一…就… 一…就…
1．as soon as, no sooner than，均为时间连词，表示一个动作刚完成，另一个动作就马上发生。两词有异，as soon as用于口语，no sooner than用于书面。请比较下面两种用法：
　☞ 她一听到敲门声，就把门打开了。
　☞ She opened the door as soon as she heard the knock.
　☞ 或She had no sooner heard the knock than she opened the door.
　☞ 我一敲门，她就把门开了。
　☞ As soon as I knocked she opened the door.成No sooner had I knocked than she opened the door.
　 ■ 从上面两句译文可以看出，两词放在主句之中或主句之前均无不可，但no sooner than 放在句首时，句子要倒装。此外，用as soon as时，时态为过去时；用no sooner than时，时态为过去完成时。
　☞ 我们一到家就可以吃点东西。
　☞ We may have something to eat as soon as we get home.
　☞ 我们一到家，他们就出去了。
　☞ As soon as we got home they went out.
　☞ 他一干完这事就知道是个错误。
　☞ As soon as he had done it he knew it was a mistake.
　 ■ 由上面各例可见，as soon as还可用在一般现在时，一般过去时，过去完成时等，但不能用现在进行时和一般将来时。
2．hardly... when，scarcely... when，也是用于书面的时间连词。指一个动作刚开始，另一动作就随之发生。一般也只用于过去完成时；但他们又与no sooner than不同，因为hardly和scarcely都是准否定词，因此意义上有细微差别。意即一个动作还没完全完成时，另一动作就发生了。因此下面的句子最好不用as soon as, 但可用no sooner than，因为no sooner than的原义是“离…多久”，与hardly (scarcely)... when的意思更接近一些。
　☞ 我刚要睡着就觉得有东西轻轻碰了一下我的胳膊肘。
　☞ I had hardly (scarcely) fallen asleep when I felt a soft touch on my elbow.（意即将睡未睡时）
　☞ 我刚合上眼，电话铃就响了。
　☞ I had scarcely (hardly) closed my eyes when the telephone rang.（意即还没完全合上眼）
　 ■ 此外，hardly，scarcely与no sooner than一样，放在句首时要用倒装句。
　☞ 病人一合上眼，眼前就会想像出一幅幅最为奇形怪状的图像。
　☞ Hardly had the sick closed his eyes when he began to imagine the most fantastic shapes.
　☞ 她刚同意与他结婚就产生了严重的疑虑。
　☞ Scarcely had she agreed to marry him when she began to have serious doubts.
3．the moment, 连词，指前一动作开始的一瞬间，另一动作也就发生，故用来引入从句。
　☞ 她一见到他就哭了起来。
　☞ The moment she saw him she began to cry.
　☞ 她一上台就响起了暴风雨般的掌声。
　☞ Stormy applause broke forth the moment she appeared on the stage.
4．once，j萑词，意思与the moment犬致相同，有from the moment that的意思。
　☞ 他一说那事我就知道他是在说谎。
　☞ Once he said that, I knew he was lying.
　☞ 一干完你就去睡觉。
　☞ Once you're finished, go to bed.
5．every time，连词，指每次一个动作一开始，另一个动作就产生，因此带有重复性，也用来引入从句。
　☞ 她一见他朝她瞧的样子，她心就咚咚地直跳。
　☞ Every time she saw the way he looked at her, her heart started pounding.
　☞ 我一着凉就背疼。
　☞ Every time I catch cold, I have pain in my back.
6．instantly，directly，immediately，均作连词使用，指“立即”、“马上”，故也有“一…就…”的意思。
　☞ 你一按电钮机器就开动了。
　☞ The machine will start instantly you press the button.
　☞ 他一说这些话大家就一声不吭了。
　☞ Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.
　☞ 工作一结束，我们就开会总结经验。
　☞ We held a meeting to sum up our experience immediately the work finished.
7．at the sight of(后接宾语)，at a glance(后不接宾语)，均用作状语，指“一见到…就…”。
　☞ 他一见她就笑成了一朵花。
　☞ He smiled into a flower at the sight of her.
　☞ 小偷一见警察就逃走了。
　☞ The thief ran away at the sight of the police.
　☞ 这情况她一看就明白了。
　☞ She took in the situation at a glance.
　☞ 这小姑娘的样子长得甜，他一眼就看中了。
　☞ The little girl looked very sweet. He took a fancy to her at a glance.
一下 一下
1．time，once，指一次。
　☞ 这一下她和她的男朋友完了。
　☞ She is finished with her boyfriend this time.
　☞ 让我亲一下，只一下！
　☞ Let me kiss you, only one time!
　☞ 我一下不知说什么好，不过马上就有了主意。
　☞ I didn't know what to say for a time, then an idea occurred to me.
　☞ 好多人试过都没成功，但我一下就做成了。
　☞ Many people tried and failed, but I've done it once.
2．a bit, 指程度或时间上的一点点。
　☞ 咱们休息一下。
　☞ Let's rest for a bit.
　☞ 要是你有时间，我想请你等一下。
　☞ I should like you to wait a bit if you have time.
3．at one go，指一下把事做好，at the first go，指一次把事做好。
　☞ 他一下就把蛋糕上所有的蜡烛都吹灭了。
　☞ He blew out all the candles on his birthday cake at one go.
　☞ 她的体检一下就通过了。
　☞ She passed her physical examination at the first go.
4．at (with) one＋带有动作的名词，表示一下就做成某事，是特指；而at one go是泛指。
　☞ 老鹰一下就把小鸡叼走了。
　☞ The hawk snatched away the chick at one swoop.
　☞ 我儿子一下打死了两个苍蝇，高兴得叫起来。
　☞ My son cried out with pride when he killed two flies with one swat.
　☞ 拳王一下就把他击倒在地。
　☞ The boxing champion knocked him down with one blow.
5．a moment, a while, 指时间上的一会儿。
　☞ 请等一下，我马上回来。
　☞ Wait a moment, please. I'll be back soon.
　☞ 灯一下又亮了。
　☞ After a while the lights went on again.
6．all of a sudden, suddenly，指“一下就…”，表示变化的突然。
　☞ 天一下就阴云密布。
　☞ It became overcast all of a sudden.
　☞ 她眼里一下就布满了泪水。
　☞ Her eyes suddenly filled with tears.
7．overnight，指一夜之间，也表示变化的突然。
　☞ 金矿勘探队员要是能打到一条富矿脉，就能一下暴富。
　☞ Prospectors for gold could make a fortune overnight if they hit a rich vein.
　☞ 不要指望人们的旧观念一下都清除掉。
　☞ One cannot expect people to get rid of their old ideas overnight.
8．one moment… the next, now…now…，指两种情况或动作一下一下地交替出现。
　☞ 瞧，这天气一下冷，一下热。
　☞ Look at this weather. It's cold one moment and hot the next.
　☞ 她的情绪变化不定，一下哭，一下笑。
　☞ Her moods were changeable, now laughing now crying.
一向 一向
1．lately，表示一段时间以来，指从不久前的某一点到说话时以及今后的一段时间内。时态用完成时。
　☞ 我这一向不是很好。
　☞ I have not been very well lately.
　☞ 你一向在干什么？
　☞ What have you been doing lately?
2．earlier on, 也指近一段时间以来，但强调从不久前的某一点到说话时为止的这一段时间。
　☞ 前一向雨水多。
　☞ There was quite a lot of rain earlier on.
　☞ 他前一向是在国外。
　☞ He has been abroad earlier on.
3．用完成时或进行时等时态，表示过去发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去。
　☞ 这件事一向令人头痛。
　☞ This matter has been a headache.
　☞ 我一向在这儿教书，都快10年了。
　☞ I've been teaching here almost for ten years.
4．如果要加强语气，可在此基础上加用带有延续意义的状语、介词，如：always，consistently, all along，since等。
　☞ 她对工作一向认真负责。
　☞ She's always been conscientious in her work.
　☞ 他在长期的战争年代，一向过着艰苦朴素的生活。
　☞ He was always leading a hard and plain life through the long wartime.
　☞ 我国一向主张根据五项原则，通过和平共处和相互协商，同各国发展友好关系。
　☞ China has consistently maintained to develop the friendly relations among countries in accordance with the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through mutual negotiations.
　☞ 我国一向支持世界各国人民的正义斗争。
　☞ China has consistently supported the just struggle of the peoples of the world.
　☞ 我们一向同情她的不幸。
　☞ We have all along sympathized with her misfortune.
　☞ 他回来后身体一向不好。
　☞ He's been ill since he came back.
一定 一定
1．fixed，指固定的。
　☞ 工人们每个月都有一定的生产指标。
　☞ The workers have fixed monthly production quotas.
　☞ 勘探队员成天在野外作业，没有一定的住处。
　☞ The prospectors are always out in the field and never settle down in a fixed place.
2．specified，指具体规定的。
　☞ 他需要一个一定尺寸的箱子。
　☞ He wanted a box of specified measurement.
　☞ 客户要求一定的木材来做家具。
　☞ The customer demanded specified lumber for making furniture.
3．regular，指有正常规律的。
　☞ 她真忙起来，吃饭、睡觉都没有一定的时间。
　☞ When she gets really busy, she doesn't keep regular hours for eating and sleeping.
　☞ 后来，这样的年会成了一定的制度。
　☞ Later such annual meetings became a regular institution.
4．definite，指明确肯定的。
　☞ 他对这一学科是有一定想法的。
　☞ He has definite ideas on this subject.
　☞ 固体都有一定的体积和形状。
　☞ Solids have definite volume and shape.
5．imperative，指带有强制性的，非常必要的。常用于it is imperative to (that)的句型，to后接动词不定式，that接从句。
　☞ 一定要搞好同志之间的团结。
　☞ It is imperative to achieve unity among comrades.
　☞ 病重的孩子一定要卧床休息。
　☞ It is imperative that a very sick child should stay in bed.
6．fairly，due, 指适当、应有等。
　☞ 他的写作已经达到一定的水平。
　☞ His writing has reached a fairly high level.
　☞ 党委对工人的合理化建议应给予一定的重视。
　☞ The Party Committee should attach due importance to the workers' rationalization proposals.
7．must, 作“一定”解时，有两种用法。
1) 指必要性时，没有过去时和将来时。
　☞ 戏8点开演，你们一定得在6点吃饭。
　☞ The play begins at eight, so you must dine at six.
　☞ 我们的目的一定要达到，我们的目的一定能够达到。
　☞ Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained.
2) 指可能性时，现在时为must＋原形动词；过去时为must＋have＋过去分词。但无将来时。
　☞ 根据香味判断，这东西一定好吃。
　☞ Judged by the smell, the food must be good.
　☞ 他一定是被什么急事拖住了。
　☞ He must have been held up by some urgent business.
8．be determined, 指下定决心。
　☞ 我们一定要建成一个布局合理，相互配套的科研体系。
　☞ We are determined to set up a complete rationally distributed scientific and technological research system.
　☞ 我妈一定要我嫁给他。
　☞ My mother is determined that I shall marry him.
9．insist on，指坚持一定要，后常接某种观点。
　☞ 如果帝国主义一定要发动战争，我们也不要害怕。
　☞ If the imperialists insist on unleashing another war, we would not be afraid of it.
　☞ 你干嘛一定要惹她生气？
　☞ Why do you insist on annoying her?
　 ■ 如insist后接从句，谓语通常用虚拟语气。
　☞ 她一定要他给一张收条。
　☞ She insisted that he (should) give her a receipt.
　☞ 我一定要他跟我们一起去。
　☞ I insist that he go with us.
10．press, 指逼着一定要。
　☞ 他对苏格兰威士忌的优点赞不绝口，并且一定要我尝尝。
　☞ He was extolling the virtues of Scottish whisky and pressed me to take it.
　☞ 她一定要我跟她一起来。
　☞ She pressed me to come with her.
11．“一定”用作状语时也有两种用法。
1) 表示肯定。可用certainly，be sure，surely，necessarily（后一词常用于否定）等。
　☞ 6点以前我一定回家。
　☞ I shall certainly be home by six.
　☞ 星期天一定来啊。
　☞ Be sure to come on Sunday.
　☞ 他一定成不了。
　☞ He will surely fail.
　☞ 有钱人不一定幸福。
　☞ Rich people are not necessarily happy.
2) 表示模糊概念的一定，可用given，some，certain等。
　☞ 一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映。
　☞ Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society.
　☞ 心理学家们也都意识到语言和学习在一定意义上都是社会现象。
　☞ Psychologists are also aware that both language and learning are in some sense social phenomena.
　☞ 这东西在一定程度上对他有用。
　☞ To a certain degree, it serves his purpose.
12．under no circumstances, by no means, 表 示强烈否定时，在一定情况下有“一定不要”的意思，不过要用倒装句。
　☞ 告诉他一定不能说出去。
　☞ Tell him that under no circumstances is he to let it out.
　☞ 一定得有人陪着他。
　☞ By no means should he be left alone.
一律 一律
1．same，指一样。一般用作定语，如用作状语应为in the same way。
　☞ 他小说的格调都千篇一律。
　☞ His novels follow the same style.
　☞ 所有的企业，无论中资还是外资，都一律对待。
　☞ All enterprises are treated in the same way whether they are Chinese or foreign.
2．alike，指相象，既用作定语也可用作状语。
　☞ 这里的舆论一律，听不到不同的声音。
　☞ The public opinion here is alike and no different voice can be heard.
　☞ 他们的穿着一律是红色的运动衫和灯笼裤。
　☞ They were alike in red jerseys and knickers.（如果改用same，则应为in the same red jerseys and knickers.)
3．all＋系词＋表语，指所有的人或物都一律如此。
　☞ 我们一贯主张国家不分大小，一律平等。
　☞ We've always held that all nations, big or small, are equal.
　☞ 值勤人员一律佩戴臂章。
　☞ All personnel on duty are to wear an armband.
4．without exception，指无一例外。
　☞ 事发时在场的人一律都受到盘问。
　☞ Everybody present was questioned without exception when the plot was disclosed.
　☞ 战时，18至45岁的男子一律都要参军。
　☞ All men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during a war.
一旦 一旦
1．once，连词，表示一个动作一旦开始，则另一个动作也随之而来。强调势必如此。
　☞ 他一旦知道了这一切是怎么回事，他会暴跳如雷的。
　☞ Once he realizes what is meant, he would be furious.
　☞ 你一旦同意，那就上了他的圈套。
　☞ Once you consent you are trapped.
　☞ 青春一旦失去，无法复得。
　☞ Once youth is gone, you'll never get it back.
　☞ 你一旦开始就无法停止。
　☞ Once you begin you can't stop.
　 ■ once之后可以直接用分词短语。
　☞ 理论一旦被群众所掌握，就会产生巨大的物质力量。
　☞ Once grasped by the masses, theory will generate a tremendous material force.
　☞ 大脑一旦缺氧，就会死去。
　☞ Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
2．in case，表示一旦需要就可以行动，强调防范意识。
　☞ 这里是1,000元钱，一旦需要时可以应急。
　☞ Here is one thousand yuan in case you should meet an urgent need.
