN 词源 OE clappan 'throb, beat', of imitative origin.

**clap**² /klæp/n. informal 【非正式】a venereal disease, especially gonorrhoea 性病(尤指淋病)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. clapoir 'venereal bubo.

**clapboard** /'klæpbɔ:d, 'klæbəd/n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 one of a series of long planks of wood with edges horizontally overlapping, covering the outer walls of buildings 楔形板,披迭墙板
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clapboarded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: partial translation of Low Ger. klappholt 'barrel stave', from klappen 'to crack' + holt 'wood.

**clapped-out** adj. informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主 英】 worn out from age or heavy use 破旧的,用坏 的,报废了的

**clapper** /'klæpə(r)/ n. the tongue or striker of a bell 钟锤,铃锤
-PHRASES 短语 **like the clappers** Brit. informal【英,非 正式】very fast or hard 很快地;很猛地,使劲地

**clapperboard** /'klæpəbə:d/ n. a device of hinged boards that are struck together at the beginning of filming to synchronize the starting of picture and sound machinery(拍摄电影时用的)拍板,场记板

**clapper bridge** n. a simple bridge consisting of planks or stone slabs laid across a series of rocks 木 板(或石板)桥

**claptrap** /'klæptræp/ n. nonsense 废话: Such sentiments are just pious claptrap. 这种感伤情绪不过是 假装虔诚的噱头。
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting something designed to elicit applause): from CLAP¹ + TRAP¹.

**claque** /klæk, kla:k/ n. 1 a group of sycophantic followers一群阿谀奉承之徒,溜须拍马之流2agroup of people hired to applaud or heckle a performer (受 雇)捧场的一群人;搅场的一群人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from claquer 'to clap.

**claqueur** /klæ'k3:(r), kla:-/ n. a member of a claque 捧场者;起哄者;奉承拍马者

**clarabella** /klærə'belə/ n. an organ stop with the quality of a flute(管风琴上具有长笛音色的)柔音音栓
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the fem. forms of L. clarus 'clear' and bellus 'pretty'.

**clarence** /'klær(ə)ns/n. historical 【史义】 a closed four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage, seating four inside and two outside 克拉伦斯马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named in honour of the Duke of Clarence, later William IV.

**claret** /'klærət/ n. 1 a red wine, especially from Bordeaux 红葡萄酒(尤指波尔多红葡萄酒)2adeep purplish red colour 暗紫红色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. (vin) claret and med. L. claratum (vinum) 'clarified (wine)', from L. clarus 'clear'.

**clarify** /'klærıfat/ v. (**clarifies**, **clarifying**, **clarified**) 1 make more comprehensible 澄清,阐明 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **clarified**] melt (butter) to separate out the impurities烧熔(黄油)以除去 杂质
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clarification** n. **clarificatory** adj. **clarifier** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. clarifier, from late L. clarificare, from L. clarus 'clear'.

**clarinet** /klærǝ'net/ n. a woodwind instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece, a cylindrical tube of dark wood with a flared end, and holes stopped by keys 单簧管,黑管
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clarinettist** (US【美】**clarinetist**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. clarinette, dimin. of clarine, denoting a kind of bell; rel. to CLARION.

**clarion** /'klæriǝn/ n. historical 【史义】 a shrill narrow-tubed war trumpet 号角 adj. literary 【文】 loud and clear 嘹亮的
-PHRASES 短语 **clarion call** a strongly expressed demand for action 感人的号召
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. clario(n-), from L. clarus 'clear'.

**clarity** /'klærǝti/ n. 1 the state or quality of being clear, distinct, and easily perceived or understood 清晰;清楚;明确 2 the quality of transparency or purity 透明;清澈,纯净:the crystal clarity of water 晶莹剔透的水
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'glory, divine splendour'): from L. claritas, from clarus 'clear'.

**clarkia** /'kla:kiə/ n. a North American plant with showy white, pink, or purple flowers 克拉花[Genus Clarkia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the US explorer William Clark (1770-1838), who discovered it.

**clarsach** /'kla:rsəx, 'kla:sək/ n. a small harp with wire strings, used in the folk and early music of Scotland and Ireland 爱尔兰竖琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Sc. Gaelic, perh. based on clar 'table, board.

**clart** /kla:t/ (also 亦作 **clarts**) ■n. Scottish & N. English【苏格兰,英北】sticky mud; filth黏土;污秽
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clarty** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as a verb in the sense 'smear, plaster'): of unknown origin.

**clary** /'kleəri/ n. an aromatic plant of the mint family, used as a culinary and medicinal herb 香紫苏 [Salvia sclarea (S. Europe) and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from obs. Fr. clarie.

**clash** /klæ∫/ v. 1 (of opposing groups) meet and come into violent conflict(对立双方)对抗,冲突 > have a forceful disagreement 不和 2 be incompatible 不相容,抵触3 (of colours) appear discordant when placed together(颜色)不协调,搭配不当4 (of dates or events) occur inconveniently at the same time(日期或事件)相冲突5 strike (cymbals) together, producing a loud discordant sound 撞击, 对击(铙钹)n. 1 an instance of clashing冲突;不 和;不谐调2a loud discordant sound 刺耳的响声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clasher** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: imitative.

**clasp** /kla:sp/v. 1 grasp tightly with one's hand 握 紧,紧抓place (one's arms) around something so as to hold it tightly 张开(双臂)抱紧 embrace (someone) closely 紧抱(某人) 2 fasten with a clasp 扣紧,扣住,扣牢n. 1 a device with interlocking parts, for fastening things together 搭 扣,扣环2 an inscribed silver bar on a medal ribbon (奖章丝带上的)银色嵌条3 an act of clasping 紧握; 紧攥;紧抱
-PHRASES 短语 **clasp hands** shake hands with fervour or affection 热情地握手
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**claspers** /'kla:spǝz/pl. n. Zoology 【动】 a pair of appendages under the abdomen of a male shark or ray, or at the end of the abdomen of a male insect, used to hold the female during copulation(雄性鱼 的)鳍脚,交合突;(雄性昆虫的)抱握器

**clasp knife** n. a knife with a blade that folds into the handle 折刀

**class** /kla:s/n. 1 a set or category of things having a property or feature in common and differentiated from others by kind or quality 种类;类别;等级> Biology 【生物】a principal taxonomic grouping that ranks above order and below phylum or division, such as Mammalia纲Brit. 【英】 a division of candidates according to merit in a university examination(根据大学考试成绩来分的)等级2a system that divides members of a society into sets based on perceived social or economic status 社 会等级 a social division based on economic or social status 社会阶级,阶层3a group of students or pupils who are taught together 班级 a lesson 课➤ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】all of the college or school students graduating in a particular year 同届 (大)学生4 informal 【非正式】impressive stylishness in appearance or behaviour(外表或举止)优雅,出众 ■V. assign or regard as belonging to a particular category 把………归类,把…分类 adj. informal【非正式】 stylish or excellent 时髦的;优秀的:He's a class player. 他是 一流的运动员。
-PHRASES 短语 **class A (or B or C) drug** Brit.【英】 an illegal narcotic drug classified as being of the most harmful and addictive (or a less harmful and addictive) kind A类(或B类、C类)毒品(根据毒品 的危害性和成瘾性划分) **class act** informal【非正式】 a person or thing displaying impressive and stylish excellence 出类拔萃的人,了不起的事物
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. classis 'a division of the Roman people, a grade, or a class of pupils.

**class action** n. Law, N. Amer.【律,北美】a lawsuit filed or defended by an individual acting on behalf of a group 集体诉讼;集团诉讼
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**class consciousness** n. awareness of one's place in a system of social class, especially (in Marxist terms) as it relates to the class struggle(尤指马克思 主义理论中的)阶级意识,阶级觉悟
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **class-conscious** adj.

**classic** /'klæsık/ adj. 1 judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality经典的,最优秀 的(of a garment) of a simple, elegant style not greatly subject to changes in fashion(服装)经典 的;传统的2remarkably typical 典型的: the classic symptoms of flu 流感的典型症状n. 1 a work of art of recognized and established value 经典作品 a very good example of its kind 优秀的典范:Tomorrow's game should be a classic. 明天的比赛应该会成为一场 经典之战。2(**Classics**) the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature, philosophy, and history(研 究古希腊和拉丁文学、哲学和历史的)古典学(**the classics**) the works of ancient Greek and Latin writers and philosophers(古希腊和拉丁作家和 哲学家的)古典著作3(**Classic**) a major sports tournament or competition, especially in golf or tennis(尤指高尔夫或网球的)年度大赛,精英赛
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. classique or L. classicus 'belonging to a class or division', later 'of the highest class'.

**classical** /'klæsıkl/ adj. 1 relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture 与古希腊和拉丁 文学、艺术、文化有关的,古典文学艺术的(of art or architecture) influenced by ancient Greek or Roman forms or principles(艺术或建筑)受古 希腊(或古罗马)风格影响的2(of a form of art or a language) representing an exemplary standard within a traditional and long-established form or style(艺术形式或语言)标准的;传统的;经典的:a classical ballet 传统芭蕾 (of music) of traditional and long-established form or style or (more specifically) written in the European tradition during a period lasting approximately from 1750 to 1830, when forms such as the symphony were standardized (音乐)古典的,遵循传统音乐原则的;古典乐派时代 的3 relating to the first significant period of an area of study 经典的:classical Marxism 经典马克思主义》 Physics 【物】 relating to or based upon concepts and theories which preceded the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics; Newtonian 经典物理学的(指相 对论和量子理论之前的物理学),牛顿学说的

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**classicism** /'klæsısızəm/ n. the following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship 古典主义(遵循古希腊或古 罗马的文学艺术方面的原则和风格,即注重和谐、节制 以及对正统形式和技艺的坚守)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **classicalism** n. **classicality** n. **classically** adv.

**classicist** /'klæsısıst/ n. 1 a person who studies Classics 古希腊文学研究者;拉丁文学研究者;古典学 者2 a follower of classicism(文学或艺术上的)古典 主义者
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**classicize** or **classicise** /'klæsısaız/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **classicizing**] imitate a classical style 模 仿古典风格: the classicizing strains in Guercino's art 尔奇诺艺术中的仿古典风格

**Classico** /'klæsıkǝu/ adj. (of Italian wine) produced in the region from which the type takes its name, and of a higher standard than an ordinary regional wine(意大利葡萄酒)名称取自原产区的,高 品质的:Chianti Classico 基安蒂葡萄酒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital. classico 'classic, traditional, genuine.

**classic race** n. (in the UK) each of the five main flat races of the horse-racing season 经典赛(英国五 大平地马赛之一)

**classification** / klæsıfı'kerſn/ n. 1 the action or process of classifying 分类,归类 2 a category into which something is put 类别;等级;门类
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **classificatory** adj.

**classified** /'klæsıfaid/ adj. 1 arranged in classes or categories 分类的;归入某类的(of newspaper or magazine advertisements) organized in categories according to what is being advertised (报纸或杂志的广告)分类的Brit.【英】(of a road) assigned to a category according to its importance within the overall system of road numbering(某一公路)有等级的,归入某一类的2 (of information or documents) designated as officially secret(信息或文档)机密的,保密的n. (**classifieds**) classified advertisements 分类广告

**classify** /'klæsıfar/ v. (**classifies**, **classifying**, **classified**) 1 arrange (a group) in classes or categories according to shared qualities or characteristics 把……… 分类,将……分级,将………归类 assign to a particular class or category 把………归人某类,把………归入某级2 designate (documents or information) as officially secret 把(文档或信息)定为机密
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **classifiable** adj. **classifier** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: back-form. from CLASSIFICATION, from Fr., from classe 'class', from L. classis 'division.

**classifying** /'klæsıfany/ adj. Grammar【语法】(of an adjective) describing the class that a head noun belongs to and not having a comparative or superlative (形容词)表示中心名词属性的

**classism** /'kla:sız(ə)m/ n. prejudice against people who belong to a particular social class 阶级偏见
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **classist** adj. & n.

**classless** /'kla:sləs/ adj. 1 (of a society) not divided into social classes (社会) 无阶级的2 not showing characteristics of a particular social class 无明显阶级(或阶层)迹象的: a classless accent 听不出 社会阶层的口音
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **classlessness** n.

**classmate** /'kla:smert/ n. a fellow member of one's school class 同班同学

**classroom** /'kla:sru:m/ n. a room in which a class of pupils or students is taught 教室,课堂

**class struggle** n. (in Marxist ideology) the conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a capitalist society(马克思主义意识形 态中的)阶级斗争

**classy** /'kla:si/ adj. (**classier**, **classiest**) informal 【非正式】stylish and sophisticated 高级的;时髦 的,有风度的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **classily** adv. **classiness** n.

**clast** /klæst/ ■n. Geology 【地质】 a constituent fragment of a clastic rock 碎屑
-ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th cent.: back-form. from CLASTIC.

**clastic** /'klæstik/ adj. Geology 【地质】 denoting rocks composed of broken pieces of older rocks (岩石)由碎屑构成的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. clastique, from Gk klastos 'broken in pieces.

**clathrate** /'klædreit/ n. Chemistry【化】a compound in which molecules of one component are physically trapped within the crystal structure of another 包合物
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from L. clathratus, from clathri 'lattice-bars'.

**clatter** /'klætə(r)/ n. a loud rattling sound as of hard objects falling or striking each other(硬物落地 或相撞时发出的)当啷声,哐当声 ■v. make or cause to make a clatter(使)发出哐当(或当啷)声
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (as v.), of imitative origin.

**claudication** /klɔ:dı'keıfn/n. Medicine【医】1 limping 跛行2(also 亦作 **intermittent claudication**) a condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries 间歇性跛行
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. claudicatio(n-), from claudicare 'to limp', from claudus 'lame'

**clause** /klo:z/ n. 1 a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank, and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate 小句,分句2a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract(条约、议案或合同的)条款
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clausal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. clause, based on L. claus-, claudere 'shut, close'.

**claustral** /'klo:str(ə)l/ adj. 1 relating to a cloister or religious house 修道院的;隐修院的2 literary【文】 enveloping; confining 包裹的;禁闭的

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. claustralis, from L. claustrum (see见 CLOISTER).

**claustration** /klo:'strerfn/ n. literary【文】 confinement, as if in a cloister 幽闭,幽禁
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. claustrum 'lock, bolt' + -ATION.

**claustrophobia** / klo:strǝ'fəbiə/ n. extreme or irrational fear of confined places 幽闭恐怖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **claustrophobe** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from L. claustrum 'lock, bolt' +-PHOBIA.

**claustrophobic** / klɔ:strǝ'fəubik/ adj. suffering from claustrophobia 患幽闭恐怖的(of a place or situation) inducing claustrophobia(地方或情景) 导致幽闭恐怖的 ■n. a claustrophobic person 幽闭恐 怖患者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **claustrophobically** adv.

**clavate** /'klervert/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 club-shaped; thicker at the apex than the base 棒 状的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. clavatus, from L. clava 'club.

**clave** /klerv/archaic past of CLEAVE² * cleave的古代 过去式

**claves** /klervz, kla:vz/pl. n. a pair of hardwood sticks used in music to make a hollow sound when struck together 响棒
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Latin Amer. Sp., from Sp. clave 'keystone', from L. clavis 'key.

**clavichord** /'klævıkɔ:d/ n. a small, rectangular keyboard instrument with a soft tone 古钢琴
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. clavichordium, from L. clavis 'key' + chorda 'string.

**clavicle** /'klævıkl/n. Anatomy 【解】 technical term for COLLARBONE * collarbone的专业说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clavicular** /klə'vıkjulə(r)/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. clavicula 'small key', dimin. of clavis (because of its shape).

**clavier** /'klæviə(r), kļə'viə(r)/n. Music【音】a keyboard instrument 键盘,手键盘
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ger. Klavier, from Fr. clavier, from med. L. claviarius 'key-bearer', from L. clavis 'key'.

**claviform** /'klævifo:m/ adj. another term for CLAVATE * clavate的另一种说法
-ORIGIN词源C19: from L. clava 'club' + -IFORM.

**claw** /klo: n. 1 a curved, pointed horny nail on each digit of the foot in birds, lizards, and some mammals(鸟类、蜥蜴及某些哺乳动物的)爪,脚爪 > either of a pair of small hooked appendages on an insect's foot(昆虫的)爪,钩爪2 the pincer of a crab, scorpion, or other arthropod(蟹、蝎子等节肢 动物的)整,钳3 a mechanical device resembling a claw, used for gripping or lifting 爪状器具 ■v. 1 (usu. 通常用 claw at) scratch or tear at with the claws or fingernails(用爪或指甲)抓,挠,撕clutch at with the hands 试图用手抓住2(**claw something back**) regain money, power, etc. laboriously and gradually (逐步费力地)挽回,捞回(金钱、权力等)3(of a sailing ship) beat to windward(帆船)顶风而行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clawed** adj. **clawless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clawu (n.), clawian (v.), of w. Gmc origin.

**clawback** /'klo:bæk/ n. an act of recovering money already paid out, typically by taxation(尤指通过税 款)资金回收

**claw hammer** n. a hammer with one side of the head split and curved, used for extracting nails 羊角 榔头,拔钉锤
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**clay** /kler/ n. 1 a stiff, sticky fine-grained impermeable earth that can be moulded when wet and baked to make bricks and pottery 黏土 2 literary 【文】 the substance of the human body人体,肉体: this lifeless clay 这具死尸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clayey** adj. **clayish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clæg, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to CLEAVE and CLIMB.

**claymore** /'klermo:(r)/ n. 1 historical 【史义】a broadsword used by Scottish Highlanders, typically double-edged(苏格兰高地人用的)双刃大刀2a type of antipersonnel mine 克莱莫地雷
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sc. Gaelic claidheamh 'sword' + mór 'great.

**claypan** /'klerpæn/ n. Austral. 【澳】 a shallow depression or hollow in the ground with an impermeable clay base, which holds water after rain 黏磬

**clay pigeon** n. a saucer-shaped piece of baked clay or other material thrown up in the air from a trap as a target for shooting泥鸽(泥制盘形飞靶)

**clay pipe** n. a tobacco pipe made of hardened clay 陶土烟斗

**-cle** /kl/ suffix forming nouns such as article, particle, which were originally diminutives 构成名 词,最初为指小词缀
-ORIGIN 词源 via Fr. from L. -culus, -cula, -culum.

**clean** /kli:n/ adj. 1 free from dirt, marks, or pollutants 清洁的,干净的;无污染的 attentive to personal hygiene 爱干净的,注意个人卫生的2 morally pure 清白的 not offensive or obscene 不猥亵的,不下流的: good clean fun 健康的娱乐> showing or having no record of offences or crimes 无不良记录的,无前科的done according to the rules 守规则的,不违例的3free from irregularities; smooth; well defined 规则的;平整的,形状分明的: a clean fracture of the leg 断茬齐整的腿部骨折4(of an action) smoothly and skilfully done(动作)干 净利落的5(of a taste, sound, or smell) distinctive and fresh(味道、声音或气味)特别的,清新的adv. 1 so as to be free from dirt 干净地2 informal 【非 正式】completely 完全地,彻底地:I clean forgot her birthday. 我完全忘记了她的生日。■v. 1 remove dirt or marks from; make clean清洁,把…弄干净,使洁净 2 (**clean someone out**) informal 【非正式】 use up or take all someone's money 耗尽某人的钱,拿走某人所有 的钱>(**clean something out**) strip a place of and

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steal all its contents 把…洗劫一空3(**clean up**) informal【非正式】 make a substantial gain or profit 发大财 n. an act of cleaning 清扫,洗刷
-PHRASES 短语 **clean and jerk** a weightlifting exercise in which a weight is raised above the head following an initial lift to shoulder level(举重)挺举 **clean someone's clock** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】beat or decisively defeat someone 痛打(某人);大败(某 人)**a clean sheet (or slate)** an absence of existing restraints or commitments无羁绊,无约束,一身轻
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**(keep a clean sheet)** (in a soccer match) prevent the opposing side from scoring(足球比赛中)防止 对方进球 **come clean** informal 【非正式】 fully confess something 全部招供,和盘托出 **keep one's hands clean** remain uninvolved in an immoral or illegal act 洁身自好,不参与非法(或不道德)的活动 **make a clean breast of it** fully confess one's mistakes or wrongdoings 彻底坦白;如实承认错误 **make a clean sweep** 1 remove all unwanted people or things ready to start afresh 全部撤换(所有不需要的人或物以 便重新开始),改头换面2 win all of a group of related sporting contests 大获全胜,包揽(所有奖项)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleanable** adj. **cleaning** n. **cleanish** adj. **cleanness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clæne, of W. Gmc origin.

**clean-cut** adj. 1 sharply outlined 轮廓鲜明的2(of a person, especially a man) neat and respectable (人,尤指男人)整洁体面的

**cleaner** /'kli:nə(r)/ ■n. a person or thing that cleans 清洁工,吸尘器;清洁剂,去污剂(**the cleaners**) a shop where clothes and fabrics are dry-cleaned 干 洗店
-PHRASES 短语 **take someone to the cleaners** informal【非正式】 1 unscrupulously take all someone's money or possessions 洗劫;抢光,骗尽(某人的钱 财等)2 inflict a crushing defeat on someone 大败 某人

**cleaner fish** ■n. a small fish that removes parasites from the skin, gills, and mouth of larger fishes 裂唇 鱼,鱼医生[Labroides dimidiatus and other species.]

**clean-limbed** adj. (of a person) slim and well formed(人)苗条的,身材匀称的

**cleanly** adv. /'kli:nli/ in a clean manner 干净地,利 索地 adj. /'klenli/ (**cleanlier**, **cleanliest**) archaic 【古】 habitually clean 爱清洁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleanliness** /'klenlınıs/n.

**clean room** n. an environment free from dust and other contaminants, used chiefly for the manufacture of electronic components 洁净室(主 要用于电子元件的生产)

**cleanse** /klenz/ v. 1 make thoroughly clean 彻底清 洁;使清洁2 archaic 【古】 (in biblical translations) cure (a leper)(《圣经》译文中)治愈(麻风病患者) ■n. an act of cleansing 清洁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleanser** n. **cleansing** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clænsian(v.), from clæne (see见 CLEAN).

**clean-shaven** adj. (of a man) without a beard or moustache(男子)胡子刮光的
**cleansing department** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a local government department that collects refuse 垃圾管 理所,垃圾处理站

**cleanskin** /'kli:nskın/ n. another term for CLEARSKIN * clearskin 的另一种说法

**clean-up** n. 1 an act of cleaning a place 打扫,清 扫2 Baseball【棒】 the fourth position in a team's batting order, usually reserved for a strong batter whose hits are likely to enable any runner who is on base to score 第四棒击球员

**clear** /klıǝ(r)/ adj. 1 easy to perceive or understand 清晰易懂的,明白清楚的 leaving or feeling no doubt 明显的;显然的;无疑的:It was clear that they were in a trap. 他们显然中了圈套。2 transparent; unclouded 透明的,晴朗的,无云的free of mist; having good visibility无雾的;能见度好的(of a person's skin) free from blemishes(人的皮肤)无瘢 痕的,光洁无瑕的(of a colour) pure and intense (颜色)纯的,浓的3 free of any obstructions or unwanted objects 畅通的,无障碍的: a clear view in both directions 两边都看得很清楚 (of a period of time) free of any commitments(一段时间)自由 的,空闲的4free from disease, contamination, or guilt 无疾病的;无污染的;无愧的5 (**clear of**) not touching; away from不接触的;远离的6complete 全的;整的: seven clear days' notice 提前整7天通知 (of a sum of money) net (钱)净得的,纯收入 的adv. 1 so as to be out of the way of, away from, or uncluttered by离开地,远离地2 with clarity 清 楚地,清晰地 ■v. 1 make or become clear(使) 变清楚,(使)变清澈 cause people to leave (a building or place)疏散,清空(某建筑物或某地方 的)人员 chiefly Soccer 【主足】 send (the ball) away from the area near one's goal 把(球)踢出 球门区,解围 discharge (adebt)清偿,清除 (债务)2 get past or over (something) safely or without touching it 越过,通过:The plane rose high enough to clear the trees.飞机爬升到足以越过树林的高 度。3 show or declare officially to be innocent E 明(某人)无辜,宣告(某人)无罪 4 give official approval or authorization to or for批准;准许, 授权 satisfy the necessary requirements to pass through (customs)结关,通关 (with reference to a cheque) pass through a clearing house so that the money goes into the payee's account 清算,兑现 (支票)5 earn or gain (an amount of money) as a net profit 净赚,净得(一笔钱)6 (of a person's face or expression) assume a happier or less confused aspect(脸上或表情)展颜而欢,“多云转晴”
-PHRASES 短语 **clear the air** 1 make the air less humid 给空气除湿 2 defuse a tense situation by frank discussion 缓和紧张气氛 **clear the decks** prepare for something by dealing beforehand with anything that might hinder progress(为………)做好准 备,(为…)清除障碍 **clear one's lines** chiefly Rugby 【主英橄】make a kick sending the ball well upfield from near one's own goal line 球门线解围 **in clear**

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not in code 未使用密码的,未加密的 **in the clear** no longer in danger or under suspicion 不再受嫌疑的; 脱离危险的 **out of a clear sky** as a complete surprise 完全出乎意料
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **clear away** remove the remains of a meal from the table 收拾饭桌 **clear off** informal 【非正式】 go away 走开 **clear out** informal 【非 正式】leave quickly 迅速离开 **clear something out** empty something 清空 **clear up** 1 (of a medical condition) become cured (疾病)治愈,痊愈2(of the weather) become brighter; stop raining (天气) 放晴,转晴 **clear something up** 1 (also 亦作 **clear up**) tidy something up by removing unwanted items 清理;打扫 2 solve or explain something 解 决;解答;解释 3 cure a medical condition 治愈, 治好
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clearable** adj. **clearness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cler, from L. clarus.

**clearance** /'klıərəns/ n. 1 the action or process of clearing or of being dispersed 清除;疏散(in soccer and other sports) a kick or hit that sends the ball out of a defensive zone(足球等的)解围球 2 official authorization for something to proceed or take place 许可,准许;通关;结关3 clear space allowed for a thing to move past or under another 净空;间距;间隙: give cyclists plenty of clearance 给骑 自行车的人足够的空间4 Snooker 【斯】 the potting of all the balls remaining on the table in a single break 一杆清台

**clearcole** /'klıəkəul/ n. historical 【史义】 a mixture of size and whiting or white lead, formerly used as a primer for distemper(旧时用作胶画打底的)白铅 胶,白垩胶
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. claire colle 'clear glue.

**clear-cut** adj. 1 sharply defined; easy to perceive or understand 轮廓鲜明的,清晰的;易辨认的2(of an area) from which every tree has been cut down and removed (某地区)无树木的v. cut down and remove every tree from (an area)砍尽(某处所有 的)树木

**clearer** /'klıərə(r)/ ■n. 1 a person or thing that clears away obstructions 清障者;清除器2 Brit. 【英】a clearing bank 票据交换银行

**clear-eyed** adj. shrewd and perceptive 有眼光的, 有洞察力的

**clear-fell** v. another term for CLEAR-CUT * clear-cut 的另一种说法

**clear-headed** adj. alert and thinking logically 思想 敏锐的,头脑清楚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clear-headedness** n.

**clearing**¹ /'klıǝrıŋ/ n. an open space in a forest 林中 空地

**clearing**² /'klıǝrıŋ/n. Brit. 【英】 a system used by universities to fill the remaining available undergraduate places before the start of the academic year(英国大学的)招生补录制度

**clearing bank** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a bank which is a member of a clearing house 票据交换银行,清算银行
**clearing house** n. 1 a bankers' establishment where cheques and bills from member banks are exchanged, so that only the balances need be paid in cash 票据交换所2 an agency which collects and distributes something, especially information 信息 交换站,(尤指)情报交换所

**clearly** /'klıǝli/ adv. 1 with clarity 清楚地,明白地2 obviously; without doubt 明显地;无疑地

**clear-out** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】a removal and disposal of unwanted items or people 清理,清除; 解雇,裁员
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**clear-sighted** adj. thinking clearly; perspicacious 头脑清楚的,目光敏锐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clear-sightedness** n.

**clearskin** /'klıǝskın/ (also 亦作 **cleanskin**) n. Austral./NZ【澳新】 1 an unbranded animal 未打上 烙印的牲畜 2 informal 【非正式】a person without a police record 没有犯罪记录的人,无前科的人

**clearstory** /'klıǝstɔ:ri/ n. (pl. **clearstories**) US spelling of CLERESTORY * clerestory 的美式拼法

**clearway** /'klıǝwer/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a main road other than a motorway on which vehicles are not permitted to stop(禁止停车的)净空道

**clearwing** /'klıǝwıŋ/ n. a day-flying moth with mainly transparent wings, resembling a wasp or bee 透翅蛾 [Family Sesiidae: many species.]

**cleat** /kli:t/ n. 1 a T-shaped or similar projection to which a rope may be attached 系索羊角,系绳铁角2 a projecting wedge on a spar, tool, etc., to prevent slippage 防滑楔> one of a number of projections on the sole of a boot, to increase its grip(鞋底上的)防 滑钉(**cleats**) N. Amer. 【北美】 athletic shoes with cleats on the soles 钉鞋,跑鞋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleated** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of W. Gmc origin; rel. to CLOT and CLOUT.

**cleavage** /'kli:vid3/ n. 1 the cleft between a woman's breasts 乳沟 2 a marked difference or division between people(人与人之间的)差异,差 别,分歧3 Biology 【生物】 cell division, especially of a fertilized egg cell 卵裂 4 the splitting of rocks or crystals in a preferred plane or direction 劈理,裂劈

> **1911** Today most female celebrities will reveal **2011** a lot of cleavage when photographed on the red carpet. Celeb culture was considerably less developed in 1911, however, when noted beauties were royal mistresses like Lily Langtry and Alice Keppel. The first edition didn't include the sense 'cleft between a woman's breasts' at all, defining the word simply as 'way in which thing (mineral, party, opinion) tends to split',今天,大多数女星在红地毯上面对 镁光灯时都会乳沟暴露。然而,1911年时明星文化 尚不发达,名媛有莉莉·兰特里和爱丽丝·凯佩尔 等王室情妇。第一版根本没有收录“乳沟”之义, 只是简单地将该词定义为“事物(矿物、党派、观点) 趋于分裂的方式”。

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**cleave**¹ /kli:v/v. (past **clove** or **cleft** or **cleaved**; past part. **cloven** or **cleft** or **cleaved**) 1 split or sever along a natural grain or line(沿纹理或裂纹)砍开, 劈开 split(a molecule) by breaking a particular chemical bond裂解,分裂(分子)Biology 【生 物】(of a cell) divide(细胞)分裂 2 move through (something) forcefully 穿过,钻过:They watched a coot cleave the smooth water. 他们看着一只白骨顶游过 平静的水面。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleavable** adj.
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-ORIGIN 词源 OE clēofan, of Gmc origin.

**cleave**² /kli:v/ ■v. (**cleave to**) literary 【文】 1 stick fast to 黏着,粘住 2 adhere strongly to or become very involved with忠于;专心于:Most schools cleave strongly to received policy. 大多数学校毫不动摇地坚持 一致认可的政策。
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cleofian, clifian, clīfan, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to CLAY and CLIMB.

**cleaver** /'kli:və(r)/ n. a tool with a heavy broad blade, used for chopping meat 劈刀,宽刃切肉刀

**cleavers** /'kli:vəz/pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单 数或复数] another term for GOOSEGRASS * goosegrass 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clife; rel. to CLEAVER.

**clef** /klef/n. Music 【音】 any of several symbols placed at the left-hand end of a stave, indicating the pitch of the notes written on the stave 谱号
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. clavis 'key'.

**cleft**¹ /kleft/ past participle of CLEAVE¹ * cleave'的过 去分词adj. split, divided, or partially divided into two 劈成两半的
-PHRASES 短语 **be (or be caught) in a cleft stick** be in a situation in which any action one takes will have adverse consequences 进退维谷,左右为难

**cleft**² /kleft/ n. 1 a fissure or split in rock or the ground(岩石上或地面的)裂缝,裂口2an indentation or deep hollow in a person's forehead or chin, or between two parts of the body(额头或 下巴的)沟,沟裂;(身体)V字形凹陷
-ORIGIN 词源 ME clift: of Gmc origin; rel. to CLEAVE¹ and alt. by assoc. with CLEFT¹.

**cleft lip** n. a congenital split in the upper lip on one or both sides of the centre, often associated with a cleft palate 唇裂

**cleft palate** n. a congenital split in the roof of the mouth 腭裂

**cleg** /kleg/n. Brit. 【英】 another term for HORSEFLY * horsefly 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON kleggi.

**cleistogamy** /klar'stəgəmi/n. Botany 【植】 self-fertilization that occurs within a permanently closed flower 闭花受精
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleistogamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kleistos 'closed' + gamos 'marriage.

**clematis** /'klemətıs, klə'meitis/ n. an ornamental climbing plant of the buttercup family which bears white, pink, or purple flowers and feathery seed heads 铁线莲 [Genus Clematis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 L. (also denoting the periwinkle), from Gk klēmatis, from klēma 'vine branch.

**clemency** /'klemǝnsi/ n. the quality of being clement or merciful仁慈,慈悲;宽恕;宽容

**clement** /'klemənt/ adj. 1 (of weather) mild(天 气)温和的2merciful or lenient仁慈的,宽厚的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. clemens, clement-.

**clementine** /'klem(ə)ntain, -ti:n/ n. a tangerine of a deep orange-red North African variety which is grown around the Mediterranean and in South Africa 克莱门氏小柑橘
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Fr. clémentine, from the male given name Clément.

**clenbuterol** /klen'bju:tərpl/n. Medicine【医】a synthetic drug used to treat respiratory diseases, also used illegally by athletes to enhance perfor-mance 克仑特罗
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from c(h)l(oro-) + (ph)en-(yl) + but(yl) + er + -OL.

**clench** /klent∫/v. 1 (with reference to one's fist or teeth) close or press together tightly, in response to stress or anger咬紧牙关);攥紧拳头)2 hold tightly and firmly紧握,紧抓3 (of muscles or a muscular part of the body) contract sharply(肌 肉)绷紧n. the action of clenching or the state of being clenched 攥紧,咬紧;握住,紧绷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clenched** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (in the sense of clinch 'fix securely'): of Gmc origin; rel. to CLING.

**clepsydra** /'klepsidrǝ/ n. (pl. **clepsydras** or **clepsydrae** /-dri:/) an ancient time-measuring device worked by a flow of water 漏刻,漏壶
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk klepsudra, based on kleptein 'steal' + hudor 'water.

**clerestory** /'klıǝstori/ (US also 【美亦作】 **clearstory**) n. (pl. **clerestories**) 1 the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows 天窗,高侧窗2a raised section of roof running down the centre of a railway carriage, with small windows or ventilators on each side(铁路客车的)天窗
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from CLEAR + STOREY.

**clerestory window** n. a window with no crosspiece dividing the light 高侧窗

**clergy** /'kl3:d3i/ n. (pl. **clergies**) [usu. treated as pl. 通常视作复数] the body of people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church (尤指基督教的)教牧人员
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on eccles. L. clericus (see见 CLERIC).

**clergyman** /'kl3:dzimən/ (or **clergywoman**) n. (pl. **clergymen** or **clergywomen**) a priest or minister of a Christian church(基督教的)教牧人员

**cleric** /'klerık/ n. a priest or religious leader, especially a Christian or Muslim one(尤指基督教或 伊斯兰教的)牧师,宗教领袖
-ORIGIN 词源C17(earlier (C15) as clerical): from

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eccles. L. clericus 'clergyman', from Gk klērikos 'belonging to the Christian clergy', from klēros 'lot, heritage' (Acts 1:26).

**clerical** /'klerıkl/ adj. 1 concerned with or relating to the routine work of an office clerk 职员的,文书 工作的 2 relating to the clergy 牧师的,宗教领袖的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clericalism** n. **clericalist** n. **clerically** adv.

**clerical collar** n. a stiff upright white collar which fastens at the back, worn by the clergy in some Christian Churches 牧师领

**clerical error** n. a mistake made in copying or writing out a document 笔误

**clerihew** /'klerıhju:/ n. a short comic or nonsen-sical verse, typically in two rhyming couplets with lines of unequal length and referring to a famous person 克莱里休四行体
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: named after the English writer Edmund Clerihew Bentley, who invented it.

**clerisy** /'klerısi/ n. [usu. treated as pl. 通常视作复数] learned or literary people regarded as a social group 知识阶层
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: appar. influenced by Ger. Klerisei, based on Gk klēros (see见 CLERIC).

**clerk** /kla:k/ n. 1 a person employed in an office or bank to keep records or accounts and to undertake other routine administrative duties 办事员,职 员,记账员 2 an official in charge of the records of a local council or court(地方政务会、法庭的) 书记官,书记员 a senior official in Parliament (议会中的)高级官员a lay officer of a cathedral, church, or chapel(大教堂、教区教堂、小教堂的)执 事3(also亦作**desk clerk**) N. Amer. 【北美】a hotel receptionist 旅馆接待员(also 亦作 **sales clerk**) a shop assistant售货员,店员4 (also 亦作 **clerk in holy orders**) formal 【正式】 a member of the clergy 神职人员5 archaic 【古】 a literate or scholarly person 文化人,学者v. N. Amer. 【北美】 work as a clerk当 办事员,做职员
-PHRASES 短语 **clerk of the course** an official who assists the judges in horse racing or motor racing (赛马或赛车的)裁判助理,检察员 **clerk of (the) works** Brit.【英】 a person who oversees building work in progress(建筑工程的)现场监工员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clerkess** n. (chiefly Scottish 【主 苏格兰】).**clerkish** adj. **clerkly** adj. **clerkship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cleric, clerc, from eccles. L. clericus (see见CLERIC); reinforced by OFr. clerc, from the same source.

**clever** /'klevə(r)/ adj. (**cleverer**, **cleverest**) 1 quick to understand, learn, and devise or apply ideas 聪明的,头脑灵活的,机灵的skilful; adroit 灵巧的,熟练的2 [with neg.与否定结构连用]Brit. informal【英,非正式】 healthy or well 健壮的,健康 的: I didn't feel too clever. 我感到身体不太舒服。
-PHRASES 短语 **too clever by half** informal【非正式】 annoyingly proud of one's cleverness, and liable to overreach oneself 聪明过头的,卖弄小聪明的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cleverly** adv. **cleverness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense quick to catch hold', later 'manually skilful', then 'mentally agile') : perh. of Du. or Low Ger. origin, and rel. to CLEAVE².

**clever-clever** adj. derogatory 【贬】 seeking to appear clever 聪明过头的,卖弄小聪明的

**clever Dick** (also 亦作 **clever clogs**) ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a person who is irritatingly and osten-tatiously knowledgeable or intelligent 喜欢卖弄聪明 的人
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**clevis** /'klevis/ n. a U-shaped or forked metal connector within which another part can be fastened by means of a bolt or pin * U形夹
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. rel. to CLEAVE¹.

**clew** /klu:/n. 1 the lower or after corner of a sail 帆 下角,纵帆的后下角2(**clews**) Nautical【航海】the cords by which a hammock is suspended 吊铺绳索 3 archaic 【古】 a ball of thread 线团 4 archaic【古】 variant of CLUE * clue 的变体 ■v. (**clew a sail up/ down**) draw a sail up or let it down by the clews when furling or unfurling 扯(帆)上桁,扯(帆)下桁
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cliwen, cleowen (denoting a rounded mass, also a ball of thread), of Gmc origin; cf. CLUE.

**Clianthus** /klar'ændǝs, kli-/ n. an Australasian leguminous plant which bears drooping clusters of large scarlet flowers 耀花豆 [Genus Clianthus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., appar. from Gk kleos, klei- 'glory' + anthos 'flower.

**cliché** /'kli:fer/(also 亦作 **cliche**) n. 1 a phrase or opinion that is overused and shows a lack of original thought 陈词滥调 an unoriginal thing 陈 腐之事,老一套: Each building is a mishmash of tired clichés.每栋建筑都是些陈旧品的大杂烩。2 Printing, chiefly Brit.【印刷,主英】a stereotype or electrotype 铅版,电铸版
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., past part. (used as n.) of clicher 'to stereotype.

**clichéd** /'kli:feid/(also 亦作 **cliched**) adj. showing a lack of originality; hackneyed or overused 陈腐 的;充满陈词滥调的

**click** /klık/ n. a short, sharp sound as of two hard objects coming smartly into contact 咔嗒声,短而 尖的声音 a speech sound produced by sudden withdrawal of the tongue from the soft palate, front teeth, or back teeth and hard palate, occurring in some southern African and other languages(某些 南非语言的)吸气音 an act of pressing one of the buttons on a mouse(对鼠标的)单击v. 1 make or cause to make a click(使)发出咔哒声 press(one of the buttons on a mouse)单击(鼠标)>(**click through**) press one of the buttons on a mouse in order to follow a hyperlink to another file or web page 点开(超链接)2 informal 【非正式】 become suddenly clear and understandable 豁然开朗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clickable** adj. **clicker** n. **clicky** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16 (asv.): imitative.

**click beetle** n. a long, narrow beetle which can

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spring up with a click as a means of startling predators and escaping 叩甲,叩头虫[Family Elateridae.]

**click-clack** n. a repeated clicking sound as of shoe heels on a hard surface(鞋跟踩在坚硬平面上发出 的)咔嗒咔嗒声 ■v. move with a click-clack 咔嗒咔嗒 移动

**click rate** (also 亦作 **click-through rate**) n. the number of users who follow a hypertext link to a commercial website, as a percentage of those who download the web page on which the link appears (商业网站的)点击率
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**click-through** n. the action or facility of following a hypertext link to a particular website, especially a commercial one(对超文本链接,尤指商业网站的) 点击,点击设置

**client** /'klarənt/ n. 1 a person using the services of a professional person or organization 委托人,当事 人2(in a network) a computer or workstation that obtains information and applications from a server (网络)客户机(also 亦作 **client application** or **program**) a computer program that obtains a service provided by another program 客户端应用 程序3(in ancient Rome) a plebeian under the protection of a patrician (古罗马)受贵族保护的平 民,被保护人 archaic 【古】 a dependant; a hanger-on 扈从,食客
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clientship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a person under the protection and patronage of another) : from L. cliens, client-, var. of cluent-, cluere 'hear or obey'.

**clientele** /,kli:pn'tel/ n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作 单数或复数] clients collectively(总称)委托人 the customers of a shop, restaurant, etc. (商店、餐馆等 的)顾客,主顾
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Fr. from L. clientela 'clientship', from cliens, client- (see见 CLIENT).

**clientelism** /kli:dn'telız(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **clientism** /'klaıəntız(ə)m/) n. a social order which depends on relations of patronage 保护制度,依持主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clientelistic** adj.

**Clifden nonpareil** /'klıfdən/ n. a large moth of mostly subdued coloration, with a pale blue band on the underwing 编裳夜蛾 [Catocala fraxini.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Clifden (now Cliveden), a village in Buckinghamshire and NONPAREIL.

**cliff** /klıf/ n. a steep or vertical rock face, especially at the edge of the sea(尤指海边的)悬崖,峭壁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cliffy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clif, of Gmc origin.

**cliffhanger** /'klıf,hæŋə(r)/ n. a dramatic ending to an episode of a serial, leaving an audience in suspense(连载小说每章节或连续剧每集)充满悬念 的结尾,扣人心弦的结尾a situation in which the outcome is uncertain 情形未明,结果未定的情形
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cliffhanging** adj.

**clifftop** /'klitpp/ ■n. an area of land at the top of a cliff 悬崖顶

**climacteric** /klar'mækt(ə)rık, klaımæk'terık/ n. 1 a critical period or event 关键期;要紧事2 Medicine 【医】 the period of life when fertility is in decline; (in women) the menopause 更年期;(妇女)绝经 期3 Botany【植】 the ripening period while still on the tree of certain fruits such as apples, involving increased metabolism 呼吸跃变 adj. 1 having extreme and far-reaching implications or results; critical 紧要关头的,关键的2Medicine & Botany【药, 植】 relating to or undergoing a climacteric 更年期 的,绝经期的;呼吸跃变的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. climactérique or via L. from Gk klimaktērikos, from klimakter 'critical period', from klimax 'ladder, climax.

**climactic** /klaı'mæktık/ adj. forming an exciting climax 高潮的,形成高潮的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **climactically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: formed irregularly from CLIMAX + -Ic, prob. influenced by CLIMACTERIC,

**climate** /'klaımət/ n. 1 the general weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period 气候 2 a prevailing trend or public attitude风气;舆 论: the current economic climate目前的经济气候
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **climatic** adj. **climatical** adj. **climatically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a zone of the earth between two lines of latitude, later a region considered with ref. to its atmospheric conditions): from OFr. climat or late L. clima, climat-, from Gk klima 'slope, zone.

**climate change** n. the change in global climate patterns apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards, attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels气候变化

**climate control** n. another term for AIR CONDITIONING * air conditioning 的另一种说法

**climatology** / klaımə'tələdzi/ n. the scientific study of climate 气候学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **climatological** adj. **climatologically** adv. **climatologist** n.

**climax** /'klaımæks/ n. 1 the most intense, exciting, or importantpoint高潮,顶点:a thrilling climax to the game 比赛激动人心的高潮部分 2 an orgasm 性 高潮 3 Rhetoric【修辞】 a sequence of propositions or ideas in order of increasing importance, force, or effectiveness of expression 层进法 4 Ecology 【生态】the final stage in a succession in a given environment, at which a plant community reaches a state of equilibrium 顶极(群落) ■v. reach or bring to a climax(使)达到顶点;(使)达到高潮
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L., from Gk klimax 'ladder, climax.

**climb** /klaım/ v. 1 go or come up (a slope, stairs, etc.)攀登,爬(坡、楼梯等) rise or slope upwards 爬升;上升(of a plant) grow up (a structure) (植物)攀缘生长2 move with effort into or out of somewhere费力爬进(或爬出) 3 increase or rise in scale, value, or status(规模、价值、地位)上升4

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(**climb down**) Brit. 【英】 withdraw from a position taken up in argument or negotiation(争论或谈判 中)屈服,退让n. 1 an instance of climbing; an ascent 攀登,爬a recognized route up a mountain or cliff 上山的路线,上悬崖的道路2a rise in status or increase in value晋升;升值,增值
-PHRASES 短语 **be climbing the walls** informal 【非正 式】 feel frustrated and trapped 感到沮丧困顿,感到 无能为力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **climbable** adj. **climber** n. **climbing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE climban, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to CLAY and CLEAVE2.

**climbdown** /'klaımdaun/■n. Brit. 【英】a withdrawal from a position taken up in argument or negotiation (争论、谈判中的)屈服,退让

**climbing frame** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a structure of joined bars for children to climb on(供儿童玩的)攀爬架

**climbing irons** pl. n. a set of spikes attached to boots for climbing trees or ice slopes 铁钉助爬器

**climbing perch** n. a small edible freshwater fish which is able to breathe air and move over land, native to Africa and Asia 攀鲈 [Anabas testudinens and other species.]

**climbing wall** n. a wall simulating a rock face, used for climbing practice 攀岩墙

**clime** /klarm/ ■n. chiefly literary【主文】a region considered with reference to its climate 气候区,(具 有某种气候的)地区,地带: jetting off to sunnier climes 乘飞机去阳光更充足的地方
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. clima (see见 CLIMATE).

**clinch** /klimtf/ v. 1 conclusively settle (a contract, contest, or debate)敲定(契约);赢得(竞赛);解 决(争端) 2 secure (a nail or rivet) by driving the point sideways when it has penetrated 敲弯,钉牢 (钉子、铆钉)3 grapple at close quarters 扭打> (of two people) embrace 拥抱,紧抱4 fasten(a rope or angling line) with a clinch knot 用活结系牢(绳索 或渔线)■n. 1 a struggle at close quarters 扭打➤an embrace 拥抱2 (also亦作**clinch knot**) a knot used to fasten ropes or angling lines, using a half hitch with the end seized back on its own part 活结,半结
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: var. of CLENCH.

**clincher** /'klintfə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】a fact, argument, or event that settles a matter conclusively 起决定作用的事实(或论点、事件)

**cline** /klain/ n. a continuum with an infinite number of gradations from one extreme to the other 渐变群 Biology 【生物】 a gradation in one or more characteristics within a species or other taxon, especially between different populations 梯 度变异
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clinal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk klinein 'to slope.

**cling** v. (past and past part. **clung**) (**cling to/on to**) 1 hold tightly to 抓紧;紧握;紧抱 be hard to remove from; adhere to 难以除去;缠着2 remain persistently faithful to 坚持,坚守: She clung to her convictions. 她坚持自己的信念。3 be emotionally dependent on(在情感上)依附,依恋n.(also亦作 **cling peach**) a clingstone peach 粘核桃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clinger** n. **clinging** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clingan 'stick together', of Gmc origin; rel. to CLENCH.

**cling film** n. Brit. 【英】 a thin transparent plastic film that adheres to surfaces and to itself, used as a wrapping or covering for food 食品保鲜膜
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**clingfish** /'klıfı∫/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同 or **clingfishes**) a small fish with a sucker for attachment to rocks and other surfaces 喉盘鱼[Lepadogaster lepadogaster and other species.]

**clingstone** /'klıŋstǝun/ n. a peach or nectarine of a variety in which the flesh adheres to the stone 粘核 桃 Contrasted with 对照 FREESTONE.

**clingy** /'klımi/ adj. (**clingier**, **clingiest**) 1 (of a garment) liable to cling to the body(衣服)紧身 的,贴身的2 too emotionally dependent(情感上) 依赖性过强的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clinginess** n.

**clinic** /'klınık/ n. 1 a place where specialized medical treatment or advice is given 门诊部,诊 所chiefly Brit. 【主英】 an occasion when medical treatment or advice is given 门诊a gathering at a hospital bedside for the teaching of medicine or surgery 临床教学 2 a conference or short course on a particular subject 学术讨论会;短期课程:adrum clinic 打鼓讲习班
-ORIGIN 词源C19(earlier (C18) as clinical): from Fr. clinique, from Gk klinikë (tekhnē) 'bedside (art)', from kline 'bed'.

**clinical** /'klınıkl/ adj. 1 relating to the observation and treatment of patients rather than theoretical or laboratory studies临床的;临诊的> (of a disease or condition) causing observable and recognizable symptoms(疾病或病况)有临床症状的,引起明显症 状的 2 efficient and coldly detached 高效的;超然 的,冷静客观的(of a place) bare, functional, and clean(场所)简洁实用的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clinically** adv.

**clinical death** n. death as judged by the medical observation of the cessation of respiration and the beating of the heart 临床死亡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clinically dead** adj.

**clinical psychology** ■n. the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness 临床心理学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clinical psychologist** n.

**clinician** /klı'nıfn/ n. a doctor having direct contact with patients rather than being involved with theoretical or laboratory studies 临床医师

**clink**¹ /klıŋk/ n. a sharp ringing sound, such as that made when metal or glass are struck 叮当声 ■V. make or cause to make a clink(使)发出叮当声
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v.): prob. from MDu. klinken.

**clink**² /klınk/■n. informal【非正式】 prison 监狱,
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**clinker** 牢房

-ORIGIN 词源 C16(orig. denoting a prison in Southwark, London): of unknown origin.

**clinker¹** /'klıŋkə(r)/ n. 1 the stony residue from burnt coal or from a furnace煤渣;炉渣2 a brick with a vitrified surface 烧结砖

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. Du. klinckaerd (earlier form of klinker), from klinken 'to clink'.

**clinker²** /'klıŋkə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】1N. Amer. 【北美】something that is unsatisfactory; a failure C 不能令人满意之物;失败2 Brit. dated【英,过时】an excellent or outstanding person or thing 优秀的人; 优质品

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from CLINK¹+ -ER¹.

**clinker-built** adj. (of a boat) having external planks which overlap downwards and are secured with clinched nails (船)叠接式的,鳞状搭建的 Compare with 比较 CARVEL-BUILT.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: clinker from clink (north. Engl. var. of CLINCH).

**clinometer** /klaı'npmıtə(r), kl1-/n. Surveying 【测量】an instrument used for measuring the angle or elevation of slopes 倾斜仪

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk klinein 'to slope' + -METER.

**clint** /klınt/ n. a block forming part of a natural limestone pavement 石芽,岩沟

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Scand. origin.

**cliometrics** / klaıǝ(u)'metriks/ pl. n. [treated as sing.视作单数] a technique for the interpretation of economic history, based on the statistical analysis of numerical data from population censuses, parish registers, etc. 计量历史学

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cliometric** adj. **cliometrician** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s (orig. US): from Clio, the Muse of history in Gk and Roman mythology, on the pattern of words such as econometrics.

**clip¹** /klıp/ ■n. 1 a flexible or spring-loaded device for holding an object or objects together or in place 夹,钳;回形针2 a piece of jewellery fastened by a clip首饰别针3a metal holder containing cartridges for an automatic firearm 弹夹■v. (clips, clipping, clipped) fasten or be fastened with a clip or clips 夹 住;钳牢,被夹;被钳

-ORIGIN 词源 OE clyppan (v.), of W. Gmc origin.

**clip²** /klip/v. (clips, clipping, clipped) 1 cut short or cut out with shears or scissors剪,剪短,修剪 trim the hair or wool of (an animal)给(动物)剪毛 2 strike smartly or with a glancing blow 痛打;擦击 3 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】swindle or rob 诈骗,敲竹杠,抢劫4 informal, chiefly US 【非正式,主美】move quickly 快速移动 5 Electronics 【电子】truncate the amplitude of (a signal) above or below predetermined levels削波,限幅n. 1 an act of clipping剪,剪短,修剪 the quantity of wool clipped from a sheep or flock 剪下的羊毛量 2 a short sequence taken from a film or broadcast (电影或广播的)片段3 informal 【非正式】a smart or glancing blow 猛击:擦击4 informal【非正式】a rapid speed or rate 高速: I trotted on at a fair clip. 我 一路小步快跑。

-PHRASES 短语 **at a clip** US informal【美,非正式】at a time; all at once一次;同时 **clip the wings of** trim the feathers of (a bird) to disable it from flight 剪去(鸟)的羽毛(以防止其飞行) hamper the aspirations of 扼杀……的雄心
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clipping** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON klippa, prob. imitative.

**clip art** n. simple pictures and symbols made available for computer users to add to their documents (计算机里的)剪贴画

**clipboard** /'klıpbɔ:d/ n. 1 a small board with a spring clip at the top, used for holding papers and providing support for writing(带夹子的)写字板2 Computing 【it】 a temporary storage area where text or other data cut or copied from a file is kept until it is pasted into another file 剪贴板

**clip-clop** n. the sound of a horse's hoofs beating on a hard surface(马蹄的)嘚嘚声 ■V. move with a clip-clop 嘚嘚嘚地移动

**clip joint** n. informal【非正式】 a nightclub or bar that charges exorbitant prices 收费高昂的夜总会(或 酒吧)

**clip-on** adj. attached by a clip so as to be easy to fasten or remove 用夹子夹住的

**clipped** /klipt/ adj. (of speech) having short, sharp vowel sounds and clear pronunciation (讲 话)清脆而快速的

**clipper** /'klıpə(r)/ n. 1 (**clippers**) an instrument for clipping 剪切机 2 a fast sailing ship, especially one of 19th-century design with concave bows and raked masts(尤指19世纪带凹面船头和倾斜桅杆的) 快速帆船3(also 亦作 **clipper chip**) a microchip which inserts an identifying code into encrypted transmissions that allows them to be deciphered by a third party having access to a Government-held key 加密芯片

**clippie** /'klıpi/ n. (pl. **clippies**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a bus conductress(公共汽车)女售票员

**clique** /kli:k/ n. a small close-knit group of people who do not readily allow others to join them 派系, 小集团

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cliquey** adj. **cliquish** adj. **cliquishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from OFr. cliquer 'make a noise.

**CLit** /klit/ abbr. (in the UK) Companion of Literature(英国)皇家文学学会荣誉会员

**clitic** /'klıtık/n. Grammar【语法】an unstressed word that normally occurs only in combination with another word, for example'm in I'm 附着形式

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cliticization** or **cliticisation** /klıtıkar'zeıfn/ n. **cliticize** or **clitiscise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from(en)clitic and (pro)clitic.

**clitoridectomy** /klıt(ə)rı'dektəmi/ n. (pl. **clitoridectomies**) excision of the clitoris; female circumcision 阴蒂切除术

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**clitoris** /'klıt(ǝ)rıs/n. a small, sensitive, erectile part of the female genitals at the anterior end of the vulva 阴蒂

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clitoral** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk kleitoris.

**Cllr** abbr. (in the UK英国)Councillor

**cloaca** /kləu'eıkǝ/ n. (pl. **cloacae** /-si:, -ki:/) 1 Zoology 【动】a common cavity at the end of the digestive tract for the release of both excretory and genital products in vertebrates (except most mammals) and certain invertebrates 泄殖腔 2 archaic 【古】a sewer阴沟,下水道

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cloacal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., rel. to cluere 'cleanse'.

**cloak** /klǝuk/ n. 1 an overgarment that hangs loosely from the shoulders 斗篷,披风2 something that hides or covers遮盖物,覆盖物: a **cloak of secrecy** 对秘密的掩饰3(**cloaks**) Brit. 【英】 a cloakroom 衣 帽间;(小件)行李寄存处v. 1 dress in a cloak 披 上斗篷 2 cover or hide 遮盖,掩盖:Snow cloaked everything. 大雪覆盖了一切。

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cloke, dial. var. of cloche 'bell, cloak', from med. L. clocca 'bell.

**cloak-and-dagger** adj. involving intrigue and secrecy 阴谋的;神秘的

**cloakroom** /'kləukru:m/ n. 1 a room in a public building where outdoor clothes and bags may be left 衣帽间;(小件) 行李寄存处2 Brit. 【英】a room that contains a toilet or toilets 厕所

**clobber¹** /'kləbə(r)/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 clothing and personal belongings 衣服;个人用品

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**clobber²** /'kləbə(r)/ v. informal【非正式】1 hit hard 重击 2 defeat heavily 大败

-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: of unknown origin.

**cloche** /klos, klǝuf/ n. 1 a small translucent cover for protecting or forcing outdoor plants(保护室 外植物或加速其生长的)玻璃罩2(also亦作 **cloche hat**) a woman's close-fitting, bell-shaped hat(紧套 在头上的)钟形女帽

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'bell' (see见 CLOAK).

**clock¹** /klpk/ n. 1 an instrument that measures and indicates the time by means of a dial or a digital display钟,时钟 informal【非正式】a measuring device resembling a clock, such as a speedometer (钟式计量)仪表2(also亦作 **dandelion clock**) Brit. 【英】 the downy spherical seed head of a dandelion (蒲公英的)绒毛头 [from the child's game of blowing away the seeds to find out what time it is.] 3 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a person's face 人脸 ■v. 1 attain or register (a specified time, distance, or speed)达到,记录下(某时间、距离或速度)> achieve (a victory)获(胜): He clocked up his first win of the year. 他取得了今年的首场胜利。2(**clock in/out** or Brit. 【英】 **on/off**) register one's arrival at or departure from work by means of an automatic recording clock 上/下班打卡3 Brit. informal【英, 非正式】notice or watch 注意到;观看4 informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式,主英】hit on the head 击打头部 5 Brit. informal【英,非正式】illegally wind back the milometer of (acar) 非法回调(汽车)的里程表

-PHRASES 短语 **round (or around) the clock** all day and all night 日夜不停地 **turn (or put) back the clock** return to the past or to a previous way of doing things 时光倒流,倒退到过去
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clocker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from Mid. Low Ger. and MDu. klocke, based on med. L. clocca 'bell.

**clock²** /klok/ n. an ornamental pattern woven or embroidered on the side of a stocking or sock near the ankle(袜筒上的)绣花边花

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**clock golf** n. a lawn game in which the players putt to a hole in the centre of a circle from successive points on its circumference 钟面式高尔夫球

**clockmaker** /'klok,meıkə(r)/ n. a person who makes and repairs clocks and watches 钟表匠,钟表 制造者,钟表修理者

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clockmaking** n.

**clock radio** n. a combined bedside radio and alarm clock 闹钟收音机

**clock speed** n. the operating speed of a computer or its microprocessor, expressed in cycles per second (megahertz)执行速度

**clock tower** n. a tower, especially that of a church or civic building, displaying a large clock(尤指教堂 或市政大楼的)钟楼

**clock-watch** v. be overly keen not to work more than one's allotted hours 等钟下班,混时间

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clock-watcher** n. **clock-watching** n.

**clockwise** /'klokwaız/ adv. & adj. in a curve corresponding in direction to the movement of the hands of a clock 顺时针方向的(地)

**clockwork** /'klokw3:k/ n. a mechanism with a spring and toothed gearwheels, used to drive a mechanical clock, toy, or other device 时钟机构;发 条装置

-PHRASES 短语 **like clockwork** very smoothly and easily 顺畅地;容易地

**clod** /klpd/n. 1 a lump of earth or clay 泥块,土 块 2 informal【非正式】a stupid person 笨蛋,呆子3 Brit.【英】a coarse cut of meat from the lower neck of an ox 牛的下颈肉

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of CLOT.

**cloddish** /'klpdı∫/ adj. foolish, awkward, or clumsy 呆笨的,笨拙的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cloddishly** adv. **cloddishness** n.

**clodhopper** /'klodhopə(r)/ ■n. informal 【非正式】1 a large, heavy shoe 笨重的鞋子2 a foolish, awkward, or clumsy person 笨拙的人,笨蛋

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clodhopping** adj.

**clodpole** /'klodpǝul/ n. informal, dated 【非正式,过 时】 a foolish or clumsy person 笨蛋,笨拙的人

**clog** /klog/n. 1 a shoe with a thick wooden sole 木屐 2 an obstacle or impediment 障碍;阻碍 ■V. (clogs, clogging, clogged) (often 常作 **clog up**) block or become blocked 阻塞,堵塞

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-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the sense 'block of wood to impede an animal's movement'): of unknown origin.

**clog dance** n. a traditional dance for which clogs are worn 木屐舞

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clog dancer** n. **clog dancing** n.

**clogger** /'kləgə(r)/ n. 1 a person who makes clogs C 制作木屐者 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】a footballer who habitually fouls other players when tackling 铲 球时常犯规的足球运动员

**cloggy** /'klogi/ adj. thick and sticky 黏稠的,易凝 结的

**cloisonné** /klwa:'zoner/ n. decorative work in which enamel, glass, or gemstones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing 景泰蓝

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'partitioned, past part. of cloisonner, from cloison 'a partition or division.

**cloister** /'kləıstə(r)/ n. 1 a covered, and typically colonnaded, passage round an open court in a convent, monastery, college, or cathedral(修道 院、学院或大教堂的)回廊,走廊2aconvent or monastery(女)修道院(**the cloister**) monastic life 修道院生活 ■v. seclude or shut up in a convent or monastery(在修道院里)隐居,与世隔绝

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cloistral** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cloistre, from L. claustrum, clostrum 'lock, enclosed place', from claudere, 'to close'.

**cloistered** /'kləıstəd/ adj. 1 having or enclosed by a cloister 有回廊的,回廊环绕的2 sheltered from the outside world 隐居的,与世隔绝的:a cloistered upbringing 与世隔绝的成长环境

**clomiphene** /'klǝumifi:n/n. Medicine 【医】a synthetic nonsteroidal drug used to treat infertility in women by stimulating ovulation 氯芪酚

-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from chlo(ro-) + (a)mi(ne) + phen(yl).

**clomp** /klomp/ ■v. walk with a heavy tread 踏着重步 走,橐橐地走n. the sound of a heavy tread 重重的 脚步声

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: imitative; cf. CLUMP.

**clompy** /'klompi/ adj. variant spelling of CLUMPY (sense 1) * clumpy(释义1)的另一种拼法

**clone** /klǝun/ ■n. 1 Biology 【生物】 an organism or cell, or a group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor to which they are genetically identical 克隆 2 a person or thing regarded as an exact copy of another(某人的) 翻版;复制品;仿造品3 informal 【非正式】(within gay culture) a homosexual man who adopts an exaggeratedly macho appearance(同性恋圈中用 语)夸大男性气概的男同性恋者■v. 1 propagate (an organism or cell) as a clone 克隆(生物体或细胞)> Biochemistry【生化】replicate (a fragment of DNA placed in an organism)克隆,复制(生物体内 DNA 片断)2 make an identical copy of 复制 3 illegally copy the security codes from (a mobile phone) to others as a way of obtaining free calls 非法复制(手 机)安全密码(以便免费拨打)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clonal** adj. **clonality** n. **cloner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk klōn 'twig.

**clonk** /klonk/ n. a sound made by an abrupt and heavy impact 砰的一声 ■v. 1 move with or make a clonk 砰砰移动;咚咚作响2 informal 【非正式】hit 击,打

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clonky** adj.

**clonus** /'kləunǝs/n. Medicine 【医】 muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic, contractions 阵挛

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk klonos 'turmoil.

**clop** /klop/n. a sound made by a horse's hoofs on a hard surface(马蹄发出的)嘚嘚声v. (clops, clopping, clopped) move with a clop 嘚嘚移动

**cloqué** /'kləukei/ n. a fabric with an irregularly raised or embossed surface 泡泡点纹

-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'blistered.

**close¹** /klǝus/ adj. 1 only a short distance away or apart in space or time近的,靠近的dense 紧密 的;密集的,稠密的: **close print** 密排印刷 (**close to**) very near to (being or doing something)接 近,几乎,快要(成为或做………) 2 denoting someone who is part of a person's immediate family, typically a parent or sibling 直系的,近亲的on very affectionate or intimate terms 亲密的;密切 的>(of a connection or resemblance) strong (关系)密切的;(相似度)强的3 (of observation or examination) done carefully and thoroughly (观察或检查)细致的,周密的 4 (of information) carefully guarded(信息)严加保密的;守卫严密的: a **close secret** 严守的秘密 not willing to give away money or information(对信息)守口如瓶的;(对 金钱)吝啬的5 uncomfortably humid or airless 潮 闷的;气闷的6 Phonetics 【语音】 another term for HIGH (sense 7 of the adjective) * high(形容词释义 7)的另一种说法 ■adv. so as to be very near; with very little space between 接近;紧靠n.1 Brit.【英】 a residential street without through access 死胡 同;死巷道 2 Brit. 【英】 the precinct surrounding a cathedral(大教堂周围的) 围地 3 Scottish【苏格兰】 an entry from the street to a common stairway or to a court at the back of a building(街道或公用楼梯或 后院的)入口,通道

-PHRASES 短语 **at (or from) close quarters (or range)** very or overly close to someone or some- thing 近距离地;非常靠近(某人或某物)**close-fisted** unwilling to spend money; mean吝啬的,小气的 **close-knit** (of a group of people) united by strong relationships and common interests(人群)团结 的,关系紧密的 **close-mouthed** reticent; discreet 缄口不言的,小心谨慎的**close-run** (of a contest or objective) won or lost by a very small margin(竞 赛或目标)险胜的,惜败的**close-set** (of things) thaving little space in between(东西)紧靠在一起的 **close shave** (also 亦作 **close call**) informal 【非正 式】a narrow escape from danger or disaster 侥幸脱险

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **closely** adv. **closeness** n. **closish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. clos, from L. clausum 'enclosure' and clausus 'closed' (past part. of claudere).

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**close²** /kləuz/v. 1 move so as to cover an opening 关闭;合拢2 (also 亦作 **close something up**) bring two parts of (something) together 闭合> make or become narrower or blocked(使)变窄; (使)阻塞:She felt her throat close up. 她觉得喉咙堵 住了。3(**close on/in on/up on**) gradually get nearer to or surround 逼近;靠近;包围(**close with**) come near, especially so as to engage with (an enemy force)(尤指为了交战)靠近(**close in**) (of days) get successively shorter with the approach of the winter solstice(白天)逐渐变短4 (**close around/over**) encircle and hold包住,抱, 握 5 bring or come to an end 结束,终止 finish speaking or writing说完;写完> satisfactorily conclude (a business transaction)成交(生意) 6(often 常用 **close down/up**) (of a business or other organization) cease to be open to the public or in operation(商店或机构)关门,歇业7 make (an electric circuit) continuous 闭合,接通(电路) ■n. 1 the end of an event or of a period of time or activity(事件、时期或活动的)结束,终止:The day drew to a close. 这一天要过去了。2 the shutting of a door 关门

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **closable** adj. **closer** n. **closing** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. clos-, stem of clore. from L. claudere 'to shut'.

**closed** /klǝuzd/ adj. 1 not open or allowing access 关闭的,封闭的not open to all 不对所有人开放的: The UN Security Council met in closed session. 联合国 安理会举行内部会议。2not communicating with or influenced by others 闭关自守的;封闭的: a **closed society** 封闭的社会 3 Mathematics【数】(of a set) having the property that the result of a specified operation on any element of the set is itself a member of the set(集)闭的4Geometry 【几】(of a curve or figure) formed from a single unbroken line(曲线或图形)闭合的5 Phonetics 【语音】(of a syllable) ending in a consonant(音节)闭音节的

-PHRASES 短语 **behind closed doors** taking place secretly 秘密地,暗中 a **closed book** a subject or person about which one knows nothing一窍不通的 事物;不了解的人

**closed caption** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】■n. one of a series of subtitles to a television programme, accessible through a decoder 闭路字幕,隐藏字 幕■v. (**closed-caption**) [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **closed-captioning**) provide (a programme) with closed captions 给(节目)提供闭路字幕

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **closed-captioned** adj.

**closed-circuit television** n. a television system in which the video signals are transmitted from one or more cameras by cable to a set of monitors, used especially for security purposes 闭路电视

**closed-end** adj. 1 having a predetermined and fixed extent 有预定限度的2N. Amer.【北美】denoting an investment trust or company that issues a fixed number of shares 封闭式的

**closed season**n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】another term for CLOSE SEASON * close season的另一种说法

**closed shop** n. a place of work where all employees must belong to an agreed trade union 只雇佣某 一工会会员的工作场所 an area of activity that is restricted to a particular small group(某一小群人 的)专用活动场地

**close harmony** ■n. Music 【音】 harmony in which the notes of the chord are close together, typically in vocal music(尤指声乐的)密集合声

**close-hauled** adj. & adv. Sailing 【帆】 with the sails hauled aft to sail close to the wind (扯帆船尾)迎风 航行的(地)

**close season** ■n. (also 亦作 **closed season**) 1 a period in the year when fishing or the killing of particular game is officially forbidden 禁渔期;禁猎 期2 Brit.【英】a part of the year when a particular sport is not played 休赛季

**close-stool** n. historical 【史义】 a covered chamber pot enclosed in a a wooden stool 马桶

**closet** /'klozit/ n. 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a tall cupboard or wardrobe 碗橱;衣橱;壁橱2a small room 小房间> archaic 【古】 a toilet 厕所3(**the closet**) (especially with reference to homosexua- lity) a state of secrecy or concealment(尤指同性 恋身份)保密,隐藏[as modifier 作修饰语] secret; covert 秘密的,隐蔽的,私下的: a closet socialist 地 下社会主义者 ■v. (closets, closeting, closeted) 1 shut away in private conference or study 把………关在(私 人议事房间或书房里): He was closeted with the king. 他与国王在房间里密谈。2[as adj.作形容词 **closeted**] keeping something, especially one's homosexuality, secret(尤指同性恋身份)未公开的,未出柜的

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., dimin. of clos(see见 CLOSE¹).

**closet play** (also亦作 **closet drama**) n. a play to be read rather than acted 案头剧,书斋剧(指仅供阅 读不会上演的戏剧)

**close-up** n. a photograph or film sequence taken at close range and showing the subject on a large scale (照片、电影的)特写境头

**closing order**n. English Law【英格兰律】an order by a local authority prohibiting the use of premises for specified purposes 查封令

**clostridium** /kld'strıdiəm/ n. (pl. **clostridia** /-diə/) Biology 【生物】an anaerobic bacterium of a large genus that includes many pathogenic species, e.g. those causing tetanus and botulism 梭(状芽孢 杆)菌

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 clostridial adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., based on Gk klöster 'spindle.

**closure** /'kləuzə(r)/ n. 1 an act or process of closing 关闭;闭合 2 a device that closes or seals something 闭合物 3 (in a legislative assembly) a procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote (立法院)辩论终止提付表决 4 a feeling that an emotional or traumatic experience has been resolved (情感的)解脫;(伤痛的)消除
> v. apply the closure to (a debate or speaker) in a legislative assembly(立法院)终止(辩论或发言)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from late L. clausura, from claus-, claudere 'to close.

**clot** /klpt/ n. 1 a thick mass of coagulated liquid, especially of blood, or of material stuck together (尤指血液的)凝块,血块 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a foolish or clumsy person 傻瓜,笨蛋
> v. (clots, clotting, clotted) form or cause to form into clots (使)凝块,(使)结团
> cover with sticky matter 用黏性物质覆盖
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clott, clot, of Gmc origin.

**cloth** /klpθ/ n. (pl. cloths) 1 woven, knitted, or felted fabric made from a soft fibre such as wool or cotton 织物;布料 2 a piece of cloth for a particular purpose (作特定用途的)一块布 3 (the cloth) the clergy; the clerical profession 神职人员,神职
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clath, of unknown origin.

**cloth cap** n. Brit. 【英】 a man's flat cap with a peak (带帽檐的男式)布帽,软帽
> [as modifier 作形容词】 relating to or associated with the working class 工人阶级的: Labour's traditional cloth-cap image 工党传统的工人阶级形象

**clothe** /klǝuð/ v. (past and past part. clothed or archaic or literary 【古或文】 clad) (often 常用 be clothed in) put clothes on; dress 给……穿衣】 provide with clothes 为……提供衣服
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (only recorded in the past part. geclāded), from clāth (see 见 CLOTH).

**cloth-eared** adj. Brit. informal, derogatory 【英,非正式,贬】 unable to hear or understand clearly 听觉不灵的;理解力差的

**clothes** /klǝuðz/ pl. n. items worn to cover the body 衣服,服装
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clāthas, pl. of clath (see 见 CLOTH).

**clothes horse** n. 1 a frame on which washed laundry is hung to dry 晾衣架,晒衣架 2 informal 【非正式】 a person who models or is over-concerned with wearing fashionable clothes 模特,讲究衣着的人,追逐时尚潮流的人

**clothes line** n. a rope or wire on which washed clothes are hung to dry 晾衣绳

**clothes moth** n. a small drab moth whose larvae can be destructive to textile fibres 衣蛾 [Tineola biselliella and related species.]

**clothes peg** (also N. Amer. 【亦北美】 clothespin) n. Brit. 【英】 a clip or forked device for securing clothes to a clothes line (晾衣用的)衣夹

**clothier** /'kləuðiə(r)/ n. a person who makes or sells clothes or cloth 布商;服装制造(或销售)商
-ORIGIN 词源 ME clother, from CLOTH; the change in the ending was due to assoc. with -IER.

**clothing** /'klǝuðıŋ/ n. clothes collectively (总称)衣服,服装

**cloth of gold** n. fabric made of wool or silk interwoven with gold threads 金线织物

**clotted cream** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 thick cream obtained by heating milk slowly and then allowing it to cool while the cream content rises to the top in coagulated lumps 浓缩稀奶油

**clotting factor** n. Physiology 【生理】 any of a number of substances in blood plasma which are involved in the clotting process, such as factor VIII 凝血因子

**cloture** /'kləutjuə(r)/ n. & v. US term for CLOSURE (sense 3 of the noun, verb) * closure (名词释义3和动词释义)的美式说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. clôture, from OFr. closure.

**clou** /klu:/ n. literary 【文】 the chief attraction, point of greatest interest, or central idea 最迷人之处;兴趣中心;中心思想
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'nail'.

**cloud** /klaud/ n. 1 a visible mass of condensed watery vapour floating in the atmosphere, typically high above the general level of the ground an indistinct or billowing mass, especially of smoke or dust 云状物;滚滚浪状物(尤指烟雾、烟尘) 2 a state or cause of gloom or anxiety 阴影;忧郁;焦虑 3 an opaque patch within a transparent substance (透明物质里的)云状物,混浊团 4 Computing 【计】 a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet and used to store, and manage data in place of local servers or personal computers
> v. 1 (usu. 通常用 cloud over) (of the sky) become full of clouds (天空)布满云层 2 make or become less clear or transparent (使)变模糊,(使)混浊 3 make unclear or uncertain 搅浑,使模糊;使不确定
> spoil (something) 破坏(某事) 4 (of the face or eyes) show sadness, anxiety, or anger (面部或眼睛)显现悲伤(或忧虑、愤怒)
-PHRASES 短语 in (or with one's head in) the clouds out of touch with reality 脱离现实的,想入非非的
> on cloud nine (or seven) extremely happy 极其快乐,乐不可支 [with ref. to a ten-part classification of clouds in which 'nine' was next to the highest.]
> under a cloud under suspicion or discredited 受怀疑;遭嫌疑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 cloudless adj. cloudlessly adv. cloudlet n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clūd 'mass of rock or earth'; prob. rel. to CLOT.

**cloud base** n. the level or altitude of the lowest part of a general mass of clouds 云底

**cloudberry** /'klaudberi/ n. (pl. cloudberries) a dwarf bramble with white flowers and edible orange fruit, growing on high, open land 兴安悬钩子

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: appar. from CLOUD in the obs. sense 'hill' + BERRY.

**cloudburst** /'klaudb3:st/ n. a sudden violent rainstorm 暴雨,骤雨

**cloud chamber** ■n. Physics 【物】 an apparatus in which the tracks of ionizing particles are visible as condensation trails in gas supersaturated with water or other vapour 云室

**cloud computing** n. the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a computer or a local server 云计算

**cloud cover** n. a mass of cloud covering all or most of the sky 云覆盖

**cloud cuckoo land** n. a state of absurdly over- optimistic fantasy 过分乐观的幻想状态,幻境,仙境

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: translation of Gk Nephelokok- kugia, a city built by the birds in Aristophanes' comedy Birds, from nephele 'cloud' + kokkux 'cuckoo.

**clouded leopard** n. a large spotted cat found in forests in SE Asia 云豹 [Neofelis nebulosa.]

**clouded yellow** n. a migratory butterfly which has yellowish wings with black margins 豆粉黄蝶 [Colias croceus and related species.]

**cloudy** /'klaudi/ adj. (**cloudier, cloudiest**) 1 (of the sky or weather) covered with or characterized by clouds(天空或天气)多云的,阴天的2(of a liquid) not transparent or clear(液体)不透明的, 混浊的3 uncertain or unclear不确定的,不清楚的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cloudily** adv. **cloudiness** n.

**clough** /klaf/ ■n. N. English 【英北】 a steep valley or ravine 峡谷:沟壑

-ORIGIN 词源 OE clōh (recorded in place names), of Gmc origin.

**clout** /klaut/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a heavy blow 猛 击,重敲 2 informal 【非正式】influence or power影 响;势力3 archaic 【古】 a piece of cloth or clothing 布块;衣服 4 Archery 【箭】 a large target placed flat on the ground with a flag marking its centre and used in long-distance shooting 地环靶,远程箭靶5 (also 亦作 **clout nail**) a nail with a large, flat head, used especially in securing roofing felt 大平头钉 ■v. 1 informal 【非正式】 hit hard 重击,猛击2 archaic 【古】mend with a patch 给………打补丁,缝补

-ORIGIN 词源 OE clut (in the sense 'a patch or metal plate'); rel. to CLEAT and CLOT.

**clove¹** /klǝuv/n. 1 the dried flower bud of a tropical tree, used as an aromatic spice(用作香料 的)丁香干花(**oil of cloves**) aromatic analgesic oil extracted from cloves and used medicinally to relieve dental pain 丁香油 2 the Indonesian tree from which cloves are obtained 丁子香,丁 香[Syzygium aromaticum (also called Eugenia caryophyllus).] 3(also 亦作 **clove pink** or **clove gillyflower**) a clove-scented pink which is the original type from which the carnation and other double pinks have been bred 香石竹 [Dianthus caryophyllus.]

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. clou de girofle, lit. 'nail of gillyflower' (from its shape), GILLYFLOWER being orig. the name of the spice and later applied to the similarly scented pink.

**clove²** /klǝuv/n. any of the small bulbs making up a compound bulb of garlic, shallot, etc. (大蒜、蔥葱等 的)小鳞茎

-ORIGIN 词源 OE clufu, of Gmc origin, corresp. to the base of CLEAVE¹.

**clove³** /klǝuv/past of CLEAVE¹ * cleave'的过去式

**clove hitch** n. a knot by which a rope is secured by passing it twice round a spar or another rope that it crosses at right angles in such a way that both ends pass under the loop of rope at the front 丁香结

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: clove, past tense of CLEAVE¹ (because the rope appears as separate parallel lines at the back of the knot).

**cloven** /'klǝuv(ə)n/ past participle of CLEAVE¹ * cleave¹ 的过去分词

**cloven hoof** (also 亦作 **cloven foot**) n. the divided hoof or foot of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer(牛、羊、鹿等的)偶蹄,分 趾蹄

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cloven-hoofed** adj.

**clover** /'kləvvə(r)/ n. a herbaceous leguminous plant with dense white or red globular flower heads and leaves which are typically three-lobed 车轴草 三叶草,苜蓿[Genus Trifolium: many species.]

-PHRASES 短语 **in clover** in ease and luxury 生活安 逸;养尊处优
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clafre, of Gmc origin.

**cloverleaf** /'kləvvəli:f/n. N. Amer. 【北美】a junction of roads intersecting at different levels and forming the pattern of a four-leaved clover 苜蓿叶形 交叉

**Clovis** /'klǝuvis/n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Archaeology 【考古】denoting a Palaeo-Indian culture of Central and North America, dated to about 11,500-11,000 years ago and earlier 克洛维斯文化

-ORIGIN 词源 named after Clovis in New Mexico.

**clown** /klaun/ n. 1 a comic entertainer, especially one in a circus, wearing a traditional costume and exaggerated make-up(尤指马戏团的)小丑,滑稽 演员 a playful, amusing person 耍宝搞笑的人2a foolish or incompetent person蠢人,无能的人3 archaic 【古】 an unsophisticated country person 乡下 人,土包子 ■V. act comically or playfully 要活宝

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clownish** adj. **clownishly** adv. **clownishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. of Low Ger. origin.

**clownfish** /'klaunfı∫/ ■n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **clown- fishes**) a small, brightly coloured tropical fish that lives in close association with sea anemones 带双锯鱼,小丑鱼 [Amphiprion percula and other species.]

**cloy** /klər/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **cloying**] disgust or sicken with an excess of sweetness, richness, or sentiment (因太甜、太浓或过于多愁善感)使发腻, 倒胃口

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cloyingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: shortening of obs. accloy 'stop up, choke', from OFr. encloyer 'drive a nail into.

**clozapine** /'kləuzəpi:n/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 a drug used to treat schizophrenia 氯氮平

-ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th cent: from c(h)lo(ro)- + elements of BENZODIAZEPINE.

**cloze test** /kləuz/n. a procedure in which a C subject is asked to supply words that have been removed from a passage as a test of their ability to comprehend text 完形填空

-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: cloze representing a spoken abbrev. of CLOSURE.

**club¹** /klab/n. 1 an association dedicated to a particular interest or activity 俱乐部,联谊会> an organization constituted to play matches in a particular sport 体育俱乐部 2 an organization offering members social amenities, meals, and temporary residence(提供娱乐、餐饮、住宿的)会 所,俱乐部3anightclub with dance music 夜总会 ■v. (**clubs, clubbing, clubbed**) 1 (**club together**) combine with others to collect a sum of money 联合筹款,凑份子2(usu.通常用 **go clubbing**) informal【非正式】 go out to nightclubs 去夜总会

-PHRASES 短语 **join the club** informal【非正式】a remark addressed to someone who is in a similar difficult situation to oneself 彼此彼此
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clubber** n. **clubbing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: formed obscurely from CLUS².

**club²** /klab/n. 1 a heavy stick with a thick end, used as a weapon 大头棒,棍棒2 (also 亦作 **golf club**) a club used to hit the ball in golf, with a heavy wooden or metal head on a slender shaft 高尔夫球杆 3 (**clubs**) one of the four suits in a conventional pack of playing cards, denoted by a black trefoil (纸牌戏中的)梅花 a card of such a suit 梅花牌 ■v. (**clubs, clubbing, clubbed**) beat with a club or similar implement 棒击

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON clubba, var. of klumba; rel. to CLUMP.

**clubbable** /'kləbəbl/ adj. suitable for member-ship of a club because of one's sociability or popularity 够 俱乐部会员资格的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clubbability** n.

**clubby** /'klabi/ adj. informal 【非正式】friendly and sociable with fellow members of a group but not with outsiders 只对圈内人友善的;排外的

**club car** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a railway carriage equipped with a lounge and other amenities 俱乐 部车

**club class** n. Brit. 【英】 the intermediate class of seating on an aircraft, designed especially for business travellers(尤针对商务旅客的)公务舱,俱 乐舱

**club foot** n. a deformed foot which is twisted so that the sole cannot be placed flat on the ground 畸 形足

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **club-footed** adj.

**clubhouse** /'klabhaus/ n. a building having facilities for the members of a club, especially a sports club 俱乐部,(尤指)体育俱乐部

**clubland** /'klablænd/ n. an area with many nightclubs 俱乐部区 the world of nightclubs and clubbers 花花世界

**clubmoss** /'klabmps/n. a low-growing flowerless plant belonging to a group of pteridophytes resembling large mosses 石松 [Class Lycopsida: many species.]

**clubroot** /'klabru:t/ n. a fungal disease of cabbages, turnips, etc. in which the root becomes swollen and distorted 根肿病

**club sandwich** n. a sandwich consisting typically of chicken and bacon, tomato, and lettuce, layered between three slices of bread 总会三明治

**club soda** n. trademark 【商标】 North American term for SODA (sense 1) * soda (释义1)的北美说法

**cluck** /klak/ v. 1 (of a hen) make a short, low sound(母鸡) 咯咯叫2 (**cluck over/around**) express fussy concern about 唠叨 n. 1 the short, low sound made by a hen(母鸡的)咯咯叫声 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a foolish person 傻 瓜,笨蛋

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clucky** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: imitative.

**clue** /klu: n. a fact or piece of evidence used to solve a crime or that serves to reveal something (案件侦破中的)线索;(揭示事物的)证据,提示■V. (**clues, clueing, clued**) (**clue someone in**) informal 【非正式】inform someone about something 告诉某 人(某事)

-PHRASES 短语 **have a clue** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定 结构连用] informal 【非正式】know about something or about how to do something 知道某事;懂得如何 行事
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. 'a ball of thread', hence one used to guide a person out of a labyrinth): var. of CLEW.

**clued-up** (N. Amer. 【北美】**clued-in**) adj. informal 【非正式】well informed about a particular subject (对……)非常了解的,很熟悉

**clueless** /'klu:ləs/ adj. informal 【非正式】 having no knowledge, understanding, or ability一无所知的, 一窃不通的,无能为力的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cluelessly** adv. **cluelessness** n.

**Clumber spaniel** /'klambǝ/ n. a spaniel of a heavily built breed 克伦伯猎獚

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire.

**clump** /klamp/ n. 1 a small group of trees or plants growing closely together 树丛,植物丛a compacted mass or lump团,块 Physiology 【生 理】 an agglutinated mass of blood cells or bacteria, especially as an indicator of the presence of an antibody to them(尤指表明抗体存在的)血细胞团 块,细菌凝块2 another term for CLOMP * clomp 的另 一种说法 ■v. 1 form into a clump or mass 丛生;结 块;凝团2 another term for CLOMP * clomp 的另一种 说法

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: partly imitative; rel. to CLUB².

**clumpy** /klampi/ adj. 1 (also 亦作 **clompy**) Brit. 【英】(of shoes or boots) heavy and inelegant(鞋 或靴)笨重的2 forming or showing a tendency to form clumps 结块的,易凝成块的

**clumsy** /'klamzi/ adj. (**clumsier, clumsiest**) 1 awkward in movement or performance 笨拙的;不 灵巧的 difficult to handle or use; unwieldy 难处理 的,难使用的,笨拙的2 lacking tact or social skills 不得体的,不圆通的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clumsily** adv. **clumsiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. clumse 'make or be numb', prob. of Scand. origin.

**clunch** /klon(t)∫/n. Brit. 【英】 soft limestone that is capable of being easily worked 黏土

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from dial. clunch 'lumpy, thickset.

**clung** /klon/past and past participle of CLING * cling 的过去式和过去分词

**Cluniac** /'klu:niæk/ n. a monk of a reformed Benedictine monastic order founded at Cluny in eastern France 克吕尼修会修士

**clunk** /klaŋk/n. 1 a dull sound such as that made by heavy objects striking together吮的一声,哐啷声 2 US informal【美,非正式】a foolish person傻瓜, 蠢人■v. move with or make a clunk 咣当作响地移 动;发哐啷声

-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. Scots): imitative; cf. CLANK, CLINK¹, and CLONK.

**clunker** /'klaŋkə(r)/n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非 正式】1 a dilapidated vehicle or machine 破旧汽车 (或机器)2 a thing that is totally unsuccessful 失败之 物,败笔

**clunky** /'klaŋki/ adj. (**clunkier, clunkiest**) informal 【非正式】1 solid, heavy, and old-fashioned 厚重过时 的(of shoes) clumpy (鞋子)笨重的2making a clunking sound 发哐啷声的

**clupeoid** /'klu:piǝrd/ adj. Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting fish of an order (Clupeiformes) including the herrings and anchovies 鯡科的

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Clupeoidei (a suborder), from L. clupea, the name of a river fish.

**cluster** /'klastə(r)/ n. 1 a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together 簇,团,束,串;(人、物集中出现的)群,团,组 ➤ a natural subgroup of a population, used for statistical sampling or analysis(用于统计抽样 或分析的)整群,群2 Chemistry 【化】 a group of atoms of the same element, typically a metal, bonded closely together in a molecule簇,团 ■v. form a cluster 群聚;丛生Statistics【统】(of data points) have similar numerical values(数据 点)集中,聚集

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clustered** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE clyster; prob. rel. to CLOT.

**cluster bean**n. another term for GUAR * guar 的另 一种说法

**cluster bomb**n. a bomb which releases a number of projectiles on impact 集束炸弹

**cluster fly** n. a fly which forms clusters in buildings before overwintering 粉蝇 [Pollenia rudis and Thaumatomyia notata.]

**cluster pine** n. another term for MARITIME PINE * maritime pine 的另一种说法

**clutch¹** /klatf/v. grasp tightly 緊握;抓紧>(clutch C at) seize eagerly or in desperation 急忙抓住;拼命 抓牢:He clutched at the idea.他抱定这个想法不放。 ■n. 1 a tight grasp紧握,抓住2 (**clutches**) power or control 权力;控制:She was about to fall into his clutches.她即将落入他的魔爪。3a mechanism for connecting and disconnecting the engine and the transmission system in a vehicle, or the working parts of any machine 离合器 4 N. Amer. 【北美】a clutch bag 手包,手抓包

-ORIGIN 词源ME (in the sense 'bend, crook') : var. of obs. clitch 'close the hand', from OE clyccan 'crook, clench, of Gmc origin.

**clutch²** /klatf/n. 1 a group of eggs fertilized at the same time, laid in a single session and (in birds) incubated together 同时受精的一组卵 a brood of chicks 一窝小鸡 2 a small group of people or things 一小群(人);一小批(物品)

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. a southern var. of north. Engl. dial. cletch, rel. to ME cleck 'to hatch', from ON klekja.

**clutch bag** (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】**clutch**) n. a slim, flat handbag without handles or a strap 手包, 手抓包

**clutter** /'klatə(r)/ v. cover or fill with an untidy collection of things乱堆;塞满: The lounge was cluttered with books and newspapers.休息室里一些书 和报纸胡乱堆放着。■n. things lying about untidily 凌乱的东西,杂乱的东西 an untidy state 凌乱,杂乱

-ORIGIN 词源ME: var. of dial. clotter 'to clot, influ- enced by CLUSTER and CLATTER.

**Clydesdale** /'klaıdzdeıl/ n. 1 a horse of a heavy, powerful breed, used for pulling heavy loads 克莱德 谷马2 a dog of a small breed of terrier 克莱德谷小 猎犬

-ORIGIN 词源 named after the area around the river Clyde in Scotland, where they were orig. bred.

**clypeus** /'klıpiǝs/n. (pl. **clypei** /-piar/) Entomology 【昆】a broad plate at the front of an insect's head 唇基

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **clypeal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'round shield.

**clyster** /'klıstə(r)/ n. archaic term for ENEMA * enema 的古代说法

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. clystere or L. clyster, from Gk kluster 'syringe.

**CM** abbr. 1 command module 2 common metre 3 Member of the Order of Canada 加拿大勋章获得者

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**Cm** symb. the chemical element curium(化学元 素)铜

**Cm.** abbr. (in the UK) Command Paper (sixth series, 1986-)(英国)赦令书(第6辑,1986至今)

**cm** abbr. centimetre(s)

**Cmd.** abbr. (in the UK) Command Paper (fourth series, 1918-1956) (英国)赦令书(第4辑,1918至 1956年)

**Cmdr**abbr. Commander

**Cmdre** abbr. Commodore

**CMG** abbr. (in the UK) Companion (of the Order) of St Michael and St George(英国)圣迈克 尔和圣乔治三等爵士

**Cmnd.** abbr. (in the UK) Command Paper (fifth series, 1956-1986)(英国)赦令书(第5辑,1956至 1986年)

**c'mon** /kə'mon/contr. come on 来吧,快点儿: C'mon, it'll be fun!来吧,很好玩的!

**CMOS** ■n. Electronics 【电子】 a technology for making low-power integrated circuits 互补金属氧化物半导体 技术➤a chip based on such technology 互补金属氧 化物半导体芯片

-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor.

**CMV** abbr. cytomegalovirus

**Cn** symb. the chemical element copernicium(化学 元素)锝

**CNAA** abbr. (formerly in the UK) Council for National Academic Awards(英国以前的)国家学位 颁授委员会

**CND** abbr. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 核 裁军运动

**CNG** abbr. compressed natural gas 压缩天然气

**cnidarian** /(k)nar'deəriən/ Zoology 【动】 ■n. an aquatic invertebrate animal of the phylum Cnidaria, which comprises the coelenterates 刺胞动物 ■adj. relating to cnidarians 刺胞动物的

-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Cnidaria, from Gk knidē 'nettle.

**CNN** abbr. Cable News Network 有线电视新闻网

**CNS** abbr. central nervous system

**CO** abbr. 1 Colombia (international vehicle registration)哥伦比亚(国际车船注册)2 Colorado (in official postal use)(美国)科罗拉多州(正 式邮政用语)3Commanding Officer 指挥官 4 conscientious objector

**Co**symb. the chemical element cobalt (化学元素)钴

**Co.** abbr. 1 company 2 county

**c/o** abbr. care of 由(某人)转交

**co-** /kǝu/ prefix 1 (forming nouns) joint; mutual; common(构成名词)联合的;互相的,共同的: **co-author** 合著者 2 (forming adjectives) jointly; mutually(构成形容词)联合地;互相地:**coequal** 相等的 3 (forming verbs) together with another or others (构成动词)共同:**co-produce** 协作4 Mathematics【数】 of the complement of an angle 余角的: **cosine** 余弦 the complement of 余,补: **co-latitude** 余纬度

-ORIGIN 词源 from L., orig. a form of соm-.

**coacervate** /kəu'æsǝvert/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a colloid-rich viscous liquid phase which may separate from a colloidal solution on addition of a third component 凝聚层

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: back-form. from coacervation, based on L. cum (together) with' + acervus 'heap.

**coach¹** /kǝut∫/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a comfortably equipped single-decker bus used for longer journeys(单层)长途客车,长途公共汽车2 a railway carriage 铁路客车厢3(also亦作 **coach class**) N. Amer.【北美】economy-class seating in an aircraft or train(飞机的)经济舱,(火车的)普通座4a closed horse-drawn carriage 封闭式马车 v. travel or convey by coach 乘坐长途公共汽车(旅行),用长 途客车运送

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coachload** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. coche, from Hungarian kocsi (szekér)' (wagon) from Kocs', a town in Hungary.

**coach²** /kǝut∫/ ■n. 1 an instructor or trainer in sport (体育)教练,指导 2 a tutor who gives private or specialized teaching 私人教师,专业教师3 Austral. 【澳】 another term for COACHER * coacher 的另一种说 法■v. train or teach as a coach 训练;辅导

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: figuratively from COACH¹

**coach bolt** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a large bolt with a round head, used chiefly for fixing wooden panels to masonry or to one another 方头螺栓

**coach-built** adj. Brit. 【英】 (of a vehicle) having specially or individually built bodywork(车辆)有 特殊车体的,有个性化车身的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coachbuilder** n.

**coacher** /'kǝutfə(r)/n. Austral. 【澳】 a docile cow or bullock used as a decoy to attract wild cattle(用 以诱捕野牛的)温顺的母牛(或阉牛)

**coach house** n. a building formerly used for the storage of coaches 马车房

**coaching inn**n. historical 【史义】 an inn along a route followed by horse-drawn coaches, at which horses could be changed 驿站

**coachman** /'kǝutſmən/ n. (pl. **coachmen**) a driver of a horse-drawn carriage 马车夫

**coachroof** /'kǝutfru:f/ n. a raised part of the cabin roof of a yacht(游艇的)半显露舱室

**coachwhip** /'kǝutſwip/ n. 1 a harmless North American snake, whose scales form a pattern said to resemble a braided whip 鞭蛇 [Masticophis flagellum.] 2 Austral. 【澳】 the whipbird 鞭鸟

**coachwood** /'kǝutfwud/ n. a slender tree of the rainforests of Australia and New Guinea, with close-grained timber that is used for cabinetmaking and veneers 角瓣木 [Ceratopetalum apetalum.]

**coachwork** /'kǝutfw3:k/ n. the bodywork of a road or railway vehicle(汽车或火车)车身,车体

**coadjutor** /kəu'ædzutə(r)/ n. a bishop appointed to assist and often to succeed a diocesan bishop 修士

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. coadjutor, from co- + adjutor 'assistant.

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**coagulant** /kəu'ægjulənt/ n. a substance that causes coagulation 促凝剂;凝血药

**coagulase** /kǝu'ægjuleız, s/n. Biochemistry 【生 化】 a bacterial enzyme which brings about the coagulation of blood or plasma and is produced by disease-causing forms of staphylococcus 凝固酶

**coagulate** /kəu'ægjuleit/ v. (of a fluid, especially blood) change to a solid or semi-solid state(流体, 尤指血液)凝结

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coagulable** adj. **coagulation** n. **coagulative** adj. **coagulator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. coagulat-, coagulare 'curdle.

**coagulum** /kəu'ægjuləm/ n. (pl. **coagula** /-lə/) a mass of coagulated matter 凝块,凝团

-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a coagulant): from L., lit. 'rennet.

**coal** /kǝul/ n. a combustible black rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter and used as fuel 煤>Brit.【英】a piece of coal 煤块 ■v. provide with or extract coal供煤;提炼煤

-PHRASES 短语 **coals to Newcastle** something supplied to a place where it is already plentiful 多此 一举,徒劳无益 **haul (also N. Amer. 【亦北美】rake) someone over the coals** reprimand someone severely 痛斥某人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coaly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE col (in the senses 'glowing ember' and 'charred remnant'), of Gmc origin.

**coaler** /'kələ(r)/ ■n. 1 a ship that transports coal 运 煤船 2 a large mechanized structure for loading coal 大型装煤器械

**coalesce** /kəvə'les/ v. come or bring together to form one mass or whole结合,联合;汇合,接合: The puddles had coalesced into shallow streams. 小水 注汇成了小溪。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coalescence** n. **coalescent** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. coalescere, from co- + alescere 'grow up.

**coalface** /'kǝulfers/ n. an exposed surface of coal in a mine 采煤工作面

-PHRASES 短语 **at the coalface** engaged in work at an active rather than theoretical level 工作在一线的

**coalfield** /'kǝulfi:ld/ n. an extensive area containing a number of underground coal strata 煤田

**coalfish** /'kǝulfif/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **coalfishes**) another term for SAITHE * saithe的另一种说法

**coal gas** n. a mixture of gases (chiefly hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide) obtained by distilling coal and formerly used for lighting and heating 煤气

**coalition** /kəvə'lı∫n/ n. a temporary alliance, especially of political parties forming a government (尤指组成政府的政党的)临时结合,联合,联盟

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coalitionist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'fusion'): from med. L. coalitio(n-), from L. coalescere (see见 COALESCE).

**coal measures** pl. n. Geology 【地质】 a series of strata of the Carboniferous period, including coal seams 含煤岩系

**Coalport** /'kǝulpo:t/ n. a kind of porcelain produced at Coalport in Shropshire, England, from the late 18th century 科尔波特瓷器

**coal tar** n. a thick black liquid produced by distil- ling bituminous coal, containing organic chemicals including benzene, naphthalene, phenols, and aniline 煤焦油

**coal tit** (also 亦作 **cole tit**) n. a small tit (song- bird) with a grey back, black cap and throat, and white cheeks 煤山雀 [Parus ater.]

**coaming** /'kǝumıŋ/(also 亦作 **coamings**) n. a raised border round the cockpit or hatch of a yacht or other boat to keep out water(挡水用的)舱口 围板

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**coaptation** /kəuæp'teın/ n. 1 the adaptation of things or people to each other(事物或人之间的)彼 此适应 2 Medicine 【医】 the drawing together of the separated tissue in a wound or fracture 接合; 接骨

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. coaptatio(n-), from coaptare (from aptus 'apt').

**coarctate** /kəu'a:ktest/ adj. chiefly Anatomy & Biology 【主解和生物】compressed; contracted 紧压的,缩窄的

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. coarctat-, coarctare 'press or draw together.

**coarctation** /kəua:k'terſn/ n. Medicine【医】 congenital narrowing of a short section of the aorta 主动脉缩窄,主动脉狭窄

**coarse** /kɔ:s/ adj. 1 rough or harsh in texture; unrefined 粗的;粗糙的consisting of large grains or particles 粗粒的: a **coarse** white powder 大颗粒 白色粉末2(of a person's features) not elegantly formed or proportioned(人的外貌)难看的,不精 致的 3 rude or vulgar 粗鲁的,粗俗的4Brit.【英】 relating to the sport of angling for coarse fish 与淡水 鱼垂钓有关的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coarsely** adv. **coarseness** n. **coarsish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'ordinary or infer- ior'): origin uncertain; perh. rel. to COURSE.

**coarse fish** ■n. (pl. **same** 单复同)Brit.【英】any freshwater fish other than salmon and trout(除鲑鱼 和鳟鱼以外的)淡水鱼 Compare with 比较 GAME FISH.

**coarsen** /'kɔ:s(ə)n/ ■v. make or become coarse(使) 变粗糙

**coast** /kəust/ n. 1 the part of the land adjoining or near the sea 海岸,海滨2 the easy movement of a vehicle without the use of power(车辆的)滑行 ■V. 1 (of a vehicle) move easily without using power (车辆)滑行 be successful with little effort 轻易取 得成功:They coasted to victory. 他们轻松获胜。2 sail along the coast 沿岸航行

-PHRASES 短语 **the coast is clear** there is no danger of being observed or caught 没有被发现(或被抓住) 的危险

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coastal** adj. **coastwise** adj. & adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'side of the body'), from OFr. coste (n.), costeier (v.), from L. costa 'rib, flank, side.

**coasteering** /'kǝustiǝrın/n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】the sport or activity of exploring a rocky coastline by climbing, jumping, and swimming 海岸攀岩(在岩 C 石林立的海岸攀岩、跳水和游泳的运动)

-ORIGIN 词源 blend of COAST and MOUNTAINEERING.

**coaster** /'kəstə(r)/ n. 1 a small mat for a glass 瓶 垫,杯垫 2 a ship carrying cargo along the coast from port to port(港口间的)货运船3 N. Amer.【北 美】a toboggan 平底雪橇 4 a roller coaster 过山车

**coastguard** /'kǝustga:d/ n. a person or organization that keeps watch over coastal waters to assist people or ships in danger and to prevent smuggling 海岸警卫 队员,海岸警卫队

**coastline** /'kǝustlaın/ n. a length of coast 海岸线: a rugged coastline 崎岖海岸线

**coast to coast** adj. & adv. all the way across an island or continent 跨岛屿(的);跨大陆(的)

**coat** /kǝut/ n. 1 a full-length outer garment with sleeves 外套;外衣 a man's jacket(男子的)上衣, 夹克 2 an animal's covering of fur or hair(动物的) 皮毛 3 an enclosing or covering layer or structure 外 层,覆盖层 a single application of paint or similar material(油漆等的)涂层■v. provide with or form a layer or covering 给………涂层,用…覆盖

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-coated** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cote, of unknown origin.

**coat armour** ■n. heraldic arms 纹章

**coat check** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a cloakroom with an attendant(有服务员的)衣帽间

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coat-checker** n.

**coat dress** n. a woman's tailored dress that resembles a coat 风衣式连衣裙,外套式连裙装

**coatee** /kǝu'ti:/n. Brit. 【英】 a woman's or infant's short coat 女式(或婴儿)短上衣

**coati** /kəu'a:ti/ n. (pl. **coatis**) a raccoon-like animal found in Central and South America, with a long flexible snout and a ringed tail 长鼻浣熊,南 美浣熊 [Genera Nasua and Nasuella: three or four species.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. and Port., from Tupi kua'ti, from cua 'belt' + tim 'nose.

**coatimundi** /kǝua:tı'mandi/ n. (pl. **coatimundis**) another term for COATI * coati的另一种说法

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Port., from Tupi kuatimu'ne, from kua'ti (see见 COATI) + mu'ne 'snare or trick.

**coating** /'kǝutın/ n. a thin layer or covering of something 涂层,覆盖层

**coat of arms** n. the distinctive heraldic bearings or shield of a person, family, corporation, or country (个人、家庭或国家的)盾形纹章,盾徽

**coat of mail** n. historical 【史义】 a jacket composed of metal rings or plates, serving as armour 锁子甲

**coatroom** /'kǝtru:m/n. N. Amer.【北美】a cloakroom 衣帽间

**coat-tail** n. each of the flaps formed by the back of a tailcoat(燕尾服的)燕尾

**co-author** n. a joint author 合著者 ■v. be a joint author of 合著

**coax¹** /kəuks/v. persuade (someone) gradually or by flattery to do something 劝诱,哄劝>use such persuasion to obtain (something)通过劝诱(或哄 劝)得到(某物) arrange (something) carefully into a particular shape or position 把………精心摆弄成某 种形状(或姿势)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coaxer** n. **coaxing** adj. **coax- ingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'pet, fondle'): from obs. cokes 'simpleton', of unknown origin.

**coax²** /'kǝuæks/n. informal 【非正式】coaxial cable 同轴电缆

**coaxial** /kəu'æksiəl/ adj. 1 having a common axis 共轴的,同轴的2(of a cable or line) transmitting by means of two concentric conductors separated by an insulator(电缆或电线)同轴传输的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coaxially** adv.

**cob¹** /kpb/n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a round loaf of bread圆 面包2 short for CORNCOB * corncob的缩略式3(also 亦作 **cobnut**) a hazelnut or filbert 欧洲榛子4a powerfully built, short-legged horse(强壮的)矮 脚马,短腿马 5 a male swan 雄天鹅 6 Brit.【英】a roundish lump of coal 圆煤块

-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a strong man or leader): of unknown origin.

**cob²** /kpb/n. Brit. 【英】 a mixture of compressed clay and straw used, especially formerly, for building walls(尤指旧时用黏土加稻草压制而成的)筑墙用草泥

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**cobalamin** /kə(u)'bæləmın/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 any of the vitamin B12 group of cobalt-containing substances or their derivatives, a deficiency of which can cause pernicious anaemia 维生素B12

-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of COBALT and VITAMIN.

**cobalt** /'kǝubo:lt, plt/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 27, a hard silvery-white magnetic metal 钴(化学元素,原子序数为27,银白色磁性硬金 属)(Symbol符: Co)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cobaltic** /kə(u)'bo:ltık, -'bolt-/ adj. **cobaltous** /kə(u)'bə:ltəs, -'bolt-/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ger. Kobalt 'imp, demon' (from the belief that cobalt was harmful to the ores with which it occurred).

**cobalt blue** n. a deep blue pigment containing cobalt and aluminium oxides 钴蓝

**cobber** /'kvbə(r)/ n. Austral. /NZ informal 【澳新,非 正式】a companion or friend 伙伴,朋友

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. rel. to Engl. dial. cob 'take a liking to.

**cobble¹** /'kpbl/n. (also 亦作 **cobblestone**) a small round stone used to cover road surfaces(铺路用的) 鹅卵石,小圆石

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cobbled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from coB¹ + -LE².

**cobble²** /'kpbl/ v. 1 (**cobble something together**) roughly assemble something from available parts or elements 胡乱拼凑;粗制滥造2 dated【过时】repair (shoes) 修补(鞋)

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: back-form. from соBBLER.

**cobbler** /'kəblə(r)/ n. 1 a person whose job is mending shoes 修鞋匠 2 an iced drink made with wine or sherry, sugar, and lemon(用葡萄酒或雪利酒 ●加糖和柠檬制成的)科布乐冷饮3 chiefly N. Amer. 【主 北美】a fruit pie with a rich, cake-like crust 脆皮水 ●果馅饼4(**cobblers**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a man's testicles 睾丸 [from rhyming sl. cobbler's awls 'balls.]➤ nonsense 胡说,废话

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**cobby** /'kpbi/ adj. (of a horse or other animal) stocky(马或其他动物)粗壮的,结实的

**co-belligerent** n. any of two or more nations engaged in war as allies 战争中的同盟国

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-belligerence** n.

**cobia** /'kəubiǝ/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a large edible game fish living in the open ocean 军曹鱼 [Rachycentron canadum.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**coble** /'kǝubl/ n. a flat-bottomed fishing boat of a type used in Scotland and NE England(苏格兰及英 格兰东北部的)平底渔船

-ORIGIN 词源 OE, perh. of Celtic origin.

**cobnut** /'kpbnat/ n. see见 COB² (sense 3释义3).

**cobra** /'kǝubrə, 'kpbrǝ/ n. a highly venomous African or Asian snake that spreads the skin of its neck into a hood when disturbed 眼镜蛇 [Naja naja (spectacled cobra), N. haje (Egyptian cobra), and other species.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Port. cobra de capello, lit. 'snake with hood.

**co-branded** adj. (of a product or service) marketed under or carrying two or more brand names(产品 或服务)联合品牌的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-branding** n.

**cobweb** /'kpbweb/ n. a spider's web, especially an old or dusty one(尤指年久的或布满尘土的)蜘蛛网

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cobwebbed** adj. **cobwebby** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME coppeweb, from obs. coppe 'spider' + WEB.

**coca** /'kǝukǝ/ n. 1 a tropical American shrub grown for its leaves, which are the source of cocaine 古柯[Erythroxylum coca.] 2 the dried leaves of the coca shrub mixed with lime and chewed as a stimulant by the native people of western South America 古柯叶

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp., from Aymara kuka or Quechua koka.

**Coca-Cola** /kəkə'kələ/ n. trademark【商标】a carbonated non-alcoholic drink 可口可乐

**cocaine** /kə(u)'keın/ n. an addictive drug derived from coca or prepared synthetically, used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local anaesthetic 可卡因

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from COCA + -INE.

**coccidia** /kpk'sıdiǝ/ pl. n. Biology 【生物】 parasitic protozoans of a group responsible for toxoplasmosis and other diseases 球虫 [Suborder Eimeriorina.]

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coccidian** adj. & n. **coccidiosis** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. (former order C name), from Gk kokkis, dimin. of kokkos 'berry.

**coccidioidomycosis** /kpk,sıdi,ədəumaı'kǝusıs/ ■n. a serious fungal disease of the lungs and other tissues, endemic in the warmer, arid regions of America 球孢子菌病

-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from mod. L. Coccidioides (genus name of the fungus) + MYCOSIS.

**coccolith** /'kokǝlı0/n. Biology 【生物】 a minute rounded calcareous platelet, numbers of which form the spherical shells of coccolithophores 颗 石粒

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kokkos 'grain or berry' + lithos 'stone.

**coccolithophore** /kpkǝ(u)'lıǝfɔ:/■n. Biology 【生 物】 a single-celled planktonic flagellate that secretes a calcareous shell 颗石藻 [Order Coccolithopho- rida.]

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coccolithophorid** n. & adj.

**Coccus** /'kpkəs/ n. (pl. **cocci** /-'kok(s)aı, 'kok(s)i:/ Biology 【生物】any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium 球菌

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coccal** adj. **coccoid** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18(denoting a scale insect): mod. L., from Gk kokkos 'berry'.

**coccyx** /'koksiks/n. (pl. **coccyges** /-1dzi:z/ or **coccyxes**) a small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae 尾骨

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coccygeal** /kpk'sıdziəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: via L. from Gk kokkux 'cuckoo' (because the shape of the human bone resembles the cuckoo's bill).

**Cochin** /'kǝutfin, 'kptfin/ (also 亦作 **Cochin China**) ■n. a chicken of an Asian breed with feathery legs 交 趾鸡

**cochineal** / kotfr'ni:l, 'kotſini:l/ n. 1 a scarlet dye used for colouring food, made from the crushed dried bodies of a female scale insect 胭脂虫红染料 (用于食品染色) 2 (**cochineal insect**) the scale insect that is used for cochineal, native to Mexico and formerly widely cultivated on cacti 胭脂虫 [Dactylopius coccus.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. cochenille or Sp. cochinilla, from L. coccinus 'scarlet'.

**cochlea** /'kokliə/ n. (pl. **cochleae** /-klii:/) the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations 耳蜗

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to sound vibrations 耳蜗
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cochlear** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L., 'snail shell or screw'.

**cock¹** /kɒk/ n. 1 a male bird, especially of a domestic fowl 雄禽;(尤指)公鸡 ➤used in names of birds, especially game birds, e.g. **snowcock**(用于禽类的名称中,尤用于猎鸟名,如雪鸡) ➤Brit. 【英】 a male lobster, crab, or salmon 雄龙虾;雄蟹;雄鮭 ➤Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a friendly form of address among men 老兄,伙计 2 vulgar slang 【粗俚】 a man's penis 鸡巴 3 Brit. informal【英,非正式】nonsense 废话,无稽之谈 4 a firing lever in a gun which can be raised to be released by the trigger(枪的)撞针,击铁 5 a stopcock 龙头,旋塞 ■v. 1 tilt (something) in a particular direction 使倾斜 ➤bend or raise a (limb or joint) at an angle 弯曲,翘起(肢体或关节) 2 raise the cock of (a gun) in order to make it ready for firing 扣上(枪)的扳机(准备射击) 3 (**cock something up**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】spoil or ruin something 把…搞糟,破坏
-**PHRASES** 短语 **cock one's ear** (of a dog) raise its ears to an erect position(狗)竖起耳朵 **cock one's eye** glance in a quizzical or knowing manner with a raised eyebrow 好奇(或会意)一瞥 **cock of the walk** someone who dominates others within a group 称王称霸者,称雄者
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE cocc, from med. L. coccus; reinforced in ME by OFr. coq.

**cock²** /kɒk/ n. dated 【过时】 a small pile of hay or other material, with vertical sides and a rounded top(干草等的)小堆 ■v. archaic 【古】 pile (hay or other material) into a cock(把干草等)堆成堆
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. of Scand. origin.

**cockabully** /'kɒkəbʊli/ n. (pl. **cockabullies**) NZ 【新】a small blunt-nosed freshwater fish related to the sleepers 鮈塘鳢 [Genus Gobiomorphus.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Maori kokopu.

**cockade** /kɒ'keɪd/ n. a rosette or knot of ribbons worn in a hat as a badge of office or as part of a livery 帽章,帽徽
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cockaded** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. cocarde, orig. in bonnet à la coquarde, from the fem. of obs. coquard 'saucy'.

**cock-a-doodle-doo** /kɒkəduːdl'duː/ exclam. used to represent the sound made by a cock when it crows 喔喔喔(公鸡的打鸣声)

**cock-a-hoop** /kɒkə'huːp/ adj. extremely pleased 欢腾的,得意洋洋的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from the phr. set cock a hoop, of unknown origin, appar. denoting the action of turning on a tap and allowing liquor to flow.

**cock-a-leekie** /kɒkə'liːki/ n. a soup traditionally made in Scotland with chicken and leeks(苏格兰)鸡肉韭葱汤

**cockalorum** /kɒkə'lɔːrəm/ ■n. (pl. **cockalorums**) informal, dated 【非正式,过时】 a self-important man 妄自尊大的人
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: an arbitrary formation from **COCK¹**.

**cockamamie** /'kɒkə,meɪmi/ (also 亦作 **cockamamy**) ■adj. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】ridiculous; nonsensical 荒诞可笑的;无意义的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1940s (orig. denoting a design left by a transfer): prob. an alt. of **DECALCOMANIA**.

**cock and bull story** n. informal 【非正式】 a ridiculous and implausible story 荒诞故事,无稽之谈

**cockatiel** /kɒkə'tiːl/ n. a slender long-crested Australian parrot related to the cockatoos, with a mainly grey body and a yellow and orange face 鸡尾鹦鹉 [Nymphicus hollandicus.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Du. kaketielje, prob. a dimin. of kaketoe 'cockatoo'.

**cockatoo** /kɒkə'tuː/ n. a parrot with an erectile crest, found in Australia, eastern Indonesia, and neighbouring islands 凤头鹦鹉 [Family Cacatuidae: numerous species.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Du. kaketoe, from Malay kakatua.

**cockatrice** /'kɒkətraɪs, -trɪs/ n. another term for **BASILISK** (sense 1) * basilisk(释义1)的另一种说法
> **Heraldry**【纹章】 a mythical animal depicted as a two-legged dragon (or wyvern) with a cock's head 鸡蛇(传说中的两腿鸡头龙身怪物)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cocatris, from L. calcatrix 'tracker', translating Gk ikhneumon (see 见 **ICHNEUMON**).

**cockboat** /'kɒkbəʊt/ n. a small boat towed behind a larger vessel(附属于大船的)小船,小划艇
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from obs. cock 'small boat' (from OFr. coque, based on L. caudex, codex 'block of wood') + **BOAT**.

**cockchafer** /'kɒk,tʃeɪfə/ n. a large brown dusk-flying beetle which is a destructive plant pest 五月鳃金龟,五月金龟子(一种植物害虫) [Melolontha melolontha.]
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from **cock¹** (expressing size) + **CHAFER**.

**cockcrow** /'kɒkkrəʊ/ n. literary 【文】 dawn 鸡鸣时刻,黎明

**cocked hat** n. a brimless triangular hat pointed at the front, back, and top(前、后及顶部呈尖形的)无边三角帽 ➤historical 【史义】 a hat with a wide brim permanently turned up towards the crown(帽边向上卷起的)三角帽
-**PHRASES** 短语 **knock something into a cocked hat** utterly defeat or outdo something 彻底打败,大大胜过

**cockerel** /'kɒkərəl/ n. a young domestic cock 小公鸡
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: dimin. of **cock¹**.

**cocker spaniel** /'kɒkə(r)/ n. a small spaniel of a breed with a silky coat 可卡犬
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **COCK¹**+ **-ER¹** (because the dog was bred to flush game birds such as woodcock).

**cockeyed** /'kɒkaɪd/ adj. informal 【非正式】 1 crooked or askew; not level歪斜的;不平的

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**cockfighting** /'kok,fartıŋ/ n. the sport (illegal in the UK and some other countries) of setting two cocks to fight each other 斗鸡

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cockfight** n.

**cockle¹** /'kokl/ n. 1 an edible burrowing bivalve mollusc with a strong ribbed shell 鸟蛤 [Genus Cardium.] 2 (also 亦作 **cockleshell**) literary 【文】a small shallow boat 轻舟,浅底小船

-PHRASES 短语 **warm the cockles of one's heart** give one a comforting feeling of contentment 使某 人内心感到满足
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cockler** n. **cockling** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coquille 'shell', based on Gk konkhulion, from konkhe 'conch.

**cockle²** /'kpkl/v. (of paper) wrinkle or pucker (纸)起皱,成褶

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. coquiller 'blister (bread in cooking)', from coquille (see见 COCKLE¹).

**cocklebur** /'koklb3:(r)/ n. a plant of the daisy family with broad leaves and burred fruits, native to tropical America 瘤突苍耳 [Xanthium strumarium.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from COCKLE¹ + BUR.

**cockney** /'kpkni/ n. (pl. **cockneys**) 1 a native of the East End of London, traditionally one born within hearing of Bow Bells 伦敦东区人,伦敦东区 佬 the dialect or accent typical of cockneys 伦敦 东区方言(或口音)2 Austral. 【澳】 a young snapper (fish)小笛鲷

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cockneyism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a pampered child, later a town-dweller regarded as affected or puny): origin uncertain; appar. not rel. to ME cokeney 'cock's egg.

**cock-of-the-rock** n. (pl. **cocks-of-the-rock**) a crested cotinga (bird) found in the tropical forests of South America, the male of which has brilliant orange or red plumage 冠伞鸟 [Genus Rupicola: two species.]

**cockpit** /'kpkpit/ n. 1 a compartment for the pilot and crew in an aircraft or spacecraft(飞行员或机务 人员的)座舱the driver's compartment in a racing car(赛车的)驾驶座2 a place where cockfights are held 斗鸡场 a place of conflict 战场

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Cock¹ + PIT¹; sense 1 derives from a C18 naut. use denoting an area in the aft lower deck of a ship where the wounded were taken, later coming to mean 'the 'pit' or well from which a yacht was steered.

**cockroach** /'kokrǝut∫/ n. a beetle-like scavenging insect with long antennae and legs, some kinds of which are household pests 蟑螂,蜚蠊[Blatta orientalis and other species, suborder Blattodea.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as cacaroch): from Sp. cucaracha.

**cockscomb** /'kokskǝum/ n. 1 the crest or comb of a domestic cock (公鸡的)鸡冠2(also亦作 **coxcomb**) a tropical plant with a crest of tiny yellow, orange, or red flowers, grown as a pot plant 鸡冠花[Celosia cristata.] 3 a brightly coloured orchid related to the coralroots, native to southern North America 美洲石斛 [Genus Hexalectris.]

**cocksfoot** /'kpksfut/ n. (pl. **cocksfoots**)Brit.【英】 a pasture grass with broad leaves and green or purplish flowering spikes 鸭茅 [Dactylis glomerata.]

**cockshy** /'kpkfai/ n. (pl. **cockshies**) Brit. dated 【英,过时】a target for throwing sticks or stones at as a game(投靶游戏中的)靶子

-ORIGIN 词源 from the original use of a replica of a C cockerel as a target.

**cocksure** /kok'fuə(r)/ adj. presumptuously or arrogantly confident 自以为是的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cocksurely** adv. **cocksureness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from archaic cock (a euphemism for God) + SURE; later assoc. with cock¹.

**cocktail** /'kokteil/ n. 1 an alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit mixed with other ingredients, such as fruit juice 鸡尾酒 [as modifier 作修饰语] relating to or associated with cocktail drinking or formal social occasions 鸡尾酒会的;正式社交场合 的: a **cocktail dress** 女式常礼服2 a dish consisting of small pieces of food, typically served as an hors d'oeuvre(一般作为冷盘的)什锦菜: a prawn cocktail 鲜虾盅 3 a mixture of substances or factors, espe- cially when dangerous or unpleasant(尤指危险或令 人不快的)混合物: a potent cocktail of drugs 大剂量的 混合毒品

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from COCK¹ + TAIL¹; earlier denoting a horse with a docked tail, later a racehorse which was not a thoroughbred (through having a cock- tailed horse in its pedigree).

**cock-up** ■n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】something done badly or inefficiently混乱,一团糟

**cocky¹** /'kpki/ adj. (**cockier, cockiest**) conceited or confident in a bold or cheeky way狂妄自大的,趾 高气扬的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cockily** adv. **cockiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16 (in the sense 'lecherous'): from COCK¹ + -Y¹.

**cocky²** /'kpki/ n. (pl. **cockies**) Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】 a cockatoo 凤头鹦鹉

**coco** /'kǝukǝu/ n. (pl. **cocos**) 1 coconut 椰子2 W. Indian【西印】 the root of the taro芋头,芋根

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. and Port., lit. 'grinning face' (because of the appearance of the base of the coconut).

**cocoa** /'kǝukǝu/ n. a powder made from roasted and ground cacao seeds 可可粉 a hot drink made from cocoa powder mixed with milk or water 热可 可(饮料)

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: alt. of CACAO.

**cocoa bean**n. a cacao seed可可子,可可豆

**cocoa butter** n. a fatty substance obtained from cocoa beans, used in making confectionery and cosmetics 可可油,可可脂

**cocoanut** /'kəukənət/ n. old-fashioned spelling of COCONUT * COconut 的过时拼法

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**cocobolo** /kəukǝ(u)'bələบ/ n. (pl. **cocobolos**) a tropical American tree with hard reddish wood 微 凹黃檀 [Dalbergia retusa.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Sp. from Arawak kakabali.

**coco de mer** /kəkədə'meə(r)/ n. a tall palm tree native to the Seychelles, having an immense nut in a hard woody shell 巨籽棕,海椰子[Lodoicea maldivica.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. coco-de-mer, lit. 'coco C from the sea' (because the tree was first known from nuts found floating in the sea).

**coconut** /'kəukənt/ n. 1 the large oval brown seed of a tropical palm, consisting of a hard woody husk surrounded by fibre, lined with edible white flesh and containing a clear liquid (**coconut milk**)椰子 ➤ the flesh of a coconut, often shredded and used as food 椰子肉2 (also亦作 **coconut palm** or **tree**) the tall palm tree that yields coconuts, and also other products such as copra and coir 椰子(树) [Cocos nucifera.]

**coconut butter** n. a solid fat obtained from the flesh of the coconut, and used in the manufacture of soap, candles, ointment, etc 椰子油(椰子肉中提 取的固体脂肪,用于制造肥皂、蜡烛、药膏等)

**coconut ice** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a sweet made from sugar and desiccated coconut(糖和干椰子制成的)椰子糖

**coconut shy** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a fairground sideshow where balls are thrown at coconuts in an attempt to knock them off stands(游乐场中以椰子为靶子的)球 击椰子游戏

**cocoon** /kə'ku:n/ n. 1 a silky case spun by the larvae of many insects for protection as pupae 茧; 卵袋,卵囊 something that envelops someone in a protective or comforting way(保护或安慰性 的)包裹物,遮盖物 2 a covering that prevents the corrosion of metal equipment(防止金属设备遭腐 蚀的)防护膜 ■v. 1 wrap in a cocoon 把…紧紧包住, 给…加上保护层2 N. Amer. 【北美】 retreat from the stressful conditions of public life into the private world of the family 隐退,过茧式生活(指避开公众生 活的压力享受天伦之乐)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cocooner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cocon, from med. Provençal coucoun 'eggshell, cocoon', dimin. of coca 'shell.

**cocotte¹** /ko'kpt/ n. (usu. in phr. 通常用于短语 **en cocotte**) a small casserole in which individual portions of food can be cooked and served(供煨炖 和盛装单人份菜肴的)小烧锅

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr. cocasse, from L. cucuma 'cooking container.

**cocotte²** /kp'kpt/■n. dated 【过时】 a fashionable prostitute 高级妓女

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from a child's name for a hen.

**COD** abbr. 1 cash on delivery 货到付款,交货付款 2 N. Amer.【北美】collect on delivery 货到收款

**cod¹** /kpd/(also亦作 **codfish**) n. (pl. **same** 单 复同) a large marine fish with a small barbel on the chin, important as a food fish鱈(鱼)[Gadus morhua (N. Atlantic) and other species, family Gadidae.]

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. the same word as OE cod(d) 'bag', because of the fish's appearance.

**cod²** /kpd/ Brit. informal【英,非正式】■adj. not authentic; fake虚假的;伪造的: a cod French accent 伪装的法国口音 n. a joke or hoax 玩笑;骗局■V. (**cods, codding, codded**) play a joke on 戏弄;欺 骗,愚弄

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from sl. cod 'a fool.

**cod³** /kpd/n. Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】 nonsense 胡说八道

-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: abbrev. of CODSWALLOP.

**coda** /'kǝudə/ n. 1 Music 【音】 the concluding passage of a piece or movement, typically forming an addition to the basic structure(乐曲或乐章的) 尾声 2 a concluding event, remark, or section 结局; 结束语:结尾部分

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., from L. cauda 'tail.

**coddle** /'kpdl/ v. 1 treat in an indulgent or overprotective way娇纵;溺爱2 cook (an egg) in water below boiling point(在低于沸点的水中)软 煮(蛋)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coddler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: origin uncertain; sense 1 is prob. a dial. var. of obs. caudle 'administer invalids' gruel.

**code** /kəud/n. 1 a system of words, figures, or symbols used to represent others, especially for the purposes of secrecy (尤指出于保密目的的)代 码,代号 a series of letters or numbers assigned to something to classify or identify it 编号;标记 ➤ short for DIALLING CODE * dialling code 的缩略式 2 Computing【计】 program instructions(代)码3 a systematic collection of laws or statutes 法典, 法规: the **penal code** 刑法典a set of conventions or principles governing behaviour or activity in a particular sphere 准则;规范 v. 1 convert into a code 把………转换成代码 assign a code to for purposes of classification or identification 给……编号(或编码) 2 (**code for**) Genetics 【遗】 be the genetic code for (an amino acid or protein)是(某种氨基酸或蛋 白质的)遗传密码➤be the genetic determiner of (a characteristic)是(某种特征的)遗传决定因素 3 write code for (a computer program)为(计算机程 序)编写代码

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coder** n. **coding** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a systematic collection of statutes made by one of the later Roman emperors): via OFr. from L. codex, codic- (see见 CODEX).

**codec** /'kǝudek/n. Electronics 【电子】 a microchip that compresses data to enable faster transmission or decompresses received data 编解码器

-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of CODER (see见CODE) and DECODER (See见 DECODE).

**codeine** /'kǝudi:n, -dii:n/n. Medicine【医】an analgesic drug derived from morphine 可待因(从吗 啡中提取的一种镇痛药物)

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kōdeia 'poppy head' + -INE.

**codependency** /kəudı'pendənsi/ n. excessive emotional or psychological reliance on a partner, typically one with an illness or addiction who requires support 共依附(指在感情或心理上对同伴的 过分依附,这一同伴一般因有疾病或毒瘾而需要帮助)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **codependence** n. **codependent** adj. & n.

**code-sharing** n. agreement between two or more airlines to list certain flights in a reservation system under each other's names(航班)代码共享(指两个 或以上航空公司在订票系统中对同一航班使用各自的航 班号联营的协议)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **code-share** v.

**codex** /'kǝudeks/n. (pl. **codices** /'kəudısi:z, 'kod-/ or **codexes**) 1 an ancient manuscript text in book form(古籍的)手抄本 2 an official list of medicines, chemicals, etc. 药典

-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a collection of statutes): from L., lit. 'block of wood', later denoting a block split into tablets for writing on, hence a book.

**codfish** /'kpdf1f/n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **codfishes**) another term for COD¹ * cod的另一种说法

**codger** /'kodzə(r)/ n. informal, derogatory 【非正式, 贬】 an elderly man 老家伙

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. a var. of cadger (see见 CADGE).

**codicil** /'kpdısıl, 'kǝu-/ n. an addition or supplement that explains, modifies, or revokes a will or part of one(对遗嘱或其部分内容进行解释、修改或废除的) 遗嘱补正书,遗嘱附书

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **codicillary** / kpdr'sıləri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. codicillus, dimin. of codex (see见 CODEX).

**codicology** /kəudr'kələdzi/ n. the study of manu- scripts and their interrelationships写本学,抄本学

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **codicological** adj. **codicolo- gically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Fr. codicologie, from L. codex(see见 CODEX).

**codify** /'kǝudifai/ v. (**codifies, codifying, codi- fied**) organize (procedures or rules) into a system or code 将(程序或规则)编集成典

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **codification** n. **codifier** n.

**codling¹** /'kodliŋ/ n. an immature cod 幼鳕

**codling²** /'kodlin/ n. any of several varieties of cooking apple having a long tapering shape(做菜用 的)锥形苹果

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. quer de lion 'lionheart.

**codling moth** n. a small greyish moth whose larvae feed on apples 苹果小卷蛾 [Cydia pomonella.]

**cod liver oil** n. oil pressed from the fresh liver of cod, which is rich in vitamins D and A鱼肝油

**codomain** /'kəudǝ(u)meın/ ■n. Mathematics 【数】 a set that includes all the possible values of a given function 上城

**codon** /'kǝudon/■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or messenger RNA molecule 密码子

-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from CODE + -ON.

**codpiece** /'kpdpi:s/ n. a pouch to cover the genitals on a pair of man's breeches, worn in the 15th and 16th centuries (15世纪和16世纪男子穿的马裤的)前C 褶裥,下体盖片

-ORIGIN 词源 from earlier cod 'scrotum' (from OE codd 'bag, pod') + PIECE.

**codswallop** /'kodz,wələp/n. Brit. informal【英,非正 式】 nonsense 胡说八道

-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: origin uncertain, but perh. named after Hiram Codd, who invented a bottle for fizzy drinks (1875).

**coecilian** /sı'sıliən/ n. variant spelling of CAECILIAN * caecilian 的另一种拼法

**co-ed** /'kǝued, kǝu'ed/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. N. Amer. dated【北美,过时】 a female student at a co-educational institution(男女同校的)女学生 ■adj. co-educational 男女同校的

**co-education** n. the education of pupils of both sexes together 男女同校制

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-educational** adj.

**coefficient** / kǝur'fıfnt/ n. 1 Mathematics【数】a numerical or constant quantity placed before and multiplying the variable in an algebraic expression (e.g. 4 in 4x)(置于变量前表示其倍数的)系数2 Physics【物】a multiplier or factor that measures some property(测量某种特性的)系数

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. coefficient-, from com 'together' + efficient-(see见EFFICIENT).

**coelacanth** /'si:ləkæne/ ■n. a large bony marine fish with a three-lobed tail fin and fleshy pectoral fins, known only from fossils until one was found alive in 1938矛尾鱼 [Latimeria chalumnae.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Coelacanthus (genus name), from Gk koilos 'hollow' + akantha 'spine' (because its fins have hollow spines).

**-coele** /si:l/ comb. form variant spelling of -CELE *-cele的另一种拼法

**coelenterate** /si:'lent(ə)rət, -rest/n. Zoology 【动】 an aquatic invertebrate animal, typically having a tube- or cup-shaped body with a single opening ringed with tentacles, belonging to a phylum (Cnidaria, formerly Coelenterata) that includes jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones 刺胞动物,腔肠 动物

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Coelenterata, from Gk koilos 'hollow' + enteron 'intestine.

**coeliac** /'si:liæk/(US【美】 **celiac**) ■adj. Anatomy & Medicine【解,医】 relating to the abdomen 腹的,腹 腔的

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. coeliacus, from Gk koiliakos, from koilia 'belly'.

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**coeliac disease** n. a disease in which the small intestine is hypersensitive to gluten, leading to difficulty in digesting food 乳糜泻

**coelom** /'si:ləm/ n. (pl. **coeloms** or **coelomata** /-'ləumətə/) Zoology 【动】 the principal body cavity in most animals, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall 体腔

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coelomate** adj. & n. **coelomic** /sə'lvmık/ adj.
C-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk koilōma 'cavity'.

**coelurosaur** /sı'ljuərəsə:(r)/ n. a small slender bipedal carnivorous dinosaur with long forelimbs, believed to be an evolutionary ancestor of birds 虚 骨龙

-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk koilos 'hollow' + oura 'tail' + sauros 'lizard.

**coenobite** /'si:nəbait/ n. variant spelling of CENOBITE * Coenobite 的另一种拼法

**coenocyte** /'si:nǝusart/ n. Botany 【植】 a body of algal or fungal cytoplasm containing several nuclei, enclosed in a single membrane 多核细胞,多核体

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coenocytic** /-'sıtık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk koinos 'common' + -CYTE.

**coenzyme** /'kǝu,enzaım/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a non-protein organic compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme 辅酶

**coequal** /kəu'i:kwl/ adj. having the same rank or importance(在地位或重要性方面)相等的■n.a person or thing equal with another 相互同等的人 (或事物)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coequality** / kǝur'kwpliti/n.

**coerce** /kəu'3:ς/ v. persuade (an unwilling person) to do something by using force or threats 强制,胁迫(某人做某事)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coercible** adj. **coercion** n. **coercive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. coercere 'restrain', from co- 'jointly, together' + arcere 'restrain.

**coercivity** /kǝǝ'SIVItin. Physics 【物】the resistance of a magnetic material to changes in magnetization, equivalent to the field intensity necessary to demagnetize the fully magnetized material 矫顽(磁)力

**coeval** /kəu'i:vl/ adj. having the same age or date of origin; contemporary同龄的;同年代的;同时代 的■n. a person of roughly the same age as oneself; a contemporary 同龄人;同时代人

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coevality** n. **coevally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. coaevus, from co- 'jointly, in common' + L. aevum 'age'.

**coexist** /kəuig'zıst/ V. exist at the same time or in the same place(同时或同地)共存 exist in harmony 和平共处

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coexistence** n. **coexistent** adj.

**coextensive** /kəuık'stensiv/ adj. extending over the same area, extent, or time作同等扩张(或延伸) 的,有共同空间(或时间)范围的

**cofactor** /'kǝufæktə(r)/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a non-protein substance whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme 辅因子

**C. of E.** abbr. Church of England

**coffee** /'kpfi/ n. 1 a hot drink made from the roasted and ground bean-like seeds of a tropical shrub 咖啡(饮料) coffee seeds roasted and ground, or a powder made from them(经加工的) 咖啡豆,咖啡粉 2 the shrub which yields coffee seeds 咖啡(树)[Genus Coffea: several species.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Turk. kahveh, from Arab. kahwa.

**coffee break** n. a short break during the working day, during which people typically drink a cup of coffee or tea(工间喝咖啡或茶休息的)咖啡工歇,咖 啡时间

**coffee morning** n. Brit. 【英】 a morning social gathering at which coffee is served 咖啡早茶会

**coffee table** n. a small, low table 咖啡桌,矮茶几

**coffee-table book** n. a large, lavishly illustrated book, intended especially for casual reading(尤作 为消遣阅读的)大开本画册,咖啡桌摆设用书

**coffer** /'kpfə(r)/ n. 1 a small chest for holding valuables(装贵重物品的)小箱,小柜> (**coffers**) the funds or financial reserves of an institution (机 构的)资金,财政储备2 a decorative sunken panel in a ceiling(天花板的)下凹镶板■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作 形容词 **coffered**] decorate (a ceiling) with a coffer or coffers 用下凹镶板装饰(天花板)

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr.coffre 'chest', via L. from Gk kophinos 'basket.

**cofferdam** /'kpfədæm/ n. a watertight enclosure pumped dry to permit construction work below the waterline, as when building bridges or repairing a ship 围堰(用于造桥、船舶修理等水下作业)

**coffin** /'kofin/ n. a long, narrow box in which a dead body is buried or cremated 棺材;灵柩■V. (**coffins, coffining, coffined**) place in a coffin 把 (尸体)装入棺材,收殓

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cofin 'little basket', from L. cophinus(see见 COFFER).

**coffin bone**n. the terminal bone in a horse's hoof (the distal phalanx)(马的)蹄骨(远节趾骨)

**coffle** /'kpfl/■n. literary 【文】 a line of animals or slaves fastened or driven along together 系成一串 (或被一起驱赶)的一队动物(或奴隶)

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Arab. kāifila 'caravan'

**coffret** /'kofrit/ n. a small container 小盒子

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr., 'small chest', dimin. of coffre (see见 COFFER).

**cog** /kpg/n. a wheel or bar with a series of projections on its edge, which transfers motion by engaging with projections on another wheel or bar 齿轮;榫条 each of such a series of projections 轮 齿;雄榫

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cogged** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin.

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**cogeneration** /kəudzenǝ'reıfn/ n. the generation of electricity and useful heat jointly, especially the utilization of the steam left over from electricity generation for heating(尤指利用发电剩下的蒸汽发热 的)热电联产

**cogent** /'kəudznt/ adj. (of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing(论点或论据)合乎逻 辑的,令人信服的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cogency** n. **cogently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. cogent-, cogere 'compel.

**cogitate** /'kpdzıtert/ v. formal 【正式】 meditate or reflect 冥想:沉思

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cogitation** n. **cogitative** adj. **cogitator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(earlier(ME) as cogitation): from L. cogitat-, cogitare 'to consider.

**cogito** /'kǝugıtǝu, -d31-/n. Philosophy 【哲】the principle establishing the existence of a being from the fact of its thinking or awareness“我思”(“我思 故我在”的理论)

-ORIGIN 词源 L., as in Descartes' formula (1641) cogito, ergo sum 'I think, therefore I am.

**cognac** /'konjæk/ n. a high-quality brandy, strictly speaking that distilled in Cognac in western France 科涅克白兰地,干邑(产于法国西部科涅克地区)

**cognate** /'kognert/ adj. 1 Linguistics【语言】(of a word) having the same linguistic derivation as another (e.g. English father, German Vater, Latin pater)(词)同源的2 formal 【正式】 related; connected 有关系的;有关联的 related to or descended from a common ancestor 同族的,同宗的 Compare with 比较 AGNATE. n. 1 Linguistics【语言】 a cognate word 同源词2 Law【律】 a blood relative, especially on the mother's side(尤指母系)血亲

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cognately** adv. **cognateness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. cognatus, from co- 'together with' + natus 'born.

**cognition** /kDg'nIfn/ n. the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses 认识;认知;感知 a perception, sensation, or intuition resulting from this 认识(或认知)的结果,观念;感觉,直觉

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cognitional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. cognitio(-), from cognoscere 'get to know.

**cognitive** /'kognıtıv/ adj. relating to cognition 认识 的;认知的;感知的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cognitively** adv.

**cognitive behavioural therapy** (also 亦作 **cogni- tive therapy**) n. a type of psychotherapy in which negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged 认知行为治疗

**cognitive dissonance** ■n. Psychology 【心理】the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes 认知失调

**cognitive science** n. the study of thought, learning, and mental organization 认知科学

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cognitive scientist** n.

**cognizable** or **cognisable** /'kv(g)nızəbl/ adj. 1 formal【正式】perceptible; clearly identifiable 可认 知的;可感知的;易识别的2 Law 【律】 within the jurisdiction of a court 在法院管辖权范围内的

**cognizance** or **cognisance** /'kognızəns/ n. 1 formal 【正式】knowledge or awareness认识;察知 Law 【律】 the action of taking judicial notice 司法认 知2 Heraldry【纹章】a distinctive device or mark, especially as formerly worn by retainers of a noble house 识别标志,徽号;(尤指旧时贵族家臣佩戴的) 家族徽章

-PHRASES 短语 **take cognizance of** formal【正式】 attend to; take account of 注意到;考虑到
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cognizant** adj. **cognize** or **cognise** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME conisance, from OFr. conoisance, based on L. cognoscere 'get to know.

**cognomen** /kpg'nǝumən/ n. an extra personal name given to an ancient Roman citizen, functioning rather like a nickname and often passed from father to son (古罗马人的)家族名,第三名字 (相当于绰号,常父传于子)

-ORIGIN 词源 L., from co- 'together with' + gnomen, nomen 'name.

**cognoscenti** /konjǝ'fenti/ pl. n. people who are especially well informed about a particular subject (某一学科的)博学者,专家,行家

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., lit. 'people who know', from L. cognoscent-, cognoscere 'to get to know.

**cohabit** /kəu'hæbıt/ v. (**cohabits, cohabiting, cohabited**) 1 live together and have a sexual relationship without being married (未婚)同居2 coexist 共存

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cohabitant** n. **cohabitation** /kǝu,hæbı'terfn/ n. **cohabitee** /kəu,hæbr'ti:/ n. **cohabiter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as cohabitation): from L. cohabitare, from co- 'together' + habitare 'dwell.

**cohen** /'kohen, koın/ n. variant spelling of KOHEN * kohen 的另一种拼法

**cohere** /kə(u)'hıə(r)/ v. 1 hold firmly together; form a whole 黏合;凝聚2(of an argument or theory) be logically consistent(论点或理论)连 贯,前后一致

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. cohaerere, from co- 'together' + haerere 'to stick.

**coherent** /kəu'hıərənt/ adj. 1 (of an argument or theory) logical and consistent(论点或理论)连贯 的,合乎逻辑的,前后一致的able to speak clearly and logically (说话)条理清楚的,思路清晰的2 holding together to form a whole 黏合(或聚合)在 一起的3 Physics 【物】 (of waves) having a constant phase relationship(波)相干的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coherence** n. **coherency** n. **coherently** adv.

**coherer** /kǝ(u)'hi:rə(r)/ n. an early form of radio detector consisting of a glass tube filled with metal filings 粉末检波器,金属屑检波器

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**cohesion** /kə(u)'hi:zn/ n. the action or fact of forming a united whole 黏合;聚合 Physics 【物】the sticking together of particles of the same substance 内聚力

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. cohaes-, cohaerere(see见 COHERE).

**cohesive** /kəu'hi:sıv/ adj. characterized by or causing cohesion 黏合(或聚合)在一起的,有黏合 (或聚合)性的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cohesively** adv. **cohesiveness** n.

**coho** /'kǝuhǝu/(also 亦作 **cohoe**) ■n. (pl. **same** 单复 同, **cohos**, or **cohoes**) a deep-bodied North Pacific salmon with small black spots 银大麻哈鱼,银鲑 [Oncorhynchus kisutch.]

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Salish.

**cohort** /'kǝuhɔ:t/ ■n. 1 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数 或复数] an ancient Roman military unit, comprising six centuries, equal to one tenth of a legion(古罗马 的)步兵大队(由6个百人队组成,每10队成一军团) 2 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] a group of people with a shared characteristic(有共同特征的) 一群人,一批人3 a supporter or companion 支持 者;同伴

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cohorte, or from L. cohors, cohort- 'yard, retinue.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> **Cohort** in the sense 'a companion', as in **young Jack arrived with three of his cohorts**, is well established, but there are still some people who object to it on the grounds that the word should only be used for groups of people, never for individuals. * cohort 一词 作“同伴”讲已得到普遍承认,如 Young Jack arrived with three of his cohorts(年轻的杰克和 他的三个同伴一起到了)。但仍有一些人反对这一用 法,认为该词仅可用来指一群人,而不能指个体。

**cohosh** /kə'ho∫/ n. a North American plant with medicinal properties 升麻 [Cimicifuga racemosa (**black cohosh**) and other species.]

-ORIGIN词源 C18: from Eastern Abnaki.

**co-host** n. a person who hosts an event or broadcast with another or others 共同主持人(之 -) v. be the co-host of 共同主持

**coif** /korf/ n. 1 a woman's close-fitting cap, now worn under a veil by nuns 女士压发帽;(修女戴在 头巾下面的)贴头帽 historical 【史义】 a protective metal skullcap worn under armour(戴在头盔下的) 金属防护帽2/also 亦作 **kwa:f**/ informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】short for COIFFURE * coiffure 的缩略式 ■v./kwa:f, kwpf/ (**coifs, coiffing, coiffed**; US also【美亦作】**coifs, coifing, coifed**) style or arrange (someone's hair)给…做头发,给………梳头

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coife 'headdress', from late L. cofia 'helmet.

**coiffeur** /kwa:'f3:(r), kwp-/n. (fem. 阴性 **coiffeuse** /kwa:'fə:z, kwp-/) a hairdresser 理发师;发型师

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from coiffer 'arrange the hair.

**coiffure** /kwa:'fjuə(r), kwp-/ n. a person's hairstyle 发型,发式

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coiffured** adj.

**coign** /kəm/ n. a projecting corner or angle of a wall(墙的)隅,外角

-PHRASES 短语 **coign of vantage** literary【文】a favourable position for observation or action(观察 或行动的)有利地位,有利位置
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of COIN.

**coil¹** /kɔıl/ n. 1 a length of something wound in a joined sequence of concentric rings(一)卷,(一) 盘 2 an intrauterine contraceptive device in the form of a coil 子宫节育环,避孕环3an electrical device consisting of a coiled wire, for converting the level of a voltage, producing a magnetic field, or adding inductance to a circuit 线圈 v. arrange or form into a coil卷,盘绕

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. coillir, from L. colligere (see见 COLLECT¹).

**coil²** /kɔıl/n. archaic or dialect【古或方】a confusion or turmoil 混乱;骚动

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**coin** /kɔın/ n. 1 a flat disc or piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money 硬币,钱币>money in the form of coins(硬币形式的)钱2(**coins**) one of the suits in some tarot packs, corresponding to pentacles in others(某些塔罗牌中的)钱币(牌 组)■v. 1 make(coins) by stamping metal铸(币) >Brit. informal【英,非正式】earn (large amounts of money) quickly and easily 迅速而轻松地发(财): The company was coining it in. 该公司正大发其财。2 invent (a new word or phrase)创造,杜撰(新词或 短语)

-PHRASES 短语 **pay someone back in their own coin** retaliate by similar behaviour 以其人之道还治 其人之身 **to coin a phrase** said when introducing a new expression or a variation on a familiar one 造句 话来说,老话换个说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coiner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coin 'wedge, corner, die', coigner 'to mint', from L. cuneus 'wedge.

**coinage** /'kɔımıdz/ n. 1 coins collectively(总称) 硬币 the action or process of producing coins 铸 币 a system or type of coins in use 硬币币制(或币 种) 2 the invention of a new word or phrase(新词 或短语的)创造,杜撰a newly invented word or phrase 新造的词(或短语)

**coincide** /kəuın'said/ v. 1 occur at the same time or place 同时(或同地)发生2correspond in nature; tally 相符合,相吻合 > be in agreement 相一致

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from med. L. coincidere, from co- 'together with' + incidere 'fall upon or into.

**coincidence** /kəu'ınsıdəns/ n. 1 a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances without apparent causal connection 巧合,巧事2 corres- pondence in nature or in time of occurrence 符 合;同时发生3 Physics 【物】 the presence of ionizing particles or other objects in two or more detectors simultaneously, or of two or more signals simultaneously in a circuit 符合

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detectors simultaneously, or of two or more signals simultaneously in a circuit 符合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 coincidental adj. coincidentally adv.

**coincident** /kəu'ınsıdənt/ adj. 1 occurring together in space or time 同时(或同地)发生的 2 in agreement or harmony 一致的;协调的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 coincidently adv.

**coin-op** n. a machine operated by the insertion of coins 投币启动式机器

**Cointreau** /'kwantrǝu/ n. trademark 【商标】 a colourless orange-flavoured liqueur 君度酒(一种无色橙味利口酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Cointreau family, French liqueur producers.

**coir** /'kələ(r)/ n. fibre from the outer husk of the coconut, used in potting compost and for making ropes and matting 椰壳粗纤维(用作盆栽堆肥或编绳、垫)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Malayalam kayaru 'cord, coir.

**coition** /kəu'ın/ n. another term for corruς * coitus 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. coitio(n-), from coire 'go together.

**coitus** /'kǝurtǝs/ n. technical 【技】 sexual intercourse 性交
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 coital adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., from coire 'go together.

**coitus interruptus** / intə'raptəs/ n. sexual inter-course in which the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation (男子在射精前将阴茎抽出的)中断性交

**cojones** /kə'hǝuneız/ pl. n. informal chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 1 a man's testicles 睾丸 2 courage; guts 勇气,胆量
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**Coke** /kǝuk/ n. trademark 【商标】 short for COCA-COLA * Coca-Cola 的缩略式

**coke¹** /kəuk/ n. a solid fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air so that the volatile components are driven off 焦炭(煤经高温干馏而成的一种固体燃料)
> carbon residue left after the incomplete combustion or distillation of petrol or other fuels (汽油或其他燃料不完全燃烧或蒸馏后所剩的)废渣
> V. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 coking] convert (coal) into coke 把(煤)炼成焦炭
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'charcoal'): of unknown origin.

**coke²** /kəuk/ n. informal term for COCAINE * cocaine 的非正式说法

**Col.** abbr. 1 Colonel 2 /kə'lofnz/ the Epistle to the Colossians (in biblical references)《歌罗西书》(用于表示《圣经》中的出处)

**col** /kpl/ n. 1 the lowest point of a ridge or saddle between two peaks 山口;山坳 2 Meteorology 【气象】 a region of slightly elevated pressure between two anticyclones 鞍形区
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'neck', from L. collum.

**col-** /kpl/ prefix variant spelling of com- assimilated before l (as in collocate, collude) * com-的另一种拼法(在1前同化)

**cola** /'kələ/ n. 1 a brown carbonated drink that is flavoured with an extract of cola nuts, or with a similar flavouring 可乐(饮料) 2 (also 亦作 kola) a small evergreen African tree cultivated in the tropics, whose seed (the cola nut) contains caffeine 可乐果(树) [Cola acuminata and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Temne k'ola 'cola nut.

**colander** /'kʌləndə(r), 'kol-/ n. a perforated bowl used to strain off liquid from food 滤器
-ORIGIN 词源ME: based on L. colare 'to strain.

**co-latitude** n. Astronomy 【天文】 the difference between a given latitude and 90°余纬度

**colcannon** /kol'kænən/ n. an Irish and Scottish dish of cabbage and potatoes boiled and mashed together 卷心菜土豆糊(爱尔兰和苏格兰的菜肴)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from COLE + an uncertain second element.

**colchicine** /'koltfısi:n, 'kolk-/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a yellow compound present in the corms of colchicums, used to relieve pain in cases of gout 秋水仙素

**colchicum** /'koltfıkəm, 'kolk-/ n. (pl. colchi-cums) a plant of a genus that includes the autumn crocuses 秋水仙 [Genus Colchicum.]
> the dried corm or seed of meadow saffron, which is used medicinally (药用)秋水仙干球茎(或种子)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L., from Gk kolkhikon 'of Colchis', an ancient region east of the Black Sea, alluding to the skills as a poisoner of Medea of Colchis in classical mythology.

**cold** /kəuld/ adj. 1 of or at a low or relatively low temperature 冷的;寒冷的 2 lacking affection or warmth of feeling; unemotional 冷淡的,冷漠的,无感情的
> not affected by emotion; objective 冷静的;客观的 3 (of a colour) containing pale blue or grey and giving no impression of warmth (颜色)冷色的 4 (of a scent or trail) no longer fresh and easy to follow (气味或踪迹)隐淡的,不易追踪的: The trail went cold. 臭迹已变得隐淡了。
> (in children's games) far from finding or guessing what is sought (儿童游戏中)远离目标的,远未猜中的 5 without preparation or rehearsal 无准备的;未排练的 6 informal 【非正式】 unconscious 失去知觉的,不省人事的: She was out cold.她昏过去了。
> n. 1 a low temperature; cold weather; a cold environment 低温;寒冷天气,严寒环境 2 a common infection in which the mucous membrane of the nose and throat becomes inflamed, causing running at the nose and sneezing 感冒,伤风
-PHRASES 短语 catch a cold informal 【非正式】 encounter difficulties 遇到困难
> cold comfort poor consolation 无用的安慰,不起作用的安慰
> cold feet loss of nerve or confidence 害怕;胆怯
> the cold

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coldish** adj. **coldly** adv. **cold- ness** n.
C-ORIGIN 词源 OE cald, of Gmc origin; rel. to L. gelu 'frost.

**cold-blooded** adj. 1 denoting animals whose body temperature varies with that of the environment (e.g. reptiles and fish); poikilothermic(动物)冷血 的2 without emotion; deliberately cruel无情的;残 酷的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cold-bloodedly** adv. **cold- bloodedness** n.

**cold-call** v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **cold-calling**] make an unsolicited visit or telephone call to (someone), in an attempt to sell goods or services (以推销商品或服务为目的)贸然造访,冷不防打电话给

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cold-caller** n.

**cold cathode**n. Electronics 【电子】 a cathode that emits electrons without being heated 冷阴极

**cold chisel** n. a toughened chisel used for cutting metal(切割金属的)冷錾,冷凿

**cold-cock** v. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 knock (someone) out, typically with a blow to the head (多指一拳击中头部)将(某人)打晕

**cold cream** n. a cosmetic preparation used for cleansing and softening the skin(卸妆)洁面乳,润 肤膏

**cold cuts** pl. n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】slices of cold cooked meats 冷切肉(煮熟的冷肉切片)

**cold frame** n. a frame with a glass top in which small plants are grown and protected without artificial heat(种植和保护幼小植株、有玻璃顶的)冷 床,阳畦

**cold fusion** ■n. nuclear fusion supposedly occurring at or close to room temperature冷聚变(室温或近室 温下发生的核聚变)

**cold-hearted** adj. lacking affection or warmth; unfeeling 冷酷无情的,铁石心肠的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cold-heartedly** adv. **cold- heartedness** n.

**cold-rolled** adj. (of metal) having been rolled into sheets while cold, resulting in a smooth, hard finish (金属)冷轧的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cold-rolling** n.

**cold-short** adj. (of a metal) brittle in its cold state (金属)冷脆的

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Swed. kallskör, from kall 'cold' + skör 'brittle', later assoc. with SHORT in the same sense.

**cold sore** n. an inflamed blister in or near the mouth, caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus 冷疱疹,唇疱疹

**cold storage** n. the keeping of something in a re- frigerator or other cold place for preservation 冷藏

**cold store** n. a large refrigerated room for preserving food stocks at very low temperatures 冷 藏室,冷藏库

**cold sweat** n. a state of sweating induced by nervousness or illness(紧张或疾病引起的)冷汗, 虚汗

**cold turkey** informal 【非正式】 ■n. the abrupt and complete cessation of taking a drug to which one is addicted 干戒断法(突然完全戒癮的方式) ➤withdrawal symptoms, typically sweating and nausea, caused by this(出汗、恶心等)干戒断■adv. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】in a sudden and abrupt manner 突然地;猝不及防地

**cold war** n. a state of political hostility existing between the Soviet bloc countries and the Western powers after the Second World War(第二次世界大 战后苏联阵营和西方大国之间的)冷战

**cole** /kəul/ n. chiefly archaic 【主古】 a brassica, especially cabbage, kale, or rape芸苔属植物(尤指卷 心菜、羽衣甘蓝或欧洲油菜)

-ORIGIN 词源 OE cawel, caul, from L. caulis 'stem, cabbage'; cf. KALE.

**colectomy** /kə(u)'lektəmi/ n. (pl. **colectomies**) surgical removal of all or part of the colon 结肠切 除术

**coleopteran** / koli'ppt(ə)r(ə)n/ Entomology【昆】■n. an insect of the order Coleoptera, which comprises the beetles and is the largest order of animals on the earth 鞘翅目昆虫 adj. relating to coleopterans 鞘翅目的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coleopterist** n. **coleopterous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Coleoptera, from Gk koleopteros, from koleos 'sheath' + pteron 'wing.

**coleoptile** /koli'pptail/ ■n. Botany 【植】 a sheath protecting a young shoot tip in a grass or cereal 胚 芽鞘

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk koleon 'sheath' + ptilon 'feather.

**coleslaw** /'kǝulslə:/ n. a salad dish of shredded raw cabbage, carrots, and other vegetables mixed with mayonnaise(生卷心菜丝、胡萝卜丝等蔬菜和蛋黄酱 一起拌制的)凉拌卷心菜丝

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Du. koolsla, from kool 'cabbage' + sla (see见 SLAW).

**cole tit** n. variant spelling of COAL TIT * coal tit 的另 一种拼法

**coleus** /'kəuliəs/ n. a tropical SE Asian plant of the mint family, with brightly coloured variegated leaves 鞘蕊花[Genus Solenostemon (formerly Coleus).]

-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk koleos 'sheath' (because the stamens are joined together, resembling a sheath).

**coley** /'kǝuli/ n. (pl. **coleys**) another term for SAITHE * saithe的另一种说法

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-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: perh. from COALFISH.

**colic** /'kplık/n. severe pain in the abdomen caused by wind or obstruction in the intestines 绞痛,急 腹痛

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colicky** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. colique, from late L. colicus, from colon (see见 COLON²).

**coliform** /'kılıfǝ:m/ adj. Biology 【生物】 belonging to a group of rod-shaped bacteria typified by E. coli 大肠菌的

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from mod. L. coli 'of the colon' + -IFORM.

**coliseum** /kplr'si:əm/ (also 亦作 **colosseum**) n. [in names 用于名称中] a large theatre, cinema, or stadium 大剧院;大电影院,大体育场

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L., alt. of L. Colosseum (the name given to the vast amphitheatre of ancient Rome), neut. of colosseus 'gigantic.

**colitis** /kə'lartıs/n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the lining of the colon 结肠炎

**collaborate** /kə'læbǝreit/ v. 1 work jointly on an activity or project(在某活动或项目上)合作,协作2 cooperate traitorously with an enemy(与敌人) 勾结

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collaboration** n. **collabora- tionist** n. & adj. **collaborative** adj. **collaboratively** adv. **collaborator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. collaborat, collaborare 'work together.

**collage** /'kpla:3, kə'la:3/ n. 1 a form of art in which various materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric are arranged and stuck to a backing 拼贴艺术2a combination or collection of various things(不同事物的)大杂烩,结合物

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collagist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., lit. 'gluing.

**collagen** /'kolǝdzn/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 any of a group of insoluble fibrous proteins that constitute the main structural component of animal connective tissue 胶原(蛋白)

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. collagène, from Gk kolla 'glue' + Fr. -gène (see见-GEN).

**collapsar** /kə'læpsa:(r)/ ■n. Astronomy 【天文】an old star that has collapsed under its own gravity to form a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole 坍缩星

-ORIGIN 词源 late 20th cent.: from COLLAPSE, on the pattern of words such as pulsar.

**collapse** /kə'læps/ v. 1 (of a a structure) suddenly fall down or give way(建筑物)倒塌,坍塌[usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **collapsed**] (of a lung or blood vessel) fall inwards and become flat and empty (肺或血管)萎陷 2 fall down as a result of illness or injury(因疾病或受伤而)倒下,晕倒3 fail suddenly and completely崩溃,瓦解,垮掉4 fold or be foldable into a small space(可)折叠;(可)套缩> compress a displayed part of (a spreadsheet or other electronic document)压缩(电子表格等电子文件的) 显示区域 ■n. 1 an instance of a structure collapsing 倒塌,坍塌2 a sudden failure or breakdown 崩溃, 瓦解,垮掉

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from medical L. collaps-, collabi, from col- 'together' + labi 'to slip.

**collapsible** /kə'læpsəbl/ adj. able to be folded down 可折叠的;可套缩的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collapsibility** n.

**collar** /'kplə(r)/ n. 1 a band of material around the neck of a shirt or other garment, either upright or turned over 衣领,领子2a band put around C the neck of a domestic animal, used to restrain or control it(家养动物的)颈圈,项圈 3 a connecting band or pipe in a piece of machinery(机器上的) 箍;卡圈;轴环;套管4 Brit.【英】 a piece of meat rolled up and tied 肉卷 a cut of bacon taken from the neck of a pig 猪颈部熏肉块 v. informal【非正式】 seize or apprehend (someone)抓住,揪住;逮捕

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collared** adj. **collarless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. colier, from L. collare 'band for the neck', from collum 'neck.

**collarbone** /'kələbəun/ n. either of the pair of bones joining the breastbone to the shoulder blades; the clavicle 锁骨

**collard** /'kola:d/n. dialect or N. Amer. 【方或北美】a cabbage of a variety that does not develop a heart 宽叶羽衣甘蓝(一种不结叶球的甘蓝)

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: reduced form of archaic colewort, in the same sense, from COLE + WORT.

**collared dove** n. a grey-brown dove with a narrow black band on the neck 灰斑鸠[Streptopelia decaocto.]

**collate** /kp'lert/ v. 1 collect and combine (texts or information)收集整合,整理(文本或信息) compare and analyse (two or more sources of information)核对,校勘(两种或多种信息来源) Printing【印刷】verify the number and order of (the sheets of a book)(根据折标)检验(印张顺序),查帖 2 appoint (a clergyman) to a benefice 授予(神职人 员)有俸圣职

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collator** n.

**collateral** /kp'læt(ə)rl/ n. 1 something pledged as security for repayment of a loan(贷款的) 担保品,抵押物2 a person descended from the same ancestor as another but through a different line 旁系亲属,旁系血亲adj. 1 additional but subordinate; secondary 附带的;附属的,从属的> euphemistic【婉】 denoting inadvertent casualties and destruction in civilian areas in the course of military operations(军事行动对平民区造成的伤亡破 坏)附带的:collateral damage to civilians 对平民的附 带损害 2 descended from the same stock but by a different line 旁系的3 situated side by side; parallel 并列的,平行的: **collateral veins** 侧副静脉

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collaterality** n. **collaterally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. collateralis, from col- 'together with' + lateralis (from latus, later- 'side').

**collateral damage** n. inadvertent casualties and destruction in civilian areas caused by military operations 附带损失(军事行动在平民区造成的人员伤 亡和破坏的委婉语)

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**collateralize** or **collateralise** /kp'læt(ə)r(ə)laız/v. provide something as collateral for (a loan) 以……作 (贷款的)担保品,以……作抵押物

**collation** /kə'leıfn/ n. 1 the action of collating 收 集整合;核对,校勘2 formal【正式】 a light informal meal 点心 (in the Roman Catholic Church) a light meal allowed during a fast(天主教)斋日点心

C-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. collatio(n-), from conferre(see见 CONFER); sense 2 from a text entitled Collationes Patrum in Scetica Eremo Commorantium, from which a reading would be given in Benedictine communities prior to a light meal.

**colleague** /'koli:g/n. a person with whom one works in a profession or business 同事,同僚

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. collègue, from L. collega 'partner in office.

**collect¹** /kə'lekt/ v. 1 bring or gather together 收 集,采集,聚集;积聚systematically seek and acquire (items of a particular kind) as a hobby(作 为爱好而)收藏,搜集2 call for and take away; fetch 拿走,取走;接➤ call for and receive (something) as a right or due收取,领取(有权要求或应得之 物)3(**collect oneself**) regain control of oneself, typically after a shock(多指在受惊后)恢复镇定4 archaic 【古】conclude; infer 推断,推定5 Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】collide with 与･･･相撞 adv. & adj. N. Amer.【北美】(with reference to a telephone call) to be paid for by the person receiving it(电 话)由受话人付费(的)

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. collecter or med. L. collectare, from L. collect-, colligere 'gather together.

**collect²** /'kplekt, -lıkt/ n. (in church use) a short prayer, especially one assigned to a particular day or season(教会中尤在特定时间使用的)短祷告

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. collecte, from L. collecta 'gathering, fem. past part. of colligere 'gather together.

**collectable** /kə'lektəbl/ (also 亦作 **collectible**) ■adj. 1 worth collecting; of interest to a collector 值得收藏的,适于收藏的2able to be collected 可收 集的,可采集的;可收取的■n. an item valued and sought by collectors 收藏品

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collectability** /kə,lektə'bılıti/n.

**collected** /kə'lektid/ adj. 1 not perturbed or distracted 镇定的,泰然自若的2 (of works) brought together in one volume or edition(作品)全集的

**collection** /kə'lekſn/ n. 1 the action or process of collecting 收集;聚集;收取a regular removal of mail for dispatch or of refuse for disposal (信 件的)定期取走;(垃圾的)定期清除 an instance of collecting money, as in a church service(做 礼拜等时的)募捐 2 a group of things collected or accumulated(一批)收藏品;(一批)积累物3 (**collections**) Brit. 【英】 college examinations held at the beginning or end of a term, especially at Oxford University(尤指牛津大学的)学院期初(或 期末)考试

**collective** /kə'lektiv/adj. done by or belonging to all the members of a group 共同(完成)的,集体 (所有)的taken as a whole; aggregate总的;集合 的;聚集的n. a cooperative enterprise 集体企业 > a **collective farm** 集体农场

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collectively** adv. **collectiveness** n. **collectivity** n.

**collective bargaining** n. negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees(员工组织就工资和其他工作条件 进行的)集体谈判

**collective farm** n. a jointly operated amalgamation of several smallholdings, especially one owned by the state(尤指国家所有的)集体农场

**collective noun**n. Grammar 【语法】 a count noun that denotes a group of individuals (e.g. assembly, family, crew)集合名词(如assembly, family, crew)
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> A **collective noun** can be used with either a singular verb (**my family** was always hard- working) or a plural verb (**his family** were disappointed in him). Generally speaking, in Britain it is more usual for collective nouns to be followed by a plural verb while in the US the opposite is true. 集合名词既可与单数动词连 用(如:My family was always hard-working. 我 家人总是勤奋地工作。),也可与复数动词连用(如: His family were disappointed in him. 他家人对 他很失望。)。一般说来,在英国集合名词通常与复数 动词连用,而在美国则恰恰相反。

**collective unconscious**n. (in Jungian psycho- logy) the part of the unconscious mind which is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual's unconscious (荣格心理学中的)集体无 意识

**collectivism** /kə'lektıvızəm/ n. 1 the practice or principle of giving the group priority over each individual in it 集体主义2 the ownership of land and the means of production by the people or the state 集体所有制

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collectivist** adj. & n. **collectivi- zation** or **collectivisation** n. **collectivize** or **collectivise** v.

**collector** /kə'lektə(r)/ n. 1 a person who collects things of a specified type, professionally or as a hobby 收集者,采集者,收藏家2 an official who is responsible for collecting money owed 收取款项的 公务员3(in some South Asian countries) the chief administrative official of a district (一些南亚国家 的)地方行政长官4 Electronics【电子】 the region in a bipolar transistor that absorbs charge carriers(双极 晶体管的)集电极

**colleen** /kp'li:n, 'koli:n/n. Irish 【爱】 a girl or young woman 女孩;姑娘

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-ORIGIN 词源C19: from Ir. cailin, dimin. of caile 'countrywoman.

**college** /'kplıd3/ n. 1 an educational establishment providing higher education or specialized pro- fessional or vocational training 大学,学院;专科学 校;职业学校(in Britain) any of the independent institutions into which some universities are separated(英国大学中独立的)学院 2 an organized group of professional people with particular aims, duties, and privileges学会;协会;社团

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. collegium 'partnership', from collega (see 见 COLLEAGUE).

**College of Arms**n. (in the UK) a corporation which officially records and grants armorial bearings(英国)宗谱纹章院(将各种纹章或盾徽记录 备案和授予某一纹章或盾徽的法人团体)

**college of education** n. an institution where schoolteachers are trained 教育学院

**collegial** /kə'li:dziəl, -dzl/ adj. 1 another term for COLLEGIATE (sense 1) * collegiate(释义1)的另一种 说法 2 relating to or involving shared responsibility 共同负责的,共同承担责任的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collegiality** n.

**collegian** /kə'li:dziən, -dzn/ n. a member of a college 大学(或学院等的)一员

**collegiate** /kə'li:dz(i)ǝt/ adj. 1 belonging or relating to a college or its students 大学的;学院的; 大学生2(of a British university) composed of different colleges(英国大学)由不同学院组成的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collegiately** adv.

**collegiate church** n. a church endowed for a chapter of canons but without a bishop's see(捐赠 给一教士团但无主教辖区的)大圣堂US & Scottish 【美,苏格兰】a church or group of churches established under two or more pastors(两个或两个 以上牧师共同主持的)联合教堂(或教会)

**col legno** /kpl 'lenjǝu/ adv. Music 【音】(with reference to a bowed instrument) played by hitting the strings with the back of the bow(演奏弓弦乐 器)弓杆击弦地

-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'with the wood (of the bow)'.

**collenchyma** /kə'leŋkımən. Botany 【植】 tissue strengthened by the thickening of cell walls, as in young shoots 厚角组织

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kolla 'glue' + enkhuma 'infusion.

**Colles fracture** /'kplıs/n. Medicine 【医】 a fracture of the radius in the wrist with a characteristic backward displacement of the hand 柯莱斯骨折

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles.

**collet** /'kplit/ n. 1 a segmented band put round a shaft and tightened so as to grip it 有缝夹套,套爪2 a small collar in a clock to which the inner end of a balance spring is attached(钟内的)游丝固着环3a flange or socket for setting a gem in jewellery(珠宝 内镶嵌宝石的)宝石座

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., dimin. of col 'neck', from L. collum.

**colliculus** /kə'lıkjuləs/ n. (pl. **colliculi** /-laı, -li:/) Anatomy 【解】any of a number of small swellings in the roof of the midbrain, involved in vision and hearing 小丘,小阜

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collicular** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., dimin. of collis 'hill.

**collide** /kə'laıd/ v. 1 hit by accident when moving 碰撞;互撞2come into conflict or opposition 冲 突,抵触

-ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. collidere, from col- 'together' + laedere 'to strike.

**collider** /kə'laıdə(r)/n. Physics 【物】 an accelerator in which two beams of particles are made to collide 对撞机

**collie** /'koli/ n. (pl. **collies**) a sheepdog of a breed having a long, pointed nose and thick long hair 利 牧羊犬

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from COAL (the breed orig. being black).

**collier** /'kpliǝ(r)/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】1 a coal miner 煤矿工人,矿工2 a ship carrying coal 运煤船

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from COAL + -IER.

**colliery** /'koliəri/ n. (pl. **collieries**) chiefly Brit.【主 英】 a coal mine and the buildings and equipment associated with it(包括建筑物、设备在内的)煤矿

**colligative** /kə'lıgətıv/ adj. Chemistry 【化】 relating to the binding together of molecules 依数的

-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L. colligat-, colligare 'bind together.

**collimate** /'kplımeit/ v. 1 make (rays of light or particles) accurately parallel 使(光线或粒子线)平 行2 accurately set the alignment of (an optical or other system)校准(光学或其他系统),使准直

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collimation** n. **collimator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. collimare, an erroneous reading of collineare 'align or aim.

**collinear** /kp'lıniə(r)/ adj. Geometry 【八】(of points) lying in the same straight line(若干点)共 线的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collinearity** n.

**collision** /kə'lızn/ n. an instance of colliding 碰撞; 冲突

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collisional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. collisio(n-), from L. collidere (see见 COLLIDE).

**collocation** /kələ'keıfn/ n. 1 Linguistics 【语言】 the habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words with a frequency greater than chance(词语的)搭配2the action of placing things together according to a system or order 排 列;放置

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collocate** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. collocatio(n-), from collocare 'place together.

**collocutor** /'kələ,kju:tə(r), kə'lvkjutə(r)/ n. rare 【罕】a person who converses with another(与人) 谈话者

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L., from collocut-, colloqui 'to converse.

**collodion** /kə'ləudiən/ n. a syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether, used as a coating, especially in surgery(尤用于外科 手术的)火棉胶剂

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kollōdēs 'glue-like.

**collogue** /ko'lǝug/ v. (**collogues, colloguing, collogued**) archaic 【古】 talk confidentially 密谈

C-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. an alt. of obs. colleague 'conspire', by assoc. with L. colloqui 'to converse.

**colloid** /'kploid/ n. a homogeneous non-crystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultra- microscopic particles of one substance dispersed in a second substance, as in gels, sols, and emulsions 胶质 Anatomy & Medicine【解,医】a substance of gelatinous consistency 胶体

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colloidal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kolla 'glue' + -OID.

**collop** /'kolǝp/ ■n. dialect & N. Amer.【方,北美】a slice of meat 肉片

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Scand. origin.

**colloquial** /kə'ləukwiəl/ adj. (of language) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary(语言)会话的,口语的,口头的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colloquially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. colloquium 'conversation' + -AL.

**colloquialism** /kə'ləukwiəlızəm/ n. a colloquial word or phrase 口语用词语(或短语)

**colloquium** /kə'ləukwiəm/ n. (pl. **colloquiums** or **colloquia** /-kwiə/) an academic conference or seminar 学术报告会,学术研讨会

-ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting a conversation): from L., from colloqui 'to converse.

**colloquy** /'kələkwi/ n. (pl. **colloquies**) 1 formal 【正式】a conversation 谈话;会谈2 a gathering for discussion of theological questions 神学问题讨论会

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. colloquium 'conversation.

**collotype** /'kplətaıp/ n. a process for making high- quality prints using a sheet of light-sensitive gelatin 珂罗版印刷术

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kolla 'glue' + TYPE.

**collude** /kə'l(j)u:d/ v. come to a secret agreement in order to deceive others; conspire密谋,共谋;勾 结,串通

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colluder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. colludere 'have a secret agreement', from col- 'together' + ludere 'to play.

**collusion** /kə'lu:zn/ n. secret or illegal cooperation in order to cheat or deceive others (以欺骗为目的 的)密谋,共谋,勾结,串通

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **collusive** adj. **collusively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. collusio(n-), from colludere (see见 COLLUDE).

**collywobbles** /'koliwpblz/pl. n. informal, chiefly humorous【非正式,主幽】stomach pain or queasi- ness 肚子痛;恶心 > intense anxiety 紧张,焦虑

-ORIGIN 词源C19: formed from COLIC and WOBBLE.

**Colo.** /kələ'ra:dǝu/abbr. Colorado(美国)科罗拉 多州

**colobus** /'kpləbəs/ n. (pl. **same**单复同) a slender leaf-eating African monkey with silky fur 疣猴 [Genera Colobus and Procolobus: several species.]

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colobine** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kolobos 'curtailed' (with ref. to its shortened thumbs).

**colocynth** /'kələsinə/ n. a tropical climbing plant with pulpy fruit which yield a bitter purgative drug 药西瓜[Citrullus colocynthis.]

-ORIGIN词源C16: via L. from Gk kolokunthis.

**cologne** /kə'ləun/ n. eau de cologne or similarly scented toilet water 科隆香水,古龙水

**Colombian** /kə'lombiǝn/ n. a native or inhabitant of Colombia 哥伦比亚人■adj. relating to Colombia or its people 哥伦比亚的,哥伦比亚人的

**colon¹** /'kələn/ n. 1 a punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an expansion or explanation冒号(用于列举、引出引语 或解释说明)2 this mark used in various technical and formulaic contexts, for example a statement of proportion between two numbers冒号(用于科技文 本或公式中,如表示两个数字之间的比例)

-ORIGIN 词源C16: via L. from Gk kōlon 'limb, clause.

**colon²** /'kələn, -lpn/ n. Anatomy 【解】 the main part of the large intestine, which passes from the caecum to the rectum 结肠

-ORIGIN 词源ME: via L. from Gk kolon.

**colón** /kp'lon/ n. (pl. **colones** /-'lonez/) the basic monetary unit of Costa Rica and El Salvador, equal to 100 centimos in Costa Rica and 100 centavos in El Salvador 科朗(哥斯达黎加和萨尔瓦多基本货币单 位,1科朗=100分)

-ORIGIN 词源 from Cristóbal Colón, the Spanish name of Christopher Columbus.

**colonel** /'k3:nl/ n. a rank of officer in the army and in the US air force, above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier or brigadier general(陆军和美国 空军)上校

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colonelcy** n. (pl. **colonelcies**).
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from obs. Fr. coronel, from Ital. colonnello 'column of soldiers.

**colonial** /kə'ləuniəl/ adj. 1 relating to or characteristic of a colony or colonies 殖民地的;具 有殖民地特点的2 (of architecture or furniture) in the style of the period of the British colonies in America before independence(建筑或家具)(美国 独立前)殖民地时期式样的3(of animals or plants) living in colonies(动物或植物)集群的,群体的n. a person who lives in a colony 殖民地居民

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colonially** adv.

**colonialism** /kə'ləuniəlızəm/ n. the policy or practice of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it
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economically 殖民主义,殖民政策
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colonialist** n. & adj.

**colonic** /kə'lɒnɪk/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to or affecting the colon结肠的;影响结肠的

**colonic irrigation** n. the practice of inserting water via the anus to flush out the colon, used as a therapeutic treatment 结肠灌洗

**colonist** /'kɒlənɪst/ n. a settler in or inhabitant of a colony 殖民地开拓者;殖民地居民

**colonize** or **colonise** /'kɒlənaɪz/ v. **1** establish a colony in (a place)在(某地)建立殖民地 ➤ establish control over (the indigenous people of a colony)殖民统治(当地居民) **2** appropriate (a place or domain) for one's own use 将(地方 或领域)据为己用 **3** Ecology 【生态】(of a plant or animal) establish itself in (an area)(植物或动物) 在(某地区)建群
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colonization** n. **colonizer** n.

**colonnade** /ˌkɒlə'neɪd/ n. a row of evenly spaced columns supporting a roof or other structure 柱廊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colonnaded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from colonne 'column', from L. columna.

**colonoscopy** /ˌkɒlə'nɒskəpi/ n. (pl. **colonoscopies**) Medicine 【医】 examination of the colon with a fibre-optic instrument inserted through the anus 结肠镜检查(术)

**colony** /'kɒləni/ n. (pl. **colonies**) **1** a country or area under the political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country 殖民地,殖民地国家(或地区) ➤ (**the colonies**) all the foreign places formerly under British political control(总称)前英国殖民地 ➤ (**the colonies**) the thirteen areas on the east coast of North America that gained independence and founded the United States of America(脱离英国获得独立并创建美利坚 合众国的北美洲东海岸)十三个殖民地 **2** a group of people of one nationality or race living in a foreign place(在外国)聚居的同国侨民(或同种族人) ➤ a place where a group of people with the same occupation or interest live together(有共同职业或兴趣的 人群的)聚居地,聚居区: a nudist colony 裸体主义者 聚居地 **3** Biology 【生物】 a community of animals or plants of one kind living close together or forming a physically connected structure 群体
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. colonia 'settlement, farm', from colonus 'settler, farmer', from colere 'cultivate'.

**colophon** /'kɒləf(ə)n/ n. **1** a publisher's emblem or imprint 出版社商标 **2** historical【史义】a statement at the end of a book giving information about its authorship and printing(说明作者和印刷信息的)书 尾题署,版本记录,版权页标记
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk kolophōn 'summit or finishing touch'.

**colophony** /kə'lɒfəni, 'kɒləfəʊni/ n. another term for ROSIN ■ rosin的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. colophonia (resina) '(resin) from Colophon', a town in Lydia, Asia Minor.

**color** /'kʌlə(r)/ ■n. & v. US spelling of COLOUR ■ colour 的美式拼法

**Coloradan** /ˌkɒlə'rɑːd(ə)n/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Colorado(美国)科罗拉多州人 ■adj. relating to Colorado(美国)科罗拉多州的

**Colorado beetle** /ˌkɒlə'rɑːdəʊ/ n. a yellow- and black-striped beetle, native to America, whose larvae are highly destructive to potato plants 马铃 薯叶甲(幼虫对马铃薯植株极具破坏性)[Leptinotarsa decemlineata.]

**coloration** /ˌkʌlə'reɪʃn/ (also 亦作 **colouration**) ■n. C **1** arrangement or scheme of colour; colouring 色彩设计;着色(法) **2** the character or tone of something, especially musical expression(尤指音乐 表达的)特色,特性
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. coloratio(n-), from colorare 'to colour'.

**coloratura** /ˌkɒlərə'tjʊərə/ n. elaborate ornamentation of a vocal melody(声乐的)花腔 ➤ a soprano skilled in coloratura singing 花腔女高音
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'colouring'.

**colorectal** /ˌkəʊləʊ'rektl/ adj. relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum 结肠直肠的

**colorific** /ˌkʌlə'rɪfɪk, kɒl-/ ■adj. rare 【罕】 having much colour; colourful 多色彩的,五彩缤纷的

**colorimeter** /ˌkʌlə'rɪmɪtə(r), kɒl-/ n. an instrument for measuring the intensity of colour 色度计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colorimetric** adj. **colorimetry** n.

**colossal** /kə'lɒsl/ adj. **1** extremely large巨大的,其 大无比的 ➤ Sculpture 【雕】 (of a statue) at least twice life size(雕像)巨型的,至少有真人(或实物)两倍 大的 **2** Architecture 【建】 (of an order) having more than one storey of columns(柱型)高巨的,不止一 层柱的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colossally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from Fr., from colosse, from L. colossus (see见 COLOSSUS).

**colosseum** /ˌkɒlɪ'siːəm/ n. variant spelling of COLISEUM ■ coliseum 的另一种拼法

**colossus** /kə'lɒsəs/ n. (pl. **colossi** /-saɪ/ or **colossuses**) a person or thing of enormous size, in particular a statue that is much bigger than life size 巨人;庞然大物,(尤指)巨像
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk kolossos (applied by Herodotus to the statues of Egyptian temples).

**colostomy** /kə'lɒstəmi/ n. (pl. **colostomies**) a surgical operation in which the colon is shortened to remove a damaged part and the cut end diverted to an opening in the abdominal wall 结肠造口术
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from COLON² + Gk stoma 'mouth'.

**colostrum** /kə'lɒstrəm/ n. the first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth, rich in antibodies(产后)初乳
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L.

**colour** /'kʌlə(r)/ (US 【美】**color**) ■n. **1** the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light(眼睛所感觉到的)色, 颜色 ➤ one, or any mixture, of the constituents into which light can be separated in a spectrum or rainbow色,颜色(光谱或虹所分离出的单色或其混 合色) ➤ the use of all colours, not only black and white, in printing, photography or television (摄影 或电视的)彩色 ➤ Heraldry【纹章】 any of the major conventional colours used in coats of arms (gules, vert, sable, azure, purpure)传统色,普通色(红、 绿、黑、蓝、紫之一) ➤ Snooker 【斯】 any of the balls other than the white cue ball and the reds(除 C 白色主球和红球外的任一)彩球 **2** pigmentation of the skin, especially as an indication of someone's race(尤指作为种族标志的)肤色 **3** redness of the complexion, as indicating health or an emotion such as anger(脸上的)血色,红晕 **4** interest, excitement, and vitality 趣味;刺激;活力:a town full of colour and character 充满趣味和特色的城镇 **5** (**colours**) an item of a particular colour worn to identify or distinguish, in particular the clothes worn by a jockey or the members of a sports team (个人佩戴的)色彩识别标志(尤指职业赛马骑师或运 动队成员所穿着的服装) ➤ a badge or cap awarded to a pupil representing a school in sport(授予代 表学校参加体育比赛的学生的)特定颜色的徽章(或 帽子) ➤ the flag of a regiment or ship 团旗;船旗 **6** Physics 【物】 a property of quarks which can take three values designated blue, green, and red 色 ■v. **1** give a colour to 给……着色(或染色) **2** show embarrassment by becoming red; blush(因尴尬 而)脸红 **3** influence, especially in a negative way; distort(尤指负面地)影响:The experiences had coloured her whole existence. 那些经历影响了她的 一生。
-PHRASES 短语 **show one's true colours** reveal one's real character or intentions, especially when these are disreputable 露出真面目;露出真正的本性(或意 图) **under colour of** under the pretext of 以…为借 口(或托词)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. colour (n.), colourer (v.), from L. color (n.), colorare (v.).

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颜色 one, or any mixture, of the constituents into which light can be separated in a spectrum or rainbow 色,颜色(光谱或虹所分离出的单色或其混合色)
> the use of all colours, not only black and white, in printing, photography or television (摄影或电视的)彩色
> Heraldry 【纹章】 any of the major conventional colours used in coats of arms (gules, vert, sable, azure, purpure) 传统色,普通色(红、绿、黑、蓝、紫之一)
> Snooker 【斯】 any of the balls other than the white cue ball and the reds (除白色主球和红球外的任一)彩球 2 pigmentation of the skin, especially as an indication of someone's race (尤指作为种族标志的)肤色 3 redness of the complexion, as indicating health or an emotion such as anger (脸上的)血色,红晕 4 interest, excitement, and vitality 趣味;刺激;活力: a town full of colour and character 充满趣味和特色的城镇 5 (colours) an item of a particular colour worn to identify or distinguish, in particular the clothes worn by a jockey or the members of a sports team (个人佩戴的)色彩识别标志(尤指职业赛马骑师或运动员队成员所穿着的服装)
> a badge or cap awarded to a pupil representing a school in sport (授予代表学校参加体育比赛的学生的)特定颜色的徽章(或帽子)
> the flag of a regiment or ship 团旗;船旗 6 Physics 【物】 a property of quarks which can take three values designated blue, green, and red 色
> V. 1 give a colour to 给……着色(或染色) 2 show embarrassment by becoming red; blush (因尴尬而)脸红 3 influence, especially in a negative way; distort (尤指负面地)影响: The experiences had coloured her whole existence. 那些经历影响了她的一生。
-PHRASES 短语 show one's true colours reveal one's real character or intentions, especially when these are disreputable 露出真面目;露出真正的本性(或意图)
> under colour of under the pretext of 以…为借口(或托词)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. colour (n.), colourer (v.), from L. color (n.), colorare (v.).

**colourable** /'kalərəbl/ (US 【美】 colorable) adj. 1 capable of being coloured 可着色的 2 apparently correct or justified 表面正确的,貌似有理的
> counterfeit; pretended 仿照的;假装的

**colourant** /'kələrənt/ (US 【美】 colorant) n. a dye or pigment used to colour something 着色剂,染色剂;染料;颜料

**colouration** /kalǝ'reıfn/ n. variant spelling of COLORATION * coloration 的另一种拼法

**colour-blind** adj. unable to distinguish certain colours 色盲的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 colour blindness n.

**colour code** n. a system of marking things with different colours as a means of identification 色标,色码(用不同颜色做辨识标记的系统)
> V. (colour-code) mark using a colour code 给………标上色标(或色码)

**coloured** /'kalǝd/ (US 【美】 colored) adj. 1 having a colour or colours 有颜色的;彩色的 2 (also 亦作 Coloured) wholly or partly of non-white descent (now usually offensive, except in South African use) 有色人种的,(属)混血种的(现除南非外,此用法多具有冒犯性)
> S. African historical 【南非,史义】 of mixed ethnic origin (属)混血种的
> n. 1 (also 亦作 Coloured) dated or offensive 【过时或冒】 a person who is wholly or partly of non-white descent 有色人种的人;混血儿
> S. African 【南非】 a person of mixed descent, usually speaking Afrikaans or English as their mother tongue (通常以阿非利坎语或英语为母语的)混血儿 2 (coloureds) clothes, sheets, etc. that are any colour but white (除白色以外任何颜色的)彩色服装(或床单等)
> USAGE 用法说明 Coloured referring to skin colour was adopted in the US by emancipated slaves as a term of racial pride after the end of the American Civil War. In Britain it was the accepted term until the 1960s, when it was superseded (as in the US) by black. In South Africa, the term is used to refer to people of mixed descent, and in this context is not considered offensive. 美国南北战争结束后,解放了的奴隶带着种族自豪感开始使用 coloured 一词来表示肤色。在英国,这一用法一直被普遍接受,直到20世纪60年代为 black 所取代(在美国也是一样)。在南非,coloured 一词被用来指混血儿,此种语境下它并不含有冒犯意味。

**colour-fast** adj. dyed in colours that will not fade or be washed out 不褪色的,不掉色的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 colour fastness n.

**colourful** /'kalǝfl/ (US 【美】 colorful) adj. 1 having many or varied colours 富于色彩的,色彩缤纷的 2 lively and exciting 丰富多彩的,富有趣味的;生动的
> (of language) vulgar or rude (语言)粗俗的,无礼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 colourfully adv. colourfulness n.

**colouring** /'kʌləriŋ/ (US 【美】 coloring) n. 1 the process or art of applying colour 着色(法) 2 visual appearance with regard to colour (视觉上的)色彩,色调
> the natural hues of a person's skin, hair, and eyes 肤色,头发颜色,眼睛颜色 3 a substance used to colour something, especially food 颜料;染料:(尤指)食用色素

**colourist** /'kalǝrist/ (US 【美】 colorist) n. an artist or designer who uses colour in a special or skilful way 色彩画家,色彩设计师

**colouristic** /kələ'rıstık/ (US 【美】 coloristic) adj. 1 showing or relating to a special use of colour 用色的 2 having or showing a variety of musical expression (音乐表达)色彩性的,多样性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 colouristically adv.

**colourless** /'kalələs/ (US 【美】 colorless) adj. 1 without colour 无色的 2 lacking character or interest; dull 无特色的,平淡无奇的;无趣味的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 colourlessly adv. colour-lessness n.

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**colour scheme** n. an arrangement or combination of colours 色彩设计;色彩搭配

**colour sergeant** n. a rank of non-commissioned officer in the Army and Royal Marines, above sergeant and below warrant officer(英国陆军和皇家 海军陆战队)上士,掌旗军士
-ORIGIN 词源 with ref. to the sergeant's responsibility for carrying one of the regiment's colours in a guard of honour.

**colour supplement** n. Brit. 【英】 a magazine printed in colour and issued with a newspaper(报 纸的)彩色增刊

**colour temperature** n. another term for EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE ■ effective temperature 的另一种说法

**colourway** /'kʌləweɪ/ (US 【美】**colorway**) n. any of a range of combinations of colours in which something is available(配色)色位

**colporteur** /'kɒl,pɔːtə(r), ˌkɒlpɔː'tɜː(r)/ n. a person who sells or distributes books, newspapers, or religious material 叫卖书报的小贩,免费分发(或廉价 出售)宗教书刊的小贩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colportage** /'kɒl,pɔːtɪdʒ/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from colporter, prob. an alt. of comporter, from L. comportare 'carry with one'.

**colposcope** /'kɒlpəskəʊp/ n. a surgical instrument used to examine the vagina and the cervix of the womb 阴道镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **colposcopy** /kɒl'pɒskəpi/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk kolpos 'womb' + -SCOPE.

**colt** /kəʊlt/n. **1** a young uncastrated male horse, in particular one less than four years old(尤指4岁以下 的)未阉割的小雄马,公驹 **2** Brit. 【英】 a member of a junior sports team(体育运动队的)青年队队员
-ORIGIN 词源 OE; perh. rel. to Swed. kult, applied to boys or half-grown animals.

**colter** /'kəʊltə(r)/ ■n. US spelling of COULTER ■ coulter 的美式拼法

**coltish** /'kəʊltɪʃ/ adj. energetic but awkward in one's movements or behaviour(动作或行为)充满 活力但显笨拙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coltishly** adv. **coltishness** n.

**coltsfoot** /'kəʊltsfʊt/ n. (pl. **coltsfoots**) a plant of the daisy family, with yellow flowers and large leaves 款冬[Tussilago farfara.]

**colubrid** /'kɒljʊbrɪd/n. Zoology 【动】 a snake of a very large family (Colubridae) which includes the majority of harmless species, such as grass snakes 游蛇

**colubrine** /'kɒljʊbraɪn/ adj. relating to or resembling a snake 蛇的;似蛇的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. colubrinus, from coluber 'snake'.

**colugo** /kə'luːɡəʊ/ n. (pl. **colugos**) another term for FLYING LEMUR ■flying lemur的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**columbarium** /ˌkɒl(ə)m'beəriəm/ n. (pl. **columbaria**) a room or building with niches for funeral urns to be stored 骨灰瓮安置室(或所)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'pigeon house'.

**columbine** /'kɒl(ə)mbaɪn/ n. a plant with long-spurred, typically purplish-blue flowers 耧斗菜 [Aquilegia vulgaris and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. colombine, ult. from L. columba 'dove' (from the supposed resemblance of the flower to a cluster of five doves).

**columbite** /kə'lʌmbaɪt/n. a black mineral consisting of an oxide of iron, manganese, niobium, and tantalum 铌铁矿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from COLUMBIUM + -ITE¹.

**columbium** /kə'lʌmbiəm/ n. old-fashioned term for NIOBIUM ■niobium的过时说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Columbia, a poetic name for America from the name of Christopher Columbus.

**columella** /ˌkɒljʊ'melə/ n. (pl. **columellae** /-liː/) **1** Zoology 【动】an ossicle(small bone) of the middle ear of birds, reptiles, and amphibians(鸟 类、爬行类和两栖类的)耳柱骨 ➤ Anatomy 【解】the pillar around which the cochlea spirals(耳)蜗轴 **2** Zoology 【动】 the axis of a spiral shell(螺的)轴柱 **3** Botany 【植】 the axis of the spore-producing body of some lower plants 小柱;囊轴;中轴;蒴轴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **columellar** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'small column'.

**column** /'kɒləm/ ■n. **1** an upright pillar supporting an arch or other structure or standing alone as a monument(圆)柱支柱;纪念柱 ➤ an upright shaft used for controlling a machine(机器的)控制立杆 (或轴) **2** a vertical division of a page or text(页面 的)列,栏 ➤ a regular section of a newspaper or magazine on a particular subject or by a particular person(报刊的)专栏 **3** a line of people or vehicles moving in the same direction(往同一方向移动的) 队人(或车辆) ➤ Military【军】 a narrow- fronted deep formation of troops in successive lines 纵队(队形)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **columnar** adj. **columned** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: partly from OFr. columpпе, reinforced by its source, L. columna 'pillar'.

**columnated** /'kɒl(ə)mneɪtɪd/ adj. supported on or having columns靠(圆)柱支撑的;有(圆)柱的

**columnist** /'kɒl(ə)m(n)ɪst/ n. a journalist who writes a column in a newspaper or magazine(报刊 的)专栏作家

**colure** /kə'ljʊə(r)/ n. Astronomy 【天文】either of two great circles intersecting at right angles at the celestial poles and passing through the ecliptic at either the equinoxes or the solstices 分至圈
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. coluri (pl.), from Gk kolourai (grammai) 'truncated (lines)', so named because the lower part is permanently cut off from view.

**coly** /'kəʊli/ n. (pl. **colies**) another term for MOUSEBIRD ■ mousebird的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Colius, from Gk kolios, denoting a type of woodpecker.

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**colza** /'kɒlzə/ n. another term for RAPE² ■ rape²的另 一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Walloon Fr. kolza, from Low Ger. kōlsāt, Du. koolzaad, from kool 'cole' + zaad 'seed'.

**com-** /kɒm/(also亦作**co-**, **col-**, **con-**, or **cor-**) ■prefix with; together; jointly; altogether与;和; 共:全:combine 结合
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. cum 'with'.

**coma¹** /'kəʊmə/ n. a state of prolonged deep unconsciousness, caused especially by severe injury or illness 昏迷
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk kōma 'deep sleep'.

**coma²** /'kəʊmə/ n. (pl. **comae** /-miː/) **1** Astronomy 【天文】a diffuse cloud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus of a comet 彗发 **2** Optics 【光】 aberration which causes an off-axis image to be flared like a comet彗(形像)差
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk komē 'hair of the head'.

**Comanche** /kə'mæntʃi/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Comanches**) **1** a member of an American Indian people of the south-western US 科曼奇人(美国西南 部一支印第安人的成员) **2** the Uto-Aztecan language of the Comanche 科曼奇语
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., from Comanche.

**comatose** /'kəʊmətəʊs, -z/ adj. of or in a state of coma 昏迷的 ➤ humorous 【幽】 extremely tired or lethargic 精疲力竭的;无精打采的,昏昏欲睡的

**comb** /kəʊm/ n. **1** an article with a row of narrow teeth, used for untangling or styling the hair 梳,梳 子 ➤ a short curved comb worn by women to hold the hair in place(女子用来固定发型的)梳形头饰 **2** a device for separating and dressing textile fibres 精梳机 ➤ Austral./NZ 【澳新】 the lower, fixed cutting piece of a sheepshearing machine(剪羊毛机的) 梳齿,梳轮 **3** the red fleshy crest on the head of a domestic fowl, especially a cock(家禽的)肉冠;(尤 指)鸡冠 **4** a honeycomb 蜂巢,蜂房 ■v. **1** untangle or style (the hair) with a comb 梳理(头发);给(头 发)梳出发型 **2** prepare (wool, flax, or cotton) for manufacture with a comb精梳(羊毛、亚麻或棉) **3** search carefully and systematically 仔细搜索,系统 搜寻
-ORIGIN 词源 OE camb, of Gmc origin.

**combat** /'kɒmbæt/ n. fighting between armed forces 战斗 ■v. (**combats**, **combating** or **combatting**, **combated** or **combatted**) **1** take action to reduce or prevent (something undesirable)与…斗争;减轻; 防止 **2** archaic【古】 engage in a fight with与………战斗; 与…格斗
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. combattre, from late L. combattere, from com- 'together with' + battere, var. of L. batuere 'to fight'.

**combatant** /'kɒmbət(ə)nt, 'kʌm-/ n. a person or nation engaged in fighting during a war 战斗人员, 参加战斗者;参战国

**combat fatigue** n. **1** more recent term for SHELL SHOCK ■ shell shock 的较新说法 **2** (**combat fatigues**) uniform worn by soldiers in combat 作战 服,战斗服

**combative** /'kɒmbətɪv, 'kʌm-/ adj. ready or eager to fight or argue作势战斗(或争论)的;好斗的;爱 争吵的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **combatively** adv. **combativeness** n.

**combat trousers** pl. n. loose trousers with large patch pockets halfway down each leg(裤腿中部有两 个大裤袋的)军装裤

**combe** /kuːm/(also 亦作 **coomb** or **coombe**) n. Brit.【英】 a short valley or hollow on a hillside or coastline, especially in southern England(尤指英格 兰南部的)(丘陵或海岸边)山谷,凹地 ➤ Geology【地 质】a dry valley in a limestone or chalk escarpment (石灰岩或白垩岩峭壁上的)冲沟
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cumb, of Celtic origin, rel. to cWM.

**comber¹** /'kəʊmə(r)/ n. **1** a long curling sea wave 卷浪 **2** a person or machine that combs cotton or wool 精梳者;精梳机

**comber²** /'kɒmbə(r)/ n. a small coastal sea bass 鮨 [Serranus cabrilla.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**combi** /'kɒmbi/ n. a machine or appliance with two or more functions 两用(或多用)机器(或工具)

**combination** /ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn/ n. **1** the action of combining different things 结合;联合:混合 **2** a union in which the component elements are individually distinct 结合体,联合体;混合体 **3** Mathematics 【数】 a group of things chosen from a larger number without regard to their arrangement 组合 **4** a sequence of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock(用于开暗码锁的数字或字 母)暗码 **5** (**combinations**) dated 【过时】 a single undergarment covering the body and legs(作为内 衣的)连裤衬衣,连衫裤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **combinational** adj. **combinative** adj. **combinatory** adj.

**combination lock** n. a lock that is opened by rotating a set of numbered or lettered dials to show a specific sequence(用数码或字码开启的)暗码锁, 转字锁

**combination therapy** ■n. treatment in which a patient is given two or more drugs for one disease (使用两种或两种以上药物的)联合治疗

**combinatorial** /ˌkɒmbɪnə'tɔːriəl/ adj. technical 【技】 relating to combinations of items 组合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **combinatorially** adv.

**combinatorics** /ˌkɒmbɪnə'tɒrɪks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of mathematics dealing with combinations of objects belonging to a finite set in accordance with certain constraints(数学中 的)组合学

**combine¹** v. /kəm'baɪn/ **1** unite or merge to form a whole(使)结合;(使)联合;(使)混合:combine the flour with the margarine 把面粉和人造奶油调和在一起 ➤ Chemistry 【化】 unite to form a compound(使) 化合 **2** join with others for a common purpose(为 共同目的而)联合 ■n. /'kɒmbaɪn/ a group of people or companies acting together for a commercial purpose(出于商业目的的)联合企业,联盟
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **combinable** adj. **combiner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. combiner or late L. combinare 'join two by two', from com- 'together' + L. bini 'two together'.

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・Chemistry 【化】 unite to form a compound (使)化合 2 join with others for a common purpose (为共同目的而)联合
> n. /'kombain/ a group of people or companies acting together for a commercial purpose (出于商业目的的)联合企业,联盟
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 combinable adj. combiner n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. combiner or late L. combinare 'join two by two', from com- 'together' + L. bini 'two together.

**combine²** /'kombain/ v. harvest (a crop) with a combine harvester 用联合收割机收割(作物)
> n. a combine harvester 联合收割机,康拜因

**combined pill** n. an oral contraceptive containing both an oestrogen and a progestogen (既含雌激素又含孕激素的)复方口服避孕药

**combine harvester** n. a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans a cereal crop in one operation 联合收割机,康拜因

**combing wool** n. long-stapled wool with straight, parallel fibres, suitable for combing and making into high-quality fabrics 精梳用毛 Compare with 比较 CARDING WOOL.

**combining form** n. Grammar 【语法】 a form of a word normally used in compounds in combination with another element to form a word (e.g. bio- 'life' in biology) 构词成分

**comb jelly** n. a marine animal with a jellyfish-like body bearing rows of fused cilia for propulsion 栉水母 [Phylum Ctenophora.]

**combo** /'kombǝu/ n. (pl. combos) informal 【非正式】 1 a small jazz, rock, or pop band 小型爵士(或摇滚、流行)乐队 2 a combination 结合体;混合体
> a guitar amplifier with an integral speaker rather than a separate one (将扩大器和喇叭安装在同一箱体内的)一体化吉他音箱

**combust** /kəm'bast/ v. burn or be burnt by fire (使)燃烧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 combustible adj. & n. combustor n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (earlier (ME) as combustion): from obs. combust 'burnt', from L. combust-, comburere 'burn up!

**combustion** /kəm'bastfən/ n. the process of burning 燃烧
> Chemistry 【化】 rapid chemical combination with oxygen, involving the production of heat and light 燃烧(迅速氧化、产生光和热的过程)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 combustive adj.

**combustion chamber** n. an enclosed space in which combustion takes place, especially in an engine or furnace (尤指发动机或熔炉中的)燃烧室

**come** /kam/ v. (past came; past part. come) 1 move or travel towards or into a place near or familiar to the speaker 来;进
> arrive 来到,到达
> join in a specified activity 一起来(参加某活动): Do you want to come fishing? 你明天想一起来钓鱼吗? 2 occur; happen 出现;发生 3 occupy or achieve a specified position or placing 居…位置,取得……名次: She came second. 她获得第二名。
> reach or extend to a specified point 达到,至
> (come along/on) make progress; develop 进步;进展;发展
> [as adj. 作形容词 coming] likely to be important or successful in the future 大有前途的;可能成功的: a coming man 前程远大的男子
> said to correct, reassure, or urge on someone (用于纠正、安慰或催促某人)喂,得啦 4 pass into a specified state, especially one of separation 变成,成为(某状态,尤指分离): His shirt had come undone. 他的衬衫解开了。
> (come to/into) reach or be brought to (a specified situation) 变成,进入(某情形)
> (come across or chiefly Brit. 【主英】 over or US 【美】 off) give a specified impression 给人以某种印象 5 be sold or available in a specified form 被出售;被供应: The shirt comes in three sizes. 这款衬衫有3种尺码。 6 informal 【非正式】 have an orgasm 达到性高潮
> prep. informal 【非正式】 when a specified time is reached or event happens 当(某一时刻)来临;当(某一事件)发生
> n. informal 【非正式】 semen ejaculated at an orgasm (性高潮时射出的)精液
-PHRASES 短语 come again? informal 【非正式】 could you repeat or explain that? 你说什么,请再说一遍;请解释一下
> come off it informal 【非正式】 said when vigorously expressing disbelief (表示极不相信)去你的吧,别胡扯
> come the informal 【非正式】 behave like 装出,假装: Don't come the innocent with me. 别在我面前装出无辜的样子。
> come to nothing have no significant or successful result 落空;徒劳无功;没有结果
> come to pass literary 【文】 happen 发生
> come to that Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 in fact 实际上
> come what may no matter what happens 无论如何,不管发生什么
> have it coming (to one) informal 【非正式】 be due for retribution 活该
> how come? informal 【非正式】 said when asking how or why something happened 怎么会这样,为什么会发生
> to come in the future 未来的,将来的
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 come about 1 take place 发生,产生 2 (of a ship) change direction (船)改变方向
> come across 1 meet or find by chance 碰巧遇见;偶然发现 2 informal 【非正式】 provide what is wanted 提供(所需之物)
> come around see 见 COME ROUND.
> come at launch oneself at; attack 冲向,扑向;攻击
> come away be left with a specified feeling or result (做某事后)留下(某种情感或结果)
> come back respond, especially vigorously (尤指有力地)回答,反驳
> come before be dealt with by (a judge or court) 被交由(法官或法庭)处理
> come by manage to acquire 获得,得到
> come down on 1 criticize or punish harshly 抨击;申斥;严厉惩罚 2 reach a decision in favour of (one side or another) 决定支持(一方)
> come down to be dependent on (a factor) 可归结为,取决于(某因素)
> come for launch oneself at in order to attack 冲向(某人)攻击
> come forward volunteer for a task or to give evidence 站出来,自告奋勇;自愿作证
> come from have as a source or birthplace 源自;来自
> come in 1 have a useful role or function 有用,起作用 2 (of

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money) be earned or received regularly(钱)定期 被挣得(或收到) 3 join others in an enterprise 加入,参加 4 (of the tide) rise (潮) 上涨 **come in for** receive (a reaction), typically a negative one 得到, 招致(某种反应,一般指消极反应) **come into** inherit (money or property)继承(金钱或财产) **come of** 1 result from由…引起,起因于 2 be descended from 为…的后裔,出身于 **come off** 1 be accomplished; succeed 实现;成功 ➤fare in a specified way(以某种方式)进展: He always came off worse in an argument. 他在争论中总是落于下风。2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】 have an orgasm 达到性高潮 **come on** 1 (of a state or condition) start to arrive or happen(状况)开始,到来,发生 2 (also 亦作 **come upon**) meet or find by chance 碰巧遇见;偶然发现 3 said to encourage or correct someone(用于鼓励或纠正某人)快点,赶快,得啦 **come on to** informal 【非正式】 make sexual advances towards 对……作出性挑逗 **come out** 1 (of a fact) become known(事实)被获知 ➤happen as a result 作为结果发生,结果是 ➤(of a photograph) be produced satisfactorily or in a specified way(照片)照得令人满意,照成…样子 ➤(of the result of a calculation or measurement) emerge at a specified figure(计算或测量的结果)达,计 2 (of a book or other work) be released or published(书或其他作品)发表,出版 3 declare oneself as being for or against something 宣布, 声称(支持或反对) 4 achieve a specified placing in an examination or contest 得…成绩(或名次) ➤acquit oneself in a specified way 作出特定表现 5 (of a stain) be removed or able to be removed (污迹)(能)被除去 6 Brit. 【英】go on strike 举行罢工 7 informal 【非正式】 openly declare that one is homosexual 公开自己的同性恋身份,出柜 8 Brit. dated 【英,过时】(of a young upper-class woman) make one's debut in society(上流社会的年轻女子)初次进入社交界 **come out in** Brit. 【英】 (of the skin) break out in (spots or a similar condition)(皮肤)突然布满(斑疹等) **come out with** say in a sudden or rude way(突然地或无礼地)说出 **come over** 1 (of a feeling) begin to affect (情感)开始影响 ➤Brit. informal【英,非正式】suddenly start to feel a specified way 突然感到 2 change to another side or point of view 改变立场(或观点) **come round** chiefly Brit.【主英】(chiefly US also 【主美亦作】**come around**) 1 recover consciousness苏醒,恢复知觉 2 be converted to another person's opinion 变为同意他人观点 3 (of a date or regular occurrence) recur(某个日子或定期发生事件)再度降临 **come through** 1 succeed in surviving or dealing with 幸存;安然度过 2 (of a message) be sent and received (信息)被发送并收到 ➤(of an official decree) be processed and notified(官方法令)审议后公布 **come to** 1 recover consciousness 苏醒,恢复知觉 2 (of an expense) reach in total(费用)总计 3 (of a ship) come to a stop(船)停驶,下锚 **come under** 1 be classified as or among 被归为;被归入 2 be subject to 受…影响(或支配、管辖) **come up** (of a situation or problem) occur, especially unexpectedly (情况或问题)(尤指出乎意料地)出现,发生 ➤(of a time or event) draw near(某时间或事件)接近,来临 **come up against** be faced with or opposed by面对;遭到……反对 **come up with** produce (something), especially when pressured or challenged(尤在面对压力或挑战时)提出,想出 **come upon** 1 attack by surprise 突袭 2 see见 **COME ON** (sense 2释义2)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE cuman, of Gmc origin.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The use of **come** followed by **and**, as in **come and see for yourself**, dates back to Old English, but is seen by some as incorrect or only suitable for informal English: for more details see usage at **AND**. * **come** 后加 **and** 这一用法(如在**come and see for yourself** 中)可追溯到古英语,但有人认为该用法不正确,或只适合在非正式英语中使用。更多信息请参见 **and** 处的用法说明。

**come-along** n. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a hand-operated winch 手动绞车,手动卷扬机

**comeback** /'kʌmbæk/ n. 1 a return to prominence or fashionability复出;复兴 2 informal【非正式】a quick reply to a critical remark 机智的回答(或反驳) ➤opportunity to seek redress 寻求赔偿的机会

**comedian** /kə'miːdiən/ n. (fem.阴性 **comedienne**) an entertainer whose act is designed to arouse laughter 喜剧(或滑稽)演员 ➤a comic playwright 喜剧作家

**comedo** /'kɒmɪdəʊ, kə'miːdəʊ/ n. (pl. **comedones** /-'dəʊniːz/) technical term for **BLACKHEAD** * blackhead的专业说法
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'glutton' (a former name for parasitic worms, later referring to worm-like matter squeezed from a blackhead).

**comedogenic** /kɒmɪdə(ʊ)'dʒenɪk/ adj. tending to cause blackheads by blocking the pores of the skin (因堵塞皮肤毛孔)易产生粉刺的

**comedown** /'kʌmdaʊn/ n. informal【非正式】 1 a loss of status or importance 落泊,潦倒,失势 2 a feeling of disappointment or depression 失望;沮丧 ➤a lessening of the sensations generated by a narcotic drug as its effects wear off(随麻醉药药效减退引起的)兴奋感的渐失

**comedy** /'kɒmədi/ n. (pl. **comedies**) 1 entertainment consisting of jokes and sketches intended to make an audience laugh 滑稽表演 ➤a film, play, or programme intended to arouse laughter 喜剧片;滑稽剧;滑稽节目 2 a play with a humorous or satirical tone, in which the characters ultimately triumph over adversity 喜剧
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **comedic** /kə'miːdɪk, -'me-/ adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. comedie, via L. from Gk kōmōidia, based on kōmos 'revel' + aoidos 'singer'.

**comedy of manners** n. a play, novel, or film

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**come-hither** adj. informal 【非正式】flirtatious or coquettish 挑逗性的,调情的;卖弄风情的:a come-hither look 挑逗的眼神

**comely** /'kʌmli/ adj. (**comelier**, **comeliest**) **1** archaic or humorous 【古或幽】 (typically of a woman) pleasant to look at; attractive(一般 指女子)标致的,秀丽的,好看的 **2** archaic【古】 agreeable; suitable合宜的,恰当的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comeliness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. shortened from becomely 'fitting, becoming', from BECOME.

**come-on** n. informal 【非正式】 **1** a gesture or remark intended to attract someone sexually引诱姿态;挑 逗话语 **2** a marketing ploy, such as a free or cheap offer 促销手段(如免费赠送、廉价销售等)

**comer** /'kʌmə(r)/ n. **1** [with adj.与形容词连用]a person who arrives来者;到者 **2** N. Amer. informal 【北 美,非正式】a person or thing likely to succeed 有希 望成功的人(或事物)

**comestible** /kə'mestɪbl/ formal or humorous【正式或 幽】■n. an item of food食物,食品 ■adj. edible可 食的
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr., from med. L. comestibilis, from L. comest-, comedere 'eat up'.

**comet** /'kɒmɪt/ n. a celestial object which consists of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a diffuse tail, and typically follows a highly eccentric orbit around the sun 彗星
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cometary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. cometa, from Gk komētēs 'longhaired (star)', from komē 'hair'; reinforced by OFr. comete.

**comeuppance** /kʌm'ʌpəns/n. informal 【非正式】a punishment or fate that someone deserves 应得的惩 罚,报应

**comfit** /'kʌmfɪt/■n. dated 【过时】 a sweet consisting of a nut, seed, or other centre coated in sugar 夹心糖果
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confit, from L. confect-, conficere (see 见 CONFECT).

**comfort** /'kʌmfət/ n. **1** a state of ease and freedom from pain or constraint 舒适,自在 ➤ (**comforts**) things that contribute to comfort 带来舒适的事 物 ➤ prosperity and a pleasant lifestyle 安逸,享 受 **2** consolation for grief or anxiety 安慰,慰藉 ➤ a person or thing that gives such consolation 给予 安慰的人(或事物) ■v. cause to feel less unhappy; console 安慰,慰问
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comforting** adj. **comfortingly** adv. **comfortless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confort (n.), conforter (v.), from late L. confortare 'strengthen'.

**comfortable** /'kʌmftəbl/ adj. **1** providing or enjoying ease or relaxation 使人舒服的,舒适的, 惬意的:comfortable shoes 舒适的鞋子 ➤ relaxed and free from constraint(人)舒服的,自在的 **2** free from stress or financial worry 无压力的;无经济负担 的,宽裕的 **3** (of a victory) with a wide margin(胜 利)轻松取得的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comfortableness** n. **comfortably** adv.

**comforter** /'kʌmfətə(r)/ n. **1** a person or thing that provides consolation 安慰者;给予安慰的事物 ➤ Brit. 【英】 a baby's dummy(哄婴儿的)橡皮奶头 **2** dated 【过时】 a woollen scarf 羊毛围巾 **3** N. Amer.【北美】a warm quilt 温暖的盖被

**comfort station** ■n. N. Amer. euphemistic【北美,婉】C a public toilet 舒园(指公共厕所)

**comfrey** /'kʌmfri/ n. (pl. **comfreys**) a plant with large hairy leaves and clusters of purplish or white bell-shaped flowers 聚合草 [Symphytum officinale and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. cumfirie, based on L. conferva, from confervere 'heal' (referring to the plant's medicinal use).

**comfy** /'kʌmfi/ adj. (**comfier**, **comfiest**) informal 【非正式】comfortable 使人舒服的,舒适的;自在的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comfily** adv. **comfiness** n.

**comic** /'kɒmɪk/ adj. causing or meant to cause laughter 滑稽的,使人发笑的 ➤ relating to or in the style of comedy 喜剧的 ■n. **1** a comedian 喜剧演员 **2** a children's periodical containing comic strips (儿童)连环漫画刊物 ➤ (**comics**) N. Amer.【北美】 comic strips(报刊上的)连环漫画
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk kōmikos, from kōmos 'revel'.

**comical** /'kɒmɪkl/ adj. causing laughter; amusing 滑稽的,使人发笑的;有趣的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comicality** n. (archaic【古】). **comically** adv.

**Comice** /'kɒmɪs/ n. a large rounded yellow pear of a late-fruiting variety 考密斯梨
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'association, cooperative', referring to the Comice Horticole of Angers, France.

**comic opera** n. an opera that portrays humorous situations and characters, with much spoken dialogue 喜歌剧

**comic relief** n. humorous content in a dramatic or literary work which offsets more serious portions (剧情类或文学作品中的)喜剧性调剂

**comic strip** n. a sequence of drawings in boxes that tell an amusing story 连环漫画

**COMINT** /'kɒmɪnt/ abbr. communications intelligence 通信情报(系统)

**comital** /'kɒmɪtl/ adj. chiefly historical 【主史义】 relating to a count or earl 伯爵的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L. comitalis, from comes, comit-'a count'.

**comity** /'kɒmɪti/ n. (pl. **comities**) formal【正式】**1** an association of nations for their mutual benefit国 家联盟 ➤ (also 亦作 **comity of nations**) the mutual recognition by nations of the laws and customs of others 国际礼让(国家间对彼此法律和习俗的相互尊 重) **2** courtesy and considerate behaviour towards others 礼貌;体谅,礼让
-ORIGIN词源C16: from L. comitas, from comis 'courteous'.

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**comm** /kɒm/(also 亦作 **comms**)n. communication, especially to and from a computer(尤指计 算机)通信

**comma** /'kɒmə/ n. **1** a punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence or separating items in a list 逗号 **2** Music【音】a minute interval or difference of pitch 微小停顿; 音差 **3** a widespread butterfly that has orange and brown wings and a white comma-shaped mark on the underside of the hindwing 白钩蛱蝶 [Polygonia c-album.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk komma 'piece cut off, short clause', from koptein 'cut'.

**command** /kə'mɑːnd/ v. **1** give an authoritative or peremptory order命令,指示 ➤ Military 【军】 be in charge of (a unit)指挥,统率(部队) ➤ archaic【古】 control or restrain (oneself or one's feelings)控制, 抑制(自己或自己的情感) **2** dominate (a strategic position) from a superior height俯临,俯瞰(战略 位置) **3** be in a strong enough position to have or secure 掌握,拥有,值得,应得: They command a majority in Parliament. 他们在议会里拥有多数席位。 ■n. **1** an authoritative order 命令,指示 ➤ authority, especially over armed forces(尤指武装部队的)指挥 权: the officer in command 指挥官 ➤ a group of officers exercising control over a group or operation 司令 部,指挥部 ➤ a body of troops or a district under the control of a particular officer(某一军官指挥下的)部 队,军区 **2** the ability to use or control something 掌 握,运用能力: his command of English 他对英语的掌握 **3** an instruction causing a computer to perform one of its basic functions(计算机操作的)命令,指令
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comander, from late L. commandare, from com- (expressing intensive force) + mandare 'commit, command'.

**commandant** /ˌkɒmən'dænt/ n. an officer in charge of a particular force or institution 司令, 指挥官

**command economy** n. another term for PLANNED ECONOMY ■ planned economy 的另一种说法

**commandeer** /ˌkɒmən'dɪə(r)/ v. officially take possession or control of for military purposes (为 军事目的)征用 ➤ seize for one's own purposes (为 个人目的)强占,强取
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Afrik. kommandeer, from Du. commanderen, from Fr. commander 'command'.

**commander** /kə'mɑːndə(r)/ n. **1** a person in authority, especially in a military context(尤指军 队的)司令,指挥官 ➤ a rank of naval officer, above lieutenant commander and below captain(海军) 中校 ➤ an officer in charge of a Metropolitan Police district in London (伦敦首都警察厅所辖分区的)指 挥官 **2** a member of a higher class in some orders of knighthood 高级骑士(或爵士)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commandership** n.

**commander-in-chief** n. (pl. **commanders-in-chief**) an officer in charge of all of the armed forces of a country, or a major subdivision of them 总司 令,最高统帅

**Commander of the Faithful** n. a title of a caliph 大主教(伊斯兰国家哈里发的称号)

**commanding** /kə'mɑːndɪŋ/ adj. **1** having a position of authority 指挥的,统率的,支配的 ➤ indicating or expressing authority 威严的,有权威架子的 **2** possessing or giving superior strength具有(或给 予)明显优势的: a commanding lead 遥遥领先
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commandingly** adv.

**command language** n. Computing 【计】 a source language composed chiefly of a set of commands or operators, used especially for communicating with the operating system of a computer 命令语言

**command line** n. an interface for typing commands directly to a computer's operating system(向计算机 操作系统发出命令的)命令行

**commandment** /kə'mɑːndmənt/ n. a divine rule, especially one of the Ten Commandments(上帝 的)戒律,(尤指十诫中的)一诫

**command module** n. the detachable control compartment of a manned spacecraft(载人航天器 的)指挥舱

**commando** /kə'mɑːndəʊ/ n. (pl. **commandos**) a soldier specially trained for carrying out raids 突击 队员 ➤ a unit of commandos 突击队
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Port. (earlier form of comando), from commandar 'to command'.

**Command Paper** n. (in the UK) a document laid before Parliament by order of the Crown, though in practice by the government(英国)敕令书(政府以 英王名义向议会提出的文件)

**command performance** n. a presentation of a play, concert, or film at the request of royalty 御前演 出(奉王室之命进行的演出)

**comme ci, comme Ça** /ˌkɒmsiː kɒm 'sɑː/adv. neither very good nor very bad 不好不坏地
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'like this, like that'.

**commedia dell'arte** /kɒ'meɪdiə del'ɑːteɪ/ n. an improvised kind of popular comedy in Italian theatres in the 16th-18th centuries, based on stock characters 即兴喜剧(16至18世纪流行于意大利的一种 根据定型人物临时准备的喜剧)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'comedy of art'.

**comme il faut** /ˌkɒm iːl 'fəʊ/ adj. correct in behaviour or etiquette 举止合宜的,得体的;合乎礼 仪的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'as is necessary'.

**commemorate** /kə'meməreɪt/ v. remember and show respect for, especially with a ceremony or memorial(尤指以典礼、纪念碑等)纪念
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commemoration** n. **commemorative** adj. & n. **commemorator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16 (earlier (ME) as commemoration): from L. commemorat-, commemorare 'bring to remembrance'.

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**commence** /kə'mens/ v. start or cause to start; begin(使)开始,着手
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. commencier, comencier, based on L. com- (expressing intensive force) + initiare 'begin'.

**commencement** /kə'mensmənt/ n. **1** the beginning of something 开始,开端 **2** N. Amer.【北 美】 a ceremony in which degrees or diplomas are conferred 毕业典礼;学位授予典礼

**commend** /kə'mend/ v. **1** praise formally or officially 表扬,称赞 **2** present as suitable or good; recommend 推荐 **3** (**commend someone/thing to**) archaic or formal 【古或正式】 entrust someone or something to 把………交托给 ➤ (**commend someone to**) pass on someone's good wishes to 代某人向……… 问候
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commendation** n. **commendatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. commendare, from com- (expressing intensive force) + mandare 'commit, entrust'.

**commendable** /kə'mendəbl/ adj. deserving praise 值得表扬的,值得称赞的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commendably** adv.

**commensal** /kə'mensl/ Biology 【生物】 ■adj. relating to or denoting an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm 偏利共生(或共 栖)的 ■n. a commensal organism, such as many bacteria 偏利共生(或共栖)体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commensalism** n. **commensality** /kəmən'sæləti/n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L. commensalis, from com 'sharing' + mensa 'a table'.

**commensurable** /kə'menʃ(ə)rəbl, -sjə-/ adj. **1** measurable by the same standard 可用同一标 准衡量的:The finite is not commensurable with the infinite. 有限与无限无法相比。**2** Mathematics 【数】 (of numbers) in a ratio equal to a ratio of integers(数 字)有公度的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commensurability** n. **commensurably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. commensurabilis, from com 'together' + mensurabilis, from mensurare 'to measure'.

**commensurate** /kə'men(ə)rət, sjə-/ adj. corresponding in size or degree; in proportion 大小相同 的;程度相当的;相称的: Salary will be commensurate with experience. 工资将与资历相称。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commensurately** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. commensuratus, from com 'together' + mensurat-, mensurare 'to measure'.

**comment** /'kɒment/ n. **1** a remark expressing an opinion or reaction 意见,回应 ➤ discussion, especially of a critical nature(尤指批评性)评 论 **2** an explanatory note in a text(文本中的)注 释,注解 ➤ archaic 【古】 a written explanation or commentary 书面解释(或评论) ■v. express an opinion or reaction 发表意见(或回应);评论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commenter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. commentum 'contrivance' (in late L. also 'interpretation'), neut. past part. of comminisci 'devise'.

**commentary** /'kɒməntri/ n. (pl. **commentaries**) **1** the expression of opinions or offering of explanations about an event or situation 发表意见; 评论 **2** a descriptive spoken account (especially on radio or television) of a sports match or other event as it happens(尤指广播里或电视上对体育比赛 等活动的)实况解说 **3** a set of explanatory or critical notes on a text (对文本的)系统注释(或评注)

**commentate** /'kɒməntert/ v. provide a commentary on a sports match or other event 对 (体育比赛等活动)作解说;当评论员

**commentator** /'kɒmənteɪtə(r)/ ■n. **1** a person who comments on an event or text, especially in the media(尤指媒体)评论员;评论文章作者 **2** a person who commentates on a sports match or other event (体育比赛等活动的)实况播音员,解说员

**commerce** /'kɒmɜːs/n. **1** the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale(尤指大规 模的)商业,贸易 **2** dated【过时】 social dealings between people 社交,交往 **3** archaic 【古】 sexual intercourse 性交
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., or from L. commercium 'trade, trading', based on merx, merc- 'merchandise'.

**commercial** /kə'mɜːʃl/ adj. **1** concerned with or engaged in commerce 商业的,商务的,贸易的;从 事商贸的 **2** making or intended to make a profit 商 业化的,营利性的 **3** (of television or radio) funded by the revenue from broadcast advertisements(电 视或电台)由广告收入提供资金的,商业性的 **4** (of chemicals) supplied in bulk and not of the highest purity(化学制品)大量供应且纯度不高的,工业用的 ■n. a television or radio advertisement(电视或电台 的)商业广告
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commerciality** n. **commercially** adv.

**commercial art** n. art used in advertising and selling 商业美术(用于广告和销售)

**commercial bank** n. a bank that offers services to the general public and to companies 商业银行

**commercial bill** n. a bill of exchange issued by a commercial organization to raise money for short-term needs 商业汇票

**commercial break** n. an interruption in a radio or television broadcast for advertisements 插播广告 (时间)

**commercialism** /kə'mɜːʃəlɪz(ə)m/n. emphasis on the maximizing of profit(过分追求利润的)商业主 义,营利主义

**commercialize** or **commercialise** /kə'mɜːʃəlaɪz/ ■v. manage or exploit in a way designed to make a profit 使商业化,利用……谋利
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commercialization** n.

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**commercial paper** n. short-term unsecured promissory notes issued by companies 商业票据

**commercial traveller** n. Brit. dated【英,过时】 a travelling sales representative 旅行推销员

**commercial vehicle** n. a vehicle used for carrying goods or fare-paying passengers 商用车辆;商用载 货车辆;营运车辆

**commère** /'kɒmeə(r)/ ■n. Brit. 【英】 a female compère (综艺节目)女主持人
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'godmother', fem. of COMPÈRE.

**commie** /'kɒmi/ n. (pl. **commies**) informal, derogatory【非正式,贬】a communist 共产主义者, 共党分子

**commination** /ˌkɒmɪ'neɪʃn/ n. the action of threatening divine vengeance 天谴的威吓 ➤ the recital of divine threats against sinners in the Anglican Liturgy for Ash Wednesday(英国国教会 圣灰星期三礼拜仪式上的)天谴威吓吟诵
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. comminatio(n-), from comminari, from com- (expressing intensive force) + minari 'threaten'.

**comminatory** /'kɒmɪnət (ə)ri/ adj. rare【罕】 threatening, punitive, or vengeful威吓的;惩罚性的; 报复性的

**commingle** /kɒ'mɪŋgl/v. literary 【文】 mix; blend 掺和,混合

**comminuted** /'kɒmɪnjuːtɪd/ adj. **1** technical【技】 reduced to minute particles or fragments 粉碎的 **2** Medicine【医】(of a fracture) producing multiple bone splinters(骨折)粉碎性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comminution** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C17(earlier (C16) as comminution): past part. of comminute, from L. comminut-, comminuere 'break into pieces'.

**commis chef** /'kɒmi/ n. a junior chef 助理厨师
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Fr., lit. 'deputy chef'.

**commiserate** /kə'mɪzəreɪt/ v. express sympathy or pity; sympathize 表示同情(或怜悯): Karl commiserated with me about losing. 卡尔对我的失败表示同情。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commiseration** n. **commiserative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. commiserat-, commiserari, from com- 'with' + miserari 'to lament'.

**commissaire** /ˌkɒmɪ'seə/ n. a senior police officer in France(法国)高级警官
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from med. L. commissarius (see见 COMMISSARY).

**commissar** /ˌkɒmɪ'sɑː(r)/ n. a Communist official, especially in Soviet Russia or China, responsible for political education 政治委员,政委 ➤ a head of a government department in the Soviet Union before 1946人民委员(苏联1946年前对政府部长的称呼)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Russ. komissar, from Fr. commissaire.

**commissariat** /ˌkɒmɪ'seəriət/ n. **1** chiefly Military 【主军】a department for the supply of food and equipment 军需处,给养部门 **2** a government department of the Soviet Union before 1946 人民委 员部(苏联1946年前对政府各部的称呼)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. commissariat, reinforced by med.L. commissariatus, both from med. L. commissarius (see见COMMISSARY).

**commissary** /'kɒmɪs(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **commissaries**) **1** a deputy or delegate 代理人,代表 ➤ a representative or deputy of a bishop 代理主教 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】a restaurant or food store in a military base or other institution(军事基地或其他机构的)食堂,餐厅,食 品店
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commissarial** /ˌkɒmɪ'seəriəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. commissarius 'person in charge', from L. commiss-, committere (see见 COMMIT).

**commission** /kə'mɪʃn/ n. **1** an instruction or command 指令,命令 ➤ a formal request to design or create a building or work of art (建造建筑或 创作艺术品的)委托 ➤ archaic 【古】 the authority to perform a task 所授之权,所托之事 **2** a group given official authority to control or investigate something 委员会 **3** a sum paid to an agent in a commercial transaction 佣金,回扣 **4** a warrant conferring the rank of military officer(军官)授衔 令 **5** the action of committing a crime or offence 犯(罪) ■v. **1** order or authorize the production of 委托制作 ➤ order or authorize (someone) to do or produce something 委托(某人)做(或制作) **2** bring into working order 将………投入运转,开始使用 **3** appoint to the rank of military officer 授军衔于
-PHRASES 短语 **in (or out of) commission** in (or not in) use or working order 在(或不在)使用;运 转正常(或不正常)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. commissio(n-), from committere (see见 COMMIT).

**commissionaire** /kə,mɪʃə'neə(r)/n. Brit.【英】 a uniformed door attendant at a hotel, theatre, or other building(酒店、剧院等处)穿制服的门卫
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr., from med. L. commissarius (see见 COMMISSARY).

**commissioner** /kə'mɪʃənə(r)/ n. a person appointed to a role on or by a commission(委员 会的)委员;特派员;专员 ➤ a representative of the supreme authority in an area 地区最高代表 ➤ the head of the Metropolitan Police in London 伦敦 警察厅总监 ➤ N. Amer. 【北美】 a person appointed to regulate a particular sport(管理某一体育活动 的)总干事,主管人

**commissioner for oaths** n. Brit. 【英】 a solicitor authorized to administer an oath to a person making an affidavit 宣誓主持专员

**commission of the peace** n. Brit., chiefly historical 【英,主史义】the Justices of the Peace in a particular jurisdiction considered collectively(总称)(具有某 一司法管辖权的)治安法官

**commissure** /'kɒmɪsjʊə(r)/ ■n. Anatomy 【解】**1** the joint between two bones(骨)连合 **2** a band of nerve tissue connecting the hemispheres of the brain, the two sides of the spinal cord, etc(神经) 连合 **3** the line where the upper and lower lips or eyelids meet(唇或脸)连合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commissural** /kɒmɪ'sjʊər(ə)l/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. commissura 'junction', from committere (see见 COMMIT).

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**commit** /kə'mɪt/ v. (**commits**, **committing**, **committed**) **1** perpetrate or carry out (a mistake, crime, or immoral act)犯(罪);做(错事、坏事 等) **2** pledge or bind to a course, policy, or use 使作 出保证,使承担义务;拨出 ➤ [often as adj. 常作形容词 **committed**] dedicate to a cause使献身;使投入: a committed Christian 虔诚的基督徒 ➤ (**be committed to**) be in a long-term emotional relationship with 与…保持长期感情关系 **3** transfer for safe keeping or permanent preservation 移交(给………保管或永久保 存) ➤ send to prison or psychiatric hospital, or for trial in a higher court 把………关进监狱(或精神病院); 把……送交上级法院受审 **4** refer(a parliamentary or legislative bill) to a committee 把(议案或法案)提交 委员会
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **committable** adj. **committer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. committere 'join, entrust' (in med. L. 'put into custody'), from com- 'with' + mittere 'put or send'.

**commitment** /kə'mɪtmənt/ n. **1** the state or quality of being committed to a cause, policy, or person 献 身;投入 ➤ a pledge or undertaking承诺,保证 **2** an engagement or obligation that restricts freedom of action 约定,约束;义务

**committal** /kə'mɪtl/ n. **1** the sending of someone to prison or psychiatric hospital, or for trial 收监; 送入精神病院,送交审判 **2** the burial of a corpse 下葬

**committee** n. **1** /kə'mɪti/ [treated as sing. or pl. 视作 单数或复数] a group of people appointed for a specific function by a larger group 委员会 ➤ a committee appointed by Parliament to consider proposed legislation(英国议会中审议立法草案的)委员会 ➤ (**Committee of the whole House**) the whole House of Commons when sitting as a committee (英国下议院)全院委员会 **2** /ˌkɒmɪ'tiː/ Law【律】 a person entrusted with the charge of another person or another person's property(某人或其财 产的)监护人 ➤ chiefly US 【主美】 a person who has been judicially committed to the charge of another because of insanity or mental disability(精神病患者 或智能缺陷者的)监护人

**committee stage** n. Brit. 【英】 the third of five stages of a bill's progress through Parliament, when it may be debated and amended 委员会审议阶段(议 案在议会获得通过的5个阶段中的第3个,可对议案进行 辩论和修正)

**commix** /kɒ'mɪks/ v. archaic 【古】 mix; mingle 掺 和,混合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commixture** n.

**commode** /kə'məʊd/ n. **1** a piece of furniture containing a concealed chamber pot(带洗手盆架 的)便桶箱 ➤ N. Amer. 【北美】 a toilet 抽水马桶 **2** a chest of drawers or chiffonier of a decorative type popular in the 18th century (18世纪流行的装饰性) 五斗橱
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'convenient, suitable'.

**commodify** /kə'mɒdɪfaɪ/ v. (**commodifies**, **commodifying**, **commodified**) turn into or treat as a mere commodity 使成为商品,使商品化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commodification** n.

**commodious** /kə'məʊdiəs/ adj. **1** formal 【正式】 roomy and comfortable 宽敞舒适的 **2** archaic【古】 convenient 方便的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commodiously** adv. **commodiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. commodieux or med. L. commodiosus, based on L. commodus 'convenient'.

**commodity** /kə'mɒdɪti/ n. (pl. **commodities**) **1** a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold 原料产品;农产品 **2** a useful or valuable thing有用的物品;有价值的东西
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commoditize** or **commoditise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. commodite or L. commoditas, from commodus (see见 COMMODIOUS).

**commodore** /'kɒmədɔː(r)/ n. a naval rank above captain and below rear admiral, generally given temporarily to an officer commanding a squadron or division of a fleet (海军)准将(一般临时授予中队 或分舰队指挥官) ➤ the president of a yacht club 游 艇俱乐部主席 ➤ the senior captain of a shipping line (航运公司的)资深船长
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. from Du. komandeur, from Fr. commandeur 'commander'.

**common** /'kɒmən/ adj. (**commoner**, **commonest**) **1** occurring, found, or done often; not rare 普通的, 一般的;通常的 ➤ without special rank or position; ordinary(身份)普通的,平凡的 ➤ (of a quality) of a sort to be generally expected(品质)基本的, 起码的:common decency 起码的体面 ➤ of the most familiar type 通俗的;最常见的 **2** shared by two or more people or things 共同的,共有的 ➤ belonging to or affecting the whole of a community 公共的; (影响)公众的:common land 公地 ➤ Mathematics 【数】 belonging to two or more quantities 公共的 **3** showing a lack of taste and refinement supposedly typical of the lower classes; vulgar粗俗的,下层社 会的 **4** Grammar【语法】 of or denoting a noun that refers to individuals of either sex (e.g. teacher) or belongs to a gender conventionally regarded as masculine or feminine(名词)普通的 **5** Prosody 【诗体】(of a syllable) able to be either short or long(音节)长短共通的 **6** Law【律】(of a crime) of lesser severity(罪行)普通的,一般的 ■n. **1** a piece of open land for public use 公地 **2** a form of Christian service used for each of a group of occasions(基督教适用于各种场合的)普通礼拜 **3** (also 亦作 **right of common**) English Law【英格兰 律】 a person's right over another's land, e.g. for pasturage (对他人土地的)共用权
-PHRASES 短语 **common ground** opinions or interests shared by two or more parties(双方或多方观点的) 共同基础 **common or garden** Brit. informal【英,非 正式】 of the usual or ordinary type普通的,常见 的 **the common touch** the ability to get on with ordinary people平易近人的能力,与普通人相处的能 力 **in common** in joint use or possession; shared 共 同的,共用的;共有的 **in common with** in the same way as 与………一样,与…相同
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commonness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comun, from L. communis.

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**commonable** /'kɒmənəbl/ adj. Brit., chiefly historical 【英,主史义】(of land) allowed to be jointly used or owned(土地)公共的,共用的,共 有的 ➤ (of an animal) allowed to be pastured on public land(动物)可在公地上放牧的

**commonage** /'kɒmənɪdʒ/n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】**1** the right of pasturing animals on common land 公地 放牧权 ➤ land held in common 公地 **2** the common people; the commonalty 平民百姓,平民阶层

**commonality** /ˌkɒmə'næləti/ n. (pl. **commonalities**) **1** the state of sharing features or attributes 共同特 征,共性的具有 ➤ a shared feature or attribute 共同 特征;共性 **2** (**the commonality**) another term for COMMONALTY ■ commonalty 的另一种说法

**commonalty** /'kɒmən(ə)lti/ n. [treated as pl. 视作 复数](**the commonalty**) chiefly historical【主史义】 people without special rank or position, regarded as an estate of the realm 平民百姓,平民阶层
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comunalte, from med. L. communalitas, from L. communis (see见 COMMON).

**common carrier** n. **1** a person or company undertaking to transport any goods or passengers on regular routes at agreed rates 公共运输商(或 公司),公共承运人(或公司) **2** N. Amer.【北美】a company providing public telecommunications facilities 电信公司

**common chord** ■n. Music【音】a triad containing a root, a major or minor third, and a perfect fifth 普通 和弦

**common denominator** n. **1** Mathematics 【数】a common multiple of the denominators of several fractions 公分母 **2** a feature shared by all members of a group 共性,共同点

**Common Entrance** ■n. Brit. 【英】 an examination taken, usually at 13, by pupils wishing to enter public schools(通常由13岁学生参加的)公学入学会考

**commoner** /'kɒmənə(r)/ n. **1** a member of the ordinary or common people, as opposed to the aristocracy or to royalty(相对于贵族或王族的)平 民 **2** a person who has the right of common 享有(对 他人土地)共用权的人See见 COMMON (sense 3 of the noun 名词释义3). **3** (at some British universities) an undergraduate without a scholarship(英国一些大学 的)自费生

**Common Era** n. another term for CHRISTIAN ERA ■ Christian era的另一种说法

**commonhold** /'kɒmənhəʊld/n. Brit. 【英】 a system of freehold tenure of a unit within a multi-occupancy building, but with shared responsibility for common services(在多住户的建筑物内拥有一套 住房并分担公共义务的)共同完全保有地产

**common jury** n. Brit. historical【英,史义】a jury for which no qualification of property or social standing was required 普通陪审团 Compare with 比 较 SPECIAL JURY.

**common law** n. **1** the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes(英国)普通法,习惯法,判例法 ➤ the body of English law as adopted and adapted by the different states of the US(美国各州)普通法 **2** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a partner in a marriage recognized in some jurisdictions (excluding the UK) as valid by common law, though not brought about by a civil or ecclesiastical ceremony(根据 普通法的)事实婚姻配偶(英国不承认) ➤ denoting a partner in a relationship in which a man and woman cohabit for a period long enough to suggest stability(伴侣)同居一段时间而被认为存在婚姻关系的

**common logarithm** n. a logarithm to the base 10 常用对数

**commonly** /'kɒmənli/ adv. very often; frequently 经常地,频繁地

**common market** n. a group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with one another and a common tariff on trade with other countries (成员国之间享受低关税或零关税的)共同市场 ➤ (**the Common Market**) a name for the European Economic Community or European Union, used especially in the 1960s and 1970s 欧洲共同市场(尤 用于20世纪60和70年代,欧洲经济共同体或欧洲联盟的 别名)

**common metre** n. a metrical pattern for hymns in which the stanzas have four lines containing eight and six syllables alternately 普通格律(一种赞美诗格 律,一节有4行,各行音节数为8,6,8,6)

**common noun** n. Grammar 【语法】a noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual 普通名词 Often contrasted with 常对照 PROPER NOUN.

**commonplace** /'kɒmənpleɪs/ adj. not unusual; ordinary 普通的,平常的;平凡的 ➤ not interesting or original; trite平淡无味的;无创见的;平庸的 ■n. **1** a usual or ordinary thing普遍的事物;寻常的 事物 ➤ a trite saying or topic 陈词滥调;老生常谈 **2** a passage copied into a commonplace book 摘录, 备忘札记
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commonplaceness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: translation of L. locus communis, rendering Gk koinos topos 'general theme'.

**commonplace book** n. a book into which notable extracts from other works are copied for personal use 摘录簿,札记簿

**common room** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a room in an educational institution for use of students or staff outside teaching hours (学校学生或老师的)公共 休息室

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**commons** /'kɒmənz/pl. n. **1** (**the Commons**) short for HoUSE OF COMMONS ■ House of Commons 的缩略式 ➤ historical 【史义】 the common people regarded as a part of a political system 平民阶 层 **2** [treated as sing. 视作单数] land or resources belonging to or affecting the whole of a community (社区)共有土地(或资源);影响全社区的土地(或 资源) **3** US【美】 a dining hall in a school or college(学校或大学的)食堂,餐厅 **4** archaic【古】 provisions shared in common; rations 公用食物,集 体伙食;给养
-PHRASES 短语 **short commons** archaic 【古】 insufficient allocation of food伙食不足;给养不足

**common seal** n. an official seal of a corporate body (法人团体的)公章

**common sense** n. good sense and sound judgement in practical matters 常识
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commonsensical** adj.

**Common Serjeant** n. a circuit judge of the Central Criminal Court with duties in the City of London (伦敦)司法行政官

**common stock** (also 亦作 **common stocks**) pl. n. N. Amer.【北美】ordinary shares 普通股

**common time** n. Music 【音】 a rhythmic pattern in which there are two or four beats, especially four crotchets, in a bar普通拍子,四四拍子

**commonweal** /'kɒmənwiːl/n. (**the commonweal**) archaic 【古】 the welfare of the public 公共福利; 公益

**commonwealth** /'kɒmənwe1θ/ n. **1** an independent state or community, especially a democratic republic 独立的国家(或集体)(尤 指民主共和国) ➤ a grouping of states or other bodies 联邦 ➤ a self-governing unit voluntarily grouped with the US, such as Puerto Rico(自 愿加入美国的)自治政区,自治政体(如波多黎各) ➤ a formal title of certain US states 州(用于美国 某些州的正式名称中) ➤ the title of the federated Australian states (澳大利亚)联邦 **2** (**the Commonwealth**) (in full 全形 **the Commonwealth of Nations**) an international association consisting of the UK together with states that principally were previously part of the British Empire, and dependencies 英联邦 **3** (**the Commonwealth**) the republican period of government in Britain between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 (从1649年查理一 世被判死刑至1660年查理二世复辟期间的)英伦三岛共 和国时期,共和政体时期 **4** (**the commonwealth**) archaic 【古】 the general good 公益,公共福利

**commotion** /kə'məʊʃn/ n. **1** a state of confused and noisy disturbance 混乱;喧闹;骚动 **2** civil insurrection起义;叛乱
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. commotio(n-), from com 'altogether' + motio (see见 MOTION).

**communal** /'kɒmjʊnl, kə'mjuː-/ adj. **1** shared or done by all members of a community 公有的; 共有的;集体的 ➤ involving the sharing of work and property 共同工作的,财产共有的;集体主义的: communal living 集体生活 **2** (of conflict) between communities having different religions or ethnic origins(冲突)种族间的,教派间的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communality** n. **communalization** or **communalisation** n. **communalize** or **communalise** v. **communally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from late L. communalis, from communis (see见 COMMON).

**communalism** /kə'mjuːnəlɪzəm/ n. **1** a principle of political organization based on federated C communes 公社主义;公社制 ➤ the principle or practice of living together communally 集体生活 (主义) **2** allegiance to one's own ethnic group rather than to the wider society(种族)集团主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communalist** adj. & n. **communalistic** adj.

**communard** /'kɒmjunɑːd/ n. **1** a member of a commune 公社成员 **2** (**Communard**) historical 【史 义】 a supporter of the Paris Commune 巴黎公社的 拥护者

**commune¹** /'kɒmjuːn/ n. **1** a group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities(生活在一起、分享财产、分担职责 的)群居团体,群居村 ➤ a communal settlement in a communist country (共产主义国家的)公 社 **2** the smallest French territorial division for administrative purposes 市镇(法国最小的地方行 政区) **3** (**the Commune**) the group which seized the municipal government of Paris in the French Revolution and played a leading part in the Terror 巴黎革命委员会 ➤ the municipal government organized on communalistic principles elected in Paris in 1871巴黎公社
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr., from med. L. communia, neut. pl. of L. communis(see见 COMMON).

**commune²** /kə'mjuːn/ v. (**commune with**) share one's intimate thoughts or feelings with 与………亲密交 谈(或谈心) ➤ feel in close spiritual contact with(精 神上)与……很亲近(或亲密)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comuner 'to share', from comun(see见 COMMON).

**communicable** /kə'mjuːnɪkəbl/ adj. (especially of a disease) able to be communicated to others(尤 指疾病)传染性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communicability** n. **communicably** adv.

**communicant** /kə'mjuːnɪkənt/ n. **1** a person who receives Holy Communion 领受圣餐者 **2** archaic【古】 a person who imparts information报信者;传达消 息者

**communicate** /kə'mjuːnɪkeɪt/ v. **1** share or exchange information or ideas 传达,交流(信息); 沟通 ➤ convey(an emotion or feeling) in a non-verbal way(用非言语方式)表达,传达(感情或感觉) **2** pass on (an infectious disease)传播(传染病) ➤ transmit (heat or motion)传导(热量);传递(运 动) **3** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **communicating**] (of two rooms) have a common connecting door(两 个房间)相通,相连 **4** receive Holy Communion 领 受圣餐
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communicator** n. **communicatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as communication): from L. communicat-, communicare 'share', from communis (see见 COMMON).

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**communication** /kəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃn/ n. **1** the action of communicating 传达;传递;交流 ➤ a letter or message containing information 书信;消息 **2** (**communications**) the means of sending or receiving information, such as telephone lines or computers 通信 技术,通讯手段 **3** (**communications**) the means of travelling or of transporting goods, such as roads or railways 交通工具;运输工具
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communicational** adj.

**communication cord** ■n. Brit. 【英】 formerly a cord or chain which a train passenger could pull in an emergency, causing the train to brake(火车上的) 紧急制动索

**communications satellite** ■n. a satellite placed in orbit round the earth in order to relay television, radio, and telephone signals 通信卫星

**communicative** /kə'mjuːnɪkətɪv/ adj. **1** willing, eager, or able to talk or impart information 爱说 话的;健谈的;愿意提供信息的 **2** relating to the conveyance or exchange of information 与传达(或 交流、通信)有关的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communicatively** adv.

**communion** /kə'mjuːniən/ n. **1** the sharing of intimate thoughts and feelings(思想感情的)交流; 谈心 **2** (also亦作 **Holy Communion**) the service of Christian worship at which bread and wine are consecrated and shared; the Eucharist 圣餐仪式; 圣餐 **3** a relationship of recognition and acceptance between Christian Churches or denominations(基 督教教会或教派之间的)契合 ➤ a group of Christian Churches or communities which recognize one another's ministries or that of a central authority同 宗教会;(相互或与中央权力机构关系融洽的基督)教会 团体: the Anglican communion 安立甘宗
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. communio(n-), from communis (see见 COMMON).

**communion of saints** n. a fellowship between Christians living and dead(基督教信徒中生者和死者 间的)圣徒相通

**communiqué** /kə'mjuːnɪkeɪ/ n. an official announcement or statement, especially one made to the media 公报
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., past part. of communiquer 'communicate'.

**communism** /'kɒmjunɪzəm/ n. a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs 共产主义;共产主义制度(或理论) ➤ a theory or system of this kind derived from Marxism and established in the former Soviet Union, China, and elsewhere (从马克思主义发展而来的) 共产主义,共产主义制度(或理论)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communist** n. & adj. **communistic** adj.
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from Fr. communisme, from commun (see见 COMMON).

**communitarianism** /kə,mjuːnɪ'teəriənɪz(ə)m/ n. **1** a system of social organization based on small self-governing communities 地方自治主义;地方自治主义 理论(或制度) **2** an ideology which emphasizes the responsibility of the individual to the community and the social importance of the family unit 共产主 义社会意识形态;公有社会主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communitarian** adj. & n.

**community** /kə'mjuːnəti/ n. (pl. **communities**) **1** a group of people living together in one place or having a particular characteristic in common especially a group practising common ownership (尤指行使共同所有权的、某一地区的)社群 ➤ a place considered together with its inhabitants 社 会;社区: a rural community 乡村社区 ➤ a body of countries unified by common interests(国家的) 共同体:the European community 欧洲共同体 ➤ (**the community**) the people of an area or country considered collectively; society社会:公众 **2** the condition of having certain attitudes and interests in common 共享,共有;(态度或利益)相同 ➤ joint ownership or liability 共同物主身份;共同所有权; 共同责任,共同义务 **3** Ecology 【生态】 a group of interdependent plants or animals growing or living together 群落
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. comunete, reinforced by its source, L. communitas, from communis (see 见 COMMON).

**community care** n. long-term care for the mentally ill, the elderly, and people with disabilities provided within the community rather than in hospitals or institutions(针对老弱病残人群的长期性的)社区护 理,社区看护

**community centre** n. a place providing educational or recreational activities for a neighbourhood 社区 活动中心

**community charge** n. (in the UK) a tax levied locally on every adult in a community, replaced in 1993 by the council tax; the poll tax(英国)社区收 费,人头税

**community chest** ■n. a fund for charitable activities among the people in a particular area 社区福利基 金,社区公益金

**community college** n. **1** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 a college providing further and higher education for a particular area(为社区居民提供继续教育和高 等教育的)社区学院 **2** Brit. 【英】a secondary school whose facilities are available to adults living locally (其教育和娱乐设施向当地社区成人开放的)社区中学

**community home** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a home for young offenders and other young people in need of custodial care 青少年犯教养所

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**community service** n. unpaid work, intended to be of social use, that an offender is required to do instead of going to prison 社区服务(要求违法者从事 有益于社会的工作以代替坐牢)

**community singing** n. singing by a large crowd 大 合唱

**communize** or **communise** /'kɒmjənaɪz/ v. rare 【罕】organize on communist principles 使共产化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **communization** n.

**commutate** /'kɒmjuteɪt/ v. regulate or reverse the direction of (an alternating electric current), especially to make it a direct current使(电流)换向; (尤指)将(交流电)整流
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. commutat-, commutare (see 见 COMMUTE).

**commutation** /ˌkɒmju'teɪʃn/ n. **1** the action or process of commuting a judicial sentence or a legal obligation or entitlement 减刑 **2** the process of commutating an electric current 换向;整 流 **3** Mathematics 【数】 the property of having a commutative relation 交换

**commutative** /kə'mjuːtətɪv, 'kɒmju,tətɪv/ adj. Mathematics 【数】 involving the condition that a group of quantities connected by operators gives the same result whatever the order of the quantities involved, e.g. axb=bxa交换的(指交换数量的顺序不 会改变计算结果,如axb=bxa)

**commutator** /'kɒmjuteɪtə(r)/ ■n. **1** an attachment, connected with the armature of a motor or dynamo, through which electrical connection is made and which ensures the current flows as direct current 整 流器 **2** a device for reversing the direction of flow of electric current转换器;换向器

**commute** /kə'mjuːt/ v. **1** travel some distance between one's home and place of work on a regular basis 上下班往返,通勤 **2** reduce (a judicial sentence, especially a sentence of death) to a less severe one减轻(刑罚,尤指死刑) ➤ change one kind of payment or obligation for (another)兑换;改变; 折偿,代偿 ➤ replace (an annuity or other series of payments) with a single payment 折合偿付, 折算 **3** Mathematics 【数】 (of two operations or quantities) have a commutative relation(两个运算 或两个量)交换
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **commutable** adj. **commuter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. commutare, from com- 'altogether' + mutare 'to change'; sense 1 derives from commutation ticket, the US term for a season ticket (because the daily fare is commuted to a single payment).

**Comoran** /'kɒmərən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the Comoros, a country consisting of a group of islands to the north of Madagascar 科摩罗人 ■adj. relating to the Comoros 科摩罗的

**co-morbid** adj. Medicine 【医】 relating to or denoting a medical condition that co-occurs with another 共病的,与另一疾病同时存在的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-morbidity** n.

**comp** /kɒmp/ ■n. informal 【非正式】**1** Brit.【英】a competition 竞争,竞赛 **2** Brit.【英】 a comprehensive school 综合中学 **3** a computer 计算机,电脑 **4** a composition 组成,构成 **5** Brit.【英】a compositor 排 字工人 **6** a compilation 汇编物;编辑物,编纂物 **7** a musical accompaniment 伴奏 **8** a complimentary ticket or voucher 招待券,赠券 ■v. **1** play (music) as an accompaniment, especially in jazz or blues(尤 指在爵士乐或布鲁斯音乐中)伴奏 **2** [as noun 作名词 **comping**] Brit. informal【英,非正式】the practice of C entering competitions 参加比赛 **3** N. Amer.【北美】 give away as part of a promotion(作为促销一部分) 赠送
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comper** n. (Brit. informal【英,非 正式】).

**compact¹** adj. /kəm'pækt/ **1** closely set or packed together; dense紧密的,密集的 ➤ having all the necessary components or features neatly fitted into a small space小巧的;紧凑的 **2** (**compact of**) archaic【古】composed or made up of 由………组成的 ■v. /kəm'pækt/ exert force on to make more dense; compress 使紧密;使坚实;把…压紧(或压实) ➤ archaic 【古】 form by pressing the component parts together 紧密地形成;坚实地组成 ■n. /'kɒmpækt/ a small flat case containing face powder, a mirror, and a powder puff 带镜小粉盒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compaction** n. **compactly** adv. **compactness** n. **compactor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. compact-, compingere, from com 'together' + pangere 'fasten'.

**compact²** /'kɒmpækt/ n. a formal agreement or contract between two or more parties 协定,协 议;合同;契约 ■v. make or enter into (a formal agreement)订立(或签订)(协定)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. compact-, compacisci, from com 'with' + pacisci 'make a covenant'; cf. PACT.

**compact car** n. N. Amer. 【北美】a medium-sized car 中型汽车

**compact disc** n. a small plastic disc on which music or other digital information is stored in the form of a pattern of metal-coated pits from which it can be read using laser light reflected off the disc 激 光唱盘;光盘

**compadre** /kəm'pɑːdreɪ/ n. (pl. **compadres**) informal【非正式】a friend or companion朋友;伙伴
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., lit. 'godfather'.

**compander** /kəm'pændə(r)/(also 亦作 **compandor**) ■n. a device that improves the signal-to-noise ratio of an electrical signal by compressing the range of amplitudes of the signal before transmission, and then expanding it on reproduction or reception 展 缩器,压缩扩展器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compand** v.
-ORIGIN词源 1930s: blend of COMPRESSOR and expander.

**companion¹** /kəm'pænjən/ n. **1** a person with whom one spends time or travels同伴;旅伴 ➤ a person employed to live with and assist someone old or unwell(雇来陪伴和照顾老人和病人的)陪护 **2** each of a pair of things intended to complement or match each other 成对物品中的一件,相配物 ➤ Brit. dated【英,过时】 a piece of equipment containing several objects used in a particular activity(一件) 成套用具 **3** (**Companion**) a member of the lowest grade of certain orders of knighthood 最低级爵士 ■v. formal【正式】accompany 陪伴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **companionship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. compaignon, lit. 'one who breaks bread with another', based on L. com- 'together with' + panis 'bread'.

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**companion²** /kəm'pænjən/ ■n. Nautical 【航海】 **1** a covering over the hatchway leading to a companionway 升降口围罩 ➤ archaic 【古】a raised frame with windows on the quarterdeck to allow light into the decks below 甲板天窗 **2** a companionway(轮船上的)升降口梯
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from obs. Du. kompanje (earlier form of kampanje) 'quarterdeck'.

**companionable** /kəm'pænjənəbl/ adj. friendly and sociable 友善的,好交际的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Companionableness** n. **companionably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of obs. companiable, influenced by COMPANION¹.

**companionate** /kəm'pænjənət/ adj. formal 【正式】 (of a marriage or relationship) between partners or spouses as equal companions(婚姻或关系)相配 的,平等的

**companion-in-arms** ■n. a fellow soldier 战友

**companion ladder** n. a companionway(轮船上 的)升降口梯

**Companion of Honour** n. a member of an order of knighthood founded in 1917荣誉勋位爵士,荣 誉勋位会员(1917年设立)

**Companion of Literature** n. a holder of an honour awarded by the Royal Society of Literature 皇家文学学会荣誉会员(或荣誉勋章获得者)

**companion set** ■n. Brit. 【英】a collection of fireside implements on a stand 成套壁炉用具

**companionway** /kəm'pænjənweɪ/ n. a set of steps leading from a ship's deck down to a cabin or lower deck(轮船上的)升降口梯

**company** /'kʌmpəni/ n. (pl. **companies**) **1** a commercial business 公司,商号 **2** the fact or condition of being with another or others 陪 伴;交往 ➤ a person as a source of friendship and entertainment 同伴;朋友: She is excellent company. 她是个很好的朋友。➤ a visitor or visitors 客人, 宾客: I'm expecting company. 我将有客人来访。**3** a group of people gathered together 一群人 ➤ a body of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an infantry battalion(尤指步兵的)连 ➤ a group of actors, singers, or dancers who perform together 剧 团;歌舞团 ➤ Brit. 【英】 a group of Guides 女童子军 大队 ■v. (**companies**, **companying**, **companied**) archaic 【古】 associate with or accompany 结交,交 往,陪伴
-PHRASES 短语 **in company with** together with 与……一起 **keep (or archaic 【古】 bear) someone company** spend time with someone to prevent them feeling lonely or bored 陪伴某人,给某人做伴 **keep company with** associate with habitually 与……… 亲密交往;与…形影不离
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. compainie; rel. to compaignon(see 见 COMPANION¹).

**company car** n. a car provided by a firm for the business and private use of an employee(供雇员使 用的)公车

**company officer** n. an army officer serving within an infantry company 尉官(步兵连的军官)

**company sergeant major** n. the highest-ranking non-commissioned officer of an infantry company 连军士长(步兵连未授军衔的最高阶军官)

**comparable** /'kɒmp(ə)rəbl/ adj. able to be likened to another; similar可比较的;类似的 ➤ of equivalent quality 相当的;比得上的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comparability** n. **comparably** adv.
> USAGE 用法说明 Although the correct pronunciation in standard English is with the stress on the first syllable rather than the second (comparable), an alternative pronunciation with the stress on the second syllable (comparable) is gaining in currency,在标准英语中,comparable 一词的重 音是在第一个音节而非第二个音节上,但现在重音在 第二个音节上这一发音开始逐渐为人们所习用。

**comparatist** /kəm'pærətɪst/ n. a person who carries out comparative study, especially of language or literature 进行比较研究者;(尤指)比较 语言学家,比较文学家

**comparative** /kəm'pærətɪv/ adj. **1** measured or judged by comparison; relative 比较而言的;相对 的 **2** involving comparison between two or more subjects or branches of science比较的;用比较方法 的: comparative religion 比较宗教 **3** Grammar 【语 法】(of an adjective or adverb) expressing a higher degree of a quality, but not the highest possible (e.g. braver; more fiercely)(形容词或副词)比较级 的(如braver,more fiercely) Contrasted with 对照 POSITIVE, SUPERLATIVE.

**comparative advantage** n. Economics【经】the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity more efficiently than another activity 比较优势

**comparative linguistics** pl. n. [treated as sing.视 作单数] the study of the similarities and differences between languages, in particular the comparison of related languages with a view to reconstructing forms in their lost parent languages 比较语言学

**comparatively** /kəm'pærətɪvli/ adv. to a moderate degree as compared to something else; relatively 比 较地;相对地

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**comparator** /kəm'pærətə(r)/ n. a device for comparing something measurable with a reference or standard 比较仪;比较器

**compare** /kəm'peə(r)/ v. **1** (often 常用 **compare something to/with**) estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between 比较,对照 ➤ (**compare something to**) liken something to 把……比作 ➤ (usu. 通常用 **compare with**) be similar to or have a specified relationship with another thing or person(与…)类似,比得上: salaries compare favourably with those of other professions 薪水比其他职业的多 **2** Grammar【语法】 form the comparative and superlative degrees of (an adjective or an adverb)构成(形容词或副词)的 比较级和最高级
-PHRASES 短语 **beyond (or without) compare** surpassing all others of the same kind 无与伦比 **compare notes** exchange ideas or information about something交换意见;交流信息
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comparer, from L. comparare, from compar 'like, equal'.

**comparison** /kəm'pærɪs(ə)n/ n. **1** an act of comparing 比较,对照 ➤ the quality of being similar or equivalent 相似;可比性 **2** Grammar 【语法】the formation of the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs(形容词和副词)比较级和 最高级的构成
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comparison-shop** v. **comparison shopper** n.
-PHRASES 短语 **beyond comparison** another way of saying BEYOND COMPARE ■ beyond compare的另一种说 法(see见 COMPARE)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr.comparesoun, from L. comparatio(n-), from comparare (see见 COMPARE).

**comparison shopping** n. a practice of comparing the price of goods or services provided by different shops or companies before making a purchase 比较购物,货比三家式购物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comparison-shop** v. **comparison shopper** n.

**compartment** /kəm'pɑːtmənt/ n. **1** a separate section of a structure or container 分隔的空间,分 隔间 ➤ a division of a railway carriage marked by partitions(火车车厢的)隔间;包厢 **2** Heraldry【纹 章】a grassy mound or other support depicted below a shield 盾牌下方所镌的草墩(或其他基底) ■v. divide into compartments 分隔,划分
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compartmental** adj. **compartmentally** adv. **compartmentation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. compartiment, based on late L. compartiri 'divide'.

**compartmentalize** or **compartmentalise** /kəmˌpɑːt'mentəlaɪz/v. divide into categories or sections 划 分,分类:分隔
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compartmentalism** n. **compartmentalization** n.

**compass** /'kʌmpəs/n. **1** an instrument containing a magnetized pointer which shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it 罗盘,指南针 **2** (also 亦作 **compasses**) an instrument for drawing circles and arcs and measuring distances between points, consisting of two arms linked by a movable joint 圆规 **3** range or scope 范围;界限:The event had repercussions which are beyond the compass of this book.那次事件有着本书所没有涉及的政治影响。 ■v. archaic【古】 **1** encircle or surround环绕,围绕 **2** manage to accomplish 策划;图谋;筹划
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. compas (n.), compasser (v.), based on L. com- 'together' + passus 'a step or pace'.

**compass card** n. a circular rotating card showing the thirty-two principal bearings, forming the indicator of a magnetic compass 罗经卡,罗经盘

**compassion** /kəm'pæʃn/ n. sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others 同情;怜悯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from eccles. L. compassio(n-), from compati 'suffer with'.

**compassionate** /kəm'pæʃənət/ adj. feeling or showing compassion有同情心的,怜悯的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compassionately** adv.

**compassionate leave** n. a period of absence from work granted as the result of particular personal circumstances, especially the death of a close relative 私事假(尤指丧假)

**compassion fatigue** n. indifference to charitable appeals on behalf of people in need, experienced as a result of the frequency of such appeals 同情疲劳 (症)

**compass rose** n. a graduated circle printed on a map or chart from which bearings can be taken 罗 经花,向位圈,方位圈

**compass saw** n. a handsaw with a narrow blade for cutting curves 截圆锯,斜形狭圆锯

**compass window** n. a bay window with a semicircular curve圆肚窗,半圆形凸窗

**compatible** /kəm'pætəbl/ adj. **1** able to exist or be used together without problems or conflict可 以并存的;兼容的 ➤ (of two people) able to have a harmonious relationship; well suited(两个人) 能和睦相处的,合得来的 **2** (usu. 通常用**compatible with**) consistent or in keeping 协调的;一致的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compatibility** n. **compatibly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., from med. L. compatibilis, from compati 'suffer with'.

**compatriot** /kəm'pætriət, -'peɪt-/ n. a fellow citizen or national of a country 同胞,同国人
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. compatriote, based on late L. com- 'together with' + patriota (see见 PATRIOT).

**compeer** /kəm'pɪə(r)/ n. **1** formal 【正式】a person of equal rank, status, or ability(级别、地位或能力) 相当的人 **2** archaic 【古】 a companion or associate 同伴,同事
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comper, from com- 'with' + per, from L. par 'equal' (cf. PEER²).

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**compel** /kəm'pel/ v. (**compels**, **compelling**, **compelled**) **1** force or oblige to do something 强 迫,迫使 ➤ bring about by force or pressure 强使发 生;强求 **2** [as adj. 作形容词 **compelling**] powerfully evoking attention or admiration 有强烈吸引力的;令 人羡慕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compellingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. compellere, from com- 'together' + pellere 'drive'.

**compellable** /kəm'peləbl/ ■adj. Law 【律】(of a C witness) able to be made to attend court or give evidence(证人)可使其出庭的,可作证的

**compendious** /kəm'pendiəs/ adj. formal 【正式】 presenting the essential facts in a comprehensive but concise way 简明扼要的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compendiously** adv. **compendiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. compendieux, from L. compendiosus 'advantageous, brief', from compendium 'profit, saving, abbreviation'.

**compendium** /kəm'pendiəm/ ■n. (pl. **compendiums** or **compendia** /-diə/) **1** a book or other publication containing a collection of information about a subject(关于某一主题的)手册,大全 **2** a collection of similar items(同类物品的)集合 ➤ a package of stationery for writing letters 书信用品夹
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'profit, saving' (lit. 'what is weighed together'), from compendere 'weigh together'.

**compensable** /kəm'pensəbl/ adj. (of a loss or hardship) for which compensation can be obtained (损失或辛苦)可补偿的,可赔偿的

**compensate** /'kɒmpenseɪt/ v. **1** give (someone) something in recognition of loss, suffering, or injury incurred补偿;赔偿 **2** (**compensate for**) reduce or counteract (something undesirable) by exerting an opposite force or effect 抵消,弥补
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compensative** adj. **compensator** n. **compensatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(earlier(ME) as compensation) : from L. compensat-, compensare 'weigh against'.

**compensation** /ˌkɒmpen'seɪʃn/ n. **1** something awarded to compensate for loss, suffering, or injury 赔偿物;赔偿金 ➤ a thing that counteracts an undesirable situation 抵消;弥补: Getting older has some compensations. 变老也有些变老的好处。➤ the action or process of compensating 补偿;赔偿 **2** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】money received as salary or wages 薪水,工资
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compensational** adj.

**compensation pendulum** n. Physics 【物】a pendulum constructed from metals with differing coefficients of expansion in order to neutralize the effects of temperature variation 补偿摆

**compère** /'kɒmpeə(r)/ Brit. 【英】 ■n. a person who introduces the acts in a variety show 节目主持人 ■v. act as a compère for 主持,当……的主持人
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: Fr., lit. 'godfather'.

**compete** /kəm'piːt/ v. strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others 竞争,争夺: Universities are competing for applicants. 大学正在争夺申请者。
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(earlier(C16) as competitor) : from L. competere, from com- 'together' + petere 'aim at, seek'.

**competence** /'kɒmpɪtəns/ (also 亦作 **competency**) ■n. **1** the quality or extent of being competent 胜任,称职;能力 ➤ Linguistics【语言】 a person's subconscious knowledge of the rules governing the formation of speech in their first language 语言能力 Often contrasted with 常对照 PERFORMANCE. ➤ Biology & Medicine【生物,医】effective performance of the normal function 感受态,反应能力 **2** dated【过时】 an income large enough to live on 足以谋生的收入

**competent** /'kɒmpɪtənt/ adj. **1** having the necessary ability or knowledge to do something successfully 有能力的,能胜任的;称职的 ➤ acceptable and satisfactory 可接受的;令人满意的: He spoke quite competent French.他法语说得不错。**2** (of a court or other body) having legal authority to deal with a particular matter(法院或其他团体)有法定资格的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **competently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. competent-, competere in the sense 'be fit or proper' (see 见 COMPETE).

**competition** /ˌkɒmpə'tɪʃn/ n. **1** the activity or condition of competing against others 竞争 ➤ Ecology 【生态】interaction between species or organisms which share a limited environmental resource 竞争 **2** an event or contest in which people compete竞 赛,比赛 ➤ those with whom one is competing 竞争 者;比赛对手:You have to innovate to stay ahead of the competition. 你必须要创新才能在竞争中领先。

**competitive** /kəm'petətɪv/ adj. **1** relating to or characterized by competition 竞争的 ➤ strongly desiring to be more successful than others 好竞争 的,好胜的 **2** as good as or better than others of a comparable nature 有竞争力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **competitively** adv. **competitiveness** n.

**competitor** /kəm'petɪtə(r)/ n. **1** a person who takes part in a sporting contest(体育比赛的)选手, 参赛者 **2** an organization engaged in commercial or economic competition with others(商业或经济方 面的)竞争者,对手

**compilation** /ˌkɒmpɪ'leɪʃn/ n. **1** the action or process of compiling编纂;编辑;汇编 **2** a thing, especially a book or record, compiled from different sources(尤指书籍或唱片的)选集,选辑

**compile** /kəm'paɪl/ v. **1** produce (a collection) by assembling material from other sources 编纂,汇 编(合集) **2** Computing 【计】 convert (a program) into a lower-level form in which the program can be executed 编译
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compiler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr.compiler or its apparent source, L. compilare 'plunder or plagiarize'.

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**complacent** /kəm'pleɪsnt/ adj. smug and uncharacteristically satisfied with oneself or one's achievements 沾沾自喜的,自鸣得意的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complacency** (also亦作 **complacence**) n. **complacently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as complacence), in the sense 'pleasant': from L. complacent-, complacere 'to please'.
> USAGE 用法说明 The words complacent and complaisant are sometimes confused: complacent means 'smug and self-satisfied', whereas complaisant means 'willing to please'. *complacent 和complaisant 有时易混淆: complacent 意为“沾沾自喜的,自鸣得意的”,而 complaisant 意为“殷勤的;讨好的,顺从的”。

**complain** /kəm'pleɪn/ v. **1** express dissatisfaction or annoyance 抱怨,投诉 **2** (**complain of**) state that one is suffering from (a symptom of illness) 主诉,诉说(病症)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complainer** n. **complaining** adj. **complainingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. complaindre, from med. L. complangere 'bewail', from L. com- (expressing intensive force) + plangere 'to lament'.

**complainant** /kəm'pleɪnənt/ ■n. Law 【律】 a plaintiff in certain lawsuits 原告,控诉人

**complaint** /kəm'pleɪnt/ n. **1** an act or the action of complaining 抱怨,投诉 ➤ a reason for dissatisfaction 抱怨的缘由 ➤ Law【律】 the plaintiff's reasons for proceeding in a civil action 民事诉讼状 **2** an illness or medical condition, especially a minor one(尤指轻微的)疾病

**complaisant** /kəm'pleɪznt/ adj. willing to please others or to accept their behaviour殷勤的;讨好的; 顺从的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complaisance** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., from complaire 'acquiesce in order to please', from L. complacere 'to please'.
> USAGE 用法说明 On the confusion of complaisant with complacent, see COMPLACENT,关于 complaisant 和 complacent 的辨析,参见 complacent 处。

**compleat** /kəm'pliːt/ adj. & v. archaic spelling of COMPLETE ■ complete 的古代拼法

**complected** /kəm'plektɪd/ adj. N. Amer. 【北美】 having a specified complexion 肤色(或面色)…的

**complement** n. /'kɒmplɪm(ə)nt/ **1** a thing that contributes extra features to something else so as to enhance or improve it 补充物,补足物 **2** the number or quantity that makes something complete 足额,足 数;全数: We have a full complement of staff. 我们人员 满额。**3** Grammar【语法】a word, phrase, or clause governed by a verb that completes the meaning of the predicate 补语 ➤ an adjective or noun that has the same reference as either the subject or object (as mad in he is mad or he drove her mad)补 语(如句子he is mad和 he drove her mad 中的mad) **4** Physiology 【生理】 a system of proteins present in blood plasma which combines with antigen-antibody complexes and phagocytes to bring about the destruction of microorganisms and foreign cells 补体 **5** Geometry 【几何】 the amount by which a given angle is less than 90°余角 ■v. /'kɒmplɪment/ add to (something) in a way that enhances or improves 补充,补足
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complemental** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'completion') : from L. complementum, from complere (see见 COMPLETE).
> USAGE 用法说明 Complement and compliment (together with related words such as complementary and complimentary) are frequently confused. Complement means 'add to in a way that enhances or improves', while compliment means 'politely congratulate or praise'. * complement 和 compliment(及相关的词,如 complementary 和 complimentary)经常混淆。 complement 意为“补充,补足”,而compliment 意为“恭维,赞美”。

**complementarity** /ˌkɒmplɪmen'tærɪti/ n. (pl. **complementarities**) **1** a situation in which two or more different things enhance each other or form a balanced whole互为补充;相辅相成 **2** Physics【物】 the concept that two contrasted theories may be able to explain a set of phenomena, although each separately only accounts for some aspects 互补性

**complementary** /ˌkɒmplɪ'mentri/ adj. **1** (of two or more different things) combining in such a way as to form a complete whole or enhance each other (两个或两个以上事物)补足的,互补的 **2** relating to complementary medicine 非正统疗法的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complementarily** adv. **complementariness** n

**complementary angle** ■n. either of two angles whose sum is 90°余角

**complementary colour** ■n. a colour that combined with a given colour makes white or black 互补色

**complementary DNA** n. synthetic DNA in which the sequence of bases is complementary to that of a given sequence of messenger RNA 互补 DNA, 互补脫氧核糖核酸

**complementary medicine** n. medical therapy that falls beyond the scope of scientific medicine but may be used alongside it in the treatment of disease and ill health, e.g. acupuncture and osteopathy 辅助性疗法,非正统疗法(如针灸和整骨疗法)

**complementation** /ˌkɒmplɪmen'teɪʃn/ n. **1** the action of complementing 补充,补足 **2** Grammar 【语法】 all the clause constituents that are governed by a verb补语(分句) **3** Genetics 【遗】 the phenomenon by which the effects of two different non-allelic mutations in a gene are partly or entirely cancelled out when they occur together 互补

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**complete** /kəm'pliːt/ adj. **1** having all the necessary or appropriate parts; entire 完整的,全部的,完全的 ➤ (**complete with**) having as an additional feature 配 备有…的;具有…的 **2** having run its full course; finished 完成的,结束的 **3** to the greatest extent or degree; total 绝对的;十足的;彻底的: a complete surprise 完全出乎意料 **4** (also 亦作 **compleat**) chiefly humorous 【主幽】 fully competent in an activity; consummate 技能全面的;有造诣的;完美 的 ■v. **1** finish making or doing完成,结束 ➤ Brit. 【英】conclude the sale of a property 完成房地产的 出售 **2** provide with the items necessary to make (something) complete 使完整;使圆满 ➤ write the required information on (a form)填写(表格)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **completeness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. complet, or L. complet-, complere 'fill up, finish, fulfil', from com- (expressing intensive force) + plere 'fill'.

**completely** /kəm'pliːtli/ adv. totally; utterly 彻底 地;绝对地,完全地

**completion** /kəm'pliːʃn/ n. the action of completing or the state of being completed完成,结束 ➤ Brit. 【英】 the final stage in the sale of a property, at which point it legally changes ownership 完成(房 地产出售的最后阶段,此时产权合法易主)

**completist** /kəm'pliːtɪst/ n. an obsessive, typically indiscriminate, collector or fan 求全主义者(一般指 对收藏品不加区分的收藏者或爱好者)

**complex** /'kɒmpleks/ adj. **1** consisting of many different and connected parts 组合的 **2** not easy to understand; complicated费解的;复杂的 **3** Mathematics 【数】 (of a number) containing both a real and an imaginary part复的 ■n. **1** an interlinked system; a network 网络系统;体系 ➤ a group of similar buildings or facilities on the same site 建 筑群 **2** Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 a related group of repressed or partly repressed emotionally significant ideas which lead to abnormal mental states or behaviour 情结 ➤ informal 【非正式】a feeling of disproportionate anxiety about something 过度 忧虑 **3** Chemistry 【化】 an ion or molecule in which one or more groups are linked to a metal atom by coordinate bonds 络合物 ■v. Chemistry 【化】 make (an atom or compound) form a complex with another 使络合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complexation** n. (Chemistry 【化】).**complexity** n. (pl. **complexities**).**complexly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(as n.): from L. complexus, from complectere 'embrace, comprise', later assoc. with complexus 'plaited'; the adjective is partly via Fr. complexe.

**complexion** /kəm'plekʃn/ n. **1** the natural tone and texture of the skin of a person's face 面色,面部 肤色 **2** the general character of something 局面;性 质: The complexion of the game changed. 比赛形势改 变了。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-complexioned** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting temperament or constitution as determined by combination of the bodily humours): via OFr. from L. complexio(n-) 'combination', from complectere 'embrace, comprise'.

**complex sentence** n. a sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses主从复合句,复杂句

**compliance** /kəm'plaɪəns/ n. **1** the action or fact of being compliant遵守;顺从,服从 **2** Physics 【物】 the capacity of a material or object of yielding when subjected to an applied force可塑性;柔量

**compliant** /kəm'plaɪənt/ adj. **1** disposed to agree with others or obey rules, especially to an excessive degree; acquiescent(尤指过分)顺从的,屈从的 **2** meeting or in accordance with rules or standards (与规定或标准)符合的,一致的 **3** Physics 【物】 having the property of compliance 有可塑性的;柔量的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compliantly** adv.

**complicate** /'kɒmplɪkeɪt/ v. **1** make more complex or confusing 使更复杂,使更混乱 **2** Medicine 【医】 introduce complications in (an existing condition) 引起(并发症),使(疾病)并发
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'combine, entangle') : from L. complicat-, complicare 'fold together'.

**complicated** /'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. **1** consisting of many interconnecting parts; intricate 结构复 杂的 ➤ involving many different and confusing aspects 费解的,复杂的 **2** Medicine 【医】 involving complications 有并发症的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **complicatedly** adv.

**complication** /ˌkɒmplɪ'keɪʃn/n. **1** a circumstance that complicates something; a difficulty 纠葛;难 题 ➤ a confused or complex state复杂的状况;混乱 **2** Medicine 【医】a secondary disease or condition aggravating an already existing one 并发症

**complicit** /kəm'plɪsɪt/ adj. involved with others in an unlawful activity同谋的;串通一气的:The minister was not complicit in the corruption. 部长并非 贪污腐败的同谋。

**complicitous** /kəm'plɪsɪtəs/ adj. another term for COMPLICIT ■ complicit 的另一种说法

**complicity** /kəm'plɪsəti/ n. the fact or condition of being involved with others in an unlawful activity 同谋,串通
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from ME complice 'an associate', from OFr., from late L. complex, complic- 'allied', from L. complicare 'fold together'; cf. ACCOMPLICE.

**compliment** n. /'kɒmplɪm(ə)nt/ a polite expression of praise or admiration 赞美;恭维 ➤ (**compliments**) congratulations or praise expressed to someone 祝贺;赞扬,称赞 ➤ (**compliments**) formal greetings sent as a message(通过口头、书 面等表达的正式的)问候,致意 ■v. /'kɒmplɪment/ **1** politely congratulate or praise 祝贺;赞美 **2** (**compliment someone with**) archaic 【古】 present someone with (something) as a mark of courtesy 向……… 赠送(某物)以示礼貌

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-PHRASES 短语 **return the compliment** retaliate or respond in kind照样回敬;一报还一报 **with one's compliments** provided free of charge 免费赠送
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. compliment (n.), complimenter (v.), from Ital. complimento 'fulfilment of the requirements of courtesy', from L. complementum 'completion, fulfilment'.
> USAGE 用法说明 On the confusion of compliment with complement, see COMPLEMENT,关于compliment 和 complement 的辨析,参见complement处。

**complimentary** /ˌkɒmplɪ'mentri/ adj. **1** expressing praise or admiration 表扬的;赞赏的 **2** given or supplied free of charge馈赠的,免费赠送(或供应)的

**compliments slip** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a small piece of paper printed with a company's name and address, sent out with goods or information in place of a covering letter(随货物、资料发出的印有公司名称和 地址的)礼帖,赠品附条

**compline** /'kɒmplɪn, -aɪn/ n. a service of evening prayers forming part of the Divine Office of the Western Christian Church, traditionally said before retiring for the night 晚祷
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. complie, fem. past part. of complir, from L. complere (see见 COMPLETE).

**comply** /kəm'plaɪ/ v. (**complies**, **complying**, **complied**) (often 常用 **comply with**) **1** act in accordance with a wish or command 遵从,顺从, 依从 **2** meet specified standards 符合特定标准
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in sense 'fulfil, accomplish', later 'fulfil the requirements of courtesy'): from Ital. complire, Catalan complir, Sp. cumplir, from L. complere (see 见 COMPLETE); cf. COMPLIMENT.

**compo** /'kɒmpəʊ/ n. (pl. **compos**) **1** a composite material 混合材料 **2** (also亦作 **compo rations**) Brit.【英】military rations consisting of a supply of tinned food designed to last a specified number of days and carried in a pack(军用口粮,由各种罐装食 品组成、可维持一人数日餐饮的)食品包

**component** /kəm'pəʊnənt/ n. **1** a part or element of a larger whole, especially a part of a machine or vehicle 组成部分;(尤指机器或车辆的)部件,零件 **2** Physics 【物】 each of two or more forces, velocities, or other vectors acting in different directions which are together equivalent to a given vector 分量 ■adj. constituting part of a larger whole; constituent 组成 的;构成的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **componentize** or **componentise** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. component-, componere 'put together'; cf. COMPOUND¹.

**compony** /kɒm'pəʊni/ adj. Heraldry【纹章】divided into a single row of squares in alternating tinctures 分成单排颜色交替的方块的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. componé, from OFr. compondre, from L. componere 'put together'.

**comport¹** /kəm'pɔːt/ v. **1** (**comport oneself**) formal 【正式】conduct oneself; behave 举止,表现 **2** (**comport with**) archaic 【古】 accord or agree with 与………一致,与……相称
-ORIGIN 词源ME(in the sense 'tolerate'): from L. comportare, from com- 'together' + portare 'carry, bear'.

**comport²** /'kɒmpɔːt/ n. another term for COMPOTE (sense 2) ■ compote(释义2)的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: appar. an abbrev. of Fr. comportier.

**comportment** /kəm'pɔːtmənt/ n. formal 【正式】 behaviour or bearing行为,举止;风度

**compose** /kəm'pəʊz/ v. **1** write or create (a musical or written work)创作(音乐或书面作品) ➤ arrange so as to form an artistic whole (艺术 性地)安排,布置 **2** (of elements) constitute or make up (a whole)组成,构成(整体) **3** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **composed**] calm or settle (one's features or thoughts)使平静,使镇静 **4** prepare(a text) for printing by setting up the characters to be printed 排…的版,排(稿) **5** archaic 【古】 settle (a dispute)解决(争端)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **composedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. composer, from L. componere(see见 COMPONENT), but influenced by L. compositus 'composed' and OFr. poser 'to place'.

**composer** /kəm'pəʊzə(r)/ n. a person who writes music 作曲者,作曲家

**composite** /'kɒmpəzɪt/ adj. **1** made up of several parts or elements 合成的,复合的 ➤ (of a constructional material) made up of recognizable constituents(建筑材料)复合的 **2** (**Composite**) relating to or denoting a classical order of architecture consisting of elements of the Ionic and Corinthian orders(柱式)混合的 **3** /usu.通常读'kɒmpəzaɪt/ Botany【植】 relating to or denoting plants of the family Compositae, which have composite flower heads consisting of numerous florets and include daisies, dandelions, and chrysanthemums 菊科的 **4** Mathematics【数】 (of an integer) being the product of two or more factors greater than unity; not prime(整数)合成的,复合的 ■n. **1** a thing made up of several parts or elements合成物;复合材料 ➤ /'kɒmpəzaɪt/ a motion for debate composed of two or more related resolutions 综合提案 **2** /usu.通常读 'kɒmpəzaɪt/ Botany 【植】 a plant of the daisy family (Compositae)菊科植物 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **compositing**] combine (two or more images) to make a single picture, especially electronically(尤 指电子)合成(图片)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Compositely** adv. **compositeness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. composit-, componere 'put together'.

**composition** /ˌkɒmpə'zɪʃn/n. **1** the nature of the ingredients or constituents of a whole or mixture 成分的性质;成分 ➤ a thing composed of various elements 合成物,混合物 **2** a work of music, literature, or art(音乐、文学或艺术)作品 ➤ the artistic arrangement of the elements of a picture(图画 的)构图,布局 **3** the action of composing 组成, 合成,构成 **4** archaic 【古】 mental constitution; character 脾性,气质;性格 **5** a legal agreement to pay a sum in lieu of a larger debt or other obligation (偿还部分借款以勾销全部债务的)和解协议,和解偿 还 **6** Mathematics 【数】 the successive application of functions to a variable 复合 **7** Physics 【物】the process of finding the resultant of a number of forces 力的合成
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compositional** adj. **compositionally** adv.

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**compositor** /kəm'pɒzɪtə(r)/ n. a person who arranges type or keys text into a computer for printing 排字工人,排版工人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in sense 'arbiter'): from Anglo-Norman Fr. compositour, from L. compositor, from composit-, componere (see 见 COMPOSE).

**compos mentis** /ˌkɒmpɒs 'mentɪs/ adj. having full control of one's mind 精神正常的,心智健全的
-ORIGIN 词源C17: L.

**compossible** /kəm'pɒsɪbl/ adj. rare 【罕】(of one thing) compatible or possible in conjunction with another 可共存的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from OFr., from med. L. compossibilis, from com- 'together with' + possibilis (see见 POSSIBLE).

**compost** /'kɒmpɒst/ n. decayed organic material used as a fertilizer for growing plants 堆肥 ➤ a mixture of compost with loam soil used as a growing medium(用堆肥和肥土等混合而成的)混合 肥料 ■v. make into or treat with compost 把……制成堆 肥,施堆肥于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compostable** adj. **composter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. composte, from L. composita, compositum 'something put together', fem. and neut. past part. of componere.

**compost heap** (N. Amer. also【北美亦作】**compost pile**) n. a pile of garden and kitchen refuse which decomposes to produce compost 堆肥堆

**composure** /kəm'pəʊʒə(r)/ n. the state or feeling of being calm and composed 沉着,冷静,镇定

**compote** /'kɒmpəʊt, -pɒt/ n. **1** fruit preserved or cooked in syrup蜜饯,糖水水果 **2** a bowl-shaped dessert dish with a stem 高脚甜点盘,高脚果盘
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from OFr. composte (see见 COMPOST).

**compound¹** n. /'kɒmpaʊnd/ a thing composed of two or more separate elements 复合物,混合物 ➤ a substance formed from two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions 化合物 ➤ a word made up of two or more existing words 复合 词 ■adj. /'kɒmpaʊnd/ made up of several elements 混合的,组合的 ➤ (of interest) payable on both capital and the accumulated interest(利息)复的, 复利的 Compare with 比较 SIMPLE. ➤ Biology 【生 物】(of a leaf, flower, or eye) consisting of two or more simple parts or individuals in combination (叶、花或眼睛)复的 ■v./kəm'paʊnd/ **1** make up (a composite whole); constitute构成,组成(整体) ➤ mix or combine (ingredients or constituents)混 合;调和;使结合 ➤ reckon(interest) on previously accumulated interest 以复利计算(利息) **2** make (something bad) worse 使恶化 **3** Law 【律】 forbear from prosecuting (a felony) in exchange for money or other consideration(以金钱或其他补偿 作为交换条件)和解(重罪);私了 ➤ settle (a debt or other matter) in this way (通过互让)了结(债 务);和解
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compoundable** adj. **compounder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME compoune (v.), from OFr. compoun-, compondre, from L. componere 'put together'; the final -d was added on the pattern of expound.

**compound²** /'kɒmpaʊnd/ n. a large open area enclosed by a fence, e.g. around a factory or within a prison 带围栏的大块场地,院子 ➤ S. African 【南非】 an area containing single-sex living quarters for migrant workers, especially miners 流动工人居住地; (尤指)矿工院 ➤ another term for POUND³ ■ pound³的 另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Port. campon or Du. kampoeng, from Malay kampong 'enclosure, hamlet'; cf. KAMPONG.

**compound eye** n. an eye consisting of an array of numerous small visual units, as found in insects and crustaceans 复眼 Contrasted with 对照 SIMPLE EYE.

**compound fracture** ■n. an injury in which a broken bone pierces the skin哆开骨折,有创骨折

**compound interval** n. Music 【音】 an interval greater than an octave 复音程

**compound sentence** n. a sentence with more than one subject or predicate 并列句,复合句

**compound time** ■n. Music【音】 musical rhythm or metre in which each beat in a bar is subdivided into three smaller units, so having the value of a dotted note 复拍子 Compare with 比较 SIMPLE TIME.

**comprador** /ˌkɒmprə'dɔː(r)/(also 亦作 **compradore**) ■n. a person who acts as an agent for foreign businesses 买办
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Port., 'buyer'.

**comprehend** /ˌkɒmprɪ'hend/ v. **1** grasp mentally; understand 领会;理解 **2** formal 【正式】 include, comprise, or encompass包括,包含
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. comprehender, or L. comprehendere, from com- 'together' + prehendere 'grasp'.

**comprehensible** /ˌkɒmprɪ'hensəbl/ adj. able to be understood; intelligible 可理解的,易懂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comprehensibility** n. **comprehensibly** adv.

**comprehension** /ˌkɒmprɪ'henʃn/ n. **1** the ability to understand something 理解力 ➤ Brit.【英】the school exercise of answering questions on a set text to test understanding 理解力练习,理解力测试 **2** archaic 【古】 inclusion 包含,包括 ➤ historical【史义】 the proposed inclusion of Nonconformists within the Established Church of England(被提议的)英 国国教对非国教徒的容纳

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**comprehensive** /ˌkɒmprɪ'hensɪv/ adj. **1** including or dealing with all or nearly all aspects of something 全面的,综合的;无所不包的 ➤ of large content or scope 广泛的 ➤ (of a victory or defeat) by a large margin (输赢)差距大的 ➤ (of motor-vehicle insurance) providing cover for most risks, including damage to the policyholder's own vehicle (机动车辆保险)综合的 **2** Brit.【英】 denoting a system of secondary education in which children of all abilities from an area are educated in one school (中学教育)综合性的,招收不同资质学生的 **3** archaic 【古】 relating to understanding 与理解(力)有关的 ■n. Brit.【英】a comprehensive school 综合中学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comprehensively** adv. **comprehensiveness** n.

**compress** v. /kəm'pres/ **1** flatten by pressure; squeeze into less space 压平;压缩 ➤ squeeze or press (two things) together 挤压,压紧,把(两件 物品)紧压在一起 ➤ [as adj.作形容词 **compressed**] chiefly Biology 【主生物】 having a narrow shape as if flattened, especially sideways 扁的;(尤指)侧扁的 **2** reduce the dynamic range of (a sound signal) 压缩(声音信号)的动态范围 **3** Computing 【计】alter the form of (data) to reduce the amount of storage necessary 压缩 ■n. /'kɒmpres/ a pad of absorbent material pressed on to part of the body to relieve inflammation or stop bleeding(用于消炎或止血的) 敷布,压布
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compressibility** /kəm-presə'bɪlɪti/ n. **compressible** /kəm'presɪbl/ adj. **compressive** /kəm'presɪv/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. compresser or late L. compressare, frequentative of L. compress-, comprimere.

**compressed air** n. air that is at more than atmospheric pressure 压缩空气

**compression** /kəm'preʃn/ n. the action of compressing or being compressed 压紧;挤压 ➤ the reduction in volume (causing an increase in pressure) of the fuel mixture in an internal-combustion engine before ignition(内燃机点火前燃 料混合物的)压缩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compressional** adj.

**compression ratio** n. the ratio of the maximum to minimum volume in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine压缩比,压缩度

**compressive strength** n. the resistance of a material to breaking under compression 抗压强度, 耐压强度 Compare with 比较 TENSILE STRENGTH.

**compressor** /kəm'presə(r)/ n. **1** an instrument or device for compressing something 压缩工具;压缩 装置 ➤ a machine used to supply air or other gas at increased pressure压气机,压缩机 **2** an electrical device which reduces the dynamic range of a sound signal(减少信号范围的)压缩器

**comprise** /kəm'praɪz/ v. consist of; be made up of 由…构成;包含 ➤ (also亦作 **be comprised of**) make up; constitute 构成;组成
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., 'comprised', fem. past part. of comprendre (see见 COMPREHEND).
> USAGE 用法说明 Comprise primarily means 'consist of', as in the country comprises twenty states. It can also mean 'constitute or make up a whole', as in this single breed comprises 50 per cent of the Swiss cattle population. When this sense is used in the passive (as in the country is comprised of twenty states), it is more or less synonymous with the first sense. This usage is part of standard English, but the construction comprise of, as in the property comprises of bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen, is regarded as incorrect. * comprise 主要表示“包含,由… 构成”之义,例如:The country comprises twenty states.该国有20个州。comprise 也可 以表示“构成,组成”之义,例如:This single breed comprises 50 per cent of Swiss cattle population,这个品种占到了瑞士牛的50%。此义用 于被动语态时(如:The country is comprised of twenty states,该国由20个州构成。),多少与第一 个义项同义。这一用法属于规范英语,但 comprise of 这一结构(如:The property comprises of bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen.)则被认为是 不正确的。

**compromise** /'kɒmprəmaɪz/ n. **1** an agreement that is reached by each side making concessions 妥 协方案,折中方案 ➤ an intermediate state between conflicting alternatives 折中,折中状态 **2** the expedient acceptance of standards that are lower than is desirable妥协,让步,降低标准 ■v. **1** settle a dispute by mutual concession 达成妥协,通过 互让解决 **2** expediently accept standards that are lower than is desirable妥协,让步,降低标准 **3** bring into disrepute or danger by indiscreet or reckless behaviour 使名誉受损,危及,损害 ➤ [as adj.作形 容词 **compromising**] revealing an embarrassing or incriminating secret 不光彩的,有失体面的: a compromising situation 不光彩的情况
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compromiser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. compromis, from late L. compromiss-, compromittere, from com- 'together' + promittere (see 见 PROMISE).

**compte rendu** /ˌkɔ̃t rɔ̃'djuː/ n. (pl. **comptes rendus** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a formal report or review 正式报告;评论
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'account rendered'.

**comptroller** /kən'trəʊlə(r), kɒmp-/ n. a controller (used in the title of some financial officers)审计员,审计官(用于一些财务官员的头衔)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: var. of controller (see见 CONTROL), by assoc. with Fr. compte 'calculation' or its source, late L. computus.

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**compulsion** /kəm'pʌlʃn/ n. **1** the action of compelling or the state of being compelled; constraint(被)强迫,(被) 强制 **2** an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way 强烈的冲动;不可抑 制的欲望

**compulsive** /kəm'pʌlsɪv/ adj. **1** resulting from or acting on an irresistible urge 由冲动造成的;不由自主 的 **2** irresistibly interesting or exciting; compelling 极度迷恋的,难以自己的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compulsively** adv. **compulsiveness** n.

**compulsory** /kəm'pʌlsəri/ adj. required by law or a rule; obligatory 法律规定的;强制的;义务的 ➤ involving or exercising compulsion; coercive 强 迫的,强制的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compulsorily** adv. **compulsoriness** n.

**compulsory purchase** ■n. Brit. 【英】 the officially enforced purchase of privately owned land or property for public use(政府对私有土地或财产 的)强制购买,征用

**compunction** /kəm'pʌŋkʃn/ n. a feeling of guilt or moral scruple that prevents or follows a bad action 内疚;自责;悔恨
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **compunctious** adj. **compunctiously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. componction, from eccles. L. compunctio(n-), from L. compungere 'prick sharply'.

**compurgation** /ˌkɒmpɜː'geɪʃn/ n. Law, historical 【律,史义】acquittal from a charge or accusation obtained by statements of innocence given by witnesses under oath 宣誓断案法,宣誓断案(根据证 人宣誓宣告被告无罪)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. compurgatio (n-), from L. compurgare, from com- (expressing intensive force) + purgare 'purify'.

**compurgator** /'kɒmpɜːgeɪtə(r)/ ■n. Law, historical 【律,史义】a sworn witness to the innocence or good character of an accused person 宣誓助讼人

**computation** /ˌkɒmpjʊ'teɪʃn/ n. **1** mathematical calculation(数学)计算 **2** the use of computers, especially as a subject of research(尤指作为学科 研究的)计算机的使用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **computational** adj. **computationally** adv.

**computational linguistics** pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of linguistics in which the techniques of computer science are applied to the analysis and synthesis of language and speech 计算 语言学

**compute** /kəm'pjuːt/ v. **1** reckon or calculate (a figure or amount)计算,估算(数字或数量) **2** [with neg.与否定结构连用] informal【非正式】seem reasonable; make sense 似乎合乎情理,讲得通
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **computability** n. **computable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. computer or L. computare, from com- 'together' + putare 'to settle (an account)'.

**computer** /kəm'pjuːtə(r)/ n. an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) and performing a sequence of logical operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals 计算机,电脑
> 1911 The word computer surely exibits one 2011 of the most dramatic changes in meaning over the last 100 years. It only appeared once in the first edition, in the definition of logarithm: 'One of a class of arithmetical functions tabulated for use in abridging calculation & enabling computer to substitute addition & subtraction for multiplication & division, & the latter two for involution & evolution'. There it meant simply 'a person who computes', and it was then not considered important enough to be entered in the dictionary, let alone defined. * computer(计算 机)一词无疑彰显了100年来词义上一个极为重大的变 化。该词在第一版中只出现了一次,即在 logarithm (对数)的释义中: One of a class of arithmetical functions tabulated for use in abridging calculation & enabling computer to substitute addition & subtraction for multiplication & division, & the latter two for involution & evolution。在这个释义中,computer 仅指“进行 计算的人”,在当时看来其重要性使其不足以成为词 典条目,遑论释义了。

**computerate** /kəm'pjuːtərət/ adj. informal 【非正 式】another term for COMPUTER-LITERATE ■ computer-literate 的另一种说法

**computer dating** n. the use of computer databases to identify potentially compatible partners for people 计算机约会安排

**computer game** n. a game played using a computer, especially a video game 电脑游戏

**computerize** or **computerise** /kəm'pjuːtəraɪz/v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **computerized**] convert to a system or form which is controlled, stored, or processed by computer 使计算机化;用计算机控制 (或贮存、处理)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **computerization** n.

**computer-literate** adj. having sufficient knowledge and skill to be able to use computers 会 使用计算机的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **computer literacy** n.

**computer science** n. the study of the principles and use of computers 计算机科学

**computing** /kəm'pjuːtɪŋ/ n. the use or operation of computers 计算机使用;计算机操作

**comrade** /'kɒmreɪd/n. (among men) a colleague or a fellow member of an organization(男性)同 事,伙伴 ➤ (also 亦作 **comrade-in-arms**) a fellow soldier or serviceman 战友 ➤ a fellow socialist or communist(社会主义者、共产主义者中的)同志
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **comradely** adj. **comradeship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. also camerade): from Fr. camerade, camarade, from Sp. camarada 'room-mate'.

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**Comsat** /'kɒmsæt/ n. trademark 【商标】a communications satellite 通信卫星

**Con** abbr. Brit. 【英】 **1** Conservative (as a political affiliation)保守党(表示党派) **2** constable (as part of a police officer's title)警察,警官(用于警官头衔)

**con¹** /kɒn/informal 【非正式】 ■v. (**cons**, **conning**, **conned**) deceive (someone) into doing or believing something by lying to them 哄骗,欺骗 ■n. a deception of this kind 哄骗,欺骗
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): abbrev. of CONFIDENCE, as in confidence trick.

**con²** /kɒn/n. (usu.in phr. 通常用于短语 **pros and cons**) a disadvantage of or argument against something 弊端,劣势,反对……的理由
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. contra 'against'.

**con³** /kɒn/n. informal 【非正式】 a convict囚犯;罪犯

**con⁴** /kɒn/ (US also 【美亦作】conn) Nautical【航海】 ■v. (**cons**, **conning**, **conned**) direct the steering of(a ship)指挥(船)的驾驶,指挥操舵 ■n. (**the con**) the action or post of conning a ship 指挥驾船 (岗位),指挥操舵(岗位)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: appar. a weakened form of obs. cond 'conduct, guide', from OFr. conduire.

**con⁵** /kəʊn/ v. (**cons**, **conning**, **conned**) archaic 【古】study attentively or learn by heart (a piece of writing)用功学习;熟读;默记
-ORIGIN 词源 ME cunne, conne, con, vars of CAN¹.

**con-** /kɒn/prefix variant spelling of com- assimilated before c, d, f, g, j, n, q, s, t, v, and sometimes before vowels (as in concord, condescend, confide, etc.) * com- 的另一种拼法(在字母c, d, f, g, j. n, q, s, t, v前,有时在元音前被同化为n,如concord, condescend,confide等)

**conacre** /'kɒneɪkə(r)/ n. (in Ireland) the letting by a tenant of small portions of land for crops or grazing(爱尔兰)小块土地出租(指佃户将农田或放牧 地转租给他人)
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from CORN¹ + ACRE.

**con amore** /ˌkɒn æ'mɔːreɪ/ adv. Music 【音】 with tenderness 亲切地;柔情地
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'with love'.

**conation** /kə'neɪʃn/n. Philosophy & Psychology【哲, 心理】 desire or will to perform an action; volition 意动,意欲;意图
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting an attempt or endeavour) : from L. conatio(n-), from conari 'to try'.

**con brio** /kɒn 'briːəʊ/adv. Music 【音】 with vigour 活泼有力地,富有生气地
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**concatenate** /kən'kætɪneɪt/ v. formal or technical 【正式或技】link together in a chain or series 连接, 串联;把…连成一串
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concatenation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15(as adj.): from late L. concatenat-, concatenare 'link together'.

**concave** /'kɒnkeɪv/ adj. having an outline or surface that curves inwards like the interior of a circle or sphere凹的;凹面的Compare with 比较 CONVEX.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concavely** adv. **concavity** n. (pl. **concavities**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. concavus, from con- 'together' + cavus 'hollow'.

**conceal** /kən'siːl/v. not allow to be seen; hide 隐 藏;遮掩;掩盖 ➤ keep secret; prevent from being known 隐瞒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concealment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conceler, from L. concelare, from con- 'completely' + celare 'hide'.

**concealer** /kən'siːlə(r)/ n. a flesh-toned cosmetic used to cover spots and blemishes 遮瑕膏

**concede** /kən'siːd/ v. **1** finally admit that something is true承认(事实) ➤ admit (defeat) in a match or contest(在比赛或竞争中)承认(失败) **2** surrender or yield (a possession, advantage, or right) 让与,放弃(所有权、优势或权利) ➤ fail to prevent an opponent scoring (a goal or point)让对手进球 (或得分)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. concéder or L. concedere, from con- 'completely' + cedere 'yield'.

**conceit** /kən'siːt/ n. **1** excessive pride in oneself 自负,自满,自高自大 **2** an elaborate metaphor or artistic effect 牵强附会的比喻,夸张的比喻,艺术效 果 ➤ a fanciful notion 幻想;奇想
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from CONCEIVE, on the pattern of deceive, deceit.

**conceited** /kən'siːtɪd/ adj. excessively proud of oneself自负的,自满的,自高自大的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceitedly** adv. **conceitedness** n.

**conceivable** /kən'siːvəbl/ adj. capable of being imagined or understood 可想象的;可理解的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceivability** n. **conceivably** adv.

**conceive** /kən'siːv/ v. **1** become pregnant with (a child)怀(胎),怀孕 **2** devise in the mind; imagine 构想;想象
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. concevoir, from L. concipere, from com- 'together' + capere 'take'.

**concelebrate** /kɒn'selɪbreɪt/ v. Christian Church 【基】 officiate jointly at (a Mass)共祭(共同主领弥 撒)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concelebrant** n. **concelebration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. concelebrat-, concelebrare 'celebrate together'.

**concentrate** /'kɒnsntreɪt/ v. **1** (often 常用 **concentrate on**) focus all one's attention on something 集中注意力,全神贯注 **2** bring together
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in numbers or a mass in one place 聚集, 凝聚 3 increase the strength of (a solution) 浓缩(溶液) ■n. a concentrated form of something, especially food 浓缩物(尤指食物); 浓缩液
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concentrated** adj. **concentratedly** adv. **concentrative** adj. **concentrator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'bring towards a centre'): Latinized form of CONCENTRE, or from Fr. concentrer 'to concentrate'.

**concentration** /ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/ n. 1 the action or power of concentrating 专注; 注意力 2 a close gathering of people or things 聚集, 集中 3 the relative amount of a particular substance contained within a solution or mixture 浓度

**concentration camp** n. a camp for detaining political prisoners or persecuted minorities, especially in Nazi Germany (尤指纳粹德国的)集中营

**concentre** /kənˈsentə(r)/ (US【美】**concenter**) v. concentrate in a small space (使)集中于一点; (使)会聚 ■ collect at a common centre 集中; 集合; 聚集
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. concentrer, from L. con- 'together' + centrum 'centre'.

**concentric** /kənˈsentrɪk/ adj. of or denoting circles, arcs, or other shapes which share the same centre (圆、弧等)同中心的, 同轴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concentrically** adv. **concentricity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. concentrique or med. L. concentricus, from con- 'together' + centrum 'centre'.

**concept** /ˈkɒnsept/ n. 1 an abstract idea 观念; 概念 ➤an idea to help sell or publicize a commodity (出售或宣传商品的)主意 2 Philosophy【哲】an idea or mental picture of a group or class of objects, formed by combining all their aspects 思想; 概念
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. conceptum 'something conceived', from L. concept-, concipere (see 见 CONCEIVE).

**concept album** n. a rock album featuring songs expressing a particular theme 概念唱片, 主题摇滚乐唱片

**conception** /kənˈsepʃn/ n. 1 the action of conceiving a child or of one being conceived 妊娠, 怀孕 2 the devising of a plan or idea 构想, 设想 ➤the way in which something is perceived 观点; 想法, 看法; 认识 ➤a concept 观念, 概念 3 ability to imagine or understand 想象力; 理解力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceptional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. conceptio(n-), from concipere (see 见 CONCEIVE).

**conceptual** /kənˈseptʃuəl/ adj. relating to or based on mental concepts 观念的; 概念的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceptually** adv.

**conceptual art** n. art in which the idea presented by the artist is considered more important than the finished product 概念艺术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceptual artist** n.

**conceptualism** /kənˈseptʃuəlɪz(ə)m/ n. Philosophy【哲】the theory that universals can be said to exist, but only as concepts in the mind 概念论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceptualist** n.

**conceptualize** or **conceptualise** /kənˈseptʃuəlaɪz/ v. form a concept or idea of 使概念化, 使形成概念
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conceptualization** n.

**conceptus** /kənˈseptəs/ n. (pl. **conceptuses**) technical【技】the embryo during the early stages of pregnancy (怀孕初期的)孕体
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., 'conception, embryo', from concept-, concipere 'conceive'.

**concern** /kənˈsɜːn/ v. 1 relate to; be about 和……有关, 关于 ➤affect or involve 影响到; 涉及 2 worry (someone) 使担忧, 使烦恼 3 (**be concerned with/to do something**) regard it as important to do something 认为重要 ■n. 1 worry; anxiety 挂念; 担心; 忧虑 2 a matter of interest or importance 关心之事, 感兴趣的事, 重要的事 3 a business 公司, 企业
-PHRASES 短语 **as (or so) far as someone/thing is concerned** as regards the interests or case of someone or something 至于……; 就…而言 **have no concern with** have nothing to do with 与……无关 **to whom it may concern** used to address a reader whose identity is unknown 敬启者
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. concerner or late L. concernere (in med. L. 'be relevant to'), from con- (expressing intensive force) + cernere 'sift, discern'.

**concerned** /kənˈsɜːnd/ adj. worried; anxious 挂念的; 担心的, 忧虑的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concernedly** adv.

**concerning** /kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/ prep. relating to; about 关于, 有关

**concernment** /kənˈsɜːnm(ə)nt/ n. archaic【古】importance 重要(性), 重大 ➤a matter of interest or importance 关心之事, 感兴趣的事, 重要的事

**concert** n. /ˈkɒnsət/ 1 a musical performance given in public, typically of several compositions 音乐会 2 formal【正式】agreement; harmony 一致, 和谐; 协调 ➤Law【律】joint action, especially in committing a crime (尤指犯罪时的)联合行动, 协同行动 v. /kənˈsɜːt/ formal【正式】arrange by mutual agreement or coordination 共同议定; 协同安排; 协调
-PHRASES 短语 **in concert** 1 acting jointly 共同; 协力 2 giving a live public performance 现场演出
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. concerter, from Ital. concertare 'harmonize'; the noun is from Fr. concert.

**concertante** /ˌkɒntʃəˈtænteɪ, -ˈtænti/ adj. 1 denoting a piece of music containing one or more solo parts, of less prominence than in a concerto 协奏性的 2 denoting prominent instrumental parts throughout a piece of music 乐器演奏部分的
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'harmonizing'.

**concerted** /kənˈsɜːtɪd/ adj. 1 jointly arranged or carried out 商定的; 一致的 ➤done with great effort 努力的; 费力的 2 (of music) arranged in several parts of equal importance (音乐)分声部的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concertedly** adv.

**concert grand** n. the largest size of grand piano,

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used for concerts 音乐会大钢琴

**concertina** /ˌkɒnsəˈtiːnə/ n. 1 a small musical instrument played by stretching and squeezing a central bellows between the hands to blow air over reeds, each note being sounded by a button 六角手风琴 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] opening or closing in multiple folds 多重折叠的 ■v. (**concertinas**, **concertinaing**, **concertinaed** or **concertina'd**) extend or compress in multiple folds 伸展(或压缩)成褶裥状

**concertino** /ˌkɒntʃəˈtiːnəʊ/ n. (pl. **concertinos**) 1 a simple or short concerto 小协奏曲 2 a solo instrument playing with an orchestra (与管弦乐队一起演奏的)独奏乐器
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., dimin. of concerto (see 见 CONCERTO).

**concertmaster** /ˈkɒnsətˌmɑːstə(r)/ n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】the leading first-violin player in some orchestras (管弦乐队)乐队首席

**concerto** /kənˈtʃɜːtəʊ, -ˈtʃeətəʊ/ n. (pl. **concertos** or **concerti**) a musical composition for a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra 协奏曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., from concertare 'harmonize'.

**concerto grosso** /ˈɡrɒsəʊ/ n. (pl. **concerti grossi** /-siː/) a musical composition for a group of solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra 大协奏曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., lit. 'big concerto'.

**concert overture** n. a piece of music in the style of an overture but intended for independent performance 音乐会序曲

**concert party** n. a group of performers giving variety concerts 杂耍表演队; 综艺表演队

**concert performance** ■n. Brit.【英】a performance of a piece of music written for an opera or ballet without the accompanying dramatic action 无剧情演奏(指演奏为歌剧或芭蕾舞剧谱写的乐曲, 但不包括剧情)

**concert pitch** n. 1 Music【音】a standard for the tuning of musical instruments, in which the note A above middle C has a frequency of 440 Hz 国际音高, 音乐会音高, 标准音高 2 a state of readiness and keenness 最佳状态

**concession** /kənˈseʃn/ n. 1 a thing that is conceded 让予物; 给予物 ➤the action of conceding 让步, 让予 ➤a gesture in recognition of a prevailing standard 认可的表示 2 a preferential allowance, rate, or price, especially for a particular category of person 减价; 优惠: tax concessions 税收优惠 3 the right to use land or other property for a specified purpose (使用土地或其他财产的)特许权 ➤a commercial operation set up within the premises of a larger concern (在一更大的企业场地内营业的)租地, 商摊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concessional** adj. **concessionary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. concessio(n-), from concedere (see 见 CONCEDE).

**concessionaire** /kənˌseʃəˈneə(r)/ (also 亦作 **concessionnaire**) n. the holder of a concession or grant, especially for the use of land or trading rights 受让人; (尤指土地或交易的)特许权获得者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. concessionnaire, from L. concessio (see 见 CONCESSION).

**concessive** /kənˈsesɪv/ adj. 1 characterized by or tending to concession 让步的; 认可(性)的 2 Grammar【语法】(of a preposition or conjunction) introducing a phrase or clause denoting a circumstance which might be expected to preclude the action of the main clause, but does not (e.g. **in spite of**, **although**) (介词或连词)引导让步短语(或从句)的(如 in spite of, although)

**conch** /kɒŋk, kɒn(t)ʃ/ n. (pl. **conchs** /kɒŋks/ or **conches** /ˈkɒntʃɪz/) 1 a tropical marine mollusc with a robust spiral shell which may bear long projections and have a flared lip 海螺, 贝壳 [Strombus and other genera: many species.] 2 Architecture【建】the roof of a semicircular apse 半圆屋顶, 穹内凹顶 3 another term for CONCHA ※ concha 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. concha 'shellfish, shell', from Gk konkhē 'mussel, cockle, or shell-like cavity'.

**concha** /ˈkɒŋkə/ n. (pl. **conchae** /-kiː/) Anatomy & Zoology【解, 动】a part resembling a spiral shell, in particular the depression in the external ear leading to its central opening 甲; (尤指)耳廓, 耳甲
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. (see 见 CONCH).

**conchie** /ˈkɒntʃi/ n. (pl. **conchies**) Brit. informal, derogatory【英, 非正式, 贬】a conscientious objector (因良知而)拒服兵役者

**conchiglie** /kɒnˈkiːljeɪ/ pl. n. pasta in the form of small conch shells (意大利)贝壳面
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., pl. of conchiglia 'conch shell'.

**conchoidal** /kɒŋˈkɔɪdl/ adj. chiefly Mineralogy【主矿物】denoting a type of fracture in a solid which results in a smooth rounded surface resembling a scallop shell 贝壳状的

**conchology** /kɒŋˈkɒlədʒi/ n. the scientific study or collection of mollusc shells 贝类学, 贝壳学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conchological** adj. **conchologist** n.

**concierge** /ˈkɒnsieəʒ/ n. 1 (especially in France) a resident caretaker of a block of flats or small hotel (尤指法国的公寓区或小旅馆的)看门人, 门房 2 a hotel employee who assists guests by booking tours, making theatre and restaurant reservations, etc. 旅馆服务台职员
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: Fr., prob. based on L. conservus 'fellow slave'.

**conciliar** /kənˈsɪliə(r)/ adj. relating to a council, especially an ecclesiastical one 与会议有关的; (尤指)与基督教教会会议有关的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. consiliarius 'counsellor', from L. concilium (see 见 COUNCIL).

**conciliate** /kənˈsɪlieɪt/ v. placate (someone); pacify 使平静, 安抚, 抚慰 ➤act as a mediator 充当调停人, 调解 ➤formal【正式】reconcile 使和解, 使和好
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conciliation** n. **conciliative** adj.

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**conciliator** n. **conciliatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. conciliat-, conciliare 'combine, gain', from concilium (see 见 COUNCIL).

**concinnity** /kənˈsɪnɪti/ n. rare【罕】elegance of literary or artistic style (文体或艺术风格的)优美, 雅致
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. concinnitas, from concinnus 'skilfully put together'.

**concise** /kənˈsaɪs/ adj. giving information clearly and in few words 简明的; 言简意赅的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concisely** adv. **conciseness** n. **concision** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as concision): from Fr. concis or L. concisus, past part. of concidere 'cut up, cut down'.

**conclave** /ˈkɒŋkleɪv/ n. 1 a private meeting 秘密会议; 秘密集会 2 (in the Roman Catholic Church) the assembly of cardinals for the election of a pope (天主教)教皇选举枢机会议
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. conclave 'lockable room', from con- 'with' + clavis 'key'.

**conclude** /kənˈkluːd/ v. 1 bring or come to an end (使)结束 ➤formally settle or arrange (an agreement) 缔结, 议定(协议) 2 arrive at a judgement or opinion by reasoning 断定, 推断出
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'convince'): from L. conclus-, concludere, from con- 'completely' + claudere 'to shut'.

**conclusion** /kənˈkluːʒn/ n. 1 the end or finish of something 结束, 完结 ➤the summing-up of an argument or text (文章等的)结论, 结尾 ➤the settling of an agreement (协议的)缔结, 议定 2 a judgement or decision reached by reasoning (推理得出的)结论, 推论 ➤Logic【逻】a proposition that is reached from given premises 命题
-PHRASES 短语 **jump to conclusions** make a hasty judgement before considering all the facts 遽下结论, 贸然断言 **try conclusions with** formal【正式】engage in a trial of skill or argument with 与……一比高低; 与……一决胜负

**conclusive** /kənˈkluːsɪv/ adj. (of evidence or argument) decisive or convincing (证据或论据)决定性的, 结论性的, 有说服力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conclusively** adv. **conclusiveness** n.

**concoct** /kənˈkɒkt/ v. 1 make (a dish or meal) by combining ingredients 调制, 配制(菜肴或膳食) 2 invent (a story or plan) 捏造, 虚构(故事); 策划
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concocter** (also 亦作 **concoctor**) n. **concoction** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. concoct-, concoquere 'cook together'.

**concomitance** /kənˈkɒmɪt(ə)ns/ (also 亦作 **concomitancy**) n. 1 the fact of existing or occurring with something else 共存, 并存; 相伴, 伴随 2 Theology【神学】the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are each present in the bread and wine of the Eucharist (圣餐中耶稣的)血肉同在
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. concomitantia, from concomitant-, concomitari 'accompany'.

**concomitant** /kənˈkɒmɪt(ə)nt/ formal【正式】 ■adj. naturally accompanying or associated 相伴的, 伴随的 ■n. a concomitant phenomenon 伴随现象(或情况)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concomitantly** adv.

**concord** /ˈkɒŋkɔːd/ n. 1 literary【文】agreement; harmony 一致; 和谐 2 a treaty 条约; 协定 3 Grammar【语法】agreement between words in gender, number, case, or person (性、数、格、人称等语法范畴)协调, 一致 4 Music【音】a chord that is pleasing or satisfactory in itself 协和和弦, 协和音
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. concorde, from L. concordia, from concors 'of one mind'.

**concordance** /kənˈkɔːd(ə)ns/ n. 1 an alphabetical list of the important words in a text, usually with citations of the passages concerned 重要语词索引 2 formal【正式】agreement or consistency 一致; 和谐; 协调 3 Medicine【医】the inheritance by two related individuals of the same genetic characteristic 一致性, 基因共同继承 ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **concordanced**] make a concordance of 把…编成语词索引
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from med. L. concordantia, from L. concordant-, concordare 'agree on'.

**concordant** /kənˈkɔːd(ə)nt/ adj. 1 in agreement; consistent 一致的; 和谐的; 协调的 ➤Music【音】in harmony 谐和的; 协和的 2 Medicine【医】(of twins) inheriting the same genetic characteristic (双胞胎)继承的基因一致的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concordantly** adv.

**concordat** /kənˈkɔːdæt/ n. an agreement or treaty, especially one between the Vatican and a secular government (梵蒂冈罗马教廷与世俗当局缔结的)政教协定
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., or from L. concordatum 'something agreed upon'.

**concours** /ˈkuːkuə(r)/ (also 亦作 **concours d'élégance** /ˌd(e)leɪˈɡɒ̃s/) n. (pl. same 单复同) an exhibition of vintage or classic motor vehicles, with prizes awarded to those in the best condition (老式)车辆比美赛
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'contest (of elegance)'.

**concourse** /ˈkɒŋkɔːs/ n. 1 a large open central area inside or in front of a public building (公共建筑内部的)大厅; (公共建筑附近的)广场 2 formal【正式】a crowd or assembly 人群 ➤the action of coming together 集合; 会合; 汇聚
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. concours, from L. concursus, from concurs-, concurrere (see 见 CONCUR).

**concrescence** /kənˈkres(ə)ns/ n. Biology【生物】the coalescence or growing together of separate parts 结合, 愈合, 合生
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concrescent** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from CON- + -crescence, on the pattern of words such as excrescence.

**concrete** adj. /'kɒŋkriːt/ existing in a material or

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physical form 有形的; 具体的 ➤specific; definite 确切的, 确定的, 确实的 ➤(of a noun) denoting a material object as opposed to an abstract quality, state, or action (名词)具体的, 物质的 ■n. a building material made from a mixture of gravel, sand, cement, and water, forming a stone-like mass on hardening 混凝土 ■v. 1 /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ cover or fix solidly with concrete 用混凝土铺筑(或固定) 2 /kənˈkriːt/ archaic【古】solidify (使)凝固, (使)凝结 ➤make real 使真实化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concretely** adv. **concreteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. concret or L. concretus, past part. of concrescere 'grow together'.

**concrete jungle** n. an urban area with a high density of large, unattractive, modern buildings 水泥丛林, 混凝土丛林(指丑陋的现代高楼密布的城区)

**concrete music** n. another term for MUSIQUE CONCRÈTE ※ musique concrète 的另一种说法

**concrete poetry** n. poetry in which part of the meaning is conveyed visually, using patterns of words or letters 具体派诗(用单词或字母排列成的视觉形象表达部分旨趣的文学流派); 实体诗歌

**concretion** /kənˈkriːʃn/ n. a hard solid mass formed by accumulation of matter 凝结物, 凝固物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concretionary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. concretio(n-), from concrescere 'grow together'.

**concretize** or **concretise** /ˈkɒŋkrɪtaɪz/ v. make concrete instead of abstract 使具体化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concretization** n.

**concubinage** /kənˈkjuːbɪnɪdʒ/ n. chiefly historical【主史义】the practice of keeping or the state of being a concubine 纳妾; 当妾

**concubine** /ˈkɒŋkjʊbaɪn/ n. 1 chiefly historical【主史义】(in polygamous societies) a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives (一夫多妻制社会中的)妾, 小老婆, 姨太太 2 archaic【古】a mistress 姘妇, 情妇
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. concubina, from con- 'with' + cubare 'to lie'.

**concupiscence** /kənˈkjuːpɪs(ə)ns/ n. formal【正式】lust 淫欲; 好色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concupiscent** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. concupiscentia, from L. concupiscent-, concupiscere 'begin to desire'.

**concur** /kənˈkɜː(r)/ v. (**concurs**, **concurring**, **concurred**) 1 (often 常用 **concur with**) agree 同意, 赞同 2 happen at the same time 同时发生
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. concurrere 'run together, assemble in crowds'.

**concurrent** /kənˈkʌrənt/ adj. 1 existing or happening at the same time 并存的; 同时发生的 2 agreeing or consistent 一致的; 连贯的 3 Mathematics【数】(of three or more lines) meeting at or tending towards one point (三条或三条以上线)共点的, 会合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concurrence** n. **concurrently** adv.

**concussion** /kənˈkʌʃn/ n. 1 temporary unconsciousness or confusion caused by a blow on the head 脑震荡 2 a violent shock as from a heavy blow 剧烈震动, 震荡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **concuss** v. **concussive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. concussio(n-), from concutere 'dash together, shake'.

**condemn** /kənˈdem/ v. 1 express complete disapproval of 谴责, 指责 2 (usu. 通常用 **condemn someone to**) sentence to a punishment, especially death 判(某人)刑(尤指死刑) ➤force (someone) to endure something unpleasant 迫使(某人)忍受不快之事 >prove the guilt of 证明……有罪 3 officially declare to be unfit for use 宣告……不适用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **condemnable** adj. **condemnation** n. **condemnatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. condemner, from L. condemnare, from con- (expressing intensive force) + damnare (see 见 DAMN).

**condemned cell** ■n. Brit.【英】a cell for a prisoner who is condemned to death 死囚牢房

**condensate** /ˈkɒnd(ə)nseɪt/ n. technical【技】a substance produced by condensation 冷凝液, 冷凝物

**condensation** /ˌkɒndenˈseɪʃn/ n. 1 water from humid air collecting as droplets on a cold surface (气体冷凝形成的)水珠 2 the conversion of a vapour or gas to a liquid 冷凝, 凝结 3 Chemistry【化】a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H₂O as a by-product 凝聚; 缩合 4 a concise version of something 缩写(本), 简写(本); 节本

**condense** /kənˈdens/ v. 1 change from a gas or vapour to a liquid 冷凝, 凝结 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **condensed**] thicken (a liquid) by heating it to reduce the water content 浓缩(液体) 3 make denser or more concentrated 使聚集; 使浓缩 ➤express (a piece of writing or speech) in fewer words; make concise 缩写(文章或演讲); 使简洁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **condensable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. condenser or L. condensare, from condensus 'very thick'.

**condensed milk** n. milk that has been thickened by evaporation and sweetened 炼乳

**condenser** /kənˈdensə(r)/ n. 1 an apparatus for condensing vapour 冷凝器 2 a lens or system of lenses for collecting and directing light 聚光镜; 聚光器 3 another term for CAPACITOR ※ capacitor 的另一种说法

**condescend** /ˌkɒndiˈsend/ v. show that one feels superior 表现出优越感, 显示出高人一等
> do something despite regarding it as below one's dignity 俯就, 屈尊: He condescended to see me at my hotel. 他放下架子到我的旅馆来见我。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **condescending** adj. **condescendingly** adv. **condescension** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'give way, defer'): from OFr. condescendre, from eccles. L. condescendere, from con- 'together' + descendere 'descend'.

**condign** /kənˈdaɪn/ adj. formal【正式】(of

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punishment) fitting and deserved (惩罚)合适的, 应得的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **condignly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. condigne, from L. condignus, from con- 'altogether' + dignus 'worthy'.

**condiment** /ˈkɒndɪmənt/ n. a substance such as salt, mustard, or pickle that is used to flavour food 调味品, 佐料
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. condimentum, from condire 'to pickle'.

**condition** /kənˈdɪʃn/ n. 1 the state of something or someone, with regard to appearance, fitness, or working order 状况, 状态 ➤an illness or medical problem 疾病, 健康问题 ➤archaic【古】social position 社会地位 2 (**conditions**) circumstances affecting the functioning or existence of something 环境; 形势 3 a state of affairs that must exist before something else is possible 前提, 先决条件 ■v. 1 have a significant influence on 影响, 制约 ➤train or accustom to behave in a certain way 使习惯于; 使适应 ➤[as adj. 作形容词 **conditioned**] relating to or denoting automatic responses established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus 使形成条件反射 2 bring into the desired state for use 使达到期望使用的状态 >[often as adj. 常作形容词 **conditioned**] make fit and healthy 使健康 3 apply conditioner to (the hair) 保养(头发) 4 set prior requirements on (something) before it can occur (就某事)提出条件, 加条件于
-PHRASES 短语 **in (or out of) condition** in a fit (or unfit) physical state 身体状况良好(或不佳) **on condition that** with the stipulation that 条件是…; 在…条件下
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. condicion (n.), condicionner (v.), from L. condicio (n-) 'agreement', from condicere 'agree upon', from con- 'with' + dicere 'say'.

**conditional** /kənˈdɪʃənl/ adj. 1 subject to one or more conditions being met 有条件的, 有前提的, 视…而定的 2 Grammar【语法】expressing a condition 表示条件的, 条件的 ■n. 1 Grammar & Philosophy【语法, 哲】a conditional clause or conjunction 条件从句(或连词) 2 Grammar【语法】the conditional mood of a verb, for example **should** in **if I should die** (动词的)条件语气(如 if I should die 中的 die)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conditionality** n. **conditionally** adv.

**conditional discharge** n. an order made by a criminal court whereby an offender will not be sentenced for an offence unless a further offence is committed within a stated period 有条件释放(指如罪犯在规定期限内不再犯罪可被免予刑事处分的法院指令)

**conditioner** /kənˈdɪʃənə(r)/ n. a thing used to improve the condition of something, especially a liquid applied to the hair after shampooing 调节物, 改良剂; (尤指)护发素, 护发剂

**condo** /ˈkɒndəʊ/ n. (pl. **condos**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】short for CONDOMINIUM (sense 1) ※ condominium (释义 1) 的缩略式

**condole** /kənˈdəʊl/ v. (**condole with**) express sympathy for 对…表示同情, 慰问
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Christian L. condolere, from con- 'with' + dolere 'grieve, suffer'.

**condolence** /kənˈdəʊləns/ n. an expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of a death (尤指有人去世时所表示的)同情, 吊唁, 慰唁

**condom** /ˈkɒndɒm/ n. a thin rubber sheath worn on the penis during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or to protect against infection 避孕套, 安全套
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**condominium** /ˌkɒndəˈmɪniəm/ n. (pl. **condominiums**) 1 N. Amer.【北美】a building or complex containing a number of individually owned flats or houses 公寓楼 ➤each of the flats or houses in a condominium 公寓 2 the joint control of a state's affairs by other states 国际共管
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from con- 'together with' + dominium (see 见 DOMINION).

**condone** /kənˈdəʊn/ v. 1 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] accept or forgive (behaviour considered wrong or offensive) 容忍, 原谅(被认为错误或具有冒犯性的行为) 2 approve or sanction, especially reluctantly (尤指勉强)同意, 批准
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **condonation** /ˌkɒndəˈneɪʃn/ n. **condoner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (earlier (C17) as condonation): from L. condonare 'refrain from punishing'.

**condor** /ˈkɒndɔː(r)/ n. a very large American vulture with a bare head and mainly black plumage 康多秃鹫; 加州神鹫 [Vultur gryphus (Andean condor, S. America), and Gymnogyps californianus (California condor, endangered).]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp. cóndor, from Quechua kuntur.

**condottiere** /ˌkɒndɒˈtjeəreɪ, -ri/ n. (pl. **condottieri** pronunc. same 单复发音同) historical【史义】(in Italy) a leader or member of a troop of mercenaries (意大利)雇佣军首领(或成员), 雇佣兵
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from condotto 'troop under contract'.

**conduce** /kənˈdjuːs/ v. (**conduce to**) formal【正式】help to bring about 导致; 有助于
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conducere (see 见 CONDUCT).

**conducive** /kənˈdjuːsɪv/ adj. (**conducive to**) contributing or helping towards (a particular outcome) 有助于…的, 有益于…的

**conduct** n. /ˈkɒndʌkt/ 1 the manner in which a person behaves 行为方式; 举止, 品行 2 the directing or managing of something 指挥; 管理 ■v. /kənˈdʌkt/ 1 organize and carry out 组织; 实施 2 guide to or around a place 引导, 带领 3 Physics【物】transmit by conduction 传导 4 direct the performance of (a piece of music or an orchestra

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or choir) 指挥(乐队或合唱团) 5 (**conduct oneself**) behave in a specified way 表现, 为人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conductible** /kənˈdʌktɪbl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as conduit): from OFr. conduit (n.), conduire (v.), from L. conduct-, conducere 'bring together'; cf. conduit.

**conductance** /kənˈdʌktəns/ n. the degree to which 2 a material conducts electricity 电导

**conduction** /kənˈdʌkʃn/ n. 1 the transmission of heat through a medium from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature 导热 2 the transmission of electricity or sound through a medium 导电; (声波的)传导 3 the conveying of fluid through a channel (液体的)输送, 引流
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conductive** adj. **conductively** adv.

**conductive education** n. Brit.【英】a system of training for people with motor disorders, aiming to reduce dependence on artificial aids 引导式教育(用于训练有运动功能障碍者, 旨在减少其对人工辅助器械的依赖)

**conductivity** /ˌkɒndʌkˈtɪvəti/ n. (pl. **conductivities**) the degree to which a specified material conducts electricity or heat 电导率, 导电性, 传导率

**conductor** /kənˈdʌktə(r)/ n. 1 a person who conducts an orchestra or choir (乐队或合唱团的)指挥 2 a person who collects fares on a bus (公共汽车的)售票员 ➤N. Amer.【北美】a guard on a train 列车长 3 Physics【物】a material or device that conducts heat or electricity 导体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conductorship** n. **conductress** n.

**conductor rail** n. a rail transmitting current to an electric train or other vehicle 导电轨, 接触轨

**conduct sheet** n. a military form recording someone's offences and punishments (记录某人犯罪和受惩情况的)军人前科档案

**conductus** /kənˈdʌktəs/ n. (pl. **conducti** /-taɪ/) a musical setting of a metrical Latin text, of the 12th or 13th century 孔杜克图斯(12, 13世纪的一种拉丁文格律歌曲)
-ORIGIN 词源 from med. L., from L. conducere (see 见 CONDUCT).

**conduit** /ˈkɒndɪt, -juɪt/ n. 1 a channel for conveying water or other fluid 渠道; 引水道; 水管; 管道 2 a tube or trough protecting electric wiring 导线管; 电缆沟
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from med. L. conductus, from L. conducere (see 见 CONDUCT).

**condyle** /ˈkɒndɪl, -daɪl/ n. Anatomy【解】a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone 髁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **condylar** adj. **condyloid** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from L. condylus, from Gk kondulos 'knuckle'.

**condyloma** /ˌkɒndɪˈləʊmə/ n. (pl. **condylomas** or **condylomata** /-mətə/) Medicine【医】a raised growth on the skin resembling a wart, typically in the genital region, caused by viral infection or syphilis 性病湿疣, 尖锐湿疣, 梅毒湿疣
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk kondulōma 'callous lump', from kondulos 'knuckle'.

**cone** /kəʊn/ n. 1 an object which tapers from a circular or roughly circular base to a point 锥形物, 圆锥体 ➤(also 亦作 **traffic cone**) a plastic cone-shaped object used to separate off sections of a road 锥形交通路标 ➤a cone-shaped wafer container in which ice cream is served (盛冰激凌的)圆锥形华夫卷筒 ➤the peak of a volcano 火山锥 2 the cone-shaped dry fruit of a conifer, formed of a tight array of overlapping scales on a central axis 球果 3 Anatomy【解】one of two types of light-sensitive cell present in the retina of the eye, responding to bright light and responsible for sharpness of vision and colour perception 视锥(细胞) Compare with 比较 ROD (sense 6 释义 6). ■v. (**cone something off**) Brit.【英】separate off part of a road with traffic cones 用锥形交通路标分隔道路
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coned** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. cône, via L. from Gk kōnos.

**coneflower** /ˈkəʊnˌflaʊə(r)/ n. a North American plant of the daisy family with flowers that have cone-shaped centres 金光菊; 松果菊 [Rudbeckia, Echinacea, and other genera.]

**cone shell** n. a predatory marine mollusc with a conical shell 芋螺 [Genus Conus: numerous species.]

**coney** /ˈkəʊni/ (also 亦作 **cony**) n. (pl. **coneys**) 1 Brit. & Heraldry【英, 纹章】a rabbit 兔, 野兔
> (in biblical use) a hyrax《圣经》中的蹄兔 2 a small grouper (fish) of the tropical western Atlantic 暗黄石斑鱼 [Epinephelus fulvus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conin, from L. cuniculus.

**confab** /ˈkɒnfæb/ informal【非正式】 ■n. an informal private conversation or discussion 闲谈, 闲聊; 私下商议 ■v. (**confabs**, **confabbing**, **confabbed**) engage in conversation 闲谈, 闲聊, 私下谈话

**confabulate** /kənˈfæbjʊleɪt/ v. 1 formal【正式】converse 谈话, 闲谈 2 Psychiatry【精神病学】fabricate imaginary experiences as compensation for loss of memory 虚构(指虚构不存在的经历以补偿记忆丧失)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confabulation** n. **confabulatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as confabulation): from L. confabulat-, confabulari 'chat together'.

**confect** /kənˈfekt/ v. make (something elaborate or dainty) 制作(精美物品或食品); 配制; 调制
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. confect-, conficere 'put together'.

**confection** /kənˈfekʃn/ n. 1 an elaborate sweet dish or delicacy 甜食, 甜品 2 an elaborate article of women's dress 精品女装 3 the action of mixing or compounding something 混合; 调和; 调制

**confectioner** /kənˈfekʃənə(r)/ n. a person who makes or sells confectionery 甜食师傅, 甜食商

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**confectioner's custard** n. thick sweet custard used as a filling for cakes and pastries (制糕饼和点心用的)蛋奶馅

**confectioner's sugar** ■n. US term for ICING SUGAR ※ icing sugar 的美式说法

**confectionery** /kənˈfekʃənəri/ n. (pl. **confectioneries**) sweets and chocolates collectively 糖果, 甜食

**confederacy** /kənˈfedərəsi/ n. (pl. **confederacies**) 1 a league or alliance, especially of confederate states (尤指不同州组成的)邦联 ➤(**the Confederacy**) the Confederate States of America 美国南部邦联 2 a league formed for an unlawful purpose 非法结社, 非法社团

**confederal** /kənˈfed(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. relating to or denoting a confederation (与)同盟(或联盟、邦联)(有关)的

**confederate** adj. /kənˈfed(ə)rət/ joined by an agreement or treaty 结盟的; 联合的 ➤(**Confederate**) denoting the southern states which separated from the US in 1860-1861 (1860-1861 年期间脱离美国联邦的)南部邦联的 ■n. /kənˈfed(ə)rət/ 1 an accomplice or fellow worker 共犯, 同伙 2 (**Confederate**) a supporter of the Confederate States of America 美国南部邦联支持者 ■v. /kənˈfedəreɪt/ [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **confederated**] bring into an alliance 使结盟, 使联合
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late (eccles.) L. confoederatus, from con- 'together' + foederatus (see 见 FEDERATE).

**confederation** /kənˌfedəˈreɪʃn/ n. 1 an alliance of a number of parties or groups 同盟, 联盟 ➤a more or less permanent union of states with some political power vested in a central authority 邦联; 结盟国家 2 the action of confederating or state of being confederated 结盟, 联合, 结盟(或联合)的状态

**confer** /kənˈfɜː(r)/ v. (**confers**, **conferring**, **conferred**) 1 (often 常用 **confer something on**) grant (a title, degree, benefit, or right) 授予(称号、学位、权益或权利) 2 have discussions 商谈, 讨论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conferment** n. **conferrable** adj. **conferral** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conferre, from con- 'together' + ferre 'bring'.

**conferee** /ˌkɒnfəˈriː/ n. 1 a person who attends a conference 与会者, 会议参加者 2 a person on whom something is conferred 被授予者

**Conference** /ˈkɒnf(ə)r(ə)ns/ n. a long, green-brown pear of a firm-fleshed variety 康佛伦斯梨(用作餐后甜点, 果肉结实)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: appar. named after the National Pear Conference of 1885.

**conference** /ˈkɒnfərəns/ n. 1 a formal meeting of people with a shared interest, typically taking place over several days (正式)会议 ➤a linking of several telephones or computers, so that each user may communicate with the others simultaneously 电话会议; 计算机会议 2 an association in commerce for regulation or exchange of information 同业公会 >a league of sports teams or clubs 体育联合会, 体育协会 3 the governing body of Methodist and other Christian Churches 基督教主管团体, 基督教教会联合会 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **conferencing**] take part in a conference 参加会议
-PHRASES 短语 **in conference** in a meeting 在开会
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. conférence or med. L. conferentia, from L. conferre (see 见 CONFER).

**confess** /kənˈfes/ v. 1 (often 常用 **confess to/that**) admit to a crime or wrongdoing 供认, 坦白(罪行); 承认(错误) ➤acknowledge reluctantly 勉强承认: I must confess that I was surprised. 我得承认我有些惊讶。 ➤declare (one's religious faith) 表明, 公开(宗教信仰) 2 declare one's sins formally to a priest (向神父)忏悔, 告罪 ➤(of a priest) hear the confession of (神父)聆听……的忏悔(或告罪)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confesser, from L. confess-, confiteri 'acknowledge'.

**confessant** /kənˈfes(ə)nt/ n. a person who confesses to a priest 忏悔者; 坦白者; 悔罪者

**confessedly** /kənˈfesɪdli/ adv. by one's own admission 自己供认地, 自称地

**confession** /kənˈfeʃn/ n. 1 a formal statement admitting to a crime 认罪, 供认, 坦白 >a reluctant acknowledgement 勉强承认 2 a formal admission of one's sins privately to a priest (向神父的)忏悔, 告罪 3 (also 亦作 **confession of faith**) a statement setting out essential religious doctrine 宗教信仰声明 ➤the religious body or Church sharing a confession of faith (有共同信条的)宗教团体, 教派, 教会
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confessionary** adj.

**confessional** /kənˈfeʃənl/ n. 1 an enclosed stall in a church, divided by a screen, in which a priest sits to hear confessions (教堂里神父聆听告罪的)告解室, 忏悔室 2 a confession 认罪, 坦白; 忏悔, 告罪 ■adj. 1 (of speech or writing) in which a person reveals or admits to private thoughts or incidents in their past (演讲或文章)自白(式)的 2 relating to religious confession 与忏悔有关的, 与告解有关的 3 relating to confessions of faith 与宗教信仰声明有关的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confessionally** adv.

**confessor** /kənˈfesə(r)/ n. 1 a priest who hears confessions 听忏悔的神父, 告解神父 2 a person who makes a confession 供认者; 忏悔者, 告解者 3 a person who avows religious faith in the face of opposition 不畏反对公开宣布其宗教信仰者

**confetti** /kənˈfeti/ n. small pieces of coloured paper traditionally thrown over a bride and groom after a marriage ceremony (婚礼后向新郎和新娘抛撒的)五彩纸屑
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. denoting real or imitation sweets thrown during Italian carnivals): from Ital.

**confidant** /ˈkɒnfɪdænt, ˌkɒnfɪˈdent, ˈdɑːnt/ n. (fem. 阴性 **confidante** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a person in whom one confides 知己, 密友, 心腹朋友
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of confident (as a noun in the same sense), prob. to represent the pronunc. of

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Fr. confidente 'having full trust'.

**confide** /kənˈfaɪd/ v. 1 (often 常用 **confide in**) tell someone about a secret or private matter in confidence 吐露(秘密或心事) 2 (**confide something to**) dated【过时】entrust something to the care of 把…托付给…
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confiding** adj. **confidingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. confidere 'have full trust'.

**confidence** /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ n. 1 the belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something 信任, 信赖 ➤a positive feeling arising from an appreciation of one's own abilities; self-assurance 自信, 信心 2 the telling of private matters or secrets with mutual trust 在互信基础上的透露 ➤a secret or private matter told to someone under a condition of trust (因信任而)吐露的秘密(或私事); 知心话, 体己话
-PHRASES 短语 **in someone's confidence** in a position of trust with someone 受某人信任 **take someone into one's confidence** tell someone one's secrets 向某人吐露秘密
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. confidentia, from confidere (see 见 CONFIDENT).

**confidence interval** n. Statistics【统计】a range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it 置信区间

**confidence man** n. dated【过时】a confidence trickster 骗子

**confidence trick** (N. Amer. also【北美亦作】**confidence game**) n. an act of cheating or tricking someone by persuading them to believe something that is not true 骗局
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confidence trickster** n.

**confident** /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ adj. 1 feeling confidence in oneself 自信的, 有信心的 2 feeling certainty about something 确定的, 肯定的 ■n. archaic【古】a confidant 知己, 密友, 心腹朋友
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confidently** adv.

**confidential** /ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃl/ adj. 1 intended to be kept secret 秘密的; 机密的 2 entrusted with private information 受到信任的; 被视为心腹的: a confidential secretary 机要秘书
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confidentiality** n. **confidentially** adv.

**configuration** /kənˌfɪɡəˈreɪʃn, -ɡjʊ-/ n. 1 an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form or figure 构造; 配置 ➤Computing【计】an arrangement or manner of interconnection of items of computer hardware or software 配置 ➤Chemistry【化】the fixed three-dimensional relationship of the atoms in a molecule 构型 2 Psychology【心理】another term for GESTALT ※ gestalt 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **configurational** adj.

**configure** /kənˈfɪɡə(r)/ v. arrange in a particular configuration 安排, 布局 ➤Computing【计】arrange or order (a computer system) so as to fit it for a designated task 配置(计算机系统)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **configurable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. configurare 'shape after a pattern', from con- 'together' + figurare 'to shape' (from figura 'shape or figure').

**confine** v. /kənˈfaɪn/ (**confine someone/thing to**) keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of (space, scope, or time) 把…局限于, 把…限制于 ➤(**be confined to**) be unable to leave (one's bed, home, etc.) due to illness or disability (由于疾病或残疾)无法离开(床、家等) ➤(**be confined**) dated【过时】(of a woman) remain in bed for a period before, during, and after giving birth (妇女)卧床分娩; 坐月子 ■n. /ˈkɒnfaɪn/ (**confines**) limits or boundaries 界限; 边界
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as n.): from Fr. confins (pl. n.), from L. confinia, from confinis 'bordering', from con- 'together' + finis 'end, limit' (pl. fines 'territory'); the verb is from Fr. confiner, based on L. confinis.

**confined** /kənˈfaɪnd/ adj. (of a space) enclosed; cramped (空间)小而闭塞的, 狭窄的, 局促的

**confinement** /kənˈfaɪnmənt/ n. 1 the action of confining or state of being confined 限制; 制约; 被禁闭 2 dated【过时】the condition of being in childbirth 分娩; 产褥期

**confirm** /kənˈfɜːm/ v. 1 establish the truth or correctness of 证实; 验证 ➤state with assurance that something is true 肯定, 确定 ➤(**confirm someone in**) reinforce someone in (an opinion or feeling) 加强, 巩固(某人的意见或感觉) 2 make (a provisional arrangement) definite 确认(临时安排) ➤formally declare that (someone) is appointed to a post 宣布任命 3 administer the religious rite of confirmation to 给…施坚信礼, 给…施坚振礼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confirmative** adj. **confirmatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confermer, from L. confirmare, from con- 'together' + firmare 'strengthen' (from firmus 'firm').

**confirmand** /ˌkɒnfəˈmænd/ n. a person about to undergo the religious rite of confirmation 领受坚信礼者, 领受坚振礼者

**confirmation** /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn/ n. 1 the action of confirming or state of being confirmed 证实, 确定 2 (in the Christian Church) the rite at which a baptized person affirms Christian belief and is admitted as a full member of the Church (基督教的)坚信礼, 坚振礼 3 the Jewish ceremony of bar mitzvah 犹太男孩成人仪式

**confirmed** /kənˈfɜːmd/ adj. firmly established in a habit, belief, or way of life 成习惯的; 根深蒂固的: a confirmed bachelor 坚持独身主义的单身汉

**confiscate** /ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt/ v. take or seize (property) with authority 没收; 征用 ➤appropriate to the public treasury as a penalty 把…充公
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confiscation** n. **confiscator** n. **confiscatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (C15) as confiscation): from

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L. confiscat-, confiscare 'put away in a chest, consign to the public treasury', based on con- 'together' + fiscus 'chest, treasury'.

**confit** /ˈkɒnfi/ n. duck or other meat cooked very slowly in its own fat 焖鸭肉; 焖肉
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'conserved', from confire 'prepare'.

**conflab** /ˈkɒnflæb/ n. & v. informal【非正式】another term for CONFAB ※ confab 的另一种说法

**conflagration** /ˌkɒnfləˈɡreɪʃn/ n. an extensive and destructive fire (毁灭性的)大火, 大火灾
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. conflagratio(n-), from conflagrare, from con- (expressing intensive force) + flagrare 'to blaze'.

**conflate** /kənˈfleɪt/ v. combine into one 合并
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conflation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'fuse or melt down metal'): from L. conflat-, conflare 'kindle, fuse', from con- 'together' + flare 'to blow'.

**conflict** n. /ˈkɒnflɪkt/ a serious disagreement or argument 争执; 冲突 ➤a prolonged armed struggle (长期的)战斗, 战争 ➤an incompatibility between opinions, principles, etc. (意见、原则等的)分歧, 冲突, 抵触 ■v. /kənˈflɪkt/ [often as adj. 常作形容词 **conflicting**] be incompatible or at variance; clash 矛盾, 冲突; 抵触
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conflictual** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conflict-, confligere 'strike together, fight', from con- 'together' + fligere 'to strike'; the noun is via L. conflictus 'a contest'.

**confluence** /ˈkɒnfluəns/ n. 1 the junction of two rivers (两条河流的)交汇处, 合流处 2 an act or process of merging 合并, 融合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confluent** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. confluentia, from L. confluere 'flow together', from con- 'together' + fluere 'to flow'.

**conflux** /ˈkɒnflʌks/ n. another term for CONFLUENCE ※ confluence 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. confluxus, from con- 'together' + fluxus (see 见 FLUX).

**confocal** /kɒnˈfəʊkl/ adj. having a common focus 共焦的

**conform** /kənˈfɔːm/ v. 1 (often 常用 **conform to/with**) comply with rules, standards, or laws 遵守(规则、法律); 符合(标准) ➤behave according to social convention 遵守社会习俗 2 (often 常用 **conform to**) be similar in form or type 相似; 一致
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conformer, from L. conformare, from con- 'together' + formare 'to form'.

**conformable** /kənˈfɔːməbl/ adj. (usu. 通常用 **conformable to**) 1 disposed or accustomed to conform 顺从的; 遵守社会习俗的 2 similar in nature; consistent 相似的; 一致的 3 Geology【地质】(of strata) deposited in a continuous sequence, and having the same direction of stratification (地层)整合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conformability** n. **conformably** adv.

**conformal** /kənˈfɔːml/ adj. (of a map) preserving the correct angles between directions within small areas, though distorting distances (地图)等角的, 正形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conformally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'conformable'): from late L. conformalis, from con- 'together' + formalis 'formal'.

**conformance** /kənˈfɔːm(ə)ns/ n. another term for CONFORMITY ※ conformity 的另一种说法

**conformation** /ˌkɒnfɔːˈmeɪʃn/ n. the shape or structure of something 形状; 结构 >Chemistry【化】any of the spatial arrangements which the atoms in a molecule may adopt, especially by rotation about individual single bonds 构象
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conformational** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. conformatio(n-), from conformare (see 见 CONFORM).

**conformer** /kənˈfɔːmə(r)/ ■n. Chemistry【化】a form of a compound having a particular molecular confor-mation 构象异构体
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of conformational (see 见 CONFORMATION) and ISOMER.

**conformist** /kənˈfɔːmɪst/ n. a person who conforms to social convention 遵守习俗者, 因循守旧者, 墨守成规者 ➤Brit. historical【英, 史义】a person who conformed to the practices of the Church of England 遵奉国教会惯例者 ■adj. conforming to accepted behaviour or established practices 因循守旧的, 墨守成规的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conformism** n.

**conformity** /kənˈfɔːməti/ n. 1 compliance with conventions, rules, or laws (对惯例、规则或法律的)依照, 遵从 ➤Brit. historical【英, 史义】compliance with the practices of the Church of England 遵奉国教会惯例 2 similarity in form or type 相似; 一致

**confound** /kənˈfaʊnd/ v. 1 surprise or confuse 使惊讶; 使困惑; 使不知所措 ➤prove wrong 驳倒, 驳斥, 证明…错误 ➤defeat (a plan, aim, or hope) 挫败(计划、目标或希望) 2 (often 常用 **be confounded with**) mix up with something else 混淆 ■exclam. informal, dated【非正式, 过时】used to express annoyance (用于表示恼怒)讨厌, 该死: Oh confound it, where is the thing? 喔, 该死, 那东西在哪儿?
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confondre, from L. confundere 'pour together, mix up'; cf. CONFUSE.

**confounded** /kənˈfaʊndɪd/ adj. informal, dated【非正式, 过时】used to express annoyance (用于表示恼怒)讨厌的, 该死的: a confounded nuisance 讨厌鬼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confoundedly** adv.

**confraternity** /ˌkɒnfrəˈtɜːnɪti/ n. (pl. **confraternities**) a brotherhood, especially with a religious or charitable purpose (尤指宗教或慈善事业的)社团, 团体
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confraternite, from med. L. confraternitas, from confrater (see 见 CONFRÈRE).

**confrère** /ˈkɒnfreə(r)/ n. a fellow member of a profession 同行, 同事

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-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from med. L. confrater, from con- 'together with' + frater 'brother'.

**confront** /kənˈfrʌnt/ v. 1 stand or meet face to face with hostile intent 对抗, 遭遇; 面临 2 (of a problem) present itself to (someone) (问题)摆在…面前 ➤face up to and deal with (a problem) 勇敢面对, 正视(问题) ➤compel (someone) to face or consider something 使对质; 迫使(某人)面对
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confrontation** n. **confrontational** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. confronter, from med. L. confrontare, from L. con- 'with' + frons, front- 'face'.

**Confucian** /kənˈfjuːʃn/ adj. relating to Confucius or Confucianism 与孔子有关的; 与儒家有关的 ■n. an adherent of Confucianism 孔子信徒; 儒士; 儒家学者

**Confucianism** /kənˈfjuːʃənɪz(ə)m/ n. a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BC) 孔子学说, 儒学, 儒教
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Confucianist** n. & adj.

**confusable** /kənˈfjuːzəbl/ adj. able or liable to be confused with something else 会被混淆的; 易被混淆的 ■n. a word or phrase that is easily confused with another 易被混淆的词(或词组)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confusability** n.

**confuse** /kənˈfjuːz/ v. 1 make (someone) bewildered or perplexed 使困惑, 使茫然 2 make (something) less easy to understand 使难懂; 使含糊 ➤identify wrongly 误认; 混淆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confusing** adj. **confusingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. confus, from L. confusus, past part. of confundere (see 见 CONFOUND).

**confused** /kənˈfjuːzd/ adj. 1 bewildered or perplexed 困惑的, 茫然的 2 lacking order and so difficult to understand or distinguish 混乱的; 含糊的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confusedly** adv.

**confusion** /kənˈfjuːʒn/ n. 1 uncertainty about what is happening, intended, or required 不确定, 疑惑 ➤a situation of panic or disorder 混乱; 无秩序 >a disorderly jumble 混乱; 杂乱; 一团糟 2 the state of being bewildered 困惑, 茫然 ➤the mistaking of one person or thing for another 误认, 混淆

**confute** /kənˈfjuːt/ v. formal【正式】prove to be wrong 驳斥; 驳倒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **confutation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as confutation): from L. confutare 'restrain, answer conclusively', from con- 'altogether' + the base of refutare 'refute'.

**conga** /ˈkɒŋɡə/ n. 1 a Latin American dance performed by several people in a line, one behind the other 康茄舞 2 (also 亦作 **conga drum**) a tall, narrow drum beaten with the hands 康茄鼓 ■v. (**congas**, **congaing**, **congaed** or **conga'd**) perform the conga 跳康茄舞
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Latin Amer. Sp., from Sp., fem. of congo 'Congolese'.

**congé** /ˈkɒnʒeɪ/ n. an unceremonious dismissal or rejection (突然的)撤职; (粗鲁的)拒绝
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. congie, from L. commeatus 'leave of absence', from commeare 'go and come'.

**congeal** /kənˈdʒiːl/ v. become semi-solid, especially on cooling 凝结; (尤指)冻结
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congelation** /ˌkɒndʒəˈleɪʃn/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. congeler, from L. congelare, from con- 'together' + gelare 'freeze' (from gelu 'frost').

**congee** /ˈkɒndʒiː/ ■n. (in Chinese cookery) broth or porridge made from rice (中国烹饪中的)米汤, 粥
-ORIGIN 词源 from Tamil kañci.

**congener** /ˈkɒndʒɪnə(r), kənˈdʒiːnə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing of the same kind as another 同类的人(或事物) ➤an animal or plant of the same genus as another 同属的动物(或植物) 2 a minor chemical constituent, especially one giving a distinctive character to a wine or spirit 酒类芳香物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congeneric** /ˌkɒndʒɪˈnerɪk/ adj. **congenerous** /kənˈdʒen(ə)rəs/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., from con- 'together with' + genus, gener- 'race, stock'.

**congenial** /kənˈdʒiːniəl/ adj. (of a person) pleasing through having qualities or interests similar to one's own 意气相投的, 志趣相合的 ➤suited to one's taste or inclination 适意的; 合意的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congeniality** n. **congenially** adv.

**congenital** /kənˈdʒenɪtl/ adj. (especially of a disease or abnormality) present from birth (尤指疾病或畸形)先天性的, 天生的 ➤having a particular trait from birth or by established habit 生性的, 生就的: a congenital liar 生性好说谎者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congenitally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. congenitus, from con- 'together' + genitus (past part. of gignere 'beget') + -AL.

**conger** /ˈkɒŋɡə(r)/ (also 亦作 **conger eel**) n. a large edible predatory eel of shallow coastal waters 康吉鳗 [Conger conger (Europe), C. oceanica (America), and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. congre, via L. from Gk gongros.

**congeries** /kɒnˈdʒɪəriːz, -ɪz/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同) a disorderly collection 混乱的一堆, 杂乱的聚集
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. congeries 'heap, pile', from congerere 'heap up'.

**congested** /kənˈdʒestɪd/ adj. 1 so crowded as to hinder freedom of movement 拥挤不堪的, 拥塞的 2 (of a part of the body) abnormally full of blood (身体某一部分)充血的 ➤(of the respiratory tract) blocked with mucus (呼吸道)被黏液堵塞的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congest** v. **congestion** n. **congestive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as congest in the sense 'heap up, accumulate'): from L. congest-, congerere 'heap up', from con- 'together' + gerere 'bring'.

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**congestion charge** ■n. Brit.【英】a charge made to drive into an area, typically a city centre, that suffers heavy traffic 拥堵费
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congestion-charging** n.

**conglobulate** /kənˈɡlɒbjʊleɪt/ ■v. rare【罕】join closely together 紧密结合, 聚结
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. globulus 'globule', on the pattern of earlier conglobate 'make into a ball'.

**conglomerate** ■n. /kənˈɡlɒm(ə)rət/ 1 something consisting of a number of different and distinct things grouped together 聚合物; 聚集物; 混合体 ➤a large corporation formed by the merging of separate firms (由不同公司合并而成的)联合大企业, 企业集团 2 Geology【地质】a coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments cemented together 砾岩 ■adj. /kənˈɡlɒm(ə)rət/ relating to a conglomerate 与聚合物有关的; 与聚集物有关的; 与混合体有关的 ■v. /kənˈɡlɒməreɪt/ gather into or form a conglomerate 聚结, 聚集
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conglomeration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conglomerat-, conglomerare, from con- 'together' + glomus, glomer- 'ball'.

**Congolese** /ˌkɒŋɡəˈliːz/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a native or inhabitant of the Congo or the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) 刚果人 2 any of the Bantu languages spoken in the Congo region 刚果语 ■adj. relating to the Congo or the Democratic Republic of Congo (与)刚果(有关)的; (与)刚果民主共和国(有关)的

**congrats** /kənˈɡræts/ pl. n. informal【非正式】congratulations 祝贺; 恭喜

**congratulate** /kənˈɡrætʃʊleɪt/ v. express pleasure at the happiness or good fortune of 祝贺, 向…道喜 ➤praise for an achievement 称赞, 赞美
> (**congratulate oneself**) feel pride or satisfaction 自豪; 感到满足, 自我庆幸
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congratulator** n. **congratulatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as congratulation): from L. congratulat-, congratulari 'congratulate', from con- 'with' + gratulari 'show joy' (from gratus 'pleasing').

**congratulation** /kənˌɡrætʃʊˈleɪʃn/ n. 1 (**congratulations**) praise or good wishes on a special occasion 祝贺, 恭喜 2 the action of congratulating 道贺

**congregant** /ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡ(ə)nt/ n. a member of a congregation 集会成员, 集会参加者

**congregate** /ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt/ v. gather into a crowd or mass 集合, 聚集
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. congregat-, congregare 'collect (into a flock), unite', from con- 'together' + gregare (from grex, greg- 'a flock').

**congregation** /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 1 a group of people assembled for religious worship (参加宗教仪式的)会众 ➤a group of people obeying a common religious rule 圣会会众 2 a gathering or collection of people or things 人群; 物群; 集会 ➤the action of congregating 集合, 聚集 3 (in the Roman Catholic Church) a permanent committee of the College of Cardinals (天主教)红衣主教委员会 ➤Brit.【英】(in some universities) a general assembly of resident senior members (一些大学中的)住校高级教职员大会

**congregational** /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃənl/ adj. 1 relating to a congregation 教堂会众的; 集合的 2 (**Congregational**) of or adhering to Congregationalism (坚持)公理制的

**Congregationalism** /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃnəlɪz(ə)m/ n. a system of organization among Christian churches whereby individual churches are largely self-governing (基督教)公理制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Congregationalist** n. & adj.

**congress** /ˈkɒŋɡres/ n. 1 a formal meeting or series of meetings between delegates 代表大会 2 (**Congress**) a national legislative body, especially that of the US (尤指美国)国会, 立法机构 3 a society or organization 协会; 组织, 团体 4 formal【正式】the action of coming together 聚集, 集合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congressional** adj. **congressionally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. congressus, from congredi 'meet', from con- 'together' + gradi 'walk'.

**congressman** /ˈkɒŋɡresmən/ (or **congresswoman**) ■n. (pl. **congressmen** or **congresswomen**) a member of the US Congress (美国)国会议员

**congruent** /ˈkɒŋɡruənt/ adj. 1 in agreement or harmony 一致的; 和谐的 2 Geometry【几】(of figures) identical in form (图形)叠合的, 全等的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congruence** n. **congruency** n. **congruently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. congruent-, congruere 'agree, meet together', from con- 'together' + ruere 'fall or rush'.

**congruous** /ˈkɒŋɡruəs/ adj. in agreement or harmony 一致的, 和谐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **congruity** /kɒnˈɡruːɪti/ n. **congruously** adv.

**conic** /ˈkɒnɪk/ Mathematics【数】 ■adj. of a cone 圆锥的 ■n. short for CONIC SECTION ※ conic section 的缩略式
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from mod. L. conicus, from Gk kōnikos, from kōnos 'cone'.

**conical** /ˈkɒnɪkl/ adj. shaped like a cone 圆锥形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conically** adv.

**conical projection** n. a map projection in which an area of the earth is projected on to a cone 锥顶射影

**conic section** n. the figure of a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola formed by the intersection of a plane and a circular cone (平面和圆锥体相交形成的)圆锥截面(或曲线)

**conidium** /kəˈnɪdiəm/ n. (pl. **conidia** /-diə/) Botany【植】a spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized hypha 分生孢子
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk konis 'dust' + the dimin. suffix -idium.

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**conifer** /ˈkɒnɪfə(r), ˈkəʊn-/ n. a tree bearing cones and evergreen needle-like or scale-like leaves, e.g. a pine, fir, or cypress 针叶树 [Order Coniferales.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coniferous** /kəˈnɪf(ə)rəs/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'cone-bearing', from conus (see 见 CONE).

**conjecture** /kənˈdʒektʃə(r)/ n. an opinion or conclusion based on incomplete information 推测, 猜测, 猜想 ➤an unproven mathematical or scientific theorem (数学或科学)臆说, 假设 ➤(in textual criticism) the suggestion of a reading not present in the original source (校勘时的)揣摩 ■v. form a conjecture about 推测, 猜测, 猜想 ➤(in textual criticism) propose (a reading) (校勘时)揣摩(文章)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjecturable** adj. **conjectural** adj. **conjecturally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. conjectura, from conicere 'put together in thought', from con- 'together' + jacere 'throw'.

**conjoin** /kənˈdʒɔɪn/ v. formal【正式】join or combine (使)连接; (使)结合
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conjoindre, from L. conjungere, from con- 'together' + jungere 'to join'.

**conjoined twins** pl. n. technical term for SIAMESE TWINS ※ Siamese twins 的专业说法

**conjoint** /kənˈdʒɔɪnt/ adj. combining all people or things involved 联合的, 协同的; 结合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjointly** adv.

**conjugal** /ˈkɒndʒʊɡl/ adj. relating to marriage or the relationship between husband and wife 婚姻的; 夫妻关系上的; 夫妻之间的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjugality** n. **conjugally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. conjugalis, from conjux, conjug- 'spouse', from con- 'together' + jugum 'a yoke'.

**conjugal rights** pl. n. the rights, especially to sexual relations, regarded as exercisable in law by each partner in a marriage 婚姻权利, 配偶权利

**conjugate** v. /ˈkɒndʒʊɡeɪt/ 1 Grammar【语法】give the different forms of (a verb) 列举(动词)的词性变化 2 Biology【生物】(of bacteria or unicellular organisms) become temporarily united in order to exchange genetic material (细菌或单细胞生物)结合, 接合, 成对 ➤(of gametes) fuse (配子)结合的 3 Chemistry【化】be combined with or joined to reversibly 使共轭; 使缀合 ■adj. /ˈkɒndʒʊɡət/ 1 Chemistry【化】(of an acid or base) related by loss or gain of a proton (酸或碱)共轭的, 缀合的 2 Mathematics【数】joined in a reciprocal relation, especially having the same real parts and equal magnitudes but opposite signs of imaginary parts 共轭的 3 Geometry【几】(of angles) adding up to 360° (角)共轭的 4 Biology【生物】(of gametes) fused (配子)结合的 ■n. /ˈkɒndʒʊɡət/ 1 chiefly Biochemistry【主生化】a conjugated substance 共轭(物), 缀合物, 偶联物 2 Mathematics【数】a conjugate value or entity 共轭值; 共轭元素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjugacy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (earlier (ME) as conjugation): from L. conjugat-, conjugare 'yoke together', from con- 'together' + jugum 'yoke'.

**conjugated** /ˈkɒndʒʊɡeɪtɪd/ adj. Chemistry【化】relating to or denoting double or triple bonds in a molecule which are separated by a single bond, across which some sharing of electrons occurs 共轭的; 缀合的

**conjugation** /ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 1 Grammar【语法】the variation of the form of a verb, by which the voice, mood, tense, number, and person are identified 动词的词形变化 ➤the class in which a verb is put according to the manner of this variation 动词变形组 2 Biology【生物】the temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material 接合(生殖), 接合(作用) ➤the fusion of two gametes (两个配子的)结合 3 Chemistry【化】the sharing of electron density between nearby multiple bonds in a molecule 共轭(作用)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjugational** adj.

**conjunct** adj. /kənˈdʒʌŋ(k)t/ 1 joined together, combined, or associated 结合的; 组合的, 联合的 2 Music【音】relating to the movement of a melody between adjacent notes of the scale 连合的, 连接的 ■n. /ˈkɒndʒʌŋ(k)t/ 1 each of two or more joined or associated things 结合物; 组合物; 联合物 2 Logic【逻】each of the terms of a conjunctive proposition 合取; 合取肢 3 Grammar【语法】an adverbial joining two sentences or clauses (e.g. **however**) 连接副词
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conjunctus, past part. of conjungere (see 见 CONJOIN).

**conjunction** /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ n. 1 Grammar【语法】a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. **and**, **if**) 连词 2 an instance of two or more events occurring at the same point in time or space (事件的)同时发生 ➤Astronomy & Astrology【天文, 占星】an alignment of two planets so that they appear to be in the same place in the sky 合
-PHRASES 短语 **in conjunction** together.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjunctional** adj.

**conjunctiva** /ˌkɒndʒʌŋ(k)ˈtaɪvə, kənˈdʒʌŋ(k)tɪvə/ ■n. Anatomy【解】the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids 结膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjunctival** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. (membrana) conjunctiva 'conjunctive (membrane)', from late L. conjunctivus, from conjungere (see 见 CONJOIN).

**conjunctive** /kənˈdʒʌŋ(k)tɪv/ adj. relating to or forming a conjunction (与)结合(有关)的; (与)连接(有关)的; (与)联合(有关)的 ➤involving the combination or co-occurrence of two or more things 结合的; 同时发生的 ■n. Grammar【语法】a conjunction 连词
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjunctively** adv.

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**conjunctivitis** /kənˌdʒʌŋ(k)tɪˈvaɪtɪs/ n. Medicine【医】inflammation of the conjunctiva 结膜炎

**conjuncture** /kənˈdʒʌŋ(k)tʃə(r)/ ■n. 1 a combination of events (事件的)结合, 同时发生 2 a state of affairs 局面, 事态

**conjure** /ˈkʌndʒə(r)/ v. 1 (often 常用 **conjure something up**) call upon (a spirit) to appear by means of a magic ritual 施魔法召唤(神灵) ➤cause to appear as if by magic 似用魔术般变出 ➤call to the mind 使想起 2 /kənˈdʒʊə(r)/ archaic【古】implore (someone) to do something 恳求, 祈求
-PHRASES 短语 **a name to conjure with** a name of great importance within a particular field 在某领域有重要影响的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conjuration** /ˌkʌndʒəˈreɪʃn, ˌkɒndʒʊ(ə)-/ n. **conjuring** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conjurer 'to plot or exorcize', from L. conjurare 'band together by an oath, conspire' (in med. L. 'invoke'), from con- 'together' + jurare 'swear'.

**conjuror** /ˈkʌndʒərə(r)/ (also 亦作 **conjurer**) n. a performer of conjuring tricks 变戏法的人, 魔术师

**conk¹** /kɒŋk/ v. (**conk out**) informal【非正式】1 (of a machine) break down (机器)发生故障, 出毛病 2 faint or go to sleep 昏倒; 入睡 ➤die 死去
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: of unknown origin.

**conk²** /kɒŋk/ informal【非正式】 ■n. 1 Brit.【英】a person's nose 鼻子 2 dated【过时】a person's head 头 ■v. hit on the head 敲击头部
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. an alt. of CONCH.

**conker** /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ ■n. Brit.【英】the hard, shiny dark brown nut of a horse chestnut tree 七叶树果
> (**conkers**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] a children's game in which each has a conker on a string and tries to break another's with it 康克戏(一种儿童游戏, 双方各用绳子系住一个七叶树果, 以击破对方的七叶树果为胜)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (a dial. word denoting a snail shell, with which the game was orig. played): perh. from CONCH, but assoc. with CONQUER.

**conman** /ˈkɒnmæn/ n. informal【非正式】a man who cheats others using confidence tricks 骗子

**con moto** /kɒn ˈməʊtəʊ/ adv. Music【音】with movement 活跃地, 活泼地
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**Conn.** /kəˈnetɪkət/ abbr. Connecticut (美国)康涅狄格州

**conn** /kɒn/ v. US spelling of CON ⁴ ※ con ⁴ 的美式拼法

**connate** /ˈkɒneɪt/ adj. 1 Philosophy【哲】innate 生来的, 先天的 2 Biology【生物】(of parts) united so as to form a single part (部分)合生的, 愈合的 3 Geology【地质】(of water) trapped in sedimentary rock during its deposition (水)封存的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. connatus, past part. of connasci, from con- 'together' + nasci 'be born'.

**connatural** /kəˈnætʃ(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. belonging naturally; innate 天生的, 先天的; 固有的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connaturally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. connaturalis, from con- 'together' + L. naturalis 'natural'.

**connect** /kəˈnekt/ v. 1 bring together so as to establish a link 连接, 联结 ➤join together so as to provide access and communication 连接交通; 连接通讯 ➤put into contact by telephone 给…接通电话 2 associate or relate (something) in some respect (在某方面)联系, 结合: Bonuses are connected to the firm's performance. 奖金与公司业绩挂钩。 3 (of a train, bus, etc.) arrive at its destination just before another departs so that passengers can transfer (火车、公共汽车等)联运 4 informal【非正式】(of a blow) hit the intended target (击打)击中目标
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connectable** adj. **connectedly** adv. **connectedness** n. **connector** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. connectere, from con- 'together' + nectere 'bind'.

**Connecticutter** /kəˈnetɪkətə(r)/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Connecticut (美国)康涅狄格州人

**connecting rod** n. the rod connecting the piston and the crankpin in an engine or pump 结合杆, 连杆, 活塞杆

**connection** /kəˈnekʃn/ (Brit. also【英亦作】**connexion**) n. 1 a link or relationship between people or things 关联; 关系 2 an opportunity for catching a connecting train, bus, etc. (火车、公共汽车等的)联运 3 (**connections**) people with whom one has contact 社会关系 4 informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】a supplier of narcotics 毒品贩子 5 chiefly historical【主史义】an association of Methodist churches 循道卫团体
-PHRASES 短语 **in connection with** concerning 关于 **in this (or that) connection** with reference to this (or that) 在这(或那)方面; 关于这(或那)一点
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connectional** adj.

**connectionism** /kəˈnekʃ(ə)nɪz(ə)m/ n. a theory of cognition which regards the brain as a massive interactive network with multiple connections between nodes (认知科学的)联结主义

**connective** /kəˈnektɪv/ adj. connecting 连接的, 联结的 ■n. 1 Grammar【语法】a word or phrase linking other linguistic units 连接词(或短语) 2 Anatomy【解】a bundle of nerve fibres connecting two nerve centres or ganglia, especially in invertebrates (尤指无脊椎动物的)连接神经元

**connective tissue** n. Anatomy【解】tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues 结缔组织

**connectivity** /ˌkɒnekˈtɪvɪti/ n. the state or extent of being connected (被)连接(性); (被)联结(性) >Computing【计】capacity for the interconnection of platforms, systems, and applications 连通性

**connexion** /kəˈnekʃn/ n. Brit.【英】variant spelling of CONNECTION ※ Cconnection 的另一种拼法

**conning tower** /ˈkɒnɪŋ/ n. the superstructure of a submarine, containing the periscope (潜艇的)潜望塔

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**conniption** /kəˈnɪpʃn/ n. N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a fit of rage or hysterics 暴怒; 歇斯底里
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. an invented word.

**connive** /kəˈnaɪv/ v. (**connive at/in**) secretly allow (a wrongdoing) 默许, 纵容(不正当行为) ➤(usu. 通常用 **connive to do something**) conspire to do something unlawful or harmful 共谋, 串通
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connivance** n. **conniver** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (C16) as connivance): from Fr. conniver or L. connivere 'shut the eyes (to)', from con- 'together' + an unrecorded word rel. to nictare 'to wink'.

**connoisseur** /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː(r)/ n. an expert judge in matters of taste 鉴赏家, 鉴定家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connoisseurship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from obs. Fr., from conoistre 'know'.

**connotation** /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃn/ n. an idea or feeling which a word invokes in addition to its primary meaning (词语的)内涵意义, 隐含意义 ➤Philosophy【哲】the abstract meaning of a term, determining which objects or concepts it applies to 内涵
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. connotatio(n-), from connotare (see 见 CONNOTE).

**connote** /kəˈnəʊt/ v. (of a word) imply or suggest (an idea or feeling) in addition to the literal or primary meaning (词语)暗示, 包含 ➤imply as a consequence or condition 意味着(…结果或条件)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connotative** /ˈkɒnəteɪtɪv, kəˈnəʊtətɪv/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. connotare 'mark in addition', from con- 'together with' + notare 'to note'.

**connubial** /kəˈnjuːbiəl/ adj. literary【文】conjugal 婚姻的; 夫妻关系的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **connubiality** n. **connubially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. connubialis, from connubium 'marriage', from con- 'with' + nubere 'marry'.

**conodont** /ˈkəʊnədɒnt/ n. Palaeontology【古生】an extinct marine creature with a long worm-like body and numerous small teeth, now believed to be the earliest vertebrate 牙形动物 ➤(also 亦作 **conodont element**) a tooth of a conodont, often found as a fossil 牙形刺, 牙形石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Conodonta (name of a class), from Gk kōnos 'cone' + odous, odont- 'tooth'.

**conoid** /ˈkəʊnɔɪd/ adj. (also 亦作 **conoidal**) chiefly Zoology【主动】approximately conical in shape 类锥体的, 圆锥状的 ■n. a conoid object 类锥体, 圆锥状物

**conquer** /ritˈkɒŋkə(r)/ v. 1 overcome and take control of by military force (以军事力量)征服, 攻取, 占领 2 successfully overcome (a problem) 克服(困难); 解决(问题) ➤climb (a mountain) successfully 成功登上(山峰) ➤gain the love, admiration, or respect of 赢得…的芳心(或赞赏、尊敬)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conquerable** adj. **conqueror** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conquerre, based on L. conquirere 'gain, win', from con- (expressing completion) + quaerere 'seek'.

**conquest** /ˈkɒŋkwest/ n. 1 the action of conquering 征服; 攻取; 克服; 登顶 ➤a territory gained by conquering 被攻占的领土, 占领地 2 a person whose affection or favour has been won (爱情的)俘虏; 欢心被博取者
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conquest(e), based on L. conquirere (see 见 CONQUER).

**conquistador** /kɒnˈkwɪstədɔː(r), -ˈkɪst-/ n. (pl. **conquistadores** /-'dɔːreɪz/ or **conquistadors**) any of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico or Peru in the 16th century 征服者(指 16 世纪征服墨西哥或秘鲁的西班牙人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp.

**con rod** n. Brit.【英】informal term for CONNECTING ROD ※ connecting rod 的非正式说法

**Cons.** abbr. Conservative

**consanguineous** /ˌkɒnsæŋˈɡwɪniəs/ adj. relating to or denoting people descended from the same ancestor (人)近亲的, 同宗的, 血亲的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consanguine** adj. **consanguinity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. consanguineus 'of the same blood' (from con- 'together' + sanguis 'blood') + -OUS.

**conscience** /ˈkɒnʃəns/ n. a person's moral sense of right and wrong 良心, 道德心, 是非感
-PHRASES 短语 **in (all) conscience** in fairness 公平地; 凭良心 **on one's conscience** causing feelings of guilt 感到内疚, 受到良心的谴责
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conscienceless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. conscientia, from conscient-, conscire 'be privy to', from con- 'with' + scire 'know'.

**conscience clause** n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a clause in a law providing for exemption or other allowances on the grounds of moral or religious conscience 良心条款(法律上因当事人道德或宗教信念而允许其不遵守的条款)

**conscience money** ■n. money paid because of feelings of guilt (为良心所安而偿付的)悔罪金, 赎罪金

**conscientious** /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ adj. 1 wishing to do what is right 凭良心办事的 2 relating to a person's conscience 良心的, 道德心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conscientiously** adv. **conscientiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. consciencieux, from med. L. conscientiosus, from L. conscientia (see 见 CONSCIENCE).

**conscientious objector** n. a person who for reasons of conscience objects to serving in the armed forces (出于道德原因的)拒服兵役者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conscientious objection** n.

**conscious** /ˈkɒnʃəs/ adj. 1 aware of and responding to one's surroundings 神志清醒的 2 (usu. 通常用 **conscious of**) having knowledge of something 意识到…的, 觉察到…的 ➤[in combination 用于复合词]

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concerned about a matter 关心…的, 对…感兴趣的; 担心…的: security-conscious 担心安全的 3 deliberate and intentional 故意的; 存心的: a conscious effort 刻意的努力 >(of the mind or a thought) directly perceptible and under one's control (意见或想法)自觉的, 有意识的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consciously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. conscius 'knowing with others or in oneself' (from conscire 'be privy to') + -OUS.

**consciousness** /ˈkɒnʃəsnəs/ n. 1 the state of being conscious 知觉, 感觉 ➤the fact of awareness by the mind of itself and the world 意识 2 one's awareness or perception of something 察觉; 观念

**conscript** ■v. /kənˈskrɪpt/ enlist compulsorily, typically into the armed services 征募, 征召(多指入伍) ■n. /ˈkɒnskrɪpt/ a conscripted person 应征入伍者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conscription** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (ME) as conscription): from Fr. conscrit, from L. conscriptus, past part. of conscribere 'enrol'.

**consecrate** /ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt/ v. 1 make or declare sacred 使神圣; 宣布为神圣 ➤(in Christian belief) declare (bread or wine) to be or represent the body and blood of Christ (基督教中)给(面包或酒)祝圣 2 ordain to a sacred office, typically that of bishop 委以圣职(多指任主教)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consecration** n. **consecrator** n. **consecratory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. consecrat-, consecrare 'dedicate, devote as sacred', from con- (expressing intensive force) + sacrare 'dedicate', from sacer 'sacred'.

**consecutive** /kənˈsekjʊtɪv/ adj. 1 following continuously 连续不断的 ➤in sequence 连贯的, 按顺序的 2 Grammar【语法】expressing consequence or result 结果的 3 Music【音】denoting intervals of the same kind occurring in succession between two parts or voices 连续的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consecutively** adv. **consecutiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. consécutif, -ive, from med. L. consecutivus, from L. consecut-, consequi 'follow closely'.

**consensual** /kənˈsensjʊəl, -ʃʊəl/ adj. relating to or involving consent or consensus 准许的, 同意的, 共识的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consensually** adv.

**consensus** /kənˈsensəs/ ■n. general agreement 一致同意, 共识
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'agreement', from consens-, consentire 'agree'.

**consent** /kənˈsent/ n. permission for something to happen or be done 准许; 同意 ■v. (often 常用 **consent to**) give permission 准许 ➤agree to do something 同意
-PHRASES 短语 **informed consent** permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences 知情同意
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. consente (n.), consentir (v.), from L. consentire, from con- 'together' + sentire 'feel'.

**consentient** /kənˈsenʃnt/ adj. archaic【古】in agreement 一致的; 赞同的

**consenting adult** un. an adult who willingly agrees to engage in a sexual act 自愿与他人发生性行为的成年人

**consequence** /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/ n. 1 a result or effect 结果, 后果 2 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] importance or relevance 重要性; 相关性 ➤dated【过时】social distinction 显赫, 显要 3 (**consequences**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] a game in which a narrative is made up by the players in turn, each ignorant of what has already been contributed 连环问答式叙事游戏
-PHRASES 短语 **in consequence** as a result 因此, 结果 **take (or bear) the consequences** accept responsibility for negative results or effects 承担后果
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. consequentia, from consequent-, consequi 'follow closely'.

**consequent** /ˈkɒnsɪkwənt/ adj. 1 following as a consequence 作为结果的, 随之发生的 ➤archaic【古】logically consistent 逻辑上一致的, 合乎逻辑的 2 Geology【地质】(of a stream or valley) having a direction or character determined by the original slope of the land before erosion (河流或山谷)顺向的 ■n. 1 Logic【逻】the second part of a conditional proposition, whose truth is stated to be implied by that of the antecedent (条件命题的)后项 2 Music【音】the second or imitating voice or part in a canon 卡农曲中的复调
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consequential** adj. **consequentiality** n. **consequentially** adv.

**consequentialism** ■n. Philosophy【哲】the doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences 效果论, 效果主义(认为行为的道德性只能由其结果来判断的理论)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consequentialist** adj. & n.

**consequently** /ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ntli/ adv. as a result; therefore 结果, 因此

**conservancy** /kənˈsɜːv(ə)nsi/ n. (pl. **conservancies**) 1 a body concerned with the preservation of natural resources (自然资源)保护机构 2 a commission controlling a port, river, or catchment area (港口、河流或汇水区域的)管理委员会 3 conservation 保护
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: alt. of obs. conservacy, from Anglo-Norman Fr. conservacie, via Anglo-Latin from L. conservatio (see 见 CONSERVATION).

**conservation** /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ n. 1 preservation or restoration of the natural environment and wildlife (对自然环境和野生动植物的)保护(或恢复) >preservation and repair of archaeological, historical, and cultural sites and artefacts (对考古、

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历史和文化遗址及文物等的)保护, 修复 2 careful use of a resource (对资源的)节约使用 3 Physics【物】the principle by which the total value of a quantity remains constant in a system which is not subject to external influence 守恒定律
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conservational** adj. **conservationist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conservatio(n-), from conservare (see 见 CONSERVE).

**conservative** /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ adj. 1 averse to change or innovation and holding traditional values 保守的, 反对变革的, 因循守旧的 >(of dress or taste) sober and conventional (服装或品位)严肃持重的, 传统标准的 2 (in a political context) favouring free enterprise, private ownership, and socially conservative ideas (用于政治语境)鼓励自由企业的, 鼓励私有的 ➤(**Conservative**) relating to a Conservative Party 保守党的 3 (of an estimate) purposely low for the sake of caution (估计)保守的, 谨慎的 4 (of surgery or medical treatment) intended to control rather than eliminate a condition, and preserve existing tissue (外科手术或内科治疗)保守的 ■n. 1 a conservative person 保守主义者, 因循守旧者 2 (**Conservative**) a supporter or member of a Conservative Party 保守党支持者, 保守党成员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conservatism** n. **conservatively** adv. **conservativeness** n.

**Conservative Judaism** n. a form of Judaism seeking to preserve Jewish tradition and ritual but with a more flexible approach than Orthodox Judaism 保守派犹太教(主张保存犹太教传统和礼俗, 但方式相较于正统派犹太教更为变通)

**conservatoire** /kənˈsɜːvətwaː(r)/ n. a college for the study of classical music or other arts 音乐学院; 艺术学院
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from Ital. conservatorio.

**conservator** /ˈkɒnsəˌveɪtə(r), kənˈsɜːvətə(r)/ n. a person involved in conservation 保护者; 保管者; 管理员

**conservatorium** /kənˌsɜːvəˈtɔːriəm/ n. (pl. **conservatoriums** or **conservatoria**) Australian term for CONSERVATOIRE ※ conservatoire 的澳大利亚说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Konservatorium and mod. L.

**conservatory** /kənˈsɜːvətri/ n. (pl. **conservatories**) 1 Brit.【英】a room with a glass roof and walls, attached to a house and used as a sun lounge or for growing delicate plants (与住宅相连的)温室, 暖房 2 N. Amer.【北美】another term for CONSERVATOIRE ※ conservatoire 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. conservatorium, from conservare (see 见 CONSERVE).

**conserve** /kənˈsɜːv/ v. 1 protect from harm or destruction 保护; 保存; 保藏 ➤prevent the wasteful overuse of 节约, 防止浪费 2 Physics【物】maintain (a quantity) at a constant overall total 使(量)守恒 ➤Biochemistry【生化】retain (a particular amino acid, nucleotide, or sequence) unchanged in different protein or DNA molecules 保守(某氨基酸、核苷酸或序列) ■n. /also 亦读 ˈkɒnsɜːv/ jam or marmalade 果酱
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conserver (v.), conserve (n.), from L. conservare 'to preserve', from con- 'together' + servare 'to keep'.

**consider** /kənˈsɪdə(r)/ v. 1 think carefully about 考虑, 细想, 斟酌 ➤believe to be 相信; 认为 ➤take into account when making a judgement 顾及, 考虑到 2 look attentively at 细看; 注视
-PHRASES 短语 **all things considered** taking everything into account 通盘考虑起来, 综合各方面来看
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. considerer, from L. considerare 'examine', perh. based on sidus, sider- 'star'.

**considerable** /kənˈsɪdərəbl/ adj. 1 notably large 相当大的 2 having merit or distinction 重要的; 值得尊敬的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **considerably** adv.

**considerate** /kənˈsɪdərət/ adj. 1 careful not to harm or inconvenience others 体贴的; 考虑周到的 2 archaic【古】careful 小心的; 谨慎的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **considerately** adv. **considerateness** n.

**consideration** /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/ n. 1 careful thought 考虑, 细想, 斟酌 ➤a fact that is taken into account when making a decision (作决定时)所考虑的事, 需考虑的事 2 thoughtfulness towards others 体贴; 考虑周到 3 a payment or reward 报酬, 酬金 ➤Law【律】anything given or promised by one party in exchange for the promise or undertaking of another 对价 4 archaic【古】importance 重要(性)
-PHRASES 短语 **in consideration of** in return for 作为对…的回报 **take into consideration** take into account 考虑到, 顾及 **under consideration** being considered 在考虑中, 在研究中

**considering** /kənˈsɪdərɪŋ/ prep. & conj. taking into consideration 考虑到; 就…而言 ■adv. informal【非正式】taking everything into account 通盘考虑起来, 综合各方面来看

**consign** /kənˈsaɪn/ v. deliver to someone's custody 把…交付给; 把…委托给 ➤send (goods) by a public carrier (通过公共运输公司)托运, 运送(货物) >(**consign someone/thing to**) put someone or something in (a place) in order to be rid of them 把…丢弃在(某处), 打发
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consignee** n. **consignor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. consigner or L. consignare 'mark with a seal'.

**consignment** /kənˈsaɪnmənt/ n. a batch of goods consigned (托运的)一批货物

**consilience** /kənˈsɪliəns/ n. agreement between the approaches to a topic of different academic subjects, especially science and the humanities (对不同学科, 尤指理科和人文学科, 某一论题的各种研究方法之间的)一致
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consilient** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 from CON- + L. -silient-, -siliens 'jumping' (as in resilient- RESILIENT), after CONCURRENT.

**consist** v. /kənˈsɪst/ 1 (**consist of**) be composed of 由…组成 ➤(**consist in**) have as an essential feature 在于, 存在于 2 (**consist with**) archaic【古】be consistent with 与…一致, 符合, 与…相容(或并存) ■n. /ˈkɒnsɪst/ Railways【铁路】the set of vehicles forming a complete train (列车)编组顺序表, 车列编成
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. consistere 'stand firm or still, exist', from con- 'together' + sistere 'stand (still)'.

**consistency** /kənˈsɪstənsi/ (also 亦作 **consistence**) ■n. (pl. **consistencies**) 1 the state of being consistent 一致(性); 相容(性) 2 the thickness or viscosity of a substance 稠度, 黏度

**consistent** /kənˈsɪstənt/ adj. 1 acting or done in the same way over time, especially so as to be fair or accurate (尤指为了公正或准确而)始终如一的, 固守的 ➤unchanging in standard over time (标准)不变的, 一贯的 2 (usu. 通常用 **consistent with**) compatible or in agreement 相容的; 一致的 3 not containing any logical contradictions 不矛盾的; 连贯的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consistently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'consisting or composed of'): from L. consistent-, consistere (see 见 CONSIST).

**consistory** /kənˈsɪst(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **consistories**) 1 (in the Roman Catholic Church) the council of cardinals, with or without the Pope (天主教会的)枢机主教会议 2 (also 亦作 **consistory court**) (in the Church of England) a court presided over by a bishop, for the administration of ecclesiastical law in a diocese (英国国教会的)主教教区法庭 3 (in other Churches) a local administrative body (其他教会的)教会会议
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consistorial** /ˌkɒnsɪˈstɔːriəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. consistorie, from late L. consistorium, from consistere (see 见 CONSIST).

**consociation** /kənˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. 1 a political system formed by the cooperation of different social groups on the basis of shared power (不同社会团体间的)政治联盟 ➤dated【过时】close association or fellowship 联合; 合伙 2 Ecology【生态】a small climax community of plants having a characteristic dominant species 单优种群落
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consociational** adj. **consociationalism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. consociatio(n-), from consociare, from con- 'together' + sociare 'to associate' (from socius 'fellow').

**consolation** /ˌkɒnsəˈleɪʃn/ n. comfort received by someone after a loss or disappointment 安慰, 慰藉 ➤a source of consolation 起安慰作用的人(或事物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consolatory** /kənˈsɒlət(ə)ri, -ˈsəʊl-/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. consolatio(n-), from consolari (see 见 CONSOLE¹).

**consolation prize** n. a prize given to a competitor who just fails to win 安慰奖, 鼓励奖

**console¹** /kənˈsəʊl/ v. give consolation to 安慰, 抚慰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consolable** adj. **consoler** n. **consoling** adj. **consolingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. consolate): from Fr. consoler, from L. consolari, from con- 'with' + solari 'soothe'.

**console²** /ˈkɒnsəʊl/ n. 1 a panel or unit that accommodates a set of controls 仪表板; 控制台 >a cabinet for television or radio equipment 电视机柜; 收音机柜 ➤(also 亦作 **games console**) a small machine for playing computerized video games (玩电脑游戏用的)操纵器 ➤the cabinet or enclosure containing the keyboards, stops, etc. of an organ 风琴的操作部分(包括键盘、音栓等) 2 an ornamented bracket or corbel (带装饰的)支架, 支托
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., perh. from consolider, from L. consolidare (see 见 CONSOLIDATE).

**console table** n. a table top supported by ornamented brackets against a wall 倚墙饰托桌

**consolidate** /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/ v. 1 make stronger or more solid 加强, 巩固, 使坚固 2 combine into a single unit 联合, 合并
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consolidation** n. **consolidator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as consolidation): from L. consolidare, from con- 'together' + solidare 'make firm' (from solidus 'solid').

**Consols** /ˈkɒnsɒlz/ pl. n. British government securities without redemption date and with fixed annual interest 统一公债(英国政府发行的无偿还日且年利率固定的债券)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: contr. of consolidated annuities.

**consommé** /kənˈsɒmeɪ/ n. a clear soup made with concentrated stock 清炖肉汤
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., past part. of consommer 'consume or consummate', from L. consummare (see 见 CONSUMMATE).

**consonance** /ˈkɒns(ə)nəns/ n. 1 agreement or compatibility 一致; 协调 2 the recurrence of similar-sounding consonants, especially in prosody (主要用于诗体中的)辅音韵 3 Music【音】a harmonious combination of notes 协和音
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. consonantia, from consonant-, consonare (see 见 CONSONANT).

**consonant** /ˈkɒns(ə)nənt/ n. a speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable 辅音 ➤a letter representing a consonant 辅音字母 ■adj. 1 denoting or relating to a consonant 辅音字母的, 与辅音字母有关的 2 (**consonant with**) in agreement or harmony with 一致的; 和谐的; 协调的 3 Music【音】making a harmonious interval or chord 协和音的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consonantal** adj. **consonantly** adv.

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. consonare 'sound together', from con- 'with' + sonare 'to sound' (from sonus 'sound').

**con sordino** /ˌkɒn sɔːˈdiːnəʊ/ adv. Music【音】using a mute 用弱音器
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital.

**consort¹** n. /ˈkɒnsɔːt/ 1 a wife, husband, or companion, in particular the spouse of a monarch (尤指君主的)配偶; 伴侣 2 a ship sailing in company with another 结伴航行的船只, 随航船只, 僚舰 ■v. /kənˈsɔːt/ 1 (**consort with**) habitually associate with 与…结交; 与…交往 2 (**consort with/to**) archaic【古】agree or be in harmony with 同意, 与…一致; 协调
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. consors 'sharing, partner', from con- 'together with' + sors, sort- 'lot, destiny'.

**consort²** /ˈkɒnsɔːt/ n. a small group of musicians performing together, typically playing Renaissance music (多指演奏文艺复兴时期乐曲的)合奏队
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: earlier form of CONCERT.

**consortium** /kənˈsɔːtiəm/ ■n. (pl. **consortia** /-tiə, -ʃə/ or **consortiums**) 1 an association, typically of several companies (通常由几家公司组成的)财团; 联营企业 2 Law【律】the right of association and companionship with one's spouse 配偶利
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., from consors (see 见 CONSORT¹).

**conspecific** /ˌkɒnspəˈsɪfɪk/ Biology【生物】 ■adj. belonging to the same species 同种的 ■n. a member of the same species 同种
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conspecificity** n.

**conspectus** /kənˈspektəs/ n. a summary or overview of a subject 概要; 大纲; 概观
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., past part. (used as n.) of conspicere (see 见 CONSPICUOUS).

**conspicuous** /kənˈspɪkjuəs/ adj. clearly visible 显眼的, 显而易见的 >attracting notice or attention 惹人注目的, 值得注意的
-PHRASES 短语 **conspicuous by one's absence** obviously not present where one should be 因缺席而引人注目
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conspicuity** n. **conspicuously** adv. **conspicuousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. conspicuus (from conspicere 'look at attentively', from con- (expressing intensive force) + spicere 'look at') + -ous.

**conspiracist** /kənˈspɪrəsɪst/ n. a supporter of a conspiracy theory 阴谋主义者, 阴谋论者

**conspiracy** /kənˈspɪrəsi/ n. (pl. **conspiracies**) a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful 密谋; 阴谋 ➤the action of conspiring 密谋, 共谋
-PHRASES 短语 **a conspiracy of silence** an agreement to say nothing 保持缄默的密约
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. conspiracie, alt. of OFr. conspiration, based on L. conspirare (see 见 CONSPIRE).

**conspiracy theory** n. a belief that some covert but influential organization is responsible for an unexplained event 阴谋论

**conspire** /kənˈspaɪə(r)/ ■v. make secret plans jointly to commit an unlawful or harmful act 密谋, 搞阴谋 ➤(of circumstances) seem to be acting together, especially with unfortunate results (各种情况)共同导致(尤指不幸的结果)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conspirator** n. **conspiratorial** adj. **conspiratorially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conspirer, from L. conspirare 'agree, plot', from con- 'together with' + spirare 'breathe'.

**Const.** abbr. constable

**constable** /ˈkʌnstəbl, ˈkɒn-/ n. 1 Brit.【英】a police officer 警察 ➤(also 亦作 **police constable**) a police officer of the lowest rank (等级最低的)警员 2 the governor of a royal castle (皇家城堡的)总管 >historical【史义】the highest-ranking official in a royal household 王室总管, 宫廷最高长官
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conestable, from late L. comes stabuli 'count (head officer) of the stable'.

**constabulary** /kənˈstæbjʊləri/ n. (pl. **constabularies**) chiefly Brit.【主英】a police force 警察部队
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from med. L. constabularia (dignitas) '(rank) of constable', from constabulus, based on L. comes stabuli (see 见 CONSTABLE).

**constant** /ˈkɒnstənt/ adj. 1 occurring continuously 不断的, 持续的 2 remaining the same 始终如一的, 持久不变的 ➤faithful and dependable 忠实的, 可靠的 ■n. an unchanging situation 恒定不变 ➤Mathematics【数】a component of a relationship between variables that does not change its value 常数, 常项 ➤Physics【物】a number expressing a relation or property which remains the same in all circumstances, or for the same substance under the same conditions 常量
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constancy** n. **constantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. constant-, constare 'stand firm', from con- 'with' + stare 'stand'.

**constantan** /ˈkɒnst(ə)ntæn/ n. a copper-nickel alloy used in electrical work for its high resistance 康铜

**constative** /ˈkɒnstətɪv, kənˈsteɪtɪv/ Linguistics【语言】■adj. denoting a statement declaring something to be the case 述愿的 ■n. a constative speech act or sentence 陈述语
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. constat-, constare 'establish' + -IVE.

**constellation** /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/ n. 1 a group of stars forming a recognized pattern and typically named after a mythological or other figure 星座 2 a group of associated people or things 群体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constellate** v. (literary【文】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. constellatio(n-), based on L. stella 'star'.

**consternate** /ˈkɒnstəneɪt/ v. fill with anxiety 使焦虑, 使焦急不安
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. consternat-, consternare 'terrify, prostrate'.

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**consternation** /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃn/ ■n. anxiety or dismay 焦虑; 惊愕, 惊慌

**constipated** /ˈkɒnstɪpeɪtɪd/ adj. affected with constipation 患便秘的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constipate** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. constipat-, constipare 'crowd or press together', from con- 'together' + stipare 'press, cram'.

**constipation** /ˌkɒnstɪˈpeɪʃn/ n. a condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels 便秘

**constituency** /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/ n. (pl. **constituencies**) 1 a body of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body 选区全体选民 ➤chiefly Brit.【主英】an area represented in a legislative body 选区 2 a body of customers or supporters 一批顾客(或支持者)

**constituent** /kənˈstɪtʃuənt/ adj. 1 being a part of a whole 组成的, 构成的 2 having the power to appoint or elect 有任命权的; 有选举权的 ➤able to make or change a political constitution 有宪法制订(或修改)权的 ■n. 1 a member of a constituency 选民 2 a component part 成分, 要素
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. constituent- (partly via Fr. constituant), constituere (see 见 CONSTITUTE).

**constitute** /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/ v. 1 be (a part) of a whole 组成, 构成 ➤be or be equivalent to 相当于, 相等于 2 establish by law 以合法形式设立
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. constitut-, constituere 'establish, appoint', from con- 'together' + statuere 'set up'.

**constitution** /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ n. 1 a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or organization is governed 宪法 ➤historical【史义】a decree, ordinance, or law 章程; 法规, 法令; 法律 2 the composition or forming of something 构成, 形成 3 a person's general state of health or temperament 体质; 气质

**constitutional** /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃənl/ adj. 1 relating to or in accordance with a constitution 宪法的, 符合宪法的 2 relating to a person's physical or mental state 体质的; 心理素质的 ■n. dated【过时】a walk taken regularly to maintain good health 保健散步
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constitutionality** n. **constitutionalize** or **constitutionalise** v. **constitutionally** adv.

**constitutionalism** /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlɪz(ə)m/ n. constitutional government 立宪政体 ➤adherence to a system of constitutional government 拥护立宪政体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constitutionalist** n.

**constitutive** /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːtɪv/ adj. 1 having the power to establish something 有建立权的; 有设立权的 2 forming a constituent of something 组成的; 构成的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constitutively** adv.

**constrain** /kənˈstreɪn/ v. 1 compel or force towards a course of action 强迫, 迫使 ➤[as adj. 作形容词 **constrained**] appearing forced 勉强的, 被迫的 ➤severely restrict the scope, extent, or activity of 约束; 限制; 束缚 2 literary【文】imprison 关押, 监禁 3 archaic【古】bring about by compulsion 驱使, 致使; 迫使
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constrainedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. constraindre, from L. constringere 'bind tightly together'.

**constraint** /kənˈstreɪnt/ n. 1 a limitation or restriction 限制; 约束 2 stiffness of manner and inhibition 压抑, 克制

**constrict** /kənˈstrɪkt/ v. make or become narrower, especially by encircling pressure 使变窄, 使收缩; 压缩; 压紧 ➤(of a snake) coil round (prey) in order to asphyxiate it (蛇)绞缠以使(猎物)窒息
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constriction** n. **constrictive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (ME) as constriction): from L. constrict-, constringere (see 见 CONSTRAIN).

**constrictor** /kənˈstrɪktə(r)/ n. 1 a snake that kills by constricting its prey, such as a boa or python 蟒, 大蛇 2 Anatomy【解】a muscle whose contraction narrows a vessel or passage 缩肌

**construct** v. /kənˈstrʌkt/ 1 build or erect 建造, 构筑, 建立 2 form (a theory) from various conceptual elements 形成, 构成(理论) 3 Grammar【语法】form (a sentence) according to grammatical rules 造(句) 4 Geometry【几】draw or delineate (a geometrical figure) 作(图) ■n. /ˈkɒnstrʌkt/ 1 an idea or theory 构想; 想法; 理论 2 Linguistics【语言】a group of words forming a phrase 构建, 构式 3 a thing constructed 建造物, 建筑物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constructor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. construct-, construere 'heap together, build', from con- 'together' + struere 'pile, build'.

**construction** /kənˈstrʌkʃn/ n. 1 the action or process of constructing 建造, 构筑, 建立 ➤the industry of erecting buildings 建筑业 2 an interpretation or explanation 解释, 说明
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constructional** adj. **constructionally** adv.

**constructionism** /kənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)nɪz(ə)m/ n. another term for CONSTRUCTIVISM ※ constructivism 的另一种说法

**constructionist** /kənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)nɪst/ n. 1 another term for CONSTRUCTIVIST ※ constructivist 的另一种说法 (see 见 CONSTRUCTIVISM) 2 US【美】a person who puts a particular interpretation upon a legal document 对法律文件作特定解释者

**constructive** /kənˈstrʌktɪv/ adj. 1 serving a useful purpose 建设性的; 有助益的 2 Law【律】not stated explicitly 推定的, 推断的 3 relating to construction 建造的; 结构(上)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constructively** adv. **constructiveness** n.

**constructive dismissal** n. the changing of an employee's job or working conditions with the aim of forcing their resignation 推定解雇

**constructivism** /kənˈstrʌktɪvɪz(ə)m/ n. Art【艺】a style in which mechanical objects are combined

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into abstract mobile forms 构成主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **constructivist** n.

**construe** /kənˈstruː/ v. (**construes**, **construing**, **construed**) 1 interpret in a particular way 解释; 诠释 2 dated【过时】analyse the construction of (a text, sentence, or word) 分析(文章、句子或词)的构成 >translate word for word 逐字翻译; 直译
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **construable** adj. **construal** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. construere (see 见 CONSTRUCT).

**consubstantial** /ˌkɒnsəbˈstænʃl/ adj. (especially of the three persons of the Trinity in Christian theology) of the same substance 同体的, (尤指基督神学中的圣父、圣子、圣灵三位)一体的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consubstantiality** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from eccles. L. consubstantialis (translating Gk homoousios 'of one substance'), from con- 'with' + substantialis (see 见 SUBSTANTIAL).

**consubstantiation** /ˌkɒnsəbˌstænʃiˈeɪʃn, -si-/ n. Christian Theology【基督神学】the doctrine that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist 同体论 Compare with 比较 TRANSUBSTANTIATION.

**consuetude** /ˈkɒnswɪtjuːd/ n. chiefly Scottish【主苏格兰】a custom, especially one with legal force (尤指具有法律效力的)习惯; 惯例
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consuetudinary** /ˌkɒnswiˈtjuːdɪn(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. consuetudo (see 见 CUSTOM).

**consul** /ˈkɒnsl/ n. 1 a state official living in a foreign city and protecting the state's citizens and interests there 领事 2 (in ancient Rome) each of the two annually elected chief magistrates who ruled the republic (古罗马)两执政官之一 ➤any of the three chief magistrates of the first French republic (1799-1804) (法兰西第一共和国)三执政官之一
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consular** /ˈkɒnsjʊlə(r)/ adj. **consulship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., rel. to consulere 'take counsel'.

**consulate** /ˈkɒnsjələt/ n. 1 the place where a consul works 领事馆 2 the period of office of an ancient Roman consul 古罗马执政官任期 ➤the system of government by consuls in ancient Rome 古罗马执政官统治, 古罗马执政官政体 3 (**the Consulate**) the government of the first French republic by consuls 法兰西第一共和国执政府

**consult** /kənˈsʌlt/ v. seek information or advice from (someone, especially an expert or professional) 向(某人, 尤指专家或专业人士)咨询; 请教 ➤seek permission or approval from 寻求…许可; 请求…批准 ➤[as adj. 作形容词 **consulting**] engaged in the business of giving advice to others in the same field 接受咨询的; 担任顾问的: a consulting engineer 顾问工程师
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consultative** adj. **consultee** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as consultation): from Fr. consulter, from L. consultare, frequentative of consulere 'take counsel'.

**consultancy** /kənˈsʌltənsi n. (pl. **consultancies**) a professional practice giving expert advice in a particular field 顾问工作, 咨询业

**consultant** /kənˈsʌltənt/ n. 1 a person who provides expert advice professionally 顾问 2 Brit.【英】a hospital doctor of senior rank 顾问医生, 会诊医师

**consultation** /ˌkɒnsəlˈteɪʃn/ n. the action or process of formally consulting or discussing 请教; 咨询; 磋商 ➤a meeting with an expert or professional in order to seek advice 协议会, 磋商会议

**consumable** /kənˈsjuːməbl/ adj. intended to be used up and then replaced 消费型的; 供消耗的 ■n. a consumable commodity 消费品; 消耗品

**consume** /kənˈsjuːm/ v. 1 eat, drink, or ingest 吃; 喝; 摄取 ➤use up 消耗, 耗尽, 用完 >(especially of a fire) completely destroy (尤指火)毁灭, 烧毁 2 buy (goods or services) for personal use 消费, 购买(商品或服务) 3 (of a feeling) absorb all of the attention and energy of (感觉)充满, 使着迷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consuming** adj. **consumingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. consumere, from con- 'altogether' + sumere 'take up'.

**consumer** /kənˈsjuːmə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that eats or uses something 食用者; 消耗者; 使用者 2 a person who buys goods and services for personal use 消费者, 用户, 顾客: [as modifier 作修饰语] consumer demand 消费者的需求

**consumer durables** pl. n. products expected to have a long useful life 耐用消费品

**consumerism** /kənˈsjuːmərɪzəm/ ■n. 1 the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers 消费者权益的保护(或促进) 2 the preoccupation of society with the acquisition of goods 消费主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consumerist** adj. & n. **consumeristic** adj.

**consummate** v. /ˈkɒnsjʊmeɪt, -sə-/ 1 make (a marriage or relationship) complete by having sexual intercourse (通过同房)使完婚, 使关系圆满 2 complete (a transaction) 完成(交易) ■adj. /kənˈsʌmət, ˈkɒnsəmət/ showing great skill and flair 技艺高超的, 才能出众的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consummately** adv. **consummation** n. **consummator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. consummat-, consummare 'bring to completion', from con- 'altogether' + summa 'sum total', fem. of summus 'highest, supreme'.

**consumption** /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. 1 the action or process of consuming 吃, 喝, 摄取; 消费; 消耗 >an amount consumed 消费量; 消耗量 2 dated【过时】a wasting disease, especially tuberculosis 痨病(尤指肺结核)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **consumptive** adj. & n. (dated【过时】) **consumptively** adv. (dated【过时】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. consumptio(n-), from

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consumere (see 见 CONSUME).

**cont.** abbr. 1 contents 2 continued

**contact** n. /ˈkɒntækt/ 1 the state or condition of physical touching 接触 ➤[as modifier 作修饰语] caused by or operating through physical touch 由接触引起的, 接触式的: contact dermatitis 接触性皮炎 2 the action of communicating or meeting 交流, 联系; 接触, 见面 >a communication or relationship 联系, 交往 ➤a person whom one may ask for information or assistance 联系人, 联络人 ➤a person who has associated with a patient with a contagious disease (传染病的)接触者 3 a connection for the passage of an electric current from one thing to another 触头, 触点, 接触件 4 (**contacts**) contact lenses 接触镜 ■v. /ˈkɒntækt, kənˈtækt/ 1 get in touch or communication with 与…联系, 与…接触 2 touch 接触
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contactable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. contactus, from contact-, contingere 'touch, grasp, border on', from con- 'together with' + tangere 'to touch'.

**contactee** /ˌkɒntækˈtiː/ n. a person who claims to have been contacted by alien beings 被接触者(声称与外星人接触过的人)

**contact flight** (also 亦作 **contact flying**) n. navigation of an aircraft by the observation of landmarks 目视飞行

**contact lens** n. a thin plastic lens placed directly on the surface of the eye to correct visual defects 接触镜

**contactless** adj. denoting a smart card that uses radio signals to provide a wireless connection to a card reader, with no physical contact being necessary (智能卡)非接触式的

**contact print** n. a photographic print made by placing a negative directly on to sensitized paper, glass, or film and illuminating it 接触印相照片

**contact sheet** n. a sheet of contact prints 接触印相相纸

**contact sport** n. a sport in which the participants necessarily come into bodily contact with one another (身体)接触类运动

**contagion** /kənˈteɪdʒn/ n. the communication of disease from one person or organism to another by close contact 触染, 接触传染 ➤dated【过时】a disease spread by close contact 接触性传染病
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contagio(n-), from con- 'together with' + the base of tangere 'to touch'.

**contagious** /kənˈteɪdʒəs/ adj. 1 (of a disease) spread from one person or organism to another, typically by direct contact 触染的 >having a contagious disease 患接触性传染病的 2 (of an emotion, attitude, etc.) likely to spread to and affect others (感情、态度等)有感染力的: Her enthusiasm is contagious. 她的热情富有感染力。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contagiously** adv. **contagiousness** n.

**contagious abortion** n. a type of brucellosis which causes spontaneous abortion in cattle 触染性流产

**contain** /kənˈteɪn/ v. 1 have or hold within 包含, 容纳 2 control or restrain 控制, 抑制, 克制 ➤prevent (a problem) from becoming worse 遏制, 防止(问题)恶化 3 (of a number) be divisible by (a factor) without a remainder (数)可被除尽, 可整除
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **containable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contenir, from L. continere, from con- 'altogether' + tenere 'to hold'.

**container** /kənˈteɪnə(r)/ n. an object for holding or transporting something 容器 ➤a large standard-sized metal box for the transport of goods by road, rail, sea, or air 集装箱

**containerize** or **containerise** /kənˈteɪnəraɪz/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **containerized**] pack into or transport by container 用集装箱装载(或运输)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **containerization** n.

**containment** /kənˈteɪnmənt/ n. the action of keeping something harmful under control 遏制, 抑制 ➤the action of preventing the expansion of a hostile country or influence 封锁; 遏制

**contaminate** /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ v. make (something) impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance 使不纯; 污染; 弄脏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contaminant** n. **contamination** n. **contaminator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contaminat-, contaminare 'make impure', from contamen 'contact, pollution', from con- 'together with' + the base of tangere 'to touch'.

**contango** /kənˈtæŋɡəʊ/ n. Brit. Stock Exchange【英, 证】the normal situation in which the spot or cash price of a commodity is lower than the forward price 期货溢价, 期货升水 ➤historical【史义】a percentage paid by a buyer of stock to postpone transfer to a future settling day 交易延期费, 延期交割费
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. an arbitrary formation on the pattern of Latin verbs ending in -o in the first person sing., perh. with the idea 'I make contingent' (see 见 CONTINGENT).

**Conté** /ˈkɒnteɪ/ n. a kind of hard grease-free crayon used for artwork 炭精笔, 龚戴色粉笔
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French inventor Nicolas J. Conté.

**conte** /kɒnt/ n. a short story as a form of literary composition 小故事; 短篇小说 ➤a medieval narrative tale 中世纪叙述体故事
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., based on L. computare 'reckon, sum up'.

**contemn** /kənˈtem/ v. archaic【古】treat or regard with contempt 轻视, 蔑视; 侮辱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemner** /-'temə, -'temnə/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contemnere, from con- (expressing intensive force) + temnere 'despise'.

**contemplate** /ˈkɒntempleɪt, -təm-/ v. look at thoughtfully 凝视, 注视 ➤think about 思考, 思忖 >think profoundly and at length 沉思, 冥想, 深思熟

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虑 ➤have as a probable intention 预想, 打算
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemplator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. contemplat-, contemplari 'survey, observe, contemplate', based on templum 'place for observation'.

**contemplation** /ˌkɒntəmˈpleɪʃn/ n. 1 the action of contemplating 注视, 凝视; 沉思 2 religious meditation (宗教的)冥想, 默念 ➤(in Christian spirituality) a form of prayer in which a person seeks a direct experience of the divine (基督教灵修学的)敛心默祷, 出神

**contemplative** /kənˈtemplətɪv/ adj. expressing or involving contemplation 冥想的; 沉思的 ■n. a person whose life is devoted to prayer, especially in a monastery or convent 敛心默祷者; 僧侣; 修士; 修女
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemplatively** adv.

**contemporaneous** /kənˌtempəˈreɪniəs, kɒn-/ adj. existing at or occurring in the same period of time 同时存在的, 同时发生的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemporaneity** /kənˌtempərəˈniːəti, -ˈneɪəti/ n. **contemporaneously** adv. **contemporaneousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from con- 'together with' + temporaneus (from tempus, tempor- 'time') + -ous.

**contemporary** /kənˈtemp(ə)r(ə)ri/ adj. 1 living, occurring, or originating at the same time 生活在同时代的, 发生在同时代的, 源自同时代的 2 belonging to or occurring in the present 当代的 ➤modern in style or design (风格或设计)现代的 ■n. (pl. **contemporaries**) a person or thing existing at the same time as another 同时代的人(或物) ➤a person of roughly the same age as another 同龄人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemporarily** adv. **contemporariness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. contemporarius, from con- 'together with' + tempus, tempor- 'time' (on the pattern of L. contemporaneus and late L. contemporalis).

**contempt** /kənˈtempt/ n. 1 the feeling that someone or something is worthless or beneath consideration 轻视, 鄙视, 蔑视 2 (also 亦作 **contempt of court**) the offence of being disobedient to or disrespectful of a court of law 藐视法庭
-PHRASES 短语 **beneath contempt** utterly worthless or despicable 不值一顾, 为人所不齿 **hold someone in contempt** judge someone to be in contempt of court 判…藐视法庭 **hold someone/thing in contempt** consider someone or something to be unworthy of respect or attention 轻视…, 蔑视…
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contemptus, from contemnere (see 见 CONTEMN).

**contemptible** /kənˈtemptəbl/ adj. deserving contempt 可鄙的, 卑鄙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemptibly** adv.

**contemptuous** /kənˈtemptʃuəs/ adj. showing contempt; scornful 表示轻蔑的, 鄙视的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contemptuously** adv. **contemptuousness** n.

**contend** /kənˈtend/ v. 1 (**contend with/against**) struggle to surmount (a difficulty) 与…斗争, 奋力应对 >(**contend for**) engage in a struggle or campaign to achieve 奋争, 争夺 2 assert something as a position in an argument 声称, 主张
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contender** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contendre or L. contendere, from con- 'with' + tendere 'stretch, strive'.

**content¹** /kənˈtent/ adj. in a state of peaceful happiness or satisfaction 满足的; 满意的 ■v. satisfy (someone) 使满足; 使满意 ➤(**content oneself with**) accept as adequate despite wanting more or better 满意于; 满足于 ■n. 1 a state of satisfaction 满足; 满意 2 a member of the British House of Lords who votes for a motion 投赞成票的上议院议员
-PHRASES 短语 **to one's heart's content** as much as one wants 心满意足地; 尽情地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contentment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. contentus 'satisfied', past part. of continere (see 见 CONTAIN).

**content²** /ˈkɒntent/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **contents**) the things that are contained in something 所含之物, 内容 >(**contents**) a list of chapters or sections at the front of a book or periodical (书刊的)目录 2 the material dealt with in a speech, literary work, etc. as distinct from its form or style (演讲或文学作品与形式、风格相对的)内容 ➤information made available by a website or other electronic medium (网站的)内容, 网上信息; 电子信息
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contentless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. contentum (pl. contenta 'things contained'), neut. past part. of continere (see 见 CONTAIN).

**contented** /kənˈtentɪd/ adj. feeling or expressing happiness or satisfaction (感到)愉快的; (表示)满意的 ➤willing to accept something; satisfied 甘愿的; 满意的; 满足的: I was never contented with half measures. 我从不愿意采取折中办法。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contentedly** adv. **contentedness** n.

**contention** /kənˈtenʃn/ n. 1 heated disagreement 争论; 争执 2 an assertion 主张; 论点
-PHRASES 短语 **in (or out of) contention** having (or not having) a good chance of success in a contest (在竞争中)很有(或没有)希望获胜的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contentio(n-), from contendere (see 见 CONTEND).

**contentious** /kənˈtenʃəs/ adj. causing or likely to cause disagreement or controversy 有异议(或争议)的; 可能引起异议(或争论)的 ➤Law【律】relating to or involving differences between contending parties 有争议的, 有分歧的 ➤given to provoking argument 好争吵的, 爱争论的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contentiously** adv. **contentiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contentieux, from L.

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contentiosus, from content-, contendere 'strive'.

**content provider** n. an organization that supplies information for use on a website (网站的)内容提供商

**conterminous** /kɒnˈtɜːmɪnəs/ adj. 1 sharing a common boundary 毗邻的, 邻接的 2 having the same area, context, or meaning 有相同范围(或背景、意义)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conterminously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. conterminus (from con- 'with' + terminus 'boundary') + -ous.

**contessa** /kɒnˈtesə/ n. an Italian countess (意大利)女伯爵, 伯爵夫人
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from late L. comitissa, fem. of comes (see 见 COUNT²).

**contest** n. /ˈkɒntest/ an event in which people compete for supremacy 竞赛, 比赛 ➤a dispute or conflict 争执; 冲突 ■v. /kənˈtest/ 1 compete to attain (a position of power) 争夺(权位) ➤take part in (a competition or election) 参加(竞赛或选举) 2 challenge or dispute 质疑; 争辩
-PHRASES 短语 **no contest** 1 chiefly US【主美】another term for NOLO CONTENDERE ※ nolo contendere 的另一种说法 2 a decision to declare a boxing match invalid on the grounds that one or both of the boxers are not making serious efforts (因拳击手消极比赛而导致的)比赛无效, 比赛作废 ➤a competition or comparison of which the outcome is a foregone conclusion 已成定局的竞赛, 结果已然明了的比赛(或比较)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contestability** n. **contestable** adj. **contester** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as v. 'swear to, attest'): from L. contestari 'call upon to witness, initiate an action (by calling witnesses)', from con- 'together' + testare 'to witness'.

**contestant** /kənˈtestənt/ n. a person who takes part in a contest 参赛者, 竞赛者

**contestation** /ˌkɒnteˈsteɪʃn/ n. formal【正式】the action or process of disputing or arguing 争论; 辩论
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. contestatio(n-), from contestari (see 见 CONTEST); reinforced by Fr. contestation.

**context** /ˈkɒntekst/ n. the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea 来龙去脉, 背景 ➤the parts that immediately precede and follow a word or passage and clarify its meaning 上下文, 语境
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contextual** adj. **contextualization** or **contextualisation** n. **contextualize** or **contextualise** v. **contextually** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the construction of a text): from L. contextus, from con- 'together' + texere 'to weave'.

**contextualism** /kənˈtekstʃuəlɪz(ə)m/ n. Philosophy【哲】a doctrine which emphasizes the importance of the context of enquiry in a particular question 语境主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contextualist** n.

**contiguity** /ˌkɒntɪˈɡjuːɪti/ n. 1 the state of being contiguous with something 邻近; 接壤; 共边 2 Psychology【心理】the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind 接近

**contiguous** /kənˈtɪɡjuəs/ adj. sharing a common border 接壤的 >next or together in sequence (顺序上)紧接的, 临近的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contiguously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. contiguus 'touching', from contingere (see 见 CONTINGENT) + -ous.

**continent¹** /ˈkɒntɪnənt/ n. 1 any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, Antarctica) 大陆, 洲(指欧洲、亚洲、非洲、南北美洲、大洋洲和南极洲之一) 2 (also 亦作 **the Continent**) the mainland of Europe as distinct from the British Isles (有别于不列颠群岛的)欧洲大陆
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. terra continens 'continuous land'.

**continent²** /ˈkɒntɪnənt/ adj. 1 able to control movements of the bowels and bladder 能控制排泄的 2 exercising self-restraint, especially sexually 自制的, 自律的; (尤指)节制性欲的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **continence** n. **continently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. continent-, continere (see 见 CONTAIN).

**continental** /ˌkɒntɪˈnentl/ adj. 1 forming or belonging to a continent 大洲的 2 (also 亦作 **Continental**) coming from or characteristic of mainland Europe 来自欧洲大陆的; 欧洲大陆(性)的 ■n. an inhabitant of mainland Europe 欧洲大陆居民
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **continentally** adv.

**continental breakfast** n. a light breakfast of coffee and bread rolls with butter and jam 欧式早餐, 欧洲大陆式早餐

**continental climate** n. a relatively dry climate with very hot summers and very cold winters, characteristic of the central parts of Asia and North America 大陆性气候

**continental day** ■n. Brit.【英】a school day lasting from early morning to early afternoon 大陆学校日(从清晨持续到午后的上课日)

**continental drift** n. the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time 大陆漂移

**continental quilt** n. British term for DUVET ※ duvet 的英式说法

**continental shelf** n. an area of seabed around a large land mass where the sea is relatively shallow 大陆架

**contingency** /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/ n. (pl. **contingencies**) 1 a future event or circumstance which is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty 可能发生的事; 不测事件 ➤a provision for such an event or circumstance 应变措施; 应急储备 2 the absence of certainty in events 可能性; 偶然性; 意外

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3 Philosophy【哲】the absence of necessity 偶然性

**contingency table** n. Statistics【统】a table showing the distribution of one variable in rows and another in columns, used to study the correlation between the two 列联表

**contingent** /kənˈtɪndʒənt/ adj. 1 subject to chance 偶然的, 意外的 ➤(**contingent on/upon**) dependent on 取决于…的 ➤(of losses, liabilities, etc.) that can be anticipated to arise if a particular event occurs (损失、责任等)尚不确定的, 附条件的 2 Philosophy【哲】true by virtue of the way things in fact are and not by logical necessity 以事实为依据的; 非逻辑必然的, 偶然的 ■n. a group of people within a larger group (较大集团中的)一组人 >a body of troops or police sent to join a larger force 分遣队, 小分队
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contingently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contingere 'befall', from con- 'together with' + tangere 'to touch'.

**continual** /kənˈtɪnjuəl/ adj. constantly or frequently occurring 连续的, 频繁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **continually** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. continuel, from continuer 'continue', from L. continuare, from continuus (see 见 CONTINUOUS).
USAGE 用法说明
> For an explanation of the difference between **continual** and **continuous**, see usage at CONTINUOUS. 有关 continual 和 continuous 的区别, 请参见 continuous 处的用法说明。

**continuance** /kənˈtɪnjuəns/ n. 1 formal【正式】the state of continuing 继续, 延续, 持续 ➤the time for which a situation or action lasts 持续时间, 持续期 2 US Law【美律】a postponement or adjournment 延期进行

**continuant** /kənˈtɪnjuənt/ n. 1 Phonetics【语音】a consonant which is sounded with the vocal tract only partly closed, allowing the breath to pass through and the sound to be prolonged (as with f, l, m, n, r, s, v) 连续音(如 f, l, m, n, r, s, v) 2 Philosophy & Psychology【哲, 心理】a thing that retains its identity even though its states and relations may change 连续体, 继续体 ■adj. relating to or denoting a continuant 连续音的; 连续体的

**continuation** /kənˌtɪnjuˈeɪʃn/ n. 1 the action of continuing or state of being continued 继续; 持续 2 a part that is attached to and is an extension of something else 附加部分; 延续部分

**continuative** /kənˈtɪnjuətɪv/ Linguistics【语言】■adj. (of a word or phrase) having the function of moving a discourse or conversation forward (词或短语)接续的 ■n. a continuative word or phrase (e.g. **yes**, **well**, **as I was saying**) 接续词; 接续短语(如 yes, well, as I was saying)

**continue** /kənˈtɪnjuː/ v. (**continues**, **continuing**, **continued**) 1 persist in an activity or process 继续; 坚持下去 ➤remain in existence, operation, or a specified state 延续; 持续; 维持原状 2 carry on with 继续 ➤carry on travelling in the same direction 继续沿同一方向行进 3 recommence or resume 重新开始; 恢复 4 US Law【美律】postpone or adjourn (legal proceedings) 延期, 推迟(诉讼)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **continuable** adj. **continuator** n. **continuer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. continuer, from L. continuare, from continuus (see 见 CONTINUOUS).

**continuing education** ■n. education provided for adults after they have left the formal education system 继续教育

**continuity** /ˌkɒntɪˈnjuːɪti/ n. (pl. **continuities**) 1 unbroken and consistent existence or operation 连续; 持续 ➤a connection or line of development with no sharp breaks 连贯; 连续 2 the maintenance of continuous action and self-consistent detail in the scenes of a film or broadcast 电影(或广播)各场景的串联, 连贯 3 the linking of broadcast items by a spoken commentary (通过解说词进行的广播节目的)串联

**continuo** /kənˈtɪnjuəʊ/ (also 亦作 **basso continuo**) n. (pl. **continuos**) (in baroque music) an accompanying part which includes a bass line and harmonies, typically played on a keyboard instrument (巴罗克音乐的)通奏低音
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital. basso continuo 'continuous bass'.

**continuous** /kənˈtɪnjuəs/ adj. 1 without interruption 持续的, 连续的, 不间断的 ➤forming a series with no exceptions or reversals 连续性的 >Mathematics【数】denoting a function of which the graph is a smooth unbroken curve 连续的 2 Grammar【语法】another term for PROGRESSIVE (sense 3 of the adjective) ※ progressive (形容词释义 3) 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **continuously** adv. **continuousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. continuus 'uninterrupted', from continere 'hang together' (from con- 'together with' + tenere 'hold') + -ous.
USAGE 用法说明
> **Continuous** and **continual** can both mean roughly 'without interruption' (five years of **continuous**/**continual** warfare), but **continuous** is much more prominent in this sense and can be used to refer to space as well as time, as in the development forms a **continuous** line along the coast. **Continual**, on the other hand, typically means 'happening frequently, with intervals between', as in the bus service has been disrupted by **continual** breakdowns. ※ continuous 和 continual 大体上都可用来表示“持续不断的”之意, 例如: five years of **continuous**/**continual** warfare 持续了五年的战争, 但 continuous 一词意思更为强烈, 其既可用来指时间, 也用来指空间, 如: The development forms a **continuous** line along

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the coast. 这片住宅开发区沿海岸连成一线。而 **continual** 主要指“频繁的, 经常的”, 如: The bus service has been disrupted by **continual** breakdowns. 频繁的故障影响了公交运输。

**continuous assessment** ■n. Brit.【英】the evaluation of a pupil's progress throughout a course of study, as distinct from by examination 连续性评估(根据学生在学习过程中所取得的进步而非考试进行评定)

**continuous creation** n. the creation of matter as a continuing process throughout time, especially as postulated in steady-state theories of the universe (尤指建立在稳恒态宇宙论基础上的)连续创生论

**continuum** /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ n. (pl. **continua**) a continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct 连续区; 连续统
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., neut. of continuus (see 见 CONTINUOUS).

**contort** /kənˈtɔːt/ v. twist or bend out of the normal shape (使)扭曲, (使)弯曲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contortion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. contort-, contorquere 'twist round, brandish', from con- 'together' + torquere 'twist'.

**contortionist** /kənˈtɔːʃənɪst/ n. an entertainer who twists and bends their body into strange and unnatural positions 柔体杂技演员

**contour** /'kɒntʊə(r)/ n. 1 an outline, especially one representing or bounding the shape or form of something 外形, 轮廓; 周线, 围线 ➤(also 亦作 **contour line**) a line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea level 等高线 >a line joining points on a diagram at which some property has the same value 等值线 2 a way in which something varies, especially the pitch of music or the pattern of tones in an utterance 变化方式; (尤指音调或声调的)升降曲线 ■v. 1 mould into a specific shape 将…塑成形 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **contoured**] mark (a map or diagram) with contours 在(地图或图表)上标等高线 3 (of a road or railway) follow the outline of (a topographical feature) (公路或铁路)循地形轮廓而行
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. contorno, from contornare 'draw in outline', from con- 'together' + tornare 'to turn'.

**contour feather** n. any of the mainly small feathers which form the outline of an adult bird's plumage 廓羽

**contour ploughing** n. ploughing along the contours of the land in order to minimize soil erosion 等高耕作

**contra** /ˈkɒntrə/ n. a member of a US-supported guerrilla force in Nicaragua which opposed the left-wing Sandinista government 1979-1990 反政府人员(尼加拉瓜反左翼桑地诺政府游击队成员, 受美国支持)
-ORIGIN 词源 abbrev. of Sp. contrarevolucionario 'counter-revolutionary'.

**contra-** /ˈkɒntrə/ prefix 1 against; opposite 反对; 抗; 逆: **contraception** 避孕 2 Music【音】(of instruments or organ stops) pitched an octave below (乐器或管风琴音栓)低一个八度: **contrabass** 低音提琴
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. contra 'against'.

**contraband** /ˈkɒntrəbænd/ n. goods that have been imported or exported illegally 走私货; 违禁品 >trade in smuggled goods 走私 ➤(also 亦作 **contraband of war**) goods forbidden to be supplied by neutrals to those engaged in war 战时违禁品, 战时禁运品 ■adj. imported or exported illegally 走私的; 违禁的; 禁运的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrabandist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. contrabanda, from Ital. contrabando, from contra- 'against' + bando 'proclamation, ban'.

**contrabass** /ˈkɒntrəbeɪs/ n. another term for DOUBLE BASS ※ double bass 的另一种说法 ■adj. denoting a musical instrument with a range an octave lower than the normal bass range 倍低音乐器的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital. contrabasso, from contra- 'pitched an octave below' + basso (see 见 BASS¹).

**contrabassoon** /ˌkɒntrəbəˈsuːn/ n. another term for DOUBLE BASSOON ※ double bassoon 的另一种说法

**contraception** /ˌkɒntrəˈsepʃn/ n. the use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy 避孕

**contraceptive** /ˌkɒntrəˈseptɪv/ adj. serving to prevent pregnancy 避孕用的, 有避孕作用的 ➤relating to contraception 避孕的, 节育的 ■n. a contraceptive device or drug 避孕用具, 避孕药

**contract** n. /ˈkɒntrækt/ 1 a written or spoken agreement intended to be enforceable by law (书面)合同; (口头)协议 2 informal【非正式】an arrangement for someone to be killed by a hired assassin (与雇佣刺客达成的)暗杀协议 3 Bridge【桥牌】the declarer's undertaking to win the number of tricks bid with a stated suit as trumps 定约 ■v. /kənˈtrækt/ 1 decrease in size, number, or range 缩小, 缩减, 缩短 ➤(of a muscle) become shorter and tighter in order to effect movement of part of the body (肌肉)收缩 >shorten (a word or phrase) by combination or elision 缩约(词或短语) 2 enter into a formal and legally binding agreement 订契约, 立合同 >(**contract in/into**) Brit.【英】choose to be involved in 选择参与 >(**contract out**) Brit.【英】choose to withdraw from or not become involved in 选择退出(或不参与) >(**contract something out**) arrange for work to be done by another organization 外包, 把(工作)承包出去 3 catch or develop (a disease) 感染, 患(病) 4 become liable to pay (a debt) 负(债)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contractee** n. **contractive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. contractus, from contract-, contrahere 'draw together, tighten'.

**contractable** /kənˈtræktəbl/ adj. (of a disease)
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**contract bridge** n. the standard form of the card game bridge, in which only tricks bid and won count towards the game 定约式桥牌

**contractible** /kən'træktıbl/ adj. able to be shrunk or capable of contracting 可收缩的,可缩小的

**contractile** /kən'træktail/ adj. Biology & Physiology 【生物,生理】capable of or producing contraction 可收缩的,造成收缩的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contractility** n.

**contraction** /kən'trækfn/ n. 1 the process of contracting 收缩;压缩;缩小 2a shortening of the uterine muscles occurring at intervals before and during childbirth 宫缩 3 a word or group of words resulting from contracting an original form 缩约词; 缩约形式

**contractionary** /kən'trækf(ə)n(ə)ri/ adj. causing or relating to the contraction of a country's economy 导致经济紧缩的,与经济紧缩相关的

**contract note** n. a certificate confirming the terms of a sale of specified assets or securities 买卖单据

**contractor** /kən'træktə(r)/ n. a person who undertakes a contract to provide materials or labour for a job 承包商,承包人

**contractorization** or **contractorisation** /kən-træktəraı'zeıfn/ n. Brit. 【英】 the provision of a public service by an external contractor 外包,(对 外)承包
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contractorize** v.

**contractual** /kən'træktfuǝl/ adj. relating to or agreed by a contract 与合同有关的,与契约有关的; 合同约定的,契约的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contractually** adv.

**contractural** /kən'træktf(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. 1 Medicine 【医】 relating to or involving contracture 挛缩的;出现 挛缩的 2 another term for CONTRACTUAL * contractual 的另一种说法

**contracture** /kən'træktfə(r)/ n. Medicine【医】a condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints 挛缩
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., or from L. contractura, from L. contract-, contrahere 'draw together'.

**contradict** /kontrə'dıkt/ v. deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite 否认(陈 述的)真实性 assert the opposite of a statement made by (someone)反驳,驳斥(某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contradictor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. contradict-, contradicere 'speak against'.

**contradiction** / kontrǝ'dıkfn/ n. 1 a combination of statements, ideas, or features which are opposed to one another 矛盾;对立,抵触 2 the statement of a position opposite to one already made反驳,驳斥
-PHRASES 短语 **contradiction in terms** a statement or group of words associating incompatible objects or ideas 自相矛盾的说法

**contradictory** / kontrə'dıktəri/ adj. mutually opposed or inconsistent 互相对立的,互相矛盾的
> containing inconsistent elements 矛盾的 Logic 【逻】(of two propositions) so related that one and only one must be true(两个命题)互相矛盾的 Compare with 比较 CONTRARY.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contradictorily** adv. **contradictoriness** n.

**contradistinction** / kontrǝdı'stıŋkfn/ n. distinction made by contrasting the different qualities of two things 对比之下的区别

**contraflow** /'kontrəfləu/n. Brit. 【英】 a temporary arrangement where traffic on a road is transferred from its usual side to share the other half of the carriageway with traffic moving in the opposite direction(通常为一侧单向行驶的车道临时改为双向的)一侧双向行驶,逆道行驶

**contrail** /'kontreıl/n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 another term for VAPOUR TRAIL * vapour trail的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: abbrev. of condensation trail.

**contraindicate** / kontrǝ'ındıkeit/ v. Medicine【医】 (of a condition or circumstance) suggest or indicate that (a particular technique or drug) should not be used(病情)禁忌(某种技术或药物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contraindication** n.

**contralateral** / kontrə'læt(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. Medicine 【医】 relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs 对侧的

**contralto** /kən'træltǝu/ n. (pl. contraltos) the lowest female singing voice 女低音
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital.

**contraposition** / kontrəpə'zıfn/n. Logic【逻】 conversion of a proposition from all A is B to all not-B is not-A换质位法(如将命题all A is B换成 all not-B is not-A)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrapositive** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. contrapositio(n-), from contraponere 'place against'.

**contrapposto** / kontrǝ'postǝu/ n. (pl. contrapposti /-ti/) Sculpture 【雕】 an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with, while balancing, that of the hips and legs(以对立方式平衡双臂、肩膀和臀部、双腿的)对应,均衡
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., past part. of contrapporre, from L. contraponere 'place against'.

**contraption** /kən'træpfn/ n. a machine or device that appears strange or unnecessarily complicated 奇异的机械;繁琐的装置;奇特的玩意儿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from CONTRIVE (on the pattern of pairs such as conceive, conception), by assoc. with TRAP¹.

**contrapuntal** /kontrǝ'pantl/ adj. Music 【音】 of or in counterpoint 对位的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrapuntally** adv. **contrapuntist** n.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital. contrapunto (see见 COUNTERPOINT) + -AL.

**contrarian** /kən'treəriən/ n. a person who opposes or rejects popular opinion, especially in stock exchange dealing(尤指股票交易中的)逆向思维者,反向操作者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrarianism** n.

**contrariety** /kontrə'rarəti/ n. 1 Logic 【逻】 contrary opposition 对立,相反命题,反对命题之间的关系 2 opposition or inconsistency between two things 对立;相反;矛盾
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contrariete, from late L. contrarietas, from contrarius (see见 CONTRARY).

**contrariwise** /kən'treǝrıwaız, 'kontrǝrı,warz/adv. in the opposite way 相反地,反之 on the other hand 另一方面

**contra-rotating** adj. rotating in the opposite direction or in opposite directions, especially about the same shaft(尤指共轴)对转的

**contrary** /'kontrəri/ adj. 1 (often 常用 contrary to) opposite in nature, direction, or meaning(性质、方向或意义)相反的 2 (of two or more statements, beliefs, etc.) opposed to one another(陈述、观点等)对立的 Logic 【逻】(of two propositions) so related that one or neither but not both must be true(两种命题)对立的,反对的 Compare with 比较 CONTRADICTORY. 3/kon'trəri/ perversely inclined to do the opposite of what is expected or desired 对抗的;逆反的,倔强的 ■n. (the **contrary**) the opposite 反面,对立面
-PHRASES 短语 **on** (or **quite**) **the contrary** used to intensify a denial of what has just been implied or stated 正相反,恰恰相反 **to the contrary** with the opposite meaning or implication 相反地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrarily** adv. **contrariness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. contrarie, from L. contrarius, from contra 'against'.

**contrast** n. /'kontra:st/ 1 the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association 对比,反差 the degree of difference between tones in a television picture, photograph, etc.(电视画面、照片等的)衬比度,反差 enhancement of the apparent brightness or clarity of a design provided by the juxtaposition of different colours or textures 并置对比,反衬 2 a thing or person noticeably different from another 对照物,明显不同的事物(或人) ■v. /kən'tra:st/ (often 常用 contrast with) differ strikingly 明显不同;形成对照,形成对比 compare so as to emphasize differences 对比,对照
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrasting** adj. **contrastingly** adv. **contrastive** adj. **contrasty** adj. (informal 【非正式】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. contraste (n.), contraster (v.), via Ital. from med. L. contrastare, from L. contra-'against' + stare 'stand'.

**contrast medium** n. Medicine 【医】 a substance introduced into a part of the body in order to improve the visibility of internal structures during radiography 造影剂

**contra-suggestible** adj. tending to respond to a suggestion by believing or doing the contrary 反暗示的,抗暗示的

**contrate wheel** /'kpntreit/ n. another term for CROWN WHEEL * crown wheel的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: contrate (a rare adj. meaning 'opposed, contrary') from med. L. contrata 'lying opposite'.

**contravene** / kontrǝ'vi:n/ v. offend against the requirements of (a law, treaty, etc.); infringe 违犯,违反(法律、协定等);违背 conflict with (a right, principle, etc.), especially to its detriment与(权利、原则等)相抵触,与…冲突(尤指对其不利)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contravener** n. **contravention** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. contravenire, from L. contra- 'against' + venire 'come'.

**contredanse** /'kontrǝda:ns, -dñs/ n. (pl. same单复同) a French form of country dance, originating in the 18th century and related to the quadrille 对舞(一种法国乡村舞,源出18世纪,与方阵舞有关)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., alt. of COUNTRY DANCE, by assoc. with contre 'against, opposite'.

**contretemps** /'kontrət/ n. (pl. same 单复同 /-tõz/) a minor dispute or disagreement 争论,小争执
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. 'motion out of time, denoting a thrust in fencing made at an inopportune moment): Fr., from contre- 'against' + temps 'time'.

**contribute** /kən'trıbju:t, 'kontribju:t/ v. give in order to help achieve or provide something 捐献,捐助(contribute to) help to cause or bring about 促成,使发生
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contribution** n. **contributive** /kən'trıb-/ adj. **contributor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as contribution): from L. contribut-, contribuere 'bring together, add', from con- 'with' + tribuere 'bestow'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> The first pronunciation, which puts the stress on -tri-, is held to be the only correct one, despite the fact that the alternative, with the stress on con-, is older. 尽管重音落在 con-的发音历史更久, 但重音落在-tri-的发音被认为是唯一正确的。

**contributory** /kən'trıbjətəri/ adj. 1 playing a part in bringing something about 起促进作用的,有助于…的 2 (of a pension or insurance scheme) operated by means of a fund into which people pay(养老金或保险金)共釀的 ■n. (pl. contributories) Brit. Law【英律】 a person liable to contribute towards the payment of a wound-up company's debts 清算缴款人

**contributory negligence** n. Law 【律】 failure of an injured party to act prudently, considered to be a contributory factor in the injury suffered 混合过错,混合过失

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**con trick** n. informal term for CONFIDENCE TRICK * confidence trick 的非正式说法

**contrite** /kən'trait, 'kontrait/ adj. feeling or expressing remorse(表示)懊悔的,(表示)悔悟的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contritely** adv. **contriteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contrit, from L. contritus, past part. of conterere 'grind down, wear away'.

**contrition** /kən'trın/ n. the state of feeling contrite 懊悔,悔恨 (in the Roman Catholic Church) the repentance of past sins during or after confession (天主教)悔悟,忏悔

**contrivance** /kən'traıvəns/ n. 1 the action of contriving something 谋划,设计 2 an ingenious device or scheme巧妙的装置;妙计

**contrive** /kən'trarv/ v. 1 devise or plan using skill and artifice 谋划,设计 2 manage to do something foolish 设法做成(蠢事)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contrivable** adj. **contriver** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contreuve-, stressed stem of controver 'imagine, invent', from med. L. contropare 'compare'.

**contrived** /kən'traıvd/ adj. deliberately created rather than arising spontaneously人为的,非自然发生的

**control** /kən'trǝul/ n. 1 the power to influence people's behaviour or the course of events 控制权,支配力,影响力 the restriction of an activity, tendency, or phenomenon 控制,遏制,抑制 2 a device by which a machine is regulated 控制装置;调节装置: the volume control 音量控制器 3 a person or thing used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experiment(调查或实验的)对照物 4 a member of an intelligence organization who personally directs the activities of a spy 亲自指挥间谍活动的情报机关成员,间谍头目 5 Bridge【桥牌】 a high card that will prevent the opponents from establishing a particular suit 控制牌 ■v. (controls, controlling, controlled) 1 have control or command of 支配;控制 regulate 调节 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **controlled**] (of a drug) restricted by law in respect of use and possession(药)受(法律)管制的 3 (**control for**) take into account (an extraneous factor that might affect the results of an experiment)考虑到(可能影响实验结果的外部因素)
-PHRASES 短语 **in control** able to direct a situation, person, or activity(对形势、人或活动)能控制的,能指挥的 **out of control** no longer able to be managed 失去控制 **under control** (of a danger or emergency) being dealt with or contained successfully(危险或紧急情况)处于控制之下
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **controllability** n. **controllable** adj. **controllably** adv. **controller** n. **controllership** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'verify accounts') : from Anglo-Norman Fr. contreroller 'keep a copy of a roll of accounts', from med. L. contrarotulare, from contrarotulus 'copy of a roll', from contra- 'against' + rotulus 'a roll'.

**control character** n. Computing 【计】 a character that does not represent a printable character but serves to initiate a particular action 控制字符

**control freak** n. informal 【非正式】 a person who feels an obsessive need to exercise control over themselves and others 控制狂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **control freakery** n.

**control key** n. Computing 【计】 a key which alters the function of another key if the two keys are pressed at the same time 控制键

**controlling interest** n. the holding by one person or group of a majority of the stock of a business 控股权益;多数权益

**control rod** n. a rod of a neutron-absorbing substance used to vary the output power of a nuclear reactor 控制棒

**control tower** n. a tall building at an airport from which the movements of air traffic are controlled 控制塔

**controversial** / kontrǝ'v3:∫l/ adj. causing or likely to cause controversy (可能)引起争论的,(可能)有争议的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Controversialist** n. **controversially** adv.

**controversy** /'kontrəvə:si, kən'trəvəsi/ n. (pl. controversies) prolonged public disagreement or heated debate争论,争议
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. controversia, from controversus 'turned against, disputed'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> The second pronunciation, putting the stress on -trov-, is widely held to be incorrect in standard English. 重音落在-trov-的第二种发音,在标准英语中多被认为是不正确的。

**controvert** /kontrǝ'v3:t/ v. deny the truth of否认;反驳,驳斥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **controvertible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. controversus (see见 CONTROVERSY).

**contumacious** / kontju'meıfəs/ adj. archaic or Law 【古或律】stubbornly or wilfully disobedient to authority 拒不服从的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contumaciously** adv. **contumacy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. contumax, contumac-(perh. from con- 'with' + tumere 'to swell') + -IOUS.

**contumely** /'kontju:mili, tju:mli/ n. (pl. contumelies) archaic 【古】 insolent or insulting language or treatment 无礼的言语(或态度);侮辱性的语言(或态度)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contumelious** / kontju'mi:liǝs/ adj. **contumeliously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contumelie, from L. contumelia, perh. from con- 'with' + tumere 'to swell'.

**contusion** /kən'tju:zn/ n. Medicine 【医】a bruise 挫伤

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **contuse** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., from L. contusio(n-), from contundere, from con- 'together' + tundere 'to beat, thump'.

**conundrum** /kə'nandrəm/ n. (pl. conundrums) a confusing and difficult problem or question 疑难问题 a riddle 谜语
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'a crank or pedant') : of unknown origin.

**conurbation** / konǝ'beıfn/ n. an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of a central city(由中心城市的郊区及卫星城镇构成的)大都市地区,复合城市
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from con- + L. urbs, urb- 'city' + -ATION.

**conure** /'konjuə(r)/ n. a Central and South American parakeet, typically green with patches of other colours 鹦哥 [Aratinga, Pyrrhura, and other genera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. conurus (former genus name), from Gk kōnos 'cone' + oura 'tail'.

**conus** /'kǝunəs/ n. (pl. coni /-na1/) Anatomy 【解】 1 (also 亦作 **conus arteriosus** /a: tıǝri'ǝusəs/) the upper front part of the right ventricle of the heart 动脉圆锥 2 (also亦作 **conus medullaris** / medə'la:rıs/) the conical lower extremity of the spinal cord 脊髓圆锥
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'cone'.

**convalesce** / konvǝ'les/ v. gradually recover one's health after an illness or medical treatment康复,恢复
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. convalescere, from con-'altogether' + valescere 'grow strong'.

**convalescent** / kpnvə'lesnt/ adj. recovering from an illness or medical treatment 康复的,恢复的 ■n. a convalescent person 康复期病人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convalescence** n.

**convection** /kən'vek∫n/ n. transference of mass or heat within a fluid caused by the tendency of warmer and less dense material to rise 对流
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convect** v. **convectional** adj. **convective** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L. convectio(n-), from L. convehere, from con- 'together' + vehere 'carry'.

**convector** /kən'vektə(r)/ n. a heating appliance that circulates warm air by convection 对流加热器;换流器

**convenance** /'konvǝna:ns/ (also 亦作 **convenances**) n. archaic 【古】 conventional propriety 传统规矩,传统礼节
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from convenir 'be fitting', from L. convenire (see见 convene).

**convene** /kən'vi:n/ v. come or bring together for a meeting or activity(为会议、活动)聚集,集合;召集,组织(会议或活动)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convenable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. convenire 'assemble, agree, fit', from con- 'together' + venire 'come'.

**convener** /kən'vi:nə(r)/ (also 亦作 **convenor**) n. 1 a person who convenes meetings of a committee 会议召集人 2 Brit. 【英】 a senior trade union official at a workplace(工厂、车间等地的)工会高级负责人

**convenience** /kən'vi:niǝns/n. 1 freedom from effort or difficulty方便,便利 a useful or helpful device or situation 便利设施;便利处境 2 Brit. 【英】 a public toilet 公共厕所
-PHRASES 短语 **at one's convenience** when or where it suits one 在某人方便的时候(或地点) **at one's earliest convenience** as soon as one can without difficulty 方便的时候尽早
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conveniency** n. (rare【罕】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. convenientia, from convenient-, convenire (see见 CONVENE).

**convenience food** n. a food that has been preprepared commercially and so requires little preparation by the consumer 方便食品

**convenience store** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a small local shop with extended opening hours 便利店

**convenient** /kən'vi:niənt/ adj. fitting in well with a person's needs, activities, and plans合适的,方便的
> (**convenient for**) offering easy access to 近便的,易于到达的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conveniently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. convenient-, convenire (see见 CONVENE).

**convenor** /kən'vi:nə(r)/ n. variant spelling of CONVENER * convener的另一种拼法

**convent** /'konvənt/ n. a Christian community of nuns living under monastic vows(基督教的)女修道会,修女院 (also 亦作 **convent school**) a school attached to and run by a convent女子修道学校,修女学校
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. conventus 'assembly, company', from convenire (see见 CONVENE).

**conventicle** /kən'ventıkl/ n. historical 【史义】 a secret or unlawful religious meeting, typically of nonconformists(尤指非国教徒举行的)秘密(或非法)宗教集会
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conventiculum '(place of) assembly', dimin. of conventus 'assembly, company', from convenire (see见 CONVENE).

**convention** /kən'venfn/ n. 1 a way in which something is usually done惯例,常规 socially acceptable behaviour 社会行为准则 2 an agreement between states, especially one less formal than a treaty 国际公约,国际协定 3 a large meeting, especially of members of a political party or a profession(尤指政党或专业人士举行的)大会,会议 N. Amer.【北美】 an assembly of the delegates of a political party to select candidates for office (决定候选人提名的)政党代表大会 a body set up by agreement to deal with a particular issue (根据协议成立的处理特定事宜的)机构 historical【史义】 a meeting of Parliament without a summons from the sovereign 非君主召集的议会会议,非常议会会议 4 Bridge【桥牌】 a bid or system of bidding by which the bidder tries to convey specific information

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about the hand to their partner, as opposed to seeking to win the auction 约定,特约(叫牌)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. conventio(n-) 'meeting, covenant', from convenire(see 见 CONVENE).

**conventional** /kən'venfǝnl/ adj. 1 based on or in accordance with convention 惯例的,常规的
> overly concerned with convention 因循守旧的,墨守成规的 2 (of weapons or power) non-nuclear(武器或动力)常规的,非核的 3 Bridge 【桥牌】(of a bid) intended to convey a particular meaning according to an agreed convention(叫牌)约定(式)的 Often contrasted with 常对照 NATURAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conventionalism** n. **conventionalist** n. **conventionality** n. **conventionalize** or **conventionalise** v. **conventionally** adv.

**conventioneer** /kən,venfə'nıǝ(r)/ n. N. Amer.【北美】 a person attending a convention 与会者

**conventual** /kən'ventfuǝl/ adj. relating or belonging to a convent 修道院的;修女院的,隐修的
> relating to the less strict order of the Franciscans, living in large convents 方济各会的 ■n. a person who lives in or is a member of a convent 住在修道院中的人;修女;修士
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. conventualis, from L. conventus (see见 CONVENT).

**converge** /kən'v3:d3/ v. 1 come together from different directions so as eventually to meet 会合,聚集
> (**converge on/upon**) come from different directions and meet at 交汇于,汇集于 2 Mathematics【数】(of a series) approximate in the sum of its terms towards a definite limit 收敛
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. convergere, from con-'together' + L. vergere 'incline'.

**convergent** /kən'v3:dznt/ adj. 1 coming closer together; converging 会聚的,相交的 2 Biology【生物】(of unrelated animals and plants) showing a tendency to evolve superficially similar characteristics under similar environmental conditions 趋同进化的,趋同的 3 Psychology 【心理】(of thought) tending to follow well-established patterns(思想)辐合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convergence** n. **convergency** n.

**conversant** /kən'v3:snt/ adj. (often 常用 conversant with) familiar with or knowledgeable about something 熟悉的,精通的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conversance** n. **conversancy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., pres. part. of converser (see见 CONVERSE¹).

**conversation** / konvǝ'serfn/ n. a spoken exchange of news and ideas between people交谈,谈话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conversational** adj. **conversationally** adv.

**conversationalist** / konvǝ'seı fənəlist/ n. a person who is good at or fond of engaging in conversation 健谈者,喜欢交谈的人

**conversation piece** n. 1 a type of genre painting in which groups of figures are posed in a landscape or domestic setting(以山水或家庭作背景的)人物风俗画 2 an object whose unusual quality makes it a topic of conversation(因不同寻常而)可作话题的东西,话题

**conversazione** / konvǝsætsi'ǝuner/ n. (pl. conversaziones or **conversazioni** /-ni/) a scholarly social gathering held for discussion of literature and the arts(文学、艺术)学术座谈会
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from L. conversatio, from conversari (see见 CONVERSE¹).

**converse**¹ v. /kən'v3:s/ engage in conversation 交谈,谈话 ■n. /'kpnv3:s/ archaic 【古】 conversation 交谈,谈话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **converser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'live among, be familiar with'): from OFr. converser, from L. conversari 'keep company (with)', from con- 'with' + versare, frequentative of vertere 'to turn'.

**converse**² /'kpnv3:s/ n. a situation, fact, or statement that is the opposite of another 反面情况;反面事实,反面说法 Mathematics 【数】a theorem whose hypothesis and conclusion are the conclusion and hypothesis of another 逆命题 ■adj. opposite 相反的,反向的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conversely** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. conversus 'turned about', past part. of convertere (see见 CONVERT).

**conversion** /kən'v3:fn/ n. 1 the process of converting or of being converted 转换;转变;转化
> Brit. 【英】 a building that has been converted to a new purpose 改建的房屋
> Law【律】 the changing of real property into personalty, or of joint into separate property, or vice versa转化;转换 2 Rugby【英橄】a successful kick at goal after a try(达阵后)追加射门得分 American Football 【美橄】 an act of converting a touchdown or a down 拿到达阵附加分;拿到首攻 3 Psychiatry 【精神】the manifestation of a mental disturbance as a physical disorder or disease 转化 4 Law【律】 the action of wrongfully dealing with goods in a manner inconsistent with the owner's rights 侵占
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. conversio(n-), from convers-, convertere (see见 CONVERT).

**conversion factor** n. 1 an arithmetical multiplier for converting a quantity expressed in one set of units into an equivalent expressed in another 转换因子 2 Economics【经】 the manufacturing cost of a product relative to the cost of raw materials 加工成本

**convert** v. /kən'v3:t/ 1 change or cause to change in form, character, or function 改变;(使)转变;(使)转换 change (money, stocks, or units in which a quantity is expressed) into others of a different kind兑换(货币、股票);换算,折算(单位)
> adapt (a building) to make it suitable for a new purpose 改建(房屋) 2 change one's religious faith or other belief 改变宗教信仰(或其他信仰) 3 Logic【逻】transpose the subject and predicate of (a proposition) according to certain rules to form a

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new proposition by inference 使换位 4 Rugby 【英橄】 score extra points after (a try) by a successful kick at goal 在(达阵)后追加射门
> American Football【美橄】make an extra score after (a touchdown) by kicking a goal or running another play into the end zone 拿到(达阵)的附加分 American Football 【美橄】 advance the ball far enough after (a down) to get another try for a first down在(一档进攻)后拿到首攻 ■n. /'kpnv3:t/ a person who has changed their religious faith or other belief 皈依者,改变(宗教)信仰者
-PHRASES 短语 **convert something to one's own use** Law【律】 wrongfully make use of another's property 非法挪用(他人财产)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. convertir, based on L. convertere 'turn about'.

**converter** /kən'v3:tə(r)/ (also 亦作 **convertor**) n. 1 a person or thing that converts something 转变…的人,转换者;转换器 2 a retort used in steelmaking 转炉

**converter reactor** n. a nuclear reactor that converts fertile material into fissile material 转换(反应)堆

**convertible** /kən'v3:təbl/ adj. 1 able to be converted 可转换的;可转化的 (of currency) able to be converted, especially into gold or US dollars (货币)可兑换的(尤指兑换为黄金或美元的) (of a bond or stock) able to be converted into ordinary or preference shares(债券或证券)可转换(为普通股或优先股)的 2 (of a car) having a folding or detachable roof (汽车)有折叠(或可拆卸)车篷的 3 Logic【逻】(of terms) synonymous(词语)同义的 ■n. 1 a convertible car 折篷车,敞篷车 2 a convertible bond or stock 可转换证券,可转换债券;可转换股票
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convertibility** n.

**convex** /'konveks/ adj. having an outline or surface curved like the exterior of a circle or sphere凸出的,凸面的 Compare with 比较 CONCAVE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convexity** n. **convexly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. convexus 'vaulted, arched'.

**convey** /kən'vei/ v. 1 transport or carry to a place 载送,运输 2 communicate (an idea, impression, or feeling)传达,表达(思想、感想或感觉) 3 Law【律】 transfer the title to (property)转让(财产)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conveyable** adj. **conveyor** (also 亦作 **conveyer**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'escort'; cf. CONVOY) : from OFr. conveier, from med. L. conviare, from con- 'together' + L. via 'way'.

**conveyance** /kən'verəns/ n. 1 the action or process of conveying 运输;表达 2 formal or humorous 【正式或幽】a vehicle 运输工具 3 the legal process of transferring property from one owner to another 财产(权)转移
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conveyancer** n. **conveyancing** n.

**conveyor belt** n. a continuous moving band of flexible material for transporting objects from one part of a building to another 带式运输机

**convict** v. /kən'vıkt/ declare to be guilty of a criminal offence by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law 宣判…有罪 ■n. /'konvikt/ a person convicted of a criminal offence and serving a sentence of imprisonment 已决犯,服刑犯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. convict-, convincere (see 见 CONVINCE).

**conviction** /kən'vıkjn/ n. 1 an instance of formally being found guilty of a criminal offence in a court of law 定罪,有罪判决 2 a firmly held belief or opinion 坚定信念 the quality of showing that one is firmly convinced of something 说服力

**convince** /kən'vıns/ v. cause to believe firmly in the truth of something 使确信,使信服 persuade to do something说服…(做某事) [as adj. 作形容词 **convinced**] firm in one's belief with regard to a particular cause 坚定的: a convinced pacifist 坚定的和平主义者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convincer** n. **convincible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. convincere, from con-'with' + vincere 'conquer'; cf. CONVICT.
> USAGE 用法说明
> Some traditionalists deplore the use of convince to mean persuade, as in she convinced my father to branch out on his own, maintaining that convince should be reserved for situations in which someone's belief is changed but no action is taken as a result, while persuade should be used for situations in which action results. In practice this use is well established.一些传统主义者强烈反对用 convince 来表示“说服…(做某事)”,例如:she convinced my father to branch out on his own. 她说服我父亲分离出来独立经营。他们坚持认为 convince 只可用来表示某人的信念已改变,但并未采取行动,而 persuade 则用来表示已采取相应的行动。实际上,convince 这一用法已被广泛接受。

**convincing** /kən'vınsıŋ/ adj. 1 able to convince 有说服力的,使人信服的 2 (of a victory or winner) leaving no margin of doubt(胜利或获胜者)毫无悬念的,确定无疑的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convincingly** adv.

**convivial** /kən'vıviəl/ adj. (of an atmosphere or event) friendly, lively, and enjoyable(气氛或事件)友好的,欢快的,令人愉快的 cheerful and sociable 活泼开朗的;好交际的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **conviviality** n. **convivially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'fit for a feast'): from L. convivialis, from convivium 'a feast'.

**convocation** /konvə'kerfn/n. 1 (in the Church of England) a representative assembly of clergy of the province of Canterbury or York(英格兰国教会中坎特伯雷或约克教区的)教牧人员代表会议 2 Brit.【英】 a legislative or deliberative assembly of a university 大学评议会(负责章程制定、事务审议) N. Amer. 【北美】a formal ceremony for the conferment of university awards(大学的)授奖典礼,授奖仪式 3

<557>
the action of convoking a large formal assembly (正式大会的)召集
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convocational** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. convocatio(n-), from Arconvocare (see见 CONVOKE).

**convoke** /kən'vǝuk/v. formal 【正式】 call together (an assembly or meeting)召集(集会或会议)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. convocare.

**convoluted** /konvǝ'l(j)u:tıd/ adj. 1 (especially of an argument, story, or sentence) extremely complex(尤指论点、情节或句子)错综复杂的,晦涩难懂的 2 chiefly technical 【主技】intricately folded, twisted, or coiled 折叠的;卷曲的;盘绕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convolutedly** adv.

**convolution** /konvǝ'lu:fn/ n. 1 a coil or twist 盘绕;卷曲 a sinuous fold in the surface of the brain 脑回 the state of being or process of becoming coiled or twisted盘绕;卷曲 2 a complex thing 复杂的事物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convolutional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. convolutio(n-), from convolvere (see见 CONVOLVE).

**convolve** /kən'vplv/v. rare 【罕】 roll or coil together 盘绕;卷曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'enclose in folds') : from L. convolvere 'roll together'.

**convolvulus** /kən'volvjuləs/ n. (pl. convolvuluses) a twining plant with trumpet-shaped flowers, some kinds of which are invasive weeds; bindweed 旋花 [Genus Convolvulus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'bindweed', from convolvere (see见 • CONVOLVE).

**convoy** /'kDnVǝı/ n. a group of ships or vehicles travelling together and accompanied by armed troops or warships for protection 受护舰队;受护车队 ■v. (of a warship or armed troops) accompany (a group of ships or vehicles) for protection(军舰或部队)为…护航,护送
-PHRASES 短语 **in convoy** (of travelling vehicles) as a group(旅行车队)同行,结伴
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. Scots, in the senses 'convey', 'conduct', and 'act as escort'): from Fr. convoyer, from med. L. conviare (see见 CONVEY).

**convulsant** /kən'vals(ə)nt/ adj. (chiefly of drugs) producing convulsions(主要指药物)引起惊厥的,引起抽搐的 ■n. a convulsant drug 致惊厥药
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from convulser, from L. convuls-, convellere (see见 CONVULSE).

**convulse** /kən'vals/ v. suffer convulsions 惊厥,抽搐
> (of an emotion or physical stimulus) cause to make sudden, violent, uncontrollable movements (情绪或物理刺激)使痉挛,使抖动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **convulsive** adj. **convulsively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. convuls-, convellere 'pull violently, wrench'.

**convulsion** /kən'valfn/ n. 1 a sudden, violent, irregular movement of the body caused by involuntary contraction of muscles 惊厥,抽搐 2 (**convulsions**) uncontrollable laughter 狂笑,大笑 3 a violent social or natural upheaval(社会的)大骚乱;(自然界的)剧变

**cony** /'kǝuni/ n. (pl. conies) variant spelling of CONEY. * coney 的另一种拼法

**coo**¹ /ku:/v. (coos, cooing, cooed) 1 (of a pigeon or dove) make a soft murmuring sound(鸽子)咕咕叫,发咕咕声 2 speak in a soft gentle voice 低声轻语 ■n. a cooing sound 咕咕声;轻柔低语声
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: imitative.

**coo**² /ku:/exclam. Brit. informal【英,非正式】used to express surprise(表示惊讶)哇
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: imitative.

**co-occur** v. occur together or simultaneously 一起发生,同时发生
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-occurrence** n.

**cooee** /'ku:i:/ informal 【非正式】 ■exclam. used to attract attention(用来引起注意)喂 ■v. (cooees, cooeeing, cooeed) make such a call 发出“喂”的声音(打招呼)
-PHRASES 短语 **within cooee** Austral./NZ【澳新】 within reach附近的;触手可及的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: imitative of a signal used by Australian Aboriginals and copied by settlers.

**cook** /kuk/ v. 1 prepare (food) by mixing, combining, and heating the ingredients 烹调(食物);做(饭菜) (of food) be heated so as to reach an edible state(食物)被烧煮,在烹调中 2 informal 【非正式】alter dishonestly 篡改 (**cook something up**) concoct a clever or devious story, excuse, or plan 捏造,编造 3 (**be cooking**) informal 【非正式】 be happening or planned 发生;计划中 4 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】perform or proceed vigorously or very well 干得起劲;干得好 ■n. a person who cooks, especially as a job 烹调者,(尤指)厨师
-PHRASES 短语 **cook someone's goose** informal 【非正式】spoil someone's plans 破坏某人的计划
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cookable** adj. **cooking** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cōc(n.), from pop. L. cocus, from L. coquus.

**cookbook** /'kukbuk/ n. a cookery book 烹饪书,菜谱

**cook-chill** adj. Brit. 【英】relating to or denoting a procedure whereby food is cooked and refrigerated by the manufacturer ready for reheating by the consumer(食品)烹饪后速冻的,速冻的

**cooker** /'kukə(r)/ n. Brit. 【英】 1 an appliance for cooking food, typically consisting of an oven, hob, and grill 厨具,炊具 2 informal【非正式】 an apple or other fruit more suitable for cooking than for eating raw 宜煮食而非生吃的水果

**cookery** /'kukəri/ n. (pl. cookeries) 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】the practice or skill of preparing and cooking food烹调;厨艺 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a kitchen 厨房

**cookhouse** /'kukhaus/n. a building used for cooking, especially on a ranch or military camp(尤

<558>
指农场或军营的)厨房,伙房

**cookie** /'kuki/ n. (pl. cookies) 1 N. Amer.【北美】 a sweet biscuit 甜饼干,曲奇饼 2 informal【非正式】 a person of a specified kind 某种人: She's a tough cookie. 她是块硬骨头。3 Scottish 【苏格兰】 a plain bun 淡面包 4 Computing 【计】 a packet of data sent by an Internet server to a browser and used to identify the user or track their access to the server 小甜饼(因特网服务器发送到联网用户计算机上的一个数据包,用于识别用户身份或追踪其网络使用信息)
-PHRASES 短语 **that's the way the cookie crumbles** informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】that's the situation, and it must be accepted, however undesirable 事情就这样了
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Du. koekje 'little cake', dimin. of koek.

**cookie cutter** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 1 a device with sharp edges for cutting biscuit dough into a particular shape 饼干成型切割刀 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting something mass-produced or lacking any distinguishing characteristics 批量生产的;千篇一律的

**cookout** /'kukaut/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】a party or gathering where a meal is cooked and eaten outdoors 野餐

**cookshop** /'kukſpp/ n. archaic 【古】 a shop where cooked food is sold 熟食店

**Cook's tour** n. informal 【非正式】 a rapid tour of many places 走马观花的旅行
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from the name of the English travel agent Thomas Cook.

**cooktop** /'kuktop/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】a cooking unit with hot plates or burners, built into or fixed on the top of a cabinet or other surface 炉灶面

**cookware** /'kukweə(r)/ n. pots, pans, or dishes in which food can be cooked 烹饪用具;炊具

**cool** /ku:l/ adj. 1 of or at a fairly low temperature 温度低的,凉的 (especially of clothing) keeping one from becoming too hot (尤指衣服)凉快的 2 not excited, anxious, or emotional沉着的,冷静的
> unfriendly or unenthusiastic冷淡的,冷漠的 (of jazz) restrained and relaxed(爵士乐)舒缓的,放松的 3 informal 【非正式】fashionably attractive or impressive 时髦的,酷的 excellent 极好的,绝妙的
> used to express acceptance or agreement(用以表示接受或同意)好的,不错 4 (**a cool**) informal【非正式】 used to emphasize the size of a sum of money(强调钱的数额)整整的,不折不扣的: They pocketed a cool $1 million each. 他们每人都赚了整整一百万美元。 ■n. 1 (**the cool**) a cool temperature, place, or time 凉爽,凉爽的地方,凉爽的时间 2 calmness; composure 平静;镇静 ■v. 1 become or make less hot(使)变凉,(使)冷却 2 become less emotional or enthusiastic(使)冷静;(使)平静 3 (**cool out**) chiefly W. Indian 【主西印】relax 放松: a dreamy spot where you could cool out and detox 一个你可以放松和进行戒毒治疗的理想地点
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coolish** adj. **coolly** adv. **coolness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE col(n.), cōlian (v.), of Gmc origin; rel. to COLD.

**coolant** /'ku:lənt/ n. a fluid used to cool an engine, nuclear reactor, or other device冷却介质,冷却剂
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from COOL, on the pattern of lubricant.

**cooler** /'ku:lə(r)/ n. 1 a device or container for keeping things cool 冷却器;冷藏箱 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a long drink, especially a mixture of wine, fruit juice, and soda water 大杯饮料(尤指葡萄酒、果汁、苏打水的混合物) 3 (**the cooler**) informal【非正式】 prison or a prison cell 监狱;牢房

**coolibah** /'ku:lıba:/ n. a North Australian gum tree which typically grows near watercourses and yields very strong, hard wood 小套桉 [Eucalyptus microtheca.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Kamilaroi (and related languages) gulubaa.

**coolie** /'ku:li/ n. (pl. coolies) 1 dated 【过时】an unskilled native labourer in India, China, and some other Asian countries(印度、中国或其他一些亚洲国家的)当地壮工,苦力 2 offensive 【冒】 a person from South Asia or of Indian descent 南亚人,印度后裔
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Hindi and Telugu kūlī 'day labourer', prob. assoc. with Urdu kuli 'slave'.

**coolie hat** n. a broad conical hat as worn by labourers in some Asian countries 苦力帽,斗笠

**cooling tower** n. a tall, open-topped, cylindrical concrete tower, used for cooling water or condensing steam from an industrial process 冷却塔

**coolth** /ku:10/ n. 1 pleasantly low temperature 凉爽 2 informal【非正式】 the quality of being fashionable 时尚,酷

**coombe** /ku:m/ (also 亦作 **coomb** /ku:m/) n. variant spelling of COMBE * combe 的另一种拼法

**coon** /ku:n/ n. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】 short for RACCOON * raccoon 的缩略式 2 informal, offensive 【非正式,冒】a black person 黑鬼 [sl. use of sense 1, from an earlier sense' (sly) fellow']

**cooncan** /'ku:nkæn/ n. a card game for two players, originally from Mexico, similar to rummy “和谁对打”牌戏(双人牌戏,源于墨西哥,类似拉米牌戏)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Sp. con quién 'with whom?'

**coonhound** /'ku:nhaund/ n. a dog of a black-and-tan American breed, used to hunt raccoons 猎浣熊犬

**coonskin** /'ku:nskın/ n. the pelt of a raccoon 浣熊毛皮

**coop** /ku:p/ n. 1 a cage or pen for confining poultry 禽舍,笼子 2 Brit.【英】 a basket used in catching fish 捕鱼篓 ■v. (usu. 通常用 **be cooped up**) confine in a small space 禁(在狭小空间)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME cowpe, based on L. cupa; cf. COOPER.

**co-op** /'kǝupp/ n. informal 【非正式】 a cooperative organization 合作社

**cooper** /'ku:pə(r)/ n. a maker or repairer of casks and barrels 制桶匠;箍桶匠 ■v. make or repair (a cask or

<559>
barrel)箍制,修理(桶或盆)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cooperage** n. **coopery** n. (pl. cooperies).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME cowper, from MDu., Mid. Low Ger. kūper, from kūpe 'tub, vat', based on L. cupa.

**cooperate** /kə'ppǝreit/ (also 亦作 **co-operate**) v. work together towards the same end 合作;协作
> help someone or comply with their requests 协助,配合
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cooperant** n. **cooperator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from eccles. L. cooperat-, cooperari 'work together'.

**cooperation** /kǝuppə'reıfn/ (also 亦作 **co-operation**) n. 1 the action or process of cooperating 合作 2 Economics【经】 the formation and operation of cooperatives 合作;合作经营

**cooperative** /kə'ppərətıv/ (also 亦作 **co-operative**) adj. 1 involving cooperation合作的,协助的 2 willing to be of assistance 愿意合作的,配合的 3 (of a farm, business, etc.) owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits(农场、企业等)共有的,合作经营的 ■n. a cooperative organization 合作组织,合作机构
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cooperatively** adv. **cooperativeness** n.

**Cooper pair** /'ku:pǝ/n. Physics 【物】 a loosely bound pair of electrons with opposite spins, held to be responsible for superconductivity 库柏对
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the American physicist Leon N. Cooper.

**co-opt** v. 1 appoint to membership of a committee or other body by invitation of the existing members (现有成员)推举…为新成员 2 divert to a role different from the usual or original one 转换角色 adopt (an idea or policy) for one's own use吸收,接受(观点或原则)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-optation** n. **co-option** n. **co-optive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. cooptare, from co- 'together' + optare 'choose'.

**coordinate** (also 亦作 **co-ordinate**) v. /kə'ɔ:dınert/ 1 bring the different elements of (a complex activity or organization) into an efficient relationship 调节;协调 negotiate with others in order to work together effectively 协调,使相互配合 2 match or harmonize attractively 配套,搭配 3 Chemistry【化】 form a coordinate bond to与…配位,络合 ■adj. /kəu'ɔ:dınǝt/ 1 equal in rank or importance 地位相当的;同等重要的 Grammar 【语法】(of parts of a compound sentence) equal in rank and fulfilling identical functions 并列的 2 Chemistry 【化】 denoting a covalent bond in which one atom provides both the shared electrons 配位的 ■n. /kəu'ɔ:dınət/ 1 Mathematics 【数】 each of a group of numbers used to indicate the position of a point, line, or plane 坐标 2 (**coordinates**) matching items of clothing 配套服装,套装
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coordinative** adj. **coordinator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from co- + L. ordinare (from ordo 'order').

**coordinating conjunction** n. a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank, e.g. and, but, or 并列连词 Contrasted with 比较 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION.

**coordination** /kǝu,ɔ:dr'neın/ (also 亦作 **coordination**) n. 1 the action or process of coordinating 协调;调合 the ability to move different parts of the body smoothly and at the same time(身体各部分的)协调能力 2 Chemistry 【化】 the linking of atoms by coordinate bonds络合;配位

**coot** /ku:t/ n. 1 (pl. same 单复同) an aquatic bird of the rail family with black plumage and a white bill that extends back on to the forehead as a horny shield 白骨顶 [Fulica atra and related species.] 2 (usu. 通常用 **old coot**) informal 【非正式】 a stupid or eccentric person, typically an old man(通常指年老的)傻瓜,怪人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Du. or Low Ger. origin.

**cooter** /'ku:tə(r)/ n. a North American river turtle with yellow stripes on the head 红腹彩龟 [Pseudemys concinna and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**cootie** /'ku:ti/n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a body louse 蝨子
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War: perh. from Malay kutu, denoting a parasitic biting insect.

**co-own** v. own jointly 共同拥有
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-owner** n. **co-ownership** n.

**cop**¹ /kop/informal 【非正式】 ■n. a police officer 警察 ■v. (cops, copping, copped) 1 catch or arrest (an offender)抓获,逮捕(罪犯) 2 incur (something unwelcome)招致,引起(不快之事) 3 (**cop off**) Brit. 【英】 have a sexual encounter 发生性关系 4 (**cop out**) avoid doing something that one ought to do 逃避,回避 5 US【美】 obtain (an illegal drug)得到,弄到(非法药物) 6 N. Amer. 【北美】strike(an attitude or pose)摆出(姿态或姿势) 7 (**cop to**) US 【美】 accept or admit to 接受;承认
-PHRASES 短语 **cop hold of** Brit. 【英】 take hold of 抓住,握住 **cop it** Brit. 【英】 1 get into trouble 惹麻烦 2 be killed 被杀,送命 **cop a plea** N. Amer.【北美】 engage in plea bargaining 承认有罪以求轻判 **not much cop** Brit.【英】 not very good 不太好的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as v.): perh. from obs. cap 'arrest', from OFr. caper 'seize', from L. capere.

**cop**² /kpp/ n. a conical mass of thread wound on to a spindle 管纱;纬管
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: possibly from OE cop 'summit, top'.

**copacetic** /kǝupǝ'setık, -'si:t-/ adj. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 in excellent order有序的;太平的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**copaiba** /kəu'paıbə/ n. an aromatic oil or resin used in medicines and perfumes, obtained from plants of the genus Copaifera 苦配巴油(或香脂)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Port. from Tupi copaiba, Guarani cupaiba.

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**copal** /'kǝupl/ n. resin from any of a number of tropical trees, used to make varnish 柯巴脂(用作制清漆)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Sp. from Nahuatl copalli 'incense'.

**coparcener** /kə'pa:s(ə)nə(r)/ n. English Law 【英格兰律】a person who shares equally with others in the inheritance of an undivided estate or in the rights to it (in the UK now as equitable interests) 连带共同继承人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coparcenary** n. (pl. coparcenaries).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from co- + parcener, legal term for PARTNER.

**co-parent** v. (especially of a separated or unmarried couple) share the duties of bringing up (a child) (尤指已离婚夫妇或未婚男女)共同抚养(孩子) ■n. a person who co-parents a child 共同抚养孩子的人

**co-partner** n. a partner or associate, especially an equal partner in a business(尤指生意中地位平等的)合伙人,合作人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-partnership** n.

**COPD** abbr. Medicine 【医】chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, involving constriction of the airways and difficulty or discomfort in breathing 慢性阻塞性肺疾病

**cope**¹ /kǝup/ v. deal effectively with something difficult(有效地)应对,处理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coper** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'meet in battle, come to blows'): from OFr. coper, colper, from cop, colp 'a blow', via L. from Gk kolaphos 'a blow with the fist'.

**cope**² /kǝup/ n. a long, loose cloak worn by a priest or bishop on ceremonial occasions(牧师或主教在主持仪式时穿的)长袍,法衣 ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **coped**] (in building) cover (a joint or structure) with a coping 给(接合处或建筑物)加顶盖
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. capa, var. of late L. cappa(see见 CAP and CAPE¹).

**copeck** /'kǝupek/ n. variant spelling of KOPEK * kopek 的另一种拼法

**copepod** /'kǝupipod/n. Zoology 【动】 a small or microscopic aquatic crustacean of the large class Copepoda 桡足纲动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Copepoda, from Gk kōpē 'handle, oar' + pous, pod- 'foot' (because of their paddle-like feet).

**Copernican** /kə'p3:nık(ə)n/ adj. relating to the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) or to the Copernican system哥白尼的,哥白尼体系的

**Copernican system** /kə'p3:nık (ǝ)n/ (also 亦作 **Copernican theory**) n. Astronomy 【天文】the theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus that the sun is the centre of the solar system, with the planets (including the earth) orbiting round it 哥白尼体系 Compare with 比较 PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM.

**copernicium** /kəpə'nısiəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 112, a highly unstable substance produced artificially镉(化学元素,原子序数为112,由人工合成,极不稳定)(Symbol符: Cn)
-ORIGIN 词源 C21: from the name of Nicolaus Copernicus + -IUM.

**copiable** /'kopiəbl/ adj. able to be copied, especially legitimately可(合法)复制的

**copier** /'kopiə(r)/ n. a machine that makes exact copies of something 复印机

**co-pilot** n. a second pilot in an aircraft(飞机的)副驾驶员

**coping** /'kǝupıŋ/ n. the top, typically sloping or curved, course of a brick or stone wall 压顶板
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from COPE², orig. meaning 'dress in a cope', hence 'to cover'.

**coping saw** n. a saw with a very narrow blade stretched across a D-shaped frame, used for cutting curves in wood 手弓锯

**coping stone** n. a flat stone forming part of a coping 压顶石

**copious** /'kəupiəs/ adj. abundant in quantity or supply 大量的,充裕的,丰富的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copiously** adv. **copiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. copieux or L. copiosus, from copia 'plenty'.

**copita** /kə'pi:tə/ n. a slim stemmed glass that narrows slightly towards the top, used for sherry (郁金香形状的)雪利酒杯
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., dimin. of copa 'cup', from pop. L. cuppa(see见 CUP).

**coplanar** /kəu'pleınə(r)/ adj. Geometry 【L】 in the same plane 共面的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coplanarity** n.

**copolymer** /kəu'polimə(r)/ n. Chemistry【化】 a polymer made by reaction of two different monomers, with units of more than one kind (二元)共聚物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copolymerization** or **copolymerisation** n. **copolymerize** or **copolymerise** v.

**cop-out** n. informal 【非正式】 an instance of avoiding a commitment or responsibility逃避;放弃(承诺或责任)

**copper**¹ /'kopə(r)/ n. 1 a red-brown metal, the chemical element of atomic number 29, which is a good conductor of electricity and heat and is alloyed to form brass and bronze铜(化学元素,原子序数为29,导电和导热性能良好)(Symbol符: Cu) 2 (**coppers**) Brit. 【英】 coins of low value made of copper or bronze 铜币 3 Brit, dated【英,过时】 a large copper or iron container for boiling laundry(煮衣用的)大铜锅;大铁锅 4 a reddish-brown colour 红棕色 5 a small butterfly with bright reddish-brown wings 灰蝶 [Lycaena phlaeas (**small copper**) and related species.] ■v. cover or coat with copper 给…镀铜,用铜皮包
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coppery** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE copor, coper, based on late L. cuprum, from L. cyprium aes 'Cyprus metal' (so

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named because Cyprus was the chief source).

**copper**² /'kppə(r)/ n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】a police officer 警察
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from COP¹ + -ER¹.

**copperas** /'kpp(ə)rəs/ n. green crystals of hydrated ferrous sulphate, especially as an industrial product (尤指作为工业产品的)硫酸亚铁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME coperose, from OFr. couperose, from med. L. cuperosa, lit. 'flower of copper', from late L. cuprum (see 见 COPPER¹) + rosa 'rose', translating Gk khalkanthon.

**copper beech** n. a beech tree of a variety with purplish-brown leaves 紫叶山毛榉

**copper-bottomed** adj. Brit. 【英】 thoroughly reliable 绝对可靠的
-ORIGIN 词源 orig. referring to the copper sheathing of the bottom of a ship.

**copperhead** /'kopǝhed/ n. a reddish-brown venomous snake 铜头蝮 [Agkistrodon contortrix (N. America) and Austrelaps superbus (Australia).]

**copperplate** /'kopǝpleit/ n. 1 a polished copper plate with a design engraved or etched into it 铜版:铜凹版 2 a style of neat, round handwriting, usually slanted and looped 铜板字体,工整手写体 [the copybooks for this were orig. printed from copperplates.] ■adj. of or in copperplate writing 铜板字体的,以工整手写体写的

**copper pyrites** n. another term for CHALCOPYRITE * chalcopyrite 的另一种说法

**coppersmith** /'kppəsmi/ n. a person who makes things out of copper 铜匠

**copper sulphate** n. a blue crystalline solid used in electroplating and as a fungicide 硫酸铜

**coppice** /'kDpIs/ n. an area of woodland in which the trees or shrubs are periodically cut back to ground level to stimulate growth and provide wood 矮林,灌丛 ■v. cut back (a tree or shrub) in this way 定期修剪(树或灌木)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr.copeiz, based on med. L. colpus(see见COPE¹); cf. COPSE.

**copra** /'kpprǝ/ n. dried coconut kernels, from which oil is obtained 干椰子仁,椰仁干
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Port. and Sp. from Malayalam koppara 'coconut'.

**co-precipitation** n. Chemistry 【化】 the simultaneous precipitation of more than one compound from a solution 共沉淀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-precipitate** v.

**copro-** /'koprǝu/ comb. form relating to dung or faeces 粪的,粪便的: coprophagy 食粪性
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kopros 'dung'.

**coprocessor** /kǝu'prǝusesə(r)/ n. Computing【it】 a microprocessor designed to supplement the capabilities of the primary processor 协处理器

**co-produce** v. produce (a theatrical work or a radio or television programme) jointly 共同制作(戏剧、广播或电视节目)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-producer** n. **co-production** n.

**coprolalia** / koprǝ(u)'leiliə/ n. Psychiatry【精神】 the involuntary and repetitive use of obscene language, as a symptom of mental illness or organic brain disease 秽语症
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kopros 'dung' + lalia 'speech, chatter'.

**coprolite** /'koprǝ(u)lait/ n. Palaeontology 【古生】a piece of fossilized dung 粪化石

**coprophagy** /ko'profǝdzi/ (also 亦作 **coprophagia** /koprǝ(u)'feidziə/) n. Zoology 【动】 the eating of faeces 食粪性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coprophagic** adj. **coprophagous** adj.

**coprophilia** / koprǝ(u)'fıliǝ/ n. abnormal interest and pleasure in faeces and defecation 嗜粪癖

**copse** /kpps/n. a small group of trees 萌生林
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: shortened form of COPPICE.

**cop shop** n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a police station 警察局

**Copt** /kopt/ n. 1 a native Egyptian in the Hellenistic and Roman periods 科普特人(古希腊和古罗马统治时期的埃及人) 2 a member of the Coptic Church, the native Christian Church in Egypt 科普特教会成员
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. Copte or mod. L. Coptus, from Arab. al-kibt, al-kubt 'Copts', from Coptic Gyptios, from Gk Aiguptios 'Egyptian'.

**copter** /'kpptə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】a helicopter 直升机

**Coptic** /'koptik/ n. the language of the Copts, which survives only in the Coptic Church 科普特语 ■adj. relating to the Copts or their language 与科普特人有关的;与科普特语有关的

**copula** /'kopjulə/n. Logic & Grammar【逻,语法】a connecting word, in particular a form of the verb be connecting a subject and complement 系词
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copular** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'connection, linking of words', from co- 'together' + apere 'fasten'.

**copulate** /'kopjulert/ v. have sexual intercourse 性交,交媾
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copulation** n. **copulatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. copulat-, copulare 'fasten together', from copula (see见 COPULA).

**copulative** /'kopjulətıv/ adj. 1 Grammar【语法】(of a word) connecting words or clauses linked in sense 系词的
> connecting a subject and predicate 连接主谓的 2 relating to sexual intercourse 性交的,交媾的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copulatively** adv.

**copy** /'kppi/ n. (pl. copies) 1 a thing made to be similar or identical to another 仿制物;复制品 2 a single specimen of a particular book, record, etc. 一册;一本;一份 3 matter to be printed 印样,印件
> material for a newspaper or magazine article(报刊的)题材 ■v. (copies, copying, copied) 1 make a copy of 仿制;复制 (**copy someone in**) send someone a copy of an email that is addressed to a third party 抄送某人(让其看到发给第三方的电子邮件)

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2 imitate the behaviour or style of 模仿,仿效
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. copie (n.), copier (v.), from L. copia 'abundance' (in med. L. 'transcript', from such phrs as copiam describendi facere 'give permission to transcribe').

**copybook** /'kopibuk/ n. a book containing models of handwriting for learners to imitate习字簿,描红簿,字帖 ■adj. exactly in accordance with established standards 典范的,模范的

**copycat** /'kopikæt/ n. informal 【非正式】 a person who copies another, especially slavishly 模仿者;抄袭者
> [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting an action, typically a crime, carried out in imitation of another (行为,一般指罪行)效仿的,模仿的

**copy-edit** v. edit (text) by checking its consistency and accuracy编辑,修改(稿件)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copy editor** n.

**copyhold** /'kopihǝuld/n. Brit. historical【英,史义】 tenure of land based on manorial records 公簿保有地产权

**copyholder** /'kopi,həldə(r)/ n. 1 Brit. historical【英,史义】a person who held land in copyhold 公簿地产保有人 2 a clasp or stand for holding sheets of text while it is keyed or typed 原稿夹;原稿架

**copyist** /'kopirst/ n. 1 a person who makes copies 抄写员,誊写员 2 a person who imitates the styles of others, especially in art(尤指艺术上的)复制者,模仿者

**copyleft** /'kppileft/ n. Computing 【计】an arrangement whereby software or artistic work may be used and distributed freely on condition that anything derived from it is bound by the same conditions 著作权,版权开放(允许计算机软件或艺术作品被自由使用和散布,但要求由此所产生的衍生作品均需遵循同样的授权方式)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copylefted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: after COPYRIGHT.

**copyread** /'kopiri:d/ v. read and edit (text) for a newspaper, magazine, or book 阅读和编辑(报刊或书本的文章);对…做文字编辑工作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copyreader** n.

**copyright** /'kopirait/ n. the exclusive and assignable legal right, given to the originator for a fixed number of years, to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material 版权,著作权 a particular literary, artistic, or musical work that is covered by copyright 享有版权的作品 ■v. secure copyright for 为…取得版权

**copyright library** n. a library entitled to a free copy of each book published in the UK(英国的)版本图书馆

**copy typist** n. a person whose job is to type transcripts of written drafts 文本打字员

**copywriter** /'kopi,raitə(r)/ n. a person who writes the text of advertisements or publicity material (广告或宣传材料的)文字撰稿人,文案
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **copywriting** n.

**coq au vin** / kpk ǝu 'væn/ n. a casserole of chicken pieces cooked in red wine 红酒焖子鸡
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'cock in wine'.

**coquette** /kp'ket/ n. 1 a flirtatious woman 卖弄风情的女子 2 a crested Central and South American hummingbird 冠蜂鸟 [Lophornis and other genera.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coquetry** n. **coquettish** adj. **coquettishly** adv. **coquettishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., fem. of coquet 'wanton', dimin. of coq 'cock'.

**coquina** /ko'ki:nə/ n. 1 a soft limestone of broken shells, used in road-making in the Caribbean and Florida(加勒比地区和美国佛罗里达用于筑路的)介壳灰岩 2 a small American bivalve mollusc with a wedge-shaped shell 斧蛤 [Donax variabilis and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., lit. 'cockle', based on L. concha(see见 CONCH).

**coquito** /kp'ki:tǝu/ n. (pl. coquitos) a thick-trunked Chilean palm tree which yields large amounts of sweet sap and fibre 智利蜜棕 [Jubaea chilensis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., dimin. of coco 'coconut'.

**Cor.** abbr. 1 US 【美】 coroner 2 /kə'rın diǝnz/ Epistle to the Corinthians (in biblical references)《哥林多书(前、后)》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**cor** /ko:(r)/ exclam. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 expressing surprise, excitement, admiration, or alarm 老天爷(表示惊讶、兴奋、羡慕、惊慌等)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: alt. of GOD.

**cor-** /kp/prefix variant spelling of com- assimilated before r (as in corrode, corrugate) * com-的另一种拼法 (m在r音前同化为r,如 corrode, corrugate)

**coracle** /'kərəkl/ n. (especially in Wales and Ireland) a small round boat made of wickerwork covered with a watertight material, propelled with a paddle 科拉科尔小船(用柳条造的涂有防水材料的圆形小船,用短浆划行,尤用于威尔士和爱尔兰)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Welsh corwgl, cwrwgl, rel. to Sc. Gaelic and Ir. curach 'small boat'; cf. CURRACH.

**coracoid** /'kərəkəıd/ (also 亦作 **coracoid process**) n. Anatomy 【解】 a short projection from the shoulder blade in mammals, to which part of the biceps is attached 喙骨
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. coracoides, from Gk korakoeidēs 'raven-like', from korax 'raven' (because of the resemblance to a raven's beak).

**coral** /'kprəl/ n. 1 a hard stony substance secreted by certain colonial marine animals as an external skeleton, typically forming large reefs 珊瑚
> precious red coral, used in jewellery 红珊瑚(用作珠宝首饰) 2 the pinkish-red colour of red coral 珊瑚红,粉红色 3 an anthozoan of a large group including those that form coral reefs, secreting a calcareous, horny, or soft skeleton 珊瑚虫 [Orders Scleractinia or Madreporaria (the reef-forming **stony corals**), Alcyonacea (**soft corals**), and Gorgonacea (**horny corals**).] 4 the edible unfertilized roe of a lobster or scallop, reddening

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when cooked龙虾卵;扇贝卵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coralloid** adj. (chiefly Biology & Zoology 【主生物和动】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. corallum, from Gk korallion, kouralion.

**Corallian** /kp'ræliǝn/ adj. Geology 【地质】 denoting an age in the Upper Jurassic period when extensive coral-derived limestone deposits were laid down 牛津期的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. corallium 'coral' + -AN.

**coralline** /'korǝlam/ adj. 1 Geology 【地质】 derived or formed from coral 珊瑚的;珊瑚虫的 2 resembling coral in colour or form珊瑚色的;珊瑚状的 ■n. a branching reddish seaweed with a calcareous jointed stem 珊瑚藻 [Corallina officinalis and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: the adjective from Fr. corallin or late L. corallinus, the noun from Ital. corallina, dimin. of corallo 'coral', both based on L. corallum 'coral'.

**corallite** /'korǝlait/n. Palaeontology 【古生】the cup-like calcareous skeleton of a single coral polyp 珊瑚个体 a fossil coral 珊瑚化石

**coralroot** /'kərəlru:t/ n. 1 a leafless saprophytic orchid with inconspicuous flowers 珊瑚兰 [Genus Corallorhiza: several species.]
> another term for cockscomb (sense 3) * cockscomb (释义3)的另一种说法 2 (also 亦作 **coralroot bittercress**) a woodland plant with purple flowers and bud-like swellings at the base of the stem 鳞叶碎米荠 [Cardamine bulbifera.]

**coral snake** n. a brightly banded venomous snake of the cobra family 珊瑚蛇 [Micrurus and other genera: numerous species.]

**coral tree** n. a tropical or subtropical thorny shrub or tree with showy red or orange flowers 刺桐 [Genus Erythrina.]

**cor anglais** /kɔ:r 'angler, 'ongler/ n. (pl. cors anglais pronunc. same单复发音同) an alto woodwind instrument of the oboe family, having a bulbous bell and sounding a fifth lower than the oboe 英国管
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'English horn'.

**corbel** /'kɔ:beil/ n. a projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it 牛腿,梁托,托臂 ■v. (corbels, corbelling, corbelled; US【美】 corbels, corbeling, corbeled) [often as adj. 常作形容词 **corbelled**] support on corbels 给…装牛腿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., dimin. of corp 'crow', from L. corvus 'raven'.

**corbel table** n. a projecting course of bricks or stones resting on corbels 挑出面层

**corbicula** /kɔ:'bıkjulə/ n. (pl. corbiculae /-li:/) Entomology【昆】 another term for POLLEN BASKET * pollen basket 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from late L.

**corbie** /'ko:bi/ n. (pl. corbies) Scottish 【苏格兰】a raven, crow, or rook渡鸟;鸦;秃鼻乌鸦
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. corb, var. of corp (see 见 CORBEL).

**cord** /kɔ:d/n. 1 thin string or rope made from several twisted strands细绳,索,带 a length of cord 一段细绳 2 (also亦作 **chord**) an anatomical structure resembling a cord (e.g. the spinal cord)(人 体内的)索状(或带状)结构 3 an electric flex 电线 4 **corduroy** 灯芯绒 (**cords**) corduroy trousers 灯芯绒裤子 5 a measure of cut wood (usually 128 cu. ft, 3.62 cubic metres) 考得(木材的层积单位,一般为128 立方英尺,即3.62立方米) ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **corded**] attach a cord to 用绳连接;用绳捆扎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cording** n. **cord-like** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. corde, from L. chorda, from Gk khordē 'gut, string of a musical instrument'.

**cordage** /'kɔ:dıd3/ n. cords or ropes, especially in a ship's rigging 绳,索(尤指船的张帆索)

**cordate** /'kɔ:dert/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 heart-shaped 心形的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'wise'): from L. cordatus 'wise' (in mod. L. 'heart-shaped'), from cor, cord- 'heart'.

**corded** /'kɔ:did/ adj. 1 (of cloth) ribbed(布料)有凸纹的;有棱的 2 (of a muscle) tensed and standing out(肌肉)绷紧鼓起的 3 equipped with a cord or flex 有绳的;有线的

**Cordelier** /kɔ:də'lıə(r)/ n. a Franciscan Observant 圣方济各会修士
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from cordelle 'small rope', dimin. of corde (see见 CORD), from the knotted cord worn by the Cordeliers around the waist.

**cordgrass** /'kɔ:dgra:s/n. a coarse wiry coastal grass which is used to stabilize mudflats 大米草 [Genus Spartina.]

**cordial** /'kɔ:diəl/ adj. 1 warm and friendly 热情友好的 2 strongly felt由衷的,深有所感的: cordial loathing 极度的厌恶 ■n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a sweet fruit-flavoured drink 果味甜饮料 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 another term for LIQUEUR * liqueur 的另一种说法 3 a pleasant-tasting medicine 不太难吃的药
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cordiality** n. **cordially** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. cordialis, from L. cor, cord- 'heart'.

**cordierite** /'kɔ:diǝrart/ n. a dark blue mineral consisting of an aluminosilicate of magnesium and iron 堇青石
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French geologist Pierre L. A. Cordier.

**cordillera** /kɔ:dı'ljeǝrǝ/ n. a system or group of parallel mountain ranges together with the intervening plateaux and other features, especially in the Andes or the Rocky Mountains(尤指安第斯山脉和落基山脉的)雁列山脉
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Sp., from cordilla, dimin. of cuerda 'cord', from L. chorda (see见CORD).

**cordite** /'kɔ:dart/ n. a smokeless explosive made from nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and petroleum

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jelly 柯达无烟药;无烟线状火药;无烟硝化甘油火药
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CORD (because of its appearance) + -ITE¹.

**cordless** /'kɔ:dləs/ adj. (of an electrical appliance or telephone) working without connection to a mains supply or central unit(电器或电话)无绳的

**cordoba** /'kɔ:dəbə/ n. the basic monetary unit of Nicaragua, equal to 100 centavos 科多巴(尼加拉瓜基本货币单位,1科多巴=100分)
-ORIGIN 词源 named after F. Fernández de Córdoba, a 16th cent. Spanish governor of Nicaragua.

**cordon** /'kɔ:d(ə)n/ n. 1 a line or circle of police, soldiers, or guards preventing access to or from a place 警戒线;哨兵线;包围圈 2 a fruit tree trained to grow as a single stem(果树)单干形 3 Architecture【建】 another term for STRING COURSE * string course 的另一种说法 ■v. (**cordon something off**) prevent access to or from a place by means of a cordon(设置警戒线)围起,封锁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Ital. cordone, augmentative of corda, and Fr. cordon, dimin. of corde, both from L. chorda(see见 CORD).

**cordon bleu** /kɔ:dn 'bl3:/ adj. (of cooking or a cook) of the highest class(烹饪手艺)高超的,(厨师)一流的 ■n. (pl. **cordons bleus** pronunc. same发音同) a cordon bleu cook一流厨师
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'blue ribbon' (once signifying the highest order of chivalry in the reign of the Bourbon kings).

**cordon sanitaire** /kɔ:dõ, sænı'teə(r)/ n. (pl. **cordons sanitaires** pronunc. same 单复发音同) 1 a guarded line preventing anyone from leaving an area infected by a disease(传染病流行地区的)防疫(封锁)线 2 a measure designed to prevent communication or the spread of undesirable influences 防线;防御措施
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'sanitary line'.

**cordovan** /'kɔ:dəv(ə)n/ n. a kind of soft leather made originally from goatskin and now from horse hide 科尔多瓦革;马臀革
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. cordován, former spelling of cordobán 'of Cordoba' (a city in southern Spain).

**corduroy** /'kɔ:dərəı, -dju-/ n. a thick cotton fabric with velvety ribs 灯芯绒,条绒
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. from CORD + duroy, denoting a former kind of lightweight worsted.

**corduroy road** n. historical 【史义】 a road made of tree trunks laid across a swamp(树干铺成的)穿过沼泽地的路

**cordwainer** /'kɔ:d,weınə(r)/ n. archaic 【古】a shoemaker (still used in the names of guilds)鞋匠 (现仍用于行会名称中)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. cordewaner, from OFr. cordewan (see见 CORDOVAN).

**cordwood** /'kɔ:dwud/n. wood cut into cords or uniform lengths 堆积材

**CORE** /kɔ:(r)/ abbr. (in the US) Congress of Racial Equality(美国)争取种族平等大会

**core** /kɔ:(r)/ n. 1 the tough central part of various fruits, containing the seeds 果核 2 the central or most important part核心,精髓,最重要部分 the dense metallic or rocky central region of a planet (行星的)核 the central part of a nuclear reactor, which contains the fissile material (核反应堆的)活性区,堆芯 a piece of soft iron forming the centre of an electromagnet or an induction coil (电磁铁或感应线圈的)线芯 3 an internal mould filling a space to be left hollow in a casting(铸造用的)型心;样芯 4 Archaeology 【考古】 a piece of flint from which flakes or blades have been removed 石核 5 a cylindrical sample of rock, ice, or other material obtained by boring with a hollow drill(岩石、冰及其他材料的)钻芯样品 ■v. remove the core from (a fruit)除去(水果)的核
-PHRASES 短语 **to the core** to the depths of one's being 彻底的(地)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**-core** /kɔ:(r)/ comb. form denoting types of rock or dance music that have an aggressive presentation (表示劲爆激烈类型的)摇滚乐
-ORIGIN 词源 from CORE, on the pattern of hard core.

**core dump** n. Computing 【计】 a dump of the contents of main memory, carried out typically as an aid to debugging 磁心信息转储

**coreferential** /kəurefǝ'renfl/ adj. Linguistics 【语言】(of two elements or units) having the same reference(两个元素或单元)同指的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coreference** n.

**co-religionist** /kəurı'lıdz(ə)nist/ (also 亦作 **coreligionist**) n. an adherent of the same religion as another person 信奉同一宗教的人;同教派者

**corella** /kə'relə/ n. a white Australasian cockatoo with some pink feathers on the face and bare blue skin around the eye 小白凤头鹦鹉 [Cacatua sanguinea (**little corella**) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Wiradhuri.

**coreopsis** / kori'ppsis/ n. (pl. coreopses) a plant of the daisy family, cultivated for its typically yellow flowers with radiating petals 金鸡菊 [Genus Coreopsis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk koris 'bug' + opsis 'appearance' (because of the shape of the seed).

**co-respondent** / kǝuri'spond(ə)nt/ n. a person cited in a divorce case as having committed adultery with the respondent 共同被告

**co-respondent shoes** pl. n. dated, humorous【过时,幽】men's two-toned shoes 双色男鞋

**core time** n. Brit. 【英】 the central part of the working day in a flexitime system, when an employee must be present(弹性工作制中员工必须上班的)基本上班时间

**corf** /ko:f/n. (pl. corves) Brit. 【英】 a wagon or large basket, formerly used for bringing coal out of a mine 小型矿车;提矿大筐
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. and MDu. korf, from L. corbis 'basket'.

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**corgi** /'ko:gi/ (also 亦作 **Welsh corgi**) n. (pl. corgis) a dog of a short-legged breed with a foxlike head 威尔士矮脚狗,柯吉犬
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Welsh, from cor 'dwarf' + ci 'dog'.

**coriaceous** /kpri'erfǝs/ adj. technical【技】 resembling or having the texture of leather 皮革的,革质的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. coriaceus (from L. corium 'leather') + -ous.

**coriander** /kori'ændə(r)/ n. an aromatic Mediterranean plant of the parsley family, the leaves and seeds of which are used as culinary herbs 芫荽 [Coriandrum sativum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coriandre, from L. coriandrum, from Gk koriannon.

**Corinthian** /kə'rındiən/ adj. 1 relating to Corinth, a city in southern Greece and a city state in ancient Greece 科林斯的,科林斯古城的 2 relating to or denoting the most ornate of the classical orders of architecture, characterized by flared capitals with rows of acanthus leaves 科林斯式的(古典建筑中最华丽的柱式,有喇叭形的柱头和一排排叶形装饰板) 3 involving the highest standards of amateur sportsmanship 科林斯体育精神的,体现最高业余体育道德水平的 ■n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Corinth 科林斯人 2 the Corinthian order of architecture 科林斯柱式

**Coriolis effect** / kori'ǝulis/n. Physics【物】an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation (influencing, for example, the formation of cyclonic weather systems)科里奥利效应
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the French engineer Gaspard Coriolis.

**corium** /'kɔ:riǝm/n. chiefly Zoology 【主动】 another term for DERMIS * dermis的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'skin'.

**cork** /kɔ:k/ n. 1 a buoyant, light brown substance obtained from the outer layer of the bark of the cork oak 软木,木栓,栓皮 2 a bottle stopper made of cork 软木瓶塞 3 a piece of cork used as a float for a fishing line or net(钓线或渔网上的)软木浮子 4 Botany【植】 a protective layer of dead cells immediately below the bark of woody plants 木栓 ■v. 1 close or seal (a bottle) with a cork 用软木塞塞住(或封住) [as adj. 作形容词 **corked**] (of wine) spoilt by tannin from the cork(葡萄酒由于丹宁酸氧化)味道不佳的,带瓶塞味的 2 Baseball 【棒】 illicitly hollow out (a bat) and fill it with cork to make it lighter(非法地将棒球棒挖空后)塞入软木(使之变轻)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cork-like** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Du. and Low Ger. kork, from Sp. alcorque 'cork-soled sandal', from Arab. al-'the' and (prob.) Sp. Arab. kurk, kork, based on L. quercus 'oak, cork oak'.

**corkage** /'kɔ:kıd3/ n. a charge made by a restaurant or hotel for serving wine that has been brought in by a customer(饭店或旅馆对自带酒水顾客收取的)开瓶费

**corker** /'kə:kə(r)/n. informal 【非正式】 an excellent person or thing 非凡的人(或物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corking** adj.

**cork oak** n. an evergreen Mediterranean oak, the outer layer of the bark of which is the source of cork 欧洲栓皮栎 [Quercus suber.]

**corkscrew** /'ko:kskru:/ n. a device for pulling corks from bottles, consisting of a spiral metal rod that is inserted into the cork, and a handle 瓶塞钻,螺丝起子 ■v. move or twist in a spiral 作螺旋式移动(或转动)

**corkwood** /'ko:kwud/ n. a small tree yielding light porous wood 软木斛 [Leitneria floridana (America) or Entelea arborescens (New Zealand).]

**corky** /'ko:ki/ adj. (corkier, corkiest) 1 cork-like 像软木的 2 (of wine) corked(葡萄酒)有瓶塞味的

**corm** /kɔ:m/ n. a rounded underground storage organ present in plants such as crocuses and cyclamens, consisting of a swollen stem base covered with scale leaves 球茎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cormlet** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. cormus, from Gk kormos 'trunk stripped of its boughs'.

**cormorant** /'kɔ:m(ə)r(ə)nt/ n. a large diving seabird with a long neck, long hooked bill, short legs, and mainly black plumage 鸬鹚 [Phalacrocorax carbo and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cormaran, from med. L. corvus marinus 'sea raven'; the final -t is on the pattern of words such as peasant.

**corn**¹ /kɔ:n/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 the chief cereal crop of a district, especially (in England) wheat or (in Scotland) oats 谷物(在英格兰尤指小麦,在苏格兰尤指燕麦) the grain of any cereal crop 谷粒
> N. Amer. & Austral./NZ 【北美,澳新】 maize 玉米 2 informal【非正式】something banal or sentimental 陈腐的,感伤的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**corn**² /kɔ:n/ n. a small, painful area of thickened skin on the foot, especially on the toes, caused by pressure(尤指脚趾上的)鸡眼
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Anglo-Norman Fr. from L. cornu 'horn'.

**cornball** /'kɔ:nbə:l/ adj. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】trite and sentimental 陈腐伤感的

**cornbrash** /'kɔ:nbræf/ n. Geology 【地质】 an earthy fossiliferous limestone occurring widely in England in a thin formation of Jurassic age 粗石灰质沙土
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CORN¹ + BRASH².

**cornbread** /'kɔ:nbred/ n. a type of bread made from maize meal 玉米面包

**corn bunting** n. a large thickset bunting with brown streaked plumage, inhabiting open grassland and arable land 黍鵐 [Miliaria calandra.]

**corn circle** n. another term for CROP CIRCLE * crop

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circle的另一种说法

**corncob** /'ko:nkpb/ n. the central cylindrical woody part of the maize ear to which the grains are attached 玉米穗轴

**corncockle** /'kɔ:n kokl/ n. a pink-flowered Mediterranean plant which became a cornfield weed in Britain but is now rare 麦仙翁[Agrostemma githago.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from CORN¹ + cockle (from OE coccul 'corncockle', perh. via L. from Gk kokkos 'berry').

**corncrake** /'kɔ:nkreık/ n. a secretive crake inhabiting coarse grasslands, with mainly brown streaked plumage and a distinctive double rasping call 长脚秧鸡[Crex crex.]

**corn dog** n. N. Amer. 【北美】a hot dog covered in maize-flour batter, fried, and served on a stick 玉米热狗

**corn dolly** n. Brit. 【英】 a symbolic or decorative model of a human figure, made of plaited straw 稻草人

**cornea** /'kɔ:niə/ n. the transparent layer forming the front of the eye 角膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corneal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. cornea tela 'horny tissue', from L. cornu 'horn'.

**corned** /kɔ:nd/ adj. (of food) preserved in brine (食物)腌制的

**corned beef** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 beef preserved in brine, chopped and pressed and sold in tins 罐装咸牛肉 2 N. Amer.【北美】beef brisket cured in brine and boiled, typically served cold(煮熟后一般冷食的)咸牛腩

**cornel** /'ko:nl/ n. a dogwood, especially of a dwarf variety(尤指矮株的)楝木[Cornus suecica and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the wood of the cornelian cherry): from OFr. corneille, from L. cornus.

**cornelian** /kɔ:'ni:liən/ n. variant spelling of CARNELIAN * carnelian的另一种拼法

**cornelian cherry** n. 1 a flowering shrub or small tree of the dogwood family, cultivated as an ornamental 欧亚山茱萸 [Cornus mas.] 2 the edible oval red berry of the cornelian cherry 欧亚山茱萸果实
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: cornelian from CORNEL + -IAN.

**corneous** /'kɔ:niəs/ adj. formal 【正式】 horn-like; horny 角状的,角质的;有角的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. corneus (from cornu 'horn') + -ous.

**corner** /'kɔ:nə(r)/ n. 1 a place or angle where two or more sides or edges meet 角,角落 a place where two streets meet 街角 2 a location or area, especially one regarded as secluded or remote 角落;(尤指)隐秘处,偏僻地区 3 a difficult or awkward position 困境;窘境 4 a position in which one dominates the supply of a particular commodity 垄断;囤积居奇 5 (also 亦作 **corner kick**) Soccer 【足】 a free kick taken by the attacking side from a corner of the field after the ball has been sent over the byline by a defender 角球 a free hit in field hockey, taken from the corner of the field (曲棍球中的)角球 6 Boxing & Wrestling【拳,摔跤】 each of the diagonally opposite ends of the ring, where a contestant rests between rounds 场角 a contestant's supporters or seconds 运动员的支持者(或助手) 7 Brit.【英】 a triangular cut from the hind end of a side of bacon (火腿后侧切下的)三角块 ■v. 1 force into a place or situation from which it is hard to escape 把…逼入绝境,使走投无路 2 go round a bend in a road 转弯 3 control (a market) by dominating the supply of a particular commodity 垄断(市场)
-PHRASES 短语 **(just) around the corner** very near 非常近的 **fight one's corner** defend one's position or interests 维护某人的地位(或利益) **in someone's corner** supporting and encouraging someone 站在某人一边,支持鼓励某人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-cornered** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., based on L. cornu 'horn, tip, corner'.

**cornerback** /'kɔ:nəbæk/n. American Football 【美橄】 a defensive back positioned to the outside of the linebackers角卫,角后卫

**corner boy** n. chiefly Irish 【主爱】 a disreputable man or youth who spends his time loitering on the street(街头)游荡者,闲逛的年轻人

**cornerman** /'kɔ:nəmæn/ n. (pl. cornermen) a person whose job is to assist a boxer or wrestler at the corner between rounds 拳击(或摔跤)运动员的助手

**corner shop** n. Brit. 【英】 a small shop selling groceries and general goods in a mainly residential area(主要指位于住宅区的)小商店,街头小店

**cornerstone** /'kɔ:nəstəun/ n. 1 a stone that forms the base of a corner of a building, joining two walls 奠基石 2 an important quality or feature on which something is based 基石;基础;支柱: A minimum wage remained the cornerstone of policy. 最低工资仍是政策的基础。

**cornerwise** /'kɔ:nəwaız/ adv. at an angle of 45°; diagonally 约成45°;对角地

**cornet**¹ /'kɔ:nit/ n. 1 a brass instrument resembling a trumpet but shorter and wider 短号 2 Brit. 【英】 a cone-shaped wafer for holding ice cream(盛冰激凌的)圆锥形蛋卷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cornetist** /kɔ:'netist/(also亦作 **cornettist**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. denoting a wind instrument made of a horn): from OFr., dimin. of a var. of L. cornu 'horn'.

**cornet**² /'ko:nit/ n. (formerly) the fifth grade of commissioned officer in a cavalry troop, who carried the colours (旧时骑兵的)掌旗官 (in some British cavalry regiments) an officer of the rank of second lieutenant(英国一些骑兵团的)少尉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cornetcy** n. (pl. cornetcies).

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier denoting the pennant of a cavalry troop): from Fr. cornette, dimin. of corne (orig. a collective term), based on L. cornua 'horns'.

**cornetto** /kɔ:'netǝu/ (also 亦作 **cornett** /'kɔ:nıt, kɔ:'net/) n. (pl. cornetti or **cornetts**) a former woodwind instrument with finger holes and a cup-shaped mouthpiece 短号,木管号
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital., dimin. of corno 'horn', from L. cornu.

**corn exchange** n. (in the UK) a building where corn is or was traded(英国)谷物交易市场

**corn-fed** adj. fed on grain, especially maize 用谷物(尤指玉米)喂养的 US informal 【美,非正式】 plump; well fed丰满的;健壮的
> US informal【美,《非正式】provincial; unsophisticated 朴实的;头脑简单的

**cornfield** /'kɔ:nfi:ld/ n. a field in which corn is being grown 玉米地

**cornflakes** /'kɔ:nflerks/pl. n. a breakfast cereal consisting of toasted flakes made from maize flour 玉米片

**cornflour** /'ko:nflaʊə(r)/n. Brit. 【英】 finely ground maize flour, used for thickening sauces 玉米粉

**cornflower** /'ko:nflavə(r)/ n. a slender plant related to the knapweeds, with flowers that are typically a deep, vivid blue 矢车菊 [Centaurea cyaneus and related species.]

**cornice** /'kɔ:nis/ n. 1 an ornamental moulding round the wall of a room just below the ceiling(室内墙壁顶部的)顶饰,檐饰 a horizontal moulded projection crowning a building or structure, especially the uppermost member of the entablature of an order, surmounting the frieze(建筑物外顶部的)檐口,挑檐,飞檐 2 an overhanging mass of hardened snow at the edge of a mountain precipice 雪檐(指冻结在悬崖边缘的冰雪块)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corniced** adj. **cornicing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. corniche, from Ital. cornice, perh. from L. cornix 'crow' (cf. CORBEL), but influenced by Gk koronis 'coping stone'.

**corniche** /'ko:nıf, kɔ:'ni:f/ n. a road cut into the edge of a cliff, especially one running along a coast (尤指滨海的)山崖公路,岸边道路
-ORIGIN词源C19: from Fr. (see见 CORNICE).

**Cornish** /'ko:nıf/ adj. relating to Cornwall, or its people or language(英格兰)康沃尔郡的;康沃尔郡人的;康沃尔语的 ■n. the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, belonging to the Brythonic branch of the Celtic language group 康沃尔语(康沃尔郡的古凯尔特语)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Cornishman** n. (pl. Cornishmen). **Cornishwoman** n. (pl. Cornishwomen).

**Cornish pasty** n. Brit. 【英】 a pasty containing seasoned meat and vegetables, especially potato 康沃尔菜肉馅饼

**corn marigold** n. a daisy-like yellow-flowered plant, formerly a common weed of cornfields 南茼 [Chrysanthemum segetum.]

**cornmeal** /'kɔ:nmi:l/n. meal made from corn, especially (in the US) maize flour or (in Scotland) oatmeal(尤指美国玉米粉或苏格兰燕麦片做的)谷物餐

**corn oil** n. an oil obtained from the germ of maize, used in cookery and salad dressings 玉米油

**corn pone** US 【美】 n. unleavened maize bread, originally as prepared by North American Indians(未加酵母的)纯玉米面包 ■adj. (**cornpone**) informal 【非正式】rustic; unsophisticated乡下的;土里土气的

**cornrows** /'kɔ:nrǝuz/pl. n. (especially among black people) a style of plaiting the hair in narrow strips to form geometric patterns on the scalp(尤指黑人的)“玉米垄”发式

**corn salad** n. another term for LAMB'S LETTUCE * lamb's lettuce的另一种说法

**cornsilk** /'kɔ:nsılk/ N. Amer. 【北美】 n. the fine thread-like styles on an ear of maize(玉米穗的)穗丝 ■adj. (of hair) fine and blonde, like cornsilk (头发)纤细金黄的,像玉米穗穗丝的

**corn snake** n. a long North American rat snake with a spear-shaped mark between the eyes 玉米锦蛇 [Elaphe guttata.]

**corn snow** n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】snow with a rough granular surface resulting from alternate thawing and freezing 粒雪
-ORIGIN 词源 from corn in the dial. sense 'granule'.

**cornstarch** /'kɔ:nsta:tf/n. North American term for CORNFLOUR * cornflour 的北美说法

**cornstone** /'ko:nstǝun/ n. a mottled red and green limestone 玉米灰岩

**cornu** /'ko:nju:/ n. (pl. cornua /-njuǝ/) Anatomy 【解】1 a horn-shaped projection of the thyroid cartilage or of certain bones角,角状突 2 either of the two lateral cavities of the womb, into which the Fallopian tubes pass 子宫角 3 each of three elongated parts of the lateral ventricles of the brain 侧脑室角
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cornual** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'horn'.

**cornucopia** /kɔ:nju'kəupiə/ n. 1 a symbol of plenty consisting of a goat's horn overflowing with flowers, fruit, and corn 丰饶角饰(装满花果和谷物的羊角) 2 an abundant supply of good things 丰盛,丰富: The festival offers a cornucopia of pleasures. 节日里欢乐无限多。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cornucopian** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L., from L. cornu copiae 'horn of plenty' (a mythical horn able to provide whatever is desired).

**corny** /'kɔ:ni/ adj. (cornier, corniest) informal 【非正式】trite or mawkishly sentimental俗套的;伤感的,无病呻吟的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cornily** adv. **corniness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from an earlier sense 'rustic, appealing to country folk'.

**corolla** /kə'rələ/n. Botany 【植】 the petals of a flower, typically forming a whorl within the sepals

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and enclosing the reproductive organs 花冠
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., dimin. of corona 'wreath, crown'.

**corollary** /kə'rələri/ n. (pl. corollaries) 1 Logic 【逻】 a proposition that follows from (and is often appended to) one already proved系,推论 2 a direct consequence or result 必然结果 ■adj. 1 Logic【逻】forming a corollary (形成)系的,(导出)推论的 2 associated; supplementary 关联的;补充的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. corollarium 'money paid for a garland or chaplet; gratuity' (in late L. 'deduction'), from corolla(see见 COROLLA).

**coromandel** /kərə'mændl/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **coromandel wood** or **coromandel ebony**) a fine-grained, greyish-brown ebony streaked with black, used in furniture; calamander 斯里兰卡乌木 2 the Sri Lankan tree that yields coromandel 斯里兰卡乌木(树)[Diospyros quaesita.] ■adj. denoting a form of oriental lacquerware with intaglio designs(东方漆器)刻灰的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the Coromandel Coast, the southern part of India's east coast, from which oriental lacquerware was orig. transported.

**corona**¹ /kə'rəunə/ n. (pl. coronae /-ni:/) 1 Astronomy【天文】the rarefied gaseous envelope of the sun or a star日冕;(恒星的)冕 (also 亦作 **corona discharge**) Physics 【物】 the glow around a conductor at high potential 电晕 a small circle of light seen round the sun or moon-(日或月)华 2 Anatomy 【解】a crown or crown-like structure冠;冠状结构 3 Botany 【植】 the trumpet-shaped central part of a daffodil or narcissus flower(水仙的)副花冠 4 a circular chandelier in a church(教堂的)环形吊烛架 5 Architecture 【建】 a part of a cornice having a broad vertical face 檐口板,挑檐滴水板
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'wreath, crown'.

**corona**² /kə'rəunə/ n. a long, straight-sided cigar 花冠烟
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. La Corona, lit. 'the crown', orig. a proprietary name.

**coronach** /'kprənək, -x/n. (in Scotland or Ireland) a funeral song(苏格兰或爱尔兰的)挽歌,哀乐
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sc. Gaelic corranach (Ir. coranach), from comh- 'together' + rànach 'outcry'.

**coronagraph** /kə'rəunəgra:f/ n. an instrument that blocks out light emitted by the sun's actual surface so that the corona can be observed 日冕仪

**coronal**¹ /kə'rəunl, 'kor(ə)nl/ adj. 1 relating to the crown or corona of something冠的;冕的 2 Anatomy 【解】 of or in the coronal plane 冠状平面的 3 Phonetics【语音】(of a consonant) formed by raising the tip or blade of the tongue towards the hard palate(辅音)舌冠的 ■n. Phonetics【语音】a coronal consonant 舌冠辅音

**coronal**² /'kor(ə)nl/ n. a garland or wreath for the head 花冠,(头戴的)花环 archaic 【古】a coronet 小冠冕
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: appar. from Anglo-Norman Fr., from corune (see见 CROWN).

**coronal bone** n. former term for FRONTAL BONE * frontal bone 的旧时说法

**coronal plane** n. Anatomy 【解】 an imaginary plane dividing the body into dorsal and ventral parts 冠状平面

**coronal suture** n. Anatomy 【解】 the transverse suture in the skull separating the frontal bone from the parietal bones 冠状缝

**coronary** /'korǝnri/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 1 relating to or denoting the arteries which surround and supply the heart 冠状(动脉)的 2 relating to or denoting a structure encircling a part of the body 冠状(结构)的 ■n. (pl. coronaries) short for CORONARY THROMBOSIS * coronary thrombosis 的缩略式
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. coronarius, from corona 'wreath, crown'.

**coronary thrombosis** n. a blockage of the flow of blood to the heart, caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery 冠状动脉血栓形成

**coronation** /kprǝ'nerfn/ n. the ceremony of crowning a sovereign or a sovereign's consort 加冕(典礼)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. coronatio(n-), from coronare 'to crown', from corona (see 见 CROWN).

**coronation chicken** n. a cold dish of cooked chicken served in a sauce flavoured with apricots and curry powder 加冕鸡(以加杏仁和咖喱粉的酱汁调味的冷盘鸡)
-ORIGIN 词源 so named because the dish was created for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

**coronavirus** /kə'rəənə vaırəs/ n. Medicine 【医】any of a group of RNA viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans and other animals 冠状病毒

**coroner** /'kpr(ə)nə(r)/ n. 1 an official who holds inquests into violent, sudden, or suspicious deaths 验尸官;法医 2 historical 【史义】 an official responsible for safeguarding the private property of the Crown 王室私产管理官
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coronership** n. **coronial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. coruner, from corune (see见 CROWN); reflecting the L. title custos placitorum coronae 'guardian of the pleas of the Crown'.

**coronet** /'kor(ə)nıt/ n. 1 a small or simple crown, especially as worn by lesser royalty and nobles(尤指地位略低一等的王室成员或贵族戴的)小冠冕 a circular decoration for the head 冠状头饰 2 a ring of bone at the base of a deer's antler(鹿角基部的)环状骨 3 the band of tissue containing the horn-producing cells from which a horse's hoof grows (马的)蹄冠
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coroneted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coronete, dimin. of corone(see见 CROWN).

**coronoid process** /'kprənəıd/n. Anatomy【解】 1 a flattened triangular projection above the angle of the jaw where the temporalis muscle is attached(下

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颌骨)冠突 2 a projection from the front of the ulna (尺骨)冠突
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: coronoid from Gk korōnē (denoting something hooked) + -OID.

**Corp.** abbr. 1 (**Corp**) informal 【非正式】Corporal 2 N. Amer.【北美】Corporation

**corpora** /'kɔ:p(ə)rə/ plural form of CORPUS * corpus 的复数形式

**corporal**¹ /'ko:p(ə)r(ə)l/ n. 1 a rank of non-commissioned officer in the army, above lance corporal or private first class and below sergeant (陆军)下士 2 (also 亦作 **ship's corporal**) Brit. historical【英,史义】a petty officer who attended solely to police matters, under the master-at-arms(海军舰船的)纠察长助理 3 N. Amer. 【北美】 a fallfish 小眼风鱼,小眼须雅罗鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., obs. var. of caporal, from Ital. caporale, prob. based on L. corpus, corpor- 'body (of troops)'.

**corporal**² /'ko:p(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. relating to the human body人体的,身体的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corporally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. corporalis, from corpus, corpor- 'body'.

**corporal**³ /'ko:p(ə)r(ə)l/ n. a cloth on which the chalice and paten are placed during the celebration of the Eucharist(供放圣杯和圣餐盘的)圣餐布
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. corporale (pallium) 'body (cloth)', from L. corpus, corpor- 'body'.

**corporality** /kəpə'rælıti/ n. rare 【罕】material or corporeal existence 物质性;实体性;肉体性

**corporal punishment** n. physical punishment, such as caning or flogging 体罚;肉刑

**corporate** /'kɔ:pərət/ adj. 1 relating to a large company or group(大)公司的,团体的 Law【律】 (of a large company or group) authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law(公司或团体)法人的 2 of or shared by all the members of a group 全体的,共同的,共有的 ■n. a corporate company or group 法人公司;法人团体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corporately** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. corporat-, corporare 'form into a body', from corpus, corpor- 'body'.

**corporate raider** n. a financier who makes a practice of making hostile takeover bids for companies 公司袭击者,公司蓄意收购者

**corporate state** n. a state governed by representatives of trades, professions, or industries rather than of geographical areas 社团国家

**corporation** /kɔ:pə'reıfn/ n. 1 a large company or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law(法人)公司,集团 2 Brit. 【英】 a group of people elected to govern a city, town, or borough市政法人,市政当局 3 humorous, dated【幽,过时】a paunch 大肚子
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. corporatio (n-), from L. corporare (see 见 CORPORATE).

**corporation tax** n. Brit. 【英】 tax levied on companies' profits 公司税

**corporatism** /'kə:pərətızəm/ n. the control of a state or organization by large interest groups 社团主义,统合(或组合)主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corporatist** adj. & n.

**corporative** /'kɔ:p(ə)rətıv/ adj. relating to or denoting a state, typically a fascist one, organized into corporations representing employers and workers in various spheres (一般指法西斯国家的组织形式)社团的,统合的,组合的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corporativism** n. **corporativist** adj. & n.

**corporatize** or **corporatise** /'kɔ:p(ə)rətaız/v. convert (a state organization) into an independent commercial company 把(国家机构)企业化,使公司化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corporatization** n.

**corporator** /'kɔ:pəreitə(r)/ n. Indian 【印度】an elected member of a municipal corporation 市政当局成员

**corporeal** /kɔ:'pɔ:riəl/ adj. 1 relating to the body rather than the spirit (相对于精神的)肉体的
> having a body 有肉体的 2 Law【律】 consisting of material objects 物质的,有形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corporeality** /kɔ:pɔ:ri'ælıti/n. **corporeally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. corporealis, from L. corporeus 'bodily, physical', from corpus, corpor- 'body'.

**corporeity** /kəpə'ri:iti, -'renti/ n. rare 【罕】the quality of having a physical body or existence 有形体性;形体存在

**corposant** /'kɔ:pəzænt/ n. archaic 【古】an appearance of St Elmo's fire on a ship(船上出现的)桅上电火,天电光球
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Old Sp., Port., and Ital. corpo santo 'holy body'.

**corps** /ko:/ n. (pl. corps / ko:z/) 1 a main subdivision of an army in the field, consisting of two or more divisions军(由两个或以上的师组成的陆军单位) a branch of an army assigned to particular work(特定兵种的)队,部队 2 a group of people engaged in a particular activity(从事某活动的)集体,团,队: the press corps 记者团
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from L. corpus 'body'.

**corps de ballet** /kɔ: də 'bælei/ n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the members of a ballet company who dance together as a group 芭蕾舞团
> the lowest rank of dancers in a ballet company (芭蕾舞团中的)伴舞队
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr.

**corpse** /ko:ps/n. a dead body, especially of a human(尤指人的)尸体 ■v. theatrical slang 【戏俚】 spoil a piece of acting by forgetting one's lines or laughing uncontrollably(因忘词或笑场而)演砸
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of CORSE by assoc. with L. corpus.

**corpse candle** n. a flickering flame seen just above

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the ground in a churchyard, regarded as an omen of death 磷火,鬼火

**corpulent** /'ko:pjul(ə)nt/ adj. (of a person) fat (人)肥胖的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corpulence** n. **corpulency** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. corpulentus, from corpus 'body'.

**cor pulmonale** /kɔ: palmə'na:li, -'eili/ n. Medicine 【医】abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels 肺源性心脏病
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. cor 'heart' and mod. L. pulmonalis (from L. pulmo (n-) 'lung').

**corpus** /'ko:pəs/ n. (pl. corpora or **corpuses**) 1 a collection of written texts文集;全集
> a collection of written or spoken material in machine-readable form 语料库 2 Anatomy 【解】 the main body or mass of a structure 体 the central part of the stomach, between the fundus and the antrum 胃体
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., lit. 'body'.

**corpus callosum** /kə'ləusəm/ n. (pl. corpora callosa /-sə/) Anatomy 【解】 a broad band of nerve fibres joining the two hemispheres of the brain 胼胝体
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from CORPUS and L. callosum, neut. of callosus 'tough'.

**corpus cavernosum** /kævə'nəsəm/ n. (pl. corpora cavernosa /-sə/) Anatomy 【解】 either of two masses of erectile tissue forming the bulk of the penis and the clitoris(阴茎或阴蒂)海绵体
-ORIGIN 词源 from CORPUS and L. cavernosum, neut. of cavernosus 'containing hollows'.

**Corpus Christi** /kɔ:pəs 'kristi/ n. a feast that commemorates the institution of the Eucharist, observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday (天主教)基督圣体节,耶稣圣体瞻礼(三一主日后的星期四举行,以纪念圣体圣事的设立)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'body of Christ'.

**corpuscle** /'kɔ:pasl/ n. 1 Biology 【生物】 a minute body or cell in an organism, especially a red or white blood cell小体;细胞;(尤指)红(或白)细胞 2 historical 【史义】a minute particle regarded as the basic constituent of matter or light(构成物质或光的)微粒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corpuscular** /kɔ:'paskjulə/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. corpusculum 'small body', dimin. of corpus.

**corpus delicti** /dı'lıktaı/ n. Law 【律】 the facts and circumstances constituting a crime 犯罪事实
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'body of offence'.

**corpus luteum** /'lu:tiəm/ n. (pl. corpora lutea /'lu:tiǝ/) Anatomy 【解】 a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun 黄体
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from CORPUS and L. luteum, neut. of luteus 'yellow'.

**corpus spongiosum** / spandzi'ǝusəm/ n. (pl. corpora spongiosa /-sǝ/) Anatomy 【解】 a mass of erectile tissue alongside the corpora cavernosa of the penis and terminating in the glans 尿道海绵体
-ORIGIN 词源 from CORPUS and L. spongiosum, neut. of spongiosus 'porous'.

**corpus striatum** /strar'ertǝm/ n. (pl. corpora striata/-tə/) Anatomy 【解】 part of the basal ganglia of the brain, comprising the caudate and lentiform nuclei 纹状体
-ORIGIN 词源 from CORPUS and L. striatum, neut. of striatus 'grooved'.

**corral** /kə'ra:l/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 1 a pen for livestock on a farm or ranch(农场或牧场的)畜栏 2 historical【史义】a defensive enclosure of wagons in an encampment(营地中防御用的)车阵 ■v. (corrals, corralling, corralled) 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 put or keep (livestock) in a corral把(牲畜)关进(或留在)畜栏 gather (a group) together 把…集合在一起 2 N. Amer. historical【北美,史义】form(wagons) into a corral 将(马车等)围作车阵
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. and Old Port. (now curral), perh. based on L. currere 'to run'; cf. KRAAL.

**correct** /kə'rekt/ adj. 1 free from error; true or right 正确的,无误的,对的 2 conforming to accepted social standards 符合社会规范的,得体的 conforming to a particular political or ideological orthodoxy(政治思想或意识形态)正统的: environmentally correct 环保观念正确的 ■v. put right 改正,纠正 mark the errors in (a text)批改,修改(文本) adjust (a numerical result or reading) to allow for departure from standard conditions 校正,修正(数据或读数)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **correctable** adj. **correctly** adv. **correctness** n. **corrector** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v.; the adj. is via Fr.): from L. correct-, corrigere, 'make straight, amend', from cor-'together' + regere 'guide'.

**correction** /kə'rek∫n/ n. 1 the action or process of correcting 改正,纠正 a change that rectifies an error or inaccuracy 改正的内容 a quantity adjusting a numerical result to allow for a departure from standard conditions 校正值,修正值 2 N. Amer. or dated【北美或过时】punishment, especially that of criminals in prison 惩罚;(尤指对在押犯的)教养,改造
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **correctional** adj. (chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】).

**correction fluid** n. an opaque liquid that may be painted over a typed or written error 修正液

**correctitude** /kə'rektıtju:d/n. conscious correctness in one's behaviour(行为有意识的)得体,合适

**corrective** /kə'rektıv/ adj. intended to correct or counteract something undesirable改正的,纠正的,矫正的 ■n. a corrective measure 改正(或矫正)措施
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **correctively** adv.

**correlate** /'korǝleit, -rı-/ v. have a relationship in which one thing affects or depends on another相互关联;相互影响;相互依存: Most jobs do not directly

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correlate with GCSE subjects. 大部分工作与普通中等教育证书课程并无直接关联。 establish a correlation between 建立关联 ■n. each of two or more related or complementary things 互相关联的事物,相辅相成的事物
-ORIGIN词源 C17: back-form. from CORRELATION and CORRELATIVE.

**correlation** /kərə'leıfn/ n. a mutual relationship of interdependence between two or more things 相关,关联 the process of correlating 关联过程 Statistics【统】interdependence of variable quantities 相关
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **correlational** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. correlatio (n-), from cor-'together' + relatio (see见 RELATION).

**correlation coefficient** n. Statistics 【统】 a number between +1 and -1 calculated so as to represent the linear interdependence of two variables or sets of data 相关系数

**correlative** /kə'relǝtıv/ adj. 1 having a correlation 相关的,关联的 2 Grammar 【语法】(of words such as neither and nor) corresponding to each other and regularly used together (词)关联的 ■n. a correlative word or concept 关联词;关联概念
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **correlatively** adv. **correlativity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. correlativus, from cor- 'together' + late L. relativus 'having reference or relation' (see见RELATE).

**correspond** /korǝ'spond/ v. 1 have a close similarity; match or agree almost exactly 相符合,相一致 be analogous or equivalent 相类似;相当 2 communicate by exchanging letters(与…)通信
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corresponding** adj. **correspondingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. correspondre, from med. L. correspondere, from cor- 'together' + L. respondere(see见RESPOND).

**correspondence** / korǝ'spondəns/ n. 1 the action of corresponding 符合:一致 a close similarity or equivalence 相似;相当 2 letters sent or received(来往的)信件

**correspondence course** n. a course of study in which student and tutors communicate by post函授课程

**correspondence principle** n. Physics 【物】the principle that states that for very large quantum numbers the laws of quantum theory merge with those of classical physics 对应原理

**correspondent** / korǝ'spondənt/ n. 1 a person who writes letters on a regular basis(定期)通信者 2 a journalist reporting on a particular subject or from a particular country通讯员,记者 ■adj. corresponding 符合的;一致的,相似的,相当的

**corresponding member** n. an honorary member of a learned society who has no voice in the society's affairs 通讯会员(尤指不参与学会内部事务的名誉会员)

**corrida** /kp'ri:də/ n. a bullfight 斗牛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp. corrida de toros 'running of bulls'.

**corridor** /'korido:(r)/ n. 1 a long passage from which doors lead into rooms 走廊;过道 Brit. 【英】 a passage along the side of a railway carriage giving access to compartments(列车包厢外的)车厢走廊 2 a belt of land linking two other areas or following a road or river(连接两个地区或沿道路、河流延伸的)走廊地带
-PHRASES 短语 **the corridors of power** the senior levels of government or administration 权力走廊(指政府或管理部门的高层)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. corridore, alt. (by assoc. with corridore 'runner') of corridoio 'running-place', from correre 'to run', from L. currere.

**corrie** /'kori/ n. (pl. corries) a cirque, especially one in the mountains of Scotland (尤指苏格兰山中的)冰斗
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sc. Gaelic and Ir. coire 'cauldron, hollow'.

**corrigendum** / korı'dzendəm/ n. (pl. corrigenda /-də/) a thing to be corrected, especially an error in a book(尤指书中)需改正的错误
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: L., neut. gerundive of corrigere (see见 CORRECT).

**corrigible** /'kprıdzıbl/ adj. capable of being corrected or reformed 可改正的;可矫正的;可改造的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corrigibility** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from med. L. corrigibilis, from L. corrigere 'to correct'.

**corroborate** /kə'rəbəreit/ v. confirm or give support to (a statement or theory)证实,确证,支持(陈述或理论)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corroboration** n. **corroborative** adj. **corroborator** n. **corroboratory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as corroboration in the sense 'strengthening'): from L. corroborat-, corroborare, from cor- 'together' + roborare, from robur 'strength'.

**corroboree** /kə'rəbəri/ n. an Australian Aboriginal dance ceremony in the form of a sacred ritual or informal gathering(澳大利亚土著的)歌舞会
-ORIGIN 词源 from Dharuk garaabara, denoting a style of dancing.

**corrode** /kə'rǝud/ v. (with reference to metal or other hard material) destroy or be destroyed slowly by chemical action(金属或其他硬材料通过化学作用)(被)腐蚀 gradually weaken or erode(逐渐)削弱,损害,侵蚀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corrodible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. corrodere, from cor-(expressing intensive force) + rodere 'gnaw'.

**corrody** /'kprǝdi/ n. (pl. corrodies) historical【史义】 a pension or provision for maintenance 王室教仆生活必需品
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. corodie, from a Romance word meaning 'preparation'.

**corrosion** /kə'rǝuzn/ n. the process of corroding or being corroded(被)腐蚀 damage caused by

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corrosion 腐蚀造成的损坏

**corrosive** /kə'rǝusıv/ adj. tending to cause corrosion 腐蚀性的 ■n. a corrosive substance 腐蚀剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corrosively** adv. **corrosiveness** n.

**corrugate** /'kprogeit/ v. contract into wrinkles or folds(使)起皱;(使)起波纹
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. corrugat-, corrugare 'to wrinkle', from cor- (expressing intensive force) + rugare (from ruga 'a wrinkle').

**corrugated** /'kprǝgeıtıd/ adj. shaped into alternate ridges and grooves 起皱的;起波纹的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corrugation** n.

**corrugated iron** n. a building material consisting of iron or steel sheeting bent into a corrugated form 波纹铁,瓦楞铁

**corrupt** /kə'rapt/ adj. 1 willing to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain 腐败的,贪污受贿的 evil or morally depraved 堕落的;邪恶的;不道德的 2 (of a text or a computer database or program) made unreliable by errors or alterations (文本)讹误充斥的;(计算机数据库或程序因错误或变更而)遭破坏的 3 archaic 【古】 rotten or putrid 腐坏的,腐烂的 ■v. 1 make corrupt 使腐败;使道德败坏: He was corrupted by power. 他为权力所腐化。 2 debase (a text, database, etc.) by introducing errors 使(文本、资料库等)出错而不可用 3 archaic【古】infect or contaminate 感染;污染
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corrupter** n. **corruptibility** n. **corruptible** adj. **corruptive** adj. **corruptly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. corrupt-, corrumpere 'mar, bribe, destroy', from cor- 'altogether' + rumpere 'to break'.

**corruption** /kə'rapfn/n. 1 the action of corrupting or the state of being corrupt 腐化;腐败 2 archaic【古】the process of decay 腐坏,腐烂

**corsac fox** /'ko:sæk/ n. a russet-grey fox found on the steppes of central Asia(产于中亚大草原的)沙狐 [Vulpes corsac.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: corsac from Russ. korsak, from Turkic karsak.

**corsage** /kɔ:'sa:3, 'kɔ:sa:3/ n. 1 a spray of flowers worn pinned to a woman's clothes(女服上佩戴的)装饰花枝 2 the upper part of a dress 女服上部
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from OFr. cors 'body', from L. corpus.

**corsair** /kɔ:'seə(r), 'kɔ:seə(r)/ n. archaic【古】a pirate 海盗 a pirate ship 海盗船 historical 【史义】a privateer, especially one operating along the southern shore of the Mediterranean in the 16th-18th centuries (尤指16至18世纪沿地中海南岸活动的)私掠船
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. corsaire, from med. L. cursarius, from cursus 'a raid, plunder', special use of L. cursus 'course', from currere 'to run'.

**corse** /kɔ:s/n. archaic 【古】 a corpse尸体,死尸
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cors 'body', from L. corpus; cf. CORPSE.

**corselet** n. 1 /'kɔ:s(ə)lıt/ historical 【史义】 a piece of armour covering the trunk 护身盔甲 2 variant spelling of CORSELETTE * Corselette 的另一种拼法
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. corslet, dimin. of cors 'body'.

**corselette** /kɔ:s(ə)'let, 'kɔ:s(ə)let/ (also 亦作 **corselet**) n. a woman's undergarment combining corset and bra(女子的)紧身胸衣

**corset** /'kɔ:sit/ n. a woman's tightly fitting undergarment extending from below the chest to the hips, worn to shape the figure(女子穿的)束腹,紧身褡 a similar garment worn to support a weak or injured back(背部乏力或受伤者穿的)围腰,胸衣 historical 【史义】 a tightly fitting laced or stiffened outer bodice or dress 紧身外套
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corseted** adj. **corsetry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., dimin. of cors 'body', from L. corpus.

**corsetière** /kɔ:sı'tjeə(r), 'kɔ:sıtjeǝ(r)/ n. a woman who makes or fits corsets 紧身褡(或紧身外套)女裁缝
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., fem. of corsetier, from corset (see见 CORSET).

**Corsican** /'kɔ:sıkn/ n. 1 a native of Corsica 科西嘉人 2 the language of Corsica, originally a dialect of Italian 科西嘉语(源于一种意大利方言) ■adj. relating to Corsica or its language 科西嘉的,科西嘉语的

**cortège** /kɔ:'terz, -'tez/ n. 1 a solemn procession, especially for a funeral(尤指送葬的)队伍,行列 2 a person's entourage一队扈从;一队随员
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. corteggio, from corteggiare 'attend court', from corte 'court', from L. cohors, cohort- 'retinue'.

**Cortes** /'ko:tes, -z/ n. the legislative assembly of Spain and formerly of Portugal(西班牙和旧时葡萄牙的)议会,国会
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp. and Port., pl. of corte 'court', from L. cohors, cohort- 'retinue'.

**cortex** /'ko:teks/ n. (pl. cortices /-tısi:z/) 1 Anatomy【解】 the outer layer of an organ or structure, such as a kidney or adrenal gland 皮质,皮层 (also 亦作 **cerebral cortex**) the outer, folded layer of the cerebrum, which plays an important role in consciousness 大脑皮质 2 Botany【植】 an outer layer of tissue immediately below the epidermis of a stem or root 皮层
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cortical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., lit. 'bark'.

**corticate** /'kɔ:tıkeit/ adj. Botany 【植】 having a cortex, bark, or rind具皮层的;具树皮的;具果皮的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cortication** n.

**cortico-** /'kɔ:tıkǝu/ comb. form representing CORTEX, used especially with reference to the adrenal and cerebral cortices(尤指肾上腺或大脑)皮质

**corticosteroid** /kɔ:tıkǝu'stıǝrǝid, 'steroid/n. Biochemistry【生化】 any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex 皮质类固醇

**corticosterone** /kɔ:tıkǝu'sterǝun/n. Biochemistry【生化】a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, one of the glucocorticoids 皮质酮

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**corticotrophin** /kɔ:tıkǝ(u)'trǝufın/ (also 亦作 **corticotropin** /-pın/) n. Biochemistry 【生化】 another term for ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE * adrenocorticotrophic hormone 的另一种说法

**cortisol** /'ko:tIsDl/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 another term for HYDROCORTISONE * hydrocortisone 的另一种说法

**cortisone** /'kɔ:tızǝun/n. Biochemistry 【生化】a steroid hormone formed from hydrocortisone in the liver or made synthetically, used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy agent 可的松
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from elements of its chemical name 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone.

**corundum** /kə'rəndəm/ n. extremely hard crystallized alumina, used as an abrasive 刚玉
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Tamil kuruntam and Telugu kuruvindam.

**coruscate** /'kprǝskert/ v. literary 【文】 (of light) flash or sparkle闪烁,闪耀
> [as adj.作形容词 **coruscating**] brilliant or striking in content or style (内容)精彩的;(风格)鲜明的: the play's coruscating wit 该剧令人叫绝的连珠妙语
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coruscant** adj. **coruscation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C15) as coruscation): from L. coruscat-, coruscare 'glitter'.

**corvée** /'ko:ver/n. historical 【史义】 1 a day's unpaid labour owed by a vassal to his feudal lord 徭役(奴仆对封建领主的无偿劳动) 2 forced labour exacted in lieu of taxes (用以抵充税款的)强征劳役
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. corrogare 'ask for, collect'.

**corves** /kɔ:vz/ plural form of CORF * corf 的复数形式

**corvette** /ko:'vet/ n. a small warship designed for convoy escort duty 小型护卫舰 historical【史义】a sailing warship with one tier of guns(设有单排炮位的)巡洋舰
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Du. korf, denoting a kind of ship, + the dimin. suffix -ette.

**corvid** /'kɔ:vId/n. Ornithology 【鸟】 a bird of the crow family (Corvidae)鸦科鸟
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Corvidae, from L. corvus 'raven'.

**corvine** /'korvam/ adj. of or like a raven or crow, especially in colour乌鸦的;(尤指颜色)乌鸦似的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. corvinus, from corvus 'raven'.

**corybantic** /kpri'bæntık/ adj. literary 【文】 wild; frenzied 狂野的;疯狂的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Corybantes, L. name of the priests of Cybele, a Phrygian goddess of nature, who performed wild dances, from Gk Korubantes + -IC.

**corydalis** /kə'rıdəlıs/ n. a herbaceous plant with spurred tubular flowers 紫堇;欧黄堇[Corydalis lutea (**yellow corydalis**) and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk korudallis 'crested lark', from a similarity between the flower and the bird's spur.

**corymb** /'korimb/ n. Botany 【植】 a flower cluster whose lower stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head 伞房花序
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **corymbose** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. corymbe or L. corymbus, from Gk korumbos 'cluster'.

**corynebacterium** /kprınıbæk'tıəriəm, kəırın-/n. (pl. corynebacteria /-riə/) a bacterium of a genus including the causative agent of diphtheria 棒杆菌 [Genus Corynebacterium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk korunë 'club' + BACTERIUM.

**coryphée** /'korifeı/ n. a leading dancer in a corps de ballet(芭蕾舞团中的)领舞演员
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., via L. from Gk koruphaios 'leader of a chorus', from koruphe 'head'.

**coryza** /kə'raızə/ n. Medicine 【医】 catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, as caused by a cold 鼻卡他,鼻炎
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from Gk koruza 'nasal mucus'.

**cos**¹ /kps/n. Brit. 【英】 a variety of lettuce with crisp narrow leaves that form a tall head 长叶莴苣,直立莴苣,半结球莴苣
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: named after the Aegean island of Kos, where it originated.

**cos**² /kpz, kps/ abbr. cosine

**cos**³ /kpz, kəz/(also 亦作 **'cos** or **coz**) conj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】because

**Cosa Nostra** /kəuzə 'npstrǝ/ n. a US criminal organization resembling and related to the Mafia“我们的事业”(类似黑手党的美国犯罪组织)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'our affair'.

**cosec** /'kǝusek/abbr. cosecant

**cosecant** /kəu'si:k(ə)nt, 'sek-/n. Mathematics 【数】 the ratio of the hypotenuse (in a right-angled triangle) to the side opposite an acute angle; the reciprocal of sine 余割
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. cosecant-, from co- + L. secant-, setare 'to cut'; cf. SECANT.

**coset** /'kǝuset/ n. Mathematics 【数】 a set composed of all the products obtained by multiplying each element of a subgroup in turn by one particular element of the group containing the subgroup 陪集

**cosh**¹ /kpf/ Brit. 【英】 n. a thick, heavy stick or bar used as a weapon(用作武器的)短棍,粗棒 ■v. hit on the head with a cosh 用短棍(或粗棒)击打(头部)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**cosh**² /kpf, ko'seIts/ abbr. Mathematics【数】 hyperbolic cosine 双曲余弦
-ORIGIN 词源 from cos² + -h for hyperbolic; cf. сотн.

**COSHH** abbr. Brit. 【英】control of substances hazardous for health 危害健康物质管理条例

**co-signatory** n. a person or state signing a treaty or other document jointly with others 联署人;联署国

**cosine** /'kǝusain/ n. Mathematics 【数】the

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trigonometric function that is equal to the ratio of the side adjacent to an acute angle (in a right-angled triangle) to the hypotenuse 余弦

**co-sleeping** n. the practice of parents allowing a young child to sleep in the same bed as them(父母与幼儿的)同(床)睡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-sleep** v.

**cosmetic** /koz'metık/ adj. 1 relating to treatment or products intended to improve a person's appearance 化妆用的,美容的 2 affecting only the appearance of something 装点门面的,表面的: The reform package was merely a cosmetic exercise. 这一揽子改革计划只是表面功夫。 ■n. (usu.通常用 **cosmetics**) a cosmetic preparation, especially for the face(尤指面部)化妆品,美容品
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmetically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cosmétique, from Gk kosmētikos, from kosmein 'arrange or adorn', from kosmos 'order or adornment'.

**cosmetician** /kəzmə'tın/n. N. Amer.【北美】 a person who sells or applies cosmetics as an occupation 化妆品经销商;化妆师

**cosmetology** /kpzmı'tələdzi/ n. the professional skill or practice of cosmetic preparations and techniques 美容学,美容术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmetological** adj. **cosmetologist** n.

**cosmic** /'kozmık/ adj. relating to the universe or cosmos, especially as distinct from the earth(尤指与地球相对的)宇宙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmical** adj. **cosmically** adv.

**cosmic dust** n. small particles of matter distributed throughout space 宇宙尘

**cosmic radiation** n. radiation consisting of cosmic rays 宇宙辐射

**cosmic ray** n. a highly energetic atomic nucleus or other particle travelling through space at a speed approaching that of light 宇宙(射)线

**cosmic string** n. see见 STRING (sense 8 of the noun 名词释义8).

**cosmo-** /'kozmǝu/ comb. form relating to the world or the universe 世界;宇宙: cosmography 宇宙结构学
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kosmos 'order, world'.

**cosmogenesis** /kəzmə(u)'dzenısıs/n. the origin or evolution of the universe 宇宙起源;天体演化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmogenic** adj.

**cosmogony** /koz'məgənin. (pl. cosmogonies) the branch of science concerned with the origin of the universe, especially the solar system(尤指研究太阳系起源的)天体演化学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmogonic** /koz mə'gonık/ adj. **cosmogonical** /kəzmə'gonıkl/ adj. **cosmogonist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk kosmogonia, from kosmos 'order or world' + -gonia '-begetting'.

**cosmography** /koz'mpgrǝfi/ n. (pl. cosmographies) 1 the branch of science which deals with the general features of the universe, including the earth 宇宙结构 2 a description or representation of the universe or the earth 宇宙志,地球志
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmographer** n. **cosmographic** adj. **cosmographical** adj.

**cosmology** /kpz'mələdzi/ n. (pl. cosmologies) the science of the origin and development of the universe 宇宙学
> an account or theory of the origin of the universe 宇宙(起源)论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmological** adj. **cosmologist** n.

**cosmonaut** /'kpzmənɔ:t/ n. a Russian astronaut (俄罗斯)宇航员,航天员
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from cosmos¹, on the pattern of astronaut and Russ. kosmonavt.

**cosmopolis** /koz'mpp(ə)lıs/ n. a city inhabited by people from many different countries 国际性都市
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kosmos 'world' + polis 'city'.

**cosmopolitan** /kəzmə'pplit(ə)n/ adj. 1 familiar with or representative of many different countries and cultures 熟悉各国(或各国文化)的;世界性的
> having an exciting and glamorous character associated with travel and a mixture of cultures 见多识广的,见过世面的 2 (of a plant or animal) found all over the world (动植物)世界性的,广布的 ■n. 1 a cosmopolitan person, plant, or animal 世界公民;世界主义者;世界性(动) 植物 2 a cocktail made with Cointreau, lemon vodka, cranberry juice, and lime juice“柯梦波丹”,“四海为家”(一种鸡尾酒)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosmopolitanism** n. **cosmopolitanize** or **cosmopolitanise** v.
-ORIGIN词源 C17 (as n.): from COSMOPOLITE + -AN.

**cosmopolite** /koz'mpp(ə)lait/ n. a cosmopolitan person 世界公民;世界主义者
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Gk kosmopolitēs, from kosmos 'world' + politēs 'citizen'.

**cosmos**¹ /'kpzmps/n. the universe seen as a well-ordered whole(视为有序整体的)宇宙
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Gk kosmos 'order or world'.

**cosmos**² /'kozmos/ n. an ornamental plant of the daisy family, which bears single dahlia-like flowers and is native to Mexico and warm regions of America 秋英,大波斯菊 [Genus Cosmos.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kosmos in the sense 'ornament'.

**Cossack** /'kpsæk/ n. a member of a people of southern Russia, Ukraine, and Siberia, noted for their horsemanship and military skill 哥萨克人(生活在俄罗斯南部、乌克兰和西伯利亚,善骑马作战)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Russ. kazak from Turkic, 'vagabond, nomad'; later influenced by Fr. Cosaque (cf. KAZAKH).

**cosset** /'kDsIt/ v. (cossets, cosseting, cosseted) care for and protect in an overindulgent way宠爱,溺爱,骄惯
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(as n. denoting a lamb brought up by hand, later a spoiled child): prob. from Anglo-Norman Fr. coscet 'cottager', from OE cotsæta 'cottar'.

**cossie** /'kpzi/(also 亦作 **cozzie**) n. (pl. cossies) informal【非正式】 a swimming costume or a pair of swimming trunks游泳衣,泳装;泳裤

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**cost** /kpst/ v. (past and past part. cost) 1 require the payment of (a specified sum) in order to be bought or obtained 价钱为
> cause or require the expenditure or loss of 使花费;使损失 informal 【非正式】 be expensive for 使花许多钱: It'll cost you. 那将花去你很多钱。2(past and past part. **costed**) estimate the price or cost of 估计…的价格(或成本) ■n. the amount that something costs 价钱;成本;费用
> the effort or loss necessary to achieve something 代价;损失 (**costs**) legal expenses, especially those allowed in favour of the winning party or against the losing party in a suit 诉讼费用
-PHRASES 短语 **at all costs** (or **at any cost**) regardless of the price or the effort needed 不惜任何代价 **at cost** at cost price 按成本,以成本价 **cost someone dear** (or **dearly**) involve someone in a serious loss or a heavy penalty 使某人付出沉重代价;使某人遭严重损失(或受重罚) **to someone's cost** with loss or disadvantage to someone付了代价,吃了苦头
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coust (n.), couster (v.), based on L. constare 'stand firm, stand at a price'.

**costa** /'kpstə/ n. (pl. costae /'kosti:/) 1 Botany & Zoology【植,动】a rib, midrib, or rib-like structure 肋,中脉;肋状结构 2 Entomology 【昆】 the main vein running along the leading edge of an insect's wing 前缘脉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **costal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L.

**cost accounting** n. the recording of all the costs incurred in a business in a way that can be used to improve its management 成本会计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cost accountant** n.

**co-star** n. a performer appearing with another or others of equal importance 联袂主演者 ■v. appear in a production as a co-star 联袂主演 (of a production) include as a co-star(电影、戏剧等)由…联袂主演

**Costard** /'kpstǝd, 'kast-/n. Brit. 【英】 a cooking apple of a large ribbed variety 科斯塔大苹果
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., from coste 'rib', from L. costa.

**Costa Rican** /kəstə'ri:k(ə)n/ n. a native or inhabitant of Costa Rica, a republic in Central America 哥斯达黎加人 ■adj. relating to Costa Rica 哥斯达黎加的

**costate** /'kostert/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 ribbed; possessing a costa 具肋的;具中脉的;(昆虫)具前缘脉的

**cost-benefit** adj. relating to or denoting a process that assesses the relation between the cost of an undertaking and the value of the resulting benefits 成本效益的: a cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析

**cost centre** n. a department or other unit within an organization to which costs may be charged for accounting purposes 成本中心(机构内部为会计目的而可被要求负担费用的部门或单位)

**cost-effective** adj. effective or productive in relation to its cost 有成本效益的,合算的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cost-effectively** adv. **cost-effectiveness** n.

**cost-efficient** adj. another term for COST-EFFECTIVE * cost-effective的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cost-efficiency** n.

**coster** /'kostə(r)/ n. short for COSTERMONGER * costermonger 的缩略式

**costermonger** /'kostǝ,mʌŋgə(r)/ n. Brit. dated【英,过时】 a person who sells goods, especially fruit and vegetables, from a handcart in the street(沿街推车叫卖水果、蔬菜等的)小贩
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting an apple seller): from COSTARD +-MONGER.

**costing** /'kostim/ n. the estimated cost of producing or undertaking something 估算成本

**costive** /'kpstiv/ adj. constipated 便秘的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **costively** adv. **costiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. constipare (see 见 CONSTIPATED).

**costly** /'kpstli/ adj. (costlier, costliest) 1 expensive 昂贵的 2 causing suffering, loss, or disadvantage 造成损失的;代价高的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **costliness** n.

**costmary** /'kostmeəri/ n. (pl. costmaries) an aromatic plant of the daisy family, formerly used in medicine and for flavouring ale prior to the use of hops 香脂艾菊 [Balsamita major.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from obs. cost (via L. from Gk kostos, via Arab. from Sanskrit kustha, denoting an aromatic plant) + Mary, the mother of Christ.

**cost-of-carry** n. Finance 【金】 the difference between the cost and the financial benefit of holding a particular asset for a specified period(一定时期特定资产的)持有成本

**cost of living** n. the level of prices relating to a range of everyday items 生活费用

**cost-of-living index** n. another term for RETAIL PRICE INDEX * retail price index 的另一种说法

**cost-plus** adj. denoting a method of pricing something in which a fixed profit factor is added to the costs(定价法)成本加成的

**cost price** n. the price at which goods are bought by a retailer 成本价格,(零售商的)购入价格

**costume** /'kostju:m/ n. a set of clothes in a style typical of a particular country or historical period (特定国家或历史时期的)服装,服装式样 a set of clothes worn by an actor or performer for a role 戏装 Brit. dated【英,过时】a woman's matching jacket and skirt 女式套装 ■v. dress in a particular set of clothes 给…穿上特殊服装
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Ital. costume 'custom, fashion, habit', from L. consuetudo (see见 CUSTOM).

**costume drama** n. a television or cinema production set in a historical period 古装戏,古装剧(或电影)

**costume jewellery** n. jewellery made with
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**costumier** /kə'stju:miə(r)/ (US 【美】 also 亦作 **costumer** /-mə(r)/) n. a maker or supplier of theatrical or fancy-dress costumes(为剧团或化装舞会服务的)服装制作人(或出租商)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from costumer (see 见 COSTUME).

**cosy** /'kəʊzi/ (US 【美】 **cozy**) **adj.** (**cosier**, **cosiest**) 1 comfortable, warm, and secure 温暖舒适的;安逸的 2 not seeking or offering challenge or difficulty 轻松的,不费力的 informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】 (of a transaction or arrangement) beneficial to all those involved and possibly somewhat unscrupulous(交易或安排)有油水可捞的,各方相互勾结的 **n.** (pl. **cosies**) 1 a cover to keep a teapot or a boiled egg hot(茶壶或煮熟鸡蛋的) 保温罩 2 Brit. 【英】 a canopied corner seat for two (角落里有遮篷的)双人座位 ■**v.** (**cosies**, **cosying**, **cosied**) informal 【非正式】 make (someone) feel cosy 使感到舒适惬意 (► **cosy up to**) snuggle up to or ingratiate oneself with 讨……的欢心,巴结
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cosily** adv. **cosiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. Scots): of unknown origin.

**cot¹** /kɒt/ n. Brit. 【英】 a small bed with high barred sides for a baby or very young child(有高围栏的) 婴儿床,幼儿床 ▸ a plain narrow bed 简易窄床
> N. Amer. 【北美】a camp bed 行军床,折叠床
> Nautical 【航海】a bed resembling a hammock hung from deck beams, formerly used by officers 帆布 吊铺
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Hindi khāt 'bedstead, hammock'.

**cot²** /kɒt/ n. 1 a small shelter for livestock(家畜的) 棚,槛,栏 2 archaic 【古】 a small, simple cottage 村舍,小屋
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin; rel. to COTE.

**cot³** /kɒt/ abbr. Mathematics 【数】 cotangent.

**cotangent** /kəʊ'tændʒənt/ n. Mathematics 【数】 (in a right-angled triangle) the ratio of the side (other than the hypotenuse) adjacent to a particular acute angle to the side opposite the angle 余切

**cot death** n. Brit. 【英】 the unexplained death of a baby in its sleep 童床死亡,婴儿猝死

**cote** /kəʊt/ n. a shelter for mammals or birds, especially pigeons(养动物或鸟的)棚,槛,栏; (尤指)鸽棚
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (in the sense 'cottage'), of Gmc origin; rel. to COT².

**coterie** /'kəʊt(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **coteries**) a small exclusive group of people with shared interests or tastes(志趣或品味相投者组成的排外)小圈子,小集团
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., based on Mid. Low Ger. kote 'cote'.

**coterminous** /kəʊ'tɜ:mɪnəs/ adj. having the same boundaries or extent 有共同边界(或范围)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: alt. of CONTERMINOUS.

**coth** /kɒθ, kɒt'eɪtʃ/ abbr. hyperbolic cotangent 双曲余切
-ORIGIN 词源 from cot³ + -h for hyperbolic.

**co-tidal line** n. a line on a map connecting points at which a tidal level, especially high tide, occurs simultaneously(地图上尤指标示高潮位的)等潮线

**cotillion** /kə'tɪljən/ n. 1 an 18th-century French dance based on the contredanse(18世纪时的)法国花式舞,法国对舞 ➤ US 【美】 a quadrille 四对舞,夸德里尔(方阵)舞 2 US 【美】 a formal ball, especially one at which debutantes are presented(尤指青年女子被介绍进入社交界的)正式舞会
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. cotillon, lit. 'petticoat dance', dimin. of cotte, from OFr. cote.

**cotinga** /kə'tɪŋgə/ n. a perching bird found in the forests of Central and South America, the male of which is typically brilliantly coloured 伞鸟 [Cotinga and other genera: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via Fr. from Tupi cutinga.

**cotoneaster** /kəˌtəʊni'æstə(r)/ n. a small-leaved shrub of the rose family, cultivated as a hedging plant or for its bright red berries 栒子 [Genus Cotoneaster.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from L. cotoneum (see 见 QUINCE) + -ASTER.

**Cotswold** /'kɒtswəʊld/ n. a sheep of a breed with fine wool, often used to produce cross-bred lambs 科茨沃尔德羊(产优质羊毛,常用于生育杂交羊)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the Cotswold Hills in central England.

**cotta** /'kɒtə/ n. a short garment resembling a surplice, worn typically by Catholic priests and servers(多指天主教司祭和助祭穿的)白色短衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ital.; rel. to COAT.

**cottage** /'kɒtɪdʒ/ n. 1 a small, simple house, typically one in the country 小屋;(多指)村舍 2 informal 【非正式】 (in the context of casual homosexual encounters) a public toilet(同性恋者聚集的)公共厕所 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **cottaging**] informal 【非正式】 perform homosexual acts in a public toilet 在公共厕所搞同性恋活动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cottagey** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. cotage and Anglo-Latin cotagium, from COT² or COTE.

**cottage cheese** n. soft, lumpy white cheese made from the curds of skimmed milk 农家干酪(一种用脱脂凝乳制成的白色软干酪)

**cottage garden** n. an informal garden stocked typically with colourful flowering plants(多指种有各种颜色花草的)小花园

**cottage hospital** n. Brit. 【英】 a small local hospital 乡间诊疗所

**cottage industry** n. a business or manufacturing activity carried on in people's homes 家庭手工业; 家庭小作坊

**cottage loaf** n. Brit. 【英】 a loaf made from two round pieces of dough, the smaller on top of the larger(一大一小两个圆面团叠在一起烤成的)农家面包

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**cottage pie** n. Brit. 【英】 a dish of minced meat topped with browned mashed potato(在肉末上覆土豆泥烘制而成的)农家肉饼

**cottager** /'kɒtɪdʒə(r)/ n. a person living in a cottage 住村舍者

**cottar** /'kɒtə(r)/ (also 亦作 **cotter**) n. historical 【史义】 (in Scotland and Ireland) a farm labourer or tenant occupying a cottage in return for labour(苏格兰和爱尔兰以劳力换得村舍居住权的)隶农,佃农
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from COT²+ -AR.

**cotter pin** /'kɒtə(r)/ n. a metal pin used to fasten two parts of a mechanism together 扁销 ▸ a split pin that is opened out after being passed through a hole 开口销
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**cottier** /'kɒtɪə(r)/ n. 1 archaic 【古】 a rural labourer living in a cottage 住村舍的劳动者 2 historical 【史义】 an Irish peasant holding land by cottier tenure(爱尔兰通过投标定租的)佃农
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cotier, ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to COT².

**cottier tenure** n. historical 【史义】 (in Ireland) the letting of land in small portions direct to the labourers, at a rent fixed by competition(爱尔兰)投标定租制

**cottise** /'kɒtɪs/ (also 亦作 **cotise**) n. Heraldry 【纹章】 a narrow band adjacent and parallel to an ordinary such as a bend or chevron(与普通图记邻接和平行的)窄带
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cottised** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. cotice 'leather thong'.

**cotton** /'kɒt(ə)n/ n. 1 a soft white fibrous substance which surrounds the seeds of the cotton plant and is used as textile fibre and thread for sewing 棉,棉花 ▸ fabric made from cotton fibre 棉布 2 (also 亦作 **cotton plant**) the tropical and subtropical plant commercially grown to make cotton fabric and thread 棉树,棉株 [Genus Gossypium.] 3 (also 亦作 **cotton batting**) N. Amer. 【北美】 cotton wool 脱脂棉,药棉 ■v. informal 【非正式】 1 (**cotton on**) begin to understand (开始)明白,领会 2 (**cotton to**) N. Amer. 【北美】 have a liking for 喜欢上,对……产生好感
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cottony** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coton, from Arab. qutn.

**cotton bud** n. Brit. 【英】 a small wad of cotton wool on a short, thin stick, used for cosmetic purposes or for cleaning the ears(化妆或洁耳用的)棉签

**cotton cake** n. compressed cotton seed, used as food for cattle(用作牛饲料的)棉籽饼

**cotton candy** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 candyfloss 棉花糖

**cotton grass** n. a sedge producing tufts of long white silky hairs which aid in the dispersal of the seeds 羊胡子草 [Genus Eriophorum.]

**cotton lavender** n. a small aromatic shrubby plant of the daisy family, with silvery or greenish foliage and yellow button flowers 银香菊,薰衣草棉 [Genus Santolina: several species.]

**cottonmouth** /'kɒt(ə)nmaʊθ/ (also 亦作 **cottonmouth moccasin**) n. a large, dangerous semiaquatic pit viper of the southeastern US, which opens its mouth wide to display the white interior when threatening 食鱼蝮 [Agkistrodon piscivorus.]

**cotton-picking** adj. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 used for emphasis(用于加强语气)该死的,讨厌的: Just a cotton-picking minute! 别催命了,就一分钟!

**cotton spinner** n. a dark sea cucumber of shallow seas which ejects long sticky threads when disturbed 刺参 [Holothuria forskali.]

**cotton swab** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a cotton bud 棉签

**cottontail** /'kɒt(ə)nteɪl/ n. an American rabbit which has a speckled brownish coat and a white underside to the tail 棉尾兔 [Genus Sylvilagus.]

**cotton waste** n. scraps of waste cotton yarn used to clean machinery(指擦机器用的)回丝

**cottonweed** /'kɒt(ə)nwi:d/ n. a yellow-flowered aromatic plant of the daisy family, with silvery felted leaves and stems 灰肉菊 [Otanthus maritimus.]

**cottonwood** /'kɒt(ə)nwʊd/ n. 1 a North American poplar with seeds covered in white cottony hairs 棉白杨;三角叶杨 [Populus deltoides and other species.] 2 any of a number of downy-leaved Australasian shrubs 棉灌(任何生长于澳大拉西亚的叶片有茸毛的灌木) [Pomaderris phylicifolia (a buckthorn) and Bedfordia salicina (daisy family).]

**cotton wool** n. 1 Brit. 【英】 fluffy wadding of a kind originally made from raw cotton, used especially for cleaning the skin or bathing wounds(尤用于清洁皮肤或清洗伤口的)脱脂棉,药棉 2 US 【美】 raw cotton 原棉
-PHRASES 短语 wrap someone in cotton wool be overprotective towards someone 娇惯;过分悉心地保护

**cotyledon** /ˌkɒtɪ'li:d(ə)n/ n. 1 Botany 【植】 an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed 子叶 2 a succulent plant of the stonecrop family 银波锦 [Genus Cotyledon.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cotyledonary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'navelwort', from Gk kotulēdōn 'cup-shaped cavity'.

**coucal** /'ku:kəl, 'kʊka:l/ n. a large, ungainly ground-dwelling bird of the cuckoo family 鸦鹃;马岛鹃 [Genera Centropus and Coua: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., perh. a blend of coucou 'cuckoo' and alouette 'lark'.

**couch¹** /kaʊtʃ/ n. a long upholstered piece of furniture for several people to sit on 长沙发 ▸ a reclining seat with a headrest at one end on which a psychoanalyst's subject or doctor's patient lies while undergoing treatment(病人接受精神分析或医疗检查时躺的)长榻,诊察台 ■v. 1 (usu. 通常用 **be couched in**) express in language of a specified style(以某种方式的语言)表达 2 literary 【文】 lie down 躺下 3 archaic 【古】 lower (a spear) to the position for attack(准备攻击时)平握,端(矛或枪) 4 chiefly historical 【主史义】 treat (a cataract)

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by pushing the lens of the eye downwards and backwards, out of line with the pupil 用压下术治疗(白内障) 5 (in embroidery) fix (a thread) to a fabric by stitching it down flat with another thread 贴线缝绣
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. couche (n.), coucher (v.), from L. collocare (see 见 COLLOCATION).

**couch²** /kaʊtʃ, ku:tʃ/ (also 亦作 **couch grass**) n. a coarse grass with long creeping roots 披碱草 [Elymus repens and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: var. of QUITCH.

**couchant** /'kaʊtʃənt/ adj. [usu. postpos. 通常后置] Heraldry 【纹章】 (of an animal) lying with the body resting on the legs and the head raised(动物)抬头蹲伏的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: Fr., 'lying', pres. part. of coucher (see 见 COUCH¹).

**couchette** /ku:'ʃet/ n. a railway carriage with seats that are convertible into sleeping berths(铁道上的)坐卧两用车厢 ▸ a berth in such a carriage 坐卧两用车厢座位
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., dimin. of couche 'a couch'.

**couch potato** n. informal 【非正式】 a person who spends a great deal of their leisure time watching television(总泡在电视机前的)电视迷

**cougar** /'ku:gə(r)/ n. 1 North American term for **PUMA** * puma 的北美说法 2 informal 【非正式】 an older woman seeking a sexual relationship with a younger man(寻求与比自己年轻的男子发生性关系的)熟女,虎狼女
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. couguar, abbrev. of mod. L. cuguarcarana, from Guarani guaçuarana.

**cough** /kɒf/ v. 1 expel air from the lungs with a sudden sharp sound 咳嗽 2 (of an engine) make a sudden harsh noise, especially as a sign of malfunction(尤指出现故障时发动机)突然发出刺耳的声音 3 (**cough up**) informal 【非正式】 give something, especially money, reluctantly 勉强拿出,不得已交出(尤指钱) ▸ Brit. 【英】 reveal information; confess 吐露;供认 ■n. an act or sound of coughing 咳嗽;咳嗽声 ▸ a condition of the respiratory organs causing coughing 咳嗽(病)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cougher** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of imitative origin.

**cough drop** (also 亦作 **cough sweet**) n. a medicated lozenge sucked to relieve a cough 止咳糖,止咳片

**cough mixture** n. Brit. 【英】 liquid medicine taken to relieve a cough 止咳药水,止咳合剂

**could** /kəd/ modal v. past of **CAN**² (1. * can 的过去式) used in making suggestions or polite requests(用于提出建议或礼貌的请求)可以: Could I use the phone? 我可以用一下电话吗?
> USAGE 用法说明
> For a discussion on the use of could of instead of could have, see usage at HAVE. 关于使用 could of 而不用 could have 的讨论,参见 have 处的用法说明。

**couldn't** /'kʊdnt/ contr. could not.

**coulee** /'ku:li/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a deep ravine 深沟谷
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. coulée '(lava) flow'.

**coulibiac** /ˌku:lɪ'bjæk/ (also 亦作 **koulibiac**) n. a Russian fish or meat pie(以肉或鱼片作馅的)俄罗斯大酥面烤饼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Russ. kulebyaka.

**coulis** /'ku:li/ n. (pl. same 单复同) a thin fruit or vegetable purée, used as a sauce(用作沙司的)稀水果(或蔬菜)浆
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from couler 'to flow'.

**coulisse** /ku:'li:s/ n. a flat piece of scenery at the side of the stage in a theatre(舞台)侧面布景
> (the coulisses) the wings(舞台)侧面
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., fem. of coulis 'sliding'.

**couloir** /'ku:lwa:(r)/ n. a steep, narrow gully on a mountainside(山腰处的)狭陡溪谷
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., 'gully, corridor'.

**coulomb** /'ku:lɒm/ (abbrev. 略作 C) n. Physics 【物】 the SI unit of electric charge, equal to the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by a current of one ampere 库(仑)(国际制电量单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French military engineer Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

**Coulomb's law** /'ku:lɒmz/ n. Physics 【物】 a law stating that like electric charges repel and opposite charges attract, with a force proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them 库仑定律

**coulter** /'kəʊltə(r)/ (US 【美】 **colter**) n. a vertical cutting blade fixed in front of a ploughshare 犁刀 ▸ the part of a seed drill that makes the furrow for the seed 条播机刀
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. culter 'knife or ploughshare'.

**coumarin** /'ku:mərɪn/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a vanilla-scented organic compound found in many plants 香豆素
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. coumarine, from coumarou, via Port. and Sp. from Tupi cumarú 'tonka bean'.

**coumarone** /'ku:mərəʊn/ n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound used to make thermoplastic resins for paints and varnishes 苯并呋喃,香豆酮
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from COUMARIN + -ONE.

**council** /'kaʊnsl/ n. 1 a formally constituted advisory, deliberative, or administrative body 委员会;理事会 ▸ a body elected to manage the affairs of a city, county, or district(市、郡、区的)政务委员会 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] Brit. 【英】 denoting housing provided by a local council(住房)由地方政务委员会提供的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: from Anglo-Norman Fr. cuncile, from L. concilium 'convocation, assembly'; cf. COUNSEL.

**councillor** /'kaʊnsələ(r)/ (US also 【美亦作】 **councilor**) n. a member of a council(市、郡等

<579>
的)政务会委员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **councillorship** n.
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the difference between councillor and counsellor, see usage at COUNSELLOR. 关于 councillor 和 counsellor 的区别,参见 counsellor 处的用法说明。

**councilman** /'kaʊnslmən/ (or **councilwoman**) n. (pl. **councilmen** or **councilwomen**) US 【美】 a councillor(市、郡等的)政务会委员

**council of war** n. a gathering of military officers in wartime(战争时期军事领导人的)军事会议 ▸ a meeting held to plan a response to an emergency (为应付突发事件的)紧急会议

**council tax** n. a tax levied on households by local authorities in Britain, based on the estimated value of a property(英国依据个人房产估价征收的)市政税

**counsel** /'kaʊnsl/ n. 1 advice, especially that given formally(尤指正式的)建议,忠告
> archaic 【古】 consultation 咨询;协商
 2 (pl. same 单复同) a barrister or other legal adviser conducting a case 律师;法律顾问 ■v. (**counsels**, **counselling**, **counselled**; US 【美】 **counsels**, **counseling**, **counseled**) 1 give advice to 向……建议;劝告
> recommend (a course of action) 建议(行动方式)
 2 [often as noun 常作名词 **counselling**] give professional help and advice to (someone) to resolve personal, social, or psychological problems 为(某人)提供专业指导(或咨询)
-PHRASES 短语 a counsel of despair an action to be taken when all else fails 一切都失败后采取的行动 a counsel of perfection advice that is ideal but not feasible 理想但不切实际的劝告 keep one's own counsel not confide in others 保密 take counsel discuss a problem 商量(或讨论)问题
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. counseil (n.), conseiller (v.), from L. consilium 'consultation, advice', rel. to consulere (see 见 CONSULT); cf. COUNCIL.

**counsellor** /'kaʊnsələ(r)/ (US 【美】 **counselor**) n. 1 a person trained to give guidance on personal, social, or psychological problems(个人、社会或心理问题的)指导顾问,咨询顾问,辅导员 2 a senior officer in the diplomatic service(使馆的)参赞 3 (also 亦作 **counselor-at-law**) US & Irish 【美,爱】 a barrister 出庭律师
> USAGE 用法说明
> The words counsellor and councillor are often confused. A counsellor is a person who gives advice or counsel, especially on personal problems (a marriage counsellor), whereas a councillor is a member of a city, county, or other council (she stood as a Labour candidate for city councillor). * counsellor 和 councillor 常易被混淆。counsellor 尤指就个人问题提供建议或咨询者(如: a marriage counsellor 婚姻指导顾问),而 councillor 指市、郡或其他地方政务委员会的成员,如: She stood as a Labour candidate for city councillor. 她以工党候选人身份参加市政会委员的竞选。

**Counsellor of State** n. (in the UK) a temporary regent during a sovereign's absence(英国的)临时摄政王

**count¹** /kaʊnt/ v. 1 determine the total number of 点……的数目;计算……的总数 2 recite numbers in ascending order(按顺序)数数
> (**count down**) recite or display numbers backwards to zero to indicate remaining time, especially before the launch of a rocket(尤指火箭发射前)倒读数,倒计时
> (**count something out**) take out items one by one, keeping a note of how many one takes 逐一数出
> (**count someone out**) complete a count of ten seconds over a fallen boxer to indicate defeat 数10后判(被击倒的拳击手)负
> (**count something out**) Brit. 【英】 procure the adjournment of the House of Commons when fewer than forty members are present(不足法定出席人数40人而)宣告(下院)休会
 3 take into account; include 把…算入;包括
> (**count someone in** or **out**) include (or not include) someone in a planned activity 把(或不把)(某人)算入
 4 regard or be regarded as possessing a quality or fulfilling a role (被)认为,(被)看作: people she had counted as her friends 被她当作朋友的人 5 matter; be significant 有价值;有重要性: It was the critics that counted. 重要的是评论界的意见。 6 (**count on/upon**) rely on 依靠;指望 ■n. 1 an act of counting 数数,计数,点数 ▸ the total determined by counting 点出的数目,计算出的总数 ▸ a referee's count of up to ten seconds when a boxer is knocked down(拳击比赛中裁判员的)数10 2 a point for discussion or consideration(讨论或考虑的)事项
> Law 【律】 a separate charge in an indictment(刑事起诉书中的)罪项
 3 the measure of the fineness of a yarn or woven fabric(纱线的)支数,织物经纬密度
-PHRASES 短语 count one's blessings be grateful for what one has 知足 count the cost calculate the consequences of a careless or foolish action 计算(粗心或愚蠢行为的)后果 count the days (or hours) be impatient for time to pass 焦急等待 keep (or lose) count take note of (or forget) the number or amount when counting 数得清(或数不清)…的数目,知道(或不知道)……的确切数目 out (or N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】 **down**) for the count Boxing 【拳】 defeated by being knocked to the ground and unable to rise within ten seconds(未能_在数10过程中站起来而)被判负
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **countable** adj. **countably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as n.): from OFr. counte (n.), counter (v.), from L. computare (see 见 COMPUTE).

**count²** /kaʊnt/ n. a foreign nobleman whose rank corresponds to that of an earl(欧洲国家中除英国外的)伯爵(相当于英国的 earl)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **countship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conte, from L. comes,

<580>
comit- 'companion, overseer, attendant'.

**countback** /'kaʊntbæk/ n. a method of deciding the winner of a tied game or competition by awarding it to the contestant with the better score in the later part(平局时以后段得分高者为胜的)评判方法

**countdown** /'kaʊntdaʊn/ n. 1 an act of counting down to zero, especially before the launching of a rocket(尤指火箭发射前的)倒读数,倒计时 2 the final moments before a significant event(重大事件的)倒计时阶段,临近时期 3 a digital display that counts down 倒计时显示器

**countenance** /'kaʊnt(ə)nəns, -tɪn-/ n. 1 a person's face or facial expression 脸,面孔;表情 2 formal 【正式】 support or approval 支持;认可 ■v. admit as acceptable or possible 认可;赞同
-PHRASES 短语 keep one's countenance maintain one's composure 保持镇定,不动声色 out of countenance disconcerted or unpleasantly surprised 失措的;窘迫的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contenance 'bearing, behaviour', from contenir (see 见 CONTAIN).

**counter¹** /'kaʊntə(r)/ n. 1 a long flat-topped fitment across which business is conducted in a shop or food and drinks are served 柜台 ▸ N. Amer. 【北美】 a worktop(厨房的)操作台 2 a small disc used in board games for keeping the score or as a place marker(棋盘游戏中的)筹码 ▸ a token representing a coin 代币 3 a factor used to give one party an advantage in negotiations(谈判中的)筹码,有利条件 4 a person or thing that counts something 计数者;计数器 ▸ Physics 【物】 an apparatus used for counting individual ionizing particles or events(计算致电离粒子个数或电离事件次数的)计数器
-PHRASES 短语 over the counter by ordinary retail purchase, with no need for a prescription or licence (不需处方或许可)直接购买,在商店购买 ▸ (of share transactions) taking place outside the stock exchange system(证券买卖)不通过证券交易系统的 under the counter (or table) (with reference to goods bought or sold) surreptitiously and illegally (指买卖货物)私下地,非法地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in sense 2): from OFr. conteor, from med. L. computatorium, from L. computare (see 见 COMPUTE).

**counter²** /'kaʊntə(r)/ v. 1 speak or act in opposition or response to 反对,反驳,反击 2 Boxing 【拳】 give a return blow while parrying 还击 ■adv. (**counter to**) in the opposite direction to or in conflict with 与……反(或逆)方向;和…相反,同……对抗 ■adj. responding to something of the same kind, especially in opposition 作为回应的;(尤指)相反的,对立的: argument and counter argument 辩论与抗辩 ■n. 1 an act or speech which counters something else 反驳;反击;反行动;反作用 2 Boxing 【拳】 a counterpunch 还击 3 the curved part of the stern of a ship projecting aft above the waterline 艉突出部,外倾艉端 4 Printing 【印刷】 the white space enclosed by a letter such as O or c(活字)字谷(指 O, c 等字母围起的空白处)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contre, from L. contra 'against'.

**counter³** /'kaʊntə(r)/ n. the back part of a shoe or boot, enclosing the heel(鞋或靴的)主跟,后帮
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of counterfort 'buttress', from Fr. contrefort.

**counter-** /'kaʊntə(r)/ prefix denoting opposition, retaliation, or rivalry 反对;报复;敌对: counter-attack 反击 ▸ denoting movement or effect in the opposite direction(运动或效果)相反,相对: counterpoise 平衡力 ▸ denoting correspondence, duplication, or substitution 对应;重复;代替: counterpart 对应的人(或物)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Anglo-Norman Fr. countre-, OFr. contre, from L. contra 'against'.

**counteract** /ˌkaʊntər'ækt/ v. act against (something) in order to reduce its force or neutralize it 对…起反作用,阻碍;抵消
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counteraction** n. **counter-active** adj.

**counterargument** /'kaʊntəˌɑ:gjʊm(ə)nt/ n. an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument 抗辩,反驳

**counter-attack** n. an attack made in response to one by an enemy or opponent 反击,反攻 ■v. attack in response(对……)进行反击,(对……)发动反攻
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counter-attacker** n.

**counter-attraction** n. a rival attraction 对抗性引力

**counterbalance** n. /'kaʊntəˌbæl(ə)ns/ 1 a weight that balances another 平衡锤,平衡重,砝码 2 a factor having the opposite effect to that of another, preventing it from exercising a disproportionate influence 平衡力(或因素),抵消力(或因素) ■v. /ˌkaʊntə'bæl(ə)ns/ be a counterbalance to 使平衡;抵消

**counterblast** /'kaʊntəblɑ:st/ n. a strongly worded reply to someone else's views 强烈的反对,有力的驳斥

**counterbore** /'kaʊntəbɔ:(r)/ n. 1 a drilled hole which has a wider section at the top 埋头孔,锥口孔,沉孔(指口比底宽的钻孔) 2 a drill whose bit has a uniform smaller diameter near the tip, for drilling counterbores(钻沉孔的)平底扩孔钻 ■v. drill a counterbore in 在……上钻沉孔

**counterchange** /'kaʊntəˌtʃeɪn(d)ʒ/ v. literary 【文】 chequer with contrasting colours 使成交错杂色 ▸ Heraldry 【纹章】 interchange the tinctures of (a charge) with that of a divided field 使(图记)分界线两边色彩对调 ■n. 1 a change that is opposite in effect to a previous change 反向变化 2 patterning in which a dark motif on a light ground alternates with the same motif light on a dark ground 明暗交错花纹

**countercharge** /'kaʊntətʃɑ:dʒ/ n. an accusation made in turn by someone against their accuser 反

<581>
指控
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contremander (v.), contremand (n.), from med. L. contramandare, from L. contra- 'against' + mandare 'to order'.

**counterclaim** /'kaʊntəkleɪm/ n. a claim made to rebut a previous claim 反要求;反索赔 ▸ Law 【律】 a claim made by a defendant against a plaintiff 反诉,反请求 ■v. chiefly Law 【主律】 make a counterclaim 提出反诉(或反请求)

**counterclockwise** /ˌkaʊntə'klɒkwaɪz/ adv. & adj. North American term for ANTICLOCKWISE * anticlockwise 的北美说法

**counterculture** /'kaʊntəkʌltʃə(r)/ n. a way of life and set of attitudes at variance with the prevailing social norm 反正统文化(反传统的生活方式和观念)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **countercultural** adj.

**countercurrent** /'kaʊntəkʌrənt/ n. a current flowing in an opposite direction to another 逆流

**counterdemonstration** /'kaʊntəˌdemənˌstreɪʃn/ n. a public demonstration organized in order to express opposition to the aims of another demonstration 反示威

**counter-espionage** n. activities designed to prevent or thwart spying by an enemy 反间谍活动

**counterfactual** /ˌkaʊntə'fæktʃuəl/ Philosophy 【哲】 adj. relating to or expressing what has not happened or is not the case 反事实的 ■n. a counterfactual conditional statement (e.g. If kangaroos had no tails, they would topple over) 反事实条件陈述

**counterfeit** /'kaʊntəfɪt/ adj. made in exact imitation of something valuable with the intention to deceive or defraud 伪造的,仿冒的 ▸ pretended; sham 假装的;虚假的 ■n. a forgery 伪造物,仿冒物,赝品 ■v. imitate fraudulently 伪造,仿冒 ▸ literary 【文】 resemble closely 酷似
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counterfeiter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v.): from Anglo-Norman Fr. countrefeter, from OFr. contrefait, contrefaire, from L. contra- 'in opposition' + facere 'make'.

**counterfoil** /'kaʊntəfɔɪl/ n. Brit. 【英】 the part of a cheque, ticket, etc. that is kept as a record by the person issuing it(支票、票据等的)存根,票根

**counter-insurgency** n. military or political action taken against guerrillas or revolutionaries 反暴动(或叛乱)行动

**counter-intelligence** n. counter-espionage 反间谍活动

**counter-intuitive** adj. contrary to intuition or to common-sense expectation 反直觉的;有悖常识的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counter-intuitively** adv.

**counterirritant** /ˌkaʊnt(ə)r'ɪrɪt(ə)nt/ n. something such as heat or an ointment that is used to produce surface irritation of the skin, thereby counteracting underlying pain or discomfort 对抗刺激剂(热敷、膏药等产生皮肤表浅刺激以减轻较深部位疼痛或不适之物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counterirritation** n.

**countermand** /ˌkaʊntə'mɑ:nd/ v. revoke (an order) 撤销(命令);取消(订单) ▸ declare (voting) invalid 宣布(选举)无效

**countermeasure** /'kaʊntəˌmeʒə(r)/ n. an action taken to counteract a danger or threat(应对危险或威胁的)对策,反措施

**countermove** /'kaʊntəmu:v/ n. a move or other action made in opposition to another 相反行动;对抗行动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **countermovement** n.

**counteroffensive** /'kaʊntər əˌfensɪv/ n. an attack made in response to one from an enemy 反攻

**counterpane** /'kaʊntəpeɪn/ n. dated 【过时】 a bedspread 床罩
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of COUNTERPOINT, based on med. L. culcitra puncta 'quilted mattress'.

**counterpart** /'kaʊntəpɑ:t/ n. 1 a person or thing that corresponds to or has the same function as another 对应的人(或物);作用相当的人(或物) 2 Law 【律】 each of two copies of a legal document (法律文件的)副本

**counterplot** /'kaʊntəplɒt/ n. a plot intended to thwart another plot 反计,对抗策略

**counterpoint** /'kaʊntəpɔɪnt/ n. 1 Music 【音】 the technique of setting, writing, or playing a melody or melodies in conjunction with another, according to fixed rules 对位(法) ▸ a melody played in conjunction with another 对位旋律 2 a thing forming a pleasing or notable contrast with something else(令人愉快或鲜明的)对比物 ■v. 1 Music 【音】 add counterpoint to (a melody) 用对位法改编(旋律) 2 emphasize by contrast 通过对比强调 3 compensate for 补偿,弥补
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contrepoint, from med. L. contrapunctum in sense '(song) marked over against (the original melody)'.

**counterpoise** /'kaʊntəpɔɪz/ n. a factor or force that balances or neutralizes another 平衡(或抗衡)力(或因素),抵消力(或因素) ▸ a state of equilibrium 平衡(状态),均衡(状态) ▸ a counterbalancing weight 平衡砝码,均衡锤 ■v. have an opposing and balancing effect on 使平衡;使均衡;抵消 ▸ bring into contrast 使形成对比
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. contrepois from contre 'against' + pois from L. pensum 'weight'; cf. POISE¹.

**counterpose** /ˌkaʊntə'pəʊz/ v. set against or in opposition to 使成对照;使相反,使对立
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counterposition** n.

**counterproductive** /ˌkaʊntəprə'dʌktɪv/ adj. having the opposite of the desired effect 适得其反的

**counterproposal** /'kaʊntəprəˌpəʊzl/ n. an alternative proposal made in response to a previous proposal that is regarded as unacceptable or unsatisfactory 反提议,反建议;反提案

**counterpunch** /'kaʊntəpʌn(t)ʃ/ Boxing 【拳】 ■n. a punch thrown in return for one received 还击 ■v. throw a counterpunch 作出还击

<582>
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counterpuncher** n.

**Counter-Reformation** n. the reform of the Church of Rome in the 16th and 17th centuries which was stimulated by the Protestant Reformation 反宗教改革(16和17世纪由新教宗教改革引起的天主教会改革)

**counter-revolution** n. a revolution opposing a former one or reversing its results 反革命
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counter-revolutionary** adj. & n.

**counterrotate** /ˌkaʊntərəʊ'teɪt/ v. rotate in opposite directions, especially about the same axis (尤指同轴)作反方向旋转
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counterrotation** n.

**counterscarp** /'kaʊntəskɑ:p/ n. the outer wall of a ditch in a fortification(堡垒壕沟的)外崖,外护墙

**countershading** /'kaʊntəˌʃeɪdɪŋ/ n. Zoology 【动】 protective coloration used by some animals in which parts normally in shadow are light and those exposed to the sky are dark 隐影
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **countershaded** adj.

**countershaft** /'kaʊntəʃɑ:ft/ n. a machine driveshaft that transmits motion from the main shaft to where it is required 副(传动)轴

**countersign** /'kaʊntəsaɪn/ v. add a signature to (a document already signed by another person) 副署,会签(文件) ■n. archaic 【古】 a signal or password given in reply to a soldier on guard 回令
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **countersignature** n.

**countersink** /'kaʊntəsɪŋk/ v. (past and past part. **countersunk**) enlarge and bevel the rim of (a drilled hole) so that a screw or bolt can be inserted flush with the surface 扩钻(孔端)成埋头孔 ▸ drive (a screw or bolt) into such a hole 把(螺钉或螺栓)钻入埋头孔

**counterstroke** /'kaʊntəstrəʊk/ n. an attack carried out in retaliation 反击,还击

**countertenor** /'kaʊntəˌtenə(r)/ n. the highest male adult singing voice 高男高音,男声最高音

**counterterrorism** /ˌkaʊntə'terərɪz(ə)m/ n. political or military activities designed to prevent or thwart terrorism 反恐怖主义,反恐活动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **counterterrorist** n.

**countertop** /'kaʊntətɒp/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a worktop(厨房的)操作台

**countertrade** /'kaʊntəˌtreɪd/ n. international trade by exchange of goods rather than by currency purchase(国际贸易中不涉及货币支付的)对销贸易,反向贸易

**countertransference** /'kaʊntə træns'fɜ:r(ə)ns/ n. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 the emotional reaction of the analyst to the subject's contribution 反向移情

**countervail** /ˌkaʊntə'veɪl/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **countervailing**] offset the effect of (something) by countering it with something of equal force 与…抗衡,抵消
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. contrevaloir, from L. contra valere 'be of worth against'.

**countervailing duty** n. an import tax imposed on certain goods in order to prevent dumping or counter export subsidies 抵消关税,反倾销(或补贴)税

**countervalue** /'kaʊntəˌvælju:/ n. Brit. 【英】 an equivalent or equal, especially in military strategy (尤指军事策略上的)等价物,可匹敌物

**counterweight** /'kaʊntəweɪt/ n. a counterbalancing weight 平衡锤,平衡重,砝码

**countess** /'kaʊntəs/ n. the wife or widow of a count or earl 伯爵夫人;伯爵遗孀 ▸ a woman holding the rank of count or earl 女伯爵

**countian** /'kaʊntɪən/ n. US 【美】 an inhabitant of a specified county(某县的)居民,县民

**counting** /'kaʊntɪŋ/ prep. taking account of; including 考虑到;包括: There were three of us, or four counting the baby. 我们一共三个人,如果算上宝宝的话则是四个。

**counting house** n. historical 【史义】 a place where the accounts and money of a person or company were kept 会计室,存账室;账房

**countless** /'kaʊntləs/ adj. too many to be counted; very many 数不胜数的,非常多的

**count noun** n. Grammar 【语法】 a noun that can form a plural and, in the singular, can be used with the indefinite article (e.g. books, a book) 可数名词 Contrasted with 对照 MASS NOUN.