　☞ 多带点衣服，一旦天冷时可以穿。
　☞ Take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
3．“一旦”的其他译法。
　☞ 他们相处多年，一旦分离，不免依依不舍。
　☞ After being together for years, they can't bear to part from each other.
　☞ 他经营多年的工厂在敌人猛烈的熄火下毁于一旦。
　☞ The factory that he had built up for years was destroyed in a moment by the enemy's heavy artillery bombardment.
一时 一时
1．time，指时间，是泛指。
　☞ 这就叫做“此一时，彼一时”。
　☞ That is what we call "Time makes all the difference."
　☞ 这么多钱，我一时上哪去找啊？
　☞ Where can I find so much money in so short time?
2．a period of，指短时期，是特指。
　☞ 看人不要光凭一时一事。
　☞ Don't judge a person only by a single act or a short period of his life.
　☞ 一时苟安会带来百年灾难。
　☞ A short period of false security will bring a century of calamities.
3．moment，指瞬间，也是特指，但间隔更短。
　☞ 你做事不能光凭一时的热情。
　☞ Whatever you do never rely only on your moment's enthusiasm.
　☞ 对不起，我一时想不起他的名字了。
　☞ I'm sorry. I can't recall his name for the moment.
4．a while, 指一会儿。
　☞ 他一时还回不来。
　☞ He won't be back for a little while.
　☞ 他的病一时好，一时坏。
　☞ He'd be better for a while and then have a relapse.
5．temporary，指暂时。
　☞ 居民当中一时的抢购风保证不了经济繁荣。
　☞ The temporary panic purchasing among residents can never keep economy prosperous.
　☞ 一时的荣华富贵只不过是过眼烟云而已。
　☞ Temporary wealth and honor were no more than floating smoke and passing clouds.
6．transient, in an instant, 指短时的，瞬间的。
　☞ 不要为一时的表面现象所迷惑，要透过现象看本质。
　☞ Don't be misled by transient phenomena. You must see through the appearance into the essence.
　☞ 王太太脸上的歉意只在她听话时一时出现，马上就消失了。
　☞ The regret in Mrs. Wang's face was transient as she listened and cleared away in an instant.
一样 一样
1．same, 作“一样”解时，仅指在数量、质量、种类、外 观上相同，而实质是有区别的。前面常带定冠词the。
　☞ 他家和我家的房间号一样。
　☞ His house and my house have the same number of rooms.
　☞ 这两根针一样粗。
　☞ The two needles are of the same thickness.
　☞ 我们大家的意见都一样。
　☞ We are all of the same opinion.
　☞ 我要一件和我朋友一样的衬衫。
　☞ I want the same shirt as my friend's.
　☞ 她衣服的颜色和她母亲的一样。
　☞ Her dress is the same color as her mother's.
2．alike，指一模一样，只用来做表语。
　☞ 这两幢办公大楼大小、形状都一样。
　☞ The two office buildings are alike in size and shape.
　☞ 他们的外貌不同，性格一样。
　☞ They are different in appearance but alike in character.
3．as，表示动作或情况有相似之处，后可接短语或从句。
　☞ 希腊人和意大利人一样，多用橄榄油做菜。
　☞ In Greece, as in Italy, people use a lot of olive oil in cooking.
　☞ 跟预期的一样，植树造林运动迅速地扩展开来。
　☞ As expected, the affore station movement rapidly spread.
　☞ 跟你想的一样，我缺钱用。
　☞ I'm short of money as you imagine.
　☞ 她是个出色的歌唱家，跟她母亲当年一样。
　☞ She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be.
　 ■ as... as， 是连词as的扩大，表示两个不同的人或物的相同性质。
　☞ 她跟老处女一样的怪。
　☞ She is as peevish as an old maid.
　☞ 中国有些省份跟法国和英国加起来一样大。
　☞ Some provinces of China are as big as France and England put together.
4．it's all one (to)，指两种方式都一样。
　☞ 你去那里，可以坐船也可坐车，都一样。
　☞ You can get there by ship or by bus. It's all one.
　☞ 你愿怎么干就怎么干，对我都一样。
　☞ Do as you like. It's all one to me.
　☞ 我们是星期六还是星期天碰头，对我都一样。
　☞ It's all one to me whether we meet on Saturday or on Sunday.
5．not make difference, make no difference，指没有区别，因而一样。
　☞ 谁去都一样。
　☞ It won't make any difference whoever goes.
　☞ 早一天晚一天都一样。
　☞ A day later or sooner makes no difference.
一直 一直
1．表示方向或道路一直不变。
1) straight，指径直。
　☞ 一直往前走，别拐弯。
　☞ Go straight ahead. Don't turn.
　☞ 在第一个拐弯处往左拐，然后一直往前走。
　☞ Take the first turning on the left and keep straight on.
　☞ 从窗口一直望出去，然后告诉我你看见了什么。
　☞ Look straight ahead out of the window and tell me what you've seen.
2) all the way to right up，指沿着路一直走。
　☞ 一直往西走，就到天安门广场了。
　☞ Go all the way right up to the west. You'll get to the Tian'anmen Square.
　☞ 她一直把我送到火车站。
　☞ She went with me all the way right up to the railway station.
2．表示动作不间断。
1) 用完成时或进行时和相应的状语表示不间断。
　☞ 这些年来，我们一直在做科研工作。
　☞ We are doing scientific research work these years.
　☞ 从5点半起，电视就一直开着。
　☞ The television has been on since half past five.
　☞ 她一直在裟饰她的房间。
　☞ She has been decorating her room all the time.
　☞ 我们一直配合得很好。
　☞ We have cooperated very well all along.
　☞ 她从年初一直病到现在。
　☞ She has been ill from the beginning of the year right up to now.
2) keep后接动名词表示动作的不间断。
　☞ 他一直希望有机会访问中国。
　☞ He kept hoping that he would have a chance to visit China.
　☞ 远处的飞机一直响个不停。
　☞ Airplanes kept droning in the distance.
3．表示动作或情况一直没有发生（用but），或一直到某个时候才发生（用until）。
　☞ 我整个上午一直都在等他，但他没有来。
　☞ I waited for him a whole morning but he never showed up.
　☞ 在一个超级大国插手之前，谈判一直很顺利。
　☞ The negotiations were going smoothly until a superpower took a hand in them.
一致 一致
1．identify, identity, identical，指等同后取得一致。
　☞ 一个好的领导人必须把老百姓的利益与地区的繁荣一致起来。
　☞ A good leader must identify the interests of the ordinary people with the prosperity of the district.
　☞ 作家的工作就是要使语言与事物一致，感情与思想一致。
　☞ It is a writer's business to identify words with things, emotions with thoughts.
　☞ 凶器上的指纹与他的一致，证明他就是凶手。
　☞ Identity of the fingerprints on the lethal weapon proved that he was the killer.
　☞ 讨论就不必了，我们的观点一致。
　☞ There is no need to discuss. We hold (have) identical views.
2．agree with, agreement，指物体对比时的一致。
　☞ 他对事故的描述应当与其他目击者的说法一致。
　☞ His version of the accident should agree with those of the other witnesses.
　☞ 这份账单与你原来估计的不一致。
　☞ This bill does not agree with your original estimate.
　☞ 理论与实际一致以后留下的改进余地就很少了。
　☞ The agreement of theory and practice leaves little room for improvement.
3．concert, 指通过协商、协调达成一致。
　☞ 我们承担的职责是使联军行动一致。
　☞ The obligation we undertook was to concert actions of the allied forces.
　☞ 秘书长的呼吁来得正是时候，因为伊拉克事件要求联合国各成员国一致合作以争取和平。
　☞ The Secretary-General's appeal came none too soon, for the event in Iraq demanded concerted cooperation for peace by the members of the U.N.
　☞ 我们要一致努力，为实现科学技术现代化而奋斗。
　☞ We are going to exert ourselves in concert in the struggle for the modernization of science and technology.
　☞ 团员应与党员一致行动。
　☞ The League members should act in concert with the Communists.
4．accord (with)，accordance，指本质上的一致。
　☞ 自由党与工党对新税法案的观点是一致的。
　☞ The views of the Liberal and Labor Parties accorded on the new tax bill.
　☞ 他们是不会阻止她的，因为她的行为与他们希望的是一致的。
　☞ They won't stop her, for her actions accord with their wishes.
　☞ 这一决定与普遍的民意不一致。
　☞ The decision was not in accord with popular will of the people.
　☞ 他的声明是跟我们一致的。
　☞ His statement is in accordance with ours.
5．coincide with, coincident, coincidence，指意见、爱好、判断、愿望或利害上的碰巧一致。一般不用于人。
　☞ 令她感到安慰的是丈夫的意见和她是一致的。
　☞ It soothed her that her husband's opinion coincided with hers.
　☞ 跟一个在各方面都和我的情趣不一致的男人在一起我是不会幸福的。
　☞ I could not be happy with a man whose taste did not in every point coincide with my own.
　☞ 他对海难的描述与事实是一致的。
　☞ His account of the perils of the sea was coincident with the facts.
　☞ 社会利益与经济利益一致的问题依然存在。
　☞ There remains the question of the coincidence of social and economic interests.
6．conform to，conformity，指符合某种标准而达到一致。
　☞ 妇女即使得到雇用，其报酬也不总是与“同工同酬”原则一致。
　☞ Even if a woman is hired, her pay does not always conform to the standard of "equal pay for equal work".
　☞ 今天的左撇子仍然感到不便，不过已不再被逼得要与右撇子王国一致了。
　☞ The left-handed person is still inconvenient, but he is no longer forced to conform to the right-handed kingdom.
　☞ 和平共处五项原则是与万隆会议精神相一致的。
　☞ The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are in conformity with the spirit of the Bandung Conference.
7．same，指两者相同的一致。
　☞ 我的观点与你的一致，而他们的则不同。
　☞ My views are the same as yours while theirs are different.
　☞ 他们做的事的确不同，但性质是一致的。
　☞ What they did were different, indeed, but they are of the same nature.
8．unanimous, unanimously, unanimity, 指一致同意。
　☞ 举国上下一致支持政府的政策。
　☞ The whole country is unanimous in support of the government's policy.
　☞ 提案得到了一致通过。
　☞ The resolution was adopted unanimously.
　☞ 法院在决定判决时取得了一致。
　☞ The court has reached unanimity in deciding its verdict.
9．consistent, consistency，指前后一致。
　☞ 他在不同场合讲话的思想是一致的。
　☞ The idea in his various speeches is consistent.
　☞ 纵然他不能时时都前后一致，但他想写的东西自有一套理论。
　☞ Even if he is not always consistent, he provides theories for all that he has tried to write.
　☞ 认识一致是知识、思想和信念之间的一致。
　☞ Cognitive consonance is a consistency between the knowledge, ideas and beliefs.
10．consonant with, consonance.指与一定的环境或条件一致。
　☞ 他的行为与他的性格是一致的。
　☞ His behavior is consonant with his character.
　☞ 当地人具有耐力是与他们高大的身材一致的。
　☞ The local people possess a physical endurance consonant with their great stature.
　☞ 她用一种愤怒的、激烈的情绪说话，这与她平时安详的举止不一致。
　☞ She spoke with an angry vehemence that was out of consonance with her ordinary serenity of demeanor.
11．of (with) one mind，指思想一致。
　☞ 专家们在评估第10个5年计划时意见都很一致。
　☞ The experts were of one mind in their evaluation of our Tenth Five-Year Plan.
　☞ 举国上下，一致努力抗击“非典”。
　☞ The whole nation is working together with one mind to combat SARS.
12．in unison, 指完全一致。
　☞ 第三世界国家应当步调一致地面对新殖民主义。
　☞ The countries of the Third World should move in unison in facing neocolonialism.
　☞ 我们只要4个组一起行动就能取得胜利。
　☞ We would certainly succeed if only we the four groups could act in unison.
13．at one，指像一个人那样一致。
　☞ 丈夫和妻子除了钱样样都一致。
　☞ Husband and wife are at one on everything but money.
　☞ 在那件事上我和他的意见一致。
　☞ He and I are at one in our opinion on that matter.
14．in line with, 指齐刷刷地一致。
　☞ 在伊拉克战争期间，华盛顿各报的宣传与总统的讲话异乎寻常地一致。
　☞ All the propaganda in the newspapers in Washington was in line with the President's speech out of the ordinary during the war on Iraq.
　☞ 政府最近的一些行动是与对外贸易政策一致的。
　☞ Some of the recent actions of the government are in line with the policy of the foreign trade.
15．in keeping with，指“与…保持一致”。
　☞ 这本书在情趣上与作者以前的著作是一致的。
　☞ In sentiment this book is in keeping with the author's former works.
　☞ 我得说她的举动与她个人的职业操守不一致。
　☞ I should say that her behavior is not in keeping with her personal integrity of the profession.
一连 一连
1．in a row，指一个连着一个成为一串。可用来修饰同类的事物或动作。
　☞ 她在晚会上一连唱了四五支歌。
　☞ In the evening party she sang four or five songs in a row.
　☞ 那电影真叫好，我一连去看了两次。
　☞ That movie is just wonderful. I went to see it twice in a row.
　☞ 我省的农民一连3年获得丰收。
　☞ The peasants of our province have reaped good harvests for three years in a row.
2．in succession，与in a row同义，也指一个接着一个没有中断。
　☞ 你一连错过了4个饭局，真可惜！
　☞ What a pity it was that you had missed four dinners in succession.
　☞ 她由于工作出色一连3年获得一等奖。
　☞ She has been awarded first prize for her excellent work three years in succession.
3．running，可指事件或时间上的连续不断，是现在分词形式的后置定语。
　☞ 事情巧得我们一连几天都是在街上遇见的。
　☞ It so happened that we met in the streets several days running.
　☞ 你一连3次拜访她是什么意思？
　☞ What do you mean by calling on her three times running?
4．on end，指时间或距离上的连续不断。
　☞ 他一连几个小时坐在那里等待手术的结果。
　☞ He sat there for hours on end, awaiting the result of the operation.
　☞ 公路一连5公里都夹在果园中间。
　☞ For five kilometers on end the road was sandwiched between fruit orchards.
5．at a stretch，指某个动作或状态一口气持续某段时间。
　☞ 他失眠一连几个星期了。
　☞ He has suffered, for weeks at a stretch, from insomnia.
　☞ 尽管不太舒服，她还是一连5天都坚持工作。
　☞ She kept to her work for five days at a stretch though she was not very well.
6．continuously，也指时间上的连续不断。
　☞ 一连下了3天雨，今天早晨才放晴。
　☞ It had been raining continuously for three days, and it only cleared up this morning.
　☞ 他的身体好，所以才能一连干上10个多小时。
　☞ He is in good health, so he can work continuously for more than ten hours.
万一 万一
1．in case of，指万一发生某种情况，为复合介词，后接名词。in case为连词，后接从句。
　☞ 万一有疑问我该问谁呢？
　☞ Whom should I turn to for advice in case of doubt?
　☞ 万一发生火灾就按警报。
　☞ In case of fire sound the alarm.
　☞ 万一我忘了，就提醒我一下。
　☞ In case I forget, please remind me of it.
　☞ 带把雨伞去，万一下雨。
　☞ Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.