**Count Palatine** n. historical 【史义】 a feudal lord having royal authority within a region of a kingdom 巴拉丁伯爵,王权伯爵(在王国某一地区享有王权的封建领主) ▸ a high official of the Holy Roman Empire with royal authority within his domain 巴拉丁伯爵,王权伯爵(神圣罗马帝国在领地内享有王权的高级官员)

**countrified** /'kʌntrɪfaɪd/ (also 亦作 **countryfied**) adj. characteristic of the country, especially in being unsophisticated 具有乡村特点的;(尤指)土里土气的

**country** /'kʌntri/ n. (pl. **countries**) 1 a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory 国家 2 (often 常用 **the country**) districts outside large urban areas 乡村,乡下 3 an area or region with regard to its physical features(具有某种地理特点的)区域,地区: a tract of wild country 一大片荒凉之地 4 short for COUNTRY MUSIC * country music 的缩略式
-PHRASES 短语 across country not keeping to roads 穿越田野 go to the country Brit. 【英】 dissolve Parliament and hold a general election(解散议会)举行大选 one's line of country Brit. 【英】 a subject in which one is skilled or knowledgeable 某人精通的领域
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cuntree, from med. L. contrata (terra) '(land) lying opposite', from L. contra 'against, opposite'.

**country and western** n. country music 乡村音乐

**country club** n. a club with sporting and social facilities, set in a rural area 乡村俱乐部

**country cousin** n. an unsophisticated and provincial person 乡巴佬

**country dance** n. a traditional type of social

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English dance, in particular one performed by couples facing each other in long lines 乡村舞(英国的一种传统交谊舞类型,特指其中的长排对舞)

**countryfied** /'kʌntrɪfaɪd/ adj. variant spelling of COUNTRIFIED * countrified 的另一种拼法

**country house** n. Brit. 【英】 a large house in the country, typically the seat of a wealthy or aristocratic family(多指富人或贵族的)乡间邸宅

**countryman** /'kʌntrɪmən/ (or **countrywoman**) n. (pl. **countrymen** or **countrywomen**) 1 a person living or born in the country 乡下人 2 a person from the same country as someone else 同国人,同胞: my fellow countryman 我的同胞

**country mile** n. informal 【非正式】 a very long way 很长一段距离

**country music** n. a form of popular music that originates in the rural southern US, characteristically featuring guitar and pedal steel guitar 乡村音乐(源于美国南部乡村地区的一种流行音乐)

**country rock¹** n. Geology 【地质】 the rock which encloses a mineral deposit, igneous intrusion, or other feature 围岩

**country rock²** n. a type of popular music that is a blend of rock and country music 乡村摇滚乐

**countryside** /'kʌntrɪsaɪd/ n. the land and scenery of a rural area 乡村,乡下,农村地区

**countrywide** /ˌkʌntri'waɪd/ adj. & adv. extending throughout a nation 全国性的(地),全国范围的(地)

**county** /'kaʊnti/ n. (pl. **counties**) 1 a territorial division of some countries, forming the chief unit of local administration 郡(一些国家主要的地方行政区) ➤ US 【美】 a political and administrative division of a state 县(州以下的行政区) 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] Brit. 【英】 of or denoting aristocratic people with an ancestral home in a particular county 郡中世家的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. conté, from L. comitatus, from comes, comit- (see 见 COUNT²).

**county borough** n. (in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland) a large town formerly having the administrative status of a county(英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰过去的)郡级自治市

**county commissioner** n. Brit. 【英】 a Justice of the Peace on the commission of the peace of a county 郡治安法官

**county corporate** n. Brit. historical 【英,史义】 a city or town that ranks as an administrative county 市镇法人,郡级市(或镇)

**county council** n. (in the UK) the elected governing body of an administrative county(英国的)郡政会
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **county councillor** n.

**county court** n. (in England and Wales) a judicial court for civil cases(英格兰和威尔士受理民事案件的)郡法院 ➤ US 【美】 a court for civil and criminal cases(受理民事、刑事案件的)县法院

**County Palatine** n. historical 【史义】 (in England and Ireland) a county in which royal privileges and exclusive rights of jurisdiction were held by its earl or lord(英格兰和爱尔兰的)巴拉丁郡,御准特权郡(其伯爵或领主在郡内享有皇家特权及司法管辖权)

**county town** (N. Amer. 【北美】 **county seat**) n. the town that is the administrative capital of a county 郡治;县城

**coup** /ku:/ n. (pl. **coups** /ku:z/) 1 (also 亦作 **coup d'état**) a sudden violent seizure of power from a government 政变 2 an unexpected and notably successful act 成功的一举 3 Billiards 【台】 a direct pocketing of the cue ball, which is a foul stroke 主球径自入袋 4 historical 【史义】 (among North American Indians) an act of touching an enemy, as a deed of bravery(北美印第安人中以示勇敢的)触敌
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from med. L. colpus (see 见 COPE¹).

**coup de foudre** /ˌku: də 'fu:dr(ə)/ n. (pl. **coups de foudre** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a sudden unforeseen event, especially love at first sight 意外事件,突发事件;(尤指)一见钟情
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'stroke of lightning'.

**coup de grâce** /ˌku: də 'grɑ:s/ n. (pl. **coups de grâce** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a final blow or shot given to kill a wounded person or animal(为解除垂死痛苦而给予的)慈悲的一击(或一枪) ▸ the final, decisive action or event in a bad or deteriorating situation 最后(或决定性的)一击
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'stroke of grace'.

**coup de main** /ˌku: də 'meɪ/ n. (pl. **coups de main** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a sudden surprise attack 突袭,奇击
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'stroke of hand'.

**coup d'état** /ˌku: deɪ'tɑ:/ n. (pl. **coups d'état** pronunc. same 单复发音同) see 见 coup (sense 1 释义 1).
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'blow of state'.

**coup de théâtre** /ˌku: də teɪ'ɑ:tr(ə)/ n. (pl. **coups de théâtre** pronunc. same 单复发音同) 1 a dramatically sudden action or turn of events, especially in a play (尤指戏剧中的)意外行动,事态突变 2 a successful theatrical production 成功的戏剧演出
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'blow of theatre'.

**coup d'œil** /ˌku: 'dɜ:l/ n. (pl. **coups d'œil** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a glance that takes in a comprehensive view 通观全貌的一瞥
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'stroke of eye'.

**coupe** /ku:p/ n. 1 a shallow glass or glass dish, typically with a stem, in which desserts or champagne are served 高脚玻璃杯;碗状甜食盘 2 a dessert served in such a dish(装在脚玻璃杯中的)水果冰激凌
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'goblet'.

**coupé** /'ku:peɪ/ (also 亦作 **coupe** /ku:p/) n. 1 a car with a fixed roof, two doors, and a sloping rear(斜背)双门小轿车 2 historical 【史义】 a four-wheeled enclosed carriage for two passengers and a driver 双座四轮轿式马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. carrosse coupé, lit. 'cut carriage'.

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**couped** /ku:pt/ adj. Heraldry 【纹章】 cut off or truncated in a straight line 直线被切断(或截断)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. couper 'to cut' + -ED².

**couple** /'kʌpl/ n. 1 two individuals of the same sort considered together 一对,一双 2 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] two people who are married or otherwise closely associated romantically or sexually 夫妻;情侣 3 informal 【非正式】 an indefinite small number 两三(个),几(个);一些: a couple of days ago 几天前 4 Mechanics 【力】 a pair of equal and parallel forces acting in opposite directions, and tending to cause rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane containing them 力偶 ■v. 1 join to form a pair (使)成对,(使)成双 ▸ (often 常用 **be coupled to/with**) combine 连接;结合 ▸ connect (a railway vehicle or a piece of equipment) to another 将(铁道车辆或设备)与另一个相连 2 have sexual intercourse 性交;交配
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coupledom** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cople (n.), copler (v.), from L. copula (n.), copulare (v.), from co- 'together' + apere 'fasten'; cf. COPULA and COPULATE.

**coupler** /'kʌplə(r)/ n. 1 something that connects or couples two things 连接物,连接器 2 Photography 【摄】 a compound in a developer or an emulsion which combines with the products of development to form an insoluble dye, part of the image(显影剂或乳胶中的)成色剂 3 (also 亦作 **acoustic coupler**) a modem which converts digital signals into audible signals and vice versa so that they can be transmitted and received over telephone lines 声耦合器

**couplet** /'kʌplət/ n. a pair of successive lines of verse, typically rhyming and of the same length 对句(长度相等且尾韵相谐的诗句)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., dimin. of couple, from OFr. cople (see 见 COUPLE).

**coupling** /'kʌplɪŋ/ n. a device for coupling railway vehicles or parts of machinery together(连接铁道车辆的)车钩,挂钩;(连接机械部件的)连接器,联合器,联轴器

**coupling constant** n. Physics 【物】 a constant representing the strength of the interaction between a particle and a field 耦合常数

**coupling rod** n. a rod which couples the driving wheels of a locomotive, enabling them to act as a unit 连接杆

**couply** /'kʌpli/ (also 亦作 **coupley**) adj. informal, often derogatory 【非正式,常贬】 relating to or characteristic of a couple in a romantic or sexual relationship (似)夫妻(或情侣)的;卿卿我我的,总黏在一起的

**coupon** /'ku:pɒn/ n. 1 a voucher entitling the holder to a discount on a product or a quantity of something rationed (购物)优惠券;配给券 2 a detachable form used to send for a purchase or information or to enter a competition(可撕下的)订货单,信息索取单,参赛表 3 a detachable portion of a bond which is given up in return for a payment of interest(债券的)息票 ▸ the nominal rate of interest on a fixed-interest security(固定利息证券的)利率 4 Scottish & Irish 【苏格兰,爱】 a person's face 脸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'piece cut off', from couper 'cut'.

**courage** /'kʌrɪdʒ/ n. the ability to do something that frightens one 勇气,胆量 ▸ strength in the face of pain or grief(承受痛苦或悲伤的)勇气
-PHRASES 短语 have the courage of one's convictions act on one's beliefs despite danger or disapproval 敢于按自己的信念行事 take courage make an effort to do something that frightens one 鼓起勇气 take one's courage in both hands nerve oneself to do something that frightens one 鼓起勇气
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. corage, from L. cor 'heart'.

**courageous** /kə'reɪdʒəs/ adj. having courage; brave 勇敢的,无畏的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **courageously** adv. **courageousness** n.

**courant** /kʊ'rænt/ adj. Heraldry 【纹章】 represented as running 跑步状的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., 'running', pres. part. of courir.

**courante** /kʊ'rɒt, -'rɑ:nt/ n. a rapid gliding dance in quick triple time 库朗特舞(一种三拍子的快速滑步舞)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: Fr., lit. 'running', fem. pres. part. of courir.

**courbette** /kʊə'bet/ n. (in classical riding) a movement in which the horse performs a series of jumps on the hind legs without the forelegs touching the ground(古典马术中马的)直立跳跃
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., from Ital. corvetta 'little curve' based on L. curvus 'curved'.

**courgette** /kʊə'ʒet/ n. Brit. 【英】 a variety of marrow harvested and eaten at an early stage of growth 密生西葫芦
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., dimin. of courge 'gourd', from L. cucurbita.

**courier** /'kʊriə(r)/ n. 1 a messenger who transports goods or documents 信使;快递员 2 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a person employed to guide and assist a group of tourists 导游,旅游团领队 ■v. send or transport by courier(信使或快递员)发送,运送
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: orig. from OFr. coreor; later from Fr. courier (now courrier), from Ital. corriere; based on L. currere 'to run'.

**course** /kɔ:s/ n. 1 the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river(船、飞机等的)航向;(道路、河流等的)所经之路,路线 2 the way in which something progresses or develops 进展,进程,经过 ▸ (also 亦作 **course of action**) a procedure adopted to deal with a situation 行动方式,做法 3 a dish forming one of the successive parts of a meal (一)道(菜) 4 a series of lectures or lessons in a particular subject 课程 ▸ Medicine 【医】 a series of repeated treatments or doses of medication 疗程 5

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an area of land prepared for racing, golf, or another sport(体育运动的)比赛场地;跑道;赛道,高尔夫球场 6 a continuous horizontal layer of brick or stone (砖或石水平连续砌成的)层 7 Bell-ringing 【鸣钟】 a series of changes which brings the bells back to their original order, or the changes of a particular bell 钟音调整 8 a sail on the lowest yards of a square-rigged ship 大横帆 ■v. 1 (of liquid) flow(液体)流动 2 [often as noun 常作名词 **coursing**] pursue (game, especially hares) with greyhounds using sight rather than scent(用灵提靠目力而非气味)追踪狩猎(尤指野兔)
-PHRASES 短语 the course of nature normal and expected events or processes 正常情况,预料中的状况 in (the) course of 1 undergoing (the specified process) 在……过程中 2 during (the specified period) 在……期间 of course as expected 如所预料的一样 ▸ used to give or emphasize agreement or permission(用于强调同意或给予许可)当然,自然
> admittedly 诚然
 on (or off) course following (or not following) the intended route 未偏离(或偏离)原定路线 run (or take) its course complete its natural development without interference 自然而然地发展,持续到自然结束
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cours, from L. cursus, from curs-, currere 'run'.

**coursebook** /'kɔ:sbʊk/ n. Brit. 【英】 a textbook designed for use on a particular course of study 教科书,课本

**courser¹** /'kɔ:sə(r)/ n. literary 【文】 a swift horse 骏马,快马
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. corsier, based on L. cursus (see 见 COURSE).

**courser²** /'kɔ:sə(r)/ n. a fast-running plover-like bird found in open country in Africa and Asia 走鴴 [Cursorius cursor (**cream-coloured courser**) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. Cursorius 'adapted for running', from L. cursor 'runner'.

**courser³** /'kɔ:sə(r)/ n. a person who goes coursing with greyhounds 放犬追猎者

**courseware** /'kɔ:sweə(r)/ n. computer programs or other material designed for use in an educational or training course 课件;课程软件,教学材料

**coursework** /'kɔ:swɜ:k/ n. work done during a course of study, typically counting towards a final mark(多指计入最终成绩的)课程作业

**court** /kɔ:t/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **court of law**) a body of people before whom judicial cases are heard 全体审判人员 ▸ the place where a court meets 法院,法庭,裁判庭 2 a quadrangular area marked out for ball games such as tennis(网球等球类运动的)球场
> a quadrangle surrounded by a building or group of buildings 庭院,院子
 3 the establishment, retinue, and courtiers of a sovereign 王宫;宫廷;(总称)朝臣,侍臣 4 the qualified members of a company or a corporation(公司等的)董事(会),理事(会) ■v. 1 dated 【过时】 be involved with romantically, typically with the intention of marrying(多指带有婚姻目的)向……求爱 ▸ (of a male bird or other animal) try to attract (a mate)(雄性鸟类或动物)求(偶) 2 attempt to win the support or favour of 寻求…支持(或青睐) ▸ go to great lengths to win (favourable attention) 竭力争取(好感) 3 risk incurring (misfortune) because of the way one behaves 招致(灾祸)
-PHRASES 短语 out of court before a legal hearing can take place 不经法庭听审,私下 pay court to pay flattering attention to 讨好,向…献殷勤
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cort, from L. cohors, cohort- 'yard or retinue'; the verb is influenced by Old Ital. corteare, OFr. courtoyer.

**court bouillon** /kɔ:t 'bu:jɒn/ n. a stock made from wine and vegetables, typically used in fish dishes (用葡萄酒和蔬菜配制的)煮鱼汤料
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from court 'short' and BOUILLON.

**court card** n. Brit. 【英】 a playing card that is a king, queen, or jack of a suit 人头牌,花牌(纸牌中的 K, Q, J)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of C16 coat card, from the decorative dress of the figures depicted.

**court circular** n. Brit. 【英】 a daily report of the activities and public engagements of royal family members 宫廷公报(关于王室成员每天出席公共活动等的报道)

**courteous** /'kɜ:tjəs/ adj. polite, respectful, and considerate 谦恭有礼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **courteously** adv. **courteousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (meaning 'having manners fit for a royal court'): from OFr. corteis, based on L. cohors (see 见 COURT).

**courtesan** /ˌkɔ:tɪ'zæn, 'kɔ:tɪ-/ n. a prostitute, especially one with wealthy or upper-class clients (尤指伺候达官显贵的)高级妓女,交际花
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. courtisane, from obs. Ital. cortigiana, fem. of cortigiano 'courtier'.

**courtesy** /'kɜ:təsi/ n. (pl. **courtesies**) 1 courteous behaviour 谦恭有礼 ▸ a polite speech or action, especially one required by convention(尤指社会习俗要求的)有礼的言辞(或举止) 2 archaic 【古】 a curtsy(女子的)屈膝礼
-PHRASES 短语 (by) courtesy of given or allowed by 蒙…提供(或赠送);蒙…的准许
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cortesie.

**courtesy light** n. a small light in a car that is automatically switched on when one of the doors is opened 门控车室照明灯;礼貌灯

**courtesy title** n. a title given to someone, especially the son or daughter of a peer, that has no legal validity 礼貌性的称号,尊称(尤指给贵族子女的无法律实效的爵号)

**courthouse** /'kɔ:thaʊs/ n. 1 a building in which a judicial court is held 法院大楼 2 US 【美】 a building containing the administrative offices of a county 县政府大楼

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**courtier** /'kɔ:tɪə(r)/ n. a companion or adviser to a king or queen 侍臣;廷臣
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Anglo-Norman Fr. from OFr. cortoyer 'be present at court', from cort (see 见 COURT).

**courtly** /'kɔ:tli/ adj. (**courtlier**, **courtliest**) very polite and refined 端庄有礼的,温文尔雅的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **courtliness** n.

**courtly love** n. a highly conventionalized medieval tradition of love between a knight and a married noblewoman 典雅爱情(中世纪骑士和已婚贵妇之间的一种高度习俗化的爱情)

**court martial** n. (pl. **courts martial** or **court martials**) a judicial court for trying members of the armed services accused of offences against military law 军事法庭 ■v. (**court-martial**) (**court-martials**, **court-martialling**, **court-martialled**, US 【美】 **court-martials**, **court-martialing**, **court-martialed**) try by court martial 在军事法庭审判,以军法审判

**court of appeal** n. (in England and Wales) a court of law that hears appeals against judgements from the Crown courts, High Court, and county courts(英格兰和威尔士的)上诉法院
> (**court of appeals**) US 【美】 a court of law in a federal circuit or state to which appeals are taken(巡回审判区或州_的)上诉法院

**Court of Claims** n. US 【美】 a federal court that tries claims against the government 索赔法院(审理对政府提出的索赔请求的联邦法院)。

**court of first instance** n. a court in which legal proceedings are begun or first heard 初审法院,一审法院

**court of record** n. a court whose proceedings are recorded and available as evidence of fact 存卷法庭(指保存司法程序记录作为事实依据的法庭)

**court of review** n. a court before which sentences previously imposed come for revision 复审法院

**Court of St James's** /dʒeɪmz/ n. the British sovereign's court 英国宫廷

**Court of Session** n. the supreme civil court in Scotland(苏格兰)最高民事法院

**court of summary jurisdiction** n. Brit. 【英】 a court, especially a magistrate's court, that tries summary offences without a jury 简易裁判法庭(指无陪审团参加的情况下对简易罪进行审判的法庭,尤为治安法庭)

**court order** n. a direction issued by a court or a judge requiring a person to do or not do something 法院指令,庭谕

**court plaster** n. historical 【史义】 adhesive sticking plaster made of silk or other cloth 薄橡皮膏布
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: so named because it was formerly used by ladies at court for beauty spots.

**court roll** n. Brit. historical 【英,史义】 the record kept by a manorial court of rent paid and property held by tenants 领地法庭卷宗

**courtroom** /'kɔ:tru:m/ n. the room or building in which a court of law meets 法庭,审判庭,法院大楼

**courtship** /'kɔ:tʃɪp/ n. 1 behaviour designed to persuade someone to marry or develop a romantic relationship with one 求爱,追求 ▸ the behaviour of male birds and other animals aimed at attracting a mate(雄性鸟类或动物的)求偶 2 the process of courting favour or support 取悦;寻求支持

**court shoe** n. Brit. 【英】 a woman's plain, lightweight shoe that has a low-cut upper and no fastening(女式)船形浅帮鞋

**court tennis** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 real tennis 庭院网球

**courtyard** /'kɔ:tjɑ:d/ n. an open area enclosed by walls or buildings, especially in a castle or large house(尤指城堡或大房子的)庭院,天井

**couscous** /'kʊskʊs, 'ku:sku:s/ n. a North African dish of steamed or soaked semolina, usually served with spicy meat or vegetables 蒸粗麦粉(北非的一种加了辛辣的肉或蔬菜的粗小麦粉食品)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Arab. kuskus, from kaskasa 'to pound', prob. of Berber origin.

**cousin** /'kʌzn/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **first cousin**) a child of one's uncle or aunt 堂兄弟(或姐妹);表兄弟(或姐妹) 2 a person of a kindred people or nation 兄弟民族(或国家)的人 3 historical 【史义】 a title formerly used by a sovereign in addressing another sovereign or a noble of their own country 卿(君主对别国君主或本国贵族的称呼)
-PHRASES 短语 first cousin once removed 1 a child of one's first cousin 堂(或表)兄弟姐妹的子女 2 one's parent's first cousin 父母的堂(或表)兄弟姐妹 first cousin twice removed 1 a grandchild of one's first cousin 堂(或表)兄弟姐妹的(外)孙子女 2 one's grandparent's first cousin (外)祖父母的堂(或表)兄弟姐妹 second cousin a child of one's parent's first cousin 第二代堂(或表)兄弟姐妹,父母堂(或表)兄弟姐妹的子女 second cousin once removed 1 a child of one's second cousin 第二代堂(或表)兄弟姐妹的子女 2 one's parent's second cousin 父母的第二代堂(或表)兄弟姐妹 third cousin a child of one's parent's second cousin 第三代堂(或表)兄弟姐妹,父母第二代堂(或表)兄弟姐妹的子女
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cousinhood** n. **cousinly** adj. **cousinship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cosin, from L. consobrinus 'mother's sister's child', from con- 'with' + sobrinus 'second cousin' (from soror 'sister').

**cousin-german** n. (pl. **cousins-german**) old-fashioned term for COUSIN * cousin 的过时说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. cousin germain (see 见 GERMAN).

**couth** /ku:θ/ adj. humorous 【幽】 refined and well mannered 有教养的;有礼貌的,温文尔雅的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: back-form. from UNCOUTH.

**couthy** /'ku:θi/ (also 亦作 **couthie**) adj. Scottish 【苏格兰】 (of a person) warm and friendly(人)热情友好的 ▸ (of a place) cosy and comfortable (地方)舒适的,惬意的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: appar. from OE cūth 'known' + -Y¹.

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**couture** /ku:'tjuə(r)/ n. the design and manufacture of fashionable clothes to a client's specific requirements 时装定制
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'sewing, dressmaking'.

**couturier** /ku:'tjuərɪer/ n. (fem. 阴性 **couturière** /b/-rɪeə/) a person who makes and sells couture clothes 时装设计师,时装店店主

**couvade** /ku:'vɑ:d/ n. the custom in some cultures in which a man takes to his bed and goes through certain rituals when his child is being born 拟娩(某些文化的风俗,丈夫在妻子分娩时卧床并进行一些模拟分娩的仪式)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from couver 'to hatch', from L. cubare 'lie down'.

**couvert** /ku:'veə/ n. another term for COVER (sense 7 of the noun) * cover (名词释义 7)的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., past part. of couvrir 'to cover'.

**couverture** /'ku:vətjʊə(r)/ n. chocolate with extra cocoa butter to give a high gloss, used to cover sweets and cakes (糖果或蛋糕上的)巧克力层
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'covering', from couvrir 'to cover'.

**covalent** /kəʊ'veɪl(ə)nt/ adj. Chemistry 【化】 relating to or denoting chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms 共价(键)的 Often contrasted with 常对照 IONIC.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **covalence** n. **covalency** n. **covalently** adv.

**covariance** /kəʊ'veərɪəns/ n. 1 Mathematics 【数】 the property of a function of retaining its form when the variables are linearly transformed 协方差 2 Statistics 【统】 the mean value of the product of the deviations of two variates from their respective means 协方差

**covariant** /kəʊ'veərɪənt/ adj. Mathematics 【数】 changing in such a way that mathematical interrelations with another simultaneously changing quantity remains unchanged 共变的

**covariation** /kəʊˌveərɪ'eɪʃn/ n. Mathematics 【数】 correlated variation 共变

**cove¹** /kəʊv/ n. 1 a small sheltered bay 小海湾 2 Architecture 【建】 a concave arch or arched moulding, especially one formed at the junction of a wall with a ceiling 拱,穹隆;(尤指墙面与顶棚相接处的)凹圆线脚 ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **coved**] Architecture 【建】 fit with a cove 装拱(或凹圆线脚)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coving** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cofa 'chamber, cave', of Gmc origin.

**cove²** /kəʊv/ n. Brit. informal, dated 【英,非正式,过时】 a man 家伙,汉子,小伙子: He's a decent cove. 他是个正派的小伙子。
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from Romany kova 'thing or person'.

**coven** /'kʌv(ə)n/ n. a group of witches who meet regularly(定期聚会的)女巫团
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of COVIN.

**covenant** /'kʌv(ə)nənt/ n. 1 a solemn agreement 契约,合同;盟约,公约 ▸ Theology 【神学】 an agreement held to be the basis of a relationship of commitment with God(上帝与其子民所立的)约 2 Law 【律】 a formal agreement or contract in writing, especially one undertaking to make regular payments to a charity(尤指向慈善机构定期捐款的)盖印合同 ■v. agree or pay by covenant 立约承诺;通过盖印合同支付
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **covenantal** adj. **covenantor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., pres. part. of covenir 'agree', from L. convenire (see 见 CONVENE).

**Covenanter** /'kʌv(ə)nəntə(r)/ n. (in 17th-century Scotland) an adherent of the National Covenant or of the Solemn League and Covenant, upholding Presbyterianism(17世纪苏格兰的)国民誓约派(或神圣盟约派)成员

**Coventry** /'kɒvəntri/ n. (in phr. 用于短语 **send someone to Coventry**) chiefly Brit. 【主英】 refuse to associate with or speak to someone 拒绝与某人交往(或说话)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. because soldiers stationed in Coventry in the west Midlands were unpopular with the townspeople, or because Royalist prisoners were sent there during the English Civil War, the city being staunchly Parliamentarian.

**cover** /'kʌvə(r)/ v. 1 put something on top of or in front of (something) in order to protect or conceal it 遮蔽,掩蔽 ▸ envelop in a layer of something 遮盖,覆盖 2 extend over (an area) 范围是;占(一片面积) 3 deal with (a subject) 涉及,论及 ▸ (of a rule or law) apply to (规则或法律)适用于 4 travel (a specified distance) 行过(一段距离) 5 (of money) be enough to pay (a cost)(钱)足够支付 ▸ (of insurance) protect against a liability, loss, or accident 给……保险;(保险)覆盖范围 ▸ (**cover oneself**) take precautions against future blame or liability 自我保护(以防将来受责备或担责任) 6 disguise or conceal 掩饰;掩盖 ▸ (**cover something up**) try to hide or deny the fact of (a wrongful action) 遮掩(不当行为) ▸ (**cover for**) temporarily take over the job or role of(临时)代替 7 aim a gun at(用枪)瞄准 ▸ protect (an exposed person) by shooting at the enemy(开枪射击以)掩护
> (in team games) take up a position ready to defend against (an opponent)(团队比赛中)盯防(对方队员)
> Baseball 【棒】 be in position at (a base) ready to catch the ball 补(垒)
 8 Bridge 【桥牌】 play a higher card on (a high card)(以更大点数的牌)盖打 9 record or perform a cover version of (a song) 翻唱(歌曲) 10 (of a male animal, especially a stallion) copulate with (a female animal) (雄性动物、尤指牡马)与(雌性动物)交配 ■n. 1 something that covers or protects 遮蔽物;遮盖物;保护物 ▸ a thick protective outer part or page of a book or magazine 书壳,书皮;封面 ▸ (**covers**) bedclothes 床上用品 2 physical shelter 躲避处;庇护所: They ran for cover. 他们跑向藏身之处。
> vegetation used as a shelter by hunted animals(猎物的)藏身处
 3 military support

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for someone in danger(军事)掩护 4 a means of concealing an illegal or secret activity(非法或秘密活动的)掩护,幌子 ▸ an identity adopted by a spy to conceal their true activities(间谍的)假身份 5 Ecology 【生态】 the amount of ground covered by a vertical projection of the vegetation 盖度(植被垂直投影面积占样地面积的百分比) 6 Brit. 【英】 protection by insurance 保险 7 a place setting at a table in a restaurant(饭店餐桌上一人份的)全套餐具 8 Cricket 【板】 short for COVER POINT * cover point 的缩略式
> (the covers) an area of the field consisting of cover point and extra cover 外场防守区
 9 (also 亦作 **cover version**) a recording or performance of a song previously recorded by a different artist(歌曲的)翻唱版
-PHRASES 短语 break cover suddenly leave a place of shelter when being hunted or pursued(被追猎或追捕时)突然从隐藏处出来 cover all the bases informal 【非正式】 deal with something thoroughly 面面俱到 cover one's back informal 【非正式】 take steps to avoid attack or criticism 采取措施避免攻击(或批评) cover one's tracks conceal evidence of one's actions 掩盖行迹;隐匿自己的活动 cover the waterfront N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 cover every aspect of something 包含事物的各个方面 from cover to cover from beginning to end of a book or magazine(书或杂志)从第一页至最后一页,从头到尾 take cover take shelter from an attack 藏身;躲避 under cover under a roof or other shelter 在屋顶等遮挡物下 under cover of concealed by 在……的掩护下;借…之名 ▸ while pretending to do something 以假装(做……)为掩护 under separate cover in a separate envelope 在另函内
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coverable** adj. **covering** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. covrir, from L. cooperire, from co- + operire 'to cover'; sense 7 of the noun from Fr. couvert.

**coverage** /'kʌvərɪdʒ/ n. 1 the extent to which something is covered 覆盖范围 2 the treatment of an issue by the media(媒体的)报道 3 US 【美】 the amount of protection given by an insurance policy (保险)承保范围

**coverall** /'kʌvərɔ:l/ n. (usu. 通常用 **coveralls**) N. Amer. 【北美】 overalls 工装服,工装连衣裤

**cover charge** n. a fee paid for admission to a restaurant, bar, or club(餐馆、酒吧或俱乐部的)服务费

**cover crop** n. a crop grown to protect and enrich the soil 覆盖作物,肥田作物

**covering letter** (N. Amer. 【北美】 **cover letter**) n. a letter sent with, and explaining the contents of, another document or a parcel(附于文件或包裹作为说明的)附信

**coverlet** /'kʌvələt/ n. a bedspread 床罩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. covrelet, from OFr. covrir 'to cover' + lit 'bed'.

**cover note** n. Brit. 【英】 a temporary certificate showing that a person has a current insurance policy 暂保单,承保条

**cover point** n. Cricket 【板】 a fielding position a little in front of the batsman on the off side and halfway to the boundary(在击球手右侧稍前且距边界线一半距离的)外场防守位置

**coverslip** /'kʌvəslɪp/ n. a thin piece of glass used to cover and protect a specimen on a microscope slide 盖玻片

**covert** adj. /'kʌvət, 'kəʊvɜ:t/ not openly acknowledged or displayed 隐藏的,秘密的,不公开的 ■n. /'kɒvət, 'kʌvə/ 1 a thicket in which game can hide(猎物藏身的)灌木丛 2 Ornithology 【鸟】 a feather covering the base of a main flight or tail feather of a bird 覆羽
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **covertly** adv. **covertness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., 'covered', past part. of covrir (see 见 COVER).

**covert coat** n. Brit. 【英】 a short, light overcoat worn for shooting or other outdoor sports (射击等户外运动穿的)轻便短外套

**coverture** /'kʌvətjʊə(r)/ n. literary 【文】 protective or concealing covering 遮蔽物,掩蔽物;覆盖物
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from covrir 'to cover'.

**cover-up** n. 1 an attempt to conceal the truth about a mistake or crime(对错误或罪行的)掩饰,掩盖 2 a loose outer garment, as worn over a swimsuit or exercise outfit(套在泳衣或健身服外的)罩衫,罩袍

**covet** /'kʌvɪt/ v. (**covets**, **coveting**, **coveted**) yearn to possess (something belonging to someone else) 垂涎,觊觎(别人的东西)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **covetable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cuveitier, based on L. cupiditas (see 见 CUPIDITY).

**covetous** /'kʌvɪtəs/ adj. having a great desire to possess something belonging to someone else 垂涎的,觊觎的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **covetously** adv. **covetousness** n.

**covey** /'kʌvi/ n. (pl. **coveys**) a small flock of birds, especially partridge(尤指山鹑等鸟的)一小群
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. covee, fem. past part. of cover, from L. cubare 'lie down'.

**covin** /'kʌvɪn/ n. archaic 【古】 fraud; deception 欺诈,欺骗
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a company or band): from OFr., from med. L. convenium, from L. convenire (see 见 CONVENE).

**cow¹** /kaʊ/ n. 1 a fully grown female animal of a domesticated breed of ox(成年的)母牛,奶牛 ▸ (in farming) an animal of this type which has borne more than one calf (畜牧业中指已生下不止一头牛犊的)多胎母牛 Compare with 比较 HEIFER.
> the female of certain other large animals, e.g. elephant, rhinoceros, or whale 母兽(如母象、雌犀牛、雌鲸等)
 2 informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】 an unpleasant or disliked woman 娘们儿,婆娘
> Austral./NZ 【澳新】 an unpleasant person or thing 令人不快的人(或事物)

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-PHRASES 短语 have a cow N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 become angry or excited 动怒;变得激动 till the cows come home informal 【非正式】 for an indefinitely long time 长时间地;没完没了地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cū, of Gmc origin.

**cow²** /kaʊ/ v. cause (someone) to submit to one's wishes by intimidation 吓唬,威胁
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from ON kúga 'oppress'.

**coward** /'kaʊəd/ n. a person contemptibly lacking in courage 胆小鬼,懦夫
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Cowardice** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. couard, based on L. cauda 'tail', perh. with ref. to an animal with its tail between its legs.

**cowardly** /'kaʊədli/ adj. lacking courage 胆小的,怯懦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cowardliness** n.

**cowbane** /'kaʊbeɪn/ n. a tall poisonous plant of the parsley family, growing in wet habitats 毒芹 [Cicuta virosa and related species.]

**cowbell** /'kaʊbel/ n. a bell hung round a cow's neck 牛颈铃

**cowberry** /'kaʊb(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **cowberries**) 1 a low-growing evergreen northern shrub bearing dark red berries 越橘 [Vaccinium vitis-idaea.] 2 the berry of the cowberry 越橘果

**cowbird** /'kaʊbɜ:d/ n. an American songbird with dark plumage, most kinds of which lay their eggs in other birds' nests 牛鹂 [Molothrus ater (**brown-headed cowbird**) and related species.]

**cowboy** /'kaʊbɔɪ/ n. 1 a man on horseback who herds cattle, especially in the western US(尤指美国西部骑马放牧的)牛仔,牧牛工 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 an unscrupulous or unqualified tradesman 奸商;无能的商人 ■v. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 work as a cowboy 当牛仔,当牧牛工

**cowboy boot** n. a high-heeled boot of a style originally worn by cowboys, typically with a pointed toe and decorative stitching 牛仔靴

**cowcatcher** /'kaʊˌkætʃə(r)/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a metal frame at the front of a locomotive for pushing aside obstacles on the line(火车机车前端的)排障器

**cower** /'kaʊə(r)/ v. crouch down in fear(因恐惧而)蜷缩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. kūren 'lie in wait'.

**cowfish** /'kaʊfɪʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **cowfishes**) a boxfish with horn-like spines on its head 角箱鲀 [Lactoria diaphana and other species.]

**cowgirl** /'kaʊgɜ:l/ n. a female equivalent of a cowboy 女牛仔,牧牛女工

**cowherd** /'kaʊhɜ:d/ n. a person who tends grazing cattle 牧牛人,牛倌
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from cow¹ + obs. herd 'herdsman'.

**cowhide** /'kaʊhaɪd/ n. leather made from the hide of a cow(母)牛革

**cowl** /kaʊl/ n. 1 a large loose hood forming part of a monk's habit(隐修士所穿蒙头斗篷的)风帽 2 a hood-shaped covering for a chimney or ventilation shaft 烟囱帽,通风盖,通风帽 ▸ another term for COWLING * cowling 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cowled** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cugele, cūle, from eccles. L. cuculla, from L. cucullus.

**cowlick** /'kaʊlɪk/ n. a lock of hair hanging over the forehead(额前翘起的)一绺头发

**cowling** /'kaʊlɪŋ/ n. a removable cover for a vehicle or aircraft engine(车辆或飞机发动机可拆卸的)罩,外壳

**cowl neck** n. a neckline on a woman's garment that hangs in draped folds(女装的)考尔领,垂褶领

**cowman** /'kaʊmən/ n. (pl. **cowmen**) a cowherd 牧牛人,牛倌 ▸ N. Amer. 【北美】 a cowboy 牛仔,牧牛工

**co-worker** n. a fellow worker 同事

**cow parsley** n. a hedgerow plant of the parsley family with fern-like leaves and large, lacy heads of tiny white flowers 峨参 [Anthriscus sylvestris.]

**cow parsnip** n. another term for HOGWEED * hogweed 的另一种说法

**cowpat** /'kaʊpæt/ n. Brit. 【英】 a flat round piece of cow dung(一团)牛粪

**cowpea** /'kaʊpi:/ n. 1 a tropical leguminous plant cultivated for its edible pods and seeds 豇豆 [Vigna unguiculata.] 2 the seed of the cowpea as food(作为食物的)豇豆

**Cowper's gland** /'ku:pəz/ n. Anatomy 【解】 either of a pair of small glands at the base of the penis which secrete a constituent of seminal fluid 尿道球腺
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the English anatomist William Cowper.

**cowpoke** /'kaʊpəʊk/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a cowboy 牛仔,牧牛工

**cowpox** /'kaʊpɒks/ n. a viral disease of cows' udders which can be contracted by humans and resembles mild smallpox 牛痘

**cowpuncher** /'kaʊˌpʌntʃə(r)/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a cowboy 牛仔,牧牛工

**cowrie** /'kaʊ(ə)ri/ (also 亦作 **cowry**) n. (pl. **cowries**) a marine gastropod mollusc having a smooth, domed shell with a long narrow opening 宝贝(一种海产腹足类软体动物) [Genus Cypraea: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Hindi kaurī.

**co-write** /ˌkəʊ'raɪt/ v. write together with another person 与人合写,合著
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **co-writer** n.

**cowshed** /'kaʊʃed/ n. a farm building in which cattle are kept when not at pasture, or in which they are milked 牛棚,牛舍

**cowslip** /'kaʊslɪp/ n. a wild primula with clusters of drooping fragrant yellow flowers in spring 黄花九轮草 [Primula veris.] ➤ North American term for MARSH MARIGOLD * marsh marigold 的北美说法
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cūslyppe, from cũ 'cow' + slipa, slyppe 'slime'.

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**Cox** /kɒks/ (in full 全形 **Cox's orange pippin**) n. an English eating apple of a variety with a red-tinged green skin 橘苹(英国产的一种宜生食苹果,其皮绿里透红)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the English fruit grower R. Cox.

**cox** /kɒks/ n. a coxswain(小船的)舵手,(皇家海军中小舰或潜艇的)高级士官 ■v. act as a coxswain for 担任……的舵手,当(中小舰或潜艇)的高级士官
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coxless** adj.

**coxa** /'kɒksə/ n. (pl. **coxae** /-si:/) Anatomy 【解】 the hip bone or hip joint 髋;髋关节 ▸ Entomology 【昆】 the first or basal segment of the leg of an insect 基节
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coxal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'hip'.

**coxcomb** /'kɒkskəʊm/ n. 1 archaic 【古】 a vain and conceited man; a dandy 自命不凡的家伙;花花公子 2 variant spelling of COCKSCOMB (sense 2) * cockscomb (释义 2)的另一种拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coxcombry** /-kəmri/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: var. of COCKSCOMB.

**Coxsackie virus** /kɒk'sæki, kʊk-/ n. Medicine 【医】 an enterovirus of a group causing various respiratory, neurological, and muscular diseases 科萨奇病毒
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: named after Coxsackie, New York State, where the first cases were diagnosed.

**coxswain** /'kɒksn/ n. the steersman of a boat(小船的)舵手 ▸ the senior petty officer in a small ship or submarine in the Royal Navy(皇家海军中小舰或潜艇的)高级士官
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coxswainship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from obs. cock (see 见 COCKBOAT) + SWAIN.

**Coy** abbr. chiefly Military 【主军】 Company.

**coy** /kɔɪ/ adj. (**coyer**, **coyest**) pretending shyness or modesty 故作腼腆的;忸怩作态的 ▸ reluctant to give details about something sensitive 含糊其词的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **coyly** adv. **coyness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'quiet, still'): from OFr. coi, quei, from L. quietus (see 见 QUIET).

**coyote** /kɔɪ'əʊti, 'kɔɪəʊt/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **coyotes**) a wolf-like wild dog native to North America 丛林狼 [Canis latrans.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Mex. Sp., from Nahuatl coyotl.

**coypu** /'kɔɪpu:/ n. (pl. **coypus**) a large semiaquatic beaver-like South American rodent, farmed for its fur (nutria) 河狸鼠 [Myocastor coypus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Araucanian.

**coz¹** /kʌz/ n. informal, archaic or N. Amer. 【非正式,古或北美】 cousin 堂兄弟(或姐妹);表兄弟(或姐妹)

**coz²** /kɒz, kəz/ conj. variant spelling of cos³ * cos³ 的另一种拼法

**cozen** /'kʌzn/ v. literary 【文】 trick or deceive 欺骗;哄骗;诈骗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cozenage** n. **cozener** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from obs. Ital. cozzonare 'to cheat'.

**cozy** /'kəʊzi/ adj. US spelling of cosy * cosy 的美式拼法

**cozzie** /'kɒzi/ n. (pl. **cozzies**) variant spelling of COSSIE * cossie 的另一种拼法

**CP** abbr. 1 cerebral palsy 脑瘫 2 Finance 【金】 commercial paper 商业票据 3 Communist Party 共产党

**cp.** abbr. compare 比较

**CPA** abbr. (in the US) certified public accountant (美国)注册会计师

**CPI** abbr. 1 (in the UK) Consumer Prices Index (英国)消费者物价指数,居民消费价格指数 2 (in the US) Consumer Price Index(美国)消费者物价指数,居民消费价格指数

**Cpl** abbr. Corporal.

**CPO** abbr. Chief Petty Officer.

**CPR** abbr. cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏

**CPS** abbr. (in the UK) Crown Prosecution Service (英国)刑事起诉署

**cps** (also 亦作 **c.p.s.**) abbr. 1 Computing 【计】 characters per second 字符每秒,每秒字符数 2 cycles per second 每秒周数,赫(兹)

**CPU** abbr. Computing 【计】 central processing unit.

**CPVC** abbr. chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 氯化聚氯乙烯

**CR** abbr. Costa Rica (international vehicle registration) 哥斯达黎加(国际车船注册)

**Cr¹** symb. the chemical element chromium(化学元素)铬

**Cr²** abbr. 1 Councillor 2 credit.

**crab¹** /kræb/ n. 1 a crustacean, found chiefly on seashores, with a broad carapace, stalked eyes, and five pairs of legs, the first of which are modified as pincers 蟹;十足目动物 [Order Decapoda: many species.] 2 (**crabs**) informal 【非正式】 an infestation of crab lice 阴虱(寄生)病 3 a machine with pincer-like arms for picking up heavy weights 蟹爪式起重机;钳式吊车 ■v. 1 move sideways or obliquely 横行;斜行 2 fish for crabs 捕蟹,捉蟹
-PHRASES 短语 catch a crab Rowing 【划船】 make a faulty stroke 失一桨(指桨划得过深或划空)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crabber** n. **crablike** adj. & adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE crabba, of Gmc origin.

**crab²** /kræb/ v. (**crabs**, **crabbing**, **crabbed**) informal 【非正式】 grumble 抱怨,发牢骚
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (referring to hawks, meaning 'claw or fight each other'): from Low Ger. krabben; rel. to CRAB¹.

**crab apple** n. 1 a small, sour kind of apple 欧洲苹果;沙果 2 (also 亦作 **crab tree**) a small tree bearing crab apples 欧洲苹果树;沙果树 [Malus sylvestris and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. an alt. of Scots and north. Engl. scrab.

**crabbed** /'kræbɪd/ adj. 1 (of writing) hard to read or understand(字迹)潦草的,难认的;(文字)难懂

<591>
的 2 crabby 脾气坏的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crabbily** adv. **crabbiness** n.

**crabgrass** /'kræbgrɑ:s/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a creeping grass that can become a serious weed 马唐(一种匍匐草) [Digitaria sanguinalis and other species.]

**crab louse** n. a louse that infests human body hair 阴虱 [Phthirus pubis.]

**crabmeat** /'kræbmi:t/ n. the flesh of a crab as food 蟹肉

**crab spider** n. a spider with long front legs that moves with a crablike sideways motion 蟹蛛 [Family Thomisidae: many species.]

**crab stick** n. a stick of mixed compressed fish pieces flavoured with crab 蟹肉棒

**crabwise** /'kræbwaɪz/ adv. & adj. (of movement) sideways, especially in an awkward way(尤指运动)螃蟹似的

**crack** /kræk/ n. 1 a narrow opening between two parts of something which has split or been broken 裂缝,裂口;缝隙 2 a sudden sharp or explosive noise 噼啪声,爆裂声 ▸ a sharp blow 猛烈的一击,重击 3 informal 【非正式】 a joke or jibe 玩笑;俏皮话 4 (also 亦作 **craic**) chiefly Irish 【主爱】 enjoyable entertainment; a good time 愉快的娱乐;开心的时间 ▸ Scottish & N. English 【苏格兰,英北】 a conversation 聊天;谈话 5 informal 【非正式】 an attempt to do something 尝试 6 (also 亦作 **crack cocaine**) a potent hard crystalline form of cocaine broken into small pieces 霹雳可卡因,快客可卡因(可卡因一种强效的硬晶质形式) ■v. 1 break or cause to break with little or no separation of the parts(使)开裂;(使)破裂 2 give way under pressure or strain(在压力下)屈服,垮掉
> (**crack up**) informal 【非正式】 suffer an emotional breakdown under pressure(在压力下)情绪崩溃
> (**crack up**) informal 【非正式】 burst into laughter 大笑,爆笑
 3 make or cause to make a sudden sharp or explosive sound(使)发出噼啪(或爆裂)声 ▸ hit hard 猛击,重击 4 (of a person's voice) suddenly change in pitch, especially through strain(尤指嗓子因使用过度而)突然变声 5 (**crack down on**) informal 【非正式】 take severe measures against 对……采取严厉措施;严厉打击 6 informal 【非正式】 solve, interpret, or decipher 解决;破译 ▸ break into (a safe) 砸开(保险箱) 7 (**crack on**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 proceed or progress quickly 快速前进;迅速发展 8 tell (a joke) 说(笑话) 9 decompose (hydrocarbons) by heat and pressure to produce lighter hydrocarbons(通过高温或高压)裂化,裂解(碳氢化合物) ■adj. very good or skilful 一流的,极棒的: a crack shot 神枪手
-PHRASES 短语 be cracked up to be [with neg. 与否定结构连用] informal 【非正式】 be asserted to be 被声称为,被吹捧为: Acting is not as glamorous as it's cracked up to be. 做演员并不像人们说的那样光鲜。 crack a crib archaic, informal 【古,非正式】 break into a house 破门而入 crack of dawn daybreak 破晓 crack of doom a thunder peal announcing the Day of Judgement 世界末日的霹雳 crack of the whip Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a chance to try or participate in something(尝试或参与某事的)机会 get cracking informal 【非正式】 act quickly and energetically 迅速大干起来
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cracky** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cracian 'make an explosive noise'; of Gmc origin.

**crackbrained** /'krækbreɪnd/ adj. informal 【非正式】 extremely foolish 极其愚蠢的

**crackdown** /'krækdaʊn/ n. a series of severe measures against undesirable or illegal behaviour 严厉打击;镇压

**cracked** /krækt/ adj. 1 having cracks 破裂的,开裂的 2 informal 【非正式】 crazy 疯狂的

**cracked wheat** n. grains of wheat that have been crushed into small pieces 碎麦(指碾碎的麦粒)

**cracker** /'krækə(r)/ n. 1 a decorated paper cylinder which, when pulled apart, makes a sharp noise and releases a small toy or other novelty(抽开时跳出小玩具等的)彩包爆竹,彩色拉炮 2 a firework that explodes with a crack 爆竹 3 a thin dry biscuit, typically eaten with cheese(多与干酪一起食用的)薄脆饼干 4 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a fine example of something 典范,典型 5 a person or thing that cracks something 敲碎硬物者;破碎器;破碎机

**cracker-barrel** adj. US 【美】 simple and unsophisticated 简单的;纯朴的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: with ref. to the barrels of soda crackers formerly found in country stores.

**crackerjack** /'krækədʒæk/ N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 ■adj. exceptionally good 极好的,优秀的,一流的 ■n. an exceptionally good person or thing 极好的人(或物),出色的人(或物)

**crackers** /'krækəz/ adj. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 insane; crazy 脑子不正常的,疯狂的

**cracking** /'krækɪŋ/ adj. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 excellent 极好的,绝妙的 ▸ fast and exciting 迅速的;生气勃勃的: a cracking pace 轻捷的步履

**crackle** /'krækl/ v. make a rapid succession of slight cracking noises 发出噼啪声 ■n. 1 a sound of this type 噼啪声 2 a pattern of minute surface cracks (表面的)碎裂花纹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crackly** adj. (**cracklier**, **crackliest**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from CRACK + -LE².

**crackling** /'kræklɪŋ/ n. (US also 【美亦作】 **cracklings**) the crisp fatty skin of roast pork (烤猪肉的)脆皮

**cracknel** /'kræknl/ n. 1 a light, crisp savoury biscuit 脆硬饼干 2 a brittle sweet made from set melted sugar 脆糖果
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of OFr. craquelin, from MDu. krākelinc, from krāken 'to crack'.

**crackpot** /'krækpɒt/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. an eccentric or foolish person 怪人;疯子;蠢人 ■adj. eccentric; completely impractical 古怪的;疯狂的;

<592>
不切实际的

**cracksman** /'kræksmən/ n. (pl. **cracksmen**) informal, dated 【非正式,过时】 a safe-breaker 撬保险箱的窃贼

**crack willow** n. a large willow of damp or riverside habitats, with long glossy leaves and brittle branches 爆竹柳 [Salix fragilis.]

**-cracy** /krəsi/ comb. form denoting a particular form of government or rule 指某种政体(或统治)的: democracy 民主政体
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -cratie, via med. L. from Gk -kratia 'power, rule'.

**cradle** /'kreɪdl/ n. 1 a baby's bed or cot, especially one mounted on rockers 婴儿床;(尤指)摇篮 2 a supporting framework resembling a cradle, in particular for a boat under repair or for workers on the side of high building 支架;(修理船只时的)支船架;(工人空中作业时的)悬挂式脚手架 ■v. 1 hold gently and protectively 轻轻地抱,小心呵护地抱 2 place in a cradle 把…放在摇篮里
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cradling** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cradol, of uncertain origin.

**cradle cap** n. a skin condition in babies in which there are areas of yellowish or brownish scales on the top of the head(婴儿头皮上出现的)乳痂

**cradle-snatcher** n. informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】 a person who marries or has a sexual relationship with a much younger person 吃嫩草者(指与比自己年轻得多的人结婚或有性关系的人)

**craft** /krɑ:ft/ n. 1 an activity involving skill in making things by hand 手艺;工艺 ▸ (**crafts**) things made by hand 手工艺品 ▸ skill in carrying out one's work 技能,技艺 ▸ the members of a skilled profession 行会会员 2 cunning 狡诈,诡计 3 (pl. same 单复同) a boat or ship 船 ▸ an aircraft or spaceship 航空器,航天飞船 ■v. exercise skill in making (something) 精心制作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crafter** n. **craftwork** n. **craftworker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cræft 'strength, skill', of Gmc origin; sense 3 perh. with ref. to vessels requiring skill to handle.

**craftsman** /'krɑ:ftsmən/ (or **craftswoman**) n. (pl. **craftsmen** or **craftswomen**) 1 a worker skilled in a particular craft 工匠,手艺人,工艺师 2 (**Craftsman**) a qualified private soldier in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 皇家电气和机械工程兵部队技工
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craftsmanship** n.

**crafty** /'krɑ:fti/ adj. (**craftier**, **craftiest**) 1 cunning or deceitful 诡计多端的;狡诈的 2 informal 【非正式】 relating to the making of objects by hand 手工制的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craftily** adv. **craftiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cræftig 'strong, powerful' (see 见 CRAFT, -Y¹).

**crag** /kræg/ n. 1 a steep or rugged cliff or rock face 险崖,悬崖;峭壁 2 Geology 【地质】 a shelly sandstone occurring in eastern England(英格兰东部的)砂质泥灰岩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Celtic origin.

**craggy** /'krægi/ adj. (**craggier**, **craggiest**) 1 having many crags 多峭壁的,陡峭的 ▸ (of a rock face) rough and uneven(岩石表面)粗糙的,不平的 2 (of a man's face) attractively rugged and rough-textured(男人的面孔)粗线条的,粗糙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craggily** adv. **cragginess** n.

**cragsman** /'krægzmən/ n. (pl. **cragsmen**) a skilled rock climber 攀岩能手,善攀岩者

**craic** /kræk/ n. variant spelling of CRACK (sense 4 of the noun) * crack (名词释义 4)的另一种拼法

**crake** /kreɪk/ n. a bird of the rail family with a short bill, such as the corncrake 秧鸡(如长脚秧鸡)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON kráka, krákr, of imitative origin.

**cram** /kræm/ v. (**crams**, **cramming**, **crammed**) 1 force too many (people or things) into a room or container 把…塞入,把…填塞进 ▸ fill to the point of overflowing 把…塞满,把…装满 2 study intensively just before an examination(考试前)突击学习,临时抱佛脚
-ORIGIN 词源 OE crammian, of Gmc origin.

**crambo** /'kræmbəʊ/ n. a game in which a player gives a word or line of verse to which other players must find a rhyme 对韵游戏
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from earlier crambe 'cabbage', appar. from L. crambe repetita 'cabbage served up again', applied by the Roman satirist Juvenal to distasteful repetition.

**cram-full** adj. very full; packed 填满的;挤满的;塞满的

**crammer** /'kræmə(r)/ n. Brit. 【英】 a college or school that prepares pupils intensively for a particular examination(为应付考试给学生)实施填鸭式教学的学校

**cramp** /kræmp/ n. 1 painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain(常指由于疲劳或劳损引起的)痛性痉挛 ▸ (**cramps**) N. Amer. 【北美】 abdominal pain caused by menstruation(经期的)腹痛 2 a tool, typically shaped like a capital G, for clamping two objects together(形状多如大写 G 的)夹,弓形夹箍
> (also 亦作 **cramp-iron**) a metal bar with bent ends for holding masonry together 夹子;夹钳;铁钩
 ■v. 1 restrict or inhibit the development of 限制,束缚 2 fasten with a cramp or cramps 用夹子夹紧,用夹钳固定 3 suffer from cramp 发生痉挛
-PHRASES 短语 cramp someone's style informal 【非正式】 prevent a person from acting freely or naturally 使人不能自由行事,使人不能施展才能
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. and MDu. krampe; sense 1 of the noun is via OFr. crampe.

**cramped** /kræmpt/ adj. 1 uncomfortably small or crowded 狭小的;拥挤的 2 (of handwriting) small and difficult to read(字迹)小而难辨认的

**crampon** /'kræmpɒn, -pən/ n. a metal plate with spikes fixed to a boot for climbing on ice or rock

<593>
(攀登冰山或岩石时防滑的)带钉铁鞋底
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'grappling hook'): from OFr., of Gmc origin.

**cran** /kræn/ n. historical 【史义】 a measure of fresh herrings, equivalent to 37½ gallons 鲱斗(鲜鲱鱼计量单位,合 37.5 加仑)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sc. Gaelic crann.

**cranberry** /'krænbəri/ n. (pl. **cranberries**) 1 a small red acid berry used in cooking 越橘果 2 an evergreen dwarf shrub which yields cranberries 越橘(灌木) [Vaccinium oxycoccos (Europe), V. macrocarpon (N. America), and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ger. Kranbeere or Low Ger. kranebeere 'crane-berry'.

**crane¹** /kreɪn/ n. a large, tall machine used for moving heavy objects by suspending them from a projecting arm 起重机,吊车 ▸ a moving platform supporting a camera(供摄像机用的)机动升降台架 ■v. 1 stretch out (one's neck) in order to see something 伸长(脖子);探头去看 2 move (an object) by means of a crane(用起重机)吊运(物体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cranage** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: figuratively from CRANE².

**crane²** /kreɪn/ n. a tall, long-legged, long-necked bird, typically with white or grey plumage and tail plumes 鹤 [Grus grus (common crane, Eurasia) and related species, family Gruidae.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**crane fly** n. a slender two-winged fly with very long legs; a daddy-long-legs 大蚊 [Tipula maxima and related species, family Tipulidae.]

**cranesbill** /'kreɪnzbɪl/ n. a herbaceous plant with lobed leaves and typically purple or violet five-petalled flowers 老鹳草 [Geranium pratense (**meadow cranesbill**) and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: so named because of the long spur on the fruit, thought to resemble a crane's beak.

**cranial** /'kreɪniəl/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to the skull or cranium 颅(骨)的

**cranial index** n. another term for CEPHALIC INDEX * cephalic index 的另一种说法

**cranial nerves** pl. n. Anatomy 【解】 the twelve pairs of nerves which arise directly from the brain and pass through separate apertures in the skull 脑神经

**craniate** /'kreɪnɪət/ adj. Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting animals that possess a skull 有头类动物的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. craniatus, from med. L. cranium.

**cranio-** /'kreɪnɪəʊ/ comb. form relating to the cranium 颅的: craniotomy 开颅术

**craniofacial** /ˌkreɪnɪə(ʊ)'feɪʃl/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to the cranium and the face 颅面的

**craniology** /ˌkreɪni'ɒlədʒi/ n. historical 【史义】 the scientific study of the shape and size of the human skull 颅骨学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craniological** adj. **craniologist** n.

**craniometry** /ˌkreɪni'ɒmɪtri/ n. the measurement of the dimensions of skulls 颅骨测量
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craniometric** adj.

**craniopagus** /ˌkreɪni'ɒpəgəs/ n. (pl. **craniopagi** /-gaɪ/) a pair of conjoined twins attached at the head 颅联体,头联双胎
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CRANIO- + Gk pagos 'that which is fixed'.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craniopagy** /kreɪni'ɒpədʒi/ n.

**craniosacral therapy** /ˌkreɪnɪəʊ'seɪkrəl, -'sæk-/ n. a system of alternative medicine intended to relieve pain and tension by gentle manipulations of the skull 颅骶疗法

**craniotomy** /ˌkreɪni'ɒtəmi/ n. a surgical removal of part of the skull, performed in order to operate on the brain 开颅术

**cranium** /'kreɪniəm/ n. (pl. **craniums** or **crania** /-nɪə/) Anatomy 【解】 the skull, especially the part enclosing the brain 颅
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via med. L. from Gk kranion.

**crank¹** /kræŋk/ v. 1 turn a crankshaft or handle, especially in order to start an engine(尤为发动引擎)用曲柄启动,用曲柄转动 2 (**crank something up**) informal 【非正式】 increase the intensity of something 提高……的强度 3 (**crank something out**) informal, derogatory 【非正式,贬】 produce something regularly and routinely 机械地制造 4 give a bend to (a shaft or bar) 使(轴或杆)弯曲 ■n. 1 a part of an axle or shaft bent out at right angles, for converting reciprocal to circular motion and vice versa(将往复运动转换为圆周运动或反之的)曲柄,曲轴 2 informal 【非正式】 the drug methamphetamine 冰毒,脱氧麻黄碱
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cranc, rel. to crincan (see 见 CRINGE).

**crank²** /kræŋk/ n. 1 a person with eccentric or obsessive views 怪人 ▸ N. Amer. 【北美】 a bad-tempered person 脾气坏的人 2 literary 【文】 a fanciful turn of speech 妙语
-ORIGIN 词源 back-form. from CRANKY; sense 2 is perh. from a base meaning 'bent together, curled up', shared by CRANK¹.

**crank³** /kræŋk/ adj. Nautical, archaic 【航海,古】 (of a sailing ship) liable to heel over(帆船)易倾覆的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from dial. crank 'weak, shaky'.

**crankcase** /'kræŋkkeɪs/ n. a case or covering enclosing a crankshaft 曲轴箱

**crankpin** /'kræŋkpɪn/ n. a pin by which a connecting rod is attached to a crank 曲柄销,曲轴销

**crankshaft** /'kræŋkʃɑ:ft/ n. a shaft driven by a crank 曲轴

**cranky** /'kræŋki/ adj. (**crankier**, **crankiest**) informal 【非正式】 1 Brit. 【英】 eccentric or strange 古怪的;奇怪的 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 ill-tempered; irritable 坏脾气的;易怒的 3 (of a machine) working erratically(机器)运转不正常的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crankily** adv. **crankiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'sickly, in poor health'): perh. ult. from Du. or Ger. krank 'sick'.

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**crannog** /'krænəg/ n. an ancient Scottish or Irish fortified dwelling constructed in a lake or marsh (苏格兰或爱尔兰建于湖泊或沼泽地上的有设防的)古老住宅,人工岛
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ir. crannóg, Sc. Gaelic crannag, from crann 'tree, beam'.

**cranny** /'kræni/ n. (pl. **crannies**) a small, narrow space or opening 裂缝,缝隙,裂口
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crannied** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. crane 'notched', from cran, from pop. L. crena 'notch'.

**crap¹** /kræp/ vulgar slang 【粗俚】 ■n. 1 nonsense; rubbish 胡扯,废话 2 excrement 屎 ▸ an act of defecation 拉屎 ■v. (**craps**, **crapping**, **crapped**) defecate 拉屎 ■adj. Brit. 【英】 extremely poor in quality 极其劣质的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crappy** adj. (**crappier**, **crappiest**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME, in sense 'chaff': rel. to Du. krappe, from krappen 'pluck or cut off', and perh. also to OFr. crappe 'siftings', Anglo-Latin crappa 'chaff'.

**crap²** /kræp/ N. Amer. 【北美】 ■n. a losing throw in craps(在双骰子赌博戏中)输去赌注的一掷 ■v. (**crap out**) informal 【非正式】 make a losing throw at craps 掷骰子输去赌注 ▸ give up; fail 放弃;失败

**crape** /kreɪp/ n. 1 variant spelling of CRÊPE * crêpe 的另一种拼法 2 black silk, formerly used for mourning clothes(旧时用于哀悼时穿的)黑色绉绸
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. crêpe (see 见 CRÊPE).

**crape hair** n. Brit. 【英】 artificial hair used by actors, chiefly for false beards and moustaches(主要指演员用作假胡须的)人造毛发

**crapper** /'kræpə(r)/ n. vulgar slang 【粗俚】 a toilet 厕所

**crappie** /'kræpi/ n. (pl. **crappies**) a North American freshwater fish, the male of which builds a nest and guards the eggs and young 莓鲈 [Genus Pomoxis: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**craps** /kræps/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a North American gambling game played with two dice, in which 7 or 11 is a winning throw, 2, 3, or 12 is a losing throw(北美)双骰子赌博戏
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from CRAB¹ or crab's eyes, denoting a throw of two ones.

**crapshoot** /'kræpʃu:t/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a game of craps 双骰子赌博戏

**crapulent** /'kræpjʊl(ə)nt/ adj. literary 【文】 relating to the drinking of alcohol or drunkenness 饮酒的;醉酒的,酗酒的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crapulence** n. **crapulous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. crapulentus 'very drunk', from L. crapula 'inebriation'.

**craquelure** /'krækljʊə(r), kræk'ljʊə(r)/ n. a network of fine cracks in the paint or varnish of a painting (油漆或油画表层的)细小裂纹,龟裂缝
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from craqueler 'to crackle'.

**crash¹** /kræʃ/ v. 1 collide violently with an obstacle or another vehicle(与障碍物或其他车辆)猛烈碰撞
> (of an aircraft) fall from the sky and violently hit the land or sea (飞机)坠毁,坠落
> informal 【非正式】 (of a company's shares) fall suddenly and disastrously in value(公司股票)暴跌,狂跌
> Computing 【计】 fail suddenly 突然死机
 2 move with force, speed, and sudden loud noise 轰然猛冲
> make a sudden loud, deep noise 突然发出巨响
 3 (also 亦作 **crash out**) informal 【非正式】 fall deeply asleep 熟睡 4 informal 【非正式】 gatecrash (a party) (未经邀请)擅自闯入(聚会) 5 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 (of a patient) suffer a cardiac arrest(病人)心脏停搏 ■n. 1 an instance of crashing 猛撞;坠毁;暴跌;崩溃 2 a sudden loud, discordant noise 哗啦声;碎裂声;碰撞声 ■adj. done rapidly and involving a concentrated effort 速成的: a crash course in Italian 意大利语速成课程
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: imitative, perh. partly suggested by CRAZE and DASH.

**crash²** /kræʃ/ n. dated 【过时】 a coarse plain linen, woollen, or cotton fabric 粗布
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Russ. krashenina 'dyed coarse linen'.

**crash barrier** n. Brit. 【英】 a strong fence at the side of a road or in the middle of a dual carriageway or motorway 碰撞护栏;碰撞隔离墩

**crash-dive** v. 1 (of a submarine) dive rapidly to a deeper level in an emergency(潜水艇遇紧急情况时)急速下潜 2 (of an aircraft) plunge steeply downwards into a crash(飞机)陡直俯冲坠毁 ■n. (**crash dive**) a steep dive of this kind(潜水艇的)急速下潜;(飞机的)陡直俯冲坠毁

**crash helmet** n. a helmet worn by a motorcyclist to protect the head in case of a crash(摩托车手戴的)防护头盔,安全帽

**crashing** /'kræʃɪŋ/ adj. informal 【非正式】 complete; total 彻底的,完全的,十足的: a crashing bore 无聊透顶的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crashingly** adv.

**crash-land** v. land roughly in an emergency 摔机着陆

**crash pad** n. informal 【非正式】 a place to sleep, especially for emergency use(尤指紧急情况下使用的)临时住所

**crash-test** v. deliberately crash (a new vehicle) in order to evaluate and improve its ability to withstand impact 给(新车)做碰撞试验(以测试并提高其防撞性能) ■n. (**crash test**) a test of this kind 碰撞试验

**crashworthiness** /'kræʃˌwɜ:ðɪnəs/ n. the degree to which a vehicle will protect its occupants from the effects of an accident(车辆的)耐碰撞性,抗碰撞能力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crashworthy** adj.

**crasis** /'kreɪsɪs/ n. (pl. **crases** /-si:z/) Phonetics 【语音】 a contraction of two adjacent vowels into one long vowel or diphthong 元音缩合
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk krasis 'mixture'.

**crass** /kræs/ adj. showing a gross lack of

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intelligence or sensitivity 极其愚蠢的;非常迟钝的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crassitude** n. **crassly** adv. **crassness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'dense or coarse'): from L. crassus 'solid, thick'.

**-crat** /kræt/ comb. form denoting a member or supporter of a particular form of government or rule …政府(或政体)的成员(或支持者): plutocrat 富豪,财阀
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -crate, from adjectives ending in -cratique (see 见 -CRATIC).

**crate** /kreɪt/ n. 1 a slatted wooden case used for transporting goods(装运货物的)板条箱,货箱 ▸ a square container divided into small individual units for holding bottles(放置瓶子的)分格箱 2 informal 【非正式】 an old and dilapidated vehicle 破旧汽车 ■v. pack in a crate for transportation 把…装入货箱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crateful** n. (pl. **cratefuls**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. rel. to Du. krat 'tailboard of a wagon'.

**crater** /'kreɪtə(r)/ n. 1 a large bowl-shaped cavity, especially one caused by an explosion or impact or forming the mouth of a volcano 坑洞,盆状凹地;(尤指)弹坑,火山口 2 a large bowl used in ancient Greece for mixing wine(古希腊人的)酒碗 ■v. form a crater or craters in 在……上形成坑洞
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk krater 'mixing bowl'.

**-cratic** /'krætɪk/ comb. form relating to a particular kind of government or rule …政府;…政体: democratic 民主政体的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-cratically** comb. form.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -cratique, from -cratie (see 见 -CRACY).

**craton** /'krætɒn/ n. Geology 【地质】 a large stable block of the earth's crust forming the nucleus of a continent 克拉通,坚稳地块
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cratonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: alt. of kratogen in the same sense, from Gk kratos 'strength'.

**cravat** /krə'væt/ n. a short, wide strip of fabric worn by men round the neck and tucked inside an open-necked shirt(男用)阔领带,领巾
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cravatted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. cravate, from Cravate 'Croat', because of the scarf worn by Croatian mercenaries.

**crave** /kreɪv/ v. 1 feel a powerful desire for(强烈地)渴望,热望 2 archaic 【古】 ask for 恳求,请求: I must crave your indulgence. 我恳求您的赦免。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **craver** n. **craving** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE crafian (in the sense 'demand, claim as a right'), of Gmc origin.

**craven** /'kreɪv(ə)n/ adj. contemptibly lacking in courage; cowardly 懦弱的,胆小的 ■n. archaic 【古】 a cowardly person 懦夫,胆小鬼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cravenly** adv. **cravenness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME cravant 'defeated', perh. via Anglo-Norman Fr. from OFr. cravanter 'crush, overwhelm', based on L. crepare 'burst'.

**craw** /krɔ:/ n. dated 【过时】 the crop of a bird or insect(鸟类或昆虫的)嗉囊
-PHRASES 短语 stick in one's craw see 见 STICK².
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: rel. to MDu. crāghe or Mid. Low Ger. krage 'neck, throat'.

**crawdad** /'krɔ:dæd/ (also 亦作 **crawdaddy**) n. US 【美】 a freshwater crayfish 淡水螯虾
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: fanciful alt. of CRAWFISH.

**crawfish** /'krɔ:fɪʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **crawfishes**) 1 another term for SPINY LOBSTER * spiny lobster 的另一种说法 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a freshwater crayfish 淡水螯虾 ■v. US informal 【美,非正式】 retreat from a position 退位,隐退
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of CRAYFISH.

**crawl** /krɔ:l/ v. 1 move forward on the hands and knees or by dragging the body close to the ground 爬,爬行 ▸ (of an insect or small animal) move slowly along a surface(昆虫或小动物在表面)缓慢爬行,蠕动
> move at an unusually slow pace 缓慢行进
 2 informal 【非正式】 behave obsequiously or ingratiatingly 卑躬屈膝,奉承,巴结 3 (**be crawling with**) be unpleasantly covered or crowded with 爬满;挤满: The place was crawling with soldiers. 这个地方挤满了士兵。 ■n. 1 an act of crawling 爬,爬行 ▸ a slow rate of movement 缓慢移动,徐行 2 a swimming stroke involving alternate overarm movements and rapid kicks of the legs 爬泳,自由泳
-PHRASES 短语 make one's skin crawl cause one to feel an unpleasant sensation resembling something moving over the skin 使人起鸡皮疙瘩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crawling** adj. **crawlingly** adv. **crawly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: possibly rel. to Swed. kravla and Dan. kravle.

**crawler** /'krɔ:lə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that crawls 爬行者;爬行物 ▸ a vehicle moving on an endless caterpillar track 履带式车辆 2 Computing 【计】 a program that searches the Internet in order to create an index of data 爬虫程序(一种搜索因特网以建立数据索引的程序)

**crayfish** /'kreɪfɪʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **crayfishes**) 1 a nocturnal freshwater crustacean resembling a lobster 淡水螯虾 [Astacus (Europe), Cambarus (N. America), and other genera.] 2 another term for SPINY LOBSTER * spiny lobster 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. crevice, rel. to Ger. Krebs 'crab'.

**crayon** /'kreɪən/ n. a pencil or stick of coloured chalk or wax, used for drawing 彩色粉笔,彩色蜡笔 ■v. draw with a crayon or crayons 用彩色粉笔(或蜡笔)画
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from craie 'chalk'.

**craze** /kreɪz/ n. a widespread but short-lived enthusiasm for something(一时的)狂热,激情 ■v.

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1 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **crazed**] make or become wildly insane(使)变得疯狂,(使)发狂: a crazed killer 疯狂的杀手 2 produce a network of fine cracks on (a surface) 使(表面)布满细小的裂纹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crazing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'break, shatter, produce cracks'): perh. of Scand. origin.

**crazy** /'kreɪzi/ adj. (**crazier**, **craziest**) 1 insane or unbalanced, especially as manifested in wild or aggressive behaviour 疯狂的,发狂的(尤指行为失控或有攻击性) ▸ extremely foolish 极其愚蠢的 2 informal 【非正式】 extremely enthusiastic about something 狂热的,痴迷的 3 appearing absurdly out of place or unlikely 歪得出奇的;不切实际的: The monument leant at a crazy angle. 纪念碑歪得很厉害。 4 archaic 【古】 full of cracks or flaws 布满裂缝的;问题百出的 ■n. (pl. **crazies**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 an insane person 疯子
-PHRASES 短语 like crazy very intensely or fast 极度地;极快地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crazily** adv. **craziness** n.

**crazy bone** n. US term for FUNNY BONE * funny bone 的美式说法

**crazy paving** n. Brit. 【英】 paving made of irregular pieces of flat stone 错铺(指用不规则形状的片石铺设)

**CRC** abbr. 1 (in printing) camera-ready copy (印刷用语)打字照相版 2 Computing 【计】 cyclic redundancy check or code 循环冗余校验;循环冗余码

**creak** /kri:k/ v. 1 make a harsh sound when being moved or when pressure is applied(被搬动或受力时)嘎吱作响 2 show weakness or frailty under strain (因压力而)效率低下,运转不灵 ■n. a creaking sound 嘎吱声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creaking** adj. **creakingly** adv. **creaky** adj. (**creakier**, **creakiest**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'croak'): imitative.

**cream** /kri:m/ n. 1 the thick white or pale yellow fatty liquid which rises to the top when milk is left to stand 奶油,乳脂 ▸ a sauce, soup, dessert, or other food containing cream or having the consistency of cream 奶油食品;奶油状食品 2 a thick liquid or semi-solid cosmetic or medical preparation(化妆用)乳霜;(药用)乳膏 3 the very best of a group of people or things 精华: the cream of American society 美国社会的精英 4 a very pale yellow or off-white colour 浅黄色,米色 ■v. 1 work (butter) to form a smooth soft paste 把(黄油)搅成糊状
> mash (a cooked vegetable) and mix with milk or cream 将(煮熟的蔬菜)捣成糊状并加入牛奶(或奶油)
> add cream to (coffee) 给(咖啡)加奶油
 2 (**cream something off**) take away the best part of a group of people or things 挑选精英;提取精华 3 rub a cosmetic cream into (the skin) 搽乳霜于(皮肤) 4 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 defeat heavily 彻底打败 ▸ hit or beat 击,打
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cresme, from a blend of late L. cramum and eccles. L. chrisma (see 见 CHRISM).

**cream cheese** n. soft, rich cheese made from unskimmed milk and cream 奶油干酪

**cream cracker** n. Brit. 【英】 a dry unsweetened biscuit eaten chiefly with cheese 奶油薄脆饼干

**creamer** /'kri:mə(r)/ n. 1 a cream or milk substitute for adding to coffee or tea(加入咖啡或茶中的)奶油(或牛奶)替代品 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a jug for cream 奶盅,奶油壶 3 historical 【史义】 a flat dish for skimming the cream off milk 撇奶油的浅盘 ▸ a machine for separating cream from milk 奶油分离器

**creamery** /'kri:məri/ n. (pl. **creameries**) a factory that produces butter and cheese 乳制品厂

**cream puff** n. 1 a cake made of puff pastry filled with cream 奶油泡芙 2 informal 【非正式】 a weak or ineffectual person 弱不禁风的人;软弱无能的人

**cream sherry** n. a full-bodied mellow sweet sherry 奶油雪利酒

**cream soda** n. a carbonated vanilla-flavoured soft drink 奶油苏打水(一种香草味的汽水)

**cream tea** n. Brit. 【英】 an afternoon meal consisting of tea to drink with scones, jam, and cream(下午食用的)奶油茶点

**creamware** /'kri:mweə(r)/ n. glazed earthenware pottery of a rich cream colour 米色陶器

**creamy** /'kri:mi/ adj. (**creamier**, **creamiest**) resembling cream in consistency or colour 似奶油的;奶油色的 ▸ containing a lot of cream 含大量奶油的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creamily** adv. **creaminess** n.

**creance** /'kri:əns/ n. Falconry 【鹰猎】 a long fine cord attached to a hawk's leash to prevent escape during training(训练猎鹰时为防止其飞走而系的)细皮条
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. créance, lit. 'faith'.

**crease** /kri:s/ n. 1 a line or ridge produced on paper or cloth by folding, pressing, or crushing 折痕;皱褶 ▸ a wrinkle or furrow in the skin, especially of the face(尤指面部等处皮肤的)皱纹 2 Cricket 【板】 any of a number of lines marked on the pitch at specified places 区域线 ■v. 1 make a crease in 使起折痕;弄皱,使起褶 ▸ (of a bullet) graze (子弹)擦伤 2 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 hit or punch hard 猛揍;使劲打 3 (**crease up**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 burst out laughing 放声大笑
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. a var. of CREST.

**create** /kri'eɪt/ v. 1 bring into existence 创造,创建;创作 2 invest (someone) with a title of nobility 授予(某人贵族头衔),册封 3 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 make a fuss; complain 发牢骚,抱怨
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creatable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. creat-, creare 'produce'.

**creatine** /'kri:ətɪ:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound formed in protein metabolism and involved in the supply of energy for muscular contraction 肌酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: formed irregularly from Gk kreas 'meat' + -INE².

**creation** /kri'eɪʃn/ n. 1 the action or process of creating 创造;创建;创作 ▸ a thing which has been

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made or invented, especially something showing artistic talent(尤指展现艺术天赋的)创造物,作品 2 (**the Creation**) the creating of the universe, especially when regarded as an act of God(尤指上帝的)创世 ▸ the universe 宇宙,天地万物

**creationism** /kri'eɪʃənɪzəm/ n. the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of divine creation 上帝创造说(相信宇宙万物皆由上帝创造)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creationist** n. & adj.

**creation science** n. the reinterpretation of scientific knowledge in accord with belief in the literal truth of the Bible 创造论科学(本着《圣经》所述为事实的信念对科学知识重新进行诠释)

**creative** /kri'eɪtɪv/ adj. relating to or involving the use of imagination or original ideas in order to create something 创造的;创作的;创造性的 ■n. informal 【非正式】 a person engaged in creative work 搞创作的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creatively** adv. **creativeness** n. **creativity** n.

**creative accountancy** (also 亦作 **creative accounting**) n. informal 【非正式】 the exploitation of loopholes in financial regulation to gain advantage or to present figures in a misleadingly favourable light 创造性会计(利用财务条例的漏洞牟利或伪造账目)

**creator** /kri'eɪtə(r)/ n. a person or thing that creates 创造者;创造物
> (**the Creator**) God 上帝,造物主

**creature** /'kri:tʃə(r)/ n. 1 an animal, as distinct from a human being 动物(与人相对) ▸ an animal or person 生物(指动物或人) ▸ archaic 【古】 anything living or existing 生物;存在物;物质 2 a person or organization under the complete control of another 完全受他人支配的人(或组织): The village teacher was expected to be the creature of his employer. 人们猜想这个乡村教师会完全受其雇主摆布。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creaturely** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'something created'): via OFr. from late L. creatura, from creare (see 见 CREATE).

**creature comforts** pl. n. material comforts that contribute to physical ease and well-being, such as good food and accommodation 物质享受(如美食)

**crèche** /kreʃ, kreɪʃ/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a nursery where babies and young children are cared for during the working day 托儿所 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a representation of the nativity scene 基督诞生塑像
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to CRIB.

**cred** /kred/ n. informal 【非正式】 short for CREDIBILITY (sense 2) * credibility (释义 2)的缩略式

**credal** /'kri:dl/ (also 亦作 **creedal**) adj. relating to a creed 信条的,教义的

**credence** /'kri:d(ə)ns/ n. 1 belief in or acceptance of something as true 信念,相信 ▸ the likelihood of something being true; plausibility 真实性;可信性 2 a small side table, shelf, or niche in a church for holding the elements of the Eucharist before they are consecrated(教堂的)祭器台,供桌,圣餐桌
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. credentia, from L. credent-, credere 'believe'.

**credential** /krɪ'denʃl/ n. 1 a qualification, achievement, etc., especially when used to indicate a person's suitability for something 资格,资历 2 a letter of introduction given by a government to an ambassador before a new posting 国书
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **credentialed** adj. (chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as an adj.): from med. L. credentialis, from credentia (see 见 CREDENCE).

**credenza** /krɪ'denzə/ n. a sideboard or cupboard 餐具柜;食橱;碗柜
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ital., from med. L. credentia (see 见 CREDENCE).

**credibility** /ˌkredə'bɪləti/ n. 1 the quality of being credible 可靠性;可信性 2 (also 亦作 **street credibility**) acceptability among fashionable young urban people 街头信誉(时髦的都市年轻人对某事物的接受程度)

**credibility gap** n. an apparent difference between what is said or promised and what happens or is true 信用差距,言行不一(所说的或承诺的和事实明显不一致)

**credible** /'kredəbl/ adj. able to be believed; convincing 可信的;令人信服的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **credibly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. credibilis, from credere 'believe'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> People sometimes confuse the words credible and creditable. Credible chiefly means 'able to be believed; convincing' (few people found his story credible), while creditable means 'deserving acknowledgement and praise but not necessarily outstanding' (a very creditable 2–4 defeat). 人们有时会混淆 credible 和 creditable. credible 主要意为“可信的,令人信服的”,如: Few people found his story credible. 没什么人觉得他的故事可信。而 creditable 意为“(并不一定杰出但)值得称道的,值得赞扬的”,如: a very creditable 2–4 defeat. 一场虽以2比4败阵却值得称道的比赛。

**credit** /'kredɪt/ n. 1 the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future 信用;赊购能力 ▸ money lent or made available under such an arrangement 赊欠款;贷款 2 an entry in an account recording a sum received 贷方余额,存款金额 3 public acknowledgement or praise given for an achievement or quality(公众的)赞誉,赞扬
> a source of pride 值得骄傲的人(或事物);增光的人(或事物): The fans are a credit to the club. 这些忠实的

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支持者是俱乐部的光荣。 4 (also 亦作 **credit title**) an item in a list displayed at the beginning or end of a film or programme, acknowledging a contributor's role(电影或电视节目片头或片尾的)致谢名单,制作人员名单 5 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 the acknowledgement of a student's completion of a course or activity that counts towards a degree or diploma(获得学位的)学分 ▸ Brit 【英】 a grade above a pass in an examination(考试成绩)良好 6 archaic 【古】 credibility 可靠性;可信性 ▸ good reputation 信誉;声望 ■v. (**credits**, **crediting**, **credited**) 1 publicly acknowledge someone as a participant in the production of (something published or broadcast) 公开感谢(某人参与出版物或播放节目的制作) ▸ (**credit someone with**) ascribe (an achievement or good quality) to someone 把(成就)归功于某人;认为某人有(好的品质) 2 add (an amount of money) to an account 把(钱款)存入账户 3 Brit. 【英】 believe(something surprising or unlikely) 相信(令人惊讶或不大可能之事)
-PHRASES 短语 be in credit (of an account) have money in it(账户)有余额 do someone credit make someone worthy of praise or respect 为某人带来荣誉,为某人赢得尊敬 have something to one's credit have achieved something notable 取得成就 on credit with an arrangement to pay later 赊购
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. crédit, prob. via Ital. credito from L. creditum, neut. past part. of credere 'believe, trust'.

**creditable** /'kredɪtəbl/ adj. deserving public acknowledgement and praise but not necessarily outstanding or successful(并不一定杰出或成功但)值得称道的,值得赞扬的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creditability** n. **creditably** adv.

**credit card** n. a small plastic card issued by a bank or building society, allowing the holder to make purchases on credit 信用卡

**credit crunch** n. a sudden sharp reduction in the availability of money or credit from banks and other lenders 信用恐慌

**creditor** /'kredɪtə(r)/ n. a person or company to whom money is owing 贷方,贷款人,债权人

**credit rating** n. an estimate of how suitable a person or organization is to be given commercial credit 信用评级

**credit title** n. see 见 CREDIT (sense 4 of the noun 名词释义 4).

**credit transfer** n. Brit. 【英】 a direct payment of money from one bank account to another 信用转账

**credit union** n. a non-profit-making cooperative whose members can borrow money from pooled deposits at low interest rates 信用合作社,互助储金会,信贷协会

**creditworthy** /'kredɪtˌwɜ:ði/ adj. considered suitable to receive commercial credit 信用可靠的,可给予信贷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creditworthiness** n.

**credo** /'kri:dəʊ, 'kreɪ-/ n. (pl. **credos**) 1 a statement of a person's beliefs or aims 信条 2 (**Credo**) a creed of the Christian Church in Latin(基督教的拉丁语)信经 ▸ (**Credo**) a musical setting of the Nicene Creed 信经乐(尼西亚信经的配乐)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: L., 'I believe'; cf. CREED.

**credulous** /'kredjʊləs/ adj. having or showing too great a readiness to believe things 轻信的;易受骗的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **credulity** /krɪ'dju:lɪti/ n. **credulously** adv. **credulousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. credulus (from credere 'believe') + -OUS.

**Cree** /kri:/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Crees**) 1 a member of an American Indian people living in central Canada 克里人(居住在加拿大中部的印第安人) 2 the Algonquian language of the Cree 克里语(克里人说的阿尔衮琴语)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Canad. Fr. Cris, abbrev. of Cristinaux, from Algonquian.

**creed** /kri:d/ n. 1 a system of religious belief; a faith 教义;宗教信仰 ▸ a formal statement of Christian beliefs(基督教)信经 2 a credo 信念;信条
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. CREDO.

**creedal** /'kri:dl/ adj. variant spelling of CREDAL * credal 的另一种拼法

**Creek** /kri:k/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a member of a confederacy of American Indian peoples of the southeastern US in the 16th to 19th centuries 克里克人 2 the Muskogean language spoken by the Creek 克里克语(克里克人说的穆斯科格语)
-ORIGIN 词源 from CREEK, because they lived beside the waterways of the flatlands of Georgia and Alabama.

**creek** /kri:k/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a narrow, sheltered waterway such as an inlet in a shoreline or channel in a marsh 小港;小湾 ▸ N. Amer. & Austral./NZ 【北美,澳新】 a stream or minor tributary of a river 溪流;小河
-PHRASES 短语 up the creek informal 【非正式】 1 in severe difficulty or trouble 陷入困境的;走投无路的 2 Brit. 【英】 stupid or misguided 愚蠢的;误入歧途的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. crique or from ON kriki 'nook'.

**creel** /kri:l/ n. 1 a large basket for carrying fish 鱼篓,鱼笼 2 a rack holding bobbins or spools when spinning 筒子架;经轴架,粗纱架
-ORIGIN 词源 ME; orig. Scots and north. Engl.: of unknown origin.

**creep** /kri:p/ v. (past and past part. **crept** /krept/) 1 move slowly and carefully, especially in order to avoid being heard or noticed 悄悄地缓慢行进;蹑手蹑脚地走 ▸ move or progress very slowly and steadily 渐渐出现;逐渐发展 ▸ (of a plant) grow along the ground or other surface by extending stems or branches(植物)蔓生,攀缘 2 (of a plastic solid) undergo gradual deformation under stress (塑料制品)蠕变 3 (**creep to**) informal 【非正式】 behave obsequiously towards 奉承,讨好 ■n. 1

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informal 【非正式】 a contemptible person, especially one who behaves obsequiously in the hope of advancement 奉承者,讨好者 2 very slow, steady movement or progress 蠕动,徐动;缓慢发展
> gradual deformation of a plastic solid under stress 蠕变
 3 Brit. 【英】 an opening in a hedge or wall for an animal to pass through(供动物通过的)树篱口,墙洞 ▸ a feeding enclosure for young animals, with a long, narrow entrance 幼畜补饲栏
-PHRASES 短语 give someone the creeps informal 【非正式】 induce a feeling of revulsion or fear in someone 使某人起鸡皮疙瘩;令某人毛骨悚然
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creeping** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE créopan, of Gmc origin.

**creeper** /'kri:pə(r)/ n. 1 any plant that grows along the ground, around another plant, or up a wall by means of extending stems or branches 匍匐植物 2 any of a number of small birds that creep around in trees or vegetation 贴行鸟(爬行于树木或植被上觅食的鸟) 3 (**creepers**) informal 【非正式】 short for BROTHEL CREEPERS * brothel creepers 的缩略式

**creeping Jenny** n. a trailing evergreen plant with round glossy leaves and yellow flowers, growing in damp places 金叶过路黄 [Lysimachia nummularia.]

**creeping Jesus** n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a person who is obsequious or hypocritically pious 马屁精;伪君子;假虔诚的人

**creepy** /'kri:pi/ adj. (**creepier**, **creepiest**) informal 【非正式】 causing an unpleasant feeling of fear or unease 令人毛骨悚然的;使人起鸡皮疙瘩的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creepily** adv. **creepiness** n.

**creepy-crawly** n. (pl. **creepy-crawlies**) informal 【非正式】 a spider, worm, or other small flightless creature 爬虫(蜘蛛、蠕虫等不能飞的小动物)

**creese** /kri:s/ n. archaic spelling of KRIS * kris 的古代拼法

**cremaster** /krɪ'mæstə(r)/ n. 1 Anatomy 【解】 the muscle of the spermatic cord, by which the testicle can be partially raised 提睾肌 2 Entomology 【昆】 the hook-like tip of a butterfly pupa 臀棘
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk kremaster, from krema- 'hang'.

**cremate** /krə'meɪt/ v. dispose of (a dead person's body) by burning it to ashes 火化(尸体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cremation** n. **cremator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (earlier (C17) as cremation): from L. cremare 'burn'.

**crematorium** /ˌkremə'tɔ:riəm/ n. (pl. **crematoria** or **crematoriums**) a building where the dead are cremated 火葬场
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from cremare 'burn'.

**crematory** /'kremət(ə)ri/ adj. relating to cremation 火葬的 ■n. (pl. **crematories**) North American term for CREMATORIUM * crematorium 的北美说法

**creme** /kri:m/ n. a substance or product with a thick, creamy consistency 乳液;乳霜;乳膏
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. crème 'cream'.

**crème anglaise** /ˌkrem ɒ̃'gleɪz/ n. a rich egg custard 英式奶油
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'English cream'.

**crème brûlée** /ˌkrem bru:'leɪ/ n. (pl. **crèmes brûlées** pronunc. same 单复发音同 or **crème brûlées** /-'leɪz/) a dessert of custard topped with caramelized sugar 焦糖奶油(冷甜点)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'burnt cream'.

**crème caramel** /ˌkrem ˌkærə'mel, 'kærəmel/ n. (pl. **crèmes caramel** pronunc. same 单复发音同 or **crème caramels**) a custard dessert made with whipped cream and eggs and topped with caramel 焦糖蛋奶冻
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**crème de cassis** /ˌkrem də kæ'si:s/ n. see 见 CASSIS¹.

**crème de la crème** /ˌkrem də læ 'krem/ n. the best person or thing of a particular kind 最优秀分子,精英,精华
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'cream of the cream'.

**crème de menthe** /ˌkrem də 'mɒnθ, 'mɪnt/ n. a green peppermint-flavoured liqueur 薄荷甜酒
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'cream of mint'.

**crème fraîche** /ˌkrem 'freʃ/ n. a type of thick cream made from double cream with the addition of buttermilk, sour cream, or yogurt 鲜奶油
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. crème fraîche, lit. 'fresh cream'.

**crenate** /'kri:neɪt/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 having a round-toothed or scalloped edge(边缘)圆齿状的,锯齿状的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crenated** adj. **crenation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. crenatus, from pop. L. crena 'notch'.

**crenel** /'krenl/ (also 亦作 **crenelle** /krɪ'nel/) n. an indentation in the battlements of a building 垛口;堡眼,枪眼
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr., based on pop. L. crena 'notch'.

**crenellate** /'kren(ə)leɪt/ (also 亦作 **crenelate**) v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **crenellated**] provide with battlements 在……上修筑雉堞

**crenellations** /ˌkrenə'leɪʃnz/ pl. n. battlements 雉堞

**crenulate** /'krenjʊleɪt/ adj. technical 【技】 having a finely scalloped or notched outline or edge 细圆齿状的,锯齿状的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crenulated** adj. **crenulation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. crenulatus, from crenula, dimin. of crena 'notch'.

**creodont** /'kri:ədɒnt/ n. a fossil carnivorous mammal of the early Tertiary period, ancestral to modern carnivores 肉齿目动物,古食肉目动物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Creodonta (name of an order), from Gk kreas 'flesh' + odous, odont- 'tooth'.

**Creole** /'kri:əʊl/ n. 1 a person of mixed European and black descent 克里奥尔人(欧洲人与黑人的混血儿) 2 a descendant of European settlers in the Caribbean or Central or South America 克里奥尔人(在加勒比地区、中美洲或南美洲的欧洲移民的后裔)

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a white descendant of French settlers in Louisiana 克里奥尔人(在美国路易斯安那的法国移民的白人后裔) 3 a mother tongue formed from the contact of a European language with a local language (especially African languages spoken by slaves in the West Indies) 克里奥尔语(欧洲语言与本地语言混合而成的语言,其中本地语言尤指西印度群岛的奴隶使用的非洲语言) ■adj. relating to a Creole or Creoles 克里奥尔人的;克里奥尔语的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. créole, criole, from Sp. criollo, prob. from Port. crioulo 'black person born in Brazil'.

**creolize** or **creolise** /'kri:ə(ʊ)laɪz, 'kri:əl-/ v. transform (a language) into a Creole 使(语言)克里奥尔化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **creolization** /ˌkri:ə(ʊ)laɪ'zeɪʃn, ˌkri:əlaɪ-/ n.

**creosol** /'kri:əsɒl/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a colourless liquid which is the chief constituent of wood-tar creosote 甲氧甲酚,木馏油酚
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CREOSOTE + -OL.

**creosote** /'kri:əsəʊt/ n. a dark brown oil containing various phenols and other compounds, used as a wood preservative 杂酚油 ■v. treat with creosote 用杂酚油处理
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger. from Gk kreas 'flesh' + sōtēr 'preserver', with ref. to its antiseptic properties.

**creosote bush** n. a common shrub of arid parts of Mexico and the western US, whose leaves yield a pungent antiseptic 三齿拉瑞阿(灌木) [Larrea tridentata.]

**crêpe** /kreɪp/ (also 亦作 **crepe**, **crape**) n. 1 a light, thin fabric with a wrinkled surface 绉织物 2 (also 亦作 **crêpe rubber**) hard-wearing wrinkled rubber, used especially for the soles of shoes(尤用于鞋底的)绉胶 3 /also 亦作 krep/ a thin pancake 薄烤饼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crêpey** (also 亦作 **crêpy**) adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from OFr. crespe 'curled, frizzed'.

**crêpe de Chine** /də 'ʃi:n/ n. a fine crêpe of silk or similar fabric 中国绉纱;双绉(丝织物)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'crêpe of China'.

**crêpe paper** n. thin, crinkled paper used chiefly for making decorations(主要用于装饰的)绉纸

**crêperie** /'kreɪpəri/ n. (pl. **crêperies**) a small restaurant in which crêpes are served 薄饼店
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**crêpe Suzette** /su'zet/ n. (pl. **crêpes Suzette** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a thin dessert pancake flamed and served in alcohol 橘子黄油薄饼卷(作为甜点的烤薄饼,浇上烈酒并点燃后食用)

**crepitate** /'krepɪteɪt/ v. make a crackling sound 噼啪作响
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crepitant** adj. **crepitation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 from L. crepitat-, crepitare, from crepare 'to rattle'.

**crepitus** /'krepɪtəs/ n. Medicine 【医】 a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone (骨折残端的)摩擦音,咿轧音 ▸ the production of rattling sounds in the lungs(肺部的)捻发音
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., from crepare 'rattle'.

**crept** past and past participle of CREEP * creep 的过去式和过去分词

**crepuscular** /krɪ'pʌskjʊlə(r), kre-/ adj. relating to or resembling twilight 黄昏的;昏暗的,朦胧的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. crepusculum 'twilight' + -AR¹.

**Cres.** abbr. crescent.

**cresc.** (also 亦作 **cres.**) abbr. Music 【音】 crescendo.

**crescendo** /krɪ'ʃendəʊ/ n. 1 (pl. **crescendos** or **crescendi** /-di/) a gradual increase in loudness in a piece of music(音乐的)渐强 2 the loudest or climactic point 高潮,顶点 ■adv. & adj. Music 【音】 with a gradual increase in loudness 渐强地(的) ■v. (**crescendoes**, **crescendoing**, **crescendoed**) increase in loudness or intensity(音量或强度)增加,增强
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., pres. part. of crescere 'to increase'.

**crescent** /'krez(ə)nt, -s-/ n. 1 the curved shape of the waxing or waning moon 新月形,月牙形 2 a thing which has the shape of a single curve, especially when broad in the centre and tapering to a point at each end 新月形物,月牙形物 ▸ chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a street or terrace of houses forming an arc 新月形街道(或街区) 3 (**the Crescent**) chiefly historical 【主史义】 the political power of Islam or of the Ottoman Empire 新月(指伊斯兰或奥斯曼帝国政权) ■adj. 1 having the shape of a crescent 新月形的,月牙形的: a crescent moon 一轮新月 2 literary 【文】 growing, increasing, or developing 生长的;增加的;发展的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **crescentic** /kre'sentɪk/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME cressant, from OFr. creissant, from L. crescere 'grow'; sense 3 is from the crescent-shaped emblem of Islam or Turkey.

**cresol** /'kri:sɒl/ n. Chemistry 【化】 each of three isomeric crystalline compounds present in coal-tar creosote 甲酚,煤酚
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CREOSOTE + -OL.

**cress** /kres/ n. a plant of the cabbage family with small white flowers and pungent leaves 野芥菜 [Barbarea and other genera.] ▸ young sprouts of garden cress eaten in salads 野芥菜的嫩芽(可拌在沙拉中食用)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cresse, cærse, of W. Gmc origin.

**cresset** /'kresɪt/ n. historical 【史义】 a metal container of oil, grease, wood, or coal set alight for illumination and typically mounted on a pole 号灯;标灯;篝灯
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from craisse, var. of graisse 'oil, grease'.

**crest** /krest/ n. 1 a comb or tuft of feathers, fur, or skin on the head of a bird or other animal 冠羽 ▸ a plume of feathers on a helmet(头盔上的)
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羽饰 **2** the top of a ridge, wave, etc.山顶;波峰 ➤ Anatomy 【解】 a ridge along the surface of a bone 嵴 **3** a distinctive heraldic device representing a family or corporate body, displayed above the shield of a coat of arms or separately (代表某个家族或法人团体的)饰章 **v.** reach the top of 达到……的顶点 ➤ (of a wave) form a curling foamy top(波浪)形成浪峰 ➤ (be crested with) have (something) attached at the top 被加以冠状饰物;被加以顶饰

**-PHRASES** 短语 **on the crest of a wave** at a very successful point处于顶峰;在春风得意之时
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crested** adj. **crestless** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. creste, from L. crista 'tuft, plume'.

**crestfallen** /'krest,fɔ:lən/ **adj.** sad and disappointed 沮丧的,垂头丧气的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: orig. with ref. to an animal with a fallen or drooping crest.

**cresting** /'krestıŋ/ **n.** an ornamental decoration at the top of a roof or wall 脊饰(沿房脊、挑檐或压顶盖梁的装饰)

**cresyl** /'kri:saıl, -sɒl/ **n.** [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting a group derived from a cresol 甲苯基的

**Cretaceous** /krɪ'teɪʃəs/ **adj.** Geology 【地质】 relating to or denoting the last period of the Mesozoic era (between the Jurassic and Tertiary periods, about 146 to 65 million years ago), a time when the first flowering plants appeared and at the end of which dinosaurs, ammonites, and many other organisms died out 白垩纪的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. cretaceus (from creta 'chalk') + -ous.

**Cretan** /'kri:tən/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of the Greek island of Crete 克里特岛人 ■**adj.** relating to Crete or its inhabitants 克里特岛的,克里特岛人的

**cretic** /'kri:tɪk/ **n.** Prosody 【诗体】a metrical foot containing one short or unstressed syllable between two long or stressed ones 长短长音步,扬抑扬音步

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. Creticus, from Gk Krētikos 'of Crete'.

**cretin** /'kretɪn/ **n.** **1** a stupid person 蠢人,傻瓜 **2** Medicine, dated【医,过时】 a person who is physically deformed and has learning difficulties because of congenital thyroid deficiency 克汀病患者,呆小病患者

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cretinism** n. **cretinous** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Fr. crétin, from Swiss Fr. crestin 'Christian', appar. used to convey a reminder that such people are human.

**cretonne** /kre'tɒn, 'kretɒn/ **n.** a heavy cotton fabric,typically with a floral pattern, used for upholstery 大花型瑰丽印花装饰布(用于室内装潢)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr.

**Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease** /ˌkrɔɪtsfelt'jækɒb/ **n.** a fatal degenerative disease affecting nerve cells in the brain, believed to be caused by a prion 克—雅病,克罗伊茨费尔特-雅各布病(影响脑部神经细胞的严重疾病)

**-PHRASES** 短语 **new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease** a form of the disease characterized by an early age of onset and possibly linked to BSE 新变异型克-雅症
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: named after the German neurologists H. G. Creutzfeldt and A. Jakob.

**crevasse** /krɪ'væs/ **n.** a deep open crack in a glacier or ice field(冰川或冰原的)裂隙

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from OFr. crevace (see 见 **CREVICE**).

**crevice** /'krevɪs/ **n.** a narrow opening or fissure, especially in a rock or wall (尤指岩石或墙壁的)裂缝,裂隙

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. crevace, from crever 'to burst', from L. crepare 'to rattle, crack'.

**crew¹** /kru:/ **n.** [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] **1** a group of people who work on and operate a ship, boat, aircraft, or train 全体船员;全体机组人员;列车乘务组 ➤ such a group other than the officers(除船长、机长和列车长外的)船员,机务人员,列车员 **2** informal, often derogatory【非正式,常贬】 a group of people 一组人,一群人,一伙人 ■**v.** provide with a crew 给…配备人员 ➤ act as a member of a crew充当船员(或机务人员、列车员)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crewman** n. (pl. **crewmen**).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME, in sense 'band of soldiers': from OFr. creue 'augmentation, increase', fem. past part. of croistre 'grow', from L. crescere.

**crew²** /kru:/ past of crow² * **crow²** 的过去式

**crew cut** **n.** a very short haircut for men and boys (男子的)板寸头,平头发式

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1940s: appar. first adopted by boat crews of Harvard and Yale universities.

**crewel** /'kru:əl/ **n.** a thin, loosely twisted worsted yarn used for tapestry and embroidery(挂毯或刺绣用)松捻双股细绒线

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C15: of unknown origin.

**crew neck** **n.** a close-fitting round neckline 水手领,紧身圆领

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crew-necked** adj.

**crib** /krɪb/ **n.** **1** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a child's bed with barred or latticed sides; a cot (有围栏或格栅的)儿童床 ➤ a manger (牲口的)食槽,饲料槽 ➤Brit.【英】a model of the Nativity of Christ 基督诞生塑像 **2** informal 【非正式】 a translation of a text for use by students, especially in a surreptitious way(尤指学生作弊用的)对照译文
> a thing that has been plagiarized 抄袭物,剽窃物 **3** informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】an apartment or house 公寓;房屋 **4** short for **CRIBBAGE** * **cribbage** 的缩略式
> the cards discarded by the players at cribbage (克里比奇牌戏中的)配点牌张 **5** (also亦作 **cribwork**) a heavy timber framework used in foundations (用于地基的)叠木框,笼式填石框 **6** Austral./NZ【澳新】a snack 点心,小吃 **v.** (**cribs**, **cribbing**, **cribbed**) **1** informal【非正式】 copy illicitly or without acknow-

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ledgement 抄袭,剽窃 ➤ archaic 【古】 steal 偷窃 **2** archaic 【古】 restrain 束缚;限制 **3** Brit. dated or Indian 【英,过时或印度】grumble抱怨,发牢骚

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cribber** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**cribbage** /'krɪbɪdʒ/ **n.** a card game for two players, in which the objective is to play so that the pip value of one's cards played reaches exactly 15 or 31 克里比奇牌戏(两人玩的纸牌游戏,玩家手中的牌经过组合要正好达到15点或31点)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: rel. to **CRIB**.

**crib-biting** **n.** a repetitive habit of some horses involving biting and chewing of wood in the stable 马咬秣槽

**crib death** **n.** North American term for **COT DEATH** * **cot death** 的北美说法

**cribellum** /krɪ'beləm/ **n.** (pl. **cribella** /-lə/) Zoology【动】(in some spiders) an additional spinning organ with numerous fine pores, situated in front of the spinnerets(某些蜘蛛的)筛器

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cribellate** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from late L., dimin. of cribrum 'sieve'.

**cribo** /'kri:bəʊ, 'kraɪbəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **cribos**) another term for **INDIGO SNAKE** * **indigo snake** 的另一种说法

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**cribriform** /'krɪbrɪfɔ:m/ **adj.** Anatomy 【解】 pierced by numerous small holes 筛状的,多孔的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from L. cribrum 'sieve' + **-IFORM**.

**cribwork** /'krɪbwɜ:k/ **n.** see 见 **CRIB** (sense 5 of the noun 名词释义5).

**crick** /krɪk/ **n.** a painful stiff feeling in the neck or back(颈或背的)痛性痉挛 **v.** twist or strain (one's neck or back), causing painful stiffness 引起(颈或背的)痛性痉挛

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**cricket¹** /'krɪkɪt/ **n.** an open-air game played on a large grass field with bat and ball between teams of eleven players, the batsmen attempting to score runs by hitting the ball and running between the wickets 板球(运动)

**-PHRASES** 短语 **not cricket** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】contrary to traditional standards of fairness or rectitude 不公平的,不光明正大的
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cricketer** n. **cricketing** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**cricket²** /'krɪkɪt/ **n.** an insect related to the grasshoppers but with shorter legs, of which the male produces a characteristic musical chirping sound 蟋蟀 [Family Gryllidae: many species.] ➤ used in names of similar insects of related families, e.g. **bush cricket**(用于近缘科昆虫的名称中,如螽嘶)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. criquet, from criquer 'to crackle', of imitative origin.

**cricoid** /'kraɪkɔɪd/ (also 亦作 **cricoid cartilage**) **n.** Anatomy 【解】the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx (喉部的)环状软骨

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from mod. L. cricoides 'ring-shaped'.

**cri de cœur** /kri: də 'kɜ:(r)/ **n.** (pl. **cris de cœur** pronunc. same 单复发音同)a passionate appeal or complaint 恳求,衷心呼吁,强烈抗议

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., 'cry from the heart'.

**cried** /kraɪd/ past and past participle of **CRY** * **cry**的过去式和过去分词

**crier** /'kraɪə(r)/ **n.** an officer who makes public announcements in a court of justice(法庭上的)传令官

**crikey** /'kraɪki/ **exclam.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】an expression of surprise 哎呀(表示惊讶)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: euphemism for **CHRIST**.

**crim** /krɪm/ **n.** & **adj.** informal, chiefly Austral./NZ 【非正式,主澳新】short for **CRIMINAL** * **criminal** 的缩略式

**Crimbo** /'krɪmbəʊ/ **n.** variant spelling of **CHRIMBO** * **Chrimbo**的另一种拼法

**crime** /kraɪm/ **n.** **1** an action which constitutes a serious offence against an individual or the state and is punishable by law罪,罪行 ➤ such actions collectively 犯罪活动(总称): the victims of crime 犯罪活动的受害者 **2** a shameful or deplorable action or state of affairs可耻行为;罪恶行为

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(in the sense 'sin'): via OFr. from L. crimen 'judgement, offence', based on cernere 'to judge'.

**Crimean** /kraɪ'mi:ən/ **adj.** relating to the Crimea, a peninsula of Ukraine between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea 克里米亚半岛的

**crime passionnel** /ˌkri:m pæsjə'nel/ **n.** (pl. **crimes passionnels** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a crime committed in a fit of sexual jealousy 色情犯罪

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., 'crime of passion'.

**criminal** /'krɪmɪnl/ **n.** a person who has committed a crime 罪犯 ■**adj.** **1** relating to or constituting a crime 罪行的;犯罪的 **2** informal【非正式】 deplorable and shocking 可耻的;令人震惊的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **criminality** /krɪmɪ'næləti/ n. **criminally** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from late L. criminalis, from L. crimen, crimin- (see 见 **CRIME**).

**criminal conversation** **n.** Law, historical【律,史义】 adultery 通奸

**criminalistics** /krɪmɪnə'lɪstɪks/ **pl. n.** [treated as sing. 视作单数] another term for **FORENSICS** * **forensics** 的另一种说法(see 见 **FORENSIC**)

**criminalize** or **criminalise** /'krɪmɪnəlaɪz/ **v.** make (an activity) illegal 使(某种行为)非法 ➤ turn (someone) into a criminal by making their activities illegal将(某人)定罪

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **criminalization** /krɪmɪnəlaɪ'zeɪʃn/ n.

**criminal law** **n.** a system of law concerned with the punishment of offenders 刑法

**criminal libel** **■n.** Law 【律】 the offence of making a malicious defamatory statement in a permanent form 诽谤罪

**criminal record** **n.** a list of a person's previous

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criminal convictions 犯罪记录 ➤ a history of being convicted for crime 犯罪史,前科

**criminogenic** /ˌkrɪmɪnə'dʒenɪk/ **adj.** causing or likely to cause criminal behaviour(易)导致犯罪的

**criminology** /ˌkrɪmɪ'nɒlədʒi/ **n.** the scientific study of crime and criminals 犯罪学

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **criminological** adj. **criminologist** n.

**crimp** /krɪmp/ **■v.1** compress into small folds or ridges 把…压成褶,使有褶 ➤ connect by squeezing together 用压折法连接 ➤ [often as adj. 常作形容词 **crimped**] make waves in (hair) with a hot iron 使(头发)鬈曲,把(头发)烫成波形 **2** (also亦作 **put a crimp in**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】have a limiting or adverse effect on 束缚;阻碍;损害 **n.** **1** a curl, wave, or folded or compressed edge 卷边;波形边;褶边 **2** a small connecting piece for crimping wires or lines together(电线等的)压接接触件

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crimpy** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE gecrympan, of Gmc origin.

**crimper** /'krɪmpə/ **n.** **1** a person or thing that crimps 卷压者:折皱器;烫发器 **2** informal【非正式】a hairdresser 理发师

**crimplene** /'krɪmpli:n/ **n.** trademark 【商标】a synthetic crease-resistant fibre and fabric 克林普纶(一种不易起褶的合成衣料)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: perh. from the name of Crimple Valley in Yorkshire, site of the laboratory where the fabric was developed, + a shortened from of **TERYLENE**.

**crimson** /'krɪmz(ə)n/ **n.** a rich deep red colour 深红色,绯红色 ■**v.** become flushed, especially through embarrassment (尤指因尴尬而脸)变红,涨红

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from obs. Fr. cramoisin or Old Sp. cremesin, based on Arab. kirmizi, from kirmiz (see 见 **KERMES**).

**cringe** /krɪn(d)ʒ/ **v.** (**cringes**, **cringing**, **cringed**) **1** bend one's head and body in fear or apprehension or in a servile manner畏缩;蜷缩;卑躬屈膝 **2** experience an inward shiver of embarrassment or disgust 感到难堪(或厌恶) ■**n.** an act of cringing 畏缩;蜷缩;卑躬屈膝

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cringer** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME crenge, crenche, rel. to OE cringan, crincan 'bend, yield, fall in battle', of Gmc origin and rel. to **CRANK¹**.

**cringeworthy** /'krɪndʒ,wɜ:ði/ (also 亦作 **cringe-making**) **adj.** informal 【非正式】causing embarrassment 令人尴尬的

**cringle** /'krɪŋɡl/ **■n.** Sailing 【帆】 a ring of rope containing a thimble, for another rope to pass through 索耳:索眼;索环

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Low Ger. kringel, dimin. of kring 'ring'.

**crinkle** /'krɪŋkl/ **v.** form or cause to form small creases or wrinkles (使)起褶皱(或皱纹) ■**n.** a small crease or wrinkle 褶皱;皱纹

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crinkly** adj. (**crinklier**, **crinkliest**).

**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: rel. to OE crincan (see见 **CRINGE**).

**crinkum-crankum** /ˌkrɪŋkəm'kræŋkəm/ **n.** archaic 【古】 elaborate decoration or detail 精致的装饰(或细部)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: fanciful reduplication of **CRANK¹** or **CRANK²**.

**crinoid** /'krɪnɔɪd, 'kraɪnɔɪd/ **■n.** Zoology 【动】an echinoderm of a class (Crinoidea) that comprises the sea lilies and feather stars 海百合纲

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crinoidal** /krɪ'nɔɪdl/ adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L. Crinoidea, from Gk krinoeidēs 'lily-like', from krinon 'lily'.

**crinoline** /'krɪn(ə)lɪn/ **n.** **1** historical 【史义】a stiffened or hooped petticoat worn to make a long skirt stand out(支撑长裙的)衬架裙 **2** a stiff fabric made of horsehair and cotton or linen thread, used for stiffening petticoats or as a lining 硬衬布(用于制作硬衬裙或衬里)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., formed irregularly from L. crinis 'hair' + linum 'thread'.

**criollo** /kri'ɒləʊ, -'ɒljəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **criollos**) **1** a person from Spanish South or Central America, especially one of pure Spanish descent 克里奥尔人(来自西班牙南部或中美洲,尤指纯西班牙血统的人) **2** (also亦作 **criollo tree**) a cacao tree of a variety producing high-quality beans(出产优质可可豆的)可可树

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: Sp., lit. 'native to the locality' (see见 **CREOLE**).

**cripes** /kraɪps/ **exclam.** informal 【非正式】an expression of surprise 天哪,啊呀(表示惊讶)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: euphemism for **CHRIST**.

**cripple** /'krɪpl/ **n.** archaic or offensive【古或冒】 a person who is unable to walk or move properly through disability or injury 残疾人;跛子,瘸子 ■**v.** (often as adj. 常作形容词 **crippling** or **crippled**) make unable to move or walk properly使残疾;使跛,使瘸 ➤ cause severe and disabling damage to 严重损害;严重削弱,使陷于瘫痪

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crippler** n. **cripplingly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE: from two words, crypel and creopel, both of Gmc origin and rel. to **CREEP**.

> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The word **cripple** in the sense 'a person unable to walk through disability or injury' has acquired offensive connotations and has now largely been replaced by broader terms such as **disabled person**. *cripple*一词作“跛子, 瘸子”讲时有冒犯意味,现大多用含义更宽泛的词代替,如 **disabled person** (残疾人)。

**crisis** /'kraɪsɪs/ **n.** (pl. **crises**) **1** a time of intense difficulty or danger危机;危急关头 **2** the turning point of a disease when an important change takes place, indicating either recovery or death 危象

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: medical L., from Gk krisis 'decision', from krinein 'decide'.

**crisp** /krɪsp/ **adj.** **1** firm, dry, and brittle, especially in a way considered pleasing 松脆的,易碎的 ➤ (of

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hair) having tight curls(头发)鬈曲的 **2** (of the weather) cool, fresh, and invigorating(天气)清新凉爽的 **3** (of a way of speaking) briskly decisive and matter-of-fact(说话方式)干脆利落的 **n.** (also 亦作 **potato crisp**) Brit. 【英】a wafer-thin slice of potato fried until crisp and eaten as a snack 油炸薯片 ■**v.** **1** give(food) a crisp surface by placing it in an oven or grill(通过烘烤)使(食物)表皮变脆 **2** archaic【古】curl into short, stiff, wavy folds or crinkles 起波纹;起皱纹

**-PHRASES** 短语 **burn to a crisp** burn so as to leave only a charred remnant 烧焦
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crispiness** n. **crisply** adv. **crispness** n. **crispy** adj. (**crispier**, **crispiest**).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE: from L. crispus 'curled'.

**crispate** /'krɪspeɪt/ **adj.** Botany 【植】 having a wavy or curly edge 皱波状的;具皱缘的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. crispatus, past part. of crispare 'to curl'.

**crispbread** /'krɪspbred/ **n.** a thin crisp biscuit made from crushed rye or wheat(用碾碎的黑麦或小麦制成的)薄脆饼干

**crisper** /'krɪspə(r)/ **■n.** a compartment at the bottom of a refrigerator for storing fruit and vegetables(冰箱底部盛放水果蔬菜的)保鲜储藏格

**criss-cross** /'krɪskrɒs/ **n.** a pattern of intersecting straight lines or paths 线条纵横交错的图案 ■**adj.** (of a pattern) containing a number of intersecting straight lines or paths(图案)十字交叉的,纵横交错的 ■**v.** **1** form a criss-cross pattern on (a place) 在(某地)形成十字图案,在(某地)画以交叉线 **2** move or travel around (a place) by going back and forth repeatedly 重复往来于,往返奔波于(某地)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17(denoting a figure of a cross preceding the alphabet in a hornbook): from Christ-cross, later treated as a reduplication of **CROSS**.

**crista** /'krɪstə/ **n.** (pl. **cristae** /-ti:/) **1** Anatomy & Zoology【解,动】 a ridge or crest脊;鸡冠状突起 **2** Biology 【生物】 each of the partitions in a mitochondrion formed by folding of the inner membrane 嵴

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cristate** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L., 'tuft, plume, crest'.

**cristobalite** /krɪ'stəʊbəlaɪt/ **n.** a form of silica which is the main component of opal 方石英

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after Cerro San Cristóbal in Mexico, where it was discovered.

**criterion** /kraɪ'tɪəriən/ **n.** (pl. **criteria** /-rɪə/) a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided(判断或决定的)准则,原则,标准

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **criterial** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Gk kritērion 'means of judging', from kritēs (see 见 **CRITIC**).

> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The singular form is **criterion** and the plural form is **criteria**. It is a common mistake to use **criteria** as if it were a singular, as in **a further criteria needs to be considered**. 单数形式为 **criterion**, 复数形式为 **criteria**。**criteria** 常被误当作单数名词使用,如:A further **criteria** needs to be considered.

**critic** /'krɪtɪk/ **n.** **1** a person who expresses an unfavourable opinion of something 批评家 **2** a person who judges the merits of literary or artistic works, especially one who does so professionally (文学或艺术作品的)评论家,(尤指)职业评论家

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L. criticus, from Gk kritikos, from kritēs 'a judge'.

**critical** /'krɪtɪkl/ **adj.** **1** expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgements 批评的,批判的 **2** expressing or involving an analysis of the merits and faults of a work of literature or art(对文学或艺术作品)评论性的 **3** (of a situation or problem) at a point of crisis(情况或问题)危急的,紧急的 ➤ extremely ill and at risk of death危象的,病情严重的,病危的 ➤ having a decisive importance in the success or failure of something(对成败)决定性的,关键的 **4** Mathematics & Physics【数,物】 relating to or denoting a point of transition from one state to another 临界的 **5** (of a nuclear reactor or fuel) maintaining a self-sustaining chain reaction(核反应堆或燃料)临界的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **criticality** n. **critically** adv. **criticalness** n.

**critical angle** **■n.** Optics 【光学】 the angle of incidence beyond which rays of light passing through a denser medium to the surface of a less dense medium are no longer refracted but totally reflected 临界角

**critical apparatus** **n.** see 见 **APPARATUS** (Sense 3释义3).

**critical damping** **■n.** Physics 【物】 damping just sufficient to prevent oscillations 临界阻尼

**critical mass** **n.** **1** Physics 【物】 the minimum amount of fissile material needed to maintain a nuclear chain reaction 临界质量 **2** the minimum size or amount of resources required to start or maintain a venture 临界量(指开办或维持企业所需资源的最小数量)

**critical path** **n.** the sequence of stages determining the minimum time needed for a complex operation 关键路径

**critical point** **n.** **1** Chemistry 【化】 a set of conditions at which both the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density, and are therefore indistinguishable 临界点 **2** US term for **STATIONARY POINT** * **stationary point** 的美式说法

**critical pressure** **■n.** Chemistry【化】 the pressure of a gas or vapour in its critical state 临界压力

**critical state** **n.** Chemistry 【化】 the state of a substance when it is at the critical point 临界状态

**critical temperature** **■n.** Chemistry 【化】the temperature of a gas in its critical state, above which

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it cannot be liquefied by pressure alone 临界温度

**critical theory** **n.** a philosophical approach to culture, and especially to literature, seen from a modified Marxist perspective 批判理论(一种评论文化的哲学方法,尤用于评论文学)

**criticism** /'krɪtɪsɪzəm/ **n.** **1** the expression of disapproval of someone or something based on perceived faults or mistakes 批评,批判 **2** the critical assessment of a literary or artistic work(对文学或艺术作品的)评论

**criticize** or **criticise** /'krɪtɪsaɪz/ **v.** **1** disapprovingly indicate the faults of 批评,批判 **2** form and express a critical assessment of (a literary or artistic work)评论(文学或艺术作品)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **criticizable** adj. **criticizer** n.

**critique** /krɪ'ti:k/ **n.** a detailed analysis and assessment 评论 ■**v.**(**critiques**, **critiquing**, **critiqued**) evaluate in a detailed and analytical way 评论

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr., based on Gk kritikē tekhnē 'critical art'.

**critter** /'krɪtə(r)/ **n.** informal or dialect, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式或方,主北美】 a living creature 生物

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: var. of **CREATURE**.

**croak** /krəʊk/ **n.** a characteristic deep hoarse sound made by a frog or a crow(青蛙或乌鸦的)呱呱叫 ■**v.** **1** (of a frog or crow) utter a croak(青蛙或乌鸦)呱呱地叫 **2** informal 【非正式】 die 死亡 **3** archaic 【古】prophesy evil or misfortune 预言不祥

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **croakily** adv. **croaky** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: imitative.

**croaker** /'krəʊkə(r)/ **n.** a person or animal that croaks 话音沙哑的人;呱呱叫的动物 ➤ another term for **DRUM²** * **drum²**的另一种说法

**Croatian** /krəʊ'eɪʃn/ **n.** (also 亦作 **Croat** /'krəʊæt/) **1** a native or national of Croatia, or a person of Croatian descent 克罗地亚人;克罗地亚裔 **2** the Southern Slavic language of the Croats, almost identical to Serbian but written in the Roman alphabet 克罗地亚语(克罗地亚人使用的南斯拉夫语) **adj.** relating to Croatia, its people, or their language 克罗地亚的;克罗地亚人的;克罗地亚语的

**crochet** /'krəʊʃeɪ, -ʃi/ **n.** a handicraft in which yarn is made up into a patterned fabric by means of a hooked needle 钩针编织 ➤ fabric or items made in this way 钩针编织品 ■**v.** (**crochets** /'krəʊʃeɪz/, **crocheting** /-ʃeɪŋ/, **crocheted** /-ʃeɪd/) make (a garment or piece of fabric) in this way 用钩针编织(衣服或织物)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crocheter** /'krəʊʃeɪərə(r)/ n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., dimin. of croc 'hook'.

**croci** plural form of **CROCUS** * **crocus** 的复数形式

**crocidolite** /krə(ʊ)'sɪdəlaɪt/ **n.** a fibrous blue or green mineral consisting of a silicate of iron and sodium 纤铁钠闪石,蓝石棉

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk krokis, krokid- 'nap of cloth' + **-LITE**.

**crock¹** /krɒk/ informal 【非正式】■**n.** Brit.【英】 an old person considered to be feeble and useless 老弱无用的人,年老体衰的人 ➤ an old and worn-out vehicle 破旧车辆 **v.** **1** Brit. 【英】 cause an injury to 使受伤 **2** [as adj. 作形容词 **crocked**] N. Amer.【北美】drunk 喝醉的,醉酒的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(orig. denoting an old ewe, later an old or broken-down horse): perh. from Flemish, and prob. rel. to **CRACK**.

**crock²** /krɒk/ **n.** **1** an earthenware pot or jar 陶罐;瓦壶 ➤ a broken piece of earthenware 陶器碎片;碎瓦片
> a plate, cup, or other item of crockery 陶器;瓷器 **2** (also vulgar slang 【亦粗俚】**crock of shit**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】something considered to be complete nonsense 废话,胡说八道

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE croc, crocca, of Gmc origin.

**crockery** /'krɒkəri/ **n.** plates, dishes, cups, and similar items made of earthenware or china 陶器:瓷器

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from obs. crocker 'potter', from **CROCK²**.

**crocket** /'krɒkɪt/ **n.** (in Gothic architecture) a small carved ornament on the inclined side of a pinnacle or gable(哥特式建筑的)卷叶饰

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Old North. Fr., var. of OFr. crochet (see 见 **CROTCHET**).

**crocodile** /'krɒkədaɪl/ **n.** **1** a large predatory semiaquatic reptile with long jaws, long tail, short legs, and a horny textured skin 鳄 [Crocodylus and other genera.] **2** leather made from crocodile skin, used especially to make bags and shoes(尤用于制包或鞋的)鳄鱼皮 **3** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a line of schoolchildren walking in pairs 两人一排成纵队行进的学童

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME cocodrille, cokadrill, from OFr. cocodrille, via med. L. from L. crocodilus, from Gk krokodilos 'worm of the stones'.

**crocodile clip** **n.** chiefly Brit. 【主英】a sprung metal clip with long serrated jaws, used to connect an electric cable temporarily to a battery or other component 鳄鱼嘴夹,弹簧线夹

**crocodile tears** **pl. n.** tears or expressions of sorrow that are insincere 鳄鱼眼泪,假慈悲

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: said to be so named from a belief that crocodiles wept while devouring or luring their prey.

**crocodilian** /ˌkrɒkə'dɪliən/ **■n.** Zoology 【动】 a reptile of the order Crocodylia, comprising the crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharial 鳄目动物

**crocus** /'krəʊkəs/ **n.** (pl. **crocuses** or **croci** /-kaɪ, -ki:/) a small spring-flowering plant of the iris family, which grows from a corm and bears bright yellow, purple, or white flowers 番红花 [Genus Crocus.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via L. from Gk krokos, of Semitic origin.

**croeso** /'krɔɪsəʊ/ **exclam.** Welsh 【威尔士】 welcome! 欢迎!

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Welsh.

**Croesus** /'kri:səs/ **n.** a person of great wealth 富豪

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**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from the name of a famously wealthy king of Lydia, who reigned c.560–546 BC.

**croft** /krɒft/ Brit. 【英】 **■n.** **1** a small rented farm, especially in Scotland, having a right of pasturage held in common with other such farms(尤指苏格兰供出租的)小农场 **2** a small enclosed field, typically attached to a house(常指与住宅相连的)封闭的小块土地 **■v.** farm (land) as a croft or crofts 耕种小块土地,开垦小农场

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crofter** n. **crofting** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE: of unknown origin.

**Crohn's disease** /'krəʊnz/ **n.** a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines, especially the colon and ileum, associated with ulcers and fistulae 克罗恩病,克隆病(一种慢性肠炎)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: named after the American pathologist Burrill B. Crohn.

**croissant** /'krwæsɒ̃/ **n.** a French crescent-shaped roll made of sweet flaky yeast dough, eaten for breakfast 羊角面包

**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: Fr. (see见 **CRESCENT**).

**Cro-Magnon** /ˌkrəʊ'mænjɒ̃, -'mægnən/ **n.** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the earliest form of modern human in Europe, appearing c.35,000 years ago and associated with the Aurignacian flint industry 克罗马农人,克鲁马努人

**-ORIGIN** 词源 the name of a hill in the Dordogne, France.

**cromlech** /'krɒmlek/ **n.** **1** (in Wales) a megalithic tomb consisting of a large flat stone laid on upright ones; a dolmen(威尔士)巨石冢墓 **2** (in Brittany) a circle of standing stones(法国布列塔尼)巨石圈

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Welsh, from crom, fem. of crwm 'arched'+ llech 'flat stone' (sense 1); sense 2 via Fr. from Breton krommlec'h.

**crone** /krəʊn/ **n.** an ugly old woman 丑老太婆

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via MDu. croonje, caroonje 'carcass, old ewe' from Old North. Fr. caroigne (see 见 **CARRION**).

**cronk** /krɒŋk/ **adj.** Austral./NZ informal, dated 【澳新,非正式,过时】 unfit or unsound 有病的,身体不好的 ➤ fraudulent 欺诈的,欺骗的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: prob. rel. to **CRANK³**.

**crony** /'krəʊni/ **n.** (pl. **cronies**) informal, often derogatory【非正式,常贬】a close friend or companion 密友,亲密伙伴

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (orig. Cambridge university sl.) : from Gk khronios 'long-lasting' (here used to mean 'contemporary'); cf. **CHUM¹**.

**cronyism** /'krəʊniɪzəm/ (also 亦作 **croneyism**) **■n.** derogatory【贬】 the improper appointment of friends and associates to positions of authority 任用亲信;任人唯亲

**crook** /krʊk/ **n.** **1** a shepherd's hooked staff (牧羊人的)曲柄杖 ➤ a bishop's crozier(主教的)曲柄权杖 **2** a bend, especially at the elbow in a person's arm 弯曲部分;(尤指)臂弯,肘弯 **3** informal 【非正式】a person who is dishonest or a criminal 骗子;罪犯 **v.** bend (something, especially a finger as a signal)弯曲(尤指手指,作为手势) **adj.** Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】bad, unsound, or unwell 糟糕的,身体不好的,有病的 ➤ dishonest or illegal 不诚实的,非法的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crookery** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from ON krókr 'hook'.

**crookback** /'krʊkbæk/ **n.** archaic 【古】 a person with a hunchback 驼背者

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crookbacked** adj.

**crooked** /'krʊkɪd/ **adj.** (**crookeder**, **crookedest**) **1** bent or twisted out of shape or position 弯曲的;扭曲的;歪的 **2** informal 【非正式】 dishonest or illegal 不诚实的,非法的 **3** Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】 annoyed; exasperated 生气的,恼怒的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crookedly** adv. **crookedness** n.

**croon** /kru:n/ **v.** hum, sing, or speak in a soft, low voice 低声哼唱;柔声低语 **n.** a soft, low voice or tone 轻柔的话音(或语调)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crooner** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C15 (orig. Scots and north. Engl.) : from Mid. Low Ger. and MDu. krönen 'groan, lament'.

**crop** /krɒp/ **n.** **1** a plant cultivated on a large scale for food or other use, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable 庄稼;作物 ➤ an amount of a crop harvested at one time(莊稼的)收成,产量 **2** an amount of related people or things appearing at one time(同时出现的)一群(人),一批(事物): the current crop of politicians 现在这一批政客 **3** a hairstyle in which the hair is cut very short 平头(发式) **4** a riding crop or hunting crop 骑手短鞭:猎鞭 **5** a pouch in a bird's gullet where food is stored or prepared for digestion(鸟的)嗉囊 **6** the entire tanned hide of an animal 经鞣制的整张兽皮 **■v.** (**crops**, **cropping**, **cropped**) **1** cut (something, especially a person's hair) very short 剪短(尤指头发) ➤ (of an animal) bite off and eat the tops of (plants) (动物)啃食(植物)的顶部 ➤ trim off the edges of (a photograph)裁切(照片) **2** harvest (a crop) from an area 收割(庄稼) ➤ sow or plant (land) with plants that will produce a crop 在(土地)上播种(或耕种) ➤ (of land or a plant) yield a harvest(土地或植物)获得收成 **3** (**crop up**) appear or occur unexpectedly 意外出现(或发生) **4** (**crop out**) (of rock) appear or be exposed at the surface of the earth (岩石)露出地面

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**crop circle** **n.** an area of standing crops which has been flattened in the form of a circle or more complex pattern by an unexplained agency 麦田圈,庄稼怪圈(出于莫名原因作物倒伏后形成圆圈或更加复杂的图案)

**crop dusting** **n.** the spraying of powdered insecticide or fertilizer on crops, especially from the air 作物喷粉(尤指从空中向作物喷洒杀虫剂或化肥)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crop duster** n.

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**crop-eared** **adj.** historical 【史义】 **1** having the tops of the ears cut off 被剪去耳朵尖的 **2** (especially of a Roundhead in the English Civil War) having the hair cut very short(尤指英国内战中的圆颅党人)将头发剪得极短的

**cropland** /'krɒplænd/ (also 亦作 **croplands**) **■n.** land used for growing crops 耕地,农田

**crop-over** **n.** a West Indian celebration marking the end of the sugar-cane harvest(西印度群岛)甘蔗收割结束时的庆典

**cropper** /'krɒpə(r)/ **n.** **1** a plant which yields a specified crop 特殊作物 **2** a machine or person that cuts or trims something 修(或裁)剪机;修(或裁)剪工 **3** chiefly US【主美】 a person who raises a crop, especially as a sharecropper 庄稼人(尤指收益分成的佃农)

**-PHRASES** 短语 **come a cropper** informal 【非正式】fall heavily 重重地摔倒 ➤ suffer a defeat or disaster 遭遇失败(或灾难)

**crop top** (also 亦作 **cropped top**) **n.** a woman's casual garment for the upper body, cut short so that it reveals the stomach (女式)露脐短装

**croque-monsieur** /ˌkrɒk mə'sjɜ:/ **n.** a fried or grilled cheese and ham sandwich(炸或烤的)奶酪火腿三明治

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., lit. 'bite (a) man'.

**croquet** /'krəʊkeɪ, -ki/ **n.** a game played on a lawn, in which wooden balls are driven through a series of square-topped hoops by means of mallets 槌球游戏 ➤ an act of croqueting a ball(槌球中的)贴击 **■v.** (**croquets** /'krəʊkeɪz/, **croqueting** /-keɪŋ/, **croqueted** /-keɪd/) drive away (an opponent's ball) by holding one's own ball against it and striking one's own 贴击(对方的球)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: perh. a dial. form of Fr. crochet 'hook'.

**croquette** /krə(ʊ)'ket/ **n.** a small ball or roll of vegetables, minced meat, or fish, fried in breadcrumbs(用蔬菜、肉末或碎鱼肉外裹面包屑做成的)炸丸子

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from croquer 'to crunch'.

**crore** /krɔ:(r)/ **cardinal number** (pl. same 单复同 or **crores**) Indian 【印度】 ten million; one hundred lakhs 一千万

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Hindi karor, based on Sanskrit koṭi 'ten millions'.

**crosier** /'krəʊziə(r), -zə(r)/ **n.** variant spelling of **CROZIER** * **crozier** 的另一种拼法

**cross** /krɒs/ **n.** **1** a mark, object, or figure formed by two short intersecting lines or pieces (+ or x) 十字形(或交叉)符号,十字形(或交叉)物;十字形(或叉形) **2** an upright post with a transverse bar, as used in antiquity for crucifixion(古代行死刑用的)十字架 ➤ (**the Cross**) the cross on which Christ was crucified(耶稣受难的)十字架 **3** a thing that is unavoidable and has to be endured 磨难,苦难: She's just a cross we have to bear. 她就是我们必须忍受的一个磨难。 **4** a cross-shaped decoration awarded for personal valour or indicating rank in some orders of knighthood(因英勇而授予或显示骑士等级的)十字勋章 **5** an animal or plant resulting from cross-breeding; a hybrid 杂交品种 ➤ (**a cross between**) a mixture or compromise of two things 混合物;折中物 **6** (in soccer) a pass of the ball across the field towards the centre close to one's opponents' goal(足球中的)横传 **7** (in boxing) a blow given with a crosswise movement of the fist (拳击中的)交叉拳 **■v.** **1** go or extend across or to the other side of (a path, obstacle, or area)穿越,横穿(路、地区),越过(障碍物) ➤ (**cross over**) (of an artist) begin to appeal to a wider audience (艺术家)转型,跨领域发展 **2** pass in an opposite or different direction; intersect与…错过,与…对面而过 ➤ place crosswise 使交叉: Michele crossed her arms. 米歇尔交叉双臂。 **3** draw a line or lines across; mark with a cross在…上画线;在…上画十字 ➤ Brit.【英】 mark or annotate (a cheque), typically with a pair of parallel lines, to indicate that it must be paid into a named bank account 在(支票)上画线(常指画两条平行线,表示该支票必须转入指定银行账户) ➤ (**cross something off**) delete an item on a list 划去(单子上的项目)
> (**cross something out/through**) delete a word or phrase by drawing a line through it (用横线)划去,划掉(词或短语) **4** (**cross oneself**) make the sign of the cross in front of one's chest as a sign of Christian reverence or to invoke divine protection 在胸前划十字 **5** Soccer 【足】pass (the ball) across the field towards the centre when attacking 横传(球) **6** cause (an animal of one species, breed, or variety) to interbreed with one of another 使(动物)杂交 ➤ **cross-fertilize** (a plant)使(植物)异花受精 **7** oppose or stand in the way of 反对;阻挠 **adj.** annoyed 生气的,恼怒的

**-PHRASES** 短语 **at cross purposes** misunderstanding or having different aims from one another 互相误解:目标不同 **cross one's fingers** put one finger across another as a sign of hoping for good luck手指交叉(表示希望得到好运气) **cross the floor** Brit. 【英】 join the opposing side in Parliament 加入议会里的反对方 **cross my heart (and hope to die)** used to emphasize the truthfulness and sincerity of what one is saying 千真万确(用于强调所说内容的真实性) **cross someone's palm with silver** often humorous 【常幽】pay someone for a favour or service, especially having one's fortune told 为帮助(或服务)付钱;(尤指)给钱请人算命 **cross swords** have an argument or dispute争执;争吵 **crossed line** a telephone connection that has been wrongly made with the result that another call can be heard 电话串线干扰 **get one's wires (or lines) crossed** have a misunderstanding 产生误解
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crosser** n. **crossly** adv. **crossness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE: from ON kross, from Old Ir. cros, from L. crux.

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**cross-** /krɒs/ **comb. form** **1** denoting movement or position across 穿越;横过: **cross-country** 越野的 ➤ denoting interaction 相互作用: **cross-pollinate** 异花传粉 ➤ passing from side to side; transverse 横向的: **crosspiece** 横档;横杆 **2** describing the form of a cross 十字形;十字架: **crossroads** 交叉路口

**crossbar** /'krɒsbɑ:(r)/ **n.** a horizontal bar, in particular one between the two upright posts of a football goal or between the handlebars and saddle on a bicycle(足球球门的)横梁,(自行车的)车架横梁

**cross-beam** **n.** a transverse beam 横梁

**cross-bedding** **■n.** Geology 【地质】 layering within a stratum and at an angle to the main bedding plane 交错层理

**cross-bencher** **n.** a member of the House of Lords who is independent of any political party(英国上院的)无党派议员,中立议员

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-bench** adj.

**crossbill** /'krɒsbɪl/ **n.** a thickset finch with a crossed bill adapted for extracting seeds from the cones of conifers 交嘴雀 [Loxia curvirostra and related species.]

**crossbones** /'krɒsbəʊnz/ **n.** see **SKULL AND CROSSBONES** at **SKULL** 见 **skull** 处的 **skull and crossbones**

**crossbow** /'krɒsbəʊ/ **n.** a medieval bow of a kind fixed across a wooden support, having a groove for the bolt and a mechanism for drawing and releasing the string 弩弓,十字弓

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crossbowman** n. (pl. **crossbowmen**).

**cross-breed** **v.** produce (an animal or plant) by mating or hybridizing two different species, breeds, or varieties使(动物或植物)杂交育种(或繁育) **■n.** an animal or plant produced by cross-breeding 杂交品种

**cross-check** **v.** **1** verify (figures or information) by using an alternative source or method 交叉检查(数字或信息) **2** Ice Hockey 【冰球】obstruct(an opponent) illegally with the stick held horizontally in both hands(违规地)横杆阻截(对手) **■n.** an instance of cross-checking figures or information 交叉检查

**cross-contamination** **n.** the process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another 交叉污染

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-contaminate** v.

**cross-country** **adj.** **1** across fields or countryside, as opposed to on roads or tracks 越野的: **cross-country running** 越野赛跑 **2** across a region or country, in particular not keeping to main or direct routes(尤指通过越野)穿越地区(或国家)的 **n.** the sport of cross-country running, riding, skiing, or motoring 越野运动

**cross-cousin** **n.** each of two cousins who are children of a brother and sister交错从表(指母亲的嫡亲兄弟和父亲的嫡亲姊妹的孩子)

**cross-cultural** **adj.** relating to different cultures or comparison between them 交叉文化的,涉及多种文化的,跨文化的

**cross-current** **n.** **1** a current in a river or sea which flows across another(河流或海洋中的)横流 **2** a process or tendency which is in conflict with another矛盾;对立

**cross-cut** **v.** **1** cut (wood or stone) across its main grain or axis 横截(木头或石头) **2** alternate (one sequence) with another when editing a film 交叉剪接(电影镜头) **■n.** an instance of cross-cutting 横截;交叉剪接 **adj.** (of a file) having two sets of grooves crossing each other diagonally(锉刀)有斜向交叉凹槽的

**cross-cut saw** **n.** a saw with a handle at each end, used by two people for cutting across the grain of timber 截锯

**cross-dating** **n.** Archaeology 【考古】 the dating of objects by correlation with the chronology of another culture or site 对照计年

**cross-dress** **■v.** wear clothing typical of the opposite sex 穿异性服装,女扮男装,男扮女装

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-dresser** n.

**crosse** /krɒs/ **n.** the stick used in women's field lacrosse(女子兜网球的)网兜木棒

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from OFr. croce 'bishop's crook'.

**cross-examine** **v.** question (a witness called by the other party) in a court of law to challenge or extend testimony already given(在法庭上)交叉询问,反询问(另一方证人)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-examination** n. **cross-examiner** n.

**cross-eyed** **adj.** having one or both eyes turned inwards towards the nose, either temporarily or as a permanent condition (convergent strabismus)内斜眼的,斗鸡眼的

**cross-fade** **v.** (in sound or film editing) make a picture or sound appear or be heard gradually as another disappears or becomes silent 使(声音)交叉混合;使(画面)叠像渐变 **n.** an act or instance of cross-fading 交叉混合;叠像渐变

**cross-fertilize** or **cross-fertilise** **v.** **1** fertilize (a plant) using pollen from another plant of the same species 使(植物)异花受精 **2** stimulate the development of (something) with an exchange of ideas or information(通过思想或信息交流)促进……的发展

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-fertilization** n.

**crossfire** /'krɒsfaɪə(r)/ **n.** gunfire from two or more directions passing through the same area 交叉火力

**cross-functional** **adj.** denoting or relating to a system whereby people from different areas of an organization work together as a team 多部门合作团队的,跨职能团队的

**cross-grained** **adj.** **1** (also 亦作 **cross-grain**) (of timber) having a grain that runs across the regular

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grain(木材)有斜(行)纹(理)的 **2** stubbornly contrary or bad-tempered 执拗的;任性的

**cross hairs** **pl. n.** a pair of fine wires crossing at right angles at the focus of an optical instrument or gunsight(光学仪器或瞄准器上的)十字丝;交叉丝;十字准线

**cross-hatch** **v.** shade (an area) with intersecting sets of parallel lines 用交叉排线来表现出(某区域)的阴影

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-hatching** n.

**cross head** **n.** **1** a bar or block between the piston rod and connecting rod in a steam engine (蒸汽机的)十字头(滑块) **2** a screw with an indented cross shape in its head 十字口螺丝 **3** a paragraph heading printed across a column in the body of a newspaper article(报纸文章的)小标题

**cross index** **n.** a note or cross reference which refers the reader to other material 交替索引,互见索引 **■v.**(**cross-index**) index (something) under another heading as a cross reference 将…设为交替索引(或互见索引)

**cross-infection** **n.** the transfer of infection, especially to a hospital patient or between different species of animal or plant 交叉传染,交叉感染

**crossing** /'krɒsɪŋ/ **n.** **1** a place where things, especially roads or railway lines, cross(尤指公路或铁路线的)交叉口,十字路口 ➤ Architecture【建】the intersection of a church nave and the transepts(教堂中殿和耳堂的)十字形交接处 **2** a place at which one may safely cross something, especially a street 安全通行处;(尤指)人行横道

**crossing over** **■n.** Genetics 【遗传】 the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring(同源染色体间遗传物质的)交换

**cross-legged** **adj.** & **adv.** (of a seated person) with the legs crossed at the ankles and the knees bent outwards(人坐着时)盘腿的(地)

**cross link** **n.** a transverse link, especially between chains of atoms in a polymeric molecule 交联键 **■v.** (**cross-link**) connect by a series of transverse links 使交联

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-linkage** n.

**crossmatch** /krɒs'mætʃ/ **v.** Medicine 【医】 test the compatibility of (a donor's and a recipient's blood or tissue)交叉配血;交叉配型

**crossover** /'krɒsəʊvə(r)/ **n.** **1** a point or place of crossing from one side to the other 横跨点;横跨处 **2** the process of producing work or achieving success in a new field or style, especially in popular music(尤指流行音乐中的)转型,改变风格

**cross-ownership** **n.** the ownership by one corporation of different companies with related interests or commercial aims交叉所有权,跨所有制(指由利益或商业目标相关的不同公司组成的大公司所有权)

**cross-party** **adj.** involving or relating to two or more political parties 跨党派的,多党派的

**crosspatch** /'krɒspætʃ/ **n.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】a bad-tempered person 坏脾气的人

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from **CROSS** + obs. patch 'fool, clown', perh. from Ital. pazzo 'madman'.

**crosspiece** /'krɒspi:s/ **n.** a beam or bar fixed or placed across something else 横档;横杆

**cross-platform** **adj.** Computing 【计】 able to be used on different types of computers or with different software packages 跨平台的

**cross-ply** **adj.** Brit. 【英】 (of a tyre) having fabric layers with their threads running diagonally, crosswise to each other(轮胎)有十字形交叉帘布层的

**cross-pollinate** **v.** pollinate (a flower or plant) with pollen from another flower or plant 给(花或植物)异花授粉

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-pollination** n.

**cross-posting** **n.** the simultaneous sending of a message to more than one Internet newsgroup(对消息的)交叉投递,(对帖子的)重复张贴

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-post** v. & n.

**cross product** **n.** another term for **VECTOR PRODUCT** * **vector product** 的另一种说法

**cross-question** **■v.** question in great detail 盘问

**cross-rate** **n.** an exchange rate between two currencies computed by reference to a third currency, usually the US dollar(通常指对美元的)交叉汇率,套汇汇率

**cross reference** **n.** a reference to another text or part of a text 相互参照(条目),互见(条目) **■v.**(**cross-reference**) provide with cross references 为……提供相互参照(或互见)条目

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-refer** v.

**cross-rhythm** **■n.** Music 【音】 a rhythm used simultaneously with another rhythm or rhythms 复节奏

**crossroads** /'krɒsrəʊdz/ **■n.** (pl. same 单复同) **1** an intersection of two or more roads 交叉路口 **2** (**crossroad**) N. Amer. 【北美】 a road that crosses a main road or joins two main roads(穿过主要道路的)支路;(连接两条主要道路的)横路

**cross section** **n.** **1** a surface or shape exposed by making a straight cut through something, especially at right angles to an axis(尤指与轴线成直角的)横切面(图),横断面(图),截面(图),剖面(图) **2** a typical or representative sample of a larger group 典型,具有代表性的实例 **3** Physics 【物】 a quantity having the dimensions of an area which expresses the probability of a given interaction between particles 截面 **■v.** (**cross-section**) make a cross section of 横切;横断

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-sectional** adj.

**cross-sectoral** **adj.** relating to or affecting more than one group, area, or section 跨界的;跨区域的;跨部门的

**cross-sell** **v.** sell (a different product or service) to an existing customer 交叉销售(向现有客户提供不同商品或服务)

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**cross stitch** Needlework 【针线】 **■n.** a stitch formed of two stitches crossing each other 十字缝,十字形针迹 **■v.**(**cross-stitch**) sew or embroider using cross stitch 按十字形针迹缝制(或刺绣)

**cross-subsidize** or **cross-subsidise** **v.** subsidize (a business or activity) out of the profits of another business or activity 交叉补贴(指用一项业务的利润为其他业务提供资助)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cross-subsidization** n. **cross-subsidy** n.

**crosstalk** /'krɒstɔ:k/ **n.** **1** unwanted transfer of signals between communication channels(通信电路的)串扰 **2** witty conversation 妙谈;巧语

**cross tie** **n.** US 【美】 a railway sleeper 轨枕

**cross-train** **v.** **1** learn another skill, especially one related to one's current job 学习(尤指与现在职业相关的)技能 **2** [as noun 作名词 **cross-training**] training in two or more sports in order to improve fitness and performance(体育运动中的)交叉训练

**crosstrees** /'krɒstri:z/ **pl. n.** a pair of horizontal struts attached to a sailing ship's mast to spread the rigging, especially at the head of a topmast 桅顶横桁

**cross-voting** **n.** voting for a party one does not belong to, or for more than one party 跨党派投票;投一个以上党派的票

**crosswalk** /'krɒswɔ:k/ **n.** N. Amer. & Austral.【北美,澳】 a pedestrian crossing 人行横道

**crosswind** /'krɒswɪnd/ **n.** a wind blowing across one's direction of travel 侧风

**crosswise** /'krɒswaɪz/ (also 亦作 **crossways**) **adv.** **1** in the form of a cross成十字形地,交叉地 **2** diagonally or transversely对角地,斜穿地

**crossword** /'krɒswɜ:d/ **n.** a puzzle consisting of a grid of squares and blanks into which words crossing vertically and horizontally are written according to clues 纵横填字谜,纵横填字游戏

**crostini** /krɒ'sti:ni/ **pl. n.** small pieces of toasted or fried bread served with a topping as a starter or canapé(作为开胃食品的)烤面包片,油炸面包片

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Ital., pl. of crostino 'little crust'.

**crotal** /'krɒtl/ **n.** variant spelling of **CROTTLE** * **crottle** 的另一种拼法

**crotale** /'krəʊtl/ **n.** a small tuned cymbal 鸣板,响板

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: Fr.

**crotch** /krɒtʃ/ **n.** **1** the part of the human body between the legs where they join the torso(人体的)胯部,两腿分叉处 **2** a fork in a tree, road, or river (树、道路或河流的)分叉处

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crotched** adj. **crotchless** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: perh. rel. to OFr. croche 'shepherd's crook', based on ON krókr 'hook'; partly also a var. of **CRUTCH**.

**crotchet** /'krɒtʃɪt/ **n.** **1** Music, Brit. 【音,英】a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a semibreve or half a minim, represented by a large solid dot with a plain stem 四分音符 **2** a perverse or unfounded belief or notion 奇想;怪念头

**-ORIGIN** 词源ME (in the sense 'hook'): from OFr. crochet, dimin. of croc, from ON krókr.

**crotchety** /'krɒtʃəti/ **adj.** bad-tempered; irritable 坏脾气的;急躁的,易怒的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crotchetiness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from sense 2 of **CROTCHET** + **-Y¹**.

**croton** /'krəʊt(ə)n/ **n.** **1** a strong-scented tree, shrub, or herbaceous plant, native to tropical and warm regions 巴豆 [Genus Croton.] **2** a small evergreen tree or shrub of the Indo-Pacific region, with colourful foliage 变叶木 [Genus Codiaeum.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from Gk krotōn 'sheep tick' (from the shape of the seeds of the croton in sense 1).

**crottle** /'krɒtl/ (also 亦作 **crotal**) **n.** a common lichen found on rocks, used in Scotland to make a dye for making tweed 染料地衣 [Parmelia saxatilis and other species.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Sc. Gaelic and Ir. crotal, crotan.

**crouch** /kraʊtʃ/ **v.** adopt a position where the knees are bent and the upper body is brought forward and down蹲;蹲伏 **n.** a crouching stance or posture 蹲伏(姿势)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: perh. from OFr. crochir 'be bent', from croche (see 见 **CROTCH**).

**croup¹** /kru:p/ **■n.** inflammation of the larynx and trachea in children, associated with infection and causing breathing difficulties 哮吼,格鲁布(见于儿童的一种喉部炎症,伴有呼吸困难)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **croupy** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from dial. croup 'to croak', of imitative origin.

**croup²** /kru:p/ **n.** the rump or hindquarters of a horse(马的)臀部

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. croupe, ult. of Gmc origin and rel. to **CROP**.

**croupier** /'kru:piə(r), -pɪeɪ/ **n.** **1** the person in charge of a gaming table, gathering in and paying out money or tokens 赌台管理员(负责收付赌资) **2** historical【史义】 the assistant chairman at a public dinner(公共宴会上的)副主持人

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (denoting a person standing behind a gambler to give advice): Fr., from OFr. cropier 'pillion rider', rel. to OFr. croupe (see 见 **CROUP²**).

**croustade** /kru:'stɑ:d/ **n.** a crisp piece of bread or pastry hollowed to receive a savoury filling 脆皮酥盒

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from OFr. crouste or Ital. crostata 'tart'.

**crouton** /'kru:tɒn/ **n.** a small piece of fried or toasted bread served with soup or used as a garnish 炸(或烤)面包丁(配汤食用或用作饰料)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr. croûton, from croûte (see 见 **CRUST**).

**Crow** /krəʊ/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **Crows**) **1** a member of an American Indian people inhabiting eastern Montana 克劳人(居住在蒙大拿州东部的印第安人) **2** the Siouan language of the Crow 克劳语

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(克劳人说的苏语)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 suggested by Fr. gens de corbeaux, translating Siouan apsáaloke 'crow people'.

**crow¹** /krəʊ/ **n.** **1** a large perching bird with mostly glossy black plumage, a heavy bill, and a raucous voice 鸦,乌鸦[Corvus corone (**carrion crow**) and related species, family Corvidae.] **2** informal 【非正式】 an old or ugly woman 老太婆;丑妇人

**-PHRASES** 短语 **as the crow flies** in a straight line across country笔直地,成直线地,不绕道地 **eat crow** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】be humiliated by having to admit one's defeats or mistakes 被迫认输;被迫承认错误
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE crāwe, of W. Gmc origin; rel. to **CROW²**.

**crow²** /krəʊ/ **v.** (past **crowed** or **crew**) **1** (of a cock) utter its characteristic loud cry(公鸡)啼叫,打鸣 **2** express great pride or triumph, especially in a tone of gloating satisfaction 洋洋得意,(因胜利而)欢呼 **■n.** **1** the cry of a cock 鸡鸣声 **2** a sound expressing great pride or triumph(表达喜悅或胜利的)欢呼声

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE crāwan, of W. Gmc origin, rel. to **CROW¹**; ult. imitative.

**crowbar** /'krəʊbɑ:(r)/ **n.** an iron bar with a flattened end, used as a lever(用作杠杆的)撬棍,撬杆 **■v.** (**crowbars**, **crowbarring**, **crowbarred**) strike or open with a crowbar 用撬棍撞击(或撬开)

**crowberry** /'krəʊb(ə)ri/ **n.** (pl. **crowberries**) **1** a creeping heather-like dwarf shrub with small leaves and black berries 岩高兰(灌木)[Empetrum nigrum.] **2** the edible but flavourless black berry of the crowberry 岩高兰果

**crowd** /kraʊd/ **n.** a large number of people gathered together 人群 ➤ a large audience, especially at a sporting event(尤指体育运动中的)观众 ➤ informal, often derogatory【非正式,常贬】a group of people with a common interest(有共同兴趣的)一群人,一伙人 **■v.** **1** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **crowded**] (of a number of people) fill (a space) almost completely, leaving little or no room for movement(人群)挤满(空间),使拥挤
> move or come together as a crowd 群集,聚集 **2** move too close to 逼近: Don't crowd her, she needs air. 不要靠她太近,她需要空气。 **3** (**crowd someone/thing out**) exclude by taking the place of someone or something 把…排挤在外;挤掉,挤出

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crowdedness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE crūdan 'press, hasten', of Gmc origin.

**crowdie** /'kraʊdi/ (also 亦作 **crowdy**) **n.** a soft Scottish cheese made from buttermilk or sour milk (苏格兰)软奶酪

**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from **CRUD** + **-IE**.

**crowd-pleaser** **n.** a person or thing with great popular appeal 深受大众欢迎的人(或物)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crowd-pleasing** adj.

**crowd-puller** **n.** an event or person that attracts a large audience 引人注目的事件(或人)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crowd-pulling** adj.

**crowd-surf** **v.** be passed in a prone position over the heads of the audience at a rock concert, typically after having jumped from the stage 人群冲浪(指摇滚音乐会中歌手在跳下舞台后俯卧着被举过观众头顶传递)

**crowfoot** /'krəʊfʊt/ **n.** (pl. **crowfoots**) a plant related to the buttercups, typically aquatic and with lobed or divided leaves and white or yellow flowers 毛茛 [Ranunculus aquatilis (**water crowfoot**) and related species.]

**crow hop** **n.** a short jump with both feet together 双脚跳 ➤ N. Amer. 【北美】 a jump by a horse with its back arched and its legs stiffened(马的)弓身跳

**crown** /kraʊn/ **n.** **1** a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority 王冠,冕 ➤ (**the Crown**) the monarchy or reigning monarch 国王,君主 ➤ a wreath of leaves or flowers, especially that worn as an emblem of victory in ancient Greece or Rome(尤指古希腊或古罗马象征胜利的)花冠 **2** an award or distinction gained by a victory or achievement, especially in sport (尤指体育比赛的)冠军称号,桂冠 **3** the top or highest part 顶部,顶端 ➤ the top part of a person's head or a hat 头顶;帽顶 ➤ the upper branching part of a tree or other plant(树或其他植物的)冠 ➤ the upper part of a cut gem, above the girdle 顶侧翻光面 **4** the part of a tooth projecting from the gum 齿冠 ➤ an artificial replacement or covering for the upper part of a tooth 人造冠 **5** a British coin with a face value of five shillings or 25 pence, now minted only for commemorative purposes 克朗(英国5先令硬币,相当于25便士,现仅作为纪念品铸造) **6** (in full 全形 **metric crown**) a paper size, 384 × 504 mm 王冠裁(一种纸张尺寸,384×504毫米)
> (in full 全形 **crown octavo**) a book size, 186 × 123 mm 王冠八开本(一种图书尺寸,186×123毫米) ➤ (in full 全形 **crown quarto**) a book size, 246 × 189 mm 王冠四开本(一种图书尺寸,246×189毫米) **v.** **1** ceremonially place a crown on the head of (someone) to invest them as a monarch 为…加冕 ➤ declare to be the best, especially at a sport(尤指在体育运动中)为(某人)封冠: He was crowned world champion. 他被宣布为世界冠军。 ➤ (in draughts) promote (a piece) to king by placing another on top of it(国际跳棋中)使(棋子)升变王棋 **2** rest on or form the top of 位于……的顶部,形成…的顶部 **3** be the triumphant culmination of (an effort or endeavour)使(付出的努力)圆满地结束 **4** fit a crown to (a tooth)给(牙齿)装人造冠 **5** informal 【非正式】 hit on the head 击打……的头部 **6** (of a baby's head during labour) fully appear in the vaginal opening prior to emerging(分娩时胎儿的头)着冠

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. corune (n.), coruner (v.), OFr. corone, coroner, from L. corona 'wreath, chaplet'.

**Crown attorney** **n.** Canadian term for **CROWN**

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**PROSECUTOR** * **Crown prosecutor** 的加拿大说法

**Crown Colony** **n.** historical 【史义】 a British colony whose legislature and administration was controlled by the Crown, represented by a governor (英国的)直辖殖民地

**crown cork** (also 亦作 **crown cap**) **n.** a metal bottle cap with a crimped edge(边缘呈波状的)金属瓶盖

**Crown court** **n.** (in England and Wales) a court of criminal jurisdiction, which deals with serious offences and appeals referred from the magistrates' courts(英格兰和威尔士的)刑事法院

**Crown Derby** **n.** a kind of soft-paste porcelain made at Derby in the English Midlands and often marked with a crown above the letter 'D'(常有王冠标记的)德比瓷器

**crowned head** **n.** a king or queen 君主;国王;女王

**crown gall** **n.** a large tumour-like gall on the roots or lower trunk of a tree, caused by a bacterium(树木的)冠瘿病,根癌病

**crown glass** **n.** glass made without lead or iron, originally in a circular sheet, and used as optical glass 冕玻璃

**crown green** **■n.** Brit. 【英】 a kind of bowling green which rises slightly towards the middle(向中间略微升高的)草地滚木球场

**crown imperial** **n.** an Asian fritillary (plant) with a cluster of bell-like flowers at the top of a tall, largely bare stem 冠花贝母,皇冠贝母[Fritillaria imperialis.]

**Crown jewels** **pl. n.** the crown and other ornaments and jewellery worn or carried by the sovereign on certain state occasions(国王或女王在正式场合佩戴的)御宝

**crown moulding** **n.** US term for **CORNICE** (sense 1) * **cornice**(释义1)的美式说法

**Crown Office** (in full 全形 **Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service**) **n.** a Scottish law court responsible for listing cases to be tried in Scotcand (最高法院的)刑事部,刑事办公室

**crown of thorns** **n.** **1** a large spiky starfish of the tropical Indo-Pacific, feeding on coral 长棘海星,棘冠海星[Acanthaster planci.] **2** a thorny shrub 铁海棠,虎刺[Euphorbia milii (Madagascar, a popular houseplant), and other species.]

**crown prince** **n.** (in some countries) a male heir to a throne(某些国家的)王太子,王储

**crown princess** **n.** the wife of a crown prince 王妃 ➤ (in some countries) a female heir to a throne(某些国家的)女王储

**Crown prosecutor** **n.** (in England, Wales, and Canada) a lawyer who acts for the Crown, especially a prosecutor in a criminal court(英格兰、威尔士和加拿大的)公诉人,检察官

**crown roast** **n.** a roast of rib pieces of pork or lamb arranged like a crown in a circle with the bones pointing upwards 王冠形花式烤排

**crown saw** **n.** another term for **HOLE SAW** * **hole saw** 的另一种说法

**crown wheel** **n.** a gearwheel or cogwheel with teeth that project from the face of the wheel at right angles, used especially in the gears of motor vehicles(尤指用于机动车变速装置的)冠状齿轮,差动器侧面锯齿轮

**crow's foot** **n.** (pl. **crow's feet**) **1** a branching wrinkle at the outer corner of a person's eye(眼角的)鱼尾纹 **2** historical【史义】a military caltrop 军用蒺藜;三角钉;拦路钩

**crow's nest** **n.** a platform at the masthead of a vessel for a lookout to watch from桅斗,桅上嘹望台

**croze** /krəʊz/ **n.** **1** a groove at the end of a cask or barrel to receive the edge of the head 桶板顶槽;桶板底槽 **2** a cooper's tool for making crozes 凿槽工具

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: perh. from Fr. creux, creuse 'hollow'.

**crozier** /'krəʊziə(r)/ (also 亦作 **crosier**) **n.** **1** a hooked staff carried by a bishop as a symbol of pastoral office 主教权杖 **2** the curled top of a young fern(蕨类植物的)产囊丝钩

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. croisier 'cross-bearer', reinforced by OFr. crocier 'bearer of a bishop's crook'.

**CRT** **abbr.** cathode ray tube

**cru** /kru:/ **n.** (pl. **crus** pronunc. same 单复发音同) (in France) a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized superior quality(尤指公认品质优良的法国的)葡萄园,葡萄产区 See also另见 **grand cru**, **premier cru**.

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from crû, lit. 'growth', past part. of croître.

**cruces** /'kru:si:z/ plural form of **CRUX** * **crux** 的复数形式

**crucial** /'kru:ʃl/ **adj.** **1** decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something(尤指对于成败)决定性的,关键性的 **2** informal【非正式】excellent 极好的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cruciality** /kru:ʃi'æləti/ n. **crucially** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (in the sense 'cross-shaped'): from Fr., from L. crux, cruc- 'cross'; the sense 'decisive' arose from the L. phr. instantia crucis 'crucial instance', with ref. to a crux or finger-post marking a fork in a road.

**crucian carp** /'kru:ʃn/ **n.** a small carp of still or slow-moving waters, farmed in eastern Europe(欧洲东部养殖的)黑鲫[Carassius carassius.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from Low Ger. karusse, karutze, perh. based on L. coracinus, from Gk korax 'raven', also denoting a black fish found in the Nile.

**cruciate** /'kru:ʃiət, -eɪt/ **adj.** Anatomy & Botany 【解,植】cross-shaped 交叉的,十字形的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. cruciatus, from crux, cruc- 'cross'.

**cruciate ligament** **n.** Anatomy 【解】 either of a pair of ligaments in the knee which cross each other and connect the femur to the tibia 交叉韧带

**crucible** /'kru:sɪbl/ **n.** **1** a container in which metals

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or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures(用于熔化金属等的)坩埚,熔炉 **2** a situation in which people or things are severely tested, often interacting to produce something new 严峻考验;磨炼: a relationship forged in the crucible of war 经受了战争考验的感情

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from med. L. crucibulum 'night lamp, crucible', from L. crux, cruc- 'cross'.

**crucifer** /'kru:sɪfə(r)/ **n.** **1** Botany 【植】 a cruciferous plant 十字花科植物 **2** a person carrying a cross or crucifix in a procession(宗教行列中的)擎十字架者

**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: from Christian L., from L. crux, cruc-'cross'.

**cruciferous** /kru:'sɪf(ə)rəs/ **adj.** Botany【植】 relating to or denoting plants of the cabbage family (Cruciferae), with four equal petals arranged in a cross 十字花科的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from mod. L. Cruciferae, from L. crux, cruc- 'cross' + -fer 'bearing' + -ous.

**crucifix** /'kru:sɪfɪks/ **n.** a representation of a cross with a figure of Christ on it 十字架苦像,耶稣受难像

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: via OFr. from eccles. L. crucifixus, from L. cruci fixus 'fixed to a cross'.

**cruciform** /'kru:sɪfɔ:m/ **adj.** having the shape of a cross 十字形的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. crux, cruc- 'cross' + **-IFORM**.

**crucify** /'kru:sɪfaɪ/ **v.** (**crucifies**, **crucifying**, **crucified**) **1** put (someone) to death by nailing or binding them to a cross把(某人)钉(或绑)在十字架上处死 **2** criticize or punish severely 严厉批评(或惩罚)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crucifier** n. **crucifixion** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. crucifier, from late L. crucifigere, from L. crux, cruc- 'cross' + figere 'fix'.

**cruck** /krʌk/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 either of a pair of curved timbers extending to the ground in the roof framework of a type of medieval house叉柱(中世纪房屋伸出外墙的一对弯曲檩条,用以支撑脊梁)

**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: var. of **CROOK**.

**crud** /krʌd/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 **1** an unpleasantly dirty or messy substance 污垢;渣滓 **2** nonsense 废话

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cruddy** adj. (**cruddier**, **cruddiest**).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: var. of **CURD** (the original sense).

**crude** /kru:d/ **adj.** **1** in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined 天然的,未加工的: **crude oil** 原油 **2** made or done in a rudimentary or makeshift way 粗制的,粗糙的: a relatively crude nuclear weapon 一件相对简陋的核武器 ➤ (of an estimate) approximate(估计)粗略的 **3** offensively coarse or rude, especially in relation to sexual matters(尤指有关性)粗暴的,粗鲁的,粗鄙的 **4** Statistics【统】(of figures) not adjusted or corrected(数字)概约的 **n.** natural mineral oil 原油

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crudely** adv. **crudeness** n. **crudity** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. crudus 'raw, rough'.

**crudités** /'kru:dɪteɪ/ **pl. n.** mixed raw vegetables served as an hors d'oeuvre, typically with a sauce into which they may be dipped 蔬菜色拉,生拌凉菜

**-ORIGIN** 词源 pl. of Fr. crudité 'rawness, crudity'.

**cruel** /kru:əl/ **adj.** (**crueller**, **cruellest**; US【美】 **crueler**, **cruelest**) disregarding or taking pleasure in the pain or suffering of others 冷酷的;残忍的;残暴的
> causing pain or suffering 令人痛苦的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cruelly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: via OFr. from L. crudelis, rel. to crudus (see 见 **CRUDE**).

**cruelty** /'kru:əlti/ **n.** (pl. **cruelties**) cruel behaviour or attitudes 残忍,残暴(行为) ➤ Law【律】behaviour which causes physical or mental harm to another, whether intentionally or not 虐待

**cruelty-free** **adj.** (of cosmetics) manufactured or developed by methods which do not involve cruelty to animals(化妆品)非动物实验的,“人道”的

**cruet** /'kru:ɪt/ **n.** **1** a small container or set of containers for salt, pepper, oil, or vinegar for use at a dining table(餐桌上的)调味瓶,一组调味瓶 **2** (in church use) a small container for the wine or water to be used in the celebration of the Eucharist(教堂中圣餐时装酒或水的)盛器

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., dimin. of OFr. crue 'pot', from Old Saxon krūka; rel. to **CROCK²**.

**cruise** /kru:z/ **v.** **1** sail, travel, or move slowly around without a precise destination, especially for pleasure(尤指以娱乐为目的而)航行,漫游 ➤ travel smoothly at a moderate or economical speed 巡行,常速行驶 **2** achieve an objective with ease 轻易地达到目的: Millwall cruised to a 2-0 win.米尔沃尔以2比0轻松取胜。 **3** informal【非正式】 wander about in search of a sexual partner 寻觅性伙伴,猎艳 **n.** an instance of cruising, especially a holiday consisting of a voyage calling in at several places 度假航游

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: prob. from Du. kruisen 'to cross'.

**cruise control** **n.** a device in a motor vehicle which can be switched on to maintain a selected constant speed without the use of the accelerator pedal 车速控制系统

**cruise missile** **n.** a low-flying missile which is guided to its target by an on-board computer巡航导弹

**cruiser** /'kru:zə(r)/ **n.** **1** a relatively fast warship larger than a destroyer and less heavily armed than a battleship 巡洋舰 **2** a yacht or motorboat with passenger accommodation, designed for leisure use (可供住宿的)游艇 **3** N. Amer.【北美】 a police patrol car 警察巡逻车

**cruiserweight** /'kru:zəweɪt/ **n.** chiefly Brit.【主英】 another term for **LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT** * **light heavyweight** 的另一种说法

**cruller** /'krʌlə(r)/ **■n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 a small cake made of rich dough twisted or curled and fried in deep fat 炸面圈,油煎饼

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Du. kruller, from krullen 'to

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curl.

**crumb** /krʌm/ **n.** **1** a small fragment of bread, cake, or biscuit(面包、蛋糕或饼干的)碎屑 ➤ the soft inner part of a loaf of bread 面包心 **2** a very small amount 少许,一点儿:The Budget provided few crumbs of comfort.政府预算并没有带来多少安慰。 **3** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】an objectionable or contemptible person讨厌的人;可鄙的人 **■v.** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **crumbed**] cover (food) with breadcrumbs将(食物)滚上面包屑

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE cruma, of Gmc origin; the final -b was added in the 16th cent., perh. from **CRUMBLE**.

**crumble** /'krʌmbl/ **v.** break or fall apart into small fragments 把…弄碎,(使)破碎 ➤ cause (something, especially food) to crumble 使(尤指食物)成碎屑 ➤ disintegrate gradually 逐渐崩溃,瓦解: The party's fragile unity began to crumble. 该党脆弱的联合开始瓦解了。 **■n.** Brit.【英】a pudding made with fruit and a topping of flour and fat rubbed to the texture of breadcrumbs 酥皮水果布丁

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. from an OE word rel. to **CRUMB**.

**crumbly** /'krʌmbli/ **adj.** (**crumblier**, **crumbliest**) easily crumbling 易碎的,脆的 **n.** (pl. **crumblies**) humorous【幽】an old person 老人

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crumbliness** n.

**crumbs** /krʌmz/ **exclam.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 used to express dismay or surprise 哎呀,天哪(表示沮丧或惊讶)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: euphemism for Christ.

**crumby** /'krʌmi/ **adj.** (**crumbier**, **crumbiest**) **1** resembling or covered in crumbs碎屑般的;满是碎屑的 **2** variant spelling of **CRUMMY** * **crummy**的另一种拼法

**crumhorn** /'krʌmhɔ:n/ **n.** variant spelling of **KRUMMHORN** * **krummhorn**的另一种拼法

**crummy** /'krʌmi/ (also 亦作 **crumby**) **adj.** (**crummier**, **crummiest**) informal 【非正式】dirty, unpleasant, or inferior 肮脏的;令人不快的;低劣的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crummily** adv. **crumminess** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 var. of **CRUMBY**.

**crump** /krʌmp/ **n.** a loud thudding sound, especially one made by an exploding bomb or shell (尤指炸弹或炮弹的)爆炸声

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: imitative.

**crumpet** /'krʌmpɪt/ **n.** **1** a thick, flat savoury cake with a soft, porous texture, made from a yeast mixture cooked on a griddle and eaten toasted and buttered(涂上黄油食用的)烤面饼 **2** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】women regarded as objects of sexual desire 性感女郎 **3** archaic, informal 【古,非正式】a person's head(人的)头

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**crumple** /'krʌmpl/ **v.** **1** crush or become crushed so as to be creased and wrinkled弄皱,(使)起皱 **2** suddenly lose force, effectiveness, or composure 崩溃,垮掉 **n.** a crease or wrinkle褶皱;皱纹

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crumply** adj.

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from obs. crump 'make or become curved', from OE crump 'bent, crooked', of W. Gmc origin.

**crumple zone** **n.** a part of a motor vehicle, especially the extreme front and rear, designed to crumple easily in a crash and absorb the main force of an impact(机动车)防撞减振区

**crunch** /krʌntʃ/ **v.** **1** crush (a hard or brittle foodstuff) with the teeth, making a loud grinding sound 嘎吱嘎吱地咀嚼(坚硬或松脆的食物) **2** make or move with a loud grinding sound 嘎吱作响;嘎吱嘎吱地移动 **3** (especially of a computer) process (large quantities of data)(尤指计算机)处理(大量信息) **■n.** **1** a crunching sound 嘎吱声 **2** (**the crunch**) informal 【非正式】 the crucial point of a situation 关键时刻;危急关头 **3** a sit-up 仰卧起坐

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cruncher** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: var. of C17 cranch (prob. imitative), assoc. with **CRUSH** and **MUNCH**.

**crunchy** /'krʌntʃi/ **adj.** (**crunchier**, **crunchiest**) **1** making a crunching noise when bitten or crushed 发出嘎吱声的 **2** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】politically liberal and environmentally aware 政治上开明且有环保意识的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crunchily** adv. **crunchiness** n.

**crunk** /krʌŋk/ **n.** a type of hip-hop or rap music characterized by repeated shouted catchphrases and elements typical of electronic dance music, such as prominent bass“旷课乐”(嘻哈或说唱音乐的一种) **adj.** US, chiefly black slang【美,主黑俚】(of a person) very excited or full of energy(人)激动的,精力充沛的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1990s: perh. an alt. past part. of **CRANK** or a blend of **CRAZY** and **DRUNK**.

**crupper** /'krʌpə(r)/ **n.** a strap buckled to the back of a saddle and looped under the horse's tail to prevent the saddle or harness from slipping forward 尾鞘(系在马鞍后面兜过马尾巴的防滑皮带)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cropiere, rel. to croupe (see 见 **CROUP²**).

**crural** /'krʊərəl/ **adj.** Anatomy & Zoology 【解,动】 relating to the leg or the thigh 腿的;股的;胫的

**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: from L. cruralis, from crus, crur- 'leg'.

**crus** /krʌs/ **n.** (pl. **crura** /'krʊərə/) Anatomy【解】an elongated part of an anatomical structure, especially one which occurs in the body as a pair(尤指体内成对出现的)脚样结构

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from L., 'leg'.

**crusade** /kru:'seɪd/ **n.** **1** any of a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims(中世纪的)十字军东征 ➤ a war instigated for alleged religious ends 圣战,神圣战争 **2** a vigorous campaign with a political, social, or religious aim(政治、社会或宗教)运动: a crusade against crime 打击犯罪的运动 **■v.** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **crusading**] lead or take part in a crusade领导(或参加)(政治、社会或宗教)

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运动

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crusader** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Fr. croisade, alt. (influenced by Sp. cruzado) of earlier croisée, lit. 'the state of being marked with the cross', based on L. crux, cruc- 'cross'.

**cruse** /kru:z/ **n.** archaic 【古】 an earthenware pot or jar 陶罐;瓦壶

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE cruse, of Gmc origin.

**crush** /krʌʃ/ **v.** **1** deform, pulverize, or push inwards by compressing forcefully压皱;压碎;压扁 **2** violently subdue (opposition or a rebellion) 镇压,制服(反抗或暴乱) **3** make (someone) feel great disappointment or embarrassment 使极度失望;使非常尴尬 **■n.** **1** a crowd of people pressed closely together 拥挤的人群 **2** informal【非正式】an intense infatuation 迷恋,热恋 ➤ a person that one is infatuated with 迷恋的对象 **3** a drink made from the juice of pressed fruit 果汁饮料 **4** (also 亦作 **crush pen**) a fenced passage with one narrow end used for handling cattle or sheep(牛、羊的)漏斗状围栏,分群栏

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crushable** adj. **crusher** n. **crushing** adj. **crushingly** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cruissir, 'gnash teeth, crack'.

**crush bar** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a bar in a theatre or opera house that sells drinks in the interval(电影院或戏院出售饮料的)小卖部

**crush barrier** **■n.** Brit. 【英】 a temporary barrier for restraining a crowd(临时用以阻挡人群的)防挤栏杆

**crushed velvet** **n.** velvet which has its nap pointing in different directions in irregular patches 拷花丝绒,压花丝绒

**crust** /krʌst/ **n.** **1** the tough outer part of a loaf of bread 面包皮 ➤ a hard, dry scrap of bread 干面包片 **2** a hardened layer or coating on something soft(软物的)硬外皮,硬外壳 ➤ a layer of pastry covering a pie 馅饼皮 **3** the outermost layer of rock of which a planet consists, especially the part of the earth above the mantle(星球的)外壳;(尤指)地壳 **4** a deposit of tartrates and other substances formed in wine aged in the bottle, especially port(尤指陈年波尔图葡萄酒在瓶中形成的)酸式酒石酸钾沉淀 **5** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a living or livelihood 生活,生计: earning a crust 谋生 **■v.** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **crusted** form into or cover with a crust(使)覆有硬皮;(使)结成硬壳: **crusted port** 陈年波尔图葡萄酒

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crustal** adj. (Geology【地质】).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. crouste, from L. crusta 'rind, shell, crust'.

**crustacean** /krʌ'steɪʃn/ Zoology 【动】 **■n.** a member of the large group Crustacea, which comprises mainly aquatic arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and barnacles 甲壳纲动物 **■adj.** relating to crustaceans 甲壳纲的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from mod. L. Crustacea, from crusta (see 见 **CRUST**).

**crustose** /'krʌstəʊs/ **adj.** Botany 【植】 (of a lichen or alga) forming or resembling a crust(地衣或藻类)贝壳的,壳状的

**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from L. crustosus, from crusta (see 见 **CRUST**).

**crusty** /'krʌsti/ **adj.** (**crustier**, **crustiest**) **1** having or consisting of a crust 有硬皮的,有外壳的 **2** (of an old person) easily irritated(老人)易怒的,暴躁的 **■n.** (pl. **crusties**) informal 【非正式】 a young person of a subculture characterized by a shabby appearance, a nomadic lifestyle, and a rejection of conventional values 脏皮士(指不修边幅、四处漫游、摒弃传统的年轻人)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crustily** adv. **crustiness** n.

**crutch** /krʌtʃ/ **n.** **1** a long stick with a crosspiece at the top, used as a support by a lame person * T字形拐杖 **2** a thing used for support or reassurance 支撑物;支架;精神支柱 **3** the crotch of the body or a garment(人或衣服的)胯部

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE crycc, cryc, of Gmc origin.

**crux** /krʌks/ **n.** (pl. **cruxes** or **cruces** /'kru:si:z/) (**the crux**) the decisive or most important point at issue 症结:关键 ➤ a particular point of difficulty 难题

**-ORIGIN** 词源C17: from L., lit. 'cross'.

**cry** /kraɪ/ **v.** (**cries**, **crying**, **cried**) **1** shed tears 流泪,哭泣 **2** shout or scream loudly 大声叫喊;尖叫 ➤ (of a hawker) proclaim (wares) for sale (小贩)沿街叫卖(物品) **3** (of a bird or other animal) make a loud characteristic call(鸟类或其他动物)鸣叫 **4** (**cry out for**) demand as a self-evident requirement or solution 迫切需要: The scheme is crying out for reform. 这项计划迫切需要改革。 **5** (**cry off**) informal【非正式】 go back on a promise or fail to keep to an arrangement 未遵守(诺言或约定);打退堂鼓 **6** (**cry someone/thing up or down**) dated【过时】 disparage (or praise) someone or something 贬损;称颂 **n.** (pl. **cries**) **1** a loud shout or scream 大声喊叫;尖叫 ➤ an urgent appeal or entreaty 呼声;恳求 **2** a spell of weeping(一阵)哭泣 **3** a distinctive call of a bird or other animal(鸟类或其他动物的)鸣叫

**-PHRASES** 短语 **cry for the moon** ask for what is unattainable or impossible 水中捞月(指想要得不到的东西或想做不可能的事) **for crying out loud** informal 【非正式】used to express irritation or impatience 哎呀,我的天啊(表示恼怒或不耐烦)
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. crier (v.), cri (n.), from L. quiritare 'raise a public outcry', lit. 'call on the Quirites (Roman citizens) for help'.

**crybaby** /'kraɪbeɪbi/ **n.** (pl. **crybabies**) a person, especially a child, who sheds tears frequently or readily 经常哭的人,易哭的人(尤指小孩)

**cryer** /'kraɪə(r)/ **n.** archaic spelling of **CRIER** * **crier** 的古代拼法

**crying** /'kraɪɪŋ/ **adj.** very great 极大的: It was a crying shame to see those grounds neglected. 看到那些场地被荒废真是太可惜了。

**cryo-** /'kraɪəʊ/ **comb. form** involving or producing cold, especially extreme cold 低温的;(尤指)极寒

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冷的: **cryosurgery** 低温外科

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Gk kruos 'frost'.

**cryobiology** /ˌkraɪəʊbaɪ'ɒlədʒi/ **n.** the branch of biology which deals with the properties of organisms at low temperatures 低温生物学

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryobiological** adj. **cryobiologist** n.

**cryogen** /'kraɪə(ʊ)dʒn/ **n.** a substance used to produce very low temperatures冷(冻)剂

**cryogenics** /ˌkraɪə(ʊ)'dʒenɪks/ **pl. n.** [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of physics concerned with the production and effects of very low temperatures 低温学 ➤ another term for **CRYONICS** * **cryonics** 的另一种说法

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryogenic** adj. **cryogenically** adv.

**cryolite** /'kraɪəlaɪt/ **n.** a white or colourless mineral consisting of a fluoride of sodium and aluminium 冰晶石

**cryonics** /kraɪ'ɒnɪks/ **pl. n.** [treated as sing.视作单数] the deep-freezing of the bodies of people who have died of an incurable disease, in the hope of a future cure 人体冷冻

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryonic** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1960s: contr. of **CRYOGENICS**.

**cryoprecipitate** /ˌkraɪəʊprɪ'sɪpɪtət/ **n.** chiefly Biochemistry 【主生化】a substance precipitated from a solution, especially from the blood, at low temperatures(尤指血液的)低温沉淀物

**cryoprotectant** /ˌkraɪəʊprə'tekt(ə)nt/ **n.** Physiology 【生理】a substance that prevents the freezing of tissues, or prevents damage to cells during freezing 冷冻保护剂

**cryostat** /'kraɪə(ʊ)stæt/ **n.** **1** an apparatus for maintaining a very low temperature 低温恒温器 **2** a cold chamber in which frozen tissue is divided with a microtome 恒冷切片机

**cryosurgery** /ˌkraɪəʊ'sɜ:dʒ(ə)ri/ **n.** surgery using the local application of intense cold to destroy unwanted tissue低温外科;冷冻(手)术

**crypt** /krɪpt/ **n.** **1** an underground room or vault beneath a church, used as a chapel or burial place (用作礼拜堂或墓穴的)教堂地下室 **2** Anatomy 【解】a small tubular gland, pit, or recess隐窝;滤泡,腺管

**-ORIGIN** 词源ME (in the sense 'cavern'): from L. crypta, from Gk kruptē 'a vault', from kruptos 'hidden'.

**cryptanalysis** /ˌkrɪptə'næləsɪs/ **n.** the art or process of deciphering coded messages without being told the key 密码分析,密码破译

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptanalyst** n. **cryptanalytic** adj. **cryptanalytical** adj.

**cryptic** /'krɪptɪk/ **adj.** **1** mysterious or obscure in meaning 神秘的,含义隐晦的,晦涩难懂的 ➤ (of a crossword) having difficult clues which indicate the solutions indirectly(纵横填字谜)线索模糊的,令人困惑的 **2** Zoology 【动】(of coloration or markings) serving to camouflage an animal in its natural environment(色彩或斑纹)隐藏的,保护的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptically** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from late L. crypticus, from Gk kruptikos, from kruptos 'hidden'.

**crypto-** /'krɪptəʊ/ **comb. form** concealed; secret 隐蔽的;秘密的: **cryptogram** 密文

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Gk kruptos 'hidden'.

**cryptobiont** /ˌkrɪptəʊ'baɪɒnt/ **■n.** Biology 【生物】an organism capable of cryptobiosis 隐生生物

**cryptobiosis** /ˌkrɪptə(ʊ)baɪ'əʊsɪs/ **n.** Biology 【生物】a physiological state in which metabolic activity is reduced to an undetectable level without disappearing altogether隐生(现象),潜生(现象)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptobiotic** adj.

**cryptococcosis** /ˌkrɪptə(ʊ)kə'kəʊsɪs/ **n.** Medicine 【医】infestation with a yeast-like fungus, resulting in tumours in the lungs 隐球菌病

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptococcal** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 1930s: from mod. L. Cryptococcus (genus name of the fungus) + **-OSIS**.

**cryptocrystalline** /ˌkrɪptəʊ'krɪst(ə)laɪn/ **adj.** having a crystalline structure visible only when magnified 隐晶(质)的

**cryptogam** /'krɪptə(ʊ)gæm/ **n.** Botany, dated【植,过时】a plant with no true flowers or seeds, such as a fern, moss, liverwort, lichen, alga, or fungus 隐花植物

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptogamous** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr. cryptogame, from mod. L. cryptogamae (plantae) from Gk kruptos 'hidden' + gamos 'marriage' (because the means of reproduction was not apparent).

**cryptogamic** /ˌkrɪptə(ʊ)'gæmɪk/ **adj.** **1** Botany 【植】 relating to or denoting cryptogams 隐花植物的 **2** Ecology【生态】 relating to or denoting a fragile black surface layer of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens 被藻青菌、苔藓和地衣薄层覆盖的

**cryptogenic** /ˌkrɪptəʊ'dʒenɪk/ **adj.** (of a disease) of obscure or uncertain origin(疾病)隐源性的,原因不明的

**cryptogram** /'krɪptə(ʊ)græm/ **n.** a text written in code密文,密报

**cryptography** /krɪp'tɒɡrəfi/ **n.** the art of writing or solving codes 密码学

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptographer** n. **cryptographic** adj. **cryptographically** adv.

**cryptology** /krɪp'tɒlədʒi/ **n.** the study of codes, or the art of writing and solving them 密码学

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptological** adj. **cryptologist** n.

**cryptomeria** /ˌkrɪptə(ʊ)'mɪəriə/ **n.** a tall conical coniferous tree with long, curved leaves and short cones, native to China and Japan 日本柳杉 [Cryptomeria japonica.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from **CRYPTO-** + Gk meros 'part' (because the seeds are concealed by scales).

**cryptonym** /'krɪptənɪm/ **n.** a code name 代名;

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假姓名

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptonymous** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **CRYPTO-** + Gk onoma 'name'.

**cryptorchidism** /'krɪptɔ:kɪdɪzm/ **n.** Medicine【医】a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum 隐睾(症)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptorchid** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from **CRYPTO-** + Gk orkhis, orkhid- 'testicle'+ **-ISM**.

**cryptosporidiosis** /ˌkrɪptə(ʊ)spərɪdi'əʊsɪs/ **n.** an intestinal condition caused by infection with cryptosporidium, causing diarrhoea and vomiting 隐孢子虫病

**cryptosporidium** /ˌkrɪptə(ʊ)spɒ'rɪdiəm/ **n.** (pl. **cryptosporidia**) a parasitic coccidian protozoan found in the intestinal tract of many vertebrates, where it may cause disease 隐孢子虫

**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from **CRYPTO-** + mod. L. sporidium 'small spore'.

**cryptozoology** /ˌkrɪptəʊzu:'ɒlədʒi/ **n.** the search for animals whose existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, such as the Loch Ness monster 隐生动物学

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cryptozoological** adj. **cryptozoologist** n.

**crystal** /'krɪstl/ **n.** **1** a piece of a homogeneous solid substance having a natural geometrically regular form with symmetrically arranged plane faces 水晶,石英晶体 ➤ Chemistry 【化】 any solid consisting of a symmetrical, ordered, three-dimensional aggregation of atoms or molecules 晶体 ➤ a clear transparent mineral, especially quartz 透明矿石(尤指石英) **2** (also 亦作 **crystal glass**) highly transparent glass with a high refractive index 晶质玻璃 ➤ the glass over a watch face(手表面上的)石英玻璃盖片,钢化表玻璃 **3** [as modifier 作修饰语] clear and transparent清澈透明的,晶莹剔透的: the crystal waters of the lake 清澈的湖水

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE(denoting ice or a mineral resembling it), from OFr. cristal, from L. crystallum, from Gk krustallos 'ice, crystal'.

**crystal axis** **n.** each of three axes used to define the edges of the unit cell of a crystal 晶轴

**crystal ball** **n.** a solid globe of glass or rock crystal, used by fortune tellers and clairvoyants for crystal-gazing(占卜用的)水晶球

**crystal class** **n.** each of thirty-two categories of crystals classified according to the possible combinations of symmetry elements possessed by the crystal lattice 晶类

**crystal-gazing** **n.** looking intently into a crystal ball with the aim of seeing images relating to future or distant events 球晶占卜

**crystal lattice** **■n.** the symmetrical three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside a crystal晶格,晶体点阵

**crystalline** /'krɪst(ə)laɪn/ **adj.** **1** having the structure and form of a crystal晶质的;晶状的 **2** literary 【文】 very clear 清澈透明的,晶莹的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crystallinity** n.

**crystalline lens** **n.** the lens of the eye(眼睛的)晶状体

**crystallite** /'krɪst(ə)laɪt/ **n.** an individual perfect crystal or region of regular crystalline structure in the substance of a material 微晶(体) ➤ a very small crystal 雏晶

**crystallize** or **crystallise** /'krɪstəlaɪz/ **v.** **1** form or cause to form crystals(使)结晶 **2** make or become definite and clear(使)明确,(使)明朗 ➤ Finance 【金】 convert or be converted from a floating charge into a fixed charge(使)(费用)固定(即浮动费用转换为固定费用) **3** [as adj.作形容词 **crystallized**] (of fruit or petals) coated and impregnated with sugar(水果或花瓣)糖渍的,蜜饯的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crystallizable** adj. **crystallization** n.

**crystallography** /ˌkrɪstə'lɒɡrəfi/ **n.** the branch of science concerned with the structure and properties of crystals 晶体学

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **crystallographer** n. **crystallographic** adj. **crystallographically** adv.

**crystalloid** /'krɪst(ə)lɔɪd/ **adj.** resembling a crystal in shape or structure 晶样的;晶状的;类晶体的 **n.** **1** Botany【植】a small crystal-like mass of protein in a plant cell 拟晶体 **2** Chemistry 【化】 a substance that, when dissolved, forms a true solution rather than a colloid and is able to pass through a semipermeable membrane 准晶质,拟晶质

**crystal meth** **n.** see 见 **METH**.

**crystal set** **n.** a simple early form of radio receiver with a crystal touching a metal wire as the rectifier and lacking an amplifier or loudspeaker, necessitating headphones or an earphone 晶体(检波)接收机,矿石收音机

**crystal system** **n.** each of seven categories of crystals (cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, trigonal, hexagonal, monoclinic, and triclinic) classified according to the possible relations of the crystal axes 晶系

**CS** **abbr.** Brit. 【英】 **1** chartered surveyor 特许测量师 **2** Civil Service **3** Court of Session

**Cs** **symb.** the chemical element caesium(化学元素)铯

**c/s** **abbr.** cycles per second 每秒周数,周/秒,赫(兹)

**CSA** **abbr.** (in the UK) Child Support Agency(英国)儿童抚养费代理处

**csardas** /'tʃɑ:dæʃ, 'zɑ:dəs/ (also 亦作 **czardas**) **n.** (pl. same单复同)a Hungarian dance with a slow introduction and a fast, wild finish 恰尔达什舞(匈牙利民族舞蹈)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Hungarian csárdás, from csárda 'inn'.

**CSE** **abbr.** Certificate of Secondary Education(英国)中等教育证书

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**C-section** **■n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 a Caesarean section 剖宫产术

**CS gas** **n.** a powerful form of tear gas used particularly in riot control(防爆用的)催泪瓦斯

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1960s: from the initials of the American chemists Ben B. Corson and Roger W. Stoughton.

**CSM** **abbr.** Company Sergeant Major

**CSR** **abbr.** **1** Brit. 【英】 comprehensive spending review 综合开支审查 **2** corporate social responsibility 企业社会责任

**CST** **abbr.** Central Standard Time 中部标准时间

**CT** **abbr.** **1** computerized (or computed) tomography 计算机化断层显像 **2** Connecticut (in official postal use)(美国)康涅狄格州(正式邮政用语)

**ct** **abbr.** **1** carat **2** cent

**CTC** **abbr.** City Technology College

**ctenidium** /tɪ'nɪdiəm/ **n.** (pl. **ctenidia** /-diə/) Zoology 【动】a comb-like respiratory organ in a mollusc 栉鳃

**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from Gk ktenidion, dimin. of kteis, kten- 'comb'.

**ctenoid** /'ti:nɔɪd/ **adj.** Zoology 【动】 (of fish scales) having many tiny projections on the edge like the teeth of a comb, as in many bony fishes(鱼鱗)栉状的,篦齿状的 Compare with 比较 **GANOID** and **PLACOID**.

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Gk kteis, kten- 'comb' + **-OID**.

**ctenophore** /'ti:nəfɔ:, 'te-/ **n.** Zoology【动】 an aquatic invertebrate of the small phylum Ctenophora, which comprises the comb jellies 栉水母动物门

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from mod. L. Ctenophora, from Gk kteis, kten- 'comb' + pherein 'to bear'.

**C2C** **abbr.** consumer-to-consumer, denoting transactions conducted via the Internet between consumers 消费者对消费者(电子商务模式)

**CTS** **abbr.** carpal tunnel syndrome

**CU** **abbr.** **1** Christian Union **2** informal 【非正式】 see you 再会,再见

**Cu** **symb.** the chemical element copper(化学元素)铜

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from late L. cuprum.

**cu.** **abbr.** cubic

**cuadrilla** /kwɒ'dri:ljə, -'dri:jə/ **n.** a matador's team (斗牛士的)助手组

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: Sp.

**cuatro** /'kwætrəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **cuatros**) a small guitar, typically with four or five single or paired strings, used in Latin American and Caribbean folk music (拉丁美洲和加勒比地区民间音乐使用的)四弦(或五弦)吉他

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Latin Amer. Sp., lit. 'four'.

**cub** /kʌb/ **n.** **1** the young of a fox, bear, lion, or other carnivorous mammal(狐狸、熊、狮等食肉哺乳动物的)崽,幼兽 ➤ archaic 【古】 a young man 年轻人 **2** (**Cubs**) a junior branch of the Scout Association, for boys aged about 8 to 11幼年童子军协会 (also 亦作 **Cub Scout**) a member of this organization 幼年童子军协会成员 **v.** (**cubs**, **cubbing**, **cubbed**) **1** give birth to cubs 产崽 **2** hunt fox cubs 猎幼狐

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**cubage** /'kju:bɪdʒ/ **n.** cubic content or capacity 体积;容积

**Cuba libre** /ˌk(j)u:bə 'li:breɪ/ **n.** (pl. **Cuba libres**) a long drink containing lime juice and rum 自由古巴调和酒(含有柠檬汁和朗姆酒的大杯饮料)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Amer. Sp., 'free Cuba'.

**Cuban** /'kju:bən/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of Cuba 古巴人 **adj.** relating to Cuba 古巴的

**Cuban heel** **n.** a moderately high straight-sided heel on a shoe or boot 古巴式鞋跟(鞋或靴的一种半高跟)

**cubature** /'kju:bətʃə(r)/ **n.** the determination of the volume of a solid 求体积

**cubby** /'kʌbi/ **n.** (pl. **cubbies**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a cubbyhole 封闭的小空间;鸽笼式小房间

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (orig. Scots, denoting a straw basket): rel. to dial. cub 'stall, pen, hutch', of Low Ger. origin.

**cubbyhole** /'kʌbihaʊl/ **n.** a small enclosed space or room 封闭的小空间;鸽笼式小房间

**cube** /kju:b/ **n.** **1** a symmetrical three-dimensional shape contained by six equal squares 立方形;立方体 **2** Mathematics 【数】 the product of a number multiplied by its square, represented by a superscript figure ³立方,三次幂 **■v.** **1** Mathematics 【数】 raise (a number or value) to its cube求(某数)的立方 **2** cut (food) into small cubes将(食物)切成小方块,将…切丁儿

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from OFr., or via L. from Gk kubos.

**cubeb** /'kju:beb/ **n.** **1** a tropical shrub of the pepper family, which bears pungent berries 荜澄茄 [Piper cubeba (Asia) and other species.] **2** the dried unripe berries of the cubeb, used medicinally and to flavour cigarettes 荜澄茄果实

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cubebe, from Sp. Arab. kubēba, from Arab. kubāba.

**cube root** **n.** the number which produces a given number when cubed 立方根

**cubic** /'kju:bɪk/ **adj.** **1** having the shape of a cube立方形的;立方体的 ➤ denoting a crystal system with three equal axes at right angles(晶系)立方的,等轴 **2** denoting a unit of measurement equal to the volume of a cube whose side is one of the linear unit specified(度量单位)立方的: a cubic metre立方米 **3** Mathematics 【数】 involving the cube (and no higher power) of a quantity or variable立方的,三次的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cubical** adj. **cubically** adv.

**cubicle** /'kju:bɪkl/ **n.** a small partitioned-off area of a room 小单间,小隔间

**-ORIGIN** 词源ME(in the sense 'bedroom'): from L. cubiculum, from cubare 'lie down'.

**cubiform** /'kju:bɪfɔ:m/ **adj.** technical 【技】cube-shaped 立方形的

<619>
**cubism** /'kju:bɪz(ə)m/ **n.** an early 20th-century style of painting in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes and interlocking planes 立体派,立体主义(20世纪初的一种绘画风格,把物体表现为几何图形)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cubist** n. & adj.

**cubit** /'kju:bɪt/ **n.** an ancient measure of length, approximately equal to the length of a forearm 腕尺,肘尺(古时长度单位,约等于前臂的长度)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. cubitum 'elbow, forearm, cubit'.

**cubital** /'kju:bɪtl/ **adj.** Anatomy 【解】 of the forearm or the elbow前臂的;肘的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. cubitalis, from cubitus 'cubit'.

**cuboid** /'kju:bɔɪd/ **adj.** more or less cubic in shape 立方形的;立方体的 **n.** **1** Geometry 【几】 a solid which has six rectangular faces at right angles to each other 长方体 **2** (also 亦作 **cuboid bone**) Anatomy 【解】a squat tarsal bone on the outer side of the foot, articulating with the heel bone and the fourth and fifth metatarsals 骰骨

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cuboidal** adj.

**cub reporter** **n.** informal 【非正式】 a young or inexperienced newspaper reporter(报社的)年轻记者,初出茅庐的记者

**cucking-stool** /'kʌkɪŋstu:l/ **n.** historical 【史义】 a chair to which disorderly women were tied and then ducked into water or subjected to public ridicule as a punishment 马桶椅(将泼妇绑在上面浸入水中或示众作为惩戒)

**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from obs. cuck 'defecate' (because a stool containing a chamber pot was often used).

**cuckold** /'kʌkəld/ **n.** the husband of an adulteress regarded as an object of derision 戴绿帽的丈夫,妻子有外遇的人 **■v.** make (a married man) a cuckold 使(已婚男子)戴绿帽

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cuckoldry** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE, from OFr. cucuault, from cucu 'cuckoo' (from the cuckoo's habit of laying its egg in another bird's nest).

**cuckoo** /'kʊku:/ **n.** a grey or brown bird known for the far-carrying two-note call of the male and for the habit of laying its eggs in the nests of small songbirds 大杜鹃,布谷鸟[Cuculus canorus.] ➤ used in names of other birds of the same family (Cuculidae) (用于杜鹃科其他鸟的名称中) **adj.** informal 【非正式】crazy 疯狂的

**-PHRASES** 短语 **cuckoo in the nest** an unwelcome intruder in a situation 不速之客;闯入者
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cucu, imitative of its call.

**cuckoo bee** **n.** a parasitic bee which lays its eggs in the nest of another kind of bee 艳斑蜂 [Nomada, Psithyrus, and other genera.]

**cuckoo clock** **n.** a clock with a mechanical cuckoo that pops out on the hour making a sound like a cuckoo's call 布谷鸟自鸣钟(报时作布谷鸟叫声)

**cuckooflower** /'kʊku:,flaʊə(r)/ **n.** a spring-flowering plant with pale lilac flowers, growing in damp habitats 草甸碎米荠 [Cardamine pratensis.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: so named because it flowers at the time of year when the cuckoo is first heard calling.

**cuckoo pint** **n.** the common wild arum with a pale spathe and a purple or green spadix followed by bright red berries 斑叶疆南星 [Arum maculatum.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from earlier cuckoo-pintle, from **PINTLE** in the obs. sense 'penis' (because of the shape of the spadix).

**cuckoo spit** **n.** whitish froth found in compact masses on leaves and plant stems, exuded by the larvae of froghoppers(沫蝉幼虫分泌的)泡沫

**cuckoo wasp** **n.** a ruby-tail or other wasp which lays its eggs in the nest of a bee or other wasp 青蜂

**cucumber** /'kju:kʌmbə(r)/ **n.** **1** a long, green-skinned fruit with watery flesh, eaten raw in salads 黄瓜(果实) **2** the widely cultivated climbing plant of the gourd family which yields cucumbers, originally native to the Chinese Himalayan region 黄瓜(植物)[Cucumis sativus.]

**-PHRASES** 短语 **(as) cool as a cucumber** very cool or calm 非常凉的,十分镇定的
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cocombre, coucombre, from L. cucumis, cucumer-.

**cucurbit** /kjʊ'kɜ:bɪt/ **n.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a plant of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), which includes melon, pumpkin, squash, and cucumber 葫芦科植物

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cucurbitaceous** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cucurbite, from L. cucurbita.

**cud** /kʌd/ **n.** partly digested food returned from the first stomach of ruminants to the mouth for further chewing 反刍的食物

**-PHRASES** 短语 **chew the cud** think or talk reflectively 深思,反复讨论
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE cwidu, cudu, of Gmc origin.

**cuddle** /'kʌdl/ **v.** hold close in one's arms as a way of showing love or affection 拥抱,搂抱 ➤ (often 常用 **cuddle up to**) lie or sit close 依偎 **n.** a prolonged and affectionate hug(深情的)拥抱

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cuddlesome** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**cuddly** /'kʌdli/ **adj.** (**cuddlier**, **cuddliest**) pleasantly soft or plump 软乎乎的,胖嘟嘟的

**cuddy** /'kʌdi/ **n.** (pl. **cuddies**) chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 **1** a donkey 驴 **2** a stupid person 笨蛋,蠢人

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: perh. a familiar form of the name Cuthbert.

**cudgel** /'kʌdʒl/ **n.** a short, thick stick used as a weapon(用作武器的)粗短棍,短棒 **v.**(**cudgels**, **cudgelling**, **cudgelled**; US【美】**cudgels**, **cudgeling**, **cudgeled**) beat with a cudgel 用短棍打,棒打

**-PHRASES** 短语 **cudgel one's brain** Brit. 【英】think

<620>
hard about a problem 绞尽脑汁;苦苦思索 **take up cudgels** start to defend or support someone or something strongly坚决保卫;毅然支持

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE cycgel, of unknown origin.

**cudweed** /'kʌdwi:d/ **n.** a plant of the daisy family, with hairy or downy leaves and inconspicuous flowers 鼠麴草,絮菊[Genera Gnaphalium and Filago.]

**cue¹** /kju:/ **n.** **1** a signal to an actor or other performer to enter or to begin their speech or performance(提醒演员进场或开始说话或表演的)提示,尾白 ➤ a signal or prompt for action 信号,暗示 **2** Psychology 【心理】 a feature of something perceived that is used in the brain's interpretation of the perception 线索 **3** a facility for playing through an audio or video recording very rapidly until a desired starting point is reached 提示器 **■v.** (**cues**, **cueing** or **cuing**, **cued**) **1** give a cue to or for 给…提示:为…提白
> act as a prompt or reminder 作为提示;作为提醒 **2** set a piece of audio or video equipment in readiness to play (a particular part of a recording)把(录制的特定节目)插入播出

**-PHRASES** 短语 **on cue** at the correct moment 恰好在这时候
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**cue²** /kju:/ **n.** a long tapering wooden rod for striking the ball in snooker, billiards, etc.(台球等的)球杆 **v.**(**cues**, **cueing** or **cuing**, **cued**) use a cue to strike the ball 用球杆击球

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cueist** n. (rare 【罕】).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (denoting a long plait or pigtail) : var. of **QUEUE**.

**cue ball** **n.** the ball, usually a white one, that is to be struck with the cue in snooker, billiards, etc. (台球的)主球,母球(通常为白色)

**cue bid** **n.** Bridge 【桥牌】 a bid intended to give specific information about the content of the hand to the bidder's partner rather than to advance the auction 扣叫,点叫

**cue card** **n.** a card held beside a camera for a television broadcaster to read from while appearing to look into the camera(为电视台播音员提词的)提示卡

**cuesta** /'kwestə/ **■n.** Geology 【地质】 a ridge formed by inclined strata, with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other 单面山,单斜脊

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Sp., 'slope'.

**cuff¹** /kʌf/ **n.** **1** the end part of a sleeve, where the material of the sleeve is turned back or a separate band is sewn on 袖口 ➤ N. Amer. 【北美】 a trouser turn-up(裤脚的)翻边 **2** (**cuffs**) informal 【非正式】handcuffs 手铐 **3** an inflatable bag wrapped round the arm to enable blood pressure to be measured (血压计的)橡皮囊袖带 **v.** informal 【非正式】secure with handcuffs 给……上手铐

**-PHRASES** 短语 **off the cuff** informal【非正式】without preparation 未经准备地;即兴地[as if from impromptu notes made on one's shirt cuffs.]

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cuffed** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(denoting a glove or mitten): of unknown origin.

**cuff²** /kʌf/ **v.** strike with an open hand, especially on the head掌击,用巴掌打(尤指头部) **■n.** a blow given with an open hand 掌击,一巴掌

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**cufflink** /'kʌflɪŋk/ **n.** a device for fastening together the sides of a shirt cuff, passed through a hole in each side of the cuff (衬衫的)袖口链扣

**Cufic** /'kju:fɪk/ **n.** & **adj.** variant spelling of **KUFIC** * **Kufic**的另一种拼法

**cui bono?** /kwi: 'benəʊ, 'bəʊ-/ **exclam.** who stands to gain (i.e. from a crime, and so might have been responsible for it)?何人得益?何人获利?

**-ORIGIN** 词源 L., 'to whom (is it) a benefit?'.

**cuirass** /kwɪ'ræs/ **n.** **1** historical 【史义】 a piece of armour consisting of breastplate and backplate fastened together 上半身铠甲,胸甲 **2** Medicine【医】an artificial ventilator which encloses the body and forces air in and out of the lungs 人工呼吸装置

**-ORIGIN** 词源ME: from OFr. cuirace, based on late L. coriaceus, from corium 'leather'.

**cuirassier** /kwɪrə'sɪə(r)/ **n.** historical 【史义】a cavalry soldier wearing a cuirass 披上半身铠甲(或胸甲)的骑兵

**-ORIGIN** 词源C16: Fr.

**cuisine** /kwɪ'zi:n/ **n.** a style or method of cooking, especially as characteristic of a particular place(尤指某地特有的)烹饪风格,烹饪方法 ➤ food cooked in a certain way菜肴,饭菜: We sampled the local cuisine. 我们品尝了当地美食。

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'kitchen'.

**cuisse** /kwɪs/ (also 亦作 **cuish** /kwɪʃ/) **n.** historical 【史义】 a piece of armour for the thigh 护腿甲

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME (orig. in pl.): from OFr. cuisseaux, pl. of cuissel, from late L. coxale, from coxa 'hip'.

**culch** /kʌltʃ/ **n.** variant spelling of **CULTCH** 名词 **cultch** 的另一种拼法

**culchie** /'kʌl(t)ʃi/ **n.** (pl. **culchies**) Irish informal【爱,非正式】an unsophisticated country person. 乡巴佬;土包子

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: appar. an alt. of Kiltimagh (Ir. Coillte Māch), a country town in County Mayo.

**cul-de-sac** /'kʌldəˌsæk, 'kʊl-/ **n.** (pl. **culs-de-sac** or **cul-de-sacs** pronunc. same 单复发音同or /-,sæks/) a street or passage closed at one end 死胡同,死巷

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18 (orig. in anatomy) : Fr., lit. 'bottom of a sack'.

**-cule** /kju:l/ **suffix** forming nouns such as **molecule**, **reticule**, which were originally diminutives 构成名词,表示微小

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Fr. -cule or L. -culus, -cula, -culum.

**culex** /'kju:leks/ **n.** (pl. **culices** /-lɪsi:z/) a mosquito of a genus which does not transmit malaria 库蚊

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **culicine** /'kju:lɪsaɪn, -sɪn/ adj. & n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 L., 'gnat'.

**culinary** /'kʌlɪnəri/ **adj.** of or for cooking 烹饪的;

<621>
烹饪用的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **culinarily** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L. culinarius, from culina 'kitchen'.

**cull** /kʌl/ **v.** **1** reduce the population of (a wild animal) by selective slaughter(有选择性地)剔除,宰杀(野生动物) ➤ send (an unwanted farm animal) to be slaughtered将(多余的家畜)送去屠宰 **2** obtain from a variety of sources 挑选,筛选: anecdotes culled from Greek and Roman history 从希腊和罗马历史中选出的趣闻 **n.** a selective slaughter of wild animals(对野生动物的)选择性宰杀 ➤ a livestock animal selected for killing 被选择性宰杀的家畜

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **culler** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. coillier, based on L. colligere (see 见 **COLLECT¹**).

**cullet** /'kʌlɪt/ **n.** recycled broken or waste glass used in glass-making(玻璃制造过程中供回炉的)碎玻璃,废玻璃

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: var. of **COLLET**.

**cully** /'kʌli/ **n.** (pl. **cullies**) archaic, informal【古,非正式】a friendly form of address for a man 伙计;老兄;朋友

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (denoting a person who is imposed upon): of unknown origin.

**Culm** /kʌlm/ **n.** **1** Geology 【地质】 a series of Carboniferous strata in SW England, mainly shale and limestone with some thin coal seams 碳质页岩 **2** (**culm**) archaic 【古】 coal dust or slack 煤屑,煤末

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. rel. to **COAL**.

**culm** /kʌlm/ **n.** the hollow stem of a grass or cereal plant, especially that bearing the flower(尤指开花的草或谷类植物的)空心秆

**-ORIGIN** 词源C17: from L. culmus 'stalk'.

**culminant** /'kʌlmɪnənt/ **adj.** at or forming the top or highest point 达到顶点(或高潮)的;形成顶点(或高潮)的

**culminate** /'kʌlmɪneɪt/ **v.** **1** (usu.通常用 **culminate in**) reach or be a climax or point of highest 顶点 development 达到顶点(或高潮) **2** archaic or astrology 【古或占星】(of a celestial body) reach or be at the meridian(天体)达于中天,到子午线

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **culmination** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from late L. culminat-, culminare, from L. culmen 'summit'.

**culottes** /kju:'lɒt(s)/ **pl. n.** women's knee-length trousers, cut with full legs to resemble a skirt(女用)裙裤

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: Fr., 'knee breeches', dimin. of cul 'rump'.

**culpable** /'kʌlpəbl/ **adj.** deserving blame 应受责备的,难辞其咎的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **culpability** n. **culpably** adv.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. coupable, culpable, from L. culpabilis, from culpare 'to blame', from culpa 'fault, blame'.

**culpable homicide** **n.** Law 【律】(in some jurisdictions) an act which has resulted in a person's death but is held not to amount to murder(某些司法体系中尚未达到谋杀程度的)应受惩罚的杀人罪

**culprit** /'kʌlprɪt/ **n.** a person who is responsible for a crime or other misdeed刑事被告人;犯罪人;犯错的人 ➤ the cause of a problem 导致问题的原因

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: orig. in the judicial formula **Culprit, how will you be tried?**, perh. from a misinterpretation of the written abbrev. cul. prist for Anglo-Norman Fr. Culpable: prest d'averrer notre bille '(You are) guilty: (We are) ready to prove our indictment'.

**cult** /kʌlt/ **n.** **1** a system of religious devotion directed towards a particular figure or object 宗教信仰 ➤ a relatively small religious group regarded by others as strange or as imposing excessive control over members 异教团体;邪教团体 **2** [often as modifier 常作修饰语] a thing that is popular or fashionable among a particular group (特定人群推崇的)时尚: a cult film 深受喜爱的电影

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cultic** adj. **cultish** adj. **cultishness** n. **cultism** n. **cultist** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. culte or L. cultus 'worship'.

**cultch** /kʌltʃ/ (also 亦作 **culch**) **n.** the mass of stones, broken shells, and grit of which an oyster bed is formed 铺于牡蛎产卵场用的材料(如石块、碎贝壳、沙砾等)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**cultigen** /'kʌltɪdʒn/ **n.** Botany 【植】 a plant species or variety known only in cultivation, especially one with no known wild ancestor (尤指原始种型不明的)栽培种

**-ORIGIN** 词源 early 20th cent.: from **cultivated** + **-GEN**.

**cultivar** /'kʌltɪvɑ:(r)/ **n.** Botany 【植】 a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding 栽培(品)种

**-ORIGIN** 词源1920s: blend of **CULTIVATE** and **VARIETY**.

**cultivate** /'kʌltɪveɪt/ **v.** **1** prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening 耕,耕作(土地) ➤ grow (plants), especially on a large scale for commercial purposes(尤指出于商业目的大规模地)栽培,种植(植物) **2** Biology 【生物】 grow or maintain (living cells or tissue) in culture 培养(细胞或组织) **3** try to acquire or develop (a quality or skill)培养(某种品质或技能) ➤ try to win the friendship or favour of 结交(朋友);贏得(好感) **4** [as adj.作形容词 **cultivated**] refined and well educated 文雅的,有修养的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cultivable** adj. **cultivatable** adj. **cultivator** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from med. L. cultivat-, cultivare, from cultiva (terra) 'arable (land)', from colere 'cultivate, inhabit'.

**cultivation** /ˌkʌltɪ'veɪʃn/ **n.** **1** the action of cultivating land, or the state of being cultivated 耕地;耕作 **2** the process of acquiring or developing a quality or skill 培养 **3** refinement and good education 优雅;修养: a man of cultivation and taste

<622>
文人雅士

**cultural** /'kʌltʃərəl/ **adj.** **1** relating to the culture of a society 文化的,与文化有关的 **2** relating to the arts and to intellectual achievements与艺术有关的;智力成果的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **culturally** adv.

**cultural anthropology** **■n.** see 见 **SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY**.

**cultural attaché** **n.** an embassy official whose function is to promote cultural relations between their own country and that to which they are accredited 文化专员

**culturati** /ˌkʌltʃə'rɑ:ti/ **pl. n.** well-educated people who appreciate the arts 文化人(群体)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1980s: blend of **CULTURE** and **LITERATI**.

**culture** /'kʌltʃə(r)/ **n.** **1** the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively 文化;文明 ➤ a refined understanding or appreciation of this 文化修养 **2** the customs, ideas, and social behaviour of a particular people or group (特定民族或团体的)文化,文明 **3** Biology 【生物】 the cultivation of bacteria, tissue cells, etc. in an artificial medium containing nutrients(细菌、组织细胞等的)培养 ➤ a preparation of cells obtained in such a way 培养物 **4** the cultivation of plants(植物的)栽培
> [in combination 用于复合词] denoting cultivation or husbandry 耕作,饲养: **aviculture** 养鸟 **v.** Biology 【生物】maintain (tissue cells, bacteria, etc.) in conditions suitable for growth 培养(组织细胞、细菌等)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17 (denoting a cultivated piece of land): the noun from Fr. culture or directly from L. cultura 'growing, cultivation'; the verb from obs. Fr. culturer or med. L. culturare, both based on L. colere (see 见 **CULTIVATE**).

**cultured** /'kʌltʃəd/ **adj.** **1** refined and well educated 文雅的;有修养的,有教养的 **2** (of a pearl) formed round a foreign body inserted into an oyster (珍珠)人工养殖的

**culture shock** **n.** the feeling of disorientation experienced when suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture or way of life 文化冲击

**culture vulture** **■n.** informal 【非正式】 a person who is very interested in the arts 热衷于文化的人,文化迷

**cultus** /'kʌltəs/ **n.** technical【技】a system or variety of religious worship(宗教)崇拜,膜拜

**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: L. (see见**CULT**).

**culverin** /'kʌlv(ə)rɪn/ **n.** **1** a 16th- or 17th-century cannon with a relatively long barrel for its bore (16或17世纪的)长管炮,重炮 **2** a kind of handgun of the 15th and 16th centuries(15和16世纪的)手枪

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from OFr. coulevrine, from couleuvre 'snake'.

**culvert** /'kʌlvət/ **n.** a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railway涵(洞)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**cum¹** /kʌm/ **prep.** combined with; also used as和;与;兼作;附有;连同: a study-cum-bedroom 书房兼卧室

**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: L.

**cum²** /kʌm/ **n.** informal 【非正式】variant spelling of **COME** * **come** 的另一种拼法

**cumber** /'kʌmbə(r)/ **v.** dated 【过时】 hamper, hinder, or obstruct阻止;妨碍;阻塞 **n.** archaic 【古】a hindrance, obstruction, or burden妨碍;障碍物;累赘

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(in the sense 'overthrow, destroy') : prob. from **ENCUMBER**.

**Cumberland sauce** /'kʌmbələnd/ **n.** a piquant sauce made from redcurrant jelly, served with game and cold meats 坎伯兰调味汁

**Cumberland sausage** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a type of coarse sausage traditionally made in a continuous strip and cooked as a spiral 坎伯兰香肠

**cumbersome** /'kʌmbəsəm/ **adj.** **1** difficult to carry or use through size; unwieldy笨重的;难使用的;不方便的 **2** slow or complicated and therefore inefficient 繁琐的;耗时的;累赘的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cumbersomely** adv. **cumbersomeness** n.

**cumbia** /'kʊmbiə/ **n.** a kind of dance music of Colombian origin, similar to salsa 昆比亚舞曲(起源于哥伦比亚的一种舞曲,与萨尔萨舞节奏类似)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from Colombian Sp.

**cumbrous** /'kʌmbrəs/ **adj.** literary 【文】cumbersome 笨重的;累赘的;繁琐的

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cumbrously** adv. **cumbrousness** n.

**cum dividend** **adv.** (of share purchases) with a dividend about to be paid(股票购买)带息地,有股利地

**cumec** /'kju:mek/ **n.** a cubic metre per second, as a unit of rate of flow of water立方米/秒

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1950s: from cubic metres per second.

**cum grano salis** /kʌm ˌgra:nəʊ 'sa:lɪs/ **adv.** with a pinch of salt 半信半疑

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from L.

**cumin** /'kju:mɪn/ (also 亦作 **cummin**) **n.** **1** the aromatic seeds of a plant of the parsley family, used as a spice(用于调味的)土茴香籽,莳萝籽 **2** the plant which bears cumin seeds, occurring from the Mediterranean to central Asia 孜然芹 [Cuminum cyminum.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE cymen, OFr. cumon, comin, from L. cuminum, from Gk kuminon, prob. of Semitic origin.

**cum laude** /kʌm 'lɔ:di, kɒm 'laʊdeɪ/ **adv.** & **adj.** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】with distinction (with reference to university degrees and diplomas)(取得大学学位及文凭)以优等成绩(的)

**-ORIGIN** 词源 L., lit. 'with praise'.

**cummerbund** /'kʌməbʌnd/ **n.** a sash worn around the waist, especially as part of a man's formal evening suit(尤作为男子晚礼服一部分的)宽腰带

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Urdu and Pers. kamar-band.

**cumquat** /'kɒmkwɒt/ **n.** variant spelling of **KUMQUAT** * **kumquat** 的另一种拼法

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**cumulate** /'kju:mjʊleɪt/ **v.** **1** accumulate or be accumulated 堆积;积累;被累积;被集聚 **2** [as adj.作形容词 **cumulated**] Chemistry 【化】denoting two double bonds attached to the same carbon atom (双键)累积的 **n.** /'kju:mjʊlət/ Geology 【地质】an igneous rock formed by gravitational settling of particles in a magma 堆积岩

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cumulation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16(in the sense 'gather in a heap') : from L. cumulat- cumulare, from cumulus 'a heap'.

**cumulative** /'kju:mjələtɪv/ **adj.** increasing or increased in quantity or degree by successive additions 累积的,渐增的:the cumulative effect of months of drought数月干旱累积的后果

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cumulatively** adv. **cumulativeness** n.

**cumulative error** **n.** Statistics 【统】 an error that increases with the size of the sample revealing it 累积误差

**cumulative preference share** **n.** a preference share whose annual fixed-rate dividend, if it cannot be paid in any year, accrues until it can 累积优先股

**cumulative voting** **n.** a system of voting in an election in which each voter is allowed a number of votes, and may give them all to one candidate or divide them among several 累积投票制

**cumulonimbus** /ˌkju:mjʊləʊ'nɪmbəs/ **n.** (pl. **cumulonimbi** /-baɪ/) Meteorology 【气】cloud forming a towering mass with a flat base at fairly low altitude and often a flat top, as in thunderstorms 积雨云

**cumulus** /'kju:mjʊləs/ **n.** (pl. **cumuli** /-laɪ, -li:/) Meteorology 【气】cloud forming rounded masses heaped on each other above a flat base at fairly low altitude 积云

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from L., 'heap'.

**Cuna** /'ku:nə/ **n.** variant spelling of **KUNA** * **Kuna** 的另一种拼法

**cuneate** /'kju:niət/ **adj.** chiefly Anatomy & Botany 【主解和植】 wedge-shaped 楔形的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from L. cuneus 'wedge' + **-ATE²**.

**cuneiform** /'kju:nɪfɔ:m, kju:'neɪfɔ:m/ **adj.** **1** denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit 楔形文字的 **2** chiefly Biology【主生物】 wedge-shaped 楔形的 **3** Anatomy 【解】 denoting three bones of the tarsus between the navicular bone and the metatarsals 楔骨的;楔状软骨的 **■n.** cuneiform writing 楔形文字

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. cunéiforme or mod. L. cuneiformis, from L. cuneus 'wedge'.

**cunjevoi** /'kʌndʒɪvɔɪ/ **n.** **1** a tall Australian plant of the arum family, with edible corms 海芋 [Alocasia macrorrhiza.] **2** an Australian sea squirt used as fishing bait(用作鱼饵的)澳大利亚芋海鞘[Pyura praeputialis.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: of Aborig. origin.

**cunner** /'kʌnə(r)/ **n.** an edible greenish-grey wrasse (fish) which lives along the Atlantic coast of North America 珠光拟梳唇隆头鱼(产于北美大西洋沿海) [Tautogolabrus adspersus.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: perh. assoc. with archaic conder, denoting a lookout who alerts fishing boats to the direction taken by shoals of herring.

**cunnilingus** /ˌkʌnɪ'lɪŋɡəs/ **n.** stimulation of the female genitals using the tongue or lips 舔阴

**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: from L., from cunnus 'vulva' + lingere 'lick'.

**cunning** /'kʌnɪŋ/ **adj.** **1** skilled in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion 狡猾的,狡诈的 **2** clever; ingenious 灵巧的;精巧的,巧妙的 **3** N. Amer.【北美】attractive; charming可爱的;迷人的 **■n.** **1** craftiness 狡猾,狡诈 **2** ingenuity灵巧;精巧,巧妙

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cunningly** adv. **cunningness** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME (in the sense'(possessing) erudition or skill'): perh. from ON kunnandi 'knowledge', from kunna 'know' (rel. to **CAN¹**), or perh. from ME cunne, an obs. var. of **CAN¹**.

**cunt** /kʌnt/ **n.** vulgar slang 【粗俚】 **1** a woman's genitals **2** an unpleasant or stupid person 讨厌鬼;龟孙子;傻屄

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: of Gmc origin.

**cup** /kʌp/ **n.** **1** a small bowl-shaped container for drinking from, typically with a handle(通常带有把手的)杯子 ➤ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a measure of capacity used in cookery, equal to half a US pint (0.237 litre)一杯(烹调用语,合半品脱,为0.237升) ➤ (in church use) a chalice used at the Eucharist(教堂用语)圣餐杯
> (**cups**) one of the suits in a tarot pack(塔罗纸牌中)花色相同的一套牌 **2** a cup-shaped trophy, usually made of gold or silver and having a stem and two handles, awarded as a prize in a sports contest(体育比赛的)奖杯,优胜杯 ➤ a contest in which the winners are awarded a cup 锦标赛 **3** either of the two parts of a bra shaped to contain or support one breast (乳)罩杯 **4** Golf 【高尔夫】the hole on a putting green or the metal container in it 球洞;金属洞壁 **5** a long mixed drink made from wine or cider and fruit juice 混合饮料 **■v.** (**cups**, **cupping**, **cupped**) **1** form (one's hand or hands) into the curved shape of a cup把(手)合成杯状 ➤ place one's curved hand or hands around 用手捂住 **2** Medicine, historical【医,史义】bleed (someone) by using a glass in which a partial vacuum is formed by heating 为……拔火罐;为……施行吸杯治疗

**-PHRASES** 短语 **in one's cups** informal【非正式】drunk 喝醉的,醉酒的 **not one's cup of tea** informal 【非正式】not what one likes or is interested in 非某人所好;不合某人心意
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cupful** n. (pl. **cupfuls**).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 OE: from pop. L. cuppa, prob. from L. cupa 'tub'.

**cup-bearer** **n.** historical or literary 【史义或文】a person who serves wine, especially in a royal or noble household(尤指皇家或贵族宅邸的)侍酒者

**cupboard** /'kʌbəd/ **n.** a piece of furniture or small

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recess with a door and usually shelves, used for storage 柜橱;壁橱

**-PHRASES** 短语 **cupboard love** Brit. 【英】 affection that is feigned so as to obtain something(有所企图的)假装亲热
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(denoting a table or sideboard on which cups, plates, etc. were displayed).

**cupcake** /'kʌpkeɪk/ **n.** **1** a small iced cake baked in a cup-shaped foil or paper container 纸杯蛋糕;杯形蛋糕 **2** US informal 【美,非正式】 an attractive woman (often as a term of address) 美女(常作称呼语)

**cupel** /'kju:pl/ **n.** a shallow, porous container in which gold or silver can be refined or assayed by melting with a blast of hot air which oxidizes lead or other base metals(提炼或鉴定金银的)烤钵,灰皿 **■v.** (**cupels**, **cupelling**, **cupelled**; US【美】**cupels**, **cupeling**, **cupeled**) assay or refine (a metal) in a cupel 用烤钵(或灰皿)鉴定(或提炼)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cupellation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Fr. coupelle, dimin. of coupe 'goblet'.

**Cup Final** **n.** Brit. 【英】 the final match in a sports competition in which the winners are awarded a cup 优胜杯决赛

**cupidity** /kju:'pɪdɪti/ **n.** greed for money or possessions 贪财;贪心;贪婪

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from OFr. cupidite or L. cupiditas, from cupidus 'desirous', from cupere 'to desire'.

**Cupid's bow** /'kju:pɪdz/ **n.** a pronounced double curve at the top edge of a person's upper lip, resembling the shape of the bow carried by the Roman god of love Cupid(上唇的)双弧形线条

**cupola** /'kju:pələ/ **n.** **1** a rounded dome forming or adorning a roof or ceiling 屋顶,穹顶 **2** a gun turret 旋转炮塔 **3** (also亦作 **cupola furnace**) a cylindrical furnace for refining metals(冶炼金属的)冲天炉

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **cupolaed** /-ləd/ adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: Ital., from late L. cupula 'small cask or burying vault', dimin. of cupa 'cask'.

**cuppa** /'kʌpə/ **■n.** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a cup of tea一杯茶

**cupr-** /kju:pr/ **comb. form** variant spelling of **CUPRO-** shortened before a vowel (as in **cuprammonium**) * **cupro-**的另一种拼法(元音前省略o,如cuprammonium)

**cuprammonium** /ˌkju:prə'məʊniəm/ **n.** [as modifer 作修饰语]Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting a complex ion containing copper bonded to ammonia, solutions of which are deep blue in colour and able to dissolve cellulose (离子)铜铵的

**cupreous** /'kju:priəs/ **adj.** of or like copper 铜的;似铜的

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from late L. cupreus (from cuprum 'copper') + **-ous**.

**cupric** /'kju:prɪk/ **adj.** Chemistry 【化】 of copper with a valency of two; of copper(II)二价铜的,(正)铜的

**cuprite** /'kju:praɪt/ **n.** a dark red or brownish-black mineral consisting of cuprous oxide 赤铜矿

**cupro** /'k(j)u:prəʊ/ **n.** a type of rayon made by dissolving cotton cellulose with cuprammonium salts and spinning the resulting solution into filaments 铜氨丝

**-ORIGIN** 词源 1980s: an invented word, prob. from **CUPRAMMONIUM**.

**cupro-** /'kju:prəʊ/ (also **cupr-** before a vowel 元音前亦作 **cupr-**) **comb. form** relating to copper与铜有关的: **cupro-nickel** 铜镍合金

**-ORIGIN** 词源 from late L. cuprum.

**cupro-nickel** **n.** an alloy of copper and nickel, especially in the proportions 3:1 as used in 'silver' coins(尤指“银”币中铜镍比例为3:1的)铜镍合金

**cuprous** /'kju:prəs/ **adj.** Chemistry 【化】 of copper with a valency of one; of copper(I)一价铜的;亚铜的

**cup-tied** **adj.** Brit. 【英】 (of a soccer player) ineligible to play for one's club in a cup competition as a result of having played for another club in an earlier round(足球运动员因在前一轮比赛中为其他队效力)不能代表本队参加杯赛的

**cupule** /'kju:pju:l/ **n.** Botany & Zoology 【植,动】a cup-shaped organ, structure, or receptacle 壳斗;杯形器

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from late L. cupula (see 见 **CUPOLA**).

**cur** /kɜ:(r)/ **n.** **1** an aggressive dog, especially a mongrel(尤指杂交的)恶狗 **2** informal【非正式】 a despicable man可鄙的人;卑鄙小人

**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: prob. orig. in cur-dog, perh. from ON kurr 'grumbling'.

**curaçao** /'kjʊərəsəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **curacaos**) a liqueur flavoured with the peel of bitter oranges 库拉索酒

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: named after Curaçao, the Caribbean island where the oranges are grown.

**curandero** /ˌkjʊərən'deərəʊ, ˌkʊræn'derəʊ/ **n.** (fem. 阴性 **curandera**) (pl. **curanderos** or **curanderas**) (in Spain and Latin America) a healer who uses folk remedies(西班牙和拉丁美洲的)民间医生

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Sp., from curar 'to cure', from L. curare.

**curare** /kjʊ'rɑ:ri/ **n.** a paralysing poison obtained from the bark and stems of some South American plants and traditionally used by Indian peoples as an arrow poison 箭毒

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: from a Carib word, partly via Sp. and Port.

**curassow** /'kjʊərəsəʊ/ **n.** a large crested pheasant-like bird of the guan family, found in tropical American forests 凤冠雉 [Genus Crax: several species.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: anglicized form of Curaçao (see 见 **CURAÇAO**).

**curate¹** /'kjʊərət/ **n.** (also 亦作 **assistant curate**) a member of the clergy engaged as assistant to a parish priest 助理牧师 ➤ archaic 【古】 a minister with pastoral responsibility 堂区牧师

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**-PHRASES** 短语 **curate's egg** Brit. 【英】 something that is partly good and partly bad 好坏混杂之物 [from a cartoon in Punch (1895) depicting a meek curate who, given a stale egg when dining with the bishop, assures his host that 'parts of it are excellent'.]
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curacy** n. (pl. **curacies**).
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from med. L. curatus, from L. cura 'care'.

**curate²** /kjʊ(ə)'reɪt/ **v.** select, organize, and look after the items in (a collection or exhibition) 挑选,安排,管理(收藏品或展览) ➤ select acts to perform at (a music festival)为(音乐节)挑选节目: In past years the festival has been curated by the likes of David Bowie.前些年,这个音乐节都是由戴维·鲍伊这样一些人来进行节目筛选的。 ➤ select, organize, and present (content for online or computational use)审核(用于网上或计算机的内容)

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curation** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源C19: back-form. from **CURATOR**.

**curate-in-charge** **n.** another term for **PRIEST-IN-CHARGE** * **priest-in-charge** 的另一种说法

**curative** /'kjʊərətɪv/ **adj.** able to cure disease 有疗效的,能治疗的 **■n.** a curative medicine or agent 药物;治疗法

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curatively** adv.

**curator** /kjʊə'reɪtə(r)/ **n.** a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection(博物馆等收藏的)保管人,管理员

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curatorial** adj. **curatorship** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME(denoting a pastor or a guardian of a minor): from OFr. curateur or, in later use, directly from L. curator, from curare (see 见 **CURE**).

**curb** /kɜ:b/ **n.** **1** a control or limit控制;约束: curbs on cigarette advertising 对香烟广告的控制 ➤ (also 亦作 **curb bit**) a type of bit with a strap or chain attached which passes under a horse's lower jaw, used as a check马勒,马嚼子 **2** N. Amer.【北美】variant spelling of **KERB** * **kerb**的另一种拼法 **3** a swelling on the back of a horse's hock, caused by spraining a ligament(马的跗关节因扭伤韧带导致的)飞结肿大 **■v.** keep in check; control 抑制;控制

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C15: from OFr. courber 'bend, bow', from L. curvare (see 见 **CURVE**).

**curb roof** **n.** a roof of which each face has two slopes, the lower one steeper than the upper 复斜屋面 ➤ Brit.【英】 a mansard roof 复折屋顶

**curbside** /'kɜ:bsaɪd/ **adj.** US spelling of **KERBSIDE** * **kerbside** 的美式拼法

**curbstone** /'kɜ:bstəʊn/ **n.** US spelling of **KERBSTONE** * **kerbstone** 的美式拼法

**curculio** /kɜ:'kju:liəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **curculios**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a weevil which is a pest of fruit trees 象(鼻)虫 [Conotrachelus nenuphar (the **plum curculio**) and other species.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C18: mod. L., 'corn weevil'.

**curcuma** /'kɜ:kjʊmə/ **n.** a tropical Asian plant of a genus that includes turmeric and other species yielding spices, dyes, and medicinal products 姜黄 [Genus Curcuma.]

**-ORIGIN** 词源 mod. L., from Arab. kurkum 'saffron', from Sanskrit kuṅkuma.

**curd** /kɜ:d/ **n.** **1** (also 亦作 **curds**) a soft, white substance formed when milk coagulates, used as the basis for cheese 凝乳 **2** a fatty substance found between the flakes of poached salmon(煮熟鲑鳟鱼的)脂肪凝块 **3** the edible head of a cauliflower 花椰菜的菜心

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curdy** adj.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**curd cheese** **n.** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a mild, soft, smooth cheese made from skimmed milk curd 凝乳奶酪

**curdle** /'kɜ:dl/ **v.** (with reference to a liquid) separate or cause to separate into solid and liquid parts(使)(液体)结成凝乳;(使)(液体)凝结

**-PHRASES** 短语 **make one's blood curdle** fill one with horror 使某人充满恐惧
**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curdler** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: frequentative of obs. curd 'congeal'.

**cure** /kjʊə(r)/ **v.** **1** make healthy again after suffering from a disease or medical condition 治愈,使痊愈 ➤ end (a disease, condition, or problem) by treatment or remedial action解除(病痛);终止(状态);解决(问题) **2** preserve (meat, fish, tobacco, or an animal skin) by salting, drying, or smoking(用腌、晒或熏等方式)保存(肉、鱼、烟草或动物皮) **3** harden (rubber, plastic, concrete, etc.) after manufacture by a chemical process such as vulcanization 硫化,固化(橡胶、塑料、混凝土等) **■n.** **1** a substance, treatment, or remedy that cures a disease, condition, or problem 药剂;治疗,疗法:对策 ➤ restoration to health 治愈,痊愈 **2** the process of curing meat, fish, rubber, etc.(对肉、鱼、橡胶等进行的)加工处理 **3** a Christian minister's pastoral charge or area of responsibility for spiritual ministry 宗教监护 ➤ a parish 牧区;教区;堂区

**-DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **curability** n. **curable** adj. **curer** n.
**-ORIGIN** 词源ME (in the senses 'care, concern, responsibility'): from OFr. curer (v.), cure (n.), both from L. curare 'take care of', from cura 'care'.

**curé** /'kjʊəreɪ/ **n.** a parish priest in a French-speaking country(讲法语国家的)堂区牧师,堂区神父

**-ORIGIN** 词源 Fr., from med. L. curatus(see 见 **CURATE¹**).

**cure-all** **n.** a remedy that will supposedly cure any ailment or problem万能灵药,灵丹妙药

**curettage** /ˌkjʊə'retɪdʒ, kjʊərɪ'tɑ:ʒ/ **n.** Surgery 【外科】 the use of a curette, especially on the lining of the uterus 刮除术;(尤指)刮宫术 See 见 **DILATATION AND CURETTAGE**.

**-ORIGIN** 词源 C19: from Fr., from CURETTE.

**curette** /kjʊə'ret/ **n.** a small surgical instrument used to remove material by a scraping action, especially from the uterus(尤指刮子宫的)刮匙 **■v.** clean or scrape with a curette 用刮匙清除(或刮除)
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**curfew** /'k3:fju:/ n. a regulation requiring people to remain indoors between specified hours, typically at night 宵禁(令) the time designated as the beginning of such a restriction 宵禁时间
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a regulation requiring fires to be extinguished at a fixed hour in the evening): from OFr. cuevrefeu, from cuvrir 'to cover' + feu 'fire'.

**Curia** /'kjuəriə/ n. the papal court at the Vatican, by which the Roman Catholic Church is governed (位于梵蒂冈的)罗马教廷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 Curial adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. curia, denoting a division of an ancient Roman tribe, (by extension) the senate of cities other than Rome, and later a feudal or Roman Catholic court of justice.

**curie** /'kjuəri/ (abbrev. 略作: **Ci**) n. (pl. **curies**) a unit of radioactivity, corresponding to 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second 居里(放射性强度单位)
> the quantity of radioactive substance that emits one curie of activity 居里(有这种运动量的放射性物质的量)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the French physicists Pierre and Marie Curie.

**curio** /'kjuəriǝu/ n. (pl. **curios**) a rare, unusual, or intriguing object 古玩, 古董; 珍品
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of CURIOSITY.

**curiosa** /kjuəri'ǝusǝ/ pl. n. curiosities, especially erotica or pornography 稀罕之物(尤指色情或淫秽之物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., neut. pl. of curiosus (see 见 CURIOUS).

**curiosity** /kjuəri'psǝti/ n. (pl. **curiosities**) 1 a strong desire to know or learn something 好奇心; 求知欲 2 a unusual or interesting object or fact 珍品, 奇物; 奇事, 趣闻

**curious** /'kjuəriəs/ adj. 1 eager to know or learn something 好奇的; 求知欲强的 2 strange; unusual 奇特的; 不同寻常的 euphemistic 【婉】 erotic or pornographic 色情的, 淫秽的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curiously** adv. **curiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. curios, from L. curiosus 'careful', from cura 'care'.

**curium** /'kjuəriəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 96, an artificially made radioactive metal of the actinide series 锔(化学元素, 原子序数为96, 锕系人造放射性金属) (Symbol 符: **Cm**)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from the name of Marie and Pierre Curie (see 见 CURIE).

**curl** /k3:1/ v. 1 form or cause to form a curved or spiral shape (使)卷曲; (使)旋绕 > (**curl up**) sit or lie with the knees drawn up 蜷曲, 蜷缩 2 move or cause to move in a spiral or curved course (使)呈螺旋状移动, (使)呈卷曲状运动 3 (in weight training) lift (a weight) using only the hands, wrists, and forearms (举重训练中仅用手、手腕、前臂)举(重物) 4 play at the game of curling 打冰壶 ■n. 1 a thing forming a spiral or coil, especially a lock of hair 螺旋状物; 卷曲物(尤指鬈发) > the tendency of hair to form curls 头发卷曲状态 2 a weightlifting exercise involving movement of only the hands, wrists, and forearms (仅用手、手腕和前臂的)举重练习 3 Mathematics 【数】 a function giving a measure of the rotation of a vector field 旋度
-PHRASES 短语 **make one's hair curl** informal 【非正式】shock or horrify one 使大吃一惊, 使毛骨悚然
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from obs. crulle 'curly', from MDu. krul.

**curler** /'k3:lə(r)/ ■n. 1 a roller or clasp around which a lock of hair is wrapped to curl it 卷发夹 2 a player in the game of curling 冰壶选手

**curlew** /'k3:l(j)u:/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **curlews**) a large wading bird of the sandpiper family, with a long downcurved bill and brown streaked plumage 白腰杓鹬 [Numenius arquata and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. courlieu, alt. (by assoc. with courliu 'courier') of imitative courlis.

**curlicue** /'k3:lıkju:/ n. a decorative curl or twist in calligraphy or in the design of an object (书法中或物品上装饰性的)卷曲, 旋曲
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CURLY + CUE² (in the sense 'pigtail'), or -cue representing the letter q.

**curling** /'k3:lım/ n. a game played on ice, especially in Scotland and Canada, in which large circular flat stones are slid across the surface towards a mark (尤指苏格兰和加拿大的)冰壶, 冰上溜石

**curling tongs** (also 亦作 **curling iron**) pl. n. a device incorporating a heated rod used for curling the hair 电卷发器

**curly** /'k3:li/ adj. (**curlier, curliest**) made, growing, or arranged in curls or curves 卷曲的; 波状的; 蜷缩的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curliness** n.

**curly endive** n. see 见 ENDIVE.

**curmudgeon** /k3:'mad3n/ n. a bad-tempered or surly person 脾气坏的人; 乖戾的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curmudgeonliness** n. **curmudgeonly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**currach** /'korǝ(x)/ (also 亦作 **curragh**) ■n. Irish and Scottish term for CORACLE * coracle的爱尔兰和苏格兰说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Ir. and Sc. Gaelic curach 'small boat'.

**curragh** /'korǝ(x)/ n. (in Ireland and the Isle of Man) a stretch of marshy waste ground (爱尔兰和马恩岛的)沼泽
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ir. currach 'marsh', Manx curragh 'bog, fen'.

**currant** /'karənt/ n. 1 a small dried fruit made from a small seedless variety of grape, used in cookery 醋栗(用于烹饪) 2 used in names of various small edible berries and the shrubs which produce them, e.g. **blackcurrant, white currant** (用于可食用小浆果以及结此类浆果的灌木的名称中, 如黑茶藨子、白茶藨)

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME raisons of Corauntz, translating Anglo-Norman Fr. raisins de Corauntz 'grapes of Corinth' (the original source).

**currawong** /'karǝwdŋ/ n. a crow-like Australian songbird with mainly black or grey plumage, a robust straight bill, and a resonant call 噪钟鹊 [Genus Strepera: three species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from an Aborig. word.

**currency** /'karǝnsi/ n. (pl. **currencies**) 1 a system of money in general use in a particular country 货币, 通货 2 the fact or quality of being current 通用, 流通, 流行 > the time during which something is current 流通时期, 流行时期

**current** /'karǝnt/ adj. 1 happening or belonging to the present time 现时的, 当前的: current affairs 时事 2 in general use 通用的, 流通的 ■n. 1 a body of water or air moving in a definite direction through a surrounding body of water or air in which there is less movement 水流; 气流 2 a flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles 电流 > a quantity representing the rate of flow of electric charge, usually measured in amperes 电流量(通常以安培计算)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'running, flowing') : from OFr. corant 'running', from courre 'run', from L. currere 'run'.

**current account** n. Brit. 【英】 an account with a bank or building society from which money may be withdrawn without notice 活期存款账户

**current assets** pl. n. cash and other assets that are expected to be converted to cash within a year 流动资产 Compare with 比较 FIXED ASSETS.

**current liabilities** pl. n. amounts due to be paid to creditors within twelve months 流动负债

**currently** /'karǝntli/ adv. at the present time 现在, 目前

**curricle** /'karıkl/ ■n. historical 【史义】 a light, open, two-wheeled carriage pulled by two horses side by side 双轮双马轻马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. curriculum 'course, racing chariot'.

**curriculum** /kə'rıkjuləm/ ■n. (pl. **curricula** or **curriculums**) the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college 课程
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curricular** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. (see 见 CURRICLE).

**curriculum vitae** /'vi:taɪ, 'vaɪti:/ n. (pl. **curricula vitae**) a brief account of a person's education, qualifications, and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application (通常用于求职的)个人履历, 简历
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: L., 'course of life'.

**currier** /'kæriə(r)/ n. historical 【史义】 a person who curries leather 制革匠; 鞣皮工

**currish** /'k3:rɪʃ/ adj. archaic 【古】 like a cur; bad-tempered 杂种狗似的; 脾气坏的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **currishly** adv. **currishness** n.

**curry¹** /'kʌri/ n. (pl. **curries**) a dish of meat, vegetables, etc., cooked in an Indian-style sauce of strong spices 咖喱菜肴 ■v. (**curries, currying, curried**) [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **curried**] prepare or flavour with such a sauce 用咖喱酱制作(或调味)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Tamil kari.

**curry²** /'kʌri/ v. (**curries, currying, curried**) 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】groom (a horse) with a curry comb 用马梳梳(马) 2 historical 【史义】treat (tanned leather) to improve its properties 鞣制(硝皮)
-PHRASES 短语 **curry favour** ingratiate oneself with someone by obsequious behaviour 讨好, 拍马屁 [alt. of ME curry favel, from the name (Favel) of a horse in a C14 Fr. romance who became a symbol of cunning and duplicity; hence 'to rub down Favel' meant to use cunning.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. correier, ult. of Gmc origin.

**curry comb** n. a hand-held device with serrated ridges, used for grooming horses 马梳

**curry leaf** n. a shrub or small tree native to India and Sri Lanka, the leaves of which are used in Indian cooking 调料九里香 [Murraya koenigii.]

**curry plant** n. a small shrubby plant with narrow silver-grey leaves, small yellow flowers, and a strong smell of curry 白叶蜡菊 [Helichrysum angustifolium.]

**curry powder** n. a mixture of finely ground spices, such as turmeric and coriander, used for making curry 咖喱粉

**curse** /k3:s/ n. 1 a solemn appeal to a supernatural power to inflict harm on someone or something 诅咒, 咒语 a cause of harm or misery 祸因, 祸根 2 an offensive word or phrase used to express anger or annoyance 脏话, 咒骂 3 (**the curse**) informal 【非正式】menstruation 月经 v. 1 use a curse against 诅咒 > (**be cursed with**) be afflicted with 受……之苦, 受……之害 2 utter or address with angry expletives 咒骂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of unknown origin.

**cursed** /'k3:sɪd, k3:st/ adj. informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】 used to express annoyance or irritation 该死的, 可恨的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cursedly** adv. **cursedness** n.

**cursillo** /k3:'si:jǝu, -'si:ljǝu/ n. (pl. **cursillos**) a short informal spiritual retreat by a group of Roman Catholics, especially in Spain or Latin America (尤指西班牙或拉丁美洲天主教会所举行的)短期培信班
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: Sp., 'little course'.

**cursive** /'k3:sɪv/ adj. (of writing) written with the characters joined (书写)草书的, 草体的 n. cursive writing 草书
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cursively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from med. L. cursivus, from L. curs-, currere 'run'.

**cursor** /'k3:sə(r)/ n. 1 a movable indicator on a computer screen identifying the point that will be affected by input from the user 光标 2 the transparent slide engraved with a hairline used to locate points on a slide rule 游标

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a runner): from L., 'runner', from curs- (see 见 CURSIVE).

**cursorial** /k3:'sɔ:riəl/ adj. Zoology 【动】 having limbs adapted for running 适于奔跑的, 善于行走的

**cursory** /'k3:s(ə)ri/ adj. hasty and therefore not thorough 仓促的, 粗略的, 草率的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cursorily** adv. **cursoriness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. cursorius 'of a runner', from cursor (see 见 CURSOR).

**curst** /k3:st/ adj. archaic spelling of CURSED * cursed 的古代拼法

**curt** /k3:t/ adj. rudely brief 简短失礼的, 唐突无礼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curtly** adv. **curtness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'short, shortened') : from L. curtus 'cut short, abridged'.

**curtail** /k3:'teɪl/ v. place a restriction on 限制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curtailment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from obs. curtal 'horse with a docked tail', from Fr. courtault, from court 'short', from L. curtus; the change in the ending was due to assoc. with TAIL¹.

**curtain** /'k3:tn/ n. 1 a piece of material suspended at the top to form a screen, typically movable sideways and found as one of a pair at a window 窗帘 > (**the curtain**) a screen of heavy cloth or other material that can be raised or lowered at the front of a stage 幕布, 帷幕 > a raising or lowering of the curtain at the beginning or end of an act or scene 启幕; 落幕 2 (**curtains**) informal 【非正式】a disastrous outcome 完蛋, 悲惨结局 ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **curtained**] provide with a curtain or curtains 给…装帘子, 为……挂帷幕 > conceal with or as with a curtain (用帘子)遮蔽, (如帘子般)掩住
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cortine, from late L. cortina, translation of Gk aulaia, from aulē 'court'.

**curtain call** n. the appearance of one or more performers on stage after a performance to acknowledge the audience's applause 谢幕

**curtain fire** (also chiefly US 【亦主美】**curtain of fire**) ■n. Brit. 【英】 rapid, continuous artillery or machine-gun fire on a designated line or area 弹幕; 枪林弹雨

**curtain lecture** n. dated 【过时】 a wife's private reprimand to her husband (妻子对丈夫的)私下训斥
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: orig. a reprimand given behind bed curtains.

**curtain-raiser** n. an entertainment or other event happening just before a longer or more important one 开场小戏, 序曲, 前奏
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. used to denote a short opening piece performed before a play.

**curtain-up** n. the beginning of a stage performance (舞台演出的)开场, 幕启

**curtain wall** n. 1 a fortified wall around a medieval castle, typically one linking towers together (通常指中世纪城堡串联塔楼的)幕墙 2 a wall which encloses the space within a building but does not support the roof (围)护墙

**curtana** /k3:'ta:nə, -'teɪnə/ n. the unpointed sword carried in front of English sovereigns at their coronation to represent mercy (加冕礼上捧持于君主前代表仁慈的)无尖剑
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Latin curtana (spatha) 'shortened (sword)', from OFr. cortain, the name of the sword belonging to Charlemagne's paladin Roland (the point of which was damaged), from cort 'short', from L. curtus 'cut short'.

**curtilage** /'k3:t(ɪ)lɪdʒ/ n. an area of land attached to a house and forming one enclosure with it 庭院, 宅地
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., var. of OFr. courtillage, from courtil 'small court', from cort 'court'.

**curtsy** /'k3:tsi/ (also 亦作 **curtsey**) n. (pl. **curtsies** or **curtseys**) a woman's or girl's formal greeting made by bending the knees with one foot in front of the other (女子的)屈膝礼 ■v. (**curtsies, curtsying, curtsied** or **curtseys, curtseying, curtseyed**) perform a curtsy 行屈膝礼
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: var. of COURTESY.

**curule** /'kjuəru:l/ adj. denoting or relating to the authority exercised by the senior magistrates in ancient Rome, chiefly the consul and praetor, who were entitled to use the sella curulis (a kind of folding chair) (古罗马权力)贵人凳的, 有权坐贵人座者行使的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. curulis, from currus 'chariot' (in which the chief magistrate was conveyed to the seat of office).

**curvaceous** /k3:'veɪʃəs/ adj. (especially of a woman or a woman's figure) having an attractively curved shape (尤指女子或其身材)富有曲线美的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curvaceously** adv. **curvaceousness** n.

**curvature** /'k3:vətʃə(r)/ n. the fact of being curved or the degree to which something is curved 弯曲; 曲度 > Geometry 【数】 the degree to which a curve deviates from a straight line, or a curved surface deviates from a plane 曲率

**curve** /k3:v/ n. a line or outline which gradually deviates from being straight for some or all of its length 曲线, 弧线 > a line on a graph (whether straight or curved) showing how one quantity varies with respect to another (图表上的)曲线 > (also 亦作 **curve ball**) Baseball 【棒】 a delivery in which the pitcher causes the ball to deviate from a straight path by imparting spin 曲线球, 弧线球 ■v. form or cause to form a curve (使)弯曲; (使)成曲线
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. curvare 'to bend', from curvus 'bent'.

**curvet** /k3:'vet/ v. (**curvets, curvetting, curvetted** or **curvets, curveting, curveted**) (of a horse) perform a courbette (马)直立腾跃 > leap gracefully or energetically (直立)腾跃 ■n. a graceful or energetic leap (直立)腾跃

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-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. corvetta, dimin. of corva, earlier form of curva 'a curve', from L. curvus 'bent'.

**curvilinear** /k3:vɪ'lɪnɪə(r)/ adj. contained by or consisting of a curved line or lines 曲线的; 由曲线组成的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curvilinearly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. curvus 'bent, curved', on the pattern of rectilinear.

**curvy** /'k3:vi/ adj. (**curvier, curviest**) having many curves 弯弯曲曲的 > informal 【非正式】(of a woman's figure) shapely and voluptuous (女子的身材)富于曲线美的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **curviness** n.

**cuscus** /'kaskas/ n. a tree-dwelling marsupial with a prehensile tail, native to New Guinea and northern Australia 斑卷尾袋貂 [Spilocuscus maculatus (**spotted cuscus**) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Fr. and Du. from a local name in the Molucca Islands.

**cusec** /'kju:sek/ n. a unit of flow (especially of water) equal to one cubic foot per second 立方英尺/秒(水等的流量单位)

**cushat** /'kʌʃət/ n. dialect, chiefly Scottish 【方, 主苏格兰】 a wood pigeon 林鸽
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of unknown origin.

**cush-cush** /'kuʃkuʃ/ n. a tropical American yam which produces a number of edible tubers on each plant 三叶薯蓣 [Dioscorea trifida.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. ult. of Afr. origin.

**Cushing's disease** /'kuʃɪŋz/ n. Cushing's syndrome as caused by a tumour of the pituitary gland 库欣病

**Cushing's syndrome** ■n. Medicine 【医】 a metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of corticosteroid hormones by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure 库欣综合征
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after the American surgeon Harvey W. Cushing.

**cushion** /'kuʃn/ n. 1 a bag of cloth stuffed with a mass of soft material, used as a comfortable support for sitting or leaning on 垫子; 靠垫; 坐垫 2 something providing support or protection against impact 缓冲垫; 防护物; 减震器 > the elastic lining of the sides of a billiard table, from which the ball rebounds (台球桌的)台边, 弹性衬边 ■v. 1 soften the effect of an impact on 缓和……的冲击, 减少……的震动 2 mitigate the adverse effects of 减轻……的不利影响: To cushion the blow, wages were increased. 为了降低冲击, 工资增加了。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cushioned** adj. **cushiony** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cuissin, based on a L. word meaning 'cushion for the hip', from coxa 'hip, thigh'.

**Cushitic** /ku'ʃɪtɪk/ n. a group of East African languages of the Afro-Asiatic family spoken mainly in Ethiopia and Somalia 库希特语族 adj. relating to Cushitic 与库希特语族有关的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Cush, a region of ancient Nubia, + -ITIC.

**cushy** /'kuʃi/ adj. (**cushier, cushiest**) informal 【非正式】1 (of a task or situation) undemanding, easy, or secure (任务或情况)容易的, 轻松的, 安逸的 2 N. Amer. 【北美】(of furniture) comfortable (家具)舒适的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cushiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 First World War (orig. Anglo-Ind.) : from Urdu kushi 'pleasure'.

**cusk** /kask/ n. another term for TORSK * torsk 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**cusk-eel** n. a small eel-like marine fish with a tapering body and a pointed tail 鼬鳚 [Family Ophidiidae: many species.]

**cusp** /kasp/ n. 1 a pointed end where two curves meet 尖头, 尖端 > each of the pointed ends of the crescent moon 月角 > a cone-shaped prominence on the surface of a tooth 牙尖 > Architecture 【建】a projecting point between small arcs in Gothic tracery (哥特式窗花格的)尖头 2 Mathematics 【数】a point at which the direction of a curve is abruptly reversed 尖点 3 Astrology 【占星】the initial point of an astrological sign or house 天宫入口, (星座或宫位间的)分界点 > a point of transition between two different states (两种状态间的)转折点: those on the cusp of adulthood 即将进入成人期的人们 4 Anatomy 【解】 a pocket or fold in the wall of the heart or a major blood vessel, forming part of a valve 尖瓣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cuspate** adj. **cusped** adj. **cusping** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. cuspis 'point or apex'.

**cuspid** /'kʌspɪd/ n. a tooth with a single cusp or point; a canine tooth 尖牙; 犬齿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cuspidate** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. cuspis, cuspid- 'point or apex'.

**cuspidor** /'kʌspɪdɔ:(r)/ ■n. US 【美】a spittoon 痰盂
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Port., 'spitter'.

**cuss** /kʌs/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. 1 an annoying or stubborn person or animal 讨厌的人(或动物); 倔强的人(或动物) 2 another term for CURSE (sense 2 of the noun) * curse (名词释义2)的另一种说法 ■v. another term for CURSE (verb) * curse (动词)的另一种说法

**cussed** /'kʌsɪd/ adj. informal 【非正式】 awkward; annoying 笨拙的; 烦人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cussedly** adv. **cussedness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): var. of CURSED.

**custard** /'kʌstəd/ n. a dessert or sweet sauce made with milk and eggs and thickened with cornflour, or milk and a proprietary powder 蛋奶糕, 蛋奶沙司
-ORIGIN 词源 ME crustarde, custarde (denoting an open pie containing meat or fruit in a sauce thickened with eggs), from OFr. crouste (see 见 CRUST).

**custard apple** n. 1 a large fleshy tropical fruit with a sweet yellow pulp 番荔枝果 2 the tree which bears custard apples, native to Central and South America 番荔枝 [Genus Annona: several species.]

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**custard pie** n. an open pie containing cold set custard 蛋奶派 > a custard pie, or a flat container of foam, used for throwing in someone's face in slapstick comedy (闹剧中投在脸上制造喜剧效果的)蛋奶派, 泡沫派

**custodian** /kə'stəʊdiən/ n. a person who is responsible for protecting or guarding something 监护人; 看守人; 保管人 > US 【美】a person employed to clean and maintain a building (大楼的)管理员, 保洁员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **custodianship** n.

**custody** /'kʌstədi/ n. 1 the protective care or guardianship of someone or something 守卫; 保管; 监护 > Law 【律】 parental responsibility, especially as allocated to one of two divorcing parents (尤指父母离异后对孩子的)监护 2 imprisonment 监禁, 拘留
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **custodial** /kə'stəʊdiəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. custodia, from custos 'guardian'.

**custom** /'kʌstəm/ n. 1 a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time 风俗, 习俗 > Law 【律】 established usage having the force of law or right 习惯法 2 Brit. 【英】regular dealings with a shop or business by customers 光顾, 惠顾
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coustume, based on L. consuetudo, from consuetus, past part. of consuescere 'accustom'.

**customary** /'kʌstəməri/ adj. in accordance with custom; usual 根据习俗的; 通常的; 惯例的 > Law 【律】 established by or based on custom rather than common law or statute 按习惯法的 ■n. (pl. **customaries**) historical 【史义】 another term for CUSTUMAL * custumal 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **customarily** adv. **customariness** n.

**custom-built** adj. made to a particular customer's order 定制的

**customer** /'kʌstəmə(r)/ n. 1 a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business 顾客, 主顾; 客户 2 a person of a specified kind that one has to deal with (不得不应对的)家伙, (某种类型的)人: He's a tough customer. 他是个难缠的家伙。

**customer-facing** adj. dealing directly with customers 面向客户的: a customer-facing role 直接和客户打交道的角色

**customer service** n. assistance and advice provided by a company to those people who buy or use its products or services 客户服务

**custom house** (also 亦作 **customs house**) ■n. chiefly historical 【主史义】the office at a port or frontier where customs duty is collected 海关

**customize** or **customise** /'kʌstəmaɪz/ v. modify to suit a particular individual or task 定做, 定制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **customizable** adj. **customization** n.

**custom-made** adj. another term for CUSTOM-BUILT * custom-built 的另一种说法

**customs** /'kʌstəmz/ pl. n. the official department that administers and collects the duties levied by a government on imported goods 海关 > (also 亦作 **customs duties**) the duties levied by a government on imported goods 关税
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: orig. in the sing., denoting a customary due paid to a ruler, later duty levied on goods on their way to market.

**customs union** n. a group of states that have agreed to charge the same import duties as each other and usually to allow free trade between themselves 关税联盟

**custumal** /'kʌstəml/ n. historical 【史义】 a written account of the customs of a manor or local community 习俗惯例汇编
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. custumale 'customs book'.

**cut** /kʌt/ v. (**cutting**; past and past part. **cut**) 1 make an opening, incision, or wound in (something) with a sharp tool or object 割破; 划伤 2 remove (something) from something larger by using a sharp implement 剪; 裁切; 割; 截 3 divide into pieces with a knife or other sharp implement 把……切碎 > (**cut something down**) cause something to fall by cutting through at the base 砍倒 4 make or form by using a sharp tool to remove material 切出, 割成 > [often as adj.常作形容词 **cut**] make or design (a garment) in a particular way 裁剪(衣服): an impeccably cut suit 裁剪精良的套装 5 reduce the length of (something) by using a sharp implement 剪短 6 reduce the amount or quantity of 削减, 减少: The new system will cut costs. 新系统将减低成本。 > Computing 【计】delete (part of a text) 删剪, 剪切(文本) > end or interrupt the provision of (a supply) 停止, 切断(供给) > N. Amer. 【北美】absent oneself deliberately from 逃避: Rod was cutting class. 罗德逃课了。 7 (of a line) cross or intersect (another line) (线)与(另一条线)相交 8 stop filming or recording 停, 停拍, 停录 > move to another shot in a film (电影)切换镜头 > make (a film) into a coherent whole by removing or reordering parts 剪辑(电影) 9 make (a sound recording) 录制(声音) 10 divide a pack of playing cards by lifting a portion from the top 抽牌, 切牌 11 strike or kick (a ball) quickly and abruptly 削, 急踢(球) > Golf 【高尔夫】slice (the ball) 切(球) > Cricket 【板】 hit (the ball) to the off side with the bat held almost horizontally; play such a stroke against (the bowler) 切(球); 切(投手)的投球 > Cricket 【板】 (of the ball) turn sharply on pitching (球)投出后急速变向 12 mix (an illegal drug) with another substance 往(非法药物里)掺假: speed cut with rat poison 掺了鼠药的兴奋剂 13 (**cut it**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】come up to expectations 达到要求, 达标 [shortened form of the idiom cut the mustard.]

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■n. 1 an act of cutting 剪; 切; 割 > a reduction in amount or size 削减, 减少, 缩减 2 a result of cutting 伤口; 切口; 划口: a cut on his jaw 他下巴上的一道伤口 > a piece of meat cut from a carcass (切下的)肉 > informal 【非正式】 a share of profits 分摊的利润 > a version of a film after editing (电影)剪辑后的版本: the director's cut 导演剪辑版 3 the way or style in which a garment or the hair is cut (服装或头发的)款式, 式样: the elegant cut of his jacket 他的夹克剪裁考究
-PHRASES 短语 **be cut out for** (or **to be**) [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] informal 【非正式】have exactly the right qualities for a particular role 完全适合(某种角色) **a cut above** informal 【非正式】noticeably superior to 明显优于, 明显胜过 **cut and dried** (of a situation) completely settled (局势)成定局的 [C18: orig. used to distinguish the herbs of herbalists' shops from growing herbs.] **cut and paste** Computing 【计】 move (text) by cutting it from one part of the text and inserting it in another 剪切粘贴 **cut and run** informal 【非正式】speedily retreat from a difficult situation rather than deal with it 临阵脱逃, 开溜 [orig. a naut. phr., meaning 'cut the anchor cable because of an emergency and make sail immediately.] **cut and thrust** a difficult or competitive atmosphere or environment 困境; 激烈的交锋: the cut and thrust of political debate 政治辩论的针锋相对 [orig. a fencing phr.] **cut both ways** (of a point) serve both sides of an argument (论点)双方都适用, 两边倒 > (of an action or process) have both good and bad effects (行为或过程)有利有弊, 兼有利弊 **cut corners** do something perfunctorily so as to save time or money (为了节省时间或金钱而)敷衍了事 **cut a dash** Brit. 【英】be stylish or impressive in one's dress or behaviour 穿着时髦; 举止迷人 **cut someone dead** completely ignore someone 拒不理睬…… **cut from the same cloth** of the same nature 一样的, 同类的 **cut in line** N. Amer. 【北美】jump the queue 插队, 加塞 **cut it out** informal 【非正式】 stop it 打住, 停, 住手 **cut the mustard** informal 【非正式】reach the required standard 够格, 达标 **cut no ice** informal 【非正式】have no influence or effect 无影响, 无效 **cut a** (or **the**) **rug** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】dance, especially in an energetic or accomplished way (尤指充满活力或娴熟地)跳舞 **cut one's teeth** acquire initial experience of a sphere of activity 初获经验 **cut a tooth** (of a baby) have a tooth appear through the gum (婴儿)出牙 **cut to the chase** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】come to the point 切入正题 **cut up rough** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】behave in an aggressive or awkward way 发怒, 失态 **make** (or **miss**) **the cut** Golf 【高尔夫】reach (or fail to reach) a required score, thus avoiding (or ensuring) elimination from the last two rounds of a four-round tournament (四轮制锦标赛中)取得(或丧失)进入后两轮比赛资格
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **cut in** 1 interrupt 打断 2 pull in too closely in front of another vehicle 紧贴(另一辆车)并线 3 (of a motor or other device) begin operating, especially when triggered automatically (发动机或其他装置)发动, (尤指)自动启动 **cut someone in** informal 【非正式】include someone in a deal and give them a share of the profits 让…入伙(分利润) **cut someone off** 1 break the connection during a telephone call 挂断(某人)的电话 2 deprive someone of a supply of power, water, etc. 停止, 切断(供给) 3 disinherit someone 剥夺…继承权 **cut something off** block the usual means of access to a place 封锁, 阻断, 隔断(入口) **cut out** 1 (of an engine) suddenly stop operating (引擎)突然熄火 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】leave quickly 迅速离开 **cut someone out** exclude someone 将(某人)排除在外 **cut up** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 behave in a mischievous or unruly manner 淘气, 无礼取闹 **cut someone up** 1 informal 【非正式】(of a driver) overtake someone and pull in too closely (司机)超车抢……的道, 强行超(某人)的车 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】criticize someone severely 苛责, 严厉批评
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (prob. existing, although not recorded, in OE); prob. of Gmc origin.

**cutaneous** /kju:'teɪniəs/ adj. relating to the skin 皮肤的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from mod. L. cutaneus (from L. cutis 'skin') + -OUS.

**cutaway** /'kʌtəweɪ/ n. 1 a thing made with a part cut out 部分切掉之物 > a coat or jacket with the front cut away below the waist 晨燕尾服, 常燕尾服 > denoting a diagram or drawing with some external parts left out to reveal the interior 剖面图 2 a shot in a film which is of a different subject from those to which it is joined in editing (电影的)切换镜头

**cutback** /'kʌtbæk/ n. a reduction, especially in expenditure (尤指开支的)削减, 缩减

**cute** /kju:t/ adj. 1 endearingly pretty 可爱的; 招人喜爱的 > N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】sexually attractive 性感迷人的 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】clever; shrewd 机灵的; 精明的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cutely** adv. **cuteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: shortening of ACUTE.

**cutesy** /'kju:tsi/ adj. (**cutesier, cutesiest**) informal 【非正式】cute to a sentimental or mawkish extent 忸怩作态的, 做作的

**cut glass** n. 1 glass that has been decorated by having patterns cut into it by grinding and polishing 雕花玻璃, 刻花玻璃 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] characterized by precise enunciation (发音)准确的, 清晰的: a cut-glass accent 清清楚楚的发音

**cuticle** /'kju:tɪkl/ n. 1 the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail (手指甲或脚趾甲根部的)甲上皮 2 the outer cellular layer of a hair (毛)小皮 3 Botany & Zoology 【植, 动】 a protective layer covering the epidermis of a plant or invertebrate 角质膜, 角质层; 外皮

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Anatomy 【解】 the epidermis of the body (肌体的)表皮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cuticular** /-'tɪkjulə(r)/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. cuticula, dimin. of cutis 'skin'.

**cutie** /'kju:ti/ n. (pl. **cuties**) informal 【非正式】an attractive or endearing person 美人儿, 可人儿

**cutin** /'kju:tɪn/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a waxy water-repellent substance in the cuticle of plants (植物角质层)角质
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CUTIS + -IN¹.

**cut-in** n. a shot in a film that is edited into another shot or scene 插入镜头

**cutis** /'kju:tɪs/ n. Anatomy 【解】 the true skin or dermis 真皮
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'skin'.

**cutlass** /'kʌtləs/ n. a short sword with a slightly curved blade, formerly used by sailors (旧时水手用的)短弯刀
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. coutelas, based on L. cultellus (see 见 CUTLER).

**cutler** /'kʌtlə(r)/ n. a person who makes or sells cutlery 刀剪匠; 刀剪商
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. coutelier, from coutel 'knife', from L. cultellus, dimin. of culter 'knife, ploughshare'.

**cutlery** /'kʌtləri/ n. knives, forks, and spoons used for eating or serving food (刀、叉、匙等)餐具 > N. Amer. 【北美】knives and other cutting utensils 刀具; 刀

**cutlet** /'kʌtlət/ n. a portion of meat, especially a lamb, pork, or veal chop from just behind the neck, served grilled or fried (供烧烤或煎的)肉排, 羊(或牛等)颈排 > a flat croquette of minced meat, nuts, or pulses (用肉末、坚果末、豆子等制成的)炸肉饼
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. côtelette, earlier costelette, dimin. of coste 'rib'.

**cutline** /'kʌtlaɪn/ n. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】 the caption to a photograph or other illustration 图片的文字说明; 插图说明 2 (in squash) the line above which a served ball must strike the front wall (壁球用语)发球线, 球击线

**cut-off** n. 1 a point or level marking a designated limit 截止点; 界限 2 a device for interrupting a power or fuel supply 断流器, 截止阀 > a sudden drop in amplification or responsiveness of an electric device at a certain frequency (电器在一定频率的)截止, 切断 3 (**cut-offs**) shorts made by cutting off the legs of a pair of jeans (剪去牛仔裤裤管而成的)毛边短裤 4 N. Amer. 【北美】a short cut 捷径

**cut-out** n. 1 a shape cut out of board or another material (用硬纸板等)剪下的图样(或图形) 2 a hole cut in something for decoration or to allow the insertion of something else (为装饰或嵌入东西而)切出(或剪出)的洞 3 a device that automatically breaks an electric circuit for safety (电路的)断流器, 保险装置

**cutover** /'kʌtəʊvə(r)/ n. a rapid transition from one phase of a project to another 迅速过渡

**cut-price** (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】**cut-rate**) adj. for sale at a reduced price; cheap 降价出售的; 廉价的

**cutpurse** /'kʌtp3:s/ n. archaic 【古】 a pickpocket 小偷, 扒手
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: with ref. to stealing by cutting purses suspended from a waistband.

**cutter** /'kʌtə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that cuts 剪切者; 切割工具 2 a light, fast coastal patrol boat 巡逻快艇 > a ship's boat used for carrying passengers or light stores (为大船运送乘客或供应品的)小艇, 小船 > historical 【史义】a small fore-and-aft rigged sailing boat with one mast, more than one headsail, and a running bowsprit, used as a fast auxiliary 独桅纵帆船 > a yacht with one mainsail and two foresails (有一主桅帆与两前桅帆的)小艇 3 Cricket & Baseball 【板, 棒】a ball that deviates sharply on pitching 急速变向的投球 4 a pig heavier than a porker but lighter than a baconer 中型肉猪

**cut-throat** n. 1 dated 【过时】 a murderer or other violent criminal 杀人犯, 凶手 2 (also 亦作 **cut-throat trout**) a trout of western North America, with red or orange markings under the jaw 克氏鲑, 山鱒 [Salmo clarki.] ■adj. 1 ruthless and intense 残酷无情的; 激烈的: cutthroat competition 残酷激烈的竞争 2 (of some card games) played by three rather than four players (某些四人纸牌游戏)三人玩的

**cut-throat razor** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a razor with a long blade which folds like a penknife 直柄剃刀, 开式剃刀

**cutting** /'kʌtɪŋ/ n. 1 a piece cut off from something 剪切(或切割)下的东西 > Brit. 【英】 an article or other piece cut from a newspaper 剪报 > a piece cut from a plant for propagation (植物的)插枝, 插条 2 Brit. 【英】 an open passage excavated through higher ground for a railway, road, or canal (供铁路、公路或运河等穿过高地的)路堑 ■adj. 1 capable of cutting 可剪切的 2 (of a remark) hurtful (话语)尖刻的, 伤人的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cuttingly** adv.

**cutting edge** n. the latest or most advanced stage; the forefront 先锋地位; 最前沿 ■adj. innovative; pioneering 创新的; 先导的

**cuttle** /'kʌtl/ n. a cuttlefish 乌贼, 墨鱼
-ORIGIN 词源 OE cudele 'cuttlefish', of Gmc origin; rel. to codd 'bag', with ref. to its ink bag.

**cuttlebone** /'kʌtlbəʊn/ n. the flattened internal skeleton of the cuttlefish, used as a dietary supplement for cage birds and for making casts for precious metal items 海螵蛸, 乌贼骨

**cuttlefish** /'kʌtlfɪʃ/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **cuttlefishes**) a swimming marine mollusc that resembles a broad-bodied squid, having eight arms and two long tentacles that are used for grabbing prey 乌贼, 墨鱼 [Sepia and other genera, order Sepioidea.]

**cutty** /'kʌti/ adj. Scottish & N. English 【苏格兰, 英北】short 短的

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**cut up** adj. informal 【非正式】very distressed 悲痛欲绝的, 极度伤心的 ■n. (**cut-up**) a film or sound recording made by cutting and editing material from pre-existing recordings 电影(或录音)剪辑

**cutwater** /'kʌt,wɔ:tə(r)/ n. 1 the forward edge of a ship's prow 艏柱分水处, 船首破浪材 2 a wedge-shaped projection on the pier of a bridge (桥墩)分水角

**cutwork** /'kʌtw3:k/ n. embroidery in which parts of the fabric ground are cut out and the edges oversewn or elaborately stitched 挖花刺绣, 雕空绣

**cutworm** /'kʌtw3:m/ n. a moth caterpillar that lives in the soil and eats through the stems of young plants at ground level 地老虎, 切根虫, 地蚕

**cuvée** /'kju:veɪ/ n. a type, blend, or batch of wine, especially champagne 一种葡萄酒, 混合酒; 一批酿造的酒(尤指香槟)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'vatful'.

**cuvette** /kju:'vet/ n. a straight-sided container for holding liquid samples in a spectrophotometer or other instrument (分光光度计等仪器中盛样液用的)吸收池, 小池
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., dimin. of cuve 'cask'.

**CV** abbr. curriculum vitae

**cv** abbr. cultivated variety 栽培品种

**CVO** abbr. (in the UK) Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (英国)皇家(第二等)高级维多利亚勋爵士

**CVS** abbr. chorionic villus sampling, a test made in early pregnancy to detect fetal abnormalities 绒膜绒毛取样

**CVT** abbr. continuously variable transmission (汽车的)无级变速

**cwm** /ku:m/ n. a cirque, especially in the Welsh mountains (尤指威尔士山脉中的)峡谷, 冰斗, 冲沟
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Welsh; rel. to COMBE.

**CWO** abbr. Chief Warrant Officer

**c.w.o.** abbr. cash with order 定货付现, 认购即付

**cwt.** abbr. hundredweight
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. centum 'a hundred'.

**CY** abbr. Cyprus (international vehicle registration) 塞浦路斯(国际车船注册)

**-cy** /si/ suffix 1 denoting state or condition 状态; 情况: bankruptcy 破产 2 denoting rank or status 等级; 身份: baronetcy 准男爵爵位
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -cia, -tia and Gk -k(e)ia, -t(e)ia.

**cyan** /'saɪən/ n. a greenish-blue colour which is one of the primary subtractive colours, complementary to red 蓝绿色, 青色
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kuaneos 'dark blue'.

**cyanamide** /saɪ'ænəmaɪd/ n. Chemistry 【化】a weakly acidic crystalline compound produced in the manufacture of ammonia 氨腈 > a salt of this, containing the anion CN₂²⁻ 氰氨钙盐
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: blend of CYANOGEN and AMIDE.

**cyanate** /'saɪəneɪt/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of cyanic acid 氰酸盐; 氰酸酯

**cyanic** /saɪ'ænɪk/ adj. 1 Chemistry 【化】 of cyanogen 氰的, 含氰的 2 rare 【罕】blue 蓝色的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CYAN + -IC.

**cyanic acid** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a colourless, poisonous, volatile, strongly acidic liquid 氰酸 [HOCN]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CYANOGEN.

**cyanide** /'saɪənaɪd/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt or ester of hydrocyanic acid, some forms of which are extremely toxic 氰化物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CYANOGEN + -IDE.

**cyano-** /'saɪənəʊ/ comb. form 1 relating to the colour blue 蓝色的: cyanosis 青紫 2 representing 表示 CYANIDE: cyanogenic 生氰的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kuan(e)os 'dark blue'.

**cyanoacrylate** / saɪənəʊ'ækrɪleɪt/ n. Chemistry 【化】any of a class of compounds which are cyanide derivatives of acrylates, used to make quick-setting adhesives 氰基丙烯酸酯

**cyanobacteria** / saɪənəʊbæk'tɪəriə/ pl. n. (sing. **cyanobacterium**) Biology 【生物】 microorganisms of a division (Cyanobacteria) comprising the blue-green algae, related to bacteria but capable of photosynthesis 蓝细菌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyanobacterial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kuaneos 'dark blue' + BACTERIUM.

**cyanocobalamin** / saɪənə(ʊ)kə'bæləmɪn/ n. a form of vitamin B₁₂, a cobalt-containing vitamin derived from liver, fish, and eggs, a deficiency of which can cause pernicious anaemia 氰钴胺素, 维生素B₁₂ (见于肝脏、鱼肉和鸡蛋)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from CYANO- and cobalamin (blend of COBALT and VITAMIN).

**cyanogen** /saɪ'ænədʒn/ n. Chemistry 【化】a flammable poisonous gas made by oxidizing hydrogen cyanide 氰 [C₂N₂]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. cyanogène, from Gk kuanos 'dark blue mineral' + -gène (see 见 -GEN), so named because it is rel. to Prussian blue.

**cyanogenic** / saɪənə'dʒenɪk/ (also 亦作 **cyanogenetic**) adj. Botany 【植】 capable of producing cyanides 生氰的

**cyanohydrin** /saɪənə(ʊ)'haɪdrɪn/ n. Chemistry 【化】an organic compound containing a carbon atom linked to both cyanide and hydroxyl groups 羟腈, 氰醇

**cyanosis** / saɪə'nəʊsɪs/ n. Medicine 【医】a bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood 发绀, 青紫
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyanotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk kuanōsis 'blueness'.

**cyber-** /'saɪbə(r)/ comb. form relating to information technology, the Internet, and virtual reality 信息技术的; 因特网的; 虚拟现实的: cyberspace 信息空间, 虚拟空间
-ORIGIN 词源 back-form. from CYBERNETICS.

**cyberattack** /'saɪbərətæk/ n. an attempt by hackers to damage or destroy a computer network or system (由黑客发起的)网络攻击

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**cyberbullying** /'saɪbə,bʊliɪŋ/ n. the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature (主要通过发送恐吓信息进行的)网络欺凌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyberbully** n. & v.

**cybercafe** /'saɪbəkæfeɪ/ n. a cafe where customers can also use computer terminals and log on to the Internet 网吧, 可上网的咖啡馆

**cybercrime** /'saɪbəkraɪm/ n. criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the Internet 网络犯罪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cybercriminal** n.

**cybernetics** / saɪbə'netɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines and living things 控制论
-DERIVatives 派生词 **cybernetic** adj. **cybernetician** n. **cyberneticist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk kubernētēs 'steersman'.

**cyberphobia** / saɪbə'fəʊbiə/ n. extreme or irrational fear of computers or technology 计算机(或技术)恐惧症
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyberphobe** n. **cyberphobic** adj. & n.

**cyberpunk** /'saɪbəpʌŋk/ n. 1 a genre of science fiction set in a lawless subculture of an oppressive society dominated by computer technology 赛博朋客(科幻小说的一个分支) 2 a person who accesses computer networks illegally 黑客

**cybersecurity** /'saɪbəsɪ'kjʊərəti/ n. the state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this 网络安全

**cybersex** /'saɪbəseks/ n. sexual arousal or activity using computer technology, especially by wearing virtual reality equipment or by exchanging messages with another person via the Internet 网络性刺激, 虚拟性爱

**cyberspace** /'saɪbəspeɪs/ n. the notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs 信息空间, 虚拟空间

**cybersquatting** /'saɪbəskwɒtɪŋ/ n. the practice of registering names, especially well-known company or brand names, as Internet domains, in the hope of reselling them at a profit 抢注(尤指知名公司或品牌的)域名, 域名恶意抢注
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cybersquatter** n.

**cyberterrorism** / saɪbə'terərɪz(ə)m/ n. the politically motivated use of computers to cause severe disruption or widespread fear 网络恐怖主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyberterrorist** n.

**cyberwar** /'saɪbəwɔ:(r)/ n. the use of computers to disrupt the activities of an enemy country, especially the deliberate attacking of communication systems 网络战争

**cyborg** /'saɪbɔ:g/ n. a fictional or hypothetical person whose physical abilities are extended beyond human limitations by mechanical elements built into the body (科幻小说中或假想的)电子人, 半机器人
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of CYBER- and ORGANISM.

**cycad** /'saɪkæd/ n. a tall, cone-bearing, palm-like plant of tropical and subtropical regions 苏铁 [Genus Cycas, class Cycadopsida: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Cycas, Cycad-, from supposed Gk kukas, scribal error for koikas, pl. of koix 'Egyptian palm'.

**Cycladic** /sɪ'klædɪk, saɪ-/ adj. 1 relating to the Cyclades, a group of Greek islands in the southern Aegean 基克拉泽斯(群岛)的 2 Archaeology 【考古】denoting a Bronze Age civilization that flourished in the Cyclades, dated to c.3000-1050 BC 基克拉泽斯文化的

**cyclamate** /'sɪkləmeɪt, 'saɪk-/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt of a synthetic organic acid, formerly used as an artificial sweetener 环磺酸盐
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: contr. of cyclohexylsulphamate.

**cyclamen** /'sɪkləmən/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **cyclamens**) a plant of the primrose family, having pink, red, or white flowers with backward-curving petals 仙客来 [Genus Cyclamen: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. cyclaminos, from Gk kuklaminos, perh. from kuklos 'circle', with ref. to its bulbous roots.

**cycle** /'saɪkl/ n. 1 a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order 循环, 周而复始 > the period of time taken to complete a single such series 周期 > technical 【技】 a recurring series of successive operations or states, such as in the working of an internal-combustion engine 周; 循环; 工作周期 > Ecology 【生态】 the movement of a simple substance through the soil, rocks, water, atmosphere, and living organisms of the earth 循环: the carbon cycle 碳循环 > Physics 【物】 a cycle per second; one hertz 周, 周/秒, 赫(兹) 2 a series of musical or literary works composed around a particular theme (表现某一特定主题的)组歌, 组诗 3 a bicycle 自行车 > a ride on a bicycle 自行车骑行: a 112-mile cycle *112英里的骑行 ■v. 1 ride a bicycle 骑自行车 2 move in or follow a cycle of events 循环
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cycler** n. **cycling** n. **cyclist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from late L. cyclus, from Gk kuklos 'circle'.

**cycleway** /'saɪklweɪ/ n. Brit. 【英】 a path or road for bicycles 自行车道

**cyclic** /'saɪklɪk, 'sɪk-/ adj. 1 occurring in cycles 循环的, 反复出现的 2 having the form of a circle or closed ring 环状的 > Chemistry 【化】 having a molecular structure containing one or more closed rings of atoms 环的, 环状的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyclical** adj. **cyclically** adv.

**cyclin** /'saɪklɪn/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 any of a group of proteins which are involved in regulating cell division (细胞)周期蛋白

**cyclize** or **cyclise** /'saɪklaɪz/ v. Chemistry 【化】undergo or cause to undergo a reaction in which one part of a molecule becomes linked to another to form a closed ring (使)环化

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyclization** n.

**cyclo-** /'saɪkləʊ/ comb. form 1 circular 圆形的, 环形的: cyclorama 环形全景画 2 relating to a bicycle or cycling 自行车的; 自行车运动的: cyclo-cross 自行车越野赛 3 cyclic 环的, 环状的: cycloalkane 环烷
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kuklos 'circle', or directly from CYCLE or CYCLIC.

**cycloalkane** / saɪkləʊ'ælkeɪn/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】a hydrocarbon with a molecule containing a ring of carbon atoms joined by single bonds 环烷

**cyclo-cross** n. cross-country racing on bicycles 自行车越野赛

**cyclohexane** / saɪkləʊ'hekseɪn/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a volatile cyclic hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum, used as a solvent 环己烷 [C₆H₁₂]

**cyclohexyl** /saɪklə(ʊ)'heksaɪl, -sɪl/ ■n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting the group -C₆H₁₁, derived from cyclohexane 环己基的

**cycloid** /'saɪklɔɪd/ n. Mathematics 【数】 a curve (resembling a series of arches) traced by a point on a circle being rolled along a straight line 摆线, 旋轮线
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cycloidal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk kukloeidēs 'circular'.

**cyclometer** /saɪ'klɒmɪtə(r)/ n. 1 an instrument for measuring circular arcs 圆弧测定器 2 an instrument attached to a bicycle for measuring distance (自行车)里程器

**cyclone** /'saɪkləʊn/ n. 1 Meteorology 【气象】a system of winds rotating inwards to an area of low barometric pressure; a depression 气旋 2 a tropical storm 热带风暴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyclonic** adj. **cyclonically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Gk kuklōma 'wheel, coil of a snake'.

**cyclopean** /saɪklə'pi:ən, saɪ'kləʊpiən/ (also 亦作 **cyclopian**) adj. 1 of or resembling a Cyclops, especially in size (似)独眼巨人的 2 denoting a type of ancient masonry made with massive irregular blocks 蛮石的, 大块石的, 巨石的

**cyclopedia** /saɪklə(ʊ)'pi:diə/ (also 亦作 **cyclopaedia**) ■n. archaic 【古】 (except in book titles 书名除外) an encyclopedia 百科全书
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyclopedic** adj.

**cyclophosphamide** / saɪklə(ʊ)'fɒsfəmaɪd/ n. Medicine 【医】 a synthetic drug used in treating leukaemia and lymphoma and as an immunosuppressive agent 环磷酰胺

**Cyclops** /'saɪklɒps/ n. 1 (pl. **Cyclops, Cyclopses**, or **Cyclopes** /saɪ'kləʊpi:z/) Greek Mythology 【希神】a member of a race of savage one-eyed giants 库克罗普斯, 独眼巨人 2 (**cyclops**) a minute predatory freshwater crustacean which has a cylindrical body with a single central eye 剑水蚤 [Cyclops and other genera, order Cyclopoida.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk Kuklōps, lit. 'round-eyed'.

**cyclorama** / saɪklə'ra:mə/ n. 1 a panoramic scene set on the inside of a cylindrical surface, to be viewed by a central spectator 环形全景画 2 a cloth stretched tight in an arc around the back of a stage set, often used to represent the sky (舞台)大幕, 弧形背景幕布
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cycloramic** /-'ræmɪk/ adj.

**cyclosporin** / saɪklə(ʊ)'spɔ:rɪn/ (also 亦作 **cyclosporin A, cyclosporine**) ■n. Medicine 【医】an immunosuppressive drug obtained from a fungus, used to prevent the rejection of grafts and transplants 环孢菌素
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from CYCLO- + -sporin (from L. spora 'spore') + -IN¹.

**cyclostome** /'saɪklə(v)stəʊm/ n. Zoology 【动】an eel-like jawless vertebrate with a round sucking mouth, such as a lamprey or hagfish 圆口类
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CYCLO- + Gk stoma 'mouth'.

**cyclostyle** /'saɪklə(ʊ)staɪl/ n. an early device for duplicating handwriting, in which a pen with a small toothed wheel makes a stencil in a sheet of waxed paper 滚齿轮刻写模版复印机, 誊写版印刷机 ■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **cyclostyled**] duplicate with a cyclostyle 用滚齿轮模版复印机复印

**cyclothymia** / saɪklə(ʊ)'θaɪmiə/ n. Psychiatry, dated 【精神, 过时】manic-depressive tendency (躁郁)环性气质
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cyclothymic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from CYCLO- + Gk thumos 'temper'.

**cyclotron** /'saɪklətrɒn/ n. Physics 【物】 an apparatus in which charged atomic and subatomic particles are accelerated by an alternating electric field while following an outward spiral or circular path in a magnetic field (使带电原子和亚原子粒子加速运转的)回旋加速器

**cyder** /'saɪdə(r)/ n. archaic spelling of CIDER * cider 的古代拼法

**cygnet** /'sɪgnɪt/ n. a young swan 幼天鹅
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. cignet, dimin. of OFr. cigne 'swan', based on L. cycnus, from Gk kuknos.

**cylinder** /'sɪlɪndə(r)/ n. 1 a three-dimensional shape with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval cross section 圆柱(体) 2 a piston chamber in a steam or internal-combustion engine (蒸汽机或内燃机的)气缸 3 a cylindrical container for liquefied gas under pressure (液化气)钢瓶 4 a rotating metal drum in a printing press (印刷机)滚筒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cylindric** /sə'lɪndrɪk/ adj. **cylindrical** /sə'lɪndrɪkl/ adj. **cylindrically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. cylindrus, from Gk kulindros 'roller'.

**cylinder head** n. the end cover of a cylinder in an internal-combustion engine, against which the piston compresses the cylinder's contents 气缸盖

**cylinder seal** ■n. Archaeology 【考古】 a small barrel-shaped stone object bearing an incised design or cuneiform inscription, used as a seal in ancient Mesopotamia (古代美索不达米亚使用的)圆筒印章

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**cymbal** /'sɪmbl/ ■n. a musical instrument consisting of a slightly concave round brass plate which is either struck against another one or struck with a stick 钹(一种打击乐器)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cymbalist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. cymbalum, from Gk kumbalon, from kumbe 'cup'; readopted in ME from OFr. cymbale.

**cymbidium** /sɪm'bɪdiəm/ ■n. (pl. **cymbidiums**) a tropical orchid with long, narrow leaves and arching stems bearing several flowers, growing chiefly as an epiphyte from Asia to Australasia 兰属植物 [Genus Cymbidium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kumbe 'cup'.

**cyme** /saɪm/ ■n. Botany 【植】 a flower cluster with a central stem bearing a single terminal flower that develops first, the other flowers in the cluster developing as terminal buds of lateral stems 聚伞花序 Compare with 比较 RACEME.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cymose** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting the unopened head of a plant): from Fr., lit. 'summit', from a pop. var. of L. cyma.

**Cymric** /'kɪmrɪk/ adj. Welsh in language or culture (语言或文化)威尔士的 ■n. the Welsh language 威尔士语
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Welsh Cymru 'Wales', Cymry 'the Welsh', + -IC.

**cynic** /'sɪnɪk/ n. 1 a person who believes that people are motivated purely by self-interest 愤世嫉俗者; 认为人皆自私者 > a sceptic 怀疑者, 持怀疑态度的人 2 (**Cynic**) a member of a school of ancient Greek philosophers characterized by an ostentatious contempt for wealth and pleasure 犬儒学派成员(该派为古希腊哲学学派, 鄙视财富和享乐)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cynicism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. cynicus, from Gk kunikos; prob. orig. from Kunosarges, the name of a gymnasium where Antisthenes (the founder of the school of philosophy) taught, but popularly taken to mean 'doglike, churlish', kuōn, kun-, 'dog' becoming a nickname for a Cynic.

**cynical** /'sɪnɪkl/ adj. 1 believing that people are motivated purely by self-interest 愤世嫉俗的; 认为人皆自私的 > sceptical 怀疑的 > contemptuous; mocking 蔑视的; 嘲笑的 2 (of behaviour or actions) proceeding from a concern only with one's own interests, regardless of accepted standards (行为)自私的, 不顾及他人的: a cynical foul 恶意的犯规
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cynically** adv.

**cynodont** /'saɪnə(ʊ)dɒnt/ n. a fossil carnivorous mammal-like reptile of the late Permian and Triassic periods, with well-developed specialized teeth 犬齿兽
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kuōn, kun- 'dog' + odous, odont 'tooth'.

**cynosure** /'sɪnəzjuə(r), 'saɪn-/ n. a person or thing that is the centre of attention or admiration 众人瞩目的焦点, 令人羡慕的对象
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. denoting the constellation Ursa Minor, or the Pole Star which it contains): from Fr., or from L. cynosura, from Gk kunosoura 'dog's tail' (also 'Ursa Minor').

**cypher** /'saɪfə(r)/ n. variant spelling of CIPHER¹ * cipher 的另一种拼法

**cy-pres** /si:'preɪ/ adv. & adj. Law 【律】 as near as possible to the testator's or donor's intentions when these cannot be precisely followed 按照类似原则, 类似原则的(当立遗嘱人或捐赠人意愿无法精确执行时, 力求尽可能符合其愿望)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from a late Anglo-Norman Fr. var. of Fr. si près 'so near'.

**cypress** /'saɪprəs/ n. an evergreen coniferous tree with flattened shoots bearing small scale-like leaves, whose dark foliage is sometimes associated with mourning 柏树 [Cupressus sempervirens (southern Europe) and other species, family Cupressaceae.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. cipres, from late L. cypressus, from Gk kuparissos.

**cyprinid** /'sɪprɪnɪd/ n. Zoology 【动】 a fish of the carp family (Cyprinidae) 鲤
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Cyprinidae based on Gk kuprinos 'carp'.

**Cypriot** /'sɪpriət/ n. 1 a native or national of Cyprus 塞浦路斯人 2 the dialect of Greek used in Cyprus 塞浦路斯语(一种希腊方言) ■adj. relating to Cyprus or its people or the Greek dialect used there 塞浦路斯的; 塞浦路斯人的; 塞浦路斯语的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk Kupriōtes, from Kupros 'Cyprus'.

**cypripedium** /,sɪprɪ'pi:diəm/ n. (pl. **cypripediums**) an orchid of a genus which comprises the lady's slippers 杓兰 [Genus Cypripedium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk Kupris 'Aphrodite' + pedilon 'slipper'.

**cypsela** /'sɪpsɪlə/ n. (pl. **cypselae** /-li:/) Botany 【植】 a dry single-seeded fruit formed from a double ovary of which only one develops into a seed, as in the daisy family 连萼瘦果
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk kupselē 'hollow vessel'.

**Cyrenaic** / saɪərɪ'neɪɪk/ adj. of or denoting the ancient Greek hedonistic school of philosophy founded c.400 BC by Aristippus the Elder of Cyrene in North Africa 昔兰尼学派的(由昔兰尼的亚里斯提卜长老于约公元前400年创建的享乐主义哲学学派) ■n. a follower of the Cyrenaic school 昔兰尼学派信徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Cyrenaicism** n.

**Cyrillic** /sɪ'rɪlɪk/ adj. denoting the alphabet used by many Slavic peoples, chiefly those with a historical allegiance to the Orthodox Church; now used especially for Russian and Bulgarian 西里尔字母的(主要由历史上信奉东正教的操斯拉夫语的诸民族所采用, 现尤用于俄语和保加利亚语)

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■n. the Cyrillic alphabet 西里尔字母
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the 9th-cent. Greek missionary St Cyril, its reputed inventor.

**cyst** /sɪst/ n. 1 Biology 【生物】 a thin-walled hollow organ or cavity in an animal or plant, containing a liquid secretion (动植物的)孢囊, 胞囊 2 Medicine 【医】a membranous sac or cavity of abnormal character in the body, containing fluid 囊肿 3 a tough protective capsule enclosing the larva of a parasitic worm or the resting stage of an organism (寄生虫幼虫或生物静止期的)包囊
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from late L. cystis, from Gk kustis 'bladder'.

**cystectomy** /sɪs'tektəmi/ n. (pl. **cystectomies**) 1 a surgical operation to remove the urinary bladder 膀胱切除术 2 a surgical operation to remove an abnormal cyst 囊肿切除术

**cysteine** /'sɪstii:n, -tiɪn, -teɪn, -ti:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a sulphur-containing amino acid which occurs in keratins and other proteins 半胱氨酸, 巯基丙氨酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from CYSTINE + -eine (var. of -INE).

**cystic** /'sɪstɪk/ adj. 1 chiefly Medicine 【主医】 relating to or characterized by cysts 囊肿的; 囊性的 2 Zoology 【动】(of a parasite or other organism) enclosed in a cyst (寄生虫或其他生物)包囊中的 3 relating to the urinary bladder or the gall bladder 膀胱的; 胆囊的

**cystic fibrosis** n. a hereditary disorder which affects the exocrine glands and results in the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of the pancreatic ducts, intestines, and bronchi 囊性纤维化(一种遗传性疾病, 黏液的非正常分泌导致胰腺管、肠道和支气管阻塞)

**cystine** /'sɪsti:n, -tɪn/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】an oxidized dimeric form of cysteine 胱氨酸, 双硫丙氨酸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk kustis 'bladder' (because it was first isolated from urinary calculi) + -INE².

**cystitis** /sɪs'taɪtɪs/ n. inflammation of the urinary bladder, typically caused by infection and accompanied by frequent painful urination 膀胱炎

**cysto-** /'sɪstəʊ/ comb. form relating to the urinary bladder 膀胱的: cystotomy 膀胱切开术
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kustis 'bladder'.