　 ■ in case of和in case的区别可从下列译文中看出。
　☞ 万一下雨，就不要等我。
　☞ In case of rain don't expect me.或：In case it rains, don't expect me.
2．in the event (of)，与in case of, in case同义。
　☞ 万一发生火灾，就拉警铃。
　☞ In the event of fire, ring the alarm-bell.
　☞ 万一他不在，请告诉他母亲。
　☞ Please tell his mother in the event that he is absent.
　☞ 或：Please tell his mother in the event of his absence.
3．if by any chance，连词，指带有偶然的假设。
　☞ 万一有人找我，就请他留个条。
　☞ If by any chance somebody comes to see me, ask him to leave a message.
　☞ 万一我病了，请告诉我的家人。
　☞ Please let my family know if by any chance I'm ill.
4．suppose，也是假定。动词如用过去时可使所说的问话听起来不那么肯定。
　☞ 万一你父亲看见了，你怎么说呢？
　☞ Suppose your father saw you, what would you say?
　☞ 万一他们不信他，会对他怎么样？
　☞ Suppose they did not believe him, what would they do to him?
　 ■ 此外，suppose还可以表示担心。
　“咱们去游泳。”“万一有鲨鱼呢。”
　 "Let's go swimming." "Suppose there are sharks."
5．what if，what是省略句，if是连词，用来引入假设的从句。若动词用过去时，其作用与suppose一样。
　☞ 万一我今天下午不来，明天来呢？
　☞ What if I came tomorrow instead of this afternoon?
　☞ 万一这传闻是真的呢？
　☞ What if the rumor is true?
　 ■ 与suppose一样，what if也可用来表示担心。
　“我要爬上去。”“不行，万一滑倒了呢？”
　"I'm going to climb up there." "No, what if you slipped?"
6．“万一”除了用作上面这些虚词外，还可用作实词，表示可能性极小的意外变化。这时可有各种不同的译法。
　☞ 这美景难以形容其万一。
　☞ The beautiful scene beggars description.
　☞ 老百姓纷纷购买食品，以防万一。
　☞ Ordinary people bought food one after another to prepare for the worst.
　☞ 根据预报明晚要发生地震，我们要防备万一。
　☞ According to the forecast there will be an earthquake tomorrow evening. We must be ready for all eventualities.
万能 万能
1．omnipotent, omnipotence，指在超自然力作用下的万能。
　☞ 你可以默念万能的上帝来帮助你，以鼓舞你的精神。
　☞ You can lift up your mind in contemplation of the aid of the Omnipotent Deity.
　☞ 我不认同一般人认为教育是万能的信念。
　☞ I could not share the popular faith in the omnipotence of education.
2．universal，指普遍适用。
　☞ 近来，美国大多数银行都已采用万能出纳机。
　☞ Most US banks have recently employed universal tellers.
　☞ 这车床上装有万能夹具。
　☞ A universal chuck is installed in this lathe.
3．multipurpose, all-purpose，指多种用途。
　☞ 万能拖拉机是个体农民的好帮手。
　☞ The multipurpose tractor is a great help to an individual peasant.
　☞ 你可以把打碎的花瓶用万能胶粘起来。
　☞ You can stick the broken vase with all-purpose adhesive.
上 上
1．go, 指去。
　☞ 党指向东，我上东；党指向西，我向西。
　☞ If the Party points east, I go east; if the Party points west, I go west.
　☞ 你上哪儿？
　☞ Where are you going?
　☞ 我上医务室。
　☞ I'm going to the clinic.
　☞ 我6岁上学。
　☞ I went to school at the age of six.
　 ■ go后面接不同的词，具有不同含义的“上”。
　☞ 该上船（车，飞机）了。
　☞ It's time to go aboard.
　☞ 他上完一道坡就汗流浃背，气喘吁吁。
　☞ He was sweating and panting after going up a slope.
　☞ 他吃完晚饭就上楼了。
　☞ He went upstairs after finishing his supper.
　☞ 我们的船逆流而上，在暮色中到达一个叫宜昌的城市。
　☞ Our ship went upstream and at dusk reached a city called Yichang.
　☞ 有条件要上，没有条件创造条件也要上。
　☞ When the conditions exist, go ahead; when they don't, create them and go ahead.
2．climb，指爬上。
　☞ 想吃果子就得上树。
　☞ He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
　☞ 我们现在出发上山。
　☞ We now set out to climb the hill.
　☞ 老太太上楼已很困难。
　☞ The old lady climbs up the stairs with great difficulty.
3．get on，指上车、船、马等。
　☞ 她上了自行车，踩着离开了。
　☞ She got on her bicycle and cycled off.
　☞ 他上公共汽车时，一个年轻人给他让位。
　☞ A young man offered him his seat when he got on the bus.
　☞ 他们是在开罗上的飞机。
　☞ They got on the plane at Cairo.
　☞ 我抓住你的马，你再上。
　☞ I'll hold your horse while you get on.
4．play，指上场比赛。
　☞ 这一场你上。
　☞ You play this game.
　☞ 下半场他替你上。
　☞ He plays this second half in your place.
　☞ 今天该谁上？
　☞ Who is playing today?
5．serve，指上菜。
　☞ 已经上了好几道菜了。
　☞ Several courses were already served.
　☞ 与中餐相反，西餐里的汤先上。
　☞ Contrary to the Chinese food, soup is first served in the Western-style food.
　☞ 一定要上热咖啡。
　☞ Be sure to serve the coffee hot.
6．fix，指装上、缝上。
　☞ 我正在上螺丝呢。
　☞ I'm fixing the screw in place.
　☞ 步枪都上了刺刀。
　☞ All the rifles have bayonets fixed on them.
　☞ 她在给新做的衣服上领子。
　☞ She was fixing the collar on dress being made.
7．apply，指涂上、洒上。
　☞ 护士在伤口上上药膏。
　☞ The nurse applied the ointment to the wound.
　☞ 你得在木头上上一层清漆。
　☞ You have to apply a coat of varnish to the wood.
　☞ 我看见一个农民在地里上肥。
　☞ I saw a peasant applying fertilizer to the field.
8．load，指装上。
　☞ 我吩咐部下上子弹。
　☞ I ordered my men to have their guns loaded.
　☞ 他忘了给相机上胶卷。
　☞ He forgot to load the film into the camera.
　☞ 把米袋上到大车上。
　☞ Load the bags of rice on to the cart.
9．up, upper, upward，指向上。
　☞ 往上看那扇窗户，发现什么东西没有？
　☞ Look up at the window. Do you find anything?
　☞ 放的时候这面朝上。
　☞ This side up when you put it down.
　☞ 我把那东西往上一拉，飞机就开始下降了。
　☞ The plane began to descend when I pulled it up.
　☞ 他的上嘴唇有个疤。
　☞ He has a scar on his upper lip.
　☞ 我们有两排牙齿，上一排，下一排。
　☞ We have two sets of teeth, the upper set and the lower set.
　☞ 往上瞧！
　☞ Look upward!
　☞ 往上伸胳膊。
　☞ Stretch your arms upward.
10．on, in, 指处在某种工作或学习的岗位上。
　☞ 我今天上夜班。
　☞ I'm on the night shift today.
　☞ 新产品什么时候上市？
　☞ When will the new products be on sale?
　☞ 她在上大学。
　☞ She is now in college.
　☞ 孩子们都上一个学校。
　☞ Children are in the same school.
11．up to, as many (much) as，指数量够得上。
　☞ 你可以在这个帐篷里睡上10个小时。
　☞ You can sleep in this tent up to ten hours.
　☞ 他是个弱智儿童，还数不上10。
　☞ He is a retarded child and can't count up to ten.
　☞ 有上万人出席。
　☞ There are as many as ten thousand present.
　☞ 他每月能挣上万块钱。
　☞ He can earn as much as ten thousand yuan a month.
12．leadership, superior, higher-up, above，均指上级。
　☞ 上下一条心。
　☞ The leadership and rank and file are of one mind.
　☞ 你是在犯上。
　☞ You're going against your superior.
　☞ 这个情况你们得向上反映。
　☞ You have to report the situation to the higher-ups.
　☞ 你的任务是下情上达。
　☞ Your task is to make the situation below known to those above.
13．last, previous，指最近的、前面的。
　☞ 代表团于上周安全抵达北京。
　☞ The delegation arrived safely in Beijing last week.
　☞ 上个月我们见过面。
　☞ We met last month.
　☞ 我们的习惯是每星期六晚上复习上周的内容。
　☞ Every Saturday evening it is our custom to review the previous week's content.
　☞ 上一页有张画。
　☞ There is a picture on the previous page.
　 ■ 应该注意一点：last与时间名词连用修饰动词时无需加介词。如：
　☞ They arrived last Monday. I saw him last May.但如果last放在该名词之后，则要用相应的介词。如：They arrived on Monday last. I saw him in May last.
14．first，指上、中、下的上。
　☞ 这部词典分上下两集。
　☞ The dictionary is in two volumes, first and second.
　☞ 我在上半学期就跟每位同学交换了意见。
　☞ I had a conference with each student during the first half of the term.
15．“上”的其他译法。
　☞ 他的手稿放在书架最上一层。
　☞ His manuscripts lay on the top shelf.
　☞ 她的功课在学校里是中上水平。
　☞ Her work at school is better than average.
　☞ 共产党员应该是见困难就上。
　☞ A communist should advance where there are difficulties to overcome.
　☞ 该上表了。
　☞ The watch needs winding.
　☞ 明天的语文课还上不上？
　☞ Shall we have our Chinese lesson tomorrow or not?
　☞ 他终于飞上了蓝天。
　☞ Finally, he flew into the blue sky.
　☞ 我们一踏上非洲的土地就受到热烈的欢迎。
　☞ We received a warm welcome when we set foot on the African soil.
　☞ 你跟他接上头了吗？
　☞ Have you got in touch with him?
16．“上”被用作动词补语时也可不译。
　☞ 一定要锁上门。
　☞ Be sure to lock the door.
　☞ 村子里家家都买上了电视。
　☞ Every household in the village has bought a TV set.
　☞ 她当上了会计。
　☞ She's become an accountant.
　☞ 他们俩已聊上了。
　☞ The two of them are having a good chat.
　☞ 会还没开，大家就议论上了。
　☞ The meeting has not begun yet, but they are already talking about the matter.
　☞ 我要能在北京多住上几天才好呢。
　☞ If only I could stay a few more days in Beijing.
　☞ 近来我每天只能睡上三四个小时。
　☞ I get only three or four hours of sleep daily these days.
上下 上下
1．up and down，指上上下下。
　☞ 风变得更大了，船身在波浪里上下颠簸。
　☞ As the wind grew stronger, the boat was tossed up and down by the waves.
　☞ 他停顿了一下，上下打量着她。
　☞ He paused for a while and looked at her up and down.
　☞ 山上修了公路，汽车上下很方便。
　☞ With the completion of the highway up the mountain, a car can easily go up and down.
2．high and low，由高低而指上下。
　☞ 上下级之间，我们必须做到通气。
　☞ We must get into full communication between the higher and lower levels.
　☞ 他们是上下串通好的，才不会告诉你真相呢。
　☞ They won't tell you the truth, for they have made contacts high and low.
3．如果“上下”是指上下级，则可根据上下文具体化。
　☞ 上下一条心。
　☞ The leadership and the rank and file are of one mind.
　☞ 全军上下奋不顾身地抢救决口的河堤。
　☞ Officers and men alike rushed to rescue the river bank which was breached, completely disregarding their own safety.
　☞ 公司里的上下关系很和睦。
　☞ The superiors and the inferiors are on good terms in our company.
　☞ 你们的工作上下脱节。
　☞ There is a dislocation in your work between higher and lower organizations.
4．height成high，指高度。
　☞ 该塑像上下有10公尺。
　☞ The height of the statue is 10 meters.
　☞ 水塔上下有50米。
　☞ The water tower is fifty meters high.
5．about, or so表示大约，用于数词或数量词之后。
　☞ 这位老大娘的年纪在70上下。
　☞ The granny is about seventy years old.
　☞ 剩下的袜子不多了，只有一打上下。
　☞ There are not many socks left, only a dozen or so.
6．“上下”的其他译法。
　☞ 或犯法当讯，执事者上下其手。
　☞ When a man was to be tried for his crime the executive would work hand in glove with someone concerned.
　☞ 这些字母是上下颠倒的。
　☞ These letters are upside-down.
　☞ 两者不相上下。
　☞ There is little to choose between the two.
上升 上升
1．go up，仅指上去。是最无特色与色彩的常用词。
　☞ 我们的生产在稳步上升。
　☞ Our production goes steadily up.
　☞ 这几天气温一直在上升。
　☞ The temperature has been going up these days.
2．rise，指冉冉升起。
　☞ 生产持续上升。
　☞ Production is rising steadily.
　☞ 气压计在上升，看来要变天。
　☞ The barometer is rising. The weather seems to change soon.
3．climb to，指爬升。
　☞ 他的学习成绩上升到全班第一。
　☞ He has climbed to the head of his class in study.
　☞ 这栋建筑上升到了二十层楼的高度。
　☞ The building climbs to a height of 20 stories.
4．ascend，指持续上升。
　☞ 我们看着这团火球高速上升。
　☞ We watched the fireball ascending with great rapidity.
　☞ 乘着气球上升真是一次惊心动魄的经历。
　☞ It was really a thrilling experience to ascend in a balloon.
　 ■ ascendant还可用来修饰事物上升的本质。
　☞ 当时资本主义还处在上升时期。
　☞ At that time capitalism was still in the ascendant.
5．mount，也指持续上升，但强调达到某种水平线或极限。
　☞ 水位上升到了我的腰部。
　☞ The level of the water mounted until it reached my waist.
　☞ 气温持续上升到了摄氏40度。
　☞ The temperature kept mounting to 40 degrees centigrade.
6．jump，指跃升。
　☞ 大学生的人数大幅度上升。
　☞ The number of students in universities has jumped.
　☞ 1988年的物价急剧上升。
　☞ Price jumped sharply in 1988.
7．rocket，指弹射后直线上升，比喻其猛烈与迅速。
　☞ 自产业结构调整以来，纺织行业中的下岗人数直线上升。
　☞ Unemployment in the textile industry has rocketed since the adjustment of industrial structure.
　☞ 她几乎是在一夜之间一跃而成为明星的。
　☞ She rocketed to stardom almost overnight.
8．soar，指由翱翔引申为轻快地上升。
　☞ 她受欢迎的程度大幅度上升，现在几乎拥有上百万的观众。
　☞ Her ratings has soared and now almost has an audience of a million.
　☞ 公寓的租金大幅度上升，许多房客只好另找住房。
　☞ Apartment rents soared, and many tenants had to relocate.
9．levitate，指违反地心引力的上升。
　☞ 魔术师碰都没碰那位躺着的姑娘，就让她上升到了空中。
　☞ The magician levitated the lying girl into the air without touching her.
　☞ 他在梦里感到自己上升到了天花板，在那里飘来飘去，然后终于飞到了窗外。
　☞ In the dream he felt himself levitating to the ceiling, floating about there, and finally flying out by the window.