**cystoscope** /'sɪstəskəʊp/ ■n. Medicine 【医】an instrument inserted into the urethra for examining the urinary bladder 膀胱镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cystoscopic** adj. **cystoscopy** n.

**cystotomy** /sɪ'stɒtəmi/ n. (pl. **cystotomies**) a surgical incision into the urinary bladder 膀胱切开术

**-cyte** /saɪt/ comb. form Biology 【生物】 denoting a mature cell 成熟细胞: lymphocyte 淋巴细胞 Compare with 比较 -BLAST.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kutos 'vessel'.

**cytidine** /'saɪtɪdi:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a nucleoside consisting of cytosine combined with ribose, a constituent of RNA and coenzymes 胞(嘧啶核)苷

**cytisus** /'saɪtɪsəs, 'sɪtɪsəs/ n. a shrub of a large genus which includes many brooms 金雀儿, 金雀花 [Genus Cytisus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk kutisos.

**cyto-** /'saɪtəʊ/ comb. form Biology 【生物】 of a cell or cells 细胞的: cytology 细胞学
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk kutos 'vessel'.

**cytoarchitecture** / saɪtəʊ'ɑ:kɪtektʃə(r)/ n. Anatomy 【解】the arrangement of cells in a tissue 细胞结构
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytoarchitectural** adj. **cytoarchitecturally** adv.

**cytochrome** /'saɪtə(ʊ)krəʊm/ ■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 any of a number of compounds consisting of haem bonded to a protein, involved in cellular respiration 细胞色素

**cytogenetics** / saɪtəʊdʒə'netɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] Biology 【生物】 the study of inheritance in relation to the structure and function of chromosomes 细胞遗传学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytogenetic** adj. **cytogenetical** adj. **cytogenetically** adv. **cytogeneticist** n.

**cytokine** /'saɪtə(ʊ)kaɪn/ n. Physiology 【生理】any of a variety of proteins, such as interferon and interleukin, which carry signals locally between cells 细胞因子

**cytokinesis** /saɪtə(ʊ)kaɪ'ni:sɪs/ n. Biology 【生物】the cytoplasmic division of a cell into two daughter cells at the end of mitosis or meiosis 胞质分裂

**cytology** /saɪ'tɒlədʒi/ n. the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells 细胞学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytological** adj. **cytologically** adv. **cytologist** n.

**cytolysis** /saɪ'tɒlɪsɪs/ n. Biology 【生物】the dissolution or disruption of cells, especially by an external agent 细胞溶解
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytolytic** adj.

**cytomegalic** /saɪtə(ʊ)mɪ'gælɪk/ adj. Medicine 【医】(of disease) characterized by enlarged cells 巨细胞的

**cytomegalovirus** /saɪtə(ʊ)'meg(ə)lə(ʊ),vaɪrəs/ n. Medicine 【医】 a kind of herpesvirus which usually produces very mild symptoms in an infected person but may cause severe neurological damage in people with weakened immune systems and in the newborn 巨细胞病毒

**cytoplasm** /'saɪtə(ʊ)plæz(ə)m/ n. Biology 【生物】the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus 细胞质, 细胞浆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytoplasmic** adj.

**cytosine** /'saɪtəsi:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of DNA and RNA 胞嘧啶

**cytoskeleton** /'saɪtəʊ,skelɪt(ə)n/ n. Biology 【生物】a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence 细胞骨架
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytoskeletal** adj.

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**cytosol** /'saɪtə(ʊ)sɒl/ n. Biology 【生物】 the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell 细胞溶胶, 胞质溶胶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytosolic** adj.

**cytotoxic** /saɪtə(ʊ)'tɒksɪk/ adj. toxic to living cells 细胞毒性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **cytotoxicity** n.

**czar** /zɑ:(r)/ etc. n. variant spelling of tsar etc. * tsar 等的另一种拼法

**czardas** /'tʃɑ:dæʃ/ n. variant spelling of CSARDAS * csardas 的另一种拼法

**Czech** /tʃek/ n. 1 a native or national of the Czech Republic or (formerly) Czechoslovakia, or a person of Czech descent 捷克人; (原)捷克斯洛伐克人; 捷克裔 2 the Western Slavic language spoken in the Czech Republic, closely related to Slovak 捷克语 ■adj. relating to the Czechs or their language 捷克(斯洛伐克)人的; 捷克语的
-ORIGIN 词源 Polish spelling of Czech Čech.

**Czechoslovak** /tʃekə'sləʊvæk/ n. a native or national of the former country of Czechoslovakia, now divided between the Czech Republic and Slovakia 捷克斯洛伐克人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Czechoslovakian** adj. & n.

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**D¹** /di:/ (also 亦作 **d**) n. (pl. **Ds** or **D's**) 1 the fourth letter of the alphabet 英语字母表的第4个字母 2 denoting the fourth in a set of items, categories, sizes, etc. D项, D类(一组中的第4个) 3 Music 【音】 the second note of the diatonic scale of C major D音(C大调的第2个音) 4 the Roman numeral for 500 (罗马数字)500 [understood as half of CIƆ, an earlier form of M (= 1,000).]

**D²** /di:/ abbr. 1 (in the US) Democrat or Democratic (美国)民主党党员, 民主党的 2 depth (in the sense of the dimension of an object from front to back) (物体的)厚度 3 Chemistry 【化】 dextrorotatory 右旋的 4 (with a numeral) dimension(s) or dimensional (与数字连用)维, 维数度; …维的 5 (in tables of sports results) drawn (体育比赛成绩表上)平局的 6 Germany (international vehicle registration) 德国(国际车船注册) [from Ger. Deutschland.] ■symb. 1 Physics 【物】 electric flux density 电通密度 2 Chemistry 【化】 the hydrogen isotope deuterium 氘

**d** abbr. 1 (in genealogies 用于族谱) daughter 2 day(s) 3 deci- 4 (in travel timetables 用于旅行时间表) departs 5 (d.) died (used to indicate a date of death 用于表示卒年) 6 Brit. 【英】 penny or pence (of pre-decimal currency 改用十进位前的货币) [from L. denarius 'penny'.] 7 Chemistry 【化】 denoting electrons and orbitals possessing two units of angular momentum (电子或轨函数)双角动量的 [d from diffuse, orig. applied to lines in atomic spectra.] ■symb. 1 Mathematics 【数】 diameter 2 Mathematics 【数】 denoting a small increment in a given variable 微分

**'d** /d/ contr. 1 had 2 would

**DA** ■abbr. 1 US 【美】district attorney 2 informal 【非正式】duck's arse

**D/A** abbr. Electronics 【电子】 digital to analogue 数字-模拟, 数-模

**da** abbr. deca-

**DAB** abbr. digital audio broadcasting 数字音频广播

**dab¹** /dæb/ v. (**dabs, dabbing, dabbed**) press against (something) lightly several times with a piece of absorbent material (用吸水材料)轻按, 轻触 > apply (a substance) with light quick strokes 轻敷, 轻搽, 轻涂 ■n. 1 a small amount 少量, 一点点: a dab of perfume 少量香水 > a brief application of a piece of absorbent material to a surface (用吸水材料的)轻按, 轻触 2 (**dabs**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】fingerprints 指纹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dabber** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: symbolic of a light striking movement; cf. DABBLE and DIB.

**dab²** /dæb/ n. a small, commercially important flatfish found chiefly in the North Atlantic 泥鲽 [Limanda limanda and other species]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**dabble** /'dæbl/ v. 1 move (one's hands or feet) around gently in water 用(手或足)嬉水, 玩水 > (of a duck or other waterbird) move the bill around in shallow water while feeding (鸭或其他水禽)在浅底用喙觅食 2 (often 常用 **dabble in**) take part in an activity in a casual or superficial way 涉猎, 涉足, 浅尝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dabbler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Du. dabbelen, or a frequentative of DAB¹.

**dabbling duck** /'dæblɪŋ/ n. a duck which typically feeds by dabbling and upending in fresh water, such as the mallard or teal 凫水觅食的鸭(如绿头鸭、水鸭等)

**dabchick** /'dæbtʃɪk/ n. a small grebe, especially the little grebe 小鸊鷉
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as dapchick or dopchick): the first element is perh. rel. to DIP and DEEP.

**dab hand** n. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】a person who is an expert at a particular activity 内行, 熟手
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**DAC** abbr. Electronics 【电子】digital to analogue converter 数模转换器, 数字-模拟转换器

**da capo** /da: 'ka:pəʊ/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】 repeat or repeated from the beginning 返始, 从头, 从头重复乐曲 Compare with 比较 DAL SEGNO.
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'from the head'.

**dace** /deɪs/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a freshwater fish related to the carp, typically living in running water 雅罗鱼 [Leuciscus leuciscus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dars (see 见 DART).

**dacha** /'dætʃə/ (also 亦作 **datcha**) n. a country house or cottage in Russia, typically used as a second or holiday home (俄罗斯)乡间邸宅, 郊外别墅
-ORIGIN 词源 Russ., orig. 'grant (of land)'.

**dachshund** /'dækshʊnd, -s(ə)nd/ n. a dog of a very short-legged, long-bodied breed 猎獾狗(腿短, 体长)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., lit. 'badger dog' (the breed being orig. used to dig badgers out of their setts).

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**dacite** /'deɪsaɪt/ ■n. Geology 【地质】 a volcanic rock resembling andesite but containing free quartz 英安岩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dacitic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from the name of the ancient Roman province of Dacia in SE Europe (as the rock was first found in the Carpathian Mountains) + -ITE¹.

**dacoit** /də'kɔɪt/ n. a member of a band of armed robbers in India or Burma (Myanmar) (印度或缅甸的)武装土匪, 强盗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dacoity** n. (pl. **dacoities**).
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dakait, from dakaiti 'robbery by a gang'.

**dactyl** /'dæktɪl/ n. Prosody 【诗体】 a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or (in Greek and Latin) one long syllable followed by two short syllables 扬抑抑格; (希腊、拉丁诗歌)长短短格
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk daktulos, lit. 'finger' (the three bones of the finger corresp. to the three syllables).

**dactylic** /dæk'tɪlɪk/ Prosody 【诗体】 ■adj. of or using dactyls (用)扬抑抑格的, (用)长短短格的 ■n. (**dactylics**) dactylic verse 扬抑抑格诗句, 长短短格诗句

**dactylic hexameter** n. Prosody 【诗体】 a hexameter consisting of five dactyls and either a spondee or trochee, in which any of the first four dactyls, and sometimes the fifth, may be replaced by a spondee 扬抑抑格六韵步诗

**dad** /dæd/ n. informal 【非正式】 one's father 爹爹, 爸爸
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. imitative of a young child's first syllables da, da.

**Dada** /'dɑ:dɑ:/ n. an early 20th-century international movement in art, literature, music, and film, repudiating and mocking artistic and social conventions and emphasizing the illogical and absurd 达达主义(20世纪初期艺术、文学、音乐和电影领域的一种国际性运动, 否定并嘲弄艺术和社会传统, 强调非逻辑和荒诞主义)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Dadaism** n. **Dadaist** n. & adj. **Dadaistic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'hobby horse', the title of a review which appeared in Zurich in 1916.

**dada¹** /'dædə/ n. informal 【非正式】 one's father 爹, 爸爸
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. imitative of a young child's first syllables (see 见 DAD).

**dada²** /'dɑ:dɑ:/ n. Indian 【印度】 an older brother or male cousin 哥哥; 堂兄; 表兄 > a respectful form of address for any familiar older male 兄, 大哥(对任何熟识的年长男子的尊称)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dādā.

**daddy** /'dædi/ n. (pl. **daddies**) informal 【非正式】one's father 爹爹, 爸爸

**daddy-long-legs** n. informal 【非正式】 1 Brit 【英】a crane fly 大蚊 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a harvestman 盲蛛

**dado** /'deɪdəʊ/ n. (pl. **dados**) 1 the lower part of the wall of a room, when decorated differently from the upper part 墙裙, 护壁板 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a groove cut in the face of a board, into which the edge of another board is fixed 榫槽 3 Architecture 【建】 the cube of a pedestal between the base and the cornice 墩身
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital., lit. 'dice or cube'.

**dado rail** n. a waist-high moulding round the wall of a room 护壁木条, 墙裙木条

**daemon¹** /'di:mən/ (also 亦作 **daimon**) n. 1 (in ancient Greek belief) a divinity or supernatural being of a nature between gods and humans (古希腊神话中的)半人半神的精灵, 半神 > an inner or attendant spirit or inspiring force 内心精神; 鼓动力 2 archaic spelling of DEMON¹ * demon 的古代拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daemonic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: common spelling of DEMON¹ until the 19th cent.

**daemon²** /'di:mən/ (also 亦作 **demon**) ■n. Computing 【计】 a background process that handles requests for services such as print spooling, and is dormant when not required 守护程序
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: perh. from d(isk) a(nd) e(xecution) mon(itor) or from de(vice) mon(itor), or merely a transferred use of DEMON¹.

**daffodil** /'dæfədɪl/ n. 1 a bulbous plant bearing bright yellow flowers with a long trumpet-shaped centre 黄水仙 [Narcissus pseudonarcissus and related species.] 2 a bright yellow colour 亮黄色
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ME affodill, from med. L. affodilus, var. of L. asphodilus (see 见 ASPHODEL).

**daffy** /'dæfi/ adj. (**daffier, daffiest**) informal 【非正式】silly or mildly eccentric 愚蠢的; 癫狂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daffiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from north. Engl. dial. daff 'simpleton' + -y¹; perh. rel. to DAFT.

**daft** /dɑ:ft/ adj. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】1 silly; foolish 愚蠢的; 傻乎乎的 2 (**daft about**) infatuated with 对…着迷, 迷恋于
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daftly** adv. **daftness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE gedæfte 'mild, meek', of Gmc origin.

**dag** /dæg/ Austral. & NZ 【澳新】 ■n. 1 a lock of wool matted with dung hanging from the hindquarters of a sheep (羊的)粪污尾毛 2 informal 【非正式】 an entertainingly eccentric person 古怪而滑稽之人 3 informal 【非正式】 a conservative or unfashionable person 保守(或不时髦)的人 > an untidy or shabby person 邋遢的人 ■v. (**dags, dagging, dagged**) cut dags from (a sheep) 剪去(羊)的粪污尾毛
-PHRASES 短语 **rattle one's dags** informal 【非正式】hurry up 赶快, 赶紧
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a hanging pointed part of something): possibly rel. to TAG¹.

**Dagestani** / dægɪ'stɑ:ni, -'stæni/ (also 亦作 **Dagestanian**) n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Dagestan, an autonomous republic in SW Russia 达吉斯坦人 2 the family of North Caucasian languages spoken in Dagestan 达吉斯坦语 ■adj. relating to Dagestan or its language 达吉斯坦人的; 达吉斯坦语的

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**dagga** /'dæxə/ ■n. S. African 【南非】cannabis 大麻
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Afrik., from Khoikhoi dachab.

**dagger** /'dægə(r)/ n. 1 a short knife with a pointed and edged blade, used as a weapon 短剑, 匕首 2 Printing 【印刷】another term for OBELUS * obelus 的另一种说法
-PHRASES 短语 **be at daggers drawn** Brit. 【英】(of two people) be bitterly hostile towards each other 剑拔弩张, 势不两立 **look daggers at** glare angrily or venomously at 对……怒目而视
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from obs. dag 'pierce', influenced by OFr. dague 'long dagger'.

**daggerboard** /'dægəbɔ:d/ n. a kind of centreboard which slides vertically through the keel of a sailing boat 活动披水板, 中插板

**daggy** /'dægi/ adj. (**daggier, daggiest**) informal, chiefly Austral. & NZ 【非正式, 主澳新】 1 (especially of clothes) scruffy (尤指衣服)破旧的, 邋遢的 2 not stylish; unfashionable 不时髦的

**dago** /'deɪgəʊ/ n. (pl. **dagos** or **dagoes**) informal, offensive 【非正式, 冒】a Spanish-, Portuguese-, or Italian-speaking person 拉丁佬(讲西班牙语、葡萄牙语或意大利语的人)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the Sp. given name Diego.

**daguerreotype** /də'gerətaɪp/ (also 亦作 **daguerrotype**) n. a photograph taken by an early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapour 用达盖尔银版(或照相)法拍的照片
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. daguerréotype, named after L.-J.-M. Daguerre, its French inventor.

**dah** /dɑ:/ n. (in the Morse system) another term for DASH (莫尔斯电码中)dash 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: imitative.

**dahlia** /'deɪliə/ n. a tuberous-rooted Mexican plant of the daisy family, cultivated for its brightly coloured single or double flowers 大丽花, 大丽菊 [Genus Dahlia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named in honour of the 18th-cent. Swedish botanist Andreas Dahl.

**daikon** /'daɪkɒn, kɒn/ n. another term for MOOLI * mooli 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, from dai 'large' + kon 'root'.

**Dáil** /dɔɪl/ (in full 全形 **Dáil Éireann** /'eə:r(ə)n/) ■n. the lower House of Parliament in the Republic of Ireland, composed of 166 members (爱尔兰共和国的)众议院
-ORIGIN 词源 Ir., 'assembly (of Ireland)'.

**daily** /'deɪli/ adj. done, produced, or occurring every day or every weekday 每日的; 每周日的 ■adv. every day 每日, 天天 ■n. (pl. **dailies**) informal 【非正式】1 a newspaper published every day except Sunday 日报 2 (also 亦作 **daily help**) Brit. dated 【英, 过时】 a daily charwoman (不寄宿的)日间女佣 3 (**dailies**) the first prints from cinematographic takes; the rushes (电影)工作样片

**daily dozen** n. informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】regular exercises, especially those done first thing in the morning 健身操; (尤指)晨操

**daimon** /'daɪmɒn/ n. variant spelling of DAEMON¹ * daemon 的另一种拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daimonic** /daɪ'mɒnɪk, -'mɒnɪk/ adj.

**daimyo** /'daɪmiəʊ, 'daɪmjəʊ/ (also 亦作 **daimio**) n. (pl. **daimyos**) (in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun 大名(日本封建时代的大领主)
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, from dai 'great' + myō 'name'.

**dainty** /'deɪnti/ adj. (**daintier, daintiest**) 1 delicately small and pretty 小巧的, 精致的 > delicate and graceful in build or movement 体态优美的; (动作)优雅的 2 fastidious, typically concerning food (多指对食物)挑剔的, 讲究的 ■n. (pl. **dainties**) a delicacy 美食, 佳肴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daintily** adv. **daintiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as n.): from OFr. daintie, deintie 'choice morsel, pleasure', from L. dignitas 'worthiness or beauty', from dignus 'worthy'.

**daiquiri** /'dækɪri/ n. (pl. **daiquiris**) a cocktail containing rum and lime juice 代基里酒(由朗姆酒和柠檬汁等混合而成的鸡尾酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: named after Daiquiri, a rum-producing district in Cuba.

**dairy** /'deəri/ n. (pl. **dairies**) 1 a building or room for the storage, processing, and distribution of milk and milk products 牛奶场, 乳品场, 乳品间 2 milk and milk products collectively 奶产品, 乳制品(总称) ■adj. containing or made from milk 牛奶的, 含牛奶的; 牛奶制的 > concerned with or involved in the production of milk 乳制品的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dairying** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME deierie, from deie 'dairymaid' (in OE dæge 'female servant'), of Gmc origin; rel. to DOUGH.

**dairymaid** /'deərɪmeɪd/ n. archaic 【古】 a woman employed in a dairy 挤奶女工; 乳牛场女工

**dairyman** /'deərɪmən/ n. (pl. **dairymen**) a man who is employed in a dairy or who sells dairy products 挤奶工人; 乳牛场男工; 乳品商

**dais** /'deɪɪs, deɪs/ n. a low platform for a lectern or throne 讲台; 高台
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. denoting a raised table for distinguished guests): from OFr. deis, from L. discus 'disc or dish' (later 'table').

**daisy** /'deɪzi/ n. (pl. **daisies**) a small grassland plant with composite flowers having a yellow disc and white rays 雏菊 [Bellis perennis.] > used in names of other plants of the same family, e.g. **Michaelmas daisy** (用于雏菊科其他植物的名称中, 如荷兰菊)
-PHRASES 短语 **pushing up (the) daisies** informal 【非正式】 dead and buried 葬在地下

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-ORIGIN 词源 OE dæges ēage 'day's eye' (because the flower opens in the morning and closes at night).

**daisy chain** n. 1 a string of daisies threaded together by their stems 雏菊花环 2 a string of associated people or things (有内在联系的)一系列(人或事物) ■v. (**daisy-chain**) Computing 【计】connect (several devices) together in a linear series 以菊花链连接(多个设备)

**daisy-cutter** n. informal 【非正式】 1 (in cricket and baseball) a ball hit or bowled so as to roll along the ground (板球和棒球中的)擦地球 2 an immensely powerful aerial thermobaric bomb 着发杀伤炸弹

**daisy wheel** n. a device used as a printer in some word processors, consisting of a disc of spokes each terminating in a printing character (一些文字处理机上的)菊瓣字轮

**Dak.** /dɑ:k, dɔ:k/ abbr. Dakota

**Dakota** /də'kəʊtə/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Dakotas**) 1 a member of a North American Indian people of the northern Mississippi valley and the surrounding plains 达科他人 2 the Siouan language of the Dakota 达科他语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Dakota, lit. 'allies'.

**Dakotan** /də'kəʊtn/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US states of North or South Dakota (美国)南(或北)达科他州人 ■adj. relating to North or South Dakota 南(或北)达科他州人的

**daks** /dæks/ pl. n. Austral. & NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】trousers
-ORIGIN 词源 a proprietary name.

**dal¹** /dɑ:l/ (also 亦作 **dhal**) ■n. (in Indian cookery) split pulses (印度烹饪中的)木豆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dal.

**dal²** /dɑ:l/ abbr. decalitre(s)

**Dalai Lama** / dælaɪ 'lɑ:mə/ n. the title for one of the two religious leaders of the Gelug sect of Chinese Tibetan Buddhism (the other being Panchen Lama) 达赖喇嘛(中国藏传佛教格鲁派两大领袖之一的称号, 另一为班禅喇嘛)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Tibetan, lit. 'ocean monk', so named because he is regarded as 'the ocean of compassion'.

**dalasi** /dɑ:'lɑ:si:/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **dalasis**) the basic monetary unit of Gambia, equal to 100 butut 达拉西(冈比亚基本货币单位, 1达拉西=100布图)
-ORIGIN 词源 a local word.

**dale** /deɪl/ n. a valley, especially in northern England (尤指英格兰北部的)谷, 峪
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dæl, of Gmc origin; rel. to DELL.

**Dalesman** /'deɪlzmən/ n. (pl. **Dalesmen**) an inhabitant of the Yorkshire Dales in northern England (英格兰北部约克郡河谷的)谷地人, 谷地山民

**Daliesque** /dɑ:li'esk/ adj. resembling or characteristic of the work of the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí (1904-1989), especially in being surrealistic 似达利(西班牙超现实主义画家)风格的; 具有达利风格的

**Dalit** /'dɑ:lɪt/ n. (in the traditional Indian caste system) a member of the lowest caste (印度传统种姓制度中处于最低级阶层的)贱民 See also 另见 UNTOUCHABLE, SCHEDULED CASTE.
-ORIGIN 词源 via Hindi from Sanskrit dalita 'oppressed'.

**dalliance** /'dæliəns/ n. a casual romantic or sexual relationship 调情; 调戏 > a period of casual interest in something 闲混

**dally** /'dæli/ v. (**dallies, dallying, dallied**) 1 act or move slowly 磨蹭, 慢吞吞地做事; 游荡 2 (**dally with**) have a casual romantic or sexual relationship with 与…调情; 玩弄, 与…随便发生性关系 > show a casual interest in 轻率对待
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dalier 'to chat'.

**Dalmatian** /dæl'meɪʃn/ n. 1 a dog of a large white short-haired breed with dark spots 达尔马提亚犬, 大麦町犬 2 a native or inhabitant of Dalmatia, a region in SW Croatia 达尔马提亚人 ■adj. relating to Dalmatia 达尔马提亚的

**dalmatic** /dæl'mætɪk/ n. a wide-sleeved long, loose vestment open at the sides, worn by deacons and bishops, and by monarchs at their coronation 助祭服
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dalmatique or late L. dalmatica, from dalmatica (vestis) '(robe) of (white) Dalmatian wool', from Dalmaticus 'of Dalmatia'.

**dal segno** /dæl 'seɪnjəʊ/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】repeat or repeated from the point marked by a sign 从有记号处开始重复一遍(的) Compare with 比较 DA CAPO.
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'from the sign'.

**dalton** /'dɔ:ltn/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a unit used in expressing the molecular weight of proteins, equivalent to atomic mass unit 道尔顿(质量单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: named after the English chemist John Dalton.

**daltonism** /'dɔ:lt(ə)nɪz(ə)m/ n. another term for PROTANOPIA, a form of colour blindness 道尔顿病(红绿色盲的另一种说法)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of J. Dalton (see 见 DALTON) + -ISM.

**dam¹** /dæm/ n. 1 a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir or preventing flooding 堤, 坝 > a barrier of branches in a stream, constructed by a beaver to provide a deep pool and a lodge (海狸筑起的)坝 2 (also 亦作 **dental dam**) a rubber sheet used to keep saliva from the teeth during dental operations, or as a prophylactic device during cunnilingus and anilingus (牙科手术用的)橡皮障 ■v. (**dammed, damming**) build a dam across 在……中筑坝(或堤) > hold back or obstruct 阻止; 抑制; 阻碍
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. or MDu.; rel. to OE fordemman 'close up'.

**dam²** /dæm/ n. the female parent of an animal, especially a mammal 母兽(尤指哺乳动物)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of DAME.

**dam³** /dæm/ abbr. decametre(s)

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**damage** /'dæmɪdʒ/ n. 1 physical harm impairing the value, usefulness, or normal function of something 损坏; 损毁 > unwelcome and detrimental effects 损害 2 (**damages**) a sum of money claimed or awarded in compensation for a loss or injury 损害赔偿金 ■v. inflict damage on 损坏, 损毁, 损害
-PHRASES 短语 **what's the damage?** informal, humorous 【非正式, 幽】what does it cost? 要花多少钱?
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **damaging** adj. **damagingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from dam, damne 'loss or damage', from L. damnum 'loss or hurt'; cf. DAMN.

**damaged goods** pl. n. a person regarded as inadequate or impaired in some way 特定方面有欠缺(或受损)的人

**damage feasant** /'fi:znt/ English Law 【英格兰律】 ■n. damage done on one person's land by another person's trespassing animal, which justifies the landowner in retaining the animal until compensated 牲畜闯入他人土地造成的损害 ■adv. on grounds of damage caused to land or property 以土地(或财产)所受损害为依据
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. damage fesant 'doing damage'.

**damar** /'dæmə(r)/ n. variant spelling of DAMMAR * dammar 的另一种拼法

**Damara** /də'mɑ:rə/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **Damaras**) a member of a people inhabiting mountainous parts of Namibia and speaking the Nama language 达马拉人
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Nama.

**Damascene** /'dæməsi:n, dæmə'si:n/ adj. 1 relating to the city of Damascus, the capital of Syria 大马士革的 > relating to or resembling the conversion of St Paul on the road to Damascus (似)圣保罗皈依的, (似)圣保罗大马士革之行转变信仰的 2 historical 【史义】 relating to Damascus steel or its manufacture 大马士革钢的; 大马士革炼钢业的 3 relating to or denoting a process of inlaying a metal object with gold or silver decoration 金银镶嵌工艺的 ■n. a native or inhabitant of Damascus 大马士革人

**damascened** /'dæməsɪnd, dæmə'si:nd/ adj. 1 (of iron or steel) given a wavy pattern by hammer-welding and repeated heating and forging (铁或钢)有波形花纹的 2 (of a metal object) inlaid with gold or silver (金属物)金银镶嵌的

**Damascus steel** /də'mæskəs, -'mɑ:skəs/ ■n. historical 【史义】damascened steel, used chiefly for knife and sword blades (主要用于铸刀剑的)大马士革钢

**damask** /'dæməsk/ n. 1 a figured, lustrous fabric, with a pattern visible on both sides 锦缎, 花缎 > a tablecloth made of damask 织花台布 2 (also 亦作 **damask steel**) historical 【史义】 another term for DAMASCUS STEEL * Damascus steel 的另一种说法 ■adj. literary 【文】 of the colour of a damask rose 蔷薇色的, 淡红色的 ■v. literary 【文】 decorate with or as if with a variegated pattern 用(或似用杂色图案)装饰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Damaske, early form of the name of Damascus, the city in Syria where the fabric was first produced.

**damask rose** n. a sweet-scented rose of an old variety, having pink or light red velvety petals which are used to make attar 突厥蔷薇, 大马士革蔷薇 [Rosa damascena.]

**dame** /deɪm/ n. 1 (**Dame**) (in the UK) the title given to a woman with the rank of Knight Commander or holder of the Grand Cross in the Orders of Chivalry (英国)女爵士(对得到第二级爵士或骑士大十字勋章的妇女的尊称) 2 archaic or humorous 【古或幽】 an elderly or mature woman 老妇人; 妇人 > N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】a woman 妇女 > (also 亦作 **pantomime dame**) Brit. 【英】a comic middle-aged female character in pantomime, typically played by a man (现代哑剧中多由男子扮演的)中年滑稽妇女
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. domina 'mistress'.

**dame school** n. historical 【史义】 a small primary school run by elderly women (由年长妇女开办的)家庭小学

**damfool** /'dæmfu:l/ informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】 ■adj. thoroughly foolish 极为愚蠢的, 愚不可及的 ■n. a foolish person 傻瓜, 蠢人

**damiana** /deɪmi'ɑ:nə/ n. a small shrub native to tropical America, whose leaves are used in herbal medicine and also reputedly possess aphrodisiac qualities 达米阿那(生长于美洲热带地区的小灌木, 叶可用作草药, 具有催情效果) [Turnera diffusa.]

**dammar** /'dæmə(r)/ (also 亦作 **damar**) n. resin obtained from various mainly Indo-Malaysian trees, used to make varnish 哒马树脂
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Malay damar 'resin'.

**dammit** /'dæmɪt/ exclam. used to express anger or frustration (表示愤怒或沮丧)该死的, 他妈的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alteration of damn it.

**damn** /dæm/ v. 1 (**be damned**) (in Christian belief) be condemned by God to suffer eternal punishment in hell (基督教信仰中)罚…下地狱, 让…受地狱之苦 > be doomed to misfortune or failure 注定要倒霉(或失败) 2 criticize strongly 谴责, 强烈批评 > curse 咒骂 ■exclam. informal 【非正式】 expressing anger or frustration (表示愤怒或沮丧)该死 ■adj. informal 【非正式】 used to emphasize one's anger or frustration 该死的(用于强调愤怒或沮丧): Turn that damn thing off! 关掉那该死的东西!
-PHRASES 短语 **as near as damn it** informal 【非正式】as close to being accurate as makes no difference 差不多, 几乎 **damn all** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】nothing 完全没有, 毫无 **damn with faint praise** praise so unenthusiastically as to imply condemnation 冷漠地表示赞许, 名褒实贬 **I'm** (or **I'll be**) **damned if** informal 【非正式】 used to express a strong negative 我决不(用于表示强烈的否定): I'm damned if I know. 鬼才知道呢。**not be worth a damn** informal 【非正式】have no value 毫无价值, 一文不值 **well I'll be** (or **I'm**) **damned** informal 【非正式】 used to express surprise 我的天, 真没想到(用于表示吃惊)

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dam(p)ner, from L. dam(p)nare 'inflict loss on', from damnum 'loss, damage'.

**damna** /'dæmnə/ plural form of DAMNUM * damnum 的复数形式

**damnable** /'dæmnəbl/ adj. 1 very bad or unpleasant 可恨的; 讨厌的 2 worthy of divine condemnation 该罚入地狱的, 应受天谴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **damnably** adv.

**damnation** /dæm'neɪʃn/ n. condemnation to eternal punishment in hell 罚入地狱, 天谴 ■exclam. expressing anger or frustration 该死(表示愤怒或沮丧)

**damnatory** /'dæmnət(ə)ri/ adj. conveying or causing censure or damnation 诅咒的, 责难的

**damned** /dæmd/ adj. informal 【非正式】 used to emphasize one's anger or frustration 该死的, 可恶的, 讨厌的(用于强调愤怒或沮丧) > (**damnedest**) N. Amer. 【北美】 used to emphasize the surprising nature of something 奇怪的, 令人吃惊的(用于强调某事物的惊人特性): the damnedest thing I ever saw 我见过的最奇特的事
-PHRASES 短语 **do** (or **try**) **one's damnedest** do (or try) one's utmost 拼命干, 尽全力

**damnify** /'dæmnɪfaɪ/ v. (**damnifies, damnifying, damnified**) English Law, rare 【英格兰律, 罕】cause injury to 损害, 加害
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **damnification** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. damnefier, dam(p)nifier, from late L. damnificare 'injure, condemn', from L. damnificus 'hurtful', from damnus 'loss, damage'.

**damning** /'dæmɪŋ/ adj. strongly suggestive of guilt or error 导致定罪的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **damningly** adv.

**damnum** /'dæmnəm/ n. (pl. **damna** /-nə/) Law 【律】a loss 损害
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'hurt, harm, or damage'.

**damp** /dæmp/ adj. slightly wet 潮湿的, 微湿的 ■n. 1 moisture in the air, on a surface, or in a solid, typically with detrimental or unpleasant effects 潮湿, 潮气 > (**damps**) archaic 【古】 damp air or atmosphere 湿气 2 archaic 【古】 a check or discouragement 消沉, 沮丧 ■v. 1 make damp 弄湿, 使潮湿 2 (often 常用 **damp something down**) make (a fire) burn less strongly by reducing its air supply 封(火), 压(火) > control or restrain (a feeling or a situation) 控制, 抑制(情感或局面) 3 reduce or stop the vibration of (the strings of a musical instrument 减弱, 制止(琴弦)的音 > Physics 【物】 progressively reduce the amplitude of (an oscillation or vibration) 阻尼; 减幅
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dampish** adj. **damply** adv. **dampness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'noxious inhalation'): of W. Gmc origin.

**damp course** (also 亦作 **damp-proof course**) n. Brit. 【英】 a layer of waterproof material in the wall of a building near the ground, to prevent rising damp 防潮层

**dampen** /'dæmpən/ v. 1 make damp 使潮湿 2 make less strong or intense 抑制; 减弱 > reduce the amplitude of (a sound source) 阻尼, 减振
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dampener** n.

**damper** /'dæmpə(r)/ n. 1 Music 【音】 a pad that silences a piano string except when it is removed by means of a pedal or by the key being struck (钢琴的)制音器, 减音器 2 a device for reducing vibration or oscillation 减震器 3 a movable metal plate in a flue or chimney, used to regulate the draught and so control the rate of combustion 风挡; 调节风门 4 chiefly Austral. & NZ 【主澳新】an unleavened loaf or cake of flour and water baked in wood ashes (未经发酵的在灰上烤制的)硬面包 [in the sense 'something that takes the edge off the appetite.']
-PHRASES 短语 **put a damper on** have a subduing or inhibiting effect on 抑制, 使…扫兴

**damping** /'dæmpɪŋ/ n. 1 reduction in the amplitude of a vibration or oscillation 减震 > a mechanism for bringing about such reduction 阻尼装置(或机构) 2 (**damping off**) the death of young seedlings as a result of a fungal infection in damp conditions (植物)猝倒病

**damp-proof** adj. impervious to damp 防潮的; 防湿的 ■v. make impervious to damp by using a damp course 使防潮; 使防湿

**damp squib** n. Brit. 【英】 something much less impressive than expected 不尽如人意的事, 失败, 落空

**damsel** /'dæmzl/ n. archaic or humorous 【古或幽】a young unmarried woman 未婚少女
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dameisele, damisele, based on L. domina 'mistress'.

**damselfish** /'dæmzlfɪʃ/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同 or **damselfishes**) a small brightly coloured tropical fish living near coral reef 光鳃鱼, 雀鲷 [Chromis chromis and other species.]

**damselfly** /'dæmzlflaɪ/ n. (pl. **damselflies**) a slender insect related to the dragonflies, typically resting with the wings folded back along the body 豆娘, 均翅亚目昆虫 [Suborder Zygoptera: many species.]

**damson** /'dæmzn/ n. 1 a small purple-black plum-like fruit 欧洲李 2 (also 亦作 **damson tree**) the small tree which bears damsons, probably derived from the bullace 欧洲李树 [Prunus domestica subsp. insititia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME damascene, from L. damascenum (prunum) '(plum) of Damascus'.

**damson cheese** n. a solid preserve of damsons and sugar 结晶蜜李(一种蜜饯)

**Dan.** /'dænjəl/ abbr. Daniel (in biblical references) 《但以理书》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**dan¹** /dæn/ n. any of ten degrees of advanced proficiency in judo or karate 段(柔道或空手道中的等级) > a person who has achieved a dan 有段位的人
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Japanese.

**dan²** /dæn/ (also 亦作 **dan buoy**) n. a small temporary marker buoy with a lightweight flagpole 浮标

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**Danakil** /'dænəkɪl, də'nɑ:kl/ n. another term for AFAR * Afar 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. danāḳil, pl. of dankali.

**dance** /dɑ:ns/ v. 1 move rhythmically to music, typically following a set sequence of steps 跳舞 > perform (a particular dance or a role in a ballet) 跳(某种特定的舞蹈或芭蕾舞中的某个角色) 2 move in a quick and light or lively way 跳跃; 雀跃; 轻快地移动 > (of someone's eyes) sparkle with pleasure or excitement (某人眼睛)因快乐(或激动)而闪烁 ■n. 1 a series of steps and movements that match the speed and rhythm of a piece of music 舞, 舞蹈 > an act or period of dancing 一圈舞; 一轮舞 2 a social gathering at which people dance 舞会 3 (also 亦作 **dance music**) music for dancing to, especially in a nightclub (尤指夜总会里的)舞曲
-PHRASES 短语 **dance attendance on** chiefly Brit. 【主英】do one's utmost to please (someone) 卖力奉迎, 讨好取悦(某人) **dance to someone's tune** comply with someone's demands and wishes 跟着某人亦步亦趋, 跟着某人的指挥棒转 **lead someone a merry dance** Brit. 【英】 cause someone a great deal of trouble or worry 给某人造成极大麻烦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **danceable** adj. **dancer** n. **dancey** adj. **dancing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dancer, dance, of unknown origin.

**dance band** n. a band that plays music suitable for dancing to, especially swing 舞曲乐队

**dance floor** n. an area of floor in a nightclub, disco, or restaurant reserved for dancing 舞池

**dance hall** n. a large public hall or building where people pay to enter and dance 舞厅

**dance of death** n. a medieval allegorical representation in which a personified Death leads all to the grave 死亡舞蹈, 骷髅舞(一种中世纪的讽喻式表演, 死神带领众人走向坟墓)

**dancercise** /'dɑ:nsəsaɪz/ (also 亦作 **dancercize**) ■n. a system of aerobic exercise using dance movements 舞蹈健身操

**dancing girl** n. a female professional dancer, especially a member of a chorus in a musical 舞女(尤指音乐剧合唱队成员); 女舞蹈演员

**D and C** abbr. dilatation and curettage

**dandelion** /'dændɪlaɪən/ n. a widely distributed weed of the daisy family, with large bright yellow flowers followed by globular heads of seeds with downy tufts 药用蒲公英 [Taraxacum officinale and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. dent-de-lion 'lion's tooth' (because of the jagged shape of the leaves).

**dandelion clock** n. see 见 CLOCK² (sense 2 of the noun 名词释义2).

**dander¹** /'dændə(r)/ ■n. (in phr. 用于短语 **get/have one's dander up**) informal 【非正式】 lose one's temper 生气, 发怒
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**dander²** /'dændə(r)/ n. skin flakes in an animal's fur 毛屑; 羽毛屑
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: rel. to DANDRUFF.

**dander³** /'dændə(r)/ chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 ■n. a stroll 散步, 溜达 ■v. stroll 散步, 闲逛, 溜达
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. rel. to dial. dadder 'quake' and daddle 'dawdle'.

**Dandie Dinmont** /dændi 'dɪnmənt/ n. a terrier of a breed from the Scottish Borders, with short legs, a long body, and a rough coat 丹迪·丁蒙㹴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after a character in Sir Walter Scott's Guy Mannering who owned a special breed of terriers.

**dandified** /'dændɪfaɪd/ adj. 1 (of a man) showing excessive concern about his appearance (男子)过分注重外表的 2 self-consciously elaborate 浮华的; 精致的: dandified prose 华美的散文

**dandiprat** /'dændɪpræt/ n. archaic, informal 【古, 非正式】a young or insignificant person 年轻人; 无足轻重的人
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a coin worth three halfpence): of unknown origin.

**dandle** /'dændl/ v. move (a baby or young child) up and down in a playful or affectionate way 上下颠动逗弄(小孩)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**dandruff** /'dændrʌf/ n. small pieces of dead skin in a person's hair 头(皮)屑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dandruffy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: the first element is unknown; the second (-ruff) is perh. rel. to ME rove 'scurfy condition of the skin'.

**dandy** /'dændi/ n. (pl. **dandies**) 1 a man unduly concerned with a stylish and fashionable appearance 花花公子; 衣着时髦的人 2 informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】an excellent thing of its kind 极好的东西, 上品 ■adj. (**dandier, dandiest**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 excellent 极好的, 第一流的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dandiacal** /dæn'daɪəkl/ adj. (dated or humorous 【过时或幽】), **dandyish** adj. **dandyism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. a shortened form of C17 Jacka-dandy 'conceited fellow' (Dandy was a familiar form of the given name Andrew).

**dandy brush** n. a coarse brush for grooming a horse 硬毛马刷

**Dane** /deɪn/ n. a native or national of Denmark, or a person of Danish descent 丹麦人
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Dene.

**Danegeld** /'deɪngeld/ n. a land tax levied in Anglo-Saxon England to raise funds for protection against Danish invaders 丹麦金, 抗丹税(盎格鲁-撒克逊时代英格兰为抵御丹麦人入侵而征收的税) > taxes collected for national defence by the Norman kings until 1162 (1162年前诺曼王朝各国王征收的)国防税
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from ON Danir 'Danes' + gjald 'payment'.

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**dang** /dæŋ/ adj., exclam. & v. N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】euphemism for DAMN * damn 的委婉语

**danger** /'deɪndʒə(r)/ n. 1 the possibility of suffering harm or injury 危险 > a cause of harm or injury 危险物; 危险的起因 2 the possibility of something unwelcome or unpleasant 威胁; 风险: There was no danger of the champagne running out. 不愁没有香槟。
-PHRASES 短语 **be on** (or **off**) **the danger list** Brit. 【英】be critically ill (or no longer critically ill) 病危(或转危为安), 病势危急(或好转)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'jurisdiction or power', 'power to harm') : from OFr. dangier, based on L. dominus 'lord'.

**danger money** (N. Amer. 【北美】**danger pay**) ■n. extra payment for working under dangerous conditions 危险工作津贴

**dangerous** /'deɪndʒərəs/ adj. able or likely to cause harm or injury 危险的, 有危害的, 不安全的 > likely to cause problems or difficulties 有风险的; 可能引起麻烦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dangerously** adv. **dangerousness** n.

**dangle** /'dæŋgl/ v. hang or cause to hang so as to swing freely (使)悬荡; (使)悬垂
-PHRASES 短语 **keep someone dangling** keep someone in an uncertain position 使某人的心悬着, 使某人不安
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dangler** n. **dangly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: symbolic of something hanging.

**dangling participle** n. Grammar 【语法】a participle intended to modify a noun which is not actually present in the text 垂悬分词
> USAGE 用法说明
> A **dangling participle** is one which is left 'hanging' because it does not relate to the noun it should. For example, in **arriving at the station, the sun came out**, the word **arriving** is a dangling participle, because the sentence reads grammatically as if it is **the sun** (the subject of the sentence) which is arriving. This is regarded as incorrect in standard English. 垂悬分词指分词处于“垂悬”状态, 因为它与对应的名词主语没有形成关联。例如, 在 **Arriving at the station, the sun came out** 中, **arriving** 就属于垂悬分词, 因为该句从语法上看似乎是 **the sun** (主语) is arriving. 这在标准英语中被认为是不正确的。

**danio** /'dæniəʊ/ n. (pl. **danios**) a small, brightly coloured freshwater fish of SE Asia 鲃(一种东南亚产的热带观赏鱼) [Genera Danio and Brachydanio: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. (genus name).

**Danish** /'deɪnɪʃ/ adj. relating to Denmark or its people or language 丹麦的; 丹麦人的; 丹麦语的 ■n. the Scandinavian language spoken in Denmark 丹麦语
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Denisc, of Gmc origin.

**Danish blue** n. a soft, salty, strong-flavoured white cheese with blue veins 丹麦蓝纹干酪

**Danish pastry** n. a cake of sweetened yeast pastry with toppings or fillings of icing, fruit, or nuts 丹麦酥皮果子饼

**dank** /dæŋk/ adj. unpleasantly damp and cold 潮湿阴冷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dankly** adv. **dankness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin and rel. to Swed. dank 'marshy spot'.

**Dano-Norwegian** deɪnəʊnɔ:'wi:dʒn/ n. another term for BOKMÅL * Bokmål 的另一种说法

**danse macabre** /dɑ:ns mə'kɑ:br(ə)/ n. another term for DANCE OF DEATH * dance of death 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**danseur** /dɑ̃'sɜ:(r)/ (or **danseuse** /dɑ̃'sɜ:z/) n. a male (or female) ballet dancer 芭蕾舞男演员(或女演员)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from danser 'to dance'.

**Dantean** /'dæntiən, dæn'ti:ən/ adj. of or reminiscent of the work of the Italian poet Dante (1265-1321), especially his vision of hell in The Divine Comedy 但丁风格的; 但丁式的 ■n. an admirer of Dante or his work 但丁崇拜者, 但丁学者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Dantesque** /dæn'tesk/ adj.

**Danubian** /dæ'nju:biən/ adj. relating to or bordering on the Danube, a river flowing from SW Germany to the Black Sea 多瑙河的

**dap** /dæp/ v. (**daps, dapping, dapped**) fish by letting the fly (but not the line) bob lightly on the water 将假蝇轻轻点在水面上钓鱼 ■n. 1 a fishing fly used in this way (这种钓鱼法所用的)假蝇 2 dialect 【方】 a rubber-soled shoe 橡胶底鞋
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: symbolic of a flicking movement.

**daphne** /'dæfni/ n. a small, typically evergreen shrub with sweet-scented flowers 瑞香 [Genus Daphne.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the laurel or bay tree) : from Gk daphnē, from the name of Daphne, a nymph in Gk mythology who was turned into a laurel bush.

**daphnia** /'dæfniə/ n. (pl. **same** 单复同) a minute semitransparent freshwater crustacean with long antennae and prominent eyes 水蚤, 蚤属动物 [Genus Daphnia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from the name of the nymph Daphne (see 见 DAPHNE).

**dapper** /'dæpə(r)/ adj. (of a man) neat and trim in dress and appearance (男子)衣冠楚楚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dapperly** adv. **dapperness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from a Mid. Low Ger. or MDu. word meaning 'strong, stout'.

**dapple** /'dæpl/ ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **dappled**] mark with spots or rounded patches 使斑驳, 使有斑点 ■n. 1 a patch of colour or light 斑点; 花斑; 斑驳 2 an animal whose coat is dappled 花斑动物
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as adj.): perh. rel. to ON depill 'spot'.

**dapple grey** adj. (of a horse) grey or white with darker ring-like markings (马)灰色而带有深色斑点的, 菊花青色的

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■n. a dapple-grey horse 菊花青马

**dapsone** /'dæpsəʊn/ n. Medicine 【医】 a sulphur-containing drug used to treat leprosy 氨苯砜, 二氨二苯砜(用以治疗麻风病)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from elements of the systematic name di-para-aminophenyl sulphone.

**darbies** /'dɑ:bɪz/ pl. n. archaic, informal 【古, 非正式】handcuffs 手铐
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: allusive use of Father Darby's bands, an agreement which put debtors in the power of moneylenders.

**Darby and Joan** /dɑ:bi ən 'dʒəʊn/ n. Brit. 【英】a devoted old married couple 恩爱的老夫妻
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from a poem (1735) in the Gentleman's Magazine.

**Dard** /dɑ:d/ n. 1 a member of a group of peoples inhabiting eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir 达尔德人 2 the Indic languages spoken by the Dards 达尔德语
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Dardic** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Dard.

**dare** /deə(r)/ v. (3rd sing. present usu. **dare** before an expressed or implied infinitive without to 在不带 to 的明示或暗示不定式前第三人称单数现在时通常用 dare) 1 have the courage to do something 敢, 敢于 2 defy or challenge (someone) to do something 公然违抗; 向…挑战; 激 3 literary 【文】 take the risk of 试图; 冒…的风险 ■n. a challenge, especially to prove courage (尤指证明勇气的)挑战
-PHRASES 短语 **how dare you** used to express indignation 你竟敢, 你怎么敢(用于表示愤怒) **I dare say** (or **daresay**) it is probable (我想)可能, 大概
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **darer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE durran, of Gmc origin.

**daredevil** /'deə,devl/ n. a person who enjoys doing dangerous things 鲁莽大胆的人, 蛮勇的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daredevilry** n.

**dargah** /'dʊəgɑ:/ n. the tomb or shrine of a Muslim saint 达格(伊斯兰教圣徒的坟墓或圣陵)
-ORIGIN 词源 Urdu, from Pers.

**Dari** /'dɑ:ri:/ n. the form of Persian spoken in Afghanistan 达里语(阿富汗人讲的波斯语)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Pers.

**daring** /'deərɪŋ/ adj. adventurous or audaciously bold 敢于冒险的, 大胆的, 勇敢的 ■n. adventurous courage 大胆, 勇敢; 勇气
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daringly** adv.

**dariole** /'dæriəʊl/ n. (in French cooking) a small round mould in which an individual dish is cooked and served (法国烹饪中烹制及端上罐子菜用的)菜罐子
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr.

**Darjeeling** /dɑ:'dʒi:lɪŋ/ n. a high-quality tea grown in the mountains of northern India 大吉岭茶(印度东北部山区产的优质茶)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name of a hill station in West Bengal.

**dark** /dɑ:k/ adj. 1 with little or no light 阴暗的, 黑暗的 2 of a deep or sombre colour (颜色)深的, 暗的 > (of skin, hair, or eyes) brown or black (皮肤、头发、眼睛)棕色的, 黑色的 > (of a person) having dark skin, hair, or eyes (人)有棕色(或黑色)皮肤(或头发、眼睛)的 3 characterized by unhappiness or unpleasantness 阴郁的; 沉闷的; 暗淡的: the dark days of the war 黯淡的战争岁月 > (of an expression) angry (表情)愤怒的 > evil; sinister 邪恶的; 阴险的: dark deeds 恶行 4 mysterious 神秘的; 隐秘的: a dark secret 不为人知的秘密 > (**darkest**) humorous 【幽】(of a region) most remote, inaccessible, or uncivilized (地区)偏远的, 不可进入的, 未开化的 > archaic 【古】 ignorant 无知的; 蒙昧的 ■n. 1 (**the dark**) the absence of light 黑暗 > a dark colour or shade 暗部; 阴影 2 nightfall 黄昏
-PHRASES 短语 **in the dark** in a state of ignorance 蒙在鼓里, 一无所知 **keep something dark** Brit. 【英】keep something secret 保守秘密, 隐瞒某事 **a shot** (or **stab**) **in the dark** a mere guess 瞎猜, 乱猜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **darkish** adj. **darkly** adv. **darkness** n. **darksome** adj. (literary 【文】)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE deorc, of Gmc origin.

**Dark Ages** pl. n. 1 the period in Europe between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages, c.500-1100 AD, judged to have been a time of relative unenlightenment 黑暗时代(欧洲历史上从约公元500年到1100年的一段时期, 被认为是蒙昧黑暗时代) 2 Archaeology 【考古】 a period in ancient Greece from the end of the Bronze Age until the historical period, in which there was no building and the art of writing was apparently lost 黑暗时期(古希腊从青铜器时代结束到尚无建筑、无文字存于今世的时期)

**dark chocolate** n. plain chocolate 纯巧克力

**dark current** n. the residual electric current flowing in a photoelectric device when there is no illumination 暗(电)流, 无照电流

**darken** /'dɑ:kən/ v. 1 make or become dark or darker (使)变暗, (使)变黑 2 make or become unhappy or angry (使)不高兴, (使)生气 > (of someone's eyes or expression) show anger (人的眼睛或表情)流露愤怒, 阴沉
-PHRASES 短语 **never darken someone's door** keep away from someone's home 永不登某人的门
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **darkener** n.

**dark energy** ■n. Physics 【物】 a theoretical form of energy postulated to act in opposition to gravity and to occupy the entire universe, accounting for most of the energy in it and causing its expansion to accelerate 暗能量

**dark horse** n. a candidate or competitor about whom little is known but who unexpectedly wins or succeeds 黑马, 出人意料的获胜者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. racing slang.

**darkie** /'dɑ:ki/ (also 亦作 **darky**) n. (pl. **darkies**) informal, offensive 【非正式, 冒】a black person 黑人

**darkling** /'dɑ:klɪŋ/ adj. literary 【文】 relating to growing darkness 暮色渐浓的

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**dark matter** n. (in some cosmological theories) non-luminous material postulated to exist in space (宇宙学理论中的)暗物质

**dark night of the soul** n. a period of spiritual desolation suffered by a mystic in which all sense of consolation is removed 精神的黑夜, 精神的黑暗期(指通灵者感到精神孤寂、没有安慰感的时期)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: used to translate Sp. Noche oscura, the title of a poem by the Spanish mystic St John of the Cross.

**dark reaction** n. Biochemistry 【生化】(in photosynthesis) the cycle of reactions involving the fixation of carbon dioxide and its reduction to carbohydrate, which does not require the presence of light (光合作用中的)黑暗反应

**darkroom** /'dɑ:kru:m/ n. a room for developing photographs, from which normal light is excluded (冲洗照片的)暗室, 暗房

**dark star** n. Astronomy 【天文】a starlike object which emits little or no visible light, its existence being inferred from the eclipsing of other stars 暗星

**darky** /'dɑ:ki/ n. variant spelling of DARKIE * darkie 的另一种拼法

**darling** /'dɑ:lɪŋ/ n. used as an affectionate form of address 亲爱的, 宝贝(用作爱称) > a lovable or endearing person 可爱的(或心爱的)人 > a favourite of a certain group 红人, 宠儿: the darling of Labour's left wing 工党左翼的红人 ■adj. beloved 心爱的, 亲爱的 > pretty; charming 漂亮的; 迷人的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dēorling (see 见 DEAR, -LING).

**darmstadtium** /dɑ:m'stætiəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 110, a radioactive element produced artificially 𫟼(化学元素, 原子序数为110, 人工产生的放射性元素) (Symbol 符: **Ds**)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 21st cent.: named after the German city of Darmstadt (where it was discovered) + -IUM.

**darn¹** /dɑ:n/ v. mend (knitted material) by interweaving yarn across it with a needle 织补(织物) > embroider with a large running stitch (用平伏针迹)刺绣 ■n. a place in a garment that has been darned 织补处
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **darning** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. from dial. dern 'to hide', from OE diernan, of W. Gmc origin.

**darn²** /dɑ:n/ (US also 【美亦作】**durn**) v., adj., & exclam. informal 【非正式】 euphemism for DAMN * damn 的委婉语

**darned** /dɑ:nd/ (US also 【美亦作】 **durned**) adj. informal 【非正式】 euphemism for DAMNED * damned 的委婉语

**darnel** /'dɑ:nl/ n. a ryegrass, formerly a common weed of cereals 毒麦 [Lolium temulentum and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin; appar. rel. to Fr. (Walloon dial.) darnelle.

**darner** /'dɑ:nə(r)/ n. 1 a darning needle 织补针 2 N. Amer. 【北美】a large slender-bodied dragonfly 蜻蜓 [Family Aeshnidae: many species.]

**darning needle** n. 1 a long sewing needle with a large eye, used in darning 织补针 2 N. Amer. 【北美】another term for DARNER (sense 2) * darner (释义2)的另一种说法

**darshan** /'dɑ:ʃn/ n. Hinduism 【印度教】 an occasion of seeing a holy person or the image of a deity (能见伟人一面而)有德, 沾光, 增禄, 得福
-ORIGIN 词源 via Hindi from Sanskrit darśana 'sight or seeing'.

**dart** /dɑ:t/ n. 1 a small pointed missile thrown or fired as a weapon (作为武器的)镖, 飞镖 > a small pointed missile with a flight, used in the game of darts (掷镖游戏中的)镖 2 an act of moving suddenly and rapidly 猛冲, 疾驰, 飞奔 3 a tapered tuck in a garment (衣服上的)缝褶 ■v. 1 move suddenly or rapidly 猛冲, 突进 2 archaic 【古】 throw or shoot (a missile) 投掷, 发射(投射物)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., accusative of darz, dars, from a W. Gmc word meaning 'spear, lance'.

**dartboard** /'dɑ:tbɔ:d/ n. a circular board marked with numbered segments, used as a target in the game of darts (掷镖游戏中的)圆靶

**darter** /'dɑ:tə(r)/ n. 1 a long-necked bird which spears fish with its long pointed bill 蛇鹈 [Genus Anhinga.] 2 a small North American freshwater fish 镖鲈 [Genera Etheostoma and Percina.] 3 a broad-bodied dragonfly which darts out to grab prey 蜻蛉 [Libellulidae and other families.]

**Dartmoor pony** /'dɑ:tmʊə(r)/ n. a pony of a small hardy breed with a long shaggy coat in winter 达特穆尔(小型)马

**darts** /dɑ:ts/ pl. n. [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] an indoor game in which darts are thrown at a dartboard to score points 掷镖游戏

**Darwinism** /'dɑ:wɪnɪz(ə)m/ n. the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection, advanced by the English natural historian Charles Darwin (1809-1882) (英国博物学家)达尔文学说, 达尔文主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Darwinian** n. & adj. **Darwinist** n. & adj.

**Dasein** /'dɑ:zaɪn/ n. Philosophy 【哲】 1 (in Hegelianism) existence or determinate being (黑格尔哲学中的)此在 2 (in existentialism) human existence (存在主义中)人的存在
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ger., from dasein 'exist'.

**dash** /dæʃ/ v. 1 run or travel in a great hurry 快跑, 猛冲, 急奔 2 strike or fling with great force 猛击; 猛掷 3 destroy or frustrate (hopes or expectations) 使(希望)破灭; 使受挫 4 (**dash something off**) write something hurriedly and without much thought 匆匆写下某物 ■exclam. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 used to express mild annoyance 该死(用于表示轻微的烦恼) ■n. 1 an act of dashing 猛冲, 飞奔 > chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a sprint 短跑 2 a small quantity of a substance that is added to something else 少量, 少许(添加的物质) > a small amount of a particular quality adding distinctiveness to something 少许, 一点(添加的品质): a dash of sophistication 一点世故

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3 a horizontal stroke in writing, marking a pause or to represent omitted letters or words 破折号 > the longer signal of the two used in Morse code (莫尔斯电码的)长划 > Music 【音】 a short vertical mark placed above or beneath a note to indicate that it is to be performed staccato 短断音指示记号(表示断音效果的音符上方或下方的垂直记号) 4 vigour and confidence; panache 精力; 闯劲; 勇猛 5 informal 【非正式】 short for DASHBOARD * dashboard 的缩略式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dasher** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. symbolic of forceful movement.

**dashboard** /'dæʃbɔ:d/ n. 1 the panel of instruments and controls facing the driver of a vehicle (汽车上的)仪表板 2 historical 【史义】 a board of wood or leather in front of a carriage, to keep out mud (马车的)挡泥板

**dashed** /dæʃt/ adj. Brit. informal, dated 【英, 非正式, 过时】 used for emphasis 十足的(用于强调): It's a dashed shame. 真是可耻。

**dasheen** /dæ'ʃi:n/ n. another term for TARO * taro 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. W. Ind.): of unknown origin.

**dashiki** /'dɑ:ʃiki/ n. (pl. **dashikis**) a loose, brightly coloured shirt worn by American blacks originally from West Africa 达西奇套衫, 颜色鲜艳的短袖套衫
-ORIGIN 词源 from Yoruba or Hausa.

**dashing** /'dæʃɪŋ/ adj. (of a man) attractive, adventurous, and full of confidence (男子)有锐气的, 闯劲足的, 活泼的, 活跃的 > stylish 浮华的; 时髦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dashingly** adv.

**dashpot** /'dæʃpɒt/ n. a device for damping shock or vibration 减震器; 缓冲器; 阻尼延迟器

**dassie** /'dæsi/ n. (pl. **dassies**) S. African 【南非】1 a rock hyrax 岩蹄兔 2 a silvery fish with dark fins and a black spot on the tail 重牙鲷 [Diplodus sargus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Afrik., from S. Afr. Du. dasje, dimin. of Du. das 'badger'.

**dastard** /'dæstəd, 'dɑ:-/ n. dated or humorous 【过时或幽】a dishonourable or despicable person 卑怯的人; 懦夫
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from dazed, influenced by dotard and bastard.

**dastardly** /'dæstədli/ adj. dated or humorous 【过时或幽】 wicked and cruel 邪恶的, 残酷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dastardliness** n.

**dastur** /də'stuə(r)/ (also 亦作 **dastoor**) ■n. Indian 【印度】a chief priest of the Parsees 达斯托尔(帕西人宗教里的祭司长)
-ORIGIN 词源 Pers., from Old Pers. dastōbār.

**dasyure** /'dæsɪjʊə(r)/ n. another term for QUOLL * quoll 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from mod. L. dasyurus, from Gk dasus 'rough, hairy' + oura 'tail'.

**DAT** /dæt/ abbr. digital audiotape

**data** /'deɪtə/ n. 1 facts and statistics used for reference or analysis 资料, 材料; 统计数据 > Philosophy 【哲】 things known or assumed as facts, making the basis of reasoning 论据 2 the quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer (计算机处理的)数据
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., pl. of DATUM.
> USAGE 用法说明
> In Latin, **data** is the plural of **datum** and, historically and in specialized scientific fields, it is also treated as a plural in English. In modern non-scientific use, however, it is often treated as a mass noun, similar to a word like **information**, which cannot normally have a plural and which takes a singular verb. Sentences such as **data was collected over a number of years** are now widely accepted in standard English. 在拉丁语中, data 是 datum 的复数, 在历史上以及专业科学领域里, 英语中也把它视作复数。但在现代非科技用法中, 它常被视作物质名词, 类似于 information 一词, 正常情况下没有复数形式, 后接动词单数。像 **Data was collected over a number of years** 这种句子, 在标准英语中现已被广泛接受。

**databank** /'deɪtəbæŋk/ n. Computing 【计】a large repository of data, sometimes formed from more than one database 数据库

**database** /'deɪtəbeɪs/ n. a structured set of data held in a computer 数据库

**datable** /'deɪtəbl/ (also 亦作 **dateable**) adj. able to be dated to a particular time 可测定日期的, 可确定年代的

**data capture** n. Computing 【计】 the action of gathering data from an automatic device, control system, or sensor 数据收集

**data link** n. a telecommunications link over which data is transmitted 数据链路

**data processing** n. a series of operations on data, especially by a computer, to retrieve, transform, or classify information 数据处理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **data processor** n.

**data protection** n. legal control over access to and use of data stored in computers 数据保护

**datcha** /'dætʃə/ n. variant spelling of DACHA * dacha 的另一种拼法

**date¹** /deɪt/ n. 1 the day of the month or year as specified by a number 日期; 日子 2 a day or year when a given event occurred or will occur (事件的)日期, 年份 > (**dates**) the years of a person's birth and death or of the beginning and end of a period or event (人的)生卒年份; (事件的)起讫日期 > the period of time to which something belongs 年代, 时期 3 a social or romantic appointment 约会 4 a musical or theatrical performance, especially as part of a tour (尤作为巡回演出一部分的)音乐演出, 戏剧演出

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■v. 1 establish the date of 确定……的日期 > mark with a date 标署日期 > (**date from** or **back to**) have existed since 追溯到 2 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **dated**] appear or cause to appear old-fashioned (使)显得过时 3 go on a date with 与……约会
-PHRASES 短语 **to date** until now 迄今为止
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dateless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. data, fem. past part. of dare 'give'; from the L. formula used in dating letters, data (epistola) '(letter) given or delivered'.

**date²** /deɪt/ n. 1 a sweet, dark brown, oval fruit with a hard stone, usually eaten dried (通常干后食用的)枣, 海枣 2 (also 亦作 **date palm**) a tall palm tree which bears clusters of dates, native to western Asia and North Africa 海枣树 [Phoenix dactylifera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., via L. from Gk daktulos 'finger' (because of the finger-like shape of its leaves).

**dateable** /'deɪtəbl/ adj. variant spelling of DATABLE * datable 的另一种拼法

**datebook** /'deɪtbʊk/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】an engagement diary 记事簿

**Date Line** (also 亦作 **International Date Line**) n. an imaginary North-South line through the Pacific Ocean, chiefly along the meridian furthest from Greenwich, to the east of which the date is a day earlier than it is to the west 日界线, 国际日期变更线

**dateline** /'deɪtlaɪn/ n. a line at the head of a dispatch or newspaper article showing the date and place of writing (表明电讯、新闻稿发稿日期、地点的)电头

**date rape** n. rape by a person with whom the victim has gone on a date 约会强奸 ■v. (**date-rape**) rape (a woman) in this way 约会强奸(女性)

**date stamp** ■n. a stamped mark indicating a date 日期戳印 > an adjustable stamp used to make such a mark 日期戳 ■v. (**date-stamp**) mark with a date stamp 加盖日期戳

**dating agency** n. a service which arranges introductions for people seeking romantic partners 婚姻介绍所, 交友介绍所

**dative** /'deɪtɪv/ Grammar 【语法】 ■adj. (in Latin, Greek, German, etc.) denoting a case of nouns and pronouns indicating an indirect object or recipient (拉丁语、希腊语、德语等中)与格的 ■n. a word in the dative case 与格词
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. (casus) dativus '(case) of giving', from dat-, dare 'give'.

**datum** /'deɪtəm/ n. (pl. **data**) See also 另见 DATA. 1 a piece of information 数据; 资料; 信息 2 an assumption or premise from which inferences may be drawn 假设, 前提 3 a fixed starting point of a scale or operation 基准点
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'something given'.

**datum line** (also 亦作 **datum level**) n. a standard of comparison or point of reference 基准 > Surveying 【测量】an assumed surface used as a reference for the measurement of heights and depths 基准面

**datura** /də'tjʊərə/ n. a shrubby North American plant of a genus including the thorn apple 曼陀罗属植物 [Genus Datura.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Hindi dhatūrā.

**daub** /dɔ:b/ v. carelessly coat or smear with a thick substance 胡乱涂抹 > spread (a thick substance) on a surface in such a way 在表面涂抹(黏稠物) ■n. 1 plaster, clay, etc. mixed with straw and applied to laths or wattles to form a wall (抹墙的)灰泥 2 a patch or smear of a thick substance (黏稠物的)块, 片 3 a painting executed without much skill 涂鸦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dauber** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dauber, from L. dealbare 'whiten, whitewash', based on albus 'white'.

**daube** /dəʊb/ n. a stew of meat, typically beef, braised in wine 炖肉(多为牛肉)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr.; cf. Ital. addobbo 'seasoning'.

**daughter** /'dɔ:tə(r)/ n. 1 a girl or woman in relation to her parents 女儿 > a female descendant 女性后裔 > a woman considered as the product of a particular influence or environment (某种影响或环境的)产物(指女性) 2 Physics 【物】 a nuclide formed by the radioactive decay of another 子体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daughterhood** n. **daughterly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dohtor, of Gmc origin.

**daughterboard** /'dɔ:təbɔ:d/ (also 亦作 **daughtercard**) ■n. Electronics 【电子】 a small printed circuit board that attaches to a larger one 子插体板, 子板

**daughter cell** ■n. Biology 【生物】 a cell formed by the division or budding of another 子细胞

**daughter-in-law** n. (pl. **daughters-in-law**) the wife of one's son 儿媳, 媳妇

**daunorubicin** / dɔ:nə(ʊ)'ru:bɪsɪn/ n. Medicine 【医】a synthetic antibiotic used in the treatment of leukaemia and other cancers 柔红霉素
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from Daunia in southern Italy, where it was developed, + -rubi- 'red' + -MYCIN.

**daunt** /dɔ:nt/ v. make (someone) feel intimidated or apprehensive 使气馁; 使胆怯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daunting** adj. **dauntingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. danter, from L. domitare, frequentative of domare 'to tame'.

**dauntless** /'dɔ:ntləs/ adj. fearless and determined 无畏的, 勇敢的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dauntlessly** adv. **dauntlessness** n.

**dauphin** /'dɔ:fɪn, 'dɔʊfæ̃/ n. historical 【史义】the eldest son of the King of France (法国)王储, 王太子
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from the family name of the lords of the Dauphiné, ult. a nickname meaning 'dolphin'.

**dauphinois** / dɔʊfɪ'nwɑ:/ (also 亦作 **dauphinoise** /-'nwɑ:z/) adj. (of potatoes) sliced and baked in milk, typically with a topping of cheese 多菲内式奶油烙土豆
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'from the province of Dauphiné'.

**daven** /'dɑ:vn/ v. (**davens, davening, davened**) (in Judaism) recite the prescribed liturgical prayers (犹太教)作祈祷
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-ORIGIN 词源 from Yiddish.

**davenport** /'dæv(ə)npo:t/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】an ornamental writing desk with drawers and a sloping surface for writing(有抽屉及斜桌面的)写字台 2 N. Amer.【北美】a large, heavily upholstered sofa or sofa bed 长沙发,坐卧两用沙发

-ORIGIN 词源 sense 1 is named after Captain Davenport, for whom a desk of this type was made in the late C18; sense 2 is prob. from a manufacturer's name.

**davit** /'dævit, 'derv-/ n. a small crane on a ship, especially one of a pair for lowering a lifeboat(尤指 升降救生艇的)吊艇架,吊柱,吊杆

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. daviot, dimin. of david, denoting a kind of carpenter's tool.

**Davy Jones's locker** /'dervi,dzəunzız/n. informal 【非正式】 the bottom of the sea, especially regarded as the grave of those drowned at sea 海底;(尤指)海底 葬身之地

-ORIGIN 词源 from C18 naut. sl. Davy Jones, denoting the evil spirit of the sea.

**Davy lamp** n. historical 【史义】a miner's portable safety lamp with the flame enclosed by wire gauze to reduce the risk of a gas explosion 德氏安全灯,(矿 工用)安全灯

-ORIGIN 词源 named after the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829), who invented it.

**dawdle** /'do:dl/v. waste time 浪费时间 move slowly and idly 游荡,闲逛

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dawdler** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: rel. to dial. daddle, doddle 'dally.

**dawn**/dom/ n. 1 the first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise黎明,拂晓,破晓 2 the beginning of something 开始,开端: the dawn of civilization 文明 的开端v.1(of a day) begin(天)破晓,露出曙光》 come into existence开始;出现;展现 2(often 常用 **dawn on**) become evident or understood 被领 悟;被理解

-ORIGIN 词源C15(asv.): back-form. from DAWNING.

**dawn chorus** n. the singing of a large number of birds before dawn each day 清晨鸟语,破晓鸟鸣

**dawning**/'donm/ ■n. 1 literary 【文】dawn黎明,拂晓 2 the beginning or first appearance of something 开 端;曙光

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of earlier dawing, from OE dagian 'to dawn', of Gmc origin; rel. to DAY.

**dawn raid** n. Brit. Stock Exchange 【英,证】an attempt to acquire a substantial portion of a company's shares at the start of a day's trading, typically as a preliminary to a takeover bid 破晓突袭 (股市开盘时大量买下某公司之股票,通常是为并购作 准备)

**dawn redwood** n. a coniferous tree with deciduous needles, known only as a fossil until it was found growing in SW China in 1941 水杉 [Metasequoia glyptostroboides.]

**DAX**/dæks/abbr. Deutscher Aktien IndeX, the German stock exchange 德国DAX指数

**day**/der/ n. 1 a twenty-four-hour period as a unit of time, reckoned from one midnight to the next and corresponding to a rotation of the earth on its axis一日,一天 the time between sunrise and sunset 白昼,白天 Astronomy 【天文】a single rotation of a planet in relation to its primary日;恒星日 2 a particular period of the past 过去的日子: The laws were very strict in those days. 那时 的法律很严厉。 (**the day**) the present time 现 在,目前(**days**) a particular period in a person's life (人生特定的)时期: my student days 我的学生时代 (**one's day**) the successful or influential period of a person's life (人生的)风光时期,鼎盛时期■adj. working or done during the day白天工作的;白天 完成的
> -PHRASES 短语 **all in a day's work** part of someone's normal routine 例行工作 **any day** informal 【非正式】 at any time 任何时候,随便哪一天➤ under any circumstances 在任何情况下 **call it a day** decide to stop doing something 停止,到此为止 **day and night** all the time 日日夜夜 **day by day** gradually and steadily 一天天地,逐渐地 **day in, day out** continuously or repeatedly over a long period 日复 一日,一天又一天 **day of reckoning** a testing time when the degree of one's success or failure will be revealed 清算日;报应到来的日子[with allusion to Judgement Day] **day to day** 1 happening on a daily basis 日复一日 2 involving everyday routine 每天 如此地,不间断地 **one day**(or **some day** or **one of these days**) at some future time 将来某一天;总有 一天 **one of those days** a day when things go badly 倒霉的一天 **that will be the day** informal 【非正式】 that is very unlikely 那样的事绝不可能(发生) **these days** at present 现在,目前

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dæg, of Gmc origin; rel. to Ger. Tag.

**Dayak** /'daræk/ (also 亦作 **Dyak**) n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Dayaks**) 1 a member of a group of indigenous peoples inhabiting parts of Borneo, including the Iban (or **Sea Dayak**) of the north and the **Land Dayak** of the south-west 达雅克人2 the Austronesian languages spoken by the Dayak 达 雅克语

-ORIGIN 词源 Malay, lit. 'up-country.

**dayan**/dæ'ja:n/(also 亦作 **Dayan**) n. (pl. **dayanim** /dæ'ja:nım/) Judaism 【犹太教】 a senior rabbi, especially one who acts as a religious judge 达扬(尤指 担任宗教法官的大拉比)

-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. dayyān, from dan 'to judge.

**daybed**/'deibed/n. N. Amer. 【北美】a couch that can be made into a bed 长沙发,坐卧两用沙发

**daybook**/'derbuk/ n. 1 an account book in which a day's transactions are entered for later transfer to a ledger 日记账 2N. Amer. 【北美】a diary日记

**day boy** (or **day girl**) ■n. Brit. 【英】a boy(or girl) who lives at home but attends a boarding school (寄宿学校的)走读男生(或女生)

**daybreak** /'deıbreık/ n. dawn 黎明,拂晓

**day care** n. daytime care for people who cannot be

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fully independent(对不能完全独立者的)日间看护 (**daycare**) N. Amer. 【北美】 a day centre 日托中心

**day centre** (also 亦作 **day-care centre**) n. a place providing care and recreation facilities for those who cannot be fully independent 日托中心

**daydream** /'derdri:m/ n. a series of pleasant thoughts that distract one's attention from the present 白日梦 v. indulge in a daydream 做白日梦, 空想

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **daydreamer** n.

**Day-Glo** /'derglǝu/n. trademark 【商标】 fluorescent paint or other colouring 日辉牌荧光漆

**day labourer** n. an unskilled labourer paid by the day(按日付给钱的)散工工人,临时工

**daylight** /'derlast/ n. 1 the natural light of the day 日光 dawn 黎明,破晓 2 visible distance between one person or thing and another 间隙,间隔
> -PHRASES 短语 **the living daylights out of** do the specified thing to (someone) with great severity 严厉地,狠狠地: He beat the living daylights out of them. 他把他们痛打了一顿。**see daylight** begin to understand something 弄明白,搞懂

**daylight robbery**n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 blatant overcharging 明目张胆的索取高价,漫天要价

**daylight saving time** (also 亦作 **daylight time**) ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 another term for SUMMER TIME * summer time 的另一种说法

**day lily**n. a lily which bears large yellow, red, or orange flowers, each lasting only one day 萱草属植 物[Genus Hemerocallis.]

**Day of Atonement** n. another term for YOM KIPPUR * Yom Kippur 的另一种说法

**day off** n. (pl. **days off**) a day's holiday from work or school 休息日,休假日

**Day of Judgement** n. another term for JUDGEMENT DAY * Judgement Day 的另一种说法

**day of rest** n. a day set aside from normal activity, typically Sunday on religious grounds 安息日,主日

**day out** n. (pl. **days out**) Brit. 【英】 an outing for a day一日游,外出一日

**daypack** /'derpæk/ n. a small rucksack 小帆布背包

**day release** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a system of allowing employees days off work to attend educational courses 职工脱产学习制度

**day return** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a ticket at a reduced rate for a return journey on public transport in one day (打折的)当日往返车票

**day room** n. a communal room in an institution, used during the day 公共休息室

**daysack**/'dersæk/n. Brit. 【英】 a small rucksack 小 帆布背包

**day school** n. 1 a non-residential fee-paying school 走读学校2 Brit. 【英】 a short educational course 短期 培训课程

**dayside** /'dersaid/n. Astronomy 【天文】 the side of a planet that is facing its primary star(行星的)白昼侧

**Days of Awe** pl. n. another term for HIGH HOLIDAYS * High Holidays 的另一种说法

**day surgery**n. minor surgery that does not require an overnight stay in hospital(无需住院的)小手术, 门诊手术

**daytime** /'dertaim/ n. the time between sunrise and sunset 白天,日间

**day trading** n. a form of share dealing in which individuals buy and sell shares over the Internet over a period of a single day's trading, with the intention of profiting from small price fluctuations (股票)日间交易,当日交易

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **day trader** n.

**day trip** n. a journey or outing completed in one day一日游,一日来回的旅行

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **day tripper** n.

**daywear** /'derweə(r)/ n. casual clothing suitable for informal or everyday occasions 日常便装

**daywork** /'derw3:k/ n. casual work paid for on a daily basis 按日付钱的零工

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dayworker** n.

**daze**/deiz/v. make unable to think or react properly 使茫然,使发昏n.a state of stunned confusion 困惑,茫然

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dazed** adj. **dazedly** /-zıdli/adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: back-form. from dazed, from ON dasathr 'weary'.

**dazzle** /'dæzl/ v. 1 (of a bright light) blind tem- porarily(强光)使目眩,使眼花 2 overwhelm with an impressive quality 使眼花缭乱,使倾倒n. blinding brightness 耀眼,眩目

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dazzlement** n. **dazzler** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: frequentative of DAZE.

**dazzling** /'dæzlıŋ/ adj. 1 very bright 耀眼的;眩目 的;灿烂的2 very impressive 令人印象深刻的;令人眼 花瞭乱的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dazzlingly** adv.

**Db** symb. the chemical element dubnium(化学元 素)钳

**dB**abbr. decibel(s)

**DBE** abbr. (in the UK) Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire(英国)(第二等的)高 级英帝国女勋爵士

**DBMS** abbr. database management system 数据库管 理系统

**DBS** abbr. 1 direct broadcasting by satellite 卫星直 播2 direct-broadcast satellite 直播卫星

**dbx**di:bi:'eks/n. trademark 【商标】 electronic circuitry designed to increase the dynamic range of reproduced sound * dbx电子分频器

-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from DB + x (representing expander).

**DC** abbr. 1 Music 【音】 da capo 2 direct current 3 District of Columbia 哥伦比亚特区 4 District Commissioner区行政长官,区专员

**DCA** abbr. (in the UK) Department for Con- stitutional Affairs(英国)宪法事务部

**DCB** abbr. (in the UK) Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath(英国第二等的)高级巴思女勋爵士

**DCC** abbr. digital compact cassette 小型数字盒式磁带,

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袖珍数字磁带

**DCL** abbr. (in the UK) Doctor of Civil Law (英 国)民法博士

**DCM** abbr. (in the UK) Distinguished Conduct Medal(英国)特等军功章

**DCMG** abbr. (in the UK) Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George(英国)(第 二等的)高级圣迈克尔和圣乔治女勋爵士

**DCMS** abbr. (in the UK) Department for Culture, Media, and Sport(英国)文化传媒体育部

**DCVO** abbr. (in the UK) Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order(英国)(第二等的)高级 维多利亚女勋爵士

**DD** abbr. Doctor of Divinity 神学博士

**D-Day** n. 1 the day (6 June 1944) in the Second World War on which Allied forces invaded northern France (1944年6月6日第二次世界大战中盟军在法国 北部的)开始进攻日 2 the day on which something important is to happen 重要事情的发生日

-ORIGIN 词源 from D for day + DAY.

**DDE** ■n. Computing 【计】 a standard allowing data to be shared between different programs 动态数据交换

-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: abbrev. of Dynamic Data Exchange.

**DDI** abbr. 1 dideoxyinosine 2 direct dial-in(电 话)直拨

**DDoS** abbr. distributed denial of service, denoting the intentional paralysing of a computer network by flooding it with data sent simultaneously from many individual computers 分布式拒绝服务(从多个计算机 同时向某一计算机发送超大量数据从而使其瘫痪)

**DDR** abbr. historical 【史义】 German Democratic Republic 德意志民主共和国

-ORIGIN 词源 abbrev. of Ger. Deutsche Demokratische Republik.

**DDT** abbr. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a syn- thetic organic compound used as an insecticide but now banned in many countries 双对氯苯基三氯乙 烷,滴滴涕

**DE** abbr. Delaware (in official postal use)(美国)特 拉华州(正式邮政用语)

**de-**/di:/ prefix 1 (forming verbs and their derivatives 构成动词及其派生词)down; away向下;离开:descend 下降 | deduct 扣除 completely 完全: denude 使赤裸2 (added to verbs and their derivatives 加在动词及其 派生词之前)denoting removal or reversal 除去; 反转;颠倒: de-ice 除冰 3 denoting formation from 由……… 构成: deverbal 来自动词的(词)

-ORIGIN 词源 from L. de 'off, from'; sense 2 via OFr. des- from L. dis-.

**DEA** abbr. US 【美】 Drug Enforcement Adminis- tration 美国缉毒局

**deaccession**/di:ǝk'sen/ v. officially remove (an item) from a library, museum, or art gallery in order to sell it(博物馆、图书馆等)出售,交换(收 藏品)■n. the disposal of items in this way 出售收藏 品,交换收藏品

**deacon** 'di:k(ə)n/ n. 1 (in Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox Churches) an ordained minister of an order ranking below that of priest(天主教的) 助祭;(英国国教的)会吏;(东正教的)辅祭(in some Protestant Churches) a lay officer assisting a minister(一些新教教会的)执事2 (in the early Church) an appointed minister of charity(早期教 会的)慈善执事 ■v. appoint or ordain as a deacon 委 任……为执事(或助祭等)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deaconship** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE diacon, via eccles. L. from Gk diakonos 'servant' (in eccles. Gk 'Christian minister').

**deaconess** / di:kə'nes, 'di:k(ə)nıs/n. (in the early Church and some modern Churches) a woman with duties similar to those of a deacon(早期教会 及和一些现代教会的)女执事

**deactivate** / di:'æktivert/ v. make (something) inactive by disconnecting or destroying it 使不能使 用;使减活化,使灭活化

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deactivation** n. **deactivator** n.

**dead** /ded/ adj. 1 no longer alive 死亡的devoid of living things无生命的;无生物的2 (of a part of the body) numb(身体某部位)麻木的,无感觉的 lacking emotion, sympathy, or sensitivity 无感情 的,冷漠的,麻木的3 no longer relevant or important 过时的;过气的;不再重要的4 lacking activity or excitement 呆滞的;无活力的,无生气的 (of sound or a colour) dull(声音)沉闷的;(色 彩)暗淡的5(of equipment) not functioning(设 备)不运转的 (of a glass or bottle) empty or no longer in use(玻璃杯或瓶子)空的,不再使用的 (of the ball in a game) out of play(比赛中的球)死 的,按规则处于非可赛状态的6 complete; absolute 完全的,绝对的: dead silence 死一般的寂静 adv. completely 完全地,全然地exactly 精确地,确切地 ➤straight; directly径直地,直接地 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】very很,非常
> -PHRASES 短语 **be dead meat** informal 【非正式】 be in serious trouble 遇到大麻烦 **dead and buried** over; finished 完结的,完蛋的 **dead in the water** (of a ship) unable to move(船)无法移动的 unable to function effectively 无法正常运行的,不能发挥作用的 **the dead of night** the quietest, darkest part of the night 夜深人静之时 **the dead of winter** the coldest part of winter 隆冬,严冬**dead on one's feet** informal 【非正式】very tired 十分疲劳的 **dead to the world** informal【非正式】fast asleep 熟睡的 **from the dead** from a state of death 死后(复活) **wouldn't be seen (or caught) dead in (or with, at, etc.)** informal 【非正式】have a strong dislike of 死都不愿意,非常 讨厌

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deadness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dead, of Gmc origin: rel. to Ger. tot, also to DIE¹.

**dead air** n. a period during which the signal of a television or radio broadcast is unintentionally interrupted, so that no material is transmitted(电 视或广播非计划中的)停播时间,无信号时间

**dead-ball line** n. 1 Rugby 【英徴】 a line behind the goal line, beyond which the ball is out of play 死球

<654>
线2 Soccer【足】the byline底线(不包括球门段的球 门线)

**deadbeat** /'dedbi:t/ adj. 1 (**dead beat**) informal 【非正式】completely exhausted 筋疲力尽的2(of a mechanism) without recoil (机械装置)直进式的 ■n. informal 【非正式】 1 an idle or feckless person 游 手好闲者,二流子2N. Amer.【北美】 a person who tries to evade paying debts 赖账者,逃债者

**deadbolt** /'dedbǝult/ n. a bolt engaged by turning a knob or key, rather than by spring action 锁定插销, 固定栓

**dead cat bounce** n. Stock Exchange, informal 【证,非正式】a temporary recovery in share prices after a substantial fall “死猫”式反弹(股价大跌后出 现的短暂反弹)

**dead centre** n. the position of a crank when it is in line with the connecting rod and not exerting torque(曲柄与连杆在同一直线时的)死点

**dead duck** n. informal 【非正式】 an unsuccessful or useless person or thing 不成功(或没用)的人 (或事物)

-ORIGIN 词源 from the old saying 'never waste powder on a dead duck.

**deaden**/'ded(ə)n/ v. 1 make (a noise or sensation) less intense 使(噪音或感觉)减弱;使缓和 make insensitive 使无感觉,使麻木2 deprive of force or vitality 使丧失力量(或生命力)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deadener** n. **deadening** adj.

**dead end** n. an end of a road or passage from which no exit is possible(道路或通道的)尽头,终端;死胡 同➤ a situation offering no prospects of progress 绝 境;僵局

**deadeye** /'dedar/ n. 1 Sailing 【帆】 a circular wooden block with a groove round the circumference to take a lanyard, used singly or in pairs to tighten a shroud 眼木饼 2 informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】an expert marksman 神枪手

**deadfall** /'dedfo:l/n. N. Amer. 【北美】1a trap consisting of a heavy weight positioned to fall on an animal(以重物落下压住或砸死野兽的)陷阱2 a mass of fallen trees and brush 倒下的树木和下层灌木缠结 的一片

**dead hand** n. an undesirable persisting influence 不散的阴魂;持久的不良影响

**deadhead** /'dedhed/n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a faded flower head 桔花,已凋谢的花朵 2 informal【非正式】a boring person 闷葫芦3 N. Amer. 【北美】 a person with a free ticket 持免费票者4a partially submerged log 半淹木 ■v. 1 remove dead flower heads from (a plant)摘去(植物)的枯花2N. Amer. informal 【北 美,非正式】(of a commercial driver) complete a trip in an empty vehicle(营运司机)空车返回,放空车

**dead heat** n. a result in a race in which two or more competitors finish at exactly the same time 同时到 达终点的比赛■V. (**dead-heat**) finish a race exactly level 同时到达终点

**dead leg**n. an injury caused by a numbing blow to a person's upper leg 大腿四头肌挫伤v.(**deadleg**) informal【非正式】 give (someone) a dead leg 造成 (某人)大腿四头肌挫伤

**dead letter** n. 1 a law or treaty which has not been repealed but is defunct in practice 形同虚设的法 律;空文2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】an unclaimed or undelivered letter(无人认领或无法投递的)死信,无 着信

**dead letter box** n. a place where messages can be left and collected without the sender and recipient meeting 信件的约定存取点

**dead lift** ■n. Weightlifting 【举重】 a lift made from a standing position, without the use of a bench 硬举

**deadlight** /'dedlart/ n. 1 a protective cover fitted over a porthole or window on a ship 舷窗内盖2 US【美】a skylight designed not to be opened (无法打开的)固定天窗

**deadline** /'dedlain/ n. 1 the latest time or date by which something should be completed 最后期限; 截止日期 2 historical 【史义】a line drawn around a prison beyond which prisoners were liable to be shot(监狱周围划定的囚犯逾越即可被射杀的)死线

**dead load** n. the weight of a structure or vehicle, excluding that of passengers or goods(结构的)自 重;恒载

**deadlock** /'dedlok/n. 1 a situation in which no progress can be made 僵局2 Brit. 【英】 a lock operated by a key, as distinct from a spring lock 单 闩锁 v. 1 bring to a deadlock 使停顿,使陷入僵局2 Brit.【英】secure with a deadlock 用单门锁锁住

**dead loss** n. an unproductive or useless person or thing 无用的人(或物);废物

**deadly** /'dedli/ adj. (**deadlier**, **deadliest**) 1 causing or able to cause death致死的,致命的 filled with hate 不共戴天的2 extremely accurate or effective极精确的;极有效的3 informal 【非正 式】 extremely boring 沉闷至极的,枯燥透顶的4 complete 彻底的;十足的: She was in deadly earnest. 她极认真。■adv. 1 in a way that resembles or suggests death 死一般地2 extremely 极度地

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deadliness** n.

**deadly nightshade** n. a poisonous bushy plant with drooping purple flowers and black cherry-like fruit 颠茄 [Atropa belladonna.]

**deadly sin** n. (in Christian tradition) a sin regarded as leading to damnation(基督教传统中) 应被罚入地狱的大罪 See见THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS at SEVEN.

**dead man** n. informal 【非正式】 a bottle after the contents have been drunk 空瓶

**dead man's fingers** pl. n. 1 a colonial soft coral with spongy lobes resembling the fingers of a corpse 树丛软珊瑚 [Alcyonium digitatum.] 2 informal 【非正式】the divisions of a lobster's or crab's gills(龙虾或蟹的鳃的)指状分叉

**dead man's handle** (also 亦作 **dead man's pedal**) n. (in a train) a safety lever which shuts off power when not held in place by the driver(火车的)安全 手柄,警惕手柄

<655>
**dead march** n. a slow, solemn piece of music suitable for a funeral procession 送葬曲,丧礼进行曲

**dead-nettle** n. a plant of the mint family, with leaves that resemble those of a nettle without stinging hairs 野芝麻 [Lamium album and other species.]

**deadpan** /'dedpæn/ adj. impassive or expres- sionless 面无表情的,冷面孔的adv. in a deadpan manner 面无表情地;不带感情色彩地■v. (**dead- pans**, **dead-panning**, **dead-panned**) say something amusing while affecting a serious manner 面无表情 地讲(好笑的话)

**dead reckoning** n. the process of calculating one's position, especially at sea, by estimating the direction and distance travelled(尤指海上)航位推 算法

**dead ringer** n. informal 【非正式】 a person or thing that looks very like another 酷似的人;看上去一模一 样的东西: He's a dead ringer for his late papa. 他同他 已故的父亲长得一模一样。

**deadrise** /'dedraiz/ n. the vertical distance between a line horizontal to the keel of a boat and its chine 舭部升高

**dead set** n. see见 SET² (sense 2 of the noun 名词释 义2).

**dead shot** n. an extremely accurate marksman or markswoman 神枪手

**deadstock** /'dedstok/ n. the machinery used on a farm, as opposed to the livestock农具,农业机械

**dead time** n. Physics 【物】 the period after the recording of a particle or pulse when a detector is unable to record another 死时间(探测器记录某一粒 子或脉冲后无法作出另一记录的一段时间)

**dead water** n. still water without any current 死水, 停滞水

**dead weight** n. 1 the weight of an inert person or thing(人或物的)静止重量 the total weight of cargo which a ship can carry(船的)总载重量 2 Economics 【经】 losses incurred because of the inefficient allocation of resources(因资源无效分配 而导致的)无谓损失 a debt not covered by assets 资产不足以抵偿的债务

**dead wood** n. useless or unproductive people or things 无用(或冗赘)人员;废物,废料

**dead zone** n. 1 a place or period in which nothing happens or in which no life exists 无事区;无事期;死亡 地带,无生命区2 a place where it is not possible to receive a mobile-phone or radio signal(手机或无线 电的)信号盲区

**deaf**/def/adj. without hearing or having impaired hearing 聋的,失聪的(**deaf to** unwilling to listen or respond to 不愿听的;不理会的)
> -PHRASES 短语 **fall on deaf ears** be ignored 未被理 睬,不被听取 **turn a deaf ear** refuse to listen or respond 拒绝听;拒绝回应

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deafness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE deaf, of Gmc origin.

**deaf aid** n. Brit. 【英】 a hearing aid 助听器

**deaf-blind** adj. having severely impaired hearing and vision 既聋又盲的

**deafen** /'def(ə)n/ v. make deaf 使聋,使失聪 [as adj.作形容词 **deafening**] extremely loud 震耳欲 聋的(**deafen someone to**) (of a sound) make someone unaware of (other sounds) (一种声音)震 得(某人)听不见(其他声音)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deafeningly** adv.

**deaf mute** n. a person who is deaf and unable to speak 聋哑人
> USAGE 用法说明
> In modern use **deaf mute** has acquired offensive connotations. It is advisable to avoid it in favour of other terms such as **profoundly deaf**,在现代 用法中,**deaf mute** 已变得具有冒犯的涵义。最好避 免使用它,而换用 **profoundly deaf** 等说法。

**deal¹**/di:l/v. (past and past part. **dealt**) 1 distribute (cards) to players for a game or round发(纸牌)> (**deal someone in**) include a new player in a card game(纸牌游戏中)增加(一人)2 (**deal something out**) distribute or apportion something 分配;分派 3 take part in commercial trading of a commodity 经营;交易 buy and sell (illegal drugs) 买卖 (毒品)(**deal with**) have commercial relations with 与……做生意,同………有买卖往来4(**deal with**) take measures concerning 处理,解决 cope with 应付, 应对 have as a subject 论述;谈到5 inflict(a blow) on 给予(一击)■n. 1 an agreement entered into by two or more parties for their mutual benefit 交易; 协议 a particular form of treatment 对待,待遇: Working mothers get a bad deal. 已为人母的职业女性 受到不公正的待遇。2 the process of dealing cards in a card game 发牌
> -PHRASES 短语 **a big deal** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定 结构连用]informal 【非正式】an important thing 了不 得的事情 (**big deal**) used ironically to express contempt for something unimpressive 这算得了什 么呢? **a deal of** a large amount of 大量的 **a good (or great) deal** a large amount 大量,很多 to a considerable extent 在很大程度上**a raw deal** informal 【非正式】unfair or harsh treatment 不公正的对待; 严苛的待遇 **a square deal** a fair arrangement 公平 交易 **it's a deal** informal 【非正式】 used to express assent to an agreement(表示同意达成协议)一言 为定,就这么办

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dealing** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dælan 'divide, participate' of Gmc ORIGIN; rel. to DOLE¹.

**deal²**/di:l/n. fir or pine wood as a building material 冷杉木板;松木板

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from Mid. Low Ger. and MDu. dele 'plank.

**deal-breaker** n. (in business and politics) a factor or issue which, if unresolved during negotiations, would cause one party to withdraw from a deal(政 治和生意中一旦谈不拢就会使一方退出的)关键要素, 关键事项

<656>
**dealer**/'di:lə(r)/ n. 1 a person who buys and sells goods 商人 a person who buys and sells shares or other financial assets as a principal (rather than as a broker or agent) 证券商2 a player who deals cards in a card game 发牌人

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dealership** n.

**dealmaker**/'di:l,meıkə(r)/ n. a person who is skilled at satisfactorily concluding commercial or political deals 善于达成交易者

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dealmaking** n.

**dealt** /delt/ past participle of DEAL' * deal' 的过去 分词

**deamination**/di'æminersn/■n. Biochemistry 【生化】 the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound 脫氨(基)作用

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deaminated** adj.

**dean¹**/din/ n. 1 the head of the chapter of a cathedral or collegiate church 教士长> (also 亦作 **rural dean**, **area dean**) Brit. 【英】 a member of the clergy exercising supervision over a group of parochial clergy within a division of an archdeaconry 乡村教士长 2 the head of a university faculty or department or of a medical school (大学的)学院院长,系主任;(医 学院的)院长 a college officer with a disciplinary role(高等院校的)学监,训导主任

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deanery** n. (pl. **deaneries**).

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deien, from late L. decanus 'chief of a group of ten', from decem 'ten'; cf. DOYEN.

**dean²**/din/ n. variant spelling of DENE¹ * dene'的另 一种拼法

**dear**/dıə(r)/ adj. 1 regarded with deep affection 心爱的,至爱的;珍视的endearing; sweet 讨人 喜欢的;可爱的 used in the polite introduction to a letter(用于信函开头)亲爱的……… 2 chiefly Brit. 【主英】expensive高价的,昂贵的 n. used as an affectionate form of address(用作称呼)亲爱的 an endearing person讨人喜欢的人 adv. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 at a high cost 高价地,昂贵地;代价高地 ■exclam. used in expressions of surprise, dismay, or sympathy(表示惊讶,苦恼或同情)哎呀,唷

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dearness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE deore, of Gmc origin.

**dearest** 'dıǝrıst/ n. used as an affectionate form of address(用作亲昵的称呼)亲爱的

**dearie** /'dıəri/ n. (pl. **dearies**) informal, chiefly Brit. 【非正式,主英】used as a friendly or condescending form of address(用作友好或屈尊俯就的称呼)亲爱的

**Dear John letter**/d3pn/ (also 亦作 **Dear John**) ■n. informal 【非正式】 a letter from a woman to a man, ending a personal relationship(女方写给男 方的)分手信,绝情信

**dearly** /'dıǝli/ adv. 1 very much 非常,很2 at great cost 高价地,昂贵地;代价高地

**dearth**/d3:0/ n. a scarcity or lack of something 缺 乏,不足

-ORIGIN 词源 ME derthe (see 见 DEAR, -TH²).

**death** /de/ n. 1 the action or fact of dying or being killed 死,死亡an instance of a person or an animal dying 死去 2 the state of being dead 死亡状态 ➤ (**Death**) the personification of the power that destroys life, often represented as a skeleton or an old man holding a scythe 死神(毁灭生命之力量的拟 人化表现,常作手持大镰刀的骷髅或老人)3 the end of something 毁灭;破火: the death of her hopes 她希 望的破灭
> -PHRASES 短语 **as sure as death** quite certain 相当 肯定 **at death's door** so ill that one may die 生命垂 危,在死亡的边缘 **be the death of someone** cause someone's death置某人于死地 **be in at the death** be present when a hunted animal is caught and killed 目睹猎物被捕获杀死 be present when something fails or ends 看到事情的失败;看到事情的结局 **catch one's death (of cold)** informal 【非正式】catch a severe cold 得重感冒 **do someone to death** kill someone 杀死某人 **do something to death** repeat something so frequently that it becomes tedious 重复………过多让人厌烦 **like death warmed up** (or N. Amer.【北美】**over**) informal 【非正式】extremely tired or ill 快累死了;病得厉害 **put someone to death** execute someone 处死某人,处决某人 **to death** 1 until dead至死,永远2 used to emphasize a feeling or action(强调情感或行动)非常,极度: I'm sick to death of you. 我真是受够你了。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deathless** adj. **deathlessness** n. **deathlike** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE death, of Gmc origin; rel. to DIE¹.

**death adder**n. a venomous Australian snake with a thin worm-like tail that it uses to lure prey 棘蛇 [Acanthophis antarcticus and related species.]

**deathbed** /'de@bed/n. the bed where someone is dying or has died 临终床

**death camp** n. a prison camp for political prisoners or prisoners of war in which many die 死亡集中营

**death cap** n. a deadly poisonous toadstool with a pale olive-green cap and white gills, growing in broad-leaved woodland 鬼笔鹅膏,死帽蕈(一种致命 的毒蕈)[Amanita phalloides.]

**death cell** n. a cell occupied by a prisoner con- demned to death 死囚牢房

**death certificate** n. an official statement, signed by a doctor, of the cause, date, and place of a person's death 死亡证明

**death duty** n. (in the UK) a tax levied on property after the owner's death(英国的)遗产税, 继承税 Now called 现称 INHERITANCE TAX.

**death futures** pl. n. US informal【美,非正式】 life insurance policies of terminally ill people, purchased by a third party as a form of short-term investment 死亡期货(第三方作为短期投资给危重病人 购买的人寿保险)

**death knell** n. 1 the tolling of a bell to mark someone's death 丧钟 2 an event that heralds the end of something 预示完结的事件

**deathly** /'deli/ adj. (**deathlier**, **deathliest**) resembling or suggestive of death 死一般的 archaic or literary【古或文】 relating to or causing death 死

<657>
的:致命的

**death mask** n. a plaster cast of a dead person's face, used to make a mask or model 尸体面模

**death penalty** n. punishment by execution 死刑

**death rate** n. the number of deaths per one thou- sand people per year 死亡率

**death rattle** n. a gurgling sound in a dying person's throat 临终喉鸣

**death row** n. a prison block or section for those sentenced to death (监狱的)死囚区

**death's head** n. a human skull as a symbol of mortality(象征死亡的)骷髅头

**death's head hawkmoth** n. a large dark hawk- moth with a skull-like marking on the thorax and a very large caterpillar 赭带鬼脸天蛾[Acherontia atropos.]

**death squad** n. an armed paramilitary group formed to kill political opponents(专事谋杀政治对 手的)暗杀小队

**death tax** ■n. US term for INHERITANCE TAX * inheritance tax 的美式说法

**death toll** n. the number of deaths resulting from a particular cause(某一原因造成的)死亡人数

**deathtrap** /'de træp/ n. a thing that is potentially very dangerous 死亡陷阱(指存在安全陷患的事物)

**death warrant** n. an order for the execution of a condemned person 死刑执行令

**death-watch beetle** n. a small beetle whose larvae bore into and damage dead wood and structural timbers, making a sound like a watch ticking which was formerly believed to portend death 报死窃蠹 (其幼虫会钻木并发出表一样的滴答声,旧时被认为是死 亡的预告)[Xestobium rufovillosum.]

**death wish** n. an unconscious desire for one's own death(无意识的求死的)死亡愿望

**deb**/deb/n. informal 【非正式】a debutante 首次 进入社交界的年轻女子,首次亮相(或初次登台)的 女子

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debby** adj.

**debacle**/der'ba:kl/ n. an utter failure or disaster 彻 底失败;溃败,大灾难

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. débâcle, from débâcler 'unleash', from dé- 'un-' + bâcler 'to bar' (from L. baculum 'staff').
> 1911 According to the first edition a **debacle** is 2011 'the break-up of ice in a river' or 'a sudden rush of water carrying along blocks of stone and other debris'; the modern meaning is given third. **Débâcle** is printed with accents, and in italics to show that it is still regarded as a foreign word. The inclusion of these original senses probably reflects the influence of the historical OED rather than any great currency. 据第一版,**debacle** 意为“河冰破裂”或“水卷着石 块及其他残片遽然奔流”,现代义列为第三个义项。 **débâcle** 标有调号,采用斜体印刷,表明其仍被视为 外来词。之所以收录这些最初的义项,很可能是受到 了历时性的《牛津英语大词典》(OED)的影响,并 不说明这些义项被广为使用。

**debag**/di:'bæg/ v. (**debags**, **debagging**, **debag- ged**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 take the trousers off (someone) as a joke or punishment(作为恶作剧或惩 罚)脱去(某人的)裤子

**debar**/dr'ba:(r)/ ■v. (**debars**, **debarring**, **debarred**) exclude or prohibit from doing something 把…排除 在外,阻止;禁止

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debarment** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. débarrer, from OFr. des- barrer 'remove the bars from', from des- (expressing reversal) + barrer 'to bar'.

**debark¹**/di:'ba:k/ v. leave a ship or aircraft 下船 (或飞机)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debarkation** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. débarquer.

**debark²**/di:'ba:k/ v. remove the bark from (a tree)剥去(树)的皮

**debase**/di'bers/ v. 1 lower the quality, value, or character of降低………的品质(或价值);有损…的人格 2 historical【史义】 lower the value of (coinage) by reducing the content of precious metal 降低(硬币) 的成色(以使贬值)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debasement** n. **debaser** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from DE- + the obs. v. base (cf. ABASE), expressing the notion 'bring down completely.

**debatable**/di'bertəbl/ adj. open to discussion or argument 可争论的,可争辩的;成问题的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debatably** adv.

**debate** /dr'bert/ n. a formal discussion in a public meeting or legislative assembly(在公共集会或立法 院中的)正式辩论> an ongoing exchange of views about a subject辩论,争论;讨论v. discuss or argue about 辩论,争论;讨论 > consider before reaching a decision(在作出决定前)考虑,细想
> -PHRASES 短语 **under debate** being discussed or disputed 在讨论中;在辩论中

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debater** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. dis- (expressing reversal) + battere 'to fight.

**debauch** /dı'bo:tf/v. destroy the moral purity of; corrupt 使道德败坏,使堕落n.a bout of excessive indulgence in sex, alcohol, or drugs(在性、酒精或 毒品上的)放纵

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debaucher** n.

-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Fr. débaucher (v.) 'turn away from one's duty', from OFr. desbaucher, of uncertain ultimate origin.

**debauched** /drbo:tft/ adj. indulging in or charac- terized by excessive indulgence in sex, alcohol, or drugs(在性、酒精或毒品方面)放纵的,淫逸的

**debauchery**/di'bɔ:tfəri/ n. excessive indulgence in sex, alcohol, or drugs(在性、酒精或毒品方面的)放纵, 淫逸

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debauchee** n.

**debeak**/di:'bi:k/ v. remove the upper part of the

<658>
beak of (a bird) to prevent it injuring other birds 切 去(鸟)的嘴尖(以防伤害其他鸟)

**debenture** /di'bentfə(r)/n. Brit. 【英】 a long-term security yielding a fixed rate of interest, issued by a company and secured against assets 公司债券 (also 亦作 **debenture bond**) N. Amer. 【北美】an unsecured loan certificate issued by a company(公 司)信用债券,无担保债券

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. debentur 'are owing' (from debere 'owe'), used as the first word of a certificate recording a debt.

**debilitate** /dr'bılıtest/ v. [often as adj.常作形容词 **debilitating**] make very weak and infirm 使虚弱, 使衰弱

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debilitatingly** adv. **debilitation** n. **debilitative** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as debilitation): from L. debilitat-, debilitare 'weaken', from debilitas, from debilis 'weak.

**debility**/dr'bılǝti/ n. (pl. **debilities**) weakness, especially as a result of illness(尤指因病的)虚弱, 衰弱

**debit** /'debit/ n. an entry in an account recording a sum owed 借项 a payment made or owed 记入借 方的款项v.(**debits**, **debiting**, **debited**) (of a bank) remove (money) from a customer's account(银行) 把(金额)记入账户的借方

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from Fr. débit, from L. debitum (see见 DEBT).

**debit card** n. a card allowing the holder to transfer money electronically from one bank account to another when making a purchase 借记卡

**debonair**/debə'neə(r)/ adj. (of a man) confident, stylish, and charming(男子)温雅自信的,彬彬有 礼的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debonairly** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. debonaire, from de bon aire 'of good disposition.

**debone** di:'bǝun/ v. [often as adj.常作形容词 **deboned**] remove the bones from (meat or fish) before cooking(烹调前)将(肉或鱼)去骨

**debouch**/dr'bautſ, -'bu:f/v. emerge from a confined space into a wide, open area(从狭窄处)伸延(至开阔 地区)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debouchment** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. déboucher, from dé- (expressing removal) + bouche 'mouth' (from L. bucca 'cheek').

**debridement** /der'bri:dmō, dı'bri:dm(ə)nt/n. Medicine 【医】the removal of damaged tissue or foreign objects from a wound 清创(术)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debride** V.

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from débrider, lit. 'unbridle, based on bride 'bridle' (of Gmc origin).

**debrief**/di:'bri:f/v. question (someone, typically a soldier or spy) about a completed undertaking 询 问(某人,多指士兵、间谍)已执行任务的情况

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debriefer** n. **debriefing** n.

**debris** /'debri:, 'deibri:/ n. scattered rubbish or remains 垃圾;残骸 loose natural material, e.g. broken rocks(自然物质的)碎片(如岩屑)

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. débris, from obs. débriser 'break down.

**debt**/det/ n. 1 money owed or due 欠款,债务 the state of owing money 负债状态 2 a feeling of gratitude for a favour 恩义
> -PHRASES 短语 **be in someone's debt** owe gratitude to someone for a favour 受某人的恩惠,欠某人的人情债

-ORIGIN 词源 ME dette: from OFr., based on L. debitum 'something owed', past part. of debere 'owe.

**debt collector** n. a person who collects debts for creditors 收债人

**debt of honour** n. a debt that is not legally recov- erable, especially a sum lost in gambling 无法律约束 力的债务;(尤指)赌债

**debtor**/'detǝ(r)/ n. a person who owes money 債 务人

**debt relief** n. the partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors(尤指对发展中国家的)债务减免

**debt security** n. a negotiable or tradable liability or loan 债务证券

**debug**/di:'bag/ v. (**debugs**, **debugging**, **debug- ged**) 1 remove errors from (computer hardware or software)排除(计算机硬件或软件)的错误;调试 2 detect and remove concealed microphones from 拆除………处的窃听器

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debugger** n.

**debunk**/di:'baŋk/ v. 1 expose the falseness of (an idea or belief) 指出(某思想或信念)的错误,批驳; 揭穿…的虛假2 reduce the inflated reputation of (someone)消减(某人)名过其实的声誉

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **debunker** n.

**deburr**/di:'b3: (r)/ (also 亦作**debur**) v. (**deburrs**, **deburring**, **deburred**) neaten and smooth the rough edges or ridges of 磨光………的边(或棱)

**debus**/di:'basS/■V. (**debuses**, **debussing**, **debussed**) Brit., chiefly military slang【英,主军俚】unload or step out of a motor vehicle 卸(货);下(车)

**debut** /'deıbju:, -bu:/ n. a person's first appearance in a capacity or role 首次亮相;初次登台 dated 【过时】the first appearance of a debutante in society (年轻女子的)首次进入社交界 [as modifier 作修饰 语] denoting the first recording or publication of a singer or writer(歌手或作家的作品)初次灌录(或出 版)的,首次推出的v. make a debut 首次亮相,初次 登台

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. début, from débuter 'lead off.

**debutant** /'debju:tn, 'der-/ n. a person making a debut 首次亮相(或初次登台)的人

**debutante** /'debjuta:nt, 'der-/ n. a young upper- class woman making her first appearance in society 首次进入社交界的年轻女子 a female debutant 首 次亮相(或初次登台)的女子

**debye** /də'baı/ ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a unit of measure-

<659>
ment used to express electric dipole moments of molecules, equal to 3.336 × 103 coulomb metre 德拜 (分子电偶矩单位)

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after the Dutch-born US physicist Peter Debye.

**Dec.** abbr. December

**dec.** abbr. 1 deceased 2 Cricket 【板】 declared(赛局 在击球手还未全部出局时)宣布结束的

**deca-**/'dekǝ/ (also **dec-** before a vowel 元音前亦 作**dec-**) comb. form ten; having ten + (10'): decahedron 十面体

-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk deka 'ten.

**decade** /'dekerd, dr'kerd/ n. 1 a period of ten years 十年(期)2 a set or group of ten十个构成的一组> a range of electrical resistances or other quantities spanning from one to ten times a base value (电阻 等的)十进位 3 each of the five divisions of each chapter of the rosary一端《玫瑰经》(指《玫瑰经》每 章的五节之一)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decadal** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. and late L. from Gk deka 'ten.
> USAGE 用法说明
> The second pronunciation, with the stress on **-cade** (sounds like **decayed**), is disapproved of by some traditionalists. However, it is now widely regarded as a standard alternative. 该 词所标的第二种发音把重音放在-cade上(发音似 **decayed**),这并不被一些传统人士所认可。但它现在 已被广泛视作另一种标准发音。

**decadence** /'dekǝd(ə)ns/n. 1 moral or cultural decline as characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury颓废;堕落;衰落2 luxurious self-indulgence 自我放纵

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. décadence, from med. L. decadentia; rel. to DECAY.

**decadent** /'dekədənt/ adj. 1 characterized by or reflecting a state of moral or cultural decline 颓废的; 堕落的;衰落的2 luxuriously self-indulgent 自我放纵 的■n. a decadent person 颓废者;堕落者;自我放纵者

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decadently** adv.

**decaf**/'di:kæf/n. informal 【非正式】(trademark in the UK【英国商标】) decaffeinated coffee 脱咖啡因咖啡

**decaffeinate**/di:'kæfinest/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作 形容词 **decaffeinated**] remove most or all of the caffeine from (coffee or tea)脱去(咖啡或茶)的咖 啡因

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decaffeination** n.

**decagon** /'dekǝg(ə)n/ n. a plane figure with ten straight sides and angles 十边形

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decagonal** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via med. L. from Gk dekagōnon, neut. of dekagōnos 'ten-angled.

**decahedron** /dekə'hi:dr(ə)n, -'hed-/ n. (pl. **decahedra** or **decahedrons**) a solid figure with ten plane faces 十面体

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decahedral** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DECA- + -HEDRON.

**decal**/'di:kæl/n. a design on prepared paper for transferring on to glass, porcelain, etc.(可转印到 玻璃、陶瓷等上的)贴花图案

-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: abbrev. of DECALCOMANIA.

**decalcified**/di:'kælsıfard/ adj. (of rock or bone) containing a reduced quantity of calcium salts(石 或骨)脱钙的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decalcification** n. **decalcifier** n. **decalcify** v. (**decalcifies**, **decalcifying**, **decalcified**).

**decalcomania** /dı,kælkǝ(0)'meiniǝ/ n. the process of transferring designs from prepared paper on to glass, porcelain, etc.(将特制纸上的图案转印到玻璃、 陶瓷等上的)贴花法

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. décalcomanie, from décalquer 'transfer a tracing' + -manie -mania' (with ref. to the enthusiasm for the process in the 1860s).

**decalitre** /'dekǝ,li:tə(r)/ (US 【美】 **decaliter**, **dekaliter**) (abbrev.略作: **dal**; US also 【美亦作】 **dkl**) n. a metric unit of capacity, equal to 10 litres 十升

**Decalogue** /'dekǝlog/n. the Ten Commandments 十诫

-ORIGIN 词源ME: via Fr. and eccles. L. from Gk dekalo- gos (biblos) '(book of) the Ten Commandments', from hoi deka logoi 'the Ten Commandments.

**decametre** /'dekǝ,mi:tə(r)/ (US 【美】 **decameter**, **dekameter**) (abbrev.略作: **dam**; US also【美亦 作】**dkm**) n. a metric unit of length, equal to 10 metres +米

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decametric** adj.

**decamp**/dı'kæmp/ v. 1 depart suddenly or secretly 突然离开;秘密逃走2archaic 【古】 break up or leave a military camp 撤营

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decampment** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. décamper, from dé- (expressing removal) + camp 'camp.

**decanal** /dı'keınl, 'dek(ə)nl/ adj. 1 relating to a dean or deanery 教士长的;教士长职权(或宅邸) 的 2 relating to or denoting the south side of the choir of a church, on which the dean sits 教堂唱诗班 南侧的 The opposite of 反义词 CANTORIAL.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from med. L. decanalis, from late L. decanus (see见DEAN¹).

**decani**/dr'keinar/n. the section of a church choir conventionally placed on the south side and taking the first or higher part in antiphonal singing 南侧唱 诗班 The opposite of 反义词 CANTORIS.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'of the dean'(see见 DEAN¹).

**decant**/dı'kænt/ v. 1 gradually pour (a liquid) from one container into another, typically in order to separate out sediment(多指不搅动沉渣)慢慢倒出 (液体)2 Brit.【英】 temporarily transfer (people) to another place 暂时把(人)移至另一处

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. decanthare, from L. de- 'away from' + canthus 'edge, rim.

**decanter** /dı'kæntə(r)/ n. a stoppered glass container into which wine or spirits are decanted

<660>
玻璃酒瓶

**decapitate** /dı'kæpiteit/ v. 1 cut off the head of 将…斩首 2 attempt to undermine (a group) by removing its leaders 使群龙无首

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decapitation** n. **decapitator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. decapitat-, decapitare 'to decapitate', from de- + caput, capit- 'head'.

**decapod** /'dekǝppd/n. Zoology 【动】 a crustacean of the order Decapoda, with five pairs of walking legs, such as a shrimp, crab, or lobster(甲壳类)十 足目动物

-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Decapoda, from DECA- + Gk pous, pod- 'foot.

**decarbonize** or **decarbonise** di:'ka:b(ə)naız/v. remove carbon or carbonaceous deposits from 脱 去…的碳(或碳质沉积)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decarbonization** n. **decarbonizer** n.

**decarboxylate** / di:ka:'boksilert/ v. Chemistry【化】 eliminate a carboxylic acid group from (an organic compound)脱去(有机化合物)的羧基

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decarboxylation** n.

**decarburize** or **decarburise**/di:'ka:bjuraiz/v. Metallurgy 【治】 remove carbon from (iron or steel) 脱去(铁或钢)的碳

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decarburization** n.

**decastyle** /'dekəstaıl/ adj. Architecture 【建】(of a temple or portico) having ten columns(神殿或门 廊)十柱式的

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk dekastulos, from deka 'ten' + stulos 'column.

**decasyllabic**/dekǝsı'læbık/ adj. Prosody 【诗体】 (of a metrical line) consisting of ten syllables (诗行)十音节的

**decathlon** /dı'kælpn, -lən/ n. an athletic event in which each competitor takes part in the same ten events(田径)十项全能运动

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decathlete** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DECA- + Gk athlon 'contest.

**decay** /dı'ker/ v. 1 rot or cause to rot through the action of bacteria and fungi; decompose (使)腐烂,(使)腐朽,(使)腐败 decline in quality or vigour; deteriorate(品质、精力等)衰败,衰退,衰减 2 Physics【物】(of a radioactive substance, particle, etc.) undergo change to a different form by emitting radiation(放射性物质、粒子等) 衰变n. 1 the state or process of decaying 腐烂;衰败;衰变2 rotten matter or tissue 腐烂物质(或组织)

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. decair, based on L. decidere 'fall down or off, from de- 'from' + cadere 'fall.

**decease**/dr'si:s/n. formal or Law【正式或律】a person's death 亡故,死亡v. archaic【古】die死

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. deces, from L. decessus 'death', past part. of decedere 'to die.

**deceased** /dr'si:st/ formal or Law 【正式或律】■n.(**the deceased**) the recently dead person in question(最 近故去的)死者■adj. recently dead已死亡的,(最近) 死去的

**decedent** /dr'si:d(ə)nt/n. US Law【美律】a deceased person 死者

-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. decedent-, decedere (see 见DECEASE).

**deceit** /dr'si:t/ n. the action or practice of deceiving 欺 骗,欺诈 a deceitful act or statement 欺骗行为;骗 人的话

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., past part. of deceveir 'deceive'.

**deceitful**/dr'si:tfl/ adj. acting to deceive others 欺 诈的,骗人的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deceitfully** adv. **deceitfulness** n.

**deceive** /dr'si:v/ v. deliberately cause (someone) to believe something that is not true 欺骗,诓骗 (of a thing) give a mistaken impression to(东西) 给人错误的印象: The area may seem to offer nothing of interest, but don't be deceived, 该地区看起来似乎没什么 好玩的,但不要被表象误导了。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deceivable** adj. **deceiver** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deceivre, from L. decipere 'ensnare, cheat.

**decelerate** /di:'selǝrert/ v. move more slowly 减速 行驶

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deceleration** n. **decelerator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DE- + ACCELERATE.

**December**/dr'sembə(r)/ n. the twelfth month of the year 十二月

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., from decem 'ten' (being orig. the tenth month of the Roman year).

**decency** /'di:s(ə)nsi/ n. (pl. **decencies**) 1 decent behaviour 合宜;得体,识情理(**decencies**) the requirements of acceptable behaviour 礼仪;行为 准则: an appeal to common decencies 对日常礼仪的呼 吁 2(**decencies**) things required for a reasonable standard of living 舒适生活的必需品(或必要条件)

**decennial**/di'seniǝl/ adj. lasting for or recurring every ten years 十年间的;持续十年的;每十年一次的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decennially** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. decennis (from decem 'ten' + annus 'year'), + -AL.

**decent** /'di:s(ə)nt/ adj. 1 conforming with generally accepted standards of morality or respectability 合 宜的;得体的;正当的appropriate; fitting适当的; 适合的 2 of an acceptable standard; satisfactory 过得 去的,尚可的;令人满意的 Brit. informal【英,非正 式】 generous or kind宽宏的;慷慨的;和气的:That's very decent of you. 你真够意思。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decently** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. decent-, decere 'to be fit.

**decentralize** or **decentralise** / di:'sentrǝlaız/v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **decentralized**] transfer (authority) from central to local government 将 (权力)下放至地方政府divide(a large organiza- tion) into smaller separate units将(大机构)分拆 成小的单位

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decentralist** n. & adj. **decen- tralization** n.

<661>
**decentre**/di:'sentǝ(r)/ (US 【美】 **decenter**) v. displace from the centre or from a central position 使偏离中心

**deception**/di'sep∫n/ n. the action of deceiving 欺 骗,诓骗 a thing that deceives 骗人的东西;骗术

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. deceptio(n-), from decipere 'deceive.

**deceptive** /dr'septiv/adj. giving an appearance or impression different from the true one; misleading 造成假象的;骗人的,误导的,靠不住的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deceptiveness** n.

**deceptively** /dr'septivli/ adv. 1 to a lesser extent than appears the case不及看上去的程度: The idea was deceptively simple. 这个想法不像表面那样简单。2 to a greater extent than appears the case超过看上去的程度: the airy and deceptively spacious lounge 既通风又比看起 来更为宽敞的休息厅
> USAGE 用法说明
> **Deceptively** can be used in similar contexts to mean both one thing and also its complete opposite. A **deceptively simple** plan is one that is not simple at all, while a **deceptively spacious** room is in fact more spacious than it appears. But what is a **deceptively steep gradient**? To avoid confusion, it is often best to reword rather than use **deceptively**. * **deceptively** 在相似的 上下文里可能意思完全相反。a **deceptively simple** plan 表示该计划一点也不简单,而a **deceptively spacious** room 表示该房间实际上比看起来更为 宽敞。但是遇到 **deceptively steep gradient** 这 种情形该如何理解?因此为了避免混乱,经常不用 **deceptively**,而是改用别的表达法。

**decerebrate** / di:'seribreit/ adj. Biology【生物】 having had the cerebrum removed 去大脑的,大脑 切除的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decerebration** n.

**decertify**/di:'s3:tıfa1/ v. (**decertifies**, **decertifying**, **decertified**) remove certification from 收回(或取 消)…的证件(或执照)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decertification** n.

**deci-**/'desi-/ comb. form one tenth分(10): deciliter 分升

-ORIGIN词源 from L. decimus 'tenth.

**decibel** 'desibel/ (abbrev. 略作: **dB**) n. a unit of measurement expressing the intensity of a sound or the power of an electrical signal, equal to one tenth of a bel分贝(表示声音强度或电子信号功率的单位, 等于1/10贝)

**decide** /dr'said/ v. come to or bring to a resolution in the mind as a result of consideration 决定;选定: (就…)拿定主意 give a judgement concerning a matter or legal case 裁决,判决resolve or settle (an issue or contest)解决(问题);决定(比赛)的胜负

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decidable** adj. **deciding** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. décider, from L. decidere 'determine', from de- 'off' + caedere 'cut'.

**decided**/dr'saıdıd/ adj. definite; unquestionable 明 确的;确定无疑的: a decided improvement 明显的改进 ➤having clear opinions; resolute坚决的;果断的; 不动摇的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decidedly** adv. **decidedness** n.

**decider** /dı'saidə(r)/ n. a game, goal, etc. that settles the outcome of a contest or series of contests (决定比赛结果的)决胜赛,决胜局,决胜球(或分)

**decidua** /dr'sıdjuǝ/n. Physiology 【生理】 a thick layer of modified mucous membrane which lines the uterus during pregnancy and is shed with the afterbirth 蜕膜

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decidual** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. decidua (membrana), lit. 'falling off (membrane)'.

**deciduous** /dı'sıdjuǝs/ adj. 1 (of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually (树或灌木)(每年) 落叶的 Often contrasted with 常对照 EVERGREEN. 2 denoting the milk teeth of a mammal, which are shed after a time (哺乳动物)乳(齿)的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deciduously** adv. **deciduousness** n.

-ORIGIN词源 C17: from L. deciduus (from decidere 'fall down or off') + -ous.

**decigram** /'desigræm/(also 亦作 **decigramme**) (abbrev. 略作: **dg**) n. a metric unit of mass, equal to one tenth of a gram分克(质量单位,等于1/10克)

**decile** /'desail/■n. Statistics【统】 each of ten equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable十分位数

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. décile, from L. decem 'ten.

**decilitre** /'dest,li:tə(r)/ (US 【美】**deciliter**) (abbrev. 略作: **dl**) n. a metric unit of capacity, equal to one tenth of a litre分升(容量单位,等于1/10升)

**decimal** /'desıml/ adj. relating to or denoting a system of numbers and arithmetic based on the number ten, tenth parts, and powers of ten 十进制的 ■n. a fraction whose denominator is a power of ten and whose numerator is expressed by figures placed to the right of a decimal point(十进)小数 a system of decimal numerical notation 十进(制)记数法

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decimally** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. decimalis (adj.), from L. decimus 'tenth.

**decimalize** or **decimalise** /'desımǝlaız/v. convert (a system of coinage or weights and measures) to a decimal system 把(币制或度量衡制)转换成十进制

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decimalization** n.

**decimal place** n. the position of a digit to the right of a decimal point 小数位

**decimal point** n. a full point or dot placed after the figure representing units in a decimal fraction 小 数点

**decimate** /'desimert/ v. 1 kill or destroy a large proportion of大批杀死;大量毁灭 drastically reduce the strength of 大大削弱………的力量2 (in ancient Rome) kill one in every ten of (a group of soldiers) as a punishment for the mutiny of the whole group (古罗马)处死(反叛士兵)的十分之一

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decimetre declare
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 decimation n. decimator n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. decimat-, decimare 'take as a tenth', from decimus 'tenth.
> USAGE 用法说明 The earliest sense of decimate, 'kill one in every ten of', has been more or less totally superseded by the more general sense 'kill or destroy (a large proportion of)'. Some traditionalists argue that this later sense is incorrect, but it is clear that this is now part of standard English. * decimate 最早的意思(“杀死……中的十分之一”)已在一定程度上完全被更笼统的意思“杀死或毁灭(…的一大部分)”所取代。一些传统人士认为这种新的意义不正确,但很明显它已成为标准英语的一部分。

**decimetre** /'desı,mi:tə(r)/ (US 【美】 decimeter) (abbrev. 略作: dm) n. a metric unit of length, equal to one tenth of a metre 分米(长度单位,等于1/10米)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 decimetric adj.

**decipher** /dı'saifə(r)/ v. convert from code into normal language 破译(密码)
> succeed in understanding or interpreting (something) 理解,解释(某事)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 decipherable adj. decipherment n.

**decision** /dr'sızn/ n. 1 a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration 决定;决心
> the action of deciding 作出决定(的行为) 2 the quality of being decisive 决断,果断
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. decisio(n-), from decidere (see 见 DECIDE).

**decision theory** n. the mathematical study of strategies for optimal decision-making between options involving different risks or expectations of gain or loss depending on the outcome 决策论 Compare with 比较 GAME THEORY.

**decisive** /dı'saısıv/ adj. 1 settling an issue quickly and effectively 决定性的: a decisive battle 决定性的战
> 2 able to make decisions quickly 决断的,果断的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 decisively adv. decisiveness n.

**deck** /dek/ n. 1 a floor of a ship, especially the upper, open level (尤指上层开放的)甲板,舱面
> a floor or platform, as in a bus or car park (公共汽车、停车场等的)层面;平台
> (the deck) informal 【非正式】 the ground or floor 地面:地板: There was a big thud when I hit the deck. 我砰的一声摔倒在地。 2 a component or unit in sound-reproduction equipment that incorporates a playing or recording mechanism for discs or tapes (录放设备的)走带机构,录音座;(唱机的)转盘支托面 3 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a pack of cards 一副纸牌
> N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a packet of narcotics 一小包毒品
> V. 1 (usu. 通常用 be decked out) decorate or dress attractively 装饰;打扮 2 informal 【非正式】 knock to the ground with a punch 一拳把…打倒在地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词-decked adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. denoting a canvas covering, especially on a ship, later a solid surface serving as roof and floor): from MDu. dec 'covering, roof, dekken 'to cover'.

**deckchair** /'dektfeǝ(r)/ n. a folding chair with a frame of wood and a suspended seat of canvas 折叠帆布躺椅

**-decker** /'dekə(r)/ comb. form having a specified number of decks or layers 有……层甲板的;有……层的: double-decker 双层公共汽车

**deckhand** /'dekhænd/ n. a member of a ship's crew whose duties include cleaning, mooring, and cargo handling 舱面人员,舱面水手

**deckhouse** /'dekhaus/ n. a cabin on the deck of a ship, used for navigation or accommodation 甲板室

**decking** /'dekin/ n. the material of the deck of a ship 甲板材料,甲板铺板
> the material of a timber platform or terrace attached to a house or other building (建筑物木结构附属平台等的)铺面板

**deckle** /'dekl/ n. a continuous belt on either side in a paper-making machine, used for controlling the size of paper produced (造纸机的)定边带
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ger. Deckel, dimin. of Decke 'covering.

**deckle edge** n. the rough uncut edge of a sheet of paper, formed by a deckle (纸张边缘未经裁切的)毛边
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 deckle-edged adj.

**deck shoe** n. a flat canvas or leather shoe with a rubber sole 甲板鞋(橡胶平底帆布鞋或皮鞋)

**declaim** /dr'kleım/ v. deliver words in a rhetorical or impassioned way 发表词藻华丽的演说;慷慨陈词
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 declaimer n. declamatory adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. déclamer or L. declamare, from de- (expressing thoroughness) + clamare 'to shout.

**declamation** / deklǝ'meıfn/ n. the action or art of declaiming 词藻华丽(或慷慨激昂)的演说;演说术
> a rhetorical exercise or set speech 词藻华丽的演说(或讲稿)

**declarant** /dı'kleər(ə)nt/ n. chiefly Law 【主律】 a person or party who makes a formal declaration 声明人,陈述人

**declaration** /deklǝ'reıfn/ n. 1 a formal or explicit statement or announcement 宣言;公告;声明(书)
> (also 亦作 declaration of the poll) Brit. 【英】 a public official announcement of the votes cast for candidates in an election (正式宣布候选人得票结果的)选举结果公告
> Law 【律】 a plaintiff's statement of claims in proceedings 起诉状 2 Law 【律】 an affirmation made in place of an oath 未宣誓陈诉 3 an act of declaring 宣布,宣告,声明,宣称

**declarative** /dı'klærǝtıv/ adj. of the nature of or making a declaration 宣言的;公告的;宣布的
> Grammar 【语法】 (of a sentence or phrase) taking the form of a simple statement (句子或短语)陈述式的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 declaratively adv.

**declare** /dı'kleə(r)/ v. 1 announce solemnly or officially; make clearly known 宣布,宣告;声明
> (declare for/against) Brit. 【英】 openly support

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or oppose 公开表态支持/反对 announce oneself as a candidate for an election 宣布参选 announce that one holds (certain combinations of cards) in a card game(在牌戏中)报(牌) 2 (**declare oneself**) reveal one's intentions or identity 表明意图(或身份) express feelings of love to someone(向某人)表达爱意 3 acknowledge possession of (taxable income or dutiable goods) 申报(应税收入或物品) 4 Cricket 【板】close an innings voluntarily before all the wickets have fallen (在击球手还未全部出局时主动)宣布结束赛局

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **declarable** adj. **declaratory** adj. **declared** adj. **declaredly** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. declarare, from de- 'tho- roughly' + clarare 'make clear' (from clarus 'clear').

**declarer** /dı'kleərə(r)/n. Bridge 【桥牌】 the player whese bid establishes the suit of the contract 庄家, 定约人(叫出定约将牌花色的牌手)

**declass**/di:'kla:s/ v. remove (someone) from their original social class 使丧失原有社会地位

**déclassé** /der'klæser/(also 亦作 **déclassée**) adj. having fallen in social status 失去社会地位的,落泊的

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., past part. of déclasser.

**declassify**/di:'klæsıfat/ v. (**declassifies**, **declassifying**, **declassified**) 1 officially declare (information or documents) to be no longer secret 撤销(资料或文件)的密级,将………解密 2 reassign to a lower classification 降低………的分级

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **declassification** n.

**declaw**/di:'klɔ:/ v. remove the claws from (an animal, typically a cat)去掉(动物,多指猫)的爪子

**declension** /dr'klen∫n/ n. 1 Grammar 【语法】 the variation of the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, by which its grammatical case, number, and gender are identified(静词)变形,变格 the class to which a noun or adjective is assigned according to this variation(名词或形容词的)变格 类2 archaic 【古】 a condition of decline or moral deterioration衰退,衰微;道德沦丧

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **declensional** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME declinson, from OFr. declinaison, from decliner 'to decline.

**declination**/dekli'nerfn/ n. 1 Astronomy 【天文】the angular distance of a point north or south of the celestial equator 赤纬 the angular deviation of a compass needle from true north 磁偏角 2US【美】 formal refusal正式拒绝;谢绝

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **declinational** adj.

**decline** /dı'klaın/ v. 1 (typically of something regarded as good) become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease(多指好的事物)下降,减少 diminish in strength or quality; deteriorate 衰弱;衰退;恶化2 politely refuse 婉拒,谢绝:The company declined to comment.公司婉拒评论。3(especially of the sun) move downwards(尤指太阳)落下 4 Grammar 【语法】state the forms of (a noun, pronoun, or adjective) corresponding to cases, number, and gender 使(名词、代词或形容词)发生变格■n. 1 a continuous loss of strength, numbers, or value 下 降;减少;衰弱;衰退2 archaic 【古】 a disease in which the bodily strength gradually fails, especially tuberculosis 消耗病;(尤指)结核病

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **declinable** adj. **decliner** n. **declining** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. decliner, from L. declinare 'bend down, turn aside', from de- 'down' + clinare 'to bend.

**declivity**/dı'klıvıti/ n. (pl. **declivities**) formal [E 式】a downward slope 斜坡

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **declivitous** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. declivitas, from declivis 'sloping down', from de- 'down' + clivus 'a slope.

**declutch**/di:'klatf/v. disengage the clutch of a motor vehicle(驾驶汽车时)脱开离合器,放空挡

**decoct**/di'kpkt/ v. extract the essence from (something) by heating or boiling it煎,熬(以获取 精华)

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. decoct-, decoquere 'boil down', from de- 'down' + coquere 'cook.

**decoction** /dı'kpkfn/ n. a concentrated liquid resulting from heating or boiling a substance, especially a medicinal preparation made from a plant 浓缩液;煎剂;(尤指从植物中提取的)药液

**decode**/di:'kǝud/ v. 1 convert (a coded message) into intelligible language 译解(密码信息) 2 convert (audio or video signals), in particular from digital to analogue 转换(音频或视频信号,特指从数字信号转换 成模拟信号)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decodable** adj. **decoder** n.

**decoke** /,di:'kǝuk/ v. Brit. 【英】 remove carbon or carbonaceous material from (an internal-combustion engine)给(内燃机)除焦

**décolletage** / deıkplı'ta:3, der'kolta:3/ n. a low neckline on a woman's dress or top(女装的)低 胸露肩领 a woman's cleavage as revealed by such a neckline(低胸露肩领露出的)乳沟

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from décolleter 'expose the neck.

**décolleté** /der'kolter/adj. (also 亦作 **décolletée**) having a low neckline 具低胸露肩领的■n. a décolletage (女装的)低胸露肩领

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., past part. of décolleter 'expose the neck.

**decolonize** or **decolonise**/di:'kplənaız/ ■v. withdraw from (a colony), leaving it independent 使(殖民地) 独立,将…非殖民地化

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decolonization** n.

**decolorize** or **decolorise** (also 亦作**decolourize**) /di:'kʌləraız/v. remove the colour from 使脱色, 将…漂白

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decolorization** n.

**decommission**/di:kə'mı∫n/ v. 1 take (a ship) out of service 使(军舰)退役2 dismantle and make safe (a nuclear reactor or weapon)使(核反应堆或核武器) 退役

**decompensation**/di:komp(ə)n'sersn/n. Medicine

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【医】 the failure of an organ (especially the liver or heart) to compensate for the functional overload resulting from disease(尤指肝或心的)代偿失调

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decompensated** adj.

**decompose**/di:kəm'pǝuz/ v. 1 (of organic matter) become rotten; decay(有机物)腐烂,变腐败2(of a chemical compound) break down into component elements(化合物)分解3 Mathematics 【数】 express (a number or function) as a combination of simpler components 分解(数或方程)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decomposable** adj. **decomposer** n. **decomposition** n.

**decompress**/di:kəm'pres/ v. 1 expand (compressed computer data) to its normal size 解压缩(压缩计算 机数据) 2 subject (a diver) to decompression 给 (潜水员)减压3 N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】calm down and relax平静;放松

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decompressor** n.

**decompression**/di:kəm'prefn/ n. 1 reduction in air pressure 减(气)压a gradual reduction of air pressure on a person who has been experiencing high pressure while diving(潜水)减压2the process of decompressing computer data(计算机数 据的)解压缩

**decompression chamber** n. a small room in which the air pressure can be varied, used to allow deep-sea divers to adjust to normal air pressure 减 压室

**decompression sickness** n. a condition that results when too rapid decompression causes nitrogen bubbles to form in the tissues of the body, characterized by pain in the muscles and joints, cramp, numbness, nausea, and paralysis 减压病

**decondition**/di:k(ə)n'dın/ v. 1 [usu. as adj. 通 常作形容词 **deconditioned**] cause to lose fitness or muscle tone 使健康恶化,使肌肉松弛2 Psychiatry 【精 神】 reform or reverse (a person's behaviour), especially in the treatment of phobia(尤指在治疗恐怖 症时)对(人的行为)去条件化

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deconditioning** n.

**decongest**/di:k(ə)n'dzest/ v. relieve the congestion of消除(或缓解)……的拥挤(或充血)

-DERIVATIVES派生词 **decongestion** n.

**decongestant** /,di:kən'dzestənt/ adj. (chiefly of a medicine) used to relieve nasal congestion(主要指 药)减轻鼻充血的■n. a decongestant medicine 减轻 鼻充血剂

**deconsecrate** / di:'konsikreit/ v. transfer (a building) from sacred to secular use 把(建筑物)改 作俗用

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deconsecration** n.

**deconstruct**/di:k(ə)n'strakt/ v. 1 analyse (a text, conceptual system, etc.) by deconstruction 解构 分析(文本、概念系统等) 2 reduce (something) to its constituent parts in order to reinterpret it 解构 (以重新阐释)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deconstructive** adj.

**deconstruction**/di:kən'strakfn/ n. a method of critical analysis of philosophical and literary language which emphasizes the internal workings of language and conceptual systems, the relational quality of meaning, and the assumptions implicit in forms of expression(哲学或文学语言的)解构主义

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deconstructionism** n. **decon- structionist** adj. & n.

**decontaminate** / di:kən'tæmineit/ v. remove dangerous substances from 给………去污,净化,消除…的 有害物质

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decontamination** n.

**decontextualize** or **decontextualise**/di:k(ə)n- 'tekstjuǝlaız/ v. consider in isolation from its context 脱离上下文(或具体情况)考虑

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decontextualization** n.

**decontrol** di:kən'trǝul/ v. (**decontrols**, **decon- trolling**, **decontrolled**) release (a commodity, market, etc.) from controls or restrictions 解除对 (商品、市场等)的控制(或限制) n. the action of decontrolling 解除控制(或限制)

**deconvolution** / di: konvǝ'lu:fn/ n. the process of resolving something mathematically or conceptually into its constituent parts 解卷积,反褶积

**decor** /'deıkə:(r), 'de-/ n. 1 the furnishing and decoration of a room(房间的)装饰(布置),装潢 (风格) 2 stage scenery舞台布置,布景

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. décor, from décorer, from L. decorare (see见 DECORATE).

**decorate** /'dekǝreit/ v. 1 make (something) look more attractive by adding extra items or images to it 装饰,装潢 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 apply paint or wallpaper to 给…刷油漆(或贴墙纸)2 confer an award or medal on 授勋章(或奖章)给

-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. decoratus 'embellished', from decus, decor- 'honour or embellishment.

**Decorated** /'dekǝreıtıd/ adj. denoting a stage of English Gothic church architecture typical of the 14th century, characterized by geometrical, curvilinear, and reticulated tracery(英国)哥特式教 堂建筑(阶段)的,盛饰建筑(阶段)的

**decoration**/dekə'reıfn/ n. 1 the process or art of decorating 装饰(过程);装潢(术)2 the fact of being decorated; ornamentation 被装饰:美化 an ornament 装饰品3a medal or award conferred as an honour 勋章;奖章

**Decoration Day** ■n. US 【美】 another term for MEMORIAL DAY * Memorial Day的另一种说法

**decorative** /'dek(ə)rətıv/ adj. serving to make something look more attractive; ornamental 装饰性 的,作装饰用的 relating to decoration(有关)装 饰的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decoratively** adv. **decorative- ness** n.

**decorator** /'dekǝreıtə(r)/ n. a person who decorates 装饰者,装潢者 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a person whose job is painting interior walls or hanging wallpaper 油漆 工;裱糊匠

**decorous** /'dek(ə)rəs/ adj. in keeping with good

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taste and propriety; polite and restrained 高雅合宜 的,正派得体的;端庄稳重的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decorously** adv. **decorousness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. decorus 'seemly' + -ous.

**decorticate**/di:'kɔ:tıkert/ v. 1 [often as adj. 常作形 容词 **decorticated**] technical 【技】 remove the bark, rind, or husk from 剥去……的外皮;去掉………的外壳2 remove the cortex from (an organ)剥除(器官)的 皮质

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decortication** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. decorticat-, decorticare 'to strip of bark.

**decorum** /dı'kɔ:rəm/ n. behaviour in keeping with good taste and propriety 高雅合宜,正派得体> customary behaviour; etiquette 礼节,礼仪

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., neut. of the adj. decorus 'seemly.

**découpage**/deıku:'pa:3, dr'ku:pa:3, 'deku:pa:3/n. the decoration of the surface of an object with paper cutouts 剪纸装饰(艺术),剪贴(艺术)

-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: Fr., from découper 'cut out.

**decouple**/di:'kapl/ v. separate or disengage one thing from another使分离;使脱离;拆开

**decoy** n. /'di:kǝı/ 1 a bird or mammal, or an imitation of one, used to lure game(诱捕猎物的) 诱饵动物,假鸟,假兽2a person or thing used to mislead or lure someone into a trap 用作诱饵的人; 诱饵;诱惑物 3a pond from which narrow netted channels lead, into which wild duck may be enticed for capture 诱捕野鸭的水塘■v./dr'kɔı, 'di:kǝı/ lure by means of a decoy(利用诱饵)引诱,诱骗

-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier as coy): from Du. de kooi 'the decoy', from MDu. de kouw 'the cage', from L. cavea 'cage.

**decrease** v. /dr'kri:s/make or become smaller or fewer in size, amount, intensity, or degree(使)减小; (使)减少;(使)减弱n. /'di:kri:s/ an instance of decreasing 减小,减少,减弱(的情形) the action of decreasing 减小,减少,减弱(的行为)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decreasing** adj. **decreasingly** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. decreis (n.), decreistre (v.), based on L. decrescere, from de- 'down' + crescere 'grow.

**decree** /dr'kri:/ n. an official order that has the force of law法令;政令➤ a judgement or decision of certain law courts 判决,裁定■v. (**decrees**, **decreeing**, **decreed**) order by decree 命令;颁布

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. decre, decret, from L. decre- tum 'something decided', from decernere 'decide.

**decree absolute** n. (pl. **decrees absolute**) English Law【英格兰律】a court of law's final order officially ending a marriage, enabling either party to remarry 绝对判决,终局判决(指解除婚姻关系或宣布婚姻 无效的判决)

**decree nisi** /'narsat/ n. (pl. **decrees nisi**) English Law【英格兰律】an order by a court of law stating the date on which a marriage will end unless a good reason not to grant a divorce is produced (离婚案 件中的)非绝对判决,初期判决

-ORIGIN 词源C19: L. nisi 'unless.

**decrement** /'dekrım(ə)nt/ n. 1 technical 【技】a reduction or diminution 减少;减缩2 Physics 【物】 the ratio of the amplitudes in successive cycles of a damped oscillation 减幅 ■v. chiefly Computing 【主计】cause a discrete reduction in (a numerical quantity)使(数值)递减

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. decrementum 'diminution', from decrescere 'to decrease.

**decrepit** /dı'krepit/ adj. elderly and infirm 老弱 的,衰老的worn out or ruined because of age or neglect 用旧的,破旧的,年久失修的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decrepitude** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. decrepitus, from de- 'down' + crepitus, past part. of crepare 'rattle, creak.

**decrepitate** /dr'krepitert/ v. technical 【技】(of a solid) disintegrate audibly when heated(固体)烧爆

-DERIVATIVES派生词 **decrepitation** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from DE- + L. crepitat, crepitare 'to crackle', frequentative of crepare(see 见 DECREPIT).

**decrescendo** / di:krı'fendǝu/ adv. & adj. another term for DIMINUENDO * diminuendo的另一种说法

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ital., lit. 'decreasing.

**decrescent** /dı'kres(ə)nt/ adj. (of the moon) waning(月亮)下弦的

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. decrescent-, decrescere (see 见DECREASE).

**decretal**/dı'kri:tl/ n. a papal decree concerning a point of canon law(教皇的)教令adj. of the nature of a decree 法令的

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. decretale, neut. of decretalis (adj.), from L. decret-, decernere 'to decide.

**decriminalize** or **decriminalise** / di:'krımınəlaız/v. cease to treat as a criminal offence 使非刑事犯罪化, 使合法化

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decriminalization** n.

**decry**/dı'krai/ v. (**decries**, **decrying**, **decried**) publicly denounce(公开)谴责;(强烈)批评

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decrier** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'decrease the value of coins by royal proclamation'): from DE- + CRY, on the pattern of Fr. décrier 'cry down.

**decrypt**/di:'kript/ v. make (a coded or unclear message) intelligible 破译(加密或不清楚的信息)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decryption** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from DE- + crypt as in encrypt.

**decubitus** /dr'kju:bıtəs/ n. chiefly Medicine【主医】 the posture adopted by a person who is lying down 卧位,卧姿

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from L. decumbere 'lie down.

**decumbent** /dı'kamb(ə)nt/ adj. Botany【植】 (of a plant stem) lying along the ground, with the extremity upturned(植物的茎)外倾的,匍生的

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. decumbent-, decumbere 'lie down.

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**decurrent** /dı'kar(ə)nt/ adj. Botany 【植】 extending down the stem below the point of attachment (叶 等)下延的,下行的,向下的(of a tree) having several roughly equal branches(树)等枝的

-ORIGIN 词源C18: from L. decurrent-, decurrere 'to run down.

**decurved** /dı'k3:vd/ adj. Biology 【生物】 (especially of a bird's bill) curved downwards(尤指鸟嘴) 下曲 的,下弯的

**decussate** technical 【技】 ■v. /dr'kaseit, 'dekǝseit/ (of two or more things) cross or intersect(两物或 多物)交叉adj. /dı'kʌsət/ 1 shaped like an X交叉 的,交叉成X形的2 Botany 【植】(of leaves) arranged in opposite pairs(叶)交互对生的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **decussation** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. decussatus, past part. of decussare 'divide crosswise', from decussis (describing the figure X, i.e. the Roman numeral for 10), from decem 'ten.

**dedendum** /dı'dendəm/ ■n. Engineering 【工程】the radial distance from the pitch circle of a cogwheel or wormwheel to the bottom of the tooth space or groove 齿根高 Compare with 比较 ADDENDUM.

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L., 'thing that can be surrendered', neut. gerundive of dedere.

**dedicate** /'dedıkeit/ v. 1 devote to a subject, task, or purpose 把………献给;把………用于:Joan has dedicated her life to animals.琼把她的一生献给了动物。2 address (a book) to a person, as a sign of respect or affection 题献词于(书)上 ceremonially assign (a church or other building) to a deity or saint 为 (教堂或其他建筑物)举行奉献典礼 formally open or unveil (a building or monument)为(建筑物或纪念 碑)举行落成典礼;为………揭幕

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dedicatee** n. **dedicator** n. **dedi- catory** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dedicat-, dedicare 'to devote or consecrate.

**dedicated** /'dedıkeıtıd/ adj. 1 devoted to a task or purpose 献身的;一心一意的;热忱的2 exclusively allocated or intended for a particular purpose 专用 的: a dedicated high-speed rail link 专用高速铁路连 接线

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dedicatedly** adv.

**dedication** / dedı'kersn/n. 1 the quality of being dedicated 献身精神 2 the action of dedicating 献身; 奉献 an inscription or form of words dedicating a building, book, etc(建筑物、书等上的)题献,献词

**deduce** /dr'dju:s/ v. 1 arrive at (a fact or a conclu- sion) by reasoning演绎,推断,推论2 archaic【古】 trace the course or derivation of 对………追本溯源,追 索………的来龙去脉

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deducible** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. deducere, from de- 'down' + ducere 'lead'.

**deduct**/dı'dakt/ v. subtract or take away from a total 扣除,减去

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. deduct-, deducere 'take or lead away.

**deductible** /dr'daktəbl/ adj. able to be deducted, especially from taxable income(尤指从应税收入中)可 扣除的,可减免的■n. N. Amer.【北美】 the part of an insurance claim to be paid by the insured; an excess 免赔额

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deductibility** n.

**deduction**/dı'd∧k∫n/ n. 1 the action of deducting 扣除,减去 an amount that is or may be deducted 扣除额,减去数 2 the inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle 演绎,推论 Often contrasted with 常对照 INDUCTION. ➤ a conclusion that has been deduced(演绎推得 的)结论

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deductive** adj. **deductively** adv.

**deed** /di:d/n.1 chiefly literary 【主文】 a conscious or intentional action(有意做的)事情;作为2(usu.通 常用 **deeds**) a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one relating to property ownership or legal rights(尤指关于财产所有权或法 律权利的)契据■v. N. Amer.【北美】convey or transfer by legal deed 立契转让

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dēd, dæd, of Gmc origin.

**deed of covenant** ■n. Brit. 【英】 an agreement to pay a regular amount of money, particularly when this enables the recipient (typically a charity) to reclaim any tax paid by the donor on the amount(向 慈善机构等定期捐款的)付款契约(受款人可凭此获得 为该款所应缴的税额)

**deed poll** ■n. English Law【英格兰律】 a legal deed made and executed by one party only, especially to formalize a change of a person's name(尤指为更改 姓名的)平边契据,单方契据

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: so named because the parchment was 'polled' or cut cleanly, not indented at the edges as in the case of a deed made by two parties.

**deejay** /'di:dze1/informal 【非正式】 ■n. a disc jockey 流行音乐节目主持人;唱片骑师v. perform as a disc jockey 做流行音乐节目主持人;当唱片骑师

-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: representing the pron. of the initials DJ.

**deem**/di:m/ ■v. formal 【正式】 regard or consider in a specified way认为;视为:The event was deemed a great success. 这一活动被认为非常成功。

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dēman, of Gmc origin.

**de-emphasize** or **de-emphasise** v. reduce the emphasis given to 贬低………的重要性,不予强调

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **de-emphasis** n.

**deemster** /'di:mstə(r)/ n. a judge (of whom there are two) in the Isle of Man judiciary(英国)马恩 岛首席法官(两名首席法官之一)

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DEEM + -STER.

**de-energize** or **de-energise** v. disconnect (an electric circuit) from a power supply切断(电路的) 电源

**deep**/di:p/adj. 1 extending far down or in from the top or surface深的;厚的;纵深的 extending a specified distance from the top, surface, or outer

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edge 有……深的Cricket 【板】 (of a fielding position) relatively distant from the batsman(防守位置)远 离击球手的,深远的(in ball games) to or from a position far down or across the field(在球类运动中) 靠近对方端线的2 very intense, profound, or extreme 强烈的;深切的;极度的: a deep sleep 熟睡 difficult to understand深奥的;晦涩的3(of sound) low in pitch and full in tone; not shrill(声音)深沉的4(of colour) dark and intense (颜色)浓的,深的n.1 (**the deep**) literary【文】the sea大海,海洋(usu.通常用 **deeps**) a deep part of the sea 深海 2 (**the deep**) Cricket 【板】the part of the field distant from the batsman (远离击球手的)深远区 adv. far down or in; deeply 在 (或至)深处;深深地 (in sport) distant from the batsman or forward line of one's team (体育运动中) 在深远区,靠近对方端线
> -PHRASES 短语 **go off the deep end** informal 【非 正式】 give way immediately to an emotional or irrational outburst 变得异常激动;变得失去理智 **have deep pockets** informal 【非正式】 have a lot of financial resources 财力雄厚 **in deep water** informal 【非正式】in trouble or difficulty 陷入麻烦(或困境)中 **jump (or be thrown) in at the deep end** informal 【非正式】face a new and difficult undertaking with little preparation 突遇难题

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deeply** adv. **deepness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dēop (adj.), diope, dēope (adv.), of Gmc origin; rel. to DIP.

**deep-bodied** adj. (of an animal, especially a fish) having a body which is deeper (from back to belly) than it is wide(动物,尤指鱼)高身的

**deep-discount** adj. denoting financial securities carrying a low rate of interest and issued at a discount to their redemption value, so mainly providing capital gain rather than income(金融证券)大 幅贴现的 N. Amer.【北美】heavily discounted 大幅 折扣的

**deep-dish** adj. 1 (of a pie or pizza) baked in a deep dish(馅饼或比萨饼)用深盘烘烤的2N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 extreme or thoroughgoing 极度的;十足的,彻头彻尾的:deep-dish conservatism 彻头彻尾的保守主义

**deep-dyed** adj. informal 【非正式】 thoroughgoing; complete十足的,彻头彻尾的,完全的

**deepen** /'di:pən/ v. make or become deep or deeper (使)变深,加深

**deep freeze** ■n. (also 亦作 **deep freezer**) a freezer 冷冻柜;冷冻室 ■v. (**deep-freeze**) store in a deep freeze 深冻冷藏

**deep-fry** v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **deep-fried**] fry (food) in an amount of fat or oil sufficient to cover it completely 油炸(食物)

**deep-pan** adj. (of a pizza) baked in a deep dish (比萨饼)用深盘烘烤的

**deep-rooted** adj. firmly established 根深蒂固的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deep-rootedness** n.

**deep-seated** adj. firmly established 根深蒂固的

**deep-set** adj. embedded or positioned firmly or deeply 牢牢嵌入的,深陷的

**deep-six** ■v. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】get rid of; destroy utterly抛弃,丢弃;完全销毁

-ORIGIN 词源 1920s (as **the deep six** 'the grave'): perh. from the custom of burial at sea at a depth of six fathoms.

**deep space** n. another term for OUTER SPACE * outer space 的另一种说法

**deep structure**n. (in transformational grammar) the underlying logical relationships of the elements of a phrase or sentence(转换语法中的)深层结构 Contrasted with 对照 SURFACE STRUCTURE.

**deep throat** n. a person who anonymously supplies information about covert or illegal action in the organization where they work深喉(指匿名揭 发本机构中秘密或非法活动的人)

-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: the title of a pornographic film of 1972, first applied in this sense as the name ('Deep Throat') of an informant in the Watergate scandal.

**deep-vein thrombosis** n. thrombosis in a vein lying deep below the skin, especially in the legs(尤 指腿部的)深静脉血栓形成

**deer** /dıə(r)/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同) a hoofed grazing or browsing animal, with branched bony antlers that are shed annually and typically borne only by the male 鹿 [Family Cervidae: many species.]

-ORIGIN 词源 OE dēor, also orig. denoting any quadruped, used in the phr. **small deer** meaning 'small creatures collectively'; of Gmc origin.

**deer fly** n. 1 a bloodsucking louse fly which is a parasite of deer 鹿羊虱蝇[Lipoptena cervi.] 2 a bloodsucking horsefly which attacks large mammals and can transmit various diseases 斑虻 [Genus Chrysops.]

**deergrass** /'dıǝgra:s/n. a small sedge related to cotton grass, growing in tufts on wet moors and bogs 丛生鹿草[Trichophorum cespitosum (or Scirpus cespitosus).]

**deerhound** /'dıǝhaund/ n. a large dog of a rough- haired breed, resembling the greyhound 猎鹿犬

**deer mouse** n. a mainly nocturnal mouse found in North and Central America 白足鼠,鹿鼠 [Peromyscus maniculatus and related species.]

**deerskin** /'dıəskın/ n. leather made from the skin of a deer 鹿皮革

**deerstalker** /'dıəstə:kə(r)/ n. a soft cloth cap, originally worn for hunting, with peaks in front and behind and ear flaps which can be tied together over the top 猎鹿帽

**de-escalate** v. reduce the intensity of (a conflict or crisis)使(冲突或危机)降级;缩小;减少

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **de-escalation** n.

**def**/def/adj. chiefly black slang 【主黑俚】excellent 极好的,超棒的

-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: prob. an alt. of DEATH (used in Jamaican Engl. as an intensifier), or shortened from DEFINITIVE or definite.

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**deface**/dr'fers/ v. spoil the surface or appearance of 损伤……的外貌

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defacement** n. **defacer** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desfacier.

**de facto**/der 'fæktǝu, di:/ adv. in fact, whether by right or not 事实上,实际上Often contrasted with 常对照 DE JURE. adj. existing or holding a specified position in fact but not necessarily by legal right 实 际上存在的,实际的,事实上的:a de facto one-party system 事实上的一党制

-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'of fact'.

**defalcate** /'di:fælkeit/ v. formal 【正式】embezzle (funds)盗用,侵吞(公款)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defalcation** n. **defalcator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C16(earlier(ME) as defalcation in the sense 'deduction, reduction'): from med. L. defalcat-, defalcare 'to lop'.

**defame**/dr'ferm/ v. damage the good reputation of 破坏……的名誉,诽谤,中伤

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defamation** n. **defamatory** adj. **defamer** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diffamer, from L. diffamare 'spread evil report', from dis- (expressing removal) + fama 'report'.

**defamiliarize** or **defamiliarise**/di:fə'mıljəraız/v. make unfamiliar or strange 使显得陌生,使陌生化

**defang**/di:'fæŋ/ v. make harmless or ineffectual 使无害;削弱

**default**/dr'fo:lt/ n. 1 failure to fulfil an obligation, especially to repay a loan or appear in a law court 未履行义务,违约(尤指未能适时偿还债务、未到庭 等)2 a preselected option adopted by a computer program or other mechanism when no alternative is specified(计算机程序等)默认,缺省,设定值v. 1 fail to fulfil an obligation 未履行义务;违约:Some had defaulted on student loans. 有些人拖欠了学生贷款。 declare (a party) in default and give judgement against that party宣布(一方)未到庭而作出不利该 方的裁决2(**default to**) revert automatically to (a preselected option)自动转到(预选项),自动回到(默 认状态)
> -PHRASES 短语 **by default** because of a lack of opposition or positive action 没有反对;缺乏行动: He became an actor by default. 他没有其他选择地当了演 员。**go by default** (of a case) be decided in favour of one party because of lack of opposition by the other party(案件)因一方无答辩而作出有利于另一方 的裁决;缺席裁决 **in default** guilty of default 未履行 义务;拖欠;未到庭 **in default of** in the absence of 因缺少,在缺乏………的情况下

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. defaut, from defaillir 'to fail', based on L. fallere 'disappoint, deceive.

**defaulter**/di'fə:ltə(r)/ n. a person who defaults 未 履行义务者;违约者chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a member of the armed forces guilty of a military offence 违反 军规者

**defeasance**/dr'fi:z(ə)ns/n. Law 【律】 the action or process of rendering something null and void 作 废,废除;宣告无效

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from defaire, desfaire (see 见DEFEAT).

**defeasible**/di'fi:zıbl/ adj. chiefly Law & Philosophy 【主 律和哲】open in principle to revision, valid objection, forfeiture, or annulment 可修正的;可废除的;可宣告 无效的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defeasibility** n. **defeasibly** adv.

**defeat** /dr'fi:t/ v. 1 win a victory over 击败,战胜 2 prevent the achievement of (an aim)阻挠(目 标)的达成;挫败,使落空: This defeats the object of the exercise. 这样的话就使得该练习的目的落了空。> be too difficult for 把………难住Law【律】make null and void 废除;使无效n. an instance of defeating or being defeated 击败;挫败;失败;废除

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defeated** adj. **defeatedly** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desfait 'undone', past part. of desfaire, from med. L. disfacere 'undo.

**defeatist** /dı'fi:tist/ n. a person who gives in to failure too readily 失败主义者 adj. showing ready acceptance of failure 失败主义(者)的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defeatism** n.

**defecate** /'defǝkeit, 'di:f-/ v. discharge faeces from the body 排便

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defecation** n. **defecator** n. **defecatory** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'clear of dregs, purify'): from L. defaecat-, defaecare, from de- + faex, faec-'dregs.

**defect'** /'di:fekt, dr'fekt/ n. a shortcoming, imperfec- tion, or lack 缺点;瑕疵;不足

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. defectus, past part. of deficere 'desert or fail', from de- (expressing reversal) + facere 'do'.

**defect²**/dr'fekt/ v. abandon one's country or cause in favour of an opposing one背叛(国家或事业);叛变

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defection** n. **defector** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. defect-, deficere (see见 DEFECT¹).

**defective**/dr'fektiv/ adj. 1 imperfect or faulty有 缺点的,有缺陷的,有毛病的2lacking or deficient 缺乏的,缺少的,不足的:Dystrophin is commonly defective in muscle tissue. 肌肉组织中常缺少肌养蛋白。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defectively** adv. **defectiveness** n.

**defence** /dr'fens/ (US 【美】 **defense**) n. 1 the action of defending from or resisting attack 防御, 保卫;保护 military measures or resources for protecting a country 国防 (often 常用 **defences**) a means of protecting something from attack 防 御手段 2 the case presented by or on behalf of the party being accused or sued in a lawsuit(被告方 的)辩护(理由),答辩(根据) (**the defence**) [treated as sing. or pl.视作单数或复数] the counsel for the defendant in a lawsuit 辩护律师 3 attempted justification or vindication 辩护;辩解:He spoke in defence of a disciplined approach. 他为严格的工 作态度而辩护。4 (in sport) the action or role of defending one's goal or wicket against the opposition

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(体育运动中的)防守,防守角色 (**the defence**) the players in a team who perform a defensive role (总 称)防守队员

**defenceless** /dr'fenslǝs/ (US 【美】 **defenseless**) ■adj. without defence or protection; totally vulnerable 无防御的;无保护的;不能自卫的,无助的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defencelessness** n.

**defence mechanism** n. an automatic reaction of the body against disease-causing organisms(身体 的)防御机理➢a mental process initiated, typically unconsciously, to avoid experiencing conflict or anxiety(心理上的)防御机制

**defend** /di'fend/ v. 1 resist an attack on; protect from harm 防御;保卫;保护 2 conduct the case for (the party being accused or sued) in a lawsuit为(被告 方)辩护 3 attempt to justify 为……辩护(或辩解) 4 compete to retain (a title or seat)捍卫(某称号 或席位);卫冕5 (in sport) protect one's goal or wicket rather than attempt to score against one's opponents(在体育运动中)防守

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defendable** adj. **defender** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. defendre, from L. defendere, from de- 'off' + -fendere 'to strike.

**defendant**/di'fendənt/ n. an individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law 被告 Compare with 比较 PLAINTIFF.

**defenestration** / di:feni'streifn/ n. formal or humorous【正式或幽】the action of throwing someone out of a window 将人抛出窗外

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defenestrate** V.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. defenestratio(n-), from de- + L. fenestra 'window'.

**defense** /di'fens/n. US spelling of DEFENCE * defence 的美式拼法

**defensible** /dı'fensəbl/ adj. 1 justifiable by argument 可辩解的,正当有理的 2 able to be defended from attack(军事上)能防御的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defensibility** n. **defensibly** adv.

**defensive** /dr'fensiv/ adj. 1 used or intended to defend or protect防卫(用)的;防御(性)的;保 护(性)的(in sport) relating to or intended as defence(在体育运动中)防守的2 very anxious to challenge or avoid criticism 百般辩解的
> -PHRASES 短语 **on the defensive** expecting or resisting criticism or attack(对批评)采取防备(或 抵触)态度;(对进攻)采取守势,处于防御姿态

-DERIVATIVES派生词 **defensively** adv. **defensiveness** n.

**defer¹**/dı'f3:(r)/ v. (**defers**, **deferring**, **deferred**) put off to a later time; postpone 推迟,拖延 Law 【律】(of a judge) postpone (a sentence) so that the circumstances or conduct of the defendant can be further assessed(法官)延缓(判决)(以便对有关情 形或被告的行为作进一步考量)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deferment** n. **deferrable** adj. **deferral** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. differer 'defer or differ', from L. differre, from dis- 'apart' + ferre 'bring, carry.

**defer²**/dı'f3:(r)/ ■v. (**defers**, **deferring**, **deferred**) (**defer to**) submit to or acknowledge the merit of 遵从,听从;服从: He deferred to Tim's superior knowledge. 他遵从蒂姆的意见,因为他的知识更胜一筹。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deferrer** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deferer, from L. deferre 'carry away, refer', from de- 'away from' + ferre 'bring, carry.

**deference** /'defərəns/ n. polite submission and respect 遵从;敬重

**deferential**/defǝ'renfl/ adj. showing deference; respectful 遵从的;恭敬的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deferentially** adv.

**defervescence** / difǝ'ves(ə)ns/n. Medicine【医】 the abatement of a fever 退热

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defervesce** V.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. defervescent-, defervescere 'to cease to boil.

**defiance** /dı'farəns/ n. open resistance; bold disobedience(公然)违抗;蔑视

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defiant** adj. **defiantly** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from defier 'defy'.

**defibrillation** / di:fıbrı'leıfn/n. Medicine 【医】the stopping of fibrillation of the heart by administering a controlled electric shock, to allow restoration of the normal rhythm 心脏除颤

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defibrillate** v. **defibrillator** n.

**deficiency**/dr'fı∫nsi/ n. (pl. **deficiencies**) a lack or shortage 缺乏,不足 a failing or shortcoming 缺陷,缺点

**deficiency disease** n. a disease caused by the lack of some essential element in the diet, usually a particular vitamin or mineral(通常为缺乏某一维生 素或矿物质的)营养缺乏病

**deficient** /dr'f1fnt/ adj. not having enough of a specified quality or ingredient(某一特质或成分)缺 乏的,不足的: a diet deficient in vitamin B 缺维生素B 的饮食 >insufficient or inadequate缺少的;不够的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deficiently** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. deficient-, deficere (see见 DEFECT¹).

**deficit** /'defısıt, 'di:-/ n. 1 the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, falls short(尤 指钱数的)不足额 an excess of expenditure or liabilities over income or assets in a given period 赤字:亏损;逆差2 technical【技】 a deficiency or failing, especially in a neurological or psychological function(尤指神经或心理功能的)缺陷

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via Fr. from L. deficit 'it is lacking, from deficere (see见 DEFECT¹).

**deficit spending** n. government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation(政府的)赤字开支

**defilade**/defr'leid/n. Military 【军】 the protection of a position, vehicle, or troops against enemy observation or gunfire(对阵地、车辆或部队的)遮蔽

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. défiler 'protect from the enemy' + -ADE¹.

**defile¹** /dr'fail/ v. sully, mar, or spoil 弄脏;污损;

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defile defoliant
破坏
> desecrate or profane (something sacred) 亵渎(神圣之物)
> archaic 【古】 rape or sexually assault (a woman) 奸污(妇女)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 defilement n. defiler n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of obs. defoul, from OFr. defouler 'trample down', influenced by obs. befile 'befoul, defile.

**defile²** /dr'fail/ n. /also 亦读 'di:fail/ a steep-sided narrow gorge or passage (originally one requiring troops to march in single file) (原指部队只能单列行进的)隘路,峡道
> v. archaic 【古】 (of troops) march in single file (部队)以单列行进
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. défilé (n.), défiler (v.), from dé 'away from' + file 'column, file.

**define** /dr'fain/ v. 1 state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of 阐明;给……下定义
> give the meaning of (a word or phrase) 解释(词或词组) 2 mark out the limits of 规定,限定,确定…的界限
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 definable adj. definer n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. definer, from a var. of L. definire, from de- (expressing completion) + finire 'finish.

**definite** /'defınət/ adj. 1 clearly stated or decided; not vague or doubtful (表述或决定)明确的,确切的,清楚的
> (of a person) certain or sure about something (人)肯定的 2 clearly true or real 确实的,显然真实的 3 having exact and discernible physical limits 限定的,有界限的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 definiteness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. definitus 'defined, set within limits, past part. of definire (see 见 DEFINE).

**definite article** n. Grammar 【语法】 a determiner (the in English) that introduces a noun phrase and implies that the thing mentioned has already been mentioned, or is common knowledge, or is about to be defined 定冠词(英语中为 the)

**definite integral** n. Mathematics 【数】 an integral expressed as the difference between values at specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable 定积分

**definitely** /'defımətli/ adv. without doubt (used for emphasis) (用于强调)肯定地,无疑地,当然

**definition** /defr'nın/ n. 1 a formal statement of the exact meaning of a word (词的)释义
> an exact description of the nature, scope, or meaning of something 阐释;定义
> the action or process of defining 解释;阐明;下定义 2 the degree of distinctness in outline of an object or image (轮廓、线条等的)清晰度
-PHRASES 短语 by definition by its very nature; intrinsically 本质上;内在地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 definitional adj.

**definitive** /dı'fınǝtıv/ adj. 1 (of a conclusion or agreement) done or reached decisively and with authority (结论或协议)最终的,确定的
> (of a book or other text) the most authoritative of its kind (书等文本)最可靠的,权威性的 2 (of a postage stamp) for general use, not special or commemorative (邮票)普通的(有别于特种邮票或纪念邮票)
> n. a definitive postage stamp 普通邮票
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 definitively adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. definitif, -ive, from L. definitivus, from definit-, definire (see 见 DEFINE).

**deflagration** / deflǝ'greıfn/ n. Chemistry 【化】 the action of heating a substance until it burns away rapidly 爆燃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 deflagrate v. deflagrator n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. deflagratio(n-), from deflagrare 'burn up', from de- 'away, thoroughly' + flagrare 'to burn.

**deflate** /dı'fleit/ v. 1 let air or gas out of (a tyre, balloon, or similar object) 放掉(轮胎、气球等)的气
> be emptied of air or gas 瘪掉;跑气 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 deflated] cause to feel suddenly dispirited 使泄气;挫……的傲气 3 Economics 【经】 reduce price levels in (an economy) 使(经济)通货紧缩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 deflator n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DE- + -flate (as in inflate).

**deflation** /di:'flerfn/ n. 1 the action or process of deflating or being deflated 放气,抽气;跑气 2 Economics 【经】 reduction of the general level of prices in an economy 通货紧缩 3 Geology 【地质】 the removal of particles of rock, sand, etc. by the wind 吹蚀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 deflationary adj. deflationist n. & adj.

**deflect** /di'flekt/ v. deviate or cause to deviate from a straight course (使)偏斜;(使)转向;(使)挠曲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 deflective adj. deflector n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. deflectere, from de- + flectere 'to bend.

**deflection** /di'fleksn/ (also 亦作 deflexion) n. the action or process of deflecting or being deflected 偏斜;转向;挠曲
> the amount by which something is deflected 偏度;偏差;挠度

**deflexed** /dr'flekst/ adj. technical 【技】 curving downwards or backwards 下弯的;外折的

**deflocculate** /di:'flokjulert/ v. Chemistry 【化】 break up (a suspended substance) into finer particles, producing a dispersion 使解絮凝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 deflocculation n.

**defloration** /di:flo:'reıfn/ n. dated or literary 【过时或文】 the taking of a woman's virginity 夺去女子童贞
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. defloratio(n-), from deflorare (see 见 DEFLOWER).

**deflower** /di:'flauǝ(r)/ v. dated or literary 【过时或文】 deprive (a woman) of her virginity 夺去(女子)的童贞
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desflourer, from a var. of late L. deflorare, from de- + L. flos, flor- 'a flower'.

**defoliant** /di:'fǝuliənt/ n. a chemical that removes the leaves from trees and plants, often used in warfare 脱叶剂

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**defoliate**/di:'fǝuliert/ v. remove leaves or foliage from (a plant or area)使(植物或地区)落叶

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defoliation** n. **defoliator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from late L. defoliat-, defoliare 'to strip of leaves', from de- + folium 'leaf.

**deforest**/di:'fprist/ v. clear of forest or trees伐光………的 森林;砍掉……的树木

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deforestation** n.

**deform**/dı'fo:m/ v. [often as adj.常作形容词 **deformed**] distort the shape or form of; make or become misshapen(使)变形;(使)成畸形;(使) 变丑陋

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deformable** adj. **deformation** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desformer, via med. L. from L. deformare, from de- + forma 'a shape.

**deformity** /dı'fə:mǝti/ n. (pl. **deformities**) a deformed part, especially of the body(尤指身体的) 畸形部位(或器官) the state of being deformed 畸 形(状态): spinal deformity 脊柱畸形

**DEFRA** /'defrǝ/abbr. (in the UK) Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs(英国)环 境、食品和农村事务部

**defrag**/di:'fræg/ v. (**defrags**, **defragging**, **defragged**) Computing 【计】 short for DEFRAGMENT * defragment 的缩略式

**defragment**/di:fræg'ment/ v. Computing 【计】 reduce the fragmentation of (a file) by concatenating parts stored in separate locations整理(文件)碎片

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defragmentation** n. **defrag- menter** n.

**defraud** /dı'fro:d/ v. illegally obtain money from (someone) by deception 诈骗

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defrauder** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. defrauder or L. defraudare, from de- + fraudare 'to cheat.

**defray**/dr'frer/ v. provide money to pay (a cost) 支付(费用)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defrayable** adj. **defrayal** n. **defrayment** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. défrayer, from dé- + obs. frai 'cost, expenses.

**defriend**/di:'frend/ v. another term for UNFRIEND * unfriend 的另一种说法

**defrock** /di:'frpk/ v. deprive (a person in holy orders) of ecclesiastical status 免去……的圣职

**defrost**/di:'frpst/ v. 1 make or become free of accumulated ice (给…) 除霜;除去(……的)冰霜2 thaw (frozen food) 解冻(冷冻食品)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defroster** n.

**deft**/deft/ adj. quick and neatly skilful 敏捷的;熟 练的,灵巧的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deftly** adv. **deftness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of DAFT, in the obs. sense 'meek.

**defunct**/di'fan(k)t/ adj. no longer existing or functioning 不再存在的;不再运转的,失效的

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. defunctus 'dead', past part. of defungi 'carry out, finish.

**defuse**/di:'fju:z/ v. 1 remove the fuse from (an explosive device) in order to prevent it from explod- ing 卸除(爆炸装置)的引信2 reduce the danger or tension in (a difficult situation)缓和,平息

**defy**/dr'fai/ v. (**defies**, **defying**, **defied**) 1 openly resist or refuse to obey(公然)违抗,反抗;蔑视2 challenge to do or prove something向………挑战,向…叫 阵: He glowered at her, defying her to mock him. 他怒视 着她,看她还敢不敢取笑自己。be of such a kind or nature that (a specified action or attitude) is almost impossible 使几乎不可能: The effrontery of the man defied belief. 此人的厚颜无耻简直让人难以置信。 archaic 【古】 challenge to combat 激………进行格斗

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **defier** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desfier, based on L. dis- (expressing reversal) + fidus 'faithful.

**deg.** abbr. degree(s)

**dégagé** /der'ga:zer, 'gæzer/ adj. unconcerned or unconstrained不关心的;无拘束的

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., past part. of dégager 'set free.

**degauss** /di:'gaus/ v. Physics 【物】 remove unwanted magnetism from 给……去磁

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **degausser** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th. cent.: from DE- + the name of the 19th-cent. German physicist Karl Friedrich Gauss.

**degenerate** adj. /dr'dzen(ə)rət/ 1 having lost the physical or moral qualities considered normal and desirable; showing evidence of decline 衰退的; 堕落的;恶化的Biology 【生物】 having reverted to a simpler form as a result of losing a structure present in the ancestral form 退化的2Physics【物】 relating to or denoting a quantized energy level corresponding to more than one state(量子化能 级)简并的denoting matter at such high density (e.g. in neutron stars) that quantum effects are dominant(物质)简并的n. /dr'dzen(ə)rət/ a morally degenerate person 堕落者■v./dr'dzenǝreit/ decline or deteriorate physically or morally 衰退; 堕落,变坏

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **degeneracy** n. **degenerately** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. degeneratus 'no longer of its kind', from degenerare, from degener 'debased', from de- + genus, gener- 'race, kind.

**degeneration** / dıdzenǝ'reıfn/ n. the state or process of being or becoming degenerate; decline or deterioration 衰退;堕落;倒退;恶化

**degenerative** /dr'dzenǝrǝtıv/ adj. (of a disease or symptom) characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of function(疾病或症状)变性的

**deglaze**/di:'gleız/ v. make a gravy or sauce by adding liquid to the juices and food particles in (a pan in which meat has been cooked)稀释(锅)中的 连汁食物粒以调制肉汤(或酱汁)

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. déglacer.

**deglutition**/di:glu:'tıfn/ n. technical【技】the action or process of swallowing 吞咽;吞服

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deglutitive** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. déglutition or mod. L. deglutitio(n-), from deglutire 'swallow down.

**degradation**/degrǝ'deı∫n/ n. 1 the condition or process of degrading or being degraded 降低,下 降;降级;降解;退降2 Geology 【地质】 the wearing down of rock by disintegration 陵削,夷低

**degrade**/dı'greid/ v. 1 cause to suffer a severe loss of dignity or respect; demean降低………的身份;使丢 脸,使屈辱 lower the character or quality of 使降 低;使减退;削弱archaic 【古】 reduce to a lower rank, especially as a punishment(尤指作为处罚) 使降级,贬黜 2 cause to break down or deteriorate chemically 使降解Physics 【物】 reduce(energy) to a less readily convertible form使(能)退降

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **degradability** n. **degradable** adj. **degradative** adj. **degrader** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. degrader, from eccles. L. degradare, from de- 'down' + L. gradus 'grade.

**degrading** /dr'greıdıŋ/ adj. causing a loss of self- respect; humiliating 降低身份的,丧失体面的,有辱 人格的

**degrease**/di:'gri:s/ v. remove excess grease or fat from 去除………的油污,使脱脂

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **degreasant** n. **degreaser** n.

**degree**/dr'gri:/ n. 1 the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present 程度 2 a unit of measurement of angles, equivalent to one ninetieth of a right angle(角度的测量单位)度(Symbol符:) 3 a unit in any of various scales of temperature, intensity, or hardness(温度、强度或硬度的标度单 位)度(Symbol符: °) 4 a stage in a scale or series, in particular 等级;阶段each of a set of grades (usually three) used to classify burns according to their severity(根据严重程度通常分为三级的)烧伤 度➤ a legal grade of crime, especially murder(尤指 谋杀的)罪行轻重程度 a step in direct genealogical descent 亲等: second-degree relatives 二等亲属 Music 【音】a position in a musical scale, counting upwards from the tonic or fundamental note(音阶上的) 音级 5 an academic rank conferred by a college or university after examination or after completion of a course, or conferred as an honour (学院或大学的)学 位,学衔6 archaic 【古】 social or official rank 社会等 级;官阶
> -PHRASES 短语 **by degrees** a little at a time; gradually 逐渐地,渐渐地 **to a degree** to some extent 在某种程 度上,有点dated 【过时】 to a considerable extent 在相当程度上

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. de- 'down' + gradus 'grade.

**degree of freedom**n. technical 【技】 each of a set of independent ways in which a system can change, in particular any of the directions in which motion is possible 自由度

**degressive** /dı'gresiv/ adj. reducing by gradual amounts 递减的(of taxation) at successively lower rates on lower amounts (征税)递减的,累 退的

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. degress- 'descended' + -IVE.

**degustation**/dIgAs'tern/ ■n. formal 【正式】the action of tasting food or drink 品尝

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. degustatio(n-), from degustare, from de- 'completely' + gustare 'to taste.

**de haut en bas** /dǝǝut 5 'ba: adv. & adj. in a condescending or superior manner傲慢地(的);高 人一等地(的)

-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'from above to below.

**dehisce** /dı'hıs/ ■v. technical 【技】 (of a pod or seed vessel, or of a cut or wound) gape or burst open (荚果、种皮或切口、伤口)开裂,裂开

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dehiscence** n. **dehiscent** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. dehiscere, from de- 'away' + hiscere 'begin to gape.

**dehorn** / di:'hǝ:n/ v. remove the horns from (an animal)除去(动物)的角

**dehumanize** or **dehumanise** / di:'hju:mənaız/v. deprive of positive human qualities使丧失人性;使 非人化

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dehumanization** n.

**dehumidify**/di:hju:'mıdıfar/ v. (**dehumidifies**, **dehumidifying**, **dehumidified**) remove moisture from (the air oragas)去除(空气或气体)中的湿气

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dehumidification** n. **dehumidi- fier** n.

**dehydrate** / di:har'dreit, -'haidrest/ v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **dehydrated**] lose or cause to lose a large amount of water (使)失水,(使)脱水 >remove water from (food) in order to preserve it 使(食品) 脱水以保藏

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dehydration** n. **dehydrator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DE- + Gk hudros, hudr- 'water.

**dehydrocholesterol** / di:,haıdrə(u)kə'lestǝrpl/n. Biochemistry【生化】 a compound present in the skin, which is converted to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) by ultraviolet light 脱氢胆固醇

-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from dehydro- 'that has lost hydrogen' + CHOLESTEROL.

**dehydrogenate** / di:har'drodzǝneit/ v. Chemistry 【化】 remove a hydrogen atom or atoms from 使 脱氢

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dehydrogenation** n.

**de-ice** v. remove ice from 除去……上的冰

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **de-icer** n.

**deicide** /'densaid, 'di:1-/ n. the killing of a god 弑神 ➤ a person who kills a god 弑神者

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from eccles. L. deicida, or directly from L. deus 'god' + -CIDE.

**deictic** /'deıktık, 'daıktık/ adj. Linguistics【语言】 relating to or denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in which it is used (such as here, or next week)(词语)直指的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deictically** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk deiktikos, deiktos 'capable of proof', from deiknunai 'to show.

**deify** /'denfal, 'di:i-/v. (**deifies**, **deifying**, **deified**)

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make into or worship as a god 把…神化;将………奉若 神明

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deification** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deifier, from eccles. L. deificare, from deus 'god'.

**deign**/den/ v. do something that one considers to be beneath one's dignity 降低身份,屈尊,俯就:She did not deign to answer. 她不屑回答。

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. degnier, from L. dignare, dignari 'deem worthy', from dignus 'worthy.

**Dei gratia** deri: 'gra:tiǝ, -fiə/ adv. by the grace of God 蒙主恩宠

-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**de-index** v. end the indexation to inflation of (pensions or other benefits)将(养老金或其他补助 金)去指数化,使与物价指数脱钩

**deindustrialization** or **deindustrialisation** /di:- Industriǝlar'zeıfn/ n. the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy 去工业化, 逆工业化

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deindustrialize** V.

**deinonychus** /dar'npnıkəs/n. a dromaeosaurid dinosaur of the mid Cretaceous period, growing up to 3.3 m (11 ft) in length 恐爪龙

-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk deinos 'terrible' + onux, onukh- 'claw'.

**deinstall**/di:in'sto:l/ (also 亦作**deinstal**) v. (**deinstalls** or **deinstals**, **deinstalling**, **deinstalled**) remove (an application or file) from a computer (从计算机中)卸载(应用或文件)

--DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deinstallation** n. **deinstaller** n.

**deinstitutionalize** or **deinstitutionalise**/di:instr'tju:- ∫(ə)n(ə)laız/ v. discharge (a long-term inmate) from an institution such as a psychiatric hospital or prison 让(长期住院的精神病患者)出院;让(长期服 刑的犯人)出狱

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deinstitutionalization** n.

**deionize** or **deionise** / di:'arǝnaız/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **deionized**] remove the ions or ionic constituents from 除去……的离子(或离子组分)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deionization** n. **deionizer** n.

**deism** /'denz(ə)m, 'di:1-/ n. belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe 自然神论,理神论 Compare with 比较 THEISM.

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deist** n. **deistic** adj. **deistical** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. deus 'god' + -ISM.

**deity** /'denti, 'di:1-/ n. (pl. **deities**) 1 a god or goddess (especially in a polytheistic religion)(尤指多 神教中的)神,女神 (**the Deity**) the creator and supreme being 造物主;上帝2divine status, quality, or nature 神的身份(或地位);神性

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deite, from eccles. L. deitas, from deus 'god.

**deixis** /'deıksıs, 'daıksıs/n. Linguistics 【语言】the function or use of deictic words or forms 词或形 式的)直指

-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk, lit. 'reference', from deiknunai 'to show.

**déjà vu** derza: 'vu:/ n. a feeling of having already experienced the present situation 似曾经历的感觉

-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: Fr., lit. 'already seen.

**deject**/dı'dzekt/ v. [usu. as adj.通常作形容词 **dejected**] make sad or dispirited 使沮丧,使气馁,使 灰心

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dejectedly** adv. **dejection** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. deject-, deicere 'throw down, from de- 'down' + jacere 'to throw.

**de jure** / der 'juǝreı, di: 'dzuəri/ adv. rightfully; by right合法地,正当地;根据权利 Often contrasted with 常对照 DE FACTO. ■adj. rightful合法的,正当的

-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'of law'.

**dekaliter** /'dekǝ,li:tə(r)/ ■n. US variant spelling of DECALITRE * decalitre 的另一种美式拼法

**dekameter** /'dekə,mi:tə(r)/ ■n. US variant spelling of DECAMETRE * decametre 的另一种美式拼法

**deke** /di:k/ Ice Hockey 【冰球】 ■n. a deceptive movement that induces an opponent to move out of position(诱骗对方球员离位的)假动作■v.draw (a player) out of position in this way 以假动作诱骗 (对方球员)离位

-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: shortened form of DECOY.

**dekko** /'dekǝu/n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a quick look or glance看,瞥,望

-ORIGIN 词源 C19(orig. used by the British army in India): from Hindi dekho 'look!', imper. of dekhnā.

**Del.** /'delǝweə(r)/abbr. Delaware(美国)特拉华州

**delaminate** /di:'læminert/ v. technical 【技】 divide into layers 把…分层

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delamination** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DE- + L. lamina 'thin plate' + -ATE³.

**delate**/dr'lert/v. archaic 【古】 1 report (an offence) 告发,报告(罪行) 2 inform against 告发,检举 (某人)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delation** n. **delator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. delat-, deferre (see见 DEFER2).

**Delaware** /'deləweə(r)/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Delawares**) 1 a member of an American Indian people formerly inhabiting the Delaware River valley of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania 德 拉瓦尔人(过去居住在美国特拉华河流域的印第安人) 2 either of two Algonquian languages, both now extinct, spoken by the Delaware 德拉瓦尔语

**Delawarean** / delǝ'weəriən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the US state of Delaware(美国)特拉 华州人 adj. relating to Delaware(美国)特拉华州的

**delay**/dr'ler/ v. 1 become or cause to become late or slow 耽搁,延误2 postpone or defer 推迟,使延 期,使延迟n. a period of time by which something is late or postponed 耽搁(或推迟)的时间

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delayer** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. delayer (v.).

**dele** /'di:li/ n. a proofreader's sign (8) indicating matter to be deleted 删去号 ■v. (**deles**, **deleing**,

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**deled**) delete or mark for deletion 删除,划掉;标 注删去号

-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'blot out! efface!', imper. of delere.

**delectable** /dr'lektəbl/ adj. 1 (of food or drink) delicious(食物或饮料)美味的,甘美的 2 humorous 【幽】lovely; delightful美好的;使人愉快的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delectability** n. **delectably** adv.

**delectation**/di:lek'terfn/ n. formal, chiefly humorous 【正式,主幽】pleasure and delight愉快,高兴

-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. delectatio(n-), from delectare (see见 DELIGHT).

**delegacy** /'delıgəsin. (pl. **delegacies**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] a body of delegates; a committee or delegation 代表团;委员会

**delegate** n. /'delıgət/ a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular a representative sent to a conference(会议) 代表 a member of a committee 委员会成员v./'deligeit/ entrust (a task or responsibility) to another person把(任务或责 任)委托给他人 authorize (someone) to act as a representative or on one's behalf 委派(某人)为代 表: Edward was delegated to meet new arrivals. 爱德华 被指定为代表去接新来的人。

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delegable** /'delıgəbl/ adj. **delegator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. delegatus 'sent on a commission', from delegare, from de- 'down' + legare 'depute.

**delegation**/deli'gerfn/ n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作 单数或复数]1abody of delegates; a deputation 代 表团 2 the action or process of delegating or being delegated(被)授权,(被)委派;(被)委托

**delegitimize** or **delegitimise** / di:lı'dzıtımaız/v. withdraw legitimate status from 使丧失合法性,使丧失 权威

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delegitimization** n.

**delete**/dı'li:t/ v. 1 remove or erase (text)删去,划掉 (文本)2 remove (a product) from the catalogue of those available for purchase (从购物目录中)划去 (某产品)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deletion** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'destroy'): from L. delet-, delere 'to blot out.

**deleterious** /delı'tıəriəs/ adj. formal【正式】causing harm or damage有害的,造成伤害的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deleteriously** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via med. L. from Gk dēlētērios 'noxious' + -ous.

**deleveraging** /di:'li:v(ə)rıdzıŋ/ n. Finance【金】 reduction of one's debt by rapid sale of one's assets 去杠杆化(通过抛售资产降低负债)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deleverage** n. & v.

**delft**/delft/n. English or Dutch tin-glazed earthen- ware, typically decorated by hand in blue on a white background 代尔夫特陶器

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delftware** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from the name of the town of Delft in the Netherlands, where the pottery originated.

**deli** /'deli/ n. (pl. **delis**) informal 【非正式】 a delicatessen 熟食店

**deliberate** adj. /dılıb(ə)rət/ 1 done consciously and intentionally 有意的,故意的2careful and unhurried 慎重的;从容的fully considered; not impulsive 深 思熟虑的;非一时冲动的v./drı'lıbǝreit/ engage in long and careful consideration 仔细考虑

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deliberately** adv. **deliberateness** n. **deliberator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. deliberat-, deliberare 'consider carefully.

**deliberation** /dılıbə'reıfn/ n. 1 long and careful consideration 深思熟虑2 slow and careful movement or thought 审慎;从容

**deliberative** /dılıb(ə)rətıv/ adj. relating to or involving consideration or discussion 审议的;考虑 的;商议的: a deliberative assembly 审议会

**delicacy** /'delıkəsi/ n. (pl. **delicacies**) 1 fineness or intricacy of texture or structure 精美;雅致2 susceptibility to illness or adverse conditions; fragility 柔弱,纤弱,娇弱3 discretion and tact 谨 慎;周到: treat this matter with the utmost delicacy 非常 谨慎地处理这件事 4 a choice or expensive food 珍馐, 佳肴

**delicate** /'delıkət/ adj. 1 very fine in texture or structure; of intricate workmanship or quality 精 致的;精巧的 (of food or drink) subtly and pleasantly flavoured(食物、饮料)精美的,可口的2 easily broken or damaged; fragile易碎的,易坏的; 娇贵的 susceptible to illness or adverse conditions 柔弱的,纤弱的,娇弱的3requiring sensitive or careful handling难处理的,棘手的;微妙的skilful; deft 灵巧的,熟练的n. (**delicates**) garments made from delicate fabric 面料精细的服装
> -PHRASES 短语 **in a delicate condition** archaic 【古】 pregnant 怀孕,重身

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delicately** adv. **delicateness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'delightful, charming') : from Fr. délicat or L. delicatus, of unknown origin.

**delicatessen** / delıkə'tes(ə)n/ n. a shop selling cooked meats, cheeses, and unusual or foreign prepared foods 熟食店

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. Delikatessen or Du. delicatessen, from Fr. délicatesse 'delicateness.

**delicense** /dı'laıs(ə)ns/ v. deprive of a licence or the authority to operate 吊销………的执照;吊销…的许 可证

**delicious** /dı'lıfəs/ adj. 1 highly pleasant to the taste 美味的,可口的2 delightful怡人的,有趣的: a delicious irony 有趣的讽刺

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deliciously** adv. **deliciousness** n.

-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from late L. deliciosus, from L. deliciae (pl.) 'delight, pleasure.

**delict**/dı'lıkt, 'di:lıkt/ n. Law 【律】 a violation of the law; a tort 不法行为,违法行为;侵权行为

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. delictum 'something showing fault', neut. past part. of delinquere(see见 DELINQUENT).

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**delight**/dr'lart/ ■v. please greatly 使高兴,使喜欢,使 满意>(**delight in**) take great pleasure in 以……为乐 ■n. great pleasure 愉快,乐趣 a cause or source of great pleasure 令人愉快的人(或事物);乐事

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delighted** adj. **delightedly** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. delitier (v.), delit (n.), from L. delectare 'to charm', frequentative of delicere.

**delightful** /dr'lartfl/ adj. causing delight; charming 令人愉快的,使人高兴的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delightfully** adv. **delightfulness** n.

**delimit**/dr'lımıt/v. (**delimits**, **delimiting**, **delimited**) determine the limits or boundaries of 确定………的界线 (或边界)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delimitation** n. **delimiter** n.

**delineate** /dı'lıniest/ v. describe or indicate precisely 刻画;描写;描述 trace the outline of (a border or boundary)标明,标示(边界)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delineation** / dılıni'erfn/n. **delineator** n.

-ORIGIN 词源C16: from L. delineat-, delineare 'to outline.

**delinquency**/dılırŋkwənsi/n. (pl. **delinquencies**) 1 minor crime, especially that committed by young people 违法行为;(尤指)少年犯罪2 formal【正式】 neglect of one's duty 玩忽职守3 chiefly US【主美】 a failure to pay an outstanding debt 到期不能付款

**delinquent** /dılıŋkw(ə)nt/ adj. 1 (typically of young people) tending to commit crime(多指年 轻人)犯法的2 formal 【正式】 failing in one's duty失 职的,懈怠的3N. Amer.【北美】 in arrears 到期未付 的,拖欠的: delinquent accounts 逾期未付的账款n. a delinquent person 违法者(尤指少年犯)

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delinquently** adv.

-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. delinquent-, delinquere 'to offend.

**deliquesce** delr'kwes/ v. 1 (of organic matter) become liquid, typically during decomposition(有 机物)溶化,融解 2 Chemistry 【化】 (of a solid) become liquid by absorbing moisture from the air (固体)潮解

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deliquescence** n. **deliquescent** adj.

-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. deliquescere 'dissolve.

**delirious** /dı'lıriəs/ adj. 1 suffering from delirium 谵妄的,神志失常的,胡言乱语的2 in a state of wild excitement or ecstasy狂喜的;极度兴奋的

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deliriously** adv.

**delirium** /dı'lıriəm/ n. an acutely disturbed state of mind characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and speech, occurring in fever and other disorders and in intoxication 谵妄, 神志不清,胡言乱语

-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from delirare 'deviate, be deranged' (lit. 'deviate from the furrow'), from de- 'away' + lira 'ridge between furrows.

**delirium tremens** /'tri:menz, 'tre-/ n. a psychotic condition typical of withdrawal in chronic alcoholics, involving tremors, hallucinations, anxiety, and disorientation 震颠性谵妄

-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'trembling delirium.

**delist**/di:'list/ v. remove from a list, in particular remove (a security) from the official register of a stock exchange 把………从清单中划去;把(证券等)摘牌

**deliver**/dı'lıvə(r)/ v. 1 bring and hand over (a letter or goods) to the appropriate recipient 投 递,送交,递送(信件或商品) formally hand over (someone)正式移交,交托(某人) 2 provide (something promised or expected)履行(诺言); 兑现 Law【律】 acknowledge that one intends to be bound by (a deed), either explicitly by declaration or implicitly by formal handover E 式交付 3 launch or aim (a blow or attack)给予 (打击);发起(攻击) 4 state or present in a formal manner 发表;宣布:He will deliver a lecture on endangered species. 他将就濒危物种问题发表演讲。 5 assist in the birth of 给……接生(also archaic 【亦古】**be delivered of**) give birth to 分娩,生产 6 save or set free释放;解脱;解救: deliver us from these villains 把我们从这些坏人手里解救出来

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deliverable** adj. & n. **deliverer** n.

-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. delivrer, based on L. de- 'away' + liberare 'set free.

**deliverance** /dı'lıvərəns/ n. 1 the process of being rescued or set free 解救;释放2aformal or authoritative utterance 正式意见;判决

**delivery**/dı'lıvəri/ n. (pl. **deliveries**) 1 the action of delivering something, especially letters or goods (尤指信件或商品的)投递,送交,递送2 the process of giving birth 分娩,生产3 an act or manner of throwing or bowling a ball, especially a cricket ball (尤指板球的)投掷,投球4 the manner or style of giving a speech 演讲的方式(或风格)5 Law【律】 the acknowledgement by the maker of a deed that they intend to be bound by it (正式)交付
> -PHRASES 短语 **take delivery of** receive (something purchased)收到(所购货物)

**dell**/del/n. literary 【文】 a small valley 小山谷

-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin; rel. to DALE.

**delocalize** or **delocalise** / di:'lǝuk(ə)laız/ v. detach or remove from a particular location 使离开原地;去 除……的地方影响

-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delocalization** n.

**delouse**/di:'laus/v. treat (a person or animal) to rid them of lice and other parasitic insects 驱除 (人或动物)的虱子

**Delphic** /'delfik/ (also 亦作 **Delphian** /-fiǝn/) adj. 1 relating to the ancient Greek oracle at Delphi 特尔 斐阿波罗神庙(或神谕)的2deliberately obscure or ambiguous 双关的;意义不明的;隐晦的

**delphinium** /del'fıniəm/ n. (pl. **delphiniums**) a popular garden plant bearing tall spikes of blue flowers 翠雀属植物 [Genus Delphinium.]

-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk delphinion 'larkspur', from delphin 'dolphin' (because of the shape of the spur, thought to resemble a dolphin's back).

**delta¹** /'deltǝ/ n. 1 the fourth letter of the Greek
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**D**

**delta démarche**

**delta¹** /'deltǝ/ **n.** (pl. **deltas**) 1 the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (Δ, δ), transliterated as 'd' 德尔塔(希腊字母表的第4个字母, 译写作d) ▸[as modifier 作修饰语] denoting the fourth in a series of items or categories (在一系列项目、类别中的)第四 ▸Brit. 【英】 a fourth-class mark given for a piece of work (工作的)第四等 2 a code word representing the letter D, used in radio communication 字母D的代称(用于无线电通信)
> ■symb. Mathematics 【数】 variation of a variable or quantity (变量的)增量
> -ORIGIN 词源 Gk, from Phoenician daleth.

**delta²** /'deltǝ/ **n.** a triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river, typically where it diverges into several outlets 三角洲
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deltaic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: orig. the Delta (of the River Nile), from the shape of the Gk letter (see 见 DELTA¹).

**delta rays** pl. n. Physics 【物】 rays of low penetrative power consisting of slow electrons or other particles ejected from atoms by the impact of ionizing radiation * 8射线

**delta rhythm** **n.** electrical activity of the brain typical of sleep, consisting of oscillations (**delta waves**) with a frequency of 1 to 8 Hz * 8节律

**delta-v** **n.** informal 【非正式】 acceleration 加速度
> -ORIGIN 词源 late 20th cent.: from DELTA¹ (as a mathematical symbol denoting variation) + v for velocity.

**delta wing** **n.** the single triangular swept-back wing on some aircraft 三角翼

**deltiologist** /delti'ɒlǝdzɪst/ **n.** a person who collects postcards as a hobby 明信片收藏家
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deltiology** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk deltion (dimin. of deltos 'writing tablet') + -LOGIST.

**deltoid** /'deltɔɪd/ **adj.** technical 【技】 1 triangular 三角形的 2 denoting a thick triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and used for raising the arm away from the body 三角肌的 ■**n.** a deltoid muscle, or one of the three parts of a deltoid muscle 三角肌
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. deltoïde, or via mod. L. from Gk deltoeidēs.

**delude** /dɪ'l(j)u:d/ **v.** make (someone) believe something false 欺骗; 哄骗
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deluded** adj. **deludedly** adv. **deluder** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. deludere 'to mock', from de- + ludere 'to play'.

**deluge** /'delju:dʒ/ **n.** 1 a severe flood 大洪水 ▸a very heavy fall of rain 大雨, 暴雨 2 a great quantity of something arriving at the same time 洪水般的汹涌; 大量泛滥: a deluge of complaints 大量的投诉 ■**v.** 1 flood 淹没 2 inundate; overwhelm 泛滥; 使充满
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., var. of diluve, from L. diluvium, from diluere 'wash away'.

**delusion** /dɪ'lu:ʒn/ **n.** 1 an idiosyncratic belief or impression that is not in accordance with a generally accepted reality 谬见; 错觉 2 the action of deluding or the state of being deluded 欺骗; 受骗, 上当
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delusional** adj. **delusive** adj. **delusory** adj.

**deluxe** /dɪ'lʌks, -'lɒks/ **adj.** luxurious or sumptuous; of a superior kind 豪华的; 奢侈的; 高级的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'of luxury'.

**delve** /delv/ **v.** 1 reach inside a receptacle and search for something (在容器里)搜寻, 翻找 2 research intensively into something 钻研, 探索
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **delver** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE delfan 'dig', of W. Gmc origin.

**Dem.** abbr. US 【美】 Democrat

**demagnetize** or **demagnetise** /di:'mægnɪtaɪz/ **v.** remove magnetic properties from 退磁, 去磁
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demagnetization** n. **demagnetizer** n.

**demagogue** /'deməgɒg/ **n.** 1 a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument 蛊惑民心的政客, 煽动家 2 (in ancient Greece and Rome) an orator who espoused the cause of the common people (古希腊、古罗马的)民众领袖
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demagogic** /demə'gɒgɪk/ adj. **demagoguery** /'deməgɒg(ə)ri/ n. **demagogy** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk dēmagōgos, from dēmos 'the people' + agōgos 'leading'.

**demand** /dɪ'mɑ:nd/ **n.** 1 an insistent and peremptory request, made as of right 强制性要求; (正当)要求 ▸(**demands**) pressing requirements 迫切的需求 2 the desire of purchasers, consumers, etc. for a particular commodity or service 需要; 需求: a recent slump in demand 最近的需求锐减 ■**v.** ask authoritatively or brusquely 逼问, 质问, 查问 ▸insist on having 坚决要求, 请求 ▸require; need 要求, 需要
> -PHRASES 短语 **in demand** sought after 所需要的 **on demand** as soon as or whenever required 一经要求, 承索
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demander** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. demande (n.), demander (v.), from L. demandare 'hand over, entrust'.

**demanding** /dɪ'mɑ:ndɪŋ/ **adj.** requiring much skill or effort 需要技能的, 费力的; 要求高的: a demanding job 费力的工作
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demandingly** adv.

**demarcation** /di:mɑ:'keɪʃn/ **n.** 1 the action of fixing boundaries or limits 分界, 立界; 划分 > a dividing line 分界线 2 Brit. 【英】 the practice of requiring that specific jobs be assigned to members of particular trade unions (工会的)分工
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demarcate** v. **demarcator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Sp. demarcación (from demarcar 'mark the bounds of'), orig. used with ref. to the line dividing the New World between the Spanish and Portuguese, laid down by the Pope in 1493.

**démarche** /deɪ'mɑ:ʃ/ **n.** a political step or initiative 步骤; 措施; 策略; 对策

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**demark** /di:'mɑ:k/ **v.** set the boundaries or limits of 给…划界, 划分
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DEMARCATION.

**demassify** /di:'mæsɪfaɪ/ **v.** (**demassifies**, **demassifying**, **demassified**) divide or break up into component parts 分解; 打散
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demassification** n.

**dematerialize** or **dematerialise** /di:mə'tɪəriəlaɪz/ **v.** make or become no longer physically present, or spiritual rather than physical (使)非物质化; (使)精神化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dematerialization** n.

**deme** /di:m/ **n.** 1 a political division in ancient or modern Greece 德谟(古希腊或现代希腊的行政区划) 2 Biology 【生物】 a subdivision of a population consisting of closely related plants or animals 繁殖群, 同类群
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dēmos 'people'.

**demean¹** /dɪ'mi:n/ **v.** cause to suffer a severe loss of dignity or respect 使失尊严; 有辱…的人格, 降低…的身份 ▸(**demean oneself**) do something that is beneath one's dignity 降低身份, 自贬人格
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demeaning** adj. **demeaningly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from DE- + the adj. MEAN², on the pattern of debase.

**demean²** /dɪ'mi:n/ **v.** (**demean oneself**) archaic 【古】 conduct oneself 使表现
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. demener 'to lead'.

**demeanour** (US 【美】 **demeanor**) /dɪ'mi:nə(r)/ **n.** outward behaviour or bearing 行为; 举止, 风度
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from DEMEAN², prob. influenced by obs. havour 'behaviour'.

**demented** /dɪ'mentɪd/ **adj.** 1 suffering from dementia 痴呆的 2 informal 【非正式】 wild and irrational 疯狂的; 失常的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dementedly** adv. **dementedness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: past part. of earlier dement 'drive mad': from Fr. dément or L. demens, dement-'insane'.

**démenti** /deɪ'mɒti/ **n.** an official denial of a published statement 正式否认; 辟谣
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from démentir 'contradict or accuse of lying'.

**dementia** /dɪ'menʃə/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 a chronic or persistent mental disorder marked by memory failures, personality changes, and impaired reasoning 痴呆
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., from demens, dement- 'out of one's mind'.

**dementia praecox** /'pri:kɒks/ **n.** archaic term for SCHIZOPHRENIA * schizophrenia 的古代说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'early insanity'.

**demerara sugar** /demə'reərə, -'rɑ:rə/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 light brown cane sugar coming originally and chiefly from the region of Demerara in Guyana 德梅拉拉蔗糖

**demerge** /di:'mɜ:dʒ/ **v.** Brit. 【英】 separate (a company) from another with which it was merged 使(合并后的公司)分离
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demerger** n.

**demerit** /di:'merɪt/ **n.** 1 a feature or fact deserving censure 缺点; 过失 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a mark awarded against someone for a fault or offence 记过, 记过的记录
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demeritorious** /dɪ,merɪ'tɔ:riəs/ adj.

**demersal** /dɪ'mɜ:sl/ **adj.** (of fish) living close to the seabed (鱼)在海底的, 近海底的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. demersus (past part. of demergere 'submerge, sink') + -AL.

**demesne** /dɪ'meɪn, dɪ'mi:n/ **n.** historical 【史义】 1 land attached to a manor and retained by the owner for their own use 庄园地产 ▸archaic 【古】 a domain 领地; 领土 2 Law 【律】 possession of real property in one's own right (自己拥有所有权的土地的)占有
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. demeine 'belonging to a lord', from L. dominicus, from dominus 'lord, master'.

**demi-** /'demi/ prefix 1 half 半-: demisemi-quaver 三十二分音符 2 partially; in an inferior degree 部分的; 次等的: demigod 半神半人
> -ORIGIN 词源 via Fr. from med. L. dimedius 'half', from earlier dimidius.

**demi-glace** /'demiglæs/ (also 亦作 **demi-glaze**) **n.** a rich, glossy brown sauce, typically flavoured with wine and served with meat 浓西班牙沙司, 半冰沙司
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'half glaze'.

**demigod** (or **demigoddess**) /'demigɒd/ **n.** a being with partial or lesser divine status 半神半人

**demijohn** /'demidʒɒn/ **n.** a bulbous narrow-necked bottle holding from 3 to 10 gallons of liquid 小口大酒瓶, 细颈酒瓶
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. an alt. of Fr. dame-jeanne 'Lady Jane', assoc. with DEMI- and the given name John.

**demilitarize** or **demilitarise** /di:'mɪlɪtəraɪz/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **demilitarized**] remove all military forces from 解除…的武装; 使非军事化: a demilitarized zone 非军事区
> -DERIVatives 派生词 **demilitarization** n.

**demilune** /'demilu:n/ **n.** a crescent or half-circle, or a thing of this shape 半月; 新月; 半月状; 半月形物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. demi-lune, lit. 'half-moon'.

**demi-mondaine** /'demimɒn,deɪn/ **n.** a woman considered to belong to the demi-monde 名声不好的女人
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**demi-monde** /'demimɒnd/ **n.** a group considered to be on the fringes of respectable society 名声不好的一群人
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr. (orig. with ref. to 19th-cent. France and the class of women considered morally dubious), lit. 'half-world'.

**demine** /di:'maɪn/ **v.** remove explosive mines from 从…排雷, 从…清雷

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**demineralize** or **demineralise** /di:'mɪnərəlaɪz/ **v.** remove salts or minerals from 使脱盐; 使失去矿物质
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demineralization** n.

**demi-pension** /demi'pɒ̃sjɒ̃/ **n.** hotel accommodation with bed, breakfast, and one main meal per day 半寄膳 (每天在旅馆住宿并由旅馆提供早餐和一顿正餐)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'half board'.

**demise** /dɪ'maɪz/ **n.** 1 the end or failure of something 终止; 失败 2 a person's death (人的)死亡 3 Law 【律】 the transfer of property or a title by demising (财产或头衔的)转让, 让与 ■**v.** Law 【律】 convey or grant by will or lease 转让; 遗赠; 继承
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., past part. (used as n.) of OFr. desmettre 'dismiss'.

**demi-sec** /demi'sek/ **adj.** (of wine) medium dry (葡萄酒)半干的
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'half-dry'.

**demisemiquaver** /demi'semi,kweɪvə(r)/ **n.** Music, chiefly Brit. 【音, 主英】 a note having the time value of half a semiquaver 三十二分音符

**demist** /di:'mɪst/ **v.** Brit. 【英】 clear condensation from 消去…的雾; 除去…上面的雾水
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demister** n.

**demit** /dɪ'mɪt/ **v.** (**demits**, **demitting**, **demitted**) formal 【正式】 resign from (a position) 辞(职), 退(职)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demission** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. démettre, from dé- 'away from' + mettre 'put'.

**demitasse** /'demitæs/ **n.** a small coffee cup 小咖啡杯
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'half-cup'.

**demiurge** /'di:miɜ:dʒ, 'dem-/ **n.** 1 (in Platonic philosophy) the creator of the world (柏拉图哲学中的)造物主 2 (in Gnosticism) a heavenly being subordinate to the supreme being, considered to control the material world (诺斯替教的)巨匠造物主(指低于最高神的物质世界创造者)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demiurgic** /demi'ɜ:dʒɪk/ adj. **demiurgical** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: via eccles. L. from Gk dēmiourgos 'craftsman', from dēmios 'public' + -ergos 'working'.

**demo** /'deməʊ/ informal 【非正式】 ■**n.** (pl. **demos**) 1 chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a public demonstration 示威游行(或集会) 2 a demonstration recording or piece of software 录音样带; 软件试用版 ■**v.** (**demos**, **demoing**, **demoed**) give a demonstration of 演示, 示范

**demob** /di:'mɒb/ Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 ■**v.** (**demobs**, **demobbing**, **demobbed**) demobilize 遣散(军队); 使(军人)复员 ■**n.** demobilization (军队的)遣散; 复员

**demobilize** or **demobilise** /di:'məʊbəlaɪz/ **v.** take (troops) out of active service 遣散(军队); 使(军人)复员
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demobilization** n.

**democracy** /dɪ'mɒkrəsi/ **n.** (pl. **democracies**) a form of government in which the people have a voice in the exercise of power, typically through elected representatives 民主; 民主政治; 民主政体 ▸a state governed in such a way 民主国家 ▸control of a group by the majority of its members 民主管理
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. démocratie, via late L. from Gk dēmokratia, from dēmos 'the people' + -kratia 'power, rule'.

**democrat** /'deməkræt/ **n.** 1 a supporter of democracy 民主主义者; 民主人士 2 (**Democrat**) (in the US) a member of the Democratic Party (美国)民主党党员, 民主党人
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting an opponent of the aristocrats in the French Revolution of 1790): from Fr. démocrate, on the pattern of aristocrate 'aristocrat'.

**democratic** /demə'krætɪk/ **adj.** 1 relating to or supporting democracy 民主的; 支持民主的 ▸egalitarian 主张人人平等的 2 (**Democratic**) (in the US) relating to the Democratic Party (美国)民主党的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **democratically** adv.

**democratize** or **democratise** /dɪ'mɒkrətaɪz/ **v.** introduce a democratic system or democratic principles to 使民主化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **democratization** n.

**démodé** /deɪ'məʊdeɪ/ **adj.** out of fashion 老式的; 不时髦的
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., past part. of démoder 'go out of fashion'.

**demodectic mange** /di:mə(ʊ)'dektɪk/ **n.** a form of mange tending to affect chiefly the head and foreparts 蠕形螨兽疥癣
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Demodex (genus name of a mite, from Gk dēmos 'fat' + dex 'woodworm') + -IC.

**demodulate** /di:'mɒdjʊleɪt/ **v.** Electronics 【电子】 extract (a modulating signal) from its carrier 检波; 解调(调制信号)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demodulation** n. **demodulator** n.

**demographic** /demə'græfɪk/ **adj.** relating to the structure of populations 人口结构的; 人口统计的 ■**n.** 1 (**demographics**) statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it 人口统计数据 2 a particular sector of a population 某一部分群体: the drink is popular with a young demographic 受年轻人欢迎的饮料
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demographical** adj. **demographically** adv.

**demography** /dɪ'mɒgrəfi/ **n.** the study of the structure of human populations using statistics relating to births, deaths, wealth, disease, etc. 人口学; 人口统计学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demographer** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dēmos 'the people' + -GRAPHY.

**demoi** /'di:mɔɪ/ plural form of DEMOS * demos 的复数形式

**demoiselle** /demwɑ:'zel/ **n.** archaic or literary 【古或

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**demoiselle crane** | **demote**
文】 a young woman 年轻女人
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from OFr. dameisele 'damsel'.

**demoiselle crane** **n.** a small crane, breeding in SE Europe and central Asia 蓑羽鹤 [Anthropoides virgo.]

**demolish** /dɪ'mɒlɪʃ/ **v.** 1 pull or knock down (a building) 拆毁, 拆除(建筑物) 2 comprehensively refute or defeat 全面驳倒; 彻底打败 3 humorous 【幽】 eat up (food) quickly 快速吃光, 狼吞虎咽地吃(食物)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demolisher** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. démoliss-, lengthened stem of démolir, from L. demoliri, from de- (expressing reversal) + moliri 'construct'.

**demolition** /demə'lɪʃn/ **n.** the action or process of demolishing or being demolished 拆毁; 拆除; 驳倒; 打败
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demolitionist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Fr. from L. demolitio(n-), from demoliri (see 见 DEMOLISH).

**demon¹** /'di:mən/ **n.** 1 an evil spirit or devil 恶魔, 魔鬼 ▸often humorous 【常幽】 an evil or destructive person or thing 恶人, 恶棍; 邪恶的事物: you little demon 你这个小捣蛋 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a person skilful in a specified role 技艺出众的人, 高手: a demon cook 技艺高超的厨师 3 another term for DAEMON¹ * daemon 的另一种说法 4 variant spelling of DAEMON² * daemon² 的另一种拼法
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L., from L. daemon (or its dimin. daemonium), from Gk daimōn 'deity, genius'.

**demon²** /'di:mən/ **n.** Austral. NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】 a police officer 警察
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from Van Diemen's Land, an early name for Tasmania, or based on dee (sl. term for detective) + MAN.

**demonetize** or **demonetise** /di:'mʌnɪtaɪz/ **v.** deprive a coin or precious metal of its status as money 禁止(硬币)的流通; 使(贵金属)失去货币资格
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonetization** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. démonétiser, from dé- (expressing reversal) + L. moneta 'money'.

**demoniac** /dɪ'məʊniæk/ **adj.** demonic 恶魔似的; 魔鬼般的; 恶魔的 ■**n.** a person supposedly possessed by an evil spirit 着魔的人; 恶魔缠身者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demoniacal** adj. **demoniacally** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. demoniaque, from eccles. L. daemoniacus, from daemonium (see 见 DEMON¹).

**demonic** /dɪ'mɒnɪk/ **adj.** resembling or characteristic of demons or evil spirits 魔鬼般的; 恶魔似的; 恶魔的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonically** adv.

**demonism** /'di:mənɪz(ə)m/ **n.** 1 belief in the power of demons 魔鬼信仰 2 demonic action or behaviour 恶行

**demonize** or **demonise** /'di:mənaɪz/ **v.** portray as wicked and threatening 把…妖魔化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonization** n.

**demono-** /'di:mənəʊ/ comb. form relating to demons (与)魔鬼(有关)的: demonolatry 鬼魔崇拜

**demonolatry** /di:mə'nɒlətri/ **n.** the worship of demons 鬼魔崇拜

**demonology** /di:mə'nɒlədʒi/ **n.** (pl. **demonologies**) the study of demons or demonism 鬼魔学 ▸a set of beliefs about a group regarded as harmful or unwelcome 魔鬼信仰
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonological** adj. **demonologist** n.

**demonstrable** /dɪ'mɒnstrəbl, 'demən-/ **adj.** clearly apparent or capable of being logically proved 明显的; 可论证的, 可证明的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonstrability** n. **demonstrably** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. demonstrabilis.

**demonstrate** /'demənstreɪt/ **v.** 1 clearly show the existence or truth of 论证, 证明 > give a practical exhibition and explanation of 演示, 示范 2 take part in a public demonstration 参加示威游行(或集会)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonstrator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. demonstrat-, demonstrare 'point out'.

**demonstration** /demən'streɪʃn/ **n.** 1 the action of demonstrating something 论证, 证明; 演示, 示范; 显示, 表露 2 a public meeting or march expressing protest or other opinion on an issue 示威游行; 示威集会
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonstrational** adj.

**demonstrative** /dɪ'mɒnstrətɪv/ **adj.** 1 tending to show affectionate or other feelings openly 感情外露的; 易动感情的 2 serving to demonstrate something 论证的, 证明的 3 Grammar 【语法】 (of a determiner or pronoun) indicating the person or thing referred to (e.g. this, that, those) (限定词或代词)指示的 ■**n.** Grammar 【语法】 a demonstrative determiner or pronoun 指示词
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demonstratively** adv. **demonstrativeness** n.

**demoralize** or **demoralise** /dɪ'mɒrəlaɪz/ **v.** 1 cause to lose confidence or hope 使士气低落, 使泄气 2 archaic 【古】 corrupt the morals of 使堕落, 使腐化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demoralization** n. **demoralized** adj. **demoralizing** adj. **demoralizingly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. démoraliser (a word of the Fr. Revolution).

**demos** /'di:mɒs/ **n.** (pl. **demoi** /'di:mɔɪ/) the common people of an ancient Greek state (古希腊城邦的)平民
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dēmos.

**demote** /di:'məʊt/ **v.** give a lower rank or less senior position to, often as a punishment (常作为惩罚)使降级, 将…降职
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demotion** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DE- + a shortened form of PROMOTE.

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**demotic** /dɪ'mɒtɪk/ **adj.** 1 denoting or relating to the kind of language used by ordinary people; colloquial (语言)大众化的, 通俗的 2 denoting or relating to the form of modern Greek used in everyday speech and writing 现代希腊语的 Compare with 比较 KATHAREVOUSA. 3 denoting a simplified, cursive form of ancient Egyptian script 古埃及通俗文字的 Compare with 比较 HIERATIC. ■**n.** demotic speech, language, or writing 通俗语言; 现代希腊语; 古埃及通俗文字
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dēmotikos, from dēmotēs 'one of the people', from dēmos 'the people'.

**demotivate** /di:'məʊtɪveɪt/ **v.** make less eager to work or study 使失去动力, 使气馁
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demotivation** n.

**demountable** /di:'maʊntəbl/ **adj.** able to be dismantled or removed and readily reassembled or repositioned 能卸下的, 可拆卸的; 可拆开的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demount** v.

**demulcent** /dɪ'mʌls(ə)nt/ **adj.** Medicine 【医】 relieving inflammation or irritation 缓和的; 润性的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. demulcent-, demulcere 'to stroke caressingly', from de- 'away' + mulcere 'soothe'.

**demur** /dɪ'mɜ:(r)/ **v.** (**demurs**, **demurring**, **demurred**) raise doubts or objections; show reluctance 提出异议, 反对; 不愿 ■**n.** the action of demurring 异议, 反对, 不愿: They accepted this ruling without demur. 他们毫无异议地接受了这个裁决。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demurral** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. demourer (v.), demeure (n.), based on L. de- 'away, completely' + morari 'delay'.

**demure** /dɪ'mjʊə(r), dɪ'mjɔ:(r)/ **adj.** (**demurer**, **demurest**) (of a woman) reserved, modest, and shy (女子)娴静的, 稳重的, 谦逊的, 羞怯的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demurely** adv. **demureness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from OFr. demoure, past part. of demourer (see 见 DEMUR); influenced by OFr. mur 'grave'.

**demurrage** /dɪ'mʌrɪdʒ/ **n.** Law 【律】 a charge payable to the owner of a chartered ship on failure to load or discharge the ship within the time agreed 滞期费

**demurrer** /dɪ'mɜ:rə(r)/ **n.** Law, dated 【律, 过时】 an objection granting the factual basis of an opponent's point but dismissing it as irrelevant or invalid 异议, 抗辩, 反对 ▸formal 【正式】 an objection 反对
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Anglo-Norman Fr. (infin. used as n.), from OFr. demourer (see 见 DEMUR).

**demutualize** or **demutualise** /di:'mju:tʃuəlaɪz, -tjuə-/ **v.** change (a mutual organization such as a building society) to one of a different kind 使(建屋互助会等)改变互惠性, 改变(建屋互助会等)的互助性质
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demutualization** n.

**demy** /dɪ'maɪ/ **n.** 1 a paper size, 564 × 444 mm 印刷用纸尺寸(为564×444毫米) 2 (also 亦作 **demy octavo**) a book size, 216 × 138 mm 一种书本尺寸(为216×138毫米) 3 (also 亦作 **demy quarto**) a book size, 276 × 219 mm 一种书本尺寸(为276×219毫米)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DEMI-, or its source, Fr. demi 'half'.

**demyelinate** /di:'maɪəlɪneɪt/ **v.** Medicine 【医】 cause the loss of myelin in (nerve tissue) 使(神经组织)脱髓鞘
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demyelination** n.

**demystify** /di:'mɪstɪfaɪ/ **v.** (**demystifies**, **demystifying**, **demystified**) make (a subject) easier to understand 阐明; 使(事物)非神秘化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **demystification** n.

**demythologize** or **demythologise** /di:mɪ'θɒlədʒaɪz/ **v.** reinterpret (a subject) so that it is free of mythical elements 使非神话化; 去除…的神话色彩

**den** /den/ **n.** 1 a wild animal's lair or habitation 兽穴, 兽窝 2 informal 【非正式】 a person's private room 私室 3 a place where people meet secretly or illicitly (进行秘密或非法活动的)巢穴, 窝点: an opium den 鸦片烟窟 ■**v.** (**dens**, **denning**, **denned**) (of an animal) live in or retreat to a den (动物)穴居; 进洞(或窝)躲藏
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE denn, of Gmc origin.

**denar** /'di:nə(r)/ **n.** the basic monetary unit of Macedonia 代纳尔(马其顿基本货币单位)
> -ORIGIN 词源 based on L. denarius; cf. DINAR.

**denarius** /dɪ'neəriəs, dɪ'nɑ:riəs/ **n.** (pl. **denarii** /-riaɪ, -ri:i:/) an ancient Roman silver coin, originally worth ten asses 迪纳里厄斯(古罗马小银币, 原值10个阿斯) ▸an ancient Roman gold coin worth 25 silver denarii 迪纳里厄斯(罗马帝国的金币, 值25个小银币)
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'containing ten', from deni 'in tens'.

**denary** /'di:n(ə)ri/ **adj.** relating to or based on the number ten 十的; 十进的

**denationalize** or **denationalise** /di:'næʃ(ə)nəlaɪz/ **v.** 1 transfer from public to private ownership 使非国有化, 使私有化 2 deprive of nationality or national characteristics 使失去独立国资格; 开除…的国籍, 剥夺…的国民权利
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denationalization** n.

**denaturalize** or **denaturalise** /di:'nætʃ(ə)rəlaɪz/ **v.** 1 make unnatural 使非自然化 2 deprive of citizenship of a country 剥夺…的公民身份
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denaturalization** n.

**denature** /di:'neɪtʃə(r)/ **v.** 1 take away or alter the natural qualities of 改变…的自然属性 2 make (alcohol) unfit for drinking by adding toxic or foul-tasting substances (通过添加有毒或腐烂物质)使(酒)变质不能饮用
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denaturant** n. **denaturation** n.

**dendrimer** /'dendrɪmə(r)/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a synthetic polymer with a branching, tree-like structure 树枝状分子, 树型化合物

**dendrite** /'dendraɪt/ **n.** 1 a short extension of a nerve cell conducting impulses to the cell body (神经细胞的)树突 2 a crystalline mass with a

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**dendro-** | **denomination**
branching, tree-like structure 枝蔓晶 ▸a natural tree-like marking on a rock or mineral 树枝石
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dendritic** /den'drɪtɪk/ adj. **dendritically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from Gk dendritēs 'tree-like'.

**dendro-** /'dendrəʊ/ comb. form relating to a tree or trees 树的; 与树有关的: dendrology 树木学
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dendron 'tree'.

**dendrochronology** /dendrəʊkrə'nɒlədʒi/ **n.** a technique of dating based on the investigation of annual growth rings in tree trunks 树木年代法(通过研究树轮以确定过去事件发生年代的方法)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dendrochronological** adj. **dendrochronologist** n.

**dendrogram** /'dendrə(ʊ)græm/ **n.** a tree diagram 树状图, 系统树

**dendroid** /'dendrɔɪd/ **adj.** Biology 【生物】 tree-shaped 树状的

**dendrology** /den'drɒlədʒi/ **n.** the scientific study of trees 树木学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dendrological** adj. **dendrologist** n.

**Dene** /'deɪneɪ, 'deni/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同) 1 a member of a group of American Indian peoples of the Canadian North-West and Alaska 德内人(印第安人的一支, 分布在加拿大西北部及美国阿拉斯加) 2 any of the Athabaskan languages of the Dene 德内语
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. Déné, from an Athabaskan word meaning 'people'.

**dene¹** /di:n/ (also 亦作 **dean**) **n.** [usu. in place names 通常用于地名] Brit. 【英】 a deep, narrow, wooded valley 有林小陡谷
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE denu, of Gmc origin; rel. to DEN.

**dene²** /di:n/ **n.** dialect 【方】 a bare sandy tract or low sandhill by the sea (海边的)沙地, 沙丘
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. of Gmc origin and rel. to DUNE.

**denervate** /di:'nɜ:veɪt/ **v.** Medicine 【医】 cut off the nerve supply from 去神经, 去除…的神经支配
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denervation** n.

**dengue** /'deŋgi/ (also 亦作 **dengue fever**) **n.** a debilitating tropical viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, causing sudden fever and acute pains in the joints 登革热(通过蚊子传播的一种热带传染病, 特征为突发高烧和骨关节剧痛)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from W. Ind. Sp., from Kiswahili dinga, influenced by Sp. dengue 'fastidiousness' (with ref. to the dislike of movement by affected patients).

**deni** /'deni:/ **n.** a monetary unit of the republic of Macedonia, equal to one hundredth of a denar 代尼(马其顿共和国货币单位, 100代尼=1代纳尔)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Macedonian, from DENAR.

**deniable** /dɪ'naɪəbl/ **adj.** able to be denied 可否认的, 可否定的, 可拒绝的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deniability** n. **deniably** adv.

**denial** /dɪ'naɪəl/ **n.** 1 the action of denying something 否认, 否定 2 refusal to acknowledge an unacceptable truth or emotion, used as a defence mechanism 否认(一种心理防卫机制, 其特征是拒绝承认痛苦的现实或感受)

**denialist** /dɪ'naɪ(ə)lɪst/ **n.** a person who refuses to admit the truth of a concept or proposition that is supported by the majority of scientific or historical evidence 否定主义者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denialism** n.

**denial of service** **n.** Computing 【计】 an interruption in an authorized user's access to a computer network, typically one caused with malicious intent 拒绝服务

**denier¹** /'deniə(r)/ **n.** 1 a unit by which the fineness of yarn is measured, equal to the weight in grams of 9,000 metres of the yarn 旦尼尔, 旦(纤度单位) 2 a former French coin equal to one twelfth of a sou 德尼厄尔(旧时法国的一种小硬币, 12德尼厄尔=1苏)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in sense 2): via OFr. from L. denarius (see 见 DENARIUS).

**denier²** /dɪ'naɪə(r)/ **n.** a person who denies something 否认者; 拒绝者

**denigrate** /'denɪgreɪt/ **v.** criticize unfairly; disparage 毁誉, 诽谤; 玷污
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denigration** n. **denigrator** n. **denigratory** /denɪ'greɪt(ə)ri/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'blacken, make dark'): from L. denigrat-, denigrare, from de- 'away, completely' + nigrare (from niger 'black').

**denim** /'denɪm/ **n.** a hard-wearing cotton twill fabric, typically blue 粗斜棉布; 劳动布 ▸(**denims**) jeans or other clothes made of denim 粗斜纹布裤, 劳动布裤
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as serge denim): from Fr. serge de Nîmes, denoting serge from the town of Nîmes.

**denitrify** /di:'naɪtrɪfaɪ/ **v.** (**denitrifies**, **denitrifying**, **denitrified**) remove the nitrates or nitrites from (soil, water, etc.) by chemical reduction 使(土壤、水等)脱硝(或脱氮)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denitrification** n.

**denizen** /'denɪz(ə)n/ **n.** 1 formal or humorous 【正式或幽】 an inhabitant or occupant 居民, 居住者: denizens of field and forest 田野和山林的居民 2 Brit. historical 【英, 史义】 a foreigner allowed certain rights in their adopted country (在入籍之国享有部分公民权利的)外籍居民
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denizenship** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME deynseyn, via Anglo-Norman Fr. from OFr. deinz 'within' + ein (from L. -aneus '-aneous'); influenced by CITIZEN.

**denominal** /dɪ'nɒmɪnəl/ **adj.** (of a word) derived from a noun (单词)衍生自名词的
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from DE- + NOMINAL.

**denominate** /dɪ'nɒmɪneɪt/ **v.** 1 formal 【正式】 call; name 给…命名; 称呼…为 2 (**be denominated**) (of sums of money) be expressed in a specified monetary unit (款项)用特定的货币单位表示
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. denominat-, denominare, from de- 'away, formally' + nominare 'to name'.

**denomination** /dɪ,nɒmɪ'neɪʃn/ **n.** 1 a recognized autonomous branch of a church or religion 宗派,

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**denominational** | **dentine**
教派 2 the face value of a banknote, coin, or postage stamp (纸币、硬币或邮票的)面额, 面值 ▸the rank of a playing card (桥牌叫牌时)叫出的花色(或无将)数 3 formal 【正式】 a name or designation 名称; 命名

**denominational** /dɪ,nɒmɪ'neɪʃənl/ **adj.** relating to a particular religious denomination (有关)教派的; (有关)宗派的, (有关)派别的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denominationalism** n.

**denominator** /dɪ'nɒmɪneɪtə(r)/ **n.** Mathematics 【数】 the number below the line in a vulgar fraction; a divisor 分母
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. dénominateur or med. L. denominator.

**de nos jours** /də nəʊ 'ʒuə/ **adj.** [postpos. 后置] contemporary 当代的
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'of our days'.

**denote** /dɪ'nəʊt/ **v.** be a sign of; indicate 是…的标志(或征兆), 表示 > stand as a name or symbol for 为…的名称; 代表, 是…的标记
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denotation** n. **denotational** adj. **denotative** /-tətɪv/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. dénoter or L. denotare, from de- 'away, thoroughly' + notare 'observe, note'.

**denouement** /deɪ'nu:mɒ̃/ (also 亦作 **dénouement**) **n.** the final part of a play, film, etc. in which matters are explained or resolved (戏剧、电影等的)收场, 结局; 牧场(或结局)的部分
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr. dénouement, from dénouer 'unknot'.

**denounce** /dɪ'naʊns/ **v.** publicly declare to be wrong or evil 公开指责, 公然抨击, 谴责
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denouncement** n. **denouncer** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. denoncier, from L. denuntiare, based on nuntius 'messenger'.

**de novo** /deɪ 'nəʊvəʊ, di:/ **adv.** & **adj.** anew 重新, 再次
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'from new'.

**dense** /dens/ **adj.** 1 closely compacted in substance 密集的; 浓密的 ▸crowded closely together 拥挤的, 稠密的 2 informal 【非正式】 (of a person) stupid (人)愚笨的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **densely** adv. **denseness** n. **densification** n. **densify** v. (**densifies**, **densifying**, **densified**).
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. densus.

**densitometer** /densɪ'tɒmɪtə(r)/ **n.** 1 an instrument for measuring the photographic density of an image 显像密度计 2 a device for measuring the optical density of a material 光密度计
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **densitometric** adj. **densitometrically** adv. **densitometry** n.

**density** /'densəti/ **n.** (pl. **densities**) 1 the degree of compactness of a substance 密集; 稠密, 比重, 密度 ▸Computing 【计】 a measure of the amount of information on a storage medium (信息)密度 ▸the opacity of a photographic image (摄影图像的)密度 2 the quantity of people or things in a given area or space (某区域或空间中人或物的)密度
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. densité or L. densitas, from densus 'dense'.

**dent** /dent/ **n.** a slight hollow in a hard even surface made by a blow or pressure 凹陷; 凹坑 ■**v.** 1 mark with a dent 使产生凹痕, 使凹陷 2 have an adverse effect on 削减; 削弱; 损害: The experience dented her confidence. 这次经历打击了她的自信心。
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of DINT.

**dental** /'dentl/ **adj.** 1 relating to the teeth or dentistry 牙齿的; 牙科的 2 Phonetics 【语音】 (of a consonant) pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth (as th) or the alveolar ridge (as n, d, t) (辅音)齿音的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dentalize** or **dentalise** v. **dentally** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. dentalis, from L. dens, dent- 'tooth'.

**dental floss** **n.** a soft thread used to clean between the teeth 洁牙线

**dentalium** /den'teɪliəm/ **n.** tusk shells used as ornaments or (formerly) as money (用作装饰或旧时作为货币的)象牙贝
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from late L. dentalis (see 见 DENTAL).

**dental surgeon** **n.** a dentist 牙科医生, 牙医

**dentary** /'dent(ə)ri/ **n.** (pl. **dentaries**) Zoology 【动】 the bone of the lower jaw which bears the teeth 齿骨, 牙骨
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L. dentarius.

**dentate** /'denteɪt/ **adj.** Botany & Zoology 【植, 动】 having a toothlike or serrated edge 具牙齿的; 齿状的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dentatus.

**dentelle** /den'tel/ **n.** (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同) ornamental tooling used in bookbinding, resembling lace edging (书本装订时所用的)齿形花边
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., 'lace'.

**denticle** /'dentɪkl/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 a small tooth or toothlike projection 小齿, 齿体
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. denticulus, dimin. of dens, dent- 'tooth'.

**denticulate** /den'tɪkjʊlət/ **adj.** having small teeth or tooth-like projections 具细牙齿的, 锯齿状的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denticulated** adj.

**dentifrice** /'dentɪfrɪs/ **n.** a paste or powder for cleaning the teeth 洁齿剂; 牙膏, 牙粉
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., from L. dentifricium, from dens, dent- 'tooth' + fricare 'to rub'.

**dentil** /'dentɪl/ **n.** Architecture 【建】 one of a series of small tooth-like rectangular blocks used as a decoration under the moulding of a cornice 檐下齿形装饰, 齿饰
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. dentello or obs. Fr. dentille, dimin. of dent 'tooth'.

**dentine** /'denti:n/ (US 【美】 **dentin** /-t(ə)n/) **n.** hard dense bony tissue forming the bulk of a tooth 牙(本)质
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dentinal** /'dentɪnl/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. dens, dent- 'tooth' + -INE¹.

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**dentist** /'dentɪst/ **n.** a person who is qualified to treat the diseases and conditions that affect the teeth and gums 牙科医生, 牙医
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dentistry** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. dentiste, from dent 'tooth'.

**dentition** /den'tɪʃn/ **n.** the arrangement or condition of the teeth in a particular species or individual 齿系
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dentitio(n-), from dentire 'teethe'.

**denture** /'dentʃə(r)/ **n.** a removable plate or frame holding one or more artificial teeth 假牙牙托
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denturist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr.

**denuclearize** or **denuclearise** /di:'nju:kliəraɪz/ **v.** remove nuclear weapons from 从…撤除核武器; 使非核化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denuclearization** n.

**denude** /dɪ'nju:d/ **v.** [often 常用 **be denuded of**] strip of covering or possessions; make bare 使裸露, 剥光; 剥夺…的财物; 使光秃
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denudation** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. denudare, from de- 'completely' + nudare 'to bare'.

**denumerable** /dɪ'nju:m(ə)rəbl/ **adj.** Mathematics 【数】 able to be counted by one-to-one correspondence with the set of integers 可数的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denumerability** n. **denumerably** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from late L. denumerare 'count out'.

**denunciation** /dɪ,nʌnsi'eɪʃn/ **n.** the action of denouncing someone or something 谴责; 指责
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **denunciator** n. **denunciatory** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. denuntiatio(n-), from denuntiare (see 见 DENOUNCE).

**deny** /dɪ'naɪ/ **v.** (**denies**, **denying**, **denied**) 1 refuse to admit the truth or existence of 否定, 否认 2 refuse to give (something requested or desired) to (someone) 拒绝…的要求; 拒绝给予(想要之物)
> ▸(**deny oneself**) go without 戒绝; 节制 ▸archaic 【古】 refuse access to 拒绝进入(或接触)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deni-, deneier, from L. denegare, from de- 'formally' + negare 'say no'.

**deoch an doris** /dɒx (ə)n 'dɔrɪs, dɒk/ (also 亦作 **doch an dorris**) **n.** Scottish & Irish 【苏格兰, 爱】 a final drink taken before parting 饯别酒, 送行酒
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sc. Gaelic deoch an doruis 'drink at the door'.

**deodar** /'di:ə(ʊ)dɑ:(r)/ **n.** a tall cedar with drooping branches, native to the Himalayas 雪松 [Cedrus deodara.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Hindi deodār, from Sanskrit devadāru 'divine tree'.

**deodorant** /di'əʊd(ə)r(ə)nt/ **n.** a substance which removes or conceals unpleasant bodily odours 除臭剂, 脱臭剂, 解臭剂
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DE- + L. odor 'smell' + -ANT.

**deodorize** or **deodorise** /di'əʊdəraɪz/ **v.** remove or conceal an unpleasant smell in 除去…的臭味, 脱去…的臭味
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deodorization** n. **deodorizer** n.

**Deo gratias** /deɪəʊ 'grɑ:tiəs, -fiəs/ **exclam.** thanks be to God 承上帝之佑, 托天之福
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**deontic** /di'ɒntɪk/ **adj.** Philosophy 【哲】 relating to duty and obligation as ethical concepts 义务的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: (as n. deontics) from Gk deont- 'being right' (from dei 'it is right') + -IC.

**deontology** /di:ɒn'tɒlədʒi/ **n.** Philosophy 【哲】 the study of the nature of duty and obligation 义务论; 道义论
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deontological** adj. **deontologist** n.

**Deo volente** /deɪəʊ vɒ'lenteɪ/ **adv.** God willing; if nothing prevents it 若承天意; 若一切顺利
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**deoxygenate** /di:'ɒksɪdʒəneɪt/ **v.** remove oxygen from 使去氧; 使脱氧
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deoxygenation** n.

**deoxyribonucleic acid** /di,ɒksɪraɪbəʊnju:'kleɪɪk/ **n.** see 见 DNA.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from a blend of DEOXYRIBOSE and NUCLEIC ACID.

**deoxyribose** /di,ɒksɪ'raɪbəʊz, -s/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】 a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen 脱氧核糖
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from DE- (expressing reduction) + OXY-² + RIBOSE.

**dep.** abbr. 1 departs 2 deputy

**depart** /dɪ'pɑ:t/ **v.** 1 leave, especially in order to start a journey 离开; (尤指)启程 2 (**depart from**) deviate from (an accepted, prescribed, or usual course of action) 背离, 违背(传统或常规)
> -PHRASES 短语 **depart this life** archaic 【古】 die 去世, 离世
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. departir, based on L. dispertire 'to divide'.

**departed** /dɪ'pɑ:tɪd/ **adj.** dead 离世的, 死去的

**department** /dɪ'pɑ:tmənt/ **n.** 1 a division of a large organization or building, dealing with a specific area of activity 部; 司; 局; 处; 科; 部门 2 an administrative district in France and other countries (法国等的)省 3 (**one's department**) informal 【非正式】 an area of special expertise or responsibility 专长; 责任范围 > a specified aspect or quality 特定方面(或性质): He was a bit lacking in the height department. 他在身高方面略有欠缺。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **departmental** adj. **departmentalism** n. **departmentalization** or **departmentalisation** n. **departmentalize** or **departmentalise** v. **departmentally** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. departement, from departir (see 见 DEPART).

**department store** **n.** a large shop stocking many varieties of goods in different departments 百货公司, 百货商店

<684>
**departure** /dɪ'pɑ:tʃə(r)/ **n.** 1 the action of departing 离开; 启程, 出发 ▸a deviation from an accepted, prescribed, or usual course of action 背离, 违背 2 Nautical 【航海】 the amount of a ship's change of longitude 横距, 东西距
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. departeure.

**depasture** /di:'pɑ:stʃə(r)/ **v.** Brit. 【英】 put to graze on pasture 放牧; 使(牲口)吃草
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depasturage** n.

**depauperate** /dɪ'pɔ:p(ə)rət/ **adj.** Biology 【生物】 lacking in numbers or variety of species 萎缩的; 衰弱的 ▸imperfectly developed 发育不全的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'impoverished'): from med. L. depauperat-, depauperare, from de- 'completely' + pauperare 'make poor'.

**depend** /dɪ'pend/ **v.** 1 (**depend on**) be controlled or determined by 取决于; 视…而定 2 (**depend on**) rely on 信赖; 依靠 3 archaic or literary 【古或文】 hang down 低垂, 悬垂
> -PHRASES 短语 **depending on** according to 根据, 依据
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dependre, from L. dependere, from de- 'down' + pendere 'hang'.

**dependable** /dɪ'pendəbl/ **adj.** trustworthy and reliable 可靠的; 可信赖的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dependability** n. **dependably** adv.

**dependant** /dɪ'pendənt/ (also 亦作 **dependent**) **n.** a person who relies on another, especially a family member, for financial support 受扶养者; (尤指)受扶养的家属
> USAGE 用法说明
> Until recently the only correct spelling of the noun in British English was **dependant**, but the variant **dependent** is now generally accepted. In US English **dependent** is the standard form for the noun. The adjective is spelled **-ent**, not **-ant**, as in *We are dependent on his goodwill*. 直到最近, 英国英语中各名词唯一的正确拼法为 **dependant**, 但变体形式 **dependent** 现在也被普遍接受。在美国英语中 **dependent** 为名词的标准形式。形容词拼为 **dependent**, 而非 **dependant**, 如: *We are dependent on his goodwill*. 我们得指望他的好心。

**dependency** /dɪ'pendənsi/ **n.** (pl. **dependencies**) 1 a country or province controlled by another 附属国; 附属地 2 the state of being dependent 依靠; 依赖

**dependent** /dɪ'pendənt/ **adj.** 1 (**dependent on**) contingent on or determined by 视…而定的; 取决于…的 2 relying on someone or something for financial or other support 依靠的; 依赖的 ▸(**dependent on**) unable to do without 有瘾的: dependent on drugs 毒品上瘾的 3 Grammar 【语法】 subordinate to another clause, phrase, or word (从句、短语或词)从属的 ■**n.** variant spelling of DEPENDANT * dependant 的另一种拼法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dependence** n. **dependently** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME dependant 'hanging down', from OFr., pres. part. of dependre (see 见 DEPEND).

**dependent variable** **n.** Mathematics 【数】 a variable (often denoted by y) whose value depends on that of another 应变数

**depersonalize** or **depersonalise** /di:'pɜ:sənəlaɪz/ **v.** divest of human characteristics or individuality 使失去个性; 使非个性化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depersonalization** n.

**depict** /dɪ'pɪkt/ **v.** represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form 描画, 描绘 ▸portray in words 描述, 描写
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depicter** n. **depiction** n. **depictive** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. depict-, depingere, from de- 'completely' + pingere 'to paint'.

**depigment** /di:'pɪgm(ə)nt/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **depigmented**] reduce or remove the pigmentation of (the skin) 去除(皮肤)的色素
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depigmentation** n.

**depilate** /'depɪleɪt/ **v.** remove the hair from 去除…的毛, 使脱毛
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depilation** n. **depilator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as depilation): from L. depilat-, depilare, from de- (expressing removal) + pilare (from pilus 'hair').

**depilatory** /dɪ'pɪlət(ə)ri/ **adj.** used to remove unwanted hair 除毛的, 用来脱毛的 ■**n.** (pl. **depilatories**) a depilatory cream or lotion 脱毛剂

**deplane** /di:'pleɪn/ **v.** N. Amer. 【北美】 disembark from an aircraft (使)下飞机

**deplete** /dɪ'pli:t/ **v.** reduce the number or quantity of 大量减少: Fish stocks are severely depleted. 鱼类资源大大减少了。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depleter** n. **depletion** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19 (earlier (C17) as depletion): from L. deplet-, deplere 'empty out', from de- (expressing reversal) + plere 'fill'.

**depleted uranium** **n.** uranium from which most of the fissile isotope uranium-235 has been removed 贫化铀

**deplorable** /dɪ'plɔ:rəbl/ **adj.** deserving strong condemnation; shockingly bad 应受强烈谴责的, 可悲的, 可叹的; 令人痛惜的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deplorably** adv.

**deplore** /dɪ'plɔ:(r)/ **v.** feel or express strong disapproval of 痛惜; 悲叹; 强烈谴责
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deploring** adj. **deploringly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'weep for, regret deeply'): from Fr. déplorer or Ital. deplorare, from L. deplorare, from de- 'away, thoroughly' + plorare 'bewail'.

**deploy** /dɪ'plɔɪ/ **v.** bring or move into position for military action 部署, 调度 ▸bring into effective action 施展; 调动; 利用
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deployable** adj. **deployment** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. déployer, from L.

<685>
displicare and late L. deplicare 'unfold or explain'.

**deplume** /di:'plu:m/ **v.** remove feathers from (a bird) 拔去(鸟)的羽毛

**depolarize** or **depolarise** /di:'pəʊləraɪz/ **v.** Physics 【物】 reduce or remove the polarization of 使去极化, 使消偏振, 使去磁
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depolarization** n.

**depoliticize** or **depoliticise** /di:pə'lɪtɪsaɪz/ **v.** remove from political activity or influence 使非政治化, 使不受政治影响
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depoliticization** n.

**depolymerize** or **depolymerise** /di:'pɒlɪməraɪz/ **v.** Chemistry 【化】 break (a polymer) down into smaller units (使)解聚
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depolymerization** n.

**deponent** /dɪ'pəʊnənt/ **adj.** Grammar 【语法】 denoting verbs which are passive or middle in form but active in meaning (动词)异相的 ■**n.** Law 【律】 a person who makes a deposition or affidavit under oath 宣誓证人
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. deponent-, deponere 'lay aside, put down'.

**depopulate** /di:'pɒpjʊleɪt/ **v.** substantially reduce the population of (an area) 使(某地)的人口大量减少
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depopulation** n.

**deport** /dɪ'pɔ:t/ **v.** 1 expel (a foreigner or immigrant) from a country 将(外国人或移民)驱逐出境 2 (**deport oneself**) archaic 【古】 conduct oneself in a specified manner 使(自己)举止得体; 使(自己)举止带上某种特点
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deportable** adj. **deportation** n. **deportee** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. déporter, from L. deportare, from de- 'away' + portare 'carry'.

**deportment** /dɪ'pɔ:tmənt/ **n.** 1 Brit. 【英】 the way a person stands and walks, particularly as an element of etiquette (尤指有教养的)仪态, 风度 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a person's behaviour or manners 行为, 举止

**depose** /dɪ'pəʊz/ **v.** 1 remove from office suddenly and forcefully 废黜; 罢免 2 Law 【律】 testify to or give (evidence) under oath, especially in writing (尤指以书面形式)宣誓作证
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deposer, from L. deponere (see 见 DEPONENT), but influenced by L. depositus and OFr. poser 'to place'.

**deposit** /dɪ'pɒzɪt/ **n.** 1 a sum of money placed in a bank or other account 存款 2 a sum payable as a first instalment or as a pledge 首付; 保证金; 订金 ▸a returnable sum paid to cover possible loss or damage 押金 3 a layer or body of accumulated matter (一层)沉积物; 沉淀; 积垢 4 the action of depositing something 存储; 存放 ■**v.** (**deposits**, **depositing**, **deposited**) 1 put or set down in a specific place 放下, 放置 ▸lay down naturally as a layer or covering 使沉淀, 使沉积 2 store or entrust with someone for safe keeping 存放; 寄存; 委托保管 > pay as a deposit 付(押金); 支付(订金)
> -PHRASES 短语 **lose one's deposit** (of a candidate in a UK parliamentary election) receive less than a certain proportion of the votes (thereby forfeiting a statutory financial deposit) (英国议会选举中候选人因选票未能达到一定比例而)丧失竞选保证金
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depositor** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. depositum (n.), med. L. depositare (v.), both from L. deposit-, deponere 'lay aside'.

**deposit account** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a bank account that pays interest and may not usually be drawn on without notice 定期存款账户

**depositary** /dɪ'pɒzɪt(ə)ri/ (also 亦作 **depository**) **n.** (pl. **depositaries**) a person to whom something is lodged in trust 受托人, 保管人

**deposition** /depə'zɪʃn, di:-/ **n.** 1 the action of deposing a monarch 罢免; 废黜 2 Law 【律】 the process of giving sworn evidence 宣誓作证 > a statement to be used as evidence 证词; 作证书 3 the action of depositing something 储存; 沉淀 4 (**the Deposition**) the taking down of the body of Christ from the Cross 基督降架(将耶稣从十字架上解救下来)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depositional** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. depositio(n-), from deponere (see 见 DEPOSIT).

**depository** /dɪ'pɒzɪtri/ **n.** (pl. **depositories**) 1 a place where things are stored 仓库, 储藏所 2 variant spelling of DEPOSITARY * depositary 的另一种拼法

**depot** /'depəʊ/ **n.** 1 a place for the storage of large quantities of a commodity (大宗商品的)仓库, 库房 2 a place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained (公共汽车、火车等的)车库, 维修工厂 ▸N. Amer. 【北美】 a railway or bus station 火车站; 公共汽车站 3 Military 【军】 a place where recruits are trained or troops assembled 兵站; 补给站
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'act of depositing'): from Fr. dépôt, from L. depositum (see 见 DEPOSIT).

**depower** /di:'paʊə(r)/ **v.** Sailing 【帆】 adjust (a sail) so that the wind no longer fills it 使(帆)泄风

**deprave** /dɪ'preɪv/ **v.** make (someone) immoral or wicked; corrupt 使堕落; 使腐化, 使道德败坏
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depravation** n. **depravity** /dɪ'prævɪti/ n. (pl. **depravities**).
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'pervert in meaning or intention'): from OFr. depraver or L. depravare, from de- 'down, thoroughly' + pravus 'crooked, perverse'.

**depraved** /dɪ'preɪvd/ **adj.** morally corrupt 道德败坏的, 堕落的, 腐化的

**deprecate** /'deprɪkeɪt/ **v.** 1 express disapproval of 对…表示不赞成, 反对 2 another term for DEPRECIATE (sense 2) * depreciate (释义2)的另一种说法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deprecating** adj. **deprecatingly** adv. **deprecation** n. **deprecative** /'deprɪkətɪv/ adj. **deprecator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as deprecation in the sense 'a prayer to ward off evil'): from L. deprecat-,

<686>
**deprecatory** | **depth**
deprecari, from de- (expressing reversal) + precari 'pray'.

**deprecatory** /'deprɪkət(ə)ri, depri'keɪt-/ **adj.** expressing disapproval 表示不赞成的, 不以为然的, 反对的 ▸apologetic or appeasing 请求宽恕的, 表示歉意的; 息事宁人的

**depreciate** /dɪ'pri:ʃieɪt, -si-/ **v.** 1 diminish in value over a period of time 降低(…的)价值, (使)贬值 > reduce the recorded value of (an asset) over a predetermined period 使(资产)折旧 2 disparage or belittle 贬低, 轻视
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depreciable** adj. **depreciation** n. **depreciative** adj. **depreciatively** adv. **depreciatory** /dɪ'pri:ʃ(i)ət(ə)ri/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. depreciat-, depreciare 'lower in price, undervalue', from L. de- 'down' + pretium 'price'.

**depredation** /deprɪ'deɪʃn/ **n.** (usu. 通常用 **depredations**) an act of attacking or plundering 掠夺, 劫掠; 蹂躏
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. déprédation, from late L. depraedatio(n-), from depraedari 'to plunder'.

**depredator** /'deprɪdeɪtə(r)/ **n.** archaic 【古】 a person or thing that makes depredations 劫掠者; 掠夺者; 蹂躏者

**depress** /dɪ'pres/ **v.** 1 cause to feel utterly dispirited or dejected 使沮丧, 使消沉 2 reduce the level of activity in (a system) 削弱, 抑制(某系统) 3 push or pull down into a lower position 按下; 拉下; 压低
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depressible** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. depresser, from late L. depressare, frequentative of deprimere 'press down'.

**depressant** /dɪ'pres(ə)nt/ **adj.** reducing functional or nervous activity 抑制的, 阻抑的 ■**n.** a depressant drug or other agent 镇静剂; 抑制药

**depressed** /dɪ'prest/ **adj.** 1 in a state of unhappiness or despondency 抑郁的, 沮丧的, 消沉的 ▸suffering from clinical depression 患忧郁症的 2 suffering from economic depression 不景气的, 萧条的 3 having been pushed down 按下的, 压下的, 下陷的, 凹陷的

**depressing** /dɪ'presɪŋ/ **adj.** causing a feeling of miserable dejection 令人沮丧的, 令人抑郁的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depressingly** adv.

**depression** /dɪ'preʃn/ **n.** 1 severe despondency and dejection, especially when long-lasting (尤指长时期的)抑郁, 消沉 ▸(also 亦作 **clinical depression**) Medicine 【医】 a mental condition characterized by severe feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy 抑郁(症) 2 a long and severe recession in an economy or market (经济、市场的)不景气, 萧条(期) ▸(**the Depression** or **the Great Depression**) the financial and industrial slump of 1929 and subsequent years 大萧条(指1929年及之后几年的经济和工业萧条) 3 the action of depressing something 按下; 压下 > a sunken place or hollow 洼地, 凹地, 坑: 凹陷 4 Meteorology 【气】 a cyclonic weather system 低(气)压
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. depressio(n-), from deprimere (see 见 DEPRESS).

**depressive** /dɪ'presɪv/ **adj.** tending to causing depression 令人沮丧的, 令人抑郁的 ■**n.** a person who tends to suffer from depression 抑郁症患者

**depressor** /dɪ'presə(r)/ **n.** 1 Anatomy 【解】 a muscle whose contraction pulls down a part of the body 降肌 2 Physiology 【生理】 a nerve whose stimulation results in a lowering of blood pressure 降压神经 3 an instrument for pressing something down 压器, 压板, 压下物

**depressurize** or **depressurise** /di:'preʃəraɪz/ **v.** release the pressure inside (a compartment or container) 使(容器等内的气体)减压, 使降压
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depressurization** n.

**deprivation** /deprɪ'veɪʃn/ **n.** 1 the damaging lack of basic material benefits 匮乏, 贫困 ▸the lack or denial of something considered essential 丧失, 损失; 夺去, 剥夺 2 archaic 【古】 the action of depriving someone of office 免职

**deprive** /dɪ'praɪv/ **v.** 1 prevent (a person or place) from having or using something 夺去, 剥夺; 使丧失 2 archaic 【古】 depose (someone, especially a clergyman) from office 免去(尤指神父)的教职
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deprival** n. **deprived** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. depriver, from med. L. deprivare, from de- 'away, completely' + privare (see 见 PRIVATE).

**de profundis** /deɪ prə'fʊndɪs/ **adv.** expressing one's deepest feelings 表达深切感情地 ■**n.** a heartfelt appeal 从心底发出的呼号
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., 'from the depths', the opening words of Psalm 130.

**deprogramme** (US 【美】 **deprogram**) /di:'prəʊgræm/ **v.** (**deprogrammes**, **deprogramming**, **deprogrammed**; US 【美】 **deprograms**, **deprograming**, **deprogramed**) release from brainwashing or indoctrination (使)消除受毒化的思想(或信仰)

**Dept** abbr. Department

**depth** /depθ/ **n.** 1 the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of something or to a specified point within it 深度 ▸the distance from the front to the back of something 纵深 > the apparent existence of three dimensions in a two-dimensional representation 立体感; 纵深感 2 the quality of being intense or extreme 深厚, 深切 ▸complexity and profundity of thought (思想的)深刻 ▸comprehensiveness of study or detail 深奥; 困难: Third-year courses go into more depth. 第3年的课程更为艰深。3 (**the depths**) the deepest or lowest part of something 深处; 深渊
> -PHRASES 短语 **hidden depths** previously unnoticed qualities 隐藏的特征; 内秀 **in depth** in great detail; comprehensively and thoroughly 详细地; 全面地; 彻底地; 深入地 **out of one's depth** 1 in water too deep to stand in 在水深没顶的地方 2 in a situation beyond one's capabilities 非某人所能理解, 为某人力所不能及
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DEEP + -TH², on the pattern of

<687>
**depth charge** | **derelict**
pairs such as long, length.

**depth charge** **n.** an explosive charge designed to explode under water at a preset depth, used for attacking submarines 深水炸弹(用于攻击潜艇)

**depthless** /'depθlɪs/ **adj.** 1 unfathomably deep 极深的; 深不可测的 2 shallow and superficial 肤浅的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depthlessly** adv.

**depth of field** **n.** (in photography) the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects giving a focused image (摄影)景深

**depth psychology** **n.** the psychoanalytic study of unconscious mental processes and motives (研究无意识的心理过程和动机的)深蕴心理学

**depuration** /depjʊə'reɪʃn/ **n.** technical 【技】 the action or process of freeing something of impurities 净化; 纯化; 提纯
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **depurate** v. **depurative** adj. & n. **depurator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. depuratio(n-), from depurare, from de- 'completely' + purare 'purify'.

**deputation** /depjʊ'teɪʃn/ **n.** a group of people who undertake a mission on behalf of a larger group 代表团

**depute** **v.** /dɪ'pju:t/ appoint (someone) to perform a task for which one is responsible 委派(某人)为代表 > delegate (authority or a task) 授(权)给; 把(任务)交托给 ■**n.** /'depju:t/ Scottish 【苏格兰】 a person appointed to act in an official capacity or as a representative 代理人; 代表
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. deputare 'consider to be, assign', from de- 'away' + putare 'think over, consider'.

**deputize** or **deputise** /'depjʊtaɪz/ **v.** temporarily act or speak on behalf of someone else 担任临时代理, 充当临时代言人 ▸N. Amer. 【北美】 make (someone) a deputy 委派(某人)为代表

**deputy** /'depjʊti/ **n.** (pl. **deputies**) 1 a person appointed to undertake the duties of a superior in the superior's absence 代理人, 副手, 副职 2 a parliamentary representative in certain countries 议会代表 3 Brit. 【英】 a coal mine official responsible for safety (煤矿的)安全检查员
> -PHRASES 短语 **by deputy** historical 【史义】 by proxy 通过代理人, 通过代表
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deputyship** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. depute, from late L. deputatus, past part. of deputare (see 见 DEPUTE).

**deracinate** /dɪ'ræsɪneɪt/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **deracinated**] uproot (someone) from their natural environment, typically with a negative effect 使背井离乡; 使脱离土生土长的环境(多指带有负面影响)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deracination** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. déraciner 'uproot', from dé- (expressing removal) + racine 'root'.

**déraciné** /deɪ'ræsɪneɪ/ **adj.** deracinated 背井离乡的; 完全脱离土生土长的环境的 ■**n.** a deracinated person 背井离乡的人, 完全脱离士土生土长的环境的人
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'uprooted'.

**derail** /dɪ'reɪl/ **v.** cause (a train) to leave the tracks 使(火车)脱轨(或出轨) ▸obstruct (a process) by diverting it from its intended course 使离开正常进程; 破坏, 干扰
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derailment** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. dérailler.

**derailleur** /dɪ'reɪl(j)ə(r)/ **n.** a bicycle gear which works by lifting the chain from one sprocket wheel to another (自行车的)变速器, 换挡装置
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Fr., from dérailler 'derail'.

**derange** /dɪ'reɪn(d)ʒ/ **v.** 1 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **deranged**] make insane 使精神错乱 2 throw into disorder 使混乱, 弄乱, 搅乱 3 archaic 【古】 intrude on; interrupt 打扰; 打断
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derangement** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. déranger, from OFr. desrengier, lit. 'move from orderly rows'.

**derate** /di:'reɪt/ **v.** reduce the rating of (a component or device) 使(部件或装置)减速运转

**Derby¹** /'dɑ:bi/ **n.** (pl. **Derbies**) 1 an annual flat race at Epsom in Surrey for three-year-old horses, founded in 1780 by the 12th Earl of Derby 德比马赛(1780年由德比伯爵12世发起, 在萨里郡埃普瑟姆发起举行的一年一度的平地赛马大会) ▸[in names 用于名称] (also 亦作 **derby**) a similar race or other important sporting contest 马赛, 比赛, 大赛 2 (**derby** or **local derby**) Brit. 【英】 a sports match between two rival teams from the same area (来自同一地区的两个队间的)德比大战 3 (**derby**) N. Amer. 【北美】 a bowler hat 常礼帽; 圆顶高帽 4 a boot or shoe having the eyelet tabs stitched on top of the vamp 低跟运动鞋, 德比鞋

**Derby²** /'dɑ:bi/ **n.** a hard cheese made from skimmed milk 德比干酪
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Derbyshire in England, where it is made.

**derecognize** or **derecognise** /di:'rekəgnaɪz/ **v.** withdraw recognition of 不承认; 撤销对…的承认
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derecognition** n.

**dereference** /di:'refərəns/ **v.** Computing 【计】 obtain the address of a data item held in another location from (a pointer) 间接访问, 指针地址访问

**deregister** /di:'redʒɪstə(r)/ **v.** remove from a register 撤销(…的)注册, 从登记簿上注销
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deregistration** n.

**deregulate** /di:'regjʊleɪt/ **v.** remove regulations or restrictions from 解除对…的管制(或控制)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deregulation** n. **deregulatory** adj.

**derelict** /'derəlɪkt/ **adj.** 1 in a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect 破败的, 废弃的, 弃置的 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 shamefully negligent 玩忽职守的 ■**n.** 1 a destitute person 无家可归者, 社会弃儿 2 a ship or other piece of property abandoned by its owner 弃船; 遗弃物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. derelict-, derelinquere 'abandon', from de- 'completely' + relinquere 'forsake'.

<688>
**dereliction** /derə'lɪkʃn/ **n.** 1 the state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated 抛弃, 遗弃; 废弃; 被弃置 2 (usu. 通常用 **dereliction of duty**) shameful failure to fulfil one's obligations 玩忽职守, 疏忽, 失职

**derepress** /di:rɪ'pres/ **v.** Biochemistry & Genetics 【生化, 遗】 activate from an inoperative or latent state by interfering with the action of a repressor 对(基因)实行去阻遏
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derepression** n.

**derestrict** /di:rɪ'strɪkt/ **v.** remove restrictions from 取消对…的限制
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derestriction** n.

**deride** /dɪ'raɪd/ **v.** express contempt for; ridicule 嘲弄, 嘲笑
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derider** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. deridere 'scoff at'.

**de rigueur** /də rɪ'gɜ:(r)/ **adj.** required by etiquette or current fashion 合乎礼节的, 按照时尚的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'in strictness'.

**derision** /dɪ'rɪʒn/ **n.** contemptuous ridicule or mockery 嘲笑; 嘲弄
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derisible** /dɪ'rɪzɪbl/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. derisio(n-), from deridere 'scoff at'.

**derisive** /dɪ'raɪsɪv, -z-/ **adj.** expressing contempt or ridicule 嘲笑的, 嘲弄的; 轻蔑的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derisively** adv. **derisiveness** n.

**derisory** /dɪ'raɪs(ə)ri, -z-/ **adj.** 1 ridiculously small or inadequate 小(或少)得可笑的 2 another term for DERISIVE * derisive 的另一种说法

**derivation** /derɪ'veɪʃn/ **n.** 1 the deriving of something from a source or orgin 溯源, 引出; 推论 > origin; extraction 起源; 由来 2 the formation of a word from another word or from a root in the same or another language (词的)派生
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derivational** adj.

**derivative** /dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ **adj.** 1 chiefly derogatory 【主贬】 imitative of the work of another artist, writer, etc. 模仿他人的; 缺乏独创性的 2 (of a financial product) having a value deriving from an underlying variable asset (金融产品)衍生的 ■**n.** 1 something which is derived from another source 派生物, 衍生物 2 (often 常用 **derivatives**) Finance 【金】 a derivative future, option, or other financial product 金融衍生产品 3 Mathematics 【数】 an expression representing the rate of change of a function with respect to an independent variable 导数
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derivatively** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. dérivatif, -ive, from L. derivativus, from derivare (see 见 DERIVE),

**derive** /dɪ'raɪv/ **v.** 1 (**derive something from**) obtain something from (a specified source) 从…中获得(或取得) ▸**base something on a modification of** 源于, 得自于: Marx derived his philosophy of history from Hegel. 马克思的历史哲学来源于黑格尔。> Mathematics 【数】 obtain a function or equation from another, especially by differentiation 导出(函数或方程) 2 (**derive from**) have as a root or origin; originate from 起源于
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derivable** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'draw a fluid through or into a channel'): from OFr. deriver or L. derivare, from de- 'down, away' + rivus 'brook, stream'.

**derm** /dɜ:m/ **n.** another term for DERMIS * dermis 的另一种说法

**derma** /'dɜ:mə/ **n.** another term for DERMIS * dermis 的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk 'skin'.

**dermabrasion** /dɜ:mə'breɪʒn/ **n.** (in cosmetic surgery) the removal of superficial layers of skin with a rapidly revolving abrasive tool 皮肤磨削术
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk derma 'skin' + ABRASION.

**dermatitis** /dɜ:mə'taɪtɪs/ **n.** inflammation of the skin as a result of irritation by or allergic reaction to an external agent 皮炎
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk derma, dermat- 'skin' + -ITIS.

**dermato-** /'dɜ:mətəʊ/ comb. form relating to the skin 皮肤的; 与皮肤有关的: dermatosis 皮肤病

**dermatoglyphics** /dɜ:mətə(ʊ)'glɪfɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the study of skin markings or patterns on fingers, hands, and feet, especially in criminology (尤指犯罪学中的)皮纹学, 肤纹学,
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dermatoglyph** n. **dermatoglyphic** adj.

**dermatology** /dɜ:mə'tɒlədʒi/ **n.** the branch of medicine concerned with skin disorders 皮肤病学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dermatologic** adj. **dermatological** adj. **dermatologically** adv. **dermatologist** n.

**dermatomyositis** /dɜ:mətə(ʊ)maɪə(ʊ)'saɪtɪs/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the skin and underlying muscle tissue 皮肌炎

**dermatophyte** /'dɜ:mətə(ʊ)faɪt/ **n.** a pathogenic fungus that grows on skin and other body surfaces, causing ringworm and related diseases 皮肤真菌, 表皮寄生菌
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dermatophytic** adj.

**dermatosis** /dɜ:mə'təʊsɪs/ **n.** (pl. **dermatoses** /-si:z/) a disease of the skin, especially one that does not cause inflammation (尤指不发炎的)皮肤病

**dermis** /'dɜ:mɪs/ **n.** technical 【技】 the skin 皮; 皮肤 ▸Anatomy 【解】 the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures 真皮
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dermal** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., suggested by epidermis.

**dermoid cyst** /'dɜ:mɔɪd/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 an abnormal growth containing epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, derived from residual embryonic cells 皮样囊肿

**dernier cri** /dɜ:njeɪ 'kri:/ **n.** the very latest fashion 最新样式, 最新潮流
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., lit. 'last cry'.

<689>
**derogate** /'derəgeɪt/ **v.** formal 【正式】 1 (**derogate from**) detract from 减低, 减损 2 (**derogate from**) deviate from 偏离; 违背 3 disparage 贬低; 轻视
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derogation** n. **derogative** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. derogat-, derogare 'abrogate', from de- 'aside, away' + rogare 'ask'.

**derogatory** /dɪ'rɒgət(ə)ri/ **adj.** showing a critical or disrespectful attitude 贬损的; 不敬的, 贬低的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **derogatorily** adv.

**derrick** /'derɪk/ **n.** 1 a kind of crane with a movable pivoted arm 转臂起重机 2 the framework over an oil well, holding the drilling machinery 井架
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a hangman, also the gallows): from Derrick, the surname of a London hangman.

**derrière** /deri'eə(r)/ **n.** euphemistic or humorous 【婉或幽】 a person's buttocks 臀部
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'behind'.

**derring-do** /derɪn'du:/ **n.** dated or humorous 【过时或幽】 action displaying heroic courage 英勇举动, 大胆行为
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from ME dorryng do 'daring to do', misprinted as derrynge do and misinterpreted by Spenser; later popularized by Sir Walter Scott.

**derringer** /'derɪn(d)ʒə(r)/ **n.** a small pistol with a large bore, effective at close range 迪林格手枪, 大口径短筒手枪
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the American gunsmith Henry Deringer.

**derris** /'derɪs/ **n.** 1 an insecticide containing rotenone, made from the powdered roots of a tropical plant 鱼藤酮杀虫剂 2 the woody climbing plant from whose roots derris is obtained 鱼藤
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L. (genus name of the plant), from Gk, 'leather covering' (referring to the plant's pods).

**derry** /'deri/ **n.** (in phr. 用于短语 **have a derry on**) Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】 be prejudiced against 对…怀有偏见
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: appar. from the song refrain derry down.

**derv** /dɜ:v/ (also 亦作 **DERV**) **n.** Brit. 【英】 diesel oil for motor vehicles (车用)柴油
> -ORIGIN 词源 1940s: acronym from diesel-engined road-vehicle.

**dervish** /'dɜ:vɪʃ/ **n.** a member of a Muslim (specifically Sufi) fraternity vowed to poverty, some orders of which (particularly the **whirling dervishes**) are known for their wild rituals (尤指伊斯兰教苏非派的)德尔维希, 托钵僧
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Turk. derviş, from Pers. darvīš 'poor'.

**desacralize** or **desacralise** /di:'sækrəlaɪz/ **v.** remove the religious or sacred status or significance from 使非神圣化, 使世俗化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desacralization** n.

**desalinate** /di:'sælɪneɪt/ **v.** remove salt from (seawater) 淡化(海水), 脱去(海水)的盐分
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desalination** n. **desalinator** n.

**desalinize** or **desalinise** /di:'sælɪnaɪz/ **v.** US term for DESALINATE * desalinate 的美式说法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desalinization** n.

**desalt** /di:'sɔ:lt/ **v.** another term for DESALINATE * desalinate 的另一种说法

**desaparecido** /dezəpærə'si:dəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **desaparecidos**) a person who has disappeared, presumed killed by soldiers or police (疑被士兵或警察所杀的)失踪人员
> -ORIGIN 词源 1970s: Sp. (first used in Argentina), lit. 'disappeared'.

**desaturate** /di:'sætʃʊreɪt/ **v.** make less saturated or unsaturated 降低饱和度, 使不饱和
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desaturation** n.

**descale** /di:'skeɪl/ **v.** Brit. 【英】 remove deposits of scale from 除去…的水垢
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **descaler** n.

**descant** **n.** /'deskænt/ 1 Music 【音】 an independent treble melody sung or played above a basic melody 高音, 高音声部 ▸archaic or literary 【古或文】 a melodious song 悠扬的歌曲 2 literary 【文】 a discourse on a theme or subject 论述, 评论 ■**v.** /dɪ'skænt, de-/ literary 【文】 talk tediously or at length 长篇大论地谈, 详述
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deschant, from med. L. discantus 'part song, refrain'.

**descant recorder** **n.** the most common size of recorder, with a range of two octaves above the C above middle C 高音竖笛

**descend** /dɪ'send/ **v.** 1 move downwards 下行, 下降 ▸(of a road or flight of steps) slope or lead down (道路或楼梯)下斜, 下倾 2 Music 【音】 become lower in pitch 下行 3 (**descend on**) make a sudden attack on or unwelcome visit to 突袭; (不受欢迎地)突然造访 4 (**be descended from**) be a blood relative of (an ancestor) 是…的后裔 ▸(often 常用 **descend to**) pass by inheritance 祖传; 世代相传
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **descendent** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. descendre, from L. descendere, from de- 'down' + scandere 'to climb'.

**descendant** /dɪ'sendənt/ **n.** a person, animal, etc. that is descended from a particular ancestor 子孙, 后代
> USAGE 用法说明
> The correct spelling for the noun meaning 'person descended from a particular ancestor' is **descendant**, not **-ent**. **Descendent** is a less common adjective meaning 'descending from an ancestor', 表示“子孙, 后代”之意的名词正确拼法为 **descendant**, 而非 **descendent**。形容词 **descendent** 的用法并不多见。其意思为“祖传的”。

**descender** /dɪ'sendə(r)/ **n.** a part of a letter that extends below the line (as in g and p) (字母的)下伸部分

**descendible** /dɪ'sendɪbl/ **adj.** Law 【律】 (of property) able to be inherited by a descendant (财

<690>
**descent** | **deserts**
产)可继承的, 能世袭的

**descent** /dɪ'sent/ **n.** 1 the action of descending 下降, 下倾, 下行 > a downward slope 下坡路 2 a person's origin or nationality 世系, 血统; 家世: The settlers were of Cornish descent. 这些定居者都是康沃尔人的后代。> transmission by inheritance 继承; 世袭 3 (**descent on**) a sudden violent attack 突袭
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. descente, from descendre (see 见 DESCEND).

**descramble** /di:'skræmbl/ **v.** restore (a signal) to intelligible form 对(信号)进行解扰
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **descrambler** n.

**describe** /dɪ'skraɪb/ **v.** 1 give a detailed account of (someone or something) in words 描述, 描绘, 叙述(人或事) 2 mark out or draw (a geometrical figure) 标记, 画(几何图形)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **describable** adj. **describer** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. descript-, describere, from de- 'down' + scribere 'write'.

**description** /dɪ'skrɪpʃn/ **n.** 1 a spoken or written account of a person, object, or event (对人、物或事件的)描述, 陈述 ▸the process of describing 描写, 叙述; 形容; 说明(指动作) 2 a sort, kind, or class 种类; 式样: people of any description 各色人等
> -PHRASES 短语 **beyond description** to a great and astonishing extent 无法用言语描述, 无法形容

**descriptive** /dɪ'skrɪptɪv/ **adj.** 1 serving or seeking to describe (用于)描述的 2 describing or classifying without expressing judgement 客观描述的; 记述性的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **descriptively** adv. **descriptiveness** n.

**descriptivism** /dɪ'skrɪptɪvɪz(ə)m/ **n.** Philosophy 【哲】 the doctrine that the meanings of terms are purely descriptive 描述主义
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **descriptivist** n. & adj.

**descriptor** /dɪ'skrɪptə(r)/ **n.** an element or term that serves to describe, identify, or index something 描述符

**descry** /dɪ'skraɪ/ **v.** (**descries**, **descrying**, **descried**) literary 【文】 catch sight of 看到
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: OFr. descrier 'publish, proclaim', perh. confused with obs. descry 'describe', var. of obs. descrive 'perceive'.

**desecrate** /'desɪkreɪt/ **v.** treat (a sacred place or thing) with violent disrespect 亵渎, 玷污(圣地、圣物)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desecration** n. **desecrator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from DE- (expressing reversal) + a shortened form of CONSECRATE.

**deseed** /di:'si:d/ **v.** remove the seeds from 去除…的籽
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deseeder** n.

**desegregate** /di:'segrɪgeɪt/ **v.** end a policy of racial segregation in 废止…的种族隔离政策
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desegregation** n.

**deselect** /di:sɪ'lekt/ **v.** 1 Brit. 【英】 reject (an existing MP) as a candidate in a forthcoming election 取消(现任议员)竞选连任的资格, 否决…为下届候选人 2 Computing 【计】 turn off (a feature) on a list of options 取消选定
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deselection** n.

**desensitize** or **desensitise** /di:'sensətaɪz/ **v.** 1 make less sensitive 使脱敏, 使不敏感 2 make indifferent to cruelty or suffering 使麻木不仁; 使无情
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desensitization** n. **desensitizer** n.

**desert¹** /dɪ'zɜ:t/ **v.** 1 callously or treacherously abandon 抛弃; 遗弃 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **deserted**] leave (a place), causing it to appear empty 离弃, 离开(某地) 3 illegally leave the armed forces (在军队里)擅离职守
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desertion** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deserter, from late L. desertare, from L. desertus (see 见 DESERT²).

**desert²** /'dezət/ **n.** 1 a waterless, desolate area of land with little or no vegetation, typically covered with sand 沙漠 2 a situation or area considered dull and uninteresting 沉闷乏味的境地(或区域): a cultural desert 文化荒漠 ■**adj.** like a desert; uninhabited and desolate 像沙漠的; 荒芜的, 不毛的; 无人烟的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. desertum 'something left waste', neut. past part. of deserere 'leave, forsake'.

**desert boot** **n.** a lightweight boot with the upper made from suede 沙漠靴

**deserter** /dɪ'zɜ:tə(r)/ **n.** a member of the armed forces who deserts 逃兵

**desertification** /de,zɜ:tɪfɪ'keɪʃn/ **n.** the process by which fertile land becomes desert 荒漠化

**desert island** **n.** a remote, uninhabited tropical island 热带荒岛

**desert rat** **n.** informal 【非正式】 a soldier of the 7th British armoured division (with the jerboa as a badge) in the North African desert campaign of 1941-1942 “沙漠老鼠” (1941至1942年间北非沙漠战役中英军第七装甲师的士兵)

**desert rose** **n.** 1 a flower-like aggregate of mineral crystals, occurring in arid areas 沙漠玫瑰状晶石 2 a succulent plant with pink tubular flowers and toxic milky sap, native to East Africa and Arabia 沙漠薔薇 [Adenium obesum.] 3 a dense Australian shrub with pinkish-lilac flowers 斯特提棉 [Gossypium sturtianum.]

**deserts** /dɪ'zɜ:ts/ pl. n. [often in phr. 常用于短语 **get** (or **receive**) **one's just deserts**] what a person deserves with regard to reward or (more usually) punishment 应得的奖赏; (尤指)应得的惩罚, 报应
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from deservir (see 见 DESERVE).
> USAGE 用法说明
> If a person gets their **just deserts** they get what they deserve. **Deserts** here is related to **deserve**, and is spelled with one **-s-** in the middle; a **dessert** is a sweet

<691>
course eaten at the end of a meal. * just deserts 指应得之物。deserts 这里的意思与动词 deserve 相关联, 其拼写形式中间只有一个S。dessert 则指“餐后食用的甜点”。

**deserve** /dɪ'zɜ:v/ **v.** do something or show qualities worthy of (a reward or punishment as appropriate) 应受, 应得, 该得(奖励或惩罚)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deserved** adj. **deservedly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deservir, from L. deservire 'serve well or zealously'.

**deserving** /dɪ'zɜ:vɪŋ/ **adj.** worthy of favourable treatment or assistance 该受赏的; 值得帮助的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deservingly** adv. **deservingness** n.

**desex** /di:'seks/ **v.** 1 deprive of sexual qualities 去除…的性特征 2 castrate or spay 阉割, 给…去睾(或切除卵巢)

**desexualize** or **desexualise** /di:'sekʃuəlaɪz/ **v.** deprive of sexual character 除去…的性特征; 阉割
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desexualization** n.

**desh** /deʃ/ **n.** Indian 【印度】 a person's or a people's native land 家乡, 家园, 故乡
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dés.

**déshabillé** /dezæ'bi:jeɪ/ (also 亦作 **dishabille**) **n.** the state of being only partly or scantily clothed 穿衣不蔽体; 穿着暴露
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'undressed'.

**desi** /'deɪsi/ (also 亦作 **deshi**) Indian 【印度】 ■**adj.** 1 local; indigenous 当地的, 本地的, 本土的 ▸derogatory 【贬】 rustic; unsophisticated 土气的; 不懂世故的 2 unadulterated or pure 无杂质的, 纯的 ■**n.** a person of Indian, Pakistani, or Bangladeshi birth or descent who lives abroad (侨居海外的)印度人, 巴基斯坦人, 孟加拉国人
> -ORIGIN 词源 via Hindi from Sanskrit deśa 'country, land'.

**desiccant** /'desɪk(ə)nt/ **n.** a substance that absorbs moisture from the air, used as a drying agent 干燥剂

**desiccate** /'desɪkeɪt/ **v.** remove the moisture from 使干燥, 使脱水
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desiccator** n. **desiccation** n. **desiccative** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as desiccation): from L. desiccat-, desiccare 'make thoroughly dry'.

**desiderate** /dɪ'zɪdəreɪt, -'sɪd-/ **v.** archaic 【古】 feel a keen desire for (something lacking) 渴望, 希求, 亟需
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. desiderat-, desiderare 'to desire', perh. from de- 'down' + sidus, sider- 'star'.

**desideratum** /dɪ,zɪdə'rɑ:təm, -'reɪtəm, -,sɪd-/ **n.** (pl. **desiderata** /-tə/) something that is needed or wanted 需要之物; 想望之物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'something desired', neut. past part. of desiderare (see 见 DESIDERATE).

**design** /dɪ'zaɪn/ **n.** 1 a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function of something before it is built or made 设计方案; 草图 ▸the art or action of planning the look and function of something 设计艺术, 构想 ▸the arrangement of the features of an artefact 样式, 款式 2 a decorative pattern 图样; 图案 3 the purpose or planning that exists behind an action or object 计划, 目的, 意图 ■**v.** decide upon the look and functioning of (something), especially by making a detailed drawing of it (尤指通过画详细草图)设计 ▸do or plan (something) with a specific purpose in mind 打算做; 计划, 策划
> -PHRASES 短语 **by design** as a result of a plan; intentionally 有计划地; 故意地 **have designs on** aim to obtain, especially in an underhand way (尤指以不正当手段)对…有企图 ▸informal 【非正式】 have an undisclosed sexual interest in 对…有色心
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (as a verb in the sense 'to designate'): from L. designare, reinforced by Fr. désigner.

**designate** **v.** /'dezɪgneɪt/ give a specified name, position, or status to 命名; 任命; 指派: He was designated as prime minister. 他被任命为首相。■**adj.** /'dezɪgnət/ [postpos. 后置] appointed to an office or position but not yet installed 候任的: the Director designate 候任局长
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **designator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. designare (see 见 DESIGN).

**designated driver** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 a person who abstains from alcohol at a social gathering so as to be fit to drive others home (不饮酒, 以便驾车送他人回家的)指定司机

**designated hitter** **n.** Baseball 【棒】 a non-fielding player named to bat instead of the pitcher 指定击球员

**designation** /dezɪg'neɪʃn/ **n.** the action of giving someone or something a specified name, position, or status 命名; 指派, 委任 ▸an official title or description 正式名称; 正式称号, 正式称呼

**designedly** /dɪ'zaɪnɪdli/ **adv.** deliberately in order to produce a specific effect 故意, 特意

**designer** /dɪ'zaɪnə(r)/ **n.** a person who designs things 设计师 ▸[as modifier 作修饰语] made by a famous and prestigious fashion designer 由著名时装设计师设计的: designer clothing 名牌服装

**designer baby** **n.** a baby whose genetic make-up has been selected in order to eradicate a particular defect, or to ensure that a particular gene is present 设计婴儿(指为了消除特定基因缺陷或确保具有特定基因而对其基因进行了筛选后所出生的婴儿)

**designer drug** **n.** a synthetic analogue of an illegal drug, devised to circumvent drug laws 化合致幻药; 合成毒品

**designing** /dɪ'zaɪnɪŋ/ **adj.** acting in a calculating, deceitful way 狡诈的; 狡猾的; 诡计多端的

**desirable** /dɪ'zaɪərəbl/ **adj.** wished for as being attractive, useful, or necessary 可取的, 合意的, 想望的 ▸(of a person) arousing sexual desire (人)激起性欲的, 性感迷人的 ■**n.** a desirable person or thing 令人想望的人(或物)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desirability** n. **desirableness** n. **desirably** adv.

**desire** /dɪ'zaɪə(r)/ **n.** a strong feeling of wanting

<692>
**desirous** | **despite**
to have something or wishing for something to happen 愿望, 欲, 渴望, 欲望 ▸strong sexual feeling or appetite 性欲, 肉欲 ▸something desired 渴望得到的东西 ■**v.** strongly wish for or want 渴望, 热望, 想望 > want sexually 对…有性欲 ▸archaic 【古】 express a wish to (someone) 祝愿(某人)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desir (n.), desirer (v.), from L. desiderare (see 见 desiderate).

**desirous** /dɪ'zaɪərəs/ **adj.** [often 常用 **desirous of**] wanting or desiring (a particular thing) 渴望…的; 想要…的

**desist** /dɪ'sɪst, dɪ'zɪst/ **v.** [often 常用 **desist from**] stop doing something 停止; 克制
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desister, from L. desistere, from de- 'down from' + sistere 'to stop'.

**desk** /desk/ **n.** 1 a piece of furniture with a flat or sloped surface at which one can read, write, or do other work 书桌, 写字台, 办公桌 2 a counter in a hotel, bank, airport, etc. (宾馆、银行、机场等的)服务台, 问讯台, 登记处, 出纳台 3 a specified section of a news organization (新闻机构的)部, 室, 组: the sports desk 体育部 4 Music 【音】 a position in an orchestra at which two players share a music stand (管弦乐队中两人共用的)乐谱架
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. desca, prob. based on Provençal desca 'basket' or Ital. desco 'table, butcher's block', both based on L. discus (see 见 DISCUS).

**deskill** /di:'skɪl/ **v.** reduce the level of skill required to carry out (a job) 降低对(某工作)的技能要求

**desk job** **n.** a clerical or administrative job 文职工作, 行政工作

**desk jockey** **n.** N. Amer. informal, chiefly derogatory 【北美, 非正式, 主贬】 a person who works at a desk; an office worker 坐办公室的人, 案牍办事员

**desktop** /'desktɒp/ **n.** 1 the working surface of a desk 桌面 2 (also 亦作 **desktop computer**) a computer suitable for use at an ordinary desk 台式计算机 3 the working area of a computer screen regarded as representing a notional desktop (计算机)桌面

**desktop publishing** **n.** the production of high-quality printed matter by means of a printer linked to a desktop computer 桌面出版

**desman** /'dezmən/ **n.** a small semiaquatic mammal related to the mole 俄罗斯麝鼹; 比利牛斯鼬鼹 [Desmana moschata (Russia) and Galemys pyrenaicus (the Pyrenees).]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: via Fr. and Ger. from Swed. desman-råtta 'muskrat', from desman 'musk'.

**desmid** /'dezmɪd/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 a single-celled freshwater alga which appears to be composed of two rigid cells with a shared nucleus 鼓藻 [Family Desmidiaceae.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Desmidium (genus name), from Gk desmos 'band, chain' (because the algae are often found united in chains or masses).

**desolate** **adj.** /'des(ə)lət/ 1 giving an impression of bleak and dismal emptiness 荒芜的; 不毛的; 荒凉的; 无人烟的 2 utterly wretched and unhappy 不幸的, 可怜的 ■**v.** /'desəleɪt/ make desolate 使无人烟; 使荒芜
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desolately** adv. **desolateness** n. **desolation** n. **desolator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. desolat-, desolare 'abandon', from de- 'thoroughly' + solus 'alone'.

**desorb** /di:'sɔ:b/ **v.** Chemistry 【化】 cause the release of (an adsorbed substance) from a surface 使(吸入物)解吸; 使脱附
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desorbent** adj. & n. **desorber** n. **desorption** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: orig. as desorption (from de- 'away' + adsorption).

**despair** /dɪ'speə(r)/ **n.** the complete loss or absence of hope 绝望, 无望 ■**v.** lose or be without hope 绝望; 失去希望
> -PHRASES 短语 **be the despair of** be the cause of despair in (someone else) 令(他人)感觉绝望
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despairing** adj. **despairingly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Anglo-Norman Fr. from OFr. desespeir (n.), desperer (v.), from L. desperare, from de- 'down from' + sperare 'to hope'.

**despatch** /dɪ'spætʃ/ **v.** & **n.** Brit. 【英】 variant spelling of DISPATCH * dispatch 的另一种拼法

**desperado** /despə'rɑ:dəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **desperadoes** or **desperados**) a desperate or reckless criminal 亡命之徒, 暴徒
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: pseudo-Sp. alt. of the obs. n. desperate.

**desperate** /'despərət/ **adj.** 1 feeling, showing, or involving despair 绝望的, 无望的 > tried in despair or when everything else has failed 不顾一切的, 拼命的; 孤注一掷的 2 extremely bad or serious 极坏的; 严重的: a desperate shortage 极度匮乏 3 [often 常用 **desperate for/to do**] having a great need or desire for something 极需要的; 极想望的 4 violent or dangerous 狂暴的, 危险的: a desperate criminal 穷凶极恶的罪犯
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desperately** adv. **desperateness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. desperatus 'deprived of hope', past part. of desperare (see 见 DESPAIR).

**desperation** /despə'reɪʃn/ **n.** a state of despair, especially as resulting in rash or extreme behaviour 绝望; (尤指)铤而走险

**despicable** /dɪ'spɪkəbl, 'despɪk-/ **adj.** deserving hatred and contempt 可憎的, 可鄙的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despicably** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. despicabilis, from despicari 'look down on'.

**despise** /dɪ'spaɪz/ **v.** feel contempt or repugnance for 鄙视; 厌恶
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despiser** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. despire, from L. despicere, from de- 'down' + specere 'look at'.

**despite** /dɪ'spaɪt/ **prep.** without being affected by;

<693>
in spite of 尽管; 不管, 不论; 任凭 ■**n.** archaic 【古】 1 outrage; injury 暴行; 伤害 2 contempt; disdain 轻蔑; 轻视
> -PHRASES 短语 **despite oneself** without intending to or expecting to 不由自主, 不禁
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despiteful** adj. (archaic 【古】).
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. despit (n.), from L. despectus 'looking down on', past part. of despicere (see 见 DESPISE).

**despoil** /dɪ'spɔɪl/ **v.** steal valuable or attractive possessions from (a place) 偷窃(某地)的财物; 劫掠, 洗劫(某处)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despoiler** n. **despoilment** n. **despoliation** /dɪ,spəʊli'eɪʃn/ n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. despoillier, from L. despoliare 'rob, plunder' (from spolia 'spoil').

**despond** /dɪ'spond/ **v.** archaic 【古】 become dejected and lose confidence 泄气, 沮丧, 失去信心
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. despondere 'give up, abandon', from de- 'away' + spondere 'to promise'.

**despondent** /dɪ'spondənt/ **adj.** in low spirits from loss of hope or courage 泄气的; 沮丧的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despondence** n. **despondency** n. **despondently** adv.

**despot** /'despɒt/ **n.** a ruler who exercises absolute power, especially in a cruel or oppressive way (尤指用残暴方式统治的)专制君主; 暴君
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **despotic** adj. **despotically** adv. **despotism** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. despote, via med. L. from Gk despotēs 'master, absolute ruler'.

**desquamate** /'deskwəmeɪt/ **v.** (of a layer of cells) come off in scales or flakes (细胞层)剥落, 脱落
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desquamation** n. **desquamative** /dɪ'skwæmətɪv/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (ME) as desquamation): from L. desquamat-, desquamare 'remove the scales from'.

**des res** /dez 'rez/ **n.** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a desirable residence 理想住处, 合意住宅

**dessert** /dɪ'zɜ:t/ **n.** the sweet course eaten at the end of a meal 餐后甜点
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., past part. of desservir 'clear the table'.

**dessertspoon** /dɪ'zɜ:tspu:n/ **n.** a spoon used for dessert, smaller than a tablespoon and larger than a teaspoon 甜点匙, 中型匙
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dessertspoonful** n. (pl. **dessertspoonfuls**).

**dessert wine** **n.** a sweet wine drunk with or following dessert 餐末酒, 甜点酒

**destabilize** or **destabilise** /di:'steɪbəlaɪz/ **v.** upset the stability of 使不稳; 使动摇
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **destabilization** n.

**destination** /destɪ'neɪʃn/ **n.** the place to which someone or something is going or being sent 目的地 > [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a place that people will make a special trip to visit 目的地的: a destination restaurant 目标餐馆

**destine** /'destɪn/ **v.** (usu. 通常用 **be destined for/to**) intend or choose for a particular purpose or end 选定; 预定, 指定 ▸[as adj. 作形容词 **destined**] preordained 注定的, 命定的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'predetermine, decree'): from OFr. destiner, from L. destinare 'make firm, establish'.

**destiny** /'destəni/ **n.** (pl. **destinies**) the events that will necessarily happen to a particular person in the future 命运 ▸the hidden power believed to control this; fate 天数; 天命, 神意
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. destinee, from L. destinata, fem. past part. of destinare 'make firm, establish'.

**destitute** /'destɪtju:t/ **adj.** 1 extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself 穷困的, 赤贫的 2 (**destitute of**) not having 缺乏的, 没有的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **destitution** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'deserted, abandoned, empty'): from L. destitut-, destituere 'forsake'.

**destock** /di:'stɒk/ **v.** Brit. 【英】 reduce the quantity of stock held in a shop 减少库存, 去库存

**de-stress** /di:'stres/ **v.** relax after a period of work or tension 减压, 休息, 放松

**destrier** /'destriə(r), de'stri:ə(r)/ **n.** a medieval knight's warhorse (中世纪骑士的)军马, 战马
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. dextera 'the right hand', from dexter 'on the right' (because the squire led the knight's horse with his right hand).

**destroy** /dɪ'strɔɪ/ **v.** 1 put an end to the existence of (something) by damaging or attacking it 破坏, 毁灭, 摧毁 ▸ruin emotionally or spiritually (从感情上或精神上)毁灭, 使崩溃 2 kill (an animal) by humane means 以人道的方法杀死(动物)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. destruire, based on L. destruct-, destruere, from de- (expressing reversal) + struere 'build'.

**destroyer** /dɪ'strɔɪə(r)/ **n.** 1 someone or something that destroys 破坏者; 起破坏作用的东西 2 a small, fast warship equipped for a defensive role against submarines and aircraft 驱逐舰

**destroying angel** **n.** a deadly poisonous white toadstool which grows in woodland 鬼笔鹅膏 [Amanita virosa.]

**destruct** /dɪ'strʌkt/ **v.** cause the destruction of 毁坏, 毁灭, 摧毁
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **destructor** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s (orig. US): back-form. from DESTRUCTION.

**destructible** /dɪ'strʌktɪbl/ **adj.** able to be destroyed 可破坏的, 可毁坏的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **destructibility** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C17) in indestructible): from Fr., from late L. destructibilis.

**destruction** /dɪ'strʌkʃn/ **n.** the action or process of destroying something 破坏, 毁灭, 摧毁 ▸a cause of someone's ruin 毁灭的原因; 堕落根源
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. destructio(n-), from

<694>
**destructive** | **détente**
destruere (see 见 DESTROY).

**destructive** /dɪ'strʌktɪv/ **adj.** 1 causing destruction 破坏(性)的; 有破坏作用的; 毁灭(性)的 2 negative and unhelpful 消极的; 无帮助的: destructive criticism 非建设性的批评
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **destructively** adv. **destructiveness** n.

**desuetude** /'deswɪtju:d, dɪ'sju:ɪl-/ **n.** formal 【正式】 a state of disuse 废止; 不用
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'cessation'): from Fr., from L. desuetudo, from desuet-, desuescere 'make unaccustomed', from de- (expressing reversal) + suescere 'be accustomed'.

**desulphurize** or **desulphurise** (US 【美】 **desulfurize**) /di:'sʌlfəraɪz/ **v.** remove sulphur from 使脱硫
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desulphurization** n.

**desultory** /'des(ə)lt(ə)ri, -z-/ **adj.** lacking purpose or enthusiasm 无目的的; 无热情的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desultorily** adv. **desultoriness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (lit. 'skipping about'): from L. desultorius 'superficial' (lit. 'relating to a vaulter'), from desultor 'vaulter', from the verb desilire.

**desynchronize** or **desynchronise** /di:'sɪŋkrənaɪz/ **v.** disturb the synchronization of 使去同步
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **desynchronization** n.

**detach** /dɪ'tætʃ/ **v.** 1 disengage (something) and remove it 拆卸; 使分开 2 (**detach oneself from**) leave or separate oneself from (a group or place) 从(某个群体或某地)离开, 从…脱离 ▸(**be detached**) Military 【军】 be sent on a separate mission 分遣; 派遣
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detachability** n. **detachable** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'discharge a gun'): from Fr. détacher, from des- (expressing reversal) + attacher 'attach'.

**detached** /dɪ'tætʃt/ **adj.** 1 separate or disconnected 独立的, 分离的 ▸(of a house) not joined to another on either side (房屋)独栋的, 独立的 2 aloof and objective 超然的; 客观的 3 denoting a retina that has become separated from the underlying choroid tissue at the back of the eye, causing loss of vision in the affected area (视网膜)脱离的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detachedly** adv.

**detachment** /dɪ'tætʃmənt/ **n.** 1 the state of being objective or aloof 客观; 超然 2 Military 【军】 a group of troops, ships, etc. sent away on a separate mission 分遣队; 小分队 3 the action or process of detaching 拆开, 分离

**detail** /'di:teɪl/ **n.** 1 a small individual feature, fact, or item 细节 ▸a small part of a picture reproduced separately for close study (画的)细部, 细部呈现 2 a small detachment of troops or police officers given a special duty (有特定任务的)军人(或警察)小分队 > a special duty assigned to such a detachment (小分队的)特殊任务 ■**v.** 1 describe item by item; give the full particulars of 详述; 详细说明 2 assign to undertake a particular task 派遣, 指派
> -PHRASES 短语 **go into detail** give a full account of something 详述, 逐一说明 **in detail** as regards every feature or aspect; fully 详细地; 充分地
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. détail (n.), détailler (v.), from dé- (expressing separation) + tailler 'to cut'.

**detailed** /'di:teɪld/ **adj.** including many details 详细的; 详尽的 ▸showing attention to detail 细致的; 精细的

**detailing** /'di:teɪlɪŋ/ **n.** small decorative features on a building, garment, or work of art (建筑、服装、艺术品的)装饰性细节设计

**detain** /dɪ'teɪn/ **v.** 1 keep (someone) from proceeding by holding them back or making claims on their attention 耽搁, 阻延(某人) 2 keep (someone) in official custody 拘留, 扣押
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detainment** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'be afflicted with sickness or infirmity'): from OFr. detenir, from a var. of L. detinere, from de- 'away, aside' + tenere 'to hold'.

**detainee** /di:teɪ'ni:, di:-/ **n.** a person held in custody, especially for political reasons (尤指因政治原因)被拘留者, 被扣押者

**detainer** /dɪ'teɪnə(r)/ **n.** Law 【律】 1 the action of withholding property (对财产的)扣留, 扣押 2 an order authorizing the continued detention of a person in custody 续行拘禁

**detangle** /di:'tæŋgl/ **v.** remove tangles from 理顺

**detect** /dɪ'tekt/ **v.** 1 discover or identify the presence or existence of 发觉; 发现; 识别 2 discover or investigate (a crime or its perpetrators) 揭露, 调查(罪行或罪犯) 3 discern (something intangible or barely perceptible) 觉察, 识别(细微或难以察觉的东西)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detectable** adj. **detectably** adv. **detection** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. detect-, detegere 'uncover' from de- (expressing reversal) + tegere 'to cover'.

**detective** /dɪ'tektɪv/ **n.** a person, especially a police officer, whose occupation is to investigate crimes 侦探(尤指警探) ▸[as modifier 作修饰语] concerning crime and its investigation 刑侦的, 刑事调查的: detective work 刑侦工作

**detector** /dɪ'tektə(r)/ **n.** a device designed to detect the presence of a particular object or substance and to emit a signal in response 探测器, 检测器

**detectorist** /dɪ'tektərɪst/ **n.** a person who uses a metal detector for a hobby 金属探测器寻宝爱好者

**detent** /dɪ'tent/ **n.** a catch in a machine which prevents motion until released (机械中的)棘爪, 止动器 ▸(in a clock) a catch that regulates striking (钟表中的)擒纵装置
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. détente, from OFr. destente, from destendre 'slacken'.

**détente** /deɪ'tɑ:nt/ **n.** the easing of hostility or strained relations between countries (国与国之间敌

<695>
**detention** | **detinue**
对或紧张关系的)缓和
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: Fr., 'loosening, relaxation'.

**detention** /dɪ'tenʃn/ **n.** 1 the action or state of detaining or being detained 扣留; 拘留 2 the punishment of being kept in school after hours 课后留校
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. detentio(n-), from L. detinere (see 见 DETAIN).

**detention centre** **n.** an institution where people, in particular refugees and people awaiting trial, are detained for short periods 拘留中心

**deter** /dɪ'tɜ:(r)/ **v.** (**deters**, **deterring**, **deterred**) discourage (someone) from doing something by instilling fear of the consequences 威慑住; 吓住 ▸prevent the occurrence of 阻止; 防止
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. deterrere, from de- 'away from' + terrere 'frighten'.

**detergent** /dɪ'tɜ:dʒ(ə)nt/ **n.** a soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble 洗涤剂 ■**adj.** relating to detergents or their action 洗涤剂的, 去垢的, 净化的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detergence** n. **detergency** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as adj.): from L. detergent-, detergere, 'wipe away'.

**deteriorate** /dɪ'tɪəriəreɪt/ **v.** become progressively worse 恶化; 变坏
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deterioration** n. **deteriorative** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. deteriorat-, deteriorare, from L. deterior 'worse'.

**determinable** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnəbl/ **adj.** 1 able to be determined 可决定的; 可确定的 2 Law 【律】 capable of being brought to an end under given conditions 可终止的

**determinant** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnənt/ **n.** 1 a factor which determines the nature or outcome of something 决定因素; 决定物 2 Biology 【生物】 a gene determining the character and development of particular cells in an organism 决定子 3 Mathematics 【数】 a quantity obtained by the addition of products of the elements of a square matrix according to a given rule 行列式 ■**adj.** serving to determine or decide something 决定性的

**determinate** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnət/ **adj.** 1 having exact and discernible limits or form 限定的; 有明确限度的, 有确定形式的 2 Botany 【植】 (of a flowering shoot) having the main axis ending in a flower, as in a cyme (花序)有限的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **determinacy** n. **determinately** adv. **determinateness** n.

**determination** /dɪ,tɜ:mɪ'neɪʃn/ **n.** 1 the quality of being determined; firmness of purpose 决心; 果断 2 the process of determining something 决定; 确定 > Law 【律】 the settlement of a dispute by the authoritative decision of a judge or arbitrator 裁决, 裁判 > Law 【律】 a judicial decision or sentence 裁决, 判决 3 Law 【律】 the cessation of an estate or interest (地产权或财产利益的)终止 4 archaic 【古】 a tendency to move in a fixed direction (固定的)移动倾向

**determinative** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnətɪv/ **adj.** chiefly Law 【律】 serving to define, qualify, or direct 决定的, 确定的 ■**n.** Grammar 【语法】 another term for DETERMINER * determiner 的另一种说法

**determine** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪn/ **v.** 1 cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in 造成; 是…的决定因素 2 firmly decide 决意, 决定: She determined to tackle Stephen the next day. 她决定第二天与史蒂芬交涉。3 ascertain or establish by research or calculation 确定; 查明; 测定 4 Mathematics 【数】 specify the value, position, or form of (a mathematical or geometrical object) uniquely 求出 5 Law, archaic 【律, 古】 bring or come to an end 解决; 使终止
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. determiner, from L. determinare 'limit, fix', from de- 'completely' + terminare 'terminate'.

**determined** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnd/ **adj.** having firmness of purpose; resolute 已下决心的; 坚决的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **determinedly** adv. **determinedness** n.

**determiner** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnə(r)/ **n.** 1 a person or thing that determines something 决定者; 起决定作用的人(或事物) 2 Grammar 【语法】 a modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has, for example *a*, *the*, *every* 限定词(如a, the, every)

**determinism** /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnɪz(ə)m/ **n.** Philosophy 【哲】 the doctrine that all events and actions are ultimately determined by causes regarded as external to the will 决定论
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **determinist** n. & adj. **deterministic** adj. **deterministically** adv.

**deterrent** /dɪ'ter(ə)nt/ **n.** a thing that deters or is intended to deter someone from doing something 威慑物; 威慑力量; 威慑因素 ■**adj.** able or intended to deter 有威慑力的; 起威慑作用的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deterrence** n.

**detest** /dɪ'test/ **v.** dislike intensely 憎恨; 厌恶, 嫌恶
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detester** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. detestari, from de- 'down' + testari 'witness, call upon to witness' (from testis 'a witness').

**detestable** /dɪ'testəbl/ **adj.** deserving intense dislike 令人厌恶的, 可恶的; 可憎的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detestably** adv.

**detestation** /di:te'steɪʃn/ **n.** intense dislike 嫌恶; 憎恶 ▸archaic 【古】 a detested person or thing 令人厌恶的人(或事物)

**dethrone** /di:'θrəʊn/ **v.** remove (a monarch) from power 废黜, 废立(君主) > remove from a position of authority or dominance 罢免, 使下台
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dethronement** n.

**detinue** /'detɪnju:/ **n.** Law 【律】 the crime of wrongful detention of goods or personal possessions 非法扣留动

<696>
**detonate** | **deus ex machina**
产罪
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. detenue, past part. (used as n.) of detenir 'detain'.

**detonate** /'detəneɪt/ **v.** explode or cause to explode 爆炸; 引爆
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detonation** n. **detonative** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C17) as detonation): from L. detonat-, detonare, from de- 'down' + tonare 'to thunder'.

**detonator** /'detəneɪtə(r)/ **n.** a device or small sensitive charge used to detonate an explosive 雷管 ▸Brit. 【英】 another term for FOG SIGNAL * fog signal 的另一种说法

**detour** /'di:tʊə(r)/ **n.** a roundabout route taken to avoid something or to visit somewhere along the way 迂回路, 绕行的路 ■**v.** take a detour 绕道
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. détour 'change of direction', from détourner 'turn away'.

**detox** informal 【非正式】 ■**n.** /'di:tɒks/ detoxification 戒酒; 解毒 ■**v.** /di:'tɒks/ detoxify 给…解毒; (使)戒毒; (使)戒酒

**detoxicate** /di:'tɒksɪkeɪt/ **v.** another term for DETOXIFY * detoxify 的另一种说法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detoxication** n.

**detoxify** /di:'tɒksɪfaɪ/ **v.** (**detoxifies**, **detoxifying**, **detoxified**) 1 remove toxic substances or qualities from 给…解毒 2 abstain or help to abstain from drink and drugs until the bloodstream is free of toxins (使)戒毒; (使)戒酒
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detoxification** n. **detoxifier** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DE- + L. toxicum 'poison' + -FY.

**detract** /dɪ'trækt/ **v.** (**detract from**) reduce or take away the worth or value of (a quality or achievement) so as to make it seem less impressive 贬损, 抹杀, 贬低(某品质或成就)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detraction** n. **detractive** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. detract-, detrahere 'draw away'.

**detractor** /dɪ'træktə(r)/ **n.** a person who is critical of someone or something 贬损者, 贬低者

**detrain** /di:'treɪn/ **v.** leave or cause to leave a train (使)下火车
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detrainment** n.

**detribalize** or **detribalise** /di:'traɪb(ə)laɪz/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **detribalized**] remove from a traditional tribal social structure 使脱离部落
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detribalization** n.

**detriment** /'detrɪm(ə)nt/ **n.** [often in phr. 常用于短语 **to the detriment of**] the state of being harmed or damaged 损害, 伤害
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'loss sustained by damage'): from OFr., from L. detrimentum, from detri-, deterere 'wear away'.

**detrimental** /detrɪ'mentl/ **adj.** tending to cause harm 有害的; 不利的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detrimentally** adv.

**detrition** /dɪ'trɪʃn/ **n.** rare 【罕】 the action of wearing away by friction 磨损; 磨耗
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. detritio(n-), from detri-, deterere 'wear away'.

**detritivore** /dɪ'trɪtɪvɔ:(r)/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus 食碎屑动物
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detritivorous** /detrɪ'tɪv(ə)rəs/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from DETRITUS + -vore 'eating' (see 见 -VOROUS).

**detritus** /dɪ'traɪtəs/ **n.** waste or debris, in particular organic matter produced by decomposition or loose matter produced by erosion 废物; 碎屑
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detrital** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'detrition'): from Fr. détritus, from L. detritus, from deterere 'wear away'.

**de trop** /də 'trəʊ/ **adj.** not wanted; unwelcome 不需要的, 不受欢迎的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'excessive'.

**detrusor** /dɪ'tru:sə(r)/ **n.** Anatomy 【解】 a muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder 逼尿肌
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from L. detrus-, detrudere 'thrust down'.

**detumescence** /di:tjʊ'mes(ə)ns/ **n.** the process of subsiding from a state of tension, swelling, or sexual arousal 放松; 消肿
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **detumesce** v. **detumescent** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. detumescent-, detumescere, from de- 'down, away' + tumescere 'to swell'.

**detune** /di:'tju:n/ **v.** 1 cause (a musical instrument) to become out of tune 对(乐器)去谐, 给…解调 2 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **detuned**] reduce the performance of (a motor vehicle or engine) by adjustment 降低(机动车或引擎)的性能, 给…解谐 3 change the frequency of (an oscillatory system such as a laser) away from a state of resonance 使(激光之类的振荡器)失谐

**deuce¹** /dju:s/ **n.** 1 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a thing representing, or represented by, the number two, in particular the two on dice or playing cards 代表二的事物; 被二代表的物体; (尤指骰子或纸牌的)两点, 两点的纸牌 2 Tennis 【网】 the score of 40 all in a game, at which each player needs two consecutive points to win the game 局末平分
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. deus 'two', from L. duos.

**deuce²** /dju:s/ **n.** (**the deuce**) informal 【非正式】 used as a euphemism for 'devil' in exclamations or for emphasis (用以表示惊讶或加强语气)到底, 究竟
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Low Ger. duus, prob. of the same origin as DEUCE¹ (two aces at dice being the worst throw).

**deuced** /'dju:sɪd, dju:st/ **adj.** informal 【非正式】 used for emphasis, especially to express disapproval or frustration (尤用于表示反对或失望)极其的, 非常的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deucedly** adv.

**deus ex machina** /deɪəs eks 'mækɪnə, diəs eks mə'fi:nə/ **n.** an unexpected power or event saving

<697>
a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a narrative device in a play or novel 舞台机关送神, (尤指戏剧或小说里扭转局面的)解围的力量(或事件)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., translation of Gk theos ek mēkhanēs, 'god from the machinery' (with ref. to the actors representing gods suspended above the stage in ancient Greek theatre, who brought about the denouement of the play by their intervention).

**Deut.** /dʒu:tə'rɒnəmi, dju:-/ **abbr.** Deuteronomy (in biblical references) 《申命记》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**deuteragonist** /dju:tə'rægənɪst/ **n.** the person second in importance to the protagonist in a drama (戏剧中的)第二主角
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk deuteragōnistēs, from deuteros 'second' + agōnistēs 'actor'.

**deuteranope** /'dju:t(ə)rənəʊp/ **n.** a person suffering from deuteranopia 绿色盲患者

**deuteranopia** /dju:t(ə)rə'nəʊpiə/ **n.** colour blindness resulting from insensitivity to green light, causing confusion of greens, reds, and yellows 绿色盲 Compare with 比较 PAOTANOΡΙΑ, ΤΑΙΤΑΝΟΡΙΑ.
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DEUTERAO- 'second' (green being regarded as the second component of colour vision) + AN-¹ + -OPIA.

**deuterated** /'dju:təreɪtɪd/ (also 亦作 **deuteriated** /dju:'tɪərieɪtɪd/) **adj.** Chemistry 【化】 (of a compound) in which the ordinary isotope of hydrogen has been replaced with deuterium (化合物)氘代的, 氘化的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deuteration** n.

**deuterium** /dju:'tɪəriəm/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a stable isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately twice that of the usual isotope 氘(氢的一种形态稳定的同位素, 亦称“重氢”) (Symbol 符: D)
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: mod. L., from Gk deuteros 'second'.

**deutero-** /'dju:tərəʊ/ comb. form second 第二: deuteranopia 绿色盲 ▸secondary 次要的, 二级的: deuterocanonical 圣典次经的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk deuteros 'second'.

**deuterocanonical** /dju:tərəʊkə'nɒnɪkl/ **adj.** (of sacred books or literary works) forming a secondary canon (圣典)次经的; (文学作品)伪托的, 次经典的

**deuteron** /'dju:tərɒn/ **n.** the nucleus of a deuterium atom, consisting of a proton and a neutron 氘核

**deuterostome** /'dju:tərəʊstəʊm/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 an organism whose mouth develops from a secondary embryonic opening, such as a vertebrate 后口动物 Compare with 比较 PROTOSTOME.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from DEUTERO- + Gk stoma 'mouth'.

**Deutschmark** /'dɔɪtʃmɑ:k/ (also 亦作 **Deutsche Mark** /'dɔɪtʃə mɑ:k/) **n.** (until the introduction of the euro in 2002) the basic monetary unit of Germany, equal to 100 pfennig 马克(2002年欧元启用之前的德国基本货币单位, 1马克=100芬尼)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Ger. deutsche Mark 'German mark'.

**deutzia** /'dju:tsiə, 'dɔɪt-/ **n.** an ornamental shrub with white or pinkish flowers, native to Asia and Central America 溲疏 [Genus Deutzia.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the 18th-cent. Dutch patron of botany Johann van der Deutz.

**deva** /'deɪvə/ **n.** a member of a class of divine beings in the Vedic period, which in Indian religion are benevolent and in Zoroastrianism are evil 天; 提婆 Compare with 比较 ASURA.
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit, lit. 'shining one'.

**devadasi** /devə'dɑ:si/ **n.** (pl. **devadasis**) a female dancer in a Hindu temple 庙妓, (印度)神庙舞女
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit devadāsī, lit. 'female servant of a god'.

**devalue** /di:'vælju:/ **v.** (**devalues**, **devaluing**, **devalued**) reduce or underestimate the worth or importance of 降低…的价值; 低估…的价值(或重要性) ▸Economics 【经】 reduce the official value of (a currency) in relation to other currencies 使(货币)贬值
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devaluation** n.

**Devanagari** /deɪvə'nɑ:g(ə)ri, dev-/ **n.** the alphabet used for Sanskrit, Hindi, and other Indian languages 天城体文字, 那伽里字母(用于书写梵语、印地语和其他印度语言)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit, lit. 'divine town script', from deva 'god' + nāgarī, an earlier name of the script.

**devastate** /'devəsteɪt/ **v.** 1 destroy or ruin 摧毁, 毁坏 2 cause (someone) severe and overwhelming shock or grief 使(某人)极度震惊(或悲伤)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devastation** n. **devastator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as devastation): from L. devastat-, devastare, from de- 'thoroughly' + vastare 'lay waste'.

**devastating** /'devəsteɪtɪŋ/ **adj.** 1 highly destructive or damaging 破坏性极大的; 毁灭性的 2 causing severe shock or grief 令人震惊的; 引发极度悲痛的 3 informal 【非正式】 extremely impressive, effective, or attractive 极其壮观的, 极有效的, 极具吸引力的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devastatingly** adv.

**develop** /dɪ'veləp/ **v.** (**develops**, **developing**, **developed**) 1 grow or cause to grow and become larger or more advanced (使)成长; (使)发展, (使)发育 2 convert (land) to a new purpose, especially by constructing buildings 开发(土地, 尤指建房) 3 start to exist, experience, or possess 产生; 开始感受到; 开始具有: I developed an interest in law. 我对法律产生了兴趣。4 treat (a photographic film) with chemicals to make a visible image 使(胶卷)显影 5 Chess 【国象】 bring (a piece) into play from its initial position on a player's back rank 出(子)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **developable** adj. **developer** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'unfold, unfurl'): from Fr. développer, based on L. dis- 'un-' + a second element of unknown origin found also in ENVELOP.

**developing country** **n.** a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced

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**development** | **devilish**
economically and socially 发展中国家

**development** /dɪ'veləpmənt/ **n.** 1 the process of developing or being developed 成长, 发育; 发展; 开发 ▸a specified state of growth or advancement 发展(或成长)的特定状态 2 a new product or idea 新产品; 新观点 3 an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation 新发展 4 an area of land with new buildings on it 新开发的房地产; 新建住宅区: a major housing development 新建的大型住宅区
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **developmental** adj. **developmentally** adv.

**developmental delay** **n.** the condition of a child being less developed mentally or physically than is normal for its age 发育迟缓

**développé** /deɪv(ə)lɒp'peɪ/ **n.** (pl. **développés** pronunc. same 单复发音同) Ballet 【芭蕾】 a movement in which one leg is raised and bent at the same time and then fully extended 控腿
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., past part. of développer 'stretch out, develop'.

**deverbal** /di:'vɜ:bl/ **adj.** (of a noun or adjective) derived from a verb (名词或形容词)动转的 ■**n.** a deverbal noun or adjective 动转名词; 动转形容词

**devi** /'deɪvi/ **n.** Indian 【印度】 a goddess 女神
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit.

**deviant** /'di:viənt/ **adj.** diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behaviour (尤指在社交或性行为方面)偏常的, 不正常的, 异常的 ■**n.** a deviant person or thing 不正常的人(或事物)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deviance** n. **deviancy** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. deviant-, deviare (see 见 DEVIATE).

**deviate** **v.** /'di:vieɪt/ diverge from an established course or from usual or accepted standards 背离; 偏离 ■**n.** & **adj.** /'di:viət/ old-fashioned term for DEVIANT * deviant 的过时说法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deviator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as adj. in the sense 'remote'): from late L. deviat-, deviare 'turn out of the way', from L. de- 'away from' + via 'way'.

**deviation** /di:vi'eɪʃn/ **n.** 1 the action of deviating 背离; 偏离 2 Statistics 【统计】 the amount by which a single measurement differs from a fixed value such as the mean 偏差, 离差 3 the deflection of a compass needle caused by a local magnetic field, especially on a ship or aircraft (尤为航海或航空用语)自差
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deviational** adj. **deviationism** n. **deviationist** n.

**device** /dɪ'vaɪs/ **n.** 1 a thing made or adapted for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment (尤指机械或电子)装置 2 a plan, scheme, or trick 计划; 策略, 手段 ▸a turn of phrase intended to produce a particular effect 修辞手法(或技巧) 3 a drawing or design 图样; 图案; 设计 > an emblematic or heraldic design 象征图案; 纹章图案 4 archaic 【古】 design or look 构造; 样式: works of strange device 样式奇特的作品
> -PHRASES 短语 **leave someone to their own devices** leave someone to do as they wish without supervision 任…自便; 让…自行其事
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in sense 'desire or intention'): from OFr. devis, based on L. divis-, dividere 'to divide'.

**devil** /'devl/ **n.** 1 (usu. 通常用 **the Devil**) (in Christian and Jewish belief) the supreme spirit of evil; Satan (基督教和犹太教中的)魔王; 撒旦 ▸an evil spirit; a demon 恶魔; 魔鬼 2 a very wicked or cruel person 恶棍; 残忍的人 ▸a mischievously clever or self-willed person 淘气鬼; 任性的人 3 (**the devil**) fighting spirit; wildness 斗志; 狂野: He was born with the devil in him. 他生性好斗。4 (**the devil**) a thing that is very difficult or awkward to do or deal with 极困难的事; 极难处理的事 5 informal 【非正式】 a person with specified characteristics (有一定特性的)人; 家伙: you lucky devil 你这个幸运的家伙 6 (**the devil**) expressing surprise or annoyance in various questions or exclamations 究竟, 到底(用于问句或感叹句中表示惊奇或恼怒) 7 an instrument or machine used for tearing or other destructive work 粉碎机, 切碎机 8 informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】 a junior assistant of a barrister or other professional (律师等专业人士的)助手 See also 另见 PRINTER'S DEVIL. ■**v.** (**devils**, **devilling**, **devilled**; US 【美】 **devils**, **deviling**, **deviled**) 1 informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】 act as a junior assistant for a barrister or other professional 担任(律师等专业人士的)助手 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 harass or worry 困扰; 使烦恼
> -PHRASES 短语 **be a devil!** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 said when encouraging someone to do something that they are hesitating to do 干吧! **between the devil and the deep blue sea** caught in a dilemma 进退两难 **devil-may-care** cheerful and reckless 无所顾忌; 毫不在意 **the devil's dozen** thirteen 十三 **the devil's in the detail** the details of a matter are its most problematic aspect 细节最易出问题 **the devil to pay** serious trouble to be dealt with 极大麻烦 **like the devil** with great speed or energy 飞快地, 拼命地, 竭力地 **play the devil with** have a damaging or disruptive effect on 破坏; 搅乱 **speak** (or **talk**) **of the devil** said when a person appears just after being mentioned 说曹操, 曹操到 [from the superstition that the devil will appear if his name is spoken.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE dēofol, via late L. from Gk diabolos 'accuser, slanderer' (used in the Septuagint to translate Heb. śātān 'Satan'), from diaballein 'to slander'.

**devilfish** /'devlfɪʃ/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **devilfishes**) any of a number of marine creatures perceived as having a sinister appearance, in particular a devil ray, a stonefish, or an octopus or squid 魔鬼鱼(尤指蝠鲼、石鱼、章鱼、枪乌贼)

**devilish** /'devəlɪʃ/ **adj.** like or appropriate to a devil in evil and cruelty 似恶魔的; 穷凶极恶的; 邪恶的 ▸mischievous and rakish 好恶作剧的, 淘气的; 放荡的

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▸very difficult to deal with or use 难对付的; 难用的 ■**adv.** informal, dated 【非正式, 过时】 very; extremely 非常, 极
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devilishly** adv. **devilishness** n.

**devilled** /'devld/ **adj.** (of food) cooked with hot seasoning (食物)加辣味烧烤的

**devilment** /'devlmənt/ **n.** reckless mischief; wild spirits 恶作剧; 野性

**devil ray** **n.** a manta or other large long-tailed ray with a fleshy horn-like projection on each side of the mouth 蝠鲼 [Family Mobulidae: several species.]

**devilry** /'devlri/ **n.** wicked activity 邪恶, 残暴 ▸reckless mischief 恶作剧 ▸black magic; dealings with the devil 巫术; 与魔鬼的交易

**devil's advocate** **n.** 1 a person who expresses a contentious opinion in order to provoke debate or test the strength of the opposing arguments 为争辩而故意持不同意见的人; 有意唱反调的人 2 historical 【史义】 a person appointed by the Roman Catholic Church to challenge a proposed beatification or canonization, or the verification of a miracle 追谥候选人资格审查员

**devil's bit** **n.** 1 (also 亦作 **devil's bit scabious**) a blue-flowered scabious with a short rootstock (said in folklore to have been bitten off by the devil) 山萝卜 [Succisa pratensis.] 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a blazing star 黄矮百合 [Chamaelirium luteum.]

**devil's claw** **n.** a plant whose seed pods bear claw-like hooks which can harm livestock 角胡麻 [Genus Proboscidea (warmer parts of America) and Harpagophytum procumbens (southern Africa).]

**devil's club** **n.** a very spiny straggling shrub of western North America 刺人参 [Oplopanax horridus.]

**devil's coach-horse** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a large black predatory rove beetle which raises its hind end and opens its jaws threateningly when disturbed 排臭隐翅虫 [Staphylinus olens.]

**devil's darning needle** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 another term for DARNER (sense 2) * darner (释义2)的另一种说法

**devil's food cake** **n.** chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 a rich chocolate cake 重油巧克力蛋糕

**devil's grip** **n.** informal term for BORNHOLM DISEASE * Bornholm disease 的非正式说法

**devils on horseback** pl. n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a savoury snack of prunes individually wrapped in slices of bacon 熏肉包李脯

**devil's paintbrush** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 the European orange hawkweed, which has become naturalized in North America 橘黄山柳菊 [Hieracium aurantiacum.]

**devil's walking stick** **n.** a prickly angelica tree native to the eastern US 多刺楤木 [Aralia spinosa.]

**deviltry** /'devltri/ **n.** archaic 【古】 variant of DEVILRY * devilry 的变体

**devious** /'di:viəs/ **adj.** 1 skilfully using underhand tactics to achieve goals 不光明正大的; 狡猾的 2 (of a route or journey) longer and less direct than the most straightforward way (路径或旅程)蜿蜒的; 迂回的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **deviously** adv. **deviousness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in sense 'remote', later 'departing from the direct route'): from L. devius (from de- 'away from' + via 'way') + -ous.

**devise** /dɪ'vaɪz/ **v.** 1 plan or invent (a complex procedure or mechanism) 设计, 策划, 发明(复杂的程序或机制) 2 Law 【律】 leave (property) to someone by the terms of a will 遗赠(财产, 尤指不动产) ■**n.** Law 【律】 a clause in a will leaving property to someone (遗嘱中)不动产遗赠条款
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devisable** adj. **devisee** n. **deviser** n. **devisor** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deviser, from L. divis-, dividere (see 见 DIVIDE); the noun is a var. of DEVICE.

**devitalize** or **devitalise** /di:'vaɪt(ə)laɪz/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **devitalized**] deprive of strength and vigour 使衰弱; 使失去活力
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devitalization** n.

**devitrify** /di:'vɪtrɪfaɪ/ **v.** (**devitrifies**, **devitrifying**, **devitrified**) make or become hard, opaque, and crystalline (使)变硬, (使)变不透明, (使)变成结晶态
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devitrification** n.

**devoice** /di:'vɔɪs/ **v.** Phonetics 【语音】 make (a vowel or voiced consonant) voiceless 使(元音或浊辅音)清音化

**devoid** /dɪ'vɔɪd/ **adj.** (**devoid of**) entirely lacking or free from 毫无…的; 缺乏…的; 没有…的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: past part. of obs. devoid 'cast out', from OFr. devoidier.

**devoir** /də'vwɑ:(r)/ **n.** archaic 【古】 a person's duty 本分; 责任; 职责
> -PHRASES 短语 **pay one's devoirs** pay one's respects formally 致敬
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deveir, from L. debere 'owe', influenced by Fr. devoir.

**devolution** /di:və'lu:ʃn, dev-/ **n.** 1 the devolving of power by central government to local or regional administration (中央政府对地方或地区行政部门的)权力下放, 分权 2 Law 【律】 the legal transfer of property from one owner to another 财产的转移 3 formal 【正式】 descent or degeneration to a lower or worse state 衰落; 倒退; 恶化 ▸Biology 【生物】 evolutionary degeneration 退化, 退行进化
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devolutionary** adj. **devolutionist** n.

**devolve** /dɪ'vɒlv/ **v.** 1 transfer or delegate (power) to a lower level, especially from central government to local or regional administration (尤指中央政府给地方或地区行政部门)下放(权力), 分(权) 2 (**devolve on/upon/to**) (of duties or responsibility) pass to (a body or person at a lower level) (职权、职责)转移至, 移交(给下级) 3 (**devolve on/upon/to**) Law 【律】 (of property) be transferred from one owner to (another), especially by inheritance (财产)转移至(尤指被继承) 4 (**devolve into**) formal 【正式】 degenerate or be split into 退化为; 分解为

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**Devonian** | **dewy**
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devolvement** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'roll down'): from L. devolvere, from de- 'down' + volvere 'to roll'.

**Devonian** /de'vəʊniən, dɪ-/ **adj.** 1 relating to the English county of Devon (英格兰)德文郡的 2 Geology 【地质】 relating to or denoting the fourth period of the Palaeozoic era (between the Silurian and Carboniferous periods, about 409 to 363 million years ago), a time when the first amphibians appeared 泥盆纪的 ■**n.** a native or inhabitant of Devon 德文郡人

**devoré** /də'vɔ:reɪ/ **n.** a velvet fabric with a pattern formed by burning the pile away with acid 烂花印花丝绒布
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. dévoré, lit. 'devoured', past part. of dévorer.

**devote** /dɪ'vəʊt/ **v.** 1 (**devote something to**) give time or resources to (a person or activity) 将(时间或资源)用在(人或活动)上; 献身于…, 致力于… 2 archaic 【古】 invoke or pronounce a curse upon 降祸于; 诅咒
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'dedicate formally, consecrate'): from L. devot-, devovere, from de- 'formally' + vovere 'to vow'.

**devoted** /dɪ'vəʊtɪd/ **adj.** very loving or loyal 挚爱的; 恩爱的, 忠实的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devotedly** adv. **devotedness** n.

**devotee** /devə(ʊ)'ti:/ **n.** 1 a person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something 热心之士, 爱好者; 献身者 2 a follower of a particular religion or god 虔诚的宗教信徒

**devotion** /dɪ'vəʊʃn/ **n.** 1 love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person or activity (对人或活动的)热爱, 忠诚, 热情 2 religious worship or observance 虔诚, 信奉 > (**devotions**) prayers or religious observances 祈祷, 宗教仪式
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devotional** adj. **devotionally** adv.

**devour** /dɪ'vaʊə(r)/ **v.** 1 eat (food or prey) hungrily or quickly 吞食, 狼吞虎咽地吃(食物或猎物) ▸(of fire or a similar force) consume destructively (火等)吞没, 毁灭 2 read quickly and eagerly 如饥似渴地读 3 (**be devoured**) be totally absorbed by a powerful feeling 心中充满(强烈情感)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devourer** n. **devouring** adj. **devouringly** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. devorer, from L. devorare, from de- 'down' + vorare 'to swallow'.

**devout** /dɪ'vaʊt/ **adj.** 1 having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment 虔诚的 2 earnest; sincere 真诚的; 诚挚的: my devout hope 我真诚的希望
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **devoutly** adv. **devoutness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. devot, from L. devotus 'devoted' from devovere (see 见 DEVOTE).

**DEW** abbr. distant early warning 远程预警

**dew** /dju:/ **n.** tiny drops of water that form on cool surfaces at night, when atmospheric vapour condenses 露, 露珠, 露水 ▸a beaded or glistening liquid resembling dew 露珠样的液滴小水珠 ■**v.** literary 【文】 wet with a beaded or glistening liquid 沾湿, 弄湿
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE deaw, of Gmc origin.

**dewan** /dɪ'wɑ:n/ **n.** variant spelling of DIWAN * diwan 的另一种拼法

**dewar** /'dju:ə(r)/ **n.** a double-walled flask of metal or silvered glass with a vacuum between the walls, used to hold liquids at well below ambient temperature 杜瓦瓶
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Scottish physicist Sir James Dewar.

**dewater** /di:'wɔ:tə(r)/ **v.** drain (a waterlogged or flooded area) 排去(水涝或洪涝区)的水 > remove water from (sediment or waste materials) 使(沉积物或废料)脱水

**dewberry** /'dju:bəri/ **n.** (pl. **dewberries**) 1 a trailing bramble with soft prickles and edible blue-black fruit with a dewy white bloom 欧洲木莓, 露莓 [Rubus caesius (Europe) and other species.] 2 the fruit of the dewberry 欧洲木莓, 露莓(指果实)

**dewclaw** /'dju:klɔ:/ **n.** a rudimentary inner toe present in some dogs (某些犬的)残留趾 ▸a false hoof on an animal such as a deer, which is formed by its rudimentary side toes (鹿等的)假蹄, 悬蹄

**dewdrop** /'dju:drɒp/ **n.** a drop of dew 露珠

**Dewey decimal classification** /'dju:i/ **n.** an internationally applied decimal system of library classification which uses a three-figure code from 000 to 999 to represent the major branches of knowledge, with finer classifications made by adding figures after a decimal point 杜威十进分类法
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the American librarian Melvil Dewey.

**dewfall** /'dju:fɔ:l/ **n.** literary 【文】 the time of evening when dew begins to form 降露之时

**dewlap** /'dju:læp/ **n.** a fold of loose skin hanging from the neck or throat of an animal or bird, especially that present in many cattle (动物或鸟, 尤指牛的)喉垂, 颈部垂肉
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DEW and LAP¹, perh. influenced by a Scand. word (cf. Dan. doglæp).

**deworm** /di:'wɜ:m/ **v.** treat (an animal) to free it of worms 除去(动物身上)的虫
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dewormer** n.

**dew point** **n.** the atmospheric temperature below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form 露点

**dew pond** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a shallow pond, especially an artificial one made on downs 露池(尤指人工浅池)

**dew worm** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 an earthworm, in particular one used as fishing bait (尤指作钓饵用的)蚯蚓
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE deaw-wyrm 'ringworm'.

**dewy** /'dju:i/ **adj.** (**dewier**, **dewiest**) 1 wet with dew 露湿的 2 (of a person's skin) appearing soft, fresh, and youthful (人的皮肤)细嫩的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dewily** adv. **dewiness** n.
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**dewy-eyed** adj. having eyes that are moist with tears (taken as indicating nostalgia, naivety, or sentimentality) 眼睛湿漉漉的; 泪眼蒙胧的(多表示怀旧的、纯情的或感伤的)

**dexamethasone** /deksə'meθəsəun, -zəun/ n. Medicine【医】a synthetic drug of the corticosteroid type, used especially as an anti-inflammatory agent 地塞米松
> ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from dexa- (blend of DECA- and HEXA-) + meth(yl) + -a- + (cortis) one.

**Dexedrine** /'deksədri:n, -drin/ n. trademark【商标】 a form of amphetamine 德克塞俊 (硫酸右旋苯丙胺)
> ORIGIN 词源 1940s: prob. from DEXTRO-, on the pattern of Benzedrine.

**dexter¹** /'dekstə(r)/ adj. archaic & Heraldry【古, 纹章】on or towards the right-hand side (in a coat of arms, from the bearer's point of view, i.e. the left as it is depicted) 右侧的; 右边的; 向右边的 The opposite of 反义词 SINISTER.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'on the right'.

**dexter²** /'dekstə(r)/ n. an animal of a small, hardy breed of Irish cattle 德克斯特牛
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: said to have been named after the breeder.

**dexterity** /dek'sterəti/ n. skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands (尤指双手的) 灵巧; 熟练
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. dextérité, from L. dexteritas, from dexter 'on the right'.

**dexterous** /'dekst(ə)rəs/ (also 亦作 **dextrous**) adj. showing or having dexterity; adroit 灵巧的; 熟练的, 敏捷的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dexterously** adv. **dexterousness** n.

**dextral** /'dekstr(ə)l/ adj. 1 of or on the right side or the right hand (在)右侧的; (在)右边的 The opposite of 反义词 SINISTRAL. ▸ right-handed 惯用右手的 2 Geology【地质】relating to or denoting a strike-slip fault in which the motion of the block on the further side of the fault is towards the right (走滑断层)右旋的 3 Zoology【动】(of a spiral mollusc shell) with whorls rising to the right and coiling anticlockwise (软体动物螺壳)右旋的 ■n. a right-handed person 惯用右手的人
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dextrality** /dek'stræləti/ n. **dextrally** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. dextralis, from L. dextra 'the right hand', from dexter 'on the right'.

**dextran** /'dekstræn/ n. Chemistry【化】a carbohydrate gum formed by the fermentation of sugars, used to make a substitute for blood plasma 葡聚糖
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DEXTRO- + -AN.

**dextrin** /'dekstrin/ n. a soluble gummy substance obtained by hydrolysis of starch, used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and dietary supplements 糊精
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DEXTRO- + -IN¹.

**dextro-** /'dekstrəu/ comb. form on or to the right 右边的; 向右的: dextrorotatory 右旋的
> ORIGIN 词源 from L. dexter, dextr- 'right'.

**dextrorotatory** /dekstrəu'rəutət(ə)ri/ adj. Chemistry【化】(of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. clockwise facing the oncoming radiation (化合物)右旋的 The opposite of 反义词 LAEVOROTATORY.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dextrorotation** n.

**dextrose** /'dekstrəuz, -s/ n. Chemistry【化】the dextrorotatory form of glucose (and the predominant naturally occurring form) 右旋糖

**dextrous** /'dekstrəs/ adj. variant spelling of DEXTEROUS **dextrous**的另一种拼法

**dexy** /'deksi/ n. (pl. **dexies**) informal【非正式】Dexedrine 德克塞根, 硫酸右旋苯丙胺

**DF** abbr. direction finder 测向仪

**DFC** abbr. (in the UK) Distinguished Flying Cross (英国)杰出飞行十字勋章

**DfES** abbr. (in the UK) Department for Education and Skills (英国)教育与技能部

**DFID** abbr. (in the UK) Department for International Development (英国)国际发展部

**Dfl** abbr. Dutch florins 荷兰盾

**DFM** abbr. (in the UK) Distinguished Flying Medal (英国)优异飞行勋章

**DfT** abbr. (in the UK) Department for Transport (英国)交通部

**DG** abbr. 1 by the grace of God 蒙神之恩 [L. Dei gratia.] 2 thanks be to God 蒙上帝保佑, 托天之福 [L. Deo gratias.] 3 director general

**dhaba** /'dɑ:bə/ n. Indian【印度】a roadside food stall 路边饮食摊
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dhābā.

**dhal** /dɑ:l/ n. variant spelling of DAL¹ **DAL¹**的另一种拼法

**dhamma** /'dɑ:mə, 'dʌmə/ n. another term for DHARMA, especially among Theravada Buddhists **dharma**的另一种说法 (尤用于上座部佛教徒中)
> ORIGIN 词源 Pali, from Sanskrit dharma.

**dhansak** /'dænsɑ:k/ n. an Indian dish of meat or vegetables cooked with lentils 丹沙克 (用肉或蔬菜加小扁豆煮成的印度菜)
> ORIGIN 词源 from Gujarati.

**dharma** /'dɑ:mə, 'dз:mə/ n. (in Indian religion) the eternal law of the cosmos, inherent in the very nature of things (印度教中的)法
> ORIGIN 词源 Sanskrit, lit. 'decree or custom'.

**dharmashala** /'dɑ:mə,ʃɑ:lə/ (also 亦作 **dharmsala** /'dɑ:m,sɑ:lə/) n. (in South Asia) a building devoted to religious or charitable purposes, especially a rest house for travelers (南亚的)达磨萨拉 (尤用作游客招待所)
> ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit dharmaśālā.

**dharna** /'dз:nə, -ɑ:/ n. Indian【印度】a mode of compelling payment or compliance, by sitting at the debtor's or offender's door until the demand is complied with 长坐绝食 (一种讨债或讨说法的斗争方式) ▸ a peaceful demonstration 长坐绝食和平示威
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dharnā 'sitting in restraint, placing'.

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**Dharuk** /'dɑ:ruk/ n. an extinct Aboriginal language of the area around Sydney 达鲁克语

**dhikr** /'dikər/ (also 亦作 **zikr** /'zik(ə)r/) n. Islam【伊】a form of devotion, associated chiefly with Sufism, in which the worshipper is absorbed in the rhythmic repetition of the name of God or his attributes 齐克尔
> ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. dikr 'remembrance'.

**dhobi** /'dəubi/ n. (pl. **dhobis**) (in South Asia) a person whose occupation is washing clothes (南亚的)洗衣工
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dhobī, from dhob 'washing'.

**dhobi itch** n. informal【非正式】itching inflammation of the skin, especially in the groin region, suffered in the tropics, typically caused by ringworm infection or by allergic dermatitis 洗衣工癣

**dhol** /dəul/ n. a large, typically two-headed drum used in South Asia 朵尔鼓 (一种南亚大鼓)
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dhol.

**dholak** /'dəulək/ n. a medium-sized dhol (drum) 中型朵尔鼓
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dholak.

**dhole** /dəul/ n. an Asian wild dog with a sandy coat and a black bushy tail, living in packs 豺 [Cuon alpinus.]
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**dhoti** /'dəuti/ n. (pl. **dhotis**) a garment worn by some Indian men, consisting of a piece of material tied around the waist and extending to cover most of the legs (印度男子用的)多蒂腰布, 缠腰布
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dhotī.

**dhow** /daʊ/ n. a lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used chiefly in the Arabian region 阿拉伯三角帆船
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Arab. dāwa, prob. rel. to Marathi dāw.

**DHS** abbr. (United States) Department of Homeland Security (美国)国土安全部

**DHSS** abbr. Brit. historical【英, 史义】Department of Health and Social Security (英国)卫生和社会保障部

**DHT** abbr. dihydrotestosterone

**dhurrie** /'dʌri/ n. (pl. **dhurries**) a heavy cotton rug of Indian origin (印度)粗棉毯
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi darī.

**dhyana** /di'ɑ:nə/ n. (in Hindu and Buddhist practice) profound meditation which is the penultimate stage of yoga (印度教和佛教中的)禅(那), 禅定
> ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit dhyāna.

**DI** abbr. 1 Defence Intelligence (英国)国防情报部 2 (in the UK) Detective Inspector (英国)探长 3 direct injection 直接喷射

**di-¹** /daɪ, di/ comb. form twice; two-; double- 二次; 二; 二重: dichromatic 二色的 ▸ Chemistry【化】containing two atoms, molecules, or groups of a specified kind 含有两个原子(或分子)的; 包含两个族(或基团)的: dioxide 二氧化物
> ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dis 'twice'.

**di-²** /dɪ, daɪ/ prefix variant spelling of DIS- shortened before l, m, n, r, s (followed by a consonant), and v; also often shortened before g, and sometimes before j **dis-**的另一种拼法 (当l, m, n, r, s后面为辅音时, s在l, m, n, r, v前省略; 另s在g前常常省略, s在j前有时省略)
> ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**di-³** /daɪ/ prefix variant spelling of DIA- shortened before a vowel (as in dielectric) **dia-**的另一种拼法 (a在元音前省略, 如dielectric)

**dia.** abbr. diameter

**dia-** /daɪə/ (also **di-** before a vowel 元音前亦作 **di-**) prefix 1 through; across 通过; 横穿: diaphanous 透明的 2 apart 分开: diakinesis 终变期
> ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dia 'through'.

**diabase** /'daɪəbeɪs/ n. Geology【地质】another term for DOLERITE **dolerite**的另一种说法
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., formed irregularly as if from di- 'two' + base 'base', but perh. assoc. later with Gk diabasis 'transition'.

**diabetes** /daɪə'bi:ti:z/ n. a disorder of the metabolism causing excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of urine 糖尿病; 多尿症
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk, lit. 'siphon', from diabainein 'go through'.

**diabetes insipidus** /ɪn'sɪpɪdəs/ n. a rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin, which regulates kidney function 尿崩症
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DIABETES + L. insipidus 'insipid'.

**diabetes mellitus** /mɪ'laɪtəs/ n. the commonest form of diabetes, caused by a deficiency of the pancreatic hormone insulin, which results in a failure to metabolize sugars and starch 糖尿病
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DIABETES + L. mellitus 'sweet'.

**diabetic** /daɪə'betɪk/ adj. having or relating to diabetes 患糖尿病的; 与糖尿病有关的 ■n. a person suffering from diabetes 糖尿病患者

**diablerie** /di'ɑ:bləri/ n. 1 the quality of being reckless or wild in a charismatic way 胡作非为; 狂放不羁 2 archaic【古】sorcery supposedly assisted by the devil 魔法, 妖术
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from diable, from eccles. L. diabolus 'devil'.

**diabolical** /daɪə'bɒlɪkl/ adj. 1 (also 亦作 **diabolic**) characteristic of or associated with the Devil 魔鬼撒旦的, 魔鬼般邪恶的: diabolical cunning 魔鬼般的狡诈 2 Brit. informal【英, 非正式】disgracefully bad or unpleasant 不像样的; 令人生厌的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diabolically** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diabolique or eccles. L. diabolicus, from diabolus 'devil'.

**diabolism** /daɪ'æbəlɪz(ə)m/ n. worship of the Devil 魔鬼崇拜, 撒旦崇拜
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diabolist** n.

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> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from eccles. L. diabolus or Gk diabolos 'devil' + -ISM.

**diabolo** /di'æbələu, daɪ-/ n. (pl. **diabolos**) a game in which a two-headed top is thrown up and caught with a string stretched between two sticks 空竹; 扯铃 ▸ the top used in this game 空竹; 扯铃
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ital., from eccles. L. diabolus 'devil'.

**diacetylmorphine** /daɪ,æsɪtaɪl'mɔ:fi:n/ n. technical term for HEROIN **heroin**的专业说法

**diachronic** /daɪə'krɒnɪk/ adj. concerned with the way in which something, especially language, has developed through time (尤指语言)历时的 Often contrasted with 常对照 SYNCHRONIC.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diachroneity** /daɪəkrə'ni:əti, -'neɪəti/ n. **diachronically** adv. **diachronistic** /daɪ,ækrə'nɪstɪk/ adj. **diachrony** /daɪ'ækrəni/ n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DIA- + Gk khronos 'time' + -IC.

**diachronism** /daɪ'ækrənɪz(ə)m/ n. Geology【地质】the occurrence of a feature or phenomenon in different geological periods 穿时性
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diachronous** adj. **diachronously** adv.

**diaconal** /daɪ'æk(ə)nəl/ adj. relating to a deacon or deacons 执事的, 助祭的
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from eccles. L. diaconalis, from diaconus (see 见 DEACON).

**diaconate** /daɪ'ækəneɪt, -ət/ n. the office of deacon 执事(或助祭)的职位 ▸ a body of deacons collectively 执事会, 助祭会
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from eccles. L. diaconatus, from diaconus (see 见 DEACON).

**diacritic** /daɪə'krɪtɪk/ n. a sign such as an accent written above or below a letter to indicate a difference in pronunciation from the same letter when unmarked 变音符 ■adj. (of a mark or sign) indicating a difference in pronunciation (记号或标记)表示变音的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diacritical** adj. **diacritically** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk diakritikos, from diakrinein 'distinguish'.

**diadelphous** /daɪə'delfəs/ adj. Botany【植】(of stamens) united by their filaments so as to form two groups (雄蕊)二体的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DI-¹ + Gk adelphos 'brother' + -OUS.

**diadem** /'daɪədem/ n. a jewelled crown or headband worn as a symbol of sovereignty 王冠, 冕; 头带
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diademed** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diademe, via L. from Gk diadēma, from diadein 'bind round'.

**diaeresis** /daɪ'ɪərɪsɪs, -'er-/ (US【美】**dieresis**) n. (pl. **diaereses** /-si:z/) 1 a mark (¨) placed over a vowel to indicate that it is sounded separately, as in naïve, Brontë 分音符, 隔音符 ▸ the division of a sound into two syllables, especially by sounding a diphthong as two vowels 二合元音分立 (尤指将双元音发成两个元音) 2 Prosody【诗体】a natural rhythmic break in a line of verse where the end of a metrical foot coincides with the end of a phrase 小休止
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk diairesis 'separation', from diairein 'take apart'.

**diagenesis** /daɪə'dʒenəsɪs/ n. Geology【地质】the physical and chemical changes occurring during the conversion of sediment to sedimentary rock 成岩作用
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diagenetic** adj. **diagenetically** adv.

**diagnose** /'daɪəgnəʊz, daɪəg'nəʊz/ v. make a diagnosis of (an illness or other problem) 诊断(病情或其他问题) ▸ identify the medical condition of (someone) 确定(某人)的病情: She was diagnosed as having epilepsy. 她被诊断为患有癫痫。
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diagnosable** adj.

**diagnosis** /daɪəg'nəʊsɪs/ n. (pl. **diagnoses** /-si:z/) 1 the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms 诊断; 探查 2 the distinctive characterization in precise terms of a genus, species, or phenomenon 鉴别
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk, from diagignōskein 'distinguish, discern'.

**diagnostic** /daɪəg'nɒstɪk/ adj. 1 concerned with the diagnosis of illness or other problems 诊断的; 探究的 ▸ (of a symptom) distinctive, and so indicating the nature of an illness (症状)有特征的 2 characteristic of a particular species, genus, or phenomenon 特有的 ■n. 1 a distinctive symptom or characteristic 症状, 症候; 特征 2 (**diagnostics**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the practice or techniques of diagnosis 诊断学; 诊断法 3 Computing【计】a program or routine that helps a user to identify errors 诊断程序, 识错程序
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diagnostically** adv. **diagnostician** /daɪəgnɒ'stɪʃn/ n.

**diagonal** /daɪ'æg(ə)nəl/ adj. denoting a straight line joining opposite corners of a rectangle, square, or other figure 对角线的 ▸ (of a line) straight and at an angle; slanting (线)斜的 ▸ Mathematics【数】denoting a matrix with non-zero elements only on the diagonal running from the upper left to the lower right 对角的 ■n. a diagonal line 对角线
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diagonally** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. diagonalis, from Gk diagōnios 'from angle to angle', from dia 'through' + gōnia 'angle'.

**diagram** /'daɪəgræm/ n. 1 a simplified drawing showing the appearance or structure of something 示意图, 简图, 图解 2 Brit.【英】a graphical schedule for operating railway stock to provide a desired service 火车调度时刻图 ■v. (**diagrams**, **diagramming**, **diagrammed**; US【美】**diagrams**, **diagraming**, **diagramed**) 1 represent in graphic form 图示; 绘制…的示意图 2 Brit.【英】schedule the operations of (a locomotive or train) according to a diagram (根据火车调度时刻图)安排(火车)的运行时间

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> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diagrammatic** /daɪəgrə'mætɪk/ adj. **diagrammatically** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. diagramma, from Gk, from diagraphein 'mark out by lines'.

**diakinesis** /daɪəkaɪ'ni:sɪs/ n. (pl. **diakineses** /-si:z/) Biology【生物】the final stage of the prophase of meiosis, following diplotene, when the separation of homologous chromosomes is complete and crossing over has occurred 终变期
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DIA- + Gk kinēsis 'motion'.

**dial** /'daɪəl/ n. 1 a disc marked to show the time on a clock or indicate a reading or measurement by means of a pointer 表盘; 刻度盘; 标度盘 ▸ a disc with numbered holes on a telephone, turned to make a call (电话机的)拨号盘 ▸ a disc turned to select a setting on a radio, cooker, etc. (收音机的)调谐指示板; (炊具等的)调节控制器 2 Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a person's face 脸蛋 ■v. (**dials**, **dialling**, **dialled**; US【美】**dials**, **dialing**, **dialed**) call (a telephone number) by turning a dial or using a keypad 拨打(电话号码) ▸ indicate or regulate by means of a dial (用标度盘)指示, 调节 ▸ (**dial something up**) gain access to a service using a telephone line 拨号连接
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. diale 'clock dial', based on L. dies 'day'.

**dialect** /'daɪəlekt/ n. 1 a form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group 方言 2 Computing【计】a particular version of a programming language 方言
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dialectal** /daɪə'lektl/ adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting the art of investigating the truth of opinions): from Fr. dialecte, or via L. from Gk dialektos 'discourse, way of speaking', from dialegesthai (see 见 DIALOGUE).

**dialectic** /daɪə'lektɪk/ Philosophy【哲】 n. (also 亦作 **dialectics**) [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] 1 the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions 辩证法 2 enquiry into metaphysical contradictions and their solutions 逻辑论证 3 the existence or action of opposing social forces, concepts, etc. 对立 ■adj. relating to dialectic or dialectics; dialectical (有关)辩证法的; (有关)逻辑论证的
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dialectique or L. dialectica, from Gk dialektikē (tekhnē) '(art) of debate', from dialegesthai (see 见 DIALOGUE).

**dialectical** /daɪə'lektɪkl/ adj. 1 relating to the logical discussion of ideas and opinions 逻辑论证的 2 concerned with or acting through opposing forces 对立的; 辩证的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dialectically** adv.

**dialectical materialism** n. the Marxist theory that political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces (as caused by material needs) and are interpretable as a series of contradictions and their solutions 辩证唯物主义
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dialectical materialist** n. & adj.

**dialectician** /daɪəlek'tɪʃn/ n. a person skilled in philosophical debate 辩论家

**dialectology** /daɪəlek'tɒlədʒi/ n. the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of dialects 方言学
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dialectological** /-tə'lɒdʒɪkl/ adj. **dialectologist** n.

**dialler** /'daɪələ(r)/ (US【美】**dialer**) n. a device or piece of software for calling telephone numbers automatically 电话自动拨号器(或软件)

**dialling code** n. Brit.【英】a sequence of numbers dialled to connect a telephone to an exchange in another area or country 电话的地区(或国家)代码

**dialling tone** (N. Amer.【北美】**dial tone**) n. a sound produced by a telephone that indicates that a caller may start to dial 拨号音

**dialog box** (Brit. also【英亦作】**dialogue box**) n. Computing【计】a small area on screen in which the user is prompted to provide information or select commands 对话框

**dialogic** /daɪə'lɒdʒɪk/ adj. relating to or in the form of dialogue 对话的; 对话体的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dialogical** adj.

**dialogism** /daɪ'ælədʒɪz(ə)m/ n. the use in a text of different tones or viewpoints, whose interaction or contradiction are important to the text's interpretation (语篇的)对话性

**dialogue** /'daɪəlɒg/ (US also【美亦作】**dialog**) n. conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or film 对话; 对白
> discussion directed towards exploration of a subject or resolution of a problem 讨论, 交换意见 ■v. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】take part in dialogue 对话; 会话, 交谈 ▸ provide (a film or play) with dialogue 给(电影或戏剧)配上对白
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dialoge, via L. from Gk dialogos, from dialegesthai 'converse with', from dia 'through' + legein 'speak'.

**dial tone** n. North American term for DIALLING TONE **dialling tone**的北美说法

**dial-up** adj. (of a computer system or service) used remotely via a telephone line (计算机系统或服务)拨号的

**dialysate** /daɪ'ælɪzeɪt/ (US also【美亦作】**dialyzate**) n. the part of a mixture which passes through the membrane in dialysis, or a solution containing this 透析液

**dialyse** /'daɪəlaɪz/ (US【美】**dialyze**) v. purify (a mixture) or treat (a patient) by means of dialysis 使(混合物)渗析; 给(病人)透析

**dialysis** /daɪ'æləsɪs/ n. (pl. **dialyses** /-si:z/) 1 Chemistry【化】the separation of particles in a liquid on the basis of differences in their ability to pass through a membrane 渗析 2 Medicine【医】the clinical purification of blood by dialysis, as a substitute for the normal function of the kidney 透析

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> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dialytic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: via L. from Gk dialusis, from dialuein 'split, separate'.

**diamagnetic** /daɪəmæg'netɪk/ adj. Physics【物】tending to become magnetized in a direction at 180° to the applied magnetic field 抗磁的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diamagnet** n. **diamagnetism** n.

**diamanté** /di:ə'mɒnteɪ/ adj. decorated with glass cut to resemble diamonds 镶人造钻石的; 缀以闪光饰品的 ■n. fabric or costume jewellery made or decorated with glass cut to resemble diamonds 珠光宝气的织物; 闪光饰品
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: Fr., lit. 'set with diamonds'.

**diamantiferous** /daɪəmən'tɪf(ə)rəs/ adj. (of a region or rock formation) producing or yielding diamonds (地区或岩层)产钻石的

**diamantine** /daɪə'mæntaɪn, -i:n/ adj. made from or resembling diamonds 钻石做成的, 钻石般的
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. diamantin, from diamant 'diamond'.

**diameter** /daɪ'æmɪtə(r)/ n. 1 a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere (尤指圆或球体的)直径 ▸ a transverse measurement of something; width or thickness 横向值; 宽度; 厚度 2 a unit of linear measurement of magnifying power 放大率
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diametral** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diametre, via L. from Gk diametros (grammē) '(line) measuring across'.

**diametrical** /daɪə'metrɪkl/ adj. 1 (of opposites) complete; absolute (对立)截然的, 绝对的: He's the diametrical opposite of Gabriel. 他与加布里埃尔截然相反。 2 of or along a diameter (沿)直径的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diametric** adj. **diametrically** adv.

**diamine** /daɪ'eɪmi:n, daɪ'æm-, 'daɪəmi:n/ n. Chemistry【化】a compound whose molecule contains two amino groups, especially when not part of amide groups 二元胺

**diamond** /'daɪəmənd/ n. 1 a precious stone consisting of a clear and colourless crystalline form of pure carbon, the hardest naturally occurring substance 钻石; 金刚石 2 a figure with four straight sides of equal length forming two opposite acute angles and two opposite obtuse angles; a rhombus 菱形 3 (**diamonds**) one of the four suits in a conventional pack of playing cards, denoted by a red figure of such a shape (纸牌中的)方块 ▸ a card of this suit 方块牌 4 a baseball field 棒球场 5 a railway crossing in which two tracks cross over each other at an acute angle 菱形道岔
> PHRASES 短语 **diamond in the rough** North American term for ROUGH DIAMOND **rough diamond**的北美说法
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diamondiferous** /daɪəmən'dɪf(ə)rəs/ adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diamant, from med. L. diamas, diamant-, var. of L. adamans (see 见 ADAMANT).

**diamondback** /'daɪəməndbæk/ n. 1 a large, common North American rattlesnake with diamond-shaped markings 菱斑响尾蛇 [Genus Crotalus: two species.] 2 (also 亦作 **diamondback terrapin**) see 见 TERRAPIN (sense 1 释义1).

**diamond-bird** n. Austral.【澳】a pardalote, which typically has rows of small white spots on the dark parts of its plumage 钻石鸟

**diamond-cut** adj. 1 cut with facets like a diamond (切割成)类似钻石面的 2 cut into the shape of a diamond (切割成)钻石状的

**diamond jubilee** n. the sixtieth anniversary of a notable event 钻石庆典 (指60周年庆典)

**diamond wedding** n. Brit.【英】the sixtieth anniversary of a wedding 钻石婚 (结婚60周年纪念)

**diamorphine** /daɪ'mɔ:fi:n/ n. short for DIACETYLMORPHINE (heroin) **diacetylmorphine**的缩略式

**Diana monkey** /daɪ'ænə/ n. a West African monkey that has a black face with a white crescent on the forehead 戴安娜长尾猴 [Cercopithecus diana.]
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Roman moon goddess Diana.

**Dianetics** /daɪə'netɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a system developed by the founder of the Church of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, which aims to relieve psychosomatic disorder by cleansing the mind of harmful mental images 排除有害印象精神治疗法
> ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk dianoētikos 'relating to thought' + -ICS.

**dianthus** /daɪ'ænθəs/ n. (pl. **dianthuses**) a flowering plant of a genus that includes the pinks and carnations 石竹 [Genus Dianthus.]
> ORIGIN 词源 from Gk Dios 'of Zeus' + anthos 'flower'.

**diapason** /daɪə'peɪs(ə)n, -z-/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **open diapason** or **stopped diapason**) an organ stop sounding a main register of flue pipes, typically of eight-foot pitch 基本音栓 (尤指八度音程) 2 a grand swelling burst of harmony 宏大的和声
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the interval of an octave): via L. from Gk dia pasōn (khordōn) 'through all (notes)'.

**diapause** /'daɪəpɔ:z/ n. Zoology【动】a period of suspended development in an organism 滞育

**diaper** /'daɪəpə(r)/ n. 1 N. Amer.【北美】a baby's nappy 尿布 2 a linen or cotton fabric woven in a repeating pattern of small diamonds 菱形花纹棉麻织物
> a repeating geometrical or floral pattern 重复的几何(或花卉)图案 ■v. 1 N. Amer.【北美】put a nappy on (a baby) 给(婴儿)衬尿布 2 decorate with a repeating geometrical or floral pattern 用重复的几何(或花卉)图案装饰
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a costly fabric): from OFr. diapre, from med. L. diasprum, from med. Gk diaspros (adj.), from dia 'across' + aspros 'white'.

**diaphanous** /daɪ'æf(ə)nəs/ adj. (of fabric) light, delicate, and translucent (织物)轻柔的, 精致的; 半透明的
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. diaphanus, from Gk diaphanēs, from dia 'through' + phainein 'to show'.

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**diaphoretic** /daɪəfə'retɪk/ adj. Medicine【医】(chiefly of a drug) inducing perspiration (主要指药品)发汗的 ▸ (of a person) sweating heavily (人)大汗淋漓的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diaphoresis** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk diaphoretikos, from diaphorein 'sweat out'.

**diaphragm** /'daɪəfræm/ n. 1 a dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals 膈 2 a thin sheet of material forming a partition 横隔板
> a taut flexible membrane in mechanical or acoustic systems (机械或音响系统中的)膜片, 膜件, 光阑 3 a thin contraceptive cap fitting over the cervix 避孕隔膜, 子宫帽 4 a device for varying the effective aperture of the lens in a camera or other optical system 光圈
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diaphragmatic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. diaphragma, from Gk, from dia 'through, apart' + phragma 'a fence'.

**diaphragm pump** n. a pump using a flexible diaphragm in place of a piston 隔膜泵, 膜式水泵

**diaphysis** /daɪ'æfɪsɪs/ n. (pl. **diaphyses** /-si:z/) Anatomy【解】the shaft or central part of a long bone 骨干 Compare with 比较 EPIPHYSIS.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk diaphusis 'growing through'.

**diapir** /'daɪəpɪə(r)/ n. Geology【地质】a domed rock formation in which a core of rock has moved upward to pierce the overlying strata 底辟
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diapiric** adj. **diapirism** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk diapeirainein 'pierce through'.

**diapositive** /daɪə'pɒzɪtɪv/ n. a positive photographic slide or transparency 透明正片

**diarchy** /'daɪɑ:ki/ (also 亦作 **dyarchy**) n. (pl. **diarchies**) government by two independent authorities 双头政治
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diarchal** adj. **diarchic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DI-¹ + Gk arkhia 'rule', on the pattern of monarchy.

**diarist** /'daɪərɪst/ n. a person who writes a diary 记日记者
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diaristic** adj.

**diarize** or **diarise** /'daɪəraɪz/ v. Brit.【英】note (an appointment) in a diary 把(约会)记入日记
> archaic【古】keep a record of events in a diary 记日志

**diarrhoea** /daɪə'ri:ə/ (US【美】**diarrhea**) n. a condition in which faeces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form 腹泻
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diarrhoeal** adj. **diarrhoeic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk diarrhoia, from diarrhein 'flow through'.

**diary** /'daɪəri/ n. (pl. **diaries**) a book in which one keeps a daily record of events and experiences 日记(簿); 日志 ▸ Brit.【英】a book with spaces for each day of the year in which to note appointments 日历记事本, 效率手册
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. diarium, from dies 'day'.

**diaspora** /daɪ'æsp(ə)rə/ n. (**the diaspora**) the dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel (犹太人的)大流散 ▸ Jews living outside Israel 海外犹太人
> the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland (任何民族的)大移居, 扩散 ▸ people who have spread or been dispersed from their homeland 移民
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diasporic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 Gk (orig. in the Septuagint, Deut. 28:25), from diaspeirein 'disperse'.

**diaspore** /'daɪəspɔ:(r)/ n. Botany【植】a spore, seed, or other structure that functions in plant dispersal; a propagule 散布孢子; 繁殖单元; 传播体

**diastema** /daɪə'sti:mə, daɪ'æstɪmə/ n. (pl. **diastemata**) 1 Zoology【动】a space separating teeth of different functions, especially that between the biting teeth and grinding teeth in rodents and ungulates 齿隙 2 a gap between a person's two upper front teeth 牙间隙
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: via late L. from Gk diastēma 'space between'.

**diastereoisomer** /daɪəsteriəʊ'aɪsəmə(r)/ n. Chemistry【化】each of a pair of stereoisomeric compounds that are not mirror images of one another 非对映(异构)体
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diastereoisomeric** adj.

**diastole** /daɪ'æstəli/ n. Physiology【生理】the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood 心舒期 Often contrasted with 常对照 SYSTOLE.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diastolic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk, 'separation, expansion'.

**diathermy** /'daɪə,θɜ:mi/ n. a medical and surgical technique involving the production of heat in a part of the body by high-frequency electric currents 透热疗法
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DIA- + Gk thermon 'heat'.

**diathesis** /daɪ'æθəsɪs/ n. (pl. **diatheses** /-si:z/) 1 Medicine【医】a tendency to suffer from a particular medical condition 体质; 素质 2 Linguistics【语言】the set of syntactic patterns with which a verb or other word is most typically associated 态
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk, 'disposition'.

**diatom** /'daɪətəm/ n. Biology【生物】a single-celled alga which has a cell wall of silica 硅藻 [Class Bacillariophyceae.]
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diatomaceous** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Diatoma (genus name), from Gk diatomos 'cut in two'.

**diatomaceous earth** /daɪətə'meɪʃəs/ n. a soft, crumbly, porous sedimentary deposit formed from the fossil remains of diatoms 硅藻土

**diatomic** /daɪə'tɒmɪk/ adj. Chemistry【化】consisting of two atoms 双原子的

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**diatomite** /daɪ'ætəmaɪt/ n. Geology【地质】a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from consolidated diatomaceous earth 硅藻土

**diatonic** /daɪə'tɒnɪk/ adj. Music【音】involving only notes proper to the prevailing key without chromatic alteration 自然音阶的
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. diatonique, or via late L. from Gk diatonikos 'at intervals of a tone'.

**diatreme** /'daɪətri:m/ n. Geology【地质】a long vertical pipe or plug formed when gas-filled magma forced its way up through overlying strata 火山道
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DIA- + Gk trēma 'perforation'.

**diatribe** /'daɪətraɪb/ n. a forceful and bitter verbal attack 抨击; 讽刺; 谴责
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., via L. from Gk diatribē 'spending of time, discourse'.

**diazepam** /daɪ'æzɪpæm, -'eɪz-/ n. a tranquillizing muscle-relaxant drug used chiefly to relieve anxiety 安定 Also called 亦称 VALIUM (trademark【商标】).
> ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of BENZODIAZEPINE and AMIDE.

**diazo** /daɪ'æzəʊ, -'eɪzəʊ/ (also 亦作 **diazotype**) n. a copying or colouring process using a diazo compound decomposed by ultraviolet light 重氮复印; 重氮染色

**diazo compound** n. Chemistry【化】an organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms bonded together, especially a diazonium compound 重氮化合物
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: diazo from DIAZONIUM.

**diazonium** /daɪə'zəʊniəm/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry【化】of or denoting an organic cation containing two nitrogen atoms bonded together, present in many synthetic dyes 重氮基的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger. from diazo- (indicating the presence of two nitrogen atoms) + the suffix -onium (from AMMONIUM).

**dib** /dɪb/ v. (**dibs**, **dibbing**, **dibbed**) another term for DAP **dap**的另一种说法
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: rel to DAB¹.

**dibasic** /daɪ'beɪsɪk/ adj. Chemistry【化】(of an acid) having two replaceable hydrogen atoms (酸)二元的; 二(碱)价的

**dibber** /'dɪbə(r)/ n. Brit.【英】another term for DIBBLE **dibble**的另一种说法

**dibble** /'dɪbl/ n. a pointed hand tool for making holes in the ground for seeds or young plants 挖穴器; 点播器 ■v. dig or plant with a dibble 点播; 穴植
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: appar. rel. to DIB (also used in this sense in dial.).

**dibbler** /'dɪblə(r)/ n. a marsupial mouse of SW Australia, now endangered 斑袋鼬 [Parantechinus apicalis.]

**dibs** /dɪbz/ pl. n. informal【非正式】1 (often in phr. 常用于短语 **have first dibs**) N. Amer.【北美】the right to share or choose something 分享权; 选择权 2 money 钱
> ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting pebbles used in a children's game): from earlier dib-stones, perh. from DIB.

**dice** /daɪs/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 a small cube with faces bearing from one to six spots, used in games of chance 骰子 See also 另见 DIE².
> a game played with dice 掷骰子游戏 2 small cubes of food 小方块食物, 丁 ■v. 1 [often as noun 常作名词 **dicing**] play or gamble with dice 掷骰子; 掷骰子赌博 2 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **diced**] cut (food) into small cubes 将(食物)切成小方块; 将…切成丁
> PHRASES 短语 **dice with death** take serious risks 冒巨大危险 **no dice** informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】used to refuse a request or indicate no chance of success 不行; 没门
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dicer** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. des, pl. of de (see 见 DIE²).
> USAGE 用法说明
> Historically, **dice** is the plural of **die**, but in modern standard English **dice** is used as both the singular and the plural. 在过去, **dice** 是 **die**的复数, 但在现代规范英语中, **dice**既可作单数也可作复数。

**dicentra** /daɪ'sentrə/ n. a herbaceous plant of a genus with drooping clusters of flowers and including bleeding heart 荷包牡丹 [Genus Dicentra.]
> ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk dikentros, from di- 'two' + kentron 'spur, sharp point'.

**dicentric** /daɪ'sentrɪk/ adj. Genetics【遗】(of a chromosome) having two centromeres (染色体)具双着丝粒的

**dicey** /'daɪsi/ adj. (**dicier**, **diciest**) informal【非正式】unpredictable and potentially dangerous 无法预言的; 有潜在危险的

**dichogamy** /daɪ'kɒgəmi/ n. Botany【植】the ripening of the stamens and pistils of a flower at different times, so that self-fertilization is prevented 雌雄(蕊)异熟 Compare with 比较 HOMOGAMY (sense 3 释义3).
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dichogamous** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dikho- 'apart, in two' + gamos 'marriage'.

**dichotic** /daɪ'kɒtɪk/ adj. involving the simultaneous stimulation of the right and left ear by different sounds 双耳两分的
> ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th cent.: from Gk dikho- 'apart' + ous, ōt- 'ear' + -IC.

**dichotomize** or **dichotomise** /daɪ'kɒtəmaɪz, dɪ-/ v. regard or represent as divided or opposed 二分, 对分

**dichotomy** /daɪ'kɒtəmi, dɪ-/ n. (pl. **dichotomies**) 1 a division or contrast between two things that are opposed or entirely different 二分 2 Botany【植】repeated branching into two equal parts 二歧分枝式
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dichotomous** adj. **dichotomously** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: via mod. L. from Gk dikhotomia, from dikho- 'in two, apart' + -tomia (see 见 -TOMY).

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**dichroic** /daɪ'krəʊɪk/ adj. (of a crystal) showing different colours when viewed from different directions or in light of differing polarization (晶体)二向色的, 二色性的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dichroism** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dikhroos (from di- 'twice' + khrōs 'colour') + -IC.

**dichromate** /daɪ'krəʊmeɪt/ n. Chemistry【化】a salt, typically red or orange, containing the anion Cr₂O₇²⁻ 重铬酸盐

**dichromatism** /daɪ'krəʊmətɪz(ə)m/ n. 1 the occurrence of two different kinds of colouring, especially in an animal species (尤指动物物种的)二色性 2 colour blindness in which only two of the three primary colours can be discerned 二色视
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dichromatic** adj.

**dick¹** /dɪk/ n. vulgar slang【粗俚】1 a man's penis 鸡巴 2 Brit.【英】a stupid or contemptible person 蠢货; 可鄙之人 3 [with neg. 与否定结构连用] N. Amer.【北美】anything at all 一点儿: You don't know dick about it! 你对这事一无所知! ■v. (usu. 通常用 **dick around/about**) informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】meddle or fool around 摆弄; 无所事事
> ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the general sense 'fellow'): familiar form of the given name Richard.

**dick²** /dɪk/ n. informal, dated, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 过时, 主北美】a detective 侦探
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: perh. an arbitrary shortening of DETECTIVE, or from obs. sl. dick 'look', from Romany.

**dickcissel** /dɪk'sɪsl, 'dɪksɪsl/ n. a sparrow-like North American songbird with a black-and-white throat and bright yellow breast 美洲(斯皮扎)雀 [Spiza americana.]
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: imitative of its call.

**dickens** /'dɪkɪnz/ n. informal【非正式】used for emphasis, or to express annoyance or surprise when asking questions (用于强调或提问时表示恼怒或吃惊)到底, 究竟: What the dickens is going on? 到底是怎么回事?
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: a euphemism for 'devil', prob. a use of the surname Dickens.

**Dickensian** /dɪ'kenziən/ adj. reminiscent of the novels of Charles Dickens, especially in terms of the poverty and squalor that they portray 类似狄更斯小说的 (尤指类似狄更斯笔下描述的那种贫困和肮脏)

**dicker** /'dɪkə(r)/ v. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】1 engage in petty argument or bargaining 小吵小闹, 砍价 2 toy or fiddle with something 玩弄, 耍弄
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dickerer** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from obs. dicker 'set of ten (hides)', used as a unit of trade, based on L. decem 'ten'.

**dickhead** /'dɪkhed/ n. vulgar slang【粗俚】a stupid, irritating, or ridiculous person 傻瓜; 猪头; 白痴

**dicky¹** /'dɪki/ (also 亦作 **dickey**) n. (pl. **dickies** or **dickeys**) 1 informal【非正式】a false shirt front 假衬衫 2 chiefly Brit.【主英】a folding outside seat at the back of some early cars (一些老式车辆尾部的)折叠加座
> a driver's seat in a carriage (马车的)车夫座位 3 Indian【印度】the boot of a car (汽车的)行李箱
> ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a petticoat): each sense prob. has a different origin; perh. partly from Dicky, familiar form of Richard.

**dicky²** /'dɪki/ adj. (**dickier**, **dickiest**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】not strong, healthy, or functioning reliably 不强壮的; 有病的, 不可靠的
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from the given name Dick, in the old saying as queer as Dick's hatband.

**dicky bird** n. informal【非正式】a child's word for a bird (儿语)小鸟, 雀仔
> PHRASES 短语 **not a dicky bird** not a word; nothing at all 一个字都没有, 什么都没有

**dicky bow** n. informal【非正式】a bow tie (蝴蝶)领结

**dicot** /'daɪkɒt/ n. short for DICOTYLEDON **dicotyledon**的缩略式

**dicotyledon** /daɪkɒtɪ'li:d(ə)n/ n. Botany【植】a plant with an embryo bearing two cotyledons, such plants constituting the larger (Dicotyledoneae) of the two classes of flowering species 双子叶植物 Compare with 比较 MONOCOTYLEDON.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dicotyledonous** adj.

**dicrotic** /daɪ'krɒtɪk/ adj. Medicine【医】denoting a pulse in which a double beat is detectable for each beat of the heart (脉)二波的, 重搏的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dikrotos 'beating twice' + -IC.

**dicta** /'dɪktə/ plural form of DICTUM **dictum**的复数形式

**Dictaphone** /'dɪktəfəʊn/ n. trademark【商标】a small cassette recorder used to record speech for transcription at a later time 口述录音机

**dictate** v. /dɪk'teɪt/ 1 state or order authoritatively 强行规定; 命令 ▸ control or decisively affect; determine 控制; 支配; 决定 2 say or read aloud (words to be typed or written down) 口述, 口授(要打出来或写下的话语) ■n. /'dɪkteɪt/ an order or principle that must be obeyed 命令; 规定; 要求
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dictation** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dictat-, dictare.

**dictator** /dɪk'teɪtə(r)/ n. 1 a ruler with total power over a country 独裁者 ▸ an autocratic person 独断独行的人, 专横的人 2 (in ancient Rome) a chief magistrate with absolute power, appointed in an emergency (古罗马非常时期任命的)独裁官

**dictatorial** /dɪktə'tɔ:riəl/ adj. of or typical of a dictator 独裁(者)的 ▸ having or showing an autocratic manner 独断独行的, 专横的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dictatorially** adv.

**dictatorship** /dɪk'teɪtəʃɪp/ n. 1 government by a dictator 独裁政府; 专制统治 2 a country governed by a dictator 独裁国家

**diction** /'dɪkʃn/ n. 1 the choice and use of words in speech or writing 措辞, 用语 2 the style of enunciation in speaking or singing (讲话或唱歌的)发音, 吐字

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> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dictio(n-), from dicere 'to say'.

**dictionary** /'dɪkʃənri/ n. (pl. **dictionaries**) a book that lists the words of a language in alphabetical order and gives their meaning, or their equivalent in a different language 词典, 字典; 辞典
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. dictionarium (manuale) or dictionarius (liber) 'manual or book of words', from L. dictio (see 见 DICTION).

**dictum** /'dɪktəm/ n. (pl. **dicta** /-tə/ or **dictums**) a formal pronouncement from an authoritative source 宣言, 正式声明; 权威意见 ▸ a short statement that expresses a general truth or principle 名言, 格言 ▸ Law【律】short for OBITER DICTUM **obiter dictum**的缩略式
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., lit. 'something said', neut. past part. of dicere.

**dicynodont** /daɪ'saɪnədɒnt/ n. a fossil herbivorous mammal-like reptile of the late Permian and Triassic periods, with beaked jaws and no teeth apart from two tusks in the upper jaw of the male 二齿兽
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Dicynodontia, from Gk di- 'two' + kuōn 'dog' + odous, odont- 'tooth'.

**did** /dɪd/ past of DO¹ **do¹**的过去式

**didactic** /dɪ'dæktɪk, daɪ-/ adj. intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive 教导的, 教诲的; (道德)说教的 ▸ in the manner of a teacher, especially so as to be patronizing 教师般的; (尤指)喜欢教训人的, 好说教的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **didactically** adv. **didacticism** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk didaktikos, from didaskein 'teach'.

**didanosine** /dɪ'dænəʊsi:n/ n. Medicine【医】another term for DIDEOXYINOSINE **dideoxyinosine**的另一种说法

**diddicoy** /'dɪdɪkɔɪ/ n. variant spelling of DIDICOI **didicoi**的另一种拼法

**diddle** /'dɪdl/ v. informal【非正式】1 cheat or swindle 欺骗, 诈骗 2 N. Amer.【北美】waste time 浪费时间, 闲混 3 vulgar slang, chiefly N. Amer.【粗俚, 主北美】have sex with 与…性交
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diddler** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from the name of Jeremy Diddler, a character in the farce Raising the Wind (1803) who constantly borrowed small sums of money.

**diddly-squat** /'dɪdli'skwɒt/ (also 亦作 **doodly-squat**) pron. [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] informal【非正式】anything at all 任何事物, 任何东西
> ORIGIN 词源 1960s: prob. from US sl. doodle 'excrement' + SQUAT in the sense 'defecate'.

**diddums** /'dɪdəmz/ exclam. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】used to express commiseration to a child (用于安慰小孩)好啦, 乖 (tease you, do that to you, etc.).
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from did 'em, i.e. 'did they?'.

**diddy** /'dɪdi/ adj. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】little 小的
> ORIGIN 词源 prob. a child's corruption of LITTLE.

**dideoxyinosine** /daɪdiɒksi'ɪnəʊsi:n/ n. Medicine【医】a drug used in the treatment of HIV infection, especially in combination with zidovudine 双脱氧肌苷, 地丹诺辛 (一种治疗艾滋病感染的药物, 尤与齐多夫定合用)
> ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from DI-¹ + deoxy- (in the sense 'that has lost oxygen)' + INOSINE.

**didgeridoo** /dɪdʒ(ə)ri'du:/ n. an Australian Aboriginal wind instrument in the form of a long wooden tube, which is blown to produce a deep resonant sound 迪洁里都号角 (澳大利亚土著使用的一种低沉音木管乐器)
> ORIGIN 词源 from an Aborig. lang. of Arnhem Land.

**didi** /'di:di:/ n. Indian【印度】an older sister or older female cousin 姐姐; 堂姐; 表姐 ▸ a respectful form of address to an older woman (对年长妇女的尊称)阿姐
> ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dīdī.

**didicoi** /'dɪdɪkɔɪ/ n. (pl. **didicois**) dialect【方】a Gypsy or other nomadic person 吉普赛人; 流浪人
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. an alt. of Romany dik akei 'look here'.

**didn't** /'dɪdnt/ contr. did not

**dido** /'daɪdəʊ/ n. (pl. **didoes** or **didos**) (in phr. 用于短语 **cut (up) didoes**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】play pranks 搞恶作剧
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**didst** /dɪdst/ archaic second person singular past of DO¹ **do¹**的古代第二人称单数过去式

**didymium** /dɪ'dɪmiəm/ n. Chemistry【化】a mixture containing the rare-earth elements praseodymium and neodymium, used to colour glass for optical filters 钕镨混合物
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk didumos 'twin' + -IUM.

**die¹** /daɪ/ v. (**dies**, **dying**, **died**) 1 stop living 死, 死亡 ▸ (**die out**) become extinct 灭绝 ▸ be forgotten 被遗忘 2 (often 常用 **die away/down**) become less loud or strong 渐低; 渐息; 减弱 ▸ (**die back**) (of a plant) decay from the tip toward the root (植物)由顶至根地腐烂 3 informal【非正式】used to emphasize strong desire, embarrassment, shock, etc. (用于强调)非常渴望(或难堪、震惊等): I nearly died when I saw them. 见到他们时我简直难堪死了。
> (**be dying for/to do something**) be very eager for something 想要…/想要做…
> PHRASES 短语 **die a (or the) death** Brit.【英】fail utterly or come to an end 彻底失败; 终结, 结束 **die hard** change very slowly 改变很慢: Old habits die hard. 旧习难改。 **never say die** said to encourage someone not to give up hope 别气馁, 别灰心 **to die for** informal【非正式】extremely good or desirable 好得要死的, 极妙的
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON deyja, of Gmc origin; rel. to DEAD.

**die²** /daɪ/ n. 1 singular form of DICE **dice**的单数形式 2 (pl. **dies**) a device for cutting or moulding metal or for stamping a design on coins or medals 模具; 阴模 3 (pl. **dies**) Architecture【建】the cubic part of a pedestal between the base and the cornice; a dado or plinth 方形柱脚台座

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> PHRASES 短语 **the die is cast** a decision has been taken that cannot be changed 木已成舟 (指事已定局, 难以挽回) **(as) straight as a die** 1 completely straight 笔直 2 entirely open and honest 绝对诚实, 非常正直
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. de, from L. datum 'something given or played', neut. past part. of dare.
> USAGE 用法说明
> In modern standard English, the singular **die** (rather than **dice**) for sense 1 is relatively uncommon. **Dice** is widely used for both the singular and the plural. 在现代标准英语中, **die** (而不是**dice**) 作为释义1的单数形式相对而言不常用。**dice** 现在广泛地既作单数亦作复数。

**dieback** /'daɪbæk/ n. a condition in which a tree or shrub begins to die from the tip of its leaves or roots backwards 枯梢病, 顶(梢)枯死

**die-cast** adj. (of a metal object) formed by pouring molten metal into a reusable mould (金属物品)压铸的, 模铸的 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **die-casting**] make (a metal object) in this way 压铸, 模铸(金属物品)

**dieffenbachia** /di:f(ə)n'bækiə/ n. a plant of a genus that includes dumb cane and its relatives 花叶万年青 [Genus Dieffenbachia.]
> ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the 19th-cent. German horticulturalist Ernst Dieffenbach.

**diegesis** /daɪə'dʒi:sɪs/ n. (pl. **diegeses** /-si:z/) formal【正式】a narrative or plot 叙事; 情节
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diegetic** /-'dʒetɪk/ adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk diēgēsis 'narrative'.

**diehard** /'daɪhɑ:d/ n. a person who strongly opposes change or who continues to support something in spite of opposition 顽固分子, 死硬派

**diel** /'di:l/ adj. Biology【生物】denoting or involving a period of twenty-four hours 一昼夜的
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from L. dies 'day' + -(a)l (see 见 -AL).

**dieldrin** /'di:ldrɪn/ n. an insecticide made by the oxidation of aldrin, now largely banned 狄氏(杀虫)剂 (现一般禁止使用)
> ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from the name of the German chemist Otto Diels + ALDRIN.

**dielectric** /daɪɪ'lektrɪk/ Physics【物】adj. having the property of transmitting electric force without conduction; insulating 介电的 ■n. an insulator 介电体, (电)介质
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dielectrically** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DI-³ + ELECTRIC.

**dielectric constant** n. Physics【物】a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electric field 介电常数

**diencephalon** /daɪen'sef(ə)lɒn, -'kef-/ n. Anatomy【解】the caudal (posterior) part of the forebrain, containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle 间脑 Compare with 比较 TELENCEPHALON.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diencephalic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DI-³ + ENCEPHALON.

**diene** /'daɪi:n/ n. Chemistry【化】an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing two double bonds between carbon atoms 双烯
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DI-¹ + -ENE.

**dieresis** /daɪ'ɪərɪsɪs, -'er-/ n. US spelling of DIAERESIS **diaeresis**的美式拼法

**diesel** /'di:zl/ n. 1 an internal-combustion engine in which heat produced by the compression of air in the cylinder is used to ignite the fuel 柴油机, 内燃机 2 (also 亦作 **diesel oil**) a heavy petroleum fraction used as fuel in diesel engines 柴油
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dieselize** or **dieselise** v.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the German engineer Rudolf Diesel.

**diesel-electric** adj. denoting or relating to a locomotive driven by the electric current produced by a diesel-engined generator (机车)柴油电力传动的, 内燃电力传动的 ■n. a diesel-electric locomotive 电力传动柴油机车

**diesel-hydraulic** adj. denoting or relating to a locomotive driven by a hydraulic transmission system powered by a diesel engine (机车)柴油液力传动的, 内燃液力传动的 ■n. a diesel-hydraulic locomotive 液力传动柴油机车

**die-sinker** n. a person who engraves dies used to stamp designs on coins or medals 制模工, 开模工
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **die-sinking** n.

**Dies Irae** /di:eɪz 'iəraɪ, 'iəreɪ/ n. a Latin hymn sung in a Mass for the dead (做安魂弥撒时诵唱的)末日经
> ORIGIN 词源 L., 'day of wrath' (the opening words of the hymn).

**diesis** /'daɪəsɪs/ n. (pl. **dieses** /-isi:z/) Printing【印刷】the double dagger symbol ‡ 双剑号 (即‡)
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: L., from Gk diēsis, from diienai 'send through', from dia 'through' + ienai 'send'.

**dies non** /di:eɪz 'nɒn/ n. (pl. same 单复同) a day on which no legal business can be done, or which does not count for legal purposes 休庭日, 非法院工作日
> ORIGIN 词源 L., short for dies non juridicus 'non-judicial day'.

**die-stamping** n. a method of embossing paper or another surface using a die 压凸印刷, 凹凸印刷

**diestock** /'daɪstɒk/ n. a hand tool used in the cutting of external screw threads 板牙扳手, 板牙架

**diestrus** /daɪ'i:strəs/ n. US spelling of DIOESTRUS **dioestrus**的美式拼法

**diet¹** /'daɪət/ n. 1 the kinds of food that a person, animal, or community habitually eats 日常饮食, 日常食物 ▸ the activities, pastimes, etc. in which a person or group habitually engages 习惯性的活动(或消遣)

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 2 a special course of food to which a person restricts themselves to lose weight or for medical reasons (出于减肥或医疗目的的)特种饮食, 规定饮食
> [as modifier 作修饰语](of food or drink) with reduced fat or sugar content (食物或饮料)低脂肪的, 低糖的 ■v. (**diets**, **dieting**, **dieted**) restrict oneself to a special diet to lose weight (为减肥而)进特种饮食, 节食
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dietary** adj. **dieter** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diete (n.), dieter (v.), via L. from Gk diaita 'a way of life'.
> **1911** Did people in the Edwardian era have a **2011** more relaxed approach to body image? Or was food in shorter supply? At any rate, the modern sense of a diet that is followed in order to lose weight is absent from the first edition, as is the verbal sense. The first edition does contain the word banting, though, defined as 'treatment of obesity by abstinence from sugar, starch, & fat' and derived from the name of the English undertaker William Banting, who popularized a low-carbohydrate diet. Maybe things weren't so different then after all. 爱德华七世时代的人们不怎么在乎体形吗? 还是当时食品供应比现在紧张? 无论如何, 为了减肥而节食这一现代义并未被收入第一版, 相应的动词义亦然。不过, 第一版中倒是收录了 **banting** 这个词, 释义为“通过戒绝蔗糖、淀粉和脂肪来治疗肥胖”。该词源自英国殡葬业者 William Banting (威廉·班廷), 此人使一种低糖饮食得到普及。也许当时情况根本没有太大差别。

**diet²** /'daɪət/ n. 1 a legislative assembly in certain countries (某些国家的)国会, 议会
> historical【史义】a regular meeting of the states of a confederation (联邦各州特使的)常规会议 2 Scots Law【苏格兰律】a meeting or session of a court 法庭开庭日; 法庭庭期
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. dieta 'day's work, wages'.

**dietetic** /daɪə'tetɪk/ adj. concerned with diet and nutrition 饮食的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dietetically** adv.

**dietetics** /daɪə'tetɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of knowledge concerned with the diet and its effects on health 饮食学

**diethylene glycol** /daɪ'eθɪli:n, -ɒl-/ n. Chemistry【化】a colourless soluble liquid used as a solvent and antifreeze 二乙二醇, 二甘醇

**dietitian** /daɪə'tɪʃn/ (also 亦作 **dietician**) n. an expert on diet and nutrition 饮食学家

**dif-** /dɪf/ prefix variant spelling of DIS- assimilated before f (as in diffraction, diffuse) **dis-**的另一种拼法 (f用于前被同化, 如diffraction, diffuse)
> ORIGIN 词源 from L., var. of DIS-.

**differ** /'dɪfə(r)/ v. 1 be unlike or dissimilar 不同, 相异, 有区别: Actual results may differ from expectations. 实际结果可能与预期不同。 2 disagree with someone 意见相左, 持不同看法
> PHRASES 短语 **agree to differ** amicably stop arguing because agreement will never be reached 同意彼此保留不同意见 **beg to differ** politely disagree 恕不能同意
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. differer 'differ, defer', from L. different-, differre, from dis- 'from, away' + ferre 'bring, carry'; cf. DEFER¹.

**difference** /'dɪfrəns/ n. 1 a way in which people or things are different 差别, 差异; 不同之处 ▸ the state or condition of being different 不同, 相异 2 the remainder left after subtraction of one value from another 差, 差额 3 a disagreement or quarrel (意见的)分歧, 争论, 争执 4 Heraldry【纹章】an alteration in a coat of arms to distinguish members or branches of a family (盾徽上区别家族成员或支脉的)区分图记 ■v. Heraldry【纹章】alter (a coat of arms) to distinguish members or branches of a family 在(盾徽)上作出区分图记 (以区别家族成员或支脉)
> PHRASES 短语 **with a difference** having a new or unusual feature or treatment 独具创新的, 与众不同的
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. differentia, from L. different- (see 见 DIFFER).

**different** /'dɪfrənt/ adj. 1 not the same as another or each other; unlike 不同的, 相异的, 有区别的
> informal【非正式】novel and unusual 新奇的, 别致的, 与众不同的 2 distinct; separate 各别的; 另外的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **differently** adv. **differentness** n.
> USAGE 用法说明
> There is little difference in sense between **different from**, **different to**, and **different than**, and all have been used by respected writers. **Different from** is traditionally held to be the correct structure, and is the commonest in written evidence. **Different to** is common in Britain, but is disliked by traditionalists. **Different that** is used chiefly in North America. It has the advantage that it can be followed by a clause, and so is sometimes more concise than **different from**: compare *things are definitely different than they were one year ago* with *things are definitely different from the way they were one year ago*. **different from**, **different to** 和 **different than** 在意思上区别很小, 且都为著名作家在文中使用过。**different from** 传统上被认为是正确的结构, 也是在写作中用得最多的。**different to** 常见于英国, 但为传统主义者所不喜。**different than** 主要用于北美。它具有一个优势, 即后面可跟从句, 因此有时比 **different from** 更简洁: 试比较 *Things are definitely different than they were one year ago* 和 *Things are definitely different from the way they were one year ago*.

**differentia** /dɪfə'renʃiə/ n. (pl. **differentiae** /-ʃii:/) a distinguishing mark or characteristic 区别标记; 区别特征

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> chiefly Philosophy【主哲】an attribute that distinguishes a species of thing from other species of the same genus 种差
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. (see 见 DIFFERENCE).

**differentiable** /dɪfə'renʃiəbl/ adj. able to be differentiated 可区别的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **differentiability** n.

**differential** /dɪfə'renʃl/ chiefly technical【主技】adj. 1 constituting or depending on a difference; varying according to circumstances or relevant factors (构成)差别的, 依差别而定的; 显示差异的 2 Mathematics【数】relating to infinitesimal differences or to the derivatives of functions 微分的 ■n. 1 a difference 差别, 差异 ▸ Brit.【英】a difference in wages between industries or between categories of employees in the same industry (行业或同行业雇员类别之间的)工资级差 ▸ Mathematics【数】an infinitesimal difference between successive values of a variable 微分 2 a gear allowing a vehicle's driven wheels to revolve at different speeds in cornering 差动(或差速)齿轮
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **differentially** adv.

**differential calculus** n. Mathematics【数】the part of calculus concerned with the derivatives of functions 微分学

**differential coefficient** n. Mathematics【数】another term for DERIVATIVE **derivative**的另一种说法

**differential equation** n. an equation involving derivatives of a function or functions 微分方程

**differentiate** /dɪfə'renʃieɪt/ v. 1 recognize or identify as different; distinguish 区别, 区分; 鉴别
> cause to appear different or distinct 使不同, 使有差别; 构成…间的差别 2 technical【技】make or become different in the process of growth or development (使)变异; (使)分化 3 Mathematics【数】transform (a function) into its derivative 求(函数)的微分
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **differentiation** n. **differentiator** n.

**differently abled** adj. euphemistic, chiefly N. Amer.【婉, 主北美】disabled 具有不同行为能力的, 残疾的

**difficult** /'dɪfɪkəlt/ adj. 1 needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand 困难的, 费劲的; 难做的, 难理解的 2 not easy to please or satisfy; awkward 难以取悦的; 很难满足的, 难弄的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **difficultly** adv. (rare【罕】). **difficultness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: back-form. from DIFFICULTY.

**difficulty** /'dɪfɪkəlti/ n. (pl. **difficulties**) 1 the state or condition of being difficult 困难, 费劲 2 a difficult or dangerous situation; a problem 麻烦; 困境; 难事; 难题
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. difficultas, from dis- (expressing reversal) + facultas 'ability, opportunity'.

**diffident** /'dɪfɪdənt/ adj. modest or shy because of a lack of self-confidence 羞怯的, 缺乏自信的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diffidence** n. **diffidently** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. diffident-, diffidere 'fail to trust'.

**diffract** /dɪ'frækt/ v. Physics【物】cause to undergo diffraction 使衍射
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diffractive** adj. **diffractively** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. diffract-, diffringere 'break in pieces'.

**diffraction** /dɪ'frækʃn/ n. Physics【物】the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge 衍射

**diffraction grating** n. a plate of glass or metal ruled with very close parallel lines, producing a spectrum by diffraction and interference of light 衍射光栅

**diffractometer** /dɪfræk'tɒmɪtə(r)/ n. an instrument for detecting and measuring diffracted radiation, especially in crystallography 衍射仪

**diffuse** v. /dɪ'fju:z/ spread over a wide area 扩散, 散播, (使)四散; (使)弥漫 ▸ Physics【物】intermingle with another substance by movement of particles 扩散 ■adj. /dɪ'fju:s/ 1 spread out over a large area; not concentrated 四散的; 弥漫的 ▸ (of disease) not localized in the body (疾病)弥漫性的, 扩散的 2 lacking clarity or conciseness 冗长的, 芜蔓的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diffusely** /dɪ'fju:sli/ adv. **diffuseness** /dɪ'fju:snɪs/ n. **diffuser** (also 亦作 **diffusor**) n. **diffusible** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. diffus-, diffundere 'pour out'; the adj. is via Fr. diffus or L. diffusus 'extensive'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> The verbs **diffuse** and **defuse** sound similar but have different meanings. **Diffuse** means 'spread over a wide area', while **defuse** means 'reduce the danger or tension in'. Thus sentences such as *Cooper successfully diffused the situation* are wrong, while *Cooper successfully defused the situation* would be correct. 动词 **diffuse** 和 **defuse** 发音相似但意思不同。**diffuse** 意为 “扩散”, 而 **defuse** 意为 “缓和, 平息”。所以, 像 *Cooper successfully diffused the situation* 这种句子是错的, 而 *Cooper successfully defused the situation* (库珀成功平息了局势)是正确的。

**diffusion** /dɪ'fju:ʒn/ n. 1 the action or process of diffusing 扩散, 散播; 弥漫 ▸ Anthropology【人】the dissemination of elements of culture to another region or people (文化要素的)传播, 传流 2 [as modifier 作修饰语]denoting a range of relatively inexpensive garments produced for the mass market by a fashion designer 副(牌)的 (指服装设计师向大众推出的价格较便宜的成衣系列)
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diffusional** adj. **diffusionism** n. **diffusionist** adj. & n. **diffusive** adj.

**diffusivity** /dɪfju:'sɪvɪti/ n. (pl. **diffusivities**) Physics【物】a measure of the capability of a substance or energy to be diffused or to allow something to pass by diffusion 扩散率

**dig** /dɪg/ v. (**digs**, **digging**; past and past part. **dug**) 1 break up and move earth with a tool or with hands, paws, etc. 掘地; 挖掘

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> make (a hole) by digging 挖成, 掘成(洞) ▸ extract from the ground by digging 挖出, 掘得 ▸ (**dig in**) (of a soldier) protect oneself by making a trench or similar ground defence (士兵)掘壕防守, 挖掩体隐蔽 ▸ excavate (an archaeological site) 发掘(考古遗迹) 2 push or poke sharply 插; 戳, 刺: He dug his hands into his pockets. 他把手插进口袋里。 3 search, rummage, or investigate 搜寻; 翻找; 调查 ▸ (**dig something out/up**) bring out or discover something after a search (搜寻后)找出, 发现 4 (**dig in**) begin eating heartily 开始(大)吃 5 informal【非正式】like or appreciate 喜欢; 欣赏; 领会 ■n. 1 an act or spell of digging 掘, 挖掘 ▸ an archaeological excavation 考古发掘 2 a sharp push or poke 碰; 插; 戳, 刺 3 informal【非正式】a mocking or critical remark 挖苦, 讽刺; 批评
> PHRASES 短语 **dig up dirt** informal【非正式】discover and reveal damaging information about someone 挖出丑闻 **dig oneself into a hole** get oneself into an awkward or restrictive situation 自挖陷阱, 自陷困境 **dig in one's heels** stubbornly refuse to give in 固执己见; 拒绝让步
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from OE dīc 'ditch'.

**Digambara** /dɪ'gæmbərə/ n. a member of one of two principal sects of Jainism, male ascetic members of which traditionally reject property ownership and do not wear clothes (耆那教的)天衣派成员 See also 另见 SVETAMBARA.
> ORIGIN 词源 from Sanskrit Digāmbara, lit. 'sky-clad'.

**digamma** /daɪ'gæmə/ n. the sixth letter of the early Greek alphabet (Ϝ, ϝ), probably pronounced as 'w' 早期希腊字母表的第6个字母
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk, from di- 'twice' + GAMMA (because of the shape of the letter, resembling gamma (Γ) with an extra stroke).

**digastric muscle** /daɪ'gæstrɪk/ n. Anatomy【解】each of a pair of muscles which run under the jaw and act to open it 二腹肌
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. digastricus, from di- 'twice' + Gk gastēr 'belly' (because the muscle has two fleshy parts or 'bellies' connected by a tendon).

**digenean** /daɪdʒɪ'ni:ən, daɪ'dʒeniən/ adj. Zoology【动】relating to or denoting parasitic flukes which need from two to four hosts to complete their life cycle (寄生吸虫)复殖的 Compare with 比较 MONOGENEAN.
> ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from the mod. L. name of the subclass Digenea (from Gk di- 'twice' + genea 'generation, race') + -AN.

**digerati** /dɪdʒə'rɑ:ti/ pl. n. informal【非正式】people with expertise or professional involvement in information technology 信息技术行家
> ORIGIN 词源 1990s: blend of DIGITAL and LITERATI.

**digest** v. /daɪ'dʒest, dɪ-/ 1 break down (food) in the stomach and intestines into substances that can be used by the body 消化(食物) 2 Chemistry【化】treat (a substance) with heat, enzymes, or a solvent in order to break it down (通过热、酶或溶剂)消化, 煮解(物质) 3 understand or assimilate (information) by reflection 理解, 吸收(信息) 4 arrange in a systematic or convenient order, especially by reduction (尤指通过削减)整理, 把…分类 ■n. /'daɪdʒest/ 1 a compilation or summary of information 摘要, 概要, 简编 ▸ a methodical summary of a body of laws 法规汇集
> (**the Digest**) the compendium of Roman law compiled in the reign of the emperor Justinian 《学说汇纂》(罗马皇帝查士丁尼统治时期所汇编的罗马法) 2 Chemistry【化】a substance or mixture obtained by digestion 消化产物
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digester** n. **digestibility** n. **digestible** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. digest-, digerere 'distribute, dissolve, digest'; the noun is from L. digesta 'matters methodically arranged'.

**digestif** /daɪ'dʒesti:f, di:ʒe'sti:f/ n. a drink, especially an alcoholic one, taken before or after a meal in order to aid the digestion (饭前或饭后喝的)助消化饮料; (尤指)助消化酒
> ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'digestive'.

**digestion** /daɪ'dʒestʃən/ n. the process of digesting 消化(作用) ▸ a person's capacity to digest food 消化能力

**digestive** /daɪ'dʒestɪv/ adj. relating to the process of digesting food 消化的 ▸ (of food or medicine) aiding or promoting the process of digestion (食品或药物)助消化的 ■n. 1 a food or medicine that aids or promotes the digestion of food 助消化食品; 助消化药 2 Brit.【英】a round semi-sweet biscuit made of wholemeal flour 粗面饼干, 消化饼干
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digestively** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. digestif, -ive or L. digestivus, from digest-, digerere (see 见 DIGEST).

**digger** /'dɪgə(r)/ n. 1 a person, animal, or large machine that digs earth 挖掘者; 有挖掘习性的动物; 挖掘机 2 (**Digger**) a member of a group of radical dissenters formed as an offshoot of the Levellers, believing in a form of agrarian communism 掘土派成员 (历史上英国平均派一支激进分支的成员, 主张土地公有) 3 Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】a friendly form of address for a man (用作称呼)伙计

**digger wasp** n. a solitary wasp which excavates a burrow, filling it with paralysed insects or spiders for its larvae to feed on 泥蜂; 蛛蜂 [Families Sphecidae and Pompilidae: many species.]

**diggings** /'dɪgɪŋz/ pl. n. 1 a site such as a mine or goldfield that has been excavated 矿区, 矿山; 金矿
> material that has been dug from the ground 掘得物, 发掘物 2 Brit. informal, dated【英, 非正式, 过时】lodgings 寄宿舍; 住所 [prob. referring to the land where a farmer digs (works) and, by extension, lives.]

**dight** /daɪt/ adj. archaic【古】clothed or equipped 穿戴的; 装备的 ■v. 1 literary【文】make ready; prepare 使准备就绪, 准备 2 Scottish & N. English【苏格兰, 英北】wipe clean or dry 把…擦净(或擦干)
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: past part. of archaic dight 'order, deal with', based on L. dictare 'dictate'.

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**digit** /'dɪdʒɪt/ n. 1 any of the numerals from 0 to 9, especially when forming part of a number (0到9中的任何一个)数字, 数位 2 a finger or thumb 手指; 拇指 ▸ Zoology【动】a finger, thumb, or toe 指; 趾
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. digitus 'finger, toe'.

**digital** /'dɪdʒɪtl/ adj. 1 relating to or using signals or information represented as digits using discrete values of a physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization (信号或信息)数字的 Compare with 比较 ANALOGUE. ▸ involving or relating to the use of computer technology 数字技术的, (使用)计算机技术的: the digital revolution 数字化革命 2 (of a clock or watch) showing the time by means of displayed digits rather than hands or a pointer (钟或表)数字显示的 3 relating to a finger or fingers 手指的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digitally** adv.

**digital audiotape** n. magnetic tape used to make digital recordings 数字式音频磁带

**digital camera** n. a camera which produces digital images that can be stored in a computer and displayed on screen 数字照相机, 数码相机

**digital divide** n. the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet and those who do not 数字鸿沟 (指有机会使用计算机和互联网的人与不具备这些条件的人之间的差距)

**digitalin** /dɪdʒɪ'teɪlɪn/ n. a drug containing the active constituents of digitalis 毛地黄苷

**digitalis** /dɪdʒɪ'teɪlɪs/ n. a drug prepared from foxglove leaves, containing substances that stimulate the heart muscle 毛地黄 (一种强心剂)
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from the mod. L. genus name of the foxglove, from digitalis (herba) '(plant) relating to the finger', suggested by Ger. Fingerhut 'thimble or foxglove'.

**digitalize¹** or **digitalise** /'dɪdʒɪt(ə)laɪz/ v. another term for DIGITIZE **digitize**的另一种说法
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digitalization** n.

**digitalize²** or **digitalise** /'dɪdʒɪt(ə)laɪz/ v. Medicine【医】administer digitalis or digoxin to (a patient with a heart complaint) 给(心脏病患者)服用毛地黄(或地高辛)
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digitalization** n.

**digitate** /'dɪdʒɪtət, -eɪt/ adj. technical【技】shaped like a spread hand 指状的, 掌状的

**digitation** /dɪdʒɪ'teɪʃn/ n. 1 Zoology & Botany【动, 植】a finger-like protuberance 指状突 2 Computing【计】the conversion of data to digital form (数据的)数字化

**digitigrade** /'dɪdʒɪtɪgreɪd/ adj. Zoology【动】(of a mammal) walking on its toes and not touching the ground with its heels, as a dog, cat, or rodent (哺乳动物)趾行的 Compare with 比较 PLANTIGRADE.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. digitus 'finger, toe' + -gradus '-walking'.

**digitize** or **digitise** /'dɪdʒɪtaɪz/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **digitized**] convert (pictures or sound) into a digital form that can be processed by a computer 将(图像或声音)数字化
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digitization** n. **digitizer** n.

**digitoxin** /dɪdʒɪ'tɒksɪn/ n. Chemistry【化】a compound with similar properties to digoxin and found with it in the foxglove and other plants 毛地黄毒苷

**diglossia** /daɪ'glɒsiə/ n. Linguistics【语言】a situation in which two languages (or two varieties of the same language) are used under different conditions within a community, often by the same speakers 双重语体
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diglossic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk diglōssos 'bilingual', on the pattern of Fr. diglossie.

**dignified** /'dɪgnɪfaɪd/ adj. having or showing dignity 有尊严的; 高贵的; 高尚的; 庄严的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dignifiedly** adv.

**dignify** /'dɪgnɪfaɪ/ v. (**dignifies**, **dignifying**, **dignified**) make (something) seem worthy and impressive 使有尊严; 使变得崇高; 使变得庄严 ▸ give an impressive name to (someone or something unworthy of it) 使显得堂皇; 抬高…的身价
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dignefier, from late L. dignificare, from L. dignus 'worthy'.

**dignitary** /'dɪgnɪt(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **dignitaries**) a person holding high rank or office 显贵; 高官; 要人

**dignity** /'dɪgnəti/ n. (pl. **dignities**) 1 the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect 高贵; 高尚; 尊严 2 a composed or serious manner or style 威严, 庄严, 端庄 ▸ a sense of pride in oneself 自豪, 自尊
> PHRASES 短语 **stand on one's dignity** insist on being treated with due respect 坚持受到应有的礼遇; 保持尊严
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dignete, from L. dignitas, from dignus 'worthy'.

**digoxin** /dɪ'dʒɒksɪn/ n. Chemistry【化】a poisonous compound present in the foxglove and other plants, used to treat irregularities of heart rhythm (由毛地黄等中提取治疗心律不齐的)地高辛
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: contr. of DIGITOXIN.

**digraph** /'daɪgrɑ:f/ n. 1 a combination of two letters representing one sound, as in ph and ey 合成符, 二合字母 2 Printing【印刷】a ligature 连字, 连结字体
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digraphic** adj.

**digress** /daɪ'gres/ v. leave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing 离题
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **digresser** n. **digression** n. **digressive** adj. **digressively** adv. **digressiveness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. digress-, digredi 'step away', from di- 'aside' + gradi 'to walk'.

**digs** /dɪgz/ pl. n. informal【非正式】lodgings 寄宿舍; 住所
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: short for DIGGINGS (sense 2).

**dihedral** /daɪ'hi:drl/ adj. having or contained by two plane faces 二面的

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■n. 1 an angle formed by two plane faces 二面角 2 Aeronautics【航空】upward inclination of an aircraft's wing 上反角
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DI-¹ + -hedral (see 见 -HEDRON).

**dihybrid** /daɪ'haɪbrɪd/ n. Genetics【遗】a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes 双因子杂种, 双因子杂合子

**dihydric** /daɪ'haɪdrɪk/ adj. Chemistry【化】(of an alcohol) containing two hydroxyl groups (醇)二羟基的

**dihydrotestosterone** /daɪ,haɪdrəʊtes'tɒstərəʊn/ n. Biochemistry【生化】a male sex hormone which is the active form of testosterone 双氢睾酮
> ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from dihydro- (in the sense 'containing two hydrogen atoms in the molecule') + TESTOSTERONE.

**dik-dik** /'dɪkdɪk/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **dik-diks**) a dwarf antelope found on the dry savannah of Africa 犬羚 [Genus Madoqua: several species.]
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: a local word in East Africa, imitative of its call.

**dike¹** /daɪk/ n. variant spelling of DYKE¹ **dyke¹**的另一种拼法

**dike²** /daɪk/ n. variant spelling of DYKE² **dyke²**的另一种拼法

**diktat** /'dɪktæt/ n. an order or decree imposed by someone in power without popular consent (有权力一方强加的)命令, 法令
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Ger.

**DIL** abbr. Electronics【电子】dual in-line (package)

**dilapidate** /dɪ'læpɪdeɪt/ v. archaic【古】cause to fall into disrepair or ruin 使失修; 使倾坍
> ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'waste, squander'): from L. dilapidat-, dilapidare 'demolish, squander', lit. 'scatter as if throwing stones'.

**dilapidated** /dɪ'læpɪdeɪtɪd/ adj. (of a building or object) in a state of disrepair or ruin as a result of age or neglect (建筑物)年久失修的, 倾坍的; (东西)破烂的, 损坏的

**dilapidation** /dɪlæpɪ'deɪʃn/ n. 1 the process of falling into decay or the state of being in disrepair 倾坍(过程); 失修(状态) 2 (**dilapidations**) repairs required during or at the end of a tenancy or lease (租赁期间或到期时)房屋所需的修缮 ▸ (in church use) a sum charged against an incumbent for wear and tear during a tenancy (教会用语)(向居住教会房屋的教区牧师收取的)折旧费

**dilatancy** /daɪ'leɪt(ə)nsi, dɪ-/ n. Chemistry【化】the phenomenon exhibited by some fluids, sols, and gels in which they become more viscous when stress is applied 胀塑性

**dilatation** /daɪleɪ'teɪʃn, dɪ-, -lə-/ n. chiefly Medicine & Physiology【主医和生理】the action of dilating a vessel or opening or the process of becoming dilated 扩张 ▸ a dilated part of a hollow organ or vessel (中空器官或血管的)扩张部分

**dilatation and curettage** n. a surgical procedure involving dilatation of the cervix and curettage of the uterus, performed after a miscarriage or for the removal of cysts or tumours 刮宫术

**dilate** /daɪ'leɪt, dɪ-/ v. 1 make or become wider, larger, or more open (使)膨胀; (使)扩大: Her eyes dilated with horror. 她的眼睛因恐惧而张大。 2 (**dilate on**) speak or write at length on 详述, 铺叙
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dilatable** adj. **dilation** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dilater, from L. dilatare 'spread out'.

**dilator** /daɪ'leɪtə(r)/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **dilator muscle**) Anatomy【解】a muscle whose contraction dilates an organ or aperture, such as the pupil of the eye 开大肌 2 a surgical instrument for dilating a tube or cavity in the body 扩张器 3 a vasodilatory drug 扩张药

**dilatory** /'dɪlət(ə)ri/ adj. 1 slow to act 拖拉的, 延误的 2 intended to cause delay 拖延的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dilatorily** adv. **dilatoriness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. dilatorius 'delaying', from L. dilator 'delayer', from dilat-, differre 'defer'.

**dildo** /'dɪldəʊ/ n. (pl. **dildos** or **dildoes**) an object shaped like an erect penis used for sexual stimulation (用于性刺激的)假阳具, 人造阴茎
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**dilemma** /dɪ'lemə, daɪ-/ n. 1 a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives 进退两难的窘境, 左右为难的境地
> informal【非正式】a difficult situation or problem 困境; 难题 2 Logic【逻】an argument forcing an opponent to choose either of two unfavourable alternatives 二难推理
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk dilēmma, from di- 'twice' + lēmma 'premise'.

**dilettante** /dɪlɪ'tænteɪ, -ti/ n. (pl. **dilettanti** /-ti/ or **dilettantes**) a person who has a superficial interest in a subject but lacks real knowledge of it 浅薄的涉猎者, 半吊子 ▸ archaic【古】a person with an amateur interest in the arts 艺术爱好者
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dilettantish** adj. **dilettantism** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., 'person loving the arts'.

**diligence¹** /'dɪlɪdʒəns/ n. careful and persistent work or effort 勤勉, 勤奋; 用功

**diligence²** /'dɪlɪdʒəns/ n. historical【史义】a public stagecoach 公共马车, 驿车
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., shortened from carrosse de diligence 'coach of speed'.

**diligent** /'dɪlɪdʒənt/ adj. careful and conscientious in one's work or duties 勤勉的, 勤奋的; 孜孜不倦的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diligently** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. diligens, diligent- 'assiduous', from diligere 'love, take delight in'.

**dill¹** /dɪl/ (also 亦作 **dill weed**) n. an aromatic culinary and medicinal herb of the parsley family, with yellow flowers 莳萝, 土茴香 [Anethum graveolens.]
> ORIGIN 词源 OE dile, dyle, of unknown origin.

**dill²** /dɪl/ n. Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】a naive or foolish person 天真的人; 傻瓜, 笨蛋
> ORIGIN 词源 1940s: appar. a back-form. from DILLY².

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**dill pickle** n. pickled cucumber flavoured with dill 莳萝泡菜 (一种加莳萝的腌黄瓜)

**dilly¹** /'dɪli/ n. (pl. **dillies**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】an excellent example of something 杰出的例子, 惊人的东西
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of the first syllable of DELIGHTFUL or DELICIOUS.

**dilly²** /'dɪli/ adj. (**dillier**, **dilliest**) Austral./NZ informal, dated【澳新, 非正式, 过时】odd or foolish 古怪的; 愚蠢的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. a blend of DAFT and SILLY.

**dillybag** /'dɪlibæg/ n. Austral.【澳】a bag or basket of traditional aboriginal design, made from woven grass or fibre (有传统土著图案的)编袋, 编篮
> ORIGIN 词源 from Yagara (an extinct aboriginal language of Queensland) dili 'coarse grass or reeds, woven bag' + BAG.

**dilly-dally** v. (**dilly-dallies**, **dilly-dallying**, **dilly-dallied**) informal【非正式】dawdle or vacillate 磨蹭; 游荡; 三心二意, 犹豫
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: reduplication of DALLY.

**diluent** /'dɪljʊənt/ technical【技】n. a substance used to dilute something 稀释剂 ■adj. acting to cause dilution 用以稀释的
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. diluent-, diluere 'dissolve'.

**dilute** /daɪ'l(j)u:t, dɪ-/ v. 1 make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent 稀释, 冲淡(液体) 2 make weaker or less effective by modifications or additions (通过改变或添加以)削弱, 减轻, 降低 ■adj. /also 亦作 'daɪ-/ (of a liquid) diluted (液体)经稀释的 ▸ Chemistry【化】(of a solution) having a relatively low concentration of solute (溶液)稀的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diluter** n. **dilution** n. **dilutive** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dilut-, diluere 'wash away, dissolve'.

**diluvial** /daɪ'l(j)u:viəl, dɪ-/ (also 亦作 **diluvian**) adj. relating to a flood or floods, especially the biblical Flood 洪水的; 洪水引起的; (尤指《圣经》中所记述的)大洪水的
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. diluvialis, from diluvium 'deluge'.

**dim** /dɪm/ adj. (**dimmer**, **dimmest**) 1 (of a light or illuminated object) not shining brightly or clearly (光或被照之物)暗淡的, 昏暗的 ▸ made difficult to see by darkness, shade, or distance 不清楚的, 朦胧的, 隐约的 ▸ (of the eyes) not able to see clearly (眼睛)看不清的 2 not clearly recalled or formulated in the mind (记忆)不清晰的; (意识)模糊的: dim memories 模糊的记忆 3 informal【非正式】stupid; unintelligent 迟钝的; 愚蠢的 ■v. (**dims**, **dimming**, **dimmed**) make or become dim (使)变暗淡; (使)变模糊 ▸ N. Amer.【北美】dip (a vehicle's headlights) 把(汽车前照灯)调为近光
> PHRASES 短语 **take a dim view of** regard with disapproval 对…持否定(或怀疑)看法
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dimly** adv. **dimmable** adj. **dimmish** adj. **dimness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 OE dim, dimm, of Gmc origin.

**dim.** abbr. diminuendo

**dime** /daɪm/ n. N. Amer.【北美】a ten-cent coin 10美分硬币 ▸ informal【非正式】a small amount of money 小钱, 少量的钱
> PHRASES 短语 **a dime a dozen** informal【非正式】very common and of little value 不值钱; 不稀罕 ▸ **drop a (or the) dime on** informal【非正式】inform on 告发 **on a dime** informal【非正式】within a small area or short distance 在小范围(或近距离)
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. denoting a tithe or tenth part): from OFr. disme, from L. decima pars 'tenth part'.

**dime novel** n. N. Amer. dated【北美, 过时】a cheap, popular novel 廉价通俗小说

**dimension** /dɪ'menʃn, daɪ-/ n. 1 a measurable extent, such as length, breadth, or height (长、宽、高等)尺寸 ▸ Physics【物】an expression for a derived physical quantity in terms of fundamental quantities such as mass, length, or time, raised to the appropriate power (acceleration, for example, having the dimension of length × time⁻²) 量纲 2 an aspect or feature 范围; 方面; 特点: the cultural dimensions of the problem 该问题的文化方面 ■v. cut or shape to particular dimensions 把…切削成(或刨成)特定的尺寸 ▸ [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **dimensioned**] mark (a diagram) with dimensions 在(图表)上标出尺寸
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-dimensional** adj. **dimensionally** adv. **dimensionless** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. dimensio(n-), from dimetiri 'measure out'.

**dimer** /'daɪmə(r)/ n. Chemistry【化】a molecule or molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together 二聚体
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dimeric** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from DI-¹, on the pattern of polymer.

**dimerize** or **dimerise** /'daɪməraɪz/ v. Chemistry【化】combine with a similar molecule to form a dimer (使)二聚, (使)成为二聚体
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dimerization** n.

**dimerous** /'dɪm(ə)rəs/ adj. Botany & Zoology【植, 动】having parts arranged in groups of two 二基数的
> consisting of two joints or parts 具二节的; 分二部的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. dimerus + -ous.

**dime store** n. N. Amer.【北美】a shop selling cheap merchandise (originally one where the maximum price was a dime) 廉价杂货店, 小商品店 ▸ [as modifier 作修饰语]cheap and inferior 廉价的; 低劣的

**dimeter** /'dɪmɪtə(r)/ n. Prosody【诗体】a line of verse consisting of two metrical feet 二音步(或二步格)诗行
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk dimetros 'of two measures'.

**dimethyl sulphoxide** /daɪ,mi:θaɪl sʌl'fɒksaɪd, -,meθ-, -əʊl/ (US【美】**dimethyl sulfoxide**) n. Chemistry【化】a pungent colourless liquid used as a solvent, especially for medicines applied to the skin (尤用于涂敷皮肤药物的)二甲基亚砜

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**dimetrodon** /daɪ'mi:trədɒn/ n. a large fossil carnivorous mammal-like reptile of the Permian period, with long spines on its back supporting a sail-like crest 异齿龙
> ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from di- 'twice' + Gk metron 'measure' + odous, odont- 'tooth' (taken in the sense 'two long teeth').

**diminish** /dɪ'mɪnɪʃ/ v. 1 make or become less (使)减少; (使)变小 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **diminished**] Music【音】denoting an interval which is one semitone less than the corresponding minor or perfect interval 减(音程)的
> PHRASES 短语 **(the law of) diminishing returns** the principle that as expenditure or investment increases each further increase produces a proportionately smaller return 收益递减(律)
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diminishable** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: blend of archaic minish 'diminish' (based on L. minutia 'smallness') and obs. diminue 'speak disparagingly' (based on L. deminuere 'lessen').

**diminished responsibility** n. English Law【英格兰律】an unbalanced mental state which is recognized as grounds to reduce a charge of murder to that of manslaughter (基于不完全精神错乱将谋杀罪降级为非预谋杀人罪的)减轻的责任

**diminuendo** /dɪ,mɪnju'endəʊ/ Music【音】adv. & adj. with a decrease in loudness 在音量上渐弱地(的) ■v. (**diminuendos**, **diminuendoing**, **diminuendoed**) decrease in loudness or intensity 在音量上渐弱
> ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'diminishing'.

**diminution** /dɪmɪ'nju:ʃn/ n. 1 a reduction in size, extent, or importance 减少; 降低 2 Music【音】the shortening of the time values of notes in a melodic part 减值

**diminutive** /dɪ'mɪnjʊtɪv/ adj. 1 extremely or unusually small 极小的; 微小的 2 (of a word, name, or suffix) implying smallness, either actual or as an expression of affection or scorn (e.g. teeny, -let) (词、名字或后缀)指小的 (指实际尺寸或表示喜爱或嘲笑, 如 teeny, -let) ■n. a diminutive word or suffix 指小词; 指小词缀 ▸ a shortened informal form of a name 昵称, 爱称
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diminutively** adv. **diminutiveness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diminutif, -ive, from late L. diminutivus, from L. deminut-, deminuere 'lessen'.

**dimissory** /'dɪmɪs(ə)ri/ adj. (in the Christian Church) denoting formal permission from a bishop for a person from one diocese to be ordained in another (基督教会)转出教区(许可状)的
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (as pl. n.): from late L. dimissorius, from dimiss-, dimittere 'send away'.

**dimity** /'dɪmɪti/ n. a hard-wearing cotton fabric woven with stripes or checks 麻纱, 条格麻纱
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Ital. dimito or med. L. dimitum, from Gk dimitos, from di- 'twice' + mitos 'warp thread'.

**DIMM** abbr. Computing【计】dual in-line memory module 双列直插式内存组件

**dimmer** /'dɪmə(r)/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **dimmer switch**) a device for varying the brightness of an electric light 调光器, 变光器, 减光器 2 US【美】a dipped headlight 调为近光的汽车前照灯

**dimorphic** /daɪ'mɔ:fɪk/ adj. chiefly Biology【主生物】occurring in or representing two distinct forms 二态的; 二形的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dimorphism** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dimorphos (from di- 'twice' + morphē 'form') + -IC.

**dimple** /'dɪmpl/ n. a small depression in the flesh, either permanent or forming in the cheeks when one smiles 酒窝, 笑靥 ▸ a slight depression in the surface of an object 浅凹, 小凹; 小坑 ■v. produce a dimple or dimples in the surface of 使微凹, 使起涟漪
> [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **dimpled**] form or show a dimple or dimples (使)现酒窝
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dimply** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Gmc origin.

**dim sum** /dɪm 'sʌm/ (also 亦作 **dim sim** /'sɪm/) n. a Chinese dish of small steamed or fried savoury dumplings containing various fillings 点心 (饺子、春卷等)
> ORIGIN 词源 from Chin. (Cantonese dial.) tim sam, from tim 'dot' and sam 'heart'.

**dimwit** /'dɪmwɪt/ n. informal【非正式】a stupid or silly person 笨蛋, 傻子
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dim-witted** adj. **dim-wittedly** adv. **dimwittedness** n.

**DIN** n. any of a series of technical standards originating in Germany and used internationally, especially to designate electrical connections and film speeds (尤用于指示电气连接和胶卷感光度的)德国工业标准, 德国标准化学会标准
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: acronym from Deutsche Industrie-Norm 'German Industrial Standard'.

**din** /dɪn/ n. a loud, unpleasant, and prolonged noise 喧闹声, 嘈杂声 ■v. (**dins**, **dinning**, **dinned**) 1 (**din something into**) instil information into (someone) by constant repetition 再三向(某人)叮嘱(某事) 2 make a din 发出喧闹声, 发出嘈杂声
> ORIGIN 词源 OE dyne, dynn (n.), dynian (v.), of Gmc origin.

**dinar** /'di:nɑ:(r)/ n. 1 the basic monetary unit of Serbia equal to 100 paras 第纳尔 (塞尔维亚的基本货币单位, 1第纳尔 = 100帕拉) 2 the basic monetary unit of certain countries of the Middle East and North Africa, equal to 1,000 fils in Jordan, Bahrain, and Iraq, 1,000 dirhams in Libya, and 100 centimes in Algeria 第纳尔 (中东和北非一些国家的基本货币单位) 3 a monetary unit of Iran, equal to one hundredth of a rial 第纳尔 (伊朗的货币单位, 100第纳尔 = 1里亚尔)
> ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. and Pers. dīnār, Turk. and Serbian dinar, via late Gk from L. denarius (see 见 DENARIUS).

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**dine** /daɪn/ v. 1 eat dinner 吃饭, 进餐 2 (**dine out on**) regularly entertain friends with (a humorous or interesting anecdote) 经常给朋友讲(趣闻轶事)
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. disner, prob. from desjeuner 'to break fast'.

**diner** /'daɪnə(r)/ n. 1 a person who dines 就餐者, 用餐者 2 a dining car on a train (火车上的)餐车 3 N. Amer.【北美】a small roadside restaurant, originally one designed to resemble a dining car (路边的)小餐馆 (最早设计为餐车式样)

**dinero** /dɪ'neərəʊ/ n. N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】money 钱
> ORIGIN 词源 Sp., 'coin, money'.

**dinette** /daɪ'net/ n. 1 a small room or part of a room used for eating meals 小餐室; 小饭厅 2 N. Amer.【北美】a set of table and chairs for such an area (小餐室里的)一套就餐桌椅
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: formed irregularly from DINE + -ETTE.

**ding¹** /dɪŋ/ v. make a ringing sound 使叮当作响

**ding²** /dɪŋ/ n. 1 N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a mark or dent on the bodywork of a car or other vehicle (车身上的)凹坑, 划痕 2 Scottish or dialect【苏格兰或方】a blow on the head (对头部的)一击 ■v. 1 informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】dent or hit 使产生凹痕; 打 2 (**ding into**) Scottish【苏格兰】bump into 撞上
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin.

**ding-a-ling** /'dɪŋəlɪŋ/ n. 1 the ringing sound of a bell 铃声 2 N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】an eccentric or stupid person 怪人; 傻瓜

**Ding an sich** /dɪŋ æn 'zɪx/ n. (in Kant's philosophy) a thing as it is in itself, not mediated through perception by the senses or conceptualization, and therefore unknowable (康德哲学中的)物自体, 自在之物
> ORIGIN 词源 from Ger.

**dingbat** /'dɪŋbæt/ n. informal【非正式】1 N. Amer. & Austral./NZ【北美, 澳新】a stupid or eccentric person 傻瓜; 怪人 2 (**dingbats**) Austral./NZ【澳新】delusions or feelings of unease, particularly those induced by delirium tremens 幻觉; 不安 3 a typographical device other than a letter or numeral, used to signal divisions in text or to replace letters in a euphemistically presented vulgar word (印刷中表示文本分段或代替脏字字母的)畸形花饰
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: origin uncertain; perh. based on DING².

**ding-dong** /'dɪŋdɒŋ/ n. informal【非正式】1 Brit.【英】a fierce argument or fight 激辩; 争吵 2 N. Amer.【北美】a silly or foolish person 傻瓜, 蠢人 ■adv. & adj. 1 with the simple alternate chimes of a bell 叮当叮当地(的) 2 [as adj. 作形容词] Brit. informal【英, 非正式】(of a contest) evenly matched and hard fought (比赛)难分胜负的

**dinger** /'dɪŋə(r)/ n. 1 US informal【美, 非正式】something outstanding of its kind (同类中的)拔尖者, 佼佼者 2 Baseball【棒】a home run 本垒打
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortening of HUMDINGER.

**dinghy** /'dɪŋgi, 'dɪŋi/ n. (pl. **dinghies**) 1 a small boat for recreation or racing, especially an open boat with a mast and sails (尤指独桅)小游艇, 小赛艇 2 a small inflatable rubber boat 充气橡皮筏
> ORIGIN 词源 C19 (denoting a rowing boat in India): from Hindi dingī.

**dingle** /'dɪŋgl/ n. literary or dialect【文或方】a deep wooded valley (树木掩隐的)幽谷
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a deep abyss): of unknown origin.

**dingo** /'dɪŋgəʊ/ n. (pl. **dingoes** or **dingos**) 1 a wild or semi-domesticated Australian dog with a sandy-coloured coat 澳洲野犬 [Canis dingo.] 2 Austral. informal【澳, 非正式】a cowardly or treacherous person 懦夫; 叛徒
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Dharuk din-gu 'domesticated dingo'.

**dingus** /'dɪŋəs/ n. (pl. **dinguses**) N. Amer. & S. African informal【北美, 南非, 非正式】a thing one cannot or does not wish to name specifically 那玩意儿 (指不能或不愿说出具体名字的东西)
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Afrik. from Du. ding 'thing'.

**dingy** /'dɪn(d)ʒi/ adj. (**dingier**, **dingiest**) gloomy and drab 暗淡的; 无光泽的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dingily** adv. **dinginess** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. based on OE dynge 'dung'.

**dining car** n. a railway carriage equipped as a restaurant (火车上的)餐车

**dining room** n. a room in a house or hotel in which meals are eaten 餐室, 餐厅

**dink** /dɪŋk/ n. (in sport) a softly hit pass which drops abruptly to the ground (体育运动中的)吊球
> Tennis【网】a drop shot 吊球
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: symbolic of the light action.

**Dinka** /'dɪŋkə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Dinkas**) 1 a member of a Sudanese people of the Nile basin 丁卡人 (居住在尼罗河流域的苏丹一民族成员) 2 the Nilotic language of the Dinka 丁卡语
> ORIGIN 词源 from the local word Jieng 'people'.

**dinkum** /'dɪŋkəm/ (also 亦作 **fair dinkum**) Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】adj. genuine; true 真正的; 真实的 ■adv. [often in questions 常用于疑问句] really; honestly 真正地; 诚实地
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**dinky¹** /'dɪŋki/ adj. (**dinkier**, **dinkiest**) informal【非正式】1 Brit.【英】attractively small and neat 小巧精致的; 小而整洁的 2 N. Amer.【北美】disappointingly small; insignificant 小得不起眼的; 微不足道的
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Scots and north. Engl. dial. dink 'neat, trim'.

**dinky²** /'dɪŋki/ n. (pl. **dinkies**) informal【非正式】a partner in a well-off working couple with no children 丁克族一员 (富裕且均有工作但无子女的夫妻中的一方)
> ORIGIN 词源 1980s: acronym from double income, no kids (yet).

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**dinky-di** /dɪŋki'daɪ/ adj. Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】variant of DINKUM **dinkum**的变体

**dinner** /'dɪnə(r)/ n. the main meal of the day, taken either around midday or in the evening (中午或晚上的)正餐, 主餐
> a formal evening meal, typically one in honour of a person or event (多指为招待某人或纪念某事的)宴会, 正式晚宴
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. disner (see 见 DINE).

**dinner dance** n. a formal social event at which guests have dinner, followed by dancing (餐后有舞会的)舞宴

**dinner jacket** n. a man's short jacket without tails, typically a black one, worn with a bow tie for formal evening occasions (多为黑色的)男子餐服, 小礼服, 无尾礼服

**dinner lady** n. Brit.【英】a woman who serves midday meals in a school (学校的)午餐女服务员, 餐厅阿姨

**dinner party** n. a social occasion at which guests eat dinner together at someone's house (在家里招待客人的)宴会

**dinner suit** n. a dinner jacket and trousers, worn with a bow tie on formal occasions 晚礼服, 晚宴套装

**dinoflagellate** /daɪnə(ʊ)'flædʒəleɪt/ n. a single-celled aquatic organism with two flagella, occurring in large numbers in marine plankton 沟鞭藻 [Division Dinophyta.]
> ORIGIN 词源 C19 (as adj.): from mod. L. Dinoflagellata, from Gk dinos 'whirling' + L. flagellum (see 见 FLAGELLUM).

**dinosaur** /'daɪnəsɔ:(r)/ n. 1 a Mesozoic fossil reptile of a diverse group including large bipedal and quadrupedal forms such as tyrannosaurus, brachiosaurus, triceratops, etc. 恐龙 2 a person or thing that is outdated or has become obsolete because of failure to adapt 老古董; 过时的人(或物); 不能适应新形势的人(或物)
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dinosaurian** adj. & n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. dinosaurus, from Gk deinos 'terrible' + sauros 'lizard'.

**dint** /dɪnt/ n. 1 an impression or hollow in a surface 凹痕, 凹坑 2 archaic【古】a blow or stroke 一击 ■v. mark with dints 在…上打出(或压出)凹痕
> PHRASES 短语 **by dint of** by means of 凭借; 由于
> ORIGIN 词源 OE dynt, reinforced in ME by the rel. ON word dyntr; cf. DENT.

**diocesan** /daɪ'ɒsɪs(ə)n/ adj. of or concerning a diocese 教区的 ■n. the bishop of a diocese (教区)主教

**diocese** /'daɪəsɪs/ n. (pl. **dioceses** /'daɪəsi:z, -si:zɪz/ or same 单复同 /'daɪəsi:z/) a district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church (主教管辖的)教区
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diocise, from late L. diocesis, from L. dioecesis 'governor's jurisdiction, diocese'.

**diode** /'daɪəʊd/ n. Electronics【电子】1 a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only (半导体)二极管 2 a thermionic valve with two electrodes (热离子)二极管
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DI-¹ + a shortened form of ELECTRODE.

**dioecious** /daɪ'i:ʃəs/ adj. Biology【生物】(of a plant or invertebrate animal) having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals (植物)雌雄异株的; (无脊椎动物)雌雄异体的 Compare with 比较 MONOECIOUS.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dioecy** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from mod. L. Dioecia (a class in Linnaeus's system), from DI-¹ + Gk -oikos 'house'.

**dioestrus** /daɪ'i:strəs/ (US【美】**diestrus**) n. Zoology【动】(in most female mammals) a period of sexual inactivity between recurrent periods of oestrus (大多数雌性哺乳动物的)间情期

**diol** /'daɪɒl/ n. Chemistry【化】an alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups in its molecule 二醇

**Dionysiac** /daɪə'nɪziæk/ (also 亦作 **Dionysian** /-ziən/) adj. 1 Greek Mythology【希腊神话】relating to the god Dionysus 酒神狄俄尼索斯的 2 relating to the sensual, spontaneous, and emotional aspects of human nature 耽于声色的; 狂欢的; 放荡的 Compare with 比较 APOLLONIAN.

**Diophantine equation** /daɪə'fæntaɪn, -teɪn/ n. Mathematics【数】a polynomial equation with integral coefficients for which integral solutions are required 丢番图方程
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the third-cent. Greek mathematician Diophantus.

**diopside** /daɪ'ɒpsaɪd/ n. a pale green to white silicate mineral occurring in many metamorphic and igneous rocks 透辉石
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., formed irregularly from DI-³ + Gk opsis 'aspect', later interpreted as from Gk diopsis 'a view through'.

**dioptre** /daɪ'ɒptə(r)/ (US【美】**diopter**) n. a unit of refractive power, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length (in metres) of a given lens 屈光度 (折光能力单位)
> ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. denoting an alidade, later a form of theodolite): from Fr., from L. dioptra, from Gk, from di- 'through' + optos 'visible'.

**dioptric** /daɪ'ɒptrɪk/ adj. relating to the refraction of light, especially in the organs of sight or in devices which aid or improve the vision (尤指视力器官或助视设备)折(射)光的, 屈光的
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk dioptrikos, from dioptra, a kind of theodolite (see 见 DIOPTRE).

**dioptrics** /daɪ'ɒptrɪks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of optics concerned with refraction 折射光学, 屈光学

**diorama** /daɪə'rɑ:mə/ n. 1 a model representing a scene with three-dimensional figures 立体模型
> a miniature film set used for special effects or animation (用于特技效果或动画制作的)微型电影布景 2 chiefly historical【主史义】a scenic painting, viewed through a peephole, in which changes in illumination simulate changes in the weather and time of day (通过小孔窥视的)透视图画, 西洋景

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> ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from DIA-, on the pattern of panorama.

**diorite** /'daɪəraɪt/ n. Geology【地质】a speckled, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting typically of plagioclase, feldspar, and hornblende 闪长岩
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dioritic** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., formed irregularly from Gk diorizein 'distinguish' + -ITE¹.

**diosgenin** /daɪ'ɒsdʒənɪn/ n. Chemistry【化】a steroid compound obtained from Mexican yams and used in the synthesis of steroid hormones 薯蓣皂苷配基
> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from dios- (from the mod. L. genus name Dioscorea) + genin, denoting steroids that occur as the non-sugar part of certain glycosides.

**dioxane** /daɪ'ɒkseɪn/ (also 亦作 **dioxan** /-æn/) n. Chemistry【化】a colourless toxic heterocyclic compound used as an organic solvent 二噁烷, 二氧杂环己烷

**dioxide** /daɪ'ɒksaɪd/ n. Chemistry【化】an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in its molecule or empirical formula 二氧化物

**dioxin** /daɪ'ɒksɪn/ n. a highly toxic organic compound produced as a by-product in some manufacturing processes 二噁英

**DIP** /dɪp/ abbr. 1 Computing【计】document image processing 文档图像处理 2 Electronics【电子】dual in-line package

**Dip.** abbr. diploma

**dip** /dɪp/ v. (**dips**, **dipping**, **dipped**) 1 (**dip something in/into**) put or let something down quickly or briefly in or into (liquid) 把…浸(或蘸)入(液体) ▸ make (a candle) by immersing a wick repeatedly in hot wax (浸烛芯于热蜡中)制造(蜡烛) 2 sink, drop, or slope downwards 下沉; 落下; 向下倾斜 ▸ (of a level or amount) temporarily become lower or smaller (水平或数量短暂地)降低, 减少 ▸ lower or move downwards 下降; 下行 ▸ Brit.【英】lower the beam of (a vehicle's headlights) 把(汽车前照灯)的远光调为近光 3 (**dip into**) put a hand or implement into (a bag or container) in order to take something out 从(袋中)掏取; 从(容器)中舀取 ▸ spend from or make use of (one's financial resources) 掏(腰包); 解(囊) 4 (**dip out**) Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】fail 失败 ■n. 1 an act of dipping, especially a brief swim 浸; 蘸; (尤指短暂的)游泳 2 a thick sauce in which pieces of food are dipped before eating 沙司, 蘸酱 3 a brief downward slope followed by an upward one (暂时的)下倾 ▸ an instance of dropping briefly before rising again 短暂下降 4 the angle made with the horizontal at any point by the earth's magnetic field 磁倾角 ▸ Geology【地质】the angle a stratum makes with the horizontal (地层)倾角 ▸ Astronomy & Surveying【天文, 测量】the apparent depression of the horizon from the line of observation, due to the curvature of the earth 视倾角 5 N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a stupid or foolish person 傻瓜, 蠢人
> PHRASES 短语 **dip one's toe into (or in)** begin to do (something) cautiously 谨慎地开始做(某事)
> ORIGIN 词源 OE dyppan, of Gmc origin; rel. to DEEP.

**DipAD** /dɪp'æd/ abbr. (in the UK) Diploma in Art and Design (英国)美术与设计文凭

**DipEd** /dɪp'ed/ abbr. (in the UK) Diploma in Education (英国)教育学文凭

**dipeptide** /daɪ'peptaɪd/ n. Biochemistry【生化】a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues 二肽

**DipHE** /dɪp'eɪtʃ'i:/ abbr. (in the UK) Diploma of Higher Education (英国)高等教育文凭

**diphenhydramine** /daɪfen'haɪdrəmi:n/ n. Medicine【医】an antihistamine compound used for the symptomatic relief of allergies 苯海拉明

**diphtheria** /dɪp'θɪəriə, dɪf-/ n. a serious bacterial disease causing inflammation of the mucous membranes and formation of a false membrane in the throat which hinders breathing and swallowing 白喉
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diphtherial** adj. **diphtheritic** /dɪpθə'rɪtɪk, dɪf-/ adj. **diphtheroid** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Fr. diphthérie, from Gk diphthera 'skin, hide'.

**diphthong** /'dɪfθɒŋ, 'dɪp-/ n. a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another (as in coin) 二合元音, 双元音, 复元音
> a digraph representing the sound of a diphthong or single vowel (as in feat) 合成符, 二合字母
> a ligature (such as æ) 连字, 连结字体
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diphthongal** /-'θɒŋgl/ adj. **diphthongization** or **diphthongisation** n. **diphthongize** or **diphthongise** v.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. diphtongue, via late L. from Gk diphthongos, from di- 'twice' + phthongos 'sound'.

**diphycercal** /dɪfɪ'sɜ:kl/ adj. Zoology【动】(of a fish's tail) approximately symmetrical and with the vertebral column continuing to the tip (鱼尾)圆形的, 对称的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk diphu- 'of double form' + kerkos 'tail' + -AL.

**diplegia** /daɪ'pli:dʒə/ n. Medicine【医】paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body, typically affecting the legs more severely than the arms 双侧瘫痪

**diplo-** /'dɪpləʊ/ comb. form 1 double 双, 复: diplococcus 双球菌 2 diploid 二倍体: diplotene 双线期
> ORIGIN 词源 from Gk diplous 'double'.

**diplococcus** /dɪplə(ʊ)'kɒkəs/ n. (pl. **diplococci** /-k(s)aɪ, -k(s)i:/) a bacterium that occurs as pairs of cocci, e.g. pneumococcus 双球菌

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**diplodocus** /dɪ'plɒdəkəs, dɪplə(ʊ)'dəʊkəs/ n. a huge herbivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic period, with a long, slender neck and tail 梁龙
> ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from DIPLO- + Gk dokos 'wooden beam'.

**diploid** /'dɪplɔɪd/ adj. Genetics【遗】(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (细胞或细胞核)二倍体的 Compare with 比较 HAPLOID.
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diploidy** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk diplous 'double' + -OID.

**diploma** /dɪ'pləʊmə/ n. 1 a certificate awarded by an educational establishment for passing an examination or completing a course of study 毕业文凭, 学位证书 2 historical【史义】an official document or charter 公文, 文书; 执照, 特许证
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk diploma 'folded paper'.

**diplomacy** /dɪ'pləʊməsi/ n. 1 the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations 外交; 外交技巧 2 skill and tact in dealing with people (处理人际关系的)手腕, 手段, 策略
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. diplomatie, from diplomatique 'diplomatic', on the pattern of aristocratie 'aristocracy'.

**diplomat** /'dɪpləmæt/ n. an official representing a country abroad 外交官

**diplomate** /'dɪpləmeɪt/ n. chiefly US【主美】a holder of a diploma, especially a doctor certified as a specialist by a board of examiners 毕业文凭(或学位证书)持有者; (尤指)持有资格证书的医师

**diplomatic** /dɪplə'mætɪk/ adj. 1 of or concerning diplomacy 外交的; 从事外交的 2 tactful 有手腕的; 策略的; 圆滑的 3 (of an edition or copy) exactly reproducing the original (版本)仿真本的; (复件)和原件一致的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diplomatically** adv.

**diplomatic bag** n. Brit.【英】a container in which official mail is sent to or from an embassy, which is not subject to customs inspection 外交邮袋, 外交信袋 (通常不受海关检查)

**diplomatic corps** n. the body of diplomats representing other countries in a particular state 外交使团

**diplomatic immunity** n. the privilege of exemption from certain laws and taxes granted to diplomats by the state in which they are working 外交豁免权

**diplomatic pouch** n. US term for DIPLOMATIC BAG **diplomatic bag**的美式说法

**diplomatist** /dɪ'pləʊmətɪst/ n. old-fashioned term for DIPLOMAT **diplomat**的过时说法

**diplopia** /dɪ'pləʊpiə/ n. technical term for DOUBLE VISION **double vision**的专业说法

**diplotene** /'dɪpləti:n/ n. Biology【生物】the fourth stage of the prophase of meiosis, following pachytene, during which the paired chromosomes begin to separate 双线期
> ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from DIPLO- + Gk tainia 'band'.

**dipole** /'daɪpəʊl/ n. 1 Physics【物】a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance 偶极子 2 an aerial consisting of a horizontal metal rod with a connecting wire at its centre 偶极子天线
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dipolar** adj.

**dipole moment** n. Physics & Chemistry【物, 化】the mathematical product of the separation of the ends of a dipole and the magnitude of the charges 偶极矩

**dipper** /'dɪpə(r)/ n. 1 a stocky, short-tailed songbird frequenting fast-flowing streams and able to dive or walk under water to feed 河乌 [Cinclus cinclus and related species.] 2 a ladle or scoop 长柄勺 3 informal【非正式】a pickpocket 扒手

**dippy** /'dɪpi/ adj. (**dippier**, **dippiest**) informal【非正式】silly, eccentric, or scatterbrained 傻的; 古怪的; 没头脑的
> ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**dipshit** /'dɪpʃɪt/ n. vulgar slang, chiefly N. Amer.【粗俚, 主北美】a contemptible or inept person 烂人; 白痴
> ORIGIN 词源 1970s: perh. a blend of DIPPY and SHIT.

**dip slope** n. Geology【地质】the gentler slope of a cuesta, following the underlying strata 倾向坡 Often contrasted with 常对照 SCARP SLOPE.

**dipso** /'dɪpsəʊ/ n. (pl. **dipsos**) informal【非正式】an alcoholic 酒鬼

**dipsomania** /dɪpsə(ʊ)'meɪniə/ n. alcoholism, specifically in a form characterized by intermittent bouts of craving for alcohol 酗酒; (特指间发性)嗜酒狂
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dipsomaniac** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dipso- (from dipsa 'thirst') + -MANIA.

**dipstick** /'dɪpstɪk/ n. 1 a graduated rod for measuring the depth of a liquid, especially oil in a vehicle's engine (尤指测量车辆发动机中油量深度的)油尺 2 informal【非正式】a stupid or inept person 傻瓜; 白痴

**DIP switch** n. Computing【计】an arrangement of switches in a dual in-line package used to select the operating mode of a device such as a printer 双列直插式开关

**dipteral** /'dɪpt(ə)rəl/ adj. Architecture【建】having a double peristyle 双列柱围廊式的
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. dipteros (from Gk, from di- 'twice' + pteron 'wing') + -AL.

**dipteran** /'dɪpt(ə)r(ə)n/ Entomology【昆】n. an insect of the large order Diptera, comprising the two-winged or true flies, which have the hindwings reduced to form balancing organs (halteres) 双翅目昆虫 ■adj. relating to dipterans 双翅目昆虫的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dipterist** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Diptera, from Gk diptera, neut. pl. of dipteros 'two-winged'.

**dipterocarp** /'dɪpt(ə)rə(ʊ)kɑ:p/ n. a tall forest tree of a large, mainly SE Asian family (Dipterocarpaceae) 龙脑香树

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> ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Dipterocarpus (genus name), from Gk dipteros 'two-winged' + karpos 'fruit'.

**dipterous** /'dɪpt(ə)rəs/ adj. 1 Entomology【昆】relating to flies of the order Diptera 双翅目的 2 Botany【植】having two wing-like appendages 具两翅的

**diptych** /'dɪptɪk/ n. 1 a painting, especially an altarpiece, on two hinged wooden panels which may be closed like a book 可折闭双连画; (尤指)可折闭双连祭坛画 2 an ancient writing tablet consisting of two hinged leaves with waxed inner sides (古代)可折闭双连书写板
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from late Gk diptukha 'pair of writing tablets', neut. pl. of Gk diptukhos 'folded in two'.

**diram** /'dɪəræm/ n. a monetary unit of Tajikistan, equal to one hundredth of a somoni 迪拉姆 (塔吉克斯坦货币单位, 100迪拉姆 = 1索莫尼)
> ORIGIN 词源 Tajik.

**dire** /'daɪə(r)/ adj. 1 extremely serious or urgent 极严重的; 极紧迫的 2 Brit. informal【英, 非正式】of a very poor quality 劣质的, 差劲的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **direly** adv. **direness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dirus 'fearful, threatening'.

**direct** /dɪ'rekt, daɪ-/ adj. 1 going from one place to another without changing direction or stopping 笔直的, 径直的 ▸ Astronomy & Astrology【天文, 占星】(of apparent planetary motion) proceeding from west to east in accord with actual motion (视行星运动)顺行的 2 straightforward; frank 直截了当的; 率直的, 坦率的 ▸ (of proof) clear; unambiguous (证据)清楚的, 确凿的 3 without intervening factors or intermediaries 直接的: The complications are a direct result of bacteria spreading. 并发症是细菌扩散的直接后果。
> (of light or heat) proceeding from a source without being reflected or blocked (光或热)直射的 ▸ (of descent) proceeding in continuous succession from parent to child (血统)直系的 ▸ Soccer【足】denoting a free kick from which a goal may be scored without another player touching the ball (任意球)直接的 ▸ (of taxation) levied on income or profits rather than on goods or services (税)直接(对收入或利润)征收的 4 perpendicular to a surface 垂直的 ■adv. in a direct way or by a direct route 直接地; 径直地 ■v. 1 control the operations of 管理; 监督; 指导
> supervise and control (a film, play, or other production) 导演(电影、戏剧等) 2 aim in a particular direction or at a particular person 把…对准特定方向, 把…指向(某人) ▸ tell or show (someone) the way 给(某人)指路 3 give an order to 指示, 给…下令
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **directness** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. directus, past part. of dirigere, from di- 'distinctly' or de- 'down' + regere 'put straight'.

**direct action** n. the use of strikes, demonstrations, or other public forms of protest rather than negotiation to achieve one's demands 直接行动 (指不通过谈判而是用罢工、示威等方式施压以求达到目的)

**direct current** (abbrev. 略作: **DC**) n. an electric current flowing in one direction only 直流电流 Compare with 比较 ALTERNATING CURRENT.

**direct debit** n. an arrangement made with a bank that allows a third party to transfer money from a person's account on agreed dates 直接借记

**direct deposit** n. N. Amer.【北美】the electronic transfer of money from one bank account to another 直接存款

**direct dialling** n. the facility of making a telephone call without connection by the operator (电话)直拨, 直接拨号

**direct-drive** adj. (of mechanical parts) driven directly by a motor, without a belt or other device to transmit power (机械部件无需传送带等)直接驱动的

**direct-grant school** n. historical【史义】(in the UK) a fee-paying school that received government funds in return for the admission of some non-paying pupils (英国接纳政府指定的一定比例学生免费入学的)直接拨款学校

**direct injection** n. (in internal-combustion engines) the use of a pump to spray fuel directly into the cylinder at high pressure (内燃机的)直接喷射

**direction** /dɪ'rekʃn, daɪ-/ n. 1 a course along which someone or something moves, or which must be taken to reach a destination (移动的)方向, 路线 ▸ a point to or from which a person or thing moves or faces 方位 ▸ a trend or tendency 趋势 2 the action of directing or managing 管理; 监督; 指示; 导演 ▸ (**directions**) instructions on how to reach a destination or about how to do something (行路的)指引, 用法(或操作等)说明

**directional** /də'rekʃənl/ adj. 1 relating to or indicating the direction in which someone or something is facing or moving 方向的 2 having a particular direction of motion, progression, or orientation 定向的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **directionality** /də,rekʃə'næləti/ n. **directionally** adv.

**direction finder** n. a system of aerials for locating the source of radio signals, used as an aid to navigation (无线电)测向仪 (作为导航的辅助手段)

**directionless** /də'rekʃnləs/ adj. lacking in purpose or aims 无目的的, 缺乏目标的

**directive** /də'rektɪv/ n. an official or authoritative instruction 指示; 命令 ■adj. involving the direction of operations 指示的; 指导的
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj.): from med. L. directivus, from direct-, dirigere (see 见 DIRECT).

**directly** /də'rektli/ adv. 1 in a direct manner 直接地, 直截了当地 ▸ immediately 立即, 马上 ▸ dated【过时】soon 不久 2 exactly in a specified position (位置)正好地: the houses directly opposite 正对面的房子 ■conj. Brit.【英】as soon as …一…就

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**direct mail** n. unsolicited commercial literature mailed to prospective customers 直接邮寄广告
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **direct mailing** n.

**direct marketing** n. the business of selling products or services directly to the customer, e.g. by telephone 直接营销 (如通过电话直接向顾客销售产品或推销服务)

**direct object** n. a noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb, for example *the dog* in *Jeremy fed the dog* 直接宾语

**Directoire** /dɪ'rektwɑ:/ adj. relating to or denoting a neoclassical decorative style prevalent during the French Directory (法国)督政府时期风格的
> ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**Directoire knickers** pl. n. Brit. historical【英, 史义】straight, full, knee-length knickers (长及膝盖的)女用短衬裤

**director** /də'rektə(r)/ n. 1 a person who is in charge of an activity, department, or organization 主管; 主任 2 a member of the managing board of a business 董事, 理事 3 a person who directs a film, play, etc. 导演
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **directorial** adj. **directorship** n. **directress** (also 亦作 **directrice**) n.

**directorate** /də'rektərət/ n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] 1 the board of directors of a company 董事会; 理事会 2 a section of a government department in charge of a particular activity (政府的)署, 局, 处

**director general** n. (pl. **directors general**) chiefly Brit.【主英】the chief executive of a large organization 署长; 局长; 主管; 主任

**director's cut** n. a version of a film that reflects the director's original intentions, released after the first studio version (电影在剧场版之后发行的)导演剪辑版

**directory** /də'rektəri/ n. (pl. **directories**) 1 a book listing individuals or organizations alphabetically or thematically with details such as addresses and telephone numbers 姓名地址录; 机构名录; 号码簿 ▸ a board in an organization or large store listing names and locations of departments, individuals, etc. (列有姓名、名称、位置的)指示板
> Computing【计】a file consisting solely of a set of other files (文件)目录 2 chiefly historical【主史义】a book of directions for the conduct of Christian worship, especially in Presbyterian and Roman Catholic Churches (尤指长老会和天主教会的)礼拜程序说明书, 礼拜程序大全 3 (**the Directory**) the revolutionary government in France 1795-1799 (法国1795至1799年间的)督政府

**directory enquiries** (N. Amer.【北美】**directory assistance**) pl. n. a telephone service used to find out someone's telephone number 电话查号台; 电话查询服务

**direct proportion** (also 亦作 **direct ratio**) n. the relation between quantities whose ratio is constant 正比(例)

**directrix** /dɪ'rektrɪks, daɪ-/ n. (pl. **directrices** /-trɪsi:z/) Geometry【几】a fixed line used in describing a curve or surface 准线
> ORIGIN 词源 C18: from med. L., lit. 'directress'.

**direct rule** n. a system of government in which a province is controlled by a central government (中央政府对下属省分的)直辖

**direct speech** n. the reporting of speech by repeating the actual words of a speaker, for example 'I'm going,' she said 直接引语 Contrasted with 对照 REPORTED SPEECH.

**direct tax** n. a tax, such as income tax, which is levied on the income or profits of the person who pays it (直接征收自个人收入或利润的)直接税

**direful** /'daɪəfʊl/ adj. archaic【古】extremely bad 可怕的; 悲惨的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **direfully** adv.

**dirge** /dɜ:dʒ/ n. 1 a lament for the dead, especially one forming part of a funeral rite (尤指作为丧葬仪式一部分的)挽歌, 哀乐 2 a mournful song, piece of music, or sound 忧伤的歌曲(或乐曲); 悽楚的声音
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dirgeful** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dirige! 'direct!', the first word of an antiphon (Ps. 5:8) used in the Latin Office for the Dead.

**dirham** /'dɪə(h)əm/ n. 1 the basic monetary unit of Morocco and the United Arab Emirates, equal to 100 centimes in Morocco and 100 fils in the United Arab Emirates 迪拉姆 (摩洛哥和阿联酋的基本货币单位, 1摩洛哥迪拉姆=100分, 1阿联酋迪拉姆=100费尔) 2 a monetary unit of Libya and Qatar, equal to one thousandth of a dinar in Libya and one hundredth of a riyal in Qatar 迪拉姆 (利比亚和卡塔尔的货币单位, 1000利比亚迪拉姆=1第纳尔, 100卡塔尔迪拉姆=1里亚尔)
> ORIGIN 词源 from Arab., from Gk drakhmē (see 见 DRACHMA).

**dirigible** /'dɪrɪdʒɪbl/ n. an airship 飞艇, 飞船 ■adj. capable of being steered or guided 可驾驶的, 可操纵的
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dirigere 'to direct' + -IBLE.

**dirigisme** /'dɪrɪʒi:z(ə)m/ n. state control of economic and social matters (国家对经济和社会事务的)统制
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dirigiste** adj.
> ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from diriger 'to direct'.

**diriment impediment** /'dɪrɪm(ə)nt/ n. (in ecclesiastical law) a factor which invalidates a marriage, such as the existence of a prior marriage (教会法中妨碍缔结婚约的)绝对障碍 (如已婚等)
> ORIGIN 词源 C19: diriment from L. diriment-, dirimere 'interrupt'.

**dirk** /dɜ:k/ n. a short dagger of a kind formerly carried by Scottish Highlanders (旧时苏格兰高地人佩带的)短剑, 匕首
> ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**dirndl** /'dɜ:ndl/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **dirndl skirt**) a full, wide skirt with a tight waistband 抽褶裙 2 a woman's dress in the style of Alpine peasant costume, with a dirndl skirt and a close-fitting bodice 阿尔卑斯村姑装, 紧身腰裥服装

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> ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Ger. dial., dimin. of Dirne 'girl'.

**dirt** /dɜ:t/ n. 1 a substance, such as mud, that is regarded as dirty 污物; 烂泥; 灰尘
> informal【非正式】excrement 粪便: dog dirt 狗屎 2 loose soil or earth (疏松的)土壤, 泥土 3 informal【非正式】scandalous or sordid information 丑闻, 流言蜚语
> PHRASES 短语 **eat dirt** informal【非正式】suffer insults or humiliation 含垢忍辱, 忍气吞声
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON drit 'excrement'.

**dirtbag** /'dɜ:tbæg/ n. US informal【美, 非正式】a very unkempt or unpleasant person 邋遢鬼; 讨厌的人

**dirt bike** n. a motorcycle designed for use on rough terrain, especially in scrambling (尤指适于摩托车越野赛的)泥土路摩托车

**dirt cheap** adv. & adj. informal【非正式】extremely cheap 贱如粪土地(的), 极便宜地(的)

**dirt farmer** n. N. Amer.【北美】a farmer who ekes out a living from poor land 自耕农
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dirt farm** n.

**dirt poor** adj. extremely poor 赤贫的, 极贫困的

**dirt track** n. a course made of rolled cinders for motorcycle racing or of earth for flat racing (摩托车赛的)煤渣跑道; (无障碍平地赛马的)泥土跑道
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dirt tracker** n.

**dirty** /'dɜ:ti/ adj. (**dirtier**, **dirtiest**) 1 covered or marked with a substance that causes a mark, stain, or contamination; not clean 肮脏的, 污秽的, 龌龊的 ▸ (of a nuclear weapon) producing considerable radioactive fallout (核武器)产生大量放射性沉降物的 2 lewd; obscene 下流的, 色情的 3 dishonest; dishonourable 卑鄙的; 不诚实的; 不道德的 4 (of weather) rough and stormy (天气)狂风暴雨的, 恶劣的 ■adv. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】very 很, 非常: a dirty great stone 一块老大的石头 ■v. (**dirties**, **dirtying**, **dirtied**) make dirty 弄脏; 玷污
> PHRASES 短语 **do the dirty on** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】cheat or betray 欺骗; 背叛 **get one's hands dirty** (or **dirty one's hands**) do manual, menial, or other hard work 干体力活; 干粗活 **play dirty** informal【非正式】act in a dishonest or unfair way 使用卑鄙伎俩, 玩阴招
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dirtily** adv. **dirtiness** n.

**dirty bomb** n. a conventional bomb that contains radioactive material 脏弹 (含放射性物质的常规炸弹)

**dirty look** n. informal【非正式】a look expressing disapproval, disgust, or anger 不赞同的瞪视; 厌恶的表情, 非难的神色

**dirty old man** n. informal【非正式】a man who shows an inappropriate sexual interest in younger women or girls 老色鬼, 老淫棍

**dirty weekend** n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a weekend spent away, especially in secret, with a lover (尤指与情人幽会的)偷情周末

**dirty word** n. something regarded with dislike 脏话, 粗鄙字眼; 忌讳字眼: VAT is a dirty word among small businesses. 增值税对于小企业是个忌讳字眼。

**dirty work** n. unpleasant or dishonest activities that are delegated to someone else 卑鄙勾当; 非法行为

**dis** /dɪs/ (also 亦作 **diss**) informal【非正式】v. (**disses**, **dissing**, **dissed**) speak disrespectfully to or criticize 看不起, 作践, 批评 ■n. disrespectful talk 不敬的话, 无礼的言辞

**dis-** /dɪs/ prefix 1 expressing negation 否定: disadvantage 不利地位 2 denoting reversal or absence of an action or state 相反; 缺乏: diseconomy 不经济 3 denoting removal, separation, or expulsion 除去; 分离; 驱逐: disbud 摘去…的幼芽 | disbar 取消…的律师资格 4 expressing completeness or intensification of an action 完全; 加剧: disgruntled 不满的
> ORIGIN 词源 from L., sometimes via OFr. des-.

**disability** /dɪsə'bɪləti/ n. (pl. **disabilities**) 1 a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities 残疾; 伤残 2 a disadvantage or handicap, especially one imposed or recognized by the law (尤指法律强加或认可的)不利条件, 限制

**disable** /dɪs'eɪbl/ v. 1 (of a disease, injury, or accident) limit the movements, senses, or activities of (疾病、伤害或事故)使丧失能力, 使伤残 2 put out of action 使停止工作, 使不起作用
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disablement** n.

**disabled** /dɪs'eɪbld/ adj. (of a person) having a physical or mental disability (人)丧失能力的, 有残疾的 ▸ designed for or relating to disabled people 为残疾人设计的; (有关)残疾人的: disabled access 残障人士通道
> USAGE 用法说明
> The word **disabled** is the most generally accepted term in both British and US English today. It has superseded outmoded, now often offensive, terms such as **crippled** and **handicapped** and has not been overtaken itself by newer coinages such as **differently abled** or **physically challenged**. Some people regard the use of the adjective as a plural noun (as in *the needs of the disabled*) as dehumanizing. A more acceptable term would be **people with disabilities**. **disabled** 这个词在英国英语和美国英语中现在被广泛接受。它已经代替了一些过时且常具冒犯意味的词(如 **crippled** 和 **handicapped**), 而同时一些新造的表达法(如 **differently abled** 和 **physically challenged**)尚没能取代它。有些人认为其形容词作名词复数的用法(如 *the needs of the disabled*)不够人性化, 更能让人接受的说法应该是 **people with disabilities**.

**disabuse** /dɪsə'bju:z/ v. (usu. 通常用 **disabuse someone of**) persuade (someone) that an idea or belief is mistaken 打消(某人)的错误念头, 使对…省悟

**disaccharide** /daɪ'sækəraɪd/ n. Chemistry【化】any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues 二糖

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**disaccord** /dɪsə'kɔ:d/ n. rare【罕】lack of agreement or harmony 不一致; 不和

**disadvantage** /dɪsəd'vɑ:ntɪdʒ/ n. an unfavourable circumstance or condition 不利地位; 不利条件 ■v. put in an unfavourable position 使处于不利地位
> [as adj. 作形容词 **disadvantaged**] in socially or economically deprived circumstances (社会或经济上)处于不利地位的, 弱势的

**disadvantageous** /dɪs,ædvæn'teɪdʒəs/ adj. involving or creating unfavourable circumstances 不利的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disadvantageously** adv.

**disaffected** /dɪsə'fektɪd/ adj. dissatisfied with those in authority and no longer willing to support them (对当权者)不满的, 不再支持的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disaffectedly** adv. **disaffection** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 C17: past part. of disaffect, orig. in the sense 'dislike or disorder'.

**disaffiliate** /dɪsə'fɪlieɪt/ v. (of an organization) end its affiliation with (a subsidiary group) (母组织)断绝与(附属组织)的关系 ▸ (of a subsidiary group) end its affiliation (附属组织)脱离, 退出(母组织)
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disaffiliation** n.

**disaffirm** /dɪsə'fɜ:m/ v. Law【律】reverse (a previous decision) 撤销(先前的判决) ▸ repudiate (a settlement) 拒绝履行(和解协议)
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disaffirmation** n.

**disafforest** /dɪsə'fɒrɪst/ v. 1 another term for DEFOREST **deforest**的另一种说法 2 English Law, historical【英格兰律, 史义】reduce (a district) from the legal status of forest to that of ordinary land 使(某地区)成为不受森林法约束的普通土地
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disafforestation** n. **disafforestment** n.

**disaggregate** /dɪs'ægrɪgeɪt/ v. separate into component parts 分解; (使)解聚
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disaggregation** n.

**disagree** /dɪsə'gri:/ v. (**disagrees**, **disagreeing**, **disagreed**) 1 have a different opinion 不同意; 有分歧 2 (**disagree with**) be inconsistent with 不一致, 不符 ▸ affect adversely 不适宜, 有害: The sea crossing disagreed with her. 渡海令她身体不适。
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disagreement** n.

**disagreeable** /dɪsə'gri:əbl/ adj. unpleasant or unenjoyable 令人不快的; 不合意的 ▸ unfriendly and bad-tempered 不友善的; 脾气坏的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disagreeableness** n. **disagreeably** adv.

**disallow** /dɪsə'laʊ/ v. refuse to declare valid 不准许; 驳回; 否决
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disallowance** n.

**disambiguate** /dɪsæm'bɪgjʊeɪt/ v. remove uncertainty of meaning from 消除…的歧义
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disambiguation** n.

**disamenity** /dɪsə'mi:nəti, -'menəti/ n. (pl. **disamenities**) unpleasant quality or character 缺点, 欠缺

**disappear** /dɪsə'pɪə(r)/ v. cease to be visible 消失; 不见 ▸ cease to exist or be in use 不复存在, 灭绝, 消亡
> (of a person) go missing or (in coded political language) be killed (人)失踪; (政治暗语)(人)被杀
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disappearance** n.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DIS- + APPEAR, on the pattern of Fr. disparaître.

**disapply** /dɪsə'plaɪ/ v. (**disapplies**, **disapplying**, **disapplied**) treat as inapplicable 使不能适用
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disapplication** n.

**disappoint** /dɪsə'pɔɪnt/ v. fail to fulfil the hopes or expectations of 使失望 ▸ prevent (hopes or expectations) from being realized 使(希望等)破灭
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disappointing** adj. **disappointingly** adv.
> ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'deprive of a position'): from OFr. desappointer.

**disappointed** /dɪsə'pɔɪntɪd/ adj. sad or displeased because one's hopes or expectations have not been fulfilled 失望的, 沮丧的
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disappointedly** adv.

**disappointment** /dɪsə'pɔɪntmənt/ n. sadness or displeasure caused by the non-fulfilment of one's hopes or expectations 失望, 沮丧 ▸ a disappointing person or thing 令人失望的人(或事)

**disapprobation** /dɪs,æprə'beɪʃn/ n. strong moral disapproval (道德上的)不以为然, 非难

**disapprove** /dɪsə'pru:v/ v. (often 常用 **disapprove of**) have or express an unfavourable opinion 不赞成; 不同意; 不喜欢 ▸ officially refuse to agree to 不准许; 否决
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disapproval** n. **disapprover** n. **disapproving** adj. **disapprovingly** adv.

**disarm** /dɪs'ɑ:m/ v. 1 take a weapon or weapons away from 缴…的械; 解除…的武装 ▸ (of a country or force) give up or reduce its armed forces or weapons (国家或军队)解除武装, 裁减军备 ▸ remove the fuse from (a bomb) 取出(炸弹)的引信 2 deprive of the power to hurt 消除…的杀伤力
> [often as adj. 常作形容词 **disarming**] allay the hostility or suspicions of 缓和…的敌意; 冰释…的疑虑 ■n. Fencing【击剑】an act of disarming an opponent 迫使对方弃剑
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disarmer** n. **disarmingly** adv.

**disarmament** /dɪs'ɑ:məm(ə)nt/ n. the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons 解除武装, 裁减军备

**disarrange** /dɪsə'reɪndʒ/ v. make untidy or disordered 弄乱, 使紊乱
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disarrangement** n.

**disarray** /dɪsə'reɪ/ n. a state of disorganization or untidiness 混乱, 紊乱; 不整 ■v. make disorganized or untidy 使混乱, 弄乱

**disarticulate** /dɪsɑ:'tɪkjʊleɪt/ v. 1 separate (bones) at the joints 使(骨)在关节处断离 2 disrupt the logic of (an argument) 扰乱(论证)的逻辑
> DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disarticulation** n.

**disassemble** /dɪsə'sembl/ v. 1 take to pieces 拆开, 拆卸 2 Computing【计】translate (a program) from machine code into a symbolic language 反汇编(程序)
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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disassembler** n. **disassembly** n.

**disassociate** /dısə'səuſiert/ v. another term for DISSOCIATE * dissociate的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disassociation** n.

**disaster** /dı'za:stə(r)/ n. **1** a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life 灾难, 灾祸, 灾害 **2** an event or fact leading to ruin or failure (导致毁灭或失败的)灾难性事件 **3** informal【非正式】a complete failure 彻底失败: My perm is a total disaster. 我的烫发难看极了。
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. disastro 'ill-starred event', based on L. astrum 'star'.

**disastrous** /dı'za:strəs/ adj. **1** causing great damage 灾难性的; 造成灾害的 **2** informal【非正式】highly unsuccessful 很糟的, 极不成功的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disastrously** adv.

**disavow** /dısə'vau/ v. deny any responsibility or support for 拒绝对……承担责任; 拒绝支持
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disavowal** n.

**disband** /dıs'bænd/ v. stop or cause to stop operating as a group 解散(有组织的团体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disbandment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. Fr. desbander.

**disbar** /dıs'ba:(r)/ v. (**disbars**, **disbarring**, **disbarred**) **1** expel (a barrister) from the Bar 取消……的律师资格 **2** exclude from something 把……排除在外
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disbarment** n.

**disbelief** /dısbı'li:f/ n. inability or refusal to accept that something is true or real 怀疑; 不信 ➤ lack of faith 无(宗教)信仰

**disbelieve** /dısbı'li:v/ v. be unable to believe 怀疑; 不信 ➤ have no religious faith 无宗教信仰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disbeliever** n. **disbelieving** adj. **disbelievingly** adv.

**disbenefit** /dıs'benıfıt/ n. Brit.【英】a disadvantage 不利; 无益

**disbud** /dıs'bʌd/ v. (**disbuds**, **disbudding**, **disbudded**) remove unwanted buds from 摘除……的多余幼芽(或花蕾)

**disburden** /dıs'bɜ:d(ə)n/ v. relieve of a burden or responsibility 减轻……的负担; 解除……的责任

**disburse** /dıs'bɜ:s/ v. pay out (money from a fund) (从基金中)支付, 支出
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disbursal** n. **disbursement** n. **disburser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. desbourser, from des- (expressing removal) + bourse 'purse'.

**disc** /dɪsk/ (US also【美亦作】**disk**) ■ n. **1** a flat, thin circular object 圆平物, 盘状物
> dated【过时】a gramophone record (留声机)唱片 ➤ (**discs**) one of the suits in some tarot packs, corresponding to coins in others 某些塔罗纸牌的一种花色 **2** (**disk**) an information storage device for a computer comprising a rotatable disc on which data is stored either magnetically or optically (as on a CD-ROM) 磁盘; 光碟 **3** (also 亦作 **intervertebral disc**) a layer of cartilage separating adjacent vertebrae in the spine 椎间盘 **4** Botany【植】the central part of the flower of a daisy or other composite plant, consisting of a close-packed cluster of tubular florets (菊科植物的)花盘
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. disque or L. discus (see 见 DISCUS).

**discalced** /dıs'kælst/ adj. denoting or belonging to one of several strict orders of Catholic friars or nuns who go barefoot or are shod only in sandals (天主教修士或修女)赤脚的, 仅穿拖鞋的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of earlier discalceated, in-fluenced by Fr. déchaux, from L. discalceatus 'unshod'.

**discard** v. /dɪ'skɑ:d/ get rid of (something) as no longer useful or desirable 丢弃, 抛弃 ➤ (in bridge, whist, and similar card games) play (a card that is neither of the suit led nor a trump), when one is unable to follow suit (玩桥牌、惠斯特牌等牌戏时)垫(牌) ■ n. /'dɪskɑ:d/ a discarded item, especially a card in bridge or whist 丢弃物; (尤指桥牌、惠斯特牌戏中)垫出的牌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discardable** /dıs'kɑ:dəbl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from DIS- + CARD¹.

**discarnate** /dıs'kɑ:nət/ adj. not having a physical body 不具形骸的, 无形的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DIS- + L. caro, carn- 'flesh' or late L. carnatus 'fleshy'.

**disc brake** n. a type of vehicle brake employing the friction of pads against a disc attached to the wheel 盘型制动

**disc camera** n. a camera in which the images are formed on a disc, rather than on film 磁盘照相机

**discectomy** /dıs'kektəmi/ n. surgical removal of the whole or a part of an intervertebral disc 椎间盘切除术

**discern** /dı'sɜ:n/ v. recognize or find out 看出, 觉察出 ➤ see or hear with difficulty (艰难地)辨明, 识别: She could faintly discern the shape of a skull. 她能依稀辨别出颅骨的形状。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discerner** n. **discernible** adj. **discernibly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. discernere, from dis- 'apart' + cernere 'to separate'.

**discerning** /dı'sɜ:nıŋ/ adj. having or showing good judgement 有识别力的, 有眼力的, 有洞察力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discerningly** adv. **discernment** n.

**discerption** /dı'sɜ:pʃn/ n. archaic【古】the action of pulling something apart 分开, 分裂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discerptibility** n. **discerptible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. discerptio(n-), from L. discerpere 'pluck to pieces'.

**discharge** v. /dɪs'tʃɑ:dʒ/ **1** officially allow (someone) to leave somewhere, especially hospital 允许(某人)离开(某地, 尤指医院) ➤ dismiss from a job 解雇 ➤ release from the custody or restraint of the law 释放 **2** emit or send out (a liquid, gas, or other substance) 排出, 放出(液体、气体或其他物质)
> Physics【物】release or neutralize the electric charge of (an electric field, battery, etc.) 使(电场、电池等)放电 ➤ fire (a gun or missile) 击发(枪、炮); 发射(导弹) ➤ unload (goods or passengers) from a ship (船)卸(货), 让(乘客)下船 **3** do all that is required to fulfil (a responsibility) or perform (a duty) 完成, 履行(职责) ➤ release from a contract or obligation 解除(合同); 免除(义务)
> Law【律】relieve (a bankrupt) of residual liability 免除(破产人)的剩余债务 **4** Law【律】(of a judge or court) cancel (an order of a court) (法官或法庭)撤销(法院命令) ■ n. /'dɪstʃɑ:dʒ, dɪs'tʃɑ:dʒ/ **1** the action of discharging 卸下; 卸货 **2** a substance that has been discharged 排出物; 流出物 ➤ a flow of electricity through air or other gas, especially when accompanied by emission of light (尤指发出火花的)放电
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dischargeable** adj. **discharger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. descharger, from late L. discarricare 'unload', from dis- (expressing reversal) + carricare (see 见 CHARGE).

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**discharge tube** n. a gas-filled tube in which light emission is induced by exciting the gas molecules by means of an electric field 放电管

**disc harrow** n. a harrow with cutting edges consisting of a row of concave discs set at an oblique angle 圆盘耙

**disciple** /dı'saıpl/ n. **1** a personal follower of Christ during his life, especially one of the twelve Apostles 耶稣的门徒(尤指十二门徒之一) **2** a follower or pupil of a teacher, leader, or philosophy (导师、领袖或哲学思想的)信徒, 追随者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discipleship** n. **disciplic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from L. discipulus 'learner', from discere 'learn'; reinforced by OFr. deciple.

**disciplinarian** /dısəplı'neəriən/ n. a person who believes in or practises firm discipline 严格纪律的信奉者; 执行纪律者

**discipline** /'dısıplın/ n. **1** the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour 训导, 管教
> controlled behaviour resulting from such training 遵守纪律 ➤ an activity providing mental or physical training 磨炼; 训练: Kung fu is a discipline open to old and young. 功夫是个老少咸宜的训练项目。**2** a branch of knowledge, especially one studied in higher education (尤指大学的)学科 ■ v. **1** train (someone) to obey rules or a code of behaviour by punishment or rebuke 训导, 管教(某人)
> punish or rebuke formally for an offence 惩罚; 叱责 **2** [as adj. 作形容词 **disciplined**] showing a controlled form of behaviour 遵守纪律的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disciplinable** adj. **disciplinal** /dısı'plaınl 'dısıplınl/ adj. **disciplinary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'mortification by scourging oneself'): via OFr. from L. disciplina 'instruction, knowledge', from discipulus (see 见 DISCIPLE).

**disc jockey** n. a person who introduces and plays recorded popular music, especially on radio or at a club (尤指电台或舞厅的)流行音乐节目主持人

**disclaim** /dıs'kleım/ v. **1** refuse to acknowledge 否认; 拒绝承认 **2** Law【律】renounce a legal claim to (a property or title) 放弃(对财产或头衔的权利)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. desclamer, from des- (expressing reversal) + clamer (see 见 CLAIM).

**disclaimer** /dıs'kleımə(r)/ n. **1** a statement disclaiming something, especially responsibility 放弃声明; (尤指)免责声明 **2** Law【律】an act of repudiating a claim, warranty, or bequest 否认; 拒绝; 放弃

**disclose** /dıs'kləʊz/ v. make (secret or new information) known 揭露(秘密), 透露(新信息) ➤ allow (something hidden) to be seen 使(隐藏物)显露
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discloser** n. **disclosure** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desclos-, stem of desclore, based on L. claudere 'to close'.

**disco** /'dıskəʊ/ n. (pl. **discos**) **1** a club or party at which people dance to pop music 迪斯科舞厅; 迪斯科舞会 **2** (also 亦作 **disco music**) soul-influenced, melodic pop music with a regular bass beat, intended for dancing to 迪斯科舞曲
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s abbrev. of DISCOTHEQUE.

**discobolus** /dı'skɒbələs/ n. (pl. **discoboli** /-laɪ/) a discus thrower in ancient Greece (古希腊的)掷铁饼者
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk diskobolos, from diskos 'discus' + -bolos '-throwing'.

**discography** /dı'skɒgrəfi/ n. (pl. **discographies**) **1** a descriptive catalogue of musical recordings, particularly those of a particular performer or composer (尤指特定表演者或作曲家的)音乐唱片分类目录 **2** the study of musical recordings and compilation of descriptive catalogues 音乐唱片及分类研究
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discographer** n.

**discoid** /'dɪskɔɪd/ adj. technical【技】shaped like a disc 盘状的, 盘形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discoidal** adj.

**discolour** /dıs'kʌlə(r)/ (US【美】**discolor**) ■ v. change to a different, less attractive colour 退色, 脱色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discoloration** (also 亦作 **discolouration**) n.

**discombobulate** /dɪskəm'bɒbjʊleɪt/ v. humorous, chiefly N. Amer.【幽, 主北美】disconcert or confuse 使不安; 使困惑
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. based on DISCOMPOSE or DISCOMFIT.

**discomfit** /dıs'kʌmfɪt/ v. (**discomfits**, **discomfiting**, **discomfited**) make uneasy or embarrassed 使不安; 使尴尬, 使窘迫
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discomfiture** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'defeat in battle'): from OFr. desconfit, past part. of desconfire, based on L. dis- (expressing reversal) + conficere (see 见 CONFECT).

**discomfort** /dıs'kʌmfət/ n. **1** slight pain (轻微的)疼痛, 不适 **2** slight anxiety or embarrassment (轻微的)担忧, 尴尬 ■ v. cause discomfort to 使不适(或忧虑、尴尬)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as a verb in the sense 'dishearten, distress'): from OFr. desconforter (v.), desconfort (n.), from des- (expressing reversal) + conforter (see 见 COMFORT).

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**discommode** /dɪskə'məʊd/ v. formal【正式】cause trouble or inconvenience to 使不便; 打扰; 给…添麻烦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discommodious** adj. **discommodity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from obs. Fr. discommoder, var. of incommoder (see 见 INCOMMODE).

**discompose** /dɪskəm'pəʊz/ v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **discomposed**] disturb or agitate (someone) 使心烦意乱, 使焦虑不安
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discomposure** n.

**disconcert** /dɪskən'sɜ:t/ v. disturb the composure of; unsettle 使不安, 使惊慌失措
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disconcerted** adj. **disconcertedly** adv. **disconcerting** adj. **disconcertingly** adv. **disconcertion** n. **disconcertment** n. (rare【罕】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'upset the progress of'): from obs. Fr. desconcerter, from des- (expressing reversal) + concerter 'bring together'.

**disconfirm** /dɪskən'fɜ:m/ v. show that (a belief or hypothesis) is not or may not be true 证明(看法或假设)(可能)不成立
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disconfirmation** /dɪskɒnfə'meɪʃn/ n. **disconfirmatory** adj.

**disconformity** /dɪskən'fɔ:məti/ n. (pl. **disconformities**) **1** lack of conformity 不一致, 不符合 **2** Geology【地质】a break in a sequence of strata which does not involve a difference of inclination on each side of the break 假整合

**disconnect** /dɪskə'nekt/ v. break the connection of or between 使不连接, 使断开 ➤ put (an electrical device) out of action by detaching it from a power supply 使(电器)断电 ■ n. an instance of disconnecting or being disconnected 断开; 断电
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disconnection** (also 亦作 **disconnexion**) n.

**disconnected** /dɪskə'nektɪd/ adj. (of speech, writing, or thought) lacking a logical sequence (演说、文章或思想)不连贯的, 无条理的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disconnectly** adv. **disconnectedness** n.

**disconsolate** /dɪs'kɒns(ə)lət/ adj. very unhappy and unable to be comforted 闷闷不乐的, 沮丧的, 郁郁寡欢的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disconsolately** adv. **disconsolateness** n. **disconsolation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. disconsolatus, from dis- (expressing reversal) + L. consolat-, consolari 'to console'.

**discontent** /dɪskən'tent/ n. lack of contentment or satisfaction 不满足; 不满意 ➤ a person who is dissatisfied 不满者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discontented** adj. **discontentedly** adv. **discontentedness** n. **discontentment** n.

**discontinue** /dɪskən'tɪnju:/ ■ v. (**discontinues**, **discontinuing**, **discontinued**) stop doing, providing, or making 停止, 中断、中止
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discontinuance** n. **discontinuation** n.

**discontinuous** /dɪskən'tɪnjʊəs/ adj. having intervals or gaps; not continuous 不连续的, 间断的, 断续的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discontinuity** n. (pl. **discontinuities**), **discontinuously** adv.

**discord** n. /'dɪskɔ:d/ **1** lack of agreement or harmony 不一致, 不协调, 不和谐 **2** Music【音】lack of harmony between notes sounding together 不协和 ➤ a chord which is regarded as displeasing or requiring resolution by another 不协和和弦 ➤ any interval except unison, an octave, a perfect fifth or fourth, a major or minor third and sixth, or their octaves 不协和音程 ■ v. /dɪs'kɔ:d/ archaic【古】disagree 不一致, 不协调
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. descord (n.), descorder (v.), from L. discordare, from discors 'discordant', from dis- (expressing negation) + cor, cord- 'heart'.

**discordant** /dɪs'kɔ:dənt/ adj. **1** lacking harmony or agreement; conflicting 不一致的, 不协调的 **2** (of sounds) harsh because lacking in harmony (声音)不和谐的, 刺耳的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discordance** n. **discordancy** n. **discordantly** adv.

**discotheque** /'dɪskətek/ n. fuller form of DISCO (sense 1) disco(释义1)的全形
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Fr. discothèque, orig. 'record library', on the pattern of bibliothèque 'library'.

**discount** n. /'dɪskaʊnt/ a deduction from the usual cost of something 折扣 ➤ Finance【金】a percentage deducted from the face value of a bill of exchange or promissory note when it changes hands before the due date 贴现率 ■ v. /dɪs'kaʊnt/ **1** deduct a discount from 把……打折扣 ➤ reduce (a product or service) in price 给(产品或服务)降价 ➤ Finance【金】buy or sell (a bill of exchange) before its due date at less than its maturity value 将(汇票)贴现 **2** disregard as lacking credibility or significance 不信; 漠视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discountable** /dɪs'kaʊntəbl/ adj. **discounter** /dɪs'kaʊntə(r)/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. Fr. descompte (n.), descompter (v.), or (in commercial contexts) from Ital. (di) scontare, based on L. dis- (expressing reversal) + computare (see 见 COMPUTE).

**discounted cash flow** n. Finance【金】a method of assessing investments that takes into account the expected accumulation of interest 现金流量贴现法

**discountenance** /dɪs'kaʊntɪnəns/ v. **1** refuse to approve of 不赞成, 反对 **2** disturb the composure of 使惊慌失措

**discount house** n. **1** Brit.【英】a company that discounts bills of exchange 贴现商号, 贴现公司 **2** N. Amer.【北美】another term for DISCOUNT STORE * discount store的另一种说法

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**discount rate** n. Finance【金】**1** the minimum interest rate set by the US Federal Reserve (and some other national banks) for lending to other banks 贴现利率 **2** a rate used for discounting bills of exchange (汇票的)贴现率

**discount store** n. a shop that sells goods at less than the normal retail price 折扣(商)店

**discourage** /dɪs'kʌrɪdʒ/ v. **1** cause (someone) to lose confidence or enthusiasm 使丧失信心, 使气馁, 使泄气 **2** prevent or try to prevent by showing disapproval or creating difficulties 阻止, 阻拦
> (**discourage someone from**) persuade someone against (an action) 劝阻某人(采取某一行动)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discouragement** n. **discouraging** adj. **discouragingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. descouragier, from des- (expressing reversal) + corage 'courage'.

**discourse** n. /'dɪskɔ:s, dɪs'kɔ:s/ written or spoken communication or debate 著述; 交谈; 辩论 ➤ a formal written or spoken discussion of a topic 论文; 演讲
> Linguistics【语言】a text or conversation 话语 ■ v. /dɪs'kɔ:s/ speak or write authoritatively about a topic 讲述; 论述; 著述 ➤ engage in conversation 交谈
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the process of reasoning): from OFr. discours, from L. discursus 'running to and fro' (in med. L. 'argument'), from discurrere 'run away'.

**discourse marker** n. Grammar【语法】a word or phrase whose function is to organize discourse into segments, for example I mean 话语标记(如 I mean)

**discourteous** /dɪs'kɜ:tiəs/ adj. rude and lacking consideration for others 失礼的; 粗鲁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discourteously** adv. **discourteousness** n. **discourtesy** n. (pl. **discourtesies**).

**discover** /dɪ'skʌvə(r)/ v. **1** find unexpectedly or during a search (意外地或通过寻觅)发现, 找到 ➤ become aware of 了解到, 认识到 **2** be the first to find or observe (a place, substance, or scientific phenomenon) (首次)发现, 观察到(某地方、物质或科学现象) **3** archaic【古】divulge (a secret) 透露, 泄露(秘密)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discoverability** n. **discoverable** adj. **discoverer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. descovrir, from late L. discooperire, from L. dis- (expressing reversal) + cooperire (see 见 COVER).

**discovered check** n. Chess【国象】a check which results when a player moves a piece or pawn so as to put the opponent's king in check from another piece 闪将

**discovery** /dɪ'skʌvəri/ n. (pl. **discoveries**) **1** the action or process of discovering or being discovered (被)发现 ➤ a person or thing discovered 被发现的人(或事物) **2** Law【律】the compulsory disclosure, by one party to an action to another, of relevant testimony or documents 披露(指诉讼一方须向另一方披露相关证词或文件)

**discredit** /dɪs'kredɪt/ v. (**discredits**, **discrediting**, **discredited**) harm the good reputation of 败坏……的名声, 损害……的名誉 ➤ cause (an idea or account) to seem false or unreliable 使(想法或叙述)不可置信 ■ n. loss or lack of reputation 名誉的丧失(或败坏)

**discreditable** /dɪs'kredɪtəbl/ adj. tending to bring harm to a reputation 败坏名声的, 损害名誉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discreditably** adv.

**discreet** /dɪ'skri:t/ adj. (**discreeter**, **discreetest**) careful and prudent, especially so as to avoid giving offence or attracting attention (尤指为了避免冒犯或引起注意而)审慎的, 谨慎的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discreetly** adv. **discreetness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. discret, from L. discretus 'separate', past part. of discernere 'discern', the sense arising from late L. discretio (see 见 DISCRETION).
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> The words **discrete** and **discreet** are often confused. **Discrete** means 'separate' (a **discrete** unit), while **discreet** means 'careful and prudent'. * discrete 和 discreet 这两个词常被混淆。前者意为“分离的”(如 a discrete unit 离散单元), 而后者意为“审慎的”。

**discrepancy** /dɪs'krep(ə)nsi/ n. (pl. **discrepancies**) a difference or lack of compatibility between two or more facts that should be similar 差异; 不相符; 不一致
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discrepant** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. discrepantia, from discrepare 'be discordant'.

**discrete** /dɪ'skri:t/ adj. individually separate and distinct 离散的, 分离的, 不相连的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discretely** adv. **discreteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. discretus 'separate'; cf. DISCREET.

**discretion** /dɪ'skreʃn/ n. **1** the quality of being discreet 审慎, 谨慎 **2** the freedom to decide on a course of action 斟酌决定的自由; 自行决定权: Fellowships may be awarded at the discretion of the council. 研究生奖学金的颁发可以由委员会自行决定。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discretionary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'discernment'): via OFr. from L. discretio(n-) 'separation' (in late L. 'discernment'), from discernere (see 见 DISCERN).

**discretionary income** n. income remaining after deduction of taxes, social security charges, and basic living costs 可任意支配收入 Compare with 比较 DISPOSABLE INCOME.

**discriminable** /dɪ'skrɪmɪnəbl/ adj. able to be discriminated; distinguishable 可区分的, 可辨别的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discriminability** n. **discriminably** adv.

**discriminant** /dɪ'skrɪmɪnənt/ n. a distinguishing feature or characteristic 可资辨别的特点

**discriminate** /dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪt/ v. **1** recognize a distinction 区分, 区别, 辨别 ➤ perceive or constitute the difference in or between 区分出; 使有区别 **2** (usu. 通常用 **discriminate against**) make an unjust distinction in the treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, sex, or age (尤指根据种族、性别或年龄)差别对待, 歧视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discriminately** adv. **discriminative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. discriminat-, discriminare 'distinguish between'.

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**discriminating** /dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪtɪŋ/ adj. having or showing good taste or judgement 有识别力的; 有辨别力的; 有鉴赏力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discriminatingly** adv.

**discrimination** /dɪˌskrɪmɪ'neɪʃn/ n. **1** the action of discriminating against people 差别对待; 歧视 **2** recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another 区别, 辨别 ➤ good judgement or taste 辨别力; 识别力; 鉴赏力 **3** Electronics【电子】the selection of a signal having a required characteristic by means of a discriminator 鉴别

**discriminator** /dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪtə(r)/ n. **1** a distinguishing characteristic 可资辨别的特征 **2** Electronics【电子】a device which only produces an output when the input exceeds a fixed value 鉴别器 ➤ a circuit which converts a frequency-modulated signal into an amplitude-modulated one 鉴频器

**discriminatory** /dɪ'skrɪmɪnət(ə)ri, dɪˌskrɪmɪ'neɪt(ə)ri/ ■ adj. showing discrimination or prejudice 差别对待的; 歧视的

**discursive** /dɪs'kɜ:sɪv/ adj. **1** moving from subject to subject 东拉西扯的, 不着边际的 **2** relating to discourse or modes of discourse 话语(模式)的 **3** Philosophy, archaic【哲, 古】proceeding by argument or reasoning rather than by intuition 推论的; 论证的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discursively** adv. **discursiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. discursivus, from L. discurs-, discurrere (see 见 DISCOURSE).

**discus** /'dɪskəs/ n. (pl. **discuses**) **1** a heavy thick-centred disc thrown by an athlete, in ancient Greek games or in modern field events 铁饼 **2** a small colourful South American freshwater fish with a rounded laterally compressed body 盘丽鱼 [Genus Symphysodon: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk diskos.

**discuss** /dɪ'skʌs/ v. talk about (something) so as to reach a decision 讨论, 商讨 ➤ talk or write about (a topic), examining different issues or ideas 论述(论题)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **discussable** adj. **discussant** n. **discusser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'dispel, disperse', also 'examine by argument'): from L. discuss-, discutere 'dash to pieces', later 'investigate', from dis- 'apart' + quatere 'shake'.

**discussion** /dɪ'skʌʃn/ n. the action or process of discussing 讨论, 商讨 ➤ a debate about or detailed written treatment of a topic 论辩, 论述, 详述

**disdain** /dɪs'deɪn/ n. the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect 鄙视, 蔑视, 鄙弃 ■ v. consider or reject with disdain 鄙视, 蔑视, 鄙弃
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desdeign (n.), desdeignier (v.), based on L. dedignari, from de- (expressing reversal) + dignari 'consider worthy'.

**disdainful** /dɪs'deɪnfl/ adj. showing contempt or lack of respect 轻蔑的, 鄙视的, 倨傲的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disdainfully** adv. **disdainfulness** n.

**disease** /dɪ'zi:z/ n. **1** a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific part 病, 疾病 **2** a quality or disposition that adversely affects a person or group 弊端; 痼疾: the British disease of self-deprecation 英国人自我贬低的毛病
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diseased** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'lack of ease; inconvenience'): from OFr. desaise 'lack of ease'.

**diseconomy** /dɪsɪ'kɒnəmi/ n. (pl. **diseconomies**) Economics【经】an economic disadvantage such as an increase in cost arising from an increase in the size of an organization 不经济(如企业扩大规模造成的成本增加)

**disembark** /dɪsɪm'bɑ:k/ v. leave a ship, aircraft, or train 下船; 下飞机; 下火车
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disembarkation** n.

**disembarrass** /dɪsɪm'bærəs/ v. (**disembarrass oneself of/from**) free oneself of (a burden or nuisance) 摆脱, 免除(负担或麻烦事)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disembarrassment** n.

**disembodied** /dɪsɪm'bɒdɪd/ adj. separated from or existing without the body 脱离躯壳的, 脱离肉体的 ➤ (of a sound) lacking any obvious physical source (声音)不现声源的

**disembody** /dɪsɪm'bɒdi, dɪsem-/ v. (**disembodies**, **disembodying**, **disembodied**) separate (something) from its material form 使脱离躯壳, 使脱离实体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disembodiment** n.

**disembogue** /dɪsɪm'bəʊg, dɪsem-/ v. (**disembogues**, **disemboguing**, **disembogued**) literary【文】(of a river or stream) flow or pour out into (河流或小溪)注入, 倾注
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp. desembocar, from des- (expressing reversal) + embocar 'run into a creek or strait'.

**disembowel** /dɪsɪm'baʊəl, dɪsem-/ v. (**disembowels**, **disembowelling**, **disembowelled**; US【美】**disembowels**, **disemboweling**, **disemboweled**) cut open and remove the internal organs of 取出…的内脏, 开……的膛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disembowelment** n.

**disempower** /dɪsɪm'paʊə(r)/ v. make less powerful or confident 削弱…的权力(或信心)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disempowerment** n.

**disenchant** /dɪsɪn'tʃɑ:nt/ v. make disillusioned 使不抱幻想, 使醒悟, 使理想破灭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disenchanting** adj. **disenchantingly** adv. **disenchantment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. désenchanter, from dés- (expressing reversal) + enchanter (see 见 ENCHANT).

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**disencumber** /dɪsɪn'kʌmbə(r)/ v. free from an encumbrance 使摆脱; 使解脱

**disendow** /dɪsɪn'daʊ/ v. deprive of an endowment, in particular deprive (a Church) of the property and funds that it receives from the state 没收(特指教会)的捐赠基金
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disendowment** n.

**disenfranchise** /dɪsɪn'fræn(t)ʃaɪz, dɪsen-/ (also 亦作 **disfranchise**) v. deprive of the right to vote 剥夺……的选举权 ➤ deprive of a right or privilege 剥夺…的权利(或特权)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disenfranchisement** n.

**disengage** /dɪsɪn'geɪdʒ, dɪsen-/ v. **1** separate, release, or detach 分开; 松开; 使脱离 ➤ [as adj. 作形容词 **disengaged**] emotionally detached; uninvolved 不关心的, 不在意的 **2** remove (troops) from an area of conflict 使(军队)脱离战斗 **3** Fencing【击剑】pass the point of one's sword over or under the opponent's sword to change the line of attack (剑尖)上下转移 ■ n. Fencing【击剑】a disengaging movement (剑尖的)上下转移
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disengagement** n.

**disentailment** /dɪsɪn'teɪlmənt/ n. Law【律】the action of freeing property from entail 取消对不动产继承权的限定
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disentail** v.

**disentangle** /dɪsɪn'tæŋgl/ v. free from entanglement; untwist 理顺; 解开
> remove knots or tangles from (wool, rope, or hair) 解开(羊毛、绳子或头发)的结
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disentanglement** n.

**disenthral** /dɪsɪn'θrɔ:l, dɪsen-/ (US【美】**disenthrall**) v. (**disenthrals**, **disenthralling**, **disenthralled**) literary【文】set free 解放, 使不受奴役

**disentitle** /dɪsɪn'taɪtl/ v. deprive of an entitlement 剥夺……的权利
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disentitlement** n.

**disequilibrium** /dɪsi:kwɪ'lɪbriəm, dɪsek-/ n. a loss or lack of equilibrium, especially in relation to supply, demand, and prices (尤指与供需、价格有关的)失调, 不平衡

**disestablish** /dɪsɪ'stæblɪʃ/ v. deprive (an organization, especially a national Church) of its official status 废除(某组织, 尤指国教)的法定地位
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disestablishment** n.

**disesteem** /dɪsɪ'sti:m/ n. low esteem 轻视 ■ v. formal【正式】have a low opinion of 轻视

**diseuse** /di:'zɜ:z/ n. a female artiste who entertains with spoken monologues (女性)朗诵艺术家, 独白艺人, 单口相声演员
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'talker'.

**disfavour** /dɪs'feɪvə(r)/ (US【美】**disfavor**) n. disapproval or dislike 不赞成; 不喜欢 ■ v. regard or treat with disfavour 不赞成; 不喜欢

**disfellowship** /dɪs'feləʊ(θ)ʃɪp/ n. exclusion from fellowship, especially as a form of discipline in some Protestant and Mormon Churches (在一些新教和摩门教里作为一种处罚)排除在团契之外 ■ v. (**disfellowships**, **disfellowshipping**, **disfellowshipped**) exclude from fellowship 将…排除在团契之外

**disfigure** /dɪs'fɪgə(r)/ v. spoil the appearance of 损毁…的外形; 使变丑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disfiguration** n. **disfigurement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desfigurer, based on L. figura 'figure'.

**disfranchise** /dɪs'fræn(t)ʃaɪz/ v. another term for DISENFRANCHISE * disenfranchise的另一种说法

**disgorge** /dɪs'gɔ:dʒ/ v. **1** cause to pour out; discharge 使大量涌出; 倾泄出 ➤ bring up or vomit (food) 吐出, 呕出(食物) ➤ give up (funds, especially when dishonestly acquired) 吐出, 被迫交出(资金, 尤指非法所得) **2** remove the sediment from (a sparkling wine) after fermentation 发酵后将沉淀物从(汽酒)中去除
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disgorgement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. desgorger, from des- (expressing removal) + gorge 'throat'.

**disgorger** /dɪs'gɔ:dʒə(r)/ ■ n. Fishing【垂钓】a device for extracting a hook from a fish's throat 解钩器

**disgrace** /dɪs'greɪs/ n. loss of reputation as the result of a dishonourable action 丢脸, 耻辱, 出丑 ➤ a shameful and unacceptable person or thing 丢脸的人(或事): He's a disgrace to the legal profession. 他是律师行业的耻辱。■ v. bring disgrace on 使丢脸, 使受辱 ➤ cause to fall from favour or power 使失宠; 使失势, 使失去地位
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Fr. from Ital. disgrazia (n.), disgraziare (v.).

**disgraceful** /dɪs'greɪsfl/ adj. shockingly unacceptable 丢脸的, 可耻的, 不光彩的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disgracefully** adv.

**disgruntled** /dɪs'grʌntld/ adj. angry or dissatisfied 不高兴的; 不满的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disgruntlement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from DIS- + dial. gruntle 'utter little grunts'.

**disguise** /dɪs'gaɪz/ v. alter in appearance or nature so as to conceal the identity of 假扮, 化装; 伪装 ➤ conceal (a feeling or situation) 掩盖, 掩饰(感情或情况) ■ n. a means of disguising one's identity 化装用具; 伪装物 ➤ the state of being disguised 伪装的状态
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (meaning 'change one's usual style of dress'): from OFr. desguisier.

**disgust** /dɪs'gʌst/ n. revulsion or strong disapproval 厌恶, 憎恶 ■ v. cause disgust in 使厌恶, 令……作呕
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disgusted** adj. **disgustedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from early mod. Fr. desgoust or Ital. disgusto, from L. dis- (expressing reversal) + gustus 'taste'.

**disgustful** /dɪs'gʌstfʊl/ adj. dated【过时】disgusting 令人厌恶的; 令人作呕的

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**disgusting** /dɪs'gʌstɪŋ/ adj. arousing revulsion or strong indignation 令人厌恶的; 令人作呕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disgustingly** adv. **disgustingness** n.

**dish** /dɪʃ/ n. **1** a shallow, flat-bottomed container for cooking or serving food 盘, 碟 ➤ (**the dishes**) all the items used in the preparation, serving, and eating of a meal (做饭、上菜及就餐时用过的)所有餐具 ➤ a shallow, concave receptacle 凹形容器, 碟状容器: a soap dish 肥皂盒 ➤ (also 亦作 **dish aerial**) a bowl-shaped radio aerial 抛物面天线 **2** a particular variety or preparation of food served as part of a meal 一道菜; 菜肴 **3** informal【非正式】a sexually attractive person 性感的人 **4** (**the dish**) informal【非正式】information which is not generally known or available 不为众人所知的消息, 一般人难以获取的信息 **5** concavity of a spoked wheel resulting from a difference in spoke tension (辐条轮的)凹度 ■ v. **1** (**dish something out/up**) put food on to a plate or plates before a meal 把(菜肴)装盘
> (**dish something out**) dispense something in a casual or indiscriminate way (随意或不加选择地)分发 **2** informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式, 主英】utterly destroy or defeat 彻底, 打败 **3** N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】gossip 闲谈, 瞎聊 **4** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **dished**] make slightly concave 使成凹形, 使凹陷
-PHRASES 短语 **dish the dirt** informal【非正式】reveal scandal or gossip 揭发丑闻, 散布流言
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dishful** n. (pl. **dishfuls**).
-ORIGIN 词源 OE disc 'plate, bowl', based on L. discus (see 见 DISCUS).

**dishabille** /dɪsæ'bi:l, -'bi:/ n. variant spelling of DÉSHABILLÉ * déshabillé的另一种拼法

**disharmony** /dɪs'hɑ:məni/ n. lack of harmony 不和谐; 不协调
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disharmonious** adj. **disharmoniously** adv.

**dishcloth** /'dɪʃklɒθ/ n. a cloth for washing dishes 洗碗布

**dishcloth gourd** ■ n. N. Amer.【北美】a loofah 丝瓜; 丝瓜络

**dishdasha** /'dɪʃˌdæʃə/ (also 亦作 **dishdash**) n. a long robe with long sleeves, worn by men from Arabia (阿拉伯国家男子所穿的)长袖长袍
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Arab. dišdāša.

**dishearten** /dɪs'hɑ:tn/ v. cause to lose determination or confidence 使气馁, 使泄气, 使丧失信心
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disheartening** adj. **dishearteningly** adv. **disheartenment** n.

**dishevelled** /dɪ'ʃev(ə)ld/ (US【美】**disheveled**) ■ adj. (of a person's hair, clothes, or appearance) untidy (头发、服装)散乱的, 凌乱的, (外表)不整洁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dishevel** v. (**dishevels**, **dishevelling**, **dishevelled**; US【美】**dishevels**, **disheveling**, **disheveled**). **dishevelment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'having the hair uncovered'): from obs. dishevely, from OFr. deschevele, past part. of descheveler (based on chevel 'hair', from L. capillus).

**dishonest** /dɪs'ɒnɪst/ adj. not honest, trustworthy, or sincere 不诚实的; 不可靠的; 不诚恳的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dishonestly** adv. **dishonesty** n. (pl. **dishonesties**).

**dishonour** (US【美】**dishonor**) /dɪs'ɒnə(r)/ n. a state of shame or disgrace 丢脸, 耻辱; 不名誉 ■ v. **1** bring dishonour to 使蒙羞; 玷污
> archaic【古】rape (a woman) 强奸(妇女) **2** fail to honour (an agreement, cheque, etc.) 不承认(协议等); 拒绝承兑(支票等)

**dishonourable** (US【美】**dishonorable**) /dɪs'ɒnərəbl/ adj. bringing shame or disgrace 丢脸的, 可耻的; 不名誉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dishonourableness** n. **dishonourably** adv.

**dishonourable discharge** n. dismissal from the armed forces as a result of criminal or morally unacceptable actions 开除军籍

**dishrag** /'dɪʃræg/ n. N. Amer.【北美】a dishcloth 洗碗布

**dishwasher** /'dɪʃˌwɒʃə(r)/ n. **1** a machine for washing dishes 洗碗机 **2** a person employed to wash dishes 洗碗工

**dishwater** /'dɪʃwɔ:tə(r)/ n. water in which dishes have been washed 洗过碗碟的水

**dishy** /'dɪʃi/ adj. (**dishier**, **dishiest**) informal【非正式】**1** chiefly Brit.【主英】(of a man) sexually attractive (男子)性感的 **2** N. Amer.【北美】scandalous or gossipy 诽谤中伤的, 搬弄是非的

**disillusion** /dɪsɪ'l(j)u:ʒn/ n. the disappointing loss of a belief or an ideal 不抱幻想, 醒悟, 理想破灭 ■ v. cause to experience disillusion 使不抱幻想, 使醒悟; 使理想破灭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disillusioned** adj. **disillusionment** n.

**disincentive** /dɪsɪn'sentɪv/ n. a factor that discourages a particular action 起抑制作用的事物, 遏制因素
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disincentivize** or **disincentivise** v.

**disinclination** /dɪsɪnklɪ'neɪʃn/ n. a reluctance or unwillingness to do something 不情愿; 不乐意

**disinclined** /dɪsɪn'klaɪnd/ adj. reluctant; unwilling 不情愿的, 不乐意的

**disincorporate** /dɪsɪn'kɔ:pəreɪt/ v. dissolve (a corporate body) 解散(法人团体)

**disinfect** /dɪsɪn'fekt/ v. clean with a disinfectant in order to destroy bacteria 为……消毒(或杀菌)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinfection** n.

**disinfectant** /dɪsɪn'fektənt/ n. a chemical liquid that destroys bacteria 消毒剂, 杀菌剂 ■ adj. causing disinfection 消毒的, 杀菌的

**disinfest** /dɪsɪn'fest/ v. rid of infesting vermin 为……灭虫害, 除去……的有害动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinfestation** n.

**disinflation** /dɪsɪn'fleɪʃn/ n. Economics【经】reduction in the rate of inflation 通货紧缩, 反通货膨胀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinflationary** adj.

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**disinformation** /dɪsɪnfə'meɪʃn/ n. information which is intended to mislead 假情报, 假消息
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: formed on the pattern of Russ. dezinformatsiya.

**disingenuous** /dɪsɪn'dʒenjʊəs/ adj. not sincere, especially in pretending that one knows less about something than one really does 不坦率的, 不真诚的; (尤指)故意隐瞒的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disingenuity** n. **disingenuously** adv. **disingenuousness** n.

**disinherit** /dɪsɪn'herɪt/ v. (**disinherits**, **disinheriting**, **disinherited**) dispossess of or bar from an inheritance 剥夺……的继承权
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinheritance** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (superseding earlier disherit): from DIS- + inherit in the obs. sense 'make someone an heir'.

**disinhibit** /dɪsɪn'hɪbɪt/ v. (**disinhibits**, **disinhibiting**, **disinhibited**) make less inhibited 使不再拘束(或拘谨)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinhibition** n.

**disintegrate** /dɪs'ɪntɪgreɪt/ v. **1** break up into small parts as a result of impact or decay 碎裂, 解体, 分裂 ➤ Physics【物】undergo or cause to undergo disintegration at a subatomic level (使)蜕变, (使)衰变 **2** lose strength or cohesion and gradually fail 崩溃, 瓦解
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disintegrative** adj. **disintegrator** n.

**disintegration** /dɪsˌɪntɪ'greɪʃn/ n. the process of disintegrating 碎裂, 分裂, 解体 ➤ Physics【物】a process in which a nucleus or other subatomic particle emits a smaller particle or divides into smaller particles 蜕变, 衰变

**disinter** /dɪsɪn'tɜ:(r)/ v. (**disinters**, **disinterring**, **disinterred**) dig up (something buried) 掘出, 发掘出(埋藏之物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinterment** n.

**disinterest** /dɪs'ɪntrəst/ n. **1** the state of being impartial 客观, 公正无私 **2** lack of interest 无兴趣

**disinterested** /dɪs'ɪntrəstɪd/ adj. **1** not influenced by considerations of personal advantage; impartial 客观的, 公正无私的 **2** having or feeling no interest or concern 无兴趣的; 不关心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinterestedly** adv. **disinterestedness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: past part. of the rare verb disinterest 'rid of interest'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> According to traditional guidelines, **disinterested** should only be used to mean 'impartial' and should not be used to mean 'not interested' (i.e. as a synonym for **uninterested**). In fact, the earliest recorded sense of **disinterested** is for the disputed sense and it is in widespread use today, although it should be avoided in careful writing. 根据传统用法规则, disinterested只能用来表示“公正无私的”, 而不能表示“无兴趣的”(如作为 uninterested 的同义词)。但事实上, disinterested 在最早的记载中就是表示这一有争议的意思, 而且如今这一含义已被广泛采用, 只是在严谨的写作中应该避免使用。

**disintermediation** /dɪsɪntəmi:di'eɪʃn/ n. Economics【经】reduction in the use of intermediaries between producers and consumers, e.g. by investing directly in the securities market rather than through a bank 金融机构作用削减(如将银行储蓄转为直接的证券投资)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disintermediate** v.

**disinvent** /dɪsɪn'vent/ v. undo the invention of 废除…的发明, 取消……的发明

**disinvest** /dɪsɪn'vest/ v. withdraw or reduce an investment 撤销投资; 减少投资
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disinvestment** n.

**disinvite** /dɪsɪn'vaɪt/ v. withdraw an invitation to 取消对……的邀请

**disjecta membra** /dɪsˌdʒektə 'membrə/ pl. n. scattered fragments, especially of written work 断片, 残片, 碎片; (尤指文字作品的)断编残简
-ORIGIN 词源 L., alt. of disjecti membra poetae (used by Horace) 'limbs of a dismembered poet'.

**disjoin** /dɪs'dʒɔɪn/ v. separate or disunite 使分开; 使分离

**disjoint** /dɪs'dʒɔɪnt/ v. **1** disturb the cohesion or organization of 使不连贯; 使支离破碎, 使杂乱无章 **2** dated【过时】take apart at the joints 使脱臼, 使关节分离 ■ adj. Mathematics【数】(of sets) having no elements in common (集)不相交的

**disjointed** /dɪs'dʒɔɪntɪd/ adj. lacking a coherent sequence or connection 不连贯的; 支离破碎的; 杂乱无章的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disjointedly** adv. **disjointedness** n.

**disjunct** /'dɪsdʒʌŋ(k)t/ n. **1** Logic【逻】each of the terms of a disjunctive proposition 析取项 **2** Grammar【语法】another term for SENTENCE ADVERB * sentence adverb 的另一种说法 ■ adj. disjoined and distinct from one another 分离的; 间断的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. disjunct-, disjungere 'disjoin, separate'.

**disjunction** /dɪs'dʒʌŋkʃn/ n. **1** a lack of correspondence or consistency 分离; 间断 **2** Logic【逻】the relation of two distinct alternatives, or a statement expressing this 析取

**disjunctive** /dɪs'dʒʌŋ(k)tɪv/ adj. **1** lacking connection 分离的, 不连续的, 不连贯的 **2** Grammar【语法】(of a conjunction) expressing a choice between two mutually exclusive possibilities, for example or in she asked if he was going or staying (连词)转折的, 反意的(如在 she asked if he was going or staying 中的 or) ➤ Logic【逻】(of a proposition) expressing alternatives (命题)析取的
■ n. Grammar & Logic【语法, 逻】a disjunctive conjunction or proposition 转折连词; 析取命题
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disjunctively** adv.

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**disjuncture** /dɪs'dʒʌŋktʃə(r)/ n. a separation or disconnection 分离; 断开

**disk** /dɪsk/ n. variant spelling in the US and in computing contexts of DISC * disc 的美式和计算机语境中的拼法

**disk drive** n. a device which allows a computer to read from and write on to computer disks 磁盘驱动器

**diskette** /dɪs'ket/ n. another term for FLOPPY * floppy 的另一种说法

**dislike** /dɪs'laɪk/ v. feel distaste for or hostility towards 不喜欢; 厌恶 ■ n. a feeling of dislike 不喜欢; 厌恶 ➤ a thing that is disliked 不喜欢的事物; 厌恶的对象
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dislikable** (also 亦作 **dislikeable**) adj. **disliker** n.

**dislocate** /'dɪsləkeɪt/ v. **1** disturb the normal position of (a joint in the body) 使(身体关节)脱位 **2** disturb the organization of; disrupt 扰乱, 使混乱

**dislocation** /dɪslə(ʊ)'keɪʃn/ n. **1** the process of dislocating or the state of being dislocated 脱位 **2** Crystallography【晶】a displacement of part of a crystal lattice structure (晶格结构)位错

**dislodge** /dɪs'lɒdʒ/ v. remove from an established or fixed position 强行去除; 驱逐出
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dislodgeable** adj. **dislodgement** n.

**disloyal** /dɪs'lɔɪəl/ adj. not loyal or faithful 不忠实的; 不守信义的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disloyally** adv. **disloyalty** n.

**dismal** /'dɪzml/ adj. **1** causing or showing gloom or depression; dreary 压抑的, 沉闷的; 忧郁的 **2** informal【非正式】pitifully or disgracefully bad 差劲的, 不怎么样的: a dismal performance 蹩脚的表演
-PHRASES 短语 **the dismal science** humorous【幽】economics 经济学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dismally** adv. **dismalness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from earlier dismals, the two days in each month which in medieval times were believed to be unlucky, from Anglo-Norman Fr. dis mal, from med. L. dies mali 'evil days'.

**dismantle** /dɪs'mæntl/ v. take to pieces 拆卸, 拆开
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dismantlement** n. **dismantler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'destroy the defensive capability of a fortification'): from OFr. desmanteler, from des- (expressing reversal) + manteler 'fortify'.

**dismast** /dɪs'mɑ:st/ v. break or force down the mast or masts of (a ship) 拆卸(或折断)(船)的桅杆

**dismay** /dɪs'meɪ/ n. consternation and distress 惊恐, 惊愕; 沮丧 ■ v. cause to feel dismay 使惊恐, 使惊愕; 使沮丧
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. dis- (expressing negation) + the Gmc base of MAY¹.

**dismember** /dɪs'membə(r)/ v. **1** cut the limbs from 分割……的肢体, 肢解 **2** partition or divide up (a territory or organization) 瓜分, 分割(领土或机构)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dismemberment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desmembrer, based on L. dis- 'apart' + membrum 'limb'.

**dismiss** /dɪs'mɪs/ v. **1** order or allow to leave; send away 把…打发走; 让……离开; 遣散; 解散 **2** remove from employment or office 解雇; 免…的职 **3** treat as unworthy of serious consideration 不予考虑, 对……不屑一提 **4** Law【律】refuse further hearing to (a case) 驳回, 不予受理(诉讼) **5** Cricket【板】end the innings of (a batsman or side) 迫使(击球员或对方)退场
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dismissal** n. **dismissible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. dismiss-, var. of L. dimiss-, dimittere 'send away'.

**dismissive** /dɪs'mɪsɪv/ adj. feeling or showing that something is unworthy of serious consideration 轻蔑的, 鄙视的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dismissively** adv. **dismissiveness** n.

**dismount** /dɪs'maʊnt/ v. **1** get off a horse, bicycle, etc. 下马(或自行车等) **2** remove (something) from its support (从支架、托座等上)卸下 **3** Computing【计】make (a disk or disk drive) unavailable for use 拆卸(磁盘或磁盘驱动器) ■ n. Gymnastics【体操】a move in which a gymnast jumps off an apparatus or completes a floor exercise 下(器械), 下法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from DIS- + MOUNT¹, prob. on the pattern of OFr. desmonter, med. L. dismontare.

**disobedient** /dɪsə'bi:diənt/ adj. failing or refusing to be obedient 不服从的, 违抗的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disobedience** n. **disobediently** adv.

**disobey** /dɪsə'beɪ/ v. fail or refuse to obey 不服从, 违抗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disobeyer** n.

**disoblige** /dɪsə'blaɪdʒ/ v. offend (someone) by disregarding their wishes 不满足……的愿望, 不答应……的要求
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disobliging** adj.

**disomy** /daɪ'səʊmi/ n. Genetics【遗】the condition of having a chromosome represented twice in a chromosomal complement 二体性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disomic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 late 20th cent.: from DI-¹ + -SOME³ + -Y³.

**disorder** /dɪs'ɔ:də(r)/ n. **1** a lack of order; a confused or untidy state 混乱; 杂乱; 凌乱 **2** the disruption of peaceful and law-abiding behaviour 骚乱, 动乱 **3** Medicine【医】a disruption of normal physical or mental functions 病, 紊乱, 障碍, 异常: a skin disorder 皮肤病 ■ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **disordered**] disrupt the functioning or order of 使紊乱; 使混乱
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: alt., influenced by ORDER, of earlier disordain, from OFr. desordener, ult. based on L. ordinare 'ordain'.

**disorderly** /dɪs'ɔ:dəli/ adj. **1** lacking organization; untidy 混乱的; 凌乱的; 杂乱的 **2** involving or contributing to a breakdown of peaceful and law-abiding behaviour 骚乱的, 动乱的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disorderliness** n.

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**disorderly conduct** ■ n. Law【律】unruly behaviour constituting a minor offence 妨害治安行为

**disorderly house** n. Law or archaic【律或古】a brothel 妓院

**disorganized** or **disorganised** /dɪs'ɔ:gənaɪzd/ adj. **1** not properly planned and controlled 计划不周的; 组织不善的; 杂乱无章的 **2** (of a person) inefficient (人)无效率的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disorganization** n. **disorganize** v.

**disorient** /dɪs'ɔ:riənt/ v. another term for DISORIENTATE * disorientate 的另一种说法

**disorientate** /dɪs'ɔ:riənteɪt/ v. Brit.【英】cause (someone) to lose their sense of direction or feel confused 使迷失方向; 使迷惘, 使不知所措
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disorientated** adj. **disorientation** n.

**disown** /dɪs'əʊn/ v. refuse to acknowledge or maintain any connection with 否认(或断绝)与…的关系
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disowner** n. **disownment** n.

**disparage** /dɪ'spærɪdʒ/ v. represent as being of little worth; scorn 贬低; 蔑视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disparagement** n. **disparaging** adj. **disparagingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'marry someone of unequal rank, also 'bring discredit on'): from OFr. desparagier 'marry someone of unequal rank', based on L. par 'equal'.

**disparate** /'dɪsp(ə)rət/ adj. essentially different in kind; not able to be compared 根本不同的; 无法比较的 ■ n. (**disparates**) archaic【古】disparate things 根本不同的事物; 无法比较的事物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disparately** adv. **disparateness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. disparatus, disparare 'separate'; influenced in sense by L. dispar 'unequal'.

**disparity** /dɪ'spærəti/ n. (pl. **disparities**) a great difference 巨大差异, 悬殊
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. disparité, from late L. disparitas, based on L. paritas 'parity'.

**dispassionate** /dɪs'pæʃənət/ adj. not influenced by strong emotion; rational and impartial 不动感情的; 冷静的; 不偏不倚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispassion** n. **dispassionately** adv. **dispassionateness** n.

**dispatch** (Brit. also【英亦作】**despatch**) /dɪ'spætʃ/ ■ v. **1** send off to a destination or for a purpose 派遣, 调遣; 发送 **2** deal with (a task or problem) quickly and efficiently 快速处理(任务或问题) **3** kill 杀死; 处决 ■ n. **1** an instance of dispatching 派遣, 调遣; 发送 **2** an official report on state or military affairs (政府或军事)公文, 信件
> a report sent in from abroad by a journalist (驻外记者发回的)新闻报道 **3** promptness and efficiency 迅捷高效: He should proceed with dispatch. 他应该迅速行动。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispatcher** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Ital. dispacciare or Sp. despachar 'expedite'.

**dispatch box** ■ n. **1** (also 亦作 **dispatch case**) chiefly Brit.【主英】a container for state or military dispatches (放置政府或军事信件的)公文箱 **2** (**the Dispatch Box**) a box in the House of Commons next to which ministers stand when speaking (英国下议院置于大臣站立发言处旁边的)公文箱

**dispatch rider** n. Brit.【英】a messenger who delivers urgent business documents or military dispatches by motorcycle or (formerly) on horseback (骑摩托车或旧时骑马的)通信员, 信使

**dispel** /dɪ'spel/ ■ v. (**dispels**, **dispelling**, **dispelled**) make (a feeling or belief) disappear 消除, 驱散(感觉或信念)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispeller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dispellere 'drive apart'.

**dispensable** /dɪ'spensəbl/ adj. **1** able to be replaced or done without 能被替代的, 可有可无的, 非必要的 **2** (of a law or other rule) not mandatory but susceptible of being waived in special cases (法律或其他规则)在特定条件下无约束力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispensability** n.

**dispensary** /dɪ'spens(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **dispensaries**) **1** a room where medicines are prepared and provided 配药处; 药房 **2** a clinic provided by public or charitable funds (用公共或慈善资金开办的)医务室, 诊疗所

**dispensation** /dɪspen'seɪʃn/ n. **1** the action of dispensing 分发, 分配 **2** exemption from a rule or usual requirement 特许, 豁免, 宽免 **3** a religious or political system prevailing at a particular time (某特定时期的)教规, 政治体制: the Mosaic dispensation 摩西教规 **4** archaic【古】an act of divine providence 天命, 天道
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispensational** adj.

**dispensationalism** /dɪspen'seɪʃ(ə)n(ə)lɪz(ə)m/ n. Christian Theology【基督神学】belief in a system of historical progression, as revealed in the Bible, consisting of a series of stages in God's self-revelation and plan of salvation 天命主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispensationalist** n.

**dispense** /dɪ'spens/ v. **1** distribute to a number of people 分发, 分配 ➤ (of a machine or container) supply or release (a product or cash) (机器或容器)提供, 吐出(产品或现金) ➤ (of a chemist) supply (medicine) according to a prescription (药剂师按处方)配(药), 发(药) **2** (**dispense with**) get rid of or manage without 摒弃; 省掉; 不用 **3** exempt (someone) from a religious obligation 豁免(某人)的宗教义务
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispenser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. dispensare 'continue to weigh out or disburse', from dispendere, based on pendere 'weigh'.

**dispensing chemist** ■ n. Brit.【英】a chemist who is qualified to make up, advise on, and dispense medicine 药剂师

**dispensing optician** ■ n. Brit.【英】an optician who is qualified to prescribe and dispense as well as to make glasses and contact lenses 配镜师

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**dispersant** /dɪ'spɜ:s(ə)nt/ n. a liquid or gas used to disperse small particles in a medium 分散剂

**disperse** /dɪ'spɜ:s/ v. **1** go or distribute in different directions or over a wide area (使)分散; 驱散, 疏散 **2** (of gas, smoke, etc.) thin out and disappear (气体、烟雾等)消散 **3** Physics【物】divide (light) into constituents of different wavelengths 使(光)色散 ■ adj. Chemistry【化】denoting a phase dispersed in another phase, as in a colloid 相分散的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispersal** n. **disperser** n. **dispersible** adj. **dispersive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dispers-, dispergere 'scatter widely'.

**dispersion** /dɪ'spɜ:ʃn/ n. **1** the action of dispersing or the state of being dispersed 分散; 驱散; 消散 ➤ (**the dispersion**) another term for DIASPORA * diaspora的另一种说法 **2** a mixture of one substance dispersed in another medium 分散体 **3** Physics【物】the separation of white light into colours or of any radiation according to wavelength 色散 **4** Statistics【统】the extent to which values of a variable differ from a fixed value such as the mean 离差, 离散度

**dispirit** /dɪ'spɪrɪt/ v. cause to lose enthusiasm or hope 使沮丧, 使气馁
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispiritedly** adv. **dispiritedness** n. **dispiriting** adj. **dispiritingly** adv.

**displace** /dɪs'pleɪs/ v. **1** move from the proper or usual position 移位, 移置 **2** take the place, position, or role of; oust 替代, 取代 **3** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **displaced**] force (someone) to leave their home, typically because of war or persecution (常指战乱或迫害)迫使(某人)离开家园: displaced persons 失去家园的人们

**displacement** /dɪs'pleɪsmənt/ n. **1** the action or process of displacing 移位, 移置; 替代, 取代 **2** the amount by which a thing is moved from a position 移位量 **3** the volume or weight of water that would fill the volume displaced by a floating ship, used as a measure of the ship's size (船只的)排水量 **4** the volume swept by a reciprocating system, as in a pump or engine (活塞或引擎等的)排量 **5** Physics【物】the component of an electric field due to free separated charges, regardless of any polarizing effects (电)位移 **6** Psychoanalysis【精神分析】the unconscious transfer of an intense emotion from one object to another 移置作用, 情感转移

**displacement activity** n. Psychology【心理】an irrelevant activity that arises unconsciously when a conflict between antagonistic urges cannot be resolved (e.g. head-scratching when confused) 替代活动(如迷惑不解时挠头)

**display** /dɪ'spleɪ/ v. **1** place (something) prominently so that it may readily be seen 展示, 陈列(某物) **2** show (data or an image) on a computer, television, or cinema screen (屏幕)显示(数据或图像) **3** give a clear demonstration of (a quality, emotion, or skill) 显露, 表现(品质、情感或技巧) **4** (of a male animal) engage in a specialized pattern of behaviour intended to attract a mate (雄性动物为求偶)做炫耀行为 ■ n. **1** an instance of displaying or being displayed 展示, 陈列 ➤ a show or other event staged for public entertainment (公众娱乐)表演 **2** a collection of objects being displayed 展览品, 陈列品 **3** an electronic device for the visual presentation of data 显示器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **displayer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'unfurl, unfold'): from OFr. despleier, from L. displicare 'scatter, disperse' (in med. L. 'unfold').

**display case** (also 亦作 **display cabinet**) n. a case for displaying items in a shop or museum 陈列柜, 展品柜

**displayed** /dɪ'spleɪd/ adj. Heraldry【纹章】(of a bird of prey) depicted with the wings extended (猛禽)展翅的, 翅膀张开的

**display type** n. large, bold, or eye-catching type used for headings or advertisements 特排字体, 大号装饰性铅字(用于标题或广告)

**displease** /dɪs'pli:z/ v. annoy or upset 使不快; 使生气, 惹怒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **displeased** adj. **displeasing** adj. **displeasingly** adv.

**displeasure** /dɪs'pleʒə(r)/ n. a feeling of annoyance or disapproval 不快; 恼火; 不满 ■ v. archaic【古】annoy; displease 使不快; 惹怒

**disport** /dɪ'spɔ:t/ v. (**disport oneself**) archaic or humorous【古或幽】enjoy oneself unrestrainedly; frolic 自娱; 嬉戏 ■ n. archaic【古】recreation; amusement 娱乐, 消遣 ➤ a pastime or sport 娱乐活动, 消遣活动
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. desporter 'carry away' (from L. portare).

**disposable** /dɪ'spəʊzəbl/ adj. **1** (of an article) intended to be used once and then thrown away (物品)用后即丢弃的, 一次性的 ➤ able to be dispensed with; easily dismissed 可任意处置的 **2** (chiefly of financial assets) readily available for the owner's use as required (主要指金融资产)可自由支配的 ■ n. a disposable article 一次性物品
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disposability** n.

**disposable income** n. income remaining after deduction of taxes and social security charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes 可支配收入 Compare with 比较 DISCRETIONARY INCOME.

**disposal** /dɪ'spəʊzl/ n. **1** the action or process of disposing 丢掉; 清除; 销毁 **2** the sale of assets 资产出售 **3** US informal【美, 非正式】a waste-disposal unit 垃圾处理器
-PHRASES 短语 **at one's disposal** available to be used however one wishes 由某人支配, 供某人使用 **at someone's disposal** ready to assist someone in any way they wish 听候某人吩咐

**dispose** /dɪ'spəʊz/ v. **1** (**dispose of**) get rid of 丢掉, 清除, 销毁 ➤ overcome (a rival or threat) 战胜(对手或威胁) ➤ informal【非正式】consume (food or drink) quickly or enthusiastically (狼吞虎咽地)吃(食物), 喝(饮料) **2** arrange in a particular position 排列, 布置 **3** incline (someone) towards a particular activity or mood 使(某人)易于(或倾向于)(产生特定行为或情绪) **4** literary【文】determine the course of events 控制, 决定(事态的发展): Man proposes, but God disposes. 谋事在人, 成事在天。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disposer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. disposer, from L. disponere 'arrange', influenced by dispositus 'arranged' and OFr. poser 'to place'.

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**disposed** /dɪ'spəʊzd/ adj. **1** inclined or willing 有倾向的; 愿意的: He was not disposed to take the hint. 他不愿意理会这个暗示。**2** having a specified attitude to or towards (对……)持有……态度的: He is favourably disposed towards the proposals. 他支持这些提议。

**disposition** /dɪspə'zɪʃn/ n. **1** a person's inherent qualities of mind and character 性情, 性格 ➤ an inclination or tendency 意向, 倾向 **2** the way in which something is placed or arranged 排列, 布置
> (**dispositions**) the stationing of troops ready for military action (军队的)部署 **3** Law【律】the transfer of property or money to someone, in particular by bequest 赠与, 转让(尤指遗赠物) **4** the power to deal with something as one pleases 处置权; 支配权 ➤ archaic【古】the determination of events by divine power 天命

**dispositive** /dɪs'pɒzətɪv/ adj. relating to or bringing about the settlement of an issue or the disposition of property 决定性的

**dispossess** /dɪspə'zes/ v. **1** deprive of land or property 剥夺, 夺去(…的土地或财产) ➤ [as pl. n. 作复数 **the dispossessed**] people who have been dispossessed 被剥夺土地(或财产)者 **2** (in sport) deprive (a player) of the ball (体育运动中)夺…的球, 断…的球
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dispossession** n.

**dispraise** /dɪs'preɪz/ n. censure; criticism 非难, 指责 ■ v. archaic【古】censure or criticize 非难, 指责
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. despreisier, based on late L. depreciare (see 见 DEPRECIATE).

**disproof** /dɪs'pru:f/ n. action or evidence that proves something to be untrue 反驳, 驳斥; 反驳的证据

**disproportion** /dɪsprə'pɔ:ʃn/ n. a lack of proportion 不成比例; 不相称
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disproportional** adj. **disproportionality** n. **disproportionally** adv.

**disproportionate**¹ /dɪsprə'pɔ:ʃ(ə)nət/ adj. too large or too small in comparison with something else 不成比例的; 不相称的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disproportionately** adv. **disproportionateness** n.

**disproportionate**² /dɪsprə'pɔ:ʃ(ə)neɪt/ v. Chemistry【化】undergo disproportionation 歧化

**disproportionation** /dɪsprəˌpɔ:sə'neɪʃn/ n. Chemistry【化】a reaction in which a substance is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, giving two different products 歧化反应

**disprove** /dɪs'pru:v/ v. prove that (something) is false 证明……为误; 反驳, 驳倒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disprovable** adj.

**disputable** /dɪ'spju:təbl/ adj. open to question or debate 可质疑的; 有争辩余地的, 可商榷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disputably** adv.

**disputation** /dɪspju'teɪʃn/ n. debate or argument 辩论; 争论, 争辩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disputative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. disputatio(n-), from disputare (see 见 DISPUTE).

**disputatious** /dɪspju:'teɪʃəs/ adj. fond of having arguments 爱争论的, 好辩的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disputatiously** adv. **disputatiousness** n.

**dispute** v. /dɪ'spju:t/ **1** argue about (something) 为……辩论, 就……争论 ➤ question the truth or validity of (a statement or alleged fact) 对(陈述或所谓事实)提出质疑 **2** compete for 争夺, 竞争 **3** archaic【古】resist (a military landing or advance) 抵抗, 阻止(军队登陆或前进) ■ n. /dɪ'spju:t, 'dɪspju:t/ a disagreement or argument 纠纷, 争端 ➤ a disagreement between management and employees that leads to industrial action (导致劳工行动的)劳资纠纷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disputant** n. **disputer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. disputare 'to estimate' (in late L. 'to dispute').

**disqualify** /dɪs'kwɒlɪfaɪ/ v. (**disqualifies**, **disqualifying**, **disqualified**) pronounce (someone) ineligible for an office or activity because of an offence or infringement (因违规)取消(某人)的资格 ➤ (of a characteristic) make (someone) unsuitable for an office or activity (特点)使(某人)不适合(担任某职务或从事某活动)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disqualification** n.

**disquiet** /dɪs'kwaɪət/ n. a feeling of anxiety 忧虑; 不安 ■ v. [usu. as adj. 常作形容词 **disquieted**] make anxious 使忧虑; 使不安
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disquieting** adj. **disquietingly** adv. **disquietude** n.

**disquisition** /dɪskwɪ'zɪʃn/ n. a long or complex discussion or essay (冗长或复杂的)讨论, 论文
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disquisitional** adj. (archaic【古】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: via Fr. from L. disquisitio(n-) 'investigation', based on quaerere 'seek'.

**disrate** /dɪs'reɪt/ v. reduce (a sailor) to a lower rank 使(海员、水手)降级

**disregard** /dɪsrɪ'gɑ:d/ v. pay no attention to; ignore 不理; 忽视; 漠视 ■ n. the action of disregarding or the state of being disregarded 不理; 忽视; 漠视

**disrelish** /dɪs'relɪʃ/ archaic【古】■ n. a feeling of dislike or distaste 不喜欢; 讨厌, 厌恶 ■ v. regard with dislike or distaste 不喜欢; 讨厌, 厌恶

**disremember** /dɪsrɪ'membə(r)/ v. US dialect【美方】fail to remember 忘记, 忘掉

**disrepair** /dɪsrɪ'peə(r)/ n. a poor condition due to neglect 失修, 破败

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**disreputable** /dɪs'repjʊtəbl/ adj. not respectable in appearance or character 不体面的; 声名狼藉的, 不名誉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disreputableness** n. **disreputably** adv.

**disrepute** /dɪsrɪ'pju:t/ n. the state of being held in low public esteem 丧失名誉, 坏名声

**disrespect** /dɪsrɪ'spekt/ n. lack of respect or courtesy 失敬; 无礼 ■ v. informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式, 主北美】show a lack of respect for; insult 不尊敬; 对…无礼; 侮辱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disrespectful** adj. **disrespectfully** adv.

**disrobe** /dɪs'rəʊb/ v. take off one's clothes; undress 脱去衣服 ➤ take off official regalia or vestments 脱去公服(或礼服)

**disrupt** /dɪs'rʌpt/ v. **1** disturb or interrupt 扰乱; 使中断 **2** seriously alter or destroy the structure of 使分裂; 使瓦解
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disrupter** (also 亦作 **disruptor**) n. **disruption** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. disrupt-, disrumpere 'break apart'.

**disruptive** /dɪs'rʌptɪv/ adj. causing or tending to cause disruption 引起混乱的, 扰乱性的, 破坏性的 ➤ innovative or groundbreaking 革新的, 开创性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disruptively** adv. **disruptiveness** n.

**diss** /dɪs/ v. & n. variant spelling of DIS * dis 的另一种拼法

**dissatisfaction** /dɪsˌsætɪs'fækʃn/ n. lack of satisfaction 不满(意)

**dissatisfied** /dɪs'sætɪsfaɪd/ adj. not content or happy 不满意的; 不高兴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissatisfiedly** adv.

**dissatisfy** /dɪs'sætɪsfaɪ/ ■ v. (**dissatisfies**, **dissatisfying**, **dissatisfied**) fail to satisfy 使不满意

**dissaving** /dɪs'seɪvɪŋ/ n. N. Amer.【北美】the action of spending more than one has earned in a given period (一段时间内的)入不敷出 ➤ (**dissavings**) the excess amount spent (开销)超支额

**dissect** /daɪ'sekt, dɪ-/ v. **1** methodically cut up (a body or plant) in order to study its internal parts 解剖(动、植物) **2** analyse in minute detail 详细分析, 剖析
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissection** n. **dissector** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dissect-, dissecare 'cut up'.

**dissected** /dɪ'sektɪd/ adj. **1** Botany【植】(of a leaf) divided into many deep lobes (叶子)深裂的, 多裂的 **2** Geology【地质】(of a plateau or upland) divided by a number of deep valleys (高原或高地)切割的

**dissemble** /dɪ'sembl/ v. hide or disguise one's true motives or feelings 隐藏, 掩盖(真实动机或感情)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissemblance** n. **dissembler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. (suggested by SEMBLANCE) of obs. dissimule, via OFr. from L. dissimulare 'disguise, conceal'.

**disseminate** /dɪ'semɪneɪt/ v. spread widely (广泛)散布, 传播
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissemination** n. **disseminator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. disseminat-, disseminare 'scatter', from dis- 'abroad' + semen, semin- 'seed'.

**disseminule** /dɪ'semɪnju:l/ n. Botany【植】a part of a plant that serves to propagate it, such as a seed or a fruit 传播体
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: formed irregularly from dissemination (see 见 DISSEMINATE) + -ULE.

**dissension** /dɪ'senʃn/ n. disagreement that leads to discord (导致不和的)意见分歧, 纷争
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. dissensio(n-), from dissentire (see 见 DISSENT).

**dissensus** /dɪ'sensəs/ n. widespread dissent 意见分歧, 各持己见
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from DIS- + a shortened form of CONSENSUS, or from L. dissensus 'disagreement'.

**dissent** /dɪ'sent/ v. express disagreement with a prevailing view or official decision 不同意, 持异议: Two members dissented from the majority. 两名成员与大部分人的意见相左。➤ disagree with the doctrine of an established or orthodox Church 不遵从(国教, 正教的教义) ■ n. the holding or expression of a dissenting view 不同意, 持异议; 发表不同意见, 表示异议
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissentire 'differ in sentiment'.

**dissenter** /dɪ'sentə(r)/ n. a person who dissents 持不同意见者, 持异议者 ➤ (**Dissenter**) Brit. historical【英, 史义】a member of a non-established Church; a Nonconformist 不从国教者

**dissentient** /dɪ'senʃiənt, -ʃnt/ adj. in opposition to a majority or official opinion 不同意的, 持异议的 ■ n. a dissentient person 持不同意见者, 持异议者
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. dissentient-, dissentire 'differ in opinion'.

**dissepiment** /dɪ'sepɪm(ə)nt/ ■ n. Botany & Zoology【植, 动】a partition in a part or organ; a septum 隔膜
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. dissaepimentum, from dissaepire 'make separate'.

**dissertation** /dɪsə'teɪʃn/ n. a long essay, especially one written for a university degree or diploma (长篇)论文; (尤指)学位论文
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissertational** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'discussion, debate'): from L. dissertatio(n-), from dissertare 'continue to discuss'.

**disservice** /dɪs'sɜ:vɪs/ n. a harmful action 危害; 损害

**dissever** /dɪ(s)'sevə(r)/ v. divide or sever (使)分离; 分割, 切开
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disseverance** n. **disseverment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dessevrer, from late L. disseparare, from dis- (expressing intensive force) + L. separare 'to separate'.

**dissident** /'dɪsɪd(ə)nt/ n. a person who opposes official policy 持不同政见者 ■ adj. in opposition to official policy 持不同政见的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissidence** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dissident-, dissidere 'sit apart, disagree'.

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**dissimilar** /dɪ'sɪmɪlə(r)/ adj. (often 常用 **dissimilar from/to**) not similar; different 不同的, 相异的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissimilarity** n. **dissimilarly** adv.

**dissimilate** /dɪ'sɪmɪleɪt/ v. Linguistics【语言】change (a sound in a word) to another when the word originally had identical sounds near each other (e.g. in taper, which derives from papyrus, the p is dissimilated to t) 使(单词的音)异化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissimilation** n. **dissimilatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DIS- + L. similis 'like, similar', on the pattern of assimilate.

**dissimilitude** /dɪsɪ'mɪlɪtju:d/ n. formal【正式】dissimilarity or diversity 不同点, 相异之处
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissimilitudo, from dissimilis 'unlike'.

**dissimulate** /dɪ'sɪmjʊleɪt/ v. hide or disguise one's thoughts or feelings 掩饰, 掩盖(想法或感情)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissimulation** n. **dissimulator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissimulat-, dissimulare 'to conceal'.

**dissipate** /'dɪsɪpeɪt/ v. **1** be or cause to be dispelled or dispersed 驱散, (使)消散 **2** waste (money, energy, or resources) 挥霍, 浪费(金钱、精力或资源) **3** Physics【物】cause (energy) to be lost through its conversion into heat 使(能量)耗散(或散逸)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissipative** adj. **dissipator** (also 亦作 **dissipater**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissipat-, dissipare 'scatter'.

**dissipated** /'dɪsɪpeɪtɪd/ adj. overindulgent in sensual pleasures 放荡的, 浪荡的

**dissipation** /dɪsɪ'peɪʃn/ n. **1** dissipated living 纵情遂欲, 放荡生活 **2** the action of dissipating 驱散; 挥霍

**dissociable** /dɪ'səʊʃəbl/ adj. able to be dissociated; separable 可分离的, 可分开的

**dissociate** /dɪ'səʊʃieɪt, -sɪ-/ v. **1** disconnect or separate 把…分开, 使分离, 使脱离 ➤ (**dissociate oneself from**) declare that one is not connected with or a supporter of 宣称与…无关(或不支持…) **2** Psychiatry【精神】cause (a component of mental activity) to undergo dissociation 使(心理活动)分裂 **3** Chemistry【化】undergo or cause to undergo dissociation (使)离解
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissociative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dissociat-, dissociare 'to separate'.

**dissociation** /dɪˌsəʊʃi'eɪʃn, -sɪ-/ n. **1** the action or process of disconnecting or separating 分开, 分离, 脱离 **2** Psychiatry【精神】separation of normally related mental processes, resulting in one group functioning independently from the rest and leading to disorders such as multiple personality 分裂 **3** Chemistry【化】the splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process (尤指可逆性的)离解

**dissoluble** /dɪ'sɒljʊbl/ adj. able to be dissolved, loosened, or disconnected 可溶解的; 可解除的; 可分解的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissolubility** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dissolubilis, from dissolvere (see 见 DISSOLVE).

**dissolute** /'dɪsəlu:t/ adj. overindulgent in sensual pleasures 放荡的, 浪荡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissolutely** adv. **dissoluteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissolutus 'disconnected, loose', from dissolvere (see 见 DISSOLVE).

**dissolution** /dɪsə'lu:ʃn/ n. **1** the formal ending of an assembly, partnership, or official body (会议或官方机构的)解散; (合作关系的)解除, 终止 **2** the action or process of dissolving or being dissolved 溶解, 融化 **3** disintegration; decomposition 瓦解; 分解 ➤ archaic【古】death 死亡 **4** debauched living; dissipation 放荡; 挥霍
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissolutio(n-), from dissolvere (see 见 DISSOLVE).

**dissolve** /dɪ'zɒlv/ v. **1** (with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution (固体)溶解, 融化
> disappear 消失 ➤ (**dissolve into/in**) subside uncontrollably into (an expression of strong feelings) 情不自禁
> (**dissolve into/to**) (of an image or scene in a film) gradually blend into another (图像或电影画面)叠化, 淡入淡出 **2** close down or annul (an assembly, official body, or marriage) 解散(会议或官方机构); 解除(婚姻关系) ■ n. an instance of dissolving from one image or scene in a film to another (图像或电影画面的)叠化, 淡入淡出
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissolvable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dissolvere, from dis- 'apart' + solvere 'loosen or solve'.

**dissolvent** /dɪ'zɒlv(ə)nt/ n. a substance that dissolves something 溶剂, 溶媒

**dissonant** /'dɪsənənt/ adj. **1** Music【音】lacking harmony 不协和的 **2** unsuitable in combination; clashing 不和谐的, 不协调的; 不一致的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissonance** n. **dissonantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. dissonant-, dissonare 'be discordant', from dis- 'apart' + sonare 'to sound'.

**dissuade** /dɪ'sweɪd/ v. (**dissuade someone from**) persuade someone not to take (a course of action) 阻止, 劝阻(某人采取某行动)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissuader** n. **dissuasion** n. **dissuasive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (earlier (ME) as dissuasion): from L. dissuadere, from dis- (expressing reversal) + suadere 'advise, persuade'.

**dissyllable** /dɪ'sɪləbl/ n. variant spelling of DISYLLABLE * disyllable的另种拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissyllabic** adj.

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**dissymmetry** /dɪ'sɪmɪtri/ n. (pl. **dissymmetries**) **1** lack of symmetry 不对称 **2** the symmetrical relation of mirror images, as between the left and right hands (镜中映像或双手等的)左右(或两面)对称, 反向对称
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dissymmetric** adj. **dissymmetrical** adj.

**distaff** /'dɪstɑ:f/ n. **1** a stick or spindle on to which wool or flax is wound for spinning (用来卷羊毛或亚麻的)纺纱杆, 绕线杆 **2** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting or concerning women 女性的; 母系的: a family tree on the distaff side 母系家谱 Compare with 比较 SPEAR (sense 3 of the noun 名词释义3)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE distæf: the first element is appar. rel. to Mid. Low Ger. dise, disene 'distaff, bunch of flax'; the second is STAFF¹.

**distal** /'dɪstl/ adj. chiefly Anatomy【主解】situated away from the centre of the body or an area or from the point of attachment 远侧的, 远端的, 远节的, 远中的 The opposite of 反义词 PROXIMAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DISTANT, on the pattern of words such as dorsal.

**distance** /'dɪstəns/ n. **1** the length of the space between two points 距离, 间距: I cycled the short distance home. 我骑车很快就到家了。**2** the condition of being remote 远离; 遥远 ➤ a far-off point 远处; 远方 **3** the full length of a race or other contest (赛跑或其他比赛的)全程 ➤ Brit. Horse Racing【英, 赛马】a space of more than twenty lengths between two finishers in a race 到达终点的两马之间20马身以上的间距 ➤ (**the distance**) Brit. Horse Racing【英, 赛马】a length of 240 yards from the winning post on a racecourse 跑马终点线前240码处 **4** an interval of time (时间)间隔 **5** aloofness or reserve 冷淡; 疏远; 矜持 ■ v. make distant 使远离 ➤ (often 常用 **distance oneself from**) dissociate or separate 使远离; 使疏远; 把…拉开距离
-PHRASES 短语 **go the distance** last or continue to participate until the scheduled end of a contest (比赛)打满全场, 赛完全局 **keep one's distance** stay far away 保持距离 ➤ maintain one's reserve 保持冷淡
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'discord, debate'): from OFr. or from L. distantia, from distant-, distare (see 见 DISTANT).

**distance learning** n. a method of studying in which lectures are broadcast and lessons are conducted by correspondence 远程学习

**distance runner** n. an athlete who competes in long- or middle-distance races 中长跑运动员

**distant** /'dɪstənt/ adj. **1** far away in space or time 遥远的; 久远的 ➤ at a specified distance 有……距离的: The town lay half a mile distant. 该镇在半英里外。➤ (of a sound) faint because far away (声音)隐约的, 远处传来的 **2** remote or far apart in resemblance or relationship 不相似的; 关系不密切的 ➤ (of a person) not closely related (人)远亲的, 远房的: a distant cousin 远房表亲 **3** cool or reserved 冷淡的; 疏远的; 矜持的 ➤ not paying attention; abstracted 心不在焉的, 出神的: a distant look 恍惚的眼神
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. distant-, distare 'stand apart'.

**distantiate** /dɪ'stænʃieɪt/ v. set or keep at a distance emotionally or intellectually (在情感或理智上)与…保持距离
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distantiation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: based on L. distantia 'distance'.

**distant signal** n. a railway signal giving a warning of the condition of the next home signal (铁路)预告信号

**distaste** /dɪs'teɪst/ n. mild dislike or aversion (轻微的)不喜欢, 反感, 厌恶
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from DIS- + TASTE, on the pattern of early mod. Fr. desgout, Ital. disgusto; cf. DISGUST.

**distasteful** /dɪs'teɪstfl/ adj. causing distaste; disagreeable or unpleasant 令人反感的; 讨厌的; 使人不快的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distastefully** adv. **distastefulness** n.

**distemper**¹ /dɪ'stempə(r)/ n. a kind of paint having a base of glue or size instead of oil, used on walls (壁画用的)胶画颜料 ➤ a method of mural and poster painting using this 胶画法 ■ v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **distempered**] paint with distemper 用胶画颜料画
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. as a verb in the senses 'dilute' and 'steep'): from OFr. destremper or late L. distemperare 'soak'.

**distemper**² /dɪ'stempə(r)/ n. **1** a viral disease of some animals, especially dogs, causing fever, coughing, and catarrh 瘟热 **2** archaic【古】political disorder (政治)动乱
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. in the sense 'bad temper', later 'illness'): from ME distemper 'upset, derange', from late L. distemperare 'soak, mix in the wrong proportions'.

**distend** /dɪ'stend/ v. swell or cause to swell because of pressure from inside (因来自内部的压力)(使)膨胀, (使)肿胀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distended** adj. **distensibility** n. **distensible** adj. **distension** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. distendere, from dis- 'apart' + tendere 'to stretch'.

**distich** /'dɪstɪk/ ■ n. Prosody【诗体】a pair of verse lines; a couplet 押韵对句
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk distikhon (metron) '(measure) of two lines', neut. of distikhos, from di- 'twice' + stikhos 'line'.

**distichous** /'dɪstɪkəs/ adj. Botany【植】arranged alternately in two opposite vertical rows 二列的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk distikhos (see 见 DISTICH) + -ous.

**distil** /dɪ'stɪl/ (US【美】**distill**) v. (**distils**, **distilling**, **distilled**) **1** purify (a liquid) by heating it so that it vaporizes, then cooling and condensing the vapour and collecting the resulting liquid 蒸馏(液体) ➤ make (spirits) in this way 用蒸馏法制(酒) ➤ extract a volatile component of (a substance) by heating, often with a solvent 用蒸馏法去除(物质的挥发性成分) **2** extract the essential meaning of 提炼; 浓缩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distillate** n. **distillation** n. **distillatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. distillare, var. of destillare, from de- 'down, away' + stillare (from stilla 'a drop').

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**distiller** /dɪ'stɪlə(r)/ n. a person or company that manufactures spirits (采用蒸馏法的)酿酒者, 酿酒公司

**distillery** /dɪ'stɪləri/ n. (pl. **distilleries**) a place where spirits are manufactured (采用蒸馏法的)酿酒厂

**distinct** /dɪ'stɪŋkt/ adj. **1** recognizably different in nature; individual or separate 截然不同的; 有区别的; 单独的 **2** readily distinguishable by the senses 明显的; 清晰的: a distinct smell of nicotine 明显的尼古丁气味
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distinctly** adv. **distinctness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. distinctus 'separated, distinguished', from distinguere (see 见 DISTINGUISH).

**distinction** /dɪ'stɪŋkʃn/ n. **1** a marked difference or contrast 明显不同; 显著差别 ➤ the action of distinguishing 区分, 区别 **2** excellence that sets someone or something apart from others 卓越, 优秀; 杰出 ➤ special honour or recognition 殊勋, 荣誉, 奖赏
> an examination grade denoting excellence (考试成绩)优良, 优秀

**distinctive** /dɪ'stɪŋktɪv/ adj. individually characteristic; distinct from others of its kind 有特色的; 与众不同的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distinctively** adv. **distinctiveness** n.

**distingué** /dɪ'stæŋgeɪ/ adj. (fem. 阴性 **distinguée** pronunc. same 发音同) distinguished 高贵的, 雍容华贵的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**distinguish** /dɪ'stɪŋgwɪʃ/ v. **1** recognize, show, or treat as different 区分, 辨别 ➤ (**distinguish between**) perceive or point out a difference between 辨明, 分清(不同之处) ➤ [often as adj. 常作形容词 **distinguishing**] be an identifying characteristic of 成为……的特征 **2** manage to discern (something barely perceptible) 辨认出(难以察觉的事物) **3** (**distinguish oneself**) make oneself worthy of respect 使出众, 使著名
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distinguishable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: formed irregularly from Fr. distinguer or L. distinguere, from dis- 'apart' + stinguere 'put out'.

**distinguished** /dɪ'stɪŋgwɪʃt/ adj. **1** noble and dignified in appearance (外表)高贵的, 雍容华贵的 **2** successful and commanding great respect 卓越的; 杰出的, 著名的

**distort** /dɪ'stɔ:t/ v. **1** pull or twist out of shape 扭曲; 使变形 **2** give a misleading account or impression of 歪曲; 曲解 **3** change the form of (an electrical signal or sound wave) during transmission or amplification 使(电信号或声波)畸变(或失真)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distorted** adj. **distortedly** adv. **distortedness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. distort-, distorquere 'twist apart'.

**distortion** /dɪ'stɔ:ʃn/ n. the action of distorting or the state of being distorted 扭曲; 曲解; 失真
> a distorted form or part 变形(部分)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distortional** adj. **distortionless** adj.

**distract** /dɪ'strækt/ v. prevent (someone) from concentrating on something 使(某人)分心
> divert (attention) from something 转移(注意力)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distracted** adj. **distractedly** adv. **distracting** adj. **distractingly** adv. **distractor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. distract-, distrahere 'draw apart'.

**distraction** /dɪ'strækʃn/ n. **1** a thing that diverts someone's attention 分散注意力的事物, 分心的事物 **2** a thing offering recreation or entertainment 消遣, 娱乐 **3** an agitated mental state 心烦意乱; 焦虑不安: her air of distraction 她那心烦意乱的样子
-PHRASES 短语 **to distraction** almost to a state of madness 几乎到疯狂地步: She loved him to distraction. 她爱他爱得发疯。

**distrain** /dɪ'streɪn/ v. Law【律】seize (property) in order to obtain payment of rent or other money owed (为迫使偿还租金或欠款而)扣押(财产)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distrainer** n. **distrainment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. destreindre, from L. distringere 'stretch apart'.

**distraint** /dɪ'streɪnt/ n. Law【律】the seizure of someone's property in order to obtain payment of rent or other money owed 扣押财产

**distrait** /dɪ'streɪ, 'dɪstreɪ/ adj. (fem. 阴性 **distraite** /-'streɪt/) distracted; absent-minded 心烦意乱的, 精神恍惚的, 心不在焉的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from OFr. destrait, past part. of destraire 'distract'.

**distraught** /dɪ'strɔ:t/ adj. very worried and upset 心急如焚的; 心烦意乱的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: alt. of the obs. adj. distract (from L. distractus 'pulled apart').

**distress** /dɪ'stres/ n. **1** extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain 忧虑; 悲痛; 痛苦 **2** the state of a ship or aircraft when in danger or difficulty (船只、飞机等的)遇难, 遇险 **3** Medicine【医】a state of physical strain, especially difficulty in breathing 劳损; (尤指)呼吸窘迫 **4** Law【律】another term for DISTRAINT * distraint的另一种说法 ■ v. **1** cause distress to 使忧虑; 使悲痛; 使痛苦 **2** give (furniture or clothing) simulated marks of age and wear (为造成陈年久用的外观)故意磨损(家具或衣物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distressed** adj. **distressful** adj. **distressing** adj. **distressingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. destresce (n.), destrecier (v.), based on L. distringere 'stretch apart'.

**distressed area** n. a region of high unemployment and poverty (失业严重、生活贫困的)困难地区

**distress warrant** ■ n. Law【律】a warrant authorizing distraint 财产扣押令

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**distributary** /dɪ'strɪbjʊt(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **distributaries**) a branch of a river that does not return to the main stream after leaving it (as in a delta) 分流河段

**distribute** /dɪ'strɪbju:t, 'dɪstrɪbju:t/ v. **1** hand or share out to a number of recipients 分发; 分送; 分配 ➤ supply (goods) to retailers 经销(商品) **2** (**be distributed**) be spread over or throughout an area 使分布, 散布 **3** Logic【逻】use (a term) to include every individual of the class to which it refers (项)周延
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distributable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. distribut-, distribuere 'divide up'.

**distributed system** n. a number of independent computers linked by a network (计算机网络的)分布式系统

**distribution** /dɪstrɪ'bju:ʃn/ n. **1** the action of distributing 分发; 分送; 分配 **2** the way in which something is distributed 分布方式: Changes in the area have affected the distribution of its wildlife. 该地区发生的变化已经影响到其野生生物的分布。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distributional** adj.

**distributive** /dɪ'strɪbjʊtɪv/ adj. **1** relating to distribution or to things that are distributed 分发(物)的; 分送(物)的; 分配(物)的 **2** Grammar【语法】(of a determiner or pronoun) referring to each individual of a class, not to the class collectively, e.g. each, either (限定词或代词)分配的(区分整体中的个体)(如 each, either) **3** Mathematics【数】involving the condition that an operation performed on two or more quantities already combined by another operation gives the same result as when it is performed on each quantity individually and the products then combined, e.g. a x (b + c) = ab + ac (运算)分配(律)的(如 a x (b + c) = ab + ac)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distributively** adv.

**distributor** /dɪ'strɪbjʊtə(r)/ n. **1** an agent who supplies goods to retailers 经销商 **2** a device in a petrol engine for passing electric current to each spark plug in turn (汽油发动机的)分电器

**district** /'dɪstrɪkt/ n. **1** an area of a town or country 地区, 区域 **2** Brit.【英】a division of a county or region that elects its own councilors 选区 ■ v. N. Amer.【北美】divide into areas 把…划分成区
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from med. L. districtus '(territory of) jurisdiction', from L. distringere 'draw apart'.

**district attorney** n. (in the US) a public official who acts as prosecutor for the state in a particular district (美国)地方检察官

**district court** n. (in most US jurisdictions) the federal or state trial court (美国大部分辖区的)联邦地方法院, 州地方法院

**district nurse** n. (in the UK) a nurse who visits and treats patients in their homes, operating within a particular district (英国在特定区域内上门服务的)片区护士

**distro** /'dɪstrəʊ/ n. (pl. **distros**) informal【非正式】a computer software distribution package 计算机软件发行套件, 计算机软件包
-ORIGIN 词源 from DISTRIBUTION.

**distrust** /dɪs'trʌst/ n. lack of trust 不信任; 怀疑 ■ v. have little trust in; regard with suspicion 不信任; 怀疑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distruster** n.

**distrustful** /dɪs'trʌstfl/ adj. (often 常用 **distrustful of**) feeling or showing distrust 不信任的; 怀疑的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **distrustfully** adv.

**disturb** /dɪ'stɜ:b/ v. **1** interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of 打扰, 搅乱(正常安排或运作) **2** interrupt the sleep, relaxation, or privacy of 打扰, 妨碍(睡眠、休息或隐私) **3** make anxious 使忧虑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disturber** n. **disturbing** adj. **disturbingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. destourber, from L. disturbare, from dis- 'utterly' + turbare 'disturb'.

**disturbance** /dɪ'stɜ:bəns/ n. **1** the action of disturbing or the state of being disturbed (被)扰乱; (受)打扰 **2** a breakdown of peaceful and law-abiding behaviour 骚乱, 动乱 **3** Law【律】interference with rights or property (对权利或财产的)侵犯

**disturbed** /dɪ'stɜ:bd/ adj. suffering from emotional or psychological problems 情绪(或精神)不正常的

**disubstituted** /daɪ'sʌbstɪtju:tɪd/ adj. Chemistry【化】(of a molecule) having two substituent groups (分子)二基取代的, 双取代的

**disulfiram** /daɪ'sʌlfɪræm/ n. Medicine【医】a synthetic compound used in the treatment of alcoholism, causing unpleasant after-effects if alcohol is drunk 双硫仑, 戒酒硫(用于治疗酒精中毒)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: blend of DI-¹, sulfide (see 见 SULPHIDE), and thiuram, a group (from THIO- + UREA + AMIDE).

**disunion** /dɪs'ju:njən/ n. the breaking up or lack of a union 分裂, 纷争, 不统一

**disunite** /dɪsju:'naɪtɪd/ adj. lacking unity 分裂的; 不和的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disunite** v. **disunity** n.

**disuse** /dɪs'ju:s/ n. the state of not being used 不用, 废弃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disused** adj.

**disutility** /dɪsju:'tɪlɪti/ n. Economics【经】the adverse qualities associated with an activity or process 反效用, 负效用

**disyllable** /daɪ'sɪləbl, 'daɪsɪl-/ (also 亦作 **dissyllable** /dɪ'sɪləbl/) n. Prosody【诗体】a word or metrical foot consisting of two syllables 双音节词; 双音节韵步
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **disyllabic** /daɪsɪ'læbɪk/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: alt. (influenced by SYLLABLE) of Fr. disyllabe, via L. from Gk disullabos 'of two syllables'.

**dit** /dɪt/ n. (in the Morse system) another term for DOT (在莫尔斯电码中)dot的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: imitative.

**ditch** /dɪtʃ/ n. a narrow channel dug to hold or carry water 沟, 渠 ■ v. **1** provide with or dig a ditch 开沟, 筑渠 **2** informal【非正式】get rid of; give up 摆脱; 抛弃; 丢弃 ➤ N. Amer.【北美】play truant from (school) 逃(学) **3** (with reference to an aircraft) make or cause to make a forced landing on water (使)(飞机)作水上迫降
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ditcher** n. **ditching** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dīc, of Gmc origin; rel. to DYKE¹.

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**diterpene** /daɪ'tɜ:pi:n/ n. Chemistry【化】any of a group of terpenes with unsaturated molecules based on a unit with the formula C₂₀H₃₂ 二萜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diterpenoid** adj. & n.

**ditheism** /'daɪθi:ɪz(ə)m/ n. a belief in two gods, especially as independent and opposed principles of good and evil 二神论; (尤指)善恶二元论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ditheist** n.

**dither** /'dɪðə(r)/ v. **1** be indecisive 犹豫; 踌躇 **2** Computing【计】display or print (a colour image) without sharp edges so that it appears to contain extra colours 抖动(彩色图像) ■ n. informal【非正式】**1** a state of dithering 犹豫; 踌躇 **2** a state of agitation 紧张; 焦虑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ditherer** n. **dithery** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the dial. sense 'tremble, quiver'): var. of dial. didder; rel. to DODDER¹.

**dithyramb** /'dɪθɪræm(b)/ n. a wildly ecstatic choral hymn of ancient Greece, especially one dedicated to the god Dionysus (古希腊的)合唱赞美诗; (尤指)酒神赞歌 ➤ a passionate or inflated speech, poem, or text 充满激情(或夸张)的演讲(或诗歌、文章)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dithyrambic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk dithurambos.

**ditransitive** /daɪ'trænsɪtɪv, -'trɑ:-, -nz-/ adj. Grammar【语法】denoting a verb that takes two objects, for example give as in I gave her the book (动词)双及物的, 后接双宾语的

**ditsy** /'dɪtsi/ adj. variant spelling of DITZY * ditzy的另一种拼法

**dittany** /'dɪtəni/ n. (pl. **dittanies**) **1** an aromatic, shrubby plant of the mint family with white woolly leaves and pink flowers 白藓类(植物) [Origanum dictamnus (Greece) and other species.] **2** another term for GAS PLANT * gas plant的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ditain or med. L. ditaneum, from L. dictamnus, dictamnum, from Gk diktamnon, perh. from Diktē, a mountain in Crete.

**ditto** /'dɪtəʊ/ n. **1** the same thing again (used in lists and often indicated by a ditto mark) 同上, 同前(用于表格中, 常用符号标出) **2** (also 亦作 **ditto mark**) a symbol consisting of two apostrophes (") placed under an item to be repeated 表示同上(或同前)的符号(")
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Tuscan dial., var. of Ital. detto 'said', from L. dictus 'said'.

**ditty** /'dɪti/ n. (pl. **ditties**) a short simple song 小调; 小曲
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dite 'composition, from L. dictatum 'something dictated', from dictare 'to dictate'.

**ditty bag** (also 亦作 **ditty box**) n. a receptacle for odds and ends, especially one used by sailors or fishermen (尤指水手或渔民出海时随身携带的)杂物袋
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**ditz** /dɪts/ n. N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a scatterbrained person 糊里糊涂的人; 精神不集中的人
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: back-form. from DITZY.

**ditzy** /'dɪtsi/ (also 亦作 **ditsy**) adj. (**ditzier**, **ditziest**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】silly or scatterbrained 糊里糊涂的; 精神不集中的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ditziness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: of unknown origin.

**diuresis** /daɪjʊ(ə)'ri:sɪs/ n. Medicine【医】increased or excessive production of urine 利尿; 多尿
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from DI-³ + Gk ourēsis 'urination'.

**diuretic** /daɪjʊ(ə)'retɪk/ Medicine【医】■ adj. causing increased passing of urine 利尿的 ■ n. a diuretic drug 利尿药
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. diuretique, or via late L. from Gk diourētikos, from diourein 'urinate'.

**diurnal** /daɪ'ɜ:nl/ adj. **1** of or during the daytime 白天的; 日间的 **2** daily; of each day 每日的; 日常的: diurnal rhythms 昼夜节律
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diurnally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. diurnalis, from L. diurnus 'daily', from dies 'day'.

**Div.** abbr. Division

**div**¹ /dɪv/ abbr. divergence (in mathematical equations 用于数学方程式)

**div**² /dɪv/ n. another term for DIVVY² * divvy²的另一种说法

**diva** /'di:və/ n. a famous female singer of operatic or popular music (歌剧或流行音乐的)著名女歌唱家
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Ital. from L., lit. 'goddess'.

**divagate** /'daɪvəgeɪt/ v. literary【文】stray; digress 漫游; 离题
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divagation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. divagat-, divagari 'wander about'.

**divalent** /daɪ'veɪl(ə)nt/ adj. Chemistry【化】having a valency of two 二价的

**Divali** /dɪ'vɑ:li/ n. variant spelling of DIWALI * Diwali的另一种拼法

**divan** /dɪ'væn, daɪ'væn, 'daɪvæn/ n. **1** Brit.【英】a bed consisting of a base and mattress but no footboard or headboard (两头无挡板, 只有底座和垫子的)沙发床 **2** a long, low sofa without a back or arms (无靠背和扶手的)长沙发 **3** historical【史义】a legislative body, council chamber, or court of justice in the Ottoman Empire (奥斯曼帝国的)迪万, 国务会议, 帝国大法庭
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in sense 3): via Fr. or Ital. from Turk. dīvān, from Pers. dīwān 'anthology, register, court, or bench'.

**divaricate** /daɪ'værɪkeɪt, dɪ-/ v. technical or literary【技或文】stretch or spread apart 分叉 ■ adj. Botany【植】(of a branch) coming off the stem almost at a right angle (树枝)展开的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divarication** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. divaricat-, divaricare 'stretch apart'.

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**dive** /daɪv/ v. (past and past part. **dived**; US also【美亦作】**dove** /dʌv/) **1** plunge head first into water with one's arms raised over one's head (头先入水地)跳水 **2** go to a deeper level in water 下潜 ➤ swim under water using breathing equipment (戴呼吸装备)潜水 **3** plunge steeply downwards through the air 俯冲 ➤ move quickly or suddenly in a downward direction or under cover 冲, 扑
> Soccer【足】deliberately fall when challenged in order to deceive the referee into awarding a foul 假摔 **4** (of prices or profits) drop suddenly (价格或利润)突然下降, 暴跌 ■ n. **1** an act or instance of diving 跳水; 潜水; 扑, 冲 **2** informal【非正式】a disreputable nightclub or bar 低级夜总会; 低级酒馆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diving** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dūfan 'dive, sink' and dyfan 'immerse', of Gmc origin; rel. to DEEP and DIP.

**dive-bomb** v. bomb (a target) while diving steeply downwards in an aircraft 俯冲轰炸(目标)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dive-bomber** n.

**diver** /'daɪvə(r)/ ■ n. **1** a person who dives under water as a sport or as part of their work 潜水员 **2** a large diving waterbird with a sleek black or grey head, a straight pointed bill, and a wailing call 潜鸟 [Gavia immer (great northern diver or common loon) and related species, family Gaviidae.]

**diverge** /daɪ'vɜ:dʒ, dɪ-/ v. **1** (of a road, route, or line) separate and go in a different direction (道路、路线, 线条)分叉, 岔开 **2** (of an opinion or approach) differ (意见、方法)存在分歧, 相异 **3** (**diverge from**) depart from (a set course or standard) 偏离, 背离(预定的路线或标准) **4** Mathematics【数】(of a series) increase without limit as more of its terms are added (级数)发散
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divergence** n. **divergency** n. **diverging** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. divergere, from L. dis- 'in two ways' + vergere 'to turn or incline'.

**divergent** /daɪ'vɜ:dʒənt/ adj. **1** diverging 分叉的, 存在分歧的 **2** (of thought) using a variety of premises and avoiding common assumptions in making deductions (思维)发散(型)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divergently** adv.

**divers** /'daɪvəz/ adj. archaic or literary【古或文】of varying types; several 不同种类的, 各式各样的, 好几个的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. diversus 'diverse', from divertere (see 见 DIVERT).

**diverse** /daɪ'vɜ:s, 'daɪvɜ:s/ adj. widely varied 多种多样的, 形形色色的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diversely** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of DIVERS.

**diversify** /daɪ'vɜ:sɪfaɪ, dɪ-/ v. (**diversifies**, **diversifying**, **diversified**) make or become more diverse (使)多样化 ➤ (of a company) enlarge or vary its range of products or field of operation (公司)增加产品种类, 从事多种经营
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diversification** n.

**diversion** /daɪ'vɜ:ʃn, dɪ-/ n. **1** an instance of diverting 转向; 转移 **2** Brit.【英】an alternative route for use by traffic when the usual road is temporarily closed (当道路临时被关闭时供交通用的)临时支路, 临时绕行路 **3** something intended to distract someone's attention 转移注意力的东西: A raid was carried out to create a diversion. 进行空袭是为了转移注意力。**4** a recreation or pastime 娱乐, 消遣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diversionary** adj.

**diversity** /daɪ'vɜ:səti, dɪ-/ ■ n. (pl. **diversities**) the state of being diverse 多样性, 多样化 ➤ a diverse range; a variety 差异(性); 不同(点): a diversity of views 各种各样的观点

**divert** /daɪ'vɜ:t, dɪ-/ v. **1** cause to change course or take a different route 使转向, 使改道 **2** reallocate (a resource) to a different purpose 改变(资源)的用途 **3** draw the attention of; distract or entertain 转移(注意力); 使分心; 供消遣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diverting** adj. **divertingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from L. divers-, divertere, from di- 'aside' + vertere 'to turn'.

**diverticula** /daɪvə'tɪkjʊlə/ plural form of DIVERTICULUM * diverticulum的复数形式

**diverticular** /daɪvə'tɪkjʊlə(r)/ adj. Medicine【医】relating to diverticula 憩室的

**diverticular disease** n. a condition in which muscle spasm in the colon in the presence of diverticula causes abdominal pain and disturbance of bowel function without inflammation 憩室病

**diverticulitis** /daɪvətɪkjʊ'laɪtɪs/ n. Medicine【医】inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function 憩室炎

**diverticulosis** /daɪvətɪkjʊ'ləʊsɪs/ n. Medicine【医】a condition in which diverticula are present in the colon without signs of inflammation 憩室病

**diverticulum** /daɪvə'tɪkjʊləm/ n. (pl. **diverticula** /-lə/) Anatomy & Zoology【解, 动】**1** a blind tube leading from a cavity or passage 憩室 **2** Medicine【医】an abnormal sac or pouch formed at a weak point in the wall of the alimentary tract 肠盲囊
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L., var. of L. deverticulum 'byway', from devertere 'turn down or aside'.

**divertimento** /dɪvɜ:tɪ'mentəʊ, -veət-/ n. (pl. **divertimenti** /-ti/ or **divertimentos**) Music【音】a light and entertaining composition, typically in the form of a suite for chamber orchestra 嬉游曲(常为轻松活泼和娱乐性的室内乐组曲)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Ital., lit. 'diversion'.

**divertissement** /dɪ'vɜ:tɪsmənt, di:veə'ti:smɒ̃/ n. **1** a minor entertainment or diversion 消遣, 娱乐 **2** Ballet【芭蕾】a short discrete dance within a ballet, intended to display a dancer's technical skill (芭蕾舞剧幕间的)播舞
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a short ballet): Fr., from divertiss-, divertir, from L. divertere 'turn in separate ways'.

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**Dives** /'daɪvi:z/ n. literary【文】a typical or hypothetical rich man (象征性或假设性的)富人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L., used in the Vulgate translation of the Bible (Luke 16).

**divest** /daɪ'vest, dɪ-/ v. (**divest someone/thing of**) deprive or dispossess someone or something of (power, rights, etc.) 剥夺(…的权力、权利等) ➤ rid oneself of (an interest or investment) 处理掉, 放弃(股权或投资) ➤ relieve someone of (a garment) 使脱去(衣服)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: alt. of devest, from OFr. desvestir, from des- (expressing removal) + L. vestire (from vestis 'garment').

**divestiture** (also 亦作 **divesture**) /daɪ'vestɪtʃə(r)/ ■ n. another term for DIVESTMENT * divestment的另一种说法

**divestment** /daɪ'vestmənt/ n. the action or process of selling off subsidiary business interests or investments 转让股权; 撤销投资

**divi** /'dɪvi/ n. (pl. **divis**) variant spelling of DIVVY¹ * divvy的另一种拼法

**divide** /dɪ'vaɪd/ v. **1** separate or be separated into parts 分开; 分割; 分切 ➤ (usu. 通常用 **divide something between**) separate into portions and share out 分配; 分享; 分担 ➤ form a boundary between 把…隔开, 形成…之间的分界线 **2** disagree or cause to disagree (使)产生分歧 **3** Mathematics【数】find how many times (a number) contains another (用某数)除: 36 divided by 2 equals 18. * 36除以2等于18。➤ (of a number) be susceptible of division without a remainder (数)被除尽 ■ n. **1** an instance of dividing or being divided 分开; 分配 **2** chiefly US【主美】a ridge or line of high ground forming the division between two valleys or river systems 分水岭, 分水线
-PHRASES 短语 **divide and rule** (or **conquer**) maintain control over subordinates or opponents by encouraging dissent between them so that they do not unite in opposition 分而治之
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divided** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. divis-, dividere 'force apart, remove'.

**divided highway** ■ n. N. Amer.【北美】a dual carriageway 分隔行驶公路

**divided skirt** n. a pair of culottes 女用裙裤

**dividend** /'dɪvɪdend/ n. **1** a sum of money that is divided among a number of people, such as the part of a company's profits paid to its shareholders or the winnings from a football pool 股利, 股息; 红利
> an individual's share of this money 分红份额 **2** (**dividends**) a benefit from an action or policy 好处; 回报; 效益: The policy would pay dividends in the future. 这项政策今后会带来益处。**3** Mathematics【数】a number to be divided by another number 被除数
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Anglo-Norman Fr. dividende, from L. dividendum 'something to be divided', from dividere (see 见 DIVIDE).

**dividend cover** n. the ratio of a company's net profits to the total sum allotted in dividends to ordinary shareholders 盈利对股息比率, 股利保证倍数

**divider** /dɪ'vaɪdə(r)/ n. **1** (also 亦作 **room divider**) a screen or piece of furniture that divides a room into two parts 分隔房间的屏风(或家具) **2** (**dividers**) a measuring compass, especially one with a screw for making fine adjustments (尤指调节螺丝可校正微小间距的)分线规, 两脚规

**divi-divi** /'dɪvɪˌdɪvi/ n. (pl. **divi-divis**) **1** a small tropical American leguminous tree 鞣料云实 [Caesalpinia coriaria.] **2** the curled pods of the divi-divi tree, used as a source of tannin 鞣料云实荚
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Amer. Sp. from Carib.

**divination** /dɪvɪ'neɪʃn/ n. the practice of divining or seeking knowledge by supernatural means 占卜, 预测
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divinatory** adj.

**divine**¹ /dɪ'vaɪn/ adj. (**diviner**, **divinest**) **1** of, from, or like God or a god (来自或似)神的; (来自或似)上帝的; 神授的; 天赐的 ➤ devoted to God; sacred 虔诚的; 神圣的 **2** informal【非正式】excellent; delightful 卓越的; 极好的; 很合意的 ■ n. **1** dated【过时】a cleric or theologian 牧师; 神学家 **2** (**the Divine**) providence or God 天意; 上帝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divinely** adv. **divineness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. divinus, from divus 'godlike' (rel. to deus 'god').

**divine**² /dɪ'vaɪn/ v. **1** discover by guesswork or intuition (凭猜测或直觉)领悟, 发现 **2** have supernatural or magical insight into (the future) 占卜, 预言(未来) **3** discover (water) by dowsing 用占卜杖探(水)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **diviner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deviner 'predict', from L. divinare, from divinus (see 见 DIVINE¹).

**divine right of kings** n. the doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects 神授王权; 君权神授(说)

**divine service** n. public Christian worship (基督教)礼拜

**diving beetle** n. a predatory water beetle which stores air under its wing cases for swimming underwater 龙蝨 [Family Dytiscidae: numerous species.]

**diving bell** n. an open-bottomed chamber supplied with air, in which a person can be let down under water 潜水钟

**diving board** n. an elevated board projecting over a swimming pool or other body of water, from which people dive or jump in (游泳池上方的)跳(水)板

**diving duck** n. a duck which typically feeds by diving underwater, such as a pochard or goldeneye 潜水鸭

**diving suit** n. a watertight suit, typically with a helmet and an air supply, worn for working or exploring deep under water 潜水服

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**divining rod** n. a stick or rod used for dowsing (探水或探矿用的)占卜杖

**divinity** /dɪ'vɪnɪti/ n. (pl. **divinities**) **1** the state or quality of being divine 神力; 神性; 神威 **2** a god or goddess 神; 女神
> (**the Divinity**) God 上帝 **3** the study of religion; theology 宗教研究; 神学

**divinize** or **divinise** /'dɪvɪnaɪz/ v. make divine; deify 使神化; 把…奉若神明

**divisible** /dɪ'vɪzɪbl/ adj. capable of being divided 可分割的; 可分的 ➤ Mathematics【数】(of a number) containing another number a number of times without a remainder (数)整除的, 可除(尽)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divisibility** n.

**division** /dɪ'vɪʒn/ n. **1** the action or process of dividing or being divided 分切; 分开; 分隔; 分配; 分享; 分担 ➤ the separation of members of a legislative body into groups to vote for or against a bill (议会中赞成者与反对者分别进行的)分组表决 **2** each of the parts into which something is divided (分出来的)部分 ➤ a major section of an organization (机构的)主要部门
> a number of teams or competitors grouped together in a sport for competitive purposes (体育比赛中分组的)级
> Botany【植】a principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom, equivalent to the phylum in zoology 门 ➤ Zoology【动】any subsidiary category between major levels of classification 部 **3** a difference or disagreement between groups within a society, organization, etc. 分歧, 分裂; 差异: a country with ethnic divisions 内部各种族间存在分歧的国家 **4** the process of dividing one number by another 除(法)
> Mathematics【数】the process of dividing a matrix, vector, or other quantity by another under specific rules to obtain a quotient 除 **5** a partition 分隔物; 隔板
-PHRASES 短语 **division of labour** the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency 劳动分工

**divisional** /dɪ'vɪʒənl/ adj. **1** relating to an organizational or administrative division 部门的 **2** forming a partition 分开的; 分隔的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divisionalize** or **divisionalise** v. **divisionally** adv.

**division bell** n. a bell rung in the British Parliament to announce an imminent division (英国下议院通知议员的)分组表决铃

**divisionism** /dɪ'vɪʒ(ə)nɪz(ə)m/ n. another term for POINTILLISM * pointillism的另一种说法

**division sign** n. the sign ÷, placed between two numbers showing that the first is to be divided by the second, as in 6 ÷ 3 = 2 除号

**divisive** /dɪ'vaɪsɪv/ adj. causing disagreement or hostility 引起分歧的; 造成不和的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divisively** adv. **divisiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. divisivus, from L. dividere (see 见 DIVIDE).

**divisor** /dɪ'vaɪzə(r)/ n. Mathematics【数】a number by which another number is to be divided 除数, 除子, 因子 ➤ a number that divides into another without a remainder 公约数

**divorce** /dɪ'vɔ:s/ n. the legal dissolution of a marriage 离婚 ➤ a legal decree dissolving a marriage 离婚判决 ■ v. **1** legally dissolve one's marriage with 与…离婚 **2** detach or dissociate 使分离; 使脱离: Religion cannot be divorced from morality. 宗教不能与道德脱离。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divorcement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. divorce, from L. divortium, based on divertere (see 见 DIVERT).

**divorcee** /dɪˌvɔ:'si:/ n. (US【美】masc. 阳性 **divorcé**, fem. 阴性 **divorcée** /-'seɪ/) a divorced person 离婚者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. divorcé(e) 'divorced man (or woman)'.

**divot** /'dɪvət/ n. **1** a piece of turf cut out of the ground by a golf club in making a stroke (高尔夫球球杆)击球时削起的一块草皮 ➤ a small hole made in this way (高尔夫球球杆)击球时打出的小洞 **2** chiefly Scottish【主苏格兰】a piece of turf, as formerly used for roofing cottages 一块草皮(旧时用以铺村舍屋顶)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**divulge** /daɪ'vʌldʒ, dɪ-/ v. make known (secret information) 暴露, 泄露(秘密)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **divulgation** n. **divulgence** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. divulgare, from di- 'widely' + vulgare 'publish' (from vulgus 'common people').

**divvy**¹ /'dɪvi/ informal【非正式】■ n. (also 亦作 **divi**) (pl. **divvies**) Brit.【英】a dividend or share, especially of profits earned by a cooperative 股息; (尤指公司利润的)红利, 分红 ■ v. (**divvies**, **divvying**, **divvied**) share out 分摊; 分

**divvy**² /'dɪvi/ n. (pl. **divvies**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a foolish or stupid person 傻瓜, 白痴
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: of unknown origin.

**Diwali** /dɪ'wɑ:li/ (also 亦作 **Divali**) n. a Hindu festival with lights, held in October and November to celebrate the end of the monsoon 排灯节(印度的重大宗教节日, 每年在10月到11月间举行)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dīvālī, from Sanskrit dīpāvali 'row of lights'.

**diwan** /di'wɑ:n/ (also 亦作 **dewan**) n. **1** (in Islamic societies) a central finance department, chief administrative office, or regional governing body 迪万(伊斯兰社会的中央财政部门、主要行政办公室或地区主管机构) **2** historical【史义】a chief treasury official, finance minister, or Prime Minister in some Indian states 迪万(指印度邦政府首席部长、财政部长或印度一些邦的高级官员)
-ORIGIN 词源 Urdu, from Pers. dīwān 'register'; cf. DIVAN.

**Dixie** /'dɪksi/ n. an informal name for the Southern states of the US 迪克西(美国南部诸州的俗称)
-PHRASES 短语 **whistle dixie** N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】engage in unrealistic fantasies 想入非非
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

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**dixie** /'dɪksi/ n. (pl. **dixies**) a large iron cooking pot used by campers or soldiers (露营者或士兵用的)大铁锅
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Hindi degcī 'cooking pot', from Pers. degča, dimin. of deg 'pot'.

**Dixieland** /'dɪksilænd/ n. a kind of jazz with a strong two-beat rhythm and collective improvisation, which originated in New Orleans in the early 20th century 迪克西兰(爵士乐的一种, 节奏强劲, 两拍, 集体即兴创作而成, 起源于20世纪早期的新奥尔良)

**DIY** n. chiefly Brit.【主英】the activity of decorating and making fixtures and repairs in the home oneself rather than employing a professional 自己动手, 自己做(家装、家庭修理等活由自己动手做而不是请专门人员)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **DIY'er** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: abbrev. of DO-IT-YOURSELF.

**diya** /'di:jə/ n. Indian【印度】a small cup-shaped oil lamp made of baked clay 陶制杯形小油灯
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dīyā.

**dizygotic** /daɪzaɪ'gɒtɪk/ adj. (of twins) derived from two separate ova, and so not identical (双胞胎)两合子的, 二卵的, 双卵的

**dizygous** /daɪ'zaɪgəs/ adj. another term for DIZYGOTIC * dizygotic的另一种说法

**dizzy** /'dɪzi/ adj. (**dizzier**, **dizziest**) **1** having a sensation of spinning around and losing one's balance 头晕目眩的, 眩晕的 **2** informal【非正式】(of a woman) silly (女人)愚蠢的, 笨的 ■ v. (**dizzies**, **dizzying**, **dizzied**) [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **dizzying**] make (someone) feel unsteady, confused, or amazed 使眩晕; 使困惑; 使惊异: the dizzying rate of change 令人眼花缭乱的变化速度
-PHRASES 短语 **the dizzy heights** informal【非正式】a position of great importance 重要职位
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dizzily** adv. **dizziness** n. **dizzyingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dysig 'foolish', of W. Gmc origin.

**DJ**¹ n. a disc jockey 音乐唱片节目主持人
> a person who uses samples of recorded music to make dance music 舞曲唱片混音师 ■ v. (**DJ's**, **DJ'ing**, **DJ'd**) perform as a disc jockey 当音乐唱片节目主持人

**DJ**² abbr. Brit.【英】dinner jacket 小礼服, 男子餐服

**djellaba** /'dʒeləbə/ (also 亦作 **djellabah** or **jellaba**) ■ n. a loose hooded woollen cloak of a kind traditionally worn by Arabs 摩洛哥宽长袍, 洁露芭袍
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Moroccan Arab. jellaba, jellābiyya.

**djibbah** /'dʒɪbə/ n. variant spelling of JIBBA * jibba的另一种拼法

**Djiboutian** /dʒɪ'bu:tiən/ (also 亦作 **Jibutian**) n. a native or inhabitant of the country of Djibouti on the NE coast of Africa 吉布提人 ■ adj. relating to Djibouti 吉布提人的

**djinn** /dʒɪn/ n. variant spelling of JINN * jinn的另一种拼法

**DK** abbr. Denmark (international vehicle registration) 丹麦(国际车船注册)

**dkl** abbr. US【美】dekaliter(s)

**dkm** abbr. US【美】dekameter(s)

**DL** abbr. **1** Deputy Lieutenant **2** N. Amer.【北美】(with reference to sports players) disabled list 伤病球员名单, 因伤不能参赛选手名单

**dl** abbr. decilitre(s)

**D-layer** n. the lowest layer of the ionosphere, able to reflect low-frequency radio waves D层, 电离层的最下层
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from an arbitrary use of the letter D.

**DLitt** /di:'lɪt/ abbr. Doctor of Letters 文学博士
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. Doctor Litterarum.

**DLL** abbr. Computing【计】dynamic linked library 动态链接库

**D-lock** n. a mechanism used to secure a bicycle or motorbike when parked, consisting of a solid metal U-shaped bar and crosspiece U形车锁

**dlr** abbr. dollar

**DM** (also 亦作 **D-mark**) abbr. Deutschmark

**dm** abbr. decimetre(s)

**DMA** abbr. Computing【计】direct memory access 直接存储器存取

**DMD** abbr. Duchenne muscular dystrophy 迪谢内肌营养不良

**DMs** /di: emz/ abbr. Dr Martens (shoes or boots)

**dmu** abbr. Brit.【英】diesel multiple unit (railway vehicle) (列车)内燃动车组

**DMus** /di: mʌz/ abbr. Doctor of Music 音乐博士

**DMV** abbr. (in the US) Department of Motor Vehicles (美国)车辆管理局

**DMZ** abbr. N. Amer.【北美】demilitarized zone 非军事区

**DNA** n. Biochemistry【生化】deoxyribonucleic acid, a substance present in nearly all living organisms as the carrier of genetic information, and consisting of a very long double-stranded helical chain of sugars joined by phosphate bonds and cross-linked by pairs of organic bases 脫氧核糖核酸 ➤ the fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable (尤指恒定不变的)根本特征, 本质特征: Diversity is part of the company's DNA. 保持多样性是该公司的本质特征之一。Men just don't get shopping—it's not in our DNA. 男人根本不购物——骨子里就没这爱好。

**DNA fingerprinting** (also 亦作 **DNA profiling**) n. another term for GENETIC FINGERPRINTING * genetic fingerprinting的另一种说法

**DNase** /di:en'eɪz/ n. Biochemistry【生化】an enzyme which breaks down DNA into smaller molecules DNA酶, 脱氧核糖核酸酶
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from DNA + -ASE.

**DNA virus** n. a virus in which the genetic information is stored in the form of DNA (as opposed to RNA) * DNA病毒

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**DNB** abbr. Dictionary of National Biography 《英国人名词典》

**D notice** ■ n. Brit.【英】a government notice issued to news editors requiring them not to publicize certain information for reasons of national security 国防机密通知(出于安全考虑, 要求舆论工具不要发表某些机密情况的备忘录)
-ORIGIN 词源 Second World War: D for defence.

**DNR** abbr. **1** (in the US) Department of Natural Resources (美国)自然资源部 **2** do not resuscitate 放弃心肺复苏

**DNS** abbr. Computing【计】**1** domain name server, the system that automatically translates Internet addresses to the numeric machine addresses that computers use 域名服务器 **2** domain name system, the hierarchical method by which Internet addresses are constructed 域名系统

**do**¹ /du:/ v. (**does**; **doing**; past **did**; past part. **done**) **1** perform or carry out (an action) 做, 干, 办; 履行, 执行(行动) ➤ work on (something) to bring it to completion or to a required state (按要求)做, 完成(某事) ➤ make, produce, or provide 制作, 生产; 提供, 供应 ➤ work at for a living or take as one's subject of study 谋生; 从事; 研究; 攻读
> informal【非正式】take (a narcotic drug) 吸(毒) **2** achieve or complete (a specified target) 达成, 实现(特定目标) ➤ informal【非正式】visit as a tourist 参观; 游览
> informal【非正式】spend (a specified period of time) in a particular occupation or in prison (在某行业或监狱中)度过(一段时间)
> (**be/have done with**) give up concern for; have finished with 不再操心; 了结, 结束 **3** act or progress in a specified way (以某种方式)做, 表现; 行动, 进展 ➤ have a specified result or effect on 对…产生特定结果(或效果) **4** be suitable or acceptable 适合; 可接受 **5** informal【非正式】beat up or kill 痛打; 杀死 ➤ Brit.【英】swindle 欺骗 **6** (usu. 通常用 **be/get done for**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】prosecute; convict 起诉; 宣判…有罪 ■ aux. v. **1** used before a verb in questions and negative statements (用于动词前, 构成疑问句和否定句) **2** used to refer back to a verb already mentioned (用于替代已提到过的动词) **3** used in commands, or to give emphasis to a positive verb (用于命令或强调动词) **4** used with inversion of a subject and verb when an adverbial phrase begins a clause for emphasis (用于倒装句表示强调) ■ n. (pl. **dos** or **do's**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a party or other social event 聚会, 社交活动
-PHRASES 短语 **be (or have) to do with** be concerned or connected with 与…有关 **do one's head in** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】make one extremely angry or agitated 使极端愤怒; 使躁动 **do or die** persist, even if failure or death is the result 豁出性命一拼; 不成功毋宁死 **dos and don'ts** rules of behaviour 行为准则 **That does it!** informal【非正式】indicating that one will not tolerate something any longer (表示将不再容忍某事)行了! 够了!
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **do away with** informal【非正式】put an end to; abolish or kill 结束; 杀死, 干掉; 废除 **do by** treat or deal with in a specified way (以某种方式)对待, 招待: She did well by them. 她待他们很好。**do someone down** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】criticize someone 批评某人 **do for** **1** informal【非正式】defeat, ruin, or kill 击败; 毁灭; 杀害 **2** suffice for 足够; 满足 **do something (or nothing) for** informal【非正式】enhance (or detract from) the appearance or quality of 改善(或有损于)外观; 改进(或降低)质量 **do someone in** informal【非正式】**1** kill someone 杀死某人 **2** (**be done in**) be tired out 筋疲力尽 **do someone out of** informal【非正式】deprive someone of (something) in an underhand or unfair way 不公正地剥夺, 骗取 **do something out** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】decorate or furnish a room or building in a particular way (以某种方式)装饰, 布置(房间或建筑物) **do someone/thing over** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】**1** beat someone up 毒打某人 **2** ransack a place 洗劫某处 **do something up** **1** fasten, wrap, or arrange something 捆; 扎; 包; 安排 **2** informal【非正式】renovate or redecorate a room or building 整修; 重新装饰 **3** **be done up** be dressed impressively 梳妆, 打扮 **do with** **1** (**can/could do with**) would find useful or would like to have or do 想要, 需要: I could do with a cup of coffee. 我想要一杯咖啡。**2** (**can't/won't be doing with**) Brit.【英】be unwilling to tolerate 不愿忍受
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doable** adj. (informal【非正式】), **doer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dōn, of Gmc origin.

**do**² /du:/ n. variant spelling of DOH¹ * doh的另一种拼法

**do.** abbr. ditto

**DOA** abbr. dead on arrival 到达时已死的, 送到时已死的

**dob** /dɒb/ v. (**dobs**, **dobbing**, **dobbed**) (**dob someone in**) Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】inform on someone 告发, 检举
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dobber** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: figurative use of dial. dob 'put down abruptly', later 'throw at'.

**d.o.b.** abbr. date of birth 出生日期

**dobbin** /'dɒbɪn/ n. a pet name for a draught horse or a farm horse 道宾农用马; 挽马; 驽马
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: familiar form of the given name Robert.

**dobby** /'dɒbi/ n. (pl. **dobbies**) a mechanism attached to a loom for weaving small patterns 多臂机
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. an application of the given name Dobbie, from Dob (alt. of the given name Rob); the usage is prob. an extension of the earlier sense 'benevolent elf' (who performed household tasks secretly).

**dobe** /'dəʊbi/ n. US informal【美, 非正式】short for ADOBE * adobe的缩略式

**Dobermann** /'dəʊbəmən/ (also 亦作 **Dobermann pinscher** /'pɪnʃə(r)/, chiefly N. Amer. also【主北美亦作】**Doberman**) n. a large dog of a German breed with powerful jaws and a smooth coat, typically black with tan markings 多伯曼品舍狗
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from the name of the German dog breeder Ludwig Dobermann (+ Ger. Pinscher 'terrier').

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**dobra** /'dɒbrə/ n. the basic monetary unit of São Tomé and Principe, equal to 100 centavos 多布拉(圣多美和普林西比基本货币单位, 1多布拉=100分)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Port. dobra 'doubloon'.

**dobro** /'dəʊbrəʊ/ n. (pl. **dobros**) trademark【商标】a type of acoustic guitar with steel resonating discs inside the body under the bridge 多拨拉(一种装有金属共鸣器的原声吉他)
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Do(pěra) Bro(thers), the Czech-American inventors.

**dobsonfly** /'dɒbs(ə)nflaɪ/ n. (pl. **dobsonflies**) a large North American winged insect related to the alderflies, whose aquatic larva (the hellgrammite) is used as fishing bait 鱼蛉 [Corydalis cornutus and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**doc** /dɒk/ abbr. informal【非正式】**1** doctor **2** Computing【计】document

**docent** /'dəʊs(ə)nt/ n. **1** (in certain US and European universities and colleges) a member of the teaching staff immediately below professorial rank (欧美某些大学里的)讲师 **2** a guide in a museum, art gallery, or zoo (博物馆、美术馆或动物园的)向导, 讲解员
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Ger. from L. docent-, docere 'teach'.

**Docetism** /də'si:tɪz(ə)m, 'dəʊsɪtɪz(ə)m/ n. the doctrine that Christ's body was not human (being either a phantasm or of real but celestial substance) and that therefore his sufferings were only apparent (基督教)幻影说(认为基督是神不是人, 其人形只是一种幻影; 并且基督的痛苦只是表面上的)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Docetist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L. Docetae (the name, based on Gk dokein 'seem', given to a group of 2nd-cent. Christian heretics) + -ISM.

**doch an dorris** /dɒx(ə)n'dɒrɪs/ n. variant spelling of DEOCH AN DORIS * deoch an doris的另一种拼法

**docile** /'dəʊsaɪl/ adj. ready to accept control or instruction; submissive 顺从的; 驯服的; 易控制的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **docilely** adv. **docility** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'apt or willing to learn'): from L. docilis, from docere 'teach'.