10．move up，指上浮。
　☞ 生产上升到了一个新水平。
　☞ Production moved up to a new level.
　☞ 美元的兑换率上升到8.7元人民币。
　☞ The exchange rate of the American dollar moved up to 8.7 yuan RMB.
上来 上来
1．come up，指从低到高或从远到近。
　☞ 当我们谈话时，上来了一个人。
　☞ While we were talking, a man came up.
　☞ 你什么时候上北京来玩玩？
　☞ When will you come up to Beijing for a trip?
2．come out，指从里到外。
　☞ 你游了半天泳，上来歇会儿。
　☞ You've been swimming for a long time now. Come out and have a rest.
　☞ 黑夜一定会过去，太阳一定会上来。
　☞ The dark night shall end and the sun will certainly come out.
3．come from，指从基层到上层。
　☞ 他是刚从基层上来的。
　☞ He's come from a grass-roots unit.
　☞ 我是从连队上来的。
　☞ I came from the company.
4．get to (on)，指上到某处。
　☞ 山高了些，恐怕她上不来。
　☞ The hill is rather high. I'm afraid she won't be able to get to the top.
　☞ 火车上尽管挤，我逐是把她们弄上来了。
　☞ I managed to get them on the train though it was crowded.
　 ■ get后接形容词比较级，有“慢慢变得”的意思。这里的“上来”用作动词get的补语。
　☞ 暖气片慢慢热上来了。
　☞ Little by little the radiators got warmer.
　☞ 地下水位涨上来了。
　☞ The groundwater level is getting higher and higher.
5．reach, arrive，均指到达，其区别是前者指由下到上，后者指由一处到另一处。
　☞ 下面的意见已经上来了。
　☞ All the opinions from below have reached us.
　☞ 增援部队是分两路上来的。
　☞ Reinforcements arrived by two routes.
6．at the beginning，from the start，均指“从一开始就…。
　☞ 我们一上来就感到败兴。
　☞ We felt disappointed at the beginning.
　☞ 他一上来就没说话。
　☞ He didn't say anything at the beginning.
　☞ 晚会节目一上来就没劲。
　☞ The program for the evening party was boring right from the start.
7．from，up，around，都可用来指动词的补语“上来”。
　☞ 他是刚从基层提拔上来的干部。
　☞ He is a cadre newly promoted from a grass-roots unit.
　☞ 把箱子抬上来。
　☞ Bring the trunk up.
　☞ 外国朋友围上来要他签名留念。
　☞ The foreign friends gathered around him and asked for his autographs.
8．但在一般情况下，“上来”用作动词补语时可以不译。
　☞ 这个问题你答得上来吗？
　☞ Can you answer this question?
　☞ 看他面熟，可名字叫不上来。
　☞ I know his face but I can't recall his name.
　☞ 等我爬到山顶，连气都喘不上来了。
　☞ By the time I got to the top of the hill, I was quite out of breath.
上瘾 上瘾
1．addict oneself to, be addicted to，指吸毒、酗 酒、赌博等上瘾。
　☞ 政府应该关心吸毒上瘾的青少年。
　☞ The government should be concerned about the teenagers who addict themselves to drugs.
　☞ 他赌博上瘾，毁了全家。
　☞ He was addicted to gambling and ruined his family.
　☞ 他爱喝两盅，但从来不上瘾。
　☞ He is fond of drinking a bit, but never addicted himself to it.
2．get into the habit of，指养成某种好的或坏的习惯。
　☞ 你钓鱼上瘾了，是不是？
　☞ You've got into the habit of fishing, haven't you?
　☞ 我们小时候集邮都上了瘾。
　☞ We all got into the habit of collecting stamps when we were young.
　☞ 他抽烟上瘾了。
　☞ He's got into the habit of smoking.
　 ■ habit与其他词连用，有时也有“上瘾”的意思。
　☞ 这种药吃久了会上瘾。
　☞ This medicine is habit-forming.
　☞ 他喝酒上瘾了。
　☞ He has developed the habit of drinking.
　☞ 我是从外国人那儿染上赌瘾的。
　☞ I caught the habit of gambling from foreigners.
3．yen, 原指强烈的嗜好，有时也有“上瘾”的意思。
　☞ 他看侦探小说看上瘾了。
　☞ He's developed a yen for detective stories.
　☞ 你对电脑已上瘾了。
　☞ You mounted a yen for computers.
下 下
1．指由上往下的运动。
1) 使用运动动词，如go to, alight, dismount, descend等。
　☞ 领导干部应该经常下乡下厂，了解下情。
　☞ Leading cadres must often go to villages and factories to know what is going on at the lower levels.
　☞ 师长下连队了。
　☞ The division commander has gone to the company.
　☞ 厂长下车间了。
　☞ The factory director has gone to workshops.
　☞ 她开始把东西归到一起，准各下车。
　☞ She began to gather her things together to alight the carriage.
　☞ 下马观花，总比走马看花好。
　☞ To view flowers by dismounting is always better than to look at flowers while riding a horse.
2) 动词＋ down。
　☞ 我儿子从来不下楼梯，而是顺着楼梯的扶手滑下来的。
　☞ My son never descends by the stairs. He slides down the handrail.
　☞ 看到客人下车，他立即下台阶相迎。
　☞ Seeing that the guest got off the car, he hurried down the steps as quickly as possible.
　☞ 她坐下来瞥了他一眼。
　☞ She cast a glance at him when she sat down.
　☞ 你躺下，我来替你检查。
　☞ Lie down, and I'll have you checked.
　☞ 下山容易上山难。
　☞ It is easier to walk downhill than uphill.
　☞ 我们顺流而下，朝发夕至。
　☞ We started at dawn and arrived at dusk by sailing downstream.
　 ■ 不过，某些动词与down搭配时不仅表示自上而下的运动，还表示某个动作的完成。
　☞ 他一时生气，扯下了那张布告。
　☞ He tore down the notice in a fit of anger.
　☞ 他感到暖和多了，就翻下了大衣领子。
　☞ He turned down the collar of his overcoat when he felt much warm.
　☞ 等一下，让我记下你的地址。
　☞ Wait a moment. Let me write down your address.
　☞ 没有水我怎么吞得下这药呢？
　☞ How can I take down the medicine without water?
3) get off, get out of。
　☞ 我们看着他从车里下来，进了那幢大楼。
　☞ We watched him getting off the car and going into the building.
　☞ 她下了飞机，开始往四面东张西望，不见有人来接她。
　☞ She got off the plane and began to look round in all directions, but no one had come to meet her.
　☞ 他下了床，然后伸了个懒腰。
　☞ He got out of bed, and then he stretched himself.
2．用具体的动词指下雨、下雪、下冰雹，如rain, snow, hail等。
　☞ 雪下得很大。
　☞ It's snowing hard.或The snow is falling heavily.或 The snow came down thick and fast.
　☞ 下起了倾盆大雨。
　☞ It was raining hard.或The rain came down in bucketful.或It was raining cats and dogs.或The rain was pelting down.
　☞ 下的冰雹猛得打碎了玻璃窗。
　☞ It hailed so hard that windows were broken. 或The hail fell with such violence that it broke windows.
3．issue（正式用语），give（日常用语）均指下达；assign，指分配。
　☞ 为适应战争的需要，已经下了总动员令。
　☞ The general mobilization order was issued to meet the need of war.（动员令是大事，用issue表示正式）
　☞ 警察局长向他们下了监视他的指令。
　☞ The police chief gave them instructions to watch him.
　（下指令监视是小事，用give表示随意性）
　☞ 已给他下了一个月后离职的通知。
　☞ He was given a month's notice of leaving office.
　☞ 任务已经下了，我们要做的是如何完成。
　☞ The task has been assigned. What we have to do is how to accomplish it.
4．deliver（正式用语），send（日常用语），指送发。
　☞ 至于就业问题，应向有关部门下个文件。
　☞ As to employment, deliver a document to the departments concerned.(下文件要签发，签收，归档，比较正式，故用deliver)
　☞ 他向拳王下了战书。
　☞ He sent the boxing champion a letter of challenge.
　（下挑战书只是发一封信，比较随便，故用send）
5．put (in)，指投放。
　☞ 米已下锅，准备烧饭了。
　☞ The rice is put in the pot and ready to be cooked.
　☞ 通知全村，井水已被下了毒。
　☞ Warn everybody in the village that the well water was put in poison.
　☞ 发面已经下了作料，准备上烤炉了。
　☞ The dough put in condiments is to be baked in oven.
　☞ 想好了再下笔。
　☞ Think it out before you put pen to paper.
6．apply，指施加。
　☞ 该下多少力气就下多少力气。
　☞ Apply as much force as is necessary.
　☞ 对这个难题他是下了心思的。
　☞ He applied his mind to the difficult problem.
　☞ 我们下肥料是要使庄稼茁壮成长。
　☞ We apply manure to improve crops.
7．go with，指下饭、下酒。
　☞ 这两个菜你都不喜欢，拿什么下饭？
　☞ If you don't like either of the two dishes, what are you going to have with your rice?
　☞ 弄点花生米下酒。
　☞ Get some peanuts to go with wine.
8．lay egg，指下蛋；lay hand，指下手。
　☞ 这只黑母鸡一季能下一百多个蛋。
　☞ This black hen lays more than a hundred eggs a time.
　☞ 想不到他竟会对自己的妻子下毒手。
　☞ Who would have thought that he should lay murderous hands on his wife?
9．get off，come off，指下班；take off指取下。
　☞ 我们每天下午6点下班。
　☞ We get off work at six p.m. every weekday.
　☞ 她下夜班时他都来接她。
　☞ He came to meet her when she came off night duty.
　☞ 把门下了修一修。
　☞ Take the door off and have it repaired.
10．can accommodate (seat, eat)，指容（坐、吃）得下。
　☞ 旅馆容得下500位客人。
　☞ The hotel can accommodate 500 guests.
　☞ 我们的餐厅坐得下200人。
　☞ Our dining room can seat 200 persons.
　☞ 我吃不下那么多。
　☞ I can't eat that much.
11．“下”的其他译法。
　☞ 这场戏你从右门下。
　☞ In this scene you are to exit from the right-hand door.
　☞ 换人，四号下，三号上。
　☞ Substitution, No.3 for No.4.
　☞ 他们在下围棋。
　☞ They are playing go.
　☞ 该你下了。
　☞ It's your turn to make a move.
　☞ 把俘虏的枪下了。
　☞ Disarm the captured soldier.
　☞ 船上的货还没下完。
　☞ The cargo hasn't all been unloaded yet.
　☞ 警方根据证据下了结论，认为他是过失犯罪。
　☞ The police drew from evidence the conclusion that he was guilty of unpremeditated crime.
　☞ 现在我的决心已下，已无人能改变了。
　☞ Now my mind was made up and no one will change it.
　☞ 她家的母猪昨天下了一窝小猪。
　☞ Her sow dropped a litter of piglets last night.
　☞ 双方相持不下，几天来会谈陷入了僵局。
　☞ Neither side was ready to yield and the negotiation reached deadlock for days.
　☞ 下什么样的定义已无关紧要。
　☞ It doesn't matter what a definition is given.
　☞ 早下课了。
　☞ The class has long been dismissed.
　☞ 培养合格人才要舍得下工夫，下本钱。
　☞ Don't begrudge time and money in training qualified personnel.
　☞ 参加大会的不下3,000人。
　☞ No less than 3000 people attended the conference.
下 下
1．指位置在低处。
1) below（介词），与above相对，指方位上低于另一物体的位置。
　☞ 我们在地表以下约5米处找到了水。
　☞ We found water about five meters below the surface.
　☞ 昨天晚上的温度是零下5度。
　☞ The temperature was 5 degrees below zero last night.
　 ■ below用作定语、状语时一般都后置。
　☞ 我上有父母，下有儿女，都要照顾。
　☞ I have parents above and children below to take care of.
　☞ 详细叙述如下。
　☞ A detailed description is given below.
2) under（介词），与over相对，指垂直位置上低于另一物体。
　☞ 我看见她静静地坐在树下。
　☞ I saw her sitting still under the tree.
　☞ 她摸了摸枕头下的手表，发现不见了。
　☞ She felt under the pillow for her watch and found it missing.
　 ■ under与below虽有区别，但在下列情况下可以换用。
①指身体的某一部分下面的一点时：
　☞ 一位姑娘撞到我的左眼下面。
　☞ A girl burned into me under (below) the left eye.
②分不清是在垂直位置还是在方位位置时：
　☞ 我们坐在群星下又说又笑。
　☞ We sat under (below) the stars, talking and laughing.
3) down，与up相对，指向下，往下。
　☞ 伤员们互相扶着走下楼梯。
　☞ The wounded walked down the stairs, leaning on each other for support.
　☞ 我们坐火车南下。
　☞ We went down south by train.
2．指等级上的高下。
1) from... down to... （复合介词），指“上至…下至…”。
　☞ 上至国家主席下至普通干部，大家都去植树了。
　☞ Everybody went planting trees, from the Chinese President down to the ordinary cadres.
　☞ 他的讲话，土至市长，下至市民，无不为之感动。
　☞ None were unmoved by his speech, from the mayor down to the townspeople.
2) lower，与upper相对，可指等级、层次等。
　☞ 产品分为上、中、下三等。
　☞ The products are divided into three grades: the upper, the middle and the lower.
　☞ 你是我们中间年纪最大的，睡下铺方便一点。
　☞ You are the oldest among us. The lower berth is more convenient.
3．指次序或时间在后。
1) next，指序列中的下一个。
　☞ 下次我再告诉你。
　☞ I'll tell you next time.
　☞ 他下个星期五来。
　☞ He is coming next Friday.
2) second，指两个中的第二个，the second half，指 整体中的后一半。
　☞ 他的诗集分上下两册。
　☞ His collection of poems is in two volumes, first and second.
　☞ 2002年下半年的国际贸易额达到了200亿美元。
　☞ International trade reached 20 billion US dollars during the second half of 2002.
3) third，指三个中的第三；the last of three，指三个中的最后一个。
　☞ 这部词典有上、中、下三册。
　☞ The dictionary has three volumes, that is, first, second and third.
　☞ 你拿错了，这是三集词典中的下册。
　☞ You've taken it by mistake. This is the last of the three-volume dictionary.
下去 下去
1．down, 与运动动词连用，指由高处到低处的运动。
　☞ 你跳不下去，就爬下去。
　☞ If you can't jump down, climb down.
　☞ 下去100米左右就到井底了。
　☞ Go down 100 meters or so and you'll reach the bottom of the well.
　☞ 这几天她的体温下去了。
　☞ Her temperature has gone down these days.
　 ■ go down还可用于转义。
　☞ 你应该下去了解那儿的情况。
　☞ You should go down there to seize up the situation 我手上的泡全下去了。
　☞ All the blisters on my hands have gone down.
　 ■ go downstairs，表示下楼。
　☞ 下去看看是谁敲门？
　☞ Go downstairs and see who's knocking at the door.
2．get off，指从车、船、飞机上下去；fall off，指跌下去。
　☞ 到站了，咱们快下去。
　☞ Here we are. Let's get off at once.
　☞ 公共汽车停了下来，门开了，父亲下去了。
　☞ The bus stopped, the door opened and Father got off.