**dock**¹ /dɒk/ n. **1** an enclosed area of water in a port for the loading, unloading, and repair of ships 码头, 船埠 ➤ N. Amer.【北美】a jetty or pier where a ship may moor 船坞 **2** (also 亦作 **loading dock**) a platform for loading trucks or goods trains (给卡车或铁路货车装载货物的)月台 ■ v. **1** (with reference to a ship) come or bring into a dock (使)(船只)停靠码头 **2** (of a spacecraft) join with a space station or another spacecraft in space (航天器)在太空对接 **3** attach (a piece of equipment) to another 将(设备)相接
-PHRASES 短语 **in dock** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】out of action; indisposed 停止运作; 在修理中; 有病的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from MDu., Mid. Low Ger. docke, of unknown origin.

**dock**² /dɒk/ n. the enclosure in a criminal court where a defendant stands or sits (刑事法庭的)被告席, 犯人栏
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. orig. sl. and rel. to Flemish dok 'chicken coop, rabbit hutch'.

**dock**³ /dɒk/ n. a coarse weed of temperate regions, with inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers, and leaves that are used to relieve nettle stings 酸模 [Genus Rumex.]
-ORIGIN 词源 OE docce, of Gmc origin.

**dock**⁴ /dɒk/ v. **1** deduct (money or a point in a game) 扣除(金钱或比赛中的分数) **2** cut short (an animal's tail) 剪短(动物的尾巴) ■ n. the solid bony or fleshy part of an animal's tail 动物尾巴的骨肉部分
> the stump left after a tail has been docked (动物尾巴剪掉后留下的)尾根
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in sense 'solid part of an animal's tail'): perh. rel. to Frisian dok 'bunch, ball (of string)' and Ger. Docke 'doll'.

**dockage** /'dɒkɪdʒ/ n. accommodation or berthing of ships in docks (船的)进坞, 停泊; 泊位

**docker** /'dɒkə(r)/ n. a person employed in a port to load and unload ships 码头工人

**docket** /'dɒkɪt/ n. **1** Brit.【英】a document accompanying a consignment of goods that lists its contents, certifies payment of duty, or entitles the holder to delivery 货物详情单, 货物标签 **2** N. Amer.【北美】a list of cases for trial or people having cases pending 待审案件目录 ➤ S. African【南非】a file of information about a legal case 法律案件档案 ■ v. (**dockets**, **docketing**, **docketed**) **1** mark (a consignment or package) with a document listing the contents (为托运货物或包裹)附上标签, 贴上详情单 **2** N. Amer.【北美】enter (a case or suit) on to a list of those due to be heard 将(案件或诉讼)列入待审清单
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (orig. denoting a short abstract or summary): perh. from DOCK¹.

**docking station** n. a device to which a portable computer is connected so that it can be used like a desktop computer 坞站, 插接站(用来扩展笔记本外部接口以及功能的外部设备)

**dockland** /'dɒklænd/ (also 亦作 **docklands**) ■ n. Brit.【英】the area containing a city's docks 港区陆域

**dockside** /'dɒksaɪd/ n. the area immediately adjacent to a dock 码头邻区, 坞边

**dockyard** /'dɒkjɑ:d/ n. an area with docks and equipment for repairing and maintaining ships 修船厂

**doctor** /'dɒktə(r)/ n. **1** a person who is qualified to practise medicine 医生, 大夫 ➤ N. Amer.【北美】a qualified dentist or veterinary surgeon 牙医; 兽医 **2** (**Doctor**) a person who holds the highest university degree 博士 **3** an artificial fishing fly (用作鱼饵的)人造蝇 ■ v. **1** adulterate, tamper with, or falsify 掺杂, 掺假; 篡改, 伪造 **2** informal【非正式】practise medicine 行医; 当医生 **3** Brit.【英】remove the sexual organs of (an animal) so that it cannot reproduce 阉割(动物)
-PHRASES 短语 **be what the doctor ordered** informal【非正式】be beneficial or desirable 有益的; 合意的 **go for the doctor** Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】make an all-out effort 尽最大努力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doctoring** n. **doctorly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the senses 'learned person' and 'Doctor of the Church'): via OFr. from L. doctor 'teacher'.

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**doctoral** /'dɒkt(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. relating to a doctorate 博士的; 博士学位的

**doctorate** /'dɒkt(ə)rət/ n. the highest degree awarded by a university faculty or other approved educational organization 博士学位

**Doctor of Philosophy** n. a person holding a doctorate in any faculty except law, medicine, or sometimes theology 哲学博士

**Doctor of the Church** n. one of the early Christian theologians regarded as especially authoritative in the Western Church (particularly St Augustine of Hippo, St Jerome, St Ambrose, and St Gregory the Great) or later so designated by the Pope (e.g. St Thomas Aquinas, St Teresa of Avila) 教会博士(西方教会中被推崇的几位早期基督教神学家之一)

**doctrinaire** /dɒktrɪ'neə(r)/ adj. seeking to impose a doctrine in all circumstances without regard to practical considerations 教条主义的; 脱离实际的 ■ n. a doctrinaire person 教条主义者; 脱离实际者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doctrinairism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from doctrine (see 见 DOCTRINE).

**doctrine** /'dɒktrɪn/ n. a set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a Church, political party, or other group 教义; 信条; 主义; 学说
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doctrinal** adj. **doctrinally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. doctrina 'teaching, learning', from doctor 'teacher', from docere 'teach'.

**docudrama** /'dɒkjʊˌdrɑ:mə/ n. a dramatized television film based on real events 文献电视片, 纪实片

**document** n. /'dɒkjʊm(ə)nt/ a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence, or that serves as an official record 公文; 文件; 档案; 文献 ■ v. /'dɒkjʊment/ record in written, photographic, or other form 记录, 记载
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **documentable** adj. **documental** /dɒkjʊ'mentl/ adj. **documentative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. documentum 'lesson, proof' (in med. L. 'written instruction, official paper'), from docere 'teach'.

**documentalist** /dɒkjʊ'ment(ə)lɪst/ n. a person engaged in keeping records and providing information 文献资料工作者

**documentarian** /dɒkjʊmen'teəriən/ n. **1** (also 亦作 **documentarist**) a photographer specializing in producing a factual record 纪实摄影师 **2** a director or producer of documentaries 纪录片导演(或制片人) **3** an expert analyst of historical documents 历史文献分析专家

**documentary** /dɒkjʊ'mentri/ adj. **1** consisting of or based on official documents 文件的, 文献的; 由文件(或文献)组成的 **2** using film, photographs, and sound recordings of real events 纪实的, 纪录的 ■ n. (pl. **documentaries**) a documentary film or television or radio programme 纪录片; (电视或广播)纪实节目

**documentation** /dɒkjʊmen'teɪʃn/ n. **1** the documents required in the provision of information or evidence 证明文件; 文献资料 **2** written specifications or instructions 规格书, 使用说明书 **3** the classification and annotation of texts, photographs, etc. (对文本、照片等的)分类, 评注

**docusoap** /'dɒkjʊsəʊp/ n. a documentary following people in a particular occupation or location over a period of time 纪录片式肥皂剧(描写某一职业或场所的人员在一段时间内的生活的纪录片)

**DOD** abbr. (in the US) Department of Defense (美国)国防部

**dodder**¹ /'dɒdə(r)/ v. be slow and unsteady 蹒跚, 摇摇晃晃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dodderer** n. **doddering** adj. **doddery** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of obs. dial. dadder; rel. to DITHER.

**dodder**² /'dɒdə(r)/ n. a parasitic climbing plant of the convolvulus family, with leafless stems that are attached to the host plant by means of suckers 菟丝子(一种攀缘性寄生植物) [Genus Cuscuta.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: rel. to Mid. Low Ger. doder, dodder, Mid. High Ger. toter.

**doddle** /'dɒdl/ n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a very easy task 轻而易举的任务
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: perh. from dial. doddle 'toddle', of unknown origin.

**dodeca-** /'dəʊdekə/ comb. form twelve; having twelve 十二; …十二的: dodecahedron 十二面体
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk.

**dodecagon** /dəʊ'dekəg(ə)n/ n. a plane figure with twelve straight sides and angles 十二边形, 十二角形
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk dōdekagōnon, neut. (used as a noun) of dōdekagōnos 'twelve-angled'.

**dodecahedron** /dəʊdekə'hi:dr(ə)n, -'hed-/ n. (pl. **dodecahedra** /-drə/ or **dodecahedrons**) a three-dimensional shape having twelve plane faces, in particular a regular solid figure with twelve equal pentagonal faces 十二面体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dodecahedral** adj.
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-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from Gk dōdekaedron, neut. (used as a noun) of dodekaedros 'twelve-faced'.

**dodecaphonic** /ˌdəʊdekə'fɒnɪk/ adj. **Music**【音】 another term for **TWELVE-NOTE** * twelve-note 的另一种说法

**dodge** /dɒdʒ/ v. 1 avoid by a sudden quick movement 躲开 ➤move quickly to one side or out of the way 闪开;跳开 ➤cunningly avoid doing or paying(狡诈地)躲避,逃避 2 [often as noun 常用作名词 **dodging**] **Photography** 【摄】expose(one area of a print) less than the rest during processing or enlarging(冲洗或放大时)遮挡,局部遮光 3 **Bell-ringing**【鸣钟】(of a bell in change-ringing) move one place contrary to the normal sequence, and then back again in the following round 按变换序列鸣钟 ■n. 1 an act or instance of dodging 躲开;躲避 2 informal【非正式】 a cunning trick, especially one used to avoid something(尤指用以逃避某事物的)诡计,伎俩
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C16 (in the senses 'dither' and 'haggle') : of unknown origin.

**dodgeball** /'dɒdʒbɔːl/ n. N. Amer.【北美】 a game in which a team of players forms a circle and tries to hit its opponents with a large ball 躲球游戏(参加者围成一圈,以一大球投掷对方)

**dodgem** /'dɒdʒəm/ (also 亦作 **dodgem car**) n. a small electrically powered car driven within an enclosure at a funfair, with the aim of bumping other such cars and avoiding being bumped by them 碰碰车
-**ORIGIN** 词源 1920s: US proprietary name (as **Dodg'em**), from the phr. **dodge them**.

**dodger** /'dɒdʒə(r)/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a person who evades something that is required of them 躲避者;逃避者: a tax dodger 逃税者 2 **Nautical** 【航海】 a canvas screen on a ship giving protection from spray(船桥上的)防浪屏

**dodgy** /'dɒdʒi/ adj. (**dodgier**, **dodgiest**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 1 dishonest 不诚实的 2 risky; dangerous 冒险的;危险的 3 not good or reliable 状况不佳的;不可靠的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **dodgily** adv. **dodginess** n.

**dodo** /'dəʊdəʊ/ n. (pl. **dodos** or **dodoes**) a large extinct flightless bird found on Mauritius until the end of the 17th century 渡渡鸟(产于毛里求斯,17世纪末灭绝) [Raphus cucullatus.]
-**PHRASES** 短语 **as dead as a dodo** informal 【非正式】 utterly dead or finished 绝种的;彻底死亡的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 C17: from Port. doudo 'simpleton' (because the birds were tame and easy to catch); cf. **DOTTEREL**.

**DoE** abbr. (formerly in the UK) Department of the Environment(英国旧时的)环境事务部

**doe** /dəʊ/ n. 1 a female roe or fallow deer or reindeer 雌鹿 2 a female hare, rabbit, rat, ferret, or kangaroo 雌兔;雌鼠;雌雪貂;雌袋鼠
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE dā of unknown origin.

**doe-eyed** adj. having large, gentle dark eyes 眼睛大而温柔的

**does** third person singular present of **DO³** * do的第三人称单数现在式

**doeskin** /'dəʊskɪn/ n. 1 leather made from the skin of a doe fallow deer 母鹿皮革 2 a fine satin-weave woollen cloth resembling doeskin 驼丝锦,仿麂皮织物

**doesn't** contr. does not

**doest** /'duːɪst/ archaic second person singular present of **DO²** * do'的古代第二人称单数现在式

**doeth** /'duːɪθ/ archaic third person singular present of **DO²** * do'的古代第三人称单数现在式

**doff** /dɒf/ v. remove (an item of clothing, especially a hat)脱去(衣物,尤指帽子)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME: contr. of **do off**; cf. **DON²**.

**dog** /dɒg/ n. 1 a domesticated carnivorous mammal probably descended from the wolf, with a barking or howling voice, an acute sense of smell, and non-retractile claws 狗,犬 [Canis familiaris.] ➤a wild animal resembling this, in particular any member of the dog family (Canidae), which includes the wolf, fox, coyote, jackal, and other species 犬科动物 ➤the male of such an animal 犬科雄兽 ➤(**the dogs**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 greyhound racing 赛狗会 2 informal 【非正式】 a contemptible man 卑鄙小人;无赖 ➤dated 【过时】 a person of a specified kind(…样的)家伙: You lucky dog!你这个幸运儿! ➤informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 a thing of poor quality; a failure 蹩脚货;失利,不成功 ➤(usu. in phr. 通常用于短语 **turn dog on**) Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】 an informer or traitor 告密者;叛徒 3 informal, derogatory【非正式,贬】 an unattractive woman 无吸引力的女人 4 used in names of dogfishes, e.g. **spur-dog**(用于猫鲨类动物的名称中,如白斑角鲨) 5 a mechanical device for gripping 止动器;棘爪 6 (**dogs**) N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】feet 脚 ■v. (**dogs**, **dogging**, **dogged**) 1 follow closely and persistently 紧紧跟踪;紧紧尾随 2 (of a problem) cause continual trouble for(难题)困扰, 折磨,使苦恼 3 (**dog it**) informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】 act lazily 磨洋工,偷懒 4 grip with a mechanical device 用抓具(或夹具)固定
-**PHRASES** 短语 **dog-and-pony show** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 an elaborate and ostentatious presentation or event 盛大表演 **dog eat dog** used to refer to a ruthlessly competitive situation 人吃人,残酷无情的竞争 **a dog in the manger** a person who prevents others from having or using things even though he or she does not need them 占马槽的狗,站着茅坑不拉屎的人 [alluding to the fable of the dog that lay in a manger to prevent the ox and horse from eating the hay.] **a dog's age** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a very long time 长时间 **a dog's dinner** (or **breakfast**) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 a mess 一团糟 **a dog's life** an unhappy and oppressed existence 苦难的生活,猪狗不如的生活 **go to the dogs** informal 【非正式】 deteriorate badly 每况愈下,日趋衰败 **not a dog's chance** no chance at all 毫无机会 **put on the dog** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正

<752>
式】 behave in a pretentious or ostentatious way 摆架子;装阔气,装腔作势
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dogdom** n. **doggish** adj. **doglike** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE docga, of unknown origin.

**dogbane** /'dogbein/ n. a shrubby North American plant, typically having bell-shaped flowers and reputed to be poisonous to dogs 罗布麻[Genus Аросупит.]

**dogberry** /'dogb(ǝ)ri/ n. (pl. **dogberries**) informal 【非正式】1a fruit of poor eating quality from a dogwood, rowan, or other tree or shrub 山茱萸果实 2 a dogwood 山茱萸

**dog cart** n. a two-wheeled cart for driving in, with cross seats back to back, originally incorporating a box under the seat for sportsmen's dogs(设背靠背双座的)双轮轻便马车

**dog clutch** n. a device for coupling two shafts in order to transmit motion, one part having teeth which engage with slots in another 爪形(或齿式)离合器

**dog collar** n. informal 【非正式】 a clerical collar 牧师领

**dog days** pl. n. chiefly literary 【主文】 the hottest period of the year (reckoned in antiquity from the heliacal rising of Sirius, the Dog Star)伏天,大暑天(古代认为从与太阳同升落的天狼星出现开始)

**doge**/daudz/n. historical 【史义】the chief magistrate of Venice or Genoa 威尼斯(或热那亚)总督
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Venetian Ital. doze, based on L. dux, duc- 'leader'.

**dog-eared** adj. having worn or battered corners 卷角的;翻旧了的

**dog-end** n. informal 【非正式】 1 Brit. 【英】 a cigarette end 烟头,烟蒂2 the last and least pleasing part of something(某事)最后也最令人不满的部分

**dogfight** /'dogfait/ n. 1 a close combat between military aircraft(战斗机的)近距离激战2 a ferocious struggle or fight 混战
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dogfighter** n. **dogfighting** n.

**dogfish**/'dogf1f/n. (pl. same 单复同 or **dogfishes**) a small bottom-dwelling shark with a long tail 狗篇;斑点猫鲨[Scyliorhinus canicula and other species.]

**dogged**/'dogid/ adj. tenacious; grimly persistent 顽强的,坚持不懈的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doggedly** adv. **doggedness** n.

**dogger**¹/'dogǝ(r)/ n. historical 【史义】 a two-masted bluff-bowed Dutch fishing boat 荷兰双桅渔帆船
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from MDu.

**dogger**² /'dogǝ(r)/n. Geology 【地质】 a large spherical concretion in sedimentary rock 铁石结核
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(orig. dial. denoting a kind of ironstone): perh. from DOG.

**doggerel** /'dog(ə)r(ə)l/ n. comic verse composed in irregular rhythm 打油诗 badly written verse or words 蹩脚诗,拙劣的诗(或词语)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj.): appar. from DOG (used contemptuously) + -REL.

**doggie** /'dogi/ n. variant spelling of DOGGY * doggy的另一种拼法

**dogging** /'dogın/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 the practice of watching or engaging in exhibitionist sexual activity in a public place野合,露天嘿咻;围观野合,围观露天嘿咻
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: probably from DOG (V.) + -ING¹.

**doggo** /'dogǝu/adv. (in phr. 用于短语 **lie doggo**) informal【非正式】 remain motionless and quiet to escape detection 隐蔽,隐伏
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of obscure origin.

**doggone** /'dngon/ N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 ■adj. damned讨厌的,该死的v. damn (used to express surprise or irritation)讨厌的,该死的(用于表示吃惊或恼怒)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from dog on it, euphemism for God damn it.

**doggy** /'dogi/adj. (**doggier**, **doggiest**) 1 of or like a dog 狗的;狗一样的2 fond of dogs 爱狗的n. (pl. **doggies**) a child's word for a dog 小狗(儿语)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dogginess** n.

**doggy bag** n. a bag used to take home leftover food from a restaurant, supposedly for one's dog 狗食袋,打包袋(供顾客将吃剩食物从餐馆打包带回的袋子)

**doggy-paddle** n. an elementary swimming stroke resembling that of a dog (游泳)狗刨式■v. swim using this stroke 以狗刨式游泳

**doghouse** /'doghaus/n. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】a dog's kennel 狗窝,犬舍2 Sailing 【帆】 a raised standing area at the after end of a yacht's coachroof(游艇上的)箱舱
-PHRASES 短语 **in the doghouse** informal 【非正式】in disgrace or disfavour丢脸;失宠

**dogie** /'dǝugi/ n. (pl. **dogies**) N. Amer.【北美】a motherless or neglected calf 无母犊牛;孤犊
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**dog Latin** n. a debased form of Latin 不正规的拉丁语,粗陋的拉丁语

**dog-leg** n. 1 a sharp bend 急转弯2Golf【高尔夫】 a hole where the fairway has a bend 狗腿洞

**dogma** /'dogmǝ/ n. a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertible 教义,教理;信条
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk dogma 'opinion', from dokein 'seem good, think.

**dogman** /'dogmən/ n. (pl. **dogmen**) Austral./NZ 【澳新】a person directing the operator of a crane while sitting on the crane's load(坐在起重机所吊物件上给操作员指示方向的)信号员

**dogmatic**/dog'mætık/ adj. inclined to assert principles or opinions as incontrovertibly true 固执己见的;武断的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dogmatically** adv. **dogmatism** n. **dogmatist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk dogmatikos, from dogma, dogmat- (see见 DOGMA).

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**dogmatics**/dog'mætiks/pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] a system of dogma, especially one laid down by the Roman Catholic Church(尤指天主教的)教义学,教理神学

**dogmatize** or **dogmatise** /'dogmətaiz/v. represent as an incontrovertible truth武断;武断地说话

**do-gooder** n. a well-meaning but unrealistic or interfering person帮倒忙的人;帮忙不得法的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **do-goodery** n. **do-gooding** n. **do-goodism** n.

**dog-paddle** n. & v. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 another term for DOGGY-PADDLE * doggy-paddle 的另一种说法

**Dogrib** /'dogrib/n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Dogribs**) 1 a member of a Dene people of NW Canada(加拿大的)多格里布人2 the Athabaskan language of the Dogrib 多格里布语
-ORIGIN 词源 translation of Dogrib Thlingchadinne 'dog's flank', from the legend that their common ancestor was a dog.

**dog rose** n. a delicately scented wild rose with pink or white flowers, commonly growing in hedgerows 大蔷薇[Rosa canina and other species.]

**dogsbody** /'dogzbodi/ n. (pl. **dogsbodies**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a person who is given boring, menial tasks 勤杂工,杂务工

**dogshore** /'dogfo:(r)/ n. each of two blocks of timber positioned on each side of a ship on a slipway to prevent it sliding(船舶下水前用的)止滑斜撑,撑柱、抵键

**dogsled** /'dogsled/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a sled pulled by dogs 狗拖的雪橇

**dog's mercury** n. a plant of the spurge family, with hairy stems and small green flowers(长有小绿花的)多年生山靛[Mercurialis perennis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: translating mod. L. Mercurialis canina (former taxonomic name).

**dogstail** n. a fodder grass with spiky flower heads 洋狗尾草 [Genus Cynosurus: several species.]

**Dog Star** ■n. Sirius, the brightest star in the sky 天狼星(天空中最明亮的星)
-ORIGIN 词源 translating Gk kuon or L. canicula 'small dog'; so named as it appears to follow at the heels of Orion (the hunter).

**dog's-tooth violet** n. a plant of the lily family with pinkish-purple flowers with backward-curving pointed petals 狗牙堇 [Erythronium dens-canis and related species.]

**dog tag** n. 1 a metal tag attached to a dog's collar, giving its name and owner's address(写有狗名和主人地址的)狗牌2N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a soldier's metal identity tag (士兵的)身份识别牌

**dog-tired** adj. extremely tired疲惫不堪的,筋疲力尽的

**dog-tooth** n. 1 Architecture 【建】 a small pointed moulding forming one of a series radiating like petals from a raised centre 犬牙饰,四叶饰2(also 亦作 **dogstooth**) a small check pattern with notched corners suggestive of a canine tooth 犬牙格子花纹

**dogtrot**/'dogtrpt/ n. a gentle easy trot 小步跑,慢跑

**dog violet** n. a scentless wild violet with purple or lilac flowers 里文堇菜 [Viola riviniana and other species.]

**dogwatch**/'dogwpts/n. either of two short watches on a ship (4-6 or 6-8p.m.)(船上的)更换班,二时班(下午4至6时或6至8时)

**dog whelk** n. a predatory marine mollusc found on the shore or in shallow waters 筐峨螺,织纹螺;荔枝螺[Nucella and other genera.]

**dog whistle** n. a high-pitched whistle used to train dogs, typically having a sound inaudible to humans 犬哨,训狗哨
>[as modifier 作修饰语] denoting or relating to a subtly aimed political message which is aimed at a particular group 狗哨政治的(政治信息针对特定人群的): dog-whistle issues such as immigration and crime 移民与犯罪之类针对特定人群的问题

**dogwood**/'dpgwud/n. a flowering shrub or small tree with red stems, colourful berries, and hard wood 欧洲红瑞木 [Cornus sanguinea and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 so named because the wood was formerly used to make 'dogs' (i.e. skewers).

**DoH**abbr. (in the UK) Department of Health (英国)卫生部

**doh**¹/dǝu/ (also 亦作 **do**) ■n. Music 【音】 (in tonic sol-fa) the first and eighth note of a major scale (首调唱名法)大调音阶的第1音及第8音
> the note C in the fixed-doh system(固定唱法的)C音
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital. do, an arbitrarily chosen syllable.

**doh**²/dau/exclam. informal 【非正式】 used to comment on a foolish action, especially one's own 哦,呀(用于感叹某一愚蠢的行为、尤指自身的行为)

**dohyo** 'dǝujǝบ/ n. (pl. **dohyos**) the ring within which sumo wrestling takes place 士俵,相扑环
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, abbrev. of dohyōba 'wrestling arena.

**DOI** abbr. Computing 【计】 digital object identifier, a unique string of characters allocated to a website, file, or other piece of digital information 数字对象标识码

**doily** /'dərli n. (pl. **doilies**) a small ornamental mat made of lace or paper, put on a plate under sweet food(放在盘中甜点下的)小装饰垫
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. denoting a woollen material for summer wear): from Doiley or Doyley, the name of a 17th-cent. London draper.

**doing**/'du:n/■n. 1 (also 亦作 **doings**) the activities in which someone engages动作;行为2activity or effort 活动;努力: It would take some doing to calm him down. 让他平静下来得花点心思。3 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] informal【非正式】things whose name one has forgotten 那东西(指忘记名称的东西)4 (**doings**) informal 【非正式】 excrement 粪便,排泄物 5 informal【非正式】 a beating or scolding打;骂

**doit**/doit/n. archaic 【古】 a very small amount of

<754>
money 极小的金额
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Mid. Low Ger. doyt, MDu. duit, of unknown origin.

**do-it-yourself**n. full form of DIY * DIY的全形

**dojo** /'dəudzǝບ/ n. (pl. **dojos**) a place in which judo and other martial arts are practiced 柔道馆
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, from do 'way, pursuit' + jo a place.

**dol**abbr. dollar(s)

**Dolby** /'dolbi, 'dǝul-/ n. trademark 【商标】1an electronic noise-reduction system used in tape recording 杜比降噪系统 2 an electronic system providing stereophonic sound for cinemas and televisions 杜比立体声系统
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the American engineer Ray M. Dolby.

**dolce** /'doltfer/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】 sweetly and softly 甜美温柔地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'sweet'.

**dolce far niente** / doltſer fa: ni'enter/ n. pleasant idleness 悠闲
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., 'sweet doing nothing.

**Dolcelatte**/doltfǝ'la:teı, -'læti/ n. trademark【商标】 a kind of soft, creamy blue-veined cheese from Italy 淡味蓝纹干酪
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'sweet milk.

**dolce vita**/doltfer 'vi:tə/ n. a life of pleasure and luxury 愉悦奢华的生活
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'sweet life.

**doldrums** /'doldrəmz/pl. n. (**the doldrums**) 1 a state of stagnation or depression 停滞;忧郁2 an equatorial region of the Atlantic Ocean with calms, sudden storms, and light unpredictable winds 赤道无风带
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as doldrum 'dull, sluggish person') : perh. from DULL.

**dole**¹/dǝul/ n. 1 (often in phr. 常用于短语 **on the dole**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】 benefit paid by the state to the unemployed (政府发放的)失业救济金
>dated【过时】a charitable gift 救济品 2 literary 【文】 a person's lot or destiny 命运;定数v.(**dole** something **out**) distribute something 发放
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dal 'division, portion, or share', of Gmc origin; rel. to DEAL¹.

**dole**²/doul/ n. archaic or literary 【古或文】 sorrow; mourning 悲痛;悲哀;哀悼
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. doel 'mourning', from pop. L. dolus, from L. dolere 'grieve.

**doleful** /'dǝulfl/ adj. 1 sorrowful悲哀的;忧愁的2 causing grief or misfortune 令人悲伤的;令人痛苦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dolefully** adv. **dolefulness** n.

**dolerite** /'dvlərait/n. Geology 【地质】 a dark, medium-grained igneous rock typically occurring in dykes and sills 粒玄岩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. dolérite, from Gk doleros 'deceptive' (because it resembles diorite).

**doli capax**/doli 'kæpæks/ adj. Law【律】 deemed capable of forming the intent to commit a crime, especially by reason of age (ten years old or older)(尤指依据年龄,10岁以上)有犯罪能力的
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'capable of evil.

**dolichocephalic** / dplıkǝ(U)sı'fælık, kesı'fælık/ ■adj. Anatomy【解】 having a relatively long skull 长头的 Often contrasted with 常对照 BRACHYCEPHALIC.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dolichocephaly** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dolikhos 'long' + -CEPHALIC.

**doli incapax** / doli in'kæpæks/ adj. Law【律】 deemed incapable of forming the intent to commit a crime, especially by reason of age (under ten years old)(尤指依据年龄,10岁以下)无犯罪能力的
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'incapable of evil.

**doline**/dp'li:n/ (also 亦作 **dolina**/dp'li:nə/) n. Geology【地质】a hollow or basin in a karstic region 落水洞,灰岩坑
-ORIGIN 词源C19: via Ger. from Slovene dolina 'valley.

**doll**/dpl/ n. 1 a small model of a human figure, used as a child's toy玩偶,玩具娃娃 2 informal 【非正式】 an attractive young woman 漂亮的年轻女子 ■v. (**doll** someone **up**) informal 【非正式】dress someone smartly and attractively 把…打扮得漂漂亮亮
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting a mistress): familiar form of the given name Dorothy.

**dollar** /'dplə(r)/ n. the basic monetary unit of the US, Canada, Australia, and certain countries in the Pacific, Caribbean, SE Asia, Africa, and South America元(美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国的基本货币单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 from early Flemish or Low Ger. daler, from Ger. T(h)aler, short for Joachimsthaler, a coin from the silver mine of Joachimsthal ('Joachim's valley'), now jáchymov in the Czech Republic.
>1911 The first edition's definition of **dollar** 2011 reflects a very different world economy from today's. After the historical meaning 'English name for German Thaler, also Spanish piece of eight', it goes on to describe **dollar** as 'unit of US gold and silver coinage about 4s. 11/d.' In 1911 the UK and the US adhered to the gold standard, and exchange rates were fixed, with almost five dollars to the pound. The UK abandoned the gold standard in 1931, during the Depression. 第一版中 **dollar** 的定义呈现了一幅与今已迥异的世界经济图景。第一版在先列出史义“德国银元和西班牙银元的英文名”之后, 将 **dollar** 描述为“美国金币和银币单位……约合4先令1/2便士”。1911年,英美两国采用金本位制,汇率是固定的,1英镑差不多合5美元。大萧条期间,英国于1931年放弃了金本位制。

**dollarbird** /'dpləbə:d/n. a roller of Asia and Australasia, with a conspicuous white coin-like mark on the wing二宝鸟(产于亚洲和澳大拉西亚) [Eyrystomus orientalis.]

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dollar diplomacy n. the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence 金元外交

**dollarization** or **dollarisation** / dpləraı'zerfn/ n. 1 the process of aligning a country's currency with the US dollar 美元化(将一国货币与美元挂钩的过程) 2 the dominating effect of the US on a country's economy 美元对一国经济的支配作用

**dollar sign** (also 亦作 **dollar mark**) n. the sign $, representing a dollar 元的符号($)

**dollop** /'dolǝp/ n. informal 【非正式】 a shapeless mass or lump, especially of soft food (尤指松软食物的)一块,一团
> v. (dollops, dolloping, dolloped) add or serve out in large, shapeless quantities 掺和;分发
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a clump of grass or weeds in a field): perh. of Scand. origin.

**doll's house** (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】 dollhouse) n. a miniature toy house for dolls (儿童放玩偶的)玩具小屋

**dolly** /'doli/ n. (pl. dollies) 1 a child's word for a doll 娃娃(儿语) 2 informal, dated 【非正式,过时】 an attractive and stylish young woman 摩登女郎 3 a small platform on wheels for holding heavy objects, typically film cameras 滑动台架,移动摄影车 4 Cricket, informal 【板,非正式】 an easy catch 易接球 5 historical 【史义】 a short wooden pole for stirring clothes in a washtub 洗衣搅棒
> v. (dollies, dollying, dollied) (of a film camera) be moved on a dolly 用移动车移动(摄影机)

**dolly bird** n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 an attractive but unintelligent young woman (漂亮却不聪明的)摩登女郎

**dolly mixtures** pl. n. Brit. 【英】 a mixture of small variously shaped and coloured sweets 彩色什锦糖果

**dolly tub** n. historical 【史义】 a washtub 搅棒洗衣桶

**Dolly Varden** /doli'va:d(ə)n/ n. 1 a large hat with a floral trimming and one drooping side, formerly worn by women 多莉瓦登花饰女帽(一侧面下垂,饰有花边) 2 a brightly spotted edible charr (fish) of western North America (北美西部的)花羔红点鲑,玛红点鲑 [Salvelinus malma.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of a character in Dickens's Barnaby Rudge, who wore a similar hat.

**dolma** /'dolmǝ/ n. (pl. dolmas or dolmades /dpl'ma:dez, -'ma:dez/) a Greek and Turkish delicacy of spiced rice and meat wrapped in vine or cabbage leaves 都玛,菜包肉糜卷
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. Gk ntolmas or its source, Turk. dolma, from dolmak 'fill, be filled.

**dolman** /'dəlmən/ n. a long Turkish robe open in front 土耳其式长袍
> a woman's loose cloak with cape-like sleeves 蝙蝠袖式女外衣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: based on Turk. dolama, dolaman.

**dolman sleeve** n. a loose sleeve cut in one piece with the body of a garment 蝙蝠袖

**dolmen** /'dolmen/ n. a megalithic tomb with a large, flat stone laid on upright ones 石板墓,石桌坟
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., perh. via Breton from Cornish tolmen 'hole of a stone'.

**dolomite** /'dələmaıt/ n. a mineral or sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of a carbonate of calcium and magnesium 白云石
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 dolomitic adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from the name of the French geologist Dolomieu + -ITE¹.

**dolorous** /'dol(ə)rəs/ adj. literary 【文】 feeling great sorrow or distress 悲痛的;忧伤的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 dolorously adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. doleros, from late L. dolorosus, from L. dolor 'pain, grief.

**dolostone** /'dələstəun/ n. Geology 【地质】 rock consisting of dolomite 白云岩

**dolour** /'dplə(r)/ (US 【美】 dolor) n. literary 【文】 a state of great sorrow or distress 悲痛;忧伤
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. dolor 'pain, grief.

**dolphin** /'dolfin/ n. 1 a small gregarious and intelligent toothed whale with a beak-like snout and a curved fin on the back 海豚 [Families Delphinidae (marine) and Platanistidae (river dolphins): many species.] 2 (also 亦作 dolphinfish) another term for DORADO (sense 1) * dorado (释义1)的另一种说法 3 a bollard, pile, or buoy for mooring 系缆柱,系船浮筒,导靠浮标 4 a structure protecting the pier of a bridge 护墩桩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dauphin, from Provençal dalfin, from L. delphinus, from Gk delphin.

**dolphinarium** /dolfı'neəriəm/ n. (pl. dolphinariums or dolphinaria) an aquarium in which dolphins are kept and trained for public entertainment 海豚馆

**dolt** /dǝult/ n. a stupid person 呆子,笨蛋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 doltish adj. doltishly adv. doltishness n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. a var. of dulled, past part. of DULL.

**Dom** /dom/ n. 1 a title prefixed to the names of some Roman Catholic dignitaries and Benedictine and Carthusian monks 师(用于一些天主教重要人物和本笃会、天主教加尔都西会僧侣名称前) 2 Portuguese form of DON¹ (sense 2) * don(释义2)的葡萄牙语拼法
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. dominus 'master.

**-dom** /dəm/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting a state or condition 表示状态或状况: freedom 自由 2 denoting rank or status 表示等级或地位: earldom 伯爵爵位 3 denoting a domain 表示领土、领地或领域: fiefdom 封地 4 denoting a class of people or attitudes associated with them 表示群体或态度: officialdom 官员
-ORIGIN 词源 OE -dom, orig. meaning 'decree, judgement.

**domain** /dǝ(u)'mein/ n. 1 an area owned or controlled by a ruler or government 领土,领地
> a sphere of activity or knowledge 领域,范围 2 Computing 【计】 a distinct subset of the Internet with addresses sharing a common suffix or under the control of a particular organization or individual

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(互联网的)域 3 Mathematics 【数】 the possible values of the independent variable or variables of a function区域;整环;定义域4 Physics 【物】 a discrete region of magnetism in ferromagnetic material(磁)畴5 Biochemistry【生化】 a distinct region of a complex molecule or structure 域,结构域
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domanial**/də'meıniəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. domaine, alt. (by assoc. with L. dominus 'lord') of OFr. demeine (see见 DEMESNE).

**domaine** /də'meın/ n. a vineyard 葡萄园
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'estate' (see见 DOMAIN).

**domain name**n. Computing (it】 the part of a network address which identifies it as belonging to a particular domain 域名

**dome** /dǝum/ ■n. 1 a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure 圆屋顶,穹顶 the revolving openable hemispherical roof of an observatory(天文台能打开和旋转的)圆顶室2 the rounded summit of a hill or mountain(山等的)圆形峰顶 Geology 【地质】 a rounded uplifted landform or underground structure 穹地,圆丘,穹丘3 informal 【非正式】 the top of the head 头顶(部) 4 literary 【文】 a stately building 雄伟的建筑物,大厦■v. [often as noun 常作名词 **doming**] form a rounded shape 成圆形
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domed** adj. **dome-like** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. dôme, from Ital. duomo 'cathedral, dome', from L. domus 'house'.

**Domesday Book** /'du:mzder/ n. a comprehensive record of the extent, value, ownership, and liabilities of land in England, made in 1086 by order of William I《末日审判书》(1086年威廉一世下命编写的英国土地调查清册)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of DOOMSDAY, because the book was regarded as a final authority.

**domestic**/də'mestık/ adj. 1 relating to a home or family affairs or relations家的;家务的;家庭的>of or for use in the home 家用的2(of a person) fond of family life and running a home(人)喜爱家庭生活的,喜欢持家的3(of an animal) tame and kept by humans(动物)非野生的,驯养的4 existing or occurring within a country 国内的■n. 1 (also 亦作 **domestic worker** or **domestic help**) a person who is employed to do domestic tasks 家佣,家仆2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】a violent quarrel between family members 家庭成员间的激烈争吵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domestically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. domestique, from L. domesticus, from domus 'house.

**domesticate**/dǝ'mestikert/ v. 1 tame (an animal) and keep it as a pet or for farm produce驯养,驯化(动物) humorous 【幽】 accustom (someone) to home life and domestic tasks 使喜爱家庭生活,使习惯操持家务 2 cultivate (a plant) for food 培育(植物供食用)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domesticable** adj. **domestication** n.

**domestic goddess** n. informal 【非正式】 a woman with exceptional domestic skills, especially cookery 家政女皇(特別擅长操持家务,尤其是烹饪的女子)

**domesticity**/dǝume'stısǝti/ n. home or family life 家庭生活

**domestic partner**n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a person who is sharing a home and having a sexual relationship with another 家庭伴侣(指未婚同居伴侣)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domestic partnership** n.

**domestic science** n. dated 【过时】 home economics 家政学

**domical** /'dǝumıkl/ adj. domed穹顶的,有穹顶的;半球形的

**domicile** /'dpmısaıl, -sıl/n. formal or Law【正式或律】 1 the country in which a person has permanent residence 定居国chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a person's home 住处,住所,住宅2the place at which a company or other body is registered(公司或其他机构的)注册地址v. (**be domiciled**) formal or Law 【正式或律】treat a specified country as a permanent home 使定居chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】reside; be based 居住;以…为基地
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. domicilium 'dwelling', from domus 'home.

**domiciliary** / domı'sıliəri/ adj. concerned with or occurring in someone's home 住所的;家的;在家中发生的

**dominance** /'dominəns/ n. 1 power and influence over others 优势;支配,统治 2 Genetics 【遗】 the phenomenon whereby one allelic form of a gene is expressed to the exclusion of the other 显性 3 Ecology【生态】the predominance of one or more species in a plant or animal community 优势度
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dominancy** n.

**dominant** /'dominənt/ adj. 1 most important, powerful, or influential占优势的;支配的,统治的>Ecology【生态】denoting the predominant species in a plant or animal community 优势的2(of a high place or object) overlooking others(高处或高的物体)高耸的,居高临下的3 Genetics 【遗】 relating to or denoting heritable characteristics which are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited from only one parent 显性的 Often contrasted with 常对照 RECESSIVE. n. 1 Music 【音】 the fifth note of the diatonic scale of any key, considered in relation to the key of the tonic 属音,音阶的第五音 2 Genetics 【遗】 a dominant trait or gene 显性性状(或基因) 3 Ecology 【生态】 a dominant species in a community 优势者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dominantly** adv.

**dominate** /'dominert/ v. 1 have a commanding or controlling influence over支配,控制2(of something tall or high) overlook(高耸之物)俯视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domination** n. **dominator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C17 (earlier (ME) as domination): from L. dominat-, dominari 'rule, govern', from dominus 'lord, master.

**dominatrix** / domi'nestriks/n. (pl. **dominatrices** /-trisi:z/ or **dominatrixes**) a dominating woman, especially in sadomasochistic practices(尤指施虐受

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虐性爱方式中的)女性施虐狂
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., fem. of dominator, from dominat-, dominari (see见 DOMINATE).

**domineer**/domı'nıə(r)/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **domineering**] behave in an arrogant and overbearing way专横,跋扈,盛气凌人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **domineeringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源C16: from Du. dominieren, from Fr. dominer, from L. dominari (see见 DOMINATE).

**dominical**/də'mınıkl/ adj. 1 of Sunday as the Lord's day 主日的,星期日的2 of Jesus Christ as the Lord 耶稣基督的,主的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. dominicalis, from L. dominicus, from dominus 'lord, master.

**dominical letter**n. any of the seven letters A-G used in Church calendars to indicate the date (1-7 January) of the first Sunday in the year 主日字母(教历中以A至G7个字母分别代表一年的首7日,其中一个是一年中第一个星期日)

**Dominican**¹ /dǝ'mınıkn/ n. a member of the Roman Catholic order of preaching friars founded by St Dominic, or of a similar religious order for women 多明我会修士(或修女)adj. relating to St Dominic or the Dominicans圣多明我的;多明我会的

**Dominican**²/də'mınıkn/n. a native or national of the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean 多米尼加共和国人 adj. relating to the Dominican Republic 多米尼加共和国的

**Dominican**³/domı'ni:kn, də'mınıkn/ n. a native or national of the Caribbean island of Dominica 多米尼加岛人 adj. relating to the island of Dominica 多米尼加岛的

**dominie** /'domini/ n. (pl. **dominies**) 1 Scottish 【苏格兰】a schoolmaster 教师 2 chiefly US 【主美】a pastor or clergyman 牧师,教士
-ORIGIN 词源C17: alt. of L. domine! (vocative) 'master!, sir!', from dominus 'lord.

**dominion** /də'mıniən/ n. 1 sovereignty; control 主权,统治权,管辖,控制 2 the territory of a sovereign or government 领土,领地,版图
>(**Dominion**) historical 【史义】 a self-governing territory of the British Commonwealth(英联邦)自治领
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. dominio(n-), from L. dominium, from dominus 'lord, master.

**domino** /'dımınǝu/ n. (pl. **dominoes**) 1 any of 28 small oblong pieces marked with 0-6 pips in each half 多米诺骨牌(**dominoes**) [treated as sing. 视作单数] the game played with dominoes, each player in turn trying to lay down a domino with a value matching that of a piece at either end of the line already formed 多米诺骨牌游戏 2 historical 【史义】a loose cloak, worn with a mask for the upper part of the face at masquerades(在化装舞会上穿的带有面具的)连帽化装斗篷
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., denoting a hood worn by priests in winter, prob. based on L. dominus 'lord, master.

**domino effect** n. the effect of the domino theory 多米诺(骨牌)效应,连锁反应

**domino theory**n. the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighbouring countries, like a row of falling dominoes 多米诺(骨牌)理论(指一国的政治事件会在邻国引发类似事件)

**don**¹/don/ n. 1 Brit. 【英】 a university teacher, especially a senior member of a college at Oxford or Cambridge 大学教师(尤指牛津大学或剑桥大学的导师或研究员)2 (**Don**) a Spanish title prefixed to a male forename先生,堂,唐(西班牙用于男子人名前的尊称)N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a high-ranking member of the Mafia 黑手党头目
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Sp., from L. dominus 'lord, master.

**don**²/dpn/ v. (**dons**, **donning**, **donned**) put on (an item of clothing)穿上,披上(衣服)
-ORIGIN 词源ME: contr. of do on; cf. DOFF.

**donate**/dǝu'neit/ v. 1 give (money or goods) for a good cause 捐赠(钱或物)2 allow the removal of (blood or an organ) from one's body for transfusion or transplantation 捐献(血液或器官)3 Chemistry & Physics【物,化】provide or contribute (electrons or protons)放出,转移(电子或质子)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **donator** n.

**donation** /dǝu'neıfn/ n. something that is given to a charity, especially a sum of money 捐赠物,(尤指)捐款
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from L. donatio(n-), from donare 'give', based on donum 'gift'.

**Donatist** /'dənətist/ n. historical 【史义】 a member of a schismatic Christian group in North Africa who held that only those living a blameless life belonged in the Church 多纳图派信徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Donatism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from the group's leader Donatus (died c.355).

**donative** /'dǝunǝtıv/rare 【罕】 ■n. a donation 捐赠物 adj. given as a donation 捐赠的,赠与的
>historical【史义】(of a benefice) given directly; not presentative(圣职)直接授予的;非有关圣职人员推荐的

**done** /dan/ past participle of Do² * do'的过去分词 adj. 1 (of food) cooked thoroughly(食物)煮熟的 2 no longer happening or existing 完成的;了结的,结束的3 Brit. informal【英,非正式】socially acceptable 得体的,合乎规矩的:Therapy was not the done thing.心理疗法当时还未被人们接受。■exclam. (in response to an offer) accepted行,好(指对提议的回应)
-PHRASES 短语 **a done deal** a plan or project that has been finalized 完成了的计划(或项目)**done for** informal 【非正式】 in serious trouble 遭殃的,完蛋的 **done in** informal 【非正式】 extremely tired 筋疲力尽的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doneness** n. (informal【非正式】, only in sense 1仅用于释义1).

**donee** /dǝu'ni:/ n. 1 a person who receives a gift 受

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赠人2 Law【律】 a person who is given a power of appointment 指定人

**doner kebab** /'dənə, 'dənən. a Turkish dish consisting of spiced lamb cooked on a spit and served in slices, typically in pitta bread (土耳其) 烤肉串,烤羊肉串
-ORIGIN 词源 from Turk. döner kebap, from döner 'rotating' and kebap 'roast meat.

**dong**¹/don/ v. 1 (of a bell) make a deep resonant sound(钟)发出当当的钟声 2 Austral./NZ informal 【澳新,非正式】hit or punch 打;击n. 1 a deep resonant sound当(大钟的钟声)2 Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】a punch 沉重的打击3 vulgar slang【粗俚】aman's penis 阴茎,鸡巴

**dong**²/don/ n. the basic monetary unit of Vietnam, equal to 100 xu 盾(越南基本货币单位,1盾=100分)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Vietnamese dông 'coin.

**donga** /'dongǝ/ n. 1 S. African & Austral./NZ【南非,澳新】adry watercourse 干沟2 Austral. 【澳】a temporary transportable dwelling(可移动的)临时住所
-ORIGIN 词源 from Xhosa and Zulu udonga.

**dongle** /'dongl/n. a device that is connected to a computer to allow access to wireless broad-band or use of protected software 道尔芯片,软件保护装置
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: an arbitrary formation.

**dong quai** don 'kwer, 'kwai/ n. an aromatic herb native to China and Japan, the root of which is used to treat premenstrual syndrome and menopausal symptoms 当归[Angelica sinensis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Chin. dānggui.

**donjon** /'dondzn, 'dan-/n. the great tower or innermost keep of a castle 城堡主塔
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: var. of DUNGEON.

**Don Juan** / don 'dzuǝn, 'hwa:n/ n. a seducer of women 唐璜;勾引女性的人,风流浪荡子
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of a legendary Spanish nobleman and libertine.

**donkey** /'donki/ n. (pl. **donkeys**) 1 a domesticated hoofed mammal of the horse family with long ears and a braying call 驴 [Equus asinus.] 2 informal 【非正式】 a foolish person笨蛋,傻瓜3(also亦作 **donkey stool**) a low stool astride which an artist sits(艺术家跨坐的)驴背式低凳
-PHRASES 短语 **donkey's years** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a very long time 很久;多年
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from DUN¹, or from the given name Duncan.

**donkey derby**n. a race between competitors riding donkeys 骑驴大赛

**donkey engine** n. a small auxiliary engine 辅助发动机

**donkey jacket** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a heavy jacket with a patch of waterproof leather or plastic across the shoulders 风雨衣;防风厚上衣

**donkey work** n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】the laborious part of a job 苦活儿

**Donna** /'donǝ/ n. a title prefixed to the forename of an Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese lady (用在意大利、西班牙或葡萄牙女士名字前的尊称)夫人,女士
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital., from L. domina 'mistress, fem. of dominus 'lord, master'; cf. DON¹.

**donnée** /'dpnet/ (also 亦作 **donné**) n. 1 a subject or theme of a narrative 主题 2 a basic fact or assumption 基本事实;基本假设
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'given.

**donnish** /'donıf adj. resembling or likened to a college don, particularly in having a pedantic manner 大学学监似的(尤指书生气的)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **donnishly** adv. **donnishness** n.

**donnybrook** /'dpnıbrok/n. N. Amer. & Austral./NZ 【北美,澳新】a heated argument 激烈的争论;大论战
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from the name of a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, formerly famous for its annual fair.

**donor** 'dənə(r), -nɔ:(r)/ n. 1 a person who donates something 捐赠者 2 Chemistry 【化】 an atom or molecule that provides a pair of electrons in forming a coordinate bond 给体;供体3 Physics 【物】an impurity atom in a semiconductor which contributes conducting electrons to the material 施主
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. doneur, from L. donator, from donare 'give'.

**donor card** n. a card carried to indicate consent to the use of one's organs for transplant surgery in the event of one's death 器官捐献卡

**don't**/dǝunt/contr. do not 不

**donut**/'dǝunat/n. US spelling of DOUGHNUT * doughnut的美式拼法

**doobie** /'du:bi/ n. informal 【非正式】a cannabis cigarette 大麻烟卷
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s (orig. US): of unknown origin.

**doobry** /'du:bri/(also 亦作 **doobrey** or **doobrie**) n. (pl. **doobries** or **doobreys** /'du:briz/) Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 another term for DOODAH * doodah的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: of unknown origin.

**doodah** /'du:da:/(N. Amer. 【北美】**doodad**/'du:-dæd/) n. informal 【非正式】an object that the speaker cannot name precisely(叫不出名的)小装置,小玩意儿
-PHRASES 短语 **all of a doodah** very agitated 焦虑不安的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: perh. from the refrain of the song Camptown Races.

**doodle** /'du:dl/v. scribble absent-mindedly(漫不经心地)涂鸦n. a drawing made absent-mindedly 无意识画;乱涂乱画出的东西;涂鸦之作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doodler** n. **doodling** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17(orig.asn. denoting a fool) : from Low Ger. dudeltopf, dudeldopp 'simpleton.

**doodlebug** /'du:dlbag/n. informal 【非正式】1 Brit. 【英】a V-1 bomb * V-1型飞弹2N. Amer.【北美】 the larva of an ant lion 蚁蛉幼虫,蚁狮3 a small car or other vehicle 小型汽车(或其他运输工具)

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from doodle 'foolish person' + BUG.

**doodly-squat** /du:dli'skwpt/ n. another term for DIDDLY-SQUAT * diddly-squat 的另一种说法

**doo-doo**/'du:du: n. a child's word for excrement (儿语)臭臭,尼尼

**doofus** /'du:fəs/ (also 亦作 **dufus**) n. (pl. **doofuses**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a stupid person 傻瓜,笨蛋
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: perh. an alt. of GOOFUS, or from Scots doof 'dolt.

**doohickey** /'du:hıki/ n. (pl. **doohickeys**) N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】a small object or gadget, especially one whose name the speaker cannot recall(尤指叫不出名字的)小玩意儿,小器件
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: blend of doodad (see 见 DOODAH) and HICKEY.

**doolally**/du:'læli/ adj. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 temporarily insane一时发疯的
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: orig. doolally tap, Ind. army sl., from Deolali (a town near Bombay) + Urdu tap 'fever.

**doom**/du:m/ n. death, destruction, or another terrible fate死亡,毁灭;厄运archaic 【古】(in Christian belief) the Last Judgement(基督教)末日审判 v. condemn to certain destruction, death, or failure 注定……毁灭,命定……火亡(或失败): Her plan was doomed to failure. 她的计划注定要失败。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doomily** adv. **doominess** n. **doomy** adj. (**doomier**, **doomiest**)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dōm 'statute, judgement', of Gmc origin, from a base meaning 'to put in place'; rel. to DO¹.

**doom-laden** adj. predicting or conveying doom; gloomy 预示死亡(或毁灭)的,充满厄运的,前景黯淡的

**doomsayer** /'du:m,serǝ(r)/ n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】a doomster凶事预示者;预言灾难者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doomsaying** n.

**doomsday** /'du:mzder/n. the last day of the world's existence 世界末日(in Christian belief) the day of the Last Judgement(基督教)最后审判日

**doomster** /'du:mstə(r)/ n. a person who predicts disaster 预言灾难者

**doona**/'du:nǝ/n. Austral. trademark【澳,商标】a quilt or duvet 被子;羽绒被
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: perh. from Swed. dun (see见 DOWN²).

**door**/do:(r)/ n. 1 a hinged, sliding, or revolving barrier at the entrance to a building, room, or vehicle, or in the framework of a cupboard门2 the distance from one building to another 楼间距;一座房屋的距离: He lived two doors away. 再过去两家就是他住的地方。
-PHRASES 短语 **lay** something **at** someone's **door** blame someone for something 将………归咎于 **out of doors** in or into the open air 在(或去)户外
--DERIVATIVES 派生词**-doored** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE duru, dor, of Gmc origin.

**doorbell** /'do:bel/ n. a bell in a building which can be rung by visitors arriving outside门铃

**do-or-die** adj. showing or requiring a determination not to compromise or be deterred 孤注一掷的,破釜沉舟的

**door frame** (also 亦作 **doorcase**) n. the frame into which a door is fitted 门框

**door furniture**n. the handles, lock, and other fixtures on a door门配件

**doorkeeper** /'də:ki:pə(r)/ n. a person on duty at the entrance to a building 守门人,门房,门卫

**doorknob** /'do:npb/ n. a rounded door handle 门把手,门柄

**doorman** 'də:mən/ n. (pl. **doormen**) a man who is on duty at the entrance to a large building 守门人,门房,门卫

**doormat** /'do:mæt/ n. 1 a mat placed in a doorway for wiping the shoes(门前的)擦鞋垫 2 informal 【非正式】a submissive person 逆来顺受的可怜虫;甘受屈辱的受气包

**doornail** /'do:neil/ n. a stud in a door 护门帽钉,门钉
-PHRASES 短语(**as**) **dead as a doornail** dead (used for emphasis)确实死了的,完全死了的(用作强调)

**doorpost** /'do:pǝust/ n. an upright part of a door frame 门柱

**doorstep** /'do:step/ n. 1 a step leading up to the outer door of a house 门阶 2 Brit. informal【英,非正式】a thick slice of bread 厚面包片v.(**doorsteps**, **doorstepping**, **doorstepped**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】(of a journalist) wait uninvited outside the home of (someone) for an interview or photograph(记者为采访或拍照)在…门外蹲守
-PHRASES 短语 **on** one's (or **the**) **doorstep** very close by 非常靠近,在…近旁

**doorstop** /'do:stpp/(also 亦作 **doorstopper**) n. a fixed or heavy object that keeps a door open or in place 门档,制门器

**doorway** /'do:wer/n. an entrance with a door门口,门道

**dooryard** /'do:ja:d/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a yard or garden by the door of a house 庭院,天井

**doo-wop** /'du:wpp/ n. a style of pop music involving close harmony vocals and nonsense phrases, originating in the 1950s多瓦普(一种流行音乐形式,起源于20世纪50年代)
-ORIGIN 词源 imitative.

**doozy** /'du:zi/(also 亦作 **doozie**) n. (pl. **doozies**) informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式,主北美】something outstanding or unique of its kind 极好的东西;异乎寻常的东西
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: of unknown origin.

**dop**/dpp/ ■n. (pl. **dops** or **doppe** /'dopə/) S. African informal【南非,非正式】a drink, especially of spirits 饮料(尤指烈酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 S. Afr. Du., 'shell, husk.

**dopa** /'dǝupǝ/n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound which is present in nerve tissue as a precursor of

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dopamine dork
dopamine (especially as the laevorotatory form I-dopa) and is used to treat Parkinsonism 多巴
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger., acronym from the systematic name dihydroxyphenylalanine.

**dopamine** /'dəupəmi:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and as a precursor of other substances including adrenalin 多巴胺
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of DOPA and AMINE.

**dopaminergic** / dəpəmi:'n3:d31k/ adj. Biochemistry 【生化】 releasing or involving dopamine as a neurotransmitter 多巴胺能的
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from DOPAMINE + Greek ergon 'work' + -Ic.

**dopant** 'dǝup(ə)nt/ n. Electronics 【电子】 a substance used to produce a desired electrical characteristic in a semiconductor 掺杂剂
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from DOPE + -ANT.

**dope** /dǝup/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】 an illegal drug, especially cannabis or (US) heroin 毒品(尤指大麻,在美国也指海洛因)
> a drug used to enhance the performance of an athlete, racehorse, or greyhound 兴奋剂 2 informal 【非正式】 a stupid person 笨人,傻瓜 3 informal 【非正式】 information 消息 4 a varnish formerly used to strengthen the fabric surface of aircraft 清漆,涂料 5 a lubricant 润滑剂
> v. 1 administer dope to (a racehorse, greyhound, or athlete) 给(赛马、赛狗或运动员)服用兴奋剂
> (be doped up) informal 【非正式】 be heavily under the influence of drugs 深受毒品影响 2 cover with varnish or other thick liquid 给………涂清漆(或涂料) 3 Electronics 【电子】 add an impurity to (a semiconductor) to produce a desired electrical characteristic 给(半导体)掺杂 4 (dope something out) informal, dated 【非正式,过时】 work something out 想出;解出
> adj. black slang 【黑俚】 very good 很好的,棒极了
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 doper n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (in the sense 'thick liquid'): from Du. doop 'sauce', from doopen 'to dip, mix.

**dopester** /'dǝupstə(r)/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 a person who supplies information, especially on sport or politics (尤指政治、体育比赛等的)预测者

**dopey** /'dǝupi/ (also 亦作 **dopy**) adj. (dopier, dopiest) informal 【非正式】 1 stupefied by sleep or a drug (因困倦或服药而)恍惚的,迟钝的 2 silly or stupid 笨的;迟钝的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 dopily adv. dopiness n.

**dopiaza** 'dəupia:zə/ n. an Indian dish consisting of meat cooked with onions and garnished with raw or fried onions (印度)洋葱酱烧肉
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi do 'two' + pyāz 'onion.

**doppelgänger** /'dop(ə)lgenə(r), gæŋə(r)/ n. an apparition or double of a living person 活人的幽灵;面貌极相似的人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., lit. 'double-goer.

**Dopper** /'dopə(r)/ n. (in South Africa) a member of the Gereformeerde Kerk, a strictly orthodox Calvinistic denomination (南非)深浸派成员
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., of unknown origin.

**Doppler effect** /'doplə(r)/ (also 亦作 **Doppler shift**) n. Physics 【物】 an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move towards (or away from) each other 多普勒效应
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the Austrian physicist Johann Christian Doppler.

**dopy** /'dǝupi/ adj. variant spelling of DOPEY * dopey 的另一种拼法

**dorado** /də'ra:dǝu/ n. (pl. dorados) 1 a large edible fish of warm seas, with silver and bright blue or green coloration 麒鰍 [Coryphaena hippurus.] 2 a South American freshwater game fish with a golden body and red fins 金脂鯉 [Salminus maxillosus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., lit. 'gilded.

**do-rag** /'du:ræg/ n. US black slang 【美,黑俚】 a scarf or cloth worn to protect one's hairstyle (保护发型的)头巾
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from HAIRDO.

**dor beetle** /do:/ n. a large black dung beetle that makes a droning sound in flight 金龟子 [Geotrupes stercorarius and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from OE dora, prob. imitative.

**dorcas gazelle** /'də:kəs/ n. a small gazelle found on dry plains in North Africa and western Asia 鹿羚 [Gazella dorcas.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dorkas 'gazelle.

**Dorian** /'də:riən/ n. a member of a people speaking the Doric dialect of Greek, thought to have entered Greece from the north c. 1100 BC (古希腊的)多里安人
> adj. relating to the Dorians or to Doris in central Greece (有关)多里安人的,多里斯的
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk Dōrios 'of Doris' + -IAN.

**Dorian mode** n. Music 【音】 the mode represented by the natural diatonic scale D-D (containing a minor 3rd and minor 7th) 多里亚调式

**Doric** /'dprik/ adj. 1 relating to or denoting a classical order of architecture characterized by a plain, sturdy column and a thick square abacus resting on a rounded moulding 陶立克式的 2 relating to the ancient Greek dialect of the Dorians (古希腊)多里安方言的 3 archaic 【古】 (of a dialect) broad (方言)口音重的,乡音重的
> n. 1 the Doric order of architecture (建筑)陶立克柱式 2 the ancient Greek dialect of the Dorians (古希腊)多里安方言 3 a broad dialect, especially that spoken in the north-east of Scotland 土方言(尤指苏格兰东北部方言)

**dork** /do:k/ n. 1 informal 【非正式】 a socially inept person 不善交际的人 2 N. Amer. vulgar slang 【北美,粗俚】 a man's penis 鸡巴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 dorkiness n. dorky adj. (dorkier, dorkiest).
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: perh. a var. of DIRK, influenced by DICK¹.

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**dorm**/do:m/n. informal 【非正式】a dormitory 宿舍

**dormant** /'də:mənt/ adj. 1 (of an animal) in or as if in a deep sleep(动物)休眠的;蛰伏的
>Heraldry【纹章】(of an animal) lying with its head on its paws(动物)卧睡的2(of a plant or bud) alive but not growing(植物或芽)休眠期的3(of a volcano) temporarily inactive(火山)休眠的4(of a disease) causing no symptoms but liable to recur (疾病)潜伏的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dormancy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., 'sleeping', pres. part. of dormir, from L. dormire 'to sleep.

**dormer** /'do:mə(r)/ (also 亦作 **dormer window**) ■n. a window that projects vertically from a sloping roof 老虎窗
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a dormitory or bedroom window): from OFr. dormeor 'dormitory', from dormir 'to sleep.

**Dormition** /dɔ:'mın/n. (in the Orthodox Church) the passing of the Virgin Mary from earthly life(东正教)圣母升天 the feast in honour of this on 15 August 圣母升天节(8月15日)
-ORIGIN 词源C15: from Fr., from L. dormitio(n-) 'falling asleep', from dormire 'to sleep.

**dormitory** /'də:mit(ǝ)ri/ n. (pl. **dormitories**) 1 a bedroom for a number of people in a school or other institution (学校或机构的)集体寝室 N. Amer.【北美】a college hall of residence(大学的)宿舍 2 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a small town or suburb from which people travel to work in a nearby city 卧城
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dormitorium, neut. (used as n.) of dormitorius, from dormire 'to sleep.

**Dormobile** /'də:məbi:l/n. Brit. trademark【英,商标】a motor vehicle that is fitted out as a caravan 房车

**dormouse** /'do:maus/ n. (pl. **dormice**) an agile mouse-like rodent with a bushy tail 榛睡鼠 [Muscardinus avellanarius and other species, family Myoxidae.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin, but assoc. with Fr. dormir or L. dormire 'to sleep.

**dormy** /'do:mi/adj. Golf【高尔夫】(of a player) ahead by as many holes as there are holes left to play(选手)领先洞数与待击洞数相等的: dormy two 领先洞数与待击洞数均为2
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**dorp**/do:p/n. S. African 【南非】 a small rural town or village 小乡镇;村落
-ORIGIN 词源 Du., 'village'(see见THORP).

**dorsal** /'do:sl/ adj. Anatomy, Zoology, & Botany【解,动,植】on or relating to the upper side or back (在)背部的Compare with 比较 VENTRAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dorsally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. dorsalis, from L. dorsum 'back.

**dorsal fin**n. Zoology 【动】 an unpaired fin on the back of a fish or whale 背鳍

**dorsi-**/'do:si/ comb. form towards or on the back 向背部;在背部: dorsiventral 异面的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. dorsum 'back'.

**dorsiflex** /'dɔ:sıfleks v. Physiology 【生理】bend (something) towards its upper surface 使背曲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dorsiflexion** n.

**dorsiventral** /dɔ:sı'ventr(ə)l/ adj. chiefly Botany 【主植】1 having dissimilar dorsal and ventral surfaces 异面的2 another term for DORSOVENTRAL * dorsoventral的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dorsiventrality** n. **dorsiventrally** adv.

**dorso-** /'dɔ:sǝu/ comb. form relating to the back有关背部的: dorsoventral 背腹的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. dorsum 'back.

**dorsolateral** /dɔ:sǝ(u)'læt(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. Anatomy & Biology【解,生物】 relating to the dorsal and lateral surfaces背(外)侧的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dorsolaterally** adv.

**dorsoventral** /dɔ:sǝ(u)'ventr(ə)l/ adj. Anatomy & Biology【解,生物】 relating to or extending along an axis joining the dorsal and ventral surfaces 背腹的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dorsoventrally** adv.

**dorsum** /'də:səm/ n. (pl. **dorsa**) Anatomy & Zoology 【解,动】the dorsal part of an organism or structure 背
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a long hill or ridge): from L., 'back.

**dory**¹ /'do:ri/ n. (pl. **dories**) a deep-bodied marine fish with a large mouth 海魴 [Families Zeidae and Oreosomatidae: several species, including the John Dory.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. dorée, fem. past part. of dorer 'gild', based on L. aurum 'gold.

**dory**² /'do:ri/ n. (pl. **dories**) a small flat-bottomed rowing boat with a high bow and stern 平底高帮小渔船
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from Miskito dóri 'dugout.

**doryphore** /'dprifǝ:(r)/ n. rare 【罕】 a pedantic and persistent critic迂腐固执的评论者
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Fr., lit. 'Colorado beetle', from Gk doruphoros 'spear carrier.

**DOS**/dps/abbr. Computing 【it】 disk operating system 磁盘操作系统

**DoS** abbr. Computing 【it】 denial of service 拒绝服务

**dosa** 'dǝusǝ/ n. (pl. **dosas** or **dosai** /'dǝusaı/) (in Indian cooking) a pancake made from rice flour and ground pulses(印度人用大米粉和豆面做成的)煎饼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Tamil tōcai.

**dos-à-dos** dǝuzədəu/ adj. (of two books) bound together with a shared central board and facing in opposite directions(两本书共一个封面的)合装本的n.(pl. same单复同) a seat or carriage in which the occupants sit back to back 背靠背座椅;背靠背乘坐的马车
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'back to back.

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**dosage** /'dǝusId3/n. the size of a dose of medicine or radiation (药或辐射的)剂量

**dose** /dǝus/n. 1 a quantity of a medicine or drug taken at one time(药物的)剂量 an amount of ionizing radiation received or absorbed at one time (电离辐射的)剂量 2 informal 【非正式】 a quantity of something necessary but unpleasant(必要但令人不悦的东西的)一份,一点,一次,一番 3 informal 【非正式】a venereal infection 性病,花柳病v.1 administer a dose to 给……服一剂药2 adulterate or blend (a substance) with another 把………混合,给………掺杂
-PHRASES 短语 **like a dose of salts** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】very fast and efficiently 迅速地,一下子 [from the use of Epsom salts as a laxative.]
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from Fr., via late L. from Gk dosis 'gift', from didonai 'give'.

**dose equivalent** n. an estimate of the biological effect of a dose of ionizing radiation, expressed in sieverts 剂量当量

**dose-response curve** n. Medicine 【医】the relationship between the size of a dose and the extent of the response to it 剂量反应曲线

**dosh** /dpf/n. Brit. informal【英,非正式】money 钱
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: of unknown origin.

**dosha** 'dəfə, dəfə/ n. (in Ayurvedic medicine) each of three energies believed to circulate in the body and govern physiological activity(印度阿育吠陀医学中的)三元体液
-ORIGIN 词源 Sanskrit dosa, lit. 'fault, disease.

**do-si-do**/dǝuzi'dǝu, -si-/ (also 亦作 **do-se-do**) n. (pl. **do-si-dos**) (in country dancing) a figure in which two dancers pass round each other back to back and return to their original positions(乡村舞蹈中)背对背交错换位舞步
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: alt. of DOS-A-DOS.

**dosimeter** /dǝu'sımıtə(r)/ n. a device used to measure an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation 剂量计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dosimetric** adj. **dosimetry** n.

**doss**/dps/Brit. informal【英,非正式】■v.1 sleep in rough accommodation or on an improvised bed (在简陋条件下或在临时搭的床上)凑合过夜2 spend time idly 懒散度日: I spent the day dossing around. 我一整天无所事事。■n. 1 archaic【古】a bed in a cheap lodging house(廉价客舍里的)床2 an easy task giving time for idling 轻而易举的事
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dosser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. based on L. dorsum 'back.

**dossal** /'dpsl/ n. an ornamental cloth hung behind an altar in a church or at the sides of a chancel(祭坛后面或圣坛四周的)幔布
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. dossale, from late L. dorsalis (see见 DORSAL).

**dosshouse** /'doshaus/n. Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a cheap lodging house for homeless people(供流浪者投宿的)廉价客栈

**dossier** /'dosiə(r), -ier, -jer/ n. a collection of documents about a person or subject 卷宗;档案
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., denoting a bundle of papers with a label on the back, from dos 'back', based on L. dorsum.

**dost**/dast/archaic 【古】 second person singular present of Do¹ * do'的第二人称单数现在式

**DoT**abbr. 1 (in Canada and formerly in the UK) Department of Transport(加拿大或旧时英国)交通运输部2(in the US) Department of Transportation (美国)运输部

**dot**/dot/ n. a small round mark or spot点,小圆点
➤used to indicate the punctuation separating parts of an email or Internet address(用于分隔电子邮件地址或网址的)小圆点 Music 【音】 a dot used to denote the lengthening of a note or rest by half, or to indicate staccato 附点 the shorter signal of the two used in Morse code(莫尔斯电码中的)点■V. (**dots**, **dotting**, **dotted**) 1 mark with a dot or dots 用点做标记2 scatter or be scattered over (an area) 散布于;点缀;布满3 Brit. informal【英,非正式】hit (someone)打(某人)
-PHRASES 短语 **dot the i's and cross the t's** informal 【非正式】ensure that all details are correct 一丝不苟;重视细节 **on the dot** informal 【非正式】 exactly on time 准时 **the year dot** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】a very long time ago 很久以前
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dotter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dott 'head of a boil'; perh. influenced by Du. dot 'a knot.

**dot**²/dpt/ n. archaic 【古】 a dowry from which only the interest or annual income was available to the husband(丈夫只可使用其利息或年收入的)嫁妆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., from L. dos, dot-(see见 DOWER).

**dotage** /'dǝutıdz/n. the period of life in which a person is old and weak 老年昏聩,衰老期
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DOTE + -AGE.

**dotard** /'dǝutǝd/ n. an old person, especially one who is weak or senile(尤指年老昏聩的)老年人

**dot-com**/dpt'kom/ (also 亦作 **dot. com**) n. a company that conducts its business on the Internet 网络公司,网上公司
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dot-commer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: from '.com' in an Internet address, indicating a commercial site.

**dote**/dǝut/ v. 1 (**dote on/upon**) be extremely and uncritically fond of 溺爱;宠爱2 archaic【古】 be silly or feeble-minded, especially as a result of old age(尤指因年老而)昏聩n. Irish informal【爱,非正式】a sweet or adorable person 可爱的人,迷人的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doter** n. **doting** adj. **dotingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of uncertain origin; rel. to MDu. doten 'be silly'

**doth** /d/ archaic 【古】 third person singular present of DO¹ * do'的第三人称单数现在式

**dotish** /'dǝutıf/ adj. archaic or W. Indian【古或西印】

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stupid or silly 傻的,笨的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. dote 'folly' + -ISH¹.

**dot matrix** n. a grid of dots which are filled selectively to produce an image on a screen or paper 点阵

**dot product** n. another term for SCALAR PRODUCT * scalar product 的另一种说法

**dotted line** n. a line of dots or dashes, especially as a space for a signature on a contract点线,虚线(尤指标出供签字的地方)

**dotterel** /'dot(ə)r(ə)l/n. (pl. same单复同 or **dotterels**) a small migratory plover which breeds in northern mountains and tundra 小嘴鴴[Eudromias morinellus.]chiefly Austral./NZ【主澳新】 used in names of other small plovers(用于其他小鸟的名称中)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DOTE (with ref. to the birds' tameness) + -REL; cf. DODO.

**dottle** /'dotl/ n. a remnant of tobacco left in a pipe after smoking(烟斗里吸剩的)残烟丝
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a plug for a barrel) : from DOT¹ + -LE¹.

**dotty** /'dpti/adj. (**dottier**, **dottiest**) informal 【非正式】 1 slightly mad or eccentric半痴的;古怪的2 (**dotty about**) infatuated with 迷恋………的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dottily** adv. **dottiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from obs. dote 'simpleton, fool.

**double** /'dabl/ adj. 1 consisting of two equal, identical, or similar parts or things成对的;成双的: double doors 双开门 having two different roles or interpretations 双重角色的;双关的(of a flower) having more than one circle of petals(花)重瓣的>(of a domino) having the same number of pips on each half(多米诺骨牌)两边点数相同的2 having twice the usual size, quantity, or strength (大小、数量或力量)双倍的: a double brandy 双份白兰地 3 designed to be used by two people 供两人用的,双人的4 Music 【音】 lower in pitch by an octave 低八度的predet. twice as much or as many 两倍 Fadv. at or to twice the amount or extent 两倍地 ■n. 1 a thing which is twice as large as usual or is made up of two parts 两倍物;成对物a system of betting in which the winnings from the first bet are transferred to a second 复式下注 Darts【飞镖】a hit on the ring enclosed by the two outer circles of a dartboard, scoring double(把镖投中加倍计分圈)得分加倍 Bridge 【桥牌】 a call that increases the penalty points for the defenders if the declarer fails to make the contract 加倍 2 a person who looks exactly like another 酷似的人3Brit.【英】 two sporting victories or championships in the same season, event, etc.双料冠军4(**doubles**) a game involving sides made up of two players 双打 5 Bell-ringing【鸣钟】a system of change-ringing using five bells, with two pairs changing places each time 变奏鸣钟法(一组五个,每次两对变换位置)pron. an amount twice as large as usual 两倍之量 ■v. 1 make or become double 使加倍;翻倍(**double up**) share a room 同宿一室,合住(**double up**) use the winnings from a bet as the stake for another bet 复式下注 Bridge 【桥牌】 call a double 加倍 2 fold or bend over on itself 对折> (**double up**) bend over or curl up, typically with pain or mirth(尤指痛得或笑得)弯下腰3(**double back**) go back in the direction one has come 循原路折回4(**double (up) as**) be used in or play another, different role 兼任,兼作5 Music 【音】 add the same note in a higher or lower octave to (a note)(在高八度或低八度音上)复奏(一个音符) 6 Snooker 【斯】pot (a ball) by making it rebound off a cushion 使(球)弹库
-PHRASES 短语 **at**(or US 【美】 **on**) **the double** very fast 迅速地;立即 **double or quits** (or US【美】 **nothing**) a gamble to decide whether a debt should be doubled or cancelled(以已输的数额作为最后的赌注)或者多输一倍,或者与赢家清账
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doubleness** n. **doubler** n. **doubly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. duplus (see见 DUPLE).

**double act** n. a performance involving two people 双人表演

**double agent** n. an agent who pretends to act as a spy for one country while in fact acting for its enemy 双重间谍

**double axe**n. an axe with two blades 双刃斧

**double-bank** v. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 arrange in two similar or parallel lines 使成两行,双排布置

**double bar** n. a pair of closely spaced lines marking the end of a piece of music 复小节线

**double-barrelled** adj. 1 (of a gun) having two barrels(枪)双管的2 Brit. 【英】 (of a surname) having two parts joined by a hyphen(姓氏)复姓的

**double bass** n. the largest and lowest-pitched instrument of the violin family 低音提琴

**double bassoon** n. a bassoon that is larger and longer than usual and an octave lower in pitch 低音大管

**double bill** n. a programme of entertainment with two main items 两场连映

**double bind** n. a dilemma 进退两难

**double-blind** adj. denoting a test or trial in which information which may influence the behaviour of the tester or subject is withheld(试验或测试)双盲的

**double bluff** n. an action or statement intended to appear as a bluff, but which is in fact genuine 似诈实真之举(或之词)

**double boiler** n. a saucepan with a detachable upper compartment heated by boiling water in the lower one 双层蒸锅

**double bond** n. a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms 双键

**double-book** v. inadvertently reserve (something)

<764>
for two different customers at the same time将…同时预订给两家

**double-breasted** adj. (of a jacket or coat) having a large overlap at the front and two rows of buttons (上衣或大衣)双排扣的;对襟的

**double-check** v. check again 复核

**double chin** n. a roll of flesh below a person's chin 重颊,双下巴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double-chinned** adj.

**double-click** v. Computing 【计】 press a mouse button twice in quick succession to select a file, function, etc. 双击(鼠标)

**double concerto** n. a concerto for two solo instruments 二重协奏曲

**double cream** ■n. Brit. 【英】 thick cream containing a high proportion of milk fat 二次(分离)稀奶油

**double-cross** v. deceive or betray (a person one is supposedly helping)欺骗,背叛(相助之人)■n. an act of double-crossing 欺骗;背叛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double-crosser** n.

**double dagger** (also 亦作 **double obelus**, **double obelisk**) n. a symbol() used to introduce an annotation 双剑号(用以指示附注的符号)

**double-dealing** n. deceitful behaviour 欺骗行为 ■adj. acting deceitfully 欺诈的,行骗的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double-dealer** n.

**double-decker** n. something, especially a bus, with two levels 双层结构物(尤指双层公共汽车)

**double-declutch** ■v. Brit. 【英】 release and reengage the clutch of a vehicle twice when changing gear (换挡时)使离合器两次分离

**double decomposition** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a reaction in which two compounds exchange ions 复分解

**double-dip** adj. denoting or relating to a recession during which a period of economic decline is followed by a brief period of growth and then a further decline (经济衰退)二次探底的 n. a double-dip recession 次探底 v. N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】illicitly obtain an income from two different sources 从两个部门非法领取津贴,双重支薪

**double Dutch**n. 1 Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 incomprehensible language 莫名其妙的话,难以理解的话 2 N. Amer.【北美】 a jumping game played with two skipping ropes swung in opposite directions 跳双绳

**double-dyed** adj. thoroughly imbued with a particular quality 完全的,彻底的: a double-dyed Liberal 完全的自由主义者

**double eagle** n. 1 US historical【美,史义】a gold coin worth twenty dollars 双鹰金元(面值20美元) 2 Golf【高尔夫】a score of three strokes under par 双鹰

**double-edged** adj. 1 (of a knife or sword) having two cutting edges (刀剑)双刃的2 having two contradictory aspects or possible outcomes 有相反两面的;可能产生两种相反结果的

**double-ender**n. a boat in which stern and bow are similarly tapered 艏艉同形船,双向船

**double entendre** /n'tōdr(ǝ)/ n. (pl. **double entendres** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a word or phrase open to two interpretations, one of which is usually indecent(其中一种解释通常带有猥亵含义的)双关语
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from obs. Fr. (now double entente), 'double understanding.

**double-entry** adj. denoting a system of bookkeeping in which each transaction is entered as a debit in one account and a credit in another 复式分录的,复式记账的

**double exposure** n. the repeated exposure of a photographic plate or film to light 双重曝光

**double-faced** adj. 1 deceitful 两面派的,伪善的2 (of a fabric) finished on both sides(织物)双面的

**double fault**n. Tennis 【网】 an instance of two consecutive faults in serving, counting as a point against the server 双误 v. (**double-fault**) serve a double fault 双发失误

**double feature** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a cinema programme with two films 双片连映

**double figures** pl. n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a number between 10 and 99(10至99的)两位数

**double first** ■n. Brit. 【英】a university degree with first-class honours in two subjects or examinations 双优荣誉学位

**double flat** n. a sign (D) placed before a musical note to indicate that it is to be lowered two semitones 重降号 a note so marked or lowered 标注有重降号的音符

**double-fronted** adj. (of a house) with principal windows either side of the front door(房屋)前门两侧有窗的

**double glazing** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 windows having two layers of glass with a space between them, designed to reduce heat loss and exclude noise 双层玻璃窗,中空玻璃窗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double-glaze** v.

**Double Gloucester** /'glpstə(r)/ n. a hard cheese originally made in Gloucestershire 双料格洛斯特硬干酪
-ORIGIN 词源 so named because the curd is milled twice.

**double-header** n.1 a train pulled by two locomotives 双牵引列车2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】a sporting event in which two games are played in succession at the same venue(两队在同一场地的)连赛两场
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double-headed** adj.

**double helix** n. a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of DNA双螺旋

**double indemnity** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 provision for payment of double the face amount of an insurance policy under certain conditions 双倍赔偿

**double jeopardy**n. Law 【律】 the prosecution or punishment of a person twice for the same offence

<765>
双重危险;双重追诉;双重处罚

**double-jointed** adj. (of a person) having unusually flexible joints(人)关节异常灵活的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double-jointedness** n.

**double knitting** n. a grade of yarn of medium thickness, used in hand knitting 双织

**double napoleon** n. historical 【史义】 a gold forty-franc French coin 双拿破仑金币(面值40法郎)

**double negative**n. Grammar 【语法】 1 a negative statement containing two negative elements (e.g. he didn't say nothing), regarded as incorrect in standard English(表示否定的)双重否定(如:He didn't say nothing.) 2 a positive statement in which two negative elements are used to produce the positive force, e.g. There is not nothing to worry about!(表示肯定的)双重否定(如:There is not nothing to worry about!)
>USAGE 用法说明
According to standard English grammar, a **double negative** used to express a single negative, such as *I don't know nothing* (rather than *I don't know anything*), is incorrect. The rules dictate that the two negative elements cancel each other out to give an affirmative statement, so that *I don't know nothing* would be interpreted as *I know something*. This sort of **double negative** is widespread in dialect and other non-standard usage, and indeed was normal in Old English and Middle English. 根据标准英语语法,用双重否定表示单纯否定的用法是不正确的,如误用 **I don't know nothing** 来表示 **I don't know anything**(我一无所知)。按照语法规则,两个否定小词互相抵消,从而表示肯定的意思。所以,**I don't know nothing** 实则意为**I know something**(我有所了解)。这种双重否定式在方言和其他非标准用法中很普遍,在古英语和中世纪英语中也属常见用法。

**double obelus** (also 亦作 **double obelisk**) n. another term for DOUBLE DAGGER * double dagger 的另一种说法

**double-park** v. park (a vehicle) alongside one that is already parked 并排停(车)

**double play** ■n. Baseball 【棒】 a defensive play in which two runners are put out 双杀

**double pneumonia** n. pneumonia affecting both lungs 双侧肺炎

**double quick** adj. & adv. Brit. informal【英,非正式】 very quick or quickly极迅速的(地)

**double reed** n. Music 【音】 a reed with two slightly separated blades, used for playing a wind instrument such as an oboe or bassoon 双簧

**double refraction**n. Physics 【物】 division of a single incident light ray into two separate rays in an anisotropic medium 双折射

**double rhyme** n. a rhyme involving two syllables in each rhyming line 双韵

**double salt** ■n. Chemistry 【化】 a salt composed of two simple salts but with a different crystal structure from either 复盐

**double saucepan**n. Brit. 【英】 a double boiler 双层蒸锅

**double sharp** n. a sign (✗) placed before a musical note to indicate that it is to be raised two semitones 重升号 a note so marked or raised 用重升号标记的音符

**doublespeak** /'dablspi:k/ n. deliberately ambiguous or obscure language 含糊不清的话;含糊其辞的话
-ORIGIN 词源 1949: coined by George Orwell in *Nineteen Eighty-Four*; cf. DOUBLETHINK.

**double standard** n. a rule or principle applied unfairly in different ways to different people 双重标准

**double star** n. two stars actually or apparently very close together 双星

**double-stopping** n. the sounding of two strings at once on a violin or similar instrument(在小提琴等上的)奏双音
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **double stop** n.

**doublet** /'dablǝt/ n. 1 a man's short close-fitting padded jacket, worn from the 14th to the 17th century(14至17世纪男子穿的)紧身背心2 chiefly technical【主技】 a pair of similar things, e.g. lines in a spectrum 成对相似物> a pair of words of the same derivation but different meanings, for example fashion and faction 两个同源异义词(如fashion 和 faction) 3 (**doublets**) the same number on two dice thrown at once (掷出的)一对同点骰子
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., 'something folded', from double 'double.

**double take** n. a second reaction to something unexpected, immediately after one's first reaction (对意外情况)过后才恍然大悟

**doubletalk** /'dablto:k/n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 doublespeak 故弄玄虚之语;欺人之谈

**double-team** ■v. N. Amer. 【北美】(in ball games) block (an opponent) with two players(球赛中)双人夹击(对方球员)

**doublethink** /'dableink/ n. the acceptance of conflicting opinions or beliefs at the same time(同时接受两种矛盾观念的)双重思想;双重信念
-ORIGIN 词源 1949: coined by George Orwell in his novel *Nineteen Eighty-Four*.

**double time** n. 1 a rate of pay equal to double the standard rate 双倍工资2 Military 【军】 a regulation running pace(行军)快步3 Music 【音】 a rhythm twice as fast as an earlier one双重拍子,加倍拍

**doubleton** /'dablt(ə)n/n. (in card games) a pair of cards which are the only cards of their suit in a hand(牌戏中)双张
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from DOUBLE, on the pattern of singleton.

**double tonguing**n. Music 【音】 the use of two alternating movements of the tongue in playing rapid passages on a wind instrument 双吐

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**double top** ■n. Darts【飞镖】 a score of double twenty *20的双倍

**double vision** n. the perception of two overlapping images of a single scene 复视

**double whammy**n. informal 【非正式】 a twofold blow or setback双重打击(或挫折)

**double-wide** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】a semi-permanent mobile home consisting of two connected units 双单元活动房

**doubloon**/da'blu:n/ n. historical 【史义】 a Spanish gold coin 达布隆(一种西班牙金币)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. doublon or its source, Sp. doblón, from doble 'double' (because the coin was worth double the value of a pistole).

**doublure** /du:b'ljʊə(r)/ n. an ornamental lining, especially of leather, in a book cover(尤指皮制的)书封内裱衬
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'lining, from doubler 'to line.

**doubt** /daut/ n. a feeling of uncertainty or lack of conviction 疑惑,怀疑,不确定 v. 1 feel uncertain about 不能肯定;对………没准儿 question the truth or fact of 怀疑,对…有疑问 disbelieve (someone)不相信(某人)2 archaic 【古】 be afraid 害怕,担心
-PHRASES 短语 **beyond doubt** allowing no uncertainty 确定无疑 **in doubt** 1 open to question 存疑的2feeling uncertain 不能肯定的 **no doubt** 1 certainly 确实地,无疑地2 probably 很可能
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doubtable** adj. **doubter** n. **doubting** adj. **doubtingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. doute (n.), douter (v.), from L. dubitare 'hesitate', from dubius (see见 DUBIOUS).

**doubtful** /'daotfl/ adj. 1 uncertain未定的,拿不准的,怀疑的2 not known with certainty 不明确的;不肯定的 improbable不大可能的 not established as genuine 未决的,不可靠的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doubtfully** adv. **doubtfulness** n.

**doubting Thomas** /'tvməs/ n. a person who refuses to believe something without proof怀疑主义者
-ORIGIN 词源C17: with biblical allusion to the apostle Thomas (John 20: 24-9).

**doubtless** /'daotləs/ adv. very probably 很可能
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doubtlessly** adv.

**douce** /du:s/ adj. chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 sober and sedate 持重的;稳重的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dous, douce, from L. dulcis 'sweet.

**douceur**/du:'s3:(r)/ n. a bribe 贿赂,行贿物
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'sweetness.

**douche**/du:f/ n. a shower of water 沖洗 a jet of liquid applied to part of the body for cleansing or medicinal purposes 冲洗疗法 a device for washing out the vagina as a contraceptive measure 阴道冲洗器■v. spray or shower with water灌洗;冲洗 use a contraceptive douche 冲洗避孕
-ORIGIN 词源C18: via Fr. from Ital. doccia 'conduit pipe.

**douc langur**/du:k/ (also 亦作 **douc monkey**) n. a langur with black, white, and orange fur, native to the tropical rainforests of SE Asia 白臀叶猴 [Pygathrix nemaeus.]
-ORIGIN 词源C18: via Fr. from Vietnamese.

**dough** /dǝu/ n. 1 a thick, malleable mixture of flour and liquid, for baking into bread or pastry 生面团 2 informal 【非正式】 money钱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doughiness** n. **doughy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dag, of Gmc origin.

**doughboy** /'dəbəı/ n. 1 a boiled or deep-fried dumpling汤团;油炸面团 2 US informal【美,非正式】(especially in the First World War) a United States infantryman(尤指第一次世界大战中的)美国步兵

**doughnut** /'dǝunat/ (also US 【亦美】 **donut**) n. 1 a small fried cake or ring of sweetened dough 炸面圈,甜甜圈2aring-shaped object 环形物

**doughty** /'dauti/ adj. (**doughtier**, **doughtiest**) brave and resolute勇敢的,顽强的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doughtily** adv. **doughtiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dohtig, var. of dyhtig, of Gmc origin.

**Douglas fir** 'dogləs/ n. a tall, slender conifer native to western North America 花旗松 [Pseudotsuga menziesii.]
-ORIGIN词源C19: named after the Scottish botanist and explorer David Douglas.

**doula** /'du:lə/ n. a woman giving support, help, and advice to another woman during pregnancy and during and after the birth 助产士,陪产士
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. Gk, from Gk doule 'female slave.

**doum palm**/du:m/ n. an Egyptian palm tree producing edible fruit and a vegetable ivory substitute 埃及姜果棕[Hyphaene thebaica.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Arab. dawm, dūm.

**dour** 'duə(r), 'dauə(r)/ adj. very severe, stern, or gloomy 严峻的;严厉的;阴郁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dourly** adv. **dourness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. Scots): prob. from Sc. Gaelic dúr 'dull, obstinate, stupid', perh. from L. durus 'hard'.

**douroucouli** /doǝro'ku:li/ n. (pl. **douroucoulis**) a large-eyed, chiefly nocturnal monkey found in South America 夜猴 [Genus Aotus: two or more species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. a S. Amer. Ind. name.

**douse** /daus/ v. 1 drench with liquid 往……上泼水;把…浸在液体里2 extinguish (a fire or light) 熄(火或灯)3 Sailing 【帆】lower (a sail) quickly 快降(帆)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: perh. imitative, influenced by SOUSE, or perh. from dial. douse 'strike, beat', from MDu. and Low Ger. dossen.

**dout**/daut/ (also **dowt**) chiefly Scottish【主苏格】■v. extinguish (a fire or light)熄(火或灯)■n. a cigarette end 烟蒂
-ORIGIN词源C16 (asv.): contr. of do out.

**dove**¹/dʌv/n. 1 a stocky seed- or fruit-eating bird

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with a small head, short legs, and a cooing voice, similar to but generally smaller and more delicate than a pigeon 鸠鸽,鸽子[Family Columbidae: many species.] 2 a person who advocates peaceful or conciliatory policies 鸽派3 (**Dove**) (in Christian art and poetry) the Holy Spirit(基督教艺术和诗歌中的)圣灵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dovelike** adj. **dovish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON dúfa.

**dove**²/dǝuv/chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 past of DIVE * dive 的过去式

**dovecote** /'dAvkpt/ (also 亦作 **dovecot**) n. a shelter with nest holes for domesticated pigeons 鸽房,鸽舍

**dove grey** n. a light grey 鸽子灰

**dovekie** /'davki/n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 another term for LITTLE AUK * little auk的另一种说法
-ORIGIN词源C19: from a Scots dimin. of DOVE¹.

**Dover sole** /'dəvvə(r)/n. a marine flatfish which is highly valued as food 鯛 [Solea solea (Europe) and Microstomus pacificus (eastern Pacific).]

**dove shell** n. a small mollusc with a robust shell, occurring in tropical and subtropical seas鸽贝,牙螺[Pyrene and other genera.]

**dovetail** /'dAvteil/ n. a joint formed by one or more tapered tenons which interlock with corresponding mortises 燕尾榫接合 ■v. 1 join together by means of a dovetail 用燕尾榫接合 2 fit together easily or conveniently 使吻合;(和…)吻合

**dove tree** n. a slender deciduous Chinese tree with flowers that bear large white bracts resembling doves' wings 珙桐 [Davidia involucrata.]

**dowager** /'davədzə(r)/ n. 1 a widow with a title or property derived from her late husband 继承亡夫称号(或遗产)的寡妇2 a dignified elderly woman 老年贵妇
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. douagiere, from douage 'dower', from douer 'endow', from L. dotare (see见 DOWER).

**dowager's hump**n. forward curvature of the spine resulting in a stoop, typically in women with osteoporosis 老妇背

**dowd**/daud/n. a dowdy person 邋遢的人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**dowdy** /'daudi/ adj. (**dowdier**, **dowdiest**) (especially of a woman) unfashionable and dull in appearance(尤指女人)邋遢的;打扮过时的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dowdily** adv. **dowdiness** n.

**dowel** /'davəl/ n. a headless peg used for holding together components 暗榫,暗销■v.(**dowels**, **dowelling**, **dowelled**; US 【美】**dowels**, **doweling**, **doweled**) fasten with a dowel 用暗榫固定
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from Mid. Low Ger. dovel.

**dowelling** /'dauǝlıŋ/ (US 【美】**doweling**) n. cylindrical rods for cutting into dowels(制暗榫用的)圆棒

**dower** /'dauə(r)/ n. 1 a widow's share for life of her husband's estate 寡妇地产 2 archaic 【古】 a dowry 嫁妆 ■v. archaic 【古】 give a dowry to 给……嫁妆
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. douaire, from med. L. dotarium, from L. dotare 'endow', from dos, dot- 'dowry'; rel. to dare 'give.

**dower house**n. Brit. 【英】 a house intended for a widow, typically one on her late husband's estate 寡妇宅地

**dowitcher** /'dauitfə(r)/ n. a large North American sandpiper with a long straight bill长嘴半蹼鹬 [Genus Limnodromus: two species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Iroquoian.

**Dow Jones index** / dau'dzəunz/ (also 亦作 **Dow Jones average**) n. an index of figures indicating the relative price of shares on the New York Stock Exchange 道琼斯(平均)指数
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of the American financial news agency Dow Jones & Co, Inc.

**down**¹/daun/ adv. 1 towards or in a lower place or position 向下,朝下 to or at a place perceived as lower向(或在)下面;向(或在)低处 away from the north 向南,在南方 Brit.【英】 away from the capital or major city 离开首府(或主要城市) Brit.【英】 away from a university, especially Oxford or Cambridge 离开大学(尤指牛津或剑桥)2to or at a lower level or value(水平或价值)下降,降低;在较低水平to a smaller amount or size, or a simpler or more basic state减少;减小;由复杂到简单 from an earlier to a later point in time or order 从先往后3 in or into a weaker or worse position, mood, or condition 处于低等地位;处于潦倒的状况;处于精神低落状态;变差(of a computer system) out of action(计算机系统)死机 4 so as to lie flush or flat平(躺) 5 in or into writing(写)下;(记)下on or on to a list or record列入(名单或记录) 6 (with reference to partial payment of a sum of money) made initially or on the spot (分期付款)先付,现付7 (of sailing) with the current or the wind(航海)顺流地,顺风地(of a ship's helm) moved round to leeward(船舵)向下风8 American Football【美橄】 (of the ball or a player in possession) not in play成死球 prep. 1 from a higher to a lower point of 沿…向下,沿…往下2 at a point further along the course of 在……的下游 along the course or extent of 沿着,顺着 3 throughout (a period of time)自始至终4 informal 【非正式】 at or to (a place)在(某地);往(某地)adj. 1 directed or moving towards a lower place or position 向下的,下行的denoting trains travelling away from the main terminus(火车)驶离中心站的;下行的2unhappy 沮丧的3(of a computer system) out of action(计算机系统)死机的 4 US black slang【美,黑俚】 supporting or going along with支持的,赞同的following the latest fashion 紧跟时尚的5 Physics 【物】 denoting a flavour of quark having a charge of -1/3下(夸克),d(夸克)■v. informal 【非正式】 1 knock or bring to the ground 撞到;使倒下2consume(a drink)喝下 3 (of a golfer) sink (a putt)(高尔夫球手)推(球)

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入洞n. 1 (**downs**) informal 【非正式】 unwelcome events 倒霉事;不幸事 2 informal 【非正式】a period of unhappiness低落,沮丧3 American Football 【美橄】 a chance for a team to advance the ball, ending when the ball carrier is tackled or the ball becomes out of play 一档进攻
-PHRASES 短语 **be** (or **have a**) **down on** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 feel hostile towards 憎恶;怨恨 **be down to** 1 be attributable to (a factor)归因于(某因素) be the responsibility of 对………负有责任 2 be left with only (the specified amount)仅剩,仅余 **down and dirty** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 1 highly competitive or unprincipled 竞争激烈的;不择手段的2 raw and uninhibited 粗陋的;无人居住的 **down at heel** 1 (of a shoe) having a worn heel (鞋)后跟磨损的2 shabby or impoverished 破旧的;衣衫褴褛的;一贫如洗的**down in the mouth** informal 【非正式】unhappy 不高兴的 **down on one's luck** informal 【非正式】 having a period of bad luck 一时不走运的 **down to the ground** informal 【非正式】 completely; totally 完全地;彻底地 **down tools** Brit. informal【英,非正式】stop work 停止工作 **down with** expressing strong dislike 打倒………
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dūn, dūne, shortened from adūne 'downward', from the phr. of dune 'off the hill' (see 见OWN³).

**down**²/daun/ n. 1 soft, fine feathers forming the covering of a young bird or an insulating layer below the contour feathers of an adult bird, used for stuffing cushions and quilts(雏鸟的)绒羽;羽绒 2 fine, soft hair on a person's skin(人皮肤上的)绒毛,软毛;汗毛 short, soft hairs on leaves, fruit, or seeds (叶、果实、种子等的)短茸毛
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from ON dúnn.

**down**³/daun/ n. a gently rolling hill 丘陵 (**the Downs**) ridges of undulating chalk and limestone hills in southern England(英格兰南部的)有草丘陵地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dūn 'hill', perh. ult. of Celtic origin and rel. to Old Ir. dún and obs. Welsh din 'fort'.

**down and out** adj. 1 destitute 穷困的,赤贫的2 (of a boxer) knocked down and unable to continue fighting(拳击手)被击倒后数10不起的■n. (**down-and-out**) a destitute person 穷困潦倒的人

**downbeat** /'daunbi:t/ adj. 1 pessimistic; gloomy 悲观的;忧郁的2 understated 轻描淡写的n. Music 【音】an accented beat, usually the first of the bar 强拍

**downcast** /'daunka:st/ adj. 1 (of eyes) looking downwards(目光)向下的,低垂的2 feeling despondent 沮丧的 n. a shaft dug in a mine for ventilation 下风井

**downcomer** /'daun kamə(r)/ n. a pipe for the downward transport of water or gas from the top of a furnace or boiler 下气道,下降管

**downconverter** /'daunkən vətə(r)/n. Electronics 【电子】 a device that converts a signal to a lower frequency 下变频器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downconversion** n.

**downcurved** /'daunk3:vd/ adj. curved downwards 向下弯曲的

**downdraught** /'daundra:ft/ n. a downward current of air下曳气流

**downer** /'daunə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】1a depressant or tranquillizing drug 抑制药;镇定剂 2 something dispiriting or depressing 令人沮丧的事情

**downfall** /'daunfo:l/ n. a loss of power, prosperity, or status 衰落;垮台

**downfield** /daun'fi:ld/ adv. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】 another term for UPFIELD (sense 1) * upfield (释义1)的另一种说法 2 Physics 【物】 in a direction corresponding to decreasing field strength 场强渐弱地;远离磁场地

**downfold** /'daunfǝuld/ ■n. Geology 【地质】a syncline 向斜

**downforce** /'daunfǝ:s/ n. a force pressing a moving vehicle down towards the ground, giving increased stability 下压力

**downgrade** / daun'greid/ v. reduce to a lower grade, rank, or level of importance 使降级;使降职;降低…的重要性 ■n. 1 an instance of downgrading 降职;降级;降低重要性 2 N. Amer.【北美】a downward gradient 下坡

**downhearted** /daun'ha:tıd/ adj. discouraged; dejected垂头丧气的;无精打采的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downheartedly** adv. **downheartedness** n.

**downhill** adv. & adj. daun'hil/ 1 towards the bottom of a slope 向山下(的);向坡下(的)2 into a steadily worsening situation 恶化(的)■n. /'daunhıl/ 1 a downward slope 下坡2 Skiing 【滑雪】 a downhill race 速降滑雪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downhiller** n. (Skiing 【滑雪】)

**down-home** ■adj. N. Amer. 【北美】unpretentious; homely 纯朴的;外表平庸的

**downland** /'daunlænd/n. gently rolling hill country 丘陵地

**downlighter** /'daun,laıtə(r)/ (also 亦作 **downlight**) ■n. a light placed or designed so as to throw illumination downwards 嵌顶灯;筒灯
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downlighting** n.

**downlink** /'daunlıŋk/ n. a telecommunications link for signals coming to the earth from a satellite, spacecraft, or aircraft 下行链路

**download** / daun'loud/ v. copy (data) from one computer system to another or to a disk 下载 n. the act or process of downloading 下载>a downloaded data file 下载的数据文件
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downloadable** adj. **downloader** n.

**downmarket** / daun'ma:kit/ adj. & adv. chiefly Brit.【主英】towards or relating to the cheaper or less prestigious sector of the market 面向低收入消费者(的);面向低端市场(的)

**downmost** /'daunmǝust/ adj. & adv. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 at or towards the bottom 在(或向)最下面(的)

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**down payment** n. an initial payment made when buying on credit 定金

**downpipe** /'daunparp/n. Brit. 【英】 a pipe to carry rainwater from a roof to a drain or to ground level 水落管,落水管

**downplay**/daun'ple1/ v. make (something) appear less important than it really is 对………轻描淡写,淡化,低估

**downpour**/'daunpǝ:(r)/ n. a heavy fall of rain 倾盆大雨

**downright**/'daunrait/ adj. 1 utter; complete 完全的;彻头彻尾的: It's a downright disgrace. 这太丢脸了。 2 forthright; blunt率直的;直截了当的adv. to an extreme degree; thoroughly 彻底地;完全地: He was downright rude. 他非常粗鲁。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downrightness** n.

**downriver**/daun'rıvə(r)/ adv. & adj. towards or situated at a point nearer the mouth of a river 向下游(的),在下游(的)

**downscale**/ daun'skeil/ N. Amer. 【北美】■v. reduce in size, scale, or extent 降低(尺寸、规模或程度) ■adj. at the lower end of a scale; downmarket 低档的,下层的

**downshift**/'daonfift/ v. 1 change one's lifestyle to one that is less stressful 放慢生活节奏2N. Amer.【北美】 change to a lower gear 换低速挡■n. an instance of downshifting 调到低速挡,减缓生活节奏

**downside** /'daunsard/ n. the negative aspect of something 负面;劣势,弊端

**downsize** /'daunsaız/ v. 1 N. Amer.【北美】make smaller 使变小2 (of a company) shed staff(公司)减员

**downslope** /'daunslǝup/ n. a downward slope 下坡 adv. & adj. at or towards a lower point on a slope 在下坡处(的);向下坡(的)

**downspout** /'daunspaut/ n. North American term for DOWNPIPE * downpipe 的北美说法

**Down's syndrome**/daunz/n. Medicine 【医】a congenital disorder causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile 唐氏综合征
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the 19th-cent. English physician John L. H. Down.
>USAGE 用法说明
Of relatively recent coinage, **Down's syndrome** is the accepted term in modern use, and former terms such as mongol and mongolism, which are likely to cause offence, should be avoided. * **Down's syndrome** 为相对较新的说法,也是现代用法中被认可的说法,以前诸如 **mongol** 和 **mongolism** 的说法可能会引起冒犯,应避免使用。

**downstage** /'daunsteidz/ adj. & adv. at or towards the front of a stage 在舞台前(的);向舞台前(的)

**downstairs**/daun'steǝz/adv. & adj. down a flight of stairs; on or to a lower floor 顺楼梯而下(的);在楼下(的);往楼下(的) n. the ground floor or lower floors of a building 底层;楼下

**downstate** /'daunstert/ US 【美】 ■adj. & adv. of, in, or to a part of a state remote from its large cities 在(或向)州的边远地区(的) ■n. a downstate area 州的边远地区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downstater** n.

**downstream** / daun'stri:m/adv. & adj. situated or moving in the direction in which a stream or river flows 在下游(的);顺流(的)

**downstroke** /'daunstrǝuk/ n. a stroke made downwards 向下一击(或一笔,一划)

**downswing** /'daunswin/ n. 1 another term for DOWNTURN * downturn的另一种说法2Golf【高尔夫】 the downward movement of a club when the player is about to hit the ball 下挥杆

**downtempo** /'daun'tempǝu/adj. & adv. Music【音】 played at a slow tempo缓拍的(地)

**downthrow** /'daunerǝu/ v. (past **downthrew**; past part. **downthrown**) Geology 【地质】 displace downwards 使下落

**downtime** /'dauntaım/ n. time during which a computer or other machine is out of action(计算机或其他机器的)停工时间,停机时间

**down to earth** adj. practical and realistic务实的;现实的,实际的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **down-to-earthness** n.

**downtown**/daon'taun/ chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 ■adj. & adv. of, in, or towards the central area or main business area of a city(在) 市中心区(的);(往)商业区(的)■n. a downtown area of a city 市中心商业区,闹市区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downtowner** n.

**downtrend** /'dauntrend/ n. a downward tendency, especially in economic matters(尤指经济活动的)下降趋势,下行趋势

**downtrodden** /'daun,trpd(ə)n/ adj. oppressed or treated badly by people in power受压迫的;被践踏的;被蹂躏的

**downturn**/'daunt3:n/ n. a decline in economic or other activity 衰落,衰退■v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **downturned**] turn downwards 衰退,衰落

**down under** informal 【非正式】 ■adv. in or to Australia or New Zealand 在(或往)澳大利亚;在(或往)新西兰■n. Australia and New Zealand 澳大利亚和新西兰

**downward** /'daunwǝd/adv. (also亦作 **downwards**) towards a lower point or level 向下地 ■adj. moving or leading towards a lower point or level向下的;下移的,往下的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downwardly** adv.

**downwarp**/'daunwo:p/ ■n. Geology 【地质】 a broad depression of the earth's surface下拗;拗陷

**downwash** /'daunwps/n. the downward deflection of an airstream by a wing or rotor blade 下洗

**downwelling** /'daun,welin/ n. the downward movement of fluid 下降流

**downwind**/daun'wind/adv. & adj. in the direction in which the wind is blowing 顺风地(的)

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**downy** /'daoni/ adj. (**downier**, **downiest**) 1 covered with fine, soft hair or feathers 被绒毛(或羽毛)覆盖的 soft and fluffy柔软的,毛茸茸的2 informal 【非正式】 shrewd 精明的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **downily** adv. **downiness** n.

**dowry** /'dao(ǝ)ri/ n. (pl. **dowries**) property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage 嫁妆
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a widow's life interest in her husband's estate): from Anglo-Norman Fr. dowarie, from med. L. dotarium (see见 DOWER).

**dowse**/dauz/v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词**dowsing**] search for underground water or minerals by observing the motion of a pointer, supposedly in response to unseen influences 用占卜杖探水源(或矿脉)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dowser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**doxastic**/dpk'sæstık/ adj. Philosophy 【哲】 relating to an individual's beliefs 信念的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk doxastikos 'conjectural.

**doxology**/dok'splǝdzi/ n. (pl. **doxologies**) a liturgical formula of praise to God 荣耀颂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **doxological** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via med. L. from Gk doxologia, from doxa 'appearance, glory' + -logia (see见 -LOGY).

**doxorubicin** / doksǝu'ru:bısın/n. Medicine 【医】 a bacterial antibiotic used to treat leukaemia and other forms of cancer 多索鲁比辛
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from deoxy- (in the sense 'that has lost oxygen') + L. rubus 'red' + -MYCIN.

**doxy** /'doksi/ n. (pl. **doxies**) archaic 【古】a lover or mistress 情人,情妇 a prostitute 娼妓
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**doxycycline**/dpksı'saıkli:n, -lın/n. Medicine 【医】 a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline group, which has a long half-life in the body 强力霉素
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from d(e)oxy- + TETRACYCLINE.

**doyen** 'dərən, 'dəien/ n. (fem. 阴性 **doyenne** /'doren, dər'en, dwa'jen/) the most respected or prominent person in a particular field 老资格;老前辈
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Fr. from OFr. deien (see见 DEAN¹).

**doz.** abbr. dozen

**doze** /dǝuz/v. sleep lightly 打瞌睡 ■n. a short light sleep 小睡
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'stupefy, bewilder, or make drowsy'): perh. rel. to Dan. døse 'make drowsy.

**dozen** /'dazn/■n. 1 (pl. same单复同) a group or set of twelve二个:一打 informal 【非正式】a lot 很多 2 (**the dozens**) a ritual exchange of insults among black Americans对骂游戏,骂娘比赛
-PHRASES 短语 **talk nineteen to the dozen** Brit.【英】 talk incessantly 喋喋不休
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dozenth** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. dozeine, based on L. duodecim 'twelve.

**dozer** 'dəuzə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】 short for BULLDOZER * bulldozer 的缩略式

**dozy** /'dǝuzi/ adj. (**dozier**, **doziest**) feeling drowsy and lazy 昏昏欲睡的Brit. informal【英,非正式】 not alert; stupid 呆滞的,愚蠢的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dozily** adv. **doziness** n.

**DP** abbr. 1 data processing 2 displaced person 失去家园者

**dpc** abbr. damp-proof course 防潮层

**DPhil**/di:'fil/ abbr. (in the UK) Doctor of Philosophy(英国)哲学博士

**dpi** abbr. Computing 【计】 dots per inch 点每英寸

**dpm** abbr. damp-proof membrane 防潮膜

**DPP** abbr. (in the UK) Director of Public Prosecutions(英国)检察官

**DPT** abbr. Medicine 【医】 diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus 吸附白喉、百日咳、破伤风联合疫苗

**Dr**abbr. 1 debit [formerly representing debtor.] 2 (as a title 用作头衔) Doctor 3 (**Dr.**) (in street names 用于路名中)Drive

**dr**abbr. 1 drachm(s) 2 drachma(s) 3 dram(s)

**drab**¹/dræb/ adj. (**drabber**, **drabbest**) drearily dull 单调乏味的■n. a dull light brown colour 浅褐色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drably** adv. **drabness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting undyed cloth): prob. from OFr. drap (see见 DRAPE).

**drab**²/dræb/n. archaic 【古】 1 a slovenly woman 邋遢女人2 a prostitute 妓女
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. rel. to Low Ger. drabbe 'mire' and Du. drab 'dregs'.

**drabble** /'dræbl/ v. archaic 【古】 make wet and dirty in muddy water(在泥水中)弄脏,弄湿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Low Ger. drabbelen 'paddle in water or mire.

**drachm**/dræm/ ■n. historical【史义】 a unit of weight equivalent to 60 grains or one eighth of an ounce 打兰(重量单位,1打兰=60格令或1/8盎司)(also亦作 **fluid drachm**) a liquid measure equivalent to 60 minims or one eighth of a fluid ounce 液打兰(液量单位,1液打兰=60量滴或1/8液盎司)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting the ancient Greek drachma): from OFr. dragme or late L. dragma.

**drachma**/'drækmən. (pl. **drachmas** or **drachmae** /-mi:/) (until the introduction of the euro in 2002) the basic monetary unit of Greece 德拉克马(希腊2002年启用欧元前的基本货币单位) a silver coin of ancient Greece 古希腊银币
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk drakhmē, an Attic weight and coin.

**drack**/dræk/ adj. Austral. informal【澳,非正式】 unattractive or unwelcome; dreary不漂亮的;不受欢迎的;无趣的
-ORIGIN 词源 said to be from the 1930s film Dracula's Daughter, but perh. rel. to DRECK.

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**draconian** /drə'kəuniən, dreı-/ adj. (especially of laws) excessively harsh and severe(尤指法律)严酷的,残酷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **draconic** /-'konık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Draco, name of an ancient Athenian legislator, + -IAN.

**draff**/dræf/n. literary 【文】 dregs or refuse 残渣;废物;垃圾
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. rel. to Ger. Treber, Träber 'husks, grains', and to DRIVEL.

**draft**/dra:ft/ n. 1 a preliminary version of a piece of writing 草稿> a plan or sketch草案;方案;草图 2 a written order to pay a specified sum 汇票 3 (**the draft**) US【美】compulsory recruitment for military service 征兵 4 N. Amer. 【北美】a procedure whereby sports players are made available for selection or reselection by the teams in a league 选秀 5 US spelling of DRAUGHT * draught 的美式拼法 ■v. 1 prepare a preliminary version of (a text)起草,草拟2 send (a person or group) somewhere for a particular purpose 选拔,选派US【美】conscript for military service 征兵 adj. US spelling of DRAUGHT * draught 的美式拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drafter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: phonetic spelling of DRAUGHT.

**draftee**/dra:fti:/ ■n. US 【美】a person conscripted for military service 应征入伍者

**draftsman** /'dra:ftsmən/ n. (pl. **draftsmen**) 1 a person who drafts legal documents(法律文件的)起草人 2 chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】variant spelling of DRAUGHTSMAN * draughtsman的另一种拼法

**drafty** /'dræfti/ adj. US spelling of DRAUGHTY * draughty 的美式拼法

**drag**/dræg/v. (**drags**, **dragging**, **dragged**) 1 pull along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty(用力或费劲地)拖,拉,拽take (someone) somewhere, despite their reluctance 硬拽,生拉(某人) move (an image) across a computer screen using a mouse(用鼠标在计算机屏幕上)拖动,拖移(图像) 2 trail along the ground 拖曳 search the bottom of (a body of water) with grapnels or nets 拉网(或用抓钩)搜索(水底)3(**drag** something **up**) informal 【非正式】deliberately mention something unwelcome 故意提及(不受欢迎的话题) 4 (of time) pass slowly and tediously(时间)缓慢且乏味地流逝 (**drag** something **out**) protract something unnecessarily(没必要地)拖延5(**drag on** informal 【非正式】 inhale the smoke from (a cigarette)吸(烟)6 (**drag** someone **up**) Brit. dated【英,过时】bring up a child badly胡乱地把(孩子)拉扯大 ■n. 1 the action of dragging拖,拉,拽2 the longitudinal retarding force exerted by air or other fluid surrounding a moving object 阻力,抗力 3 informal 【非正式】 a boring or tiresome person or thing 无聊之人(或事);讨厌的人(或事) 4 informal 【非正式】an act of inhaling smoke from a cigarette(烟的)一吸;一抽 5 women's clothing worn by a man(男子穿的)女装: men in drag 穿女装的男人6 a drag race 减重短程高速汽车赛7 informal, chiefly N. Amer.【非正式,主北美】 a street or road 街道;道路: the main drag 主干道 8 historical【史义】 a private vehicle like a stagecoach, drawn by four horses (由四匹马拉的)私人马车9 an apparatus for dredging or for recovering objects from the bottom of water 疏浚器;打捞器 10 historical【史义】 a harrow used for breaking up the surface of land 耢,平地器 11 archaic 【古】an iron shoe applied as a brake to a wheel 车轮制动铁 L 12 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】influence over other people 影响力 13 a strong-smelling lure drawn before hounds as a substitute for a fox(引诱猎犬追猎的)人工臭迹14 Music【音】(in drumming) a basic pattern consisting of a stroke preceded by two grace notes played with the other stick(击鼓中的)双连击,双叠
-PHRASES 短语 **drag one's feet** 1 walk wearily or with difficulty 拖着脚走2(also 亦作 **drag one's heels**) be deliberately slow to act 拖拖拉拉
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OE dragan or ON draga 'to draw.

**dragée** /'dra:zer/ n. 1 a sweet consisting of a centre covered with a coating, such as a sugared almond 糖豆(如糖衣杏仁等) 2 a small silver ball for decorating a cake(装饰蛋糕的)银色小糖珠
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., from OFr. dragie (see见 DREDGE2).

**dragger** /'drægə(r)/n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a fishing boat that uses a dragnet 小型拖网渔船

**draggle** /'drægl/v. 1 make dirty or wet 拖脏;拖湿hang untidily 邋遢地垂着 2 archaic 【古】 trail behind others 掉队;落后
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: dimin. and frequentative of DRAG.

**draggy** /'drægi/ adj. (**draggier**, **draggiest**) informal 【非正式】dreary; tedious沉闷的,单调乏味的

**drag hound** n. a hound used to hunt with a drag 猎犬

**dragline** /'dræglaın/ n. 1 a large excavator with a bucket pulled in by a wire cable 索铲挖土机2 a line of silk produced by a spider and acting as a safety line 拖丝

**dragnet**/'drægnet/ n. 1 a net drawn through water or across ground to trap fish or game拖网;捕猎网2 a systematic search for criminals or criminal activity 法网,罗网

**dragoman** /'drægǝ(v)mən/ n. (pl. **dragomans** or **dragomen**) an interpreter or guide in a country speaking Arabic, Turkish, or Persian(阿拉伯语、土耳其语、波斯语国家的)口译员,导游
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from obs. Fr., via Ital. from med. Gk dragoumanos, from Arab. tarjumān 'interpreter'

**dragon** /'drægən/ n. 1 a mythical monster like a giant reptile, typically with wings and claws and able to breathe out fire 龙used in names of various lizards, e.g. **Komodo dragon**(用于多种蜥蜴的名称中,如科摩多巨蜥) 2 derogatory 【贬】 a fierce and intimidating woman凶狠的女人,悍妇
-PHRASES 短语 **chase the dragon** informal 【非正式】

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smoke heroin 吸毒,吸食海洛因
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., via L. from Gk drakōn 'serpent.

**dragon boat**n. a boat of a traditional Chinese design resembling a dragon, propelled with paddles by a large crew 龙舟

**dragonet** /'dræg(ə)nıt/ n. a small marine fish of which the male is brightly coloured 鱼衔 [Callionymus lyra and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(denoting a small dragon): from OFr., dimin. of dragon 'dragon.

**dragonfish** /'dræg(ə)nfıf/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **dragonfishes**) a long, slender deep-sea fish with fang-like teeth, a barbel on the chin, and luminous organs 巨口鱼,奇棘鱼[Families Stomiatidae and Idiacanthidae: numerous species.]

**dragonfly** /'drægǝnflar/ n. (pl. **dragonflies**) a fast-flying long-bodied predatory insect with two pairs of large transparent wings (spread out sideways at rest) and aquatic larvae 蜻蜓 [Suborder Anisoptera: many species.]

**dragonnade** /drægǝ'neid/n. historical 【史义】a form of persecution involving quartering troops on a population 武力迫害
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from dragon (see见 DRAGOON).

**dragon's blood** n. a red gum or powder from the fruit of certain palm trees or from the stem of the dragon tree 龙血(从某些棕榈树果实或龙血树树干中获取的红树胶或粉末)

**dragon ship** n. a Viking longship ornamented with a beaked prow 龙船

**dragon tree** n. a slow-growing palm-like tree native to the Canary Islands, yielding dragon's blood 龙血树 [Dracaena draco.]

**dragoon** /drǝ'gu:n/ n. a member of any of several cavalry regiments in the British Army 龙骑兵,重骑兵 historical 【史义】 a mounted infantryman armed with a carbine 骑马步兵■v. coerce into doing something 迫使,强迫
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a kind of carbine or musket, thought of as breathing fire): from Fr. dragon 'dragon.

**drag queen** n. a man who ostentatiously dresses up in women's clothes 男扮女装者

**drag race** n. a race between two cars over a short distance as a test of acceleration 减重短程高速汽车赛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drag racer** n. **drag racing** n.

**dragster**/'drægstə(r)/ n. a car built or modified to take part in drag races 减重短程高速赛车

**drail**/dreıl/n. Fishing 【垂钓】a weighted fish hook and line for dragging below the surface 加铅鱼钩
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting part of a plough): from the obs. v. drail, an alt. of TRAIL.

**drain** /drein/ v. 1 cause the liquid in (something) to run out, leaving it empty or dry使(液体)流光;排光;排出(of liquid) run off or out (液体)流干,排出 (of a river) carry off the superfluous water from (an area)(河流)带走(某地区)多余的水>become dry as liquid runs off 变干;干涸 drink the entire contents of 喝干;喝光………中的东西2 deprive of strength or vitality 使耗尽气力 cause (a resource) to be used up 耗尽(资源) n. 1 a channel or pipe that carries off rainwater or liquid waste 排水渠,下水道,阴沟 Brit. 【英】 a grating set in the ground over the opening of a drain 下水道盖 2 a thing that uses up a resource 耗尽资源的事物 the continuous loss of a resource(逐渐的)外流,耗竭,消耗: the drain of talented staff 人才外流
-PHRASES 短语 **go down the drain** informal 【非正式】be totally wasted 被浪费掉,化为乌有 **laugh like a drain** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 laugh raucously 大笑,狂笑
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drēahnian, drēhnian 'strain liquid', of Gmc origin; rel. to DRY.

**drainage** /'dreınıdz/n. 1 the action or process of draining something排水;排泄2 a system of drains 排水系统

**drainer** /'dreınə(r)/ n. 1 a rack used to hold crockery while it drains(餐具)滤干架2 a draining board 滴水板

**draining board** (N. Amer. 【北美】 **drainboard**) ■n. a sloping grooved board or surface on which crockery is left to drain into an adjacent sink 滴水板

**drainpipe** /'dreinpaip/ n. 1 a pipe for carrying off rainwater or liquid refuse from a building 排水管 2 (**drainpipes** or **drainpipe trousers**) trousers with very narrow legs 瘦腿裤

**Draize test** /dreız/n. a pharmacological test in which a potentially harmful substance is introduced into the eye or on to the skin of a laboratory animal 德莱兹试验
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: named after the American pharmacologist John H. Draize.

**drake**/dreık/n. a male duck 公鸭,雄鸭
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of W. Gmc origin.

**Dralon** /'dreilpn/n. trademark, chiefly Brit.【商标,主英】 a synthetic textile made from acrylic fibre 德拉纶
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: on the pattern of nylon.

**DRAM** /dræm/abbr. Electronics 【电子】 dynamic random-access memory 动态随机存储器

**dram**¹/dræm/ n. 1 chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】a small drink of spirits 少量烈酒 2a drachm打兰;液打兰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. drame, dragme or med. L. drama, dragma (see 见 DRACHM).

**dram**²/dra:m/ n. the basic monetary unit of Armenia, equal to 100 luma 德拉姆(亚美尼亚基本货币单位,1德拉姆=100卢马)
-ORIGIN 词源 Armenian, lit. 'coin, money', from Gk drakhmē DRACHMA.

**drama** /'dra:mǝ/ ■n. 1 a play 戏剧 plays as a genre or literary style 戏剧文学;戏剧艺术 2 an exciting or emotional series of events 一系列戏剧性事件
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk drama, from

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dran 'do, act.

**drama queen** ■n. informal 【非正式】 a person who responds to situations in a melodramatic way 遇事大惊小怪的人,事儿妈

**dramatic**/drǝ'mætık/ adj. 1 relating to drama 戏剧的;有关戏剧的2 sudden and striking 突然的;引人注目的: a dramatic increase 剧增 exciting or impressive 令人兴奋的;给人深刻印象的 intended to create an effect; theatrical 戏剧性的,夸张的;荒诞的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dramatically** adv.

**dramatics**/drə'mætıks/pl. n. 1 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] the study or practice of acting in and producing plays 戏剧艺术;戏剧表演 2 theatrically exaggerated or overemotional behaviour 戏剧性行为;夸张的举动(或情感表露)

**dramatis personae** /dræmətıs p3:'sǝunaı, -ni:/ -pl. n. the characters of a play, novel, or narrative 剧中人物
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'persons of the drama.

**dramatist** /'dræmǝtist/ n. a person who writes plays 剧作家

**dramatize** or **dramatise** /'dræmətaız/ v. 1 present (a novel, event, etc.) as a play 把(小说、事件等)改编成剧本,用戏剧形式表现(小说、事件等)2 exaggerate the importance or seriousness of 夸张;使戏剧化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dramatization** / dræmətai-'zeifn/n.

**dramaturge** /'dræmǝt3:d3/ (also 亦作 **dramaturg**) ■n. 1 a dramatist 剧作家 2 a literary editor on the staff of a theatre who liaises with authors and edits texts(剧院的)剧本编辑
-ORIGIN 词源C19: via Fr. and Ger. from Gk drama-tourgos, from drama, dramat- 'drama' + -ergos 'worker.

**dramaturgy** /'dræmǝt3:dzi/ n. the theory and practice of dramatic composition 剧本创作学;编剧艺术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dramaturgic** adj. **dramaturgical** adj. **dramaturgically** adv.

**Drambuie**/dræm'bu:i, -'bjui/n. trademark 【商标】 a sweet Scotch whisky liqueur * Drambuie 利口酒 (苏格兰威士忌利口酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sc. Gaelic dram buidheach 'satisfying drink.

**dramedy** /'dra:midi/ n. (pl. **dramedies**) a television programme or film in which the comic elements derive mainly from character and plot development 情节喜剧
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: blend of DRAMA and COMEDY.

**drank**/dræŋk/ past of DRINK * drink 的过去式

**drape**/dreip/v. arrange (cloth or clothing) loosely on or round something 将(衣服、织物等)随便地披在…上 adorn or wrap loosely with folds of cloth(用褶布)装饰,包裹n. 1 (**drapes**) chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】long curtains帷,帘2 the way in which a garment or fabric hangs 悬垂性 3 a cloth for covering a patient's body when a surgical operation is being performed(手术用的)消毒盖布
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: back-form. from DRAPERY, influenced by Fr. draper 'to drape.

**draper** /'dreıpə(r)/n. Brit. dated【英,过时】a person who sells textile fabrics 衣料织品零售商;布料商
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. drapier, from drap 'cloth.

**drapery** /'dreipəri/ n. (pl. **draperies**) cloth, curtains, or clothing hanging in loose folds 悬挂的织物;帷幕;打褶的装饰织物
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. draperie, from drap 'cloth.

**drastic** /'dræstık, 'dra:-/ adj. having a strong or far-reaching effect; radical and extreme 激烈的;猛烈的;激进的;极端的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drastically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk drastikos, from dran 'do'.

**drat**/dræt/exclam. used to express mild annoyance (表示略感厌烦)见鬼,讨厌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dratted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: shortening of od rat, euphemism for God rot.

**draught**/dra:ft/ (US【美】 **draft**) n. 1 a current of cool air in a room or confined space 通风气流2 a single act of drinking or inhaling一饮;一吸
>literary or archaic 【文或古】 a quantity of a liquid with medicinal properties(药液的)顿服量: a sleeping draught一服安眠药水 3 the depth of water needed to float a particular ship 吃水: her shallow draught 这条船吃水浅4 the drawing in of a fishing net 收渔网,拉网➤ a catch of fish一网的捕鱼量 ■v. variant spelling of DRAFT * draft的另一种拼法 adj. 1 (of beer) served from a cask rather than from a a bottle or can (啤酒)零售的,散装的2(of an animal) used for pulling heavy loads(动物)役用的
-PHRASES 短语 **on draught**(of beer) ready to be drawn from a cask(啤酒)散装的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(in the sense 'drawing, pulling') : from ON dráttr, of Gmc origin; cf. DRAFT.

**draughtboard** /'dra:ftbo:d/n. Brit. 【英】a square chequered board of sixty-four small squares, used for playing draughts 国际跳棋盘

**draughtproof** /'dra:ftpru:f/ adj. sealed so as to keep out draughts 防风的v. make (a building, window, etc.) draughtproof 使(建筑物、窗户等)不透风

**draughts** /dra:fts/n. Brit. 【英】 a game played on a chequered board by two players, who each start with twelve disc-shaped pieces and move them diagonally with the aim of capturing all the opponent's pieces 国际跳棋
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from DRAUGHT; rel. to obs. draught in the sense 'move' (in chess).

**draughtsman** /'dra:ftsmən/ (or **draughtswoman**) ■n. (pl. **draughtsmen** or **draughtswomen**)

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1 a person who makes detailed technical plans or drawings 起草人;绘图员 ➤an artist skilled in drawing 绘画美术家 2 variant spelling of **DRAFTSMAN** * draftsman 的另一种拼法
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **draughtsmanship** n.

**draughty** /'drɑːfti/ (US【美】 **drafty**) adj. (**draughtier**, **draughtiest**) cold and uncomfortable because of draughts of air 有穿堂风的;过道风大的
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **draughtily** adv. **draughtiness** n.

**Dravidian** /drə'vɪdiən/ n. 1 a family of languages spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, including Tamil and Kannada 达罗毗荼语 2 a member of any of the peoples speaking a Dravidian language 达罗毗荼人 ■adj. relating to or denoting Dravidian or its speakers 达罗毗荼族人(或语)的
-**ORIGIN** 词源 from Sanskrit drāvida 'relating to the Tamils' (from Dravida 'Tamil') + **-IAN**.

**draw** /drɔː/ v. (past **drew**; past part. **drawn**) 1 produce (a picture or diagram) by making lines and marks on paper 画(画或图表),描绘;勾画 ➤trace or produce (a line) on a surface描,划(线) 2 pull or drag (a vehicle) so as to make it follow behind 拖,拉,牵引(车辆) ➤pull or move (something) in a specified direction 拉拽(某物),使(某物)朝特定方向移动 ➤pull (curtains) shut or open 放下,拉开(帷帘) 3 arrive at a specified stage or point in time 到达: The campaign drew to a close.竞选渐近尾声了。4 extract from a container or receptacle拿出,掏出,拔出: He drew his gun. 他拔出枪来。➤(**draw from**) obtain from (a particular source)从(某处)获得;从(某处)获取 ➤(**draw on**) use as a resource 利用,凭借: Sue has a lot of experience to draw on. 苏有许多经验可资利用。5 take in (a breath)吸(气) ➤(**draw on**) suck smoke from (a cigarette or pipe) 抽(烟) ➤(of a chimney or fire) allow air to flow in and upwards freely, so that a fire can burn(烟囱或火)通风 6 be the cause of (a specified response)招致,引发(特定反应) ➤attract to a place or an event 吸引;引来 ➤induce to reveal or do something 使透露,引出: He refused to be drawn on what would happen. 他拒绝透露将发生什么。➤direct or attract (someone's attention) 引起(某人的注意) 7 conclude by deduction or inference 推断出,推论 ➤make (a comparison or distinction)作(对比或区别) 8 finish (a contest or game) with an even score 以平局结束(比赛或游戏) 9 **Bowls** 【草地保龄】cause (a bowl) to travel in a curve to the desired point 使(滚球)曲线移动(以到达所需位置) ➤**Golf**【高尔夫】 hit (the ball) so that it travels slightly to the left (for a left-handed player, the right)使(球)朝左微偏;(左撇子击球员)使(球)朝右微偏 10 make (wire) by pulling metal through successively smaller holes 拉制,拉拔(金属丝) 11 (of a ship) require (a specified depth of water) to float in (船)吃水 12 (of a sail) be filled with wind(帆)吃饱风 13 historical 【史义】 disembowel 除去……内脏 14 **Hunting**【猎】 search (cover) for game 把(猎物)逼出(隐蔽处);搜寻(猎物隐藏处) ■n. 1 an act of selecting names randomly, to decide winners in a lottery, opponents in a sporting contest, etc. 抽彩;抽奖;抽签 2 a game or match that ends with the scores even平局:不分胜负的比赛(或游戏) ➤**Cricket**【板】 a game which is left incomplete for lack of time 和局(因时间不够而未完结的比赛) Compare with 比较 **TIE**. 3 an attractive or interesting person or thing 有吸引力的人(或事物);有趣的人(或事物): The eclipse was a big tourist draw. 日食对游客具有很大的吸引力。4 an act of inhaling smoke from a cigarette吸,抽烟 ➤informal 【非正式】cannabis 大麻 5 **Golf** 【高尔夫】 a shot which draws the ball 小左曲球
-**PHRASES** 短语 **draw blood** cause someone to bleed 抽血;使流血 **draw someone's fire** attract hostile criticism away from a more important target 吸引火力,代做靶子 **draw the line at** set a limit of what one is willing to do or accept 给…定界限;限制
-**PHRASAL VERBS** 短语动词 **draw back** choose not to take an expected course of action 退缩;撤回;撤销 **draw in** (of successive days) become shorter or (of nights) start earlier, because of the changing seasons(白昼)渐短;(天黑)渐早 **draw on** (of a period of time) approach its end(时光)渐渐过去 **draw out** (of successive days) become longer because of the changing seasons(天黑)渐晚;(白昼)渐长 **draw someone out** subtly persuade someone to be more talkative 诱导……说话;使…畅所欲言 **draw something out** prolong or extend something 延长,拖长 **draw up** come to a halt 停住 **draw something up** prepare a plan or document in detail 拟定;起草
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE dragan, of Gmc origin; rel. to **DRAUGHT**.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> On the confusion of **draw** and **drawer**, see usage at **DRAWER**. 有关 **draw** 和 **drawer** 的辨析,参见 **drawer** 处的用法说明。

**drawback** /'drɔːbæk/ n. 1 a disadvantage or problem 不利;障碍 2 (also 亦作 **duty drawback**) excise or import duty remitted on goods exported (出口)退税

**drawbar** /'drɔːbɑː(r)/ n. 1 a bar on a vehicle to which something can be attached to pull it or be pulled(车上的)挂钩 2 a bar in a structure that can be pulled out to free something 牵引杆

**drawbridge** /'drɔːbrɪdʒ/ n. a bridge, typically over a castle moat, which is hinged at one end so that it can be raised 曳开桥

**drawcard** /'drɔːkɑːd/ n. informal 【非正式】 an attractive quality or feature 吸引力,特色

**drawcord** /'drɔːkɔːd/ n. another term for **DRAWSTRING** * drawstring 的另一种说法

**drawdown** /'drɔːdaʊn/ n. 1 a reduction in the quantity of something减少;削减 2 an act of drawing on available loan facilities 动用贷款

**drawee** /drɔː(r)'iː/ n. the person or organization that has to pay a draft or bill(汇票的)受票人;(票

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据的)付款人

**drawer** n. 1 /dro:(r)/ a lidless box-like storage compartment that may be slid horizontally in and out of a desk or chest 抽屉2 (**drawers**/dro:z/) dated or humorous【过时或幽】knickers or underpants 女短裤;男衬裤3/'dro:ǝ(r)/ a person who draws something 画……的人 a person who writes a cheque (支票的)出票人,开支票人
>USAGE 用法说明
The word **drawer**, which mainly means 'a sliding storage compartment', is often spelled incorrectly as **draw**, 主要用来表示“抽屉”之意的词 **drawer** 常常被误写为draw.

**drawing**/'dro:in/ n. a picture or diagram made with a pencil, pen, or crayon rather than paint 图画:素描画:图样 the art or skill of making drawings 绘画艺术(或技巧);构图艺术;制图技巧

**drawing board** n. a large, flat board on which paper can be spread for an artist or designer to work on 画板;绘图板
-PHRASES 短语 **back to the drawing board** a plan has failed and a new one is needed (计划失败后)重起炉灶;从头再来

**drawing pin** n. Brit. 【英】 a short, flat-headed pin for fastening paper to a surface 图钉

**drawing room** n. a room in a large private house in which guests can be received and entertained 客厅
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: abbrev. of withdrawing-room 'a room to withdraw to.

**drawknife** /'dro:naif/n. (pl. **drawknives**) a knife with a handle at right angles at each end of the blade, for removing wood from a surface(木工用的)刮刀

**drawl**/dro:l/v. speak in a slow, lazy way with prolonged vowel sounds 拉长声音说;慢吞吞说n. a drawling accent 慢吞吞的说话方式,拖腔
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drawler** n. **drawly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. orig. sl., from Low Ger. or Du. dralen 'delay, linger.

**drawn**/dro:n/ past participle of draw * draw 的过去分词 adj. looking strained from illness or exhaustion(由于疾病或疲劳)紧张的;憔悴的: Cathy was pale and drawn. 凯茜面色苍白而憔悴。

**drawn-out** adj. lasting longer than is necessary 拉长了的;拖长了的

**drawn work** (also 亦作 **drawn-thread-work**) n. ornamental work on fabric done by drawing out threads, usually with additional needlework 抽花刺绣品;抽绣

**draw reins** pl. n. reins that are attached to a horse's saddle or girth and pass through the bit rings to the rider's hands缰绳,勒绳

**drawstring** 'drɔ:strıŋ/ n. a string in the seam of a garment or bag, which can be pulled to tighten or close it 束带;拉绳

**dray**/dret/ n. a low truck or cart without sides, for delivering barrels or other heavy loads板车,大车 Austral./NZ【澳新】 a two-wheeled cart 双轮车
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from OE dræge 'dragnet', rel. to dragan 'to pull' (see见 DRAW).

**dray horse** n. a large, powerful horse used to pull heavy loads(拖载重物的)挽马

**dread**/dred/ v. 1 anticipate with great apprehension or fear 担心;畏惧2 archaic 【古】 regard with great awe 敬畏n. 1 great fear or apprehension 恐惧;畏惧2(**dreads**) informal 【非正式】 dreadlocks“骇人”长发绺3 a sudden take-off of a flock of birds(群鸟的)惊飞adj. 1 greatly feared; dreadful 令人惧怕的,可怕的2 archaic【古】 regarded with awe令人敬畏的,令人崇敬的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreaded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ādrædan, ondrædan, of W. Gmc origin.

**dreadful** /'dredfl/ adj. 1 extremely bad or serious 糟透的,极其严重的 2 used for emphasis(表示强调)极其的;极端的: You're a dreadful flirt. 你真是个花心大萝卜。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreadfully** adv. **dreadfulness** n.

**dreadlocks** /'dredloks/pl. n. a Rastafarian hairstyle in which the hair is twisted into tight braids or ringlets“骇人”长发绺
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreadlocked** adj.

**dreadnought** /'dredno:t/ n. 1 historical【史义】 a type of battleship of the early 20th century, equipped entirely with large-calibre guns 无畏级战舰[named after Britain's HMS Dreadnought, completed 1906.] 2 archaic 【古】 a fearless person 大无畏的人 3 archaic 【古】 a heavy overcoat for stormy weather 厚大衣

**dream**/dri:m/ n. 1 a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in the mind during sleep 梦到的事;梦 a state of mind in which someone is not fully aware of their surroundings 恍惚;出神: He walked around in a dream.他精神恍惚地游荡。 2 a cherished hope or ideal; a fantasy 梦想;理想;幻想
>informal【非正式】 a wonderful or perfect person or thing 梦一般美妙的人(或事物);完美的人(或事物) ■v. (past and past part. **dreamed** /dremt, dri:md/ or **dreamt** /dremt/) 1 experience dreams during sleep做梦,梦见,梦到2 indulge in daydreams 做白日梦,幻想(**dream something up**) imagine or invent something 想象;虚构 3 [with neg. 与否定结构连用]contemplate the possibility of 想到,料到,考虑到: I never dreamed anyone would take offence. 我做梦也没料到有人会生气。
-PHRASES 短语 **like a dream** informal 【非正式】very easily or successfully容易地,不费气力地,完美地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreamer** n. **dreamful** adj. (literary【文】)**dreamless** adj. **dreamlike** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Gmc origin.

**dreamboat** /'dri:mbǝut/ n. informal 【非正式】a very attractive person, especially a man意中人,梦中情人(尤指男性)

**dreamcatcher** /'dri:m,kætſə(r)/ n. a small hoop containing a decorated horsehair mesh, believed by
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**dreamland** /'dri:mlænd/ n. sleep regarded as a world of dreams 梦乡; 梦境 an unrealistically ideal world 幻想世界; 理想世界

**dreamscape** /'dri:mskerp/ n. a scene with the strangeness characteristic of dreams 幻境; 如梦景色

**dream team** n. a group of people regarded as the perfect combination for a particular purpose 梦之队

**dream ticket** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a pair of candidates standing together for political office who are ideally matched to attract widespread support (政治竞选时的)梦幻搭档; 最佳竞选拍档

**Dreamtime** /'dri:mtaim/ (also 亦作 **Dreaming**) n. another term for ALCHERINGA ※ alcheringa 的另一种说法

**dreamwork** /'dri:mw3:k/ n. Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 the supposed alteration of the content of dreams by the unconscious, in order to conceal their meaning 梦工作

**dreamworld** /'dri:mw3:ld/ n. an unrealistic or idealized view of life 幻想世界, 理想世界

**dreamy** /'dri:mi/ adj. (dreamier, dreamiest) 1 pleasantly distracting or unreal; dreamlike 出神的; 飘渺的; 梦幻般的 2 given to daydreaming 幻想的; 不切实际的 3 informal 【非正式】 very attractive or pleasant 极其漂亮的; 绝妙的; 极好的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreamily** adv. **dreaminess** n.

**drear** /drıə(r)/ adj. literary 【文】 dreary 沉闷的, 阴郁的; 令人沮丧的

**dreary** /'drıəri/ adj. (drearier, dreariest) dull, bleak, and depressing 沉闷的; 阴郁的; 令人沮丧的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drearily** adv. **dreariness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drēorig 'gory, cruel, melancholy', from drēor 'gore', of Gmc origin; rel. to DROWSY, and prob. to DRIZZLE.

**dreck** /drek/ (also 亦作 **drek**) n. informal 【非正式】 rubbish 废物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreckish** adj. **drecky** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Yiddish drek 'filth, dregs'.

**dredge¹** /dredz/ v. 1 clean out the bed of (a harbour, river, etc.) with a dredge 疏浚; 给 (港口、河道等)清淤 bring up or remove with a dredge 挖掘, 清移 2 (**dredge something up**) bring something unwelcome and forgotten to people's attention 揭(疮疤), 翻(旧账) ■n. an apparatus for bringing up objects or mud from a river or seabed by scooping or dragging 挖泥船; 疏浚机
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dredger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (orig. in dredge-boat): perh. rel. to MDu. dregghe 'grappling hook'.

**dredge²** /dredʒ/ v. sprinkle (food) with sugar or another powdered substance 往(食品)上撒糖(或粉质物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. dredge 'sweetmeat, mixture of spices', from OFr. dragie, perh. via L. from Gk tragémata 'spices'.

**dree** /dri:/ ■v. (drees, dreeing, dreed) Scottish or archaic 【苏格兰或古】 endure (something burdensome or painful) 忍耐, 忍受(重负或痛苦)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drēogan, of Gmc origin.

**dregs** /dregz/ pl. n. 1 the remnants of a liquid left in a container, together with any sediment 残渣; 沉淀物 2 the most worthless parts 渣滓; 糟粕: the dregs of society 社会渣滓
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dreggy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin.

**dreich** /dri:x/ adj. Scottish 【苏格兰】 dreary; bleak 沉闷的; 阴郁的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'patient'): of Gmc origin.

**dreidel** /'dreidl/ (also 亦作 **dreidl**) n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a small four-sided spinning top with a Hebrew letter on each side, used in Jewish gambling games, especially at Hanukkah (尤指再献圣殿节时犹太人玩赌博游戏所用的四面刻有希伯来字母的)陀螺
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Yiddish dreydl; rel. to Ger. drehen 'to turn'.

**drek** /drek/ n. variant spelling of DRECK ※ dreck 的另一种拼法

**drench** /drentʃ/ v. 1 wet thoroughly; soak 使湿透, 浸湿 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **drenched**] cover liberally with something 使充满; 使弥漫: a sun-drenched clearing 洒满阳光的林中空地 2 forcibly administer a liquid medicine to (an animal) 给(动物)灌药 ■n. a dose of medicine administered to an animal 一剂兽用药 archaic 【古】 a draught of medicine or poison 一剂药水; 一次喝下的毒药
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drencan 'force to drink', drenc 'a drink or draught', of Gmc origin; rel. to DRINK.

**Dresden china** /'drezd(ə)n/ n. porcelain ware with elaborate decoration and delicate colourings, made originally at Dresden in Germany 德累斯顿细瓷器

**dress** /dres/ v. 1 put on one's clothes 穿衣 > put clothes on (someone) 给……穿衣 wear clothes in a particular way or of a particular type 装束; 打扮: She dresses well. 她穿着入时。 > put on clothes appropriate for a formal occasion 穿正式服装 > (**dress up**) dress in smart clothes or in a special costume 盛装, 穿上正装 (**dress down**) dress informally 穿着随便 (**dress someone down**) informal 【非正式】 reprimand someone 训斥; 责骂 2 decorate or arrange in an attractive way 装饰; 布置 3 treat or prepare in a particular way (用特定方式)处理, 准备 clean, treat, or cover (a wound) 清洗, 包扎, 敷裹(伤口) treat the surface of (leather or fabric) during manufacture 加工(皮革或织品) smooth the surface of (stone) 修琢(石块) ➤ apply fertilizer to 给…施肥 4 clean and prepare (food) for cooking or eating (烹调前)收拾, 准备(食材) add a dressing to (a salad) 给(色拉)添加调味品 5 Military 【军】 draw up (troops) in the proper alignment 整(队), 使(队伍)排列整齐 6 make (an artificial fishing fly) (钓鱼时)装好(假蝇) ■n. 1 a onepiece garment for a woman or girl that

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covers the body and extends down over the legs 连衣裙, (女士)礼服 2 clothing of a specified kind (特定的)服装, 衣服: He was in the formal dress of the Council. 他穿着市政委员会的正式服装。 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting ceremonial clothing or uniform 正式服装, 礼服; 制服: a dress suit 西装套装
-PHRASES 短语 **dressed overall** Nautical 【航海】 decorated with a continuous line of flags from bow to stern (船)从头到尾挂满旗的 **dressed to kill** informal 【非正式】 wearing glamorous clothes intended to create a striking impression 打扮迷人的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dresser 'arrange, prepare', based on L. directus 'direct, straight'.

**dressage** /'dresa:(d)ʒ/ n. the art of riding and training horses so as to develop obedience, flexibility, and balance 盛装舞步, 花式骑术
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'training', from dresser 'to train'.

**dress circle** ■n. Brit. 【英】 the first level of seats above the ground floor in a theatre (剧院)二楼楼厅 > US 【美】 the front section of this level of seating (剧院)楼厅二楼前区

**dress coat** n. a coat with long tails at the back, worn by men on very formal occasions 燕尾服

**dress-down Friday** n. Friday as a designated day of the week when employees are allowed to dress more casually than on other weekdays (雇员可随意穿着的)便装星期五

**dresser¹** /'dresə(r)/ n. 1 a sideboard with shelves above for storing and displaying crockery 碗橱 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a chest of drawers 五斗橱
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a sideboard or table on which food was prepared).

**dresser²** /'dresə(r)/ n. 1 a person who dresses in a specified way 穿着……者: a snappy dresser 穿着时髦者 2 a person who looks after theatrical costumes 服装师 3 a person who dresses something 穿(…衣服)者 4 Brit. 【英】 a person who assists a surgeon during operations 外科医生助手

**dressing** /'dresıŋ/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **salad dressing**) a sauce for salads, usually consisting of oil and vinegar with herbs or other flavourings (拌制色拉用的)调料 > N. Amer. 【北美】 stuffing 填塞料 2 a piece of material placed on a wound to protect it (伤口)敷料, 包扎材料 3 size or stiffening used in the finishing of fabrics 浆料 4 a fertilizer spread over or ploughed into land 追施

**dressing case** n. historical 【史义】 a case used for toiletries 化妆盒, 梳妆箱

**dressing-down** n. informal 【非正式】 a severe reprimand 训斥, 痛斥

**dressing gown** n. a long, loose robe worn after getting out of bed or bathing 晨衣; 浴袍

**dressing room** n. a room in which actors or sports players change clothes 更衣室 a small room attached to a bedroom, for storing clothes 贮衣室

**dressing station** n. a place for giving emergency treatment to troops injured in battle (战时)救治站

**dressing table** n. a table with a mirror and drawers, used while dressing or applying make-up 梳妆台

**dressmaker** /'dres,meıkə(r)/ n. a person who makes women's clothes 女装裁缝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dressmaking** n.

**dress parade** n. a military parade in full dress uniform 阅兵典礼

**dress rehearsal** n. a final rehearsal in which everything is done as it would be in a real performance (最后的)彩排

**dress sense** n. a good instinct for selecting garments 衣着品位

**dress shield** (also 亦作 **dress preserver**) n. a piece of waterproof material in the armpit of a dress to protect it from perspiration (服装腋下的)吸汗垫

**dress shirt** n. a man's white shirt worn with a bow tie and a dinner jacket on formal occasions 礼服衬衫 > N. Amer. 【北美】 a shirt suitable for wearing with a tie (适于打领带穿的)衬衫

**dressy** /'dresi/ adj. (dressier, dressiest) (of clothes) suitable for a smart or formal occasion (衣服)讲究的, 正式的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dressily** adv. **dressiness** n.

**drew** /dru:/ past of DRAW ※ draw 的过去式

**drey** /dreı/ n. (pl. **dreys**) a squirrel's nest of twigs in a tree 松鼠窝
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**dribble** /'drıbl/ v. 1 (of a liquid) fall slowly in drops or a thin stream 滴下, 成涓涓细流 > allow saliva to run from the mouth 流口水 2 (in soccer and hockey) take (the ball) forward past opponents with slight touches of the feet or the stick, or (in basketball) by continuous bouncing 运(球); 带(球), 盘(球) ■n. 1 a thin stream of liquid 细流 > saliva running from the mouth 口水 2 (in sport) an act of dribbling (体育用语)运球; 带球, 盘球
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dribbler** n. **dribbly** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: frequentative of obs. drib, var. of DRIP.

**driblet** /'drıblıt/ n. 1 a thin stream or small drop of liquid 细流; 小滴 2 a small or insignificant amount 少许, 微量
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from obs. drib (see 见 DRIBBLE) + -LET.

**dribs and drabs** /drıbz(ə)n'dræbz/ pl. n. (in phr. 用于短语 **in dribs and drabs**) informal 【非正式】 in small sporadic amounts 点点滴滴地; 少量地; 零星地
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from obs. drib (see 见 DRIBBLE) and drab (by reduplication).

**dried** /draıd/ past and past participle of DRY ※ dry 的过去式和过去分词

**drier¹** /'draıə(r)/ adj. comparative of DRY ※ dry 的比较级

**drier²** /'draıə(r)/ n. variant spelling of DRYER ※ dryer 的另一种拼法

**driest** /'draııst/ adj. superlative of DRY ※ dry 的最高级

**drift** /drıft/ v. 1 be carried slowly by a current of air

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or water 漂流; 漂移; 飘 2 walk slowly or casually 缓慢(或随意)地行走 move aimlessly or involuntarily into a certain situation or condition 不知不觉陷入; 无意间进入: Lewis and his father drifted apart. 刘易斯和父亲不知不觉地疏远了。 3 (chiefly of snow) be blown into heaps by the wind (尤指雪)吹积, 堆积 ■n. 1 a continuous slow movement from one place to another (连续而缓慢的)移动 a deviation from an intended course because of currents or winds 偏航 Motor Racing 【赛车】 a controlled skid, used in taking bends at high speeds 漂移 > Brit. historical 【英, 史义】 an act of driving cattle or sheep 赶拢牲口 2 the general meaning of someone's remarks 大意; 主旨; 要点: He didn't understand much Greek, but he got her drift. 他不太懂希腊语, 但听明白了她的大意。 3 a large mass of snow or other material piled up by the wind 雪堆; 吹聚物 Geology 【地质】 deposits left by retreating ice sheets 冰碛 4 a state of inaction or indecision 迟钝; 优柔寡断 5 Mining 【采矿】 a passage following a mineral vein or coal seam 沿脉平巷 6 S. African 【南非】 a ford 浅滩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drifty** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: orig. from ON drift 'snowdrift, something driven'; in later use from MDu. drift 'course, current', rel. to DRIVE.

**drifter** /'drıftə(r)/ n. 1 a person who is continually moving from place to place, without any fixed home or job 漂泊者, 流浪者 2 a fishing boat equipped with a drift net 流(刺)网渔船

**driftfish** /'drıftfıʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **driftfishes**) a slender-bodied fish found in the deeper parts of warm seas 双鳍鲳 [Family Nomeidae.]

**drift ice** n. detached pieces of ice drifting with the wind or ocean currents 流冰

**drift net** n. a large fishing net, kept upright by weights at the bottom and floats at the top and allowed to drift in the sea 流刺网
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drift netter** n. **drift netting** n.

**driftwood** /'drıftwʊd/ n. pieces of wood floating on the sea or washed ashore 漂流木

**drill¹** /drıl/ n. 1 a tool or machine with a rotating or reciprocating cutting tip, used for boring holes 冲子; 钻头; 钻床; 钻机 2 training in military exercises 军事训练; 操练 instruction by means of repeated exercises 训练, 练习 (**the drill**) informal 【非正式】 the correct or recognized procedure 规定程序, 常规 3 a predatory mollusc that bores into the shells of other mollusks 蛀螺 [Urosalpinx cinerea (**oyster drill**, America) and other species.] ■v. 1 bore (a hole) in something with a drill 打(眼) ➤ sink a borehole 钻(孔) 2 subject to military training or other intensive instruction 操练, 训练 3 informal 【非正式】 (in sport) hit (a shot) hard and in a straight line (体育中)大力直线击(或扣、劲射)(球) 4 (**drill down**) Computing 【计】 access data in a lower level of a hierarchically structured database 钻取
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **driller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from MDu. drillen 'bore, turn in a circle'.

**drill²** /drıl/ n. a machine which makes small furrows, sows seed in them, and then covers the sown seed 条播机 a small furrow made by a drill 条播沟 ■v. sow with a drill 条播
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh. from DRILL¹.

**drill³** /drıl/ n. a West African baboon with a naked blue or purple rump 鬼狒 [Mandrillus leucophaeus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. a local word; cf. MANDRILL.

**drill⁴** /drıl/ n. a coarse twilled cotton or linen fabric 粗斜纹布
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: abbrev. of earlier drilling, from Ger. Drillich, from L. trilix 'triple-twilled', from tri- 'three' + licium 'thread'.

**drilling rig** n. a large structure with equipment for drilling an oil well 钻机

**drill sergeant** n. a non-commissioned officer who trains soldiers in military parade exercises 操练军士

**drily** /'draıli/ (also 亦作 **dryly**) adv. 1 in a matter-of-fact or ironically humorous way 干巴巴地; 冷冰冰地 2 in a dry way or condition 干燥地

**drink** /drıŋk/ v. (past **drank**; past part. **drunk**) 1 take (a liquid) into the mouth and swallow 饮, 喝 ➤ consume alcohol 喝酒 > (**drink up**) consume the rest of a drink 喝光, 喝完 2 (**drink something in**) watch or listen eagerly to something 尽情地欣赏, 倾听; 陶醉于 3 absorb (moisture) 吸收(水分) ■n. 1 a liquid consumed as refreshment or nourishment 饮料 a quantity of liquid swallowed at one go (液体的)一口 2 the habitual or excessive consumption of alcohol 酗酒 3 (**the drink**) informal 【非正式】 the sea 海
-PHRASES 短语 **drink someone's health** (or **drink to someone**) express good wishes for someone by raising one's glass and drinking a small amount 为某人的健康干杯 **drink someone under the table** informal 【非正式】 consume as much alcohol as one's drinking companion without becoming as drunk 把(某人)喝趴下 **I'll drink to that** expressing agreement or approval 同意, 赞同 **in drink** when intoxicated 喝醉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drinkable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drincan (v.), drinc (n.), of Gmc origin.

**drink-driving** ■n. Brit. 【英】 the crime of driving a vehicle with an excess of alcohol in the blood 醉驾
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drink-driver** n.

**drinker** /'drıŋkə(r)/ n. 1 a person who drinks 饮者, 饮酒者 2 a large brownish moth, the caterpillar of which is noted for drinking dew 草纹枯叶蛾, 牧草毛虫 [Euthrix potatoria.] 3 a drinking container for an animal (供动物用的)饮水槽

**drinking chocolate** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a mixture of cocoa powder, milk solids, and sugar, added to hot water to make a chocolate drink 巧克力饮料, 可可(粉)茶

**drinking fountain** n. a device producing a small

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jet of water for drinking 饮水喷头

**drinking song** n. a hearty or bawdy song sung by a group while drinking alcohol (喝酒时唱的)饮酒歌

**drip** /drıp/ v. (**drips**, **dripping**, **dripped**) let fall small drops of liquid 使滴下, 使流滴 fall in small drops 滴下 ■n. 1 a small drop of a liquid 一滴 2 Medicine 【医】 an apparatus which slowly passes fluid, nutrients, or drugs into a patient's body intravenously (静脉)滴注器, 点滴瓶 3 informal 【非正式】 a weak and ineffectual person 平庸低效之人 4 Architecture 【建】 a projection on a moulding, channelled to prevent rain from running down the wall below 滴水凸缘
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dryppan, drypen, of Gmc origin; rel. to DROP.

**drip-dry** v. (of fabric or a garment) become dry without forming creases when hung up after washing (织物或衣服)滴干 ■adj. capable of drip-drying 能滴干的

**drip feed** n. a device for introducing fluid drop by drop into a system 滴注器 ■v. (**drip-feed**) 1 introduce (fluid) drop by drop 滴注 supply (a patient) with fluid through a drip 给(病人)滴注液体, 给(病人)输液 2 provide gradually and in small amounts 点滴给予: Their correspondence is being drip-fed to newspapers. 他们的往来书信正被一点点地提供给报社。

**dripping** /'drıpıŋ/ ■n. 1 (US 【美】 **drippings**) fat that has melted and dripped from roasting meat (烤肉上滴下的)油滴 2 (**drippings**) N. Amer. 【北美】 water, wax, or other liquid that drips from something 液滴 ■adj. extremely wet 湿淋淋的

**drippy** /'drıpi/ adj. (**drippier**, **drippiest**) 1 informal 【非正式】 weak, ineffectual, or sloppily sentimental 软弱的; 无用的; 过于伤感的 2 tending to drip 滴水的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drippily** adv. **drippiness** n.

**dripstone** /'drıpstəʊn/ n. 1 Architecture 【建】 a moulding over a door or window which deflects rain 滴水石 2 Geology 【地质】 rock deposited by precipitation from dripping water, e.g. as stalactites and stalagmites 石笋, 钟乳石

**drive** /draıv/ v. (past **drove**; past part. **driven**) 1 operate and control the direction and speed of a motor vehicle 驾驶, 开车 convey in a car 驾车运送 2 propel or carry along by force 推进, 推动; 冲走, 带走 provide the power to operate (a machine) 驱动(机器) (in ball games) hit or kick (the ball) hard (球类运动中)猛抽, 猛击(球), 劲射 bore (a tunnel) 凿, 挖掘(隧道) 3 urge or force to move in a specified direction 驱赶; 赶走; 驱逐 4 compel to act in a particular way 迫使, 驱使: He was driven by ambition. 他受野心驱使。 ■n. 1 a journey in a car 驱车旅行; 驾车路程 2 (also 亦作 **driveway**) a short private road leading to a house 私人车道 3 an innate, biologically determined urge 内驱力 ➤ determination and ambition 决心; 雄心 4 an organized effort to achieve a purpose 努力, 运动: a recruitment drive 招募行动 Brit. 【英】 a large organized gathering to play whist or another game 惠斯特牌会; 游戏聚会 5 the transmission of power to machinery or to the wheels of a vehicle 驱动装置 ➤ Computing 【计】 a disk drive 磁盘驱动器 6 an act of driving a ball 猛击, 猛踢 7 an act of driving animals 驱赶(动物)
-PHRASES 短语 **what one is driving at** the point that one is attempting to make 某人想要表达的意思(或要点)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drivability** (also 亦作 **driveability**) n. **drivable** (also 亦作 **driveable**) adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drīfan, of Gmc origin.

**drive-by** adj. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 denoting a shooting carried out from a passing vehicle (枪击)飞车而过发射的

**drive-in** adj. denoting a restaurant, cinema, etc. that one can visit without leaving one's car (餐馆、电影院等)有“免下车”服务的

**drivel** /'drıvl/ n. nonsense 废话 ■v. (**drivels**, **drivelling**, **drivelled**; US 【美】 **drivels**, **driveling**, **driveled**) 1 talk nonsense 胡说八道, 说傻话 2 archaic 【古】 let saliva or mucus flow from the mouth or nose 淌口水; 流鼻涕
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **driveller** (US 【美】 **driveler**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dreflian, of uncertain origin; perh. rel. to DRAFF.

**driveline** /'draıvlaın/ n. another term for DRIVETRAIN ※ drivetrain 的另一种说法

**driven** /'drıvn/ past participle of DRIVE ※ drive 的过去分词

**driver** /'draıvə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that drives something 驾驶员, 司机; 驱动器 2 a flat-faced golf club used for driving 高尔夫 1号木杆
-PHRASES 短语 **in the driver's seat** in control 处于控制地位
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **driverless** adj.

**driver ant** n. another term for ARMY ANT ※ army ant 的另一种说法

**driveshaft** /'draıvʃa:ft/ n. a rotating shaft which transmits torque in an engine 传动轴; 驱动轴

**drivetrain** /'draıvtreın/ n. the system in a motor vehicle which connects the transmission to the drive axles 传动系统

**driveway** /'draıvweı/ n. see 见 DRIVE (sense 2 of the noun 名词释义 2)

**driving** /'draıvıŋ/ adj. 1 having a strong and controlling influence 强有力的; 有控制力的: She was the driving force behind the plan. 她是这项计划的幕后推动者。 2 being blown by the wind with great force 猛烈的: driving rain 狂风暴雨
-PHRASES 短语 **in the driving seat** in control 处于控制地位

**driving licence** (N. Amer. 【北美】 **driver's license**) ■n. a document permitting a person to drive a motor vehicle 驾驶执照

**driving range** n. an area where golfers can practise drives (高尔夫)击球练习场地, 高尔夫练习场

**drizzle** /'drızl/ n. 1 light rain falling in very fine

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drops 细雨, 毛毛雨 2 a thin stream of a liquid ingredient trickled over food (滴在食物上的)淋汁 ■v. 1 (**it drizzles, it is drizzling**, etc.) rain lightly 下毛毛雨 2 trickle (an ingredient) over food (在食物上)滴洒(调味汁)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drizzly** adj. (**drizzlier**, **drizzliest**).
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. based on OE drēosan 'to fall', of Gmc origin; prob. rel. to DREARY.

**Dr Martens** /'ma:tınz/ pl. n. trademark 【商标】 a type of heavy lace-up boot or shoe with an air-cushioned sole ※ Dr Martens 鞋(靴)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: named after Klaus Maertens, German inventor of the sole.

**drogue** /drəʊg/ n. a device, typically conical or funnel-shaped, towed behind a boat, aircraft, etc., especially to reduce speed or improve stability 海锚
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting a board attached to a harpoon line, used to slow down or mark the position of a whale): perh. rel. to DRAG.

**drogue parachute** n. a small parachute used as a brake or to pull out a larger parachute 稳定减速伞

**droid** /drɔıd/ n. 1 (in science fiction) a robot (科幻小说中的)机器人 2 Computing 【计】 a program which automatically collects information from remote systems 从远程系统中自动搜集信息的程序
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: shortening of ANDROID.

**droit** /drɔıt/ n. Law, historical 【律, 史义】 a right or due 权利; 所有权
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. directus 'straight, right, direct'.

**droit de seigneur** /ˌdrwɑ: də sen'jɜ:(r)/ n. the alleged right of a medieval feudal lord to have sexual intercourse with a vassal's bride on her wedding night 初夜权
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'lord's right'.

**droll** /drəʊl/ adj. amusing in a strange or quaint way 古怪有趣的 ■n. archaic 【古】 a jester; a buffoon 爱逗笑的人, 小丑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drollery** n. **drollness** n. **drolly** /'drəʊli/ adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. drôle, perh. from MDu. drolle 'imp, goblin'.

**dromaeosaur** /'drəʊmiə(ʊ)sɔ:(r)/ n. a carnivorous bipedal dinosaur of a group including deinonychus and the velociraptors 驰龙, 奔龙
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dromaeosaurid** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from mod. L. Dromaeosauridae (name of a family), based on Gk dromaios 'swift-running' + sauros 'lizard'.

**-drome** /drəʊm/ comb. form 1 denoting a place for running or racing 比赛场地: velodrome 自行车赛场 2 denoting something that proceeds in a certain way 行进的东西: palindrome 回文序列
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dromos (see 见 DROMOS).

**dromedary** /'drɒmıd(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **dromedaries**) an Arabian camel (with one hump), especially one of a breed trained for riding or racing (尤指作乘骑或比赛用的)单峰驼, 阿拉伯驼
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dromedaire or late L. dromedarius (camelus) 'swift camel', based on Gk dromas, dromad- 'runner'.

**dromos** /'drɒmɒs/ n. (pl. **dromoi** /-mɔı/) an avenue or passage leading into an ancient Greek temple or tomb 通往古希腊庙宇(或墓地)的甬道
-ORIGIN 词源 Gk; rel. to dramein 'to run'.

**drone** /drəʊn/ v. make a continuous low humming sound 嗡嗡叫; 嗡嗡响 speak tediously and at length 唠唠叨叨: Jim droned on for an hour. 吉姆唠叨了一个小时。 ■n. 1 a low continuous humming sound 嗡嗡声 a pipe (especially in a set of bagpipes) or string used to sound a continuous note of low pitch (尤指风笛的)持续低音管; (弦乐器上的)持续低音弦 2 a male bee which does no work in a colony but can fertilize a queen 公蜂, 雄蜂 an idle person 懒汉, 游手好闲者 3 a remote-controlled pilotless aircraft (遥控的)无人驾驶飞机
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drān, dræn 'male bee', from a W. Gmc verb meaning 'resound, boom'.

**drone fly** n. a hoverfly resembling a honeybee 尾蛆蝇 [Eristalis tenax.]

**drongo** /'drɒŋgəʊ/ n. (pl. **drongos** or **drongoes**) 1 a long-tailed, crested songbird with glossy black plumage, found in Africa, southern Asia, and Australia 卷尾 [Family Dicruridae: several species.] 2 informal, chiefly Austral./NZ 【非正式, 主澳新】 a stupid or incompetent person 蠢人, 笨人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Malagasy; sense 2 is said to be from the name of a very unsuccessful Australian racehorse of the 1920s.

**droob** /dru:b/ n. Austral. informal 【澳、非正式】 an unprepossessing or contemptible person 呆子; 可怜虫
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: perh. rel. to DROOP.

**drool** /dru:l/ v. 1 let saliva fall uncontrollably from the mouth 淌口水; 流涎 2 informal 【非正式】 make an excessive show of pleasure or desire 垂涎; 过分痴迷: Enthusiasts drooled over old cars. 爱好者痴迷于老爷车。 ■n. saliva falling from the mouth 口水
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: contr. of DRIVEL.

**droop** /dru:p/ v. bend or hang downwards limply 低垂; 凋萎 sag down from weariness or dejection 消沉; 垂头丧气 ■n. an act or instance of drooping 低垂, 下垂; 消沉; 颓丧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **droopily** adv. **droopiness** n. **droopy** adj. (**droopier**, **droopiest**).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON drúpa 'hang the head'; rel. to DRIP and DROP.

**drop** /drɒp/ ■v. (**drops**, **dropping**, **dropped**) 1 fall or cause to fall vertically (使)垂直落下, (使)掉下 deliver by parachute 空投 sink to or towards the ground 落地; 下坠 informal 【非正式】 collapse from exhaustion 累垮, 累倒 2 make or become lower, weaker, or less (使)降低, (使)变弱, (使)减少 ➤ lose (a point, a match, etc.) 失(分); 输掉(比赛等) 3 abandon or discontinue 放弃; 中断: The charges against him were dropped. 对他的指控撤

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销了。 discard or exclude 抛弃; 排除 4 set down or unload (a passenger or goods) 卸(乘客或货物) place without ceremony 随意地放置; 丢下: drop the form in the post 把表格投入邮筒 5 mention in passing, especially in order to impress (尤指为了给人留下印象)顺便提及 6 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **dropped**] Rugby 【英橄】 score by a drop kick 落踢得分 7 informal 【非正式】 take (a drug) orally 口服(药片) 8 Bridge 【桥牌】 be forced to play (a relatively high card) as a loser 跌出(大牌) 9 (of an animal) give birth to (动物)产(仔) ■n. 1 a small round or pear-shaped portion of liquid 小液珠, 滴 (**drops**) liquid medication applied in very small amounts 滴剂 2 [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] a drink of alcohol 一滴酒; 一点酒: He hadn't touched a drop. 他滴酒未沾。 3 an instance of falling or dropping 下落, 下降 an abrupt fall or slope 急落, 急降; 陡坡 4 informal 【非正式】 a delivery 投递 > US 【美】 a letter box 信箱 5 a sweet or lozenge 块糖, 糖锭: a chocolate drop 巧克力糖 6 a pendant earring 耳坠 7 a drop cloth 罩单 8 the trapdoor on a gallows, through which the victim falls (绞刑架的)下落板
-PHRASES 短语 **at the drop of a hat** informal 【非正式】 without delay or good reason 立即; 无缘由地 **drop the ball** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 make a mistake 犯错; 搞砸 **drop a brick** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 make an indiscreet or embarrassing remark 失言, 出言不慎 **drop a clanger** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 make an embarrassing or foolish mistake 犯错出丑, 出岔子, 犯愚蠢的错误 **drop a curtsy** Brit. 【英】 make a curtsy 行屈膝礼 **drop dead** die suddenly and unexpectedly 暴死; 猝死 **drop one's guard** abandon one's habitual defensive or watchful stance 丧失警惕 **drop a hint** give a hint, as if casually or unconsciously 暗示 **a drop in the ocean** (or N. Amer. 【北美】 **bucket**) a very small amount compared with what is needed or expected 沧海一粟, 九牛一毛 **drop someone a line** send someone an informal note or letter 给某人留下便条; 给某人寄信 **drop a stitch** let a stitch fall off the end of a knitting needle 织漏一针 **have the drop on** informal 【非正式】 have the advantage over 先发制人; 占…的上风, 占优势
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **drop back/behind** fall back or get left behind 后退; 落后 **drop by/in** visit informally and briefly 顺便访问, 短暂拜访 **drop off** fall asleep, especially without intending to 打盹; (尤指无意中)睡着 **drop out** 1 cease to participate 不再参加, 停止参与, 退出 2 abandon a course of study 退学; 辍学 3 pursue an alternative lifestyle 过别样的生活 4 Rugby 【英橄】 restart play with a drop kick 反攻踢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **droppable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dropa (n.), droppian (v.), of Gmc origin; rel. to DRIP and DROOP.

**drop capital** n. a large opening capital letter occupying more than the depth of one line 文首大字母, 段首大字

**drop cloth** n. 1 (also 亦作 **drop curtain**) a curtain or painted cloth lowered vertically on to a theatre stage (舞台的)垂幕 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a dust sheet 罩单

**drop-dead** adj. informal 【非正式】 very attractive 惊人美丽的, 迷死人的: a drop-dead blonde 金发美女

**drop-forged** adj. made by forcing hot metal into or through a die with a drop hammer 落锤锻造的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drop-forging** n.

**drop goal** ■n. Rugby 【英橄】 a goal scored by drop-kicking the ball over the crossbar 落踢得分

**drop hammer** n. a large, heavy weight that is raised and allowed to drop, used in drop-forging and pile-driving 落锤

**drop handlebars** pl. n. handlebars with the handles bent below the rest of the bar, used on racing cycles (比赛用自行车的)下弯形车把, 赛车车把

**drophead** /'drɒphed/ n. Brit. 【英】 a convertible car 敞篷车

**drop-in** adj. 1 (of a place or function) able to be visited informally, without booking or appointments (场所或活动)可随意参观的, 无需预约的: a drop-in centre 活动中心 2 designed to drop into position 嵌入的

**drop kick** n. 1 (chiefly in rugby) a kick made by dropping the ball and kicking it as it bounces (主要用于英式橄榄球)落踢 2 (chiefly in martial arts) a flying kick made while dropping to the ground (主要用于武术)双腿飞踢 ■v. (**drop-kick**) kick using a drop kick 落踢, 双腿飞踢

**drop-leaf** adj. (of a table) having a hinged flap (桌子)有垂板的

**droplet** /'drɒplət/ n. a very small drop of a liquid 小滴; 飞沫

**drop-off** n. 1 a decline or decrease 衰落; 减少 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 a sheer downward slope 陡坡

**dropout** /'drɒpaʊt/ n. 1 a person who has dropped out of society or a course of study 弃世者; 辍学者; 退学者 2 Rugby 【英橄】 the restarting of play with a drop kick 反攻踢 3 a momentary loss of recorded audio signal or an error in reading data 失落

**dropper** /'drɒpə(r)/ n. 1 a short glass tube with a rubber bulb at one end, for measuring out drops of liquid 点滴器; 滴管 2 Austral./NZ & S. African 【澳新, 南非】 a light vertical stave in a fence (篱笆中的)直板条 3 Fishing 【垂钓】 a line or loop of filament attached to a main line (附在主钓线上的)支线, 支环

**droppings** /'drɒpıŋz/ pl. n. the excrement of animals (动物的)粪

**drop scene** n. 1 a drop curtain used as part of stage scenery (舞台上的)垂幕 2 the last scene of a play (戏剧的)最后一场

**drop scone** n. a small, thick pancake made by dropping batter on to a heated surface 滴面烤饼, 滴面煎饼

**drop-ship** v. (**drop-ships**, **drop-shipping**, **drop-shipped**) provide (goods) by direct delivery from the manufacturer to the retailer or customer (厂家)

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把(货物)直接送达(零售商或顾客)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drop shipment** n.

**drop shot** n. (in tennis or squash) a softly hit shot, usually with backspin, which drops abruptly to the ground (网球或壁球的)短球, 吊球, 网前球

**drop shoulder** n. a style of shoulder on a garment cut with the seam positioned on the upper arm rather than the shoulder 落肩式样

**dropsy¹** /'drɒpsi/ n. (pl. **dropsies**) old-fashioned or less technical term for OEDEMA ※ oedema 的过时或不够专业的说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dropsical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: shortening of obs. hydropsy, via OFr. and L. from Gk hudrōps, from hudōr 'water'.

**dropsy²** /'drɒpsi/ n. (pl. **dropsies**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a tip or bribe 小费; 贿赂
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: elaborated form of sl. drop 'a bribe'.

**drop tank** n. an external fuel tank on an aircraft which can be jettisoned when empty 副油箱

**drop test** n. a test of the strength of an object, in which it is dropped under standard conditions or a set weight is dropped on it from a given height 坠落试验; 落锤试验
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drop-testing** n.

**drop-top** n. another term for DROPHEAD ※ drophead 的另一种说法

**drop waist** n. a style of waistline on a dress with the seam positioned at the hips rather than the waist (连衣裙)低腰

**dropwort** /'drɒpwɜ:t/ n. 1 a grassland plant with small white flowers and divided leaves 普通蚊子草 [Filipendula vulgaris.] 2 (**water dropwort**) a poisonous plant of the parsley family, which grows in wet habitats 水芹 [Oenanthe crocata (Europe) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: named from the small drop-like fibrous tubers on its roots.

**drop zone** n. a designated area into which troops or supplies are dropped by parachute 空投区

**drosera** /'drɒs(ə)rə/ n. a sundew (insectivorous plant) 茅膏菜 [Genus Drosera.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk droseros 'dewy'.

**droshky** /'drɒʃki/ n. (pl. **droshkies**) historical 【史义】 a type of Russian four-wheeled open carriage 俄式敞篷四轮马车
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Russ. drozhki, dimin. of drogi 'wagon'.

**drosophila** /drɒ'sɒfılə/ n. a genus of fruit flies used extensively in genetic research 果蝇
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk drosos 'dew, moisture' + philos 'loving'.

**dross** /drɒs/ n. 1 rubbish 废料 2 scum on the surface of molten metal 浮渣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drossy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drōs; rel. to Du. droesem and Ger. Drusen 'dregs, lees'.

**drought** /draʊt/ n. 1 a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water 旱灾; 干旱 2 archaic 【古】 thirst 口渴
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **droughtiness** n. **droughty** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drūgath 'dryness', of Gmc origin; rel. to DRY.

**drouth** /draʊθ/ n. dialect or literary form of DROUGHT ※ drought 的方言或文学形式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drouthy** adj.

**drove¹** /drəʊv/ past of DRIVE ※ drive 的过去式

**drove²** /drəʊv/ n. a flock of animals being driven (被驱赶的)畜群 a large number of people doing the same thing (做同样事情的)人群: Tourists arrived in droves. 观光者成群而来。 ■v. [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **droving**] historical 【史义】 drive (livestock) to market 赶(牲口)去市场
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drover** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drāf, rel. to drīfan 'to drive'.

**drove road** n. an ancient roadway along which livestock were driven to market (旧时的)牲畜道

**drown** /draʊn/ v. 1 die or kill through submersion in water (使)溺死; (使)淹死 2 submerge or flood (an area) 淹没, 浸没(某地区) 3 [usu. 通常用 **drown something out**] make inaudible by being much louder (声音)压过, 盖没
-PHRASES 短语 **drown one's sorrows** forget one's problems by getting drunk 借酒浇愁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. northern): rel. to ON drukkna 'to be drowned', also to DRINK.

**drowse** /draʊz/ v. be half asleep; doze 打瞌睡, 打盹, 假寐 archaic 【古】 make sleepy 使昏昏欲睡 ■n. a state of being half asleep 瞌睡, 打盹, 假寐
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: back-form. from DROWSY.

**drowsy** /'draʊzi/ adj. (**drowsier**, **drowsiest**) sleepy and lethargic 瞌睡的, 困倦的; 懒散的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drowsily** adv. **drowsiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: prob. from the stem of OE drūsian 'be languid or slow', of Gmc origin; rel. to DREARY.

**drub** /drʌb/ v. (**drubs**, **drubbing**, **drubbed**) 1 hit or beat repeatedly (反复地)击, 打 2 informal 【非正式】 defeat thoroughly 大胜, 彻底击败
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drubbing** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. with ref. to the punishment of bastinado): prob. from Arab. daraba 'to beat'.

**drudge** /drʌdʒ/ n. a person made to do hard, menial, or dull work 苦工; 做繁重无聊工作的人 ■v. archaic 【古】 do hard, menial, or dull work 做苦工; 干乏味工作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drudgery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin; perh. rel. to DRAG.

**drug** /drʌg/ n. a medicine or other substance which has a marked physiological effect when taken into the body 药, 药物 a substance with narcotic or stimulant effects 麻醉药; 毒品 ■v. (**drugs**, **drugging**, **drugged**) administer a drug to, in order to induce stupor or insensibility 使服麻醉药; 给……下药
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. drogue, perh. from MDu.

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droge vate, lit. 'dry vats', referring to the contents.

**drug baron** (also 亦作 **drugs baron**) n. a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs 毒枭

**drugget** /'drʌgıt/ n. a coarse woven fabric used to make floor coverings (制作地毯的)粗毛织物 a floor covering made of drugget 粗毛地毯, 印花地毡
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. droguet, from drogue in the sense 'poor-quality article'.

**druggist** /'drʌgıst/ ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a pharmacist or retailer of medicinal drugs 药剂师; 药商; 药店店主

**druggy** /'drʌgi/ informal 【非正式】 ■adj. (**druggier**, **druggiest**) caused by or involving illegal drugs 吸毒引起的; 毒品的 ■n. (also 亦作 **druggie**) (pl. **druggies**) a drug addict 吸毒者, 有毒瘾的人

**drugstore** /'drʌgstɔ:(r)/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a pharmacy which also sells toiletries and other articles (兼售化妆品等的)药店

**Druid** /'dru:ıd/ n. a priest, magician, or soothsayer in the ancient Celtic religion 德鲁伊特(古代凯尔特人的祭司、巫师或占卜者) a member of a present-day group claiming to be derived from this religion (现代的)德鲁伊特教成员
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Druidic** adj. **Druidical** adj. **Druidism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. druidae, druides (pl.), from Gaulish; rel. to Ir. draoidh 'magician, sorcerer'.

**drum¹** /drʌm/ n. 1 a percussion instrument sounded by being struck with sticks or the hands, typically cylindrical, barrel-shaped, or bowl-shaped with a taut membrane over one or both ends 鼓 > a sound made by or resembling that of a drum 鼓声; (打鼓似的)咚咚声 2 a cylindrical object or part, especially a container 鼓状物; (尤指)大桶: an oil drum 油桶 Architecture 【建】 the circular vertical wall supporting a dome (穹顶的)鼓座 3 historical 【史义】 a military drummer (军)鼓手 4 Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 a house or flat 房子: 公寓 Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】 a brothel 妓院 5 a tea party of a kind popular in the late 18th and early 19th century (18世纪末至19世纪初的)午后茶会 6 Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】 a piece of reliable inside information 可靠内部消息 ■v. (**drums**, **drumming**, **drummed**) 1 play on a drum 击鼓, 打鼓 > make a continuous rhythmic noise 使发出有节奏的敲击 2 (**drum something into**) drive a lesson into (someone) by constant repetition 向(某人)反复灌输; 对(某人)反复讲述 3 (**drum someone out**) expel or dismiss someone with ignominy 开除(有污点的人): 轰走 4 (**drum something up**) attempt to obtain something by canvassing or soliciting 竭力争取(支持); 兜揽(生意): They drummed up support. 他们力争得到支持。
-PHRASES 短语 **beat** (or **bang**) **the drum of** (or **for**) be ostentatiously in support of 竭力鼓吹(或支持), 为…摇旗呐喊
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from MDu. or Low Ger. tromme, of imitative origin.

**drum²** /drʌm/ (also 亦作 **drumfish**) n. (pl. same 单复同 or **drums**) a coastal or estuarine fish that makes a drumming sound by vibrating its swim bladder 石首鱼 [Family Sciaenidae: many species.]

**drum and bass** n. a type of dance music characterized by bare instrumentation consisting largely of electronic drums and bass 鼓打贝斯(一种主要由电子鼓和贝斯演奏的舞曲)

**drumbeat** /'drʌmbi:t/ n. a stroke or pattern of strokes on a drum 鼓的一击; 鼓声, 鼓点

**drumfire** /'drʌmfaıə(r)/ n. heavy continuous rapid artillery fire 连续而猛烈的炮火

**drumhead** /'drʌmhed/ n. 1 the membrane or skin of a drum 鼓面 2 a winter cabbage of a flat-topped variety 平头卷心菜 3 chiefly historical 【主史义】 the circular top of a ship's capstan 绞盘头 ■adj. denoting a summary trial, as carried out by an army in the field 战地(军事审判)的

**drum kit** n. a set of drums, cymbals, and other percussion instruments 一套打击乐器

**drumlin** /'drʌmlın/ n. Geology 【地质】 an oval mound or small hill consisting of compacted boulder clay moulded by glacial action 鼓丘
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from drum 'long narrow hill' (from Sc. Gaelic and Ir. druim 'ridge') + **-lin** (from -LING).

**drum major** n. 1 a non-commissioned officer commanding regimental drummers 军团鼓手指挥军士 2 the male leader of a marching band, who twirls a baton 行进乐队男指挥(或领队)

**drum majorette** n. the female leader of a marching band, who twirls a baton 行进乐队女指挥(或领队)

**drummer** /'drʌmə(r)/ n. 1 a person who plays a drum or drums 鼓手 2 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a travelling sales representative 旅行推销员 3 Brit. informal, dated 【英, 非正式, 过时】 a thief or burglar 窃贼

**drum pad** n. an electronic device with pads which imitate the sounds of a drum kit when struck 鼓垫(击打时能模仿打击乐器的声音)

**drum roll** n. a rapid succession of drumbeats, typically used to introduce an announcement or event (多用来引出通告或活动的)击鼓(声)

**drumstick** /'drʌmstık/ n. 1 a stick used for beating a drum 鼓槌 2 the lower joint of the leg of a cooked fowl (煮熟的)鸡(或其他家禽)腿下段

**drunk** /drʌŋk/ past participle of DRINK ※ drink 的过去分词 ■adj. affected by alcohol to the extent of losing control of one's faculties 醉的 ■n. 1 a person who is drunk or who habitually drinks to excess 醉酒者; 酒鬼, 酗酒者 2 informal 【非正式】 a drinking bout 酒宴; 闹饮
-PHRASES 短语 **drunk and disorderly** creating a public disturbance under the influence of alcohol 醉酒闹事, 发酒疯

**drunkard** /'drʌŋkəd/ n. a person who is habitually drunk 酒鬼, 酗酒者
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Mid. Low Ger. drunkert.

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**drunken** /'drʌŋkən/ adj. drunk, especially habitually 醉的; (尤指)常醉的, 酗酒的 caused by or showing the effects of drink 醉酒引起的, 显得喝醉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drunkenly** adv. **drunkenness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, archaic past part. of DRINK.

**drupe** /dru:p/ ■n. 1 Botany 【植】 a fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone, e.g. a plum or olive 核果 2 a small marine mollusc with a thick, knobbly shell 岩螺 [Genus Drupa.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **drupaceous** adj. (Botany 【植】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. drupa 'overripe olive'.

**drupel** /'dru:pl/ (also 亦作 **drupelet**) ■n. Botany 【植】 any of the small individual drupes forming a fleshy aggregate fruit such as a raspberry 小核果
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. drupella, dimin. of drupa (see 见 DRUPE).

**druse** /dru:z/ n. 1 Geology 【地质】 a rock cavity lined with a crust of projecting crystals 晶簇, 晶腺 2 Botany 【植】 a rounded cluster of calcium oxalate crystals found in some plant cells 晶簇
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via Fr. from Ger. Druse 'weathered ore'.

**druthers** /'drʌðəz/ n. (**one's druthers**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 one's preference or choice in a matter 偏向; 选择
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from a US regional pronunc. of I'd rather.

**Druze** /dru:z/ (also 亦作 **Druse**) ■n. (pl. same 单复同, **Druzes**, or **Druses**) a member of a political and religious sect of Islamic origin, living chiefly in Lebanon and Syria (主要居住在黎巴嫩和叙利亚的)德鲁兹教派成员
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., from Arab. durūz (pl.), from the name of one of their founders, Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Darazi (died 1019).

**dry** /draı/ adj. (**drier**, **driest**) 1 free from moisture or liquid 干的; 干燥的, 干旱的 > not yielding water, oil, or milk 干涸的; 不出油(或奶)的: a dry well 一口枯井 without grease or other moisturizer or lubricator 干性的; 无润湿剂(或润滑油)的: dry hair 干性头发 2 (of information, writing, etc.) dully factual (信息、文章等)干巴巴的, 枯燥的 unemotional or undemonstrative 冷冰冰的, 不露感情的 3 (of humour) subtle and expressed in a matter-of-fact way (幽默)不行于色的, 冷面的 4 prohibiting the sale or consumption of alcoholic drink 禁酒的 no longer drinking alcohol 戒酒的 5 (of wine) not sweet (葡萄酒)无甜味的, 干的 ■v. (**dries**, **drying**, **dried**) 1 become or make dry (使)变干; 弄干 [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **dried**] preserve by evaporating the moisture from 使脱水, 风干: dried milk 奶粉 2 (**dry up**) (of a supply or flow) decrease and stop (供应)枯竭; (水流)干涸 3 theatrical slang 【戏俚】 forget one's lines 忘台词 ➤ (**dry up**) informal 【非正式】 cease talking 住口 4 (**dry out**) informal 【非正式】 overcome alcoholism 戒酒瘾 ■n. (pl. **dries** or **drys**) 1 (**the dry**) a dry or covered place 干燥区; 遮蔽处 chiefly Austral. 【主澳】 the dry season 旱季 Austral. 【澳】 a tract of waterless country 无水地带 2 Brit. 【英】 a Conservative politician (especially in the 1980s) in favour of strict monetarist policies (尤指20世纪80年代)(坚持强硬货币主义政策的)保守党政客 3 US 【美】 a person in favour of the prohibition of alcohol 支持禁酒者
-PHRASES 短语 **come up dry** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 be unsuccessful 不成功
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dryish** adj. **dryness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE drӯge (adj.), drӯgan (v.), of Gmc origin.

**dryad** /'draıəd, -æd/ n. 1 (in folklore and Greek mythology) a nymph inhabiting a tree or wood (民间传说和希腊神话中的)德律阿得斯(树神) 2 a dark brown butterfly with prominent bluish eyespots 环眼蝶 [Minois dryas.]
-ORIGIN 词源 via OFr. and L. from Gk druas, druad-, from drus 'tree'.

**dryas** /'draıəs/ n. 1 a plant of a genus that comprises the mountain avens 仙女木 [Genus Dryas.] 2 (**Dryas**) Geology 【地质】 a cold stage at the end of the glacial period in northern Europe, in which such plants were abundant 仙女木期
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk druas (see 见 DRYAD); so named because the plant's leaves resemble those of an oak.

**dry bulb** n. an ordinary exposed thermometer bulb, as used in conjunction with a wet bulb 干球温度计

**dry cell** (also 亦作 **dry battery**) n. an electric cell (or battery) in which the electrolyte is absorbed in a solid to form a paste 干电池

**dry-clean** v. clean (a garment) with an organic solvent 干洗(衣服)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dry-cleaner** n.

**dry cough** n. a cough not producing phlegm 干咳

**dry-cure** v. cure (meat or fish) with salt rather than in liquid 干腌(肉或鱼)

**dry dock** n. a dock which can be drained of water to allow repair of a ship's hull 干船坞 ■v. (**dry-dock**) place in a dry dock 把(船)置于干船坞

**dryer** /'draıə(r)/ (also 亦作 **drier**) n. 1 a machine or device for drying something, especially the hair or laundry 吹风机; 干衣机; 干燥器 2 a substance mixed with oil paint or ink to promote drying 干燥剂, 催干剂

**dry fly** n. an artificial fishing fly which floats lightly on the water (钓鱼时浮于水面的)昆虫形拟饵, 假蝇

**dry-fry** v. fry in a pan without fat or oil (不用油而)干煎, 干炒

**dry goods** pl. n. 1 solid commodities traded in bulk, e.g. tea or sugar (茶、糖等)干货 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 drapery and haberdashery 纺织品, 匹头, 零星服饰用品

**dry ice** n. solid carbon dioxide 干冰(指固态二氧化碳) white mist produced with solid carbon

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dioxide as a theatrical effect (舞台上用干冰产生的)白雾

**drying oil** n. an oil that thickens or hardens in air, used in mixing paint 干性油

**dry land** n. land as opposed to the sea or another body of water 陆地

**dry lease** n. an arrangement for the hire of an aircraft without the provision of a flight crew 干租(指租用飞机但不租用机组人员)

**dryly** /'draıli/ adv. variant spelling of DRILY ※ drily 的另一种拼法

**dry measure** n. a measure of volume for dry goods 干量(干货的容积量度)

**dry mounting** n. Photography 【摄】 a process in which a print is bonded to a mount using shellac in a hot press 干式裱贴, 干裱

**Dryopithecus** /ˌdraıə'pıθıkəs/ n. a genus of anthropoid apes of the middle Miocene to early Pliocene periods, including the supposed common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans 森林古猿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dryopithecine** /-ısı:n/ n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk drus 'tree' + pithēkos 'ape'.

**dry point** n. a needle for engraving on a bare copper plate without acid 铜版雕刻针 an engraving produced with a dry-point needle (不用酸腐蚀而用针雕的)铜版画

**dry rot** n. a fungus causing decay of wood in poorly ventilated conditions 干腐菌 [Serpula lacrymans.]

**dry run** n. informal 【非正式】 a rehearsal of a performance or procedure 排练; 排演; 演习

**dry-salt** v. another term for DRY-CURE ※ dry-cure 的另一种说法

**dry-salter** n. Brit. historical 【英, 史义】 a dealer in dyes, gums, and drugs, and sometimes also in preserved foodstuffs (出售染料、胶浆、药品, 有时还有罐头食品的)干咸货商

**dry-shod** adj. & adv. without wetting one's shoes 不湿鞋的(地)

**dry sink** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 an antique kitchen cabinet with an inset basin 洗涤架

**dry slope** (also 亦作 **dry ski slope**) n. an artificial ski slope 人造滑雪坡

**drystone** /'draıstəʊn/ adj. Brit. 【英】 (of a stone wall) built without using mortar (石墙)干砌的, 不用砂浆的

**drysuit** /'draısu:t/ n. a waterproof rubber suit for water sports, under which warm clothes can be worn (进行水上运动时所穿的)防水服

**drywall** /'draıwɔ:l/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 plasterboard 干式墙, 无浆砌墙板

**DS** abbr. 1 Music 【音】 dal segno 2 Brit. 【英】 detective sergeant 侦查巡佐 3 Military 【军】 directing staff 指挥参谋

**Ds** symb. the chemical element darmstadtium (化学元素)锔

**DSC** abbr. (in the UK) Distinguished Service Cross (英国)优异服务十字勋章

**DSc** abbr. Doctor of Science 理学博士

**DSL** abbr. digital subscriber line, a technology for the high-speed transmission of digital information over standard telephone lines 数字用户线路(通过标准电话线提供高速数字信信息传输的一种技术)

**DSM** abbr. (in the UK) Distinguished Service Medal (英国)战时优异战功勋章

**DSO** abbr. (in the UK) Distinguished Service Order (英国)优异服务勋章

**DSP** abbr. 1 died without issue 死后无子女 [from L. decessit sine prole.] 2 digital signal processor or processing 数字信号处理器, 数字信号处理

**DSS** abbr. 1 decision support system 决策支持系统 2 (formerly in the UK) Department of Social Security (英国旧时的)社会保障部

**DTD** abbr. Computing 【计】 document type definition, a document that defines the tagging structure of an SGML or XML document 文档类型定义

**DTP** abbr. desktop publishing

**DTS** /di:'ti:z/ pl. n. informal 【非正式】 delirium tremens 震颤性谵妄

**dual** /'dju:əl/ adj. 1 consisting of two parts, elements, or aspects 双的, 两的, 两体的; 二元的 Grammar 【语法】 denoting an inflection that refers to exactly two people or things (屈折变化)双数的 2 (often 常用 **dual to**) Mathematics 【数】 related to another theorem or expression by the interchange of terms, such as 'point' and 'line' 对偶的 ■n. 1 Grammar 【语法】 a dual inflection 双数屈折成分 2 Mathematics 【数】 a theorem or expression that is dual to another 对偶定理; 对偶式 ■v. (**duals**, **dualling**, **dualled**) Brit. 【英】 convert (a road) into a dual carriageway 改(道路)为双幅车行道
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duality** n. (pl. **dualities**). **dualize** or **dualise** v. **dually** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dualis, from duo 'two'.

**dual carriageway** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a road consisting of two or more lanes in each direction and with a dividing strip separating the two directions (有中央分隔带的)双幅车行道

**dual control** adj. (of an aircraft or vehicle) having two sets of controls, one of which is used by the instructor (飞机或车辆)双重控制的, 复式操纵的

**dual in-line package** n. Electronics 【电子】 a package for an integrated circuit consisting of a sealed unit with two parallel rows of downward-pointing pins 双列直插式封装

**dualism** /'dju:əlız(ə)m/ n. 1 the division of something conceptually into two opposed or contrasted aspects, such as good and evil or mind and matter 二元论 2 the quality or state of being dual; duality 两重(性); 二元(性)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dualist** n. & adj. **dualistic** adj. **dualistically** adv.

**dual nationality** n. citizenship of two countries concurrently 双重国籍

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**dual-use** adj. chiefly US 【主美】 (of technology or equipment) suitable for both civilian and military purposes (技术或设备)军民两用的

**dub¹** /dʌb/ v. (**dubs**, **dubbing**, **dubbed**) 1 give an unofficial name or nickname to 把…称为; 给…起绰号 2 knight (someone) by the ritual touching of the shoulder with a sword (仪式性地以剑轻触其肩)封(某人)为爵士 3 dress (an artificial fishing fly) with fur or wool 装上(假蝇)作钓饵 4 smear (leather) with grease (用油脂)擦亮(皮革)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: from OFr. adober 'equip with armour'.

**dub²** /dʌb/ v. (**dubs**, **dubbing**, **dubbed**) 1 provide (a film) with a soundtrack in a different language from the original (用不同语言)为(影片)配音; 译制(电影) add (sound effects or music) to a film or a recording 为(影片或录音)配入(音响效果或音乐) 2 make a copy of (a recording) 复制(录音或录像) transfer (a recording) from one medium to another 转录(录音或录像) combine (two or more sound recordings) into one soundtrack 合成(两个或多个录音), 混录 ■n. 1 an instance of dubbing sound effects or music 配入音响效果(或音乐) 2 a style of popular music originating from the remixing of recorded music (especially reggae) 混录乐
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dubby** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: abbrev. of DOUBLE.

**dub³** /dʌb/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. US 【美】 an inexperienced or unskilful person 新手; 技艺拙劣的人 ■v. (**dubs**, **dubbing**, **dubbed**) Golf 【高尔夫】 misplay (a shot) 打糟(球的一击)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from DUB¹ in the obs. technical sense 'make blunt'.

**dubbin** /'dʌbın/ Brit. 【英】 ■n. prepared grease used for softening and waterproofing leather 革用软化防水油脂 ■v. (**dubbins**, **dubbining**, **dubbined**) apply dubbin to (leather) 给(皮革)涂软化防水油脂
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: alt. of dubbing, pres. part. of DUB¹ (sense 4).

**dubbing** /'dʌbıŋ/ n. material used for the bodies of artificial fishing flies, especially fur or wool on waxed silk 制假蝇饵的材料
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from DUB¹ + -ING¹.

**dubiety** /dju:'baıəti/ n. formal 【正式】 uncertainty 怀疑, 疑惑: 犹豫不决
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from late L. dubietas, from L. dubium 'a doubt'.

**dubious** /'dju:biəs/ adj. 1 hesitating or doubtful 怀疑的, 疑惑的; 犹豫不决的 2 morally suspect 有问题的, 靠不住的, 不可信的 of questionable value or reliability 不确定的; 无把握的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dubiously** adv. **dubiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dubiosus, from dubium 'a doubt', neut. of dubius 'doubtful'.

**dubitable** /'dju:bıtəbl/ adj. rare 【罕】 open to doubt 可疑的, 值得怀疑的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dubitability** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. dubitabilis, from dubitare 'to doubt'.

**dubitation** /dju:bı'teıʃn/ n. formal 【正式】 doubt; hesitation 怀疑, 疑惑, 犹豫
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dubitative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. dubitatio(n-), from dubitare 'to doubt'.

**Dublin Bay prawn** /'dʌblın/ n. another term for NORWAY LOBSTER ※ Norway lobster 的另一种说法 (**Dublin Bay prawns**) scampi (烹调以食用的)挪威海螯虾(一般指裹上面包屑的炸虾)

**Dubliner** /'dʌblınə(r)/ n. a native or inhabitant of Dublin (爱尔兰)都柏林人

**dubnium** /'dʌbniəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 105, a very unstable element made by high-energy atomic collisions 𨧀 (化学元素, 原子序数为 105, 极不稳定, 产生于高能原子碰撞) (Symbol 符号: **Db**)
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: mod. L., from Dubna in Russia, site of the Joint Nuclear Institute.

**Dubonnet** /d(j)u:'bɒneı/ n. trademark 【商标】 a type of sweet red vermouth made in France 杜本内酒(一种法国味美思甜酒)
-ORIGIN 词源 from the name of a family of French wine merchants.

**ducal** /'dju:kl/ adj. like or relating to a duke or dukedom 公爵(似)的; 公爵领地(或爵位)的
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr., from duc 'duke'.

**ducat** /'dʌkət/ n. 1 a gold coin formerly current in most European countries 达克特金币(旧时流通于欧洲大多数国家) (**ducats**) informal 【非正式】 money 钱 2 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a ticket 票; 入场券
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ital. ducato, orig. referring to a silver coin minted by the Duke of Apulia in 1190: from med. L. ducatus (see 见 DUCHY).

**Duchenne muscular dystrophy** /du:'ʃen/ n. a severe form of muscular dystrophy caused by a genetic defect and usually affecting boys 迪谢内肌营养不良
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French neurologist G. B. A. Duchenne.

**duchess** /'dʌtʃəs/ n. 1 the wife or widow of a duke 公爵夫人; 公爵遗孀 a woman holding a rank equivalent to duke in her own right 女公爵 2 Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 (especially among cockney men) an affectionate form of address for a girl or woman (尤为伦敦东区男子所用的昵称)女孩, 女人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. ducissa, from L. dux, duc- (see 见 DUKE).

**duchesse** /du:'ʃes, 'dʌtʃıs/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **duchesse satin**) a soft, heavy, glossy kind of satin 丝硬缎 2 a chaise longue resembling two armchairs linked by a stool 安乐躺椅 3 a dressing table with a pivoting mirror 可转镜梳妆台
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'duchess'.

**duchesse lace** n. a kind of Brussels pillow lace with bold floral patterns worked in a fine thread 细

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网眼凸纹梭结花边

**duchesse potatoes** pl. n. mashed potatoes mixed with egg yolk, piped into small shapes and baked 土豆泥鸡蛋烤饼

**duchy** /'dʌtʃi/ n. (pl. **duchies**) the territory of a duke or duchess 公爵(或女公爵)领地, 公国
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. duche, from med. L. ducatus, from L. dux, duc- (see 见 DUKE).

**duck¹** /dʌk/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **ducks**) 1 a waterbird with a broad, blunt bill, short legs, and webbed feet, some kinds of which are domesticated 鸭 [Family Anatidae: many species.] ➤ a female duck 母鸭, 雌鸭 Contrasted with 对照 DRAKE. 2 a pure white thin-shelled bivalve mollusc found off the Atlantic coasts of America (产于美洲大西洋沿岸的)鸭嘴蛤 [Genus Anatina.]
-PHRASES 短语 **get** (or **have**) **one's ducks in a row** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 get (or have) everything organized 把事情安排得井井有条 **like water off a duck's back** referring to a hurtful remark which has no effect (伤人的话)如水落鸭背, 不起作用, 毫无影响 **take to something like a duck to water** take to something very readily (鸭子入水般)做…轻而易举, 对…很快得心应手
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dūce, from the Gmc base of DUCK² (expressing the notion of 'diving bird').

**duck²** /dʌk/ v. 1 lower the head or body quickly to avoid a blow or missile or so as not to be seen (低头或弯腰)躲闪, 躲避 2 informal 【非正式】 evade (an unwelcome duty) 逃避, 回避(不愿接受的职责) 3 push (someone) under water 把(某人)按入水中 4 Bridge 【桥牌】 refrain from playing a winning card on a particular trick for tactical reasons 缩, 让过(指出于战术考虑故意打小牌不赢某一墩牌) ■n. a quick lowering of the head 迅速的低头
-PHRASES 短语 **duck and dive** Brit. 【英】 use one's ingenuity to deal with or evade a situation 机智地应对(或逃避)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ducker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of Gmc origin; rel. to DUCK¹.

**duck³** /dʌk/ ■n. Cricket 【板】 a batsman's score of nought (击球手的)零分, 鸭蛋
-PHRASES 短语 **break one's duck** Cricket 【板】 score the first run of one's innings (击球手在一局中)首次得分
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: short for duck's egg, used for the figure 0.

**duck⁴** /dʌk/ (also 亦作 **ducks**) n. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 dear (used as an affectionate form of address) (作为昵称)亲爱的, 宝贝儿
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from DUCK¹.

**duck⁵** /dʌk/ n. a strong linen or cotton fabric, used chiefly for work clothes and sails 帆布 (**ducks**) trousers made from duck 帆布裤
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from MDu. doek 'linen'.

**duckbill** /'dʌkbıl/ n. an animal with jaws resembling a duck's bill, e.g. a platypus 鸭嘴动物(如鸭嘴兽)

**duck-billed dinosaur** n. another term for HADROSAUR ※ hadrosaur 的另一种说法

**duck-billed platypus** n. see 见 PLATYPUS.

**duckboards** /'dʌkbɔ:dz/ pl. n. wooden slats joined together to form a path over muddy ground (在泥地上铺设的)板道

**ducking stool** n. historical 【史义】 a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used to plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment 浸水椅(旧时将人浸入水中的一种刑具)

**duckling** /'dʌklıŋ/ n. a young duck 小鸭, 幼鸭

**duck mussel** n. a freshwater mussel found in rivers with sandy or gravelly beds 鸭嘴无齿蚌 [Anodonta anatina.]

**duckpin** /'dʌkpın/ ■n. US 【美】 a short, squat bowling pin (鸭瓶保龄球中的)鸭瓶

**ducks and drakes** n. a game of throwing flat stones so that they skim along the surface of water 打水漂
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from the movement of the stone over the water.

**duck's arse** (US 【美】 **duck's ass**) ■n. informal 【非正式】 a man's hairstyle in which the hair is slicked back on both sides and tapered at the nape (男子的)鸭屁股式发型

**duck soup** n. N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 an easy task 轻而易举的事

**duckwalk** /'dʌkwɔ:k/ v. walk in a squatting posture 像鸭子般(蹲着)走路

**duckweed** /'dʌkwi:d/ n. a tiny aquatic flowering plant that floats in large quantities on still water 浮萍 [Lemna and other genera, family Lemnaceae.]

**ducky** /'dʌki/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. (pl. **duckies**) Brit. 【英】 dear (used as a form of address) (用作称呼)亲爱的, 宝贝儿 ■adj. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 delightful 可爱的; 迷人的; 极好的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DUCK⁴.

**duct** /dʌkt/ n. 1 a tube or passageway in a building or machine for air, cables, etc. (建筑物或机器内空气、电缆等的)管道, 通道 2 a vessel in the body for conveying lymph or glandular secretions (身体内传输淋巴或腺分泌物的)导管 a vessel in a plant for conveying water, sap, or air (植物输送水分、汁液或空气的)导管 ■v. convey through a duct 用管道(或导管)输送
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ductal** adj. **ducting** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'course' or 'direction'): from L. ductus 'leading, aqueduct' from duct-, dūcere 'lead'.

**ductile** /'dʌktaıl/ adj. 1 (of a metal) able to be drawn out into a thin wire (金属)可伸展的, 有延性的 2 able to be deformed without losing toughness 可塑的, 易变形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ductility** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. ductilis, from duct-, dūcere 'to lead'.

**ductless** /'dʌktlıs/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 denoting a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream, such as an endocrine gland (腺)无管的

**duct tape** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 strong cloth-backed

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waterproof adhesive tape 布基胶带, 防水胶带
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: orig. used for repairing leaks in ducted systems.

**ductule** /'dʌktju:l/ n. Anatomy 【解】 a minute duct 小管
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ductular** adj.

**ductus** /'dʌktəs/ n. (pl. **ducti**) Anatomy 【解】 a duct 管, 导管
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., lit. 'leading'.

**dud** /dʌd/ informal 【非正式】 ■n. 1 a thing that fails to work properly 不中用的东西 an ineffectual person 无用的人; 不称职的人 2 (**duds**) clothes 衣服 ■adj. failing to work or meet a standard 不中用的; 失灵的; 不合标准的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**dude** /d(j)u:d/ N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 ■n. 1 a man 男人 > a stylish and confident man 时髦而自信的男人 2 dated 【过时】 a stylish or affected man; a dandy 过分讲究仪表衣着的人, 花花公子 ■v. (**dude up**) dress up elaborately 考究地打扮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dudish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: prob. from Ger. dial. Dude 'fool'.

**dude ranch** n. (in the western US) a cattle ranch converted to a holiday centre for tourists (美国西部的)度假牧场(或农场)

**dudgeon** /'dʌdʒn/ n. deep resentment 愤恨, 不满
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: of unknown origin.

**due** /dju:/ adj. 1 expected at, planned for, or required by a certain time 预定的, 预计的, 到期的 (of a person) owed or deserving (something) (人)应有…的, 应得…的 required as a legal or moral obligation (作为法律或道德义务)应该的 2 proper; appropriate 适当的, 恰当的 ■n. 1 (**one's due/dues**) one's right (某人的)权益 2 (**dues**) fees 费; 会费 ■adv. (with reference to a point of the compass) directly (罗经指针)正对着: head due south 朝正南去
-PHRASES 短语 **due to** 1 caused by 由…引起 2 because of 因为, 由于 **give someone their due** be fair to someone 给某人应有的评价, 公道地对待某人 **in due course** at the appropriate time 在适当的时候 **pay one's dues** fulfil one's obligations 履行义务, 尽责任
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. deu 'owed', based on L. debitus 'owed', from debere 'owe'.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> Some people regard **due to** in the sense 'because of' as incorrect on the grounds that **due** is an adjective and should not be used in a prepositional phrase; **owing to** is often recommended as a better alternative. However, this use of **due to** is now very common in all types of literature and is regarded as part of standard English. 有人认为 due to 作 because of (“因为, 由于”)用是不正确的, 理由是 due 为形容词, 不应用于介词短语, 这时用 owing to 更好。但是, due to 的这种用法如今在各类文献中广泛使用, 已经算作标准英语的一部分了。

**due diligence** ■n. Law 【律】 reasonable steps taken by a person in order to avoid committing an offence, especially in buying or selling something (尤指买或卖时为了避免违法)应有(或适当)的注意 a comprehensive appraisal of a business undertaken by a prospective buyer, especially to establish its assets and liabilities and evaluate its commercial potential 尽职调查, 并购审计(意向买方对目标企业资产、债务、潜在商业价值等所作的综合评估)

**duel** /'dju:əl/ n. chiefly historical 【主史义】 a prearranged contest with deadly weapons between two people to settle a point of honour 决斗 (in modern use) a contest between two parties (现代用法指两方的)斗争 ■v. (**duels**, **duelling**, **duelled**; US 【美】 **duels**, **dueling**, **dueled**) fight a duel 决斗
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dueller** (US 【美】 **dueler**) n. **duellist** (US 【美】 **duelist**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. duellum, archaic and literary form of bellum 'war', used in med. L. with the meaning 'combat between two persons', influenced by dualis 'of two'.

**duende** /du:'endeı/ n. 1 passion 激情 2 an evil spirit 恶鬼, 恶灵
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., contr. of duen de casa, from dueño de casa 'owner of the house'.

**duenna** /du:'enə/ n. an older woman acting as a governess and chaperone to girls in a Spanish family (西班牙家庭中的)家庭女教师, 照看陪伴少女的年长妇女
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: earlier form of Sp. dueña, from L. domina 'lady, mistress'.

**due process** (also 亦作 **due process of law**) n. fair treatment through the normal judicial system 正当(法律)程序

**duet** /dju'et/ n. a performance by two singers, instrumentalists, or dancers 二重唱(或奏); 双人舞 ➤ a musical composition for two performers 二重唱(或奏)曲 ■v. (**duets**, **duetting**, **duetted**) perform a duet 唱二重唱; 奏二重奏, 跳双人舞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duettist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital. duetto, dimin. of duo 'duet'.

**duff¹** /dʌf/ n. a flour pudding boiled or steamed in a cloth bag (煮或蒸的)布丁
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: north. Engl. form of DOUGH.

**duff²** /dʌf/ adj. Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 worthless or false 无价值的; 伪造的 ■n. N. Amer. & Scottish 【北美, 苏格兰】 decaying vegetable matter covering the ground under trees (森林地面上的)枯枝落叶层, 半腐层
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: of unknown origin.

**duff³** /dʌf/ v. informal 【非正式】 1 (**duff someone up**) Brit. 【英】 beat someone up 痛殴, 毒打 2 Austral. 【澳】 steal and alter brands on (cattle) 偷盗并改变(牛)的烙印 3 Golf 【高尔夫】 mishit (a shot) 击(球)前球杆先着地
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of uncertain origin; senses 2 and 3 are prob. from DUFFER² and DUFFER¹ respectively.

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**duff⁴** /dʌf/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a person's buttocks 屁股
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**duff⁵** /dʌf/ n. (in phr. 用于短语 **up the duff**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 pregnant 怀孕的, 大了肚子的
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s (orig. Austral.): perh. rel. to DUFF¹.

**duffel** /'dʌfl/ (also 亦作 **duffle**) n. 1 a coarse woollen cloth with a thick nap 粗厚起绒呢料 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 sporting or camping equipment 运动(或露营)装备
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Duffel, a town in Belgium where the cloth was orig. made.

**duffel bag** n. a cylindrical canvas bag closed by a drawstring (袋口用拉绳的圆筒状)行李袋, 旅行包, 旅行提包

**duffel coat** n. a hooded coat made of duffel, typically fastened with toggles (一般用纽襻条的)连帽粗呢大衣

**duffer¹** /'dʌfə(r)/ n. informal 【非正式】 1 an incompetent or stupid person 无能的人; 笨蛋 2 Austral./NZ 【澳新】 an unproductive mine 非生产性矿, 废矿
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Scots dowfart 'stupid person'.

**duffer²** /'dʌfə(r)/ n. Austral. informal 【澳, 非正式】 a person who steals and alters the brands on cattle 偷牛(并改变牛身上烙印的)贼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. thieves' sl. for 'someone who sells trashy articles as valuable'): of unknown origin.

**dufus** /'du:fəs/ n. variant spelling of DOOFUS ※ doofus 的另一种拼法

**dug¹** /dʌg/ past and past participle of DIG ※ dig 的过去式和过去分词

**dug²** /dʌg/ n. the udder, teat, or nipple of a female animal 雌性动物的乳房(或乳头) archaic 【古】 a woman's breast 女性乳房
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. of ON origin.

**dugite** /'dju:gaıt/ n. a highly venomous snake of SW Australia (产于澳大利亚西南部的)杜吉拟眼镜蛇 [Pseudonaja affinis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Nyungar dukayj.

**dugong** /'du:gɒŋ, 'dju:-/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **dugongs**) a sea cow found in the Indian Ocean, distinguished from the manatees by its forked tail 儒艮(产于印度洋的海生哺乳动物) [Dugong dugon.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: based on Malay duyong.

**dugout** /'dʌgaʊt/ n. 1 a trench that is roofed over as a shelter for troops (部队用的)防空壕 an underground bomb shelter (防空袭的)地下掩蔽部 ➤ a low shelter at the side of a sports field for a team's coaches and substitutes (球场边稍低于地面的)球员席 2 (also 亦作 **dugout canoe**) a canoe made from a hollowed tree trunk 独木舟

**duh** /də/ exclam. another way of saying DOH² ※ doh² 的另一种说法

**DUI** abbr. US 【美】 driving under the influence (of drugs or alcohol) 在药物(或酒精)影响下驾车

**duiker** /'daıkə(r)/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **duikers**) 1 a small African antelope, typically with a tuft of hair between the horns (非洲)普通小羚羊 [Sylvicapra grimmia and other species.] 2 S. African 【南非】 a cormorant 鸬鹚
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from S. Afr. Du., from Du., lit. 'diver', from the antelope's habit of plunging through bushes when pursued.

**du jour** /d(j)u: 'ʒuə(r)/ adj. [postpos. 后置] informal 【非正式】 enjoying great but probably short-lived popularity 极受欢迎(但可能不长久)的: Hollywood's boutique du jour 风头一时无两的好莱坞精品店
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'of the day'.

**duke** /dju:k/ n. 1 a male holding the highest hereditary title in the British and certain other peerages 公爵 2 chiefly historical 【主史义】 (in parts of Europe) a male ruler of a small independent state (欧洲部分地区统治小公国的)君主, 亲王 3 (**dukes**) informal 【非正式】 the fists 双手, 双拳
-PHRASES 短语 **duke it out** N. Amer. informal 【北美、非正式】 fight it out 打出个输赢
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dukedom** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, from OFr. duc, from L. dux, duc- 'leader', rel. to dūcere 'to lead'; sense 3 is from rhyming sl. Duke of Yorks 'forks' (= fingers).

**DUKW** n. an amphibious transport vehicle, especially as used by the Allies during the Second World War (尤指第二次世界大战时盟军所用的)水陆两用载重汽车
-ORIGIN 词源 an official designation, being a combination of factory-applied letters referring to features of the vehicle.

**dulcamara** /ˌdʌlkə'meərə/ n. an extract of woody nightshade, used in homeopathy (用于顺势疗法的)欧白英, 蜀羊泉
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L., from L. dulcis 'sweet' + amara 'bitter'.

**dulcet** /'dʌlsıt/ adj. (of a sound) sweet and soothing (声音)甜美的, 悦耳的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME doucet, from OFr. doucet, dimin. of doux, from L. dulcis 'sweet'.

**dulcify** /'dʌlsıfaı/ v. (**dulcifies**, **dulcifying**, **dulcified**) rare 【罕】 1 sweeten 使变甜 2 calm or soothe 使平静; 抚慰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dulcification** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. dulcificare, from dulcis 'sweet'.

**dulcimer** /'dʌlsımə(r)/ n. a musical instrument with a sounding board or box over which strings of graduated length are stretched, played by striking the strings with hand-held hammers 扬琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. doulcemer, prob. from L. dulce melos 'sweet melody'.

**dulcitone** /'dʌlsıtəʊn/ n. a musical keyboard instrument, superseded by the celesta, in which a series of steel tuning forks are struck by hammers 音叉琴
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. dulcis 'sweet' + tonus 'tone'.

**dulia** /dju'laıə/ n. (in Roman Catholic theology) the reverence accorded to saints and angels (天主教神

<790>
学中对圣徒和天使的)尊崇 Compare with 比较 LATRIA.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via med. L. from Gk douleia 'servitude', from doulos 'slave'.

**dull** /dʌl/ adj. 1 lacking interest or excitement 枯燥的, 乏味的, 无聊的 2 not bright or shiny 晦暗的; 不鲜明的; 无光泽的 (of the weather) overcast (天气)阴沉的 3 slow to understand 迟钝的, 愚笨的 slow-moving 行动迟缓的 4 indistinctly felt or heard (隐约)感到(或听到)的 ■v. make or become dull (使)变晦暗; (使)变迟钝; (使)变麻木
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dullish** adj. **dullness** (also 亦作 **dulness**) n. **dully** /'dʌli/ adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dol 'stupid', of Gmc origin.

**dullard** /'dʌləd/ n. a slow or stupid person 愚钝的人; 蠢人, 笨蛋
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from MDu. dullaert, from dul 'dull'.

**dulse** /dʌls/ n. a dark red edible seaweed with flattened branching fronds (可食用的)掌状红皮藻 [Rhodymenia palmata.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ir. and Sc. Gaelic duileasg.

**duly** /'dju:li/ adv. in accordance with what is required or appropriate 按照要求地; 适当地, 恰当地 ➤ as might be expected 如同预期地; 按时地, 适时地

**dum** /dʌm/ adj. Indian 【印度】 cooked with steam 蒸的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dam.

**Duma** /'du:mə/ n. a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former USSR (俄罗斯以及一些前苏联加盟共和国的)国家杜马
-ORIGIN 词源 from Russ.

**dumb** /dʌm/ adj. 1 unable to speak, typically because of congenital deafness (多指由于先天性耳聋)哑的, 不能说话的 (of animals) unable to speak as a natural state (动物)天生无说话能力的 temporarily unable or unwilling to speak 一时说不出话的; 不愿开口的 2 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 stupid 愚蠢的, 笨的 3 (of a computer terminal) having no independent processing capability (计算机终端)哑的, 无独立处理能力的 ■v. 1 (**dumb something down** or **dumb down**) informal 【非正式】 make or become less intellectually challenging 降低(…的)难度 2 literary 【文】 make silent 使沉默
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dumbly** adv. **dumbness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> In the sense meaning 'not able to speak', **dumb** has been overwhelmed by the sense 'stupid' to such an extent that the use of the first sense is now almost certain to cause offence. Alternatives such as **speech-impaired** should be used instead. 由于 dumb 表示“愚蠢”这个意思已成为其主导用法, 所以如果用 dumb 来表示“哑的”几乎肯定会招致反感。应选用 speech-impaired 等词语来表达同样的意思。

**dumb-bell** n. 1 a short bar with a weight at each end, used typically in pairs for exercise or muscle-building (用作锻炼、健美等的)哑铃 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a stupid person 蠢货, 笨蛋
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: orig. denoting an object similar to that used to ring a church bell (but without the bell, so 'dumb').

**dumb cane** n. a thick-stemmed Caribbean plant with a poisonous sap that swells the tongue and destroys the power of speech 彩叶万年青, 哑藤 [Dieffenbachia seguine.]

**dumbfound** /dʌm'faʊnd/ v. astonish greatly 使惊呆, 使愣住
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: blend of DUMB and CONFOUND.

**dumbo** /'dʌmbəʊ/ n. (pl. **dumbos**) informal 【非正式】 a stupid person 蠢人, 笨蛋
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s (orig. US): from DUMB + **-o**, popularized by the cartoon film Dumbo.

**dumb piano** n. a dummy piano keyboard for exercising the fingers 哑琴(练习指法用的钢琴键盘)

**dumbshow** /'dʌmʃəʊ/ n. gestures used to convey something without speech 手势, 示意动作 > (especially in English drama of the 16th and 17th centuries) a part of a play acted in mime (尤指16、17世纪英国戏剧中的)哑剧表演

**dumbstruck** /'dʌmstrʌk/ adj. so shocked or surprised as to be unable to speak 震惊得说不出话的, 惊呆的

**dumb waiter** n. 1 a small lift for carrying food and crockery between floors (楼层间运送食物、盘碟等的)升降架 2 Brit. 【英】 a movable table, typically with revolving shelves, used in a dining room (餐厅内有旋转架子且可移动的)上菜架

**dumdum** /'dʌmdʌm/ (also 亦作 **dumdum bullet**) ■n. a kind of soft-nosed bullet that expands on impact and inflicts laceration 达姆弹, 柔头弹(一种杀伤力很强的子弹)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Dum Dum, a town and arsenal near Calcutta, India, where they were first produced.

**dum-dum** n. informal 【非正式】 a stupid person 蠢人, 傻瓜
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s (orig. US): reduplication of DUMB.

**dummy** /'dʌmi/ n. (pl. **dummies**) 1 a model or replica of a human being 人体模型; 假人 2 an object designed to resemble and serve as a substitute for the real one 仿制品, 仿造物; 样品 Brit. 【英】 a rubber or plastic teat for a baby to suck on (哄婴儿的)橡皮(或塑料)奶嘴 3 (chiefly in rugby and soccer) a feigned pass or kick (主要于橄榄球和足球中的)假传球(或踢球)动作 4 Bridge 【桥牌】 the declarer's partner, whose cards are exposed on the table after the opening lead and played by the declarer 明手 > (in whist) an imaginary fourth player (惠斯特牌戏中的)虚拟搭档 5 informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a stupid person 蠢货, 笨蛋 ■v. (**dummies**, **dummying**, **dummied**) 1 (chiefly in rugby and soccer) feign a pass or kick (主要于橄

<791>
榄球和足球中)作假传球(或踢球)动作 2 (**dummy up**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 keep quiet 充哑巴, 不吭声
-PHRASES 短语 **sell someone a dummy** (chiefly in rugby and soccer) deceive an opponent by feigning a pass or kick (主要于橄榄球和足球中)以假传球(或踢球)动作迷惑(对手)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. 'a person who cannot speak', later 'an imaginary fourth player in whist'): from DUMB + -Y¹.

**dummy run** n. Brit. 【英】 a practice or trial 演习; 试演: 试运行

**dump** /dʌmp/ n. 1 a site for depositing rubbish or waste 垃圾场 a heap of rubbish left at a dump (垃圾场的)垃圾(或废物)堆 informal 【非正式】 an unpleasant or dreary place 脏地方; 令人生厌的场所 2 Computing 【计】 an act of dumping stored data (存储数据的)转储 3 informal 【非正式】 an act of defecation 拉屎 ■v. 1 deposit or dispose of (rubbish or something unwanted) 丢弃, 扔掉 put down firmly and carelessly 猛地扔下; 重重地放下 informal 【非正式】 desert (someone) 抛弃(某人) ➤ send (goods unsaleable in the home market) to a foreign market for sale at a low price (向国外市场)倾销 2 Computing 【计】 copy (stored data) to a different location, especially so as to protect against loss (尤指为防止丢失而)转储(存储数据) print out the contents of (a store) 打印输出(存储器)的内容 3 (**dump on**) N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 treat badly or criticize harshly 恶劣对待; 苛刻批评
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'fall suddenly'): in later use partly imitative; cf. THUMP.

**dump bin** n. a promotional box in a shop for displaying books or other items (陈列图书等商品的)促销商品展示柜

**dumper** /'dʌmpə(r)/ n. 1 a person or thing that dumps something 倾卸工; 倾卸装置 2 (also 亦作 **dumper truck**) Brit. 【英】 a truck with a body that tilts or opens at the back for unloading 自卸货车, 翻斗车 3 N. Amer. 【北美】 a large metal container for rubbish (大的金属)垃圾桶 4 (**the dumper**) informal 【非正式】 a state of being unwanted 无人要的状态

**dumpling** /'dʌmplıŋ/ n. 1 a small savoury ball of dough (usually made with suet) which may be boiled in water or a stew 汤圆; 团子; 饺子 2 a pudding consisting of apple or other fruit enclosed in a sweet dough and baked 水果布丁
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: appar. from the rare adj. dump 'of the consistency of dough', although dumpling is recorded much earlier.

**dumps** /dʌmps/ pl. n. (in phr. 用于短语 **(down) in the dumps**) informal 【非正式】 depressed or unhappy 沮丧: 闷闷不乐
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. sing. in the sense 'a dazed or puzzled state'): prob. a figurative use of MDu. domp 'haze, mist'.

**dumpster** /'dʌm(p)stə(r)/ n. N. Amer. trademark 【北美, 商标】 a rubbish skip 大垃圾箱
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: orig. Dempster Dumpster, proprietary name (based on DUMP) given by the American manufacturers, Dempster Brothers.

**dump truck** ■n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a dumper truck 自卸货车; 翻斗车

**dumpy** /'dʌmpi/ adj. (**dumpier**, **dumpiest**) short and stout 矮而粗壮的, 矮胖的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dumpily** adv. **dumpiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DUMPLING + -Y¹.

**dun¹** /dʌn/ adj. of a dull greyish-brown colour 暗褐色的 ■n. 1 a dull greyish-brown colour 暗褐色 2 a horse with a sandy coat, black mane, tail, and lower legs, and a dark dorsal stripe 灰兔褐色马 3 a subadult mayfly with drab, opaque wings, or a fishing fly imitating this 蜉蝣亚成虫鱼饵; 仿蜉蝣亚成虫假鱼饵
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dun, dunn, of Gmc origin; prob. rel. to DUSK.

**dun²** /dʌn/ v. (**duns**, **dunning**, **dunned**) make persistent demands on (someone) for payment of a debt 向(某人)催债 ■n. archaic 【古】 a debt collector or an insistent creditor 讨债人; 催债人
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as n.): perh. from obs. Dunkirk privateer (with connotations of piratical demands), or from the name of a Joe Dun, a well-known bailiff.

**dun³** /dʌn/ n. Archaeology 【考古】 (often in place names) a stone-built fortified settlement in Scotland or Ireland, of a kind built from the late Iron Age to the early Middle Ages (常用于地名)(苏格兰或爱尔兰的)设防高地
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ir. dún, Sc. Gaelic dùn 'hill or hill fort'.

**dunam** /'du:nəm/ n. a measure of land area used in parts of the Middle East, including Israel (where it is equal to about 900 square metres) 德南(以色列等中东部分地区的土地丈量单位, 约等于900平方米)
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. Heb. dûnām or Arab. dūnum, from Turk. dönüm, from dönmek 'go round'.

**dunce** /dʌns/ n. a person who is slow at learning 迟钝之人; 蠢人, 笨蛋
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: orig. an epithet for a follower of the Scottish theologian John Duns Scotus, whose followers were ridiculed by humanists as enemies of learning.

**dunce's cap** (N. Amer. also 【北美亦作】 **dunce cap**) ■n. a paper cone formerly put on the head of a dunce at school as a mark of disgrace 笨蛋高帽(旧时学校羞辱差生的圆锥形纸帽)

**Dundee cake** /dʌn'di:/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a rich fruit cake, decorated with almonds 邓迪蛋糕, 杏仁水果蛋糕

**dunderhead** /'dʌndəhed/ n. informal 【非正式】 a stupid person 蠢人, 傻瓜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dunderheaded** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: cf. obs. Scots dunder, dunner 'resounding noise'; rel. to DIN.

**dune** /dju:n/ n. a mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by the wind, especially on

<792>
the sea coast or in a desert (尤指海边或沙漠风吹积成的)沙丘, 土丘
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from MDu. dūne; rel. to OE dūn 'hill' (see 见 DOWN³).

**dung** /dʌŋ/ n. manure 粪肥 ■v. spread dung on (an area) 施粪肥于
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc orgin.

**dungaree** /ˌdʌŋgə'ri:/ n. 1 (**dungarees**) chiefly Brit. 【主英】 trousers with a bib held up by straps over the shoulders, made of denim or a similar material 粗蓝布工装背带裤 > N. Amer. 【北美】 hard-wearing denim trousers 劳动布裤 2 a kind of coarse Indian calico 粗印度棉布
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Hindi dungrī.

**dung beetle** n. a beetle whose larvae feed on dung, especially a scarab 蜣螂, 屎壳郎; (尤指)神圣金龟

**dungeon** /'dʌndʒən/ n. 1 a strong underground prison cell, especially in a castle (尤指城堡中的)土牢, 地牢 2 archaic term for DONJON ※ donjon 的古代说法 ■v. literary 【文】 imprison in a dungeon 把…囚于地牢
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. (perh. orig. with the sense 'lord's tower'), based on L. dominus 'lord'.

**dung fly** n. a hairy fly that lays its eggs in fresh dung 粪蝇 [Scathophaga stercoraria and other species.]

**dunghill** /'dʌŋhıl/ n. a heap of dung or refuse, especially in a farmyard (尤指农家场院的)粪堆, 垃圾堆

**dungworm** /'dʌŋwɜ:m/ n. an earthworm found in dung or compost, used by anglers as bait 粪生蚯蚓, (用作鱼饵的)赤子爱胜蚓

**dunite** /'dʌnaıt/ n. Geology 【地质】 a green to brownish coarse-grained igneous rock consisting largely of olivine 纯橄榄岩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from the name of Dun Mountain, New Zealand, + -ITE¹.

**dunk** /dʌŋk/ v. 1 dip (bread or other food) into a drink or soup before eating it (吃前)把(面包等食物)在饮料(或汤)中浸一浸 immerse in water 浸, 泡 2 Basketball 【篮】 score by shooting the ball down through the basket with the hands above the rim 扣篮 ■n. Basketball 【篮】 a goal scored by dunking 扣篮得分
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dunker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Pennsylvanian Ger. dunke 'dip', from Ger. tunken 'dip or plunge'.

**dunlin** /'dʌnlın/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **dunlins**) a common migratory sandpiper with a downcurved bill and (in winter) greyish-brown upper parts 黑腹滨鹬 [Calidris alpina.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: prob. from DUN¹ + -LING.

**dunnage** /'dʌnıdʒ/ n. 1 loose wood, matting, or similar material used to keep a cargo in position in a ship's hold (货物装箱用的)衬垫, 垫料 2 informal 【非正式】 baggage 行李
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: of unknown origin.

**dunnart** /'dʌnɑ:t/ n. a mouse-like insectivorous marsupial with a pointed snout, found in Australia and New Guinea 袋鼩 [Sminthopsis murina and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Nyungar danart.

**dunnock** /'dʌnək/ n. a small songbird with a dark grey head and a reddish-brown back 林岩鹨 [Prunella modularis.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: appar. from DUN¹ + -OCK.

**dunny** /'dʌni/ n. (pl. **dunnies**) Austral./NZ informal 【澳新, 非正式】 a toilet 厕所
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (in the sense 'dung'): from dial. dunnekin 'privy', prob. from DUNG + archaic sl. ken 'house'.

**dunt** /dʌnt/ chiefly N. Amer. & Scottish 【主北美和苏格兰】 ■v. bump into or hit heavily 重重撞上; 重击 ■n. a dull-sounding blow 沉闷的重击
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. a var. of DINT.

**duo** /'dju:əʊ/ n. (pl. **duos**) 1 a pair of people or things, especially in music or entertainment (尤指音乐或娱乐表演中的)一对(人或事物) 2 Music 【音】 a duet 二重唱(或奏)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Ital. from L. duo 'two'.

**duo-** /'dju:əʊ/ comb. form two; having two 二, 双: duopoly 双头卖主垄断
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**duodecimal** /ˌdju:ə(ʊ)'desıml/ adj. relating to or denoting a system of counting or numerical notation that has twelve as a base 十二进制(制)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duodecimally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. duodecimus 'twelfth' + -AL.

**duodecimo** /ˌdju:ə(ʊ)'desıməʊ/ n. (pl. **duodecimos**) a size of book in which each leaf is one twelfth of the size of the printing sheet (书开本的)12开
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. (in) duodecimo 'in a twelfth'.

**duodenum** /ˌdju:ə'di:nəm/ n. (pl. **duodenums** or **duodena** /-'di:nə/) Anatomy 【解】 the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach 十二指肠
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duodenal** adj. **duodenitis** /dju:ədə'naıtıs/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L., from duodeni 'in twelves', its length being equivalent to the breadth of approximately twelve fingers.

**duologue** /'dju:əlɒg/ n. a play or part of a play with speaking roles for only two actors (限于两人的)对话剧; (戏剧中限于两人的)对话部分
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DUO-, on the pattern of monologue.

**duomo** /'dwəʊməʊ/ n. (pl. **duomos**) an Italian cathedral (意大利)大教堂
-ORIGIN 词源 Ital., lit. 'dome'.

**duopoly** /dju:'ɒpəli/ n. (pl. **duopolies**) a situation in which two suppliers dominate a market 双头卖主垄断
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duopolistic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from DUO-, on the pattern of monopoly.

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**duotone** /'dju:ətəʊn/ n. a half-tone illustration made from a single original with two colours at different screen angles 双色版插图

**dupatta** /du'pʌtə/ n. a length of material worn as a head covering by women from the Indian subcontinent (印度次大陆妇女所戴的)搭帕, 头巾
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi dupattā.

**dupe** /dju:p/ v. deceive; trick 欺骗; 愚弄 ■n. a victim of deception 受骗者; 受愚弄者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dupable** adj. **duper** n. **dupery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. dial. dupe 'hoopoe', from the bird's supposedly stupid appearance.

**dupion** /'dju:piən/ n. a rough slubbed silk fabric woven from the threads of double cocoons 双宫绸
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (in the sense 'double cocoon'): from Fr. doupion, from Ital. doppione, from doppio 'double'.

**duple** /'dju:pl/ adj. Music 【音】 (of rhythm) based on two main beats to the bar (节奏)二拍子的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. duplus, from duo 'two'.

**duplet** /'dju:plıt/ n. a set of two things, especially a pair of equal musical notes to be performed in the time of three 一对; (尤指)二连音
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. duplus 'duple', on the pattern of doublet.

**duplex** /'dju:pleks/ n. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】 a residential building divided into two apartments (分为两套公寓的)联式房屋 a flat on two floors (占两层楼的)复式公寓 chiefly N. Amer. & Austral. 【主北美和澳】 a semi-detached house 半独立式住宅 2 Biochemistry 【生化】 a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule 双链体 ■adj. 1 having two parts 双的; 双重的 2 (of a printer) capable of printing on both sides of the paper (打印机)能双面打印的 3 allowing the transmission of two signals simultaneously in opposite directions (信号传输)双工的, 双向的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as adj.): from L. duplex, duplic-, from duo 'two' + plicare 'to fold'.

**duplicate** adj. /'dju:plıkət/ 1 exactly like something else, especially through having been copied 完全一样的; (尤指)复制的 2 having two corresponding parts 成对的; 二重的 ■n. /'dju:plıkət/ one of two or more identical things 完全一样的东西 ■v. /'dju:plıkeıt/ make or be an exact copy of 复制; 复写; 复印 multiply by two 使加倍 do again unnecessarily (不必要地)重复
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duplicable** adj. **duplication** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. duplicat-, duplicare 'double', from duplic- (see 见 DUPLEX).

**duplicate bridge** n. a competitive form of bridge in which the same hands are played successively by different partnerships 复式桥牌

**duplicator** /'dju:plıkeıtə(r)/ n. a machine for copying something 复印机

**duplicitous** /dju:'plısıtəs/ adj. 1 deceitful 骗人的, 奸诈的 2 Law 【律】 (of a charge or plea) containing more than one allegation (诉因或答辩理由)并陈的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duplicitously** adv.

**duplicity** /dju:'plısıti, dʒu-/ n. 1 deceitfulness 口是心非, 奸诈, 欺骗 2 archaic 【古】 the quality of being double 两重性, 双重性
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. duplicite or late L. duplicitas, from L. duplic- (see 见 DUPLEX).

**duppy** /'dʌpi/ n. (pl. **duppies**) W. Indian 【西印】 a malevolent spirit or ghost 恶灵; 恶鬼
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. of W. Afr. origin.

**Dupuytren's contracture** /də'pwi:trəns/ n. Medicine 【医】 fixed forward curvature of one or more fingers, caused by a growth of fibrous tissue 掌腱膜挛缩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named after the French surgeon Baron Guillaume Dupuytren.

**durable** /'djuərəbl/ adj. 1 hard-wearing 经穿的, 耐磨的 2 (of goods) able to be kept; not perishable (消费品)耐用的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **durability** n. **durableness** n. **durably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'steadfast'): via OFr. from L. durabilis, from durare (see 见 DURATION).

**Duralumin** /dju'ræljumın/ n. trademark 【商标】 a hard, light alloy of aluminium with copper and other elements 杜拉铝, 硬铝合金
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: perh. from L. durus 'hard' + ALUMINIUM, but prob. influenced by Düren, the name of the German town where the alloy was first produced.

**dura mater** /'djuərə/ n. Anatomy 【解】 the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord 硬(脑或脊)膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dural** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from med. L., lit. 'hard mother', translation of Arab. al-'umm al-jāfiya 'coarse mother'.

**duramen** /dju'reımen/ ■n. Botany 【植】 the heartwood of a tree 心材
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., lit. 'hardness'.

**durance** /'djuər(ə)ns/ n. archaic 【古】 imprisonment 禁锢, 监禁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'continuance'): from OFr., from durer 'to last', from L. durare.

**duration** /dju'reıʃn/ n. the time during which something continues 持续期间
-PHRASES 短语 **for the duration** informal 【非正式】 for a very long time 长期地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **durational** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from med. L. duratio(n-), from durare 'to last', from durus 'hard'.

**durative** /'djuərətiv/ adj. Grammar 【语法】 of or denoting continuing action (动作)延续的 Contrasted with 对照 PUNCTUAL.

**durbar** /'dɜ:bɑ:(r)/ n. historical 【史义】 1 the court of an Indian ruler (印度藩王的)宫廷 2 a public reception held by an Indian prince or a British governor or viceroy in India (印度藩王或英国在印度的总督的)正式接见
-ORIGIN 词源 Urdu, from Pers. darbār 'court'.

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**durchkomponiert** /ˌduəx'kɒmponiət/ adj. Music 【音】 (of a song) having different music for each verse (歌曲)通节的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger., from durch 'through' + komponiert 'composed' (because the music is different throughout).

**duress** /dju(ə)'res, 'djuəres/ n. threats, violence, etc. used to coerce a person into doing something 强迫, 胁迫(如威胁、暴力等手段) ➤ Law 【律】 constraint illegally exercised to force someone to perform an act (迫使实施某行为的)拘禁
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'harshness, cruel treatment'): via OFr. from L. duritia, from durus 'hard'.

**Durex** /'djuəreks/ n. (pl. same 单复同) Brit. trademark 【英, 商标】 a contraceptive sheath 杜蕾丝避孕套
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: name invented by the manufacturers, prob. based on L. durare 'to last'.

**durian** /'duəriən/ n. 1 a spiny oval tropical fruit containing a creamy pulp with a fetid smell but agreeable taste 榴莲(果) 2 (also 亦作 **durian tree**) the large Malaysian tree that bears durians 榴莲(树) [Durio zibethinus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Malay durian, from duri 'thorn'.

**duricrust** /'djuərıkrʌst/ n. Geology 【地质】 a hard mineral crust formed at or near the surface of soil in semi-arid regions by the evaporation of groundwater 硬壳, 钙质壳
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L. durus 'hard' + CRUST.

**during** /'djuərıŋ/ prep. throughout the course or duration of 在…的整个期间, 在…期间 at a particular point in the course of 在…期间的某个时候
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: pres. part. of the obs. verb dure 'last, endure, extend', via OFr. from L. durare (see 见 DURATION).

**durmast oak** /'dɜ:mɑ:st/ n. another term for SESSILE OAK ※ sessile oak 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: durmast perh. orig. an error for dunmast, from DUN¹ + MAST².

**durn** /dɜ:n/ v., adj., & exclam. US dialect form of DARN² ※ darn² 的美国方言形式

**durned** /dɜ:nd/ adj. US dialect form of DARNED ※ darned 的美国方言形式

**durra** /'dʊrə, 'dʊərə/ n. sorghum of the principal variety grown from NE Africa to India 都拉高粱(种植于非洲东北部到印度一带)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Arab. dura, durra.

**durst** /dɜ:st/ archaic or regional past of DARE ※ dare 的古代或区域性过去式

**durum wheat** /'djuərəm/ n. a kind of hard wheat grown in arid regions, yielding flour that is used to make pasta 硬粒小麦 [Triticum durum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L., neut. of durus 'hard'.

**durzi** /'dɜ:zi/ n. (pl. **durzis**) Indian 【印度】 a tailor 裁缝
-ORIGIN 词源 Urdu, from Pers. darzī, from darz 'sewing'.

**dusk** /dʌsk/ n. the darker stage of twilight 薄暮, 黄昏 ■v. literary 【文】 grow dark 变幽暗, 变昏暗
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dox 'dark, swarthy' and doxian 'darken in colour', of Gmc origin; cf. DUN¹.

**dusky** /'dʌski/ adj. (**duskier**, **duskiest**) darkish in colour (颜色)微暗的, 浅黑的 dated or literary 【过时或文】 (of a person) dark-skinned or black (人)皮肤棕色(或黝黑)的, 黑人的: a dusky maiden 皮肤黝黑的少女
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duskily** adv. **duskiness** n.

**Dussehra** /'dʌʃərə/ (also 亦作 **Dusserah**) n. the tenth and final day of the Hindu festival of Navaratri (印度教)十胜节最后一日
-ORIGIN 词源 from Hindi daśahrā, from Sanskrit daśaharā.

**dust** /dʌst/ n. 1 fine, dry powder consisting of tiny particles of earth or waste matter 灰尘, 尘土, 尘埃 ➤ any material in the form of tiny particles 粉: coal dust 煤粉 literary 【文】 a dead person's remains 尸骨, 遗骸 2 an act of dusting 除尘; 擦(或扫、掸)净 ■v. 1 remove dust from the surface of 除去…的灰尘; 擦(或扫、掸)净 (**dust something down/off**) bring something out for use again after a long period of neglect (长期闲置后)把…拿出来重新启用 2 cover lightly with a powdered substance (把粉末)撒于 3 (usu. 通常用 **dust someone up**) US informal 【美, 非正式】 beat up or kill 痛殴; 杀死
-PHRASES 短语 **be done and dusted** informal 【非正式】 (of a project) be completely finished or ready (项目)彻底完成(或准备就绪) **dust and ashes** something that causes great disappointment 令人大失所望的事物 **eat someone's dust** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 fall far behind someone in a competitive situation (在竞争中)落后于某人 **leave someone/thing in the dust** surpass someone or something easily 把…远远抛在后面, 使望尘莫及 **not see someone for dust** find that a person has made a hasty departure 发现某人已匆忙离开 **kick up a dust** (or US 【美】 **kick up dust**) informal 【非正式】 create a disturbance 引起骚乱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dustless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dūst, of Gmc origin.

**dustball** /'dʌstbɔ:l/ (also informal 【亦非正式】 **dust bunny**) n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a ball of dust and fluff 灰尘球; 绒毛球

**dust bath** n. a bird's rolling in dust to clean its feathers (鸟的)沙浴, 尘浴

**dustbin** /'dʌstbın/ n. Brit. 【英】 a large container for household refuse 垃圾箱

**dust bowl** n. an area where vegetation has been lost and soil eroded, especially as a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice 风沙侵蚀区; 干旱尘暴区

**dustcart** /'dʌstkɑ:t/ n. Brit. 【英】 a vehicle used for collecting household refuse 垃圾车

**dustcoat** /'dʌs(t)kəʊt/ n. another term for DUSTER

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(sense 2) ※ duster (释义2)的另一种说法

**dust cover** n. a dust jacket or dust sheet (书的)护封; (家具的)防尘罩

**dust devil** n. a small whirlwind or air vortex over land, visible as a column of dust and debris 尘卷风

**duster** /'dʌstə(r)/ n. 1 a cloth for dusting furniture (擦家具的)抹布 2 (also 亦作 **duster coat**) a woman's loose lightweight coat without buttons, of a style originally worn when travelling in an open car (原为女子乘敞篷车时穿的)风衣 > N. Amer. 【北美】 a short, light housecoat (在家穿的)宽松便服

**dust jacket** n. a removable paper cover on a book (书的)护封

**dustman** /'dʌstmən/ n. (pl. **dustmen**) Brit. 【英】 a man employed to remove household refuse from dustbins 清洁工, 垃圾工

**dustpan** /'dʌstpæn/ n. a flat hand-held receptacle into which dust and waste can be swept 簸箕

**dust sheet** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a large sheet for covering furniture to protect it from dust or while decorating (家具的)防尘罩

**dust shot** n. the smallest size of gunshot 尘粒弹, 最小号子弹

**dust storm** n. a strong, turbulent wind which carries clouds of fine dust and sand over a large area 尘暴, 沙(尘)暴

**dust-up** n. informal 【非正式】 a fight or quarrel 打架; 争吵

**dusty** /'dʌsti/ adj. (**dustier**, **dustiest**) 1 covered with or resembling dust 布满灰尘的, 灰尘覆盖的; 尘状的 2 staid and uninteresting 乏味的, 枯燥的
-PHRASES 短语 **a dusty answer** Brit. 【英】 a curt and unhelpful reply 草草(或无用)的回答
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dustily** adv. **dustiness** n.

**dusty miller** n. a plant of the daisy family with whitish or greyish foliage (北美的)白山蒿; (地中海地区的)雪叶菊 [Artemisia stellerana (N. America), Senecio cineraria (Mediterranean), and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: named from the fine powder on the flowers and leaves.

**Dutch** /dʌtʃ/ adj. relating to the Netherlands, its people, or their language 荷兰的; 荷兰人的; 荷兰语的 ■n. the West Germanic language of the Netherlands 荷兰语
-PHRASES 短语 **go Dutch** share the cost of a meal equally (吃饭)各付各账, 实行AA制
-ORIGIN 词源 from MDu. dutsch 'Dutch, Netherlandish, German'.

**dutch** /dʌtʃ/ ■n. (usu. 通常用 **one's old dutch**) Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 (especially among cockneys) one's wife (尤用于伦敦东区人)老婆, 婆娘
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of DUCHESS.

**Dutch auction** n. a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found 荷兰式拍卖(逐步减价, 直到有人愿意购买)

**Dutch barn** ■n. Brit. 【英】 a farm building comprising a curved roof set on an open frame, used to store hay 荷兰式仓棚(加盖顶的空架, 用来存放干草)

**Dutch cap** n. 1 a woman's lace cap with triangular flaps on each side, worn as part of Dutch traditional dress (两侧帽边为三角形的)荷兰式尖顶女帽 2 see 见 CAP¹ (sense 5 of the noun 名词释义5).

**Dutch courage** n. confidence gained from drinking alcohol 酒后之勇, 虚勇

**Dutch door** n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a stable door (上下两部分可分别开关的)马厩式两截门

**Dutch elm disease** n. a fungal disease of elm trees, spread by bark beetles (由小蠹传播的)荷兰榆病

**Dutch hoe** n. a hoe used with a pushing action just under the surface of the soil 荷兰式推锄

**dutchie** /'dʌtʃi/ n. W. Indian 【西印】 a large, heavy cooking pot 大焖锅
-ORIGIN 词源 from DUTCH OVEN.

**Dutchman** /'dʌtʃmən/ (or **Dutchwoman**) n. (pl. **Dutchmen** or **Dutchwomen**) a native or national of the Netherlands 荷兰人
-PHRASES 短语 **I'm a Dutchman** Brit. 【英】 an expression of disbelief (表示不相信)不可能有这回事

**Dutchman's breeches** ■n. a plant with pale yellow spurred flowers suggesting pairs of breeches 荷包牡丹 [Dicentra spectabilis and related species.]

**Dutchman's pipe** n. a vigorous climbing vine with hooked tubular flowers 美洲马兜铃, 烟斗藤 [Aristolochia durior.]

**Dutch metal** n. an alloy of copper and zinc used in imitation of gold leaf (含铜和锌的)荷兰合金

**Dutch oven** n. 1 a covered earthenware or cast-iron container for cooking casseroles (有密封盖的)荷兰炖锅 2 a large metal box formerly used as a simple oven, heated by being placed under or next to hot coals 荷兰烘箱

**Dutch uncle** n. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a person giving firm but benevolent advice 不留情面但善意的训斥者

**duteous** /'dju:tiəs/ adj. archaic 【古】 dutiful 尽职的, 顺从的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **duteously** adv. **duteousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from DUTY, on the pattern of words such as bounteous.

**dutiable** /'dju:tiəbl/ adj. liable to customs or other duties (货物)应征关税的; 应征税的: dutiable goods 应征关税的货物

**dutiful** /'dju:tıfl/ adj. conscientiously or obediently fulfilling one's duty 尽职的; 顺从的, 恭顺的 > motivated by duty rather than enthusiasm 职责所要求的; 出于责任感的: dutiful applause 客气的掌声
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dutifully** adv. **dutifulness** n.

**duty** /'dju:ti/ n. (pl. **duties**) 1 a moral or legal obligation 责任, 本分; 义务 2 a task required as part of one's job 职责, 任务 military service 兵役 > (**duties**) performance of prescribed church services by a priest or minister (牧师的)行礼拜式 3 a payment levied on the import, export, manufacture, or sale of goods (对货物的进出口、制造或销售征收的)税; 关税 ➤ Brit. 【英】 a payment

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levied on the transfer of property, for licences, and for the legal recognition of documents 财产转移税 4 technical 【技】 the measure of an engine's effectiveness in units of work done per unit of fuel (发动机的)能率
-PHRASES 短语 **do duty as** (or **for**) serve or act as a substitute for 代替…之用, 充当; 代…履行职务 **on** (or **off**) **duty** engaged (or not engaged) in one's regular work 在(或不在)当班
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. duete, from OFr. deu (see 见 DUE).

**duty-bound** adj. morally or legally obliged to do something 责无旁贷的, 义不容辞的; 负有义务的

**duty-free** adj. & adv. exempt from payment of duty 免税的

**duty-paid** adj. on which the duty has been met 已付税的, 完税的

**duumvir** /dju:'ʌmvə(r)/ n. (in ancient Rome) each of two magistrates or officials holding a joint office (古罗马)两执政之一
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from duum virum 'of the two men'.

**duumvirate** /dju:'ʌmvırət/ n. a coalition of two people having joint authority 双人执政
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. duumviratus.

**duvet** /'d(j)u:veı/ n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a soft, thick quilt used instead of an upper sheet and blankets 羽绒被
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., lit. 'down' (see 见 DOWN²).

**duvet day** n. informal 【非正式】 an unscheduled extra day's leave from work, taken to alleviate stress and sanctioned by one's employer (为减轻工作压力, 雇主同意不用提前告知就可享受的)偷懒假

**dux** /dʌks/ n. (pl. **duces** /'dju:si:z/) chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 the top pupil in a school or class (学校或班级里)成绩最优的学生
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., 'leader'.

**duxelles** /'dʌkslz, duk'sel/ n. a stuffing made from chopped mushrooms, onions, shallots, and parsley (拌有洋葱、小葱和欧芹、用来作馅的)蘑菇泥
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the Marquis d'Uxelles, a 17th-cent. French nobleman.

**DV** abbr. Deo volente

**DVD** abbr. digital versatile disc (formerly digital videodisc), a type of compact disc able to be used for video as well as audio data 数字(多功能光)碟, DVD 光碟

**DVD-R** abbr. DVD recordable, a DVD which can be recorded on once only (一次性)可录 DVD 光碟

**DVD-ROM** abbr. DVD read-only memory, a DVD used in a computer for displaying data 只读 DVD 光碟

**DVD-RW** (also 亦作 **DVD-RAM**) abbr. DVD rewritable (or random-access memory), a DVD on which recordings can be made and erased a number of times 可重写 DVD 光碟

**DVLA** abbr. (in the UK) Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (英国)交通管理局

**dwaal** /dwa:l/ n. S. African informal 【南非, 非正式】 a dreamy, dazed, or absent-minded state 茫然, 恍惚; 发呆
-ORIGIN 词源 from Afrik.

**dwale** /dweıl/ n. archaic 【古】 deadly nightshade 颠茄
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. of Scand. origin.

**dwam** /dwa:m/ n. chiefly Scottish 【主苏格兰】 a dreamy or semiconscious state 出神状态; 半清醒状态
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from the Gmc base of DWELL.

**dwarf** /dwɔ:f/ n. (pl. **dwarfs** or **dwarves**) 1 a member of a mythical race of short, stocky human-like creatures, skilled in mining and metalworking (神话中的)矮人 2 an abnormally small person 侏儒; 矮子 > [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting an animal or plant that is much smaller than is usual for its type or species (动物或植物)矮生的 3 (also 亦作 **dwarf star**) Astronomy 【天文】 a star of relatively small size and low luminosity 矮星 ■v. cause to seem small in comparison 使显得矮小 stunt the growth of 阻碍…的生长, 使矮小
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dwarfish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dweorg, dweorh, of Gmc origin.
> **USAGE** 用法说明
> In the sense 'an abnormally small person', **dwarf** is normally considered offensive. However, there are no accepted alternatives in the general language, since terms such as **person of restricted growth** have gained little currency. 表示“异常矮小的人”这个意思时, 用 **dwarf** 通常被认为具冒犯意味。但是, 现在并没有可接受的替代说法, 因为像 **person of restricted growth** (身体发育受限者)之类的说法未能得到广泛采用。

**dwarfism** /'dwɔ:fızəm/ n. (in medical or technical contexts) unusually small stature or size 侏儒症(用于医学或技术语境)

**dweeb** /dwi:b/ n. N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a boring, studious, or socially inept person 书呆子; 乏味的人; 不合群的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dweebish** adj. **dweeby** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: perh. a blend of DWARF and feeb 'a feeble-minded person'.

**dwell** /dwel/ v. (past and past part. **dwelt** or **dwelled**) 1 formal 【正式】 live in or at a place 居住 2 (**dwell on/upon**) think, speak, or write at length about 老是想着; 唠叨; 详述 ■n. technical 【技】 a slight regular pause in the motion of a machine (机器运转过程中)有规则的小停顿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dweller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dwellan 'lead astray, delay' (in ME 'remain in a place'), of Gmc origin.

**dwelling** /'dwelıŋ/ (also 亦作 **dwelling place**) n. formal 【正式】 a house or other place of residence 住所; 寓所

**dwelling house** ■n. Law 【律】 a house used as a residence rather than for business 住宅

<797>
**dwindle** /'dwındl/ v. diminish gradually 逐渐变小, 缩小, 减少
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: frequentative of Scots and dial. dwine 'fade away', from OE dwīnan, of Gmc origin.

**DWP** abbr. (in the UK) Department for Work and Pensions (英国)就业和养老金部

**dwt** abbr. 1 dead weight tonnage 总载重吨位 2 pennyweight

**DY** abbr. Benin (international vehicle registration) 贝宁(国际车船注册)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Dahomey, name for Benin until 1975.

**Dy** symb. the chemical element dysprosium (化学元素)镝

**dyad** /'daıæd/ ■n. technical 【技】 something that consists of two elements or parts 二分体 Mathematics 【数】 an operator which is a combination of two vectors 并向量
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dyadic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. dyas, dyad-, from Gk duas, from duo 'two'.

**Dyak** /'daıæk/ n. & adj. variant spelling of DAYAK ※ Dayak 的另一种拼法

**dyarchy** /'daıɑ:ki/ n. (pl. **dyarchies**) variant spelling of DIARCHY ※ diarchy 的另一种拼法

**dybbuk** /'dıbʊk/ n. (pl. **dybbuks** or **dybbukim** /-kım/) (in Jewish folklore) a malevolent wandering spirit that possesses the body of a living person until exorcized (犹太民间传说中的)附体恶灵
-ORIGIN 词源 from Yiddish dibek, from Heb. dibbūq, from dābaq 'cling'.

**dye** /daı/ n. a natural or synthetic substance used to colour something 染料 ■v. (**dyes**, **dyeing**, **dyed**) colour with dye 染, 给…染色
-PHRASES 短语 **dyed in the wool** unchanging in a particular belief (信念)根深蒂固的 [with allusion to the fact that yarn was dyed when raw, producing a more even and permanent colour]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dyeable** adj. **dyer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE dēag (n.), dēagian (v.).

**dyeline** /'daılaın/ n. a diazo copying or colouring process 重氮复印(或染色)法

**dyer's greenweed** n. a bushy yellow-flowered leguminous plant, formerly used to make a yellow or green dye 染料木 [Genista tinctoria.]

**dyer's oak** n. another term for VALONIA ※ valonia 的另一种说法

**dyer's rocket** n. another term for WELD² ※ weld² 的另一种说法

**dyestuff** /'daıstʌf/ n. a substance used as or yielding a dye 染色剂, 染料, 产生染料之物

**dying** /'daııŋ/ present participle of DIE¹ ※ die¹ 的现在分词 ■adj. relating to or on the point of death 死的, 垂死的
-PHRASES 短语 **to** (or **until**) **one's dying day** for the rest of one's life 在余生, 在有生之年

**dyke¹** /daık/ (also 亦作 **dike**) n. 1 an embankment built to prevent flooding from the sea (沿海筑的)堤, 坝 an earthwork serving as a boundary or defence (土筑)障碍物, 防御物: Offa's Dyke 奥发墙 2 a ditch or watercourse 沟; 渠 3 Geology 【地质】 an intrusion of igneous rock cutting across existing strata 岩脉, 岩墙 Compare with 比较 SILL. ■v. [often as adj. 常作形容词 **dyked**] provide (land) with a dyke to prevent flooding 为…筑堤防洪
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON dík, rel. to DITCH.

**dyke²** /daık/ (also 亦作 **dike**) ■n. informal 【非正式】 a lesbian 女同性恋者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dykey** adj. (**dykier**, **dykiest**).
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s (earlier as bulldyke): of unknown origin.

**dyn** /daın/ abbr. dyne

**dynamic** /daı'næmık/ adj. 1 (of a process or system) characterized by constant change or activity (过程或系统)动态的, 不断变化的 (of a person) full of energy and new ideas (人)精力充沛的, 思想活跃的, 能动的 denoting or relating to web pages that update frequently or are generated according to an individual's search terms (网页)动态的 2 Physics 【物】 relating to forces producing motion 动力的 Often contrasted with 常对照 STATIC. 3 relating to the volume of sound produced by a musical instrument or voice (乐器或嗓音)力度的 4 Linguistics 【语言】 (of a verb) expressing an action, activity, event, or process (动词)动态的 Contrasted with 对照 STATIVE. 5 Electronics 【电子】 (of a memory device) needing to be refreshed by the periodic application of a voltage (存储器器件)动态的 ■n. 1 a force that stimulates change or progress 活力; 动力 2 Music 【音】 another term for DYNAMICS (sense 3) ※ dynamics (释义3)的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dynamical** adj. **dynamically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. dynamique, from Gk dunamikos, from dunamis 'power'.

**dynamic equilibrium** n. a state of balance between continuing processes 动态平衡

**dynamic range** n. the range of sound intensity that occurs in a piece of music or that can be satisfactorily handled by a piece of equipment (音乐中或设备所能处理的声音的)力度范围

**dynamics** /daı'næmıks/ pl. n. 1 [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces 动力学 Compare with 比较 KINEMATICS, STATICS. 2 the forces which stimulate development or change within a system or process (刺激过程或系统内部发展或变化的)动力 3 the varying levels of volume of sound in a musical performance (音乐表演中声音的)力度
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dynamicist** n.

**dynamic viscosity** n. a quantity measuring the force needed to overcome internal friction in a fluid 动力黏度

**dynamism** /'daınəmız(ə)m/ n. 1 the quality of being dynamic 活力, 干劲 2 Philosophy, chiefly historical

<798>
【哲, 主史义】 the theory that phenomena can be explained by an immanent force 物力论, 力本论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dynamist** n. **dynamization** or **dynamisation** n. **dynamize** or **dynamise** v.

**dynamite** /'daınəmaıt/ n. 1 a high explosive consisting of nitroglycerine mixed with an absorbent material 达纳炸药, 甘油炸药 2 informal 【非正式】 an extremely impressive or potentially dangerous person or thing 轰动一时的人物; 爆炸性的事物; 具有潜在危险的人(或事物) ■v. blow up with dynamite (用炸药)炸毁, 爆破
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dynamiter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dunamis 'power' + -ITE¹.

**dynamo** /'daınəməʊ/ n. (pl. **dynamos**) chiefly Brit. 【主英】 1 a machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy by rotating conducting coils in a magnetic field 直流发电机, 电动发电机 2 informal 【非正式】 an extremely energetic person 精力充沛的人
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: abbrev. of dynamo-electric machine, from Gk dunamis 'power'.

**dynamometer** /ˌdaınə'mɒmıtə(r)/ ■n. an instrument which measures the power output of an engine 动力仪, 测功器, 功率计

**dynast** /'dınəst, 'daınəst, -næst/ n. a member of a dynasty, especially a hereditary ruler 王朝成员; (尤指)世袭君主
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk dunastēs, from dunasthai 'be able'.

**dynasty** /'dınəsti/ n. (pl. **dynasties**) a line of hereditary rulers 王朝; 朝代 > a succession of powerful or prominent people from the same family 王朝(指同一家族一连串强有力的领导人或权威)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dynastic** adj. **dynastically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. dynastie, or via late L. from Gk dunasteia 'lordship', from dunastēs (see 见 DYNAST).

**dyne** /daın/ ■n. Physics 【物】 a unit of force that, acting on a mass of one gram, increases its velocity by one centimetre per second every second along the direction in which it acts 达因(力的单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Gk dunamis 'force, power'.

**dyno** /'daınəʊ/ n. (pl. **dynos**) 1 short for DYNAMOMETER ※ dynamometer 的缩略式 2 Climbing 【登】 a rapid move across a rock face in order to reach a hold 动态移动

**dynode** /'daınəʊd/ n. Electronics 【电子】 an intermediate electrode which emits additional electrons in a photomultiplier or similar amplifying device 倍增极
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk dunamis 'power' + -ODE².

**dys-** /dıs/ comb. form bad; difficult (used especially in medical terms) (尤用于医学术语)坏的, 有病的, 有障碍的: dyspepsia 消化不良
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk dus-.

**dysarthria** /dıs'ɑ:θriə/ n. Medicine 【医】 unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal 构音困难
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DYS- + Gk arthron 'joint or articulation'.

**dyscalculia** /dɪskæl'kju:liə/ n. Psychiatry 【精神】 severe difficulty in making arithmetical calculations, as a result of brain disorder (大脑疾病引起的)计算障碍

**dyscrasia** /dıs'kreıziə/ ■n. Medicine 【医】 an abnormal or disordered physiological state 体液不调, 恶液质
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dyscrasic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk duskrasia 'bad combination'.

**dysentery** /'dıs(ə)nt(ə)ri/ n. infection of the intestines with bacteria or protozoans, resulting in severe diarrhoea with blood and mucus in the faeces 痢疾
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysenteric** /-terık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. dissenterie, or via L. from Gk dusenteria, from dusenteros 'afflicted in the bowels'.

**dysfunctional** /dıs'fʌŋkʃənl/ adj. 1 not operating normally or properly 运行不正常的; 功能不良的 2 unable to deal adequately with normal social relations 难以处理正常社会关系的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysfunction** n. **dysfunctionally** adv.

**dysgenic** /dıs'dʒenık/ adj. exerting a detrimental effect on later generations through the inheritance of undesirable characteristics 种族退化的, 劣生的

**dysgraphia** /dıs'græfiə/ n. Psychiatry 【精神】 inability to write coherently, as a symptom of brain disease or damage (大脑疾病或损伤引起的)书写困难
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysgraphic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from DYS- + Gk -graphia 'writing'.

**dyskinesia** /ˌdıskı'ni:ziə, -kaı-/ n. Medicine 【医】 abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement 运动障碍
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DYS- + Gk kinēsis 'motion'.

**dyslexia** /dıs'leksiə/ n. a disorder involving difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols 诵读困难 Compare with 比较 ALEXIA.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dyslectic** adj. & n. **dyslexic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ger. Dyslexie from DYS- + Gk lexis 'speech' (appar. by confusion of Gk legein 'to speak' and L. legere 'to read').

**dysmenorrhoea** /ˌdısmenə'ri:ə/ (US 【美】 **dysmenorrhea**) n. Medicine 【医】 painful menstruation 痛经

**dysmorphia** /dıs'mɔ:fiə/ n. Medicine 【医】 deformity or abnormality in the shape or size of a specified part of the body 畸形: muscle dysmorphia 肌肉畸形
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysmorphic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dusmorphia 'misshapenness, ugliness', from dus- DYS- + morphē 'form'.

**dyspareunia** /ˌdıspə'ru:niə/ n. Medicine 【医】

<799>
difficult or painful sexual intercourse 交媾疼痛
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from DYS- + Gk pareunos 'lying with'.

**dyspepsia** /dıs'pepsiə/ n. indigestion 消化不良
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via L. from Gk duspepsia, from duspeptos 'difficult to digest'.

**dyspeptic** /dıs'peptık/ adj. having indigestion or a consequent air of irritable bad temper 患消化不良的; 阴郁的, 脾气坏的 ■n. a dyspeptic person 消化不良患者; 阴郁的人

**dysphagia** /dıs'feıdʒiə/ n. Medicine 【医】 difficulty in swallowing, as a symptom of disease 吞咽困难
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DYS- + Gk phagia 'eating'.

**dysphasia** /dıs'feıziə/ n. Psychiatry 【精神】 language disorder marked by deficiency in the generation of speech, due to brain disease or damage (大脑疾病或损伤引起的)言语困难
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysphasic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dusphatos 'hard to utter'.

**dysphemism** /'dıstəmız(ə)m/ n. a derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one 粗直语

**dysphonia** /dıs'fəʊniə/ n. Medicine 【医】 difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords 发声困难
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DYS- + L. phonia from Gk, from phōnē 'sound, voice'.

**dysphoria** /dıs'fɔ:riə/ n. Psychiatry 【精神】 a state of unease or general dissatisfaction 病理性心境恶劣
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysphoric** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dusphoria, from dusphoros 'hard to bear'.

**dysplasia** /dıs'pleıziə/ n. Medicine 【医】 the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of abnormal cells (器官或组织的)发育异常
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysplastic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from DYS- + Gk plasis 'formation'.

**dyspnoea** /dısp'ni:ə/ (US 【美】 **dyspnea**) n. Medicine 【医】 laboured breathing 呼吸困难
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dyspnoeic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk duspnoia, from dus- 'difficult' + pnoē 'breathing'.

**dyspraxia** /dıs'præksiə/ n. a developmental disorder of the brain in childhood that causes difficulty in activities requiring coordination and movement 运用障碍
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk dus- 'bad or difficult' + praxis 'action'.

**dysprosium** /dıs'prəʊziəm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 66, a soft silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series 镝 (化学元素, 原子序数66, 镧系银白色金属, 质软) (Symbol 符号: **Dy**)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dusprositos 'hard to get at' + -IUM.

**dysrhythmia** /dıs'rıðmiə/ n. Medicine 【医】 abnormality in a physiological rhythm, especially of the brain or heart (尤指大脑或心脏的)节律失常
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysrhythmic** adj. **dysrhythmical** adj.

**dysthymia** /dıs'θaımiə/ ■n. Psychiatry 【精神】 persistent mild depression 心境恶劣障碍
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dysthymic** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dusthumia.

**dystocia** /dıs'təʊʃiə/ n. Medicine 【医】 difficulty in giving birth 难产
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk dustokia, from dus- 'difficult' + tokos 'childbirth'.

**dystonia** /dıs'təʊniə/ n. Medicine 【医】 a state of abnormal muscle tone resulting in muscular spasm and abnormal posture 张力失常
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dystonic** adj.

**dystopia** /dıs'təʊpiə/ n. an imaginary place or society in which everything is bad 反(面)乌托邦, 敌托邦, 反面假想国
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **dystopian** adj. & n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from DYS- + UTOPIA.

**dystrophic** /dıs'trəʊfık, -'trɒfık/ adj. 1 Medicine 【医】 affected by or relating to dystrophy, especially muscular dystrophy 营养不良的; (尤指)肌营养不良的 2 Ecology 【生态】 (of a body of water) having brown acidic water that is poor in oxygen, owing to high levels of dissolved humus (水体)营养不良的, 无滋养的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk dus- 'bad' + -trophia 'nourishment' + -IC.

**dystrophin** /dıs'trəʊfın/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 a protein found in skeletal muscle, which is absent in sufferers from muscular dystrophy 肌养蛋白

**dystrophy** /'dıstrəfi/ n. Medicine 【医】 a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away 营养不良 See also 另见 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. dystrophia, from Gk dus- 'bad' + -trophia 'nourishment'.

**dysuria** /dıs'juəriə/ n. Medicine 【医】 painful or difficult urination 排尿困难
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk dusouria, from dus- 'difficult' + ouron 'urine'.

**DZ** abbr. 1 Algeria (international vehicle registration) 阿尔及利亚(国际车船注册) [from Arab. Djazïr.] 2 drop zone

**dzo** /zəʊ, zəʊ/ (also 亦作 **dzho** or **zho**) n. (pl. same 单复同 or **dzos**) a hybrid of a cow and a yak 犏牛(普通牛和牦牛的杂交种)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Tibetan mdso.

**Dzongkha** /'zɒŋkə/ n. the official language of Bhutan, closely related to Tibetan 不丹语
-ORIGIN 词源 Tibetan.

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**E¹** /i:/ (also 亦作 **e**) ■n. (pl. **Es** or **E's**) 1 the fifth letter of the alphabet 英语字母表的第5个字母 2 denoting the fifth in a set E 项, E 类(一组中的第5个) 3 Music 【音】 the third note of the diatonic scale of C major E 音(C大调的第3个音)

**E²** /i:/ abbr. 1 East or Eastern 2 informal 【非正式】 the drug Ecstasy or a tablet of Ecstasy (一片)摇头丸 3 denoting products, in particular food additives, which comply with EU regulations E 编号(表示符合欧盟规定的产品, 特指食品添加剂) See also 另见 E-NUMBER. 4 exa- (10¹⁸) 5 Spain (international vehicle registration) 西班牙(国际车船注册) [from Sp. España.] ■symb. Physics 【物】 1 electric field strength 电场强度 2 energy 能量

**e** /i:/ symb. 1 (€) euro or euros 欧元 2 (also 亦作 **e⁻**) Chemistry 【化】 an electron 电子 3 (**e**) Mathematics 【数】 the transcendental number that is the base of Napierian or natural logarithms, approximately equal to 2.71828 (自然对数的)底(约等于2.71828)

**e-¹** /i/ prefix variant spelling of EX-¹ (as in elect, emit) ※ ex- 的另一种拼法(如 elect, emit)

**e-²** /i:/ prefix denoting the use of electronic data transfer, especially through the Internet (尤指通过因特网进行的)电子数据转移: e-cash 电子现金
-ORIGIN 词源 from ELECTRONIC, on the pattern of email.

**ea.** abbr. each

**each** /i:tʃ/ det. & pron. every one of two or more people or things, regarded and identified separately 各个, 每个 ■adv. to, for, or by every one of a group 对各个, 对每个, 为各个, 为每个, 由各个, 由每个
-PHRASES 短语 **each and every** every single 每一个
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ælc, based on a W. Gmc phr. meaning 'ever alike' (see 见 AYE², ALIKE).

**each other** pron. the other one or ones 互相, 彼此

**each-way** adj. & adv. Brit. 【英】 (of a bet) backing a horse or other competitor either to win or to finish in the first three (赌马等)获胜(或取得前三名)的(地)

**eager** /'i:gə(r)/ adj. strongly wanting to do or have something 渴望(做或拥有…)的 keenly expectant or interested 热切期望的, 很感兴趣的
-PHRASES 短语 **eager beaver** informal 【非正式】 an enthusiastic person who works very hard 做事特别卖力的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eagerly** adv. **eagerness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (also in the sense 'pungent, sour'): from OFr. aigre 'keen', from L. acer, acr- 'sharp, pungent'.

**eagle** /'i:gl/ n. 1 a large bird of prey with a massive hooked bill and long broad wings, known for its keen sight and powerful soaring flight 鹰; 雕; 鹰科猛禽 [Aquila and other genera.] 2 Golf 【高尔夫】 a score of two strokes under par at a hole 老鹰球(在一洞低于标准杆数两杆的得分) 3 US 【美】 a former gold coin worth ten dollars (旧时价值10美元的)鹰徽金币 ■v. Golf 【高尔夫】 play (a hole) in two strokes under par 以老鹰球进(洞)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eaglet** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aigle, from L. aquila. The golf term was suggested by BIRDIE.

**eagle eye** n. a close watch 密切注意, 敏锐观察
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eagle-eyed** adj.

**eagle owl** n. a very large owl with ear tufts and a deep hoot 雕鸮 [Bubo bubo (Eurasia) and related species.]

**eagle ray** n. a large ray with long pointed pectoral fins, a long tail, and a distinct head 鲼; 鹞鲼 [Genera Myliobatis and Aetobatus: several species.]

**eagre** /'eıgə(r), 'i:-/ ■n. dialect term for BORE³ ※ bore³ 的方言说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of unknown origin.

**EAK** abbr. Kenya (international vehicle registration) 肯尼亚(国际车船注册)
-ORIGIN 词源 from East Africa Kenya.

**-ean** /'i:ən/ suffix forming adjectives and nouns such as Antipodean (构成形容词和名词, 如 Antipodean)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -aeus, -eus or Gk -aios, -eios, + -AN.

**ear¹** /ıə(r)/ n. 1 the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates, especially the external part of this 耳, 耳朵; (尤指)耳郭 ➤ (in other animals) an organ sensitive to sound (其他动物的)听觉器官 2 an ability to recognize and appreciate sounds 听力; 欣赏听力: an ear for music 音乐欣赏能力 3 willingness to listen and pay attention 倾听; 注意: a sympathetic ear 心怀同情地倾听
-PHRASES 短语 **be all ears** informal 【非正式】 be listening attentively 全神贯注地听, 洗耳恭听 **one's ears are burning** one is subconsciously aware of being talked about (因被人谈论而)耳朵发热 **have someone's ear** have access to and influence with someone 在某人处能说上话, 能接近并影响某人 **have** (or **keep**) **an ear to the ground** be well informed about events and trends 注意动向, 掌握最新情况 **be**
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**out on one's ear** informal 【非正式】 be dismissed ignominiously 被不光彩地解雇(或打发走) **up to one's ears in** informal 【非正式】very busy with 埋头于,忙于
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **eared** adj. **earless** adj.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE ēare, of Gmc origin.

**ear²** /ɪə(r)/ n. the seed-bearing head or spike of a cereal plant(禾谷植物的)穗
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE ēar, of Gmc origin.

**earache** /'ɪəreɪk/ n. pain inside the ear 耳痛

**earbashing** /'ɪə,bæʃɪŋ/ n. informal 【非正式】a lengthy and reproachful speech 喋喋不休,唠叨数落
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **earbash** v.

**ear candy** n. informal 【非正式】 light popular music that is pleasant but intellectually undemanding 轻松的流行音乐

**eardrum** /'ɪədrʌm/ n. the membrane of the middle ear, which vibrates in response to sound waves 耳膜

**earful** /'ɪəfʊl/ n. informal 【非正式】 a prolonged reprimand(喋喋不休的)斥责

**earhole** /'ɪəhəʊl/ n. the external opening of the ear 耳孔,耳朵眼儿

**earl** /ɜːl/ n. a British nobleman ranking above a viscount and below a marquess(英国的)伯爵(级别高于子爵、低于侯爵)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **earldom** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE eorl, of Gmc origin.

**Earl Grey** n. a kind of China tea flavoured with bergamot 格雷伯爵茶(一种加入香柠檬油的中国茶)
-**ORIGIN** 词源 prob. named after the 2nd Earl Grey (1764-1845), said to have been given the recipe by a Chinese mandarin.

**Earl Marshal** n. (in the UK) the officer presiding over the College of Arms, with ceremonial duties on various royal occasions(英国)王室典礼官

**earlobe** /'ɪələʊb/ n. a soft, rounded fleshy part hanging from the lower margin of the ear 耳垂

**earl palatine** n. (pl. **earls palatine**) historical 【史义】 an earl having royal authority within his country or domain 巴拉丁伯爵,王权伯爵

**early** /'ɜːli/ adj. (**earlier**, **earliest**) 1 before the usual or expected time(比通常或预定时间)早的;提早的 2 of, at, or near the beginning of a particular time, period, or sequence(在)初期的,(在)早期的 ➤(of a plant or crop) flowering or ripening before other varieties(植物)早花的;(农作物)早产的,早熟的 ■adv. 1 before the usual or expected time(比通常或预定时间)早;提早 2 at or near the beginning of a time, period, etc. 在初期,在早期 ■n. (**earlies**) 1 potatoes ready to be harvested before the main crop 早熟马铃薯 2 informal【非正式】 early shifts 早班
-**PHRASES** 短语 **at the earliest** not before the time or date specified 至早,最早 **early bird** humorous【幽】 a person who rises or arrives early早起(或早到)的人 **early (or earlier) on** at an early (or earlier) stage 在初期(或早些时候)
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **earliness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE(as adv.) ærlīce (see见 **ERE**, **-LY²**), influenced by ON árliga.

**early closing** ■n. Brit. 【英】 the practice of shutting business premises on a particular afternoon every week(商店等每周在某个固定的下午)提早打烊

**Early English** adj. denoting a style of English Gothic architecture typical of the late 12th and 13th centuries, characterized by pointed arches and simple lancet windows(建筑风格)早期英格兰哥特式的

**early music** n. medieval, Renaissance, and early baroque music, especially as revived and played on period instruments 早期音乐(中世纪、文艺复兴时期及巴罗克早期的音乐,尤指用那个时期的乐器重新演绎的音乐)

**earmark** /'ɪəmɑːk/ v. 1 designate for a particular purpose 指定………作特定用途 2 mark (an animal) with an earmark 给(牲畜)打耳记 ■n. 1 an identifying feature 识别标记(或特征) 2 an identifying mark on the ear of a domesticated animal (打在牲畜耳朵上表示其归属的)耳记

**earmuffs** /'ɪəmʌfs/ pl. n. a pair of soft fabric coverings, connected by a band, worn over the ears to protect them from cold or noise耳套,耳罩

**earn** /ɜːn/ v. 1 obtain (money) in return for labour or services 挣得,赚得(钱) ➤(of capital invested) gain (money) as interest or profit(投资)生(息),赢(利) ➤(**earn something out**) (of an author, book, recording artist, etc.) generate sufficient income through sales to equal the amount paid in an advance or royalty(作家、书籍、唱片艺人等所产生的收益)挣回,赚回(预付金或版稅) 2 gain (something) as the reward for hard work or merit 获得,赢得
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE earnian, of W. Gmc origin.

**earned income** n. money derived from paid work as opposed to profit from investments(相对于投资收益而言的)劳动所得,工资

**earned run** n. **Baseball** 【棒】 a run that is not the result of an error or passed ball 投手责任得分

**earner** /'ɜːnə(r)/ n. a person or thing earning money or income of a specified kind or level 挣钱者;赚钱的事物: high earners 高收入者

**earnest¹** /'ɜːnɪst/ adj. sincere and very serious 诚挚的;认真的;严肃的
-**PHRASES** 短语 **in earnest** to a greater extent or more intensely than before 更深程度地;更加迫切地 ➤sincere and serious in intention 诚挚地;认真地;严肃地
-**DERIVATIVES** 派生词 **earnestly** adv. **earnestness** n.
-**ORIGIN** 词源 OE eornoste (adj.), eornost (n.), of Gmc origin.

**earnest²** /'ɜːnɪst/ n. a sign or promise of what is to come预兆;保证
-**ORIGIN** 词源 ME ernes, lit. 'instalment paid to confirm a contract', based on OFr. erres, from L. arra, shortened form of arrabo 'a pledge'.

**earnest money** n. chiefly US 【主美】 money paid to confirm a contract 定金,保证金

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**earnings** /'3:nınz/ **pl. n.** money or income earned 收入;收益

**earn-out** **n.** a provision written into some financial transactions whereby the seller of a business will receive additional payments based on the future performance of the business sold(基于未来一定时期内的业绩表现进行支付的)盈利能力支付计划

**earphone** /'ıǝǝon/ **n.** an electrical device worn on the ear to receive radio or telephone communications or to listen to a radio, MP3 player, etc.耳机:耳塞

**earpiece** /'rəpi:s/ **n.** the part of a telephone, radio receiver, or other device that is applied to the ear during use(电话)听筒;耳机;耳塞

**ear-piercing** **adj.** loud and shrill(声音)撕裂耳鼓的,刺耳的 **n.** the piercing of the lobes or edges of the ears to allow the wearing of earrings(为戴耳环的)穿耳孔,打耳洞

**earplug** /'ǝplag/ **n.** a piece of wax, cotton wool, etc., placed in the ear as protection against noise, water, or cold air(隔音、防水或御寒的)耳塞

**earring** /'ıǝrıŋ/ **n.** a piece of jewellery worn on the lobe or edge of the ear耳环,耳饰

**earshot** /'ǝfDt/ **n.** the range or distance over which one can hear or be heard 听力所及的范围,可听距离

**ear-splitting** **adj.** extremely loud 震耳欲聋的,极响的

**earth** /3:0/ **n.** 1 (also 亦作 **Earth**) the planet on which we live, the third planet of the solar system in order of distance from the sun 地球 2 the substance of the land surface; soil 泥土,土壤 ➤ **one of the four elements in ancient and medieval philosophy and in astrology**土(古代、中世纪哲学及占星术中的四元素之一) ➤ used in names of stable, dense, non- volatile inorganic substances, e.g. **fuller's earth** 土,泥(用于稳定、密度大、非挥发性的无机物名称中,如漂土) ➤ literary 【文】 the substance of the human body 肉体,躯体: earth to earth, ashes to ashes 尘归尘,土归土3 Brit. 【英】 electrical connection to the ground, regarded as having zero electrical potential 接地 4 the underground lair of a badger or fox 獾穴;狐穴 **v.** 1 Brit. 【英】 connect (an electrical device) to earth 把(电器)接地2 Hunting 【猎】 (of a fox) run to its earth(狐狸)跑进洞穴,躲入地洞
-PHRASES 短语 **bring (or come) back (down) to earth** cause to return (or return) to reality(使)回到现实 **the earth** chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a very large amount 巨额,大量: Her hat cost the earth. 她的帽子贵得不得了。**go to earth** go into hiding 躲藏起来 **on earth** used for emphasis(用于强调)究竟,到底: What on earth are you doing? 你究竟在干什么?
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **earthward** adj. & adv. **earthwards** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE eorthe, of Gmc origin.

**earthbound** /'3:0baund/ **adj.** 1 confined to the earth or earthly things 只限于地(球)上的;世俗的,尘世(间)的2 moving towards the earth 向地球移动的

**earth closet** ■**n.** Brit. 【英】 a basic type of toilet with dry earth used to cover excrement(用于土覆盖粪便的)厕所

**earthen** /'3:0(ə)n/ **adj.** 1 made of compressed earth 泥土做的2(of a pot) made of baked or fired clay(罐子)用烧过的黏土制造的,陶制的

**earthenware** /'3:0(ə)nweǝ(r)/ **n.** pottery made of fired clay 陶器,瓦器

**earthling** /'3:011ŋ/ **n.** (in science fiction) a human (科幻小说中的)地球人

**earthly** /'3:01i/ **adj.** (**earthlier**, **earthliest**) 1 relating to the earth or human life on the earth 地球的;世俗的,尘世的material; worldly 物质的,非精神的2[with neg,与否定结构连用]informal【非正式】 used for emphasis(用于强调)完全,一点也: There was no earthly reason to rush. 完全不需要赶。
-PHRASES 短语 **not stand (or have) an earthly** Brit. informal【英,非正式】have no chance at all 毫无希望,完全没有指望
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **earthliness** n.

**earth mother** **n.** (in mythology) a goddess symbolizing fertility and the source of life(神话中的)大地母亲

**earth mover** **n.** a vehicle or machine designed to excavate large quantities of soil 推土机;挖土机

**earthnut** /'3:0ʌt/ **n.** 1 a plant of the parsley family with an edible roundish tuber 锥足草[Conopodium majus.] 2 the almond-flavoured tuber of the earthnut 锥足草块茎

**earthquake** /'3:0kwerk/ **n.** a sudden violent shaking of the ground as a result of movements within the earth's crust 地震

**earth science** (also亦作 **earth sciences**) **n.** the branches of science concerned with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere 地球科学

**earth-shattering** **adj.** informal 【非正式】very important or shocking 极其重大的,影响深远的;惊天动地的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **earth-shatteringly** adv.

**earthshine** /'3:0∫ain/ **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 the glow caused by sunlight reflected by the earth, especially on the darker portion of a crescent moon 地照

**earthstar** /'3:0sta:(r)/ **n.** a brownish woodland fungus with a spherical fruiting body surrounded by a fleshy star-shaped structure 地星(一种林地真菌)[Geastrum and other genera.]

**earthwork** /'3:0w3:k/ **n.** a large artificial bank of soil, especially one made as a defence in ancient times(尤指古代防御用的)土筑工事

**earthworm** /'3:03:m/ **n.** a burrowing annelid worm that lives in the soil 蚯蚓[Lumbricus and other genera, family Lumbricidae.]

**earthy** /'3:0i/ **adj.** (**earthier**, **earthiest**) 1 resembling or suggestive of soil 泥土的;泥土似的,有泥土特征的2direct and uninhibited, especially about sexual subjects or bodily functions 粗俗的,粗鄙的

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **earthily** adv. **earthiness** n.

**ear trumpet** **n.** a trumpet-shaped device formerly used as a hearing aid(旧时使用的)号角状助听器

**ear tuft** **n.** each of a pair of tufts of longer feathers on the top of the head of some owls 鹗首耳状丛毛(某些猫头鹰头顶上两簇较长的羽毛)

**earwax** /'ıǝwæks/ **n.** the protective yellow waxy substance secreted in the passage of the outer ear耳垢,耳屎

**earwig** /'ıǝwig/ **n.** a small elongated insect with a pair of terminal appendages that resemble pincers 蠼螋(革翅目昆虫) [Order Dermaptera: many species.] **v.** (**earwigs**, **earwigging**, **earwigged**) Brit. informal【英,非正式】eavesdrop 偷听,窃听
-ORIGIN 词源 OE earwicga, from eare 'ear' + wicga 'earwig' (prob. rel. to wiggle); the insect was once thought to crawl into the human ear.

**ease** /i:z/ **n.** absence of difficulty or effort 容易,不费力 freedom from worries or problems 安适,自在 **v.** 1 make or become less serious or severe (使)缓和;(使)减轻make (something) easier; facilitate 使容易;使便利 2 move carefully or gradually 小心(或逐渐)地移动,挪动 3 (**ease off/up**) do something with more moderation放松;缓和;减轻 > (**ease something away/down/off**) Nautical【航海】 slacken a rope or sail slowly or gently 放松(绳索或帆)4(of share prices, interest rates, etc.) decrease in value or amount(股价、利率等)下跌
-PHRASES 短语 **at (one's) ease** relaxed放松,不拘束 ➤ (**at ease**) Military 【军】 in a relaxed attitude with the feet apart and the hands behind the back 稍息
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **easeful** adj. (literary【文】). **easer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. aise, based on L. adjacens, adjacere 'lie close by.

**easel** /'i:zl/ **n.** a wooden frame for holding an artist's work in progress 画架
-ORIGIN词源C16: from Du. ezel 'ass.

**easement** /'i:zm(ə)nt/ **n.** 1 Law【律】 a right to cross or otherwise use another's land for a specified purpose 通行权;地役权2 literary 【文】 comfort or peace 舒适,安适;平静

**easily** /'i:zəli **adv.** 1 without difficulty or effort 容易地,不费力地 more quickly or frequently than is usual(比通常)更快地,更为频繁地2 without doubt 无疑,远远very probably 很可能,多半

**east** /i:st/ **n.** (usu.通常用 **the east**) 1 the direction towards the point of the horizon where the sun rises at the equinoxes, on the right-hand side of a person facing north东;东方 2 the eastern part of a country, region, or town 东部(地区) ➤(**the East**) the regions or countries lying to the east of Europe, especially China, Japan, and India 东方(尤指中国、日本和印度) ➤(**the East**) historical 【史义】 the former communist states of eastern Europe东欧共产主义国家 ■**adj.** 1 lying towards, near, or facing the east 向东的;临东的;朝东的2(of a wind) blowing from the east(风)从东面吹来的 **adv.** to or towards the east 向东方
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eastbound** adj. & adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE east-, of Gmc origin.

**East Ender** **n.** an inhabitant of the part of London east of the City 伦敦东区人

**Easter** /'i:stə(r)/ **n.** the festival of the Christian Church celebrating the resurrection of Christ, held (in the Western Church) on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the northern spring equinox(基督教)复活节
-ORIGIN 词源 OE eastre, of Gmc origin and rel. to EAST; perh. from Eastre, a goddess assoc. with spring.

**Easter bunny** **n.** an imaginary rabbit said to bring gifts to children at Easter 复活节兔(据说会在复活节给孩子带来礼物)

**Easter Day** (also 亦作 **Easter Sunday**) **n.** the day on which the festival of Easter is celebrated 复活节日

**Easter egg** **n.** 1 an artificial chocolate egg or decorated hard-boiled egg given at Easter, especially to children 复活节彩蛋(用巧克力或者熟的鸡蛋装饰后做成,尤送给孩子)2 an unexpected or undocumented feature on a piece of computer software or on a DVD, included as a joke or a bonus 复活节彩蛋(隐藏在软件或DVD上的意想不到的或未注明的内容,可能是个玩笑或额外附赠)

**easterly** /'i:stəli/ **adj.** & **adv.** 1 in an eastward position or direction向东(的),朝东(的)2 (of a wind) blowing from the east(风)从东面吹来的(地)■**n.** (pl. **easterlies**) a wind blowing from the east 东风

**eastern** /'i:stən/ **adj.** 1 situated in, directed towards, or facing the east 在东方(或东部)的;向东方的;面朝东方的2(usu.通常用 **Eastern**) coming from or characteristic of the regions to the east of Europe 来自欧洲以东地区的;具有欧洲以东地区特点的;东方国家的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **easternmost** adj.

**Eastern Church** (also 亦作 **Eastern Orthodox Church**) **n.** another name for ORTHODOX CHURCH * Orthodox Church的另一名称 any of the Christian Churches originating in eastern Europe and the Middle East(源于东欧和中东的基督教)东派教会

**easterner** /'i:stənə(r)/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of the east of a particular region or country 东部人

**Eastertide** /'i:stǝtard/ **n.** the Easter period 复活节期

**East Germanic** **n.** the extinct eastern group of Germanic languages, including Gothic 东日耳曼语(包括哥特语,已消亡)■**adj.** relating to East Germanic 东日耳曼语的

**East Indiaman** **n.** historical 【史义】 a trading ship belonging to the East India Company (a British trading company active in SE Asia and India)东印度公司贸易船

**East Indian** **adj.** relating to the islands of SE Asia or (archaic) the whole of SE Asia to the east of and including India 东印度群岛的(指东南亚各岛);【古】东印度的(包括印度和东南亚)

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**easting** /'i:stın/ **n.** 1 distance travelled or measured eastward, especially at sea 东向行程;(尤指海上的)东行航程 2 a figure or line representing eastward distance on a map(地图上的)东距

**east-north-east** **n.** the direction or compass point midway between east and north-east东东北(罗盘上位于东和东北的中间点或该点所指的方向)

**east-south-east** **n.** the direction or compass point midway between east and south-east东东南(罗盘上位于东和东南的中间点或该点所指的方向)

**eastward** /'i:stwǝd/ **adj.** in an easterly direction向东的,朝东的 **adv.** (also亦作 **eastwards**) towards the east 向东,朝东 ■**n.** (**the eastward**) the direction or region to the east 朝东;东面
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eastwardly** adj. & adv.

**easy** /'i:zi/ **adj.** (**easier**, **easiest**) 1 achieved without great effort; presenting few difficulties 容易的,不费力的2 free from worry or problems 舒适的,安逸的,安心的: an easy life 舒适的生活》lacking anxiety or awkwardness 自在的,不拘束的3 vulnerable to attack or criticism 易受攻击的;易遭批评的: an easy target 易受攻击的目标 4 derogatory【贬】(of a woman) very receptive to sexual advances(女子)水性杨花的,放荡的 **exclam.** be careful!小心,当心
-PHRASES 短语 **easy touch** another term for SOFT TOUCH * soft touch 的另一种说法(see见SOFT) **easy on the eye (or ear)** informal 【非正式】 pleasant to look at (or listen to)好看(或好听)的,悦目(或悦耳)的 **go(or be) easy on** informal 【非正式】 refrain from being harsh with or critical of温和(或宽容)地对待 **of easy virtue** dated or humorous【过时或幽】(of a woman) sexually promiscuous (女子)水性杨花的,放荡的 **stand easy!** Military 【军】 used to instruct soldiers standing at ease that they may relax their attitude further休息!(命令稍息状态的士兵进一步放松姿态的口令) **take it easy** make little effort; rest 从容点;不着忙,放松
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **easiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aisie, past part. of aisier (see见EASE).

**easy chair** **n.** a large, comfortable armchair 安乐椅

**easy-going** **adj.** relaxed and tolerant 心平气和的;脾气随和的

**easy listening** **n.** popular music that is tuneful and undemanding 轻音乐(曲调优美、轻松的流行音乐)

**easy money** **n.** money obtained by dubious means or for little work 来得容易的钱

**easy-peasy** /i:zi 'pi:zi/ **adj.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】very easy 非常容易的
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: reduplication of EASY.

**easy street** ■**n.** informal 【非正式】 financial comfort or security 富裕,富足,衣食无忧

**EAT** **abbr.** Tanzania (international vehicle registration) 坦桑尼亚(国际车船注册)
-ORIGIN 词源 from East Africa Tanzania.

**eat** /i:t/ **v.** (past **ate** /et, ext/; past part. **eaten**) 1 put (food) into the mouth and chew and swallow it吃 ➤(**eat out or in**) have a meal in a restaurant (or at home)上馆子(或在家)吃饭2 (**eat something away** or **eat away at/into**) erode or destroy something gradually 侵蚀;吞噬;逐渐毁掉 ➤(**eat something up**) use resources in very large quantities 大量消耗 ➤(**eat someone up**) dominate someone's thoughts completely 完全占据某人的思想 ■**n.** (**eats**) informal 【非正式】light food or snacks点心;小吃
-PHRASES 短语 **eat one's heart out** suffer from excessive longing for something unattainable 苦苦向往,极度渴求 **eat like a bird (or a horse)** informal【非正式】eat very little (or a lot)吃得极少(或很多) **eat one's words** retract what one has said, especially in a humiliated way(尤指屈辱地)收回前言,承认错误 **I'll eat my hat** informal 【非正式】said to indicate that one thinks something is extremely unlikely to happen (表示认为某事绝不可能发生)要是……的话就砍我的头 **what's eating you (or him etc.)** ? informal 【非正式】what is worrying or annoying you?你(或他等)在担心什么?你(或他等)在为什么烦恼?
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eater** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE etan, of Gmc origin.

**eatable** /'i:təbl/ **adj.** fit to be consumed as food 可食用的 **n.**(**eatables**) items of food 食物,食品

**eatery** /'i:təri/ **n.** (pl. **eateries**) informal 【非正式】a restaurant or cafe 餐馆;快餐店

**eating apple** **n.** an apple suitable for eating raw 可生吃的苹果

**EAU** **abbr.** Uganda (international vehicle registration) 乌干达(国际车船注册)
-ORIGIN 词源 from East Africa Uganda.

**eau de cologne** /ə də kə'lǝun/ **n.** (pl. **eaux de cologne** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a toilet water with a strong scent 科隆香水,古龙水
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'water of Cologne.

**eau de Nil** /ǝu də 'ni:l/ **n.** a pale greenish colour 谈绿色
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr. eau-de-Nil, lit. 'water of the Nile.

**eau de toilette** /ə də twa:'let/ **n.** (pl. **eaux de toilette** pronunc. same单复发音同)a dilute form of perfume 淡香水
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'toilet water.

**eau de vie** /ǝu də 'vi:/ **n.** (pl. **eaux de vie** pronunc. same 单复发音同) brandy 白兰地酒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. eau-de-vie, lit. 'water of life.

**eaves** /i:vz/ **pl. n.** the part of a roof that meets or overhangs the walls of a building 屋檐
-ORIGIN 词源 OE efes (sing.); of Gmc origin; prob. rel. to OVER.

**eavesdrop** /'i:vzdrop/ ■**V.** (**eavesdrops**, **eaves-dropping**, **eavesdropped**) secretly listen to a conversation 偷听,窃听
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eavesdropper** n.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: back-form. from eavesdropper (ME), from the obs. noun eavesdrop 'the ground on to which water drips from the eaves', prob. from ON upsardropi.

**eavestrough** /'i:vztrof/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】a gutter fixed beneath the edge of a roof 檐槽

**ebb** /eb/ **n.** the movement of the tide out to sea 落潮,退潮 **v.** 1 (of tidewater) move away from the land; recede(潮)落,退Compare with 比较 FLOW. 2 (often 常用 **ebb away**) (of an emotion or quality) gradually decrease(感情或特质)低落,逐渐减弱
-PHRASES 短语 **at a low ebb** in a poor state 处于低潮;处于衰退状态
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ebba (n.), ebbian (v.), of W. Gmc origin; ult. rel. to OF.

**EBD** **abbr.** emotional and behavioural difficulties (or disorder)情绪和行为障碍

**EBIT** **abbr.** earnings before interest and tax 息税前利润

**EBITDA** **abbr.** earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization 息税折旧摊销前利润 (即未计利息、税项、折旧及摊销前的利润)

**E-boat** **n.** a German torpedo boat used in the Second World War(二战期间德国的)鱼雷快艇
-ORIGIN 词源 from E-for enemy + BOAT.

**Ebola fever** /i:'bələ, ə'bəulə/ **n.** an infectious and generally fatal viral disease marked by fever and severe internal bleeding 伊波拉热(一种通常致命的病毒性传染病,以发烧和严重的内出血为特征)
-ORIGIN 词源 1976: named after a river in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire).

**ebon** /'eb(ə)n/ ■**n.** literary 【文】 very dark in colour; ebony 棕黑色;乌黑色

**Ebonics** /e'boniks/ **pl. n.** [treated as sing.视作单数] American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English 美国黑人英语(被视为自成一体的语言,而非标准英语的方言或土语)
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: blend of EBONY and PHONICS.

**ebonite** /'ebǝnart/ **n.** another term for VULCANITE * vulcanite 的另一种说法

**ebonized** or **ebonised** /'eb(ə)naızd/ **adj.** (of furniture) made to look like ebony(家具)染(或漆)成乌木色的

**ebony** /'eb(ə)ni/ **n.** 1 heavy blackish or very dark brown wood from a tree of tropical and warm regions 乌木 2 the tree which produces ebony 乌木树 [Diospyros ebenum (India and Sri Lanka) and other species.] 3 a very dark brown or black colour 棕黑色;乌黑色
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from earlier ebon (via OFr. and L. from Gk ebenos 'ebony tree'), perh. on the pattern of ivory.

**e-book** **n.** an electronic version of a printed book which can be read on a computer or special hand-held device电子书

**EBRD** **abbr.** European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 欧洲重建和发展银行

**ebullient** /r'baljənt, -'bol-/ **adj.** 1 cheerful and full of energy 奔放的,洋溢的;兴高采烈的2 archaic【古】(of liquid) boiling or turbulent(液体)沸腾的,翻泡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ebullience** n. **ebulliently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. ebullient-, ebullire 'boil up.

**ebullition** /ebǝ'lı∫n, -bu-/ **n.** technical or archaic 【技或古】 1 the action of bubbling or boiling 翻泡;沸腾2a sudden outburst of emotion or violence(感情的)进发;(暴力的)突然爆发
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. ebullitio(n-), from ebullire (see见EBULLIENT).

**EBV** **abbr.** Epstein-Barr virus

**EC** **abbr.** 1 East Central (London postal district)东部中央(伦敦邮区) 2 Ecuador (international vehicle registration)厄瓜多尔(国际车船注册)3 European Commission 欧盟委员会4 European Community 5 executive committee 执行委员会

**ecad** /'i:kæd/ **n.** Ecology 【生态】an organism that is modified by its environment 适应型(生物)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk oikos 'house' + -AD¹.

**écarté** **n.** 1 /er'ka:ter/ a card game for two players, in which thirty-two cards are used and certain cards may be discarded in exchange for others 埃卡泰(一种两人玩的32张纸牌戏) 2/eika:'ter/ Ballet 【芭蕾】a position in which the dancer extends one leg in the air to the side with the arm of the same side raised above the head and the other arm extended to the side 艾卡泰(芭蕾舞的一种姿势,单腿伸展抬起,同侧一臂抬起过头顶,另一臂往旁打开)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., past part. of écarter 'discard.

**e-cash** **n.** electronic financial transactions conducted via computer networks 电子现金

**ECB** **abbr.** 1 England and Wales Cricket Board 英格兰和威尔士板球委员会2 European Central Bank 欧洲中央银行

**Ecce Homo** /eker 'homǝu, 'hǝumǝu/ **n.** Art【艺】a painting of Christ wearing the crown of thorns 戴荆冠的耶稣画像
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'behold the man', the words of Pontius Pilate to the Jews after Jesus was crowned with thorns (John 19:5).

**eccentric** /ık'sentrık, ek-/ **adj.** 1 unconventional and slightly strange异乎寻常的;古怪的2 technical【技】 not placed centrally or not having its axis placed centrally 偏心的(of an orbit) not circular, especially to a marked degree(轨道)偏心的 **n.** 1 an eccentric person 怪人 2 a cam or other part mounted eccentrically on a revolving shaft in order to transform rotation into backward-and-forward motion 偏心轮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eccentrically** adv. **eccentricity** n. (pl. **eccentricities**).
-ORIGIN 词源ME: via late L. from Gk ekkentros, from ek 'out of' + kentron 'centre'.

**ecchymosis** /ekı'mǝUSIS/ **n.** (pl. **ecchymoses**

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/-si:z/) Medicine 【医】 a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising 出血斑;瘀斑
-ORIGIN 词源C16: mod. L., from Gk ekkhumōsis 'escape of blood.

**Eccles.** /1,kli:zi'æsti:z/ **abbr.** Ecclesiastes (in biblical references)《传道书》,《训道篇》(用于表示《圣经》引文出处)

**Eccles cake** /'eklz/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 a round flat cake of sweetened pastry filled with currants 葡萄干馅饼
-ORIGIN 词源 named after the town of Eccles near Manchester.

**ecclesial** /ı'kli:ziəl/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 relating to or constituting a Church or denomination 教会的;教派的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via OFr. from Gk ekklēsia (see见ECCLESIASTICAL).

**ecclesiarch** /ık'li:zia:k/ **n.** archaic 【古】 a ruler of a Church 教堂司事;圣器保管员
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from Gk ekklēsia 'church' + arkhos 'leader.

**ecclesiastic** /1kli:zi'æstık/ formal 【正式】 ■**n.** a priest or clergyman 祭司;牧师;教士 ■**adj.** another term for ECCLESIASTICAL * ecclesiastical 的另一种说法

**ecclesiastical** /kli:zi'æstıkl/ **adj.** relating to the Christian Church or its clergy(基督教)教会的;教士的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecclesiastically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. ecclésiastique, or via late L. from Gk ekklēsiastikos, from ekklēsiastēs 'member of an assembly, from ekklēsia 'assembly, church.

**ecclesiasticism** /1,kli:zi'æstısız(ə)m/ **n.** adherence or over-attention to details of Church practice(有时指过分的)恪守教会主义

**ecclesiology** /1kli:zi'plǝdzi/ **n.** 1 the study of churches 教堂建筑学;教堂装饰学 2 theology as applied to the nature and structure of the Christian Church 教会学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecclesiological** adj. **ecclesiolo-gist** n.

**Ecclus** /'kləs/ **abbr.** Ecclesiasticus (in biblical references)《次经传道书》(用于表示《圣经》引文出处)

**eccrine** /'ekraın, -krın/ **adj.** Physiology 【生理】 relating to or denoting multicellular glands which do not lose cytoplasm in their secretions, especially the sweat glands on the hands and feet 外分泌(腺)的;(尤指手足处)外分泌(汗腺)的
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk ekkrinein 'secrete'.

**ecdysiast** /ek'dıziæst/ **n.** humorous【幽】a striptease performer 脫衣舞表演者
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Gk ekdusis 'shedding', on the pattern of enthusiast.

**ecdysis** /'ekdısıs, ek'daısıs/ **n.** Zoology 【动】the process of shedding the old skin (in reptiles) or casting off the outer cuticle (in insects and other arthropods)蜕皮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecdysial** /ek'dıziǝl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk ekdusis 'shedding.

**ecdysone** /'ekdısǝun, ek'daısǝun/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】a steroid hormone that controls moulting in insects and other arthropods 蜕皮素
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk ekdusis 'shedding' + -ONE.

**ECG** **abbr.** electrocardiogram or electrocardiograph 心电图;心电图描记器,心电图机

**echelon** l'efǝlon, 'erf-/ **n.** 1 a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society(组织、行业或社会的)等级,阶层2 Military【军】 a formation of troops, ships, aircraft, or vehicles in parallel rows with the end of each row projecting further than the one in front(部队、舰队、机群等排列的)梯队,梯次配置 ■**v.** Military 【军】 arrange in an echelon formation(使)列成梯队,(使)形成梯次配置
-ORIGIN 词源C18: from Fr. échelon, from échelle 'ladder.

**echeveria** etfı'vıəriə/ **n.** a succulent plant with rosettes of fleshy colourful leaves, native to warm regions of America 拟石莲 [Genus Echeveria.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the 19th-cent. Mexican illustrator Anastasio Echeveri or Echeverría.

**echidna** /ı'kıdnə/ **n.** a spiny insectivorous egg-laying mammal with a long snout and claws, native to Australia and New Guinea 针鼹[Tachyglossus aculeatus and Zaglossus bruijni.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk ekhidna 'viper'; cf. ekhinos 'sea urchin, hedgehog.

**echinacea** /ekı'neısiə/ **n.** a North American plant of the daisy family, whose flowers have a raised cone-like centre which appears to consist of soft spines 松果菊 [Genus Echinacea: several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk ekhinos 'sea urchin, hedgehog.

**echinoderm** /ı'kaınǝ(u)d3:m, 'ekin-/ **n.** Zoology 【动】a marine invertebrate of the phylum Echino-dermata, which includes starfishes, sea urchins, brittlestars, crinoids, and sea cucumbers 棘皮动物(棘皮动物门海洋无脊椎动物,包括海星、海胆、海蛇尾、海百合、海参等)
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Echinodermata, from Gk ekhinos 'hedgehog, sea urchin' + derma 'skin.

**echinoid** /'ekınǝıd/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 an echinoderm of the class Echinoidea; a sea urchin 海胆,海胆纲动物
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Echinoidea, from Echinus (genus name), from Gk ekhinos (see见 ECHINUS).

**echinus** /ı'kaınǝs/ **n.** Architecture 【建】 a rounded moulding below an abacus on a Doric or Ionic capital(多立克式或爱奥尼亚式柱头下的)钟形圆饰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk ekhinos 'hedgehog, sea urchin.

**echo** 'ekǝu/ **n.** (pl. **echoes**) 1 a sound caused by the reflection of sound waves from a surface back to the listener 回声,回音 a reflected radio or radar beam(无线电或雷达的)回波 Linguistics 【语言】the repetition of one speaker's utterance by another 回声 J2 something suggestive of or parallel to something

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else映现;启示;呼应物;类同物3 Bridge 【桥牌】a play by a defender of a higher card in a suit followed by a lower one in a subsequent trick, used as a signal to request a further lead of that suit by their partner 回声信号(出某花色牌时先大后小,作为同伴续攻此花色的信号)4a code word representing the letter E, used in radio communication 字母E的代称(用于无线电通信)■**v.**(**echoes**, **echoing**, **echoed**) 1 (of a sound) reverberate or be repeated after the original sound has stopped(声音)回响,回荡 repeat (someone's words or opinions)重复(某人的话或观点)2 be suggestive of or parallel to 呼应;提示;与………类同: a blue suit that echoed the colour of her eyes一套呼应她眼睛颜色的蓝色套装
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **echoer** n. **echoey** adj. **echoless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. or L., from Gk ēkhô, rel. to ekhe 'a sound.

**echocardiography** /ekǝu,ka:di'ngrǝfi/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 the use of ultrasound waves to investigate the action of the heart 超声心动描记术,心回波描记术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **echocardiogram** n. **echocar-diograph** n. **echocardiographic** adj.

**echo chamber** **n.** an enclosed space for producing reverberation of sound 回声室

**echogram** /'ekǝugræm/ **n.** a recording of depth or distance under water made by an echo sounder 音响测深图

**echograph** /'ekǝugra:f/ **n.** an instrument for recording echograms 音响测深自动记录仪,回声深度记录器

**echoic** /e'kǝuik/ **adj.** 1 of or like an echo 回声的;像回声的,回声似的2 Linguistics【语言】 representing a sound by imitation; onomatopoeic拟声的,象声的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **echoically** adv.

**echolalia** ekǝu'leiliə/ **n.** 1 Psychiatry 【精神】 meaningless repetition of another person's spoken words as a symptom of psychiatric disorder 模仿言语 2 repetition of speech by a child learning to talk 幼儿学语(通过模仿学习语言)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk ēkhō 'echo' + lalia 'speech.

**echolocation** /ekǝ(u)lǝ(u)'keıfn/ **n.** the location of objects by reflected sound, in particular as used by animals such as dolphins and bats(尤指海豚、蝙蝠等动物的)回声定位

**echo sounder** **n.** a device for determining the depth of the seabed or detecting objects in water by measuring the time taken for echoes to return to the listener 回声测深仪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **echo-sounding** n.

**echovirus** /ekǝuvaırəs/ (also 亦作 **ECHO virus**) **n.** Medicine 【医】 any of a group of enteroviruses which can cause respiratory infections and a mild form of meningitis 艾柯病毒,人肠道孤病毒
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: echo is acronym from enteric cytopathogenic human orphan, because the virus was not orig. assignable to any known disease.

**echt** /ext/ **adj.** authentic and typical真正的;典型的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger.

**eclair** /er'kleə(r), 1-/ **n.** a small, soft cake of choux pastry filled with cream and topped with chocolate icing(以奶油为馅,顶部裹有巧克力糖霜的)奶油松饼
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. éclair, lit. 'lightning.

**éclaircissement** /eıkleǝ'si:smo/ **n.** literary 【文】 an explanation or clarification of something obscure or puzzling(对难解事物的)说明,阐明
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from éclaircir 'clear up.

**eclampsia** /ı'klæm(p)siǝ/ **n.** Medicine 【医】a condition in which one or more convulsions occur in a pregnant woman suffering from high blood pressure, often followed by coma and posing a threat to the health of mother and baby子痫,惊厥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eclamptic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Fr. éclampsie, from Gk eklampsis 'sudden development.

**éclat** /er'kla:/ **n.** brilliant display or effect 炫耀;灿烂,炫目 social distinction or conspicuous success显赫;辉煌
-ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr., from éclater 'burst out.

**eclectic** /'klektik/ **adj.** 1 deriving ideas or style from a broad and diverse range of sources(想法、风格)博采众长的,兼收并蓄的2(**Eclectic**) denoting or belonging to a class of ancient philosophers who selected doctrines from various schools of thought (古代哲学家)折中主义的 **n.** an eclectic person 博采众长的人,兼收并蓄的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eclectically** adv. **eclecticism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk eklektikos, from eklegein 'pick out.

**eclipse** /1'klips/ **n.** 1 an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination(天体的) 食 an instance of being eclipsed by another person or thing 黯然失色 2 Ornithology 【鸟】 a phase during which the distinctive markings of a bird (especially a male duck) are obscured by moulting of the breeding plumage(尤指公鸭换掉繁育期鲜艳羽毛后的)隐蔽期 ■**v.** 1 (of a celestial body) obscure the light from or to (another body)(天体)遮掩(其他天体发出或接受)的光2 deprive of significance, power, or prominence 使失去重要性(或权势);使失色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. e(s)clipse (n.), eclipser (v.), via L. from Gk ekleipsis, from ekleipein 'fail to appear, be eclipsed.

**eclipsing binary** **n.** Astronomy 【天文】a binary star whose brightness varies periodically as the two components pass one in front of the other 食双星

**ecliptic** /ı'klıptık/ Astronomy 【天文】 ■**n.** a great circle on the celestial sphere representing the sun's apparent path during the year, so called because lunar and solar eclipses can only occur when the moon crosses it 黄道 **adj.** of eclipses or the ecliptic 食的;黄道的

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-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk ekleiptikos, from ekleipein (see 见 ECLIPSE).

**eclogite** /'eklpdzait/ **n.** Geology 【地质】a metamorphic rock containing granular minerals, typically garnet and pyroxene 榴辉岩
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Gk eklogē 'selection' + -ITE¹.

**eclogue** /'eklog/ **n.** a short pastoral poem, especially one in the form of a dialogue(尤指对话式的)牧歌,田园诗
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk ekloge 'selection.

**eclose** /ı'klǝuz/ **v.** Entomology 【昆】 (of an insect) emerge as an adult from the pupa or as a larva from the egg(昆虫)羽化,孵化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eclosion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 back-form. from earlier (C19) eclosion: from Fr. éclore 'to hatch.

**ECM** **abbr.** electronic countermeasures 电子对抗

**eco** /'i:kǝu/ **adj.** informal【非正式】 not harming the environment; eco-friendly 环保的,环境友好的,对环境无害的

**eco-** /'i:kǝu, 'ekǝu/ **comb. form** representing 表示 ECOLOGY, ECOLOGICAL, etc.

**ecocentrism** /i:kǝu'sentrız(ə)m/ **n.** another term for BIOCENTRISM * biocentrism的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecocentric** adj.

**ecocide** /'i:kǝusaid/ **n.** destruction of the natural environment, especially when wilfully done 生态灭绝

**eco-friendly** **adj.** not harmful to the environment 环保的,环境友好的,对环境无害的

**eco-labelling** **n.** the use of labels to identify products conforming to recognized environmental standards 加环保标签,有环保标识
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eco-label** n.

**E. coli** /i: 'kəulaı **n.** the bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly found in the intestines of humans and other animals, some strains of which can cause severe food poisoning 大肠杆菌,大肠埃希杆菌

**ecological footprint** /i:kə'lodzıkl/ **n.** the amount of land required to sustain a particular person or society 生态足迹(维持特定的人或社会所需的土地数量)

**ecology** /i'kələdzi, e-/ **n.** the branch of biology concerned with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings 生态学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecological** adj. **ecologically** adv. **ecologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. as oecology): from Gk oikos 'house' + -LOGY.
> **1911** It's a hot topic today, but you wouldn't **2011** find **ecology** in the first edition. You would find **oecology**, however: the word was entered under its original Greek-influenced spelling. The definition is very similar to the modern one: 'branch of biology dealing with living organisms' habits, modes of life, & relations to their surroundings'. By contrast, the current associations of **environment** are absent, the word being defined simply as 'surrounding; surrounding objects, region, or circumstances',如今,**ecology** 是个热门话题,但在第一版中看不到这个词,不过可以看到 **oecology**:收录时其拼写形式受到了希腊词源的影响。第一版给出的释义与目前的释义非常类似:“生物学的分支,研究生物的习性、生活模式及其与周围环境的关系。”相比之下,当时的释义不像现在会让人联想到 **environment**, **environment** 在当时被简单地定义为“周围环境,周围的物体、地区或情况”。

**e-commerce** (also亦作 **e-business**) ■**n.** commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet 电子商务

**econometrics** /ikonǝ'metriks/ **pl. n.** [treated as sing.视作单数] the branch of economics concerned with the use of mathematical methods (especially statistics) in describing economic systems 计量经济学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **econometric** adj. **econo-metrical** adj. **econometrician** n. **econometrist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from ECONOMY, on the pattern of words such as biometrics.

**economic** i:kə'ndmık, ek-/ **adj.** 1 relating to economics or the economy 经济学的;经济的2 justified in terms of profitability 有利可图的,有赚头的 requiring fewer resources or costing less money 节约的,花费少的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. and L. from Gk oikonomikos, from oikonomia (see见ECONOMY).

**economical** /i:kə'npmıkl/ **adj.** giving good value or return in relation to the resources or money expended 经济的,经济实惠的 careful not to waste resources or money节约的,俭省的
-PHRASES 短语 **be economical with the truth** euphemistic【婉】 lie or deliberately withhold information谎话连篇;隐瞒实情

**economically** /i:kə'ndmıkli/ **adv.** 1 in a way that relates to economics or finance 在经济(学)上2in an economical way 节约地,俭省地

**economic indicator** **n.** a statistic used to predict future trends in a nation's economy 经济指标

**economic migrant** **n.** a person who travels from one country or area to another in order to improve their standard of living(为提高生活水平而迁移的)经济移民

**economics** /i:kə'nomıks/ **pl. n.** [often treated as sing.常视作单数] the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth 经济学

**economism** /i'kənəmız(ə)m/ **n.** belief in the primacy of economic causes or factors 经济主义(认为经济因素至上)

**economist** /i'konǝmıst/ **n.** an expert in economics 经济学家

**economize** or **economise** /i'konǝmaız **v.** be

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economical; spend less 节约,俭省
- DERIVATIVES 派生词 **economization** n. **economizer** n.

**economy** /i'kənəmi/ **n.** (pl. **economies**) 1 the state of a country or area in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money经济(情况) a country or area having a particular economy 有……经济的国家(或地区): a free-market economy 自由市场经济国家2 careful management of available resources 节约,俭省> [as modifier 作修饰语] offering good value for money 经济的: an economy pack 经济装 > a financial saving(财政)节约3 (also 亦作 **economy class**) the cheapest class of air or rail travel(飞机的)经济舱;(火车的)经济座
-PHRASES 短语 **economy of scale** a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production 规模经济
-ORIGIN 词源C15: from Fr. économie, or via L. from Gk oikonomia 'household management', based on oikos 'house' + nemein 'manage.

**economy-class syndrome** **n.** deep-vein thrombosis said to be caused by prolonged immobility on long-haul flights经济舱综合征(指因在长时间飞行中久坐不动而引起的深静脉血栓)

**e-content** **n.** digital text and images designed for display on web pages 电子内容(用于网页显示的数字化内容和图像)

**écorché** eko:'fer/ **n.** (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同) a painting or sculpture of a human figure with the skin removed to display the musculature(人体)肌肉部位图;去皮的人体模型
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'flayed.

**ecoregion** /'i:kǝuri:dzən/ **n.** an area defined in terms of its natural features and environment 生态区域

**ecosphere** /'i:kǝusfıə(r)/ **n.** the parts of the earth or another planet in which life exists or could exist 生物圈;生态圈

**ecossaise** /ekp'serz/ **n.** (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同)an energetic country dance in duple time 埃科塞兹舞,苏格兰舞(一种二拍子轻快乡村舞蹈)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., fem. of écossais 'Scottish.

**ecosystem** /'i:kǝu,sıstəm/ ■**n.** Ecology 【生态】a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment 生态系统

**ecotone** /'i:kǝ(u)tǝun, 'ek-/ ■**n.** Ecology 【生态】 a region of transition between two biological com-munities 生态过渡带,群落交错区
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecotonal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ECO- + Gk tonos 'tension.

**ecotourism** /'i:kǝutuərız(ə)m/ ■**n.** tourism directed towards unspoilt natural environments and intended to support conservation efforts 生态旅游
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecotour** n. & v. **ecotourist** n.

**ecotown** /'i:kǝutaun/ **n.** a new town designed to facilitate a lifestyle that has as little impact on the environment as possible 生态城镇

**ecotype** /'i:kǝutarp/ **n.** Botany & Zoology 【植,动】 a distinct form or race of a plant or animal species occupying a particular habitat 生态型

**eco-warrior** **n.** informal【非正式】 a person actively involved in preventing damage to the environment 环保斗士,环保积极分子

**ecru** /'erkru:, 'ekru:/ **n.** the light fawn colour of unbleached linen 浅褐色
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. écru 'unbleached'.

**ecstasy** /'ekstəsi/ **n.** (pl. **ecstasies**) 1 an overwhelm-ing feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement 狂喜,欣喜若狂2 an emotional or religious frenzy or trance-like state 狂乱;超脱;出神3(**Ecstasy**) an illegal amphetamine-based synthetic drug with euphoric effects 迷幻药,摇头丸
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. extasie, via late L. from Gk ekstasis 'standing outside oneself.

**ecstatic** /ık'stætık, ek-/ **adj.** 1 blissfully happy; joyful 狂喜的,欣喜若狂的2involving an intense mystical or trance-like experience恍惚的,出神的;超脱的■**n.** a person subject to mystical experiences 心醉神迷的人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecstatically** adv.

**ECT** **abbr.** electroconvulsive therapy电休克治疗,电痉挛治疗

**ecto-** /'ektǝu/ **comb. form** outer; external 外部的;外面的: ectoparasite 外寄生物
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk ektos 'outside'.

**ectoderm** /'ektǝ(u)d3:m/ ■**n.** Zoology & Embryology 【动,胚胎】the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo, or the parts derived from this (e.g. the epidermis)外胚层;由外胚层形成的组织(如表皮)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectodermal** adj.
-ORIGIN词源C19: from ECTO- + Gk derma 'skin.

**ectogenesis** /ektǝ(u)'dzenisIS/ **n.** (chiefly in science fiction) the development of embryos in artificial conditions outside the womb (主要出现在科幻小说中的胚胎的)体外发育,人工生殖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectogenetic** adj.

**ectomorph** /'ektǝ(u)mo:f/ ■**n.** Physiology 【生理】 a person with a lean and delicate build of body 外胚层体型者,瘦型体质者 Compare with 比较 ENDOMORPH and MESOMORPH.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectomorphic** adj. **ectomorphy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: ecto-from ectodermal (being the layer of the embryo giving rise to these physical characteristics) + -MORPH.

**-ectomy** /'ektəmi/ **comb. form** denoting surgical removal of a specified part of the body･･･切除术: appendectomy 阑尾切除术
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk ektomē 'excision.

**ectoparasite** /ektǝu'pærəsait/ **n.** Biology【生物】 a parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the outside of its host 外寄生物 Compare with 比较 ENDOPARASITE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectoparasitic** adj.

**ectopic** /ek'topık/ **adj.** Medicine 【医】 in an abnormal place or position 异位的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectopically** adv.

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**ectopic pregnancy** **n.** a pregnancy in which the fetus develops outside the womb, typically in a fallopian tube 异位妊娠,宫外孕
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. ectopia 'presence of tissue, cells, etc. in an abnormal place' (from Gk ektopos 'out of place') + -Ic.

**ectoplasm** /'ektǝ(u)plæz(ə)m/ **n.** 1 Biology, dated 【生物,过时】the more viscous, clear outer layer of the cytoplasm in amoeboid cells(细胞的)外质 Compare with 比较 ENDOPLASM. 2 a viscous substance that supposedly exudes from the body of a medium during a spiritualistic trance and forms the material for the manifestation of spirits 外质(据称是灵媒身上渗出的物质,形成死者的外形)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectoplasmic** adj.

**ectotherm** /'ektǝ003:m/ ■**n.** Zoology 【动】 an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat 外温动物(体温随外界温度的变化而变化)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ectothermic** adj. **ectothermy** n.

**ecu** /'ekju:, 'er-/ (also 亦作 **ECU**) **n.** (pl. same 单复同or **ecus**) former term for EURO * euro 的旧时说法
-ORIGIN 词源 acronym from European currency unit.

**Ecuadorian** ekwǝ'də:riǝn/(also 亦作 **Ecuadorean**) ■**n.** a native or inhabitant of Ecuador 厄瓜多尔人 ■**adj.** relating to Ecuador 厄瓜多尔的

**ecumenical** i:kju'menıkl, ek-/ **adj.** representing a number of different Christian Churches 代表不同基督教会的promoting or relating to unity among the world's Christian Churches 普世教会的,教会再合一的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ecumenically** adv. **ecumenism** /i'kju:mənız(ə)m/ **n.**
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk oikoumenikos from oikoumene 'the (inhabited) earth.

**Ecumenical Patriarch** **n.** a title of the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople 普世牧首(东正教君士坦丁堡宗主教的称号)

**eczema** /'eksımə, 'ekzımə/ **n.** a medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding 湿疹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eczematous** /ek'zi:mətəs, -'zem-/adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C18: mod. L., from Gk ekzema, from ekzein 'boil over, break out.

**ed.** **abbr.** 1 edited by 由………编辑2 edition 3 editor

**-ed¹** /d/ **suffix** forming adjectives 构成形容词:1 (added to nouns) having; possessing; affected by (加在名词后)具有……的;受………影响的: **talented** 有天赋的2 from phrases consisting of adjective and noun 来自由形容词和名词构成的短语: **bad-tempered** 坏脾气的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE-ede.

**-ed²** /d/ **suffix** forming 构成: 1 the past tense and past participle of weak verbs 规则动词的过去式和过去分词: **landed** 降落 2 participial adjectives 分词形容词: **wounded** 受伤的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE-ed, -ad, -od.

**edacious** /r'deıfəs/ **adj.** rare 【罕】 of or given to eating 吃的;贪吃的,狼吞虎咽的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **edacity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. edax, edac- (from edere 'eat') + -IOUS.

**Edam** /'i:dæm/ **n.** a round Dutch cheese, typically pale yellow with a red wax coating, traditionally made at Edam in the Netherlands 埃丹干酪(荷兰球形干酪,色黄,外涂红蜡)

**edamame** /edǝ'ma:mer/ **n.** a Japanese dish of salted green soybeans boiled in their pods(日本的)盐水毛豆
-ORIGIN 词源 Japanese, lit. 'beans on a branch.

**edaphic** /r'dæfık/ **adj.** Ecology 【生态】 of, produced by, or influenced by the soil 土壤的;土壤中生长的;受土壤条件影响的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: coined in Ger. from Gk edaphos 'floor' + -Ic.

**Edda** /'edǝ/ **n.** either of two 13th-century Icelandic books, the **Elder** or **Poetic Edda** (a collection of Old Norse poems on Norse legends) and the **Younger** or **Prose Edda** (a handbook to Icelandic poetry) 《埃达》(13世纪冰岛的两部文学作品之一,一部为《老埃达》,亦称《诗体埃达》,是关于古代北欧传说的北欧诗歌集;另一部为《新埃达》,亦称《散文埃达》,是一部冰岛诗学文集)
-ORIGIN 词源 either from the name of a character in the ON poem Rigsthul, or from ON óthr 'poetry.

**eddo** /'edǝu/ **n.** (pl. **eddoes**) a taro corm or plant of a West Indian variety with many edible cormlets 芋
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: of W. Afr. origin.

**eddy** /'edi/ **n.** (pl. **eddies**) a circular movement of water causing a small whirlpool 旋涡,涡流 ■**V.** (**eddies**, **eddying**, **eddied**) (of water, air, or smoke) move in a circular way(水、空气或烟雾)旋转,起旋涡
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: prob. from the Gmc base of the OE prefix ed- 'again, back.

**eddy current** **n.** a localized electric current induced in a conductor by a varying magnetic field 涡(电)流

**edelweiss** /'eidlvais/ **n.** a mountain plant which has woolly white bracts around its small flowers and downy grey-green leaves 高山火绒草,雪绒花[Leontopodium alpinum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., from edel 'noble' + weiss 'white'.

**edema** /ı'di:mǝ/ ■**n.** US spelling of OEDEMA * oedema的美式拼法

**Eden** /'i:d(ə)n/ **n.** 1 (also 亦作 **Garden of Eden**) the place where Adam and Eve lived in the biblical account of the Creation伊甸园(《圣经·创世记》中记载的亚当和夏娃居住的家园)2 a place or state of unspoilt happiness or beauty 天堂,乐园
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Edenic** /1'denık/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 from late L. (Vulgate), Gk Ēdēn (Septuagint), and Heb. 'Eden; perh. ult. from Sumerian eden 'plain, desert', but prob. rel. to Heb. 'ēden 'delight.

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**edentate** /'i:dəntert/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 a mammal of an order distinguished by the lack of incisor and canine teeth, including the anteaters, sloths, and armadillos 贫齿目动物(包括食蚁兽、树懒、犰狳等) [Order Xenarthra (or Edentata).]
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. edentat-, edentare 'make toothless.

**edentulous** /ı'dentjuləs/ **adj.** Medicine & Zoology 【医,动】lacking teeth 无牙的
-ORIGIN词源C18: from L. edentulus.

**edge** /edz/ **n.** 1 the outside limit of an object, area, or surface边线,边界,边缘an area next to a steep drop(悬崖的)边缘2the sharpened side of a blade口,刃,锋3an intense or striking quality 强烈;尖锐 a quality or factor which gives superiority over close rivals 优势,优势之处:His cars have the edge over his rivals.与对手们相比,他的车占有优势。4 the line along which two surfaces of a solid meet 棱,边 **v.** 1 provide with a border or edge 加边于,在……上形成边2move carefully or furtively 徐徐移动;悄悄移动3(usu. 通常用 **edge out**)informal 【非正式】 defeat by a small margin险胜 4 give an intense or sharp quality to 使强烈;使尖锐5 Cricket 【板】 strike (the ball) with the edge of the bat 用板边击(球)
-PHRASES 短语 **on edge** tense, nervous, or irritable 紧张的;烦躁的;易怒的 **set someone's teeth on edge** (of a sound or taste) cause intense discomfort or irritation to someone (声音或味道)让人不舒服的,令人心烦意乱的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-edged** adj. **edgeless** adj. **edger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ecg 'sharpened side of a blade', of Gmc origin.

**edge tool** **n.** a handworked or machine-operated cutting tool 削边刀

**edgeways** /'edzweiz/ (US 【美】**edgewise**) **adv.** with the edge uppermost or towards the viewer 边朝上;边朝前
-PHRASES 短语 **get a word in edgeways** [usu. with neg. 通常与否定结构连用] manage to contribute to a conversation with a voluble person 插上话

**edging** /'edzın/ **n.** something forming an edge or border边,边缘

**edgy** /'edzi/ **adj.** (**edgier**, **edgiest**) 1 tense, nervous, or irritable 紧张的;烦躁的;易怒的2informal 【非正式】 avant-garde and unconventional 领先潮流的,前卫的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **edgily** adv. **edginess** n.

**edh** /eð/ **n.** variant spelling Of ETH *eth的另一种拼法

**EDI** **abbr.** electronic data interchange 电子数据交换

**edible** /'edibl/ **adj.** fit to be eaten可以吃的,可食用的 **n.**(**edibles**) items of food 食物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **edibility** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. edibilis, from L. edere 'eat.

**edible dormouse** **n.** a squirrel-like burrowing dormouse found in Europe and Asia Minor, sometimes farmed or hunted for food 睡鼠 [Myoxus glis.]

**edible snail** **n.** a large snail which is widely collected or cultured for food, occurring chiefly in southern Europe 食用蜗牛(主要在欧洲南部广泛采集或养殖)[Helix pomatia.]

**edict** /'i:dıkt/ **n.** an official order or proclamation 法令,敕令;布告
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. edictum 'something proclaimed, neut. past part. of edicere, from e- (var. of ex-) 'out' + dicere 'say, tell.

**edifice** /'edifis/ **n.** 1 a building, especially a large, imposing one(尤指巨大而雄伟的)建筑物,大厦2a complex system of beliefs 复杂的信仰体系
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. aedificium, from aedis 'dwelling' + facere 'make'.

**edify** /'edifa1/ **v.** (**edifies**, **edifying**, **edified**) formal【正式】 instruct or improve morally or intellectually 教诲;教化;开导,启迪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **edification** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. edifier, from L. aedificare 'build', from aedis 'dwelling' + facere 'make' (cf. EDIFICE).

**edifying** /'edifany/ **adj.** serving or likely to provide moral or intellectual instruction or improvement 教导的;启迪的;起教化作用的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **edifyingly** adv.

**edit** /'edit/ **v.** (**edits**, **editing**, **edited**) 1 prepare (written material) for publication by correcting, condensing, or otherwise modifying it 编辑,校订(文字材料)prepare and arrange material for (a recording or broadcast)剪辑(录音或广播内容) ➤change (text) on a computer(在电脑上)编辑,修改(文本) ➤(**edit something out**) remove material in preparing a recording or broadcast 删剪(录音或广播内容) 2 be editor of (a newspaper or magazine)做(报刊)的主编 **n.** a change or correction made as a result of editing(编校、剪辑中的)改动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **editable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: partly a back-form. from EDITOR, reinforced by Fr. éditer 'to edit.

**edition** /ı'dın/ **n.** 1 a particular form or version of a published text 版本 2 the total number of copies of a book, newspaper, etc. issued at one time(书报等的)一版印数,版次3a particular version or instance of a regular programme or broadcast(电视或广播某一期的)特定节目,特定报道
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. édition, from L. editio(n-), from edere 'put out.

**editio princeps** /ıdıſiǝu 'prinseps/ **n.** (pl. **editiones principes** /ıdı fizǝuni:z 'prınsıpi:z/) the first printed edition of a book(书的)初版,第一版
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from editio(n-) 'edition' and princeps 'chief.

**editor** /'editə(r)/ **n.** 1 a person who is in charge of a newspaper, magazine, or multi-author book (报刊或多位作者合著书籍的)主编 2 a person who commissions or prepares written or recorded

<812>
material 编辑:剪辑员3acomputer program enabling the user to enter or alter text(计算机)编辑程序
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **editorship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'producer (of games), publisher', from edit-, edere 'put out.

**editorial** /edr'təriəl/ **adj.** relating to the commissioning or preparing of material for publication 编辑的 ■**n.** a newspaper article giving an opinion on a topical issue(报纸的)社论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **editorialist** n. **editorially** adv.

**editorialize** or **editorialise** /edr'tɔ:riǝlaız/ **v.** (of a newspaper or editor) express opinions rather than just report news(报纸或主编)发表社论

**editress** /'editris/ (also 亦作 **editrix**) ■**n.** dated 【过时】 a female editor 女主编;女编辑

**edit suite** **n.** a room containing equipment for electronically editing video-recorded material 录像编辑室,影像制作室

**-edly** /1dli/ **suffix** (forming adverbs) in a manner characterized by the action expressed by the formative verb(加在动词后构成副词)以……的方式: **repeatedly** 重复地

**edn** **abbr.** edition

**Edo** /'edǝu/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **Edos**) 1 a member of a people inhabiting the district of Benin in Nigeria 埃多人(生活在尼日利亚贝宁地区)2the Benue-Congo language of the Edo埃多语(埃多人说的贝努埃一刚果语)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name of Benin City in Edo.

**Edomite** /'i:dəmait/ **n.** a member of an ancient people living in Edom, south of the Dead Sea, in biblical times, traditionally believed to be descended from Esau 以东人(《圣经》时代居住在死海南部的以东的古代人,传统上被认为是以扫的后代)

**EDP** **abbr.** electronic data processing 电子数据处理

**EDT** **abbr.** Eastern Daylight Time(美国)东部夏令时间

**educate** /'edjukeit/ **v.** give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to 教育,教导,教养 train or give information on a particular subject(在特定科目上)培养,训练
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **educability** n. **educable** adj. **educative** adj. **educator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. educat-, educare lead out, rel. to educere (see见EDUCE).

**educated guess** **n.** a guess based on knowledge and experience 基于知识和经验的估测

**education** /edzukerfn/ **n.** 1 the process of educating or being educated(受)教育(过程) the theory and practice of teaching 教育(理论与实践) information about or training in a particular subject(特定科目的)培养,训练2(**an education**) informal 【非正式】an enlightening experience 有启发作用的经历
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **educational** adj. **educationalist** n. **educationally** adv. **educationist** n.

**educe** /'dju:s/ **v.** formal 【正式】 1 bring out or develop (something latent or potential)引出,开发出(潜在的事物) 2 infer from data(从数据)演绎出,推断出
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eduction** n.
-ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. educere 'lead out.

**educrat** /'edjukræt/ **n.** N. Amer. derogatory 【北美,贬】an educational administrator or theorist 教育官员;教育理论家

**edutainment** /edju'teinm(ə)nt/ **n.** entertainment, especially computer games, with an educational aspect 寓教于乐的活动(尤指计算机游戏)

**Edw.** /'edwǝd/ **abbr.** Edward 爱德华

**Edwardian** /ed'wɔ:diǝn/ **adj.** relating to or characteristic of the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910)爱德华七世时代的,具有爱德华七世时代特色的 **n.** a person who lived during this period爱德华七世时代的人

**ee** /i:/ **exclam.** northern English form of on¹ * oh¹的英格兰北部英语形式

**-ee** /i:/ **suffix** forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting the person affected by the action of the formative verb 受动者: **employee** 雇员 2 denoting a person described as or concerned with 被描述成……的人;与………有关的人: **absentee** 缺席者 3 denoting an object of relatively smaller size 较小物: **bootee** 短筒靴
-ORIGIN 词源 from Anglo-Norman Fr. -é, from L. -atus (past participial ending); some forms are anglicized mod. Fr. nouns (e.g. refugee from réfugié).

**EEC** **abbr.** historical 【史义】 European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体

**EEG** **abbr.** electroencephalogram or electro-encephalograph 脑电图;脑电图机,脑电图描记器

**eejit** /'i:dzıt/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 Irish and Scottish form of IDIOT * idiot的爱尔兰和苏格兰形式

**eek** /i:k/ **exclam.** informal 【非正式】 used to express alarm or surprise咦,呀(表示惊恐或惊奇)

**eel** /i:l/ **n.** a snake-like fish with a slender elongated body and poorly developed fins, proverbial for its slipperiness 鳗鲡 [Anguilla anguilla (Europe) and related species, order Anguilliformes.] ➤ used in names of unrelated fishes that resemble the true eels, e.g. **electric eel**(用于鳗状鱼的名称中,如电鰻)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eel-like** adj. **eely** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æl, of Gmc origin.

**eelgrass** /'i:lgra:s/ **n.** 1 a marine plant with long ribbon-like leaves 大叶藻,鳗草[Zostera marina.] 2 a submerged aquatic plant with narrow, grass-like leaves 苦草 [Genus Valisneria.]

**eelpout** /'i:lpaut/ **n.** a small broad-headed sea fish with an elongated body and the dorsal and anal fins continuous with the tail 绵鳚 [Family Zoarcidae: numerous species.]

**eelworm** /'i:lw3:m/ **n.** a nematode, especially a small soil nematode that can become a serious pest of crops and ornamental plants 线虫

**e'en** /i:n/ **adv.** literary form of EVEN¹ * even的文学形式

**-een** /i:n/ **suffix** Irish 【爱】 forming diminutive nouns

<813>
such as colleen构成名词,表示小的(如colleen)
- ORIGIN 词源 from the Ir. dimin. suffix -ín.

**eensy** /'i:nsi/ (also 亦作 **eensy-weensy**) **adj.** informal【非正式】tiny细小的,微小的

**EEPROM** /'i:prom/ **n.** Computing 【计】 a read-only memory whose contents can be erased and reprogrammed using a pulsed voltage 电可擦编程只读存储器
-ORIGIN 词源 acronym from electrically erasable programmable ROM.

**e'er** /eǝ(r)/ **adv.** literary form of EVER * ever 的文学形式

**-eer** /'ıǝ(r)/ **suffix** 1 (forming nouns) denoting a person concerned with or engaged in an activity(构成名词)从事……的人,………者: **auctioneer** 拍卖商 2(forming verbs) denoting concern or involvement with an activity(构成动词)从事,参与: **electioneer** 积极竞选的人
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -ier, from L. -arius; verbs are often back-forms (e.g. electioneer from electioneering).

**eerie** /'ıəri/ **adj.** (**eerier**, **eeriest**) strange and frightening 怪异而可怕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eerily** adv. **eeriness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(orig. north. Engl. and Scots in the sense 'fearful'): prob. from OE earg 'cowardly', of Gmc origin.

**Eeyorish** /'i:ɔ:r1f/ (also 亦作 **Eeyoreish**) **adj.** Brit. 【英】pessimistic or gloomy 悲观的;忧郁的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Eeyore, a gloomy donkey in A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh.

**ef-** /1f/ **prefix** variant spelling of ex-¹ assimilated before f (as in efface, effloresce)(用在字母f前)ex-的另一种拼法

**EFA** **abbr.** essential fatty acid 必需脂肪酸

**eff** /ef/ **n.** & **v.** Brit. 【英】 used as a euphemism for 'fuck' * fuck 的委婉说法
-PHRASES 短语 **eff and blind** informal 【非正式】swear 咒骂[blind from its use in expletives such as blind me(see见BLIMEY).]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effing** adj. & adv.

**effable** /'efǝbl/ **adj.** rare 【罕】 able to be described in words 能被说出的,可表达的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. effabilis, from effari 'utter'.

**efface** /1'fers/ **v.** 1 erase (a mark) from a surface 擦掉,抹去(痕迹) 2 (**efface oneself**) make oneself appear insignificant or inconspicuous 使(自己)显得微不足道,不露锋芒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effacement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'pardon or be absolved from an offence'): from Fr. effacer, from e- (from L. ex- 'away from') + face 'face.

**effect** /r'fekt/ **n.** 1 a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause 结果,效果> an impression produced in a person's mind (给某人的)印象,感觉,感受: His words had a soothing effect.他的话让人宽心。2the state of being or becoming operative实行;生效;起作用:The law came into effect.该项法律开始生效。the extent to which something succeeds or is operative 效力(范围),作用(范围)3(**effects**) the lighting, sound, or scenery used in a play or film(戏剧或电影中运用的光、声、景等)效果4(**effects**) personal belongings 财产 5 Physics 【物】 a physical phenomenon, typically named after its discoverer 效应: **the Coriolis effect** 科里奥利效应 ■**V.** cause to happen; bring about 使发生,引起,导致
-PHRASES 短语 **for effect** in order to impress people 为给人留下印象 **in effect** in practice, even if not formally acknowledged 实质上,实际上 **to the effect that** the general sense or meaning of something written or spoken being 大意是,意思是 **to that effect** having the result or meaning specified 有鉴于此,按这个意思
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. effectus, from effect-, efficere 'accomplish.
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the confusion of **effect** with **affect**, see AFFECT',关于 effect 和 affect 的辨析,参见affect'。

**effective** /1'fektiv/ **adj.** 1 producing a desired or intended result有效的,产生预期效果的2 (of a law or policy) operative(法律或政策)生效的,起作用的3 existing in fact, though not formally acknowledged as such 实际(存在)的 **n.** a soldier fit and available for service 有战斗力的士兵
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effectively** adv. **effectiveness** n. **effectivity** n.

**effective demand** **n.** Economics 【经】 the level of demand that represents a real intention to purchase by people with the means to pay 有效需求(指代表有支付能力的人的真正购买意图的需求水平)

**effective temperature** ■**n.** Physics 【物】 the temperature of an object calculated from the radiation it emits, assuming black-body behaviour 有效温度

**effector** /ı'fektə(r)/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus 效应器,效应物

**effectual** /1'fektfuǝl. -tjuǝl/ **adj.** 1 effective 有效的;生效的2Law【律】(of a legal document) valid or binding(法律文件)有法律效力的,有约束力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effectuality** n. **effectually** adv. **effectualness** n.

**effectuate** /r'fektfueit, -tju-/ ■**v.** formal 【正式】put into force or operation 使生效;实行;实施
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effectuation** n.

**effeminate** /r'feminǝt/ **adj.** derogatory【贬】(of a man) having characteristics regarded as typical of a woman(男子)女人气的,无男子汉气概的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effeminacy** n. **effeminately** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. effeminat-, effeminare 'make feminine.

**effendi** /e'fendi/ **n.** (pl. **effendis**) a man of high education or social standing in an eastern Mediterranean or Arab country(地中海东部或阿拉伯国家中受过高等教育或有地位的)上流社会人士
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Turk. efendi, from mod. Gk

<814>
aphentes, from Gk authentes 'lord, master.

**efferent** /'ef(ǝ)r(ə)nt/ Physiology 【生理】■**adj.** relating to or denoting the conduction of nerve impulses or blood outwards or away from something 输出的,传出的The opposite of 反义词 AFFERENT. ■**n.** an efferent nerve fibre or blood vessel 传出神经纤维;输出血管
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. efferent-, efferre 'carry out.

**effervescent** / efǝ'vesənt/ **adj.** 1 (of a liquid) giving off bubbles; fizzy (液体)起沫的,冒泡的2 vivacious and enthusiastic兴高采烈的;热情洋溢的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effervesce** v. **effervescence** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. effervescent-, effervescere 'boil up.

**effete** /1'fi:t/ **adj.** 1 affected, over-refined, and ineffectual 矫揉造作的;无用的(of a man) weak or effeminate(男子)柔弱的,女人气的2 no longer capable of effective action 衰弱的,无能的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effetely** adv. **effeteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. effetus 'worn out by bearing young'; rel. to FETUS.

**efficacious** efı'kerfǝs/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 effective 有效的,灵验的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **efficaciously** adv. **efficacious-ness** n. **efficacy** /'efıkəsi/ **n.**
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. efficax, efficac- (from efficere 'accomplish') + -IOUS.

**efficiency** /1'f1fnsi/ **n.** (pl. **efficiencies**) 1 the state or quality of being efficient有效;效率,功效 2 technical 【技】 the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in 效率

**efficient** /1'fifnt/ **adj.** working productively with minimum wasted effort or expense 效率高的;收效大的 preventing the wasteful use of a resource节约(资源)的: an energy-efficient heating system节能的供暖系统
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **efficiently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. efficient-, efficere (see见EFFECT).

**efficient cause** **n.** Philosophy 【哲】 an agent that brings a thing into being or initiates a change 动力因(素)

**effigy** /'efidzi/ **n.** (pl. **effigies**) a sculpture or model of a person(某人的)雕像,模拟像
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. effigies, from effingere 'to fashion (artistically).

**effleurage** /efl3:'ra:3/ **n.** a form of massage involving a repeated circular stroking movement made with the palm of the hand平抚(按摩的一种手法,用手掌重复性地做环形按抚)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from effleurer 'skim the surface, stroke lightly.

**effloresce** eflǝ'res/ **v.** 1 (of a substance) lose moisture and turn to a fine powder on exposure to air(物质)风化2 (of salts) come to the surface of brickwork or other material and crystallize(盐在砖造建筑物等表面)凝霜 (of a surface) become covered with salt particles(表面)起霜3 reach an optimum stage of development 达到全盛
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **efflorescence** n. **efflorescent** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. efflorescere, from e- (var. of ex-) 'out' + florescere 'begin to bloom.

**effluence** /'efluǝns/ **n.** 1 a substance that flows out 流出物 2 the action of flowing out 流出
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. effluentia, from L. effluent-, effluere 'flow out.

**effluent** /'efluənt/ **n.** liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea 废水;污水

**effluvium** /ı'flu:viəm/ **n.** (pl. **effluvia** /-viə/) an unpleasant or harmful odour or discharge臭气;恶臭;废料
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., from effluere 'flow out.

**efflux** /'efloks/ **n.** technical 【技】 the flowing out of a substance or particle(物质或微粒的)流出,渗出,溢出
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. effluxus, from effluere 'flow out.

**effluxion** /r'flakjn/ **n.** 1 Law 【律】 the expiration of a time-limited agreement or contract(协议或合同的)期限届满,到期2 archaic 【古】 the action of flowing out 流出

**effort** /'efǝt/ **n.** 1 a vigorous or determined attempt 努力(或不懈)的尝试 strenuous physical or mental exertion努力,勉力2 technical 【技】 a force exerted by a machine or in a process 作用力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effortful** adj. **effortfully** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr., from OFr. esforcier, based on L. ex- 'out' + fortis 'strong.

**effortless** /'efətləs/ **adj.** requiring no effort 不费力气的,容易的achieved with admirable ease 轻松自如的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effortlessly** adv. **effortlessness** n.

**effrontery** /r'frant(ə)ri/ **n.** insolence or impertinence 厚颜无耻;傲慢无礼
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. effronterie, based on late L. effrons, effront- 'shameless, barefaced', from ex- 'out' + frons 'forehead.

**effulgent** /I'faldznt/ **adj.** literary 【文】 shining brightly 闪亮的,耀眼的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effulgence** n. **effulgently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18(earlier (C17) as effulgence) : from L. effulgent-, effulgere 'shine brightly.

**effusion** /r'fju:zn/ **n.** 1 an instance of giving off a liquid, light, or smell 流出;泻出;溢出2 Medicine 【医】 an escape of fluid into a body cavity 渗漏 3 an instance of unrestrained speech or writing(讲话或文字的)滔滔不绝
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effuse** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. effusio(n-), from effus-, effundere 'pour out.

**effusive** /r'fju:sIv/ **adj.** 1 expressing gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained manner 感情过分流露的,奔放的2Geology 【地质】 relating to or denoting igneous rocks poured out as lava and later solidified(火成岩)喷发的,喷出的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **effusively** adv. **effusiveness** n.

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**Efik** /'efik/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同) 1a member of a people of southern Nigeria(尼日利亚南部的)埃菲克人2 the Benue-Congo language of the Efik 埃菲克语(埃菲克人说的贝努埃一刚果语)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Efik.

**e-fit** **n.** Brit.【英】 an electronic picture of the face of a person being sought by police, created by a computer program from composite photographs of facial features(用计算机拼合成的)通缉犯画像
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from E-² and FIT¹, on the pattern of PHOTOFIT.

**EFL** **abbr.** English as a foreign language 非母语的英语教学,作为外语的英语教学

**eft** /eft/ **n.** dialect 【方】 a newt 水蜥Zoology【动】 the juvenile stage of a newt 幼体水蜥
-ORIGIN 词源 OE efeta, of unknown ORIGIN; cf. NEWT.

**EFTA** /'eftǝ/ **abbr.** European Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟

**EFTPOS** /'eftppz/ **abbr.** electronic funds transfer at point of sale 销售处资金电子过户

**e.g.** **abbr.** for example 例如,比如
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. exempli gratia 'for the sake of example.

**egad** /1'gæd/ **exclam.** archaic 【古】 expressing surprise, anger, or affirmation 天啊,喔唷(表示吃惊、愤怒或肯定)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: representing earlier A God.

**egalitarian** /1gælı'teəriən/ **adj.** believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities 平等主义的,主张人人平等的 **n.** an egalitarian person 平等主义者,主张人人平等者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egalitarianism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. égalitaire, from égal 'equal', from L. aequalis (see见EQUAL).

**egg¹** /eg/ **n.** 1 an oval or round object laid by a female bird, reptile, fish, or invertebrate and containing an ovum which if fertilized can develop into a new organism卵;蛋 an infertile egg, typically of the domestic hen, used for food(未受精的)卵,(常指供食用的鸡)蛋2 Biology 【生物】the female reproductive cell in animals and plants; an ovum 卵细胞,卵子3 informal, dated 【非正式,过时】a person of a specified kind(某种特定的)人,家伙: He's a thoroughly bad egg. 他是个彻头彻尾的坏蛋。4 Architecture 【建】a decorative oval moulding, used alternately with triangular figures 卵圆饰
-PHRASES 短语 **kill the goose that lays the golden eggs** destroy a reliable and valuable source of income 杀鸡取卵,自绝财源[with allusion to one of Aesop's fables.] **with egg on one's face** informal 正式】 appearing foolish or ridiculous 丢脸,出丑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eggless** adj. **eggy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME(superseding earlier ey, from OE æg) : from ON.

**egg²** /eg/ **v.** (**egg someone on**) urge or encourage someone to do something foolish or risky 怂恿,煽动(某人做傻事或冒险)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from ON eggja 'incite.

**eggar** /'egǝ(r)/ **n.** a large brownish moth which is often active during the day 枯叶蛾[Lasiocampa quercus (oak eggar) and other species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: prob. from EGG¹ (from the shape of the moth's cocoons) + -ER¹.

**egg-bound** **adj.** (of a hen) unable through weakness or disease to expel its eggs(母鸡由于虚弱或疾病而)难产的

**egg cream** **n.** US 【美】 a drink consisting of milk and soda water, flavoured with syrup(用牛奶和苏打水加糖浆调制而成的)蛋奶(饮料)

**egg custard** **n.** a custard made with milk and eggs, typically sweetened and baked(常指加糖烤制的)蛋奶糕

**egghead** /'eghed/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 a very intellectual or studious person 学问家,学究

**eggnog** /'egnng/ **n.** a drink consisting of rum, brandy, or other alcohol mixed with beaten egg, milk, and sugar 蛋奶酒(由酒混入搅打过的鸡蛋、牛奶和糖制成)

**eggplant** /'egpla:nt/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】another term for AUBERGINE * aubergine 的另一种说法

**egg roll** ■**n.** N. Amer. 【北美】a Chinese-style snack similar to a spring roll, encased in a dough made with egg and deep-fried 炸蛋卷(一种类似春卷、以蛋面为皮的中式油炸小吃)

**eggs and bacon** ■**n.** any of a number of plants with yellow flowers marked with orange, red, or brown, supposedly suggestive of eggs and bacon, especially bird's-foot trefoil 开黄花且花上有橙色、红色或棕色斑点的植物(尤指百脉根)

**eggs Benedict** /'benıdıkt/ **pl. n.** a dish consisting of poached eggs and sliced ham on toast, covered with hollandaise sauce (上浇荷兰沙司的)火腿蛋吐司
-ORIGIN 词源 orig. US: origin uncertain.

**eggshell** /'egfel/ **n.** 1 the thin, hard, fragile outer layer of an egg 蛋壳2 [as modifier 作修饰语](of china) extremely thin and delicate(瓷器)薄而易碎的 3 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting an oil-based paint that dries with a slight sheen(油漆)干后略有光泽的

**egg timer** **n.** a device, traditionally a small hourglass, for timing the cooking of a boiled egg煮蛋计时器

**egg tooth** **n.** a hard white protuberance on the beak or jaw of an embryo bird or reptile, used for breaking out of the shell(鸟或爬行动物破壳用的)卵齿,卵牙

**egg white** **n.** the clear, viscous substance round the yolk of an egg that turns white when cooked or beaten 蛋白,蛋清

**eglantine** /'eglǝntain/ **n.** another term for SWEETBRIAR * sweetbriar的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from Provençal aiglentina, based on L. acus 'needle' or aculeus 'prickle.

**EGM** **abbr.** extraordinary general meeting 临时股东大会

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**ego** /'i:gǝu. 'e- **n.** (pl. **egos**) 1 a person's sense of self-esteem or self-importance自尊心;自负2 Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity 自我 Compare with 比较 ID and SUPEREGO. 3 Philosophy 【哲】(in metaphysics) a conscious thinking subject自我(指形而上学中的自觉思维的主体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egoless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源C19: from L., lit. 'T.

**egocentric** /egǝ(u)'sentrik, i:-/ **adj.** 1 self-centred 以自我为中心的,自私自利的2centred in or arising from a person's own individual existence or perspective 自我主义的 **n.** an egocentric person 以自我为中心的人,自我主义者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egocentrically** adv. **egocen-tricity** n. **egocentrism** n.

**egoism** /'egǝuiz(ə)m, 'i:-/ **n.** 1 another term for EGOTISM * egotism的另一种说法2 Ethics【伦理】 an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality 利己主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egoist** n. **egoistic** adj. **egois-tical** adj. **egoistically** adv.

**egomania** /egǝ(u)'meniǝ, i:-/ **n.** obsessive egotism 极端自我主义,利己狂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egomaniac** n. **egomaniacal** adj.

**egotism** /'egǝtız(ə)m, 'i:-/ **n.** the quality of being excessively conceited or absorbed in oneself 自负,自大,自我主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egotist** n. **egotistic** adj. **egotistical** adj. **egotistically** adv.

**ego trip** **n.** informal 【非正式】 something done to increase one's sense of self-importance 自吹自擂;自我表现

**egregious** /r'gri:dzəs/ **adj.** 1 outstandingly bad; shocking 极坏的;令人震惊的 2 archaic【古】 remarkably good卓越的,非凡的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egregiously** adv. **egregious-ness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. egregius 'illustrious', lit. 'standing out from the flock', from ex- 'out' + grex, greg- 'flock.

**egress** /'i:gres/ **n.** formal 【正式】 the action of going out of or leaving a place 外出:离开 a way out出口,出路
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **egression** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. egress-, egredi 'go out.

**egret** /'i:grit, 'e-/ **n.** a heron with mainly white plumage, having long plumes in the breeding season 白鹭;牛背鹭[Genus Egretta (and Bubulcus): several species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. aigrette, from Provençal aigreta, from the Gmc base of HERON.

**Egyptian** /1'dzıpfn/ **n.** 1 a native of ancient or modern Egypt, or a person of Egyptian descent 埃及人;埃及裔2the Afro-Asiatic language used in ancient Egypt, represented in its oldest stages by hieroglyphic inscriptions 古埃及语 **adj.** relating to Egypt or its people or language埃及的;埃及人的;古埃及语的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Egyptianization** or **Egyptiani-sation** n. **Egyptianize** or **Egyptianise** V.

**Egyptology** /i:dzıp'tələdzi/ **n.** the study of the language, history, and culture of ancient Egypt 埃及学(研究古埃及语言、历史和文化)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Egyptological** adj. **Egyptolo-gist** n.

**eh** /el/ **exclam.** expressing enquiry or surprise 啊,嗯,什么(表示询问或惊讶)

**eicosapentaenoic acid** aıkəsə penti:'nəvik/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a polyunsaturated fatty acid found especially in fish oils 二十碳五烯酸(一种多不饱和脂肪酸,尤见于鱼油中)
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from Gk eicosa- 'twenty' (the number of carbon atoms in the molecule) + PENTA- 'five' (the number of unsaturated bonds) + -ENE + -oic on the pattern of methanoic.

**Eid** /id/ (also 亦作 **Id**) **n.** 1 (in full 全形 **Eid ul-Fitr** /i:dol'fıtrǝ/) the Muslim festival marking the end of the fast of Ramadan 开斋节(标志斋月的结束)Also called 亦称 **LESSER BAIRAM**, 2 (in full 全形 **Eid ul-Adha** i:dul'a:də/) the festival marking the culmination of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca 宰牲节(标志每年一度麦加朝圣达到高潮)Also called 亦称 **GREATER BAIRAM**.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Arab. id 'feast', from Aramaic.

**eider** /'aıdə(r)/ ■**n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **eiders**) (also 亦作 **eider duck**) a northern sea duck of which the male is mainly black-and-white and the female brown 绒鸭[Somateria mollissima and related species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Icelandic æthur, from ON æthr.

**eiderdown** /'aıdǝdaun/ **n.** 1 Brit. 【英】 a quilt filled with down (originally from the eider) or another soft material鸭绒被;羽绒被2 (**eider down**) small soft feathers from the breast of the female eider duck 绒鸭绒

**eidetic** /ar'detik/ **adj.** Psychology 【心理】 relating to or denoting mental images having unusual vividness and detail, as if actually visible(头脑中的图像)遗觉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eidetically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: coined in Ger. from Gk eidētikos, from eidos 'form.

**eidolon** /aı'dǝulpn/ **n.** (pl. **eidolons** or **eidola** /-lə/) literary【文】1 a spectre or phantom鬼怪;幽灵;幻象2 an idealized person or thing 理想的人(或物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eidolon, from eidos 'form.

**eidos** /'aidps/ **n.** Anthropology 【人】 the distinctive expression of the character of a culture or social group 文化表相(文化或社会群体特征的特有表现形式)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk, lit. 'form, type, or idea, partly in contrast to ETHOS.

**eigen-** /'aig(ə)n/ **comb. form** Mathematics & Physics

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【数,物】proper; characteristic 本征的,特征的,固有的: **eigenfunction** 本征函数
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger. eigen 'own.

**eigenfrequency** /'argən,fri:kwənsi/ **n.** (pl. **eigen-frequencies**) Mathematics & Physics 【数,物】 one of the natural resonant frequencies of a system 本征频率,特征频率

**eigenfunction** /'aigǝn,fankfn/ **n.** Mathematics & Physics【数,物】 each of a set of independent functions which are the solutions to a given differential equation 本征函数,特征函数

**eigenvalue** /'argǝn,vælju:/ **n.** Mathematics & Physics【数,物】 a value of a parameter for which a differential equation has a non-zero solution (an eigenfunction) under given conditions 本征值,特征值

**eigenvector** /'aigǝnvektə(r)/ **n.** Mathematics & Physics【数,物】 a vector which when operated on by a given operator gives a scalar multiple of itself 本征向量,特征向量,本征矢量

**eight** /ext/ **cardinal number** 1 equivalent to the product of two and four; one more than seven, or two less than ten; 8八(Roman numeral 罗马数字: viii or VIII) 2 an eight-oared rowing boat or its crew 八人赛艇;八人赛艇队
-PHRASES 短语 **have one over the eight** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】have one drink too many 多喝了一杯,喝醉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eightfold** adj. & adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ehta, eahta, of Gmc origin.

**eight ball** **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】a variety of the game of pool 八号球戏(落袋台球戏的一种)
-PHRASES 短语 **behind the eight ball** informal 【非正式】at a disadvantage 处境不利(或艰难)

**eighteen** /er'ti:n/ **cardinal number** equivalent to the product of two and nine; one more than seventeen, or eight more than ten; 18十八(Roman numeral 罗马数字: xviii or XVIII)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eighteenth** ordinal number.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE e(a)htatene (see见 EIGHT, -TEEN).

**eighteenmo** /er'ti:nmǝu/ **n.** (pl. **eighteenmos**) another term for OCTODECIMO * octodecimo的另一种说法

**eighth** /exte/ **ordinal number** constituting number eight in a sequence; 8th 第八
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eighthly** adv.

**eighth note** ■**n.** Music, N. Amer.【音,北美】a quaver 八分音符

**eights** /exts/ **pl. n.** a race for eight-oared rowing boats 八人赛艇比赛

**eightsome reel** /'eits(ə)m/ **n.** a lively Scottish dance for eight people 八人里尔舞(一种轻快活泼的苏格兰舞蹈)

**eighty** /'erti/ **cardinal number** (pl. **eighties**) equivalent to the product of eight and ten; ten less than ninety; 80八十(Roman numeral 罗马数字: lxxx or LXXX)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eightieth** ordinal number **eightyfold** adj. & adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE hunde(a)htatig, from hund (of uncertain origin) + e(a)hta 'eight'+-tig (see见-TY²).

**eighty-six** **v.** N. Amer. informal【北美,非正式】 reject, discard, or destroy拒绝;抛弃;毁灭
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: perh. rhyming sl. for NIX.

**eina** /'eina:/ S. African 【南非】 ■**exclam.** used as an expression of pain or distress 哎哟,啊呀(表示痛苦或难过)
-ORIGIN 词源 Afrik., perh. from Khoikhoi llé + llná or Nama llei.

**einkorn** /'aınko:n/ **n.** an old kind of wheat with small bearded ears and spikelets that each contain one slender grain 一粒小麦 [Triticum monococcum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger., from ein 'one' + Korn 'seed'.

**Einstein** /'ainstain/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 a genius 天才
-ORIGIN 词源 the name of the German-born physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955).

**einsteinium** /aın'staıniəm/ **n.** the chemical element of atomic number 99, an artificially made radioactive metal of the actinide series 锿(化学元素,原子序数为99,锕系人工放射性金属)(Symbol 符: Es)

**eirenic** /ar'renık, -'ri:-/ (also 亦作 **irenic**) **adj.** formal【正式】aiming or aimed at peace 和平主义的,促进和平的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eirenical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eirēnikos, from eirēnē 'peace.

**eisteddfod** /ar'steðvpd/ **n.** (pl. **eisteddfods** or **eisteddfodau** aisted'vndar/) a competitive festival of music and poetry in Wales 艾斯特福德(威尔士音乐及诗歌赛会)
-ORIGIN 词源 Welsh, lit. 'session', from eistedd 'sit'.

**Eiswein** /'arsvain/ **n.** (pl. **Eisweine** /-nə/ or **Eisweins**) wine made from ripe grapes picked while covered with frost(用结霜的成熟葡萄酿制的)冰酒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger., from Eis 'ice' + Wein 'wine.

**either** /'arðə(r), 'i:-/ **conj.** & **adv.** 1 used before the first of two (or occasionally more) alternatives specified (the other being introduced by 'or')或者,要么(用来提出两个或更多选择中的前一个,后一个选择用 or 引出) 2 [adv., with neg.与否定结构连用] used to indicate a similarity or link with a statement just made moreover 而且 **det.** & **pron.** one or the other of two people or things(两者之中的)任何一个each of two(两者之中的)每一个
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ægther, contracted form of æg(e)hwæther, of Gmc ORIGIN; ult. rel. to AYE¹ and WHETHER.
> USAGE 用法说明
> In good English, it is important that **either** and **or** are correctly placed so that the structures following each word balance and mirror each other. Thus, sentences such as

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> **either** I accompany you **or** I wait here and I'm going to buy **either** a new camera **or** a new video are correct, whereas sentences such as **either** I accompany you or John and I'm **either** going to buy a new camera or a video are not well balanced.在规范英语中,**either** 和**or**应放在正确的位置,以使后面所跟的结构相互对称,这一点很重要。如:**either** I accompany you **or** I wait here 和 I'm going to buy **either** a new camera **or** a new video是正确的,而**either** I accompany you or John 和 I'm **either** going to buy a new camera or a video 的结构则不平衡。

**eiusdem generis** /er, (j)usdem 'dzeneris/ **adj.** variant spelling of EJUSDEM GENERIS * ejusdem generis的另一种拼法

**ejaculate** **v.** /i'dzækjulert/ 1 (of a man or male animal) eject semen from the body at the moment of sexual climax(男子或雄性动物)射精 2 dated 【过时】say something quickly and suddenly 突然快速说出■**n.** /i'dzækjulət/ semen that has been ejaculated 射出的精液
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ejaculation** n. **ejaculator** n. **ejaculatory** /i'dzækjulət(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. ejaculat-, ejaculari 'dart out', ult. from iacere 'to throw.

**eject** /i'dzekt/ **v.** 1 force or throw out violently or suddenly 喷射;猛扔(of a pilot) escape from an aircraft by means of an ejection seat(飞行员被弹射坐椅)弹射出来2 compel (someone) to leave a place 驱逐,逐出,撵走(某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ejection** n. **ejector** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. eject-, eicere 'throw out', from e- (var. of ex-) 'out' + jacere 'to throw'.

**ejecta** /i'dzektə/ **pl. n.** [often treated as sing. 常视作单数] Geology & Astronomy【地质,天文】material that is forced or thrown out, in particular as a result of volcanic eruption or meteoritic impact(尤指火山爆发或陨石撞击时的)喷出物,喷射物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'things thrown out', neut. pl. of ejectus, from eicere (see见 EJECT).

**ejection seat** (also 亦作 **ejector seat**) **n.** an aircraft seat that can propel its occupant from the craft in an emergency 弹射坐椅

**ejective** /i'dzektiv/ Phonetics【语音】■**adj.** denoting a type of consonant in some languages (e.g. Hausa) produced by sudden release of pressure from the glottis(豪萨语等语言中的辅音)挤喉的

**ejectment** /1'dzektm(ə)nt/ **n.** Law, chiefly historical 【律,主史义】the eviction of a tenant from property 逐出租地之诉 the process by which an evicted tenant seeks to recover possession and damages 恢复土地占有诉,收回土地之诉

**ejido** /e'hi:dǝu/ **n.** (pl. **ejidos**) (in Mexico) a piece of land farmed communally under a system supported by the state(墨西哥的)合作农场
-ORIGIN 词源 Mex. Sp., from Sp.

**ejusdem generis** /er, (j)usdem 'dzeneris/ (also 亦作 **eiusdem generis**) **adj.** & **adv.** Law 【律】 of or as the same kind同类的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**eke¹** /i:k/ **v.** (**eke something out**) make something last longer by using or consuming it frugally(靠节约使用)使供应持久 manage to make a living with difficulty 艰难维持(生计):Many traders barely eked out a living. 许多商人仅能糊口。
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ēacian, ēcan (in the sense 'increase'), of Gmc origin.

**eke²** /i:k/ **adv.** archaic term for ALSO * also 的古代说法
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**El** /el/ **n.** (**the El**) (in the US) an elevated railway, especially that in Chicago(美国,尤指芝加哥的)高架铁路

**-el** /əl/ **suffix** variant spelling of -LE² * -le²的另一种拼法

**elaborate** **adj.** i'læb(ə)rət/ involving many carefully arranged parts; detailed and complicated 精巧的;详尽的;复杂的 **v.** /i'læbǝreit/ 1 develop or present in further detail 详尽阐述(often 常用 **elaborate on**) add more detail to something already said 详尽阐述(已说之事)2 Biology【生物】(of a natural agency) produce (a substance) from its elements or simpler constituents(自然力)使简单成分合成为(物质)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elaborately** adv. **elaborateness** n. **elaboration** n. **elaborative** adj. **elaborator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源C16(earlier (ME) as elaboration): from L. elaborat-, elaborare 'work out.

**Elamite** 'i:ləmart/ **n.** 1 a native or inhabitant of ancient Elam (now SW Iran)(位于今伊朗西南的埃兰古国的)埃拉米特人,埃兰人2 the agglutinative language of Elam埃拉米特语,埃兰语

**elan** /er'ln, erlæn/ (also 亦作 **élan**) ■**n,** energy, style, and enthusiasm活力;奔放;热情
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. élan, from élancer 'to dart.

**eland** /'i:lənd/ **n.** a spiral-horned African antelope, the largest of the antelopes (非洲)大羚羊;德氏大羚 [Tragelaphus oryx and T. derbianus.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via Afrik. from Du., 'elk.

**elapse** /i'læps/ **v.** (of time) pass(时间)流逝,消逝
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. elaps-, elabi 'slip away.

**elasmobranch** /i'læzmə(v)bræŋk/ **n.** Zoology 【动】a cartilaginous fish of a group (subclass Elasmobranchii) that comprises the sharks, rays, and skates 板腮亚纲鱼类(包括鲨鱼、鲮鱼和鳐鱼)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Elasmobranchii, from Gk elasmos 'beaten metal' + brankhia 'gills.

**elasmosaur** i'læzmə(0)so: (r)/ **n.** a Cretaceous plesiosaur with a long neck shaped like that of a swan 薄片龙,板龙
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Elasmosaurus, from Gk elasmos 'beaten metal' + sauros 'lizard.

**elastane** /i'læstein/ **n.** an elastic polyurethane material, used for close-fitting clothing 弹力棉(一

<819>
种弹性聚氨酯材料,常用于紧身衣物)

**elastic** /i'læstık/ **adj.** 1 able to resume normal shape spontaneously after being stretched or squeezed 有弹性的,有弹力的2 flexible and adaptable 灵活的,能适应的:The definition is elastic. 定义是灵活的。Economics 【经】 (of demand or supply) sensitive to changes in price or income(需求或供应)弹性的,灵活的(对价格或收入的变化敏感)3 Physics【物】 (of a collision) involving no decrease of kinetic energy(碰撞)弹性的 ■**n.** cord, tape, or fabric which returns to its original length or shape after being stretched 弹性绳;松紧带;弹性织物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elastically** adv. **elasticity** /elæ'stısıti, i:-, i-/ **n.** **elasticize** or **elasticise** V.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. elasticus, from Gk elastikos 'propulsive.

**elasticated** /i'læstıkentid/ **adj.** Brit. 【英】(of a garment or material) made elastic by the insertion of rubber thread or tape (服装或材料中织入橡皮筋而)有松紧性的

**elastic band** ■**n.** Brit. 【英】 a rubber band 橡皮筋

**elastic limit** ■**n.** Physics 【物】 the maximum extent to which a solid can be stretched without permanent alteration of size or shape 弹性极限

**elastic modulus** **n.** Physics 【物】 the ratio of the force exerted upon a substance or body to the resultant deformation 弹性模量

**elastin** /i'læstın/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】 an elastic, fibrous glycoprotein found in connective tissue 弹性蛋白

**elastomer** /i'læstəmə(r)/ **n.** a natural or synthetic polymer having elastic properties, e.g. rubber 弹性体,高弹体(如橡胶)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elastomeric** adj.

**Elastoplast** /i'læstəplæst, -pla:st/ **n.** trademark 【商标】 adhesive sticking plaster for covering cuts and wounds(用于包扎伤口的)弹性绷带

**elate** /i'lert/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **elated**] make ecstatically happy 使兴高采烈,使欣喜若狂 **adj.** archaic 【古】 in high spirits; exultant or proud 兴高采烈的;欣喜若狂的,得意洋洋的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elatedly** adv. **elatedness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj.): from L. elat-, efferre 'to raise.

**elation** /i'lerfn/ **n.** great happiness and exhilaration 兴高采烈;欣喜若狂

**E-layer** **n.** a layer of the ionosphere able to reflect medium-frequency radio waves(能反射中频无线电波的)E(电离)层
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: arbitrary use of the letter E.

**elbow** /'elbǝu/ **n.** 1 the joint between the forearm and the upper arm肘 2 a piece of piping or something similar bent through an angle 肘状物;L形弯管 **v.** 1 strike with one's elbow 用肘击 ➤(often 常用 **elbow one's way**) move by pushing past people with one's elbows 用肘挤(或推)着前进 2(often 常用 **elbow something aside**) informal 【非正式】summarily reject or dismiss 对………弃之不顾,排斥
-PHRASES 短语 **give someone the elbow** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】summarily reject or dismiss someone 对某人弃之不顾,排斥某人**up to one's elbows in** deeply involved in 深深卷入………,忙于…
-ORIGIN 词源 OE elboga, elnboga, of Gmc origin; cf. ELL, BOW¹.

**elbow grease** ■**n.** informal 【非正式】 hard physical work, especially vigorous polishing or cleaning 重体力活(尤指擦洗)

**elbow room** **n.** informal 【非正式】 adequate space to move or work in足够的活动(或工作)空间

**eld** /eld/ **n.** archaic 【古】 old age 老年 former times; the past 旧时,古时,往昔
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ieldu, eldu, of Gmc origin; rel. to ELDER¹ and OLD.

**elder¹** /'eldə(r)/ **adj.** (of one or more out of a group of people) of a greater age(一群人中的一个或多个人)年龄较大的 ■**n.** 1 (**one's elder**) a person of greater age than one比(自己)年长的人2a leader or senior figure in a community or tribe头领;元老;前辈;长者 3 an official in the early Christian Church, or of various Protestant Churches and sects(早期基督教会或各种新教教会中的)长老
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eldership** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ieldra, eldra, of Gmc origin; rel. to ELD and OLD.

**elder²** /'eldə(r)/ **n.** a small tree or shrub with white flowers and bluish-black or red berries 接骨木 [Sambucus nigra and related species.] ➤ used in names of other plants resembling this, e.g. **ground elder**(用于与接骨木相似的植物的名称中,如羊角芹)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ellærn; rel. to Mid. Low Ger. ellern, elderne.

**elderberry** /'eldə,beri/ **n.** (pl. **elderberries**) the berry of the elder, used for making jelly or wine 接骨木浆果(用于制果冻或酒) an elder tree or shrub 接骨木

**Elder Brother** **n.** (pl. **Elder Brethren**) each of the thirteen senior Trinity Brethren 领港协会十三主持会员之一

**eldercare** /'eldəkeə(r)/ ■**n.** N. Amer. 【北美】the care of infirm older people 老年保健

**elderflower** /'eldə,flavə(r)/ **n.** the flower of the elder, used to make wines and cordials 接骨木花(用于制酒和果味饮料)

**elder hand** **n.** (in card games for two players) the player dealt to(两人牌戏中)第一个接受发牌者

**elderly** /'eldəli/ **adj.** old or ageing年老的;渐老的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elderliness** n.

**elder statesman** **n.** an experienced and respected politician or other public figure政界元老;资深前辈,德高望重的老前辈

**eldest** /'eldist/ **adj.** (of one out of a group of people) oldest(一群人中的一个人)年龄最大的,最年长的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ieldest, eldest, of Gmc origin; rel. to ELD and OLD.

<820>
**eldest hand** **n.** (in card games for three or more players) the first player dealt to(三人或三人以上牌戏中)第一个接受发牌者

**El Dorado** el də'ra:dǝu/ (also 亦作 **eldorado**) **n.** (pl. **El Dorados**) a place of great abundance and wealth 极为富庶的地方
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., lit. 'the gilded one', the name of a country or city formerly believed to exist in South America.

**eldritch** /'el(d)rit.f/ **adj.** weird and sinister or ghostly 怪异的;骇人的;似鬼的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. Scots): perh. rel. to ELF.

**e-learning** **n.** education, especially for adults, that is conducted by means of the Internet(尤指成年人的)在线学习

**Eleatic** /eli'ætık/ **adj.** relating to the ancient Greek city of Elea in SW Italy, home to a 5th-century school of philosophers that included Xenophanes, Parmenides, and Zeno 埃利亚的(此地为意大利西南部古希腊城市,5世纪时诞生了以色诺芬尼、巴门尼德和芝诺等为代表的哲学流派) ■**n.** an Eleatic philosopher 埃利亚学派哲学家

**elecampane** Velikæmpein/ **n.** a plant with yellow daisy-like flowers and bitter aromatic roots that are used in herbal medicine 土木香 [Inula helenium.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. enula 'elecampane' + campana (prob. meaning 'of the fields').

**elect** /i'lekt/ **v.** 1 choose (someone) to hold a position, especially public office, by voting 选举(某人,尤指担任公职) 2 opt for or choose to do something 选择 3 Christian Theology 【基督神学】(of God) choose (someone) in preference to others for salvation(上帝)挑选,拣选(某人而使其灵魂得到拯救) **adj.** 1 chosen or singled out 选中的;精选的Christian Theology 【基督神学】 chosen by God for salvation 蒙上帝挑选的2 [postpos,后置] elected to a position but not yet in office当选而尚未就职的,候任的: the President Elect 候任总统
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electability** n. **electable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. elect-, eligere 'pick out.

**election** /i'lekfn/ **n.** 1 a formal procedure whereby a person is elected, especially to a political office (尤指政治)选举(程序) 2 the action of electing or the fact of being elected 选举;当选

**electioneer** /ilekfə'nıə(r)/ **v.** [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **electioneering**] campaign to be elected to public office 搞竞选活动,拉选票 ■**n.** a campaigning politician during an election 搞竞选活动者,拉选票者

**elective** /i'lektiv/ **adj.** 1 relating to or appointed by election 选举的;选任的2(of a course of study) chosen by the student rather than compulsory(课程)选修的(of surgical or medical treatment) chosen by the patient rather than urgently necessary(手术或药物治疗)选择性的,非急需的 **n.** chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】an optional course of study 选修课程
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electively** adv.

**elector** /i'lektə(r)/ **n.** 1 a person who has the right to vote in an election 选举人,选民 (in the US) a member of the electoral college(美国)选举团成员2(**Elector**) historical 【史义】 a German prince entitled to take part in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor 选帝侯(德国有权选举神圣罗马帝国皇帝的诸侯)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electorship** n.

**electoral** /i'lektərəl/ **adj.** relating to elections or electors 选举的;选民的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electorally** adv.

**electoral college** **n.** a body of electors chosen or appointed by a larger group(挑选或任命的)选举团(in the US) a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the President and Vice-President(美国代表各州参加正式投票选举总统及副总统的)总统选举团

**electoral roll** (also 亦作 **electoral register**) ■**n.** (in the UK) an official list of the people in a district who are entitled to vote in an election(英国)选民登记册

**electorate** /i'lekt(ə)rət/ **n.** 1 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election (一国或一个地区的)全体选举人,选民2 Austral./NZ【澳新】the area represented by one Member of Parliament 议员代表的地区3 historical 【史义】 the office or territories of a German Elector 选帝侯的职务(或领地)

**Electra complex** /i'lektrǝ/ ■**n.** Psychoanalysis 【精神分析】 old-fashioned term for the Oedipus complex as manifested in young girls(过时说法)恋父情结
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: named after Electra in Greek mythology, who persuaded her brother to kill their mother in revenge for the murder of their father.

**electress** /i'lektris/ **n.** historical 【史义】 the wife of a German Elector(神圣罗马帝国时期德国的)选帝侯夫人

**electret** /i'lektrit/ **n.** Physics 【物】 a permanently polarized piece of dielectric material, analogous to a permanent magnet 永电体,驻极体
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: blend of ELECTRICITY and MAGNET.

**electric** /i'lektrik/ **adj.** 1 of, worked by, or producing electricity 电的;电动的;发电的(of a musical instrument) amplified through a loudspeaker(乐器)电子扩音的2 thrillingly exciting 高度刺激的: The atmosphere was electric.气氛十分紧张。■**n.** 1 (**electrics**) Brit. 【英】 the system of electric wiring and parts in a house or vehicle(房屋或车辆中的)电路,电力系统 2 an electric train or other vehicle 电气火车,电气车辆
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. electricus, from L. electrum 'amber', from Gk elektron (because rubbing amber causes electrostatic phenomena).

**electrical** /i'lektrikl/ **adj.** concerned with, operating by, or producing electricity 电的;用电的,电动的;发电的 **n.**(**electricals**) electrical equipment or circuitry 电气设备;电路
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrically** adv.

**electrical storm** **n.** a thunderstorm or other

<821>
violent disturbance of the electrical condition of the atmosphere 雷暴,电暴

**electric-arc furnace** **n.** a furnace using an electric arc as a heat source, especially for steel-making 电弧炉(尤用于钢铁制造)

**electric blanket** **n.** an electrically wired blanket used for heating a bed 电热毯

**electric blue** **n.** a steely or brilliant light blue 钢青色,铁青色

**electric chair** **n.** a chair in which convicted criminals are executed by electrocution(处决犯人的)电椅

**electric eel** **n.** a large eel-like freshwater fish of South America, using pulses of electricity to kill prey, assist in navigation, and for defence 电鳗[Electrophorus electricus.]

**electric eye** **n.** informal 【非正式】a photoelectric cell operating a relay when the beam of light illuminating it is obscured(开启继电器用的)电眼,光电管,光电池

**electric fence** **n.** a fence through which an electric current can be passed, giving an electric shock to any person or animal touching it 电篱笆(能通电的栅栏,人或动物触碰会遭电击)

**electric guitar** **n.** a guitar with a built-in pickup or pickups which convert string vibrations into electrical signals for amplification 电吉他

**electrician** /ilek'trıfn/ **n.** a person who installs and maintains electrical equipment 电工,电气技师

**electricity** /ilek'trısıti, el-, i:l-/ **n.** 1 a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current 电;电能2 the supply of electric current to a building for heating, lighting, etc. 供电 3 thrilling excitement 极度兴奋
> **1911** Today we take **electricity** for granted, **2011** though many of us would find it difficult to explain exactly what it is. The first edition's definition would probably not be very enlightening: 'peculiar condition of the molecules of a body or of the ether surrounding them, developed by friction, chemical action, heat, or magnetism'. In 1911 mains electricity was just being introduced in Britain, and the sense 'the supply of electric current to a building for heating, lighting, etc.' was still new: its first occurrence in the OED is from 1899. 今天,我们对 **electricity** 已习以为常,但我们中有很多人会觉得难以说清它究竟是什么。第一版给出的释义多半也语焉不详:“物体分子或其周围大气的特殊状态,由摩擦、化学作用、热或磁引起。”1911年,英国刚刚出现电网供电,故“为满足建筑物供暖、照明等之需供电”在当时尚属新义:该义于1899年首次出现在《牛津英语大词典》(OED)中。

**electric ray** **n.** a sluggish bottom-dwelling marine ray that can produce an electric shock for the capture of prey and for defence 电鳐 [Torpedo and other genera: many species.]

**electric shock** **n.** a sudden discharge of electricity through a part of the body 电休克,电震;触电;电击

**electrify** /i'lektrifar/ **v.** (**electrifies**, **electrifying**, **electrified**) 1 charge with electricity 使通电,使带电 2 convert to the use of electrical power 使电气化 3 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **electrifying**] cause to feel thrilling excitement 使极度兴奋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrification** n. **electrifier** n.

**electro** /i'lektrǝu/ **n.** (pl. **electros**) 1 short for ELECTROTYPE OF ELECTROPLATE * electrotype 或 electro-plate 的缩略式2 a style of dance music with a fast beat and synthesized backing track 电子舞曲

**electro-** /i'lektrǝu/ **comb. form** 1 relating to or caused by electricity电的;电产生的: **electroconvulsive** 电休克的,电痉挛的2 relating to music characterized by the use of synthesizers or electronically created sounds(音乐)电子合成的,电声的: **electro-pop** 电子流行乐

**electro-acoustic** **adj.** 1 involving the interconversion of electrical and acoustic energy 电声的2 denoting a guitar with both a pickup and a reverberating hollow body(吉他)电声的,有拾音器和混响空心的

**electrocardiography** /i,lektrǝu,ka:di'ngrǝfi/ **n.** the measurement and recording of electrical activity in the heart using electrodes placed on the skin 心电描记法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrocardiogram** n. **electro-cardiograph** n. **electrocardiographic** adj.

**electrocautery** /i,lektrǝu'kɔ:təri/ **n.** cautery using an electrically heated instrument 电灼术

**electrochemistry** /ilektrǝ(u)'kemistri/ **n.** the branch of chemistry concerned with the relations between electrical and chemical phenomena 电化学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrochemical** adj. **electro-chemically** adv. **electrochemist** n.

**electrochromism** /ilektrǝ(u)'krǝumız(ə)m/ **n.** the property of changing colour when placed in an electric field 电致变色
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrochromic** adj.

**electroconvulsive** /i,lektrǝ(u)kən'valsıv/ **adj.** relating to or denoting the treatment of mental illness by applying electric shocks to the brain电休克的,电痉挛的

**electrocorticogram** /ilektrǝ(u)'kɔ:tıkǝ(v)græm/ **n.** Physiology【生理】 a record of the electrical activity of the brain made directly using electrodes(直接用电极绘制的)脑皮层电图

**electrocute** /i'lektrǝkju:t/ **v.** injure or kill by electric shock使触电受伤;使触电身亡
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrocution** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ELECTRO-, on the pattern of execute.

**electrode** /i'lektrǝud/ **n.** a conductor through

<822>
which electricity enters or leaves something 电极
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ELECTRIC + Gk hodos 'way', on the pattern of anode and cathode.

**electrodermal** /i,lektrǝ(0)'d3:məl/ **adj.** relating to or denoting measurement of the electrical conductivity of the skin 皮肤电的

**electrodynamics** /ilektrǝodaı'næmıks/ **pl. n.** [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] the branch of mechanics concerned with the interaction of electric currents with magnetic or electric fields 电动力学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrodynamic** adj.

**electroencephalography** /ilektrǝuin sefǝ'lngrəfi, -kef-/ **n.** the measurement and recording of electrical activity in different parts of the brain 脑电描记法;脑电图学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electroencephalogram** n. **electroencephalograph** n. **electroencephalo-graphic** adj.

**electrojet** /i'lektrǝudzet/ **n.** an intense electric current occurring in the lower ionosphere in the region of strong auroral displays(大气电离层中的)电集流,电喷流

**electroless** /i'lektrǝulis/ **adj.** denoting nickel plating using chemical rather than electrical means (镀镍)化学镀的,无电镀的

**electroluminescence** /i,lektrǝulu:mı'nes(ə)ns/ **n.** luminescence produced by the application of a voltage 电致发光
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electroluminescent** adj.

**electrolyse** i'lektrǝlaız/ (US【美】 **electrolyze**) **v.** subject to electrolysis 电解,用电解法处理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrolyser** n.

**electrolysis** /ilek'trolısıs, el-/ **n.** 1 Chemistry【化】 chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a conducting liquid 电解 2 the removal of hair roots or small blemishes on the skin by the application of heat using an electric current 电解美容(包括脱毛、除痣等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrolytic** /i,lektrǝ(u)'lıtık/ adj. **electrolytical** adj. **electrolytically** adv.

**electrolyte** /i'lektrǝlait/ **n.** 1 a liquid or gel which contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis, e.g. that present in a battery 电解液;电解质 2 Physiology 【生理】 the ionic constituents of cells, blood, etc.(细胞、血液等中的)电解质
-ORIGIN词源 C19: from ELECTRO- + Gk lutos 'released' (from luein 'loosen').

**electromagnet** /ilektrǝ(u)'mægnǝt/ **n.** Physics 【物】 a soft metal core made into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a surrounding coil 电磁体

**electromagnetic** /i,lektrǝ(u)mæg'netik/ **adj.** relating to the interrelation of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields 电磁的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electromagnetically** adv. **elec-tromagnetism** n.

**electromagnetic radiation** ■**n.** Physics 【物】a kind of radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously 电磁辐射

**electromechanical** /ilektrǝumi'kænıkl/ **adj.** relating to or denoting a mechanical device which is electrically operated (机械)机电的

**electrometer** /ilek'tromitə(r)/ **n.** Physics 【物】 an instrument for measuring electrical potential without drawing any current from the circuit 静电计
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrometric** adj. **elec-trometry** n.

**electromotive** /i,lektrǝ'məutiv/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 tending to produce an electric current 电动势的

**electromotive force** ■**n.** Physics 【物】 a difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric current 电动势

**electromyography** /ilektrǝ(u)mar'dgrəfi **n.** the recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue by means of electrodes 肌电描记术,肌电图学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electromyogram** n. **electro-myograph** n. **electromyographic** adj. **electromyo-graphically** adv.

**electron** /i'lektron/ **n.** Physics 【物】 a stable negatively charged subatomic particle with a mass 1,836 times less than that of the proton, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids 电子
-ORIGIN词源C19: from ELECTRIC + -ON.

**electronegative** /ilektrǝ(u)'negǝtiv/ **adj.** 1 Physics 【物】 electrically negative 电负性的,电阴性的 2 Chemistry 【化】(of an element) tending to acquire electrons and form negative ions in chemical reactions(元素)电负(性)的,阴电的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electronegativity** n.

**electron gun** **n.** Physics 【物】 a device for producing a narrow stream of electrons from a heated cathode 电子枪

**electronic** /ilektronik/ **adj.** 1 having components such as microchips and transistors that control and direct electric currents 电子器件的2 (of music) produced by electronic instruments(音乐)用电子乐器演奏的3 relating to electrons or electronics 电子的;电子学的 4 carried out using a computer, especially over a network 用计算机完成的;(尤指)通过计算机网络进行的: **electronic shopping** 电子购物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electronically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ELECTRON + -IC.

**electronica** /ilektronikǝ/ **n.** 1 popular music deriving from techno and rave but having a more ambient or cerebral quality 电子流行音乐(源自高科技音乐及锐舞音乐,但更具情境感,且更易触动理智) 2 electronic devices or technology 电子设备;电子技术
-ORIGIN 词源1990s: from ELECTRONIC + -A².

**electronic flash** ■**n.** Photography 【摄】 a flash from a gas-discharge tube 电子闪光

**electronic mail** **n.** another term for EMAIL * email 的另一种说法

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**electronic publishing** **n.** the issuing of texts as electronic files rather than on paper 电子出版

**electronics** /ilektroniks/ **pl. n.** 1 [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] the branch of physics and technology concerned with the behaviour and movement of electrons, especially in semicon-ductors and gases 电子学2 [treated as pl. 视作复数] circuits or devices using transistors, microchips, etc. 电子电路;电子设备

**electron microscope** ■**n.** Physics 【物】 a microscope with high magnification and resolution, employing electron beams in place of light 电子显微镜

**electron optics** **pl. n.** [treated as sing. 视作单数] the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of electrons in magnetic and electric fields 电子光学 (物理学的一个分支学科,研究在磁场和电场作用下电子的运动)

**electron pair** **n.** 1 Chemistry 【化】 two electrons occupying the same orbital in an atom or molecule 电子对(原子或分子中在同一轨道上运行的两个电子) 2 Physics 【物】 an electron and a positron produced in a high-energy reaction 电子对(在高能反应中产生的正负电子)

**electron spin resonance** ■**n.** Physics 【物】a spectroscopic method of locating electrons within the molecules of a paramagnetic substance 电子自旋共振,电子顺磁共振

**electron tube** ■**n.** Physics 【物】 an evacuated or gas-filled tube in which a current of electrons flows between electrodes 电子管

**electronvolt** /i,lektron'vǝult/ ■**n.** Physics 【物】a unit of energy equal to the work done on an electron in accelerating it through a potential difference of one volt 电子伏(特)

**electro-optics** **pl. n.** [treated as sing.视作单数] the branch of science concerned with the effect of electric fields on light and optics 电光学(研究电场对光和光学现象影响的学科)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electro-optic** adj. **electro-optical** adj.

**electrophilic** /ilektrǝ(u)'fılık/ **adj.** Chemistry【化】 having a tendency to attract or acquire electrons 亲电(子)的Often contrasted with 常对照 NUCLEOPHILIC.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrophile** n.

**electrophoresis** /ilektrǝ(u)fə'ri:sıs/ **n.** Physics & Chemistry【物,化】the movement of charged particles in a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field 电泳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrophorese** v. **electro-phoretic** adj. **electrophoretically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ELECTRO- + Gk phoresis 'being carried'.

**electrophorus** /ilek'trof(ə)rəs, elık-/ **n.** a device for repeatedly generating static electricity by induction 起电盘
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from ELECTRO- + Gk -phoros 'bearing.

**electrophysiology** /ilektrǝufızi'vlədzi/ **n.** the branch of physiology concerned with electrical phenomena such as nerve impulses 电生理学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrophysiological** adj. **electrophysiologically** adv. **electrophysiologist** n.

**electroplate** /i'lektrǝ(0)plert, ilektrǝ(u)'pleit/ **v.** [usu. as noun 通常作名词 **electroplating**] coat (a metal object) by electrolytic deposition with another metal电镀(金属物体) ■**n.** electroplated articles 电镀件,电镀品
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electroplater** n.

**electropolish** /i'lektrǝu polis/ **v.** give a shiny surface to (metal) using electrolysis电(解)抛光(金属)

**electroporation** /i,lektrǝ(u)pə'reın/ **n.** Biology 【生物】the process of introducing DNA or chromosomes into cells using an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in the cell membranes 电穿孔(利用电脉冲在细胞膜上穿孔以将DNA 或染色体植入细胞)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electroporate** V.

**electropositive** /ilektrǝ(u)'pdzıtıv/ **adj.** 1 Physics 【物】 electrically positive 电阳性的,电正性的2 Chemistry【化】(of an element) tending to lose electrons and form positive ions in chemical reactions(元素)电正(性)的,阳电的

**electroreception** /ilektrǝurr'sep∫n/ **n.** the detection by an aquatic animal of electric fields or currents(水生动物的)电感应
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electroreceptor** n.

**electroscope** /i'lektrǝ(u)skǝup/ **n.** Physics 【物】 an instrument for detecting and measuring electric charge, especially as an indication of the ionization of air by radioactivity 验电器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electroscopic** adj.

**electroshock** /i'lektrǝ(u)fpk/ **adj.** another term for ELECTROCONVULSIVE * electroconvulsive的另一种说法

**electrostatic** /ilektrǝ(u)'stætık/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 relating to stationary electric charges or fields as opposed to electric currents 静电的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrostatically** adv. **electro-statics** pl. n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ELECTRO- + STATIC, on the pattern of hydrostatic.

**electrosurgery** /i,lektrǝu's3:dzəri/ **n.** surgery using a high-frequency electric current to cut tissue 电外科
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrosurgical** adj.

**electrotechnology** /i,lektrǝutek'nələdzi/ **n.** the technological application of electricity 电工学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrotechnic** adj. **electro-technical** adj. **electrotechnics** pl. n.

**electrotherapy** /ilektrǝ(u)'Ѳerǝpi/ **n.** the use of electric currents passed through the body to treat paralysis and other disorders 电疗(法)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrotherapeutic** adj. **electrotherapeutical** adj. **electrotherapist** n.

**electrothermal** /ilektrǝ(0) '03:ml/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 relating to heat derived from electricity 电

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热的

**electrotype** /i'lektrǝ(u)taip/ **v.** [often as noun 當作名词 **electrotyping**] copy by the electrolytic deposition of copper on a mould 把………制成电铸版■**n.** a copy made in such a way 电铸版
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrotyper** n.

**electrovalent** /ilektrǝ(u)'veil(ə)nt/ **adj.** Chemistry 【化】(of bonding)ionic(成键)电价的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **electrovalence** n. **electrova-lency** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from ELECTRO- + -valent, on the pattern of trivalent.

**electroweak** /ilektrǝu'wi:k/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 relating to or denoting electromagnetic and weak interactions regarded as manifestations of the same interaction(作用)电弱的

**electrum** /i'lektrəm/ **n.** an alloy of gold with at least 20 per cent of silver, used for jewellery 银金矿,金银合金(用于首饰)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk elektron 'amber, electrum.

**electuary** /i'lektju(ə)ri/ **n.** (pl. **electuaries**) archaic 【古】a medicinal substance mixed with honey or another sweet substance(与蜂蜜或其他甜味品混合而成的)药糖剂
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. electuarium, prob. from Gk ekleikton, from ekleikhein 'lick up.

**eleemosynary** / elii:'mpsınəri, -'moz-/ **adj.** formal 【正式】charitable慈善的;捐助的;施舍的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from med. L. eleemosynarius, from late L. eleemosyna 'alms', from Gk eleēmosunē (see见ALMS).

**elegant** 'elıgənt/ **adj.** 1 graceful and stylish 优美的;雅致的;典雅的2 pleasingly ingenious and simple 简洁的;明快的;巧妙的:an elegant solution 巧妙的解决办法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elegance** n. **elegantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr., or from L. elegans, elegant-, rel. to eligere (see见ELECT).

**elegiac** /elr'dzarǝk/ **adj.** relating to or characteristic of an elegy 挽歌的;有挽歌特点的 wistfully mournful 哀伤的,悲哀的 **n.** (**elegiacs**) verses in an elegiac metre 挽歌,哀歌
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elegiacally** adv.

**elegiac couplet** **n.** a pair of lines consisting of a dactylic hexameter and a pentameter, used especially in Greek and Latin verse 挽歌对句(由五音步和六音步组成的长短短格对句,尤见于希腊、拉丁诗歌)

**elegize** or **elegise** /'elīdzaız/ **v.** write elegiacally 以哀伤笔调写作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elegist** n.

**elegy** /'elidzi/ **n.** (pl. **elegies**) 1 a mournful poem, typically a lament for the dead 哀歌;挽歌,挽诗 2 (in Greek and Latin verse) a poem written in elegiac couplets(希腊和拉丁诗歌中的)挽歌对句诗
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. élégie, or via L., from Gk elegeia, from elegos 'mournful poem.

**element** /'elımənt/ **n.** 1 a basic constituent part 成分,要素 - **an aspect** 方面: an element of danger 危险的一面 **a group of a particular kind within a larger group**(团体中独特的)一组人,一群人:right-wing elements 右翼人士2(also 亦作 **chemical element**) each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down, each consisting of atoms with a particular atomic number 元素 3 any of the four substances (earth, water, air, and fire) regarded as the fundamental constituents of the world in ancient and medieval philosophy 要素(旧时认为土、水、风、火是构成一切物质的四大要素) 4 (**the elements**) bad weather 恶劣天气5 one's natural or preferred environment 自然环境;适宜环境:She was in her element. 她如鱼得水。6a part in an electric device consisting of a wire through which an electric current is passed to provide heat电热丝,电热元件7 (**elements**) (in church use) the bread and wine of the Eucharist(基督教圣餐中的)面包和酒
-PHRASES 短语 **be in (or out of) one's element** be in (or not in) a situation or environment that one particularly likes and in which one can perform well 适得其所(或不得其所),处于适宜(或不适宜)的环境
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. elementum 'principle, rudiment.

**elemental** eli'mentl/ **adj.** 1 fundamental 基础的,基本的2 concerned with chemical elements 化学元素的 > denoting uncombined chemical elements 单元素的,非化合物的: **elemental sulphur** 化学元素硫 3 related to or embodying the powers of nature自然力的4(of emotion) basic and primitive (情感)质朴的,粗犷的,原始的 **n.** a supernatural entity or force thought to be physically manifested by occult means 以神秘方式呈现出来的超自然实体(或力量);神灵,鬼怪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elementalism** n.

**elementary** /elr'mentri/ **adj.** 1 relating to the most rudimentary aspects of a subject; introductory 基础的;基本的;初级的simple简单的,容易的2 Chemistry 【化】 not decomposable into elements or other primary constituents 元素的,非化合物的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elementarily** adv. **elementari-ness** n.

**elementary school** **n.** a primary school, especially (N. Amer.) for the first six or eight grades(尤指北美的)小学,初等学校

**elemi** 'eləmin **n.** an oleoresin obtained from certain tropical trees and used in varnishes, ointments, and aromatherapy 榄香脂(从某些热带树提取的油性树脂,用于清漆、药膏和芳香疗法中)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: perh. from Arab. al-lāmī.

**elenchus** /r'leŋkəs/ **n.** (pl. **elenchi** /-kar/) Logic【逻】 a logical refutation, especially the Socratic method of eliciting truth by question and answer 逻辑反驳,间接反驳(尤指苏格拉底式诘问论证)
-ORIGIN词源C17: via L. from Gk elenkhos.

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**elephant** /'elıfənt/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **elephants**) a very large plant-eating mammal with a prehensile trunk, long curved ivory tusks, and large ears 象(包括非洲象和亚洲象) [Loxodonta africana (African elephant, Africa) and Elephas maximus (Indian elephant, southern Asia).]
-PHRASES 短语 **the elephant in the room** a major problem or controversial issue which is obviously present but avoided as a subject for discussion because it is more comfortable to do so忌讳话题,闭口不谈的事情
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elephantoid** / eli'fæntǝrd/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. elefant, via L. from Gk elephas, elephant- 'ivory, elephant'.

**elephant bird** **n.** an aepyornis or related extinct giant bird 隆鸟(一种已灭绝、不会飞的巨鸟)

**elephant grass** **n.** a very tall robust tropical African grass 象草(产于非洲) [Pennisetum purpureum.]

**elephantiasis** / elıf (ə)n'taıǝsıs/ **n.** Medicine 【医】a condition in which a limb becomes grossly enlarged due to obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, especially by nematode parasites 象皮肿,象皮病
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk, from elephas, elephant- 'elephant' + -IASIS.

**elephantine** /eli'fæntain/ **adj.** resembling or characteristic of an elephant, especially in being large or clumsy 似象的;巨大的;笨重的,笨拙的

**elephant seal** **n.** a large seal that breeds on the west coast of North America and around Antarctica, the male of which has a very thick neck and an inflatable snout 象海豹,海象[Genus Mirounga: two species.]

**elephant shrew** **n.** a small insectivorous African mammal with a long mobile snout, long hindlimbs, and a rat-like tail 象鼩 [Family Macroscelididae: many species.]

**Eleusinian mysteries** /elju:'sıniǝn/ **pl. n.** the annual rites performed by the ancient Greeks at the village of Eleusis near Athens in honour of the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone 埃莱夫西斯秘仪(古希腊人每年为女神得墨忒耳及其女珀耳塞福涅在雅典附近埃莱夫西斯村庄举行的仪式)

**elevate** /'eliveit/ **v.** 1 lift to a higher position 起;抬高;使上升(of a priest) hold up (a consecrated host or chalice) for adoration (牧师举行弥撒仪式时)高举(圣饼或圣餐杯)Military 【年】 raise the axis of (a piece of artillery) to increase its range 加大(炮)的仰角,增大(炮)的射角2raise to a more important or impressive level or status 提升,晋升
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elevated** adj. **elevatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. elevat-, elevare 'to raise'.

**elevation** /elr'verfn/ **n.** 1 the action or fact of elevating or being elevated举起,抬高;提升,晋升 2 height above a given level, especially sea level 高度;(尤指)海拔the angle of something with the horizontal 仰角3 Ballet 【芭蕾】 the ability of a dancer to attain height in jumps 空中动作技巧4a particular side of a building(建筑物的)外立面a scale drawing showing the vertical projection of one side of a building 立面图
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elevational** adj.

**elevator** /'elivertə(r)/ **n.** 1 North American term for LIFT (sense 1 of the noun) * lift (名词释义1)的北美说法 2a hinged flap on the tailplane of an aircraft, used to control pitch(飞机的)升降舵3a muscle whose contraction raises a part of the body 提肌 4 a machine consisting of an endless belt with scoops attached, used for raising grain(用于将谷物运送至高层的)升降机,起卸机N. Amer.【北美】a tall building used for storing grain 谷物仓库

**elevator pitch** **n.** informal, chiefly US【非正式,主美】a succinct and persuasive sales pitch 电梯游说
-ORIGIN 词源 from the idea of having to impress a senior executive during a brief ride in a lift (elevator).

**eleven** /r'levn/ **cardinal number** 1 equivalent to the sum of six and five; one more than ten; 11 十一(Roman numeral 罗马数字:xior XI) 2 a sports team of eleven players十一人运动队
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elevenfold** adj. & adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE endleofon, from the base of ONE + a second element (prob. expressing the sense 'left over') occurring also in TWELVE; of Gmc origin.

**eleven-plus** **n.** chiefly historical【主史义】(in the UK) an examination taken at the age of 11-12 to determine the type of secondary school a child should enter 小学升学甄别考试(在英国十一二岁儿童参加的决定所进中学类别的考试)

**elevenses** /ı'levnzız/ **pl. n.** Brit. informal【英,非正式】 a break for light refreshments taken at about eleven o'clock in the morning(上午十一点左右吃的)午前茶点

**eleventh** /r'levne/ **ordinal number** constituting number eleven in a sequence; 11th 第十一
-PHRASES 短语 **the eleventh hour** the latest possible moment 最后时刻,最后一刻

**ELF** **abbr.** extremely low frequency 极低频

**elf** /elf/ **n.** (pl. **elves**) a supernatural creature of folk tales, represented as a small, delicate human figure with pointed ears and a capricious nature 小精灵(民间故事中的精灵,具人形、尖耳,性情反复无常)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elfish** adj. **elven** adj. (literary 【文】). **elvish** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**elfin** /'elfin/ **adj.** resembling an elf 小精灵似的

**elicit** /1'lISIt/ **v.** (**elicits**, **eliciting**, **elicited**) 1 evoke or draw out (a response or answer)引出,引起(反应或回答)2 archaic 【古】 draw forth (something latent) into existence 使(潜在的东西)显现,引发,诱发
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elicitation** n. **elicitor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. elicit-, elicere 'draw out by trickery.

**elide** /r'lard/ **v.** 1 [often as adj.常作形容词 **elided**] omit (a sound or syllable) when speaking 省略(音或音节) 2 join together; merge 融合;合并
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**eligible** /'elīdzıbl/ adj. 1 (often 常用 **eligible for/to do something**) satisfying the appropriate conditions 有资格的;符合条件的,合格的 2 desirable as a spouse (做配偶)合适的,中意的: an eligible bachelor 适合做 丈夫的单身汉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eligibility** n. **eligibly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via Fr. from late L. eligibilis, from L. eligere (see 见 ELECT).

**eliminate** /i'lımınert/ v. 1 completely remove or get rid of 清除,消除,根除; reject or exclude from consideration or further participation 不予考 虑,排除,淘汰 2 Chemistry 【化】 generate (a simple substance) as a product in the course of a reaction involving larger molecules 消去,消除
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eliminable** adj. **elimination** n. **eliminator** n. **eliminatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. eliminat-, eliminare 'turn out of doors'.

**elimination diet** /i,lımı'nerfn/ n. a procedure used to identify foods which a person is intolerant of, in which all suspected foods are excluded from the diet and then reintroduced one at a time 排除饮 食(指逐一排查可能致人过敏的食物)

**Elint** /I'lint/ n. covert intelligence-gathering by electronic means 电子情报 Compare with 比较 HUMINT.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of ELECTRONIC and INTELLIGENCE.

**ELISA** /ı'laızə/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an immunological assay technique making use of an enzyme bonded to a particular antibody or antigen (利用同某种抗体 或抗原结合的酶进行的)酶联免疫吸附测定

**elision** /1'lızn/ n. 1 the omission of a sound or syllable in speech 省音 2 the process of joining or merging 融合;合并
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. elisio(n-), from L. elidere 'crush out'.

**elite** /er'li:t, 1-/ (also 亦作 **élite**) n. 1 a group of people considered to be superior in a society or organization 精英,杰出人物 2 a size of letter in typewriting, with 12 characters to the inch (about 4.7 to the centimetre) 每英寸12字符的打字机字型尺寸
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. élite 'selection, choice'.

**elitism** /er'li:tızəm/ n. 1 the belief that a society or system should be run by an elite 精英主义,杰 出人物统治论 2 the superior attitude or behaviour associated with an elite 高人一等的优越感,自大的行为
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elitist** adj. & n.

**elixir** /ı'lıksə(r), -sıə(r)/ n. a magical or medicinal potion, especially (in former times) either one supposedly able to change metals into gold or (also 亦作 **elixir of life**) supposedly able to prolong life indefinitely 炼金药;长生不老药
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via med. L. from Arab. al-'iksir, from al- 'the' + 'iksir from Gk xērion 'powder for drying wounds'.

**Elizabethan** /ılızə'bi:en/ adj. relating to or characteristic of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I 伊丽莎白一世时期(特色)的 n. a person of the Elizabethan age 伊丽莎白一世时期的人

**elk** /elk/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **elks**) 1 British term for MOOSE * moose的英式说法 2 North American term for WAPITI * wapiti的北美说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: prob. from OE elh, eolh, with substitution of k for h.

**elkhorn coral** /'elkho:n/ n. a coral with sturdy antler-like branches, found in shallow waters throughout the Caribbean (加勒比海) 麋角珊瑚 [Acropora palmata.]

**elkhound** /'elkhaund/ n. a large hunting dog of a Scandinavian breed with a shaggy grey coat 猎麋犬

**ell** /el/ n. a former measure of length used mainly for textiles, normally 45 inches in England and 37 inches in Scotland 厄尔 (主要用于织物的旧时长度单 位,在英格兰通常为45英寸,在苏格兰为37英寸)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE eln; from an Indo-Eur. root shared by L. ulna (see 见 ULNA); the measure was orig. linked to the length of the human arm or forearm.

**ellagic acid** /e'lædz1k/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a compound extracted from oak galls and some fruits and nuts, able to retard the growth of cancer cells to some extent 鞣花酸 (一种从栎五倍子和某些 水果、坚果中提取的化合物,可在一定程度上遏制癌细 胞的生长)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. ellagique (an anagram of galle 'gall nut' + -ique), thus avoiding the form gallique, already in use.

**ellipse** /'lips/ n. a regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points (the foci) is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base 椭圆
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Fr. from L. ellipsis (see 见 ELLIPSIS).

**ellipsis** /t'lıpsis/ n. (pl. **ellipses** /-si:z/) the omission of words from speech or writing 省略; a set of dots indicating such an omission 省略号
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk elleipsis, from elleipein 'leave out'.

**ellipsoid** /ı'lıpsǝid/ n. a three-dimensional figure symmetrical about each of three perpendicular axes, whose plane sections normal to one axis are circles and all the other plane sections are ellipses 椭球
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ellipsoidal** adj.

**elliptic** /t'lıptık/ adj. relating to or having the form of an ellipse 椭圆的;椭圆形的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ellipticity** n.

**elliptical** /ılıptıkl/ adj. 1 (of speech or text) using or involving ellipsis (omission of words), especially so as to be difficult to understand (讲话 或写作中)省略的 2 another term for ELLIPTIC * elliptic 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elliptically** adv.

<827>
**elm** /elm/ n. a tall deciduous tree with rough serrated leaves 榆(树) [Ulmus procera (**English elm**), U. americana (N. America), and related species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elmy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**El Niño** /el 'ni:njǝu/ n. (pl. **El Niños**) an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador “厄尔尼诺”现象 (出现时间无固定 规律的一系列复杂的气候变化,影响太平洋赤道周围及 其他地区,每隔几年出现,通常以秘鲁和厄瓜多尔北岸 过暖的营养贫瘠的洋流为特点)
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., lit. 'the (Christ) child', because of its occurrence around Christmas time.

**elocution** elǝ'kju:fn/ n. the skill of clear and expressive speech, especially of distinct pronunciation and articulation 演讲技巧,演说术 (尤指吐字发音清晰)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elocutionary** adj. **elocutionist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. elocutio(n-), from eloqui (see 见 ELOQUENCE).

**Elohim** /e'lǝuhım, 'elǝuhi:m/ n. a name for God used in the Hebrew Bible 埃洛希姆 (希伯来文《圣 经》中以此来称呼上帝)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. 'ělōhim (pl.).

**elongate** /'i:longest/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容 词 **elongated**] make or become longer (使) 伸长,(使)延长,拉长 adj. Biology 【生物】 long; elongated 长形的,伸长的;拉长的,延长的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'move away'): from late L. elongat-, elongare 'place at a distance'.

**elongation** /i:lon'geifn/ n. 1 the lengthening of something 拉长,延长,延伸 2 Astronomy 【天文】 the angular separation of a planet from the sun or of a satellite from a planet 距角;大距
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. elongatio(n-), from elongare (see 见 ELONGATE).

**elope** /t'lǝup/ v. run away secretly in order to get married 私奔
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elopement** n. **eloper** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'abscond, run away'): from Anglo-Norman Fr. aloper.

**eloquence** /'elǝkwəns/ n. fluent or persuasive speaking or writing 流利;雄辩
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. eloquentia, from eloqui 'speak out'.

**eloquent** /'elǝkwənt/ adj. 1 showing eloquence 辩 才好的;雄辩的 2 clearly expressive 表达清楚的,明 白显示的: an art that is eloquent of America's cultural diversity 清楚展示了美国文化多元性的艺术作品
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eloquently** adv.

**Elsan** /'elsæn/ n. Brit. trademark 【英,商标】 a type of transportable chemical toilet 爱尔生马桶 (一种通 过化学方法除臭的可移动马桶)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: appar. from the initials of Ephraim Louis Jackson (its manufacturer) and SANITATION.

**else** /els/ adv. 1 in addition; besides 此外,另外 2 different; instead 不同的;代替
-PHRASES 短语 **or else** used to introduce the second of two alternatives 否则,要不然 (用于引出两个选择 中的另一个); in circumstances different from those mentioned 否则,要不然 (用于与提到的情况不同时)
> used as a threat or warning 否则,要不然 (用于威 胁或警告)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE elles, of Gmc origin.

**elsewhere** /els'weǝ(r)/ adv. in, at, or to some other place or other places 在别处;到别处 pron. some other place 别处
-ORIGIN 词源 OE elles hwær (see 见 ELSE, WHERE).

**ELT** abbr. English language teaching 英语教学

**eluate** /'elju:ǝt, -eit/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a solution obtained by elution 洗出液
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from L. eluere 'wash out' + -ATE¹.

**elucidate** /1'l(j)u:sideit/ v. make clear; explain 阐 明;解释
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elucidation** n. **elucidative** adj. **elucidator** n. **elucidatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. elucidat-, elucidare 'make clear'.

**elude** /1'l(j)u:d/ v. 1 evade or escape from, typically in a skilful or cunning way (通常指巧妙或狡猾地) 逃 避,躲避,避开 2 fail to be attained or understood by; baffle 使达不到,不为……所理解,使困惑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elusion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. eludere, from e- 'out, away from' + ludere 'to play'.

**Elul** /'i:lal, 'elʌl/ n. (in the Jewish calendar) the twelfth month of the civil and sixth of the religious year, usually coinciding with parts of August and September (犹太历法中的) 厄路尔月 (即国历12月, 教历6月,通常与公历8月和9月部分重合)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. 'ělül.

**elusive** /i'lu:sIv/ adj. difficult to find, catch, or achieve 难以发现(或抓住、获得)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elusively** adv. **elusiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. elus-, eludere 'elude' + -IVE.

**elute** /1'l(j)u:t/ v. Chemistry 【化】 remove (an adsorbed substance) by washing with a solvent, especially in chromatography 洗脱
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elution** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from L. elut-, eluere 'wash out'.

**elutriate** /i'l(j)u:triert/ v. Chemistry 【化】 separate (particles in a mixture) by suspension in an upward flow of liquid or gas 淘洗,淘选,淘析
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **elutriation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. elutriat-, elutriare 'wash out'.

**elver** /'elvə(r)/ n. a young eel, especially when undergoing mass migration upriver from the sea (尤 指从海中向河上游迁游时的) 幼鳗
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: var. of dial. eel-fare 'the passage of young eels up a river', from EEL + FARE in its original sense 'a journey'.

<828>
**elves** /elvz/ plural form of ELF * elf 的复数形式

**Elysian** /ılıziən/ adj. relating to Elysium or the Elysian Fields, the place in Greek mythology where heroes were conveyed after death 埃律西昂的,极乐 世界的,乐土的
> of or like paradise 天堂(般)的

**elytron** /'elitron/ n. (pl. **elytra** /-trǝ/) Entomology 【昆】 each of the two wing cases of a beetle 鞘翅
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk elutron 'sheath'.

**em** /em/ n. Printing 【印刷】 a unit for measuring the width of printed matter, equal to the height of the type size being used 全身 (西文排版行长单位, 等于字体的高度); a unit of measurement equal to twelve points * 12点活字
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: the letter M, since it is approx. this width.

**em-** /1m, em/ prefix variant spelling of EN-¹, EN-² assimilated before b, p (as in emblazon, emplacement) * en-¹, en-² 的另一种拼法 (n在b,p之前被同化为m, 如 emblazon, emplacement)

**emaciated** /r'mersiertid, I'meıf-/ adj. abnormally thin and weak 消瘦的,憔悴的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emaciation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. emaciat-, emaciare 'make thin'.

**email** /'i:meil/ (also 亦作 **e-mail**) n. messages, or a message, sent electronically from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network 电子邮件
> the system of sending email 电子邮件发送系统
v. send an email to 发送电子邮件
> send by email 用 电子邮件发送
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emailer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: abbrev. of electronic mail.

**emalangeni** /'emǝla:ŋ.geni/ plural form of LILANGENI * lilangeni 的复数形式

**emanate** /'emǝnert/ v. issue or spread out from a source 发源于;从……发出; give out or emit 发出,散发
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C16) as emanation): from L. emanat-, emanare 'flow out'.

**emanation** /emǝ'nerfn/ n. 1 something which emanates or is produced from a source 发出之物 2 the action or process of emanating 发出,散发 3 (in various mystical traditions) a being or force which is a manifestation of God (各种神秘主义传统中) 体 现上帝存在的事物(或力量),(神的)显灵

**emancipate** /'mænsipeit/ v. set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions 使不受 (法律、社会、政治限制的)束缚,解放; free from slavery 使摆脱奴役,解放; Law 【律】 set (a child) free from the authority of its parents 解放,使(孩 子)摆脱亲权统治
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emancipation** n. **emancipator** n. **emancipatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. emancipat-, emancipare 'transfer as property', from e- 'out' + mancipium 'slave'.

**emasculate** /'mæskjuleit/ v. 1 [usu. as adj. 通常 作形容词 **emasculated**] deprive (a man) of his male role or identity 阉割,将(男子)去势;使无男 子气 2 make weaker or less effective 使柔弱,使无力; 使效力减弱 3 Botany 【植】 remove the male parts (anthers) from (a flower) 为(花)去雄
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emasculation** n. **emasculator** n. **emasculatory** /-lət(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. emasculat-, emasculare 'castrate'.

**embalm** /ım'ba:m, em-/ v. 1 preserve (a corpse) from decay, originally with spices and now usually by injection of a preservative 对(尸体)进行防腐处 理
> preserve in an unaltered state 使不改变;使不 朽 2 archaic 【古】 give a pleasant fragrance to 使有香 味,使发出香气
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embalmer** n. **embalmment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. embaumer, from em- 'in' + baume 'balm', var. of basme (see 见 BALM).

**embank** /ım'bænk/ v. protect or provide with an embankment 筑堤护住(或围住)

**embankment** /ım'bæŋkmənt/ n. 1 a wall or bank built to prevent flooding by a river 河堤,堤岸 2 a bank of earth or stone built to carry a road or railway over an area of low ground (公路或铁路的) 路堤

**embargo** /em'ba:gǝu, im-/ n. (pl. **embargoes**) 1 an official ban, especially on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country (尤 指对某国的) 禁止贸易令,禁运 2 historical 【史义】 an order of a state forbidding foreign ships to enter, or any ships to leave, its ports (禁止外国船舶驶入和船只 驶离港口的) 封港令 v. (**embargoes, embargoing, embargoed**) 1 ban (something) officially 对……实 施禁令 2 archaic 【古】 seize (a ship or goods) for state service 征用(船只或货物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., from embargar 'arrest'.

**embark** /ım'ba:k/ v. 1 go on board a ship or aircraft 上船;登机 2 (**embark on/upon**) begin (a new project or course of action) 开始,着手,从事 (新项目或行动)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embarkation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. embarquer, from em- 'in' + barque 'bark, ship'.

**embarras de richesses** /pmbæ,ra: də ri:'fes/ (also 亦作 **embarras de choix** /'fwa:/) n. more options or resources than one knows what to do with 多得令 人难以选择(或无所适从)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'embarrassment of riches (or choice)'.

**embarrass** /ım'bærǝs, em-/ v. 1 cause to feel awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed 使窘迫, 使尴尬; (**be embarrassed**) be caused financial difficulties 拮据 2 archaic 【古】 hamper or impede 妨碍
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embarrassed** adj. **embarrassedly** adv. **embarrassing** adj. **embarrassingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. embarrasser, from Sp. embarazar, prob. from Port. embaraçar (from baraço 'halter').

<829>
**embarrassment** /ım'bærəsmənt/ n. 1 a feeling of self-consciousness, shame, or awkwardness 窘迫;尴 尬;局促不安; a cause of such feelings 使人窘迫(或 尴尬)的人(或事物) 2 financial difficulty 拮据,财 政困难

**embassage** /'embǝsıdz/ n. archaic 【古】 1 the business or message of an envoy 使节的使命(或任 务) 2 a deputation 使团,代表团
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. ambasse 'message or embassy' + -AGE.

**embassy** /'embǝsi/ n. (pl. **embassies**) 1 the official residence or offices of an ambassador 大使馆 2 chiefly historical 【主史义】 a deputation or mission sent by one state to another (外交)使团
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. ambasse, based on L. ambactus 'servant'; cf. AMBASSADOR.

**embattle** /im'bætl/ v. archaic 【古】 1 make ready for battle 使准备战斗,使严阵以待 2 fortify (a building) against attack 设防于,筑防御工事于(建 筑物)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. embataillier.

**embattled** /im'bætld/ adj. 1 beset by problems or difficulties 陷入困境的,处境艰难的 2 prepared for battle 严阵以待的,准备好战斗的 3 fortified; having battlements (建筑物)围有雉堞的
> [postpos. 后置] Heraldry 【纹章】 divided or edged by a line of square notches like battlements in outline 边缘呈雉堞形的

**embay** /ım'ber/ v. 1 force (a boat) into a bay 迫使 (船只)进入海湾 2 chiefly Geology 【主地质】 enclose in a recess or hollow 环抱,围住 3 [as adj. 作形容词 **embayed**] formed into bays 形成海湾的

**embayment** /em'beim(ə)nt/ n. a recess in a coastline forming a bay 海湾

**embed** /im'bed/ v. (also 亦作 **imbed**) (**embeds, embedding, embedded**) 1 fix or become fixed firmly and deeply in the surrounding mass 把……嵌 入
> implant (an idea or feeling) 灌输(思想或感 情)
> Computing 【计】 incorporate within the body of a file or document 嵌入,放入,嵌进 2 attach (a journalist) to a military unit during a conflict (为部 队)指派(随军记者) n. a journalist who is attached to a military unit during a conflict 随军记者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embeddedness** n. **embedment** n.

**embellish** /im'belıf/ v. 1 adorn; decorate 美化;装 饰;修饰 2 add extra details to (a story) for interest 给(故事)添加细节,润饰
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embellisher** n. **embellishment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. embelliss-, from embellir, based on bel 'handsome', from L. bellus.

**ember** /'embə(r)/ n. a small piece of burning or glowing material in a dying fire 余烬
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æmyrge, of Gmc origin.

**Ember day** /'embə(r)/ n. any of a number of days reserved for fasting and prayer in the Western Christian Church 四季节 (西派基督教会四季斋期中 的任一天)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ymbren, perh. an alt. of ymbryne 'period', from ymb 'about' + ryne 'course'.

**embezzle** /im'bezl/ v. steal or misappropriate (money placed in one's trust or under one's control) 侵吞,盗用(钱款)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embezzlement** n. **embezzler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'steal'): from Anglo-Norman Fr. embesiler, from besiler, of unknown ultimate origin.

**embitter** /ım'bitə(r)/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **embittered**] make bitter or resentful 使痛苦;使怨愤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embitterment** n.

**emblazon** /ım'bleız(ə)n, em-/ v. 1 conspicuously display (a design) on something 炫示(设计图案); depict (a heraldic device) on something 在……上雕 刻(纹章) 2 archaic 【古】 praise publicly (公开)颂扬
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emblazonment** n.

**emblem** /'embləm/ n. a heraldic device or symbolic object as a distinctive badge of a nation, organization, or family (代表国家、组织或家族的)徽章,纹章; a symbol or symbolic representation 象征;标志
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emblematic** adj. **emblematical** adj. **emblematically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. emblema 'inlaid work, raised ornament', from Gk emblēma 'insertion'.

**emblematize** or **emblematise** /em'blemətaız/ v. formal 【正式】 serve as an emblem of 作为……的象征; 作为……的标志

**embodiment** /ım'bpdımənt/ n. a tangible or visible form of an idea or quality (体现思想或特质的)具体形 象,化身: I was the embodiment of ungainliness. 我就 是丑陋的化身。; the representation of something in such a form 具体表现,体现

**embody** /Im'bpdi, em-/ v. (**embodies, embodying, embodied**) 1 give a tangible or visible form to (an idea or quality) 使(思想或特质)具体化,体现 2 include or contain (something) as a constituent part 包含,包括

**embolden** /ım'bǝuldən/ v. 1 give courage or confidence to 使有胆量;使有信心 2 cause (text) to appear in a bold typeface 将(文本)转成黑体

**embolectomy** /embə'lektəmi/ n. (pl. **embolectomies**) surgical removal of an embolus 栓子清 除术

**embolism** /'embǝlız(ə)m/ n. Medicine 【医】 obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble 栓塞
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: via late L. from Gk embolismos, from emballein 'insert'.

**embolization** or **embolisation** /embǝlar'zeıfn/ n. Medicine 【医】 the formation of an embolus 栓化,栓 子形成

**embolus** /'embələs/ n. (pl. **emboli** /-lat, -i:/) a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object obstructing a blood vessel 栓子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embolic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting the plunger of a syringe): from L., lit. 'piston', from Gk embolos 'peg, stopper'.

<830>
**embonpoint** / pmbi'pw/ n. plumpness or fleshiness, especially with reference to a woman's bosom 丰满,丰腴(尤指女子胸部)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. en bon point 'in good condition'.

**emboss** /im'bps/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **embossed**] carve a design in relief on (a surface) 在……上浮雕图案
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embosser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from the OFr. base of obs. Fr. embosser, from em- 'into' + boce 'protuberance'.

**embouchure** / pmbufuǝ(r)/ n. 1 Music 【音】 the way in which a player applies the mouth and tongue in playing a brass or wind instrument 置唇法 2 archaic 【古】 the mouth of a river 河口
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from s'emboucher, from emboucher 'put in or to the mouth'.

**embourgeoisement** /õ'buǝzwa:zmn/ n. the process of becoming bourgeois or middle class 资产阶级化; 中产阶级化
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from embourgeoiser 'become or make bourgeois'.

**embower** /im'baʊə(r), em-/ v. literary 【文】 surround or enclose 环绕,包围

**embrace** /im'breis/ v. 1 hold closely in one's arms, especially as a sign of affection 拥抱,怀抱 2 accept or support (a belief or change) willingly 欣然接受; 信奉(信仰);乐意支持(变化) 3 include or contain 包含,包括 n. an act of embracing 拥抱;信奉;支 持;包含
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embraceable** adj. **embracement** n. **embracer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. embracer, based on L. in- 'in' + bracchium 'arm'.

**embrasure** /ım'breızə(r), em-/ n. 1 an opening in a wall or parapet, used for shooting through 炮 眼,枪眼,射击孔 2 an opening or recess around a window or door forming an enlargement of the area from the inside 斜面窗洞(或门洞)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embrasured** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from obs. embraser 'widen an opening', of unknown ultimate origin.

**embrittle** /im'britl/ v. make or become brittle 使变 脆,使易碎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embrittlement** n.

**embrocation** /embrǝ'keıfn/ n. a liquid medication rubbed on the body to relieve pain from sprains and strains 擦剂
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. embrocatio(n-), from embrocare, based on Gk embrokhe 'lotion'.

**embroider** /ım'brəidə(r)/ v. 1 sew decorative needlework patterns on 在……上刺绣 2 add fictitious or exaggerated details to 渲染;对…添油加醋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embroiderer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. enbrouder.

**embroidery** /ım'brəıdəri/ n. (pl. **embroideries**) 1 the art or pastime of embroidering 刺绣,绣花 2 embroidered cloth 绣花布,刺绣品

**embroil** /im'broil/ v. 1 (often 常用 **be/become embroiled in**) involve deeply in a conflict or difficult situation 使卷入(冲突);使陷入(困境) 2 archaic 【古】 bring into a state of confusion or disorder 使陷入混乱状态
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embroilment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. embrouiller 'to muddle'.

**embryo** /'embriǝu/ n. (pl. **embryos**) 1 an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, especially an unborn human in the first eight weeks from conception 胚胎 (尤指受孕 8周內的胎儿) Compare with 比较 FETUS. 2 Botany 【植】 the part of a seed which develops into a new plant 胚
-PHRASES 短语 **in embryo** at a rudimentary stage 在 萌芽阶段,在未成熟时期
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embryonal** /'embriǝnl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk embruon 'fetus', from em- 'into' + bruein 'grow'.

**embryogenesis** / embriǝ(u)'dzenists/ n. Biology 【生物】 the formation and development of an embryo 胚胎发生,胚胎发育
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embryogenic** adj. **embryogeny** n.

**embryology** /embri'plǝdzi/ n. the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos 胚胎学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embryologic** adj. **embryological** adj. **embryologist** n.

**embryonic** /embri'dnik/ adj. 1 relating to an embryo 胚胎的 2 in or at a rudimentary stage 萌芽阶 段的,初期的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **embryonically** adv.

**emcee** /em'si:/ n. 1 a master of ceremonies (仪式 的)司仪,主持人 2 an MC at a club or party (俱乐 部或宴会的)司仪,主持人 v. (**emcees, emceed, emceeing**) act as a master of ceremonies or MC at (an event, club, etc.) (为活动、俱乐部等)当司仪
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: representing the pronunc. of mc.

**-eme** /i:m/ suffix Linguistics 【语言】 forming nouns denoting minimal linguistic units that are in systemic contrast with one other (构成名词) 位,素: **phoneme** 音位
-ORIGIN 词源 from PHONEME.

**emend** /r'mend/ v. correct and revise (a text) 校 订,修改(文稿)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emendation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. emendare, from e- 'out of' + menda 'a fault'; cf. AMEND.

**emerald** /'emǝrǝld/ n. 1 a bright green precious stone consisting of a chromium-rich variety of beryl 祖母绿;绿宝石;翡翠 2 (also 亦作 **emerald green**) a bright green colour 翠绿色,鲜绿色 3 (also 亦作 **emerald moth**) a slender-bodied green moth 尺蛾 [Geometra papilionaria (**large emerald**) and other species.]
-PHRASES 短语 **the Emerald Isle** Ireland 爱尔兰
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. e(s)meraud, ult. via L. from Gk (s)maragdos, via Prakrit from Semitic (cf. Heb. bāreqet, from bāraq 'flash, sparkle').

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**emerge** /1'm3:d3/ v. 1 move out of something and become visible 浮现,显露; (of an insect) break out from an egg, cocoon, or pupal case (昆虫)破 壳(或茧等)而出 2 come into existence or greater prominence 产生;变得重要; (of facts) become known (事实)暴露,被知晓 3 recover from or survive a difficult period (从困苦中)摆脱出来,幸 存下来
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emerging** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. emergere, from e- 'out, forth' + mergere 'to dip'.

**emergence** /1'm3:d3ns/ n. 1 the action or process of emerging 浮现,显露 2 the breaking out of an insect from an egg, cocoon, or pupal case (昆虫的) 破壳(或茧等)而出

**emergency** /i'm3:dzənsi/ n. (pl. **emergencies**) 1 a serious, unexpected, and potentially dangerous situation requiring immediate action 紧急情况; 不测事件;非常时刻; [as modifier 作修饰语] arising from or used in an emergency 紧急情况下出现(或使 用)的: an **emergency** exit 紧急出口,太平门; N. Amer. 【北美】 the casualty department in a hospital (医院 的)急诊科 2 (**the Emergency**) Irish historical 【爱, 史义】 the Second World War 第二次世界大战 3 Austral./NZ dated 【澳新,过时】 (in sport) a reserve player or runner (体育运动中的)预备队员,替补队员
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. emergentia, from L. emergere (see 见 EMERGE).

**emergent** /i'm3:dzənt/ adj. 1 in the process of coming into being or prominence; emerging 新兴 的,兴起的,浮现的,出现的 2 Philosophy 【哲】 (of a property) arising as an effect of complex causes and not analysable simply as the sum of their effects (特 征)突现的,突创的 3 denoting water plants with leaves and flowers that appear above the water surface (水生植物)露出水面的 n. Philosophy 【哲】 an emergent property 突创特征

**emeritus** /ı'meritǝs, i:-/ adj. having retired but allowed to retain a title as an honour 荣誉退休的,退 休后保留头衔的: the **emeritus** professor of microbiology 荣誉退休的微生物学教授
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., past part. of emereri 'earn one's discharge by service'.

**emersion** /r'm3:fn/ n. 1 the process or state of emerging, especially from water (尤指从水中)浮 出,露头 2 Astronomy 【天文】 the reappearance of a celestial body after eclipse or occultation 复现(天 体在食或掩以后的重新出现)

**emery** /'em(ə)ri/ n. a greyish-black form of corundum (mineral) containing iron oxide, used in powdered form as an abrasive 刚玉砂,金刚砂(作 磨料用)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. émeri, from OFr. esmeri, from Ital. smeriglio, based on Gk smuris 'polishing powder'.

**emery board** n. a strip of thin wood or card coated with emery or another abrasive and used as a nail file 指甲砂锉

**emesis** /'emısıs/ n. technical 【技】 vomiting 呕吐
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk, from emein 'to vomit'.

**emetic** /1'metik/ adj. (of a substance) causing vomiting (物质)催吐的 n. an emetic medicine or other substance 催吐药;催吐剂
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk emetikos, from emein 'to vomit'.

**EMF** abbr. 1 electromagnetic field(s) 电磁场 2 (**emf**) electromotive force 3 European Monetary Fund 欧洲货币基金组织

**EMG** abbr. electromyogram or electromyography 肌 电图;肌电描记法,肌电图法

**-emia** /'i:miǝ/ comb. form US spelling of -AEMIA * -aemia 的美式拼法

**emigrant** /'emigrənt/ n. a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another 移居外国的人,移民

**emigrate** /'emigreit/ v. leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another 移居外国
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emigration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (earlier (C17) as **emigration**): from L. emigrat-, emigrare 'emigrate'.

**émigré** /'emigrer/ n. a person who has emigrated, especially for political reasons 移居外国的人,移民; (尤指)政治流亡者
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. denoting a person escaping the French Revolution): Fr., past part. of émigrer 'emigrate'.

**eminence** /'eminəns/ n. 1 acknowledged superiority within a particular sphere 出众,卓越,显赫 2 an important or distinguished person 名人,要人,权威 人
> (**His/Your Eminence**) a title given to a Roman Catholic cardinal 阁下,大人(天主教中对红衣主教的 尊称) 3 literary 【文】 a piece of rising ground 高地,山 丘 4 Anatomy 【解】 a slight projection from the surface of the body 隆凸,隆起
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. eminentia, from eminere 'jut, project'.

**éminence grise** / eminōs 'gri:z/ n. (pl. **éminences grises** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a person who exercises power or influence without holding an official position 幕后掌权(或操纵)者,后台人物
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit 'grey eminence'; the term was orig. applied to Cardinal Richelieu's grey-cloaked private secretary, Père Joseph (1577-1638).

**eminent** /'emınənt/ adj. 1 respected and distinguished within a particular sphere 著名的,卓越的, 显赫的 2 notable; outstanding 突出的;杰出的: his **eminent** suitability for scientific work 他特别适合科学 工作
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eminently** adv.

**eminent domain** n. Law 【律】 the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation 国家 征用权

**emir** /e'mıǝ(r)/ (also 亦作 **amir**) n. a title of various Muslim (mainly Arab) rulers 埃米尔(对伊斯兰国 家、主要是阿拉伯国家统治者的称呼)

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historical 【史 义】 a Muslim (usually Arab) military commander or local chief (伊斯兰国家、通常是阿拉伯国家的) 部 队统帅,地方首领
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a male descendant of Muhammad): from Fr. émir, from Arab. 'amir (see 见 AMIR).

**emirate** /'emırət/ n. the rank, lands, or reign of an emir 埃米尔的地位(或管辖地、统治)

**emissary** /'emıs(ə)ri/ n. (pl. **emissaries**) a person sent as a diplomatic representative on a special mission 使者,特使
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. emissarius 'scout, spy', from emittere (see 见 EMIT).

**emission** /ı'mıfn/ n. the action of emitting something, especially heat, light, gas, or radiation (尤指热、光、气体或辐射的)发出,射出,散发; a substance which is emitted 发出物,射出物,散发物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emissive** adj. **emissivity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'emanation'): from L. emissio(n-), from emiss-, emittere (see 见 EMIT).

**emit** /i'mit/ v. (**emits, emitting, emitted**) 1 send forth or give out; discharge 发出,射出,散发 2 make (a sound) 发出(声音)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. emittere, from e- 'out of' + mittere 'send'.

**emitter** /ı'mıtə(r)/ n. 1 a thing which emits 发 出者,发射者 2 Electronics 【电子】 the region in a bipolar transistor that produces carriers of current (晶体管的)发射极

**Emmental** /'emǝnta:l/ (also 亦作 **Emmenthal**) n. a kind of hard Swiss cheese with holes in it, similar to Gruyère 埃曼塔尔干酪 (一种瑞士多孔干酪)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ger. Emmentaler, from Emmental, a valley in Switzerland where the cheese was orig. made.

**emmer** /'emə(r)/ n. an old kind of wheat with bearded ears and spikelets that each contain two grains, now grown mainly for fodder and breakfast cereals 二粒小麦 [Triticum dicoccum.]
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger., from Old High Ger. amer (see 见 SPELT²).

**emmet** /'emit/ n. dialect 【方】 an ant 蚂蚁
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æmete (see 见 ANT).

**Emmy** /'emi/ n. (pl. **Emmys**) (in the US) a statuette awarded annually to an outstanding television programme or performer (美国) 艾美奖
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: said to be from Immy, short for image orthicon tube (a kind of television camera tube).

**emollient** /1'mpliənt/ adj. 1 having the quality of softening or soothing the skin 使皮肤柔软的;润肤 的 2 attempting to avoid confrontation or anger; soothing or calming 试图避免冲突的;使平静的 n. an emollient substance 润滑药;润肤剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emollience** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. emollient-, emollire 'to make soft'.

**emolument** /r'mpljum(ə)nt, e-/ n. formal 【正式】 a salary, fee, or benefit from employment or office 薪 水,工资;报酬;津贴
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. emolumentum, orig. prob. 'payment for grinding corn', from emolere 'grind up'.

**emote** /ı'mǝut/ v. portray emotion theatrically 夸张 地表现感情
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emoter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: back-form. from EMOTION.

**emoticon** /r'mǝutikon, -'mpti-/ n. a representation of a facial expression such as a smile or frown, formed with keyboard characters and used in email and text messages to convey the writer's feelings (电子 通信中的)情感符号,情感图标
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: blend of EMOTION and ICON.

**emotion** /ı'mǝufn/ n. a strong feeling, such as joy, anger, or sadness 强烈的情感;激情;情绪
> instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge (与理智相对的)情感
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emotionless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a public disturbance): from Fr. émotion, from émouvoir 'excite', based on L. emovere, from e- 'out' + movere 'move'.

**emotional** /ı'mǝu∫(ə)nl/ adj. relating to emotions 情绪(上)的;情感(上)的; characterized by or arousing intense feeling 情绪激动的;激动人心的: an **emotional** speech 激动人心的演讲; **emotionally** affected; upset 情绪受到影响的;心烦的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emotionalism** n. **emotionalist** n. & adj. **emotionality** n. **emotionalize** or **emotionalise** v. **emotionally** adv.

**emotive** /ı'mǝutıv/ adj. arousing intense feeling 激起感情的,令人激动的: Animal experimentation is an **emotive** subject. 动物实验是一个引起激烈争论的 问题。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emotively** adv. **emotiveness** n. **emotivity** /imǝu'tıvıti/ n.
> USAGE 用法说明
> The words **emotive** and **emotional** are not interchangeable. **Emotive** means 'arousing intense feeling', while **emotional** tends to mean 'characterized by intense feeling'. Thus an **emotive** issue is one which is likely to arouse people's passions, while an **emotional** response is one which is itself full of passion. * **emotive** 和 **emotional** 不可互换。**emotive** 意为 “激起强烈感情的”,而 **emotional** 倾向于指“情绪 激动的”。因此, an **emotive issue** 指很可能激起人 们情感的事,而 an **emotional response** 则指本身 充满感情的反应。

**empanada** /empə'na:də/ n. a pastry turnover filled with savoury ingredients and baked or fried, typical of South American cooking (南美风味的)半圆形 馅饼
-ORIGIN 词源 Sp., fem. past part. of empanar 'roll in pastry', based on L. panis 'bread'.

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**empanel** /im'pænl/ v. variant spelling of IMPANEL * impanel 的另一种拼法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **empanelment** n.

**empathize** or **empathise** /'empǝdaız/ v. understand and share the feelings of another 神入,感情移入;有 同感

**empathy** /'empǝdi/ n. the ability to understand and share the feelings of another 神入,感情移入; 共鸣,同感
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **empathetic** adj. **empathetically** adv. **empathic** /em'pædik/ adj. **empathically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk empatheia (from em- 'in' + pathos 'feeling') translating Ger. Einfühlung.
> USAGE 用法说明
> People often confuse the words **empathy** and **sympathy**. **Empathy** means 'the ability to understand and share the feelings of another' (as in both authors have the skill to make you feel **empathy** with their heroines), whereas **sympathy** means 'feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune' (as in they had great **sympathy** for the flood victims). 人们常常 混淆 **empathy** 和 **sympathy**。**empathy** 意为“神 入,感情移入,共鸣,同感”,如: Both authors have the skill to make you feel **empathy** with their heroines. 两位作者都能够使你和他们的女主 人公产生共鸣。而 **sympathy** 意为“同情”,如: They had great **sympathy** for the flood victims. 他们对遭受水灾的灾民深感同情。

**empennage** /em'penidz/ n. Aeronautics 【航天】 an arrangement of stabilizing surfaces at the tail of an aircraft (飞机的)尾翼
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., from empenner 'to feather an arrow', from em- 'in' + penne 'a feather'.

**emperor** /'empərə(r)/ n. 1 the ruler of an empire 皇帝 2 in names of certain large, strikingly marked butterflies, e.g. **purple emperor** (用于一些体型较 大、斑纹醒目的蝴蝶的名称中,如紫闪蛱蝶)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emperorship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. emperere, from L. imperator 'military commander', from imperare 'to command'.

**emperor moth** n. a large moth of the silk moth family, with eyespots on all four wings 皇蛾 [Saturnia pavonia and related species.]

**emperor penguin** n. the largest kind of penguin, which breeds in the Antarctic and has a yellow patch on each side of the head 帝企鹅,皇企鹅 [Aptenodytes forsteri.]

**emphasis** /'emfəsis/ n. (pl. **emphases** /-si:z/) 1 special importance, value, or prominence given to something 重要性,强调 2 stress laid on a word or words in speaking (讲话时对个别词的)强调, 着重
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk, orig. 'appearance, show', later denoting a figure of speech in which more is implied than is said, from emphainein 'exhibit'.

**emphasize** or **emphasise** /'emfəsaız/ v. 1 give emphasis to 强调,着重 2 make more clearly defined 使突出,使明显: a jacket which **emphasized** her hips 显出她臀形的夹克衫

**emphatic** /im'fætık/ adj. showing or giving emphasis 强调的,着重的; definite and clear 确切的,清 楚的: The answer was an **emphatic** 'yes'. 答案无疑 是肯定的。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emphatically** adv.

**emphysema** /emfr'si:mǝ/ n. Medicine 【医】 1 (also 亦作 **pulmonary emphysema**) a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness 肺气肿 2 a condition in which air is abnormally present within the body tissues 气肿
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk emphusēma, from emphusan 'puff up'.

**empire** /'empaıə(r)/ n. 1 an extensive group of states ruled over by a single monarch, an oligarchy, or a sovereign state 帝国
> supreme power over several countries (对几个国家的)最高统治,最高统 领: his dream of **empire** in Asia Minor 他统治小亚细 亚的梦想 2 a large commercial organization under the control of one person or group 帝国式企业(由 一人或一个集团控制的大企业) adj. (**Empire**) denoting a neoclassical style of furniture and dress fashionable chiefly during the First Empire, the period of Napoleon I's reign as emperor of the French (1804-1815) 帝国风格的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. imperium, rel. to imperare (see 见 EMPEROR).
> 1911 Two of the notable events of 1911, the year the Concise was published, were the coronations of George V as King of Great Britain and Ireland and as Emperor of India. India was to remain part of the British Empire until 1947, and the first edition contains a lot of Indian terminology. Examples include the **Raj** or British rule, **pundit** (defined in its original sense of 'Hindu learned in Sanskrit & in philosophy, religion, & jurisprudence'), and **pukka** (then spelled **pucka** and defined as 'of full weight; genuine; permanent, solidly built'). Others less well known today were **vakeel** 'ambassador, commissioner, residing at court', **kheda** 'enclosure used in Bengal & c. to catch elephants', and **khidmutgar** 'male servant who waits at table in India'. 1911年,即COD出 版的那一年,发生了两件大事:一件是乔治五世加 冕为大不列颠及爱尔兰国王,另一件是他加冕为印 度皇帝。1947年前,印度是英帝国的一部分,故第 一版中收录了大量印度语汇。例如 Raj(意为“英 国统治”),pundit(按其原义释义为“精通梵文、

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哲学、宗教和律法的印度教教徒”),pukka(当时 拼作 **pucka**,释义为“全重的;真的,永久的; 坚固的”)。还有一些今天已经不太为人所知,如 **vakeel** (“居于法院的特使、特派员”), **kheda** (“孟加拉等地用于捕象的围栏”), **khidmutgar** (“印度侍餐的男仆”)。

**Empire line** n. a style of women's clothing characterized by a waistline cut just under the bust and typically a low neckline, first popular during the First Empire (1804-1815) in France 帝国样式;高 腰线

**empiric** /em'pırık, Im-/ adj. another term for EMPIRICAL * empirical 的另一种说法 n. archaic 【古】 1 a scientist who relies solely on observation and experiment 经验主义者 2 a quack doctor 庸医,江湖 医生
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk empeirikos, from empeiria 'experience'.

**empirical** /ım'pırıkl/ adj. based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic 以观察(或经验)为 依据的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **empirically** adv.

**empirical formula** n. Chemistry 【化】 a formula giving the proportions of the elements present in a compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms 成分式,经验式

**empiricism** /em'pırısız(ə)m/ n. Philosophy 【哲】 the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses 经验主义,经验论
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **empiricist** n. & adj.

**emplacement** /ım'pleismənt/ n. 1 a structure or platform where a gun is placed for firing 炮位,炮 台 2 chiefly Geology 【主地质】 the process or state of setting something in place 侵位,定位,就位

**emplane** /im'plein/ (also 亦作 **enplane**) v. go or put on board an aircraft (把……)装上飞机;(使)登上 飞机,乘飞机
>

**employ** /ım'plǝı/ v. 1 give work to (someone) and pay them for it 雇用; keep (someone) occupied 使忙碌;使从事 2 make use of 使用,利用 n. the state of being employed; employment 受 雇,雇用: He was in the **employ** of a wine merchant. 他 受雇于一个葡萄酒商。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **employability** n. **employable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. employer, based on L. implicari, from implicare (see 见 IMPLY).

**employee** /ım'pləri:/ n. a person employed for wages or salary 雇员,受雇者

**employer** /ım'plərə(r)/ n. a person or organization that employs people 雇主,老板

**employment** /ım'pləımənt/ n. 1 the action of giving work to someone 雇用
> a person's work or profession 工作,职业 2 the utilization of something 使用,利用

**emporium** /em'pɔ:riǝm, Im-/ n. (pl. **emporia** /-riǝ/ or **emporiums**) a large store selling a wide variety of goods 大型百货商店,商场
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from Gk emporion, from emporos 'merchant'.

**empower** /ım'paʊə(r)/ v. give authority or power to; authorize 授权,给……权力; give strength and confidence to 给……力量和信心
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **empowerment** n.

**empress** /'empris/ n. a female emperor 女皇; the wife or widow of an emperor 皇后
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. emperesse, fem. of emperere (see 见 EMPEROR).

**empty** /'empti/ adj. (**emptier, emptiest**) 1 containing nothing; not filled or occupied 空的; 无人的; Mathematics 【数】 (of a set) containing no members or elements (集合)空的,不含 任何元素的 2 (of words or a gesture) lacking sincerity (话语或手势)空洞的,不真诚的 3 having no value or purpose 毫无价值(或目的)的,空虚 的 v. (**empties, emptying, emptied**) 1 make or become empty 使空;变空; discharge (the contents) from a container 倒出(所装物品),将…… 移出 2 (of a river) discharge itself into the sea or a lake (河流)汇入,流入,注入 n. (pl. **empties**) informal 【非正式】 a bottle or glass left empty of its contents 空瓶,空杯
-PHRASES 短语 **be running on empty** have exhausted all of one's resources 耗尽资源
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emptily** adv. **emptiness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æmtig, æmetig 'at leisure, empty', from æmetta 'leisure'.

**empty-handed** adj. having failed to obtain or achieve what one wanted 两手空空的,一无所有的; 一无所获的

**empty-headed** adj. unintelligent and foolish 愚蠢 的,没头脑的

**empty nester** n. informal, chiefly N. Amer. 【非正式, 主北美】 a parent whose children have grown up and left home 厮守“空巢”的父母

**empurple** /im'p3:p1/ v. make or become purple (使)变成紫色

**empyema** /empar'i:mǝ/ n. Medicine 【医】 the collection of pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity 积脓,(尤指)脓胸
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk empuēma, from empuein 'suppurate'.

**empyrean** /empar'ri:ǝn, -pi-, em'pıriǝn/ adj. literary 【文】 relating to heaven 天堂的;苍天的 n. (**the empyrean**) the highest part of heaven, thought by the ancients to be the realm of pure fire 最高天 (古人认为该处存有纯火); literary 【文】 the sky 天 空,苍穹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **empyreal** /empar'ri:ǝl, -pı-, em'pıriəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via med. L. from Gk empurios, from en- 'in' + pur 'fire'.

**em rule** /'em/ n. Brit. 【英】 a long dash used in punctuation, roughly the width of the letter M 长 划线

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**EMS** abbr. European Monetary System 欧洲货币 体系

**EMU** abbr. Economic and Monetary Union (or European Monetary Union) (欧洲)经济与货币联 盟;欧洲货币联盟

**emu¹** /'i:mju:/ n. a large flightless fast-running Australian bird resembling the ostrich, with shaggy grey or brown plumage, bare blue skin on the head and neck, and three-toed feet 鸸鹋 (一种不会飞的 鸟,产于澳大利亚,羽毛灰色或褐色,头和颈呈蓝色, 足三趾) [Dromaius novaehollandiae.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. denoting the cassowary, later the greater rhea): from Port. ema.

**emu²** /'i:mju:/ abbr. Brit. 【英】 1 electric multiple unit (railway vehicle) 电动车组 2 electromagnetic unit(s) 电磁单位

**emulate** /'emjuleit/ v. attempt to match or surpass, typically by imitation (通常指通过模仿)努力赶上 (或超过)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emulation** n. **emulative** adj. **emulator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. aemulat-, aemulari 'to rival or equal'.

**emulous** /'emjuləs/ adj. formal 【正式】 seeking to emulate 好胜的,意欲赶上(或超过)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emulously** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aemulus 'rival'.

**emulsifier** /'malsıfarə(r)/ n. a substance that stabilizes an emulsion, in particular an additive used to stabilize processed foods 乳化剂(尤指食品 加工中使用的稳定剂)

**emulsify** /'malsıfat/ v. (**emulsifies, emulsifying, emulsified**) make into or become an emulsion (使) 乳化
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emulsifiable** adj. **emulsification** n.

**emulsion** /I'mAlfn/ n. 1 a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible 乳状液;乳浊液; a fine dispersion of one liquid or puréed food substance in another 食糜;馅料: ravioli with pea and ginger **emulsion** 馅料为豌豆和姜的意式小方饺 2 (also 亦 作 **emulsion paint**) a type of paint consisting of pigment bound in a synthetic resin which forms an emulsion with water 乳化漆 3 a light-sensitive coating for photographic films and plates, containing crystals of a silver compound dispersed in a medium such as gelatin (摄影胶片上的)感光乳剂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **emulsive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (denoting a milky liquid made by crushing almonds in water): from mod. L. emulsio(n-), from emulgere 'milk out'.

**en** /en/ n. Printing 【印刷】 a unit of measurement equal to half an em and approximately the average width of typeset characters 半身 (印刷业中行长的度 量单位)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: the letter N, since it is approx. this width.

**en-¹** /in/ (also 亦作 **em-**) prefix 1 (added to nouns) forming verbs meaning 'put into or on' (加在名词 前,构成动词)置于……中(或上): **engulf** 吞没;淹没 2 (added to nouns and adjectives) forming verbs (often with the suffix **-en**) meaning 'bring into the condition of' (加在名词和形容词前,构成常带 有后缀 **-en** 的动词)使成为,使处于……状态: **enliven** 使 有生气,使活跃 3 (added to verbs) in; into; on (加 在动词前)在……之中,到……之中,在……上: **ensnare** 使 中圈套;使陷入困境; as an intensifier (用以加强语 气): **entangle** 缠住;使陷入困境
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., from L. in-.

**en-²** /in/ (also 亦作 **em-**) prefix within; inside 内在 的;里面的: **enthusiasm** 热情
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk.

**-en¹** /(ə)n/ suffix forming verbs 构成动词: 1 (from adjectives) denoting the development or intensification of a state (加在形容词之后) 更 加: **widen** 加宽 2 from nouns (such as **strengthen** from **strength**) (加在名词之后,如由 **strength** 变成 **strengthen**)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE -nian, of Gmc origin.

**-en²** /(ə)n/ (also 亦作 **-n**) suffix forming adjectives from nouns 加在名词后构成形容词: 1 made or consisting of 由……制成(或组成)的: **earthen** 陶制的 2 resembling 像,类似: **golden** 金色的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**-en³** /(ə)n/ (also 亦作 **-n**) suffix forming past participles of strong verbs 构成强变化动词的过去分 词: 1 as a regular inflection 作规则屈折成分: **spoken** 说 2 as an adjective 作形容词: **mistaken** 弄错的
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**-en⁴** /(ə)n/ suffix forming the plural of a few nouns such as **children, oxen** (构成某些名词的复数,如 **children, oxen**)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME reduction of the earlier suffix -an.

**-en⁵** /in, (ə)n/ suffix forming diminutives of nouns (such as **chicken**) (加在名词后构成指小词,如 **chicken**)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**-en⁶** /(ə)n/ suffix 1 forming feminine nouns such as **vixen** (构成阴性名词,如 **vixen**) 2 forming abstract nouns such as **burden** (构成抽象名词,如 **burden**)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, of Gmc origin.

**enable** /i'neibl/ v. 1 give (someone) the ability or means to do something 使有能力做,使能够; make possible 使可能 2 chiefly Computing 【主计】 make (a device or system) operational; activate 启动(设备 或系统);激活; [as adj. 作形容词 **-enabled**] adapted for use with the specified application or system 适 用于特定应用程序(或系统)的: WAP-**enabled** mobile phones 适用于无线应用协议的移动电话
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enablement** n. **enabler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from EN-¹, IN-², + ABLE.

**enabling act** n. Law 【律】 a statute empowering a person or body to take certain action, especially to make regulations 权力授权法

**enact** /ı'nækt/ v. 1 make (a bill or other proposal) law 使(提案等)成为法律 2 put into practice 实施 3 act out (a role or play) 扮演(角色);上演(戏剧)

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enactable** adj. **enaction** n. **enactive** adj. **enactor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from EN-¹, IN-², + ACT.

**enactment** /ı'næktmənt/ n. 1 the process of enacting (法律或法案的)制定,通过 2 a law that has been passed 法律;法规

**enamel** /r'næml/ n. 1 an opaque or semi-transparent glassy substance applied to metallic or other hard surfaces for ornament or as a protective coating 瓷釉;搪瓷;珐琅 2 the hard glossy substance that covers the crown of a tooth (牙齿的)釉质,珐 琅质 3 a paint that dries to give a smooth, hard coat 瓷漆,亮漆 v. (**enamels, enamelling, enamelled**; US 【美】 **enamels, enameling, enameled**) [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **enamelled**] coat or decorate with enamel 给……上珐琅(或瓷漆)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enameller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. enamailler, from en- 'in, on' + amail 'enamel'.

**enamour** /ı'næmə(r), e-/ (US 【美】 **enamor**) v. (**be enamoured of/with/by**) be filled with love or admiration for 喜爱;崇拜,迷恋
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enamourer, from en- 'in' + amour 'love'.

**enanthema** /enǝn'i:mə/ n. Medicine 【医】 an ulcer or eruption occurring on a mucus-secreting surface such as the inside of the mouth 黏膜疹
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EN-² + a shortened form of EXANTHEMA.

**enantiomer** /r'næntiǝ(0)mə(r), e-/ n. Chemistry 【化】 each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other 对映(异构)体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enantiomeric** adj. **enantiomerically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk enantios 'opposite' + -MER.

**enantiomorph** /r'næntiǝ(u)mo:f, e-/ n. each of two crystalline or other geometrical forms which are mirror images of each other 对映体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enantiomorphic** adj. **enantiomorphism** n. **enantiomorphous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk enantios 'opposite' + -MORPH.

**enation** /i'nerfn/ n. Botany 【植】 an outgrowth from the surface of a leaf or other part of a plant 突起,耳状突起
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. enatio(n-), from enasci 'issue forth'.

**en bloc** /ñ 'blok/ adv. all together; all at once 整个; 全部;一起
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr.

**en brosse** / 'bros/ adj. [postpos. 后置] (of hair) cut in a short and bristly style (头发)平顶式的,平头的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'in the form of a brush'.

**enc.** abbr. 1 enclosed 2 enclosure

**encamp** /ın'kæmp/ v. settle in or establish a camp 扎营,露营

**encampment** /in'kæmpmənt/ n. 1 a place where a camp is set up 营地 2 a prehistoric enclosed or fortified site, especially an Iron Age hill fort (史前人 类设防的)村寨(尤指铁器时代的山寨) 3 the process of setting up a camp 扎营,露营,宿营

**encapsulate** /ın'kæpsjulest, en-/ v. 1 enclose in or as if in a capsule 把……装入胶囊,用胶囊装;封 装 2 express concisely and succinctly 概括,简述 3 Computing 【计】 enclose in a set of codes which allow transfer across networks 封装
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encapsulation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EN-¹, IN-² + L. capsula (see 见 CAPSULE).

**encase** /in'keis/ v. enclose or cover in a case or close-fitting surround 把……装入箱(或盒)内;包,裹
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encasement** n.

**encash** /in'kæ∫/ v. Brit. 【英】 convert (a cheque, bond, etc.) into money 把(支票、债券等)兑成现 钞,兑换(支票、债券等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encashable** adj. **encashment** n.

**encaustic** /en'kɔ:stik/ adj. (in painting and ceramics) decorated by burning in colours as an inlay, especially using coloured clays or pigments mixed with hot wax (绘画和制陶工艺)蜡画的, 上釉烧入彩色的 n. the art or process of encaustic painting 蜡画法;上釉烧入彩色法
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk enkaustikos, from enkaiein 'burn in'.

**-ence** /(ə)ns/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting a quality 性质: **impertinence** 鲁莽 2 denoting an action or its result 行动,动作;结果: **reference** 提及,谈到
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -ence, from L. -entia, -antia.

**enceinte¹** /D'sæt/ n. archaic 【古】 an enclosure or wall of a fortified place (防御工事的)壁垒,围墙
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. incincta, fem. past part. of incingere 'gird in'.

**enceinte²** /ñ'sæt/ adj. dated 【过时】 pregnant 怀孕 的,妊娠的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr.

**encephalic** /ensı'fælık, en'kef(ə)lık/ adj. Anatomy 【解】 relating to or situated in the brain 脑的,颅 内的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk enkephalos 'brain' (from en- 'in' + kephalē 'head') + -IC.

**encephalitis** /en,sefǝ'laıtıs, -kefǝ-/ n. inflammation of the brain 脑炎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encephalitic** adj.

**encephalitis lethargica** /lr'θα:dzıkǝ/ n. a form of encephalitis caused by a virus and characterized by headache and drowsiness leading to coma 昏睡性脑 炎,嗜眠性脑炎,流行性脑炎

**encephalization** or **encephalisation** /en,sefǝlai'zerfn/ n. Zoology 【动】 an evolutionary increase in the complexity or relative size of the brain 大脑 化,脑形成

**encephalo-** /en'sef(ə)lǝu, -kef-/ comb. form relating to the brain 脑的: **encephalopathy** 脑照相术
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk enkephalos.

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**encephalography** /en sefǝ'lngrəfi, kefǝ-/ n. Medicine 【医】 any of various techniques for recording the structure or electrical activity of the brain 脑照 相术
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encephalogram** /en'sef(ə)lə(u)græm/ n. **encephalograph** n. **encephalographic** adj.

**encephalomyelitis** /en,sef(ə)ləumaıə'laıtıs, -kef-/ n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, typically due to acute viral infection 脑 脊髓炎

**encephalon** /en'sefǝlon, 'kef-/ n. Anatomy 【解】 the brain 脑
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk enkephalon 'what is inside the head', from en- 'inside' + kephalē 'head'.

**encephalopathy** /en, sefǝ'lppədi, -kef-/ n. (pl. **encephalopathies**) Medicine 【医】 a disease in which the functioning of the brain is affected, especially by viral infection or toxins in the blood 脑病

**enchaînement** /'senmo/ n. (pl. pronunc. same 单复发音同) Ballet 【芭蕾】 a linked sequence of steps or movements constituting a phrase 锁链步(构成一 段舞句的连贯的舞步或动作)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., 'chaining together'.

**enchant** /in'tfa:nt/ v. 1 delight; charm 使入迷;使陶 醉 2 [often as adj. 常作形容词 **enchanted**] put under a spell 使着魔;对……施魔法: an **enchanted** garden 被施 了魔法的花园
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enchantedly** adv. **enchanting** adj. **enchantingly** adv. **enchantment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. enchanter, from L. incantare, from in- 'in' + cantare 'sing'.

**enchanter** /in'tsantǝ(r)/ n. (fem. 阴性 **enchantress**) a person who uses magic, especially to put someone under a spell 巫师,施魔法的人

**enchase** /in'tfeis, en-/ v. another term for CHASE² * chase² 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enchasser 'set gems, encase'.

**enchilada** /entfı'la:dǝ/ n. a tortilla filled with meat or cheese and served with chilli sauce 辣椒肉馅玉米 圆饼
-PHRASES 短语 **big enchilada** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 a person or thing of great importance 重要 的人(或事物); **the whole enchilada** N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 the whole situation; everything 整个 形势,全部事物
-ORIGIN 词源 Latin Amer. Sp., fem. past part. of enchilar 'season with chilli'.

**enchiridion** /enkar'rıdiǝn/ n. (pl. **enchiridions** or **enchiridia** /-diə/) formal 【正式】 a handbook containing essential information on a subject 手 册,指南
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk enkheiridion, from en- 'within' + kheir 'hand' + the dimin. suffix -idion.

**encipher** /in'saifə(r)/ v. convert into a coded form 把……译成密码
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encipherment** n.

**encircle** /in's3:kl/ v. form a circle around; surround 环绕,围绕,包围
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encirclement** n.

**encl.** abbr. enclosed or enclosure

**en clair** / 'kleə(r)/ adj. & adv. in ordinary language, rather than in code or cipher 用明码的(地),用普通 文字的(地),未加密的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'in clear'.

**enclave** /'enklerv/ n. 1 a portion of territory surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct 飞地 (被大块领土所 包围的小块领地,其居民的文化或民族不同于外界) 2 a group or area that is different in character from those surrounding it (与周围其他团体不同的)小团 体;孤立的小块地区: a male **enclave** 男性团体
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from OFr. enclaver 'enclose, dovetail', based on L. clavis 'key'.

**enclitic** /in'klıtık, en-/ n. Linguistics 【语言】 a word pronounced with so little emphasis that it is shortened and forms part of the preceding word, for example n't in can't 后附词 Compare with 比较 PROCLITIC.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enclitically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk enklitikos, from enklinein 'lean on'.

**enclose** /in'kləuz/ v. 1 surround or close off on all sides 围住;包住; historical 【史义】 fence in (common land) so as to make it private property 圈(公地)为私有; [as adj. 作形容词 **enclosed**] (of a religious order or other community) secluded from the outside world 使(修道会或其他团体)与 世隔绝 2 (**enclose something in/within**) place an object inside (a container) 把…装入(容器) 3 place (something) in an envelope together with a letter 把……随信装入信封,随信附上
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enclos, past part. of enclore, based on L. includere 'shut in'.

**enclosure** /ın'kləuzə(r), en-/ n. 1 an area that is sealed off by a barrier 围场,圈用地; Brit. 【英】 a section of a racecourse or stadium allocated to a particular group (赛马场或体育场内为特定观众群圈 出的)观众席: the members' **enclosure** 会员观众席 2 a document or object placed in an envelope together with a letter (信中的)附件,装入物 3 the process or policy of enclosing common land so as to make it private property, as carried out in much of Britain in the 18th and early 19th centuries 圈地运动(或 政策)

**encode** /in'kǝud/ v. convert into a coded form 把…译成电码(或密码); Computing 【计】 convert (information or an instruction) into a particular form 把(数据或指令)编码
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encoder** n.

**encomiast** /en'kǝumiæst/ n. formal 【正式】 a person who publicly praises or flatters someone else 赞美者,歌功颂德者;阿谀者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encomiastic** adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk enkōmiastēs, from enkōmiazein 'to praise'.

**encomium** /en'kǝumiǝm/ n. (pl. **encomiums** or **encomia**) formal 【正式】 a speech or piece of writing expressing praise 赞词,颂词
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: L., from Gk enkōmion 'eulogy'.

**encompass** /ın'kampǝs, en-/ v. 1 surround and have or hold within 环绕,围绕; include comprehensively 包含,包括 2 archaic 【古】 cause to take place 促成,实现
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encompassment** n.

**encopresis** / enkǝu'pri:sıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 involuntary defecation, especially associated with emotional or psychiatric disorder (尤指由情感问题 或心理疾病引起的)大便失禁
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk en- 'in' + kopros 'dung'.

**encore** /'pŋkə:(r)/ n. a repeated or additional performance of an item at the end of a concert, as called for by an audience (应观众要求)重演(或加演) 的节目 exclam. again! (as called by an audience at the end of a concert) 再来一个! v. call for (an **encore**) 要求重演(或加演); (of a performer) give an encore (演员)返场
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., lit. 'still, again'.

**encounter** /ın'kauntǝ(r)/ v. unexpectedly meet or be faced with 意外地遇见;偶然碰到;邂逅 n. 1 an unexpected or casual meeting 偶然遇见;邂逅 2 a confrontation or unpleasant struggle 冲突;交战
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. encontrer (v.), encontre (n.), based on L. in- 'in' + contra 'against'.

**encourage** /ım'karıd3/ v. give support, confidence, or hope to 鼓励,激励; help or stimulate the development of 促进;激发
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encouragement** n. **encourager** n. **encouraging** adj. **encouragingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. encourager, from en- 'in' + corage 'courage'.

**encroach** /in'krǝuts/ v. (**encroach on/upon**) gradually intrude on (a person's territory, rights, etc.) (逐渐)侵占,侵犯(某人的领土、权利等)
> advance gradually beyond expected limits (逐渐) 超出预期的界限;侵蚀
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encroacher** n. **encroachment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'seize'): from OFr. encrochier 'seize, fasten upon', from en- 'in, on' + crochier (from croc 'hook').

**en croute** / 'kru:t/ adj. & adv. in a pastry crust 酥 皮的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr. en croûte.

**encrust** /in'krast, en-/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **encrusted**] cover with a hard crust 在……上包硬壳
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encrustation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. incruster or encroûter, both from L. incrustare, from in- 'into' + crusta 'a crust'.

**encrypt** /en'kript/ v. convert into code 把…编码; 把……译成密码(或电码)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encryption** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from EN-¹ + Gk kruptos 'hidden'.

**enculturation** /InkAltfu'rerfn/ (also 亦作 **inculturation**) n. the gradual acquisition of the norms of a culture or group 文化熏染,文化融入,文 化吸收

**encumber** /ın'kʌmbə(r), en-/ v. impede or burden 妨碍;阻碍;拖累
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. encombrer 'block up', from en- 'in' + combre 'river barrage'.

**encumbrance** /in'kambrəns/ n. 1 a burden or impediment 累赘;阻碍 2 Law 【律】 a mortgage or other claim on property or assets 财产负担

**-ency** /(ə)nsi/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting a quality 性质: **efficiency** 效率 2 denoting a state 状态: **presidency** 总统的职位(或任期)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -entia (cf. -ENCE).

**encyclical** /en'sıklıkl, in-, -'saik-/ n. a letter sent by the pope to all bishops of the Roman Catholic Church 通谕(罗马教皇向各地天主教会主教颁布的 公文)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk enkuklios 'circular, general'.

**encyclopedia** /en,saıklə(u)'pi:diǝ, ın-/ (also 亦作 **encyclopaedia**) n. a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject, typically arranged alphabetically 百 科全书
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: mod. L., from pseudo-Gk enkuklopaideia for enkuklios paideia 'all-round education'.

**encyclopedic** /en,saıklə(u)'pi:dık, ın-/ (also 亦作 **encyclopaedic**) adj. 1 comprehensive in terms of information 包罗万象的,广博的: an **encyclopedic** knowledge of food 广博的饮食知识 2 relating to encyclopedias or information suitable for an encyclopedia 百科全书的

**encyclopedism** /en.saıklə(0)'pi:dız(ǝ)m/ (also 亦作 **encyclopaedism**) n. comprehensive learning or knowledge 百科全书式的知识,广博的学识

**encyclopedist** /en,saıklǝ(u)'pi:dist/ (also 亦作 **encyclopaedist**) n. a person who writes, edits, or contributes to an encyclopedia 百科全书编纂者(或 撰稿人)

**encyst** /in'sist, en-/ v. Zoology 【动】 enclose or become enclosed in a cyst 把……包在囊內,成囊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **encystation** n. **encystment** n.

**end** /end/ n. 1 the final part of something 最后部 分:末尾; the stopping of a state or situation 结 束,终止: They called for an **end** to violence. 他们呼 吁终止暴力。; a person's death or downfall (人的) 死亡 2 the furthest or most extreme part of something 端;尽头; either of two places linked by a telephone call, letter, or journey (电话线、信或旅程 的)一头,终端; a part or share of an activity 部分; 方面: your **end** of the deal 交易的你这一方; the part of a sports field or court defended by one team or player 半边球场 3 a small piece that is left after use 剩余物;残余: a cigarette **end** 烟蒂 4 a goal or desired result 目标;目的

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5 Bowls & Curling 【草地保龄,冰壶】 a session of play in one particular direction across the playing area 一阵,一回 6 American Football 【美 橄】 a lineman positioned nearest the sideline 边锋 v. come or bring to an end; stop or finish (使)结 束,(使)终结
-PHRASES 短语 **at the end of the day** Brit. informal 【英,非正式】 when everything is taken into consideration 最终,到头来; **be the end** informal 【非 正式】 be the limit of what one can tolerate 是所能 忍受的最大限度,达到了忍耐极限; **end it all** commit suicide 自杀; **the end of the road** (or **line**) the point beyond which progress or survival cannot continue 生命(或事物发展)的尽头;穷途末路;完蛋; **be at the end of one's tether** (or N. Amer. 【北美】 **rope**) have no patience or energy left 忍无可忍;精 疲力竭; **end on** situated on or viewed from the end 位于一端;从一端看过去; **end to end** in a row with the ends touching or close together 首尾相接地; **get (or have) one's end away** Brit. vulgar slang 【英,粗 俚】 have sex 性交; **in the end** eventually 最终,结果; **keep (or hold) one's end up** Brit. informal 【英,非 正式】 perform well in a challenging situation (面 对困难时)不泄气,坚持不懈; **make (both) ends meet** earn just enough money to live on 收支仅能 相抵,勉强维持生计; **never (or not) hear the end of** be continually reminded of 不断地被提醒……; **no end** informal 【非正式】 very much 很,非常; **no end of** informal 【非正式】 a vast number or amount of 许 多,大量; **on end** 1 without stopping 连续地,不断 地 2 upright 直立地,竖着; **the sharp end** informal 【非正式】 the most challenging and risky part of an activity (活动的)关键时刻,紧要关头; **a — to end all —s** informal 【非正式】 the most impressive or successful of its kind (同类事物中)给人留下最深刻 印象的……,最成功的……: a party to **end** all parties 一次 最成功的聚会
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endmost** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE ende (n.), endian (v.), of Gmc origin.

**-end** /end/ (also 亦作 **-nd**) suffix denoting a person or thing to be treated in a specified way 被以 特定方式处理(或对待)的人(或事物): **dividend** 被 除数 | **reverend** 教士
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. -endus, gerundive ending.

**endanger** /in'deındzə(r)/ v. put at risk or in danger 危及,使遭遇危险
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endangerment** n.

**endangered** /in'deındzəd/ adj. at risk, especially of extinction 有危险的;(尤指)有灭种危险的,濒于灭 绝的

**endarterectomy** /enda:tə'rektəmi/ n. (pl. **endarterectomies**) surgical removal of part of the inner lining of an artery, together with any obstructive deposits 动脉内膜切除术
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from ENDO- + ARTERY + -ECTOMY.

**endarteritis** /enda:tə'raıtıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the inner lining of an artery 动脉内 膜炎

**endear** /ın'dıə(r), en-/ v. (often 常用 **endear someone to**) cause to be loved or liked 使受喜爱

**endearing** /ın'dıǝrıŋ/ adj. inspiring love or affection 惹人喜爱的,令人倾心的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endearingly** adv.

**endearment** /ın'dıəmənt/ n. love or affection 喜 爱,爱慕,倾心; an affectionate or loving word or phrase 表示喜爱(或爱慕)的言语

**endeavour** /ın'devə(r), en-/ (US 【美】 **endeavor**) v. try hard to do or achieve 努力,尽力 n. 1 an act of endeavouring; an enterprise 努力,尽力;事业 2 earnest and industrious effort 努力,勤奋
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from the phr. put oneself in devoir 'do one's utmost' (see 见 DEVOIR).

**endemic** /en'demik/ adj. 1 (of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area (疾病或情况)地方性的, 某地(或某群体中)流行的 2 (of a plant or animal) native or restricted to a certain area (动植物)某地 特有的 n. an endemic plant or animal 某地特有的植 物(或动物)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endemically** adv. **endemicity** /endı'mısıti/ n. **endemism** /'endımız(ə)m/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. endémique or mod. L. endemicus, from Gk endēmios 'native'.

**endgame** /'endgeim/ n. the final stage of a game such as chess or bridge, when few pieces or cards remain (国际象棋或桥牌等的)残局

**end grain** n. the grain of wood seen when it is cut across the growth rings (木材的)端部纹理

**ending** /'endın/ n. an end or final part 结尾,结局; the final part of a word, constituting a grammatical inflection or formative element 词尾

**endite** /'endait/ n. Zoology 【动】 an inwardly directed lobe on a limb segment of an arthropod 内叶
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ENDO- + -ITE¹.

**endive** /'endarv, -drv/ n. 1 an edible Mediterranean plant, the bitter leaves of which may be blanched and used in salads 栽培菊苣 [Cichorium endivia.] 2 (also 亦作 **Belgian endive**) N. Amer. 【北美】 a chicory crown 菊苣的冠
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (also denoting the sowthistle): via OFr. from med. L. endivia, based on Gk entubon.

**endless** /'endləs/ adj. 1 having or seeming to have no end or limit 无止境的,无穷尽的,无限的
> innumerable 无数的,不计其数的: We smoked **endless** cigarettes. 我们抽了无数根香烟。 2 (of a belt, chain, or tape) having the ends joined to allow for continuous action (带子、链子或传动带)两端连接 的,环状的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endlessly** adv. **endlessness** n.

**endnote** /'endnǝut/ n. a note printed at the end of a book or section of a book 尾注

**endo-** /'endǝu/ comb. form internal; within 内部 的;在…内部: **endoderm** 内胚层
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk endon 'within'.

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**endocardial** /endǝ(u)'ka:diəl/ adj. Anatomy & Medicine 【解,医】 1 relating to the endocardium 心 内膜的 2 inside the heart 心内的

**endocarditis** /endǝuka:'dartıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the endocardium 心内膜炎
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endocarditic** adj.

**endocardium** /endǝu'ka:diǝm/ n. the thin, smooth membrane which lines the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves 心内膜
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from ENDO- + Gk kardia 'heart'.

**endocarp** /'endǝ(u)ka:p/ n. Botany 【植】 the innermost layer of the pericarp which surrounds a seed in a fruit 内果皮
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endocarpic** adj.

**endocrine** /'endǝ(u)kraın, -krın/ adj. Physiology 【生 理】 of or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood or lymph 内分泌腺的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ENDO- + Gk krinein 'sift'.

**endocrinology** /endǝukrı'nələdzi/ n. the branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones 内分泌学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endocrinological** adj. **endocrinologist** n.

**endocytosis** /endǝusar'tǝuSIS/ n. Biology 【生物】 the taking in of matter by a living cell by enclosing it in a vacuole 胞吞,内吞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endocytotic** adj.

**endoderm** /'endǝ(u)d3:m/ n. Zoology & Embryology 【动,胚胎】 the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo, or the parts derived from this (e.g. the lining of the gut) 内胚层
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endodermal** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ENDO- + Gk derma 'skin'.

**endogamy** /en'dogǝmi/ n. 1 Anthropology 【人】 the custom of marrying only within the limits of a community, clan, or tribe 同族结婚 Compare with 比较 EXOGAMY. 2 Biology 【生物】 inbreeding or self-pollination 同系交配
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endogamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ENDO- + Gk gamos 'marriage'.

**endogenic** /endǝu'dzenık/ adj. Geology 【地】 formed or occurring beneath the surface of the earth 内生的,内成的 Often contrasted with 常对照 EXOGENIC.

**endogenous** /en'dodzınǝs, in-/ adj. technical 【技】 relating to an internal cause or origin 内生的,内源 的 Often contrasted with 常对照 EXOGENOUS.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endogenously** adv.

**endolymph** /'endǝ(u)lımf/ n. Anatomy 【解】 the fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the ear 内淋巴

**endometriosis** /endǝ(u)mi:tri'ǝusıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 a condition that results from the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the womb, causing pelvic pain 子宫内膜异位症

**endometritis** /endǝ(u)mı'traıtıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the endometrium 子宫内膜炎

**endometrium** /endǝ(u)'mi:triəm/ n. Anatomy 【解】 the mucous membrane lining the womb 子宫内膜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endometrial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from ENDO- + Gk mētra 'womb'.

**endomorph** /'endǝ(u)mə:f/ n. Physiology 【生理】 a person with a soft round build of body and a high proportion of fat tissue 内胚层体型者,胖型体质者 Compare with 比较 ECTOMORPH and MESOMORPH.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endomorphic** adj. **endomorphy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: endo- from endodermal (the endoderm being the layer of the embryo giving rise to these physical characteristics) + -MORPH.

**endoparasite** /endǝu'pærəsait/ n. Biology 【生物】 a parasite, such as a tapeworm, that lives inside its host 内寄生物,体内寄生虫 Compare with 比较 ECTOPARASITE.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endoparasitic** adj.

**endopeptidase** /endǝu'peptideız/ n. another term for PROTEINASE * proteinase 的另一种说法

**endophyte** /'endǝufart/ n. Botany 【植】 a plant, especially a fungus, which lives inside another plant 内生植物,内寄生菌,植物内寄生物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endophytic** adj.

**endoplasm** /'endǝ(u)plæz(ə)m/ n. Biology, dated 【生物,过时】 the more fluid, granular inner layer of the cytoplasm in amoeboid cells 内质 Compare with 比较 ECTOPLASM (sense 1 释义1).

**endoplasmic reticulum** /endǝu'plæzmık/ n. Biology 【生物】 a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane 内质网

**endorphin** /en'do:fın/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 any of a group of hormones secreted in the brain and nervous system and having a painkilling effect 内啡肽
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: blend of ENDOGENOUS and MORPHINE.

**endorse** /ın'dɔ:s, en-/ (US & Law also 【美和律亦作】 **indorse**) v. 1 declare one's public approval of (公开) 支持,赞同 2 sign (a cheque or bill of exchange) on the back to specify another as the payee or to accept responsibility for paying it 在(支票或汇票)背面签 字,背书; write (a comment) on a document 批注文件,签注公文 3 Brit. 【英】 enter an endorsement on (a driving licence) 在(驾驶执照)上作违 章记录
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endorsable** adj. **endorsee** n. **endorser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from med. L. indorsare, from L. in- 'in, on' + dorsum 'back'.

**endorsement** /ın'dɔ:smənt/ (chiefly US also 【主 美亦作】 **indorsement**) n. 1 the action of endorsing 背书;支持,赞同 2 (in the UK) a note on a driving licence recording the penalty points incurred for a driving offence (英国驾驶执照上的) 违章记录 3 a clause in an insurance policy detailing an exemption from or change in cover (详细说明免 除或变更赔偿的情况的)保险单附加条款

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**endoscope** /'endǝskǝup/ n. Medicine 【医】 an instrument which can be introduced into the body to view its internal parts 内(窥)镜
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endoscopic** /-'skopik/ adj. **endoscopically** adv. **endoscopist** n. **endoscopy** /en'doskǝpi/ n.

**endoskeleton** /endǝu'skelitn/ n. Zoology 【动】 an internal skeleton, such as that of vertebrates 内骨骼 Compare with 比较 EXOSKELETON.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endoskeletal** adj.

**endosperm** /'endǝusp3:m/ n. Botany 【植】 the part of a seed which acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo 胚乳

**endothelium** /endǝ(u)'di:liǝm/ n. the layer of cells lining the blood vessels, heart, and other organs and cavities of the body, and formed from the embryonic mesoderm 内皮 Compare with 比较 EPITHELIUM.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endothelial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from ENDO- + Gk thēlē 'nipple'.

**endotherm** /'endǝ(u)03:m/ n. Zoology 【动】 an animal that is dependent on the internal generation of heat 内温动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endothermy** n.

**endothermic** /endǝ'03:mık/ adj. 1 Chemistry 【化】 (of a reaction) accompanied by the absorption of heat (反应)吸热的. The opposite of 反义词 EXOTHERMIC. 2 Zoology 【动】 (of an animal) dependent on the internal generation of heat (动物)温血的,内温的

**endotoxin** /'endǝu,toksın/ n. Microbiology 【微生物】 a toxin present inside a bacterial cell and released when the cell disintegrates 内毒素 Compare with 比 较 EXOTOXIN.

**endow** /ın'dau, en-/ v. 1 give or bequeath an income or property to 资助,捐赠
> establish (a university post, annual prize, etc.) by donating funds 捐款设立(大学教席、年度奖等) 2 (usu. 通 常用 **be endowed with**) provide with a quality or ability 给予,赋予(特质或能力)
> (**be endowed**) informal 【非正式】 have breasts or a penis of specified size 有特定大小的乳房(或阴茎): She is very well **endowed**. 她的乳房大小恰到好处。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endower** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from legal Anglo-Norman Fr. endouer, from en- 'in, towards' + OFr. douer 'give as a gift' (from L. dotare: see 见 DOWER).

**endowment** /ın'daumənt/ n. 1 the action of endowing 资助,捐赠; an income or form of property endowed 捐款;捐赠的财物 2 a quality or ability with which a person is endowed 天赋,天资; 才能 3 [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a form of life insurance involving payment of a fixed sum to the insured person on a specified date, or to their estate should they die before this date 两全寿险

**endowment mortgage** n. Brit. 【英】 a mortgage linked to an endowment insurance policy which is intended to repay the capital sum on maturity 两全 寿险抵押

**endpaper** /'end peıpə(r)/ n. a leaf of paper at the beginning or end of a book, especially that fixed to the inside of the cover (书籍面封与底封内的)衬页

**endplay** /'en(d)pler/ n. Bridge 【桥牌】 a way of playing in the last few tricks which forces an opponent to make a disadvantageous lead 残局打法(迫使对 手被挤自投罗网)

**end point** n. Chemistry 【化】 the point in a titration at which a reaction is complete, often marked by a colour change 终点(在化学滴定过程中观察到反应结 果的时刻,常以颜色发生变化为标志)

**end result** (also 亦作 **end product**) n. the final result or outcome of an activity or process 最终结 果;归宿

**end run** n. 1 American Football 【美橄】 an attempt by the ball carrier to run around the end of the defensive line 端线外侧迂回进攻 2 N. Amer. 【北 美】 an evasive tactic 迂回战术,规避伎俩 v.(**end-run**) N. Amer. 【北美】 evade 规避

**end standard** n. a standard of length in the form of a metal bar or block whose end faces are the standard distance apart (长度的)顶端标准,端面基准

**end-stopped** adj. (of verse) having a pause at the end of each line (诗歌)行尾停顿的

**end times** pl. n. chiefly US 【主美】 (in some religious beliefs) the period leading up to Judgement Day (- 些宗教信仰中审判日前的)末世

**endue** /ın'dju:, en-/ v. (**endues, enduing, endued**) literary 【文】 endow with a quality or ability 赋予 (特质或能力)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enduire, partly from L. inducere (see 见 INDUCE), reinforced by the sense of L. induere 'put on clothes'.

**endure** /ın'djuə(r), en-, -'djo:(r)/ v. 1 suffer (something painful and prolonged) patiently (长时 间)忍受,忍耐(痛苦之事); tolerate 容忍 2 remain in existence 持续,持久
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **endurable** adj. **endurance** n. **enduring** adj. **enduringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. endurer, from L. indurare 'harden'.

**enduro** /ın'djuǝrǝu, en-/ n. (pl. **enduros**) a long-distance race for motor vehicles or bicycles over rough terrain, designed to test endurance (机动车或 自行车的)长距离(耐力)竞赛

**end-user** n. the person who uses a particular product 终端用户,最终用户

**endways** /'endweiz/ (also 亦作 **endwise**) adv. 1 with its end facing upwards, forwards, or towards the viewer 末端朝上地;末端朝前地,末端朝向观众地 2 (of objects) end to end (物体)两端相接地

**end zone** n. American Football 【美橄】 the rectangular area at the end of the field into which the ball must be carried or passed to score a touchdown 球门区

**ENE** abbr. east-north-east

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**-ene** /i:n/ suffix 1 denoting an inhabitant ……的 居民,……人: **Nazarene** 拿撒勒人 2 Chemistry 【化】 forming names of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond ……烯: **benzene** 苯
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk -ēnos.

**enema** /'enımǝ/ n. (pl. **enemas** or **enemata** /r'nemətə/) a procedure in which fluid is injected into the rectum, typically to expel its contents 灌 肠(法)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk, from enienai 'send or put in'.

**enemy** /'enǝmi/ n. (pl. **enemies**) a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something 反对者;敌人,仇敌
> (**the enemy**) [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] a hostile nation or its armed forces in time of war 敌国;敌军
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enemi, from L. inimicus, from in- 'not' + amicus 'friend'.

**energetic** /enǝ'dzetık/ adj. 1 showing or involving great energy or activity 精力充沛的;充满活力的 2 Physics 【物】 relating to energy 能量的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **energetically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'powerfully effective'): from Gk energetikos, from energein 'work in or upon'.

**energetics** /enǝ'dzetıks/ pl. n. the properties or behaviour of something in terms of energy 能量属 性;能量运动

**energize** or **energise** /'enədzaız/ v. 1 give vitality and enthusiasm to 使精力充沛,使有活力,激励: People were **energized** by his ideas. 人们被他的思想所 鼓舞。 2 supply energy to 为……提供能量(或动力)

**energumen** /enǝ'gju:mən/ n. archaic 【古】 a person believed to be possessed by the devil or a spirit 恶魔(或鬼魂)附身的人
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via late L. from Gk energoumenos, passive part. of energein 'work in or upon'.

**energy** /'enǝdzi/ n. (pl. **energies**) 1 the strength and vitality required for sustained activity 活 力
> (**energies**) a person's physical and mental powers as applied to a particular activity 精力, 力量 2 power derived from physical or chemical resources to provide light and heat or to work machines 能源 3 Physics 【物】 the property of matter and radiation which is manifest as a capacity to perform work 能量
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. énergie, or via late L. from Gk energeia, from en- 'in, within' + ergon 'work'.

**energy audit** n. an assessment of the energy needs and efficiency of a building or buildings 能源审计

**enervate** /'enǝvert/ v. cause to feel drained of energy 使衰弱,使无力,使失去活力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enervation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as enervation): from L. enervat-, enervare 'weaken (by extraction of the sinews)'.

**en famille** / fæ'mi:/ adv. with one's family 和家人 在一起; as or like a family; informally 作为家人地; 一家人似的,无拘束地
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'in family'.

**enfant terrible** /of te'ri:bl(ǝ)/ n. (pl. **enfants terribles** pronunc. same 单复发音同) a person who behaves in an unconventional or controversial way 特立独行的人;有争议的人
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'terrible child'.

**enfeeble** /in'fi:bl/ v. make weak or feeble 使衰弱, 使无力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enfeeblement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enfeblir.

**enfeoff** /in'fi:f, 'fef, en-/ v. (under the feudal system) give freehold property or land in exchange for a pledge of service (封建制度下)授予采邑,赐以 财产
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enfeoffment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. enfeoffer, from OFr. en- 'in' + fief 'fief'; cf. FEOFFMENT.

**en fête** /n 'fet/ adv. & adj. holding or prepared for a celebration 举办聚会(或庆祝活动)地(的),为聚会 (或庆祝活动)做准备地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., 'in festival'.

**enfilade** /enfı'leid/ n. 1 a volley of gunfire directed along a line from end to end 纵射;纵射 炮火 2 a suite of rooms with doorways in line with each other 相对成行排列的房间 v. direct an enfilade at 向…纵射
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a military post commanding the length of a line): from Fr., from enfiler 'thread on a string'.

**enfold** /in'fǝuld, en-/ v. surround; envelop 包围, 围绕;包住,裹住

**enforce** /ın'fo:s/ v. compel compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation) 使(法律、规定或义务) 生效;强制执行(法律、规定或义务); cause to happen by necessity or force 迫使(或强迫)…发生
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enforceability** n. **enforceable** adj. **enforced** adj. **enforcedly** adv. **enforcement** n. **enforcer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enforcir, enforcier, based on L. in- 'in' + fortis 'strong'.

**enforcement notice** /ın'fɔ:smənt/ n. English Law 【英格兰律】 an official notification to remedy a breach of planning legislation 执行通知

**enfranchise** /in'fræn(t)faiz, en-/ v. 1 give the right to vote to 给……选举权 2 historical 【史义】 free (a slave) 解放(奴隶),使(奴隶)自由
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enfranchisement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enfranchiss-, enfranchir, from en- (expressing a change of state) + franc, franche 'free'.

**ENG** abbr. electronic newsgathering 电子新闻采集

**engage** /in'geidz/ v. 1 attract or involve (someone's interest or attention) 吸引(某人的兴趣或注意); 使关注 2 employ or hire 雇用,聘用
> enter into a contract to do 订合同做…;签约保证 3 (**engage in/with**) participate or become involved in 忙于,从事 4 (with reference to a part of a machine or engine) move into position so as to come into operation (机 器或引擎部件)啮合,接合

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5 enter into combat with 与…交战,与……交手; (of fencers or swordsmen) bring (weapons) together preparatory to fighting (击剑者)使(兵器)交锋
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'pawn or pledge something'): from Fr. engager, ult. from the base of GAGE¹.

**engagé** /ngæ'zer/ adj. (of a writer or artist) morally committed to a particular cause (作家或艺 术家)有道德观念的,承担道义责任的
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., past part. of engager (see 见 ENGAGE).

**engaged** /in'gerdzd/ adj. 1 busy; occupied 忙 碌的,忙的; Brit. 【英】 (of a telephone line) unavailable because already in use (电话线)被占用 的,使用中的 2 having formally agreed to marry 已 订婚的 3 Architecture 【建】 (of a column) attached to or partly let into a wall (圆柱)附墙的,半露的

**engagement** /in'geıdzmənt/ n. 1 a formal agreement to get married 订婚;婚约 2 an appointment 约会 3 the action of engaging or being engaged 约定,保证; 雇用;受雇 4 a battle between armed forces 交战

**engaging** /in'gerdzıŋ/ adj. charming and attractive 迷人的,有魅力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engagingly** adv. **engagingness** n.

**engender** /ın'dzendə(r), en-/ v. 1 give rise to 使发生, 造成,引起 2 archaic 【古】 beget (offspring) 生(子女)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. engendrer, from L. ingenerare, from in- 'in' + generare 'beget'.

**engine** /'endzın/ n. 1 a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion 发动机,引擎 2 (also 亦作 **railway engine**) a locomotive 机车 3 historical 【史义】 a mechanical device or instrument, especially one used in warfare (尤指战争中使用的) 机械装置(或器具)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-engined** adj. **engineless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'ingenuity, cunning'): from OFr. engin, from L. ingenium 'talent, device', from in- 'in' + gignere 'beget'; cf. INGENIOUS.

**engineer** /endzı'nıə(r)/ n. 1 a person qualified in engineering 工程师 2 a person who maintains or controls an engine or machine 机械师 3 a skilful contriver 策划者;设计者;发明者 v. 1 design and build 设计建造 2 skilfully arrange for (something) to happen (巧妙地)操纵,策划 3 modify (an organism) by manipulating its genetic material 改 造,转化(有机体的基因)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. engigneor, from med. L. ingeniator, from ingeniare 'contrive', from L. ingenium (see 见 ENGINE).

**engineering** /endzı'nıǝrın/ n. 1 the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures 工程学
> the practical application of scientific ideas and principles 工程(科学理念和原则 的实际应用) 2 a field of study or activity concerned with modification or development in a particular area (特定领域的)工程(学): software **engineering** 软 件工程

**engineering brick** n. a strong, dense brick made of semi-vitreous material 半釉砖,高强抗蚀砖

**engineering science** (also 亦作 **engineering sciences**) n. the branches of science concerned with the physical and mathematical basis of engineering and machine technology 工程科学

**engine room** n. a room containing engines, especially in a ship (尤指船上的)发动机房,机舱

**engirdle** /in'g3:dl/ (also 亦作 **engird**) v. literary 【文】 encircle; surround 围绕,环绕

**English** /imglif/ n. 1 the language of England, now used in many varieties throughout the world 英语 2 N. Amer. 【北美】 (in pool or billiards) spin or side given to a a ball (尤指落袋台球戏或台球戏中对球 所做的)侧旋,侧击 adj. relating to England or its people or language 英格兰的;英格兰人的;英语的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Englishness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE Englisc (see 见 ANGLE, -ISH²).

**English bond** n. Building 【营造】 a bond used in brickwork consisting of alternate courses of stretchers and headers 丁顺隔皮砌式

**English breakfast** n. a substantial breakfast including hot cooked food such as bacon and eggs 英式早餐(有熏肉和鸡蛋等的丰盛的早餐)

**English horn** n. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 another term for COR ANGLAIS * cor anglais 的另一种说法

**Englishman** /'Inglismən/ (or **Englishwoman**) n. (pl. **Englishmen** or **Englishwomen**) a native or national of England, or a person of English descent 英格兰人;英格兰裔

**English muffin** n. North American term for MUFFIN (sense 2) * muffin (释义2)的北美说法

**English mustard** n. a kind of mustard with a very hot taste 芥末酱

**English rose** n. an attractive English girl with a delicate, fair-skinned complexion 英国玫瑰(皮肤细 嫩白皙、极具魅力的英国少女)

**English setter** n. a setter of a breed with a long white or partly white coat 英国塞特犬

**engorge** /ın'gɔ:dz, en-/ v. swell or cause to swell with blood, water, etc. 使充血(或水等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engorgement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'gorge oneself'): from OFr. engorgier 'feed to excess', from en- 'into' + gorge 'throat'.

**engraft** /in'gra:ft/ v. another term for GRAFT¹ * graft¹ 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engraftment** n.

**engrailed** /in'greıld/ adj. chiefly Heraldry 【主纹章】 having semicircular indentations along the edge 边 缘呈半圆形锯齿状的 Compare with 比较 INVECTED.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v. **engrail**): from OFr. engresler 'make thin', from en- + gresle 'thin', from L. gracilis.

**engrain** /In'grein/ v. variant spelling of INGRAIN * ingrain 的另一种拼法

**engrained** /in'greind/ adj. variant spelling of INGRAINED * ingrained 的另一种拼法

**engram** /'engræm/ n. a change in the neuronal structure of the brain, representing a memory 印 迹,记忆痕迹

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engrammatic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger. Engramm, from Gk en- 'within' + gramma 'letter of the alphabet'.

**engrave** /in'greiv/ v. 1 cut or carve (a text or design) on a hard surface (在坚硬表面上)雕刻(文 字或图案); cut or carve a text or design on 在……上 刻字(或图案); cut (a design) as lines on a metal plate for printing 镌(版) 2 (**be engraved on or in**) be permanently fixed in (one's memory or mind) 铭刻于(记忆或脑海)中
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engraver** n. **engraving** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from EN-¹, IN-² + GRAVE³, influenced by obs. Fr. engraver.

**engross** /in'grǝus, en-/ v. 1 (often 常用 **be engrossed in**) absorb all the attention of 使全神贯注, 使专心
> archaic 【古】 monopolize 独占,垄断 2 Law 【律】 produce (a legal document) in its final form 正式写成(法律文件)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engrossing** adj. **engrossingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: sense 1 is from OFr. en gros, from med. L. in grosso 'wholesale'; sense 2 is from Anglo-Norman Fr. engrosser, med. L. ingrossare (from OFr. grosse, med. L. grossa 'large writing').

**engrossment** /en'grǝusm(ǝ)nt/ n. Law 【律】 the final version of a legal document (法律文件的)最 终文本

**engulf** /in'golf/ v. 1 (of a natural force) sweep over so as to completely surround or cover (自然 力)吞没,淹没 2 powerfully affect (someone); overwhelm 强烈影响(某人);压倒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **engulfment** n.

**enhance** /in'hains, hæns, en-/ v. improve the quality, value, or extent of 提高(质量、价值);增强 (程度)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enhancement** n. **enhancer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'elevate'): from Anglo-Norman Fr. enhauncer, based on L. in- (expressing intensive force) + altus 'high'.

**enharmonic** /enha: mpnık/ adj. Music 【音】 relating to notes which are the same in pitch (in modern tuning) though bearing different names (e.g. F sharp and G flat) 等音的,同音异名的; of or having intervals smaller than a semitone (e.g. between notes such as F sharp and G flat, in systems of tuning which distinguish them) (音程)小于半音的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enharmonically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk enarmonikos, from en- 'in' + harmonia 'harmony'.

**enigma** /r'nıgmǝ/ n. a mysterious or puzzling person or thing 神秘(或费解)的人(或事物)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk ainigma 'riddle'.

**enigmatic** /enig'mætık/ adj. difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious 费解的;高深莫测的;神 秘的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enigmatical** adj. **enigmatically** adv.

**enjambement** /ın'd3æm(b)m(ə)nt, en-/ (also 亦 作 **enjambment**) n. (in verse) the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza (诗句的)跨行,跨行连续
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enjambed** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from enjamber 'stride over, go beyond'.

**enjoin** /in'dzǝın/ v. instruct or urge to do something 吩咐,责令;敦促; (**enjoin someone from**) Law 【律】 prohibit someone from performing (an action) by issuing an injunction 根据 禁制令要求停止实施(某一行为)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enjoinment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enjoindre, from L. injungere 'join, attach, impose'.

**enjoy** /ın'd301/ v. 1 take pleasure in 喜爱,享受…… 的乐趣 2 possess and benefit from 拥有,享有: The new generation **enjoy** better health. 新一代拥有更好 的健康状况。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enjoyer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enjoier 'give joy to' or enjoïr 'enjoy', both based on L. gaudere 'rejoice'.

**enjoyable** /ın'dzǝrǝbl, en-/ adj. (of an activity or occasion) giving enjoyment or pleasure (活动或场 合)有乐趣的,使人快乐的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enjoyability** n. **enjoyableness** n. **enjoyably** adv.

**enjoyment** /ın'dzəımənt/ n. 1 the state or process of taking pleasure in something 愉快,欢乐,享 乐; a thing that gives pleasure 令人愉快的事物 2 the action of possessing and benefiting from something 享有,享受

**enkephalin** /en'ef(ə)lın/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 either of two compounds which occur naturally in the brain and are related to the endorphins 脑啡肽
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from Gk enkephalos 'brain' + -IN¹.

**enlace** /ın'leis, en-/ v. literary 【文】 entwine or entangle 缠绕,围绕,缠住
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enlacier, based on L. laqueus 'noose'.

**enlarge** /ın'la:d3/ v. 1 make or become bigger 扩 大;变大 2 (**enlarge on/upon**) speak or write about in greater detail 细说,详述
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enlarger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enlarger.

**enlargement** /ın'la:dzmənt/ n. the action or state of enlarging or being enlarged (被)扩大;变大; a photograph that is larger than the original negative or than an earlier print 放大的照片

**enlighten** /ın'lartn/ v. 1 give greater knowledge and understanding to 教导;阐明
> give spiritual insight to 启发,启迪(心智) 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **enlightened**] rational, tolerant, and well informed 开明的,有见 识的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enlightener** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'make luminous'): in early use from OE inlihtan 'to shine'; later from EN-¹, IN-² + LIGHTEN² or the noun LIGHT¹.

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**enlightenment** /ın'laıtnmənt/ n. 1 the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened 启迪,启发,教导;开明; the attainment of spiritual insight, in particular (in Buddhism) that awareness which frees a person from the cycle of rebirth 觉悟;(尤指佛教的)般若,智慧 2 (**the Enlightenment**) a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition (欧洲17世纪末及18世纪的)启蒙运动

**enlist** /in'list/ v. enrol or be enrolled in the armed services 征募,使入伍;应募,入伍; engage (a person or their help) 谋取,赢得(某人或其支持)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enlistee** n. **enlister** n. **enlistment** n.

**enlisted man** n. US 【美】 a member of the armed forces below the rank of officer 士兵

**enliven** /ın'laivn/ v. make more entertaining or interesting 使有趣; make more cheerful or animated 使快活,使有生气
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enlivener** n. **enlivenment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'give life to'): from C16 enlive, inlive (in the same sense).

**en masse** /õ 'mæs/ adv. all together 全体,一起
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., 'in a mass'.

**enmesh** /in'me∫/ v. (usu. 通常用 **be enmeshed in**) entangle 陷入,卷入
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enmeshment** n.

**enmity** /'enməti/ n. (pl. **enmities**) the state of being an enemy; hostility 敌意,仇恨,不和
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enemi(s)tie, based on L. inimicus (see 见 ENEMY).

**ennead** /'eniæd/ n. rare 【罕】 a group or set of nine 九个一组
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk enneas, ennead-, from ennea 'nine'.

**ennoble** /ı'nǝubl/ v. give a noble rank or title to 封……为贵族; give greater dignity to; elevate 使更尊 贵;使更崇高
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ennoblement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. ennoblir.

**ennui** /on'wi:/ n. listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from boredom 厌倦;无聊
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from L. in odio(n-), from mihi in odio est 'it is hateful to me'; cf. ANNOY.

**enoki** /ı'nǝuki/ n. an edible Japanese mushroom, growing in clusters, with slender stems and small caps 金针菇 [Flammulina velutipes.]
-ORIGIN 词源 from Japanese enoki-take, from enoki 'nettle tree' + take 'mushroom'.

**enology** /i:'ndlədzi/ n. US spelling of OENOLOGY * oenology 的美式拼法

**enormity** /ı'nɔ:məti/ n. (pl. **enormities**) 1 (**the enormity of**) the large scale or extreme seriousness of (something bad) (不良事物的)广泛 性,严重性; (in neutral use) the great size or scale of (中性用法)巨大,广大 2 a grave crime or sin 滔天 大罪
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'deviation from rectitude'): via OFr. from L. enormitas, from enormis, from e- 'out of' + norma 'pattern, standard'.
> USAGE 用法说明
> **Enormity** traditionally means 'the extreme scale or seriousness of something bad or morally wrong', as in **the enormity of the crime**. Today a more neutral sense as a synonym for **hugeness** or **immensity**, as in **he soon discovered the enormity of the task**, is common and broadly accepted, although it generally relates to something difficult, such as a task, challenge, or achievement. 传统意 义上, **enormity** 指“不良或不道德事物的广泛性 或严重性”,如 **the enormity of the crime** (罪 大恶极)。现在,将 **enormity** 视作 **hugeness** 或 **immensity** 的同义词这样一种更为中性的用法已被广 泛接受,如: He soon discovered **the enormity of the task**. 他很快发现了任务的艰巨性。尽管该用 法通常与困难之事有关,如任务、挑战、成就等。

**enormous** /ı'nɔ:məs/ adj. very large; huge 巨大的, 极大的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enormously** adv. **enormousness** n.

**enosis** /ı'nǝusis, 'enǝsis/ n. the political union of Cyprus and Greece, as an aim or ideal of certain Greeks and Cypriots (作为某些希腊人和 塞浦路斯人的目标或理想的)塞浦路斯与希腊的政治 联合
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from mod. Gk henōsis, from hena 'one'.

**enough** /r'nof/ det. & pron. as much or as many as is necessary or desirable 足够的 adv. 1 to the required degree or extent 足够地,充分地 2 to a moderate degree 相当,尚
-PHRASES 短语 **enough is enough** no more will be tolerated 够了,行了,适可而止; **enough said** all is understood and there is no need to say more 无需再 说(表示一切都明白了)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE genōg, of Gmc origin.

**en papillote** /õ 'pæpijpt/ adj. & adv. (of food) cooked and served in a paper wrapper (食物烹制和 上桌时)用纸包裹的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**en passant** / pæ'sa:nt, 'pæs/ adv. by the way 顺 便地,附带地
-PHRASES 短语 **en passant rule** (or **law**) Chess 【国象】 the rule that a pawn making a first move of two squares instead of one may nevertheless be immediately captured by an opposing pawn on the fifth rank 吃过路兵规则
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: Fr., lit. 'in passing'.

**en pension** /Võ 'pōsjõ/ adv. as a boarder or lodger 作为寄宿者
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr. (see 见 PENSION²).

**enplane** /in'plein/ v. variant spelling of EMPLANE * emplane 的另一种拼法

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**en pointe** / 'pwæt/ adj. & adv. Ballet 【芭蕾】 on the tips of the toes 以足尖站立(的),脚尖点地(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**en primeur** /onpri'm3:(r)/ adj. & adv. (of wine) newly produced and made available (酒)新酿的 (地),新上市的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'as being new'.

**enprint** /'enprint/ n. Brit. 【英】 a standard-sized photographic print made by printing the whole of a negative to a moderate enlargement 标准尺寸 的放大照片
-ORIGIN 词源 mid 20th cent.: from enlarged print.

**en prise** / 'pri:z/ adj. Chess 【国象】 (of a piece or pawn) in a position to be taken (棋子或卒子)处于 被吃位置的,死棋的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr.

**enquire** /ın'kwaıə(r)/ v. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 1 ask for information 询问; (**enquire after**) ask about the health and well-being of 问候; [as adj. 作形容词 **enquiring**] (of a look) suggesting that information is sought (表情)探询的,询问的 2 (**enquire into**) investigate 调查
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enquirer** n. **enquiringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME enquere, from OFr. enquerre, based on L. inquirere (based on quaerere 'seek').
> USAGE 用法说明
> The traditional distinction between **enquire** and **inquire** is that **enquire** is used for general senses of 'ask', while **inquire** is reserved for uses meaning 'make a formal investigation'. In practice, however, there is little discernible distinction in the way the two words are used today in British English, although **inquiry** is commoner than **enquiry** in the sense 'a formal investigation'. In all senses **inquire** and **inquiry** are the more usual forms in US English, whereas **enquire** and **enquiry** are chiefly British. 传统意义上, **enquire** 和 **inquire** 的 区别在于;前者用于表示一般意义上的“询问”,后 者用于表示“进行正式的调查”。实际上,在英国英 语中,这两个词的区别微乎其微,但在表示“正式的 调查”时, **inquiry** 比 **enquiry** 更常用。无论词义 如何, **inquire** 和 **inquiry** 在美国英语中更常用,而 **enquire** 和 **enquiry** 主要用于英国英语。

**enquiry** /ın'kwaıəri/ n. (pl. **enquiries**) an act of asking for information 询问; an official investigation 官方调查

**enquiry agent** n. Brit. dated 【英,过时】 a private detective 私人侦探

**enrage** /in'reid3/ v. make very angry 激怒;使狂怒
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. enrager.

**enrapture** /ın'ræptfə(r)/ v. give intense pleasure to 使狂喜,使着迷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enrapt** adj.

**enrich** /in'ritf/ v. 1 improve the quality or value of 提高(质量);增加(价值);充实,强化 2 make wealthy or wealthier 使(更)富裕 3 [usu. as adj. 通常作 形容词 **enriched**] increase the proportion of a particular isotope in (an element), especially that of the fissile isotope U-235 in uranium 浓缩(尤指铀235)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enrichment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enrichir.

**enrobe** /ın'rǝub/ v. 1 formal 【正式】 dress in a robe or vestment 使穿长袍;使穿衣 2 coat (an item of food) in chocolate, a sauce, etc. 给(食物)裹上(巧 克力、调味汁等)

**enrol** /ın'rǝul, en-/ (US 【美】 **enroll**) v. (**enrols, enrolling, enrolled**) 1 officially register as a member or student (正式)吸收(成员);招(生);登记 (成为会员); recruit 征募 2 Law, historical 【律,史 义】 enter (a deed or other document) among the rolls of a court of justice 把(契约或其他文件)归入 法院档案
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enrollee** n. **enroller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enroller, from en- 'in' + rolle 'a roll' (names being orig. written on a roll of parchment).

**enrolment** /ın'rǝulmənt/ (US 【美】 **enrollment**) n. the action of enrolling or being enrolled (被)招 收,吸收;登记;入学; N. Amer. 【北美】 the number of people enrolled, typically at a school or college 招收人数(尤指招生人数)

**en route** /pn 'ru:t/ adv. on the way 在途中
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr. (see 见 ROUTE).

**en rule** /'en ru:l/ n. Brit. 【英】 a short dash, the width of an en, used in punctuation 半身铅线,短 划线(长度等于半身)

**ensconce** /In'skons, en-/ v. (often 常用 **be ensconced in**) establish in a comfortable, safe, or secret place (舒适、安全或秘密地)安顿,安置
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the senses 'fortify' and 'shelter within or behind a fortification'): from EN-¹, IN-² + SCONCE².

**ensemble** /Dn'spmbl/ n. 1 a group of musicians, actors, or dancers who perform together 乐团; 剧团;舞蹈团; a scene or passage written for performance by a whole cast, choir, or group of instruments 合奏(段);合唱(段) 2 a group of items viewed as a whole 全体,整体; a set of clothes worn together 全套服装
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr., based on L. insimul, from in- 'in' + simul 'at the same time'.

**ensheath** /In'Ji:0/ v. chiefly Biology 【主生物】 enclose (an organism, structure, etc.) in or as in a sheath 包盖(有机体、结构等)

**enshrine** /ın frain/ v. 1 place (a revered or precious object) in an appropriate receptacle 把(神圣或珍贵 之物)置于合适容器内 2 preserve (a right, tradition, or idea) in a form that ensures it will be respected 把(权利、传统或思想)奉为神圣,捍卫,珍视
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enshrinement** n.

**enshroud** /in'fraud, en-/ v. literary 【文】 envelop completely and hide from view 遮盖,掩盖,笼罩

**ensiform** /'ensifo:m/ adj. chiefly Botany 【主植】 long and narrow with sharp edges and a pointed tip 剑状的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. ensis 'sword' + -FORM.

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**ensign** /'ensain/ n. 1 a flag, especially a military or naval one indicating nationality 旗;(尤指表明国籍 的)军旗,舰旗 2 the lowest rank of commissioned officer in the US and some other navies, above chief warrant officer and below lieutenant (美国 海军等的)少尉; historical 【史义】 the lowest rank of commissioned infantry officer in the British army (英国陆军的)步兵少尉 3 historical 【史义】 a standard-bearer 掌旗官
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enseigne, from L. insignia (see 见 INSIGNIA).

**ensilage** /'ensılıdz, en'saılıdz/ n. another term for SILAGE * silage 的另一种说法 v. another term for ENSILE * ensile 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from ensiler (see 见 ENSILE).

**ensile** /en'sail/ v. put (grass or another crop) into a silo 青贮(草或其他作物)作饲料,把……做成青贮饲料
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. ensiler, from Sp. ensilar.

**enslave** /ın'slerv/ v. make (someone) a slave 使成 为奴隶; cause to lose freedom of choice or action 使失去选择(或行动)自由;使受控制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enslavement** n. **enslaver** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'make subject to a superstition, habit, etc.'): from EN-¹, IN-² + SLAVE.

**ensnare** /ın'sneə(r)/ v. catch in or as in a trap 使入 陷阱,使中圈套;陷害
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ensnarement** n.

**ensorcell** /in'sɔ:sl, en-/ (US also 【美亦作】 **ensorcel**) v. (**ensorcells, ensorcelling, ensorcelled**; US 【美】 **ensorcels, ensorceling, ensorceled**) literary 【文】 enchant; fascinate 迷惑,蛊惑;使着迷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ensorcellment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. ensorceler, alt. of ensorcerer, from sorcier 'sorcerer'.

**ensue** /in'sju:/ v. (**ensues, ensuing, ensued**) happen or occur afterwards or as a result 接着发生; 接踵而来,因而产生
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ensivre, from L. insequi, based on sequi 'follow'.

**en suite** /on 'swi:t/ adj. & adv. Brit. 【英】 (of a bathroom) immediately adjoining and accessible directly from a bedroom (浴室)与卧室构成一体的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'in agreement'): from Fr., lit. 'in sequence'.

**ensure** /in'fǝ:(r), 'fuǝ(r), en-/ v. make certain that (something) will occur or be so 保证……会发生 (或如此)
> (**ensure against**) make sure that (a problem) does not occur 保证(问题)不会发生
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. enseurer, alt. of OFr. aseurer, earlier form of assurer (see 见 ASSURE).
> USAGE 用法说明
> On the difference between **ensure** and **insure**, see usage at INSURE. 关于 **ensure** 和 **insure** 的辨析,参见 **insure** 处的用法说明。

**ENT** abbr. ear, nose, and throat (as a department in a hospital) (医院的)耳鼻喉科

**-ent** /(ə)nt/ suffix 1 (forming adjectives) denoting an occurrence of action (构成形容词)表示“动作 的发生”: **refluent** 回流的; denoting a state 表示“状 态”: **convenient** 方便的 2 (forming nouns) denoting an agent (构成名词)表示“施动者”: **coefficient** 协 作因素
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., or from the L. pres. participial verb stem -ent- (see also 另见 -ANT).

**entablature** /en'tæblətsə(r), in-/ n. Architecture 【建】 the upper part of a classical building supported by columns or a colonnade, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice (古典建筑的)檐部
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Ital. intavolatura 'boarding'.

**entablement** /en'terb(ə)lm(ə)nt, in-/ n. Architecture 【建】 a platform supporting a statue, above the dado and base 像台(承放雕像的平台)
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'entablature'): from Fr., based on table 'table'.

**entail** /m'teil/ v. 1 involve (something) as an inevitable part or consequence 使成为必需; 使成为必然 2 Law 【律】 limit the inheritance of (property) over a number of generations so that ownership remains within a particular family or group 限嗣(财产的)继承 n. Law 【律】 an instance of entailing property 限嗣继承; an entailed estate 限嗣继承的地产
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entailment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from EN-¹, IN-² + OFr. taille (see 见 TAIL²).

**entangle** /in'tængl/ v. (usu. 通常用 **be entangled in/with**) 1 make tangled 缠住,套住 2 involve in complicated circumstances 使卷入,使陷入(复杂的 境地)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entanglement** n.

**entasis** /'entǝsis/ n. (pl. **entases**) Architecture 【建】 a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column, introduced to correct the visual illusion of concavity produced by a straight shaft 圆柱收分线, 柱上的微凸线
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk, from enteinein 'to stretch or strain'.

**entelechy** /en'teləki, ın-/ n. (pl. **entelechies**) Philosophy 【哲】 1 the realization of potential 隐德 来希,潜能的实现 2 the supposed vital principle that guides the development and functioning of an organism or other system 生命原理,生命本原
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk entelekheia (used by Aristotle), from en- 'within' + telos 'end, perfection' + ekhein 'be in a certain state'.

**entente** /pn'tont, p'tit/ (also 亦作 **entente cordiale** /kɔ:dı'a:l/) n. a friendly understanding or informal alliance between states or factions (国家或派别 间的)谅解,友好协定,非正式联盟; (**the Entente Cordiale**) the understanding between Britain and France reached in 1904, forming the basis of Anglo-French cooperation in the First World War 英法协约 (1904年英国和法国之间达成的协定,成为第一次世界大 战中英法合作的基础)

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-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **entente (cordiale)** '(friendly) understanding'.

**enter** /'entǝ(r)/ v. 1 come or go into (a place) 进 入(某地); penetrate 穿透,刺入: The bullet **entered** his stomach. 子弹射入了他的腹部。
> (**enter on/upon**) Law 【律】 (as a legal entitlement) go freely into (property) as or as if the owner (作为法律赋予的权 利)进入并占有(土地) 2 (often 常用 **enter into**) begin to be involved in 卷入,开始从事; (**enter on/upon**) begin (an activity or job) 着手(活动 或工作); join (an institution or profession) 参 加,加入(机构或行业); register as a competitor or participant in 报名参加; register (someone) in a competition or examination 为(某人)报名参加 (比赛或考试);
> (**enter into**) undertake to bind oneself by (an agreement) 开始受(协议)的束缚 3 write or key (information) in a book, computer, etc. (在书、计算机等中)记录(信息) 4 Law 【律】 submit (a statement) in an official capacity, usually in a court of law 在法庭上正式提出(声明)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. entrer, from L. intrare, from intra 'within'.

**enteral** /'entər(ə)l/ adj. Medicine 【医】 (chiefly of nutrition) involving or passing through the intestine (主要指营养涉及或经过)肠的 Often contrasted with 常对照 PARENTERAL.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enterally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk enteron 'intestine' + -AL, partly as a back-form. from PARENTERAL.

**enteric** /en'terık/ adj. relating to or occurring in the intestines 肠的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk enterikos, from enteron 'intestine'.

**enteric fever** n. another term for TYPHOID or PARATYPHOID * typhoid 或 paratyphoid 的另一种说法

**enteritis** /entǝ'raıtıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine, usually accompanied by diarrhoea 肠炎(尤指小肠炎)

**entero-** /'entǝrǝu/ comb. form relating to the intestine 肠的: **enterovirus** 肠道病毒
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk enteron.

**enterococcus** /entǝrǝu'kpk(ə)s/ n. (pl. **enterococci** /-'kok(s)ai, -k(s)i:/) a streptococcus that occurs naturally in the intestine but can cause infection elsewhere in the body 肠球菌(一种常见于肠内的链 球菌,可引起身体其他部位的感染)

**enteropathy** /entǝ'ropǝdi/ n. (pl. **enteropathies**) Medicine 【医】 a disease of the intestine, especially the small intestine 肠病

**enterostomy** /entǝ'rpstəmi/ n. (pl. **enterostomies**) a surgical operation in which the small intestine is diverted to an artificial opening, usually in the abdominal wall 肠造口术

**enterotoxin** /entǝrǝu'toksın/ n. Medicine 【医】 a toxin produced in or affecting the intestines 肠毒素

**enterovirus** /'entǝrǝu, vaırǝs/ n. Medicine 【医】 any of a group of RNA viruses (e.g. those causing polio and hepatitis A) which occur chiefly in the gastrointestinal tract 肠道病毒

**enterprise** /'entǝpraiz/ n. 1 a project or undertaking, especially a bold one (尤指具有冒险性的)项 目,事业; bold resourcefulness 事业心,进取心,冒 险精神 2 a business or company 企业;公司
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enterpriser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., 'something undertaken', fem. past part. (used as n.) of entreprendre, based on L. prendere, prehendere 'to take'.

**enterprise zone** n. an area in which tax concessions or other state incentives are offered to encourage business investment (国家给予减税鼓励投资的)企 业开发区

**enterprising** /'entǝpraızıŋ/ adj. showing initiative and resourcefulness 有事业心的,有进取心的;有魄 力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enterprisingly** adv.

**entertain** /entǝ'tein/ v. 1 provide with amusement or enjoyment 给…娱乐;使快乐
> show hospitality to 招待,款待 2 give attention or consideration to 注 意;考虑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entertaining** adj. **entertainingly** adv. **entertainer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (orig. in the sense 'maintain, continue', later 'treat in a certain way'): from Fr. entretenir, based on L. inter 'among' + tenere 'to hold'.

**entertainment** /entǝ'teinmənt/ n. the action of providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment 娱乐
> an event or performance designed to entertain 娱乐活动,文娱表演; the provision of hospitality 招待,款待

**enthalpy** /'en(ə)lpi, en'ælpi/ n. Physics 【物】 a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system 焓
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: from Gk enthalpein (v.), from en- 'within' + thalpein 'to heat'.

**enthral** /in'Oro:l, en-/ (US 【美】 **enthrall**) v. (**enthrals, enthralling, enthralled**) 1 capture the fascinated attention of 迷住,吸引住 2 (also 亦作 **inthrall**) archaic 【古】 enslave 奴役,使成为奴隶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enthralment** (US 【美】 **enthrallment**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from EN-¹, IN-² + THRALL.

**enthrone** /in'Orǝon/ v. install (a monarch or bishop) on a throne with due ceremony 使(国王、主 教)登位; treat with honour and respect 尊崇,推崇
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enthronement** n.

**enthuse** /n'@ju:z, en-/ v. be or make enthusiastic (使)充满热情,(使)热心;(使)感兴趣

**enthusiasm** /in'@ju:ziæz(ə)m/ n. 1 intense enjoyment, interest, or approval 热心,热忱;狂 热; an object of enthusiasm 激发热情的东西,热 衷的事物 2 archaic, derogatory 【古,贬】 religious fervour supposedly resulting directly from divine inspiration 宗教狂热
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. enthousiasme, or via late L. from Gk enthousiasmos, from enthous 'possessed by a god' (based on theos 'god').

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**enthusiast** /in'@ju:ziæst/ n. 1 a person who is full of enthusiasm for something 热衷于…的人;热心 者 2 archaic, derogatory 【古,贬】 a person of intense and visionary Christian views 基督教狂热分子

**enthusiastic** /in,@ju:zi'æstik/ adj. having or showing intense enjoyment, interest, or approval 满腔热情的,热心的;极感兴趣的;狂热的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enthusiastically** adv.

**enthymeme** /'enimi:m/ n. Logic 【逻】 an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated 三段论省略式
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk enthumēma, from enthumeisthai 'consider'.

**entice** /ın'tais, en-/ v. attract by offering pleasure or advantage 诱使,诱惑;吸引
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enticement** n. **enticer** n. **enticing** adj. **enticingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. enticier, prob. from a base meaning 'set on fire', based on an alt. of L. titio 'firebrand'.

**entire** /ın'taıə(r), en-/ adj. 1 with no part left out; whole 全部的;整个的;完全的; without qualification; absolute 纯粹的;绝对的 2 not broken, damaged, or decayed 完整的,无损的 3 (of a male horse) not castrated (公马)未经阉割的 4 Botany 【植】 (of a leaf) without indentations or division into leaflets (叶子)全缘的,边缘光滑的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. entier, based on L. integer 'untouched, whole', from in- 'not' + tangere 'to touch'.

**entirely** /ın'tarǝli/ adv. completely 完全地,彻底地
> solely 单独地,独自地

**entirety** /ın'tarǝrǝti/ n. (**the entirety**) the whole 整体;总体
-PHRASES 短语 **in its entirety** as a whole 作为一个整 体;整个地

**entitle** /ın'taitl/ v. 1 (often 常用 **be entitled to**) give (someone) a right to do or receive something 赋予(某人)权利;给(某人)资格 2 give a title to (a book, play, etc.) 给(书、戏剧等)题名
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entitlement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. intitulare, from in- 'in' + L. titulus 'title'.

**entity** /'entiti/ n. (pl. **entities**) a thing with distinct and independent existence 实体,独立存 在物
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. entité or med. L. entitas, from late L. ens, ent- 'being'.

**entomb** /in'tu:m/ v. 1 place in a tomb 置于墓中 2 bury in or under 埋葬,掩埋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entombment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. entomber.

**entomo-** /'entəməu/ comb. form of an insect; relating to insects 昆虫的,与昆虫有关的: **entomophagous** 食 (昆)虫的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk entomon, neut. (denoting an insect) of entomos 'cut up, segmented'.

**entomology** /entǝ'mplǝdzi/ n. the branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects 昆虫学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entomological** adj. **entomologist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. entomologie or mod. L. entomologia, from Gk entomon (denoting an insect) + -logia (see 见 -LOGY).

**entomophilous** /entǝ'mpfılǝs/ adj. Botany 【植】 pollinated by insects 虫媒(传粉)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entomophily** n.

**entoptic** /in'toptık, en-/ adj. (of visual images) occurring or originating inside the eye (视觉形象) 内视的,眼内的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk entos 'within' + OPTIC.

**entourage** /'pntura:z, untu(ə)'ra:3/ n. a group of people attending or surrounding an important person 随从,随行人员,侍从
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., from entourer 'to surround'.

**entr'acte** /'pntrækt, 'ñ-/ n. an interval between two acts of a play or opera 幕间休息; a piece of music or a dance performed during such an interval 幕间插 演的音乐(或舞蹈)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr. (earlier form of entracte), from entre 'between' + acte 'act'.

**entrails** /'entreılz/ pl. n. a person's or animal's intestines or internal organs (人或动物的)肠,内脏
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. entrailles, from med. L. intralia, alt. of L. interanea 'internal things', based on inter 'among'.

**entrain¹** /in'trein, en-/ v. formal 【正式】 board a train 上火车

**entrain²** /ın'trein, en-/ v. 1 (of a current or fluid) incorporate and sweep along in its flow (水流或 液体)卷走,冲走 2 formal 【正式】 bring about as a consequence 导致,产生 3 Biology 【生物】 cause to fall into synchronism with a rhythmic phenomenon 使接受被动节律
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entrainment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. entraîner, from en- 'in' + traîner 'to drag'.

**entrain³** /'træ/ n. rare 【年】 enthusiasm or animation 热情;兴奋;活跃
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from the phr. être en train 'be in the process of, be in action'.

**entrammel** /In'træml, en-/ v. (**entrammels, entrammelling, entrammelled**; US 【美】 **entrammels, entrammeling, entrammeled**) literary 【文】 entangle; trap 束缚,妨碍;限制

**entrance¹** /'entr(ə)ns/ n. 1 an opening allowing access 进口,入口 2 an act of entering 进入 3 the right, means, or opportunity to enter 进入权;进入 方式(或机会)
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr., from entrer 'enter'.

**entrance²** /in'trains, en-/ v. fill with wonder and delight 使狂喜;使着迷; cast a spell on 对……施魔咒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entrancement** n. **entrancing** adj. **entrancingly** adv.

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**entranceway** /'entrǝnswer/ n. a door or corridor at the entrance to a building 入口;大门

**entrant** /'entrǝnt/ n. a person who enters something 进入者;参加者;新成员
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., lit. 'entering', pres. part. of entrer (see 见 ENTER).

**entrap** /in'træp/ v. (**entraps, entrapping, entrapped**) catch in or as in a trap 诱捕;使入陷 阱; trick (someone) into committing a crime in order to secure their prosecution 诱使(某人)犯罪
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entrapment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. entraper.

**entreat** /in'tri:t/ v. 1 ask (someone) earnestly or anxiously to do something 恳求,祈求,请求; ask earnestly or anxiously for 祈求给予 2 archaic 【古】 treat in a specified manner 对待
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entreating** adj. **entreatingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. entraitier, based on traitier 'to treat', from L. tractare 'to handle'.

**entreaty** /in'tri:ti/ n. (pl. **entreaties**) an earnest or humble request 恳求;祈求;请求

**entrechat** /'trǝfa:/ n. Ballet 【芭蕾】 a vertical jump during which the dancer repeatedly crosses the feet and beats them together 昂特雷沙(芭蕾舞跳 跃动作,跳起后双足在空中多次交叉互击)
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Ital. (capriola) intrecciata 'complicated (caper)'.

**entrecôte** /'pntrəkət/ n. a boned steak cut off the sirloin (从牛的上腰部切下的)带骨牛肉
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from entre 'between' + côte 'rib'.

**entrée** /'pntrer/ n. 1 the main course of a meal (一餐的)主菜; Brit. 【英】 a dish served between the first and main courses at a formal dinner (正餐中 头盘与主菜之间的)小菜 2 the right to enter a social group or institution 进入权,入场权
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting a piece of instrumental music forming the first part of a suite): Fr., fem. past part. of entrer (see 见 ENTRY).

**entremets** /pntrǝ'mer/ n. a light dish served between two courses of a formal meal (正餐中在两 道菜之间上的)清淡的菜
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from entre 'between' + mets 'dish'.

**entrench** /im'trent∫/ v. 1 establish so firmly that change is difficult 确立;使处于稳固地位: Ageism is **entrenched** in our society. 年齡歧视在我们的社会 里根深蒂固。; apply extra legal safeguards to (a constitutional right guaranteed by legislation) 运用其他法律保障(宪法赋予的权利) 2 establish (a military force) in trenches or other fortified positions (在战壕中或其他设防地)驻(军)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entrenchment** n.

**entre nous** /ntrǝ 'nu:/ adv. between ourselves 只限 于咱俩之间;你知我知,不得外传
-ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**entrepôt** /'ontrəpəʊ/ n. a port or other place which acts as a centre for import and export 堆栈,海关关 栈;(进出口)货物集散地,贸易中心
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from entreposer 'to store'.

**entrepreneur** /pntrǝprə'nə:(r)/ n. a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit 企业家,实业家
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entrepreneurial** /-'n(j)ə:riəl, -njuəriəl/ adj. **entrepreneurialism** n. **entrepreneurially** adv. **entrepreneurism** n. **entrepreneurship** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (denoting the director of a musical institution): from Fr., from entreprendre (see 见 ENTERPRISE).

**entresol** /'pntrǝspl/ n. a mezzanine floor 半楼,夹 层楼面
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Fr., from Sp. entresuelo, from entre 'between' + suelo 'storey'.

**entropy** /'entrǝpi/ n. 1 Physics 【物】 a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system 熵 2 (in information theory) a logarithmic measure of the rate of transfer of information in a particular message or language (信息论)熵,平均信息量
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entropic** /en'tropik/ adj. **entropically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EN-² + Gk tropē 'transformation'.

**entrust** /Im'trast/ v. assign a responsibility to 托付, 委托,交托; put into someone's care 委托管理;委 托照看
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entrustment** n.

**entry** /'entri/ n. (pl. **entries**) 1 an act or the action of entering 进入 2 a place of entrance 入口; dialect 【方】 a passage between buildings (楼房之间的) 通道 3 the right, means, or opportunity to enter 进 入权;进入方式(或机会); (**also** 亦作 **entry into possession**) Law 【律】 the action of taking up the legal right to property 财产合法权利的获得; Bridge 【桥牌】 a card providing an opportunity to transfer the lead to a particular hand 进手张(将出牌权转至某人手 中的牌) 4 an item entered in a list, account book, reference book, etc. 条目;账目;词条 5 a person who enters a competition 参赛者; the number of entrants in a competition 参赛人数 6 the forward part of a ship's hull below the waterline, considered in terms of breadth or narrowness (船的)进流段
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. entree, based on L. intrata, fem. past part. of intrare (see 见 ENTER).

**entryism** /'entriız(ǝ)m/ n. the infiltration of a political party by members of another group, to subvert its policies or objectives 打入内部(从内部改 变政党的政治主张或目标)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entryist** n.

**entry-level** adj. suitable for a beginner or first-time user 适合初学者(或首次使用者)的,入门级的: **entry-level** computers 适合初学者使用的计算机

**entryphone** /'entrifǝun/ n. Brit. trademark 【英,商 标】 a type of intercom at the entrance to a building by which visitors may identify themselves before
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the door is unlocked(用于来访者自报身份的)门铃电话,应门对讲电话

**entryway** /'entriwer/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】an entrance 入口,通道

**entwine** /in'twain/ v. wind or twist together 盘绕:缠绕
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **entwinement** n.

**enucleate** /r'nju:kliert/ v. 1 Biology 【生物】 remove the nucleus from (a cell) 去(细胞)核 2 surgically remove (an eyeball or other structure) from its surrounding capsule 手术摘除(眼球等) ■adj. Biology 【生物】 lacking a nucleus 无核的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enucleation** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'clarify, explain') : from L. enucleat-, enucleare 'extract.

**E-number** n. Brit. 【英】 a code number preceded by the letter E, denoting food additives numbered in accordance with EU directives *(按欧盟规定标明食品添加剂的)E数

**enumerable** /r'nju:m(ə)rəbl/ adj. Mathematics 【数】 able to be counted by one-to-one correspondence with the set of positive integers 可数的,可枚举的

**enumerate** /i'nju:mǝreit/ v. 1 mention one by one 列举,枚举 2 formal 【正式】 establish the number of 点……的数,统计
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enumeration** n. **enumerative** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (C16) as enumeration): from L. enumerat-, enumerare 'count out.

**enumerator** /ı'nju:mərertə(r)/ n. a person employed in taking a census of the population 人口普查员

**enunciate** /ı'nansiert/ v. 1 say or pronounce clearly (清晰地)发(音),吐(字) 2 set out precisely or definitely(准确地)阐明,阐述
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enunciation** n. **enunciative** adj. **enunciator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源C17(earlier (C16) as enunciation): from L. enuntiat-, enuntiare 'announce clearly.

**enure** /ı'njuə(r), r'njǝ:(r)/ v. 1 (enure for/to) Law 【律】(of a right or other advantage) belong or be available to(权利或利益)属于 2 variant spelling of INURE * inure的另一种拼法

**enuresis** /enjuǝ'ri:sıs/ n. Medicine 【医】 involuntary urination, especially by children at night 遗尿
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enuretic** adj. & n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Gk enourein 'urinate in.

**enurn** /1'n3:n/ v. place or bury (ashes) in an urn 将(骨灰)安放(或埋藏)在骨灰瓮里

**envelop** /ın'velǝp, en-/ v. (envelops, enveloping, enveloped) wrap up, cover, or surround completely 包住,裹住;盖住;围绕
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **envelopment** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. envoluper, from en- 'in' + a second element of unknown origin (also found in DEVELOP).

**envelope** /'envələup, 'pn-/n. 1 a flat paper container with a sealable flap, used to enclose a letter or document 信封 2 a covering or containing structure or layer 外裹物;外层 3 Electronics【电子】 a curve joining the successive peaks of a modulated wave 包络(曲)线 4 Mathematics 【数】 a curve or surface tangent to each of a family of curves or surfaces 包络线(或面)
> -PHRASES 短语 **push the (edge of the) envelope** informal【非正式】 approach or extend the limits of what is possible几近极致;突破极限[orig. aviation sl., relating to graphs of aerodynamic performance.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'enveloping layer') : from Fr. enveloppe, from envelopper 'envelop.

**envenom** /in'venǝm/ v. archaic 【古】 put poison on or into 加毒于

**envenomate** /in'venǝmert/ v. Zoology & Medicine 【动,医】poison by biting or stinging将毒液螫入(或注入)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **envenomation** n.

**enviable** /'enviǝbl/ adj. arousing or likely to arouse envy 引起忌妒的;惹人羡慕的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enviably** adv.

**envious** /'enviəs/ adj. feeling or showing envy 忌妒的;羡慕的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enviously** adv.

**environ** /ın'vaırən, en-/ v. formal 【正式】 surround; enclose 围绕,环绕
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. environer, from environ 'surroundings, from en 'in' + viron 'circuit.

**environment** /ın'vaırənmənt/ n. 1 the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates环境;周围状况 >Computing 【计】 the overall structure within which a user, computer, or program operates 环境 2 (the environment) the natural world, especially as affected by human activity 生态环境;自然环境
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **environmental** adj. **environmentally** adv.

**environmental audit** n. an assessment of the extent to which an organization is observing practices which minimize harm to the environment 环境审计(指对某一组织在尽量减少对环境的危害方面所做努力的评估)

**environmentalist** /ın, vaırən'mentǝlist/ n. 1 a person who is concerned about protecting the environment 环保主义者,环境保护论者 2 a person who considers that environment (as opposed to heredity) has the primary influence on the development of a person 环境论者(认为个人或群体的发展主要受环境而非遗传影响)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **environmentalism** n.

**environmentally friendly** adv. not harmful to the environment环保地,环境友好地,不损害环境地

**environs** /ın'vaırǝnz/ pl. n. the surrounding area or district 周围的区域,郊区
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., pl. of environ (see见 ENVIRON).

**envisage** /ın'vızıdz, en-/ v. regard or conceive of as a possibility 展望;设想 form a mental picture of 想象
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. envisager, from en- 'in' + visage 'face.

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**envision** /m'vızn/ v. imagine; visualize 想象;展望

**envoi** /'envo1/ (also 亦作 envoy) n. 1 a short stanza concluding a ballade (三节联韵诗的)跋 2 archaic 【古】 an author's concluding words 后记
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. envoi, from envoyer (see见ENVOY).

**envoy** /'envoi n. 1 a messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission 使者,代表; (尤指)外交使节 2 (also亦作 envoy extraordinary) a minister plenipotentiary, ranking below ambassador and above chargé d'affaires 特命全权公使
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. envoyé, past part. of envoyer 'send'.

**envy** /'envi/ n. (pl. envies) discontented or resentful longing aroused by another's possessions, qualities, or luck 忌妒;羡慕 (the envy of) a person or thing that inspires such a feeling 忌妒(或羡慕)的对象 ■v.(envies, envying, envied) feel envy of 忌妒;羡慕
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **envier** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME(also in the sense 'hostility') : from OFr. envie (n.), envier (v.), from L. invidia, from invidere 'regard maliciously', from in- 'into' + videre 'to see.

**enwrap** /ın'ræp/ v. (enwraps, enwrapping, enwrapped) wrap; envelop包,裹;围绕

**enwreathe** /ın'ri:ð/ v. literary 【文】 surround or envelop 包围;围绕,环绕

**Enzed** /en'zed/ n. Austral./NZ informal【澳新,非正式】New Zealand or a New Zealander 新西兰;新西兰人
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Enzedder** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 representing a pronunc. of the initials NZ.

**enzootic** /enzǝu'ptık/ adj. (of a disease) regularly affecting animals in a particular district or at a particular season 地方性兽病的
> -ORIGIN词源 C19: from EN-² + Gk zōion 'animal' + -IC.

**enzyme** /'enzaım/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a substance consisting largely or wholly of protein that is produced by a living organism and acts as a catalyst to promote a specific biochemical reaction 酶
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **enzymatic** adj. **enzymic** adj. **enzymological** adj. **enzymologist** n. **enzymology** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Ger. Enzym, from mod. Gk enzumos 'leavened.

**EOC** abbr. (in the UK) Equal Opportunities Commission(英国)机会均等委员会

**Eocene** /'i:ǝ(u)si:n/ adj. Geology 【地质】relating to or denoting the second epoch of the Tertiary period (between the Palaeocene and Oligocene epochs, 56.5 to 35.4 million years ago), a time when the first horses, bats, and whales appeared 始新世的
> -ORIGIN词源 C19: from Gk ēōs 'dawn' + kainos 'new'.

**eohippus** /i:ǝu'hipəs/ n. (pl. eohippuses) former term for HYRACOTHERIUM * hyracotherium 的旧时说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk ēōs 'dawn' + hippos 'horse.

**eolian** /i:'ǝuliǝn/ adj. US spelling of AEOLIAN * aeolian 的美式拼法

**eolith** /'i:ǝ(0)110/ n. Archaeology 【考古】 a roughly chipped flint found in Tertiary strata, originally thought to be an early artefact but probably of natural origin 始石器
> -ORIGIN词源C19: from Gk ēōs 'dawn' + lithos 'stone.

**eon** /'i:ǝn/ n. US and technical spelling of AEON * aeon 的美式及专业拼法

**eosin** /'i:ǝ(0)sın/ n. a red fluorescent dye that is a bromine derivative of fluorescein 曙红,伊红
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from Gk ēōs 'dawn' + -IN¹.

**eosinophil** /i:ǝ(u)'sınəfıl/ n. Physiology 【生理】a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin 嗜酸性粒细胞
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eosinophilic** adj.

**eosinophilia** /i:ǝ(u), sınǝ'fıliǝ/ n. Medicine 【医】 an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood 嗜曙(性)细胞增多(症)

**EOT** abbr. 1 Computing [it] end of tape 带结束(符) 2 Telecommunications 【电信】 end of transmission 传输结束(符)

**-eous** /ǝs/ suffix (forming adjectives) resembling; displaying the nature of (构成形容词)像…的;具有……性质的: aqueous水的;似水的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from the L. suffix -eus + -ous.

**EP** abbr. 1 electroplate 2 European Parliament 欧洲议会 3 extended-play (of a record or compact disc) 4 extreme pressure (used in grading lubricants)极压

**Ep.** abbr. Epistle

**ep-** /ep, ip, i:p/ prefix variant spelling of EPI- shortened before a vowel or h (as in eparch, ephod) *epi-的另一种拼法(在元音或h音前缩略,如eparch, ephod)

**e.p.** abbr. Chess 【国象】 en passant

**EPA** abbr. (in the US) Environmental Protection Agency(美国)环境保护局

**epact** /'i:pækt/ n. the number of days by which the solar year exceeds the lunar year 闰余
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. épacte, via late L. from Gk epaktai (hēmerai) 'intercalated (days)'.

**eparch** /'epa:k/ n. the chief bishop of an eparchy 京兆尹,首都行政长官,(东正教)大主教
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk eparkhos, from epi 'above' + arkhos 'ruler'.

**eparchy** /'epa:ki/ n. (pl. eparchies) a province of the Orthodox Church(东正教) 主教管区
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk eparkhia, from eparkhos (see见EPARCH).

**épater** /er'pæter/ v. (in phr. 用于短语 épater les bourgeois) shock people regarded as conventional or complacent 使墨守成规(或洋洋得意)的人震惊
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr.

**epaulette** /'epǝlet, epǝ'let/ (US also 【美亦作】 epaulet) n. an ornamental shoulder piece on a military uniform(军服上的)肩章,肩饰
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. épaulette, dimin. of épaule 'shoulder.

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**epaxial** /e'pæksiəl/ adj. Anatomy & Zoology【解,动】 situated on the dorsal side of an axis 轴上的

**épée** /'erper, 'ep-/ n. a sharp-pointed duelling sword, used, with the end blunted, in fencing(击剑运动用的)重剑
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **épéeist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., 'sword.

**epenthesis** /e'penθisis/ n. (pl. epentheses /-si:z/) the insertion of a sound or letter within a word, e.g. the b in thimble 插音,增音(如thimble中的b)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epenthetic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: via late L. from Gk, from epentithenai 'insert.

**epergne** /1'p3:n/ n. an ornamental centrepiece for a dining table, holding fruit or flowers(餐桌中央放水果或鲜花用的)饰盘
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: perh.an alt. form of Fr. épargne 'economy.

**epexegesis** /e,peksr'dzi:sts/ n. (pl. epexegeses /-si:z/) the addition of words to clarify meaning (为阐明意思的)增词,补说(语)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epexegetic** /-'dzetik/ adj. **epexegetical** adj. **epexegetically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk epexēgēsis.

**Eph.** abbr. Epistle to the Ephesians (in biblical references) 《以弗所书》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**ephebe** /e'fi:b, 1-, 'efi:b/ n. (in ancient Greece) a young man of 18-20 years undergoing military training(古希腊)青丁,18至20岁接受军事训练的男青年
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ephebic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk ephebos, from epi 'near to' + hēbē 'early manhood.

**ephedra** /e'fedrǝ/ n. an evergreen trailing or climbing shrub of warm arid regions, some kinds of which are a source of the drug ephedrine 麻黄 [Genus Ephedra.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L., 'equisetum' (which it resembles).

**ephedrine** /'efədri:n/ n. Medicine 【医】 an alkaloid drug which causes constriction of the blood vessels and widening of the bronchial passages and is used to relieve asthma and hay fever 麻黄碱
> -ORIGIN词源 C19: from EPHEDRA + -INE.

**ephemera** /r'fem(ə)rə, -'fi:m-/ pl. n. things that exist or are used or enjoyed for only a short time 生命周期短促之物,只在短期内有用(或有趣)之物
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ephemerist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. (as sing. n.) denoting a plant said to last only one day, or an insect with a short lifespan): pl. of ephemeron, from Gk, neut. of ephemeros 'lasting only a day.

**ephemeral** /r'fem(ə)r(ə)l, -'fi:m-/ adj. lasting or used for a very short time短暂的,昙花一现的 >(chiefly of plants) having a very short life cycle(主要指植物)生命短促的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ephemerality** n. **ephemerally** adv. **ephemeralness** n.

**ephemeris** /r'fem(ə)rıs, -'fi:m-/ n. (pl. ephemerides /efr'meridi:z/) Astronomy & Astrology 【天文,占星】a table of the calculated positions of a celestial object at regular intervals throughout a period 星历,历表
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from Gk ephemeros 'lasting only a day.

**ephemeris time** n. time on a scale defined by the orbital period rather than the axial rotation of the earth 历书时

**ephod** /'i:fpd, 'efpd/ n. (in ancient Israel) a sleeveless garment worn by Jewish priests(古以色列)以弗得(犹太教士穿的无袖长袍)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Heb. 'ēpōd.

**ephor** /'efǝ:(r)/ n. (in ancient Greece) each of five senior Spartan magistrates(古希腊)掌政官,斯巴达五长官之一
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ephorate** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk ephoros 'overseer.

**epi-** /'epi/ (also **ep-** before a vowel or h元音或h音之前亦作 ep-) prefix 1 upon 在……之上: epigraph铭文 2 above 在……上方: epicotyl 上胚轴 3 in addition 附带,附属: epiphenomenon 副现象
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk epi 'upon, near to, in addition.

**epiblast** /'epiblæst/ n. Embryology 【胚胎】the outermost layer of an embryo before it differentiates into ectoderm and mesoderm 上胚层

**epic** /'epik/ n. 1 a long poem narrating the deeds of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation 史诗,长篇叙事诗 a long film, book, or other work portraying heroic deeds or covering an extended period of time 史诗般的电影(或书等) 2 informal【非正式】 an extremely long and demanding task or activity 特别耗时费力的任务(或活动) ■adj. relating to or characteristic of an epic or epics(与)史诗(有关)的;具有史诗特征的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epical** adj. **epically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as adj.): via L. from Gk epikos, from epos 'word, song.

**epicanthic fold** /epr'kændık/ n. a fold of skin from the upper eyelid covering the inner angle of the eye, typical in many peoples of eastern Asia(多见于许多东亚人眼睛上的)内眦赘皮襞

**epicardium** /epr'ka:diǝm/ n. Anatomy【解】a serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium 心外膜,脏层
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicardial** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EPI- + Gk kardia 'heart', on the pattern of pericardium.

**epicarp** /'epika:p/ n. Botany 【植】 the outermost layer of the pericarp 外果皮
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EPI- + a shortened form of PERICARP.

**epicedium** /epr'si:diəm/ n. (pl. epicedia /-diə/) formal【正式】 a funeral ode哀悼歌,挽歌
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicedian** adj.

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**-ORIGIN** 词源 C16: from L., from Gk epikēdeion, neut. of epokēdeios 'of a funeral.

**epicene** /'episi:n/ adj. 1 having characteristics of both sexes or no characteristics of either sex 有两性特征的;缺乏性特征的 2 effeminate; effete 女人气的;娇柔的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via late L. from Gk epikoinos (based on koinos 'common').

**epicentre** /'episentǝ(r)/ (US【美】epicenter) n. the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake 震中
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicentral** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epikentros 'situated on a centre.

**epicondyle** /epikondil/ n. Anatomy 【解】 a protuberance on the condyle of a long bone, especially the humerus 上課
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicondylar** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. épicondyle, mod. L. epicondylus.

**epicondylitis** /epikondi'laitis/ n. Medicine 【医】inflammation of tendons surrounding an epicondyle, especially of the elbow (tennis elbow) 上髁炎

**epicontinental** / epikontinentl/ adj. denoting those areas of sea or ocean overlying the continental shelf 陆表的

**epicotyl** /epr'kptil/ n. Botany 【植】 the region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon t 胚轴

**epicure** /'epikjuə(r), 'epıkjǝ:(r)/ n. a person who takes particular pleasure in fine food and drink 讲究饮食的人,美食家
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicurism** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via med. L. from Gk Epikouros 'Epicurus' (see 见 EPICUREAN).

**Epicurean** /epikju(ə)'ri:ǝn/ n. 1 a disciple or student of the Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 BC), who taught that pleasure, particularly mental pleasure, was the highest good(希腊哲学家)伊壁鸠鲁售的弟子 2(epicurean) an epicure讲究饮食的人;美食家 ■adj. 1 of or concerning Epicurus or his ideas 伊壁鸠鲁的;伊壁鸠鲁学说的 2(epicurean) relating to or suitable for an epicure 与美食家有关的;适合美食家的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Epicureanism** n.

**epicycle** /'epi,sar/ n. Geometry 【】 a small circle whose centre moves round the circumference of a larger one 本轮,周转圆
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicyclic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or via late L. from Gk epikuklos.

**epicycloid** /epr'saıklǝıd/ n. Mathematics 【数】a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle rolling on the exterior of another circle 外摆线
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epicycloidal** adj.

**epideictic** /epr'deıktık, -'daıktık / adj. formal 【正式】characterized by or designed to display rhetorical or oratorical skill富于词藻的;意在表现词藻技巧的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk epideiktikos.

**epidemic** /epr'demik/ n. a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time(传染病的)流行,传播 a sudden, widespread occurrence of an undesirable phenomenon(不良现象的)泛滥,盛行 ■adj. of the nature of an epidemic 流行性的,流传极广的,盛行的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as adj.): from Fr. épidémique, from épidémie, via late L. from Gk epidēmia 'prevalence of disease.

**epidemiology** / epidi:mi'vlədzi/ n. the branch of medicine concerned with the incidence and distribution of diseases and other factors relating to health 流行病学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epidemiological** adj. **epidemiologist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epidēmia 'prevalence of disease' + -LOGY.

**epidermis** /epr'da:mis/ n. 1 Zoology & Anatomy 【动、解】the surface epithelium of the skin of an animal, overlying the dermis 表皮、真皮 2 Botany 【柏】 the outer layer of tissue in a plant 表皮
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epidermal** adj. **epidermic** adj. **epidermoid** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk, from epi 'upon' + derma 'skin.

**epidiascope** /epr'darəskəup/ n. an optical projector capable of giving images of both opaque and transparent objects 透反射两用幻灯机,实物幻灯机

**epididymis** /epı'dıdımıs/ n. (pl. epididymides /epıdı'dımıdi:z/) Anatomy 【解】 a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens 附睾
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epididymal** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk epididumis, from epi 'upon' + didumos 'testicle.

**epidote** /'epidǝut/ n. a lustrous yellow-green mineral consisting of a silicate of calcium, aluminium, and iron 绿帘石
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from Fr. épidote, from Gk epididonai 'give additionally' (because of the length of the crystals).

**epidural** /epr'djuər (ə)1/ Anatomy & Medicine 【解,医】 ■adj. on or around the dura mater of the spinal cord硬(脊)膜外的,硬脑膜外的 ■n. an anaesthetic introduced into the space around the dura mater, used especially in childbirth 硬(脊)膜外阻滞

**epifauna** /epr'fo:nǝ/ n. Ecology 【生态】animals living on the bed of a body of water or on other submerged surfaces 底表动物,表生动物 Compare with 比较 INFAUNA.
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epifaunal** adj.

**epigastrium** /epr'gæstriǝm/ n. (pl. epigastria /-rıǝ/) Anatomy 【解】 the part of the upper abdomen immediately over the stomach 腹上区
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epigastric** adj.

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**-ORIGIN** 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk epigastrion, neut. of epigastrios 'over the belly.

**epigeal** /epr'dzi:ǝl/ adj. Botany 【植】 growing or occurring above the ground surface生于地上的,地面生的;出土的Compare with 比较 HYPOGEAL.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epigeios + -AL.

**epigene** /'epidzi:n/ adj. Geology 【地质】 taking place or produced on the surface of the earth 后生的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. épigène, from Gk epigenēs, from epi 'upon' + genès (see见-GEN).

**epigenesis** /epi'dzenisis/ n. Biology 【生物】the progressive development of an embryo from an undifferentiated egg cell 后成论,后成说

**epigenetic** /epidzı'netik/ adj. 1 Biology 【生物】 resulting from external rather than genetic influences 外遗传的 relating to epigenesis后成说的 2 Geology 【地质】 formed later than the surrounding or underlying rocks 后生的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epigenetically** adv. **epigenetics** pl. n.

**epiglottis** /epr'glotis/ n. a flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe 会厌
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epiglottal** adj. **epiglottic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Gk epiglottis, from epi 'upon, near to' + glotta 'tongue.

**epigone** /'epigǝun/ n. (pl. epigones or epigoni /1'pıgǝnar, e-/) literary 【文】 a less distinguished follower or imitator 后继者,追随者;模仿者
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: pl. from Fr. épigones and L. epigoni, from Gk epigonoi 'those born afterwards.

**epigram** /'epigræm/ n. a concise and witty saying or remark 警句,隽语 a short witty poem 机敏诙谐的短诗
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epigrammatic** adj. **epigrammatically** adv. **epigrammatist** n. **epigrammatize** or **epigrammatise** V.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. épigramme, or L. epigramma, from Gk, from epi 'upon, in addition' + gramma (see见-GRAM¹).

**epigraph** /'epigra:f/ n. 1 an inscription on a building, statue, or coin(建筑物、塑像或钱币上的)刻文,碑文,铭文 2 a short quotation or saying at the beginning of a book or chapter, intended to suggest its theme(卷首或章节前的)引语
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk epigraphe, from epigraphein 'write on.

**epigraphy** /'pıgrǝfi, e-/ n. the study and interpretation of ancient inscriptions 铭文学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epigrapher** n. **epigraphic** adj. **epigraphical** adj. **epigraphically** adv. **epigraphist** n.

**epigynous** /'pıdzınǝs, e-/ adj. Botany 【植】(of a plant or flower) having the ovary enclosed in the receptacle, with the stamens and other floral parts situated above 上位的 Compare with 比较 HYPOGYNOUS and PERIGYNOUS.
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epigyny** n.

**epilation** /epr'lerfn/ n. the removal of hair by the roots 脱毛术
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epilate** v. **epilator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. épiler, from é- (expressing removal) + L. pilus 'strand of hair.

**epilepsy** /'epilepsi/ n. a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions 癫(痫)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epileptic** adj. & n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. épilepsie, or via late L. from Gk epilēpsia, from epilambanein 'seize, attack.

**epilimnion** /epr'lımniǝn/ n. (pl. epilimnia /-niə/) the upper layer of water in a stratified lake 湖上层 Compare with 比较 HYPOLIMNION.
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from EPI- + Gk limnion (dimin. of limnē 'lake').

**epilogue** /'epilpg/ (US 【美】 also 亦作 epilog) n. a section or speech at the end of a book or play serving as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened(书的)后记,跋;(戏剧的)收场部分,尾声,收场白
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. épilogue, via L. from Gk epilogos, from epi 'in addition' + logos 'speech.

**epimer** /'epımə(r)/ n. Chemistry 【化】 each of two isomers with different configurations of atoms about one of several asymmetric carbon atoms present 差向异构体
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epimeric** /epr'merik/ adj. **epimerism** /1'pımərız(ə)m, e-/n.

**epimerize** or **epimerise** /1'pıməraız, e-/ v. Chemistry 【化】 convert from one epimeric form into the other 差向异构化

**epinephrine** /epr'nefrin, -ri:n/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】 the hormone adrenalin 肾上腺素
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EPI- + Gk nephros 'kidney' + -INE.

**epiphany** /'pıf(ə)ni, e-/ n. (pl. epiphanies) 1 (Epiphany) the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles as represented by the Magi (see Matthew 2:1-12)(耶稣)显现 the festival commemorating this on 6 January 显现节,主显节(1月6日) 2 a moment of sudden and great revelation 顿悟的时刻
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epiphanic** /epr'fænik/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Gk epiphainein 'reveal'; sense 1 is via OFr. epiphanie and eccles. L. epiphania.

**epiphenomenon** / epifǝ'nominən/ n. (pl. epiphenomena /-nə/) a secondary effect or phenomenon 附带产物,附带现象 Medicine 【医】 a secondary symptom, occurring simultaneously with a disease or condition but not directly related to it 副现象 a mental state regarded as a by-product of brain activity(大脑活动的)副现象
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epiphenomenal** adj.

**epiphora** /rpıf(ǝrǝ/ n. n. 1 Medicine 【医】 excessive watering of the eye 溢泪,冷泪 2 another term for EPISTROPHE * epistrophe 的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk epi 'upon' + pherein 'to carry.

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**epiphysis** /r'pıfısıs, e-/ n. (pl. epiphyses) Anatomy 【解】 the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft 骺 Compare with 比较 DIAPHYSIS.
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epiphyseal** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk epiphusis, from epi- 'in addition' + phusis 'growth.

**epiphyte** /'epifart/ n. Botany 【植】 a plant that grows non-parasitically on a tree or other plant 附生植物
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epiphytal** /epr'faitl/ adj. **epiphytic** /-'fıtık/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EPI- + Gk phuton 'plant.

**EPIRB** abbr. emergency position-indicating radio beacon 应急(或紧急)无线电示位标

**episcopacy** /ı'pıskəpəsi, e-/ n. (pl. episcopacies) government of a Church by bishops 主教制 >(the episcopacy) the bishops of a region or church collectively (称)主教,主教团
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from eccles. L. episcopatus 'episcopate.

**episcopal** /ı'pıskǝpl, e-/ adj. of a bishop or bishops 主教的 >(of a Church) governed by or having bishops(教会)由主教统辖的,有主教的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **episcopalism** n. **episcopally** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. épiscopal or eccles. L. episcopalis, from episcopus 'bishop', from Gk episkopos(see 见 BISHOP).

**Episcopal Church** n. the Anglican Church in Scotland and the US 苏格兰和美国的圣公会

**episcopalian** /ıpıskə'perliǝn, e-/ adj. of or advocating episcopacy (信奉)主教制的 of or belonging to an episcopal or (Episcopalian) the Episcopal Church 主教制教会的;(苏格兰和美国)圣公会的 ■n. an adherent of episcopacy 主教制信奉者 >(Episcopalian) a member of the Episcopal Church(苏格兰和美国的)圣公会教徒
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **episcopalianism** n.

**episcopate** /'pıskəpət, e-/ n. the office of a bishop 主教职位 >(the episcopate) the bishops of a church or region collectively(总称)主教,主教团

**episcope** /'episkǝup/ n. an optical projector which gives images of opaque objects 不透明物的投影放大器,反射幻灯机

**episematic** /epısı'mætik/ adj. Zoology 【动】 (of coloration or markings) serving to help recognition by animals of the same species(颜色或花纹)帮助同种动物互相辨识的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EPI- + Gk sēma 'sign' + -ATIC.

**episiotomy** /1,pısi'ptəmi, e-/ n. (pl. episiotomies) a surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth, to aid a difficult delivery 会阴切开术
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epision 'pubic region' + -TOMY.

**episode** /'epısǝud/ n. 1 an event or a sequence of events(一连串事件中的)一个(或一组)事件 a finite period in which someone is affected by an illness(某疾病的)发作期 2 each of the instalments into which a serialized story or radio or television programme is divided(连载小说、广播或电视系列节目的)一集,一节,一部分 3 Music 【音】 a passage containing distinct material or introducing a new subject 插句,插段,插部 a section between two choric songs in Greek tragedy(希腊悲剧中)两段合唱之间的部分
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk epeisodion, neut. of epeisodios 'coming in besides.

**episodic** /epr'spdık/ adj. 1 occurring as or presented in episodes 由一系列独立事件组成的 2 occurring at irregular intervals 偶尔发生的;变化无常的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **episodically** adv.

**episome** /'episǝum/ n. Microbiology 【微生物】a genetic element inside some bacterial cells that can replicate independently of the host 附加体

**epistasis** / I'PIstǝSIS/ n. Genetics【遗】the suppression by a gene of the effect of another gene 上位性
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epistatic** /epr'stætık/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk, lit. 'stoppage.

**epistaxis** /epr'stæksis/ n. Medicine 【医】bleeding from the nose 鼻出血,鼻衄
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from Gk, from epistazein 'bleed from the nose'.

**epistemology** /1pıstı'mplǝdzi, e-/ n. Philosophy 【哲】 the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope 认识论,认识学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epistemic** adj. **epistemically** adv. **epistemological** adj. **epistemologically** adv. **epistemologist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epistēmē 'knowledge.

**epistle** /1'pIsl/ n. formal or humorous 【正式或幽】a letter 书信 >(Epistle) a book of the New Testament in the form of a letter from an Apostle (《圣经·新约》中的)使徒书信
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE, via L. from Gk epistole, from epistellein 'send news.

**epistolary** /r'pıst(ə)ləri/ adj. relating to the writing of letters 书信的 > denoting literary works in the form of letters (文学作品)书信体的

**epistrophe** /'pıstrǝfi, e-/ n. the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences (叠句中的)尾词重复
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk epistrophe, from epistrephein 'turn around.

**epistyle** /'epistaıl/ n. Architecture 【建】 an architrave 柱顶过梁,额木方
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. épistyle or via L., from Gk epistulion, from epi 'upon' + stulos 'pillar.

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**epitaph** /'epita:f, -tæf/ n. words written in memory of a person who has died, especially as an inscription on a tombstone 悼文;祭文;(尤指)墓志铭,碑文 something serving as a reminder of a person, time, or event(对人、时刻或事件的)纪念: The story makes a sorry epitaph to a great career. 该故事成了一个伟大事业的悲伤纪念。
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. epitaphe, via L. from Gk epitaphion 'funeral oration', neut. of ephitaphios 'over or at a tomb.

**epitaxy** /'epitæksi/ n. Crystallography 【晶】the growth of crystals on a crystalline substrate that determines their orientation 取向附生,外延
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epitaxial** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Fr. épitaxie, from Gk epi 'upon' + taxis 'arrangement.

**epithalamium** /epıə'lermiǝm/ n. (pl. epithalamiums or epithalamia) a song or poem celebrating a marriage(庆贺婚礼的)喜歌,颂诗
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epithalamic** /-'læmık/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk epithalamion, from epi 'upon' + thalamos 'bridal chamber.

**epithelium** /epr'i:liǝm/ n. (pl. epithelia /-liə/) Anatomy 【解】the thin tissue forming the outer layer of the body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures, especially that part derived from the embryonic ectoderm and endoderm上皮(组织)Compare with 比较 ENDOTHELIUM.
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epithelial** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: mod. L., from EPI- + Gk thēlē 'teat'.

**epithet** /'epreet/ n. an adjective or phrase expressing a characteristic quality or attribute of the person or thing mentioned(描述已提及的人或事物性质、特征的)表述词语
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epithetic** adj. **epithetical** adj. **epithetically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. épithète, or via L. from Gk epitheton, neut. of epithetos 'attributed', from epitithenai 'add.

**epitome** /'pıtəmi, e-/ n. 1 (the epitome of) a person or thing that is a perfect example of (a quality or type) 典型 2 a summary of a written work 概括,大要
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epitomist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk epitome, from epitemnein 'abridge.

**epitomize** or **epitomise** /1'pıtəmaız/ v. 1 be a perfect example of 代表,象征;为………的典型 2 archaic 【古】summarize (a written work)概括,总结(作品)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epitomization** n.

**epitope** /'epitǝup/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself 表位
> -ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from EPI- + Gk topos 'place.

**epizoic** /epr'zəuık/ adj. Biology 【生物】 living non-parasitically on the exterior of a living animal 体表传布的,体表生的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epizoite** /epr'zǝuait/ n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from EPI- + Gk zōion 'animal' + -IC.

**epizootic** /epizǝu'ptık/ adj. (of a disease) temporarily prevalent and widespread in an animal population(疾病)兽疫流行的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. épizootique, from épizootie, from Gk epi 'upon' + zōion 'animal.

**e pluribus unum** /er pluərıbus 'ju:num/ n. one out of many (the motto of the US) 合众为一(美国国训)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**EPNS** abbr. electroplated nickel silver 电镀锌白铜

**EPO** abbr. 1 erythropoietin (used especially when isolated as a drug)(促)红细胞生成素(尤用作药物) 2 European Patent Office 欧洲专利局

**epoch** /'i:pok, 'eppk/ n. a particular period of time in history 时期;时代 the beginning of a period in the history of someone or something 新纪元,新时期 Geology 【地质】 a division of time that is a subdivision of a period and is itself subdivided into ages, corresponding to a series 世 Astronomy 【天文】an arbitrarily fixed date relative to which planetary or stellar measurements are expressed 历元
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **epochal** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the L. form epocha): from mod. L. epocha, from Gk epokhe 'stoppage, fixed point of time, from epekhein 'stop, take up a position.

**epoch-making** adj. significant; historic 意义重大的,划时代的

**epode** /'epǝud/ n. 1 a form of lyric poem written in couplets, in which a long line is followed by a shorter one 长短句相间的抒情诗体 2 the third section of an ancient Greek choral ode, or of one division of such an ode (古希腊抒情颂歌或其一章的)第三节
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. épode, or via L. epodos, from Gk epõidos, from epi 'upon' + ōidē (see见ODE).

**eponym** /'epǝnım/ n. a word or name derived from the name of a person 人名名称(以某人的名字命名的词或名称) a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc. is named 名祖
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eponymous** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epõnumos 'given as a name, giving one's name to someone or something', from epi 'upon' + onoma 'name.

**EPOS** /'i:ppz, 'i:pps/ abbr. electronic point of sale 电子付款机,电子销售点

**epoxide** /'poksaid/ n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound whose molecule contains a three-membered ring involving an oxygen atom and two carbon atoms 环氧化物
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from EPI- + OXIDE.

**epoxy** /r'ppksi, e-/ n. (pl. epoxies) (also 亦作 epoxy resin) an adhesive, plastic, paint, etc. made from a class of synthetic polymers containing epoxide groups 环氧树脂 ■v. (epoxies, epoxying, epoxied) glue using an epoxy 用环氧树脂胶合
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from EPI- + OXY-2.

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**EPROM** /'i:prom/ n. Electronics 【电子】 a read-only memory whose contents can be erased by ultraviolet light or other means and reprogrammed using a pulsed voltage 可擦(可)编程只读存储器,电擦除可编程只读存储器
> -ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from erasable programmable ROM.

**EPS** abbr. earnings per share 每股收益

**epsilon** /'epsilon, ep'sailon/ n. the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet (E, ε), transliterated as 'e'艾普西(希腊字母表的第5个字母,译写作e) >[as modifier 作修饰语]denoting the fifth in a series of items or categories * E,E类(一组中的第5个)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Gk, 'bare or simple E', from psilos 'bare.

**Epsom salts** /'epsǝm/ pl. n. crystals of hydrated magnesium sulphate used as a purgative 泻(利)盐,(作泻药用的)含水硫酸镁
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the town of Epsom in Surrey, where the salts were first found occurring naturally.

**EPSRC** abbr. (in the UK) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(英国)工程与自然科学研究理事会

**Epstein-Barr virus** /epstain'ba:(r)/ (abbrev. 略作:EBV) n. Medicine 【医】 a herpesvirus causing glandular fever and associated with certain cancers *EB病毒
> -ORIGIN 词源 1960s: named after the British and Irish virologists Michael A. Epstein and Y. M. Barr.

**epyllion** /r'pıliən, e-/ n. (pl. epyllia) a narrative poem resembling an epic but of shorter extent 小型史诗,短叙事诗
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk epullion, dimin. of epos 'word, song, from eipein 'say'.

**EQ** abbr. (with reference to sound reproduction equalizer or equalization)均衡器;均压线;均衡

**equable** /'ekwəbl/ adj. 1 calm and even-tempered 冷静的;稳重的;平和的 2 not varying or fluctuating greatly 稳定的,变化小的: an equable climate 变化很小的气候
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equability** n. **equably** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'fair, equitable') : from L. aequabilis, from aequare (see 见 EQUATE).

**equal** /'i:kwəl/ adj. 1 being the same in quantity, size, degree, value, or status(在数量、大小、程度、价值或地位上)相等的,同样的 evenly or fairly balanced 均衡的,均等的: an equal contest 势均力敌的比赛 2(equal to) having the ability or resources to meet (a challenge)胜任(挑战)的;可应对(挑战)的 ■n. a person or thing that is equal to another 匹敌者,可相比拟的事物 ■V. (equals, equalling, equalled; US 【美】 equals, equaling, equaled) be equal or equivalent to 等于;跟………相等 match or rival 比得上,敌得过
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aequalis, from aequus 'even, level, equal.

**equalitarian** /1kwplı'teəriən, i:-/ n. another term for EGALITARIAN * egalitarian的另一种说法
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equalitarianism** n.

**equality** /i:'kwplǝti/ n. 1 the state of being equal 相等;平等;均等 2 Mathematics 【数】 a symbolic expression of the fact that two quantities are equal; an equation 等式
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. aequalitas, from aequalis (see见EQUAL).

**equalize** or **equalise** /'i:kwəlaız/ v. 1 make or become equal(使)变相等;(使)变平等;(使)变均衡 2 Brit.【英】level the score in a match by scoring a goal 打成平局;扳平 3 Electronics 【电子】 correct or modify (a signal) with an equalizer 使均衡
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equalization** n.

**equalizer** or **equaliser** /'i:kwəlaızə(r)/ n. 1 a thing that has an equalizing effect 使相等者;使平等者 >Brit.【英】 a goal that levels the score in a match 扳平比分的得分 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】a weapon, especially a gun 武器(尤指枪) 3 Electronics 【电子】a passive network designed to modify a frequency response, especially to compensate for distortion 均衡器;均压线

**equally** /'i:kwəli/ adv. 1 in an equal manner 相等地;平等地 2 in amounts or parts that are equal 平均地;等量地 3 to an equal degree 同等地,程度相同地

**equals sign** (also 亦作 **equal sign**) n. the symbol =等号(=)

**equanimity** /ekwǝ'nımıti, i:-/ n. calmness; composure 冷静;沉着;稳重;平和
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equanimous** /'kwænıməs, i:-/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. aequanimitas, from aequus 'equal' + animus 'mind.

**equant** /'i:kwənt/ n. Astronomy, historical【天文,史义】(in the Ptolemaic system) an imaginary circle that reconciles the planetary movements with the hypothesis of uniform circular motion(托勒玫体系中一条假想的)天体运行轨道
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. aequant-, aequare 'make equal.

**equate** /'kweit/ v. consider (one thing) as equal or equivalent to another 认为………与…相同(或相等) ➤ (equate to/with) be the same as or equivalent to与…相同(或相等) make equal 使相同;使相等
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equatable** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. aequat-, aequare 'make level or equal', from aequus (see见 EQUAL).

**equation** /ı'kwerzn/ n. 1 the process of equating one thing with another 等同;平衡 2 Mathematics 【数】 a statement that the values of two mathematical expressions are equal (indicated by the sign =) 方程 3 Chemistry 【化】 a symbolic representation of the changes which occur in a chemical reaction, expressed in terms of the formulae of the molecules or other species involved 反应式,化学方程式
> -PHRASES 短语 **equation of the first (or second etc.) order** Mathematics 【数】 an equation involving only the first derivative, second derivative, etc. 一阶(或二阶等)方程 **equation of state** Chemistry 【化】 an equation showing the relationship between the values of the pressure, volume, and temperature of a quantity of a particular substance 状态方程 **equation of time** the difference between mean solar time (as shown by clocks) and apparent time (indicated by sundials), which varies with the time of year 时差

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**-ORIGIN** 词源 ME: from L. aequatio(n-), from aequare (see见EQUATE).

**equator** /ı'kweitə(r)/ n. a line notionally drawn on the earth equidistant from the poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°赤道 >short for CELESTIAL EQUATOR * celestial equator 的缩略式
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. aequator, in the phr. circulus aequator diei et noctis 'circle equalizing day and night', from L. aequare (see 见 EQUATE).

**equatorial** /ekwǝ'təriəl/ adj. of, at, or near the equator(在)赤道的;赤道附近的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equatorially** adv.

**Equatorial Guinean** /'gıniǝn/ n. a native or inhabitant of the West African country of Equatorial Guinea 赤道几内亚 ■adj. relating to Equatorial Guinea or its people 赤道几内亚的;赤道几内亚人的

**equatorial mount** (also 亦作 **equatorial mounting**) n. Astronomy【天文】 a telescope mounting with one axis aligned to the celestial pole, which allows the movement of celestial objects to be followed by motion about this axis alone 赤道装置 Compare with 比较 ALTAZIMUTH (sense 1释义1).

**equatorial telescope** n. an astronomical telescope on an equatorial mount 赤道仪

**equerry** /'kweri, 'ekwəri/ n. (pl. equerries) 1 an officer of the British royal household who attends members of the royal family 英国王室侍卫官 2 historical 【史义】 an officer in a royal or noble household who was in charge of the stables(王室、贵族的)掌马官
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16 (formerly also as esquiry): from OFr. esquierie 'company of squires, prince's stables', from OFr. esquier 'esquire', perh. assoc. with L. equus 'horse.

**eques** /'ekweiz/ singular form of EQUITES * equites 的单数形式

**equestrian** /ı'kwestriǝn, e-/ adj. 1 relating to horse riding 骑马的;骑术的 2 depicting or representing a person on horseback 骑马者的 ■n.(fem.阴性 **equestrienne** /kwestri'en/) a person on horseback 骑马者:骑师
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. equester 'belonging to a horseman' (from eques 'horseman, knight', from equus 'horse') + -IAN.

**equestrianism** /r'kwestriǝnız(ǝ)m/ n. the skill or sport of horse riding(骑)马术

**equi-** /'i:kwi, 'ekwi-/ comb. form equal; equally 相等的;相等地: equidistant等距(离)的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L. aequi-, from aequus 'equal.

**equiangular** /i:kwi'ængjulə(r)/ adj. having equal angles 等角的

**equid** /'ekwid/ n. Zoology 【动】a mammal of the horse family (Equidae)马科动物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Equidae, from L. equus 'horse.

**equidistant** /i:kwı'dıst(ə)nt/ adj. at equal distances 等距的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equidistance** n. **equidistantly** adv.

**equilateral** /i:kwı'læt(ə)r(ə)l, ekwi-/ adj. having all its sides of the same length 等边的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. équilateral or late L. aequilateralis, from aequilaterus 'equal-sided' (based on L. latus, later- 'side').

**equilibrate** /i:kwr'laıbreit, r'kwılı-, i:'kwılı-/ v. technical 【技】bring into, attain, or maintain a state of equilibrium 使(保持)平衡;使(保持)均衡
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equilibration** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. aequilibrat-, aequilibrare 'cause to balance', from aequi- 'equally' + libra 'balance.

**equilibrist** /1'kwılıbrıst, i:'kwılı-, ek'w1-/ n. dated 【过时】 an acrobat, especially a tightrope walker 表演平衡技巧的杂技演员(尤指走钢索者)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from EQUILIBRIUM + -IST.

**equilibrium** /i:kwılıbriǝm, ekwi-/ n. (pl. equilibria /-riǝ/) 1 a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced 均势 the state of being physically balanced 平衡;均衡 2 a calm state of mind 平静;冷静 3 Chemistry 【化】 a state in which a process and its reverse are occurring at equal rates so that no overall change is taking place 平衡 4 Economics【经】 a situation in which supply and demand are matched and prices stable (供求)平衡,均衡
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equilibrial** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. aequilibrium, from aequi- 'equal' + libra 'balance.

**equine** /'i:kwaın, 'e-/ adj. relating to or affecting horses or other members of the horse family 马的;马科的 resembling a horse 似马的 ■n. a horse or other member of the horse family马;马科动物
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. equinus, from equus 'horse'.

**equinoctial** /i:kwr'nokfl, ekwi-/ adj. 1 relating to or at the time of the equinox 二分点的 2 at or near the equator(近)赤道的 ■n.(also 亦作 **equinoctial line**) another term for CELESTIAL EQUATOR * celestial equator 的另一种说法

**equinoctial point** n. either of two points at which the ecliptic cuts the celestial equator 二分点

**equinoctial year** n. another term for SOLAR YEAR * solar year 的另一种说法

**equinox** /'i:kwinpks, 'ekwi-/ n. the time or date (twice each year, about 22 September and 20 March) at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of equal length二分点(每年两次,在9月22日和3月20日左右) another term for EQUINOCTIAL POINT * equinoctial point 的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. equinoxe or L. aequinoctium, from aequi- 'equal' + nox, noct- 'night.

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**equip** /1'kwip/ v. (equips, equipping, equipped) 1 supply with the items needed for a particular purpose 配备,装备 2 prepare(someone) mentally for a situation or task(在心理上)使有准备,训练
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equipper** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. équiper, prob. from ON skipa 'to man a ship', from skip 'ship.

**equipage** /'ekwıpıd3/ n. 1 archaic 【古】 equipment 装备,用具 2 historical 【史义】a carriage and horses with attendants 车马随从
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16(denoting the crew of a ship): from Fr. équipage, from équiper 'equip.

**equipartition** /i:kwipa:'tın/ (also 亦作 **equipartition of energy**) n. Physics 【物】 the principle that the kinetic energy of a system is equally distributed among its various degrees of freedom(能量)均分
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equipartitioned** adj.

**equipment** /r'kwıpmənt/ n. 1 the items needed for a particular purpose设备;器械;用具 2 the process of supplying these items 配备,装备
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. équipement, from équiper 'equip.

**equipoise** /'ekwipǝız, 'i:kwI-/ n. balance of forces or interests(力量或利益的)平衡,均势 a counterbalance or balancing force均衡力,平衡力 ■v. balance or counterbalance (something)使平衡
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from EQUI- + the noun POISE¹, replacing the phr. equal poise.

**equipollent** /i:kwippl(ə)nt, ekwi-/ adj. archaic 【古】 equal in power, effect, or significance(力量、效能、意义)均等的,相等的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equipollence** n. **equipollency** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. equipolent, from L.aequipollent- 'of equal value', from aequi- 'equally' + pollere 'be strong.

**equipotent** /i:kwi'pǝut(ə)nt, ekwI-/ adj. (chiefly of chemicals and medicines) having equal potencies (主要指化学品或药品)等效的,等力的

**equipotential** /i:kwipǝ(u)'tenfl/ adj. Physics【物】 (of a surface or line) composed of points all at the same potential(平面或线)等势的,等位的 ■n. an equipotential line or surface 等势线,等位线;等势面,等位面

**equiprobable** /i:kwı'probəbl/ adj. Mathematics & Logic【数,逻】(of two or more things) equally probable(两个或多个事物)等概率的,等盖然性的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equiprobability** n.

**equisetum** /ekwı'si:təm/ n. (pl. equiseta /-tə/ or equisetums) Botany 【植】 a plant of a genus that comprises the horsetails 木贼 [Genus Equisetum.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. equus 'horse' + saeta 'bristle'.

**equitable** /'ekwıtəbl/ adj. 1 fair and impartial 公平的;公正的 2 Law 【律】 valid in equity as distinct from law(按照)衡平法(原则)的,衡平法上有效的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equitability** n. **equitableness** n. **equitably** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. équitable, from équité (see 见EQUITY).

**equitant** /'ekwit(ə)nt/ adj. Botany 【植】(of a leaf) having its base folded and partly enclosing the leaf next above it, as in an iris(叶子)套折的,叠片的(如鸢尾属植物的叶子)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. equitant-, equitare 'ride a horse.

**equitation** /ekwi'tersn/ n. formal 【正式】the art and practice of horse riding 骑(马)术;骑马
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. équitation or L. equitatio(n-), from equitare 'ride a horse', from eques, equit- 'horseman' (from equus 'horse').

**equites** /'ekwiterz/ pl. n. (sing. eques) (in ancient Rome) a class of citizens originally forming the cavalry of the Roman army, who later came to acquire considerable wealth and political importance(古罗马的)骑士阶层(最初为罗马军团骑士团的组成者,后成为有钱有势的特权阶层)
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., pl. of eques 'horseman.

**equity** /'ekwiti/ n. (pl. equities) 1 the quality of being fair and impartial 公平,公正 2 Law【律】a branch of law that developed alongside common law and is concerned with fairness and justice, formerly administered in special courts 衡平法 3 the value of the shares issued by a company(公司的)股本 > (equities) stocks and shares that carry no fixed interest(股息不定的)普通股,股票 4 the value of a mortgaged property after deduction of charges against it 资产净值 5(Equity) a trade union for professional actors 演员工会
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. equité, from L. aequitas, from aequus 'equal.

**equity of redemption** n. Law 【律】 the right of a mortgagor over the mortgaged property, especially the right to redeem the property on payment of the principal, interest, and costs(尤指抵押人在付清本金、利息和各种费用后)赎回抵押品的权利

**equivalence** /r'kwIV(ə)l(ə)ns/ n. the condition of being equal or equivalent in value, function, etc.(价值、功能等的)相等,等效,等值
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equivalency** n.

**equivalence class** n. Mathematics & Logic 【数,逻】 the class of all members of a set that are in a given equivalence relation 等价类

**equivalence relation** n. Mathematics & Logic【数,逻】a relation between elements of a set which is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive and which defines exclusive classes whose members bear the relation to each other and not to those in other classes 等价关系

**equivalent** /1'kwIV(ə)l(ə)nt/ adj. 1 equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.(价值、数量、功能、意义等)相等的,等值的 >(equivalent to) having the same or a similar effect as 等效的 2 Mathematics 【数】 belonging to the same equivalence class 等价的,等势的,等积的 ■n.1 a person or thing that is equivalent to another 对等的人,相等物;等价物 2(also 亦作 **equivalent weight**) Chemistry【化】 the mass of a particular substance that can combine with or displace one gram of hydrogen or eight grams of oxygen, used in expressing combining powers of elements 当量
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equivalently** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from late L. aequivalent-, aequivalere 'be of equal worth.

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**equivocal** /r'kwıvəkl/ adj. open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous 有歧义的;模棱两可的;含糊的 > questionable or uncertain 可疑的;不确定的: The results of the analysis were equivocal. 分析结果值得怀疑。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equivocality** n. **equivocally** adv. **equivocalness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. aequivocus, from L. aequus 'equally' + vocare 'to call.

**equivocate** /r'kwıvǝkeit/ v. use ambiguous or evasive language 支吾;含糊其词;搪塞
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **equivocation** n. **equivocator** n. **equivocatory** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. aequivocat-, aequivocare 'call by the same name', from aequivocus(see见 EQUIVOCAL).

**equivoque** /'i:kwıvǝuk, 'ekwI-/ (also亦作 **equivoke**) n. archaic 【古】 an ambiguous expression or pun 模棱两可的说法,双关语
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. equivoque or late L. aequivocus (see 见 EQUIVOCAL).

**ER** abbr. 1 N. Amer. 【北美】emergency room 急救室 2 King Edward 爱德华国王 [from L. Edwardus Rex.] 3 Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王 [from L. Elizabetha Regina.]

**Er** symb. the chemical element erbium (化学元素)铒

**er** /3:(r)/ exclam. expressing hesitation 哦(表示犹豫)
> -ORIGIN词源 C19: natural utterance.

**-er¹** /ə(r)/ suffix 1 denoting a person or thing that performs a specified action or activity 做………动作的人(或物);从事……活动的人(或物): farmer 农夫 2 denoting a person or thing that has a specified attribute or form 有･･･特性(或形式)的人(或物): two-wheeler 两轮车 3 denoting a person concerned with a specified thing与………有关的人: milliner 女帽制造商 4 denoting a person belonging to a specified place or group 属于某地(或某个群体)的人:city-dweller 城市居民
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE -ere, of Gmc origin.

**-er²** /ə(r)/ suffix forming the comparative of adjectives (as in bigger) and adverbs (as in faster) 构成形容词和副词的比较级(如bigger, faster)
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE suffix-ra (adjectival), -or (adverbial), of Gmc origin.

**-er³** /ə(r)/ suffix forming nouns used informally, usually by distortion of the root word 构成非正式文体名词,通常改变词根: footer页脚
> -ORIGIN 词源 ptob. an extended use of -ER¹; orig. Rugby School sl., later adopted at Oxford University.

**-er⁴** /ə(r)/ suffix forming frequentative verbs such as patter 构成反复动词(如patter 小步快跑)
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE-erian, -rian, of Gmc origin.

**-er⁵** /ə(r)/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 such as sampler(如 sample刺绣样品) Compare with比较-AR¹. [ending corresponding to L. -aris.] >such as butler, danger(如 butler 男管家,danger 危险) [ending corresponding to L. -arius, -arium.] >such as border(如 border 边界) [ending corresponding (via OFr. -eure) to L. -atura.] >such as laver(如 laver 水盆) See 见 LAVER². [ending corresponding (via OFr.-eor) to L.-atorium.] 2 equivalent to同-OR¹
> -ORIGIN 词源 via OFr. or Anglo-Norman Fr. (see见 ABOVE).

**-er⁶** /ǝ(r)/ suffix chiefly Law【主律】(forming nouns) denoting verbal action or a document effecting such action(构成名词)表示动作行为或影响该动作行为的文件): disclaimer 弃权
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Anglo-Norman Fr. (infin. ending).

**era** /'ıǝrǝ/ n. a long and distinct period of history 时代;历史时期 Geology 【地质】 a major division of time that is a subdivision of an aeon and is itself subdivided into periods 代
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. aera, denoting a number used as a basis of reckoning, an epoch from which time is reckoned, pl. of aes, aer- 'money, counter'.

**eradicate** /'rædikeit/ v. remove or destroy completely 根除;消灭;杜绝
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eradicable** adj. **eradicant** n. **eradication** n. **eradicator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. eradicat-, eradicare 'tear up by the roots.

**eradicated** /1'rædikeitid/ adj. [postpos. 后置] Heraldry【纹章】(of a tree or plant) depicted with the roots exposed (树或植物)根部描绘出的,根部雕出的

**erase** /'reiz/ v. rub out or obliterate; remove all traces of 擦掉,抹去;消除(或清除)……的痕迹
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erasable** adj. **erasure** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16(orig. as a heraldic term meaning 'represent the head or limb of an animal with a jagged edge'): from L. eras-, eradere 'scrape away.

**eraser** /r'reızə(r)/ n. a piece of rubber or plastic used to rub out something written 擦除器;橡皮

**Erastianism** /ı'ræstiǝnız(ə)m/ n. the doctrine that the state should have supremacy over the Church in ecclesiastical matters (wrongly attributed to the 16th-century Swiss theologian Thomas Lieber Erastus)埃拉斯都主义(主张在教会事务方面国家应该凌驾于教会之上,被错误地认为是埃拉斯都所创)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Erastian** n. & adj.

**erbium** /'3:biǝm/ n. the chemical element of atomic number 68, a soft silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series 铒(化学元素,原子序数为68,银灰色稀土金属)(Symbol 符: Er)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: mod. L., from Ytterby (see见 YTTERBIUM).

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**ere** /eǝ(r)/ prep. & conj. literary or archaic 【文或古】 before (in time)(时间上)在……之前,在……以前
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE ær, of Gmc origin.

**erect** /r'rekt/ adj. rigidly upright or straight竖直的;挺直的 >(of the penis, clitoris, or nipples) enlarged and rigid, especially in sexual excitement (尤指性兴奋时阴茎、阴蒂、乳头)勃起的 ■V. construct (a building, wall, etc.)建造(楼房、墙壁等) > create or establish (a theory or system)创立(理论);建立(体制)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erectable** adj. **erectly** adv. **erectness** n. **erector** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. erect-, erigere 'set up.

**erectile** /1'rektaıl/ adj. able to become erect 可竖立的;能挺直的 >denoting tissues which are capable of becoming temporarily engorged with blood, particularly those of the penis or other sexual organs 可勃起的 >relating to the capability of the penis to become erect与勃起能力有关的

**erection** /ı'rekſn/ n. 1 the action of erecting竖立:建造;建立 2 a building or other upright structure 竖立物;建筑物 3 an erect state of the penis(阴茎的)勃起

**E-region** n. another term for E-LAYER * E-layer 的另一种说法

**eremite** /'erımart/ n. a Christian hermit 遁世的基督徒,隐士
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eremitic** adj. **eremitical** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. eremite from late L. eremita (see见 HERMIT).

**erethism** /'erıdız(ǝ)m/ n. 1 excessive sensitivity to stimulation of a part of the body, especially the sexual organs(对身体某部位尤其性器官的刺激)兴奋增强,兴奋过度 2 a state of abnormal mental excitement or irritation(不正常的)兴奋增盛;恼火
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. éréthisme, from Gk erethismos, from erethizein 'irritate.

**erewhile** /eǝ'waıl/ adv. archaic 【古】 some time ago 片刻前,不久前
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from ERE + WHILE.

**erg¹** /3:g/ n. Physics 【物】 a unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one dyne when its point of application moves one centimetre in the direction of action of the force尔格(功或能的单位)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk ergon 'work.

**erg²** /3:g/ n. (pl. ergs or areg /'a:reg/) an area of shifting sand dunes in the Sahara(撒哈拉大沙漠中有移动沙丘的)沙质沙漠
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Arab. 'irk, 'erg.

**ergative** /'3:gǝtıv/ Grammar 【语法】 ■adj. 1 (in some languages, e.g. Basque) relating to or denoting a case of nouns that identifies the doer of an action as the object rather than the subject of a verb(某些语言,如巴斯克语中的)作格的 2 (in English) denoting verbs which can be used both transitively and intransitively to describe the same action, with the object in the former case being the subject in the latter, as in I boiled the kettle and the kettle boiled. (英语)作格动词的,非受格动词的 Compare with 比较 INCHOATIVE. ■n. an ergative word or the ergative case 作格动词,非受格动词;作格
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ergativity** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk ergates 'worker' (from ergon 'work') + -IVE.

**ergo** /'3:gǝu/ adv. therefore 因此
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**ergocalciferol** /13:gǝ(0)kæl'sıfərdl/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】another term for CALCIFEROL (vitamin D₂) * calciferol (vitamin D,)的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of ERGOT and CALCIFEROL.

**ergodic** /3:'gpdık/ adj. Mathematics 【数】 denoting systems or processes which, given sufficient time, include or impinge on all points in a given space 遍历(性)的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ergodicity** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Ger. ergoden, from Gk ergon 'work' + hodos 'way' + -IC.

**ergometer** /3:'gpmitə(r)/ n. an apparatus which measures work or energy expended during a period of physical exercise 测力计

**ergonomics** /13:gə'nDmıks/ pl. n. [treated as sing. 视作单数] the study of people's efficiency in their working environment 工效学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ergonomic** adj. **ergonomically** adv. **ergonomist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Gk ergon 'work', on the pattern of economics.

**ergosterol** /3:'gpstǝrpl/ n. a compound present in many fungi which is converted to vitamin D, when irradiated with ultraviolet light 麦角固醇
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from ERGOT, on the pattern of cholesterol.

**ergot** /'3:gpt/ n. 1 a fungal disease of rye and other cereals, forming black elongated fruiting bodies which are a source of various medicinal alkaloids 麦角病 2 a small horny protuberance on the back of a horse's fetlock 距毛角质
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from OFr. argot 'cock's spur' (because of the appearance produced by the disease).

**ergotamine** /3:'gptəmi:n/ n. Medicine 【医】an ergot alkaloid that causes constriction of blood vessels and is used to treat migraine 麦角胺

**ergotism** /'3:gətiz(ə)m/ n. poisoning produced by eating food affected by ergot, typically resulting in headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, and gangrene of the fingers and toes 麦角中毒

**erhu** /3:'hu:/ n. a Chinese two-stringed musical instrument held in the lap and played with a bow 二胡(中国弦乐器,有两根弦)
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Chin. èr 'two' + hú 'bowed instrument.

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**erica** /'erıkə/ n. a plant of a large genus including the heaths 欧石楠[Genus Erica.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk ereikē.

**ericaceous** /erı'keıfəs/ adj. Botany 【植】 1 relating to or denoting plants of the heather family (Ericaceae) 欧石楠属的 2(of compost) suitable for heathers and other lime-hating plants(堆肥)适合欧石楠属植物使用的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Ericaceae (pl.), from the genus name Erica(see见ERICA).

**erigeron** /r'rıdzərən,e-/ n. a herbaceous plant of the daisy family 飞蓬 [Genus Erigeron.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L., 'groundsel' (the original sense in Engl.), from Gk ērigerōn, from ēri 'early' + gerōn 'old man' (because the plant flowers early in the year, and some species bear grey down).

**Erin** /'erın, 'ıǝrın/ n. archaic or literary 【古或文】 Ireland 爱尔兰
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Ir. Ériu, Éirinn.

**Erinys** /e'rınıS/ n. (pl. Erinyes /e'rınii:z/) (in Greek mythology) a Fury厄里傀厄斯(希腊神话中的复仇女神)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk.

**eristic** /e'rıstık/ formal 【正式】 adj. of or characterized by debate or argument争论的,辩论的 >(of an argument or arguer) aiming at winning rather than at reaching the truth(争论或争论者)争胜(而非争理)的,不饶人的,诡辩的 ■n. a person given to debate or argument争论者,辩论者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eristically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk eristikos, from erizein 'to wrangle', from eris 'strife.

**Eritrean** /eri'treıən/ n. a native or inhabitant of the independent state of Eritrea in NE Africa 厄立特里亚人 ■adj. relating to Eritrea or its inhabitants 厄立特里亚的;厄立特里亚人的

**erk** /3:k/ n. Brit. informal, dated【英,非正式,过时】a male member of the RAF of the lowest rank(英国皇家空军)军衔最低的男性士兵
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s: of unknown origin.

**erl-king** /'3:lkıŋ/ n. (in Germanic mythology) a bearded giant or goblin believed to lure little children to the land of death 恶尔精(日耳曼神话中引诱小孩到死亡之地的大胡子巨人或小精灵)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ger. Erlkönig 'alder-king', a mistranslation of Dan. ellerkonge 'king of the elves.

**ERM** abbr. (European) Exchange Rate Mechanism (欧洲的)汇率机制

**ermine** /'3:mın/ ■n. (pl. same 单复同or ermines) 1 a stoat 白鼬 the white winter fur of the stoat, used for trimming the ceremonial robes of judges or peers 白鼬的冬季白色毛皮 Heraldry 【纹章】fur represented as black spots on a white ground, as a heraldic tincture 黑点白底毛皮 2 a stout-bodied moth that has cream or white wings with black spots 雪灯蛾 [Genus Spilosoma: several species.]
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ermined** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. hermine, prob. from med. L. (mus) Armenius 'Armenian (mouse)'.

**-ern** /ən/ suffix forming adjectives such as northern 构成形容词(如northern北方的)
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE-erne, of Gmc origin.

**erne** /3:n/ n. literary 【文】 the sea eagle 海雕
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE earn eagle', of Gmc origin.

**Ernie** /'3:ni/ n. (in the UK) the computer that randomly selects the prize-winning numbers of Premium Bonds(英国)欧尼摇奖机
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: acronym from electronic random number indicator equipment.

**erode** /ı'rǝud/ v. 1 (with reference to the action of wind, water, etc. on the land) gradually wear or be worn away(风、水等)侵蚀,腐蚀,磨损 2 gradually destroy or weaken 逐渐破坏(或损害);逐渐削弱: Parliament's authority has been eroded by successive governments.议会的权威被连续的几届政府削弱了。 > Medicine【医】(of a disease) gradually destroy (bodily tissue)(疾病)损害(身体组织)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erodible** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr. éroder or L. erodere, from e- (var. of ex-) 'out, away' + rodere 'gnaw'.

**erogenous** /t'rpdzınǝs, e-/ adj. (of a part of the body) sensitive to sexual stimulation(身体部位)对性刺激敏感的
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from EROS + -GENOUS.

**Eros** /'Iǝrds/ n. 1 sexual love or desire 性爱;性欲 2 (in Freudian theory) the life instinct(弗洛伊德理论中的)生存本能 Often contrasted with 常对照 THANATOS. 3 (in Jungian psychology) the principle of personal relatedness in human activities, associated with the anima (荣格心理学中的)爱欲,情欲(指人类活动中的个人相关原则,同真实人格相关联) Often contrasted with 常对照 LOGOS.
> -ORIGIN 词源 L. from Gk erōs, lit. 'sexual love' (also the name of the god of love in Greek mythology).

**erosion** /ı'rǝuzn/ n. 1 the process or result of eroding or being eroded 侵蚀;腐蚀;磨损;受蚀 2 Medicine 【医】 a place where surface tissue has been gradually destroyed 糜烂
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erosional** adj. **erosive** adj.