　☞ 他一滑，从梯子上摔了下去。
　☞ He slipped and fell off the ladder.
3．down，与非运动动词搭配，也有“下去”的意思，但不表示由高到低的运动，而表示动作的完成或结果。
　☞ 把这喝下去，对你有好处。
　☞ Drink it down. It'll do you good.
　☞ 大批粮食运到了重灾区，把米价压了下去。
　☞ Large amounts of grain that had arrived at the severely afflicted area beat down the price of rice.
　☞ 你的气还没消下去吗？
　☞ Haven't you calmed down yet?
　☞ 长青树被大雪压了下去。
　☞ The evergreens were weighed down by the heavy snow.
4．away，与work，fire，batter等动词搭配，表示动作的延续。
　☞ 要不是妈妈叫爸爸吃午饭，他会一直在园子里干下去的。
　☞ Father would have worked away in his garden if Mother hadn't called him for lunch.
　☞ 要不是子弹打完，他们会一直打下去的。
　☞ They would have fired away if there had been no ammunition left.
　☞ 我不来开门，难道你就一直敲下去？
　☞ Are you going to batter away at the door if I don't answer it?
　☞ 我们嘻嘻哈哈地笑下去一直到她爸回来。
　☞ We laughed away till her father came back.
　☞ 把战俘都带下去。
　☞ Take the prisoners of war away.
5．go on (with)，无论单独使用还是后接代词，名词或动名词，都表示动作的延续。
　☞ 她激动得说不下去。
　☞ She was so excited that she couldn't go on.
　☞ 再这么搞下去，你就等着麻烦吧。
　☞ If you go on like that you must expect trouble.
　☞ 我们不应当这么生活下去。
　☞ We oughtn't to go on living this way.
　☞ 她点着头，叹着气，还一针针缝下去。
　☞ She nodded, sighed, and went on stitching.
　☞ 请问，我可以干下去吗？
　☞ May I go on with my work, please?
　☞ 他示意我继续画下去。
　☞ He motioned to me to go on with painting.
6．get，grow，后接性质形容词的比较级可以表示程度加深下去。
　☞ 她一天天地瘦下去。
　☞ She's getting thinner every day.
　☞ 情况甚至可能坏下去。
　☞ The situation may grow even worse.
　☞ 看来天气还会冷下去。
　☞ It seems that it will turn even colder.
7．“下去”的其他译法。
　☞ 连长受了重伤，不得不下去。
　☞ The company commander was seriously wounded and had to leave the battlefront.
　☞ 我不饿，中午饭还没下去呢。
　☞ I'm not hungry at all. I haven't finished digesting my lunch yet.
　☞ 洪水下去了。
　☞ The flood has receded.
　☞ 把敌人的火力压下去。
　☞ Silence the enemy's fire.
　☞ 希望两国人民世世代代友好下去。
　☞ We hope the people of the two countries will remain friendly from generation to generation.
　☞ 做早操，你应该坚持下去。
　☞ You must persevere in doing morning exercise.
下台 下台
1．指卸下公职或交出政权。有以下几种处理方法。
1) fall，指倒台，是比较形象的说法。
　☞ 意大利内阁因预算问题于昨晚下台。
　☞ The Italian Cabinet fell last night on the question of the budget.
2) go out of power，指自愿或不自愿地下台。
　☞ 北洋军政府在一片反对声中下台。
　☞ The military government ruled by the Northern Warlords went out of power with a chorus of opposition.
3) leave office，指自愿或不自愿地卸下公职。
　☞ 尼克松总统因水门事件丑闻而被迫下台。
　☞ President Nixon was forced to leave office because of Watergate Scandal.
4) drive out of office，指赶下台。
　☞ 一年前刚被安在总统位置上的黎元洪于1923年5 月被赶下了台。
　☞ General Li Yuan Hong, who had been installed in presidency only a year earlier, was driven out of office in May, 1923.
5) force out of office，指逼下台。
　☞ 他真正的目的是要让总统下不了台，再逼他下台。
　☞ His real aim was to humiliate the president and force him out of office.
2．指摆脱窘境，常用于否定句“下不了台”、“下不来台”等。也有几种处理方式。
1) put on the spot，指当场下不了台。
　☞ 她的问题弄得我下不来台。我既不能推脱，也不能撒谎。
　☞ Her question put me on the spot. I couldn't make an excuse or lie。
2) embarrass sb. ，指使人陷入窘境而下不了台。
　☞ 他怕我下不了台，替我回答了那个令人尴尬的问题。
　☞ He answered the awkward question instead, being afraid of embarrassing me.
3) back down with good grace，指事情发展到这一步要设法体面地下台。
　☞ 你再这样搞下去就无法下台了。
　☞ If you go on like that, you will be unable to back down with good grace.
　☞ 见领导过来调解，他也趁势下台。
　☞ Seeing his boss come to mediate, he took the opportunity to back down with good grace.
　 ■ with good grace有时还可与swallow搭配，也有“下不来台”的意思。
　☞ 你的话说得太重，弄得他下不来台。
　☞ Your remarks were much too harsh for him to swallow with good grace.
下工夫 下工夫
1．make effort, put in effort, without effort，均指做出或不做出努力。
　☞ 还要再下工夫来加强团结。
　☞ More efforts should be made to strengthen unity.
　☞ 要想学习好，就得下工夫。
　☞ If you want to study well, you must put in a lot of effort.
　☞ 不下工夫就什么也得不着。
　☞ Nothing can be obtained without efforts.
2．devote time, take time，均指花时间。
　☞ 他在帮助学生记单词上是下了好多工夫的。
　☞ He devoted much time to helping the students memorize new words.
　☞ 他下了3天的工夫就学会了溜冰。
　☞ It took him only three days to learn to skate.
　 ■ 不过有时为了强调起见，time还以与energy，effort连用。
　☞ 你应当在技术革新上再下工夫。
　☞ You should devote more time and energy to technical innovation.
　☞ 改造世界观要在理论联系实际上下工夫。
　☞ In remolding one's world outlook, one must concentrate one's time and effort on integrating theory with practice.
　☞ 教育小学生要舍得下工夫。
　☞ Don't begrudge time and effort in educating pupils.
3．“下工夫”的其他译法。
　☞ 他学习很下工夫。
　☞ He works really hard.
　☞ 要想成功就得下工夫。
　☞ You have to go all out if you want to be a success.
下手 下手
1．where to start，指从哪里开始，强调下手的起始点。
　☞ 开头，我们甚至不知从何下手。
　☞ In the beginning we even didn't know where to start.
　☞ 我们甚至连他的代号都不知道，又从何下手？
　☞ We don't even know his code name. So where to start?
2．set to，指动手干。强调下手后的结果。
　☞ 我们一下手，十分钟就干完。
　☞ If we set to we had the job finished in ten minutes.
　☞ 他一下手就把那拳王一拳击倒在地。
　☞ When he set to he knocked the boxing champion down with one blow。
3．set about，指着手，强调下手后的过程。
　☞ 像这样的事，你怎么下手？
　☞ How do you set about a thing like that?
　☞ 这事我不知如何下手。
　☞ I don't know how to set about it.
4．lay (one's) hand on，指动手。
　☞ 要是我对你下手，你后悔都来不及。
　☞ If I ever lay my hands on you, you'll be overcome with regret.
　☞ 你怎敢对一个孩子下手？
　☞ How dare you lay hands on a child?
　 ■ lay hands on还可带定语。
　☞ 谁想得到他会对他妻子下毒手呢？
　☞ Who would have thought that he should lay murderous hands on his wife?
5．bring oneself to，指事态发展使自己做了某种意外之举。
　☞ 他竟敢下手谋杀妻子。
　☞ He went so far as to bring himself to murder his wife.
　☞ 让我宰鸡，我怎么也下不了手。
　☞ I can never bring myself to kill a chicken.
6．strike (out) at，指动手打击，一次打击。
　☞ 眼看敌人随时就要对我们下手，我们怎能高枕无忧？
　☞ How can we sleep peacefully without anxiety when the enemy is going to strike out at us at any moment?
　☞ 他竟会操起手杖朝我下手。
　☞ He should have struck at me by seizing his stick.
下来 下来
1．come down，指一般情况下从高处下来。
　☞ 梯子不稳，快下来！
　☞ Come down at once! The ladder isn't steady.
　☞ 昨天从北京下来了两位领导。
　☞ Two leading cadres came down from Beijing yesterday.
　☞ 她的体温一直下不来。
　☞ Her temperature has not come down.
2．get down，也指从高处下来，但更强调要想办法才下得来。
　☞ 他们爬上了岩壁，但他们下得来吗？
　☞ They have climbed up the precipice, but will they get down?
　☞ 那人从消防车的云梯上下来，逃出了那幢着火的大楼。
　☞ The man escaped from the burning building by getting down a ladder of the fire engine.
　☞ 不扶你，你能从陡坡上下来吗？
　☞ Can you get down the steep slope without propping you?
3．descend，也指从高处下来，但比come down 说法正式，庄重。
　☞ 菩萨似乎是从天上下来帮她的。
　☞ It seemed that a Buddha had descended from Heaven to aid her.
　☞ 登山运动员正从顶峰附近的宿营地下来。
　☞ The mountaineers are descending from their overnight camp near the summit.
4．finalize, 指最后确定下来。
　☞ 婚礼日期一定下来就宣布。
　☞ The date of wedding will be announced as soon as it is finalized.
　☞ 概算3天内定得下来吗？
　☞ Will the budgetary estimate be finalized in three days?
5．be over，指某个活动结束以后取得的结果；after，指经过一定时间后取得的结果。
　☞ 他在一家中学实习3个月下来，教学大有长进。
　☞ When the three months' practice at a middle school was over he made good progress in his teaching.
　☞ 一年工作下来，他的技术大有提高。
　☞ After one year's work, his skills have improved a lot.
6．down，有以下几种用法。
1) 表示由上面运动着下来。
　☞ 溪水是从山上流下来的。
　☞ The stream flows down from the mountain.
　☞ 扔点吃的下来。
　☞ Throw down something eatable.
2) 表示继承下来。
　☞ 古代流传下来的寓言都是有教育意义的。
　☞ Fables handed down from ancient times are all instructive.
　☞ 这些规定是以鲜血和生命的代价制定下来的。
　☞ The rules were laid down at the cost of blood and life.
3) 表示动作的完成或结束。
　☞ 教室刚刚安静下来，她就突然尖叫起来。
　☞ The classroom had just quieted down when she screamed out.
　☞ 是她把我们的开支节省下来的。
　☞ It is she who has put down our expenditure.
7．off，有两种用法。
1) 表示从上面稳定的位置上下来。
　☞ 她从马上跌了下来，好在伤势不重。
　☞ She fell off her horse; luckily she was not very seriously injured.
　☞ 我从火车上一下来，就看见她在向我挥手。
　☞ As soon as I got off the train I saw her waving to me.
2) 表示离开原来的位置。
　☞ 他咬下来一大块苹果。
　☞ He bit off a large piece of the apple.
　☞ 士兵们是从前线撤下来的。
　☞ The soldiers drew off from the frontline.
8．to the end, 指把某事进行到底。
　☞ 所有上夜校的人都坚持下来了。
　☞ All those who joined the evening classes persisted to the end.
　☞ 尽管演出不是那么好，但她还是留下来了。
　☞ She stayed to the end all the same though the performance was not so good.
9．用重叠的比较级表示程度深起来。
　☞ 天色渐渐黑下来了。
　☞ It was getting darker and darker.
　☞ 由于经济效益不好，生活福利也糟下来了。
　☞ The welfare became worse and worse due to bad economic benefits.
10．由于某些动词或名词具有延续性，故在动作或状态发生后有个延续的过程，因此当“下来”表示动作延续时可以不译。
　☞ 大家都回家了，只有他一个人留了下来。
　☞ All had gone home, so he remained alone.
　☞ 他一听这话，脸就马上拉了下来。
　☞ When he heard this, his expression became stem immediately.
　☞ 用点外交手腕，我想是可以把他谈下来的。
　☞ With some diplomatic fitness I think we can talk him round.
　☞ 连着四堂课上下来，老师的嗓子都哑了。
　☞ Four classes in a row made the teacher's voice hoarse.
　☞ 汽车及时停了下来，刚好避免了一场车祸。
　☞ The car came to a halt just in time to prevent an accident.
下沉 下沉
1．sink(正式用语)，go down（日常用语），指物体因事故而在水中下沉。
　☞ 交火中敌舰起火下沉。
　☞ In fight the enemy warship caught fire and sank.
　☞ 等我们赶到出事地点，船已下沉。
　☞ When we got to the site of the accident the ship had sunk.
　☞ 轮船触礁下沉。
　☞ The ship struck a hidden reef and went down.
2．submerge，指有意使之下沉。
　☞ 我们饶有兴趣地注视着潜艇慢慢下沉。
　☞ We watched the submarine gradually submerging with great interest.
　☞ 工程师们把旧船装上石头，下沉到湖底。
　☞ The engineers weighed the old boat with rocks to keep it submerged at the bottom of the lake.
3．subside，指地面下沉。
　☞ 建筑物下沉时，墙上一般会出现裂缝。
　☞ When the building starts to subside, cracks usually appear in the walls.
　☞ 有什么补救办法来阻止地基下沉？
　☞ Is there any remedial measure to stop the foundation from subsiding?
下降 下降
1．go down，come down，常用语，指价格、温度、压 力、标准等下降。一般可以换用。
　☞ 股票又下降了10点。
　☞ Shares have gone (come) down again by ten points.
　☞ 孩子的体温今天早晨倒是下降了。
　☞ The child's temperature came (went) down this morning.
　☞ 汽阀打开时，压力会自动下降。
　☞ Pressure goes down automatically when the steam valve opens.
　☞ 近来质量标准下降了，你做何解释？
　☞ The qualitative standard has gone down recently.
　☞ How do you account for it?
2．drop，也指价格、价值、温度、费用、士气等下降，但带有突然性。
　☞ 米价马上要下降。
　☞ The price of rice will drop soon.
　☞ 工业产值由700亿美元下降至300亿。
　☞ The value of the industrial output dropped from 70 billion US dollars to 30 billion.
　☞ 去年，生产成本下降了5. 5%。
　☞ Production cost dropped 5.5 percent last year.
　☞ 伪军的士气下降到了新低。
　☞ The morale of the puppet troops has dropped to a new low.
3．fall，指温度，生产、价格、人口等下降，强调急剧下跌。
　☞ 今天的温度下降了10度。
　☞ The temperature has fallen by 10 degrees today.
　☞ 由于当时供过于求，生产急剧下降。
　☞ Production fell sharply because supply exceeded demand at the time.
　☞ 到2001年，我市人口下降至45万。
　☞ By 2001 the population of our city had fallen to 450,000.
　☞ 由于政治丑闻，他的知名度正在下降。
　☞ His popularity is falling due to the political scandal.
4．decline，强调衰退，减弱后的下降。
　☞ 美元在黑市上的价格在下降。
　☞ The American dollar is declining on the black market.