**erotic** /r'rptık/ adj. relating to or tending to arouse sexual desire or excitement (引起) 性欲的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erotically** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. érotique, from Gk erōtikos, from erōs, erōt- 'sexual love.

**erotica** /ı'rptıkǝ/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] erotic literature or art 色情文学;色情艺术
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk erōtika, neut.pl. of erotikos (see见EROTIC).

**eroticism** /I'rptısız(ə)m/ n. 1 the quality or character of being erotic 色情性 2 sexual desire or excitement 性欲;性冲动

**eroticize** or **eroticise** /I'rptısaız/ v. give erotic qualities to 使色情
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eroticization** n.

**erotism** /'erǝtız(ə)m/ n. sexual desire or excitement 性欲;性兴奋
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk erős, erōt- 'sexual love' + -ISM.

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**eroto-** /1'rptǝu/ comb. form relating to eroticism与性欲(或色情)有关的: erotomania 色情狂
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk erős, erōt- 'sexual love.

**erotogenic** /1,rətə'dzenık/ (also 亦作 **erotogenous** /erǝ'todzınǝs/) adj. another term for EROGENOUS * erogenous 的另一种说法

**erotology** /erǝ'tələdzi/ n. the study of sexual love and behaviour 性爱学

**erotomania** /1rptǝ(u)'merniə/ n. 1 excessive sexual desire 色情狂 2 Psychiatry 【精神】a delusion in which a person (typically a woman) believes that another person (typically of higher social status) is in love with them(尤指女性对社会地位通常比自己高的人的)色情妄想
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erotomaniac** n.

**err** /3:(r)/ v. be mistaken or incorrect 犯错误;出差错 > [often as adj.常作形容词 **erring**] do wrong 作恶,犯罪;犯过错
> -PHRASES 短语 **err on the side of** display more rather than less of (a quality)宁可过分表现(某品质);失之: It is better to err on the side of caution.宁可过分谨慎,这才是最稳妥的。
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. errer, from L. errare 'to stray.

**errand** /'erǝnd/ n. a short journey made to deliver or collect something, especially on someone else's behalf(尤指代表他人的短程的)差事,差使
> -PHRASES 短语 **errand of mercy** a journey or mission carried out to help someone in difficulty or danger 仁慈之行,行善的使命
> -ORIGIN 词源 OEærende 'message, mission', of Gmc origin.

**errant** /'er(ə)nt/ adj. 1 formal or humorous【正式或幽】erring or straying from the accepted course or standards离开正道的;脱离标准的 not in the right place; having moved from the correct position or course 错位的: an errant strand of hair 一绺乱发 2 archaic or literary 【古或文】 travelling in search of adventure 漫游的;游侠的 See also 另见 KNIGHT ERRANT. 3 Zoology 【动】 (of a polychaete worm) of a predatory kind that moves about actively and is not confined to a tube or burrow(多毛类动物)游走的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **errancy** n. **errantry** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: sense 1 from L. errant-, errare 'err'; sense 2 from OFr. errant 'travelling', pres. part. of errer, from late L. iterare 'go on a journey', from iter 'journey.

**erratic** /ı'rætık/ adj. not even or regular in pattern or movement 不稳定的;不规则的 ■n. (also亦作 **erratic block** or **boulder**) Geology 【地质】a large rock that differs from the surrounding rock, brought from a distance by glacial action 漂石,漂砾,巨砾
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erratically** adv. **erraticism** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. erratique, from L. erraticus, from errare 'to stray, err.

**erratum** /e'ra:təm, -reit-/ n. (pl. errata) an error in printing or writing(印刷或书写中的)错误 > (errata) a list of corrected errors appended to a publication 勘误表
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., 'error', neut. past part. of errare 'err'.

**erroneous** /ı'rǝuniǝs, e-/ adj. wrong; incorrect 错误的,不正确的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erroneously** adv. **erroneousness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. erroneus (from erro(n-) 'vagabond', from errare 'to stray, err') + -ous.

**error** /'erə(r)/ n. 1 a mistake错误,差错 the state of being wrong in conduct or judgement 犯错误,出错 2 technical 【技】 a measure of the estimated difference between the observed or calculated value of a quantity and its true value 误差
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **errorless** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. error, from errare 'to stray, err.

**error bar** n. Mathematics 【数】 a line through a point on a graph, parallel to one of the axes, which represents the uncertainty or error of the corresponding coordinate of the point 误差棒(指穿过图形上某一点的与一条轴平行的线,表示该点对应坐标的不确定性或误差)

**-ers** /3:z/ suffix forming colloquial nouns and adjectives (such as preggers for pregnant)构成用于口语的名词和形容词(如用preggers 表示 pregnant)
> -ORIGIN 词源 extension of -ER³.

**ersatz** /'3:sæts, 'eǝ-/ adj. (of a product) made or used as an inferior substitute for something else (质量低劣的产品)代用的 not real or genuine 假的: ersatz emotion 虚假的感情
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., lit. 'replacement.

**Erse** /3:s/ n. dated 【过时】 the Scottish or Irish Gaelic language 苏格兰(或爱尔兰)盖尔语
> -ORIGIN 词源 early Scots form of IRISH.

**erst** /3:st/ adv. archaic 【古】 long ago; formerly 很久以前,往昔
> -ORIGIN 词源 OEærest, superlative ofær (see 见ERE).

**erstwhile** /'3:stwail/ adj. former从前的,过去的 ■adv. archaic【古】formerly从前,过去

**erubescent** /eru'bes(ə)nt/ adj. rare 【罕】 reddening; blushing 发红的,变红的,脸红的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. erubescent-, erubescere 'redden.

**erucic acid** /r'ru:sık/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a fatty acid present in mustard and rape seeds 芥子酸
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: erucic from L. eruca 'rocket' (denoting the plant) + -Ic.

**eructation** /i:rak'tern, I-, e-/ n. formal【正式】a belch打嗝;嗝出物
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. eructatio(n-), from eructare, from e- (var. of ex-) 'out' + ructare 'belch.

**erudite** /'erudart/ adj. having or showing great knowledge or learning 博学的,有学问的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eruditely** adv. **erudition** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. eruditus, from erudire 'instruct, train' (based on rudis 'rude, untrained').

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**erupt** /I'rApt/ v. 1 (of a volcano) forcefully eject lava, rocks, ash, or gases (火山)喷发 2 break out suddenly 突然发生;爆发:Fierce fighting erupted. 突然爆发了激战。 3(often 常用 **erupt in**) give vent to feelings in a sudden and noisy way 宣泄感情: They erupted in fits of laughter. 他们发出阵阵笑声。 4(of a spot, rash, etc.) suddenly appear on the skin(丘疹等)突然出现;(皮肤上)发疹,出疹 5(of a tooth) break through the gums(牙齿)长出,萌出
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eruptive** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. erupt-, erumpere 'break out.

**eruption** /r'rap.fn/ n. 1 an act or instance of erupting 喷发;爆发;发疹 2 a spot or rash appearing suddenly on the skin 疹子

**eruv** /eruv/ n. (pl. eruvim /eruvim/, eruvs) Judaism 【优】 an enclosed urban area in which activities normally forbidden in public on the Sabbath are allowed to take place (the boundary wire symbolically extending the private domain of a Jewish household)开戒区,特许区(指在城区划出的一片地方,允许在此举行本应在安息日禁止的公共活动,这一界限象征性地扩大了犹太家庭的私人活动范围)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Heb. 'ērüb, from a base meaning 'mixture.

**-ery** /ǝri/ (also 亦作 **-ry**) suffix forming nouns 构成名词: 1 denoting a class or kind 表示一类或一种: greenery 绿色植物 2 denoting an occupation, a state or condition, or behaviour 表示职业、状态或行为: archery 射箭 | bravery 勇气 >with derogatory reference 含贬义:tomfoolery愚蠢的举动 3 denoting a place set aside for an activity or a grouping of things 表示场所: rookery 群栖处;贫民窟
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -erie, based on L. -arius and -ator.

**eryngium** /r'rındziəm/ n. (pl. eryngiums) sea holly or a related plant 刺芹 [Genus Eryngium.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: mod. L., from L. eryngion, from a dimin. of Gk ērungos.

**erysipelas** /erı'sıpılǝs/ n. Medicine 【医】 a skin disease caused by a streptococcus and characterized by large raised red patches on the face and legs 丹毒
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via L. from Gk erusipelas; perh. rel. to eruthros 'red' and pella 'skin.

**erysipeloid** /eri'sıpələıd/ n. Medicine 【医】a bacterial dermatitis of the hands, occurring mainly among handlers of meat and fish products 类丹毒

**erythema** /erı'Ѳi:mǝ/ n. Medicine 【医】 superficial reddening of the skin caused by dilatation of the blood capillaries, as a result of injury or irritation 红斑
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erythemal** adj. **erythematous** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk eruthēma, from eruthainein 'be red', from eruthros 'red'.

**erythrism** /'erırız(ǝ)m/ n. Zoology 【动】a congenital condition of abnormal redness in an animal's fur, plumage, or skin 红须发
> -ORIGIN 词源C19: from Gk eruthros 'red' + -ISM.

**erythro-** /ırırǝ(u)/ comb. form red (used commonly in zoological and medical terms)红(色)的,赤的;红细胞的(通常用于动物学和医学术语): erythrocyte 红细胞
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk eruthros 'red'.

**erythroblast** /ırırǝ(u)blæst/ n. Physiology【生理】 an immature erythrocyte, containing a nucleus 成红血细胞
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erythroblastic** adj.

**erythroblastosis** /ırırǝ(0)blæs'tǝusis/ n. Medicine 【医】the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood 成红血细胞增多

**erythrocyte** /ırırǝ(u)sait/ n. a red blood cell (typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus) that contains the pigment haemoglobin and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues 红细胞
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erythrocytic** adj.

**erythrogenic** /ırırǝ(0)'dzenik/ adj. Medicine 【医】 (of a bacterial toxin) causing inflammation and reddening of the skin(细菌毒素)引起红斑的

**erythroid** /'erierǝıd/ adj. Physiology 【生理】 relating to erythrocytes 红细胞的

**erythromycin** /1,rırǝ(u)'maısın/ n. Medicine 【医】an antibiotic obtained from a streptomycete bacterium (Streptomyces erythreus)红霉素
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from elements of the mod. L. taxonomic name (see above) + -IN¹.

**erythronium** /erı'ərəuniəm/ n. (pl. erythroniums or erythronia /-iǝ/) a plant of a genus which includes dog's-tooth violet 赤莲,猪牙花(包括犬齿赤莲)[Genus Erythronium.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk (saturion) eruthronion 'red-flowered (orchid)

**erythropoiesis** /ırırǝ(u)pǝr'i:sIs/ n. Physiology 【生理】the production of red blood cells 红细胞发生
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **erythropoietic** adj.

**erythropoietin** /ırırǝ(u)por'etın/ n. Biochemistry 【生化】a cytokine (type of protein) secreted in the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues(促)红细胞生成素

**ES** abbr. El Salvador (international vehicle registration)萨尔瓦多(国际车船注册)

**Es** symb. the chemical element einsteinium(化学元素)锿

**-es¹** /iz/ suffix 1 forming plurals of nouns ending in sibilant sounds 构成以咝音结尾的名词复数:kisses吻 2 forming plurals of certain nouns ending in -o 构成一些以-0结尾的名词复数: potatoes 土豆
> -ORIGIN 词源 var. of -s¹.

**-es²** /iz/ suffix forming the third person singular of the present tense 构成第三人称单数现在时:1 in verbs ending in sibilant sounds 加在以咝音结尾的动词后: pushes 推 2 in verbs ending in -o(but not-00)加在以-0(但非-00)结尾的动词后: goes 去
> -ORIGIN 词源 var. of -s².

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**ESA** abbr. 1 (in the UK) Environmentally Sensitive Area(英国)环境敏感地区 2 European Space Agency 欧洲空间局

**ESC** abbr. Economic and Social Committee (欧洲)经济和社会委员会

**escabeche** /eskə'bef, 'eskǝbef/ n. a dish of fish that is fried then marinated in vinegar and spices 醋味油炸鱼
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Sp.

**escadrille** /eskə'drıl/ n. a French squadron of aircraft(法国的)飞行中队
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'flotilla, flight.

**escalade** /eskə'leid/ n. historical 【史义】 the scaling of fortified walls using ladders, as a form of military attack 登云梯攻城;(用梯子)攀登城垣
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., or from Sp. escalada, escalado, from med. L. scalare 'to scale, climb', from L. scala 'ladder.

**escalate** /'eskǝleit/ v. 1 increase rapidly 迅速上升;迅速增加 2 become or make more intense or serious (使)升级,(使)恶化,加剧
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **escalation** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1920s (in the sense 'travel on an escalator'): back-form. from ESCALATOR.

**escalator** /'eskəleıtə(r)/ n. a moving staircase consisting of a circulating belt of steps driven by a motor 自动扶梯,电动楼梯
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.(orig. US, as a trade name): from escalade 'climb a wall by ladder' (from ESCALADE), on the pattern of elevator.

**escalator clause** (also 亦作 **escalation clause**) n. a clause in a contract that allows for a rise in wages or prices under certain conditions 伸缩条款

**escallonia** /eskə'ləuniə/ n. an evergreen South American shrub with pink or white flowers 鼠刺 [Genus Escallonia.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the 18th-cent. Spanish traveller Escallon, who discovered the plants.

**escallop** /r'skælǝp, e-, -'skol-/ n. 1 variant spelling of ESCALOPE * escalope 的另一种拼法 2 another term for SCALLOP (sense 2 of the nuon) * scallop(名词释义2)的另一种说法 3 Heraldry【纹章】a scallop shell as a charge 扇贝壳图案 ■v.(escallops, escalloping, escalloped) another term for SCALLOP (sense 3 of the verb) * scallop(动词释义3)的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. escalope 'shell.

**escalope** /r'skælǝp, e-, -'skol-, 'eskələup/ n. a thin slice of coated and fried meat, especially veal(外裹面包屑、油煎的)薄肉片(尤指小牛肉)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr.; cf. ESCALLOP and SCALLOP.

**escapade** /'eskǝpeid, eskə'peid/ n. an incident involving daring and adventure 胡作非为;越轨事件;冒险行为
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17(in the sense 'an escape'): from Fr., from Provençal or Sp., from escapar 'to escape.

**escape** /r'skeip/ v. 1 break free from confinement or control 逃跑;逃走 >(of a gas, liquid, or heat) leak from a container(气体、液体或热量)逸出,漏出,渗出 2 elude or get free from(someone)逃避,逃脱(某人) >succeed in eluding (something dangerous or undesirable)侥幸避开,躲过(危险或不快之事): The baby narrowly escaped death. 那个婴儿幸免于难。 3 fail to be noticed or remembered by 未被注意;被遗忘: The name escaped him. 他忘了名字。 4 Computing 【计】 interrupt (an operation) by means of the escape key 退出(操作) ■n. 1 an act of escaping 逃跑;逃脱;逃避 a means of escaping 逃跑(或逃脱、逃避)的方法 2 a temporary distraction from reality or routine 暂时解脱;逃避现实;消遣:解闷 3 (also 亦作 **escape key**) a key on a computer keyboard which either interrupts the current operation or causes subsequent characters to be interpreted differently退出键,换码键 4 a garden plant or pet animal that has gone wild and (in plants) become naturalized 野化植物(或动物)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **escapable** adj. **escapee** n. **escaper** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr. eschaper, based on med. L. ex- 'out' + cappa 'cloak.

**escape clause** n. a contract provision which specifies the conditions under which a party can be freed from an obligation(合同中规定某一方在某种情况下不受约束的)免除条款,退出条款

**escapement** /r'skeıpm(ə)nt, e-/ n. 1 a mechanism in a clock or watch that connects and regulates the motive power(钟表的)擒纵机构 2 a mechanism in a typewriter that shifts the carriage a small fixed amount to the left after a key is pressed and released(打字机上控制字模向左运动的)棘轮装置 3 the part of the mechanism in a piano that enables the hammer to fall back as soon as it has struck the string(钢琴上使琴槌击弦后能立即复位的)控键装置
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. échappement, from échapper 'to escape.

**escape road** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】 a slip road on a bend in a racing circuit or on a steep hill, into which a driver can turn if unable to negotiate a bend or slope safely(供驾车者在赛车道或斜坡处转向的)安全岔道

**escape velocity** n. the lowest velocity which a body must have in order to escape the gravitational attraction of a particular planet or other object 逃逸速度

**escape wheel** n. a toothed wheel in the escape-ment of a watch or clock(钟表的)擒纵轮

**escapism** /ı'skeıpız(ə)m/ n. the tendency to seek distraction from reality by engaging in entertainment or fantasy 逃避现实,空想
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **escapist** n. & adj.

**escapologist** /eskə'pplǝdzıst/ n. an entertainer who specializes in breaking free from ropes, handcuffs, and chains 脱身术表演者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **escapology** n.

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**escargot** /e'ska:gǝu, 1-/ n. an edible snail 食用蜗牛
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from OFr. escargol, from Provençal escaragol.

**escarole** /'eskǝrǝul/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 an endive of a variety with broad undivided leaves 苣菜菜(叶宽,无分裂)
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr., from Ital. scar(i)ola, based on L. esca 'food.

**escarpment** /i'ska:pm(ə)nt, e-/ n. a long, steep slope at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land at different heights 陡坡;悬崖
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. escarpement, escarpe 'scarp', from Ital. scarpa 'slope.

**-esce** /es/ suffix forming verbs, often denoting the initiation of action 构成动词,常表示“动作的开始”: effervesce 冒泡,起沫
> -ORIGIN 词源 from or suggested by L. verbs ending in-escere.

**-escent** /'es(ə)nt/ suffix forming adjectives denoting a developing state or action 构成形容词,表示形成中的状态或动作:coalescent 结合的,合并的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-escence** suffix.
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., or from L. -escent- (pres. participial stem of verbs ending in -escere).

**eschar** /'eska:(r)/ n. Medicine 【医】 a dry, dark scab caused by a burn, bite, etc. 焦痂
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from Fr. eschare or late L. eschara 'scar or scab', from Gk (see also另见SCAR).

**eschatology** /eskə'tplǝdzi/ n. the part of theology concerned with death, judgement, and destiny 末世论
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eschatological** adj. **eschatologist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eskhatos 'last' + -LOGY.

**eschaton** /'eskǝtpn/ n. Theology 【神学】 the final event in the divine plan; the end of the world 神计划中的终极事件,世界末日
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk eskhaton, neut. of eskhatos 'last.

**escheat** /ıs'tfi:t, es-/ chiefly historical 【主史义】 n. the reversion of property to the state, or (in feudal law) to a lord, on the owner's dying without legal heirs(财产主人死后若无法定人继承)财产转归国家(或领主),土地复归 ■v. revert or cause to be reverted as an escheat(土地因没有继承人而)转归领主(或国家);使(无人继承之土地)转归国家(或领主)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. eschete, based on L. excidere 'fall away', from ex- 'out of, from' + cadere 'to fall.

**eschew** /Is'tfu:, es-/ v. abstain from(有意)回避,避开
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eschewal** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. eschiver, ult. of Gmc origin; rel. to SHY¹.

**eschscholzia** /ıs'folziǝ, ef'folziǝ/ (also 亦作 **eschscholtzia** /-tsiə/) n. a North American poppy with bright yellow, orange, or red flowers 花菱草[Genus Eschscholzia: several species, in particular the California poppy.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., named after the Russian-born botanist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz (1793-1831).

**escolar** /eskə'la:(r)/ n. a large, elongated predatory marine fish 薔薇带鳍 [Family Gempylidae: several species.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., lit. 'scholar', so named because the ringed markings around the eyes resemble spectacles.

**escort** n. /'esko:t/ 1 a person, vehicle, or group accompanying another to provide protection or as a mark of rank护送者;护卫队;护卫舰(或车队、飞机) 2 a person who is hired or formally requested to accompany a member of the opposite sex to a social event 陪伴异性赴社交场合的人 3 euphemistic 【婉】a prostitute 妓女 ■v. /r'sko:t, e-/ accompany as an escort 护送
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. escorte (n.), escorter (v.), from Ital. scorta, fem. past part. of scorgere 'to conduct, guide', based on L. ex- 'out of' + corrigere (see见 CORRECT).

**escritoire** /eskri:'twa:(r)/ n. a small writing desk with drawers and compartments(有抽屉和分格的)写字台
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from med. L. scriptorium (see见 SCRIPTORIUM).

**escrow** /'eskrǝu/ Law 【律】 n. a bond, deed, or other document kept in the custody of a third party and taking effect only when a specified condition has been fulfilled 暂由第三方保存的契据;有待完成条件的合同(契约或文件) the state of being kept in this way 暂由第三方保管 ■v. chiefly N. Amer. 【主北美】 place in escrow将………交由第三方保管以待条件实现
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. escroe 'scrap, scroll', from med. L. scroda, of Gmc origin; rel. to SHRED.

**escudo** /e'sk(j)u:dǝu, e'fk-/ n. (pl. escudos) the basic monetary unit of Portugal and the Cape Verde Islands, equal to 100 centavos (replaced in Portugal by the euro in 2002)埃斯库多(葡萄牙和佛得角的基本货币单位,1埃斯库多=100分,葡萄牙于2002年改用欧元)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Sp. and Port., from L. scutum 'shield'.

**esculent** /'eskjulənt/ formal 【正式】 ■adj. fit to be eaten 适合食用的,可食用的 ■n. an esculent thing可食用之物
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. esculentus, from esca 'food', from esse 'eat'.

**escutcheon** /1'skatſn, e-/ n. 1 a shield or emblem bearing a coat of arms 有武器纹饰的盾牌(或徽章) 2 a flat piece of metal framing a keyhole, door handle, or light switch(锁眼盖、门把手垫板或电灯开关盖周围的)盾形饰牌
> -PHRASES 短语 **a blot on one's escutcheon** a stain on one's reputation or character 名誉(或人品)上的污点 **escutcheon of pretence** a small shield within a coat of arms, bearing another coat or device to which the bearer has a claim 盾形徽章中央的小盾片
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **escutcheoned** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Anglo-Norman Fr. escuchon, based on L. scutum 'shield.

<868>
**Esd.** abbr. Esdras (in biblical references)《以斯拉续篇》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**ESE** abbr. east-south-east

**-ese** /i:z/ suffix forming adjectives and nouns 构成形容词和名词: 1 denoting an inhabitant or language of a country or city ………国(或城市)的人;…国(或城市)的语言:Japanese 日本人 2 often derogatory 【常贬】(especially with reference to language) denoting character or style(尤指语言)具有某种特点(或风格、文体)的: journalese 新闻文体
> -ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. -eis, based on L. -ensis.

**esker** /'eskə(r)/ n. Geology 【地质】 a long winding ridge of gravel and other sediment, deposited by meltwater from a retreating glacier or ice sheet 蛇形丘
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ir. eiscir.

**Eskimo** /'eskımǝu/ n. (pl. same 单复同or Eskimos) 1 a member of an indigenous people inhabiting northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and eastern Siberia 爱斯基摩人 2 either of the two main languages of the Eskimo (Inuit and Yupik), comprising a major division of the Eskimo-Aleut family 爱斯基摩语(伊努伊特语和尤皮克语中的任何一种,构成爱斯基摩阿留申语系的一大分支) ■adj. relating to the Eskimo or their languages 爱斯基摩人的;爱斯基摩语的
> -ORIGIN 词源 an Algonquian word, perh. in the sense 'people speaking a different language.
> USAGE 用法说明
> In recent years, the word Eskimo has come to be regarded by some as offensive: the peoples inhabiting the regions from NW Canada to western Greenland prefer to call themselves Inuit. The term Eskimo, however, continues to be the only term which can be properly understood as applying to the people as a whole and is still widely used in anthropological and archaeological contexts. 近些年来,有些人认为 Eskimo(爱斯基摩人)一词带有冒犯色彩。居住在加拿大西北部至格陵兰岛西部的人更愿意称自己为Inuit(伊努伊特人)。但仍然仅有Eskimo 一词可以继续用作爱斯基摩人的统称而理解无误,并依然在人类学和考古学中广泛使用。

**Eskimo-Aleut** n. the family of languages comprising Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut 爱斯基摩-阿留申语系(包括伊努伊特语、尤克语和阿留申语) ■adj. relating to Eskimo-Aleut(关于)爱斯基摩-阿留申语系的

**Eskimo roll** n. a complete rollover in canoeing, from upright to capsized to upright 爱斯基摩翻滚(指划独木舟时从竖直到倾覆再到竖直的完全翻滚)

**ESL** abbr. English as a second language 英语作为第二语言

**ESN** abbr. 1 archaic 【古】 educationally subnormal 教育上低于正常的 2 electronic serial number 电子序列号码

**ESOL** /'i:spl/ abbr. English for speakers of other languages 操其他语种者英语

**esophagus.** /1'spfəgəsl/ n. US spelling of OESOPHAGUS etc. * oesophagus的美式拼法

**esoteric** /esǝ'terık, isǝ-/ adj. intended for or understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest秘传的;只有内行才懂的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **esoterically** adv. **esotericism** n. **esotericist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from Gk esoterikos, from esõterō, compar. of eso 'within', from es, eis 'into.

**esoterica** /esǝ'terıkə, isǝ-/ pl. n. [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] esoteric subjects or publications 秘传的学科(或出版物);秘传;秘籍
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Gk esoterika, neut.pl. of esoterikos 'esoteric'.

**ESP** abbr. extrasensory perception

**esp.** abbr. especially

**espada** /e'spa:dǝ/ n. (pl. same单复同)a scabbardfish, especially as caught for food in Madeira and elsewhere 剑鱼(尤指在马德拉群岛等地捕作食用的一种带鱼)
> -ORIGIN 词源 via Port. from Sp., from L. spatha 'sword'.

**espadrille** /'espǝdrıl, espə'drıl/ n. a light canvas shoe with a plaited fibre sole 帆布便鞋
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., from Provençal espardi(l)-hos, from espart 'esparto', from L. spartum (see 见 ESPARTO).

**espalier** /ı'spæljə(r), e-/ n. a fruit tree or ornamental shrub whose branches are trained to grow flat against a wall 棚树,墙树 ■v. train (a tree or shrub) in such a way 使(树木、灌木等)沿架生长,给(树木、灌木)支棚架
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from Ital. spalliera, from spalla 'shoulder', from L. spatula (see 见 SPATULA), in late L. 'shoulder blade.

**esparto** /e'spa:tǝu, 1-/ (also 亦作 **esparto grass**) n. (pl. espartos) a coarse grass native to Spain and North Africa, used to make ropes, wickerwork, and paper 细茎针茅 [Stipa tenacissima.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., via L. from Gk sparton 'rope.

**especial** /1'spefl, e-/ adj. 1 notable; special 特别的,特殊的 2 for or belonging chiefly to one person or thing 特有的,独有的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. specialis 'special', from species (see见 SPECIES),

**especially** /1'spe∫(ə)li/ adv. 1 in particular 尤其,特别,格外: He despised them all, especially Sylvester. 他瞧不起他们所有的人,尤其是西尔维斯特。 >for a special purpose 特地,专门地 2 to a great extent; very much 在很大程度上;非常:He didn't especially like dancing. 他不太喜欢跳舞。

<869>
**Esperanto** /espə'ræntǝu/ n. an artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication, based on roots from the chief European languages 世界语
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Esperantist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Dr Esperanto, used as a pen name by the inventor of the language, Polish physician Ludwik L. Zamenhof; the literal sense is 'one who hopes' (based on L. sperare 'to hope').

**espial** /ı'spai(ə)l, e-/ n. archaic 【古】 the action of watching or catching sight of someone or something 窥探,侦察,窥见,发现
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. espiaille, from espier 'espy.

**espionage** /'espiǝna:3, -1d3/ n. the practice of spying or of using spies 间谍行为,间谍活动;刺探(活动)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. espionnage, from espionner 'to spy', from espion 'a spy.

**esplanade** /esplǝ'neid, 'na:d/ n. a long, open, level area, typically beside the sea, along which people may walk for pleasure(多指海滨供散步用的)空地 an open, level space separating a fortress from a town(要塞与城镇间的)旷地
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., from Ital. spianata, from L. explanatus 'levelled', from explanare(see见 EXPLAIN).

**espousal** /ı'spauzl, e-/ n. 1 an act of espousing a cause, belief, etc.信奉;拥护;采纳 2 archaic【古】a marriage or engagement 结婚;订婚,婚约

**espouse** /1'spauz, e-/ v. 1 adopt or support (a cause, belief, or way of life)信奉(信仰);拥护(事业);采纳(生活方式) 2 archaic 【古】marry 结婚 > (be espoused to) be engaged to 与………订婚
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **espouser** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. espouser, from L. sponsare, from sponsus 'betrothed', past part. of spondere.

**espressivo** /espre'si:vǝu/ adv. & adj. Music 【音】 with expression of feeling 充满感情地(的),富于表情地(的)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Ital., from L. expressus 'distinctly presented.

**espresso** /e'spresǝu/ n. (pl. espressos) strong black coffee made by forcing steam through ground coffee beans(用蒸汽加压煮出的)浓咖啡
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Ital. (caffè) espresso, lit. 'pressed out (coffee):
> USAGE 用法说明
> The spelling expresso is not used in the original Italian and is strictly incorrect, although it is Common.也常拼作 expresso,但严格地说这样拼写是不正确的,在该词的源语即意大利语中也不用这种拼法。

**esprit** /e'spri:/ n. the quality of being lively or vivacious 勃勃生气,活力
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from L. spiritus 'spirit.

**esprit de corps** /e,spri: də 'kɔ:/ n. a feeling of pride and mutual loyalty uniting the members of a group 集体荣誉感;团结精神
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'spirit of the body.

**espy** /r'spar, e-/ v. (espies, espying, espied) literary【文】 catch sight of 窥见,望见,看到
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. espier, ult. of Gmc origin.

**Esq.** abbr. Esquire

**-esque** /esk/ suffix (forming adjectives) in the style of; resembling(构成形容词)………样式的,………风格的,像……的: Dantesque 但丁式的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr., via Ital. -esco from med. L. -iscus.

**Esquimau** /'eskımǝu/ n. (pl. Esquimaux) archaic spelling of ESKIMO * Eskimo 的古代拼法

**esquire** /ı'skwaıə(r), e-/ (abbrev.略作: **esq.**) n. 1 (Esquire) Brit. 【英】 a polite title appended to a man's name when no other title is used, especially in a letter 先生(在没有其他称谓时用在男子名后的尊称,尤用于书信中) >N. Amer. 【北美】a title appended to the surname of a lawyer (of either sex) 加在(男、女)律师姓氏后的称谓 2 historical【史义】 a young nobleman who, in training for knighthood, acted as an attendant to a knight 骑士随从 an officer in the service of a king or nobleman 伺候国王(或贵族)的官员 a landed proprietor or country squire 地主,乡绅
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. esquier, from L. scutarius 'shield-bearer', from scutum 'shield.

**ESR** abbr. Physics 【物】 electron spin resonance 电子自旋共振

**ESRC** abbr. (in the UK) Economic and Social Research Council(英国)经济与社会研究委员会

**-ess¹** /es/ suffix forming nouns denoting female gender 构成名词,表示雌性或女性:abbess 女修道院院长
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Fr. -esse, via late L. from Gk -issa.
> USAGE 用法说明
> In modern English, there are few new words coined with the suffix -ess. Many existing feminine forms (e.g. poetess, authoress) are likely to be regarded as old-fashioned or sexist and avoided in favour of the 'neutral' base form (e.g. poet, author),在现代英语中,加后缀-ess 构成的新词极少。很多已有的阴性名词(如 poetess 女诗人, authoress 女作者)可能会被认为已过时或带有性别歧视而避免使用,取而代之的是中性的形式(如 poet, author)。

**-ess²** /es/ suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives, such as largess 由形容词构成抽象名词(如largess 巨大)
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME via Fr. -esse from L. -itia.

**essay** n. /'esei/ 1 a piece of writing on a particular subject 论说文;散文,随笔 2 formal 【正式】an attempt or effort尝试;企图 3 a trial design of a postage stamp 尚未采用的邮票设计图案 ■v. /e'ser/ formal【正式】attempt 试图: He essayed a smile. 他勉强地笑了一下。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **essayist** n. **essayistic** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'test the quality of'): alt. of ASSAY, by assoc. with OFr. essayer, based on late L. exagium 'weighing'; the noun (C16) is from OFr. essai 'trial.

<870>
**esse** /'esi/ n. Philosophy 【哲】 essential nature or essence 性质;本质
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., 'to be'.

**essence** /'es(ə)ns/ n. 1 the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, which determines its character 本质,实质;要素: Conflict is the essence of drama. 冲突是戏剧的精髓。 >Philosophy 【哲】 a property or group of properties of something without which it would not exist or be what it is 本质 2 an extract or concentrate obtained from a plant or other substance and used for flavouring or scent 香精;香料
> -PHRASES 短语 **in essence** basically; fundamentally 本质上,实质上;基本上 **of the essence** critically important 极其重要的
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. essentia, from esse 'be.

**Essene** /'esi:n/ n. a member of an ancient Jewish ascetic sect of the 2nd century BC-2nd century AD in Palestine 艾塞尼派信徒(公元前2世纪至公元2世纪巴勒斯坦的一支古犹太禁欲教派)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L. Esseni (pl.), from Gk Essēnoi, perh. from Aramaic.

**essential** /1'senfl/ adj. 1 absolutely necessary; extremely important 必不可少的,绝对必要的;极其重要的 2 central to the nature of something; fundamental本质的,实质的;基本的:the essential weakness of the plaintiff's case 原告案件的要害 3(of an amino acid or fatty acid) required for normal growth but not synthesized in the body and therefore necessary in the diet(人体生长)必需的(氨基酸或脂肪酸) 4 Medicine 【医】 (of a disease) with no known external stimulus or cause; idiopathic(疾病)自发的,原发性的 ■n. (essentials) 1 things that are absolutely necessary 必不可少的东西,必需品 2 the fundamental elements of something 基本要素
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **essentiality** n. **essentially** adv. **essentialness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'in the highest degree'): from late L. essentialis, from L. essentia (see见 ESSENCE).

**essentialism** /r'sen∫(ə)lız(ə)m/ n. Philosophy【哲】 a belief that things have a set of characteristics which make them what they are; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence 本质论
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **essentialist** n. & adj.

**essential oil** n. a natural oil extracted from a plant, used especially in aromatherapy or in making perfume 精油

**EST** abbr. Eastern Standard Time 东部标准时间

**est** /est/ n. a system aimed at developing a person's potential through intensive group awareness and training sessions 厄哈德讨论会训练法
> -ORIGIN 词源 1970s (orig. US): acronym from Erhard Seminars Training, from Werner Erhard, the American businessman who devised the technique.

**est.** abbr. 1 established 2 estimated

**-est¹** /1st/ suffix forming the superlative of adjectives (such as shortest) and of adverbs (such as soonest)构成形容词和副词的最高级(如shortest, soonest)
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE-ost-, -ust-, -ast-.

**-est²** /1st/ (also 亦作 **-st**) suffix archaic【古】 forming the second person singular of verbs 构成动词第二人称单数: goest去
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE-est, -ast, -st.

**establish** /r'stæblis/ v. 1 set up on a firm or permanent basis建造;设立;确立 initiate or bring about (communication)开始(交流) 2 achieve permanent acceptance or recognition for 获得接受,得到承认 >[as adj.作形容词 **established**] recognized by the state as the national Church or religion 被定为国教 3 show to be true or certain by determining the facts证实;查实;确定 4 Bridge【桥牌】 ensure that one's remaining cards in (a suit) will be winners (if not trumped) by playing off the high cards in that suit(通过打出某花色组牌中的大牌)使(某花色)剩下的牌都能赢
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **establisher** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME(recorded earlier as stablish): from OFr. establiss-, lengthened stem of establir, from L. stabilire 'make firm', from stabilis (adj.) 'stable.

**establishment** /1'stæblıfmənt/ n. 1 the action of establishing or being established 建立;确立;确定 2 a business organization, public institution, or household 企业;社会公共机构;家庭 3(the Establishment) a group in a society exercising power and influence over matters of policy, opinion, or taste, and seen as resisting change 权势集团;当权派;社会现存权力结构

**establishmentarian** /1stæblım(ə)n'teəriən/ ■adj. advocating or relating to the principle of an established Church提倡国教的;国教的 ■n. a person advocating this 国教主义者
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **establishmentarianism** n.

**estaminet** /e'stæminer/ n. a small cafe selling alcoholic drinks(出售含酒精饮料的)小咖啡馆,小酒吧
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., from Walloon staminé 'byre', from stamo 'a pole for tethering a cow', prob. from Ger. Stamm 'stem.

**estancia** /e'stænsiǝ/ n. a cattle ranch in Latin America or the southern US(拉丁美洲或美国南部养牛的)大庄园,大牧场
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., lit. 'station.

**estate** /'stert/ n. 1 a property consisting of a large house and extensive grounds 地产,房地 ➤ a property where coffee, rubber, grapes, or other crops are cultivated(咖啡、橡胶等)种植园;葡萄酒庄园 2 Brit. 【英】 an area of land and buildings developed for residential, industrial, or commercial purposes 住宅区;工业区;商业区 3 a person's money and property in its entirety at the time of their death 遗产 4 (also 亦作 **estate of the realm**) a class or order forming part of the body politic, in particular (in Britain) one of the three groups constituting Parliament, now the Lords spiritual (the heads of the Church), the Lords temporal (the peerage), and the Commons (also known as **the three estates**) 等级(构成英国议会的三阶层之一,三阶层为上议院的神职议员、上议院的世俗议员和下议院议员) 5 archaic or literary 【古或文】 a particular state, period, or condition in life(人生的)状态,阶段,状况: the holy estate of matrimony 神圣的已婚状况 6 Brit.【英】 an estate car 旅行轿车,客货两用轿车
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. estat, from L. status 'state, condition', from stare 'to stand.

<871>
**estate agency** n. Brit. 【英】 a business that sells and rents out buildings and land for clients 房地产代理公司,房地产中介机构
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **estate agent** n.

**estate car** n. Brit. 【英】 a car incorporating a large carrying area behind the seats, accessed by a door at the rear 旅行轿车,客货两用轿车

**estate duty** n. Brit. 【英】 a former death duty levied on property, now incorporated in inheritance tax 遗产税

**esteem** /r'sti:m/ n. respect and admiration 尊重,敬重;崇拜 ■v. 1 respect and admire尊重,敬重;崇拜 2 formal【正式】 consider; deem认为,以为;把………看作
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. estime (n.), estimer (v.), from L. aestimare 'to estimate.

**ester** /'estǝ(r)/ n. Chemistry 【化】 an organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl or other organic group 酯
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **esterify** /e'sterifar/ v. (esterifies, esterifying, esterified).
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., prob. from a blend of Essig 'vinegar' and Äther 'ether.

**Esth.** /'estǝ(r), 'esǝ(r)/ abbr. Esther (in biblical references)《以斯帖记》(表示《圣经》引文出处)

**esthetic** etc. /es'detik/ adj. US spelling of AESTHETIC etc. * aesthetic 等的美式拼法

**estimable** /'estıməbl/ adj. worthy of great respect 值得敬重的,值得钦佩的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **estimably** adv.

**estimate** v. /'estimert/ roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of 估计;估算:判断 ■n./'estımət/ 1 an approximate calculation or judgement 估计;估算;判断 a written statement indicating the likely price that will be charged for specified work 估价单 2 an assessment of the worth of someone or something评价,评断
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **estimation** n. **estimative** /-mətıv/ adj. **estimator** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from L. aestimat-, aestimare 'determine, appraise.

**estival** /i:'starvl, 'estı-/ adj. US spelling of AESTIVAL * aestival 的美式拼法

**estivation** /i:sti'vern, es-/ n. US spelling of AESTIVATION * aestivation的美式拼法

**Estonian** /es'tǝuniǝn/ n. 1 a native or national of Estonia, or a person of Estonian descent 爱沙尼亚人;爱沙尼亚后裔 2 the Finno-Ugric language of Estonia 爱沙尼亚语 ■adj. relating to Estonia or its people or language(与)爱沙尼亚(有关)的;(与)爱沙尼亚人(有关)的;(与)爱沙尼亚语(有关)的

**estop** /1'stpp/ v. (estops, estopping, estopped) Law【律】 bar or preclude by estoppel 禁止,阻止,防止,不容否认
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. estopper 'stop up, impede.

**estoppel** /1'stopl/ n. Law 【律】 the principle which precludes a person from asserting something contrary to what is implied by a previous action or statement of that person or by a previous pertinent judicial determination 不容否认;再诉禁止,既判事项不容否认
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from OFr. estouppail 'bung', from estopper(see见ESTOP).

**estovers** /r'stǝuvəz, e-/ pl. n. (usu. 通常用**common/right of estovers**) Brit. chiefly historical【英,主史义】 the right to take wood for fuel, repairs, or other necessary purpose from land which one does not own, especially land of which one is the tenant or lessee 共同伐木权
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Anglo-Norman Fr. estover 'be necessary', based on L. est opus 'it is necessary.

**estradiol** / estrə'daıpl/ n. US spelling of OESTRADIOL * oestradiol 的美式拼法

**estrange** /r'strein(d)3, e-/ v. 1 cause to feel less close or friendly; alienate 使疏远;离间 2 [as adj. 作形容词 **estranged**] (of a husband or wife) no longer living with their spouse(夫妻)分居的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **estrangement** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C15: from OFr. estranger, from L. extraneare 'treat as a stranger.

**estreat** /1'stri:t, e-/ Law, chiefly historical 【律,主史义】 ■v. enforce the forfeit of (a surety for bail or other recognizance)征收(保释金,保证金) ■n. a copy of a court record for use in estreating(用于征收罚款或保证金的)法院记录文本副本
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **estreatment** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. estraite, fem. past part. of estraire, from L. extrahere (see见ERTRACT).

**estrogen** etc. /'estrǝdzən/ n. US spelling of OESTROGEN etc. * oestrogen等的美式拼法

**estrus** etc. /'estrǝs, 'i:s-/ n. US spelling of OESTRUS etc. * oestrus 等的美式拼法

**estuary** /'estju(ǝ)ri/ n. (pl. estuaries) the tidal mouth of a large river 河口
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **estuarial** adj. **estuarine** /-rain/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. aestuarium 'tidal part of a shore', from aestus 'tide'.

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**Estuary English** n. (in the UK) a type of accent identified as spreading outwards from London and containing features of both received pronunciation and London speech(英国)河口英语(指一种从伦敦向周围地区扩散的口音,含有标准发音和伦敦口音两者的语音特征)

**estufa** /e'stu:fǝ/ n. 1 a heated chamber in which Madeira wine is stored and matured(用以贮存和酿制马德拉白葡萄酒的)温室,暖房 2 US【美】an underground chamber in which a fire is kept alight, used as a place of assembly by Pueblo Indians 地下暖室(用于普韦布洛印第安人开会聚集之处,炉火一直保持不灭)
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Sp., prob. based on Gk tuphos 'steam or smoke.

**esurient** /r'sjuəriənt, e-/ adj. rare 【罕】 hungry or greedy 饥饿的;贪婪的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **esuriently** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from L. esurient-, esurire 'be hungry.

**ET** abbr. 1 (in North America) Eastern time (北美)东部时间 2 Egypt (international vehicle registration)埃及(国际车船注册) 3 extraterrestrial

**-et¹** /it/ suffix forming nouns which were originally diminutives 构成原为指小词的名词: baronet 准男爵
> -ORIGIN 词源 from OFr.-et, -ete.

**-et²** /it/ (also 亦作 **-ete**) suffix forming nouns such as comet, and often denoting people 构成名词(如comet 彗星),常表示某类人:athlete运动员
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk-ētēs.

**ETA¹** abbr. estimated time of arrival 估计到达时间

**ETA²** /'etǝ/ abbr. a Basque separatist movement in Spain 埃塔(西班牙巴斯克分裂主义运动)
> -ORIGIN 词源 Basque acronym, from Euzkadi ta Azkatasuna 'Basque homeland and liberty.

**eta** /'i:tə/ n. the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet (Η, η), transliterated as 'e' or 'e'伊塔(希腊字母表的第7个字母,译写作或ē)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gkēta.

**etagere** /etǝ'zeǝ(r)/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or etageres) a piece of furniture with a number of open shelves 陈列架,搁物架
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr. étagère, from étage 'shelf'.

**e-tailer** n. a retailer selling goods via electronic transactions on the Internet 电子商务零售商,网上零售商

**et al.** /et 'æl/ abbr. and others以及其他,等等
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L. et alii.

**etalon** /'etǝlvn/ n. Physics 【物】a device consisting of two reflecting plates, for producing interfering light beams 标准具
> -ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from Fr. étalon, lit. 'standard of measurement.

**etc.** abbr. et cetera

**et cetera** /et'set(ə)rə, it-/ (also 亦作 **etcetera**) adv. and other similar things; and so on其他类似之物;等等 ■n.(etceteras) unspecified extra items 未指明的额外的项目(或东西)
> -ORIGIN 词源 L., from et 'and' and cetera 'the rest' (neut. pl. of ceterus 'left over').

**etch** /etf/ v. 1 engrave (metal, glass, or stone) by coating it with a protective layer, drawing on it with a needle, and then covering it with acid to dissolve the parts the needle has exposed在(金属、玻璃或石头)上蚀刻,浸蚀 2(of an acid or other solvent) corrode or dissolve the surface of (酸或其他溶剂)腐蚀 3 cut or carve (a text or design) on a surface 雕刻(文字或图案) >mark with a carved text or design 在……上刻上文字(或图案) 4 cause to be clearly defined 使铭刻;使醒目: The outline of the town was etched against the sky. 整个城镇在天空映衬下轮廓清晰。
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **etcher** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Du. etsen, from Ger. ätzen; rel. to EAT.

**etchant** /'etʃnt/ n. an acid or corrosive chemical used in etching; a mordant 浸蚀剂

**etching** /'etfin/ n. 1 the art or process of etching 蚀刻(艺术) 2 a print produced by etching 蚀刻版印刷品;蚀刻画

**-ete** /i:t/ suffix variant spelling of -ET² (as in athlete) * -et²的另一种拼法(如athlete运动员)

**eternal** /1't3:nl, i:-/ adj. 1 lasting or existing forever 永久的;无休止的;永存的 >informal 【非正式】 tediously lengthy or persistent(冗长乏味的事)没完没了的,无休止的 2 valid for all time; essentially unchanging 永恒的;永远有效(或合理)的: eternal truths 永恒的真理 3(the Eternal) an everlasting or universal spirit, as represented by God 上帝
> -PHRASES 短语 **the Eternal City** the city of Rome 不朽城(罗马的别称) **eternal triangle** a relationship between three people involving sexual rivalry 三角性关系,三角恋爱
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eternality** /1,tǝ:'nælıti, i:-/ n. **eternalize** or **eternalise** v. **eternally** adv. **eternalness** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: via OFr. from late L. aeternalis, from L. aeternus, from aevum 'age'

**eternity** /1't3:nǝti/ n. (pl. eternities) infinite or unending time永恒,永久 Theology 【神学】 endless life after death 永生 > (an eternity) informal 【非正式】an undesirably long period of time 似乎没完没了的一段时间

**eternity ring** n. a ring given as a symbol of lasting affection, typically set with an unbroken circle of gems(象征永久爱情的)永恒戒

**Etesian wind** /1'ti:ziǝn, r'ti:z-, 1'ti:zn/ n. another term for MELTEMI meltemi的另一种说法
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: Etesian from L. etesius 'annual' + -ΑΝ.

**ETH** abbr. Ethiopia (international vehicle registration)埃塞俄比亚(国际车船注册)

**eth** /eð/ (also 亦作 **edh**) n. an Old English letter, ð or D, representing the dental fricatives /ð/ and /0/, eventually superseded by the digraph th古英语字母或Đ(表示舌齿摩擦音/ð/和/0/,后来被 th取代)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Dan. edh, perh. representing the sound of the letter.

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**-eth¹** /10/ suffix variant spelling of -TH¹ (as in fiftieth) *-th的另一种拼法(如fiftieth)

**-eth²** /10/ (also 亦作 **-th**) suffix archaic 【古】 forming the third person singular of the present tense of verbs 构成动词一般现在时第三人称单数: doeth 做
> -ORIGIN 词源 OE-eth, -ath, -th.

**ethanal** /'e(ə)næl/ n. systematic chemical name for ACETALDEHYDE * acetaldehyde 的学名
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: blend of ETHANE and ALDEHYDE.

**ethanamide** /'ænǝmaid/ n. systematic chemical name for ACETAMIDE * acetamide 的学名

**ethane** /'i:θern, 'e-/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a flammable hydrocarbon gas of the alkane series, present in petroleum and natural gas 乙烷 [C2H6]
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ETHER + -ANE2.

**ethanediol** /'i:dern,darpl, 'e-/ n. systematic chemical name for ETHYLENE GLYCOL * ethylene glycol 的学名

**ethanoic acid** / edə'nǝuık/ n. systematic chemical name for ACETIC ACID * acetic acid 的学名
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethanoate** n.

**ethanol** /'edǝnpl/ n. systematic chemical name for ETHYL ALCOHOL (See见 ALCOHOL) * ethyl alcohol 的学名

**ethene** /'ei:n/ n. systematic chemical name for ETHYLENE * ethylene 的学名
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from ETHER + -ENE.

**ether** /'i:0ǝ(r)/ n. 1 (also 亦作 **diethyl ether**) a pleasant-smelling, volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an anaesthetic and as a solvent 乙醚 2 Chemistry【化】 any organic compound with an oxygen atom linking two alkyl groups醚 3(also亦作 **aether**) chiefly literary 【主文】 the clear sky; the upper regions of air beyond the clouds 天空,苍穹 4(also 亦作 **aether**) Physics, historical【物,史义】a substance formerly postulated to permeate all space and to transmit light 以太
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **etheric** /i:'lerık, 'i:0(ə)rık/ adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源ME: from OFr., or via L. from Gk aither 'upper air', from the base of aithein 'burn, shine.

**ethereal** /1'0ıəriəl/ (also 亦作 **etherial**) adj. 1 extremely delicate and light, in a way that seems not to be of this world 精致的,精妙的;轻盈的,缥缈的 2 Chemistry【化】 (of a solution) having diethyl ether as a solvent (溶液)含乙醚的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethereality** n. **etherealize** or **etherealise** v. **ethereally** adv.
> -ORIGIN 词源C16: via L. from Gk aitherios (from aither 'ether') + -AL.

**etherize** or **etherise** /'i:(ǝ)raız/ v. historical 【史义】 anaesthetize with ether 醚麻醉
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **etherization** n.

**Ethernet** /'i:ǝnet/ n. a system for connecting a number of computer systems to form a local area network 以太网
> -ORIGIN 词源 1970s: blend of ETHER and NETWORK.

**ethic** /'eθık/ n. a set of moral principles 伦理标准;道德规范: the puritan ethic 清教徒的伦理标准
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. éthique, from L. ethice, from Gk (he) ēthikë (tekhne) (the science of) morals', based on ēthos (see见ETHOS).

**ethical** /'eθıkl/ adj. 1 relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge concerned with these 道德规范的;伦理的 morally correct 道德的,合乎道德的 avoiding activities or organizations that do harm to people or the environment 讲道德的;讲伦理的: ethical investment 伦理投资 2(of a medicine) available only on prescription(药品)凭处方出售的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethicality** n. **ethically** adv.

**ethics** /'eθıks/ pl. n. 1 [usu. treated as pl. 通常视作复数] the moral principles governing or influencing conduct 伦理标准;道德准则;行为准则 2 [usu. treated as sing. 通常视作单数] the branch of knowledge concerned with moral principles 伦理学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethicist** n.

**ethidium bromide** /e'ıdiǝm/ n. Chemistry 【化】 a purple synthetic dye used in the treatment of trypanosome blood infection, to stain DNA, and to destroy the superhelical structure of DNA溴(化)乙锭

**Ethiopian** /i:di'ǝupiən/ n. a native or national of Ethiopia, or a person of Ethiopian descent 埃塞俄比亚人;埃塞俄比亚裔 ■adj. 1 relating to Ethiopia or its people 与埃塞俄比亚有关的;与埃塞俄比亚人有关的 2 Zoology 【动】 relating to or denoting a zoogeographical region comprising sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and (usually) Madagascar 热带界的,埃塞俄比亚界的

**Ethiopic** /:i'ppik/ n. another term for Ge'ez * Ge'ez 的另一种说法 ■adj. in or relating to Ge'ez 古埃塞俄比亚语的

**ethmoid** /'eməıd/ n. Anatomy 【解】 a square bone at the root of the nose, forming part of the cranium, and having many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose 筛骨
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethmoidal** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk ēthmoeidēs, from ēthmos 'a sieve.

**ethnic** /'enrk/ adj. 1 relating to a group of people having a common national or cultural tradition 民族的;种族的 2 denoting origin by birth or descent rather than by present nationality…血统的,…裔的: ethnic Albanians 阿尔巴尼亚人 3 characteristic of or belonging to a non-Western cultural tradition 非西方文化传统的:ethnic dresses非西方服饰 4 archaic 【古】 heathen 异教徒的 ■n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 a member of an ethnic minority 少数民族成员
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethnically** adv. **ethnicity** n. (pl. ethnicities).
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting a person not of the Christian or Jewish faith): via eccles. L. from Gk ethnikos 'heathen', from ethnos 'nation.

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> USAGE 用法说明
> In recent years ethnic has begun to be used in a euphemistic way to refer to non-white people as a whole, as in a radio station which broadcasts to the ethnic community in Birmingham. Although this usage is quite common it is better expressed by more accurate terms such as black or Asian,近年来,ethnic 一词开始被用于委婉地指代非白色人种,如:a radio station which broadcasts to the ethnic community in Birmingham 一家向伯明翰非白人群体进行广播的电台。尽管这种用法相当普遍,但最好还是用 black 或者 Asian 这样更为准确的词语。

**ethnic cleansing** n. the mass expulsion or killing of members of one ethnic or religious group in an area by those of another 种族清洗

**ethnic minority** n. a subgroup within a community which differs ethnically from the main population 少数民族

**ethno-** /'eθηǝu/ comb. form ethnic; ethnological 种族的;民族(学)的: ethnocentric 种族(或民族)中心主义的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk ethnos 'nation.

**ethnocentric** /enǝu'sentrik/ adj. evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in one's own culture 种族(或民族)中心主义的;种族(或民族)优越感的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethnocentrically** adv. **ethnocentricity** n. **ethnocentrism** n.

**ethnocultural** /enǝu'kʌltf(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. relating to a particular ethnic group 种族文化的

**ethnography** /eo'ngrǝfi/ n. the scientific description of peoples and cultures with reference to their particular customs and characteristics 民族志,人种志
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethnographer** n. **ethnographic** adj. **ethnographical** adj. **ethnographically** adv.

**ethnology** /ee'nplǝdzi/ n. the study of the characteristics of different peoples and the differences and relationships between them 民族学,人种学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethnologic** /-nə'lvdzık/ adj. **ethnological** adj. **ethnologically** adv. **ethnologist** n.

**ethnomusicology** / eenǝu,mju:zı'kələdzi/ n. the study of the music of different cultures 民族音乐学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethnomusicologic** adj. **ethnomusicological** adj. **ethnomusicologist** n.

**ethogram** /'i:ǝgræm/ n. Zoology 【动】 a catalogue of all the different kinds of behaviour observed in an animal 行为图表
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from Gk ēthos 'nature, disposition' + -GRAM¹.

**ethology** /i:'Oplǝdzi/ n. 1 the science of animal behaviour(动物) 行为学 2 the study of human behaviour and social organization from a biological perspective(从生物学角度研究人类行为的)习性学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ethological** adj. **ethologist** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: via L. from Gk ēthologia, from ēthos(see见ETHOS).

**ethos** /'i:ps/ n. the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its attitudes and aspirations(文化、时代或团体的)精神特质
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L., from Gk ēthos 'nature, disposition', (pl.) 'customs.

**ethyl** /'edail, -011, 'i:-/ n. [as modifier 作修饰语] Chemistry 【化】 of or denoting the alkyl group -C2H5, derived from ethane 乙基的
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger., from Äther 'ether' + -YL.

**ethyl acetate** n. Chemistry 【化】 a colourless volatile liquid with a fruity smell, used as a plastics solvent and in flavourings and perfumes 乙酸乙酯,醋酸乙酯

**ethyl alcohol** n. another term for ALCOHOL (sense 1) * alcohol (释义1)的另一种说法

**ethylene** /'eili:n, -01-/ n. Chemistry【化】a flammable hydrocarbon gas of the alkene series, occurring in natural gas and coal gas; ethane 乙烯 [C2H4]

**ethylene glycol** n. Chemistry 【化】 a colourless viscous hygroscopic liquid used in antifreeze and in wood preservatives; ethanediol 乙二醇

**ethyne** /'i:am, 'eθ-/ n. systematic chemical name for ACETYLENE * acetylene 的学名

**-etic** /'etik/ suffix forming adjectives and nouns, such as pathetic, peripatetic 构成形容词和名词(如pathetic, peripatetic)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk-ětikos or -ētikos.

**etiolated** /'i:tiǝ,leıtıd/ adj. 1 (of a plant) pale and weak due to a lack of light(植物由于缺乏光照而)黄化的,变白的 2 having lost vigour or substance; feeble无力的,虚弱的
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **etiolation** n.
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from etiolate (from Fr. étioler, from Norman Fr. étieuler 'grow into haulm').

**etiology** /i:ti'vlədzi/ n. US spelling of AETIOLOGY * aetiology 的美式拼法

**etiquette** /'etiket, etr'ket/ n. the customary code of polite behaviour in a society 礼节,礼仪
> -ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr. étiquette 'list of ceremonial observances of a court', also 'label, etiquette', from OFr. estiquette (see见 TICKET).

**Eton collar** /'i:t(ə)n/ n. a broad, stiff white collar worn outside the coat collar, especially with an Eton jacket 伊顿式阔翻领(戴在上衣领外的白色硬宽领,尤戴在伊顿夹克之外)

**Etonian** /i:'tǝuniən/ n. a pupil of Eton College, a boys' public school in southern England 伊顿公学学生 ■adj. relating to or typical of Eton College 伊顿公学(式)的

**Eton jacket** n. a short black waist-length jacket that is pointed at the back, formerly worn by pupils of Eton College 伊顿式外套(一种齐腰黑色短上衣,过去为伊顿公学学生的校服)

**Eton mess** n. chiefly Brit. 【主英】a dessert consisting of a mixture of whipped cream, pieces of meringue, and fruit, typically strawberries 伊顿麦斯(由掼奶油、蛋白酥皮和草莓制成的甜点)

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**étouffée** /ertu:'fer/ n. US 【美】a spicy Cajun stew made with vegetables and seafood 蔬菜辣炖汤
> -ORIGIN 词源 Fr., past part. of étouffer 'stifle, suffocate, choke.

**etrier** /'extries/ n. Climbing 【登】 a short rope ladder with a few rungs of wood or metal(有几档木头或金属梯级的)小绳梯
> -ORIGIN 词源 1950s: from Fr. étrier 'stirrup.

**Etrurian** /ı'truəriən/ n. & adj. another term for ETRUSCAN * Etruscan的另一种说法

**Etruscan** /1'trask(ə)n/ n. 1 a native of Etruria, an ancient state of central Italy that was at its height c.500 BC 埃特鲁斯坎人 2 the language of Etruria, written in an alphabet derived from Greek 埃特鲁斯坎语 ■adj. relating to Etruria, its people, or their language 埃特鲁里亚的;埃特鲁斯坎人的;埃特鲁斯坎语的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L. Etruscus + -AN.

**et seq.** (also 亦作 **et seqq.**) adv. and what follows (used in page references)以及下列等等(用于页码索引)
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L. et sequens 'and the following.

**-ette** /et/ suffix forming nouns 构成名词:1 denoting small size小: kitchenette 小厨房 2 denoting an imitation or substitute 仿造物,替代品: leatherette 人造革 3 denoting female gender 女性: suffragette 争取妇女选举权的女性
> -ORIGIN 词源 from OFr.-ette, fem. of -ET¹.

**étude** /'eitju:d, er'tju:d/ n. a short musical composition or exercise 练习曲
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'study.

**etui** /e'twi:/ n. (pl. etuis) dated 【过时】 a small ornamental case for holding needles, cosmetics, and other articles(放针、化妆品等的)小装饰盒
> -ORIGIN 词源C17: from Fr. étui, from OFr. estui 'prison'; cf. TWEEZERS.

**-etum** /'i:təm/ suffix (forming nouns) denoting a collection of trees or other plants(构成名词)成片的树(或植物): arboretum 植物园
> -ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**etymology** /etr'mplǝdzi/ n. (pl. etymologies) an account of the origins and the developments in meaning of a word 词源学
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **etymological** adj. **etymologically** adv. **etymologist** n. **etymologize** or **etymologise** v.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. ethimologie, via L. from Gk etumologia, from etumologos 'student of etymology', from etumon, neut. sing. of etumos 'true.

**etymon** /'etimon/ n. (pl. etymons or etyma) a word or morpheme from which a later word is derived 词源
> -ORIGIN 词源C16: via L. from Gk etumon (see 见 ETYMOLOGY).

**EU** abbr. European Union

**Eu** symb. the chemical element europium (化学元素)铕

**eu-** /ju:/ comb. form well; easily良好地;容易地: eupeptic 消化良好的
> -ORIGIN 词源 from Gk eu 'well', from eus 'good.

**eubacteria** /ju:bæk'tıəriə/ pl. n. (sing. eubacterium) Biology 【生物】a large group of bacteria with simple cells and rigid cell walls, comprising the 'true' bacteria and cyanobacteria as distinct from archaea 真细菌(有别于原始细菌)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eubacterial** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 1930s: from mod. L. Eubacterium (genus name), from EU- (in sense 'normal') + BACTERIUM.

**eucalyptus** /ju:kə'lıptəs/ (also 亦作 **eucalypt**) n. (pl. eucalyptuses or eucalypti /-tar/) a fast-growing evergreen Australasian tree valued for its wood, oil, gum, and resin 桉(树) [Genus Eucalyptus: numerous species.] the oil from eucalyptus leaves, used for its medicinal properties (药用的)桉(树)油
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk eu 'well' + kaluptos 'covered', because the unopened flower is protected by a cap.

**eucaryote** /ju:'kæriǝut/ n. variant spelling of EUKARYOTE * eukaryote 的另一种拼法

**Eucharist** /'ju:k(ǝ)rıst/ n. the Christian service, ceremony, or sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed 圣餐仪式 the consecrated elements, especially the bread 圣餐物品(尤指祝圣面饼)
> -DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Eucharistic** adj. **Eucharistical** adj.
> -ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. eucariste, based on eccles. Gk eukharistia 'thanksgiving', from Gk eukharistos 'grateful', from eu 'well' + kharizesthai 'offer graciously' (from kharis 'grace').

**euchre** /'ju:kə(r)/ n. a North American card game for two to four players, played with the thirty-two highest cards, the aim being to win at least three of the five tricks played 尤克牌戏(北美的一种两人至四人玩的牌戏,游戏取一副牌中最大的32张牌,五墩牌中至少贏得三墩牌者获胜) ■v.1 (in euchre) prevent (another player) from taking three tricks(尤克牌戏中)阻止(对手玩家)赢得三墩牌 2 N. Amer. informal 【北美,非正式】 deceive or outwit 欺骗,蒙骗 3(be euchred) Austral. & Canadian informal 【澳,加,非正式】 be exhausted or ruined耗尽;毁坏
> -ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Ger. dial. Jucker(spiel).

**Euclidean** /ju:'klıdiən/ adj. relating to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid and his system of geometry 欧几里得的;欧几里得几何的

**eucryphia** /ju:'krıfiə/ n. a shrub or small tree with glossy dark green leaves and large white flowers, native to Australia and South America密藏花(灌木或小乔木,叶深绿有光泽,开大白花,原产于澳大利亚和南美)[Genus Eucryphia.]
> -ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from Gk eu 'well' + -kruphos 'hidden' (with ref. to its joined sepals).

**eudaemonic** /ju:dr'mpnık/ (also 亦作 **eudemonic**) adj. rare 【罕】conducive to happiness 有助于获得幸福的
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**eudaemonism** **euphony**
幸福的,产生幸福的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eudaimonikos, from eudaimon (see 见 **EUDAEMONISM**).

**eudaemonism** /ju:'di:mənız(ə)m/ (also 亦作 **eudemonism**) **n.** a system of ethics that bases moral value on the likelihood of actions producing happiness 幸福论 (一种认为道德价值应取决于行为是否产生幸福感的学说)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eudaemonist** n. **eudae-monistic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eudaimonismos 'system of happiness', from eudaimon 'happy', from eu 'well' + daimōn 'guardian spirit'.

**eudiometer** /ju:di'ɒmɪtə(r)/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a graduated glass tube in which mixtures of gases can be made to react by an electric spark, used to measure changes in volume during chemical reactions 量气管
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eudiometric** adj. **eudiometrical** adj. **eudiometry** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (denoting an instrument used to measure amounts of oxygen, thought to be greater in fine weather): from Gk eudios 'clear, fine' (weather), from eu 'well' + dios 'heavenly'.

**eugenics** /ju:'dʒenɪks/ **pl. n.** [treated as sing. 视作单数] the science of using controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics in a population 优生学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eugenic** adj. **eugenically** adv. **eugenicist** n. & adj. **eugenist** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **EU-** + **-GEN** + **-ICS**.

**euglena** /ju:'gli:nə/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 a single-celled freshwater flagellate organism, sometimes forming a green scum on stagnant water 眼虫藻, 裸藻 [Genus Euglena.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euglenoid** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from **EU-** + Gk glēnē 'eyeball, socket of joint'.

**euhedral** /ju:'hi:dr(ə)l/ **adj.** Geology 【地质】 (of a mineral crystal) having faces corresponding to its regular crystal form, not constrained by adjacent minerals (天然水晶) 自形的, 优形的 (未受邻近矿物影响的)

**eukaryote** /ju:'kæriəʊt/ (also 亦作 **eucaryote**) **n.** Biology 【生物】 an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus (that is, all living organisms other than the bacteria and archaea) 真核生物 Compare with 比较 **PROKARYOTE**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eukaryotic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from **EU-** + **KARYO-** + **-ote** as in zygote.

**eulachon** /'ju:ləkən/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同) another term for **CANDLEFISH** * candlefish 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Lower Chinook.

**eulogium** /ju:'ləʊdʒiəm/ **n.** (pl. **eulogia** /-dʒiə/ or **eulogiums**) another term for **EULOGY** * eulogy 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L., 'praise'.

**eulogize** or **eulogise** /'ju:lədʒaɪz/ **v.** praise highly 称赞, 歌颂, 赞美
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eulogist** n. **eulogistic** adj. **eulogistically** adv.

**eulogy** /'ju:lədʒi/ **n.** (pl. **eulogies**) a speech or piece of writing that praises someone highly 颂词, 颂文
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. eulogium, eulogia (from Gk eulogia 'praise'), appar. influenced by L. elogium 'inscription on a tomb' (from Gk elegia 'elegy').

**Eumenides** /ju:'menɪdi:z/ **pl. n.** Greek Mythology 【希神】 the Furies 欧墨尼得斯 (即复仇三女神)
-ORIGIN 词源 via L. from Gk, from eumenēs 'well disposed'.

**eunuch** /'ju:nək/ **n.** **1** a man who has been castrated 阉人, 去睾者 **2** an ineffectual person 无能者: a nation of political eunuchs 昏庸无能者执政的国度
-ORIGIN 词源 OE, via L. from Gk eunoukhos, lit. 'bedroom guard', from eunē 'bed' + a second element rel. to ekhein 'to hold'.

**euonymus** /ju:'ɒnɪməs/ **n.** a shrub or small tree noted for its autumn colours and bright fruit 卫矛 [Genus Euonymus: numerous species.]
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L. (named by Linnaeus), from L. euōnymos, from Gk euōnumos 'having an auspicious or honoured name', from eus 'good' + onoma 'name'.

**eupeptic** /ju:'peptɪk/ **adj.** of or having good digestion 消化良好的, 消化正常的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk eupeptos, from eu 'well, easily' + peptein 'to digest'.

**euphemism** /'ju:fəmɪz(ə)m/ **n.** a mild or less direct word substituted for one that is harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing 委婉说法, 委婉语
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euphemistic** adj. **euphemistically** adv. **euphemize** or **euphemise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk euphēmismos, from euphēmizein 'use auspicious words', from eu 'well' + phēmē 'speaking'.

**euphonious** /ju:'fəʊniəs/ **adj.** sounding pleasant 悦耳的, 动听的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euphoniously** adv.

**euphonium** /ju:'fəʊniəm/ **n.** a valved brass musical instrument of tenor pitch, resembling a small tuba 尤风宁号
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk euphōnos 'having a pleasing sound' + **-IUM**.

**euphony** /'ju:f(ə)ni/ **n.** (pl. **euphonies**) **1** the quality of having a pleasant sound 声音动听; 声音悦耳 **2** the tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation (使发音自如的) 变音倾向
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euphonic** adj. **euphonize** or **euphonise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. euphonie, via late L. from Gk euphōnia, from euphōnos 'having a pleasing sound' (based on phōnē 'sound').

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**euphorbia** **Eurosceptic**
**euphorbia** /ju:'fɔ:biə/ **n.** a plant of a genus that comprises the spurges 大戟 [Genus Euphorbia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. euphorbea, named after Euphorbus, Greek physician to the reputed discoverer of the plant, Juba II of Mauretania.

**euphoria** /ju:'fɔ:riə/ **n.** intense happiness and elation 十分愉快; 情绪高涨; 极度兴奋
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euphoric** adj. **euphorically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: mod. L., from Gk, from euphoros 'borne well, healthy', from eu 'well' + pherein 'to bear'.

**euphoriant** /ju:'fɔ:riənt/ **adj.** producing a feeling of euphoria 令人十分愉快的; 让人情绪高涨的; 使人极度兴奋的 **n.** a euphoriant drug 欣快剂 (一种使人产生快感的药物)

**euphrasia** /ju:'freɪziə/ **n.** eyebright or a related plant, especially as a herbal or homeopathic remedy for eye problems 小米草 (尤用于治疗眼疾) [Genus Euphrasia.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: via med. L. from Gk, lit. 'cheerfulness'.

**euphuism** /'ju:fjuɪz(ə)m/ **n.** formal 【正式】 an artificial, highly elaborate way of writing or speaking 矫揉造作的言辞; 绮丽的文体
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euphuist** n. **euphuistic** adj. **euphuistically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: with ref. to the elevated style of John Lyly's prose romance Euphues.

**euploid** /'ju:plɔɪd/ **adj.** Genetics 【遗传】 having an equal number of all the chromosomes of the haploid set 整倍体的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **euploidy** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from **EU-** + **-OID** as in **DIPLOID, HAPLOID**.

**Eurasian** /jʊ'reɪʒn/ **adj.** **1** of mixed European (or European-American) and Asian parentage 欧亚混血的; 欧美亚混血的 **2** relating to Eurasia 欧亚大陆的 **n.** a person of Eurasian parentage 欧亚混血儿; 欧美亚混血儿

**Euratom** /jʊ(ə)'rætəm/ **abbr.** European Atomic Energy Community 欧洲原子能共同体

**eureka** /jʊ(ə)'ri:kə/ **exclam.** a cry of joy or satisfaction when one finds or discovers something 我找到了 (有所发现时表示高兴的欢呼语) **n.** an alloy of copper and nickel used for electrical filament and resistance wire 优铜, 尤里卡高电阻铜镍合金
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk heurēka 'I have found it', said to have been uttered by Archimedes when he hit upon a method of determining the purity of gold.

**eurhythmic** /jʊ(ə)'rɪðmɪk/ **adj.** rare 【罕】 in or relating to harmonious proportion 比例协调的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: based on Gk euruthmia 'proportion' + **-IC**.

**eurhythmics** /jʊ(ə)'rɪðmɪks/ (also 亦作 **eurhythmy**; US 【美】 also 亦作 **eurythmics**, **eurythmy**) **pl. n.** [treated as sing. 视作单数] a system of rhythmical physical movements to music used to teach musical understanding or for therapeutic purposes 韵律(体)操
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from **EU-** + **RHYTHM** + **-ICS**.

**Euro** /'jʊərəʊ/ **adj.** informal 【非正式】 relating to Europe or the European Union 欧洲的; 欧盟的

**euro** /'jʊərəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **euros** or **euro**) the basic monetary unit of many member states of the European Union 欧元

**Euro-** /'jʊərəʊ/ **comb. form** European; European and... 欧洲的; 欧洲和……的: **Euro-American** 欧美的 relating to Europe or the European Union 欧洲的; 欧盟的: a **Euro-MP** 欧洲议会议员

**Eurobond** /'jʊərəʊbɒnd/ **n.** an international bond issued in Europe or elsewhere outside the country in whose currency its value is stated 欧洲债券, 境外债券

**Eurocentric** /ˌjʊərəʊ'sentrɪk/ **adj.** implicitly regarding European culture as pre-eminent 以欧洲为中心的; 欧洲文化优越观的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Eurocentricity** n. **Eurocentrism** n.

**Eurocrat** /'jʊərəkræt/ **n.** informal, chiefly derogatory 【非正式, 主贬】 a bureaucrat in the administration of the European Union 欧盟官员

**Eurodollar** /'jʊərə(ʊ)ˌdɒlə(r)/ **n.** a US dollar held in Europe or elsewhere outside the US 欧洲美元, 境外美元

**euroland** /'jʊərəʊlænd/ **n.** another term for **EUROZONE** * eurozone 的另一种说法

**Euro-MP** **n.** a member of the European Parliament 欧洲议会议员

**European** /jʊərə'pi:ən/ **n.** a native or inhabitant of Europe 欧洲人 a person who is white or of European parentage 白人; 欧洲裔 **adj.** relating to Europe or the European Union 欧洲的; 欧盟的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Europeanism** n. **Europeanization** or **Europeanisation** n. **Europeanize** or **Europeanise** v.

**European Community** **n.** an economic and political association of certain European countries, incorporated since 1993 in the European Union 欧洲共同体 (1993年并入欧盟)

**European Union** **n.** an economic and political association of certain European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs 欧洲联盟, 欧盟

**europium** /jʊ(ə)r'əʊpiəm/ **n.** the chemical element of atomic number 63, a soft silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series 铕 (化学元素, 原子序数为63, 银白色稀土金属) (Symbol 符: **Eu**)
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: mod. L., based on **Europe**.

**Europop** /'jʊərəʊpɒp/ **n.** pop music from continental Europe with simple melodies and lyrics, often sung in English 欧洲流行 (音乐)

**Eurosceptic** /'jʊərə(ʊ)ˌskeptɪk/ **n.** a person who is opposed to increasing the powers of the European Union 反对增大欧盟权力的人

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Eurosceptical** adj. **Euro-scepticism** n.

**Eurostar** /'jʊərə(ʊ)stɑ:(r)/ **n.** trademark 【商标】 the high-speed passenger rail service that links London with various European cities via the Channel Tunnel 欧洲之星 (通过英吉利海峡海底隧道将伦敦和多个欧洲城市连接起来的快速旅客列车)

**Eurotrash** /'jʊərəʊtræʃ/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 rich European socialites, especially those living or working in the United States (尤指在美国生活或工作的) 欧洲名流

**eurozone** /'jʊərəʊzəʊn/ **n.** the economic region formed by those member countries of the European Union that have adopted the euro 欧元区

**eury-** /jʊəri/ **comb. form** denoting a wide variety or range of something specified (种类或范围) 泛的, 广的: **eurytopic** 广适应性的
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk eurus 'wide'.

**euryhaline** /ˌjʊərɪ'heɪlaɪn, -'hælɪn/ **adj.** Ecology 【生态】 able to tolerate a wide range of salinity 广盐性的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **STENOHALINE**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eurus 'wide' + halinos 'of salt'.

**eurypterid** /jʊ(ə)'rɪptərɪd/ **n.** a giant fossil marine arthropod of a group occurring in the Palaeozoic era, resembling large scorpions 板足鲎
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. Eurypterus (genus name), from **EURY-** + Gk pteron 'wing' + **-ID³**.

**eurythermal** /jʊərɪ'θɜ:ml/ **adj.** Ecology 【生态】 able to tolerate a wide range of temperature 广温性的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **STENOTHERMAL**.

**eurythmics** /jʊə'rɪðmɪks/ (also 亦作 **eurythmy**) **pl. n.** US spelling of **EURHYTHMICS** * eurhythmics 的美式拼法

**Euskara** /'ju:skərə/ **n.** the Basque language 巴斯克语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Basque.

**eusocial** /ju:'səʊʃl/ **adj.** Zoology 【动】 denoting social organisms (e.g. the honeybee) in which a single female or caste produces the offspring and non-reproductive individuals cooperate in caring for the young (蜜蜂等社会性生物) 真社会性的, 真社群性的 (只有一个或一级雌性生产后代, 其余个体共同合作养育幼体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eusociality** n.

**Eustachian tube** /ju:'steɪʃn/ **n.** Anatomy 【解】 a narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear, permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum 咽鼓管, 欧斯塔基奥管
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the 16th-cent. Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachio.

**eustasy** /'ju:stəsi/ **n.** a change of sea level throughout the world, caused typically by movements of parts of the earth's crust or melting of glaciers (由地质构造运动、冰山融化等引起的) 海平面升降
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eustatic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: back-form. from eustatic, coined in Ger. from Gk eu 'well' + statikos 'static'.

**eutectic** /ju:'tektɪk/ **adj.** Chemistry 【化】 (of a mixture of two substances) having a distinct melting point which is lower than the melting points of the separate constituents (混合物) 低共熔的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Gk eutēktos 'easily melting'.

**eutectic point** **n.** Chemistry 【化】 the temperature at which a particular eutectic mixture freezes or melts 低共熔点

**euthanasia** /ju:θə'neɪziə/ **n.** the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable disease or in an irreversible coma 安乐死术, 无痛苦致死术
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk, from eu 'well' + thanatos 'death'.

**euthanize** or **euthanise** /'ju:θənaɪz/ **v.** N. Amer. 【北美】 put (an animal) to death humanely 使(动物) 安乐死, 对(动物) 实行无痛苦致死术

**eutherian** /ju:'θɪəriən/ Zoology 【动】 **n.** a mammal of the major group Eutheria, which comprises the placentals 真兽类动物 Compare with 比较 **METATHERIAN**. **adj.** relating to eutherians 真兽类的
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L. Eutheria, from **EU-** + Gk thēria, pl. of thērion 'wild beast'.

**euthyroid** /ju:'θaɪrɔɪd/ **adj.** Medicine 【医】 having a normally functioning thyroid gland 甲状腺功能正常的

**eutrophic** /ju:'trəʊfɪk, -'trɒfɪk/ **adj.** Ecology 【生态】 (of a body of water) rich in nutrients and so supporting a dense plant population, the decomposition of which kills animal life by depriving it of oxygen (水体) 富营养的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eutrophicate** v. **eutrophication** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk eutrophia, from eu 'well' + trephein 'nourish'.

**eV** **abbr.** electronvolt(s)

**EVA** **abbr.** **1** ethyl vinyl acetate 乙基醋酸乙烯共聚物 **2** (in space) extravehicular activity (太空) 舱外活动

**evacuant** /ɪ'vækjuənt/ **adj.** (of a medicine or treatment) acting to induce a bodily discharge (药物或治疗) 排泄的, 排空的 **n.** an evacuant medicine 排泻药

**evacuate** /ɪ'vækju:eɪt/ **v.** **1** remove from a place of danger to a safer place (从危险的地方) 疏散, 撤离
> leave (a dangerous place) 离开 (危险的地方)
> (of troops) withdraw from (a place) (军队) 撤离, 撤出(某地) **2** technical 【技】 remove air, water, or other contents from (a container) 抽空 (容器)
> empty (the bowels or another bodily organ) 排空(肠胃等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evacuation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. evacuat-, evacuare, from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out of' + vacuus 'empty'.

**evacuative** /ɪ'vækjuətɪv/ **n.** & **adj.** another term for **EVACUANT** * evacuant 的另一种说法

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**evacuee** **evection**
**evacuee** /ɪˌvækju'i:/ **n.** a person evacuated from a place of danger 被疏散者; 撤离者

**evade** /ɪ'veɪd/ **v.** **1** escape or avoid, especially by guile or trickery (尤指通过施用诡计或骗术) 逃走, 躲避
> avoid giving a direct answer to (a question) 回避 (问题) **2** escape paying (tax or duty), especially by illegitimate presentation of one's finances (尤指通过谎报财务状况来) 逃(税), 漏(税)
> defeat the intention of (a law or rule), especially while complying with its letter (尤指利用文字漏洞) 规避(法律或规定)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evadable** adj. **evader** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr. évader, from L. evadere from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out of' + vadere 'go'.

**evaginate** /ɪ'vædʒɪneɪt/ **v.** Biology & Physiology 【生物, 生理】 turn (a tubular or pouch-shaped organ or structure) inside out 使(管状、袋状器官或结构) 外翻
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evagination** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. evaginat-, evaginare 'unsheath'.

**evaluate** /ɪ'væljʊeɪt/ **v.** **1** form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; assess 估计; 评价; 评估 **2** Mathematics 【数】 find a numerical expression or equivalent for (an equation, formula, or function) 求(方程式、公式或函数)的数值
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evaluation** n. **evaluative** adj. **evaluator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: back-form. from earlier (C18) evaluation, from Fr. évaluer, from **es-** (from L. **ex-**) 'out, from' + OFr. value 'value'.

**evanescent** /i:və'nesnt/ **adj.** **1** chiefly literary 【主文】 quickly fading from sight, memory, or existence 转瞬即逝的, 短暂的 **2** Physics 【物】 denoting a field or wave which extends into a region where it cannot propagate and whose amplitude therefore decreases with distance (场、波) 隐失的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evanesce** v. **evanescence** n. **evanescently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. evanescent-, evanescere 'disappear'.

**evangel** /ɪ'væn(d)ʒel, -(d)ʒl/ **n.** **1** archaic 【古】 the Christian gospel (基督教) 福音
> any of the four Gospels 四《福音书》之一 **2** North American term for **EVANGELIST** * evangelist 的北美说法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. evangile, via eccles. L. from Gk euangelion 'good news', from euangelos 'bringing good news', from **eu-** 'well' + angelein 'announce'.

**evangelical** /i:væn'dʒelɪkl/ **adj.** **1** of or according to the teaching of the gospel or the Christian religion (按照) 福音的; (按照) 基督教教义的
> of or denoting a tradition within Protestant Christianity emphasizing the authority of the Bible, personal conversion, and the doctrine of salvation by faith in the Atonement 基督教福音派的 (强调《圣经》的权威性、个人的皈依以及通过笃信神人合一来实现救赎) **2** fervent in advocating something 狂热的; 热衷的 **n.** a member of the evangelical tradition in the Christian Church 基督教福音派信徒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evangelic** adj. **evangelicalism** n. **evangelically** adv.

**evangelist** /ɪ'vændʒəlɪst/ **n.** **1** a person who seeks to convert others to the Christian faith, especially by public preaching (基督教) 布道者 **2** the writer of one of the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John) 四《福音书》作者 (马太、马可、路加、约翰) 之一 **3** a zealous advocate 狂热鼓吹者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evangelism** n. **evangelistic** adj.

**evangelize** or **evangelise** /ɪ'vændʒəlaɪz/ **v.** convert or seek to convert (someone) to Christianity (使) 皈依基督教
> preach the gospel 宣讲福音
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evangelization** n. **evangelizer** n.

**evaporate** /ɪ'væpəreɪt/ **v.** **1** turn from liquid into vapour 蒸发, 挥发 **2** (of a quality, feeling, etc.) disappear (特质、感觉等) 消失, 消散
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evaporable** adj. **evaporation** n. **evaporative** adj. **evaporator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. evaporat-, evaporare, from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out of' + vapor 'steam, vapour'.

**evaporated milk** **n.** thick sweetened milk that has had some of the liquid removed by evaporation 甜炼乳

**evaporating dish** **n.** Chemistry 【化】 a small ceramic dish in which liquids are heated over a flame so that they evaporate, leaving a solid residue 蒸发皿 (放在火上加热使液体蒸发后留下固体残渣)

**evaporite** /ɪ'væpəraɪt/ **n.** Geology 【地质】 a natural salt or mineral deposit left after the evaporation of a body of water 蒸发岩

**evapotranspiration** /ɪˌvæpəʊˌtrænspɪ'reɪʃn/ **n.** the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants 蒸发蒸腾作用

**evasion** /ɪ'veɪʒn/ **n.** the action of evading 躲避, 回避, 逃避
> an evasive statement 遁词, 托词

**evasive** /ɪ'veɪsɪv/ **adj.** tending to avoid commitment or self-revelation 推脱的; 躲闪的
> directed towards avoidance or escape 躲避的, 回避的, 逃避的: **evasive action** 回避行为
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evasively** adv. **evasiveness** n.

**eve** /i:v/ **n.** **1** the day or period of time immediately before an event (重大事件的) 前夜, 前夕
> the evening or day before a religious festival (宗教节日的) 前夜, 前夕 **2** chiefly literary 【主文】 evening 傍晚, 黄昏
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: short form of **EVEN²**.

**evection** /ɪ'vekʃn/ **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 regular variation in the eccentricity of the moon's orbit around the earth, caused mainly by the sun's attraction (主要由太阳引力造成的) 出差
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'elevation, exaltation'): from L. evectio(n-), from evehere 'carry out or up'.

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**Even** **eventuality**
**Even** /eɪ'ven/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同) **1** a member of an indigenous people living in the Kamchatka peninsula of eastern Siberia (生活在西伯利亚东部勘察加半岛的) 埃文人 **2** the Tungusic language of the Even 埃文语 (埃文人说的通古斯语)
-ORIGIN 词源 a local name.

**even¹** /'i:v(ə)n/ **adj.** (**evener**, **evenest**) **1** flat and smooth; level 平滑的; 平坦的 **2** equal in number, amount, or value 相等的, 均等的
> equally balanced 平衡的, 均衡的: The match was fairly even. 比赛双方势均力敌。
> having little variation in quality; regular 均匀的; 平稳的; 规整的 **3** (of a person's temper or disposition) equable; calm (人的脾气或性情) 平和的, 稳重的 **4** (of a number) divisible by two without a remainder (数字) 双数的, 偶数的 **v.** (often 常用 **even out/up**) make or become even (使) 变平坦 **adv.** used for emphasis 甚至, 更, 还 (用于强调): He knows even less than I do. 他知道的比我还少。
-PHRASES 短语 **even as** at the very same time as 正当, 恰恰在……的时候 **an even break** informal 【非正式】 a fair chance 平等机会 **even if** despite the possibility or fact that 即使, 纵然 **even now (or then)** **1** now (or then) as well as before 甚至到现在 (或那时) **2** in spite of what has (or had) happened 尽管这样, 虽然情况如此 **3** at this (or that) very moment 就在此刻, 正在那时 **even so** nevertheless 虽然如此, 即使是这样 **even though** despite the fact that 虽然; 尽管 **of even date** Law or formal 【律或正式】 of the same date 同一天的 **on an even keel** **1** not listing or tilting to one side 不倾斜的(地); 保持水平位置(的) **2** functioning normally after a period of difficulty (困难时期后) 平稳下来, 顺顺当当
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evenly** adv. **evenness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE efen (adj.), efne (adv.), of Gmc origin.

**even²** /'i:v(ə)n/ **n.** archaic or literary 【古或文】 evening 傍晚, 黄昏
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æfen, of Gmc origin.

**even-handed** **adj.** fair and impartial 不偏不倚的, 公正的, 无偏见的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **even-handedly** adv. **even-handedness** n.

**evening** /'i:vnɪŋ/ **n.** the period of time at the end of the day, between late afternoon and bedtime 傍晚, 晚上 **adv.** (**evenings**) informal 【非正式】 in the evening; every evening 在晚上; 每晚
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æfnung, from æfnian 'approach evening', from æfen (see 见 **EVEN²**).

**eveninger** /'i:v(ə)nɪŋə(r)/ **n.** Indian informal 【印度, 非正式】 an evening newspaper 晚报

**evening primrose** **n.** a plant with pale yellow flowers that open in the evening, whose seeds are used for a medicinal oil 月见草, 夜来香 (花呈浅黄色, 夜间开放, 种子用于制药油) [Genus Oenothera: numerous species.]

**evening star** **n.** (**the evening star**) the planet Venus, seen shining in the western sky after sunset 昏星 (太阳落山后出现于西部天空的金星)

**Evenki** /eɪ'veŋki/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **Evenkis**) **1** a member of an indigenous people of northern Siberia (西伯利亚北部的) 埃文克人 **2** the Tungusic language of the Evenki 埃文克语 (埃文克人说的通古斯语)
-ORIGIN 词源 a local name.

**even money** **n.** (in betting) odds offering an equal chance of winning or losing, with the amount won being the same as the stake (赌博中的) 输赢均等机会

**evens** /'i:v(ə)nz/ **pl. n.** Brit. 【英】 another term for **EVEN MONEY** * even money 的另一种说法

**evensong** /'i:vnsɒŋ/ **n.** (especially in the Anglican Church) a service of evening prayers, psalms, and canticles (尤指英国国教的) 晚祷

**even-steven** (also 亦作 **even-stevens**) **adj.** & **adv.** informal 【非正式】 fair and equal in competition or distribution of resources (在竞争中或资源分配上) 公正公平的(地), 机会均等的(地)

**event** /ɪ'vent/ **n.** **1** a thing that takes place 发生的事情, 事件
> a public or social occasion 公共场合; 社交场合 **2** each of several contests making up a sports competition (体育赛事的) 比赛项目 **3** Physics 【物】 a single occurrence of a process, e.g. the ionization of one atom 事件
-PHRASES 短语 **in any event (or at all events)** whatever happens or may have happened 不管怎样, 无论如何 **in the event** **1** as it turned out 结果, 到头来 **2** (**in the event of that**) if (the specified thing) happens 如果 (具体事件) 发生, 万一
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eventless** adj. **eventlessness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. eventus, from evenire 'result, happen'.

**eventer** /ɪ'ventə(r)/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 a horse or rider that takes part in eventing 马术三日赛中的马 (或骑手)

**eventful** /ɪ'ventfl/ **adj.** marked by interesting or exciting events 多姿多彩的; 充满大事的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eventfully** adv. **eventfulness** n.

**event horizon** **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 a notional boundary around a black hole beyond which no light or other radiation can escape 事件视界 (黑洞的边界)

**eventide** /'i:vntaɪd/ **n.** archaic or literary 【古或文】 evening 傍晚, 黄昏

**eventing** /ɪ'ventɪŋ/ **n.** an equestrian sport in which competitors must take part in each of several contests, usually cross-country, dressage, and showjumping 马术三日赛, 综合全能马术赛 (通常包括越野赛、花样骑术和障碍赛)

**eventual** /ɪ'ven(t)ʃʊəl/ **adj.** occurring at the end of or resulting from a process or period of time 最终发生的; 最后的; 结果的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eventually** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'relating to an event'): from L. eventus (see 见 **EVENT**), on the pattern of **actual**.

**eventuality** /ɪˌven(t)ʃu'æləti/ **n.** (pl. **eventualities**) a possible event or outcome 可能发生的事情, 可能出现的结果

<881>
**eventuate** **evil**
**eventuate** /ɪ'ven(t)ʃʊeɪt, -tju-/ **v.** formal 【正式】 occur as a result 结果发生
> (**eventuate in**) lead to as a result 结果为; 归结为
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eventuation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. US): from **EVENT**, on the pattern of **actuate**.

**ever** /'evə(r)/ **adv.** **1** [usu. with neg. or in questions 通常与否定结构连用或用于疑问句] at any time 在任何时候; 从来
> used in comparisons for emphasis 以往任何时候, 曾经 (用于比较, 表示强调) **2** at all times; always 总是; 始终 **3** increasingly; constantly 日益; 不断地 **4** used for emphasis in questions expressing astonishment or outrage 究竟, 到底 (用于表示惊讶或愤怒的疑问句, 以示强调)
-PHRASES 短语 **ever and anon** archaic 【古】 occasionally 有时, 偶尔 **ever since** throughout the period since 此后一直, 自……以后一直 **ever so (or such)** Brit. informal 【英, 非正式】 very; very much 很, 非常
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æfre, of unknown origin.

**evergreen** /'evəgri:n/ **adj.** **1** (of a plant) retaining green leaves throughout the year (植物) 常绿的, 常青的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **DECIDUOUS**. **2** having an enduring freshness or popularity 永保青春的; 经久不衰的 **n.** an evergreen plant 常绿植物

**evergreen oak** **n.** another term for **HOLM OAK** * holm oak 的另一种说法

**everlasting** /ˌevə'lɑ:stɪŋ/ **adj.** lasting forever or a very long time 永久的; 长久的 **n.** a helichrysum or similar flower that retains its shape and colour after being dried 永久花
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **everlastingly** adv. **everlastingness** n.

**evermore** /ˌevə'mɔ:(r)/ **adv.** literary 【文】 always; forever 始终, 永远

**evert** /ɪ'vɜ:t/ **v.** Biology & Physiology 【生物, 生理】 turn (a structure or organ) outwards or inside out 使(结构或器官) 外翻, 使反卷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eversible** adj. **eversion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'upset, overthrow'): from L. evertere, from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out' + vertere 'to turn'.

**every** /'evri/ **det.** **1** used to refer to all the individual members of a set without exception 每个: 每一
> all possible; the utmost 所有可能的; 完全的 **2** used to indicate how often something happens 每……一次的; 每隔…的
-PHRASES 短语 **every bit as** (in comparisons) quite as (用于比较) 完全一样 **every now and again (or every so often)** occasionally 有时, 偶尔 **every other** each alternate in a series 每隔…… **every which way** informal 【非正式】 in all directions 西面八方
> by all available means 想方设法地; 千方百计地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE æfre ælc (see 见 **EVER**, **EACH**).

**everybody** /'evriˌbɒdi/ **pron.** every person 每人, 人人

**everyday** /'evrideɪ/ **adj.** **1** daily 每天的, 日常的 **2** commonplace 寻常的, 普通的

**Everyman** /'evrimæn/ (or **Everywoman**) **n.** an ordinary or typical human being 普通人, 凡夫俗子

**everyone** /'evriwʌn/ **pron.** every person 每人, 人人

**every one** **pron.** each one 每个

**everyplace** /'evripleɪs/ **adv.** N. Amer. informal 【北美, 非正式】 everywhere 处处, 到处

**everything** /'evriθɪŋ/ **pron.** **1** all things 每件事; 所有事物
> all things of importance 所有重要事物
> the most important thing or aspect 最重要的事物(或方面): Money isn't everything. 金钱并非一切。 **2** life in general 基本生活

**everywhere** /'evriweə(r)/ **adv.** in or to all places 在各个地方; 到所有地方
> very common or widely distributed 随处, 到处

**evict** /ɪ'vɪkt/ **v.** expel (someone) from a property, especially with the support of the law (尤指依法) 驱逐, 逐出 (某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eviction** n. **evictor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'recover property by legal process'): from L. evict-, evincere 'overcome, defeat'.

**evidence** /'evɪdəns/ **n.** information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid 根据; 证明
> Law 【律】 information drawn from personal testimony, a document, or a material object, used to establish facts in a legal investigation or admissible as testimony in a law court 证据
> signs; indications 迹象; 痕迹 **v.** be or show evidence of 证明; 表明
-PHRASES 短语 **in evidence** noticeable; conspicuous 可看见的, 明显的 **turn King's (or Queen's or US 【美】 state's) evidence** Law 【律】 (of a criminal) give information in court against one's partners in order to receive a less severe punishment (罪犯) 提供对同案犯不利的证据
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. evidentia, from **evident** (see **EVIDENT**).

**evident** /'evɪdənt/ **adj.** plain or obvious; clear 明显的; 清楚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evidently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. evidens, evident- 'obvious to the eye or mind', from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out' + videre 'to see'.

**evidential** /ˌevɪ'denʃl/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 of or providing evidence 证据的; 提供证据的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evidentiality** n. **evidentially** adv.

**evidentiary** /evɪ'denʃ(ə)ri/ **adj.** chiefly US Law 【主美律】 another term for **EVIDENTIAL** * evidential 的另一种说法

**evil** /'i:vl/ **adj.** **1** extremely wicked and immoral 邪恶的; 罪恶的
> embodying or associated with the forces of the devil 代表邪恶势力的; 与邪恶势力有关的
> harmful or tending to harm 有害的; 易造成伤害的 **2** extremely unpleasant 讨厌的; 使人不舒服的: **an evil smell** 难闻的气味 **n.** great wickedness and depravity, especially when regarded as a supernatural force (尤指被视为一种超自然力时的) 邪恶, 罪恶

<882>
> something harmful or undesirable 害处, 弊端: **social evils** 社会弊端
-PHRASES 短语 **the evil eye** a gaze or stare superstitiously believed to cause harm 恶毒眼光 (迷信说法认为这种眼光会给人带来伤害) **the Evil One** archaic 【古】 the Devil 恶魔, 撒旦 **speak evil of** slander 讲……的坏话; 诽谤; 中伤
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evilly** adv. **evilness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE yfel, of Gmc origin.

**evildoer** /'i:vlˌdu:ə(r)/ **n.** a person who commits evil deeds 作恶的人, 坏人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evildoing** n.

**evince** /ɪ'vɪns/ **v.** formal 【正式】 reveal the presence of (a quality or feeling); indicate 显露(品质); 流露(情感); 表明
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'prove by argument or evidence'): from L. evincere (see 见 **EVICT**).

**eviscerate** /ɪ'vɪsəreɪt/ **v.** formal 【正式】 disembowel 切除…的内脏
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evisceration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. eviscerat-, eviscerare, from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out' + viscera 'internal organs'.

**evocative** /ɪ'vɒkətɪv/ **adj.** evoking strong images, memories, or feelings 使产生联想的; 唤起记忆的; 激发强烈情感的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evocatively** adv. **evocativeness** n.

**evoke** /ɪ'vəʊk/ **v.** **1** bring or recall to the conscious mind 唤起, 使想起 **2** elicit (a response) 使产生, 引起(反应) **3** invoke (a spirit or deity) 召(魂); 唤(神)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evocation** n. **evoker** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as **evocation**): from L. evocat-, evocare, from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out of, from' + vocare 'to call'.

**evolute** /'i:vəl(j)u:t, 'ev-/ **n.** Mathematics 【数】 a curve which is the locus of the centres of curvature of another curve (its involute) 渐屈线 **adj.** Zoology & Botany 【动, 植】 rolled outwards at the edges 反卷的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. evolutus, past part. of evolvere (see 见 **EVOLVE**).

**evolution** /i:və'lu:ʃn, ev-/ **n.** **1** the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms, especially by natural selection (生物的) 进化 **2** gradual development (逐步的) 发展, 演化, 演变 **3** Chemistry 【化】 the giving off of a gaseous product, or of heat 释放气体; 散发热量 **4** a pattern of movements or manoeuvres 队形变换; 位置变换 **5** Mathematics, dated 【数, 过时】 the extraction of a root from a given quantity 开方
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evolutional** adj. **evolutionally** adv. **evolutionarily** adv. **evolutionary** adj. **evolutive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. evolutio(n-) 'unrolling', from evolvere (see 见 **EVOLVE**).

**evolutionist** /i:və'lu:ʃnɪst/ **n.** a person who believes in the theories of evolution and natural selection 进化论者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evolutionism** n.

**evolve** /ɪ'vɒlv/ **v.** **1** develop gradually (逐步) 发展, 演化, 演变 **2** (of an organism or biological feature) develop over successive generations by evolution (有机体或生物特征) 进化 **3** Chemistry 【化】 give off (gas or heat) 释放 (气体); (散发) 热量
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **evolvable** adj. **evolvement** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'make more complex, develop'): from L. evolvere, from **e-** (var. of **ex-**) 'out of' + volvere 'to roll'.

**evzone** /'evzəʊn/ **n.** a kilted soldier belonging to a select Greek infantry regiment 希腊精锐步兵团士兵
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. Gk euzōnos, from Gk, 'dressed for exercise' (from **eu-** 'fine' + zōnē 'belt').

**Ewe** /'eɪweɪ/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同) **1** a member of a West African people of Ghana, Togo, and Benin 埃维人 (居住在加纳、多哥和贝宁的西非人) **2** the Kwa language of the Ewe 埃维语 (埃维人说的克瓦语)
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Ewe.

**ewe** /ju:/ **n.** a female sheep 母羊, 雌羊
-ORIGIN 词源 OE eowu, of Gmc origin.

**ewe neck** **n.** a horse's neck of which the upper outline curves inwards instead of outwards (马的) 母羊式头颈 (颈上部不是向外弯曲而是向内弯曲)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **ewe-necked** adj.

**ewer** /'ju:ə(r)/ **n.** a large jug with a wide mouth 大口水壶, 广口水罐
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr. ewer, var. of OFr. aiguiere, based on L. aquarius 'of water'.

**Ex.** /'eksədəs/ **abbr.** Exodus (in biblical references 《出埃及记》 (表示《圣经》引文出处)

**ex¹** /eks/ **prep.** Brit. 【英】 **1** (of goods) sold direct from (货物) 交货 **2** without; excluding 无; 不包括
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'out of'.

**ex²** /eks/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 a former husband, wife, or other partner in a relationship 前夫; 前妻; 前任情人

**ex-¹** /eks/ (also 亦作 **e-**; **ef-** before f * f 前作 ef-) **prefix** **1** out 离开; 出去; 向外: **exclude** 排除 **2** upward 向上: **extol** 颂扬 **3** thoroughly 完全地, 彻底地: **excruciate** 折磨 **4** denoting removal or release 表示 “免除”, “释放”: **excommunicate** 开除…的教籍 **5** forming verbs which denote inducement of a state 构成导致某种状态的动词: **exasperate** 激怒 **6** denoting a former state 以前的, 先前的: **ex-husband** 前夫
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. **ex** 'out of'.

**ex-²** /eks/ **prefix** out 离开; 出去; 向外: **exodus** 撤离
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk **ex** 'out of'.

**exa-** /'eksə-/ **comb. form** denoting a factor of 10¹⁸ 艾, 艾可萨 (10¹⁸): **exajoule** 艾焦
-ORIGIN 词源 from (h)exa- (see 见 **HEXA-**), based on the supposed analogy of tera- and tetra-.

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**exacerbate** **exarchate**
**exacerbate** /ɪg'zæsəbeɪt, ek'sæs-/ **v.** make (something bad) worse 使恶化; 使加剧
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exacerbation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as **exacerbation**, in the sense 'provocation to anger'): from L. exacerbat-, exacerbare 'make harsh'.

**exact** /ɪg'zækt/ **adj.** not approximated in any way; precise 精确的; 恰好的
> accurate or correct in all details 确切的; 准确的: **an exact replica** 精确复制品
> accurate and careful about minor details 严谨的, 一丝不苟的 **v.** **1** demand and obtain (something) from someone 索要; 强取 **2** inflict (revenge) on someone 报(仇)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exactable** adj. **exactitude** n. **exactness** n. **exactor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v.): from L. exact-, exigere 'complete, ascertain, enforce'; the adj. reflects L. exactus 'precise'.

**exacta** /ɪg'zæktə/ **n.** US 【美】 another term for **PERFECTA** * perfecta 的另一种说法
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: from Amer. Sp. quiniela exacta 'exact quinella'.

**exacting** /ɪg'zæktɪŋ/ **adj.** making great demands on someone's endurance or skill 苛求的, 严厉的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exactingly** adv. **exactingness** n.

**exaction** /ɪg'zækʃn/ **n.** formal 【正式】 the action of exacting something, especially a payment 索要 (尤指报酬)
> a sum of money exacted 索要的款额

**exactly** /ɪg'zæktli/ **adv.** **1** in exact terms 精确地; 确切地 **2** used to confirm or agree with what has just been said 正是如此, 一点儿不错

**exaggerate** /ɪg'zædʒəreɪt, eg-/ **v.** represent (something) as being larger, better, or worse than it really is 夸张, 夸大 [as adj. 作形容词 **exaggerated**] enlarged or altered beyond normal proportions 过分夸大的; 夸张的; 言过其实的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exaggeratedly** adv. **exaggeration** n. **exaggerative** adj. **exaggerator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exaggerat-, exaggerare 'heap up'.

**exalt** /ɪg'zɔ:lt, eg-/ **v.** **1** praise or regard highly 颂扬, 吹捧 **2** raise to a higher rank or position 提升; 提拔
> make noble in character; dignify 使变得崇高
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. exaltare, from **ex-** 'out, upward' + altus 'high'.

**exaltation** /ˌegzɔ:l'teɪʃn/ **n.** **1** extreme happiness 兴高采烈; 兴奋 **2** the action of exalting 晋升; 提高

**exalté** /ɪg'zɔ:lteɪ/ **n.** literary 【文】 a person who is elated or impassioned 兴高采烈的人; 热情洋溢的人; 狂热者
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: Fr., 'lifted up', past part. of exalter.

**exalted** /ɪg'zɔ:ltɪd/ **adj.** **1** at a high level 地位高的, 显赫的 **2** (of an idea) noble; lofty (思想) 高尚的, 崇高的 **3** extremely happy 兴高采烈的, 兴奋的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exaltedly** adv. **exaltedness** n.

**exam** /ɪg'zæm/ **n.** **1** short for **EXAMINATION** (sense 2) * examination (释义2) 的缩略式 **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 a medical test of a specified kind 体格检查

**examination** /ɪgˌzæmɪ'neɪʃn/ **n.** **1** a detailed inspection or study (仔细的) 检查, 考察, 调查, 审查
> the action of examining 检查, 考察, 调查, 审查 **2** a formal test of knowledge or proficiency in a subject or skill 考试 **3** Law 【律】 the formal questioning of a defendant or witness in court (对被告或证人的) 询问

**examination-in-chief** **n.** Law 【律】 the questioning of a witness by the party which has called that witness to give evidence, in support of the case being made 主询问, 直接询问 (指提供证人一方对证人进行的询问)

**examine** /ɪg'zæmɪn/ **v.** **1** inspect or study thoroughly to determine the nature or condition of 检查; 考察; 调查; 审查 **2** test the knowledge or proficiency of 对……进行考试 (或测验) **3** Law 【律】 formally question (a defendant or witness) in court (在法庭上) 询问 (被告或证人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **examinable** adj. **examinee** n. **examiner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. examiner, from L. examinare 'weigh, test', from examen 'examination'.

**example** /ɪg'zɑ:mpl/ **n.** **1** a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule 例子, 实例, 例证
> a written problem or exercise designed to illustrate a rule 例题 **2** a person or thing regarded in terms of their fitness to be imitated 范例; 榜样; 楷模: **Parents should set an example.** 家长应当作出表率。 **v.** (**be exampled**) be exemplified 用作……的例子; 用实例表明
-PHRASES 短语 **for example** by way of illustration 例如 **make an example of** punish as a warning or deterrent to others 惩罚……以警诫他人
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from L. exemplum, from eximere 'take out'; cf. **SAMPLE**.

**ex ante** /eks 'ænti/ **adj.** & **adv.** based on forecasts rather than actual results 预期的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from L. ex 'from, out of' + ante 'before'.

**exanthema** /ˌɪk'sænθɪmə, ˌeksæn'θi:mə/ **n.** (pl. **exanthemata**) Medicine 【医】 a skin rash accompanying a disease or fever (因疾病或高烧引起的) 疹, 疹子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exanthematic** adj. **exanthematous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via late L. from Gk exanthēma 'eruption', from **ex-** 'out' + antheein 'to blossom'.

**exarch** /'eksɑ:k/ **n.** **1** (in the Orthodox Church) a bishop lower in rank than a patriarch and having jurisdiction wider than the metropolitan of a diocese (东正教的) 督主教 (位居宗主教之下, 管辖权大于都主教) **2** historical 【史义】 a governor of a distant province under the Byzantine emperors (东罗马帝国的) 总督
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via eccles. L. from Gk exarkhos, from **ex-** 'out of' + arkhos 'ruler'.

**exarchate** /'eksɑ:keɪt/ **n.** historical 【史义】 a Byzantine province governed by an exarch 东罗马帝国总督的辖区

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**exasperate** **excess**
**exasperate** /ɪg'zæsp(ə)reɪt, eg-/ **v.** irritate intensely 激怒; 使气恼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exasperated** adj. **exasperatedly** adv. **exasperating** adj. **exasperatingly** adv. **exasperation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exasperat-, exasperare 'irritate to anger'.

**ex cathedra** /ˌeks kə'θi:drə/ **adv.** & **adj.** with the full authority of office (especially that of the Pope, implying infallibility as defined in Roman Catholic doctrine) 权威地(的) (尤指教皇的权威, 暗示如天主教教义所说教皇绝无谬误)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'from the (teacher's) chair'.

**excavate** /'ekskəveɪt/ **v.** **1** make (a hole or channel) by digging 开凿, 挖掘 (洞或隧道)
> dig out (material) from the ground (从地下) 挖出 **2** carefully remove earth from (an area) in order to find buried remains 发掘 (遗迹等)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excavation** n. **excavator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. excavat-, excavare 'hollow out'.

**exceed** /ɪk'si:d/ **v.** be greater in number or size than (在数量或尺寸上) 超过, 大于
> go beyond what is allowed or stipulated by (a set limit) 超越(限度)
> be better than; surpass 胜过, 比…出色
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. exceder, from L. excedere, from **ex-** 'out' + cedere 'go'.

**exceeding** /ɪk'si:dɪŋ/ archaic 【古】 **adj.** very great 非常的, 极度的 **adv.** exceedingly 非常, 极其

**exceedingly** /ɪk'si:dɪŋli/ **adv.** **1** extremely 非常, 极其 **2** archaic 【古】 to a great extent 很大程度上

**excel** /ɪk'sel, ek-/ **v.** (**excels**, **excelling**, **excelled**) be exceptionally good at an activity or subject 擅长, 善于
> (**excel oneself**) Brit. 【英】 perform exceptionally well 超常发挥, 突出
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. excellere, from **ex-** 'out, beyond' + celsus 'lofty'.

**excellence** /'eksələns/ **n.** the quality of being excellent 优秀, 卓越, 杰出
> archaic 【古】 an outstanding feature or quality 优点; 美德

**excellency** /'eks(ə)l(ə)nsi/ **n.** (pl. **excellencies**) **1** (**His, Your, etc. Excellency**) a title or form of address for certain high officials of state, especially ambassadors, or of the Roman Catholic Church 阁下 (对国家高官或天主教会中居要职者的尊称) **2** archaic 【古】 an outstanding feature or quality 优点; 美德

**excellent** /'eksələnt/ **adj.** extremely good; outstanding 优秀的, 卓越的, 杰出的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excellently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the general sense 'outstanding' in either a good or bad way): from OFr., from L. excellent-, excellere (see 见 **EXCEL**).

**excelsior** /ek'selsiɔ:(r)/ **n.** **1** used in the names of hotels and products to indicate superior quality 精益求精 (用于旅馆和产品名称中表示质量上乘) **2** N. Amer. 【北美】 softwood shavings used for packing goods or stuffing furniture (包装货物或填塞家具用的) 细刨花
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as exclam.): from L., compar. of excelsus, from **ex-** 'out, beyond' + celsus 'lofty'.

**excentric** /ɪk'sentrɪk, ek-/ **adj.** chiefly Biology 【主生物】 not placed centrally or arranged symmetrically about a centre 偏心的, 偏离的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excentrically** adv.

**except** /ɪk'sept/ **prep.** not including; other than 除……之外 **conj.** **1** used before a statement that forms an exception to one just made 除了 **2** archaic 【古】 unless 除非 **v.** [often as postpos. adj. 常作后置形容词 **excepted**] specify as not included 把…除外, 排除: **present company excepted** 除去当前的公司
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. except-, excipere 'take out'.

**excepting** /ɪk'septɪŋ/ **prep.** except for; apart from 除…外

**exception** /ɪk'sepʃn/ **n.** a person or thing that is excepted or that does not follow a rule 除外的人; 例外的事物
> the action or state of excepting or being excepted 除外, 例外
-PHRASES 短语 **take exception to** object strongly to 强烈反对

**exceptionable** /ɪk'sepʃənəbl/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 causing disapproval or offence; objectionable 引起反对 (或冒犯) 的; 激起争议的, 会引起反对的

**exceptional** /ɪk'sepʃənl/ **adj.** unusual; not typical 例外的; 罕见的; 独特的; 异常的
> unusually good 优越的, 杰出的 **n.** an item in a company's accounts arising from its normal activity but much larger or smaller than usual 特殊开支项目, 例外项目
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exceptionality** n. **exceptionally** adv.

**exceptionalism** /ɪk'sepʃənəlɪz(ə)m/ **n.** the belief that something is exceptional, especially the theory that the peaceful capitalism of the US constitutes an exception to the general economic laws governing national historical development 例外论

**excerpt** **n.** /'eksɜ:pt/ a short extract from a film, broadcast, text, or piece of music (电影、广播、文章或乐曲的) 摘录, 选录, 节录 **v.** /ɪk'sɜ:pt, ek-/ take (a short extract) from a text (从文章中) 摘, 选 (片段); 引用
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excerptible** adj. **excerption** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as v.): from L. excerpt-, excerpere 'pluck out'.

**excess** /ɪk'ses, ek-, 'ekses/ **n.** **1** an amount that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable 过量, 过多, 过度
> the amount by which one quantity or number exceeds another 超过部分, 过多的量
> (often in phr. 常用于短语 **in/to excess**) the action of exceeding a limit 超过 **2** lack of moderation, especially in eating or drinking 无节制; (尤指吃喝) 无度
> (**excesses**) outrageous or immoderate behaviour 暴行, 过分的行为 **3** Brit. 【英】 a part of an insurance claim to be paid by the insured (保险中的) 免赔偿金额 **adj.** /usu. 通常读 'ekses/ **1** exceeding a prescribed or desirable amount 过量的, 过多的, 超额的 **2** Brit. 【英】 required as extra payment 额外的, 需另支付的

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-PHRASES 短语 **in excess of** more than 超过
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. excessus, from excedere (see 见 **EXCEED**).

**excess baggage** **n.** luggage weighing more than the limit allowed on an aircraft, liable to an extra charge (需另收运费的) 超重行李

**excessive** /ɪk'sesɪv/ **adj.** more than is necessary, normal, or desirable 过量的, 过多的, 过度的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excessively** adv. **excessiveness** n.

**exchange** /ɪks'tʃeɪndʒ/ **v.** give something and receive something else in return 交换, 互换 **n.** **1** an act or the action of exchanging 交换, 互换 **2** a short conversation or argument (短暂的) 交谈, 对话, 争吵 **3** the changing of money to its equivalent in another currency 兑换货币, 汇兑
> a system or market in which commercial transactions involving currency, shares, etc. can be carried out within or between countries 交易体系; 交易所
> a building or institution used for the trading of commodities 商品交易所 **4** a telephone exchange (电话) 交换机 **5** Chess 【国象】 a move or sequence of moves in which both players capture material of comparable value 换子, 兑子
-PHRASES 短语 **exchange contracts** Brit. 【英】 (of a buyer) sign a legal contract with the vendor of a property or piece of land, making the purchase legally binding and enforceable (买方与卖方签署并) 交换购买房产 (或土地) 契约
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exchangeability** n. **exchangeable** adj. **exchanger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. eschange (n.), eschangier (v.), based on changer (see 见 **CHANGE**).

**exchange rate** **n.** the value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another 汇率, 汇价

**exchequer** /ɪks'tʃekə(r), eks-/ **n.** **1** a royal or national treasury (英国) 财政部 **2** (**Exchequer**) Brit. 【英】 the account at the Bank of England into which tax receipts and other public monies are paid (英格兰银行储蓄税收及其他公共资金的) 国库账户
> historical 【史X】 the former government office in charge of national revenue 财务署 (旧时掌管国家财政的政府部门)

**excimer** /'eksɪmə(r)/ **n.** Chemistry 【化】 an unstable excited molecule which is formed by the combination of two smaller molecules and rapidly dissociates with emission of radiation 激基缔合物
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of **excited** and **DIMER**.

**excipient** /ek'sɪpiənt/ **n.** an inactive substance that serves as the vehicle or medium for a drug or other active substance 赋形剂 (指作为药物或其他活性物质的载体或介质的无活性物质)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as adj. in the sense 'that takes exception'): from L. excipient-, excipere 'take out'.

**excise¹** /'eksaɪz/ **n.** a tax levied on certain goods and commodities and on licences granted for certain activities 消费税, 国内货物税 **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **excised**] charge excise on (goods) 对(货物) 征收消费税
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from MDu. excijs, accijs, perh. based on L. accensare 'to tax'; rel. to **CENSUS**.

**excise²** /ɪk'saɪz, ek-/ **v.** **1** cut out surgically (手术) 切除, 割去 **2** remove (a section) from a text or piece of music 删除, 删去 (文本、乐曲的一部分)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excision** n. **excisional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. excis-, excidere 'cut out'.

**exciseman** /'eksaɪzmən/ **n.** (pl. **excisemen**) Brit. historical 【英, 史义】 an official who collected excise duty and prevented smuggling 税务官

**excitable** /ɪk'saɪtəbl/ **adj.** **1** easily excited 易激动的; 易兴奋的 **2** (of tissue or a cell) responsive to stimulation (组织或细胞) 可兴奋的, 应激的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excitability** n. **excitably** adv.

**excitant** /'eksɪt(ə)nt, ɪk'saɪt(ə)nt, ek-/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 a substance which elicits an active physiological or behavioural response 兴奋剂, 刺激物

**excite** /ɪk'saɪt/ **v.** **1** cause to feel very enthusiastic and eager 使激动, 使兴奋
> arouse sexually 激起(性欲) **2** give rise to (a feeling or reaction) 引起, 激发(感觉或反应) **3** produce a state of increased energy or activity in (a physical or biological system) 刺激(生理系统) 的活动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excitation** n. (chiefly technical 【主技】) **excitative** adj. (rare 【罕】) **excitatory** adj. (chiefly Physiology 【主生理】) **excited** adj. **excitedly** adv. **exciter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'incite someone to do something'): from OFr. exciter or L. excitare, frequentative of exciere 'call out'.

**excitement** /ɪk'saɪtmənt/ **n.** a feeling of great enthusiasm and eagerness 刺激; 激动, 兴奋
> something exciting 令人兴奋的事
> sexual arousal 性刺激

**exciting** /ɪk'saɪtɪŋ/ **adj.** causing great enthusiasm and eagerness 刺激的, 使人激动的, 令人兴奋的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excitingly** adv. **excitingness** n.

**exciton** /'eksɪtɒn, ɪk'saɪ-, ek-/ **n.** Physics 【物】 a mobile concentration of energy in a crystal formed by an excited electron and an associated hole 激子

**exclaim** /ɪk'skleɪm/ **v.** cry out suddenly in surprise, anger, or pain (惊讶、气愤或痛苦地) 叫喊, 呼喊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exclamatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **exclamation**): from Fr. exclamer or L. exclamare, from **ex-** 'out' + clamare 'to shout'.

**exclamation** /ˌeksklə'meɪʃn/ **n.** a sudden cry or remark expressing surprise, strong emotion, or pain (惊讶、气愤或痛苦的) 叫喊, 呼喊

**exclamation mark** (N. Amer. 【北美】 **exclamation point**) **n.** a punctuation mark (!) indicating an exclamation 感叹号 (!)

**exclave** /'ekskleɪv/ **n.** a portion of territory of one state completely surrounded by territory of another or others 飞地 (指地处他国境内的本国领土) Compare with 比较 **ENCLAVE**.

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**exclosure** **excrete**
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **EX-¹** + **ENCLAVE**.

**exclosure** /ɪk'skləʊʒə(r), ek-/ **n.** Forestry 【林】 an area from which unwanted animals are excluded 禁牧区

**exclude** /ɪk'sklu:d/ **v.** **1** deny access to; keep out 阻止…进入, 把…排斥在外
> expel (a pupil) from a school 开除 (学生) **2** remove from consideration 对……不予考虑
> prevent the occurrence of 阻止……的发生
-PHRASES 短语 **law (or principle) of the excluded middle** Logic 【逻】 the principle that one (and one only) of two contradictory propositions must be true 排中律
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excludable** adj. **excluder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. exclus-, excludere, from **ex-** 'out' + claudere 'to shut'.

**excluding** /ɪk'sklu:dɪŋ/ **prep.** not taking into account; except 不包括, 除…外

**exclusion** /ɪk'sklu:ʒn/ **n.** **1** the process or state of excluding or being excluded 排斥, 排除在外 **2** an item or eventuality specifically not covered by an insurance policy or other contract (保险单或其他合同的) 免责条款, 除外责任项
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exclusionary** adj.

**exclusionist** /ɪk'sklu:ʒ(ə)nɪst/ **adj.** acting to exclude someone from a place, group, or privilege 排外主义的, 排他主义的 **n.** a person favouring the exclusion of another person or group 排外主义者, 排他主义者

**exclusion order** **n.** Brit. 【英】 an official order excluding a person from a particular place, especially to prevent a crime being committed (尤指为防止犯罪而下发的) 驱逐令

**exclusion zone** **n.** an area into which entry is forbidden, especially by ships or aircraft of particular nationalities (尤指某国船只或飞机的) 禁入区

**exclusive** /ɪk'sklu:sɪv/ **adj.** **1** excluding or not admitting other things 排斥的, 排他的
> unable to exist or be true if something else exists or is true 排斥性的, 排他性的: **mutually exclusive options** 相互排斥的选项
> (of terms) excluding all but what is specified (条款) 除外责任的 **2** restricted to the person, group, or area concerned (人、团体或地区) 专有的, 独有的
> not published or broadcast elsewhere 独家发表的, 独家报道的 **3** high-class and expensive; select 高档的; 奢华的 **4** (**exclusive of**) not including 不包括, 不含 **n.** an exclusive story or broadcast 独家新闻, 独家专文; 独家报道
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exclusively** adv. **exclusiveness** n. **exclusivity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from med. L. exclusivus, from L. excludere (see 见 **EXCLUDE**).

**Exclusive Brethren** **pl. n.** the more rigorous of two principal divisions of the Plymouth Brethren (the other is the Open Brethren) 排他弟兄会 (普利茅斯兄弟会的一支, 另一支为开放弟兄会)

**exclusive OR** **n.** Electronics 【电子】 **1** a logical operation working on two variables that has the value one if one but not both of the variables is one 排他逻辑和算符 **2** (also 亦作 **exclusive OR gate**) a circuit which produces an output signal when a signal is received through one and only one of its two inputs 异或逻辑电路, “异”门

**exclusivism** /ɪk'sklu:sɪvɪz(ə)m/ **n.** the action or policy of excluding a person from a place, group, or privilege 排外主义, 排他主义
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exclusivist** adj. & n.

**excogitate** /ɪks'kɒdʒɪteɪt, eks-/ **v.** formal 【正式】 think out, plan, or devise 想出; 设计出; 发明
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excogitation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. excogitat-, excogitare, from **ex-** 'out' + cogitare 'think'.

**excommunicant** /ˌekskə'mju:nɪk(ə)nt/ **n.** an excommunicated person 遭绝罚者

**excommunicate** /ˌekskə'mju:nɪkeɪt/ officially exclude from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church (基督教) 绝罚 (某人) **adj.** /ˌekskə'mju:nɪkət/ excommunicated 遭绝罚的 **n.** /ˌekskə'mju:nɪkət/ an excommunicated person 遭绝罚者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excommunication** n. **excommunicative** adj. **excommunicator** n. **excommunicatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from eccles. L. excommunicat-, excommunicare, from **ex-** 'out' + L. communis 'common to all'.

**ex-con** /eks'kɒn/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 an ex-convict 前罪犯, 有前科者

**excoriate** /ɪks'kɔ:rieɪt, eks-/ **v.** **1** Medicine 【医】 damage or remove part of the surface of (the skin) 擦破(皮肤); 剥去(皮) **2** formal 【正式】 criticize severely 严厉指责, 痛斥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excoriation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. excoriat-, excoriare 'to skin', from **ex-** 'out, from' + corium 'skin, hide'.

**excrement** /'ekskrɪm(ə)nt/ **n.** faeces 排泄物; 粪便
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excremental** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. excrément or L. excrementum, from excernere (see 见 **EXCRETE**).

**excrescence** /ɪk'skres(ə)ns, eks-/ **n.** **1** an abnormal outgrowth on a body or plant 赘生物, 赘疣; 瘤 **2** an unattractive or superfluous addition or feature 多余物, 累赘
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excrescent** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. excrescentia, from excrescere 'grow out'.

**excreta** /ɪk'skri:tə, ek-/ **n.** [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] waste discharged from the body, especially faeces and urine 排泄物 (尤指大小便)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., neut. pl of excretus, past part. of excernere (see 见 **EXCRETE**).

**excrete** /ɪk'skri:t, ek-/ **v.** (of a living organism) separate and expel as waste (a substance, especially a product of metabolism) (生物体) 排泄(物质, 尤指代谢物)

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excreter** n. **excretion** n. **excretive** adj. **excretory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. excret-, excernere 'sift out'.

**excruciate** /ɪk'skru:ʃieɪt, ek-/ **v.** rare 【罕】 torment physically or mentally 折磨; 使苦恼
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excruciation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. excruciat-, excruciare 'torment' (based on crux, cruc- 'a cross').

**excruciating** /ɪk'skru:ʃieɪtɪŋ/ **adj.** **1** intensely painful 极痛苦的, 剧痛的 **2** very embarrassing, awkward, or tedious 极尴尬的; 极笨拙的; 极乏味的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excruciatingly** adv.

**exculpate** /'ekskʌlpeɪt/ **v.** formal 【正式】 show or declare to be not guilty of wrongdoing 证明……无罪; 为…开脱
-DERIVatives 派生词 **exculpation** n. **exculpatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from med. L. exculpat-, exculpare 'free from blame', from **ex-** 'out, from' + L. culpa 'blame'.

**excurrent** /ɪk'skʌr(ə)nt/ **adj.** chiefly Zoology 【主动】 (of a vessel or opening) conveying fluid outwards (导管或开口) 出水的 The opposite of 反义词 **INCURRENT**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. excurrent-, excurrere 'run out'.

**excursion** /ɪk'skɜ:ʃn/ **n.** **1** a short journey, especially one taken for leisure 短途旅行 **2** a deviation from a regular activity or course 偏离, 偏移: **the firm's disastrous excursion into the US electrical market** 公司向美国电器市场的灾难性偏移 **3** technical 【技】 a movement along a path or through an angle 移动
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excursionist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. excursio(n-), from excurrere 'run out'.

**excursive** /ɪk'skɜ:sɪv/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 tending to digress 离题的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excursively** adv. **excursiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. excurs-, excurrere 'digress, run out'.

**excursus** /ɪk'skɜ:səs, ek-/ **n.** (pl. same 单复同 or **excursuses**) a detailed discussion of a particular point in a book, usually in an appendix 附记; 附注; 附录; 补论
> a digression in a text 离题话
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'excursion', from excurrere 'run out'.

**excuse** **v.** /ɪk'skju:z, ek-/ **1** try or serve to justify (a fault or offence); mitigate 为(错误或罪行) 辩解, 开脱
> forgive (a fault or offence, or a person committing one) 原谅, 宽恕 **2** release from a duty or requirement 使免除(责任或要求)
> (used in polite formulas) allow to leave a room or gathering (客套用语) 准许……离开
> (**excuse oneself**) say politely that one is leaving 请求准予离开; 礼貌地表示要离开 **n.** /ɪk'skju:s, ek-/ **1** a defence or justification of a fault or offence (辩解、开脱的) 理由 **2** something said to conceal the real reason for an action 借口 **3** (**an excuse for**) informal 【非正式】 a poor or inadequate example of 拙劣样品, 蹩脚货
-PHRASES 短语 **excuse me** a polite apology for an interruption, asking someone to move, etc. 对不起, 请原谅 (礼貌的道歉语)
> N. Amer. 【北美】 used to ask someone to repeat a remark 对不起 (用于要某人重复所说的话)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **excusable** adj. **excusably** adv. **excusatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. escuser (v.), from L. excusare 'to free from blame', from **ex-** 'out' + causa 'accusation, cause'.

**excuse-me** **n.** informal 【非正式】 a dance in which participants may interrupt other pairs to change partners “请原谅”舞 (一种参加者可以对其他舞者说声“请原谅”, 然后交换舞伴的舞蹈)

**ex-directory** /ˌeksdə'rektəri/ **adj.** Brit. 【英】 (of a telephone number) not listed in a telephone directory at the wish of the subscriber (电话号码应用户之意愿) 未列入电话簿的

**ex div.** **abbr.** ex dividend

**ex dividend** /eks 'dɪvɪdend/ **adj.** & **adv.** (of stocks or shares) not including the next dividend (股票) 除息的(地)

**exeat** /'eksiæt/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 a permission from a college or boarding school for temporary absence (大学或寄宿学校中的) 短期离校许可
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'let him or her go out'.

**exec** /ɪg'zek, eg-/ **n.** informal 【非正式】 an executive 高级管理人员; 经理

**execrable** /'eksɪkrəbl/ **adj.** extremely bad or unpleasant 恶劣的, 糟透的; 可恶的; 讨厌的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **execrably** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. execrabilis, from exsecrari (see 见 **EXECRATE**).

**execrate** /'eksɪkreɪt/ **v.** **1** feel or express great loathing for 憎恶; 痛骂 **2** archaic 【古】 curse; swear 诅咒; 咒骂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **execration** n. **execrative** adj. **execratory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **execration**): from L. exsecrat-, exsecrari 'curse'.

**executant** /ɪg'zekjʊt(ə)nt, eg-/ **n.** formal 【正式】 **1** a person who puts something into effect 实施者, 执行者 **2** an artist or performer 艺术家; 表演者; 演奏者

**execute** /'eksɪkju:t/ **v.** **1** put (a plan, order, etc.) into effect 实施(计划); 执行(命令)
> perform (an activity or manoeuvre) 实施(行动); 施行(策略)
> Law 【律】 make (a legal instrument) valid by signing or sealing it (通过签名或盖章) 使(法律文书) 生效
> Law 【律】 carry out (a judicial sentence, the terms of a will, or other order) 执行(法院判决、遗嘱或其他命令)
> Computing 【计】 carry out (an instruction or program) 执行, 运行 (指令或程序) **2** carry out a sentence of death on (a condemned person) 将(被判罪者) 处死
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **executable** adj. (Computing 【计】).

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**execution** **exercise bike**
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. executer, from med. L. executare, from L. exsequi 'follow up, carry out, punish'.

**execution** /ˌeksɪ'kju:ʃn/ **n.** **1** the action of executing a plan, order, legal instrument, etc. (计划、命令、法律文书等的) 实施, 执行, 履行
> the technique or style with which an artistic work is produced or performed (创作或演绎艺术作品的) 技巧, 手法: **The film is entirely professional in its execution.** 该片的拍摄手法完全是专业水准的。 **2** an act of executing a condemned person 执行死刑, 处决
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **executioner** n.

**executive** /ɪg'zekjʊtɪv, eg-/ **adj.** having the power to execute plans or actions 执行的; 实施的
> relating to the branch of a government responsible for executing laws drawn up by the legislature 行政的, 行政部门的 **n.** **1** a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business 高级管理人员; 经理
> an executive committee within an organization (组织的) 行政委员会 **2** (**the executive**) the branch of a government responsible for executing decisions or laws (政府的) 行政部门
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **executively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj.): from med. L. executivus, from exsequi (see 见 **EXECUTE**).

**executive officer** **n.** an officer with executive power 执行官, 行政官
> a naval officer who is second in command to the captain 副舰长

**executive session** **n.** US 【美】 a closed meeting of a governing body (政府机构不公开举行的) 行政会议

**executor** /ɪg'zekjʊtə(r), eg-/ **n.** Law 【律】 a person appointed by a testator to carry out the terms of their will 遗嘱执行人
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **executorial** /ɪgˌzekjʊ'tɔ:riəl/ adj. (rare 【罕】) **executorship** n. **executory** adj.

**executrix** /ɪg'zekjʊ:trɪks, eg-/ **n.** (pl. **executrices** /-trisi:z/ or **executrixes**) Law 【律】 a female executor 女遗嘱执行人

**exedra** /'eksɪdrə, ɪk'si:drə, ek-/ **n.** (pl. **exedrae** /-dri:/) Architecture 【建】 a room, portico, or arcade with seats where people may converse 带座凹室, 开敞式座谈间; 有座柱廊 (或拱廊)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from Gk **ex-** 'out of' + hedra 'seat'.

**exegesis** /ˌeksɪ'dʒi:sɪs/ **n.** (pl. **exegeses** /-si:z/) critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially of scripture (尤指对《圣经》的) 诠释, 注释, 评注
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exegetic** /-'dʒetɪk/ adj. **exegetical** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Gk exēgēsis, from exēgeisthai 'interpret'.

**exegete** /'eksɪdʒi:t/ **n.** a person who interprets text, especially scripture (尤指《圣经》的) 注释家, 评注家
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Gk exēgētēs, from exēgeisthai 'interpret'.

**exemplar** /ɪg'zemplə(r), eg-/ **n.** a person or thing serving as a typical example or appropriate model 典型, 范例; 模范, 榜样
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. exemplaire, from late L. exemplarium, from L. exemplum (see 见 **EXAMPLE**).

**exemplary** /ɪg'zempləri/ **adj.** **1** serving as a desirable model; very good 可作榜样的, 模范的, 典范的 **2** (of a punishment) serving as a warning or deterrent (惩罚) 警诫性的, 惩戒性的
> Law 【律】 (of damages) exceeding the amount needed for simple compensation (赔偿金) 惩罚性的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exemplarily** adv. **exemplariness** n. **exemplarity** n.

**exemplify** /ɪg'zemplɪfaɪ, eg-/ **v.** (**exemplifies**, **exemplifying**, **exemplified**) be or give a typical example of 是……的典型 (或榜样), 举例证明
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exemplification** /ɪgˌzemplɪfɪ'keɪʃn/ n.

**exemplum** /ɪg'zempləm, eg-/ **n.** (pl. **exempla**) an example or model, especially a moralizing or illustrative story 例证, 范例; (尤指) 劝谕性故事
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**exempt** /ɪg'zem(p)t, eg-/ **adj.** free from an obligation or liability imposed on others 被免除(义务或责任)的; 被豁免的: **These patients are exempt from all charges.** 这些病人被免除一切费用。 **v.** make exempt 免除; 豁免 **n.** a person who is exempt from something, especially the payment of tax 被免除(义务、责任)者; (尤指) 被免税者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exemption** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. exempt-, eximere 'take out, free'.

**exequatur** /ˌeksɪ'kweɪtə(r)/ **n.** an official recognition by a government of a consul or other representative of a foreign state (驻在国政府发给外国领事或其他代表的) 认可证书
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'let him or her perform'.

**exequies** /'eksɪkwi/ **pl. n.** (sing. **exequy**) formal 【正式】 funeral rites 葬礼, 殡仪
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. exsequiae 'funeral ceremonies', from exsequi 'follow after'.

**exercise** /'eksəsaɪz/ **n.** **1** physical activity carried out for the sake of health and fitness 运动, 锻炼 **2** an activity carried out for a specific purpose (为某目的所进行的) 活动: **an exercise in public relations** 公关活动
> a task set to practise or test a skill 练习, 习题
> a military drill or training manoeuvre (军事) 操练, 演习 **3** the application of a faculty, right, or process 运用, 行使: **the exercise of authority** 权力的行使 **4** (**exercises**) N. Amer. 【北美】 ceremonies 仪式; 典礼 **v.** **1** use or apply (a faculty, right, or process) 运用, 行使 (权力、权利或程序) **2** take or subject to physical exercise 训练, 锻炼 **3** worry or perplex 使不安; 使迷惑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exercisable** adj. **exerciser** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. exercitium, from exercere 'keep busy, practise'.

**exercise bike** **n.** a stationary piece of exercise equipment resembling an ordinary bicycle 健身脚踏车

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**exercise book** **exhort**
**exercise book** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a booklet with blank pages for students to write in 练习本

**exercise price** **n.** Stock Exchange 【股】 the price per share at which the owner of a traded option is entitled to buy or sell the underlying security (股票) 认购价格, 执行价格

**exercise yard** **n.** an enclosed area used for physical exercise in a prison (监狱中的) 犯人放风场地

**exergue** /ɪk'sɜ:g, ek'sɜ:g, 'eksɜ:g/ **n.** a small space or inscription below the principal emblem on a coin or medal, usually on the reverse side (通常在硬币或奖牌背面主要图案下面的) 空白处, 镌刻文字
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from med. L. exergum, from **ex-** 'out' + Gk ergon 'work'.

**exert** /ɪg'zɜ:t, eg-/ **v.** **1** apply or bring to bear (a force, influence, or quality) 运用(力); 施加(影响), 发挥(品质) **2** (**exert oneself**) make a physical or mental effort 用力, 尽力, 努力
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exertion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. exserere 'put forth'.

**exeunt** /'eksiənt/ **v.** (as a stage direction) (actors) leave the stage (舞台指示) (演员) 退场, 下场
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: L., lit. 'they go out'.

**exfiltrate** /'eksfɪltreɪt/ **v.** withdraw (troops or spies) covertly from a dangerous situation 使(部队或间谍) 偷偷撤出危险地带
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exfiltration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s (earlier (C19) as **exfiltration**): perh. suggested by **infiltration**, **infiltrate**.

**exfoliant** /ɪks'fəʊliənt/ **n.** a cosmetic for exfoliating the skin (去除死皮的) 磨砂膏

**exfoliate** /ɪks'fəʊlieɪt, eks-/ **v.** **1** shed or be shed from a surface in scales or layers (使) 呈 (鳞) 片状脱落 **2** wash or rub (the skin) with a granular substance to remove dead cells (为去除死皮用粗糙物) 擦 (皮肤)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exfoliation** n. **exfoliative** adj. **exfoliator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from late L. exfoliat-, exfoliare 'strip of leaves', from **ex-** 'out, from' + folium 'leaf'.

**ex gratia** /ˌeks 'greɪʃə/ **adv.** & **adj.** (with reference to payment) done from a sense of moral obligation rather than because of any legal requirement (付款) 出于道义(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'from favour', from **ex** 'from' and gratia (see 见 **GRACE**).

**exhale** /ɪks'heɪl, eks-/ **v.** **1** breathe out 呼(气) **2** give off (vapour or fumes) 散发出 (蒸气或烟)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhalable** adj. **exhalation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. exhaler, from L. exhalare, from **ex-** 'out' + halare 'breathe'.

**exhaust** /ɪg'zɔ:st, eg-/ **v.** **1** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **exhausted** or **exhausting**] tire out completely 使精疲力竭 **2** use up (resources or reserves) completely 用完, 花光, 耗尽 (资源或储备物)
> explore (a subject) thoroughly 详尽研究 (某课题) **3** expel (gas or steam) from an engine or other machine 排空 (气体或蒸汽) **n.** waste gases or air expelled from an engine or other machine (引擎或其他机器排出的) 废气
> the system through which waste gases are expelled 排气系统; 排气管, 排气口
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhaustedly** adv. **exhauster** n. **exhaustibility** /ɪgˌzɔ:stə'bɪlɪti/ n. **exhaustible** adj. **exhaustingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exhaust-, exhaurire 'drain out'.

**exhaustion** /ɪg'zɔ:stʃən/ **n.** **1** the action or state of exhausting something or of being exhausted 耗尽; 枯竭; 精疲力竭 **2** Logic 【逻】 the process of establishing a conclusion by eliminating all the alternatives 穷竭

**exhaustive** /ɪg'zɔ:stɪv/ **adj.** fully comprehensive 全面而彻底的, 详尽无遗的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhaustively** adv. **exhaustiveness** n.

**exhibit** /ɪg'zɪbɪt, eg-/ **v.** **1** publicly display (an item) in an art gallery or museum (在美术馆或博物馆) 展出, 展览, 陈列 **2** manifest (a quality or type of behaviour) 表现, 显露 (某一品质或某种行为)
> show as a sign or symptom 显示出……的迹象(或症状) **n.** **1** an object or collection of objects on display in an art gallery or museum 展览品, 陈列品
> N. Amer. 【北美】 an exhibition 展览(会) **2** Law 【律】 a document or other object produced in a court as evidence (当庭出示的) 证据, 物证
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhibitor** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. exhibit-, exhibere 'hold out'.

**exhibition** /ˌeksɪ'bɪʃn/ **n.** **1** a public display of items in an art gallery or museum 展览(会) **2** a display or demonstration of a skill or quality (技能或特性的) 展示, 表现, 显露 **3** [usu. as modifier 通常作修饰语] (in sport) a game whose outcome does not affect a team's standing (体育运动的) 表演赛 **4** Brit. 【英】 a scholarship awarded to a student at a school or university 奖学金
-PHRASES 短语 **make an exhibition of oneself** behave very foolishly in public 出洋相, 当众出丑

**exhibitioner** /ˌeksɪ'bɪʃ(ə)nə(r)/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 a student who has been awarded an exhibition (scholarship) 获得奖学金的学生

**exhibitionism** /ˌeksɪ'bɪʃənɪz(ə)m/ **n.** **1** extravagant behaviour that is intended to attract attention to oneself 表现癖, 表现狂 **2** Psychiatry 【精神】 a mental condition characterized by the compulsion to display one's genitals in public 露阴癖
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhibitionist** n. **exhibitionistic** adj. **exhibitionistically** adv.

**exhilarate** /ɪg'zɪləreɪt, eg-/ **v.** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **exhilarated** or **exhilarating**] make very happy or animated 使高兴, 使活跃
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhilaratingly** adv. **exhilaration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exhilarat-, exhilarare 'make cheerful', from **ex-** + hilaris 'cheerful'.

**exhort** /ɪg'zɔ:t, eg-/ **v.** strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something 激励, 敦促

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**exhume** **exocarp**
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhortation** n. **exhortative** adj. **exhortatory** /-tət(ə)ri/ adj. **exhorter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. exhorter or L. exhortari, from **ex-** 'thoroughly' + hortari 'encourage'.

**exhume** /eks'(h)ju:m, ɪg'zju:m/ **v.** dig out (something buried, especially a corpse) from the ground 挖出, 掘出 (埋葬物, 尤指尸体)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exhumation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. exhumare, from **ex-** 'out of' + humus 'ground'.

**ex hypothesi** /ˌeks haɪ'pɒθəsaɪ/ **adv.** according to the hypothesis proposed 据推测; 按此假设; 假定地
-ORIGIN 词源 from mod. L.

**exigency** /'eksɪdʒ(ə)nsi, 'egzɪ-, ɪg'zɪ-, eg'zɪ-/ (also 亦作 **exigence**) **n.** (pl. **exigencies**) an urgent need or demand 急切需要, 迫切要求
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from late L. exigentia, from L. exigere (see 见 **EXACT**).

**exigent** /'eksɪdʒ(ə)nt, 'egzɪ-/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 pressing; demanding 紧急的, 迫切的, 急需的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. exigent-, exigere (see 见 **EXACT**).

**exigible** /'eksɪdʒɪbl, 'egzɪ-/ **adj.** (of a tax or duty) able to be charged or levied (税款等) 可收取的, 可征收的
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from exiger, from L. exigere (see 见 **EXACT**).

**exiguous** /ɪg'zɪgjuəs, eg-/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 very small 微小的, 细微的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exiguity** /ˌegzɪ'gju:ɪti/ n. **exiguously** adv. **exiguousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. exiguus 'scanty' (from exigere 'weigh exactly') + **-ous**.

**exile** /'eksaɪl/ **n.** **1** the state of being barred from one's native country 流放, 放逐; 流亡 **2** a person who lives in exile 被流放者; 流亡国外者 **v.** expel and bar (someone) from their native country 将(某人) 流放(到国外)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: the noun is from OFr. exil 'banishment', exile 'banished person'; the verb is from OFr. exiler; all based on L. exilium 'banishment'.

**exilic** /ɪg'zɪlɪk, ɪk-, eg-, ek-/ **adj.** relating to a period of exile, especially that of the Jews in Babylon in the 6th century BC 流亡期的, 放逐期的 (尤指公元前6世纪犹太人被掳入巴比伦的时期)

**exist** /ɪg'zɪst/ **v.** **1** have objective reality or being 实际上有; 存在
> be found 被找到: **Two conflicting stereotypes exist.** 存在两种相互冲突的观念。 **2** live, especially under adverse conditions (尤指在逆境中) 生存, 生活
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **existing** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: prob. a back-form. from **EXISTENCE**.

**existence** /ɪg'zɪstəns/ **n.** **1** the fact or state of existing 实有; 存在
> a way of living 生存方式
> (in certain beliefs) any of a person's successive earthly lives (某些信仰中, 人在尘世的任何后续) 存在 **2** archaic 【古】 a being or entity 存在物; 实体
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from late L. existentia, from L. exsistere 'come into being'.

**existent** /ɪg'zɪstənt/ **adj.** having existence; existing 实有的, 存在的

**existential** /ˌegzɪ'stenʃl/ **adj.** **1** relating to existence 存在的; 实有的
> Logic 【逻】 (of a proposition) affirming or implying the existence of a thing (命题) 存在的 **2** Philosophy 【哲】 concerned with existentialism 存在主义的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **existentially** adv.

**existentialism** /ˌegzɪ'stenʃəlɪzəm/ **n.** a philosophical theory which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will 存在主义 (强调自由个体的存在决定其自身发展的哲学观点)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **existentialist** n. & adj.

**exit** /'eksɪt/ **n.** **1** a way out of a building, room, or passenger vehicle 出口; 安全门, 太平门
> a place for traffic to leave a major road or roundabout (道路或环岛的) 出口 **2** an act of leaving; a departure 离去, 出去; 离开 **3** literary 【文】 a person's death 逝世, 去世 **v.** (**exits**, **exiting**, **exited**) **1** go out of or leave a place 出去, 离开
> (**exit**) (as a stage direction) indicating that a character leaves the stage (舞台指示) 退场, 退下: **exit Pamela** 帕梅拉下 **2** literary 【文】 die 逝世, 去世 **3** Computing 【计】 terminate a process or program 退出, 终止 (过程或程序) **4** Bridge 【桥牌】 relinquish the lead 摊牌让分
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exit 'he or she goes out', third person sing. pres. tense of exire, from **ex-** 'out' + ire 'go'.

**exit poll** **n.** an opinion poll of people leaving a polling station, asking how they voted 出口民调 (在投票者离开投票站时对其投票情况的调查)

**exit strategy** **n.** a pre-planned means of extricating oneself from a situation that is likely to become difficult or unpleasant (避免使自己可能陷入困境或不快境地的) 退出策略

**ex libris** /eks 'lɪbrɪs/ **adv.** used as an inscription on a bookplate to show the name of the book's owner (标有书籍主人姓名的) 藏书签
-ORIGIN 词源 L., lit. 'out of the books or library (of someone)'.

**Exmoor pony** /'eksmɔ:/ **n.** a pony of a small hardy breed, originating on Exmoor in SW England 埃克斯穆尔小马 (原产于英格兰西南部的埃克斯穆尔高地)

**ex nihilo** /eks 'naɪhɪləʊ/ **adv.** formal 【正式】 out of nothing 从无, 无中生有
-ORIGIN 词源 from L.

**exo-** /'eksəʊ/ **prefix** external; from outside 外部的; 从外部: **exoskeleton** 外骨骼
-ORIGIN 词源 from Gk exō 'outside'.

**exobiology** /ˌeksəʊbaɪ'ɒlədʒi/ **n.** the branch of science concerned with the possibility and likely nature of life on other planets or in space 地外生物学, 外空生物学
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exobiological** adj. **exobiologist** n.

**exocarp** /'eksəʊkɑ:p/ **n.** Botany 【植】 the outer layer of the pericarp of a fruit 外果皮

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**exocrine** **exothermic**
**exocrine** /'eksə(ʊ)kraɪn, -krɪn/ **adj.** Physiology 【生理】 relating to or denoting glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelial surface (腺体) 外分泌的
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from **EXO-** + Gk krinein 'sift'.

**exocytosis** /ˌeksəʊsaɪ'təʊsɪs/ **n.** Biology 【生物】 the release of the contents of a cell vacuole to the exterior 胞吐 (作用)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exocytotic** adj.

**Exod.** **abbr.** Exodus (in biblical references) 《出埃及记》 (表示《圣经》引文出处)

**exodus** /'eksədəs/ **n.** **1** a mass departure of people (人的) 大批离开 **2** (**Exodus**) the second book of the Bible, recounting the departure of the Israelites from Egypt (《圣经》中的) 《出埃及记》
-ORIGIN 词源 OE: via eccles. L. from Gk exodos, from **ex-** 'out of' + hodos 'way'.

**ex officio** /ˌeks ə'fɪʃiəʊ/ **adv.** & **adj.** by virtue of one's position or status 出于职位 (或地位) (的)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from **ex** 'out of, from' + officium 'duty'.

**exogamy** /ɪk'sɒgəmi, ek-/ **n.** **1** Anthropology 【人】 the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe 异族通婚 (习俗) Compare with 比较 **ENDOGAMY**. **2** Biology 【生物】 outbreeding or cross-pollination 异系配合, 异系交配
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exogamous** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **EXO-** + Gk gamos 'marriage'.

**exogenic** /ˌeksə(ʊ)'dʒenɪk/ **adj.** Geology 【地质】 formed or occurring on the surface of the earth 外成的, 外生的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **ENDOGENIC**.

**exogenous** /ɪk'sɒdʒɪnəs, ek-/ **adj.** relating to or developing from external factors 外生的, 外源的 Often contrasted with 常对照 **ENDOGENOUS**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exogenously** adv.

**exon¹** /'eksɒn/ **n.** Biochemistry 【生化】 a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence 外显子, 编码序列 Compare with 比较 **INTRON**.
-ORIGIN 词源 1970s: from **expressed** (see 见 **EXPRESS¹**) + **-ON**.

**exon²** /'eksɒn/ **n.** Brit. 【英】 each of the four officers acting as commanders of the Yeomen of the Guard 英王仪仗卫士队长
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: representing the pronunc. of Fr. exempt 'free from' (because they were exempt from normal duties).

**exonerate** /ɪg'zɒnəreɪt, eg-/ **v.** **1** officially absolve from blame (正式) 使免除责备, 宣布……无罪 **2** (**exonerate someone from**) release someone from (a duty or obligation) 使免除 (责任或义务)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exoneration** n. **exonerative** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. exonerat-, exonerare 'free from a burden' (based on onus, oner- 'a burden').

**exophthalmic goitre** /ˌeksɒf'θælmɪk/ **n.** another term for **GRAVES' DISEASE** * Graves' disease 的另一种说法

**exophthalmos** /ˌeksɒf'θælmɒs/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 abnormal protrusion of the eyeball or eyeballs 眼, 眼球凸出
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exophthalmic** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from mod. L. exophthalmus, from Gk exophthalmos 'having prominent eyes'.

**exoplanet** /'eksəʊˌplænɪt/ **n.** a planet which orbits a star outside the solar system 太阳系外行星, 外星行星

**exor** /'eksɪkju:tə(r)/ **abbr.** an executor (of a will) (遗嘱的) 执行人

**exorbitant** /ɪg'zɔ:bɪt(ə)nt/ **adj.** (of a price or amount charged) unreasonably high (价格或收费) 过高的, 高得离谱的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exorbitance** n. **exorbitantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. exorbitant-, exorbitare 'go off the track'.

**exorcise** or **exorcize** /'eksɔ:saɪz/ **v.** **1** drive out (a supposed evil spirit) from a person or place (从某人身上或某地) 驱除(妖魔) **2** completely remove (something unpleasant) from the mind 消除, 抹去(不快之事)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exorcism** n. **exorcist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in sense 'conjure up an evil spirit'): from Fr. exorciser or eccles. L. exorcizare, from Gk exorkizein, from **ex-** 'out' + horkos 'oath'.

**exordium** /ɪg'zɔ:diəm, eg-/ **n.** (pl. **exordiums** or **exordia**) formal 【正式】 the beginning or introduction of a discourse or treatise (论文或专著的) 绪论, 导言
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exordial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., from exordiri 'begin'.

**exoskeleton** /'eksəʊˌskelɪtn/ **n.** Zoology 【动】 a rigid external covering for the body in some invertebrate animals, especially arthropods 外骨骼 (某些无脊椎动物, 尤指节肢动物身体外部的坚甲) Compare with 比较 **ENDOSKELETON**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exoskeletal** adj.

**exosphere** /'eksə(ʊ)sfɪə(r)/ **n.** Astronomy 【天文】 the outermost region of a planet's atmosphere 外(逸)层, 外大气层
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exospheric** adj.

**exostosis** /ˌeksɒs'təʊsɪs/ **n.** (pl. **exostoses** /-si:z/) Medicine 【医】 a benign outgrowth of cartilaginous tissue on a bone 外生骨疣
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Gk, from **ex-** 'out' + osteon 'bone'.

**exoteric** /ˌeksə(ʊ)'terɪk/ **adj.** formal 【正式】 intended for or likely to be understood by the general public 通俗的, 常人易理解的 The opposite of 反义词 **ESOTERIC**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via L. from Gk exōterikos, from exōterō 'outer'.

**exothermic** /ˌeksə(ʊ)'θɜ:mɪk/ **adj.** Chemistry 【化】 (of a reaction) accompanied by the release of heat (反应) 放热的 The opposite of 反义词 **ENDOTHERMIC**.

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exothermically** adv.

**exotic** /ɪg'zɒtɪk, eg-/ **adj.** **1** originating in or characteristic of a distant foreign country 来自异国的; 异国情调的 **2** strikingly different or colourful 奇异的, 异乎寻常的; 极富特色的 **n.** an exotic plant or animal 外来植物; 外来动物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exotically** adv. **exoticism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via L. from Gk exōtikos 'foreign', from exō 'outside'.

**exotica** /ɪg'zɒtɪkə, eg-/ **pl. n.** exotic objects 异族事物; 新奇事物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., neut. pl. of exoticus (see 见 **EXOTIC**).

**exotic dancer** **n.** a striptease dancer 脱衣舞者

**exotoxin** /'eksəʊˌtɒksɪn/ **n.** Microbiology 【微生物】 a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings 外毒素 Compare with 比较 **ENDOTOXIN**.

**exp** **abbr.** **1** experience **2** experimental **3** expiry **4** Mathematics 【数】 the exponential function raising e to the power of the given quantity 指数函数 **5** Photography 【摄】 exposures 底片

**expand** /ɪk'spænd, ek-/ **v.** **1** make or become larger or more extensive 扩大, 扩展; (使) 变大 **2** (**expand on**) give more details about 详述, 更充分地阐述 **3** become less reserved 变得开朗, 不再矜持
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expandability** n. **expandable** adj. **expander** n. **expansibility** n. **expansible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. expans-, expandere 'to spread out'.

**expanded** /ɪk'spændɪd/ **adj.** **1** denoting materials which have a light cellular structure (材料) 多孔的, 发泡的 **2** denoting sheet metal slit and stretched into a mesh, used to reinforce concrete (金属板) 拉制成网状的, 网眼的 **3** relatively broad in shape 阔的, 宽的

**expanse** /ɪk'spæns/ **n.** **1** a wide continuous area 辽阔区域, 大片地区 **2** the distance to which something expands or can be expanded 扩张距离; 膨胀量

**expansile** /ɪk'spænsaɪl/ **adj.** Physics 【物】 relating to or capable of expansion (可) 扩大的; (可) 扩展的; (可) 膨胀的

**expansion** /ɪk'spænʃn/ **n.** **1** the action or an instance of expanding 扩大, 扩展; 详述 **2** the political strategy of extending a state's territory by encroaching on that of other nations 领土扩张政策 **3** the increase in the volume of fuel on combustion in the cylinder of an engine, or the piston stroke in which this occurs (汽缸或活塞冲程内的) 燃料增加
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expansionary** adj.

**expansion bolt** **n.** a bolt that expands when inserted, no thread being required in the surrounding material 膨胀螺栓

**expansion card** (also 亦作 **expansion board**) **n.** a circuit board that can be inserted in a computer to give extra facilities or memory (计算机的) 扩充插件板

**expansionism** /ɪk'spænʃənɪz(ə)m/ **n.** the policy of political or economic expansion 扩张主义; 扩张政策
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expansionist** n. & adj. **expansionistic** adj.

**expansion joint** **n.** a joint that makes allowance for thermal expansion of the parts joined without distortion 伸缩接头

**expansion slot** **n.** a place in a computer where an expansion card can be inserted (计算机的) 扩充槽

**expansive** /ɪk'spænsɪv/ **adj.** **1** covering a wide area; extensive 广阔的, 辽阔的 **2** relaxed, genial, and communicative 豪爽的; 友善的; 健谈的 **3** tending towards economic or political expansion 扩张性的, 扩张主义的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expansively** adv. **expansiveness** n.

**expansivity** /ɪkspæn'sɪvɪti/ **n.** Physics 【物】 the amount a material expands or contracts per unit length due to a one-degree change in temperature 膨胀率

**ex parte** /eks 'pɑ:teɪ/ **adj.** & **adv.** Law 【律】 with respect to or in the interests of one side only 单方面的(地); 为一方利益(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'from a side'.

**expat** /eks'pæt/ **n.** & **adj.** informal 【非正式】 short for **EXPATRIATE** * expatriate 的缩略式

**expatiate** /ɪk'speɪʃieɪt, ek-/ **v.** (**expatiate on**) speak or write in detail about 细说; 详述, 充分阐述
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expatiation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exspatiari 'move beyond one's usual bounds' (based on spatium 'space').

**expatriate** **n.** /ɪks'pætriət, -'peɪtriət, eks-/ a person who lives outside their native country 移居国外者, 侨民 **adj.** living outside one's native country 旅居国外的 **v.** /ɪks'pætrieɪt, -'peɪtrieɪt, eks-/ settle abroad 移居国外, 定居国外
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expatriation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (as v.): from med. L. expatriat-, expatriare, from L. **ex-** 'out' + patria 'native country'.

**expect** /ɪk'spekt/ **v.** **1** regard as likely to happen, do, or be the case 预计, 预料, 估计
> suppose or assume 料想, 猜想: **I expect I'll be late.** 我想我要迟到。 **2** believe that (someone) will arrive soon 期待, 盼望 (某人)
> (**be expecting**) informal 【非正式】 be pregnant 怀孕, 怀胎 **3** require as appropriate or rightfully due 认为……必要, 指望
> require (someone) to fulfil an obligation 要求
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expectable** adj. **expectably** adv. **expected** adj. **expectedly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exspectare 'look out for'.

**expectancy** /ɪk'spektənsi/ **n.** (pl. **expectancies**) **1** hope or anticipation that something, especially something pleasant, will happen 预期; 期望; 期待 **2** a future prospect 前景, 远景: **life expectancy** 预期寿命

**expectant** /ɪk'spektənt/ **adj.** **1** hoping or anticipating that something, especially something pleasant, is about to happen 预期的, 期望的, 期待的 **2** used to describe a pregnant woman or a man who is about to become a father (女人) 怀孕的; (男人) 将为人父的

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expectantly** adv.

**expectation** /ˌekspek'teɪʃn/ **n.** **1** a strong belief that something will happen or be the case 期待; 预期, 预料
> (**expectations**) archaic 【古】 one's prospects of inheritance 继承财产的希望 **2** Mathematics 【数】 another term for **EXPECTED VALUE** * expected value 的另一种说法

**expected value** **n.** Mathematics 【数】 a predicted value of a variable, calculated as the sum of all possible values each multiplied by the probability of its occurrence 期望值

**expectorant** /ɪk'spektərənt/ **n.** a medicine which promotes the secretion of sputum by the air passages, used to treat coughs 祛痰药

**expectorate** /ɪk'spektəreɪt, ek-/ **v.** cough or spit out (phlegm) from the throat or lungs 咳出(痰)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expectoration** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. expectorat-, expectorare 'expel from the chest', based on pectus 'breast'.

**expedient** /ɪk'spi:diənt, ek-/ **adj.** **1** convenient and practical although possibly improper or immoral 权宜之计的 **2** suitable or appropriate 合适的, 恰当的 **n.** a means to an end, especially one that is convenient but possibly improper 权宜之计, 应急对策
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expedience** n. **expediency** n. **expediently** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. expedient-, expedire (see 见 **EXPEDITE**).

**expedite** /'ekspɪdaɪt/ **v.** cause to be accomplished more quickly 促进, 加速
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expediter** (also 亦作 **expeditor**) n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from L. expedire 'extricate (orig. by freeing the feet), put in order', from **ex-** 'out' + pes, ped- 'foot'.

**expedition** /ˌekspə'dɪʃn/ **n.** **1** a journey undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose 旅行, 出行; 远征; 考察 **2** formal 【正式】 promptness or speed in doing something 快速, 迅速
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expeditionary** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. expeditio(n-), from expedire (see 见 **EXPEDITE**).

**expeditious** /ˌekspɪ'dɪʃəs/ **adj.** quick and efficient 迅速的; 高效的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expeditiously** adv. **expeditiousness** n.

**expel** /ɪk'spel/ **v.** (**expels**, **expelling**, **expelled**) **1** force or drive out 驱逐, 赶走, 把…赶出去 **2** officially make (someone) leave a school or other organization 把…开除 (或除名)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expellable** adj. **expellee** n. **expeller** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. expellere, from **ex-** 'out' + pellere 'to drive'.

**expend** /ɪk'spend/ **v.** spend or use up (a resource) 花费, 耗尽 (资源)
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. expendere, from **ex-** 'out' + pendere 'weigh, pay'; cf. **SPEND**.

**expendable** /ɪk'spendəbl/ **adj.** of relatively little significance and therefore able to be sacrificed or abandoned 无足轻重的; 可被牺牲的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expendability** n. **expendably** adv.

**expenditure** /ɪk'spendɪtʃə(r), ek-/ **n.** **1** the action of spending funds (金钱的) 花费, 支出
> the amount of money spent 支出额, 开销额 **2** the use of energy or other resources (能量或其他资源的) 使用, 消耗

**expense** /ɪk'spens/ **n.** **1** the cost incurred in or required for something 价钱, 费用
> (**expenses**) costs incurred in the performance of a job or task 开支, 花费 **2** something on which money must be spent 必须花钱的事物, 花钱的缘由 (或场合) **v.** offset (an item of expenditure) as an expense against taxable income 把…作为开支勾销
> informal 【非正式】 charge to an expense account 把……记入报销账
-PHRASES 短语 **at the expense of** **1** paid for by 由……付费, 由…负担费用 **2** to the detriment of 以…为代价, 在……受损害的情况下
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Anglo-Norman Fr., from late L. expensa (pecunia) '(money) spent', from L. expendere (see 见 **EXPEND**).

**expense account** **n.** an arrangement under which money spent in the course of business is later reimbursed by one's employer 费用账户 (要报销的账目)

**expensive** /ɪk'spensɪv/ **adj.** costing a lot of money 昂贵的, 花钱多的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expensively** adv. **expensiveness** n.

**experience** /ɪk'spɪəriəns/ **n.** **1** practical contact with and observation of facts or events 经历, 阅历; 体验 **2** knowledge or skill gained over time 经验 **3** an event or activity which leaves a lasting impression (一次) 经历, 体验 **v.** encounter (an event or situation) 经历
> feel (an emotion) 体验到, 感受到 (某种感情)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **experienceable** adj. **experiencer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. experientia, from experiri 'try'; cf. **EXPERIMENT** and **EXPERT**.

**experienced** /ɪk'spɪəriənst/ **adj.** having gained knowledge or skill in a field over time 有经验的, 经验丰富的; 熟练的, 老练的

**experiential** /ɪkˌspɪəri'enʃl, ek-/ **adj.** involving or based on experience and observation 经验的; 来自经验的, 从经验出发的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **experientially** adv.

**experiment** /ɪk'sperɪmənt/ **n.** **1** a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact 实验 **2** a course of action tentatively adopted without being sure of the outcome 试验 **v.** **1** perform a scientific experiment 进行实验 **2** try out new things 进行试验
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **experimentation** n. **experimenter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., or from L. experimentum, from experiri 'try'; cf. **EXPERIENCE** and **EXPERT**.

**experimental** /ɪksˌperɪ'mentl/ **adj.** **1** based on untested ideas or techniques and not yet established or finalized 试验(性)的; 根据试验的

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> relating to scientific experiments (有关) 实验的 **2** (of art) radically new and innovative (艺术) 实验(性)的, 激进创新的 **3** archaic 【古】 based on experience as opposed to authority or conjecture (相对于权威或推测) 根据经验的, 经验上的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **experimentalism** n. **experimentalist** n. **experimentally** adv.

**experimental psychology** **n.** the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of responses to stimuli in controlled situations 实验心理学

**expert** /'ekspɜ:t/ **n.** a person who is very knowledgeable about or skilful in a particular area 专家; 高手 **adj.** having or involving specialized knowledge or skill 经验 (或知识) 丰富的; 熟练的; 专家的; 内行的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expertly** adv. **expertness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj.): from Fr., from L. expertus, past part. of experiri 'try'; cf. **EXPERIENCE** and **EXPERIMENT**.

**expertise** /ˌekspɜ:'ti:z/ **n.** great skill or knowledge in a particular field 专门技能 (或知识), 专长

**expert system** **n.** Computing 【计】 a piece of software which uses databases of expert knowledge to offer advice or make decisions 专家系统

**expiate** /'ekspieɪt/ **v.** atone for (guilt or wrongdoing) 赎(罪); 为(过失或恶行) 作出补偿
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expiable** adj. **expiation** n. **expiator** n. **expiatory** /'ekspiət(ə)ri, ekspi'eɪt(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **expiation**): from L. expiat-, expiare 'appease by sacrifice' (based on pius 'pious').

**expire** /ɪk'spaɪə(r), ek-/ **v.** **1** (of a document or agreement) come to the end of the period of validity (文件或协议因到期而) 失效
> (of a period of time) come to an end (期限) 终止 **2** (of a person) die (人) 断气, 死亡 **3** technical 【技】 exhale (air) from the lungs 呼出 (空气)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expiration** n. **expiratory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. expirer, from L. exspirare 'breathe out'.

**expiry** /ɪk'spaɪəri/ **n.** **1** Brit. 【英】 the time when something expires 期满; (期限的) 终止 **2** archaic 【古】 death 断气, 死亡

**explain** /ɪk'spleɪn/ **v.** **1** make (something) clear by providing more detail 讲解; 阐明 **2** give a reason or justification for 解释; 说明……的原因 (或理由)
> be the cause of or motivating factor for 是……的原因 (或促因)
> (**explain oneself**) excuse or justify one's behaviour 解释自己的行为
> (**explain something away**) minimize the significance of something embarrassing by giving an excuse or justification 为…辩解; 对…圆场; 通过解释降低……的严重性
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **explainable** adj. **explainer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. explanare, based on planus 'plain'.

**explanation** /ˌeksplə'neɪʃn/ **n.** an explanatory statement 解释, 说明; 阐述
> a reason or justification for an action or belief (给出的) 理由, 说法

**explanatory** /ɪk'splænət(ə)ri, ek-/ **adj.** serving to explain something 解释的, 说明的; 阐述的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **explanatorily** adv.

**explant** Biology 【生物】 **v.** /ɪks'plɑ:nt, eks-/ transfer (living cells, tissues, or organs) from animals or plants to a nutrient medium 外植, 移出 (活细胞、组织或器官) **n.** /'eksplɑ:nt/ an explanted cell, organ, or piece of tissue 外植体; 外植块
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **explantation** n.

**expletive** /ɪk'spli:tɪv, ek-/ **n.** **1** an oath or swear word 诅咒语; 咒骂语; 秽语 **2** Grammar 【语法】 a word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense 虚位成分 **adj.** Grammar 【语法】 (of a word or phrase) serving to fill out a sentence or line of verse (词或短语) 虚位的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as adj.): from late L. expletivus, from explere 'fill out'.

**explicable** /ɪk'splɪkəbl, ek-, 'eksplɪkəbl/ **adj.** able to be explained or accounted for 可解释的, 可说明的, 可辩明的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr., or from L. explicabilis, from explicare (see 见 **EXPLICATE**).

**explicate** /'eksplɪkeɪt/ **v.** analyse and develop (an idea or principle) in detail (详细地) 分析, 阐述 (思想或原则)
> analyse (a literary work) to reveal its meaning 解释, 分析 (文学作品)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **explication** n. **explicative** /ek'splɪkətɪv, 'eksplɪkeɪtɪv/ adj. **explicator** n. **explicatory** /ek'splɪkət(ə)ri, 'eksplɪkeɪt(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. explicat-, explicare 'unfold'.

**explicit** /ɪk'splɪsɪt, ek-/ **adj.** **1** stated clearly and precisely 明确的, 明晰的, 不含糊的 **2** describing or representing sexual activity in a direct and detailed way (描述或表现性行为时) 直露的, 露骨的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **explicitly** adv. **explicitness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. explicite or L. explicit-, explicare (see 见 **EXPLICATE**).

**explode** /ɪk'spləʊd/ **v.** **1** burst or shatter violently, especially as a result of rapid combustion or excessive internal pressure 爆炸; 爆裂 **2** suddenly express strong emotion, especially anger (感情, 尤指愤怒) 爆发, 进发 **3** increase suddenly in number or extent 激增; 迅速扩大 **4** show (a belief or theory) to be false or unfounded 证明(信念或理论) 是错误的; 破除, 戳穿 **5** [as adj. 作形容词 **exploded**] (of a diagram) showing the components of a mechanism in the normal relative positions but slightly separated from each other (图) 分解的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exploder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'reject scornfully'): from L. explodere 'drive out by clapping, hiss off the stage', from **ex-** 'out' + plaudere 'to clap'.

**exploit** **v.** /ɪk'splɔɪt, ek-/ **1** make use of and derive benefit from (a resource) 利用 (资源) **2** make use of unfairly; benefit unjustly from the work of 剥削 **n.** /'eksplɔɪt/ a bold or daring feat 业绩, 英勇事迹

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-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exploitable** adj. **exploitation** n. **exploitative** adj. **exploiter** n. **exploitive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as n. in sense 'success, progress'): from OFr. esploit, based on L. explicare (see 见 **EXPLICATE**); the verb is from mod. Fr. exploiter.

**explore** /ɪk'splɔ:(r)/ **v.** **1** travel through (an unfamiliar area) in order to learn about it 对(陌生之地) 进行勘探; 在…探险; 探测; 考察 **2** investigate or discuss in detail 调查研究; 探究 **3** examine by touch (通过触摸) 检查, 探察
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exploration** n. **explorational** adj. **explorative** adj. **exploratory** adj. **explorer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **exploratory**): from Fr. explorer, from L. explorare 'search out', from **ex-** 'out' + plorare 'utter a cry'.

**explosion** /ɪk'spləʊʒn/ **n.** an act or instance of exploding 爆炸, 爆发; 激增; 迅速扩大

**explosive** /ɪk'spləʊsɪv/ **adj.** **1** able or likely to explode (会) 爆炸的 **2** likely to cause an outburst of anger or controversy 爆炸性的; 极有争议的 **3** (of an increase) sudden and dramatic (增长) 突然的, 急剧的 **4** (of a vocal sound) produced with a sharp release of air (语音) 爆破的 **n.** a substance which can be made to explode 炸药
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **explosively** adv. **explosiveness** n.

**expo** /'ekspəʊ/ **n.** (pl. **expos**) a large international exhibition 世界博览会
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: abbrev. of **EXPOSITION**.

**exponent** /ɪk'spəʊnənt, ek-/ **n.** **1** a promoter of an idea or theory (思想或理论的) 倡导者, 拥护者 **2** a person who does a particular thing skilfully 能手; 大师 **3** Mathematics 【数】 the power to which a given number or expression is raised (e.g. 3 in 2³=2×2×2) 指数 (如 2³=2×2×2 中的 3) **4** Linguistics 【语言】 a linguistic unit that realizes another, more abstract unit 释示成分
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as adj. in the sense 'expounding'): from L. exponent-, exponere (see 见 **EXPOUND**).

**exponential** /ˌekspə'nenʃl/ **adj.** **1** (of an increase) becoming more and more rapid (增长) 越来越快的, 呈几何级数的 **2** of or expressed by a mathematical exponent 指数的; 指数表示的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exponentially** adv.

**exponential function** **n.** Mathematics 【数】 a function whose value is a constant raised to the power of the argument, especially the function where the constant is e (尤指常数为 e 的) 指数函数

**exponentiation** /ɪkspəʊˌnenʃi'eɪʃn/ **n.** Mathematics 【数】 the operation of raising one quantity to the power of another 取幂
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exponentiate** v.

**export** **v.** /ɪk'spɔ:t, ek-, 'ek-/ **1** send (goods or services) to another country for sale 出口, 输出(商品或服务)
> spread or introduce (ideas or customs) to another country 将 (思想或习俗) 传播到另一国家 **2** Computing 【计】 transfer (data) in a format that can be used by other programs 导出 (数据) **n.** /'ekspɔ:t/ **1** an exported product or service 出口物; 输出品 **2** the action of exporting of goods or services (商品或服务的) 出口, 输出
> [as modifier 作修饰语] of a high standard suitable for export 适合出口的: **export ales** 出口艾尔啤酒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exportability** n. **exportable** adj. **exportation** n. **exporter** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'take away'): from L. exportare, from **ex-** 'out' + portare 'carry'.

**expose** /ɪk'spəʊz/ **v.** **1** make (something) visible by uncovering it 暴露, 显露; 使无遮蔽
> (**expose oneself**) publicly and indecently display one's genitals 公开暴露自己的生殖器, 露阴 **2** (often 常用 **expose someone to**) subject to possible harm or risk 使易受伤害; 使易遭风险
> leave (a child) in the open to die 将 (婴儿) 弃于户外 **3** (**expose someone to**) introduce someone to (a subject) 使(某人) 接触到 (某方面内容) **4** reveal the true, objectionable nature of 揭露……的真相; 揭穿, 揭发 **5** [as adj. 作形容词 **exposed**] unprotected from the weather 暴露于天气的, 不遮挡风雨的 **6** subject (photographic film) to light 使 (胶卷) 曝光
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exposer** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. exposer, from L. exponere (see 见 **EXPOUND**), but influenced by L. expositus 'put or set out' and OFr. poser 'to place'.

**exposé** /ɪk'spəʊzeɪ, ek-/ **n.** a report in the media that reveals something discreditable (媒体对丑事的) 揭露, 揭发
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., past part. of exposer (see 见 **EXPOSE**).

**exposition** /ˌekspə'zɪʃn/ **n.** **1** a comprehensive description and explanation of a theory (对理论的) 阐述, 讲解 **2** a large public exhibition of art or trade goods 展览会, 博览会 **3** Music 【音】 the part of a movement, especially in sonata form, in which the principal themes are first presented (尤以奏鸣曲为形式的乐章的) 呈示部 **4** archaic 【古】 public exposure 陈列; 暴露, 显露
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expositional** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. expositio(n-), from exponere (see 见 **EXPOUND**).

**expositor** /ɪk'spɒzɪtə(r), ek-/ **n.** a person that explains complicated ideas or theories 阐述者, 讲解者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expository** adj.

**ex post** /eks 'pəʊst/ **adj.** & **adv.** based on actual results rather than forecasts 以实际结果为基础的(地); 事后的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 mod. L., from **ex** 'from' and **post** 'after'.

**ex post facto** /eks pəʊst 'fæktəʊ/ **adj.** & **adv.** with retrospective action or force 追溯既往的(地); 有追溯效力的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 erroneous division of L. **ex postfacto** 'in the light of subsequent events'.

**expostulate** /ɪk'spɒstjʊleɪt, ek-/ **v.** express strong disapproval or disagreement 强烈反对; 规劝, 劝诫

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**exposure** **expurgate**
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expostulation** n. **expostulatory** /-lət(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. expostulat-, expostulare 'demand'.

**exposure** /ɪk'spəʊʒə(r)/ **n.** **1** the state of being exposed to harm or risk 暴露 (于伤害或风险)
> a physical condition resulting from being exposed to severe weather conditions (恶劣天气条件下身体的) 暴露损伤 **2** the revelation of something secret (秘密的) 揭露, 揭发
> the publicizing of information or an event (信息或事件的) 公开, 公布 **3** the action of exposing a photographic film (胶卷的) 曝光
> the quantity of light reaching a photographic film, as determined by shutter speed and lens aperture 曝光量 **4** the direction in which a building faces (建筑物的) 朝向, 方位

**exposure meter** **n.** Photography 【摄】 a light meter 曝光表, 曝光计

**expound** /ɪk'spaʊnd/ **v.** present and explain (a theory or idea) systematically 阐述, 详细说明, 系统讲解 (理论或思想)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expounder** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME expoune: from OFr. espon-, pres. tense stem of espondre, from L. exponere 'explain, publish', from **ex-** 'out' + ponere 'put'.

**express¹** /ɪk'spres, ek-/ **v.** **1** convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct (用语言或手势、举止) 表达, 表示 (思想或情感) **2** press out (liquid or air) 榨(液体); 挤压出(空气) **3** Mathematics 【数】 represent by a figure, symbol, or formula (用图表、符号或公式) 表示 **4** Genetics 【遗】 cause (an inherited characteristic or gene) to appear in a phenotype 使(遗传特征或基因) 表达
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expresser** n. **expressible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. expresser, based on L. **ex-** 'out' + pressare 'to press'.

**express²** /ɪk'spres, ek-/ **adj.** operating at high speed 快速的, 高速的
> (of a train or other form of public transport) making few intermediate stops and reaching its destination quickly (火车或其他公共交通工具) 特快的
> denoting a service in which deliveries are made by a special messenger (特) 快(专) 递的 **adv.** by express train or delivery service 由特快列车, 用(特) 快(专) 递 **n.** **1** (also 亦作 **express train**) a train that stops at few stations and so travels quickly 特快列车 **2** a special delivery service (特) 快(专) 递 **v.** send by express messenger or delivery 用(特) 快(专) 递寄送 (或递送)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: extension of **EXPRESS³**; the adjective is from **express train**, reflecting an earlier sense of **express** 'done or made for a special purpose', later interpreted in the sense 'rapid'.

**express³** /ɪk'spres, ek-, 'ekspres/ **adj.** stated explicitly 明确的, 明白表示的
> specific; particular 专门的; 特定的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expressly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. expres, from L. expressus 'distinctly presented', past part. of exprimere 'press out'.

**expression** /ɪk'spreʃn/ **n.** **1** the action of expressing something 表达; 表示; 体现 **2** a look on someone's face that conveys a particular emotion 表情 **3** a word or phrase expressing an idea (表达思想的) 词语 **4** Mathematics 【数】 a collection of symbols that jointly express a quantity (表达) 式
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expressional** adj. **expressionless** adj. **expressionlessly** adv. **expressionlessness** n.

**expressionism** /ɪk'spreʃ(ə)nɪz(ə)m/ **n.** a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express inner emotion rather than external reality 表现主义 (绘画、音乐或戏剧的一种形式, 艺术家或作家试图表达内在感情而非外在现实)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expressionist** n. & adj. **expressionistic** adj. **expressionistically** adv.

**expressive** /ɪk'spresɪv/ **adj.** effectively conveying thought or feeling 富于表现力的, 富于表情的, 意味深长的
> (**expressive of**) conveying (a quality or idea) 表达(某种特质或思想) 的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expressively** adv. **expressiveness** n. **expressivity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'tending to press out'): from Fr. expressif, -ive or med. L. expressivus, from exprimere (see 见 **EXPRESS¹**).

**expresso** /ek'spresəʊ/ **n.** variant spelling of **ESPRESSO** * espresso 的另一种拼法

**express rifle** **n.** a rifle that discharges a bullet at high speed, used in big-game hunting (用于狩猎大型猎物的) 初速大的步枪, 高速猎枪

**expressway** /ɪk'spresweɪ/ **n.** N. Amer. 【北美】 an urban motorway 高速公路

**expropriate** /ɪks'prəʊprieɪt, eks-/ **v.** (of the state) take (property) from its owner for public use or benefit (国家) 征用, 没收 (财产)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expropriation** n. **expropriator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **expropriation**): from med. L. expropriat-, expropriare 'take from the owner', from **ex-** 'out, from' + proprium 'property'.

**expulsion** /ɪk'spʌlʃn/ **n.** **1** the action of expelling someone 驱除, 逐出; 开除 **2** the action of forcing something from the body 排出体外
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expulsive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. expulsio(n-), from expellere (see 见 **EXPEL**).

**expunge** /ɪk'spʌn(d)ʒ, ek-/ **v.** obliterate or remove completely (彻底) 除去, 删去, 抹掉
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expunction** n. **expungement** n. **expunger** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. expungere 'mark for deletion by means of points', from **ex-** 'out' + pungere 'to prick'.

**expurgate** /'ekspɜ:geɪt/ **v.** [often as adj. 常作形容词 **expurgated**] remove matter regarded as obscene or unsuitable from (a text) 删除(文本) 中的淫秽 (或不当) 内容
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **expurgation** n. **expurgator** n. **expurgatory** /ek'spɜ:gət(ə)ri/ adj.

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (earlier (ME) as **expurgation** in the sense 'purging of excrement'): from L. expurgat-, expurgare 'cleanse thoroughly'.

**exquisite** /'ekskwɪzɪt, ɪk'skwɪzɪt, ek-/ **adj.** **1** very beautiful and delicate 精美的; 雅致的 **2** intensely felt 剧烈的, 尖锐的
> highly sensitive 灵敏的, 敏锐的: **exquisite taste** 灵敏的味觉 **n.** literary 【文】 a dandy 过于讲究外表的男子, 花花公子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exquisitely** adv. **exquisiteness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'precise'): from L. exquisit-, exquirere 'seek out'.

**exsanguination** /ɪkˌsæŋgwɪ'neɪʃn, ek-/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 the action of draining someone or something of blood 放血, 去血
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exsanguinate** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L. exsanguinatus 'drained of blood' (based on sanguis 'blood') + **-ION**.

**exsert** /ɪk'sɜ:t, ek-/ **v.** Biology 【生物】 cause to protrude 使突出, 使伸出
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. exsert-, exserere (see 见 **EXERT**).

**ex-service** /ˌeks'sɜ:vɪs/ **adj.** Brit. 【英】 denoting or relating to former members of the armed forces (军人) 退役的, 退伍的

**ex-serviceman** /ˌek(s)'sɜ:vɪsmən/ (or **ex-service-woman**) **n.** (pl. **ex-servicemen** or **ex-service-women**) Brit. 【英】 a former member of the armed forces 退役军人, 复员军人

**ex silentio** /eks sɪ'lenʃiəʊ/ **adj.** & **adv.** (of an argument or theory) based on lack of contrary evidence (论点或理论) 在缺乏反证情况下(的)
-ORIGIN 词源 L., 'from silence'.

**exsolve** /ɪk'sɒlv, ek-/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **exsolved**] Geology 【地质】 (with reference to minerals) separate out from solid solution in a rock (矿物) 离溶, 出溶
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exsolution** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: orig. as **exsolution**, from **Ex-¹** + **SOLUTION**.

**ext.** **abbr.** **1** extension (in a telephone number 电话号码中) **2** exterior **3** external

**extant** /ɪk'stænt, ek-, 'ekst(ə)nt/ **adj.** still in existence 尚存的, 现存的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exstant-, exstare 'be visible or prominent, exist'.

**extemporaneous** /ɪkˌstempə'reɪniəs, ek-/ **adj.** another term for **EXTEMPORARY** * extemporary 的另一种说法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extemporaneously** adv. **extemporaneousness** n.

**extemporary** /ɪk'stemp(ə)(rə)ri, ek-/ **adj.** spoken or done without preparation 即席的, 即兴的, 临场的; 无准备的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extemporarily** adv. **extemporariness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from **EXTEMPORE**, on the pattern of **temporary**.

**exquisite** **extension**
**extempore** /ɪk'stemp(ə)ri, ek-/ **adj.** & **adv.** spoken or done without preparation 即席的(地), 即兴的(地); 无准备的(地), 临时的(地)
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **ex tempore** 'on the spur of the moment' (lit. 'out of the time').

**extemporize** or **extemporise** /ɪk'stempəraɪz/ **v.** compose or perform without preparation; improvise 即兴创作 (或表演)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extemporization** n.

**extend** /ɪk'stend/ **v.** **1** make larger or longer in space or time 扩大; 扩展; 延长
> occupy a specified area or continue for a specified distance 占据(某地区); 延伸(一定距离) **2** hold (something) out towards someone 伸出
> offer or make available 提供; 给予 **3** (**extend to**) be applicable to 适用于 **4** strain or exert to the utmost 使竭尽全力, 使至极限
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extendability** n. **extendable** adj. **extendibility** n. **extendible** adj. **extensibility** n. **extensible** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. extens-, extendere 'stretch out'.

**extended family** **n.** a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include relatives, who live nearby or in the same household (包括亲戚在内的) 大家庭

**extended-play** **adj.** denoting a record that plays for longer than most singles (唱片介于单曲和专辑之间) 迷你的

**extender** /ɪk'stendə(r)/ **n.** a person or thing that extends 延长……的人; 延长器
> a substance added to a product such as paint or glue to dilute its colour or increase its bulk (加在油漆、胶水等中的) 调和料, 增量剂

**extensile** /ɪk'stensaɪl, ek-/ **adj.** capable of being extended 可伸展的; 可扩展的; 可延长的; 可延伸的

**extension** /ɪk'stenʃn/ **n.** **1** the action or process of extending 伸展, 扩展; 延长; 延伸
> an additional period of time given to someone to hold office or fulfil an obligation 延期; 放宽的期限
> Brit. 【英】 permission granted to licensed premises for the sale of alcoholic drinks until later than usual 售酒场所延时营业许可 **2** a part added to something to enlarge or prolong it 扩大部分; 扩建部分; 附加部分; 延长部分
> (**extensions**) lengths of long artificial hair woven into a person's own hair (织入真发以创造长发效果的) 驳发材料 **3** a subsidiary telephone, especially one with its own additional number on a line leading from a main switchboard (尤指有附加机号的) 电话分机 **4** (Brit. also 【英亦作】 **extension lead** or **cable** US also 【美亦作】 **extension cord**) a length of electric cable which enables appliances to be used at a distance from a fixed socket (电缆的) 延长绳路 **5** [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting instruction by a university or college for those who are not full-time students (大学教育针对非全日制生开设) 进修教育的 **6** the extending of a limb from a bent to a straight position (四肢的) 伸展, 伸直
> Ballet

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> the ability of a dancer to raise one leg above the waist, especially to the side (舞蹈) 举腿过顶 (尤指旁腿) **7** a concept as measured by the objects which it denotes or contains 外延 Often contrasted with 常对照 **INTENSION**. **8** Physics & Philosophy 【物, 哲】 the property of matter by which it occupies space 广延性
> (also 亦作 **extensional** adj.).
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from late L. extensio(n-), from extendere (see 见 **EXTEND**).

**extensive** /ɪk'stensɪv/ **adj.** **1** covering or affecting a large area 广大的, 广阔的 **2** (of agriculture) obtaining a relatively small crop from a large area with a minimum of capital and labour (农业) 粗放的, 广大的
> Often contrasted with 常对照 **INTENSIVE**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extensively** adv. **extensiveness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. extensif, -ive or late L. extensivus, from extens-, extendere (see 见 **EXTEND**).

**extensor** /ɪk'stensə(r)/ **n.** Anatomy 【解】 a muscle whose contraction extends a limb or part of the body 伸肌 Often contrasted with 常对照 **FLEXOR**.

**extent** /ɪk'stent/ **n.** **1** the area covered by something 范围
> the size or scale of something 程度, 限度 **2** the degree to which something is the case 到…程度
> (**to the extent that/of**) to the degree that; in so far as 在…程度上; 在某种程度上
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'valuation of property'): from Anglo-Norman Fr. extente, from med. L. extenta, fem. past part. of L. extendere (see 见 **EXTEND**).

**extenuate** /ɪk'stenjueɪt, ek-/ **v.** [usu. as adj. 常作形容词 **extenuating**] lessen the seriousness of (an offence) by offering a mitigating floral (为罪行) 找借口, (为罪行) 减轻
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extenuation** n. **extenuatory** /-t(ə)ri/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'make thin'): from L. extenuat-, extenuare 'make thin', based on tenuis 'thin'.

**exterior** /ɪk'stɪəriə(r)/ **adj.** forming, situated on, or relating to the outside 外部的, 外面的, 表面的
> (of a film) outdoor (电影) 户外拍摄的 **n.** **1** the outer surface or structure of something 外部, 表面, 外表 **2** a person's apparent behaviour or demeanour (人的) 外在行为, 外表 **3** (in filming) an outdoor scene (电影的) 外景
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exteriority** n. **exteriorization** or **exteriorisation** n. **exteriorize** or **exteriorise** v. **exteriorly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 L., from L. compar. of exter 'outer'.

**exterior angle** **n.** Geometry 【几何】 the angle between a side of a rectilinear figure and an adjacent side extended outward 外角

**exterminate** /ɪk'stɜ:mɪneɪt, ek-/ **v.** destroy completely; eradicate 根除, 消灭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extermination** n. **exterminator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'drive out'): from L. exterminat-, exterminare, from **ex-** 'out' + terminus 'boundary'.

**extern** /'ekstɜ:n/ **n.** **1** US 【美】 a non-resident doctor or other worker in a hospital (医院的) 走读医生(或其他工作人员) **2** in a strict enclosed order of nuns) a sister who does not live exclusively within the enclosure and goes on outside errands (在严格的与外界隔离的修女会中) 外聘修女
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as an adj. in the sense 'external'): from Fr. externe or L. externus, from exter 'outer'.

**external** /ɪk'stɜ:nl/ **adj.** **1** belonging to or situated on the outside 外部的, 外表的, 外面的 **2** coming or derived from a source outside the subject affected 外来的; 外源的
> coming from or relating to a country or institution other than the main subject 对外的; 国外的; 外国机构的; 外部的
> (of a business) of or concerning a department of external affairs 外交事务的 **3** for or concerning students registered with and taking the examinations of a university but not resident there (大学) 校外的; 走读生的
> relating to examinations sat by external students 校外考试的
> outward features 外部特征
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **externality** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. externalis, from exter 'outer'.

**external ear** **n.** the part of the ear outside the eardrum, especially the pinna 外耳 (尤指耳廓)

**externalism** /ɪk'stɜ:n(ə)lɪz(ə)m/ **n.** **1** excessive regard for outward issues 外在论; 外表论 **2** Philosophy 【哲】 the theory that mental events and acts are essentially dependent on the world external to the mind 外在论 (认为思维依赖于客观世界的理论)
> a view which holds that a thing's justification can depend on externalist factors 外部论

**externality** /ˌekstɜ:'nælɪti/ **n.** (pl. **externalities**) Economics 【经】 a consequence of an economic action which affects other parties without this being reflected in the costs of the action 外部性

**externalize** or **externalise** /ɪk'stɜ:nəlaɪz/ **v.** **1** give external existence or form to 将…外化, 使…外在化
> **externalise a mental image** 把心中想象的形象画下来 **2** Psychology 【心理】 project (a mental image or process) on to a figure outside oneself (将心理意象) 投射(于外界) **3** Economics 【经】 fail to show on an income sheet, esp. as a part of a pricing structure (价格结构中的) 收入表现(尤指没有体现在)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **externalization** n.

**exteroceptive** /ˌekstərə(ʊ)'septɪv/ **adj.** Physiology & Psychology 【生理, 心理】 relating to external stimuli 外部感受性的, 外感性的 Compare with 比较 **INTEROCEPTIVE**.
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exteroceptor** n.

**extinct** /ɪk'stɪŋkt/ **adj.** **1** (of a species or other large group) having no living members (物种或其他大的族群) 灭绝的, 绝种的
> no longer in existence (活动、风俗等) 不存在的; 消失的
> of a volcano) not having erupted in recorded history (火山) 死的, 不再喷发的

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**extinction** **extragalactic**
**2** (of a title of nobility) having no valid claimant (贵族头衔) 无现存持有人的, 无合法继承人的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'no longer alight'): from L. exstinct-, exstinguere (see 见 **EXTINGUISH**).

**extinction** /ɪk'stɪŋkʃn/ **n.** **1** the state or process of being or becoming extinct 灭绝, 绝种; 消亡 **2** Physics 【物】 reduction to zero of the intensity of light or other radiation passing through a medium, due to absorption, reflection, or scattering 消光; 衰减

**extinguish** /ɪk'stɪŋgwɪʃ/ **v.** **1** put out (a fire or light) 熄灭, 扑灭(火或灯) **2** put an end to 使终结; 使消亡 **3** cancel (a debt) by full payment 偿清(债务)
> Law 【律】 render (a right or obligation) void 取消(权利或义务); 使无效
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extinguishable** adj. **extinguisher** n. **extinguishment** n. (Law 【律】).
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. exstinguere, from **ex-** 'out' + stinguere 'quench'.

**extirpate** /'ekstɜ:peɪt/ **v.** destroy completely; eradicate 根除, 灭绝; 消灭
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extirpation** n. **extirpator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. exstirpare, from **ex-** 'out' + stirps 'a stem'.

**extol** /ɪk'stəʊl, ek-/ **v.** (**extols**, **extolling**, **extolled**) praise enthusiastically 颂扬, 赞颂, 赞美
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extoller** n. **extolment** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. extollere, from **ex-** 'out, upward' + tollere 'raise'.

**extort** /ɪk'stɔ:t, ek-/ **v.** obtain by force, threats, or other unfair means 强求, 逼取; 敲诈, 勒索
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extorter** n. **extortion** n. **extortioner** n. **extortionist** n. **extortive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **extortion**): from L. extort-, extorquere 'wrest', based on torquere 'twist'.

**extortionate** /ɪk'stɔ:ʃ(ə)nət, ek-/ **adj.** **1** (of a price) much too high (价格) 过高的, 高得离谱的 **2** using or given to extortion 强求的, 逼取的; 敲诈的, 勒索的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extortionately** adv.

**extra** /'ekstrə/ **adj.** added to an existing or usual amount or number 额外的, 外加的 **adv.** **1** to a greater extent than usual 特别地; 非常 **2** in addition 额外地; 另外 **n.** **1** an item for which an extra charge is made 另外收费的事物 **2** an extra item 额外物, 外加物 **3** a person engaged temporarily to fill out a crowd scene in a film or play (扮演群众的) 临时演员 **4** Cricket 【板】 a run scored other than from a hit with the bat, credited to the batting side rather than to a batsman (非击球所得的) 附加分, 送分
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (as adj.): prob. a shortening of **EXTRAORDINARY**, suggested by similar forms in Fr. and Ger.

**extra-** /'ekstrə/ **prefix** outside; beyond 在……之外: **extracellular** 细胞外的
> beyond the scope of 越出, 超出: **extra-curricular** 课外的
-ORIGIN 词源 via med. L. from L. **extra** 'outside'.

**extracellular** /ˌekstrə'seljʊlə(r)/ **adj.** Biology 【生物】 situated or taking place outside a cell or cells (细胞) 外的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extracellularly** adv.

**extracorporeal** /ˌekstrəkɔ:'pɔ:riəl/ **adj.** situated or occurring outside the body (位于或发生在) 体外的

**extra cover** **n.** Cricket 【板】 a fielding position between cover point and mid-off but further from the wicket 额外截堵员的位置

**extract** **v.** /ɪk'strækt, ek-/ **1** remove, especially by effort or force (尤指费力或使劲地) 取出, 拔出
> obtain (money, information, etc.) from someone unwilling to give it (从不情愿的人那里) 索得, 取得 (金钱、信息等) **2** obtain (a substance) from something by a special method (以特定方法) 从…中获得(物质); 提取; 榨取; 采掘 **3** select (a passage from a text, film, or piece of music) for quotation, performance, or reproduction 摘取, 节选 (文章、电影或音乐)
> derive (an idea) from a situation or source 推断出, 引申出 **4** Mathematics 【数】 calculate (a root of a number) 开(方), 求(根) **n.** /'ekstrækt/ **1** a short passage taken from a text, film, or piece of music (文章、电影或音乐的) 选段 **2** a preparation containing the active ingredient of a substance in concentrated form 提取物; 精, 汁: **vanilla extract** 香草精
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extractability** n. **extractable** adj. **extractive** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. extract-, extrahere 'draw out'.

**extraction** /ɪk'strækʃn/ **n.** **1** the action of extracting 取出; 拔出; 获得; 提取; 采掘 **2** ethnic origin (族裔) 血统: **He's of Polish extraction.** 他有波兰血统。

**extractor** /ɪk'stræktə(r)/ **n.** a machine or device used to extract something 取出器; 提取器; 分离器
> [as modifier 作修饰语] denoting a fan or other device for extracting odours and stale air (风扇等设备) 换气的, 排风的

**extra-curricular** **adj.** (of an activity at a school or college) pursued in addition to the normal curriculum 课外的, 课程以外的

**extradite** /'ekstrədaɪt/ **v.** hand over (a person accused or convicted of a crime) to the jurisdiction of the foreign state in which the crime was committed 引渡 (嫌犯或罪犯)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extraditable** adj. **extradition** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (back-form. from **extradition**): from Fr., from **ex-** 'out, from' + tradition 'delivery'.

**extrados** /ɪk'streɪdɒs, ek-/ **n.** Architecture 【建】 the upper or outer curve of an arch 拱背 (线) Contrasted with 对照 **INTRADOS**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., from L. **extra** 'outside' + Fr. dos 'back'.

**extradural** /ˌekstrə'djʊərl/ **adj.** Medicine 【医】 another term for **EPIDURAL** * epidural 的另一种说法

**extragalactic** /ˌekstrəgə'læktɪk/ **adj.** Astronomy 【天文】 occurring or originating outside the Milky Way galaxy (发生或来自) (银) 河外的

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**extrajudicial** **extravaganza**
**extrajudicial** /ˌekstrədʒu'dɪʃl/ **adj.** Law 【律】 (of a sentence) not legally authorized (判决) 超出法庭职权的, 法庭管辖之外的
> (of a settlement or statement) out-of-court (和解协议或陈述) (法) 庭外的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extrajudicially** adv.

**extralinguistic** /ˌekstrəlɪŋ'gwɪstɪk/ **adj.** not involving or beyond the bounds of language 超语言的

**extramarital** /ˌekstrə'mærɪtl/ **adj.** (especially of sexual relations) occurring outside marriage (尤指性关系) 婚外的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extramaritally** adv.

**extramundane** /ˌekstrə'mʌndeɪn/ **adj.** rare 【罕】 beyond the physical world 物质世界之外的

**extramural** /ˌekstrə'mjʊərəl/ **adj.** **1** Brit. 【英】 (of a course of study) arranged for people who are not full-time members of a university or other educational establishment (课程) 对校外学生提供的
> additional to one's studies 学业之外的 **2** outside the walls or boundaries of a town or city 城(墙)外的, 市区外的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extramurally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **extra muros** 'outside the walls' + **-AL**.

**extraneous** /ɪk'streɪniəs, ek-/ **adj.** **1** irrelevant or unrelated to the subject 无关的 **2** of external origin 外来的, 起源于外部的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extraneously** adv. **extraneousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. extraneus + **-ous**.

**extranet** /'ekstrənet/ **n.** Computing 【计】 an intranet that can be partially accessed by authorized outside users, enabling businesses to exchange information over the Internet in a secure way 外联网, 企业外部网

**extraordinaire** /ɪkˌstrɔ:dɪ'neə(r)/ **adj.** [postpos. 后置] outstanding in a particular capacity (某一方面的才能) 突出的, 非凡的, 卓越的: **a gardener extraordinaire** 了不起的园丁
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: Fr., 'extraordinary'.

**extraordinary** /ɪk'strɔ:d(ə)n(ə)ri, ek-, ˌekstrə'ɔ:-dɪn(ə)ri/ **adj.** **1** very unusual or remarkable 非同寻常的; 非凡的, 出众的 **2** (of a meeting) specially convened (会议) 非惯例的, 特别召开的
> [postpos. 后置] (of an official) specially employed (官员) 特命的, 特派的: **Ambassador Extraordinary** 特派大使
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extraordinarily** adv. **extraordinariness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. extraordinarius, from **extra ordinem** 'outside the normal course of events'.

**extraordinary ray** **n.** Optics 【光】 (in double refraction) the light ray that does not obey the ordinary laws of refraction (双折射中的) 非(寻)常光, 非常光线 (不遵守一般折射定律的光线)

**extraordinary rendition** **n.** another term for **RENDITION** (sense 3) * rendition (释义3) 的另一种说法

**extrapolate** /ɪk'stræpəleɪt, ek-/ **v.** **1** extend the application of (a method or conclusion) to different or larger groups 将(方法或结论) 类推 **2** extend (a graph) by inferring unknown values from trends in the known data (根据已知数据趋势) 外推(图表)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extrapolation** n. **extrapolative** adj. **extrapolator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **EXTRA-** + a shortened form of **INTERPOLATE**.

**extraposition** /ˌekstrəpə'zɪʃn/ **n.** Grammar 【语法】 the placing of a word or words outside or at the end of a clause, while retaining the sense (e.g. **it's no use crying over spilt milk**) (词或词组的) 外置

**extrapyramidal** /ˌekstrəpɪ'ræmɪdl/ **adj.** Anatomy 【解】 relating to motor nerves descending from the cortex to the spine but not part of the pyramidal system 锥体(束) 外的

**extrasensory perception** /ˌekstrə'sens(ə)ri/ **n.** the supposed faculty of perceiving things by means other than the known senses, e.g. by telepathy 超感知觉, 超感官知觉 (指所谓的通过已知感觉以外的途径感知的能力)

**extrasolar** /ˌekstrə'səʊlə(r)/ **adj.** outside the solar system 太阳系外的

**extrasystole** /ˌekstrə'sɪst(ə)li/ **n.** Medicine 【医】 a heartbeat outside the normal rhythm, as often occurs in normal individuals (心搏的) 期前收缩, 额外收缩

**extraterrestrial** /ˌekstrətə'restriəl/ **adj.** of or from outside the earth or its atmosphere 地(球) 外的; (地球) 大气圈外的 **n.** a hypothetical or fictional being from outer space (假设或虚构中的) 地外生命, 外星生物

**extraterritorial** /ˌekstrəˌterɪ'tɔ:riəl/ **adj.** **1** situated or valid outside a country's territory 在疆界以外的; 域外有效的 **2** denoting the freedom of embassy staff from the jurisdiction of the territory of residence 治外法(权) 的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extraterritoriality** n.

**extra time** **n.** Brit. 【英】 a further period of play added on to a game if the scores are equal (体育比赛平分时的) 加时, 加时赛

**extravagant** /ɪk'strævəg(ə)nt, ek-/ **adj.** **1** lacking restraint in spending money or using resources 奢侈的, 铺张的; 浪费的
> resulting from or showing this 浪费引致的, 显得奢侈(或铺张)的: **extravagant gifts** 昂贵的礼物 **2** exceeding what is reasonable or appropriate 过度的, 过分的: **extravagant claims** 过分的要求
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extravagance** n. **extravagancy** n. **extravagantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'unusual, unsuitable'): from med. L. extravagant-, extravagari 'diverge greatly', from L. **extra-** 'outside' + vagari 'wander'.

**extravaganza** /ɪkˌstrævə'gænzə, ek-/ **n.** an elaborate and spectacular entertainment 铺张华丽的演出; (听觉或视觉的) 盛宴
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (in the sense 'extravagance in language or behaviour'): from Ital. estravaganza
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'extravagance.

**extravasate** /ık'strævǝseit, ek-/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **extravasated**] chiefly Medicine 【主医】 let or force out (a fluid, especially blood) from the vessel that naturally contains it 外渗(液体, 尤指血液)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extravasation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from **EXTRA**- + L. vas 'vessel' + **-ATE**³.

**extravascular** / ekstrǝ'væskjulə(r)/ adj. Medicine 【医】 situated or occurring outside the vascular system (位于或发生在)血管外的

**extravehicular** / ekstrəvı'hıkjulə(r)/ adj. relating to work performed in space outside a spacecraft (工作)航天器外的,舱外的

**extravert** /'ekstrǝv3:t/ n. variant spelling of **EXTROVERT** * **extrovert**的另一种拼法

**extra virgin** adj. denoting a particularly fine grade of olive oil made from the first pressing of the olives (橄榄油)特级初榨的

**extrema** /ek'stri:mə(r)/ plural form of **EXTREMUM** * **extremum**的复数形式

**extreme** /ık'stri:m/ adj. 1 very great 极大的; 极度的 not usual; exceptional 异乎寻常的; 例外的 ➤very severe or serious 极严厉的; 极严重的 denoting or relating to a sport performed in a hazardous environment 极限(运动)的 2 far from moderate, especially politically (尤指政治上)极端的, 偏激的, 过分的 3 furthest from the centre or a given point (离中心或一点)最外的, 最远的 ■n. 1 either of two things that are as different from each other as possible (两个)极端(之一), 极端不同的事物 ➤the most extreme degree 极度, 极端: extremes of temperature 极端的气温 2 Logic 【逻】 the subject or predicate in a proposition, or the major or minor term in a syllogism (命题的)主项(或谓项);端项, 端词(指三段论法中的“大项”和“小项”)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extremely** adv. **extremeness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: via OFr. from L. **extremus** 'outermost, utmost', superlative of **exterus** 'outer'.

**extreme unction** n. (in the Roman Catholic Church) a former name for the sacrament of anointing of the sick, especially when administered to the dying (天主教给病人, 尤其是临终者行施的)终傅

**extremist** /ık'stri:mist/ n. chiefly derogatory 【主贬】 a person who holds extreme political or religious views (政治或宗教上的)极端主义者, 过激分子
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extremism** n.

**extremity** /ık'stremiti, ek-/ n. (pl. **extremities**) 1 the furthest point or limit 末端, 端点; 尽头; 极限 (**extremities**) the hands and feet 手脚 2 severity or seriousness 极度; 极端; 严重; 猛烈 extreme adversity 绝境; 极其艰难的境地

**extremophile** /eks'tremǝfail/ ■n. Biology 【生物】 a microorganism that lives in extreme environmental conditions 嗜极端生物, 嗜极(端)菌

**extremum** /ık'stri:məm, ek-/ n. (pl. **extremums** or **extrema**) Mathematics 【数】 the maximum or minimum value of a function (函数的)极值
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: from L., neut. of **extremus** (see 见 **EXTREME**).

**extricate** /'ekstrikeit/ v. free from a constraint or difficulty 使摆脱(束缚或困难)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extricable** adj. **extrication** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'unravel'): from L. **extricat**-, **extricare** 'unravel', from **ex**- 'out' + **tricae** 'perplexities'.

**extrinsic** /ık'strınsık, ek-/ adj. 1 not essential or inherent 外在的; 非固有的; 非本质的 2 (of a muscle) having its origin some distance from the part which it moves (肌肉)外部的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extrinsically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'outward'): from late L. **extrinsecus** 'outward', based on **exter** 'outer'.

**extrorse** /eks'tro:s/ adj. Botany & Zoology 【植, 动】 turned outwards 向外的, 向边缘的 The opposite of 反义词 **INTRORSE**.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from late L. **extrorsus** 'outwards' (adv.).

**extrovert** /'ekstrǝv3:t/ (also chiefly Psychology 【亦主心理】 **extravert**) n. an outgoing, socially confident person 性格外向者; 好社交者 ➤Psychology【心理】a person predominantly concerned with external things or objective considerations 外向人格者 Compare with 比较 **INTROVERT**. adj. relating to or denoting an extrovert 性格外向的; 好社交的; 外向人格的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extroversion** n. **extroverted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent. (earlier (C17) as **extroversion**): from **extro**- (var. of **EXTRA**-) + L. **vertere** 'to turn'.

**extrude** /ık'stru:d, ek-/ v. thrust or force out 使凸出, 使伸出; 挤压出 ➤shape (a material such as metal or plastic) by forcing it through a die 挤压(金属、塑料等)成形, 压制
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **extrudable** adj. **extrusile** adj. **extrusion** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **extrudere**, from **ex**- 'out' + **trudere** 'to thrust'.

**extrusive** /ık'stru:sıv/ adj. Geology 【地质】 relating to or denoting rock that has been extruded at the earth's surface as lava or other volcanic deposits 喷出(岩)的

**exuberant** /ig'zju:b(ə)r(ə)nt, eg-/ adj. 1 lively and cheerful 生气勃勃的; 兴高采烈的 2 literary 【文】 growing profusely 茂盛的, 繁茂的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exuberance** n. **exuberantly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'overflowing'): from Fr. **exubérant**, from L. **exuberant**-, **exuberare** 'be abundantly fruitful' (based on **uber** 'fertile').

**exude** /1g'zju:d, eg-/ v. 1 (with reference to moisture or a smell) discharge or be discharged slowly and steadily 渗出(水分), 散发(气味) 2 display (an emotion or quality) strongly and openly

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充分显露(感情或特质)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exudate** n. **exudation** n. **exudative** /ig'zju:dətıv, eg-/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L. **exsudare**, from **ex**- 'out' + **sudare** 'to sweat'.

**exult** /1g'zalt/ v. show or feel triumphant elation 狂喜; 欢欣鼓舞
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exultancy** n. **exultant** adj. **exultantly** adv. **exultation** n. **exulting** adj. **exultingly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (earlier (ME) as **exultation**): from L. **exsultare**, frequentative of **exsilire** 'leap up'.

**exurb** /'eks3:b/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 a prosperous area beyond a city's suburbs (富裕的)城市远郊
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exurban** adj. **exurbanite** n. & adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent. (as **exurban**): from L. **ex** 'out of' + **URBAN**.

**exurbia** /ek's3:biǝ/ n. N. Amer. 【北美】 the exurbs collectively (总称)城市远郊

**exuviae** /ig'zju:vii:, eg-/ pl. n. [also treated as sing. 亦视作单数] Zoology 【动】 the cast or sloughed skin of an animal, especially of an insect larva (尤指昆虫幼虫的)蜕
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exuvial** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., lit. 'animal skins'.

**exuviate** /ig'zju:viert, eg-/ v. technical 【技】 (of an animal) shed (a skin or shell) (动物)蜕(皮或壳)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **exuviation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from **EXUVIAE** + **-ATE**³.

**ex-voto** /eks 'vǝutǝu/ n. (pl. **ex-votos**) an offering given in order to fulfil a vow 还愿物, 谢恩奉献物
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. **ex voto** 'from a vow'.

**ex-works** adj. & adv. Brit. 【英】 direct from the factory or place of manufacture 直接来自工厂(或产地)的(地)

**-ey** /i/ suffix variant spelling of **-y**² (as in **Charley**) *-y²*的另一种拼法(如在**Charley**中)

**eyas** /'arǝs/ n. (pl. **eyasses**) a young hawk, especially (in falconry) an unfledged nestling taken from the nest for training (尤指为驯鹰取自鹰巢的)雏鹰
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (orig. **nyas**): from Fr. **niais**, based on L. **nidus** 'nest'; the initial **n** was lost by wrong division of **a nyas**; cf. **ADDER**¹.

**eye** /ai/ n. 1 the organ of sight in humans or other animals 眼, 眼睛 ➤a person's attitude or feelings 观点; 见解; 感觉: To European eyes, the city seems overcrowded. 在欧洲人看来, 这座城市似乎过于拥挤。 2 a rounded eye-like marking on an animal (动物身上的)眼斑 ➤a round, dark spot on a potato from which a new shoot can grow (马铃薯的)芽眼 3 the small hole in a needle through which the thread is passed 针眼 ➤a small metal loop into which a hook is fitted as a fastener on a garment (系衣服的)钩眼 ➤Nautical【航海】a loop at the end of a rope, especially one at the top end of a shroud or stay (桅的支索顶端的)眼环 4 (**eyes**) Nautical【航海】the extreme forward part of a ship 船首锚链孔附近部分 ■v. (**eyes**, **eyeing** or **eying**, **eyed**) look at closely or with interest 看; 审视; 注视 ➤(**eye someone up**) informal【非正式】look at someone with sexual interest 色迷迷地看, 目光在……身上打转
-PHRASES 短语 **be all eyes** be watching eagerly and attentively 急切地看, 目不转睛 **close (or shut) one's eyes to** refuse to acknowledge (something unpleasant) 对(令人不快的事物)视而不见, 故意忽略 **an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth** retaliation in kind is the appropriate way to deal with an offence or crime 以眼还眼, 以牙还牙 [with biblical allusion to Exod. 21: 24.] **the eye of the storm** the calm region at the centre of a storm 风眼 **the eye of the wind** the direction from which the wind is blowing 风向 **eyes front (or left or right)** a military command to turn the head in the direction stated (军队口令)向前(或左、右)看 **get one's eye in** Brit.【英】improve one's judgement or skill through experience 通过经验提高判断力(或技能) **give someone the eye** informal【非正式】look at someone with sexual interest 对某人抛媚眼, 向某人送秋波 **have an eye for** be able to recognize and make good judgements about 对…有鉴赏眼光; 对…能作出明智判断 **have (or keep) one's eye on** keep under careful observation 留神; 密切注意 ➤(**have one's eye on**) aim to acquire 看中, 想要得到 **have (or with) an eye to** have (or having) as one's objective 打算, 目标是 **(only) have eyes for** be (exclusively) interested in (专)爱, (只)对…感兴趣 **have eyes in the back of one's head** know what is going on around one even when one cannot see it 脑后长眼, 知道未见之事 **keep an eye out (or open)** look out for something 仔细寻找; 留意; 物色 **keep one's eyes open (or peeled or** Brit.【英】**skinned**) watch out for something 留心; 注意; 警觉 **make eyes at** look at with clear sexual interest 色迷迷地看; 向…眉目传情 **one in the eye for** a disappointment or setback for 令……失望(或受挫)的事; 对……的打击 **open someone's eyes** cause someone to realize something 使某人看清, 使某人意识到 **see eye to eye** be in full agreement 看法完全一致 **a twinkle (or gleam) in someone's eye** something that is as yet no more than an idea 某人朦胧的想法, 某人尚未成形的想法 **up to the (or one's) eyes (in)** informal【非正式】very busy (于…) 忙得不可开交 **with one's eyes open** fully aware of possible difficulties 清醒地, 充分意识到困难地 **with one (or half) an eye on** giving only partial attention to 只将部分注意力放在……上
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-eyed** adj. **eyeless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **éage**, of Gmc origin.

**eyeball** /'aibo:l/ n. the round part of the eye of a vertebrate, within the eyelids and socket 眼球, 眼珠 ■v. informal【非正式】stare at closely 盯着看
-PHRASES 短语 **eyeball to eyeball** face to face with someone, especially in an aggressive way (尤指挑衅的与某人)面对面

**eyebath** /'arba:0/ n. Brit.【英】a small container

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used for applying cleansing solutions to the eye 洗眼杯, 洗眼器

**eyeblack** /'aiblæk/ n. old-fashioned term for **MASCARA** * **mascara** 的过时说法

**eye bolt** n. a bolt or bar with an eye at the end for attaching a hook or ring to 环首螺栓, 吊环螺栓, 有眼螺栓; 孔杆

**eyebright** /'arbrait/ n. a small white-flowered plant, traditionally used as a remedy for eye problems 小米草 (传统上用其来治疗眼疾) [**Euphrasia officinalis** and other species.]

**eyebrow** /'arbrau/ n. the strip of hair growing on the ridge above a person's eye socket 眉, 眉毛
-PHRASES 短语 **raise one's eyebrows (or an eyebrow)** show surprise or mild disapproval 竖起眉毛 (表示惊讶或略微不赞成)

**eye candy** n. informal【非正式】visual images that are superficially entertaining but intellectually undemanding (无需耗费脑力的)“视觉糖果”, 悦目但肤浅的形象

**eye-catching** adj. immediately appealing or noticeable 引人注目的, 吸引眼球的, 显著的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eye-catcher** n. **eye-catchingly** adv.

**eyecup** /'aikap/ ■n. 1 a piece of an optical device such as a pair of binoculars which is contoured to provide a comfortable rest for the eye (双筒望远镜等光学仪器的)眼杯 2 N. Amer.【北美】 an eyebath 洗眼杯, 洗眼器

**eyeful** /'aiful/ ■n. informal【非正式】1 a long steady look 饱览, 长时间盯看 2 an eye-catching person or thing 引人注目的人(或事物)

**eyeglass** /'aigla:s/ n. 1 a single lens for correcting or assisting defective eyesight; a monocle 镜片; 单片眼镜 (**eyeglasses**) N. Amer.【北美】 another term for **GLASSES** * **glasses**的另一种说法 2 an eyepiece 目镜

**eyehole** /'athǝul/ n. a hole to look through (窺)视孔, 观察孔

**eyelash** /'ailæf/ n. each of the short hairs growing on the edges of the eyelids (眼)睫毛

**eyelet** /'aılət/ n. a small round hole in leather or cloth for threading a lace, string, or rope through (皮革或布上用来穿线、绳等的)圆孔眼 ➤a metal ring used to reinforce such a hole 镶孔金属环 ➤a small hole with stitching around its edge, used as a form of decoration in embroidery (刺绣中作为装饰的)网眼, 锁眼 ■v. (**eyelets**, **eyeleting**, **eyeleted**) make eyelets in (fabric) 在(织物)上开圆孔眼
-ORIGIN 词源 ME **oilet**, from OFr. **oillet**, dimin. of **oil** 'eye', from L. **oculus**.

**eye level** n. the level of the eyes looking straight ahead 视平线, 视线的水平高度

**eyelid** /'aılıd/ n. each of the upper and lower folds of skin which cover the eye when closed (眼)睑, 眼皮

**eyeliner** /'arlaınə(r)/ n. a cosmetic applied as a line round the eyes (化妆用的)眼线

**eye-opener** n. informal【非正式】1 an unexpected revelation 令人瞠目的事物; 使人恍然大悟的新发现 2 N. Amer.【北美】 an alcoholic drink taken early in the day (一大早就喝的)空肚酒
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **eye-opening** adj.

**eyepatch** /'arpæts/ n. a patch worn to protect an injured eye 眼罩

**eyepiece** /'arpi:s/ n. the lens or group of lenses that is closest to the eye in a microscope or other optical instrument (显微镜等上的)(接)目镜

**eye-popping** adj. informal【非正式】astonishingly large or blatant 惊人地大(或刺眼)的

**eye rhyme** n. a similarity between words in spelling but not in pronunciation, for example **love** and **move** 视觉韵 (拼写相近但发音不同的词, 如 **love** 和 **move**)

**eyeshade** /'aifeid/ n. a translucent visor used to protect the eyes from strong light (遮光)眼罩

**eyeshadow** /'arfædǝu/ n. a coloured cosmetic applied to the eyelids or to the skin around the eyes 眼影

**eyeshot** /'aifpt/ n. the distance for which one can see 视野, 视界

**eyesight** /'aisait/ n. a person's ability to see 视力, 目力

**eye socket** n. the cavity in the skull which encloses an eyeball with its surrounding muscles 眼窝, 眼眶

**eyesore** /'aisǝ:(r)/ n. a thing that is very ugly, especially a building 难看的东西, 丑陋刺眼之物(尤指建筑物)

**eyespot** /'aisppt/ n. 1 Zoology【动】a light-sensitive pigmented spot on a flatworm, starfish, or other organism 眼点 (扁形动物、海星等身上的感光部位) 2 a rounded eye-like marking, especially on a butterfly or moth (尤指蝶或蛾翅上的)眼斑 3 a fungal disease of cereals and other grasses, characterized by yellowish oval spots (禾谷植物的)黄斑病

**Eyetie** /'artar/ (also 亦作 **Iti**) adj. & n. (pl. **Eyeties**) Brit. informal, derogatory【英, 非正式, 贬】 Italian or an Italian 意大利的; 意大利人
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: abbrev. of **Eyetalian**, representing a humorous pronunc. of **Italian**.

**eye tooth** n. a canine tooth, especially one in the upper jaw (尤指上)尖牙, 犬齿
-PHRASES 短语 **give one's eye teeth for (or to be)** do anything in order to have or be (为了……)不惜做任何事

**eyewash** /'arWDS/ n. 1 cleansing lotion for a person's eye 洗眼剂; 眼药水 2 informal【非正式】nonsense 胡扯, 胡说八道

**eyewear** /'arweə(r)/ n. things worn on the eyes, such as spectacles and contact lenses 眼镜类 (框架眼镜、隐形眼镜等)

**eyewitness** /'ar,witnǝs/ n. a person who has seen something happen and can give a first-hand description of it 目击者; 见证人

**eye worm** n. 1 a filarial worm of equatorial Africa,

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affecting the eyes 罗阿丝虫 [**Loa loa**.] 2 a nematode worm that occurs in the region of the eyelid and tear duct, found chiefly in hoofed mammals 吸吮线虫 [Genus **Thelazia**.]

**eyot** /'erǝt/ n. another term for **AIT** * **ait** 的另一种说法

**eyra** /'eirǝ/ n. a reddish-brown form of the jaguarundi (cat) 红阶细腰猫
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Sp., from Tupi **eirara**, **irara**.

**eyrie** /'ıəri, 'aıri, 'eǝri/ (US also 【美亦作】**aerie**) n. a large nest of an eagle or other bird of prey, built high in a tree or on a cliff (筑于高枝或峭壁的)猛禽的巢
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from med. L. **aeria**, **aerea**, **eyria**, prob. from OFr. **aire**, from L. **area** 'level piece of ground', in late L. 'nest of a bird of prey'.

**eyrir** /'etri:r/ n. (pl. **aurar** /'aurær/) a monetary unit of Iceland, equal to one hundredth of a krona 奥拉(冰岛货币单位, 100奥拉 = 1冰岛克朗)
-ORIGIN 词源 Icelandic, from ON, prob. from L. **aureus** 'golden, a gold coin'.

**Ezek.** /ı'zi:kiǝl/ abbr. **Ezekiel** (in biblical references) 《以西结书》(用于表示《圣经》引文出处)

**e-zine** /'i:zi:n/ n. a magazine only published in electronic form on a computer network (网络)电子杂志

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**F**¹ /ef/ (also 亦作 **f**) ■n. (pl. **Fs** or **F's**) 1 the sixth letter of the alphabet 英语字母表的第6个字母 2 denoting the next after E in a set of items, categories, etc. F项, F类(一组中的第6个) 3 Music【音】the fourth note of the diatonic scale of C major F音(C大调的第4个音)

**F**² /ef/ abbr. 1 Fahrenheit 2 farad(s) 3 Chemistry【化】faraday(s) 4 (in racing results 竞速比赛成绩用语) favourite 5 female 6 fighter (in designations of US aircraft types 美国机种代号) 7 Biology【生物】filial generation 子代 8 Brit.【英】fine (used in describing grades of pencil lead 用于表示铅笔芯等级) 9 (in motor racing 赛车用语) formula 10 Franc(s) 11 France (international vehicle registration) 法国(国际车船注册) 12 (in tables of sports results 体育比赛积分榜用语) goals or points for ……分数, ……的点数 symb. 1 the chemical element fluorine (化学元素)氟 2 Physics【物】 force 力

**f** abbr. 1 Grammar【语法】feminine 2 femto- (10⁻¹⁵) 3 (in textual references 用于原文参见) folio 4 Music【音】forte 5 (in racing results 竞速比赛成绩用语) furlong(s) 6 Chemistry【化】denoting electrons and orbitals possessing three units of angular momentum (电子和轨道)具3单位角动量的 [**f** from **fundamental**, orig. applied to lines in atomic spectra.] symb. 1 focal length 焦距 2 Mathematics【数】 a function of a specified variable (某一特定变量的)函数 3 Electronics【电子】 frequency 频率

**FA** abbr. 1 Fanny Adams 2 (in the UK) Football Association (英国)足球总会

**fa** /fa:/ n. variant spelling of **FAH** * **fah**的另一种拼法

**FAA** abbr. 1 (in the US) Federal Aviation Administration (美国)联邦航空局 2 (in the UK) Fleet Air Arm (英国)海军航空兵

**fab**¹ /fæb/ adj. informal【非正式】fabulous; wonderful 极好的, 绝妙的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fabbo** adj. **fabby** adj.

**fab**² /fæb/ n. a microchip fabrication plant or process 微型芯片制造厂(或生产环节) ■v. (**fabs**, **fabbing**, **fabbed**) produce (a microchip) 制造(微型芯片)

**faba bean** /'fa:bǝ/ n. variant spelling of **FAVA BEAN** * **fava bean**的另一种拼法

**Fabian** /'ferbiǝn/ n. a member or supporter of the Fabian Society, an organization of socialists aiming to achieve socialism by non-revolutionary methods 费边社社员, 费边社支持者(主张以非革命手段实现社会主义) ■adj. 1 relating to or characteristic of the Fabians 费边社社员(或支持者)的 2 employing a cautiously persistent and dilatory strategy to wear out an enemy 费边式的, 采用缓进待机策略的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Fabianism** n. **Fabianist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from the name of the Roman general **Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus**, known for his delaying tactics.

**fable** /'feibl/ n. a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral 寓言 ➤a myth or legend 神话, 传说 ➤mythological fiction (总称)神话传说 ■v. archaic【古】invent (an incident or story) 虚构(事件或故事)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fabler** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **fable**, from L. **fabula** 'story', from **fari** 'speak'.

**fabled** /'feibld/ adj. 1 famous, especially by reputation 著名的 2 mythical; imaginary 神话(或传说)中的; 虚构的, 不真实的

**fabless** /'fæblis/ adj. denoting or relating to a company which designs microchips but contracts out their production rather than owning its own fabrication plant (微型芯片设计公司)无厂房的, 生产外包的
-ORIGIN 词源 1980s: from **FAB**¹ + **LESS**.

**fabliau** /'fæbliǝu/ n. (pl. **fabliaux** /-ǝuz/) a metrical tale, typically a bawdy one, of a type found chiefly in early French poetry (法国早期诗歌中的)故事诗(多带有粗俗特点)
-ORIGIN 词源 from OFr. **fabliaux**, pl. of **fablel** 'short fable', dimin. of **fable**.

**Fablon** /'fæblon/ n. trademark【商标】flexible self-adhesive plastic sheeting used for covering table tops and working surfaces 黏性桌面罩单

**fabric** /'fæbrik/ n. 1 material produced by weaving or knitting textile fibres; cloth 织物, 织品; 布 2 a structure or framework, especially the walls, floor, and roof of a building (建筑物的)构架, 结构(尤指墙、地板和屋顶) ➤the essential structure of something abstract (某些抽象事物的)构造, 结构: **the fabric of society** 社会结构
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (orig. denoting a building or machine, i.e. 'something made'): from Fr. **fabrique**, from L. **fabrica** 'something skilfully produced'.

**fabricate** /'fæbrikeit/ v. 1 invent in order to deceive 捏造, 编造(谎言等) 2 construct or manufacture (an industrial product), especially from prepared

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components (尤指利用现成部件)装配, 制造(工业产品)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fabrication** n. **fabricator** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **fabricat**-, **fabricare** 'manufacture', from **fabrica** (see 见 **FABRIC**).

**fabric conditioner** n. liquid used to soften clothes when they are being washed 衣物柔顺剂

**fabulate** /'fæbjuleit/ v. tell invented stories 编故事
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fabulation** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L. **fabulat**-, **fabulari** 'narrate as a fable'.

**fabulist** /'fæbjəlıst/ n. 1 a person who composes fables 寓言家 2 a liar 说谎者

**fabulous** /'fæbjələs/ adj. 1 extraordinary, especially extraordinarily large 非凡的, 惊人的(尤指特别大的): his fabulous wealth 他的巨额财富 ➤informal【非正式】very good; wonderful 极好的, 绝妙的 2 mythical; imaginary 神话(或传说)中的; 虚构的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fabulosity** n. **fabulously** adv. **fabulousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'known through fable'): from Fr. **fabuleux** or L. **fabulosus** 'celebrated in fable', from **fabula** (see 见 **FABLE**).

> **1911/2011** The first edition was certainly a great achievement and a **fabulous** dictionary, but it would not have been described in that way. The dominant modern sense of 'very good, wonderful' is not recorded until the 1950s, and in 1911 **fabulous** meant 'celebrated in fable, legendary' and 'incredible, absurd', 毫无疑问, 第一版成就斐然, 堪称 **fabulous** (极好), 但当年却不会用这个词来形容。 “极好的, 绝妙的”这个现今居于主导地位的词义直到20世纪50年代才见于记载; 1911年, **fabulous** 意为“寓言中有名的, 传说中的”和“不可信的, 荒诞的”。

**facade** /fǝ'sa:d/ (also 亦作 **façade**) n. 1 the principal front of a building, facing on to a street or open space (建筑物临街或正对空旷地的)正面 2 a deceptive outward appearance (给人以假象的)表面, 外观
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **façade**, from **face** 'face', on the pattern of Ital. **facciata**.

**face** /feis/ n. 1 the front part of a person's head from the forehead to the chin, or the corresponding part in an animal 脸, 面孔 ➤an aspect 方面: **the unacceptable face of social drinking** 社交聚会饮酒令人难以接受的一面 2 an expression on someone's face 面容, 脸色, 面部表情 3 the surface of a thing, especially one that is presented to the view or has a particular function (展示出的或有特定功能的)表面 ➤Geometry【几何】each of the surfaces of a solid (立体的)面 ➤a vertical or sloping side of a mountain or cliff (山或悬崖的)陡面, 斜坡 4 a particular type of person (特定种类的)人: Fred was a trusted and familiar face. 弗雷德是个可信任的老熟人。 ■v. 1 be positioned with the face or front towards or in a specified direction 面朝, 面向, 正对 2 confront and deal with 正视; 对付 ➤have (a difficult situation) in prospect 面临(困境) ➤(**face off**) chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】take up an attitude of confrontation, especially at the start of a fight or game (尤指打斗或比赛开始时与对手)对峙 3 (usu. 通常用 **be faced with**) cover the surface of (something) with a layer of a different material 抹盖, 覆盖
-PHRASES 短语 **someone's face fits** Brit.【英】someone has the necessary qualities for something 某人够格(或合适) **face the music** be confronted with the unpleasant consequences of one's actions 承担自己行为的后果 **face to face** close together and looking directly at one another 面对面 **in (the) face of** when confronted with 在……面前 ➤despite 不管, 不顾 **lose (or save) face** incur (or avoid) humiliation 丢(或保全)面子 **on the face of it** apparently 从表面看来, 貌似 **set one's face against** resist with determination 坚决抵制 **to one's face** openly in one's presence 当着某人的面, 直率地
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-faced** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., based on L. **facies** 'form, appearance, face'.

**faceache** /'ferserk/ n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】 an ugly or miserable-looking person 丑八怪; 愁眉苦脸的人

**face card** n. chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】 another term for **COURT CARD** * **court card**的另一种说法

**facecloth** /'fersklo)/ n. 1 a small towelling cloth for washing one's face 洗脸毛巾, 面巾 2 Brit.【英】smooth-surfaced woollen cloth 光面呢

**face flannel** ■n. Brit.【英】a facecloth 洗脸毛巾, 面巾

**faceless** /'feısləs/ adj. remote and impersonal 冷漠的; 没有人情味的: **faceless bureaucrats** 冷漠的官僚
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facelessness** n.

**facelift** /'ferslift/ n. 1 a cosmetic surgical operation to remove unwanted wrinkles by tightening the skin of the face 面部除皱术, 脸部拉皮术 2 a procedure carried out to improve the appearance of something 外观整修, 外观美化

**face mask** n. 1 a protective mask covering the nose and mouth or nose and eyes 面具, 面罩 2 a face pack 面膜

**face-off** n. 1 a direct confrontation 对峙, 对抗 2 Ice Hockey【冰球】 the start of play 开球, 争球

**face pack** ■n. Brit.【英】a cosmetic preparation spread over the face to improve the complexion 面膜

**face paint** n. bold-coloured paint used to decorate the face 画脸油彩
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **face-painter** n. **face-painting** n.

**faceplate** /'ferspleit/ n. 1 an enlarged end or attachment on the end of the mandrel on a lathe, on which work can be mounted (机床装加工件用的)花盘 2 the transparent window of a diver's or astronaut's helmet (潜水员或航天员头盔的)面窗 3 the part of a

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cathode ray tube that carries the phosphor screen (阴极射线管的)面板

**facer** /'feisǝ(r)/ n. informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式, 主英】1 a blow to the face 面部所受的一击 2 a sudden difficulty (突然出现的)难题, 困难

**face-saving** adj. preserving one's reputation or dignity 保全面子的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **face-saver** n.

**facet** /'fæsit, -et/ n. 1 one side of something many-sided, especially of a cut gem (多面体的)面; (尤指经雕琢宝石的)琢面 2 an aspect or feature 方面; 特征: different facets of the truth 真相的不同侧面 3 Zoology【动】any of the individual units that make up the compound eye of an insect or crustacean (昆虫或甲壳动物复眼的)小眼面
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **-faceted** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **facette**, dimin. of **face** (see 见 **FACE**).

**facetiae** /fǝ'si:fii:/ pl. n. dated【过时】pornographic literature 色情文学
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from L., pl. of **facetia** 'jest'.

**facetious** /fǝ'si:fəs/ adj. using inappropriate humour 开不当玩笑的, 幽默不合时宜的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facetiously** adv. **facetiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **facétieux**, from **facétie**, from L. **facetia** 'jest'.

**face value** n. 1 the value printed or depicted on a coin, postage stamp, etc., especially when less than the actual value (尤指低于实际价值的)票面价值, 面值 2 apparent worth or implication 表面价值(或意义)

**faceworker** /'feis,w3:kə(r)/ n. a miner who works at the coalface (采煤)工作面矿工

**facia** /'ferfǝ/ ■n. chiefly Brit.【主英】variant spelling of **FASCIA** * **fascia**的另一种拼法

**facial** /'ferfl/ adj. of or affecting the face 面部的; 面部用的 ■n. a beauty treatment for the face 面部护理
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facially** adv.

**facialist** /'feıf(ə)list/ n. a person who gives facials and other beauty treatments for the face 面部护理师

**facial nerves** pl. n. Anatomy【解】the pair of cranial nerves supplying the facial muscles and the tongue 面神经

**-facient** /'ferfnt/ comb. form producing a specified action or state 生, 形成, 引起: **abortifacient** 墮胎的
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. **facient**- 'doing, making'.

**facies** /'ferfii:z/ n. (pl. same 单复同) 1 Medicine【医】the facial expression of an individual that is typical of a particular disease or condition (某种疾病患者特有的)面容 2 Geology【地质】the character of a rock expressed by its formation, composition, and fossil content 相
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from L., 'appearance, face'.

**facile** /'fæsaıl, -sıl/ adj. 1 ignoring the complexities of an issue; superficial 表面性的, 浮泛的, 肤浅的 2 (of success) easily achieved (成功)轻易获得的, 不费力的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facilely** adv. **facileness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15: from Fr., or from L. **facilis** 'easy'.

**facilitate** /fǝ'sılıtert/ v. make easy or easier 使(更)容易, 使(更)便利
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facilitation** n. **facilitative** adj. **facilitator** n. **facilitatory** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **faciliter**.

**facility** /fə'sıləti/ n. (pl. **facilities**) 1 a building, service, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose (有特定用途的)场所, 服务, 设备, 设施 ➤an additional feature of a service or machine (服务或机器的)附加特色 2 a natural aptitude 天资, 天赋 ➤absence of difficulty or effort 流畅; 娴熟
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **facilité** or L. **facilitas**.

**facing** /'fersın/ n. 1 a piece of material sewn on the inside of a garment, especially at the neck and armholes, to strengthen it (衣服领口、袖口等处内侧的)贴边, 贴条 ➤(**facings**) the cuffs, collar, and lapels of a military jacket, contrasting in colour with the rest of the garment (军服袖口、领子等处的)异色镶边 2 an outer layer covering the surface of a wall (墙的)面层, 饰面 ■adj. positioned so as to face 面对的, 对向的

**facsimile** /fæk'sımıli/ n. an exact copy, especially of written or printed material 摹(真)本; 复制本; 传真本 ■v. (**facsimiles**, **facsimileing**, **facsimiled**) make a copy of 摹写; 复制; 传真
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. as **fac simile**): mod. L., from L. **fac**! (imper. of **facere** 'make') and **simile** (neut. of **similis** 'like').

**fact** /fækt/ n. a thing that is indisputably the case 事实, 真实事情; 实情, 真相 ➤(**facts**) information used as evidence or as part of a report 证据; 论据 ➤chiefly Law【主律】the truth about events as opposed to interpretation (相对于推测或见解的)事实
-PHRASES 短语 **before (or after) the fact** Law【律】before (or after) the committing of a crime 作案前(或后) **a fact of life** something that must be accepted, even if unpalatable 无可回避的事实, 无法改变的事实 **the facts of life** information about sexual matters 性知识 **in (point of) fact** in reality 实际上, 就事实而论
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (orig. meaning 'an act', later 'a crime', surviving in the phr. **before (or after) the fact**): from L. **factum**, neut. past part. of **facere** 'do'.

**facticity** /fæk'tısıti/ n. the quality or condition of being fact 真实性, 确凿性

**faction**¹ /'fækfn/ n. a small dissenting group within a larger one (团体内持歧见的)小集团, 派别
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factional** adj. **factionalism** n. **factionally** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (denoting the action of doing or making): via Fr. from L. **factio**(**n**-), from **facere** 'do, make'.

**faction**² /'fækfn/ n. a literary and cinematic genre in which real events are used as a basis for a fictional narrative or dramatization 纪实小说; 纪实

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电影
-ORIGIN 词源 1960s: blend of **FACT** and **FICTION**.

**-faction** /'fækfn/ comb. form in nouns of action derived from verbs ending in **-fy** (such as **liquefaction** from **liquefy**) (状态的)形成 (用于以 **-fy** 结尾的动词派生出的动作名词中, 如由 **liquefy** 派生出的 **liquefaction**)
-ORIGIN 词源 from L. **factio**(**n**-), from **facere** 'do, make'.

**factionalize** or **factionalise** /'fækf(ə)nəlaız/ v. (of an organized group) split into factions (有组织团体)分裂成小集团(或对立派系)

**factious** /'fækfəs/ adj. relating or inclined to dissension 纷争的; 持歧见的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factiously** adv. **factiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: from Fr. **factieux** or L. **factiosus**, from **factio** (see 见 **FACTION**¹).

**factitious** /fæk'tıfəs/ adj. artificial; contrived 人为的, 人工的, 虚假的, 做作的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factitiously** adv. **factitiousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (in the sense 'made by skill'): from L. **facticius** 'made by art'.

**factitive** /'fæktıtıv/ adj. Linguistics【语言】denoting a verb having a sense of causing a result and taking a complement as well as an object, as in **he appointed me captain** (动词)使成的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from mod. L. **factitivus**, formed irregularly from L. **factitare**, frequentative of **facere** 'do, make'.

**factive** /'fæktıv/ adj. Linguistics【语言】denoting a verb that assigns the status of an established fact to its object (normally a clausal object), e.g. **know** (动词)叙实的

**factoid** /'fæktǝrd/ n. 1 an item of unreliable information that is repeated so often that it becomes accepted as fact 媒体事实 (指因反复报道而被误作事实的假设或猜测) 2 N. Amer.【北美】 a brief or trivial item of information 简短(或不重要)的信息

**factor** /'fæktə(r)/ n. 1 a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result 因素; 要素 ➤Biology【生物】 a gene that determines a hereditary characteristic 遗传因子 2 Mathematics【数】 a number or quantity that when multiplied with another produces a given number or expression 因数 ➤a number or algebraic expression by which another is exactly divisible 因数; 因式 3 a level on a scale of measurement 系数 ➤(**with numeral**) a sunscreen of the sun protection factor specified (与数字连用)防晒系数: **factor 30 sun cream** 防晒系数30的防晒霜 4 Physiology【生理】any of a number of substances in the blood which are involved in coagulation (凝血)因子 5 a business agent 代理人 ➤a company that buys a manufacturer's invoices at a discount and takes responsibility for collecting the payments due on them (低价买入应收账款的)保理行 ➤Scottish【苏格兰】a land agent or steward 地产管理人; 管家 ■v. 1 (**factor something in/out**) include (or exclude) something as a relevant element when making a decision 把(或不把)……作为因素计入 2 Mathematics【数】another term for **FACTORIZE** * **factorize** 的另一种说法 3 sell (one's receivable debts) to a factor 将(应收账款)卖给保理行
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factorable** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (meaning 'doer', also in the Scots sense 'agent'): from Fr. **facteur** or L. **factor**, from **fact**-, **facere** 'do'.

**factor VIII** (also 亦作 **factor eight**) ■n. Physiology【生理】a blood protein involved in clotting, a deficiency of which causes one of the main forms of haemophilia (凝血)因子VIII, 抗血友病因子

**factorage** /'fækt(ǝ)rıdz/ n. the commission or charges payable to a factor 保理行佣金

**factor analysis** n. Statistics【统计】a process in which the values of observed data are expressed as functions of a number of possible causes to determine which are most important 因子分析, 因素分析

**factorial** /fæk'tɔ:riǝl/ Mathematics【数】■n. the product of an integer and all the integers below it; e.g. factorial four (4!) is equal to 24 (正整数的)阶乘 (Symbol 符: !) ➤the product of a series of factors in an arithmetical progression (等差数列的)积 ■adj. relating to a factor or factorial 因数的; 因式的; 阶乘的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factorially** adv.

**factorize** or **factorise** /'fæktəraız/ v. Mathematics【数】resolve or be resolvable into factors (将……)分解成因数(或因式)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factorization** n.

**factory** /'fæktri/ n. (pl. **factories**) 1 a building or buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine 工厂, 制造厂 2 historical【史义】an establishment for traders carrying on business in a foreign country (在外国的)代理商行, 代理店
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: via Port. **feitoria** from med. L. **factoria**, from L. **factor** (see 见 **FACTOR**).

**factory farming** n. a system of rearing poultry, pigs, or cattle indoors under strictly controlled conditions (利用现代化手段饲养家禽、牲畜的)工厂化农业
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factory farm** n.

**factory floor** n. the workers in a company or industry, rather than the management (公司或行业中与管理层相对的)工人(或员工)一方

**factory ship** n. a fishing or whaling ship with facilities for immediate processing of the catch 捕鱼(或鲸)加工船

**factory shop** (also 亦作 **factory outlet**) n. a shop in which goods, especially surplus stock, are sold directly by the manufacturers at a discount (尤指折价销售多余库存的)厂家直销店

**factotum** /fæk'tǝutəm/ ■n. (pl. **factotums**) an employee who does all kinds of work 勤杂工
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (orig. in the phrs **dominum (or magister) factotum** 'master of everything' and **Johannes factotum** 'Jack of all trades'): from med. L., from L. **fac**! 'do!' (imper. of **facere**) + **totum** 'the whole

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thing' (neut. of **totus**).

**factual** /'fæktfuǝl, -tjuǝl/ adj. based on or concerned with fact or facts 根据事实的, 事实的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **factuality** n. **factually** adv. **factualness** n.

**factum** /'fæktəm/ n. (pl. **factums** or **facta**) Canadian Law【加律】a statement of the facts of a case 事实摘要, 事实陈述书
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., lit. 'something done or made'.

**facture** /'fæktfə(r)/ n. an artist's characteristic handling of paint 绘画技法; (画家的)用色风格
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (in the sense 'workmanship'): via OFr. from L. **factura** 'manufacture', from **facere** 'do, make'.

**facula** /'fækjulə/ n. (pl. **faculae** /-li:/) Astronomy【天文】a bright region on the surface of the sun, linked to the subsequent appearance of sunspots (太阳表面的)光斑
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facular** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L., dimin. of **fax**, **fac**- 'torch'.

**facultative** /'fækltǝtıv/ adj. 1 occurring optionally in response to circumstances rather than by nature 在特定条件下才发生的, 偶发的 2 Biology【生物】capable of but not restricted to a particular function or mode of life 兼性的: **a facultative parasite** 兼性寄生虫
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **facultatively** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr. **facultatif**, **-ive**, from **faculté** (see 见 **FACULTY**).

**faculty** /'fæklti/ n. (pl. **faculties**) 1 an inherent mental or physical power 官能; 能力 ➤an aptitude or talent 才能, 天赋 2 a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge (大学的)系, 院 ➤N. Amer.【北美】the teaching or research staff of a university or college (大学或学院的)全体教员(或研究员) 3 an authorization or licence from a Church authority (教会授予的)权力, 特许
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **faculte**, from L. **facultas**, from **facilis** 'easy', from **facere** 'make, do'.

**fad** /fæd/ n. 1 a craze (一时的)狂热, 风尚 2 an arbitrary like or dislike 挑剔, 苛求
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faddish** adj. **faddishly** adv. **faddishness** n. **faddism** n. **faddist** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. dial.): prob. the second element of **fidfad**, contr. of **FIDDLE-FADDLE**.

**faddy** /'fædi/ adj. (**faddier**, **faddiest**) Brit.【英】having many arbitrary likes and dislikes about food 挑食的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faddily** adv. **faddiness** n.

**fade** /ferd/ v. 1 gradually grow faint and disappear 逐渐变微弱; 逐渐变暗淡, 逐渐消失 ➤lose or cause to lose colour (使)褪色 2 lose strength or vigour 变衰弱; 变衰颓 3 (with reference to film and television images) come or cause to come gradually into or out of view, or to merge into another shot (使)(电影或电视画面)淡入(或淡出) ➤(with reference to recorded sound) increase or decrease in volume or merge into another recording (声音)渐强, 渐弱 4 Golf【高尔夫】(of the ball) deviate to the right (or, for a left-handed golfer, the left), typically as a result of spin (球)稍右曲; (对左撇子球手)稍左曲 ■n. 1 an act or instance of fading 消失; 褪色; 衰弱 2 Golf【高尔夫】a shot causing the ball to fade 小右曲球; (左撇子球手的)小左曲球
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fadeless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **fader**, from **fade** 'dull, insipid', prob. based on a blend of L. **fatuus** 'silly' and **vapidus** 'vapid'.

**fader** /'ferdə(r)/ n. a device for varying the volume of sound, the intensity of light, or the gain on a video or audio signal 音(或光)量控制器; 增益调节器

**fado** /'fa:dǝu/ n. (pl. **fados**) a type of popular Portuguese song, usually with a melancholy theme 法多歌, 命运歌(一种通常主题忧伤的葡萄牙民歌)
-ORIGIN 词源 Port., lit. 'fate'.

**faeces** /'fi:si:z/ (US【美】**feces**) ■pl. n. waste matter remaining after food has been digested, discharged from the bowels 粪便, 排泄物
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faecal** /'fi:kl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L., pl. of **faex** 'dregs'.

**faerie** /'ferəri, 'feəri/ (also 亦作 **faery**) n. archaic or literary【古或文】 fairyland 仙乡, 仙境
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (introduced by Spenser): pseudo-archaic var. of **FAIRY**.

**Faeroese** /feǝrǝu'i:z/ n. & adj. variant spelling of **FAROESE** * **Faroese** 的另一种拼法

**faff** /fæf/ Brit. informal【英, 非正式】■v. spend time in ineffectual activity 无事奔忙; 瞎忙 ■n. ineffectual activity 无事奔忙; 瞎忙
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. dial. in the sense 'blow in puffs', describing the wind): imitative.

**fag**¹ /fæg/ Brit.【英】■n. 1 informal【非正式】a tiring or unwelcome task 苦差事 2 a junior pupil at a public school who does minor chores for a senior pupil (公学中)受高年级生使唤的低年级生 ■v. (**fags**, **fagging**, **fagged**) 1 informal【非正式】work hard 努力, 辛苦 2 (of a public-school pupil) act as a fag (公学低年级生)听高年级生使唤 3 [as adj. 作形容词 **fagged out**] informal, chiefly Brit.【非正式, 主英】exhausted 筋疲力尽的
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (in the sense 'grow weary'): of unknown origin; cf. **FLAG**⁴.

**fag**² /fæg/ n. N. Amer. informal, derogatory【北美, 非正式, 贬】a male homosexual 男同性恋者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faggy** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 1920s: short for **FAGGOT** (sense 3 of the noun).

**fag**³ /fæg/ n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】 a cigarette 香烟
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: elliptically from **FAG END**.

**fag end** n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a cigarette end 烟屁股, 烟头 ➤the last and least important part (无关紧要的)剩余, 末尾: **the fag end of the cricket season** 板球赛季的尾巴

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-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from C15 **fag** 'a flap', of unknown origin.

**faggot** /'fægǝt/ n. 1 Brit.【英】a ball of seasoned chopped liver, baked or fried (加入香料后烤或炸过的)丸状肝灌肠 2 (US【美】**fagot**) a bundle of sticks bound together as fuel 柴把; 柴捆 ➤a bundle of iron rods bound together for reheating, welding, and hammering into bars (待热处理的)束铁, 成捆铁条 3 N. Amer. informal, derogatory【北美, 非正式, 贬】a male homosexual 男同性恋者 4 Brit. informal, dated【英, 非正式, 过时】an unpleasant or contemptible woman 讨厌(或可鄙)的女人 ■v. (**faggots**, **faggoting**, **faggoted**; US【美】**fagots**, **fagoting**, **fagoted**) (in embroidery) join by faggoting (刺绣中)以束芯连接
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faggoty** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **fagot**, from Ital. **fagotto**, based on Gk **phakelos** 'bundle'.

**faggoting** /'fægǝtin/ (US【美】**fagoting**) n. embroidery in which threads are fastened together in bundles 束芯绣, 成束装饰绣

**fag hag** n. informal, derogatory【非正式, 贬】a heterosexual woman who spends much of her time with homosexual men 同志女伴(指常与同性恋男子厮混的异性恋女人)

**fah** /fa:/ (also 亦作 **fa**) n. Music【音】(in tonic sol-fa) the fourth note of a major scale (英国首调唱名法中)大音阶的第4个音 ➤the note F in the fixed-doh system (固定唱名法中的)F音
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: representing (as an arbitrary name for the note) the first syllable of **famuli**, taken from a Latin hymn.

**Fahr.** abbr. Fahrenheit

**Fahrenheit** /'fær(ə)nhart, 'fa:-/ (abbrev. 略作: **F**) ■adj. [postpos. when used with a numeral 与数字连用时后置] of or denoting a scale of temperature on which water freezes at 32° and boils at 212° 华氏(温标)的 (冰点为32华氏度, 沸点为212华氏度) ■n. (also 亦作 **Fahrenheit scale**) this scale of temperature 华氏温标
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: named after the German physicist **Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit**.

**faience** /far'ɑ̃s, fer-, -'a:ns/ n. glazed ceramic ware, in particular decorated tin-glazed earthenware of the type which includes delftware 彩釉陶器; (特指包括代尔夫特精陶在内的)锡釉陶器
-ORIGIN 词源 C17 (orig. denoting pottery made at Faenza): from Fr. **faïence**, from **Faïence**, the Fr. name for Faenza, a city in Italy.

**fail** /feil/ v. 1 be unsuccessful in an undertaking 失败 ➤be unable to meet the standards set by (a test) 没有通过(考试); 不及格 ➤judge (a candidate in an examination or test) not to have passed 评定(考生)不及格 2 neglect to do something 忽视; 漏做 ➤disappoint expectations (出乎预料地)没有, 未能: Commuter chaos has failed to materialize. 没有出现上下班交通混乱。 3 stop working properly 失灵, 失去作用 ➤become weaker or worse 变弱; 衰退; 变差 ➤go out of business 关门, 倒闭, 破产 4 desert or let down 背离, 舍弃; 有负于: Her nerve failed her. 她失去了勇气。 ■n. 1 a mark which is not high enough to pass an examination or test 不及格 2 informal【非正式】a mistake, failure, or instance of poor performance 错误; 失败; 糟糕表现
-PHRASES 短语 **without fail** whatever happens 必定, 务必; 无例外
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **faillir** (v.), **faille** (n.), based on L. **fallere** 'deceive'.

**failing** /'feilin/ n. a weakness, especially in someone's character 缺点; (尤指性格上的)弱点 ■prep. if not 如果没有, 若无…时

**faille** /feil/ n. a soft, light woven fabric with a ribbed texture 罗缎, 菲尔绸
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (denoting a kind of hood or veil worn by women): from OFr.

**fail-safe** adj. 1 causing a piece of machinery to revert to a safe condition in the event of a breakdown 自动防止故障危害的, 故障安全的 2 unlikely or unable to fail 不会失败的, 万全的

**fáilte** /'fɔıltʃə, 'fa:ltə/ Irish & Scottish【爱, 苏格兰】■exclam. welcome 欢迎 ■n. an act or instance of welcoming someone 欢迎, 迎接
-ORIGIN 词源 from Ir.

**failure** /'feıljə(r)/ n. 1 lack of success 失败 ➤an unsuccessful person or thing 失败的人(或事) 2 the omission of expected or required action 不履行; 没做到; 未发生: their failure to comply with the rules他们未能遵守规则 3 the action of ceasing to function or the state of not functioning 故障, 失灵 ➤a sudden cessation of power 突然断电 ➤the collapse of a business 关门, 倒闭, 破产

**fain** /fein/ archaic【古】adj. 1 pleased or willing under the circumstances 高兴的; 愿意的 2 obliged 勉强的, 不得不的 ■adv. gladly 欣然地, 乐意地
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fægen** 'happy', of Gmc origin; rel. to **FAWN**².

**fainéant** /'feɪnɪənt/ n. archaic【古】an idle or ineffective person 懒汉; 游手好闲者; 无能者
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr., from **fait** 'does' + **néant** 'nothing'.

**faint** /feint/ adj. 1 (of a sight, smell, or sound) barely perceptible (景象、气味或声音)微弱的, 依稀的, 隐约的 ➤(of a hope, chance, or idea) slight (希望或机会)微小的, 渺茫的; (想法)模糊的 2 close to losing consciousness 眩晕的, 行将昏厥的 ■v. briefly lose consciousness because of a temporarily insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain 昏厥, 晕倒 ■n. a sudden loss of consciousness 昏厥
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faintly** adv. **faintness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **faint**, **feint**, past part. of **faindre**, **feindre** (see 见 **FEIGN**).

**faint-hearted** adj. lacking courage or conviction 胆怯的, 懦弱的; 无决断的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faint heart** n. **faint-heartedly** adv. **faint-heartedness** n.

**fair** /feǝ(r)/ adj. 1 treating people equally 平等的,

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公平的 ➤just or appropriate in the circumstances 公正的; 恰当的; 合理的 2 (of hair or complexion) light; blonde (头发)金色的; (皮肤)白皙的 3 considerable in size or amount 相当大(或多)的 ➤moderately good 不好不坏的, 尚可的 ➤Austral./NZ informal【澳新, 非正式】 complete 完全的, 十足的 4 (of weather) fine and dry (天气)晴朗的 5 archaic【古】beautiful 美丽的, 悦目的 ■adv. 1 in a fair manner 公平地; 公正地; 合理地 2 dialect【方】to a high degree 很, 十分 ■n. archaic【古】a beautiful woman 美女 ■v. dialect【方】(of the weather) become fine (天气)转晴
-PHRASES 短语 **fair and square** 1 with absolute accuracy 准确地, 精确地 2 honestly and straightforwardly 诚实地, 直截了当地 **fair dinkum** see 见 **DINKUM**. **fair dos** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】a request for just treatment or an acceptance that it has been given 请公正些, 这才算公正 **fair game** a person or thing that is considered a reasonable target for criticism or exploitation 适于指责(或利用)的对象 **the fair sex** (also 亦作 **the fairer sex**) dated or humorous【过时或幽】women 女性 **fair's fair** informal【非正式】a request for just treatment or an assertion that an arrangement is just 应当公正才是; 确实算是公正 **for fair** US informal【美, 非正式】completely and finally 彻底; 最终 **in a fair way to** likely to 有可能 **it's a fair cop** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】an admission that the speaker has been caught doing wrong and deserves punishment (说话人承认做错事且应受罚)理应如此, 抓得好
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fairish** adj. **fairness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fæger** 'pleasing, attractive', of Gmc origin.

**fair**² /feǝ(r)/ n. 1 a gathering of stalls and amusements for public entertainment 露天游乐会 2 a periodic gathering for the sale of goods (定期)集市 ➤an exhibition to promote particular products 商品展览(或交易)会, 博览会 ➤N. Amer.【北美】an annual competitive exhibition of livestock, agricultural products, etc., held in a rural area (每年在农村举办、带有竞赛性质的牲畜、农产品等)博览会
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **feire**, from late L. **feria**, sing. of L. **feriae** 'holy days' (on which fairs were often held).

**fair**³ /feǝ(r)/ v. [usu. as adj. 通常作形容词 **faired**] streamline (a vehicle, boat, or aircraft) by adding fairings 加整流罩使(车辆、船舶或飞机)具流线型
-ORIGIN 词源 OE in the senses 'beautify' and 'appear or become clean'.

**fair copy** n. written or printed matter transcribed or reproduced after final correction (最后修改后的)誉清本, 清稿

**fairground** /'feǝgraund/ n. an outdoor area where a fair is held 集市场地; 露天展览会场地; 露天游乐场

**fair-haired** adj. N. Amer.【北美】favoured or favourite 受宠爱的; 最喜爱的: **the fair-haired boy of American advertising** 美国广告业最垂青的男孩

**fairing**¹ /'feǝrın/ n. a structure added to increase streamlining on a vehicle, boat, or aircraft (车辆、船舶、飞机等的)整流罩, 整流片

**fairing**² /'feǝrıŋ/ n. archaic【古】a small present bought at a fair 集市上买的小礼物

**Fair Isle** n. a traditional multicoloured geometric design used in woollen knitwear (毛线针织品的)多色几何图案
-ORIGIN 词源 **Fair Isle** in the Shetlands, where the design was first devised.

**fairlead** /'feǝli:d/ n. a ring mounted on a boat to keep a rope clear of obstructions and prevent chafing (船上的)导缆孔

**fairly** /'feǝli/ adv. 1 with justice 公平地; 公正地 2 moderately 相当; 还, 尚 3 used for emphasis (用于强调)完全, 简直: He fairly snarled at her. 他简直是在冲她大喊大叫。
-PHRASES 短语 **fairly and squarely** another term for **FAIR AND SQUARE** * **fair and square**的另一种说法 (see 见 **FAIR**¹)

**fair-minded** adj. impartial; just 公正的, 不偏不倚的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fair-mindedly** adv. **fair-mindedness** n.

**fair play** n. respect for the rules or equal treatment of all concerned 按规则行事; 公平待遇; 公正处理
-PHRASES 短语 **fair play to someone** Brit.【英】an expression of approval when someone has done the right thing (用于称许)某人做得好, 某人做得对

**fair trade** n. trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to the producers (发达国家公司给发展中国家制造商公平价格的)公平贸易, 产销互惠贸易

**fair use** n. (in US copyright law) the doctrine that brief excerpts of copyright material may, under certain circumstances, be quoted verbatim for purposes such as criticism, teaching, and research, without the need for permission from or payment to the copyright holder 合理使用 (美国版权法中的一项原则, 允许非版权所有人在批评、教学和研究等情况下, 可未经版权人同意或不向其支付费用而一字不差地简短引用版权保护内容)

**fairwater** /'feǝ wə:tə(r)/ n. a structure that improves the streamlining of a ship (船用以减少水阻力的)导流帽

**fairway** /'feǝwer/ n. 1 the part of a golf course between a tee and the corresponding green, where the grass is kept short (高尔夫球场的)球道 2 a navigable channel in a river or harbour (河流或港湾的)航道 ➤a regular course followed by ships (船的)航道

**fair-weather friend** n. a person whose friendship cannot be relied on in times of difficulty 不能共患难的朋友, 酒肉朋友

**fairy** /'feǝri/ n. (pl. **fairies**) 1 a small imaginary being of human form that has magical powers 小仙子, 小精灵 2 a Central and South American hummingbird with a green back and long tail 仙

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蜂鸟 [Genus **Heliothryx**: two species.] 3 informal, derogatory【非正式, 贬】a male homosexual 男同性恋者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fairylike** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (denoting fairyland): from OFr. **faerie**, from **fae** 'a fairy', from L. **fata** 'the Fates', pl. of **fatum** (see 见 **FATE**).

**fairy cake** ■n. Brit.【英】a small individual sponge cake, usually with icing (通常撒有糖霜的一人份)松糕

**fairy dust** n. a hypothetical substance with magical properties that brings success or luck (假想中具有魔力、能够带来成功或好运的)仙尘

**fairy floss** n. Australian term for **CANDYFLOSS** * **candyfloss**的澳大利亚说法

**fairy godmother** n. a female character in some fairy stories who brings unexpected good fortune to the hero or heroine (某些童话故事中能给主人公带来意想不到的好运的)仙女, 女救星

**fairyland** /'feǝrilænd/ n. the imaginary home of fairies 仙界, 仙乡

**fairy lights** pl. n. Brit.【英】small coloured electric lights used for decoration, especially on a Christmas tree (尤指装饰圣诞树的)彩灯

**fairy ring** n. a ring of grass that is darker in colour than the surrounding grass due to the growth of certain fungi, popularly believed to have been caused by fairies dancing 仙人圈 (某些真菌在草地上形成的深色环状斑纹, 曾被认为是由小仙子跳舞而形成)

**fairy shrimp** n. a small transparent crustacean which swims on its back, using its legs to filter food particles from the water 丰年虫, 神仙虾 (指无甲目甲壳动物) [Order **Anostraca**: many species.]

**fairy story** n. a children's tale about magical and imaginary beings and lands 童话(故事) ➤a fabricated story 不实之词, 谎言

**fairy tale** n. a fairy story 童话(故事) ➤[often as modifier 常作修饰语] something resembling a fairy story in being magical, idealized, or extremely happy 童话般的事物; 童话中才有的: **a fairy-tale romance** 童话般的爱情故事

**fait accompli** / feɪt ə'kɒmpli/ n. a thing that has been done or decided, leaving those affected with no option but to accept it 既成事实, 无可争辩的事
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Fr., lit. 'accomplished fact'.

**faith** /fer0/ n. 1 complete trust or confidence 信任, 信赖, 信心; 信念 2 strong belief in a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof 宗教信仰 ➤a particular religion (某一)宗教
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **feid**, from L. **fides**.

**faithful** /'fer0fl/ adj. 1 remaining loyal and steadfast 忠实的, 忠诚的 ➤remaining sexually loyal to a lover or spouse (对爱人或配偶)忠实的, 忠贞的 2 true to the facts or the original 如实的, 真实的 ■n. (**the faithful**) those who are faithful to a particular religion or political party (某一宗教或政党的)信徒, 信众, 拥护者
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faithfulness** n.

**faithfully** /'ferfəli/ adv. in a faithful manner 忠实地, 忠诚地, 如实地
-PHRASES 短语 **yours faithfully** Brit.【英】a formula for ending a formal letter in which the recipient is not addressed by name 您忠实的 (不具收信人姓名的正式信函信末署名前套语)

**faith healing** n. healing achieved by religious faith and prayer, rather than by medical treatment (靠宗教信仰和祈祷治病的)信仰疗法
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faith healer** n.

**faithless** /'ferələs/ adj. 1 disloyal, especially to a spouse or lover (尤指对爱人或配偶)不忠实的 2 without religious faith 无宗教信仰的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faithlessly** adv. **faithlessness** n.

**faith school** n. a school intended for students of a particular religious faith 教会学校

**fajitas** /fə'hi:təz, fə'dʒi:təz/ pl. n. a dish of Mexican origin consisting of strips of spiced meat, chopped vegetables, and grated cheese, wrapped in a soft tortilla 香辣肉丝玉米卷 (源于墨西哥的一种菜肴)
-ORIGIN 词源 Mex. Sp., lit. 'little strips'.

**fake**¹ /ferk/ adj. not genuine 假的, 伪造的, 冒充的 ■n. a person or thing that is not genuine 骗子, 冒充者; 假货, 赝品 ■v. 1 forge or counterfeit (something) 伪造; 假冒 ➤pretend to feel or suffer from (an emotion or illness) 装出(某种感情); 假装(生病) 2 (**fake someone out**) N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】trick or deceive someone 迷惑, 欺骗(某人)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **faker** n. **fakery** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C18 (orig. sl.): origin uncertain; perh. ult. rel. to Ger. **fegen** 'sweep, thrash'.

**fake**² /ferk/ n. & v. variant spelling of **FLAKE**⁴ * **flake**⁴的另一种拼法
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (as v.): of unknown origin.

**fakie** /'ferki/ n. (pl. **fakies**) (in skateboarding or snowboarding) a movement in which the board is ridden backwards (滑板运动或单板滑雪运动中的)向后滑行, 倒滑

**fakir** /'feɪkɪə(r), 'fæ-/ n. a Muslim (or, loosely, a Hindu) religious ascetic who lives solely on alms (伊斯兰教的)托鉢僧; (广义上亦指印度教的)苦行僧
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: via Fr. from Arab. **fakir** 'needy man'.

**falafel** /fə'læfl, 'la:-/ (also 亦作 **felafel**) n. a Middle Eastern dish of spiced mashed chickpeas formed into balls and deep-fried 香炸豆丸 (一种中东菜肴, 将加香辛料的鹰嘴豆泥制成丸状并入油锅炸)
-ORIGIN 词源 from colloq. Egyptian Arab. **falāfil**, pl. of Arab. **fulful**, **filfil** 'pepper'.

**Falangist** /fə'lændʒıst/ n. a member of the Falange, the Spanish Fascist movement founded in 1933 and later the ruling party under General Franco 长枪党党员(长枪党运动为西班牙法西斯运动, 成立于1933年, 由佛朗哥将军领导) ■adj. relating to the Falangists or Falangism 长枪党党员(或主义)的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **Falangism** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 from Sp. **falange** (from L. **phalanx**, **phalang**-, see 见 **PHALANX**) + **-IST**.

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**Falasha** /fə'lɑ:ʃə/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Falashas**) a member of a group of people in Ethiopia who hold the Jewish faith 法拉沙人 (生活在埃塞俄比亚, 信奉犹太教)
-ORIGIN 词源 Amharic, lit. 'exile, immigrant'.

**falcate** /'fælkeit/ adj. Botany & Zoology【植, 动】curved like a sickle; hooked 镰刀状的, 镰形的
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L. **falcatus** from **falx**, **falc**- 'sickle'.

**falchion** /'fɔ:l(t)ʃn/ n. historical【史义】a broad, slightly curved sword with the cutting edge on the convex side 外刃大弯刀
-ORIGIN 词源 ME **fauchon**, from OFr., based on L. **falx**, **falc**- 'sickle'.

**falciform** /'fælsıfɔ:m/ adj. Anatomy & Zoology【解, 动】curved like a sickle; hooked 镰状的, 镰形的
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from L. **falx**, **falc**- 'sickle' + **-IFORM**.

**falciparum** /fæl'sıpərəm/ (also 亦作 **falciparum malaria**) n. the most severe form of malaria, caused by **Plasmodium falciparum** 恶性疟 (由镰状疟原虫引起的最严重的一种疟疾)
-ORIGIN 词源 1930s: mod. L., from L. **falx**, **falc**- 'sickle' + **-parum** 'bearing'.

**falcon** /'fɔ:(l)k(ə)n, 'fɒlk(ə)n/ n. a fast-flying bird of prey with long pointed wings 隼 [Genus **Falco**: many species.] ➤Falconry【鹰猎】a female falcon, especially a peregrine 雌隼; (尤指)雌游隼 Compare with 比较 **TERCEL**.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME **faucon**: from OFr., from late L. **falco**, from L. **falx**, **falc**- 'scythe', or of Gmc origin.

**falconer** /'fɔ:lkənə(r)/ n. a person who keeps, trains, or hunts with falcons or other birds of prey 猎鹰驯养者; 放鹰狩猎人

**falconet** /'fɔ:(l)k(ə)nit/ n. 1 historical【史义】a light cannon 小型轻便炮 2 a very small South Asian (or South American) falcon, typically with bold black-and-white plumage 小隼 [Genus **Microhierax**.]
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: sense 1 from Ital. **falconetto**, dimin. of **falcone**, from L. **falco** (see 见 **FALCON**): sense 2 from **FALCON** + **-ET**¹.

**falconry** /'fɔ:lkənri/ n. the skill of keeping birds of prey and training them to hunt 猎鹰训练术

**falderal** /'fældəræl/ n. variant spelling of **FOLDEROL** * **folderol** 的另一种拼法

**faldstool** /'fɔ:ldstu:l/ n. 1 a folding chair used by a bishop when not occupying the throne or when officiating in a church other than his own (主教离开教座或巡视其他教堂时用的)折叠椅 2 a small movable folding desk or stool for kneeling at prayer (祈祷时用的可移动)折叠小跪几(或小跪凳)
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fældestōl**, of Gmc origin, from the base of **FOLD**¹ and **STOOL**, influenced by med. L. **faldistolium**.

**fale** /'fɑ:leɪ/ n. a Samoan house with open sides and a thatched roof 发垒 (用茅草做屋顶但无墙的萨摩亚茅屋)
-ORIGIN 词源 from Samoan.

**fall** /fɔ:l/ v. (past **fell**; past part. **fallen**) 1 move from a higher to a lower level, typically rapidly and without control 落下, 降落, 跌落 ➤(**fall off**) become detached and drop to the ground 脱落 ➤hang down 下垂 ➤slope downwards 倾斜 ➤(of a person's face) show dismay or disappointment by appearing to droop (脸色)变阴沉, 流露出失望 2 cease to be standing or upright; collapse 跌倒, 摔倒; 坍塌 3 decrease in number, amount, intensity, or quality 减少; 下降; 减弱 4 pass into a specified state 变成, 成为: The buildings fell into disrepair. 那些建筑物变得破败失修。 ➤occur or arrive 发生; 降临; 到来 ➤(**fall to doing something**) begin to do something 开始做某事 5 be captured or defeated 被抓捕, 被击败 ➤Cricket【板】(of a wicket) be taken by the bowling side (三柱门)被投中 ➤die in battle 战死, 阵亡 ➤(of a government or leader) lose office or be overthrown (政府或领导人)垮台, 下台, 被推翻 ➤archaic【古】yield to temptation 堕落, 受诱惑 6 be classified in the way specified (按某一特定方式)被归类 ■n. 1 an act of falling 落下; 降落; 跌倒; 坍塌 ➤Wrestling【摔跤】a move which pins the opponent's shoulders on the ground for a count of three 压倒并使对方双肩着地(的动作) ➤a downward difference in height between parts of a surface 落差 ➤a sudden onset or arrival (突然的)发生, 降临, 到来 2 a thing which falls or has fallen 降落物; 落下物 ➤a waterfall 瀑布 3 a decrease 减少; 降低; 减弱 4 a defeat or downfall 失败; 垮台 ➤(**the Fall of Man**) the lapse of humankind into a state of sin, ascribed in Jewish and Christian theology to the disobedience of Adam and Eve 人的堕落 (犹太教和基督教神学将此归咎于亚当和夏娃违抗上帝的命令) 5 N. Amer.【北美】autumn 秋天
-PHRASES 短语 **fall foul (or N. Amer.【北美】afoul) of** come into conflict with 与……发生冲突 **fall in (or into) line** conform (指军事队列中)与他人一致, 排齐 [with ref. to military formation.] **fall into place** begin to make sense (情况)开始变得清楚 **fall over oneself to do something** informal【非正式】be excessively eager to do something 极渴望做某事 **fall short (of)** 1 (of a missile) fail to reach its target (导弹)未命中目标 2 be deficient or inadequate 缺乏; 不足 **be riding (or heading) for a fall** informal【非正式】be acting in a reckless way that invites failure 自招失败, 自讨苦吃 **take the fall** N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】incur blame or punishment in the place of another 代人受过, 当替罪羊
-PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 **fall about** Brit. informal【英, 非正式】laugh uncontrollably 抑制不住地大笑 **fall apart (or to pieces)** informal【非正式】lose one's capacity to cope 丧失应付能力, 垮掉, 崩溃 **fall back** retreat 后退; 撤退 **fall back on** have recourse to when in difficulty (困难时)求助于, 依靠 **fall down** fail 失败 **fall for** informal【非正式】1 fall in love with 爱上 2 be deceived by 受……的骗; 对…信以为真 **fall in** take one's place in a military formation (在军事队列中)站队, 集合 **fall in with** 1

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meet by chance and become involved with 偶然遇到 2 agree to 同意, 赞成 **fall on/upon** 1 attack fiercely or unexpectedly 猛攻; 突袭 2 (of someone's eyes) be directed towards (某人的视线)投向, 落在 3 be the responsibility of 是……的责任; 由…负担 **fall out** 1 have an argument 吵架, 争吵, 闹翻 2 leave one's place in a military formation 原地解散; 离开队列 3 happen 发生 **fall through** fail 失败; 落空 **fall to** become the duty of (责任)落到……身上 ➤(of property) revert to the ownership of (财产)归还给
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fallan**, **feallan**, of Gmc origin; the noun is partly from ON **fall** 'downfall, sin'.

**fallacy** /'fæləsi/ n. (pl. **fallacies**) 1 a mistaken belief 谬论, 谬见; 谬误 2 Logic【逻】a failure in reasoning which renders an argument invalid 推理谬误
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fallacious** adj. **fallaciously** adv. **fallaciousness** /fə'leıʃəsnəs/ n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C15 (in the sense 'deception, guile'): from L. **fallacia**, from **fallax**, **fallac**- 'deceiving'.

**fallback** /'fɔ:lbæk/ n. 1 an alternative plan for use in an emergency 应变计划; 退路 2 a reduction 回落; 减少; 下降

**fallen** /'fɔ:lən/ past participle of **FALL** * **fall**的过去分词 ■adj. 1 dated【过时】(of a woman) regarded as having lost her honour through engaging in extramarital sex (女子)堕落的, 有奸情的 2 killed in battle 阵亡的, 战死沙场的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fallenness** n.

**fallen angel** n. (in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim tradition) an angel who rebelled against God and was cast out of heaven (基督教、犹太教和伊斯兰教传统中的)堕落天使

**faller** /'fɔ:lə(r)/ ■n. 1 Brit.【英】a person or thing that falls, especially a horse that falls during a race 摔倒的人; 掉下的东西; (尤指)摔倒的赛马 2 N. Amer.【北美】a person who fells trees for a living 伐木工

**fallfish** /'fɔ:lfɪʃ/ n. (pl. same 单复同 or **fallfishes**) a North American freshwater fish resembling the chub 小眼风鱼 [**Semotilus corporalis**.]

**fall guy** n. informal【非正式】a scapegoat 替罪羊, 替死鬼

**fallible** /'fælibl/ adj. capable of making mistakes or being wrong 易犯错的, 会出错的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fallibility** n. **fallibly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from med. L. **fallibilis**, from L. **fallere** 'deceive'.

**falling-out** n. a quarrel 争吵

**falling star** n. a meteor or shooting star 流星

**fall line** n. 1 (**the fall line**) Skiing【滑雪】the route leading straight down any particular part of a slope 直接下滑线 (下坡最短路线) 2 a narrow zone marking the geological boundary between an upland region and a plain, distinguished by the occurrence of falls where rivers cross it 瀑布带, 瀑布线 (标志高地和平原地质分界线的狭窄地带, 河流经过此处时会形成瀑布)

**fall-off** (also 亦作 **falling-off**) n. a decrease 减少; 下降

**Fallopian tube** /fə'ləupiən/ n. Anatomy【解】(in a female mammal) either of a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus 法洛皮欧管, 输卵管
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from **Fallopius**, Latinized form of the name of **Gabriello Fallopio**, the Italian anatomist who first described them.

**fallout** /'fɔ:laut/ n. 1 radioactive particles carried into the atmosphere by a nuclear explosion and gradually falling to the ground over a wide area (核爆炸后的)放射性沉降物, 放射性坠尘 2 the adverse results of a situation 负面影响, 余波

**fallow**¹ /'fælǝo/ adj. 1 (of farmland) ploughed and harrowed but left for a period without being sown (耕地)犁过而未播种的, 休闲的 2 inactive 沉寂的, 不活跃的: **a fallow period** 沉寂的时期 3 (of a sow) not pregnant (母猪)未孕的 ■n. a piece of fallow land 休闲地, 休耕地 ■v. leave (land) fallow 让(土地)休闲
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fallowness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fealgian** 'to break up land for sowing', of Gmc origin.

**fallow**² /'fælǝu/ n. a pale brown or reddish yellow colour 淡棕色
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **falu**, **fealu**, of Gmc origin.

**fallow deer** n. a deer with branched palmate antlers, typically having a white-spotted reddish-brown coat in summer 黇鹿 [**Cervus dama**.]

**false** /fɔ:ls/ adj. 1 not according with truth or fact 不正确的, 错误的; 不真实的 ➤invalid or illegal 无效的; 非法的: **false imprisonment** 非法监禁 2 deliberately intended to deceive 假的; 伪造的; 诓骗的 ➤artificial 人造的 3 not actually so; illusory 与实际不符的; 错觉的, 幻觉的 ➤used in names of plants, animals, and gems that superficially resemble the thing properly so called, e.g. **false scorpion** 假, 拟 (用于动植物及宝石的名称中, 如伪蝎) 4 disloyal 不忠实的; 无信义的
-PHRASES 短语 **play someone false** deceive or cheat someone 欺骗某人; 对某人不忠实
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **falsely** adv. **falseness** n. **falsity** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fals** 'fraud', from L. **falsum** 'fraud', neut. past part. of **fallere** 'deceive'; reinforced or re-formed in ME from OFr. **fals**, **faus** 'false'.

**false acacia** n. a North American tree with compound leaves and dense hanging clusters of fragrant white flowers 洋槐 [**Robinia pseudoacacia**.]

**false alarm** n. a warning given about something that fails to happen 假警报

**false colour** ■n. colour added during the processing of a photographic or computer image to aid interpretation of the subject (用于摄影或计算机图像处理过程中的)假色

**false dawn** n. 1 a promising situation which comes to nothing 虚幻的一线希望 2 a transient light which precedes the rising of the sun by about an hour, commonly seen in Eastern countries (常在东方国家可见的, 出现于日出前约一小时的)假曙光

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**false economy** n. an apparent financial saving that in fact leads to greater expenditure 得不偿失(或因小失大的)节约, 假节约

**false friend** n. a word or expression having a similar form to one in a person's native language, but a different meaning (e.g. English **magazine** and French **magasin** 'shop') “假朋友” (指与母语中的词语拼写相似但意义不同的词语, 如英语中的 **magazine** (杂志)和法语中的 **magasin** (商店))

**false fruit** ■n. Botany【植】a fruit (such as a fig) formed from the receptacle or other parts of the flower besides the ovary 假果

**falsehood** /'fɔ:lshʊd/ n. the state of being untrue 虚假(性), 虚妄(性) ➤a lie 谎言

**false memory** ■n. Psychology【心理】an apparent recollection of an event which did not actually occur, especially one of childhood sexual abuse arising from suggestion during psychoanalysis 错误记忆, 虚妄记忆 (指对事实上并未发生的事的虚假记忆, 尤指在精神分析过程中通过暗示引起的幼时受性虐待的记忆)

**false move** n. an unwise action with potentially dangerous consequences 不明智的举动, 鲁莽的行动

**false pretences** pl. n. behaviour intended to deceive 欺诈行为

**false rib** n. another term for **FLOATING RIB** * **floating rib**的另一种说法

**false scorpion** n. a minute arachnid with pincers but no long abdomen or sting 伪蝎 [Order **Pseudoscorpiones**.]

**false start** n. an invalid start to a race (竞速比赛中的)出发(或起跑)犯规, 抢跑 ➤an unsuccessful attempt to begin something 不成功的开端

**false step** n. a slip or stumble 失足; 滑跤; 绊倒 ➤a mistake 错误; 失策

**false topaz** n. another term for **CITRINE** * **citrine**的另一种说法

**falsetto** /fɔ:l'setǝu, fɒl-/ n. (pl. **falsettos**) Music【音】a method of voice production used by male singers, especially tenors, to sing notes higher than their normal range (尤指男高音歌手使用的)假声(唱法)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., dimin. of **falso** 'false'.

**falsework** /'fɔ:lsw3:k/ n. temporary framework used to support a building during its construction (建筑用)脚手架, 膺架

**falsies** /'fɔ:lsız/ pl. n. informal【非正式】pads of material in women's clothing used to increase the apparent size of the breasts (用以使乳房显得丰满的)胸罩衬垫, 胸衬

**falsify** /'fɔ:lsıfai, 'fɒls-/ v. (**falsifies**, **falsifying**, **falsified**) 1 alter (information or evidence) so as to mislead 篡改, 伪造(信息或证据) 2 prove (a statement or theory) to be false 证明(陈述或理论)虚假(或错误)
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **falsifiability** n. **falsifiable** adj. **falsification** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Fr. **falsifier** or med. L. **falsificare**, from L. **falsificus** 'making false', from **falsus** 'false'.

**Falstaffian** /fɔ:l'stɑ:fiən, fɒl-/ adj. of or resembling Shakespeare's character Sir John Falstaff in being fat, jolly, and debauched (像莎士比亚笔下人物福斯塔夫爵士一样肥胖、快活、纵情声色的)福斯塔夫式的

**falter** /'fɔ:ltə(r), 'fɒl-/ v. lose strength or momentum 衰弱; 衰退; 衰落 ➤move or speak hesitantly 蹒跚; 犹豫; 畏缩; (嗓音)颤抖; 结巴地说
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **falterer** n. **faltering** adj. **falteringly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: perh. from **FOLD**¹ (which was occasionally used of the faltering of the legs or tongue) + **-ter** as in **totter**.

**fame** /feim/ n. the state of being famous 名望, 声誉; 鼎鼎大名
-ORIGIN 词源 ME (also in the sense 'reputation', which survives in **HOUSE OF ILL FAME**): via OFr. from L. **fama**.

**famed** /feimd/ adj. famous; well known 有名的, 著名的
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: past part. of archaic **fame** (v.), from OFr. **famer**, from L. **fama**.

**familiar** /fə'mıliə(r)/ adj. 1 well known from long or close association 熟悉的, 熟识的 ➤common; usual 常见的; 普通的 2 (**familiar with**) having a good knowledge of 熟知的, 通晓的 3 in close friendship 亲近的, 亲密的 ➤inappropriately intimate or informal 太过亲昵的, 随便的 ■n. 1 (also 亦作 **familiar spirit**) a demon supposedly attending and obeying a witch (传说中供女巫使唤的)妖精, 恶魔 2 a close friend or associate 知交, 密友; 熟人 3 (in the Roman Catholic Church) a person rendering certain services in a pope's or bishop's household (天主教会中的)教皇(或主教)家仆
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **familiarity** n. (pl. **familiarities**). **familiarly** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **familier**, from L. **familiaris**, from **familia** 'household servants, family'.

**familiarize** or **familiarise** /fə'mıliǝraız/ v. make (someone) familiar with something 使熟悉; 使通晓: Students are advised to familiarize themselves with these procedures. 建议学生们熟悉这些步骤。
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **familiarization** n.

**familist** /'fæmilist/ adj. relating to a social framework centred on family relationships (关于)以家庭关系为中心的社会结构的, 家庭主义的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **familistic** adj.

**famille** /fæ'mi:/ n. Chinese enamelled porcelain of particular periods in the 17th and 18th centuries with a specified predominant colour (中国17和18世纪特定时期的)…色系列釉瓷: **famille jaune** /ʒoʊn/ (yellow) 黄釉瓷器, **famille noire** /nwar/ (black) 黑釉瓷器, **famille rose** /roʊz/ (red) 红釉瓷器, **famille verte** /vɛrt/ (green) 绿釉瓷器.
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., lit. 'family'.

**family** /'fæməli/ n. (pl. **families**) 1 [treated as sing. or pl. 视作单数或复数] a group consisting of

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two parents and their children living together as a unit 家, 家庭 ➤a group of people related by blood or marriage 家属; 亲属 ➤the children of a person or couple 子女 2 all the descendants of a common ancestor 家族; 氏族 3 a group of related things (相关的)一组东西, 一类东西 ➤Biology【生物】a principal taxonomic category ranking above genus and below order 科 ➤all the languages ultimately derived from a particular early language, regarded as a group 语系 ■adj. suitable for children as well as adults 老少咸宜的
-PHRASES 短语 **in the family way** informal【非正式】pregnant 怀孕的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **familial** /fə'mıljəl/ adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **familia** 'household servants, family', from **famulus** 'servant'.

**family credit** n. (formerly in the UK) a regular payment by the state to a family with an income below a certain level (旧时英国政府定期付给低收入家庭的)家庭救济金

**family name** n. a surname 姓

**family planning** n. the control of the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births, particularly by contraception 计划生育

**family tree** n. a diagram showing the relationship between people in several generations of a family 家谱(图)

**family values** pl. n. values supposedly characteristic of a traditional family unit, typically those of high moral standards and discipline (传统)家庭价值观

**famine** /'fæmin/ n. 1 extreme scarcity of food 饥荒 ➤a shortage 短缺 2 archaic【古】hunger 饥饿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr., from **faim** 'hunger', from L. **fames**.

**famish** /'fæmif/ v. archaic【古】suffer from extreme hunger 挨饿, 极度饥饿
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from obs. **fame** 'starve, famish', from OFr. **afamer**, based on L. **fames** 'hunger'.

**famished** /'fæmift/ adj. informal【非正式】extremely hungry 极度饥饿的

**famous** /'ferməs/ adj. 1 known about by many people 著名的, 出名的 2 informal【非正式】excellent 一流的, 极好的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **famously** adv. **famousness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **fameus**, from L. **famosus** 'famed', from **fama** (see 见 **FAME**).

**famulus** /'fæmjuləs/ n. (pl. **famuli** /-laɪ, -li:/) historical【史义】an assistant or servant, especially one working for a magician or scholar (尤指法师或学者的)助手, 随从
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from L., 'servant'.

**Fan** /fæn/ n. & adj. variant spelling of **FANG** * **Fang** 的另一种拼法

**fan**¹ /fæn/ n. 1 an apparatus with rotating blades that creates a current of air for cooling or ventilation 风扇; 鼓风机 2 a handheld device, typically folding and shaped like a sector of a circle when spread out, that is waved so as to cool the user 扇子 3 a fan-shaped alluvial or talus deposit at the foot of a slope 冲积扇, 扇形地 ■v. (**fans**, **fanning**, **fanned**) 1 cool by waving something to create a current of air 扇(风) ➤drive away with a waving movement 扇走, 扇掉 ➤Baseball & Ice Hockey【棒, 冰球】swing unsuccessfully at the ball or puck 挥棒(或杆)不中, 击球不中 ➤Baseball【棒】strike out (a batter) 使(击球员)三击不中出局 2 (of an air current) increase the strength of (a fire) 扇(火) ➤make (a belief or emotion) stronger 激起, 煽动(信仰或感情) 3 (**fan out**) spread out over a wide area 成扇形展开
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fan-like** adj. **fanner** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE **fann** (as a noun denoting a device for winnowing grain), **fannian** (v.), from L. **vannus** 'winnowing fan'.

**fan**² /fæn/ n. a person who has a strong interest in or admiration for a particular activity, performer, etc. 狂热爱好者, …迷
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fandom** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 C19 (orig. US): abbrev. of **FANATIC**.

**Fanakalo** / fænægæ'lo, 'fænægælp/ (also 亦作 **Fanagalo**) n. S. African【南非】a lingua franca developed and used by the southern African mining companies, composed of frequently corrupted elements of the Nguni languages, English, and Afrikaans 法纳加洛语 (矿业公司中形成和采用的一种通用语, 融合了恩古尼语、英语和阿非利坎语的元素)
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: from Nguni **fana ka lo**, from **fana** 'be like' + the possessive suffix **-ka** + **lo** 'this'.

**fanatic** /fə'nætık/ n. a person filled with excessive zeal, especially for an extreme religious or political cause (尤指宗教或政治的)狂热者, 盲信者 ➤informal【非正式】a person with an obsessive enthusiasm for a pastime or hobby 入迷者 ■adj. filled with or expressing excessive zeal 狂热的; 痴迷的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fanaticism** n. **fanaticize** or **fanaticise** v.
-ORIGIN 词源 C16 (as an adjective describing behaviour or speech that might result from possession by a god or demon): from Fr. **fanatique** or L. **fanaticus** 'of a temple, inspired by a god', from **fanum** 'temple'.

**fanatical** /fə'nætıkl/ adj. filled with excessive zeal 狂热的; 痴迷的 ➤obsessively concerned with something 过分介意的, 成癖的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fanatically** adv.

**fan belt** n. (in a motor-vehicle engine) a belt that transmits motion from the driveshaft to the radiator fan and the dynamo or alternator (汽车发动机中将动力传至散热风扇等的)风扇皮带

**fanboy** n. informal【非正式】a male fan, especially one who is obsessive about comics, music, film, or science fiction (尤指对漫画、音乐、电影或科幻小说痴迷的)狂热男粉丝

**fanciable** /'fænsiǝbl/ adj. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】sexually attractive 性感的

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**fancier** /'fænsiə(r)/ n. a person who has a special interest in or breeds a particular animal (某种动物的)爱好者, 饲养迷

**fanciful** /'fænsıfl/ adj. 1 over-imaginative and unrealistic 幻想的; 不现实的 ➤existing only in the imagination 臆造的, 空想的 2 highly ornamental or imaginative in design (装饰)花哨的; (设计)异想天开的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fancifully** adv. **fancifulness** n.

**fan club** n. an organized group of fans of a famous person or team 粉丝(或球迷)俱乐部

**fancy** /'fænsi/ v. (**fancies**, **fancying**, **fancied**) 1 Brit. informal【英, 非正式】feel a desire for 想要, 渴望 ➤find sexually attractive 爱慕 2 Brit.【英】regard as a likely winner 认为……会赢 3 imagine 想象, 设想 ➤chiefly Brit.【主英】used to express surprise (用于表示惊讶): **Fancy that!** 真想不到! ■adj. (**fancier**, **fanciest**) elaborate or highly decorated 精致的; 花哨的 ➤sophisticated or expensive 高档的; 昂贵的 ➤chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】(especially of foodstuffs) of high quality (尤指食物)特级的, 优质的, 精选的 ➤(of flowers) of two or more colours (花)杂色的 ➤(of an animal) bred to develop particular points of appearance (动物)供观赏的 ■n. (pl. **fancies**) 1 a superficial or transient feeling of attraction (浮泛或短暂的)爱好, 迷恋 ➤a favourite in a race or other sporting contest (竞速比赛或其他体育竞赛中)最被看好的人(或动物) 2 the faculty of imagination 想象力; 幻想力 ➤an unfounded or tentative belief or idea 无根据(或推测性)的信念(或想法) 3 (also 亦作 **fancy cake**) Brit.【英】a small iced cake or biscuit 糖霜小蛋糕(或饼干)
-PHRASES 短语 **take (or catch) someone's fancy** appeal to someone 中某人的意, 吸引某人 **take a fancy to** become fond of, especially without an obvious reason (尤指没有明显理由地)爱上, 喜欢上
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fancily** adv. **fanciness** n.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: contr. of **FANTASY**.

**fancy dress** n. a costume worn to a social event to make someone look like, for example, a famous person or well-known fictional character (化装舞会等上穿的)化装服

**fancy-free** adj. without emotional commitments 无确定恋爱对象的, 感情空白的

**fancy goods** pl. n. items for sale that are purely or chiefly ornamental 饰物商品, 装饰(或摆设)类商品

**fancy man** n. informal, often derogatory【非正式, 常贬】a woman's lover 情夫; 情人

**fancy-pants** adj. informal【非正式】superior or high-class in a pretentious way 装腔作势的; 故作高雅的: **a fancy-pants nightspot** 扮高雅的夜总会

**fancy woman** n. informal, often derogatory【非正式, 常贬】a married man's mistress 情妇

**fancywork** n. ornamental needlework, crochet, or knitting (装饰用的)刺绣品, 钩编织品

**fan dance** n. a dance in which the female performer is apparently nude and remains partly concealed throughout by large fans 扇舞 (舞女看似裸体, 但部分身子为大扇所遮掩)

**fandangle** /fæn'dæŋgl/ n. archaic【古】a useless or purely ornamental thing 无用之物; 纯装饰物
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: perh. from **FANDANGO**, influenced by **newfangle**.

**fandango** /fæn'dæŋgǝu/ n. (pl. **fandangoes** or **fandangos**) 1 a lively Spanish dance for two people, typically accompanied by castanets or tambourine 方丹戈舞 (多由响板或铃鼓伴奏的西班牙双人舞) 2 an elaborate or complicated process or activity 复杂的过程(或活动)
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: Sp., of unknown origin.

**fane** /fein/ n. archaic【古】a temple or shrine 寺庙, 神庙
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from L. **fanum**.

**fanfare** /'fænfeə(r)/ n. 1 a short ceremonial tune or flourish played on brass instruments, especially to introduce something 号角齐鸣, 号角花彩 (用铜管乐器吹奏的短曲, 尤用于宣布某活动开始) 2 great media attention surrounding the introduction of something (媒体对某事的)炫耀
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Fr., ult. of imitative origin.

**fanfaronade** / fænfærǝ'neid, -'na:d/ n. literary【文】1 arrogant or boastful talk 傲慢的言辞, 大言不惭 2 a fanfare 号角齐鸣; (媒体的)炫耀
-ORIGIN 词源 C17: from Fr. **fanfaronnade**, from **fanfaron** 'braggart'.

**fan fiction** (also informal【亦非正式】**fanfic**) n. fiction written by a fan of, and featuring characters from, a particular TV series, film, etc. 同人小说

**Fang** /fæŋ/ (also 亦作 **Fan**) n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Fangs**) 1 a member of a people inhabiting parts of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon 芳人 (居住在喀麦隆、赤道几内亚和加蓬的部分地区) 2 the Bantu language of the Fang 芳语
-ORIGIN 词源 Fr., prob. from **Fang Pangwe**.

**fang** /fæŋ/ n. a large sharp tooth, especially a canine tooth of a dog or wolf (尤指狗或狼的)尖牙, 犬齿 ➤a tooth with which a snake injects poison (毒蛇的)毒牙 ➤the biting mouthpart of a spider (蜘蛛的)螯牙, 口器
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fanged** adj. **fangless** adj.
-ORIGIN 词源 OE (denoting booty or spoils): from ON **fang** 'capture, grasp'; cf. **VANG**.

**fango** /'fæŋgǝu/ n. mud from thermal springs in Italy, used in health treatments (意大利用于保健的)温泉泥
-ORIGIN 词源 early 20th cent.: Ital., lit. 'mud'.

**fan jet** n. another term for **TURBOFAN** * **turbofan** 的另一种说法

**fankle** /'fæŋkl/ ■v. Scottish【苏格兰】entangle 套住, 缠住
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from Scots **fank** 'coil of rope' + **-LE**.

**fanlight** /'fænlait/ n. a small semicircular or rectangular window over a door or another window (门或窗之上的)亮子 ➤a skylight 天窗

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**fanny** /'fæni/ n. (pl. **fannies**) 1 Brit. vulgar slang【英, 粗俚】a woman's genitals 女性生殖器, 女性阴部 2 N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a person's buttocks 屁股 ■v. (**fannies**, **fannying**, **fannied**) (**fanny about/around**) Brit. informal【英, 非正式】mess around and waste time 闲荡, 瞎混, 浪费时间
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**Fanny Adams** / fæni 'ædəmz/ (also 亦作 **sweet Fanny Adams**) n. Brit. informal【英, 非正式】nothing at all 毫无, 一点也没有
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: orig. a naut. term for tinned meat or stew (humorous ref. to name of a murder victim), now often understood as a euphemism for fuck all.

**fanny pack** n. North American term for **BUMBAG** * **bumbag** 的北美说法

**fan palm** n. a palm with large lobed fan-shaped leaves 扇叶棕榈 [**Chamaerops** and other genera: many species.]

**fantabulous** /fæn'tæbjuləs/ adj. informal【非正式】excellent; wonderful 妙极的, 盖了帽的
-ORIGIN 词源 1950s: blend of **FANTASTIC** and **FABULOUS**.

**fantail** /'fænteil/ n. 1 a fan-shaped tail or end 扇形尾(或末端) 2 chiefly N. Amer.【主北美】the overhanging part of the stern of a warship (战舰的)鸭尾艄 3 a domestic pigeon of a broad-tailed variety 扇尾鸽 4 (also 亦作 **fantail flycatcher**) a SE Asian and Australasian flycatcher with a long tapering tail, often fanned out 扇尾鶲 [Genus **Rhipidura**: numerous species.]
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fan-tailed** adj.

**fan-tan** /'fæntæn/ n. 1 a Chinese gambling game in which players try to guess the remainder after the banker has divided a number of hidden objects into four groups 番摊 (中国的一种赌博游戏) 2 a card game in which players build on sequences of sevens 排七, 接龙 (一种牌戏, 以扑克牌的7点为中心, 向两头按顺序接下去)
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: from Chin. **fāntān**, lit. 'repeated divisions'.

**fantasia** /fæn'teɪziə, fæntə'zi:ə/ n. a musical composition with a free form and often an improvisatory style 幻想曲 ➤a thing composed of a mixture of different forms or styles (多种形式或风格的)混合体, 集成物
-ORIGIN 词源 C18: from Ital., 'fantasy'.

**fantasize** or **fantasise** /'fæntəsaız/ v. indulge in daydreaming about something desired 幻想, 空想, 做白日梦
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fantasist** n.

**fantast** /'fæntæst/ (also 亦作 **phantast**) n. archaic or N. Amer.【古或北美】an impractical, impulsive person 不切实际的人, 幻想家, 空想家; 易冲动者
-ORIGIN 词源 C16: orig. via med. L. from Gk **phantastēs** 'boaster', from **phantazein** or **phantazesthai** (see 见 **FANTASTIC**); in mod. use from Ger. **Phantast**.

**fantastic** /fæn'tæstık/ adj. 1 imaginative or fanciful; remote from reality 想象出来的, 幻想的, 离奇的, 怪诞的; 不切实际的, 异想天开的 2 informal【非正式】extraordinarily good, attractive, or large 极大的; 了不起的, 极好的
-DERIVATIVES 派生词 **fantastical** adj. **fantasticality** n. **fantastically** adv.
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **fantastique**, via med. L. from Gk **phantastikos**, from **phantazein** 'make visible', **phantazesthai** 'have visions', from **phantos** 'visible'.

**fantasy** /'fæntəsi/ n. (pl. **fantasies**) 1 the faculty or activity of imagining improbable things 幻想, 想象 ➤a pleasant or desirable imaginary situation 幻想的情形: The notion of being independent is a child's ultimate fantasy. 独立的想法是孩子最大的梦想。 ➤an idea with no basis in reality 空想 2 a genre of imaginative fiction involving magic and adventure 奇幻小说 3 a fantasia 幻想曲 ■v. (**fantasies**, **fantasying**, **fantasied**) literary【文】fantasize about 幻想, 想象
-ORIGIN 词源 ME: from OFr. **fantasie**, from L. **phantasia**, from Gk 'imagination, appearance', later 'phantom', from **phantazein** (see 见 **FANTASTIC**).

**Fante** /'fænti/ (also 亦作 **Fanti**) n. (pl. same 单复同 or **Fantis**) 1 a member of a people of southern Ghana (加纳南部的)芳蒂人 2 the dialect of Akan spoken by the Fante 芳蒂语
-ORIGIN 词源 the name in Akan.

**fantods** /'fæntɒdz/ pl. n. N. Amer. informal【北美, 非正式】a state of uneasiness or unreasonableness 烦躁不安; 莫名其妙
-ORIGIN 词源 C19: of unknown origin.

**fan worm** n. a tube-dwelling marine bristle worm with a fan-like crown of filaments for filtering the water for food 缨鳃虫; 龙介虫 [Families **Sabellidae** and **Serpulidae**: many species.]

**fanzine** /'fænzi:n/ n. a magazine for fans of a particular team, performer, or genre 爱好者杂志
-ORIGIN 词源 1940s: blend of **FAN**² and **MAGAZINE**.

**FAO** abbr. 1 Food and Agriculture Organization (联合国)粮食及农业组织, 粮农组织 2 for the attention of (此信)仅呈给, 请……亲自处理

**FAQ** n. a list of questions and answers relating to a particular subject, especially one giving basic information for users of a website (尤指针对网站使用者的)常见问题
-ORIGIN 词源 1990s: acronym from **frequently asked questions**.

**far** /fa:(r)/ adv. (**furt