　☞ 经济危机那几年，工业产量下降了41. 7%。
　☞ During the years of the economic crisis the production declined by 41.7 percent.
　☞ 俱乐部面临破产，其成员数量也在急剧下降。
　☞ The club faced with bankruptcy and its membership is declining sharply.
　☞ 法国的生育率近年来一直在下降，已形成严重的问题。
　☞ The birthrate in France has been declining in recent years, which presents a serious problem.
　☞ 随着暮年的到来，他的精力也日益下降。
　☞ With old age creeping on his energy is declining daily.
5．descend，指由高处向下的下降运动。
　☞ 我们看着一架直升机下降着陆。
　☞ We watched a helicopter descending for a landing.
　☞ 电梯慢慢地下降到了底层。
　☞ The elevator descended slowly to the ground floor.
下陷 下陷
1．sink，指下降（低于地面时为下陷；低于水面时为下沉）。
　☞ 地基下陷了3英寸。
　☞ The foundations have sunk three inches.
　☞ 门廊的左角有点下陷。
　☞ The porch sinks a bit in the left corner.
　 ■ sunken是sink的过去分词，可以用作定语。
　☞ 这时候来了一个男人，眼眶下陷，披头散发，衣冠不整。
　☞ Meanwhile came a man, with sunken eyes, hair disheveled and dress all disordered.
2．subside，指土地、建筑物的下陷。
　☞ 山区的道路容易下陷。
　☞ The road tends to subside in the mountains.
　☞ 随着陆地的下陷，海洋也随之推进。
　☞ As the land subsides, the sea advances.
3．hollow，指陷下去的。
　☞ 那男孩骨架瘦瘦的，双颊是下陷的。
　☞ The boy has a thin frame and hollow cheeks.
　☞ 我看得出她两只下陷的眼睛正盯着我看。
　☞ I could see her hollow eyes fixed upon me.
4．depression，指地面下陷处。
　☞ 地面下陷处盖有一层肥沃的黑土，故植物都枝繁叶茂。
　☞ The depression of the ground is covered with black and fertile soil, where the vegetation is luxuriant.
　☞ 天一下雨，地面下陷处就成了积水坑。
　☞ Rain formed puddles in the depression on the ground.
下面 下面
1．under，介词，指垂直而下的那个层面。与over相对。
　☞ 警察怀疑那人大衣下面藏着什么东西。
　☞ The policeman suspected that the man had something under his overcoat.
　☞ 轮船经过大桥下面时撞到了桥墩上。
　☞ The ship struck the pier when passing under the bridge.
　☞ 我们3人在一把雨伞下面躲雨。
　☞ Three of us sheltered from rain under an umbrella.
　☞ 电话一响，他就从车子下爬了出来。
　☞ He got out from under the car as the telephone rang.
　 ■ under也有“水下面”的意思。
　☞ 那个游泳的浮到水面上又钻到水下面。
　☞ The swimmer surfaced and went under again.
　☞ 他能在水下面待好长一段时间呢。
　☞ He can stay under water for quite a while.
2．below，介词，泛指位置较低的层面。与above相对。
　☞ 一楼窗台下面有个小花坛。
　☞ There is a small flowerbed below the first-floor window.
　☞ 图表下面的解释是用中英两种文字说明的。
　☞ The caption below the chart is expressed both in Chinese and English.
　☞ 我应把名字写在横线的上面还是下面？
　☞ Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?
　 ■ below还可用作形容词或副词。
　☞ 盯住下面那辆车，查查车子的主人。
　☞ Watch the car below to find out its owner 请把你的名字签在下面。
　☞ Please affix your signature below.
　 ■ below与under的区别，请看 下面的译文。
　☞ 整个看得见的景色都在下面，但直接在气球下面的只是景色的一小部分。
　☞ The whole visible landscape is below, but only a small portion of it is under the balloon.
　 ■ 由于below的外延比under广，而内涵又比under模糊，因此在分不清是不是在直接垂直下面时，两词可以混用。
　☞ 请在文件上签上你的名字，签在我的下面。
　☞ Please sign your name below (under) mine on this document.（用below泛指在我下面，用under特指在我下面）
3．beneath，词的内涵较广，有以下几种用法。
1) 也指垂直下的层面，但又与under不同。beneath是指紧贴着的上下两个层面，而under则指上下两个层面间有一定的空间，两者不能换用。
　☞ 他的衬衣下面穿了件羊毛衫。
　☞ He wears a woolen vest beneath his shirt.
　 ■ 试比较下面两例译文里beneath和under的区别：
　☞ 我们在黑夜里行军，感到脚下面的土软软的。
　☞ We marched in the dark and the earth felt soft beneath our feet.
　☞ 桥下面的土从来没被人踩过，走起来感到软软的。
　☞ The earth under the bridge has never been trodden by people, so it feels soft.
2) beneath的词义与under相同，可以换用，但比较正式。
　☞ 我们3人在一把伞下躲雨。
　☞ Three of us sheltered from rain beneath (under) an umbrella。
　☞ 有些植物长在大树下面。
　☞ Some plants grow beneath (under) trees.
3) beneath的词义与below相同，可以换用，但比较正式。
　☞ 太阳已经在地平线下面了。
　☞ The sun is now beneath (below) the horizon.
　☞ 村子的位置在山的下面。
　☞ The village is situated beneath (below) the hill.
4．underneath，其词义接近beneath l)和beneath 2)。
　☞ 地毯下面是木地板。
　☞ Underneath the carpet is a wooden floor. (义同beneath 1)，故不能与under换用）
　☞ 我故意找了一个在楼厅下面后排的座位。
　☞ I chose a seat deliberately in a back row underneath (under) the balcony.（义同beneath 2)，故可与under换用）
　 ■ 但underneath有时可用于比喻。
　☞ 如果情况需要，她大部分时间都显得文静庄重，但在她镇静的外表下面，却洋溢着受到压抑的青春活力。
　☞ She could be demure when the occasion demanded, which was most of time, but underneath her composed exterior she was bursting with youthful vigor.
　 ■ underneath还可用作副词。
　☞ 她拿起枕头，看了看下面。
　☞ She picked up the pillow and looked underneath.
　☞ 她用一张报纸把虫子盖了起来，但那虫子还继续在下面爬。
　☞ With a piece of newspaper she covered the bug that crept further underneath.
5．next，指次序上的下一个。
　☞ 请问下面一站是昆明吗？
　☞ Excuse me, is the next station Kunming?
　☞ 下面一个是谁？
　☞ Who's next?
6．following，指下面要罗列或要陈述的。
　☞ 中华全国总工会劳工办公室公布了下面的统计资料。
　☞ The labor office of All-China Federation of Trade Unions published the following statistical data.
　☞ 下面几点必须记住。
　☞ The following points must be borne in mind.
　 ■ following还可用作名词，表示人或物。
　☞ 下面这些人都是挑选来进行明天的比赛的。
　☞ The following have been chosen to play in tomorrow's match.
　☞ 下面这些都是我们讨论过的替代方案。
　☞ The following are the alternatives we discussed.
7．subordinate, 指下级。
　☞ 一个领导干部应该倾听下面的意见。
　☞ A leading cadre should listen carefully to the views of his subordinates.
　☞ 领导的责任之一是出主意，再叫下面去办。
　☞ One of the responsibilities of leadership is to work out ideas and make subordinates put them into practice.
8．lower level，指下层。
　☞ 你作为县长应当了解下面的情况。
　☞ As the head of the county you must find out about how things are at the lower levels.
　☞ 你可以多问问下面工作的同志。
　☞ You may make more inquiries of comrades working at the lower levels.
不免 不免
1．表示“不得不”，可译have to。
　☞ 为了赶上你，我不免得走快点。
　☞ I had to walk fast to overtake you.
　☞ 为了使他表现好一点，我们不免说了他几句。
　☞ We had to scold him a little to educate him so he would behave well.
2．表示“情不自禁”，可译cannot help doing。
　☞ 人的看法有时不免带有片面性。
　☞ Sometimes people cannot help being one-sided in their views.
　☞ 每次看到这幅画，我不免要欣赏一阵子。
　☞ I can't help admiring the picture for a while whenever I look at it.
3．表示难以避免，可译hard to avoid, unavoidable。
　☞ 人到伤心处不免要掉泪。
　☞ Tears are hard to avoid when one is at the summit of one's sorrow.
　☞ 人不免要犯错误。
　☞ It is unavoidable for one to err.
4．表示必然发生的情况，可译be bound to。
　☞ 这段路太窄，交通有时不免要堵塞。
　☞ The section of the road is so narrow that it is bound to cause traffic jams now and then.
　☞ 我知道这人是你过去的同学，你不免会支持他。
　☞ I know that this man was your classmate, and that you feel bound to stand by him.
不单 不单
1．“不单”常与“而且”、“还”连用，表示意思进了一层，重点在后一分句。这时可译not only... but (also), not merely... but, but... as well等。
　☞ 我们在生产中不单要求数量多，而且要求质量好。
　☞ In production, we demand not only quantity but also quality.
　☞ 鲁迅不单在中国有名，在世界上也一样有名。
　☞ Lu Xun is famous not only in China, but also all over the world.
　☞ 人民解放军不单是战斗队，也是工作队和生产队。
　☞ The PLA is not merely a fighting force, but a working force and production corps as well.
2．“不单”也可表示不只是，这时可译成not the only。
　☞ 超产的不单是这几个工厂。
　☞ These are not the only factories that have overfulfilled the output quota.
　☞ 要参观展览会的不单是我校学生。
　☞ Those who want to visit the exhibition are not the only students of our college.
不可 不可
1．表示“不应”、“不能”、“不准”，可用should not，cannot，must not，它们的语气由轻至重。
　☞ 不可仓促做出这样的决定。
　☞ Such a decision should not be made in haste.
　☞ 在这种场合下你不可随便说话。
　☞ You cannot say whatever you wish on such an occasion.
　☞ 我们不可一概而论。
　☞ We must not make sweeping generalizations.
2．表示不可能性，可用带否定前缀的相应形容词。
　☞ 生存、自由和追求幸福的权利是不可剥夺的人权。
　☞ Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are the inalienable human rights.
　☞ 民族独立是不可抗拒的历史潮流。
　☞ National independence is an irresistible historical trend.
3．表示“非…不可”语气比must更强。由于“非”和“不”是两个否定，合成肯定，故可在must前加simply。
　☞ 今天这个会很重要，我非去不可。
　☞ Today's meeting is very important, I simply must go.
　☞ 你去玩以前非把这个吃掉不可。
　☞ You simply must eat it up before you go to play.
4．“不可不”也是双重否定，故也可用must。
　☞ 交友不可不慎。
　☞ You must be very careful to make friends.
　☞ 长辈的话不可不听。
　☞ You must not ignore senior's advice.
5．“非…不可”，表示条件时可用not... unless来译，表示“非…不行”。
　☞ 我们要施加影响非得有个国家机关不可。
　☞ We cannot exercise our influence unless we have a state organ.
　☞ 这次非你去不可。
　☞ It won't do this time unless you go.
不同 不同
1．强调某种区别，用different。
　☞ 这辆车同我昨天开的那辆不同。
　☞ This is a different car from the one I drove yesterday 他们来自全国不同地区。
　☞ They have come from different parts of the country.
　☞ 今天的生活已跟50年前不同了。
　☞ Life today is different from life fifty years ago.
　 ■ different后一般接from，但英国用法也有接to的，如：
　☞ 他的意见与我的不同。
　☞ His opinion is different to mine.
　 ■ 在美国也有用than的，特别是当名词性对比成分与different分隔时，一般都用than代替from。
　☞ 今天的生活跟50年前多么不同呀！
　☞ How different life today is than what it was fifty years ago!
　 ■ 如果different后的对比成分不是名词，而是状语从句（或它的省略形式），一般也用than而不用from。
　☞ 他用这个词意思上跟昨天用的完全不同。
　☞ He is using the word in quite a different sense than he did yesterday.
　☞ 今天中国出现的情况跟20世纪70年代是多么不同呀！
　☞ How different things appear in China now than they did in the 1970's.
2．强调各种类别，用various。
　☞ 我们把这件衣服做成几种不同的颜色。
　☞ We make this dress in various colors.
　☞ 蛋有种种不同的烹调法，我最喜欢煮的。
　☞ Of all the various ways of cooking an egg, I like boiling best.
　☞ 不同背景的人都在申请这一工作。
　☞ People of various backgrounds applied for the job.
　☞ 人的口味是不同的。
　☞ Men's tastes are various.
3．强调某种特点，用distinct。
　☞ 它们都是现代化建筑，但具有不同的民族风格。
　☞ They are modem buildings, but with distinct national styles.
　☞ 啤酒的气味很有特点，完全不同于葡萄酒。
　☞ Beer has a very distinctive smell, it's quite distinct from that of wine.
4．强调某种类比，用dissimilar in。
　☞ 黄金颜色上不同于白银。
　☞ Gold is dissimilar in color to silver.
　☞ 他们在性格上迥然不同。
　☞ They are wildly dissimilar in character to each other.
5．“不同”也可译成动词differ, vary，其区别与different，various相同。
1) differ作“与…不同”解时，句型是differ from (in)。
　☞ 人的相貌各不相同。
　☞ Men differ from each other in appearance.
　☞ 日本人在很多方面都与中国人不同。
　☞ The Japanese differ from the Chinese in many respects.
　☞ 我的表跟你的不同。
　☞ My watch differs from yours.
　 ■ 但“在某个问题上与…不同”的句型是differ with (from)... on。
　☞ 在这一问题上，他的意见与其他党员不同。
　☞ He differed with other Party members on that issue.
　☞ 在那个问题上，我们的意见互不相同。
　☞ We differ from each other on that question.
　☞ 有一点，我和你的意见不同。
　☞ On one point, I differ with you.
2) vary的句型是vary in，表示一定程度内的变化。
　☞ 人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。
　☞ All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.
　☞ 虽然如此，他们中间的积极性，由于种种原因，程度还是不同的。
　☞ Nevertheless, for one reason or another, their enthusiasm vanes in degree.
6．“不同”的其他表现方法。
1) 表示不一致可用disparity。
　☞ 不同的人叙述同一件事也会有不同。
　☞ There will be a disparity in the accounts of the same event given by different people.
　☞ 他们之间年龄（地位、环境、爱好、级别）不同。
　☞ There is a disparity in age (position, circumstances, tastes, rank) between them.
2) 表示不同的程度可用to a greater or lesser degree；表示对比后的不同可用带contrast的惊叹句。
　☞ 条约在不同程度上已遭到破坏。
　☞ The treaty has been violated to a greater or lesser degree.
　☞ 他们之间是多么不同呀！
　☞ What a contrast between them!
不善 不善
1．not good at，指不擅长。
　☞ 他不善管理这样一个大商店。
　☞ He is not good at managing such a large business.
　☞ 这小男孩不善计算。
　☞ The boy is not good at figures.
2．ill, bad, not properly，指不好，不当。
　☞ 他来意不善。
　☞ He comes with ill intent.
　☞ 对儿童不善者，应受到惩处。
　☞ People who ill-treat children deserve to be punished.
　☞ 这叫做来者不善。
　☞ That is what we call he who is coming surely has bad intentions.
　☞ 该店因管理不善而停业。
　☞ The shop closed down because of bad management.
　☞ 想不到请来了客人，却招待不善。
　☞ Fancy inviting guests and not treating them properly.
　☞ 政府因处理待业问题不善而受到批评。
　☞ The government was criticized for not handling the problem of unemployment properly.
3．remarkable，指不错回别看他身体不怎么样，干起农活来可不善。
　☞ He doesn't look quite strong, but he does remarkable farm work.
　☞ 这工作不善。
　☞ The job is a remarkable one.
不堪 不堪
1．“不堪”用在动词或形容词前，表示不能忍受或承受，译not bear, unbearable, intolerable, not withstand。
　☞ 你讲得那么刻薄，实在不堪入耳。
　☞ I really can't bear to hear you speaking so unkindly.
　☞ 往事如烟，不堪回首。
　☞ The past is as transient as a fleeting cloud and we find it unbearable to recall.
　☞ 有些流行歌曲庸俗到不堪入耳。
　☞ Some popular songs are so vulgar that they are intolerable to the ear.
　☞ 他的5万军队不堪一击。
　☞ His army of 50.000 could not withstand a single blow.
2．“不堪”用在动词、形容词之后，表示非常、完全等。可译completely, extremely, utterly。
　☞ 我到家已疲惫不堪。
　☞ When I reached home, I was completely exhausted.
　☞ 敌军逃跑时狼狈不堪。
　☞ The enemy troops fled in an extremely awkward position.
　☞ 他打了10年零工之后，已潦倒不堪。
　☞ After ten years of casual work, he is utterly down and out.
3．“不堪设想”的译法有dreadful to contemplate, inconceivable。
　☞ 处理这一问题的方法会引起不堪设想的严重后果。
　☞ The approach to the problem will cause grave consequence that is dreadful to contemplate.
　☞ 要设法抛弃这一恶习，否则你今后就不堪设想。
　☞ Try and drop the bad habit, otherwise your future will be inconceivable.
不好意思 不好意思
1．表示害羞。
1) 性格上害羞，译shy。
　☞ 她在生人面前感到不好意思。
　☞ She feels shy in the company of strangers.
　☞ 我不好意思请她跳舞。
　☞ I was too shy to ask her to dance.
2) 表示因事而害羞，译ashamed。
　☞ 他考试不及格，感到不好意思。
　☞ He felt ashamed of failing in the exam.
　☞ 我答不出来，不好意思。
　☞ I am ashamed at being unable to give an answer.
2．表示窘迫尴尬，可译embarrassed或embarrassing。
　☞ 她被夸得不好意思了。
　☞ She felt embarrassed by so much praise.
　☞ 他的不老实态度暴露以后，感到不好意思。
　☞ He was embarrassed when his dishonesty was discovered。
　☞ 打听别人的私事，你没感到不好意思？
　☞ Don't you find it embarrassing to inquire about private affairs of other people?
　☞ 我不爱在众人面前讲话，太不好意思了。
　☞ I don't like making speeches in public, it's so embarrassing.
3．表示使人丢脸，译shameful，自己丢脸，译ashamed。
　☞ 问几个问题没什么不好意思的。
　☞ Asking questions is not shameful.
　☞ 考试不及格真不好意思。
　☞ Failing in an examination is shameful indeed.
　☞ 你怎么能承认偷你母亲东西而又不感到不好意思？
　☞ How can you admit to stealing from your own mother without feeling ashamed?
4．表示碍于情面或踌躇不前，可译rind it difficult to, hesitate to等。
　☞ 他求我帮助，我不好意思推辞。
　☞ I found it difficult to refuse when he asked me for help.
　☞ 见他累成这样，我不好意思再问了。
　☞ Seeing that he was so tired, I hesitated to ask again.
不如 不如
1．有“较差”的意思，可译not as (so)... as, not equal, inferior to。
　☞ 你学习不如他刻苦。
　☞ You don't study as hard as he does.
　☞ 我的身体不如以前了。
　☞ My health is not as good as before.
　☞ 看来，她不如她妹妹动人。
　☞ She doesn't look so attractive as her younger sister.
　☞ 你不如去年用功了。
　☞ You don't study so hard as you did last year.
　☞ 论手巧，一般人都不如她。
　☞ Few people can equal her in manual dexterity.
　☞ 你的技术连我都不如。
　☞ Your skill cannot equal even mine.
　☞ 她总感到不如她姐姐。
　☞ She always feels inferior to her elder sister.
　☞ 进口羊肉的香味不如国产的。
　☞ Imported mutton is inferior to the home-grown in flavor.
2．有“还是”的意思，表示建议，译better, had better。
　☞ 困时看书，不如睡醒后再看。
　☞ It would be better to read after nap when you are sleepy in reading.
　☞ 我看不如派老王去。
　☞ I think it would be better to send Wang instead.
　☞ 我想你不如把真相告诉他。
　☞ I think you had better tell him what has happened.
3．“与其…不如“连用时，表示两件事物中选择一件，可译better... than，rather than。
　☞ 与其坐车，不如坐船。
　☞ It's better to go by boat than bus.
　☞ 与其多说，不如多吃。
　☞ It's better to eat more than to say more.
　☞ 与其用这种办法要钱，我不如沿街乞讨。
　☞ I would beg in the street rather than get money in such a way.
　☞ 你与其让人关怀备至，不如多尝点那样的艰难困苦。
　☞ You would rather have more trouble and hardship like that than be taken care of by others.
　 ■ rather than后接动词原形仅表某种愿望，并不是事实，如以上两例。但如果要表示客观已发生的事，则要根据情况决定动词的时态。
　☞ 他对我说“谢谢你”这句话，与其说是讲出来的倒不如说是喊出来的。
　☞ He called rather than said to me "Thank you."（不用say而用said，表示话已说了出来这一事实）
　☞ 我与其是在睡觉，不如说在思考问题。
　☞ I was pondering a problem rather than sleeping.（不用sleep而用sleeping表示动作正在进行）
4．“倒不如”连用，表示事情不可能实现，可用might as well... as。
　☞ 你盼我改变主意，倒不如盼西边日出。
　☞ You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as expect me to change my mind.
　☞ 你劝我放弃争论，倒不如劝我放弃生命。
　☞ You might as well advise me to give up my life as advise me to give up my argument.
不妥 不妥
1．not proper, inappropriate，指不恰当。
　☞ 这样处理恐怕不妥。
　☞ I'm afraid this isn't the proper way to handle the case.
　☞ 半夜三更的去敲她的房门，我认为不妥。
　☞ I don't think it proper to knock at the door of her room in the depth of night.
　☞ 你穿着短裤参加晚会恐怕不妥罢。
　☞ I'm afraid it's inappropriate for you to attend an evening party in shorts.
2．not right，指不正确。
　☞ 不作调查研究就作决定是不妥的。
　☞ It's not right to make a decision without investigation and study.
　☞ 人们为钱财而婚嫁，我认为不妥。
　☞ I don't think it right for people to marry for money.
3．amiss，指有错。
　☞ 我觉得有些不妥。
　☞ I feel that something is amiss.
　☞ 你对死亡的判断不妥。
　☞ Your judgment on death was amiss.
不妨 不妨
1．表示这样做也可以时，可译为may (might) as well，常用于非正式文体，两者实际上没有差别。
　☞ 工作既已做到了这一步，我们不妨把它做完。
　☞ We may as well finish the work, now that we've got so far with it.
　☞ 你出去时不妨锁上门。
　☞ You might as well lock the door when you go out.
　☞ 你不妨现在就告诉她。
　☞ You might as well tell her right now.
2．表示这样做无害时，可译为no harm，harmless。
　☞ 没有做过的事，不妨试试。
　☞ There is no harm in trying what you haven't tried.
　☞ 你好多了，不妨出去走走。
　☞ You are getting much better, and there is no harm in going out for a stroll.
　☞ 我们不妨跟他联系一下。
　☞ It is harmless for us to get in touch with him.
不定 不定
1．not know，指不知道，后常接关系代词或关系副词。
　☞ 这伙歹徒不定会干出什么事来。
　☞ What the gang will do I don't know.
　☞ 他一天不定来几次。
　☞ He comes I don't know how many times a day.
2．hard to say，指难说。
　☞ 罢工还不定会拖多久。
　☞ It's hard to say how long the strike will last.
　☞ 这事不定是真的还是假的。
　☞ It's hard to say whether this is true or not.
3．hard to predict，指难以预料。
　☞ 战争不定明天就爆发呢。
　☞ It's hard to predict whether the war will break out tomorrow.
　☞ 事情还不定怎么样呢。
　☞ It's hard to predict how things will turn out.
4．not certain，指拿不准。
　☞ 我明天还不定去不去呢。
　☞ It's not at all certain whether I will go tomorrow.
　☞ 他还不定会不会当选为市长呢。
　☞ It's not certain at all whether he'll be elected mayor of the city.
5．“不定”用在某些动词之后时可用进行时态表示。
　☞ 她对是否参加探险考察还在犹豫不定。
　☞ She is still hesitating about joining the expedition.
　☞ 他们在同意还是拒绝之间动摇不定。
　☞ They are wavering between agreeing and refusing.
6．其他译法。
　☞ 你的心神不定，对不？
　☞ You are unsteady in mind, aren't you?
　☞ 他一生漂？白不定。
　☞ He roamed from place to place all his life.
　☞ 我们可以画一条长度不定的线来表示两城市之间的距离。
　☞ We can draw a line of indefinite length to stand for the distance between the two cities.
　☞ 我们的帆船在风向不定的风中行驶，真是糟糕。
　☞ It was too bad for our sailboat to sail in this fitful wind.
不容 不容
1．表示不能容忍，译not tolerate。
　☞ 我国内政不容干涉。
　☞ We will not tolerate intervention in the internal affairs of our country.
　☞ 你的所作所为为国法所不容。
　☞ No law will tolerate your behavior.
2．表示不能容许，译not allow, brook no。
　☞ 中国的领土主权绝对不容外人侵犯。
　☞ We will never allow anybody to encroach upon China's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
　☞ 关税不容削减。
　☞ Customs duty allows no reduction.
　☞ 事实不容歪曲。
　☞ The facts brook no distortion.
　☞ 她的自尊心不容侮辱。
　☞ Her self-respect brooks no insult.
3．如语气较轻，译allow of no, admit of no。
　☞ 形势不容耽搁。
　☞ The situation allows of no delay.
　☞ 我的收入不容挥霍。
　☞ My income allows of no extravagance.
　☞ 规章制度不容例外。
　☞ The regulations admit of no exception.
　☞ 这一设计方案不容更动。
　☞ The design admits of no alteration.
4．表示没有可能性，可译above, beyond。
　☞ 他的品行向来不容置疑。
　☞ His conduct has always been above suspicion.
　☞ 他任职期间对政府资金的管理完全不容指责。
　☞ His handling of government money during his term of office was entirely above (beyond) reproach.
　☞ 他是壮烈牺牲的，这不容怀疑。
　☞ It was beyond all doubt that he died a heroic death.
不对 不对
1．incorrect，指不正确。
　☞ 这明细账的数目不对。
　☞ The subsidiary ledger is incorrect in figures.
　☞ 你的计算不对。
　☞ Your calculation is incorrect.
2．wrong，指有错。
　☞ 你说得不对。
　☞ What you said is wrong.
　☞ 你那样做是不对的。
　☞ It’s wrong of you to act like that.
　☞ 他没有什么不对。
　☞ He is not in the wrong.
3．queer，指怪异。
　☞ 这饼味道不对，先是有点甜，后来有点苦。
　☞ The cake has a queer flavor, rather sweet at first, then slightly bitter.
　☞ 这机器发出的声响不对。
　☞ The machine makes a queer noise.
4．abnormal，指不正常。
　☞ 机场上一片寂静，我马上感到不对头。
　☞ Stillness reigned over the airport, I felt it abnormal at once.
　☞ 这孩子有点不对头。
　☞ The child is abnormal in some way.
5．look sick (unhealthy, queer, abnormal), 表示不同情况的神色。
　☞ 她今天神气不对。
　☞ She looks sick (unhealthy)today.（即看来有病）
　☞ She looks queer (abnormal) today.（即看来怪异或不正常）
6．in disagreement (with)，指不和。
　☞ 他们俩素来不对。
　☞ The two of them have always been in disagreement.
　☞ 妻子在生儿子以前，丈夫跟她一直不对。
　☞ The husband was in disagreement with his wife before she gave birth to a son.
不得 不得
1．must not，指不准。
　☞ 你可以使用我的房间，但不得搬动家具。
　☞ You can use my room, but you mustn't move the furniture.
　☞ 他不得离开他居住的城市。
　☞ He mustn't leave the city where he dwells.
　☞ 这件事，你马虎不得。
　☞ You mustn't be careless about it.
　☞ 告诉你，你去不得。
　☞ You mustn't go, I tell you.
2．may not，指不可。
　☞ 不得将参考书携带出阅览室。
　☞ Reference books may not be taken out of the reading room.
　☞ 游人不得采摘公园内花朵。
　☞ People may not pick flowers in the park.
3．cannot，指不能，unable to，指无能为力，cannot与may not同义，但更口语化，比较随便，而may not比较正式，有公事公办的语气。
　☞ 他讲了半天，我还是不得要领。
　☞ He talked at great length' but I just couldn't see what he was driving at.
　☞ 我看见了那座庄园，却木得其门而入。
　☞ I saw the manor, but I couldn't find my way m.
　☞ 情况如何，不得而知。
　☞ We are unable to find out how things stand.
4．be not allowed，指不许。
　☞ 任何人都不得迟到。
　☞ Nobody is allowed to be late.
　☞ 不得在这里停车。
　☞ Parking is not allowed here.
5．have to，用于“不得不”。
　☞ 铁证如山，那坏家伙不得不低头认罪。
　☞ Confronted with ironclad evidence the scoundrel had to plead guilty.
　☞ 我们当中有一个不得不去，要么是你，要么是我。
　☞ One of us will have to go, either you or I.
不必 不必
1．There is no need, not need, need not，指没有必要或不需要。
　☞ 不必惊慌。
　☞ There is no need to panic.
　☞ 其实这种担心大可不必。
　☞ As a matter of fact there's no need to worry about it.
　☞ 这件事大家都明白，就不必说了。
　☞ It is needless to say the matter, which is plain to everybody.
　 ■ not need后接动名词，含有被动的意思。
　☞ 我不必要人照顾。
　☞ I do not need looking after.
　☞ 那事不必解释。
　☞ That does not need accounting for.
　 ■ 但not need接动词不定式却带有主动意义。
　☞ 你昨天是不必去的。
　☞ You did not need to go yesterday 我说的话你们就不必记了。
　☞ You don't need to take notes of what I say.
　 ■ 不过，need not…to却作“不必…才…”解。如：
　☞ 你不必等有了钱才帮人。
　☞ You need not be rich to help others.
　☞ 人不必等成了艺术家才能欣赏艺术品。
　☞ One need not be an artist oneself to appreciate a work of art.
2．not have to，指不必要。
　☞ 你不必去了
　☞ You don't have to go.
　☞ 我们不必再等了，航班已因天气不好延期。
　☞ We don't have to wait. The flight was put off on account of bad weather.
3．dispense with，指免去。
　☞ 大办酒席的做法，实在大可不必。
　☞ The practice of giving lavish feasts can well be dispensed with.
　☞ 我建议立刻开始非正式会谈，而形式就不必了。
　☞ I suggest we proceed with our talk at once on an informal basis, and with formalities dispensed with.
不惜 不惜
1．表示不可惜，不吝惜，译spare no。
　☞ 许多解放军战士为了保卫自己的祖国不惜牺牲自己的生命。
　☞ Many PLA fighters spare no sacrifice of their personal lives in defending their own country.
　☞ 不少公司企业不惜工本为各自的产品大做广告。
　☞ A number of companies and enterprises spare no expense to advertise respectively the products of their own in a large way.
　☞ 里根不惜工本想二次当选总统。
　☞ Reagan spared neither labor nor money to get elected as president for the second term.
2．表示舍得付一切代价，译at all costs, at any cost。
　☞ 他决心不惜一切代价来挽救儿子的生命。
　☞ He was determined to save his son's life at all costs.
　☞ 我们要不惜一切代价达到目的。
　☞ We must accomplish our purpose at all costs.
　☞ 要害是要不惜一切代价来取得胜利。
　☞ The point is to win at any cost.
3．表示肆无忌惮，译have no scruples in。
　☞ 政府不惜采取极端手段。
　☞ The government had no scruples in using extreme measures.
　☞ 塔里班领导的阿富汗政府不惜侵犯基本人权。
　☞ The Afghanistan government led by Taliban had no scruples in encroaching upon the elementary human rights.
4．表示毫不犹豫，译not hesitate。
　☞ 他为革命不惜牺牲自己的一切。
　☞ He did not hesitate to sacrifice his all for the revolution.
　☞ 为了真理，我不惜丢官。
　☞ I never hesitate to lose my official position for the defense of the truth.
不愧 不愧
1．worthy of，指配得上。
　☞ 他的表演表明他不愧为京剧的真正继承者。
　☞ His play is showing that he is worthy of true successor of Beijing opera.
　☞ 她默默工作，不求名利，真不愧为建设社会主义的积极分子。
　☞ She worked quietly and sought neither fame nor gain.
　☞ She was really worthy of the title of activist in socialist construction.
2．prove oneself (to be)，指证明是。
　☞ 他们为革命事业献出了生命。他们不愧为中国人民的好儿女。
　☞ They gave their lives for the cause of the revolution.
　☞ They proved themselves to be fine sons and daughters of the Chinese people.
　☞ 白求恩不愧为中国人民的忠实朋友。
　☞ Norman Bethune has proved himself a faithful friend of the Chinese people.
3．not…for nothing，指没有白白成为。
　☞ 你不愧是律师的女儿。
　☞ You are not the daughter of an attorney for nothing.
　☞ 他一毛不拔，真不愧是铁公鸡的儿子。
　☞ He was so stingy that he was not the son of a skinflint for nothing.
不断 不断
1．表示无间歇的不断，用continuous。
　☞ 大脑需要不断供血。
　☞ The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
　☞ 如果没有不间断的空中掩护，第二次世界大战中盟军大多数的登陆战就不可能成功。
　☞ Most allied landing in World War II would not have been possible without a continuous air cover.
　 ■ 这种无间歇的不断也可用相应的分词表示。
　☞ 我们革命的目的是促进生产力的不断发展。
　☞ Our revolution aims at promoting the uninterrupted (continuous) growth of the productive forces.
　☞ 人类社会总是要不断进步的。
　☞ Human society makes unceasing (continuous) progress.
　☞ 经过全体村民的不断努力，我们已完成了荒地开垦任务。
　☞ We have accomplished the land reclamation through the unremitting (continuous) efforts of all the village.
2．表示有间歇的不断，用continual。
　☞ 电话不断，他对这种干扰十分恼火。
　☞ He was annoyed at being interrupted by continual telephone calls.
　☞ 晚会不断，我们都烦了。
　☞ We are tired of continual evening parties.
3．表示动作或状态的恒定性延续，可用进行时加constantly，constant，steady等表示连续性的副词或形容词。
　☞ 先进单位不断涌现。
　☞ Advanced units are constantly emerging.
　☞ 她不断唠叨，都把我逼疯了。
　☞ Her constant nagging drives me crazy.
　☞ 医生的实践使针刺麻醉不断完善。
　☞ The practice on the part of the doctors has been bringing about steady improvement of acupuncture anesthesia.
4．表示动作的反复，可用keep doing something。
　☞ 前几天朋友们不断问我在北京的见闻。
　☞ Several days ago, my friends kept asking me about what I had seen and heard in Beijing.
　☞ 坐在我前面的一个男人不断地咳嗽。
　☞ A man seated in front of me kept coughing.
　☞ 一年来，他不断给他的儿子写信。
　☞ He has kept writing to his son for a year.
不明 不明
1．unknown，指不详。
　☞ 失踪的渔船至今下落不明。
　☞ The whereabouts of the missing fishing boat is still unknown.
　☞ 拖延的原因至今不明。
　☞ The cause of delay is as yet unknown.
2．unidentified，指未查明。
　☞ 据报道，有一架国籍不明的飞机侵犯了我国领空。
　☞ It is reported that a plane of unidentified nationality violated our country's territorial air space.
　☞ 昨晚，我们好多人都亲眼目睹了那个不明飞行物。
　☞ Many of us witnessed that unidentified flying object last night.
3．ignorant (ignorance) of，指不明了。
　☞ 他不明底细才上了当。
　☞ He was taken in because he was ignorant of the inside story.
　☞ 我们不明真相才说了错话。
　☞ We said the wrong thing because of ignorance of the truth.
4．not clear, unclear，指不明白。
　☞ 我们该干什么，至今不明。
　☞ We have not been clear yet just what we ought to do.
　☞ 他们吃亏是由于对党的政策不明。
　☞ They suffered losses because they were unclear about the Party's policy.
不服 不服
1．表示拒绝，译作refuse to do something。
　☞ 他们在比赛中动作粗野，还不服裁判的判决。
　☞ They played rough in the game and refused to accept the referee's ruling.
　☞ 他的确是个汉子，从来不服软。
　☞ He is man enough and refuses to bend all the time.
　☞ 你不该不服他指导。
　☞ You shouldn't have refused to obey his instruction.
　☞ 他已66岁了，还不服老。
　☞ He is already sixty-six and refuses to give in to old age.
2．表示生气不服，译作take amiss。
　☞ 我哥哥教训了我一顿，我很是不服。
　☞ My brother gave me a lecture, which I took extremely amiss.
　☞ 他批评得对，你不要不服。
　☞ His criticism is justified. You shouldn't take amiss.
3．表示不同意，译作express one's disagreement。
　☞ 他对同志们的批评表示不服。
　☞ He expressed his disagreement with the criticism of his comrades.
　☞ 赛后，我队教练对裁判的判决表示不服。
　☞ After the game, the coach of our team expressed his disagreement with ruling of the referee.
4．表示不由得被说服，信服，译cannot help being persuaded (convinced)。
　☞ 你说得那么有道理，他不得不服。
　☞ What you said is so reasonable that he cannot help being persuaded.
　☞ 他说得那么透彻，不由你不服。
　☞ He spoke so cogently that you couldn't help being persuaded.
　☞ 你摆出那么多事实，我不由得不服。
　☞ You have presented so many facts that I cannot help being convinced.
5．表示不由得不佩服，译cannot help admiring。
　☞ 你那么机智勇敢，不由我们不服。
　☞ You are so resourceful and courageous that we cannot help admiring.
　☞ 连长那么身先士卒，他部下不得不服。
　☞ The company commander led his men in such a charge that they could not help admiring.
6．表示对抗，译against。
　☞ 他对判决不服，上诉到中级人民法院。
　☞ He appealed to the intermediate people's court against the sentence.
　☞ 她不服处分，决定向党委告状。
　☞ She decided to complain to the Party committee against the punishment.
7．表示水土不服，译not accustomed to the climate。
　☞ 她到了一个新地方，从此就水土不服。
　☞ Since she came to the new place, she's not been accustomed to the climate.
不止 不止
1．keep on doing，表示动作连续不停。
　☞ 愚公毫不动摇，每天挖山不止。
　☞ Unshaken in his conviction, the Foolish Old Man kept on digging at the mountain every day.
　☞ 他手指头上小小的一个口子流血不止，连医生都束手无策。
　☞ The small cut on his finger kept on bleeding and even doctors were at a loss to know what to do.
2．not be limited to，表示不限于。
　☞ 这水库带来的好处不止是在农业方面。
　☞ The benefit that the reservoir brings is not limited to agriculture.
　☞ 她吃的不止是面包和水吧。
　☞ Her food isn't limited to bread and water.
3．more than，表示超过某个数量或程度。
　☞ 我来这地方不止一次了。
　☞ I visited the place more than once.
　☞ 听说他病治好了，我们不止是高兴。
　☞ We were more than happy to hear of that he was cured。
4．其他译法。
　☞ 树欲静而风不止。
　☞ The tree craves calm but the wind will not drop.
　☞ 不止不行。
　☞ There is no motion without rest.
不然 不然
1．表示如果不是这种情况，就发生另一种情况，有“否则”的意思，可译otherwise，or。
　☞ 我得早点去，不然就赶不上火车。
　☞ I've got to leave a bit early, otherwise I'll miss the train.
　☞ 他是昨天来镇上的，不然我就不会碰上他。
　☞ He came to town yesterday, otherwise I should not have met him.
　☞ 屋顶该修了，不然要漏。
　☞ The roof must be fixed. or it will leak.
　☞ 要去就得准时，不然就甭去。
　☞ Either be there on time, or don't go at all.
　☞ 快点走，不然要迟到了。
　☞ Hurry up, or we'll be late.
2．“要”与“不然”连用，用if not表示后面的假设与前面问句的意思相反，用if so表示与前面的问句相同。
　☞ 你感到冷吗？要不然（即要是不冷）把暖气关了。
　☞ Are you feeling cold? If not, let's put the central heating off.
　☞ 你感到热吗？要不然（即要是热）把暖气关了。
　☞ Are you feeling warm? If so, let's put the central heating off.
3．表示否定，可译not so，no。
　☞ 人人都说我发了财，其实不然。
　☞ Everybody says that I've got rich, but actually it is not so.
　☞ 不然，事情没那么简单。
　☞ No, it's not as simple as that.
不理 不理
1．ignore，强调有意不理。
　☞ 对这种挑衅，我们不能不理。
　☞ We cannot ignore such a provocation.
　☞ 对犯了错误的同志，不要不理，而要帮助。
　☞ Don't ignore those comrades who made mistakes, but help them instead.
2．take no notice of，强调看到、听到、想到后不理。
　☞ 我认为对他的话，我们还是不理的好。
　☞ I think we'd better take no notice of what he has said.
　☞ 虽然司机早已看见路标上的警告，但他置之不理。
　☞ The driver took no notice of the warning on the road sign, though he had already noticed it.
3．强调注意到后不理，用pay no attention，cease to pay attention。
　☞ 不要理这些鸡毛蒜皮的事。
　☞ Pay no attention to such trifles.
　☞ 我从来不理这样的闲话。
　☞ I never paid attention to gossip like this.
　☞ 现在他们都不理他。
　☞ Now they ceased to pay attention to him.
4．turn a deaf ear to，强调装作听不见不理。
　☞ 他对所有的警告都置之不理。
　☞ He turned a deaf ear to all warnings.
　☞ 校方对他们的要求置之不理。
　☞ The school authorities turned a deaf ear to their demands.
5．spurn，强调摒弃不理。
　☞ 该国宁愿独立自主而对可能提供的援助置之不理。
　☞ The country spurned the possible help, preferring to be independent.
　☞ 公司的总裁对专家的意见置之不理。
　☞ The president of the company spurned the advice of the experts.
6．unapproachable，强调性格上不理睬人。
　☞ 一连几天，她一直这样一声不响，人也不理。
　☞ She's been like that for days, silent and unapproachable.
　☞ 她不理人的态度给我印象深刻。
　☞ She impressed me with her unapproachable manner.
不符 不符
1．not agree with，指不一致。
　☞ 你讲的跟我们听到的不符。
　☞ Your story does not agree with what we have heard.
　☞ 他的解释与实际情况不符。
　☞ His explanation did not agree with the actual facts.
2．not conform to，指不相符。
　☞ 她做的衣服与我给的式样不符。
　☞ The dress she made did not conform to the pattern I gave her.
　☞ 你的行为与校规不符。
　☞ Your behavior doesn't conform to the school rules.
3．not match，指不相配。
　☞ 他的供词与证人的证词不符。
　☞ His confession did not match the testimony made by the witnesses.
　☞ 你的言行不符。
　☞ Your deeds do not match your words.
4．inconsistent with，指前后不连贯。
　☞ 你说的与做的不符。
　☞ What you say is inconsistent with what you do.
　☞ 他的行为与入党的誓言不符。
　☞ His conduct is inconsistent with the oath on being admitted to the Party.
5．其他译法。
　☞ 这饭店名实不符。
　☞ This restaurant has an undeserved reputation.
　☞ 他说话前后不符。
　☞ What he said was self-contradictory.
　☞ 他们的报告与客观实际不符。
　☞ Their report is at variance with the objective reality.
不管 不管
1．与任指性疑问代词结合，表示强调性的假设。可译no matter who (what，how)等或whatever (whoever, however)等。
　☞ 不管什么人都可指出我们的错误。
　☞ Anyone, no matter who, may point out our shortcoming.
　☞ 不管什么时候，有了问题只管来找我好了。
　☞ In case of difficulty, just call on me, no matter when.
　☞ 不管谁反对，只要我们认为对的都要坚持。
　☞ Whoever may object, we will hold to what we think to be right.
　☞ 不管什么衣服，你穿着都好看。
　☞ You look pretty, whatever you wear.
2．与“还是”、“是否”等词结合，表示在两种情况中任选一种，可译whether... or，or（是whether... or的简略形式），either... or。
　☞ 不管自行车是新的还是旧的，都与我无关。
　☞ Whether the bicycle is old or new, it doesn't matter to me.
　☞ 不管我们喜欢不喜欢，事物总是要变的。
　☞ Things will change, whether we like it or not.
　☞ 不管赞成还是反对，发言应力求简短中肯。
　☞ For or against, let the speaker be brief and to the point.
　☞ 不管对还是错，他都有坚持自己意见的勇气。
　☞ Right or wrong, he had the courage to hold on to his own view.
　☞ 不管是由于成见还是由于其他原因，对人不可怀有恶意。
　☞ Bear no one ill will, either from prejudice or any other cause.
3．如果是指两种情况的综合，则译as well as，both... and, and... alike。
　☞ 那里的交通不管是工作日还是周末，一向拥挤不堪。
　☞ Traffic over there is always heavy, on workdays as well as weekends.
　☞ 一切情报不管是官方的还是非官方的，都是宝贵的研究资料。
　☞ All information, off the record as well as on, will be valued material for study.
　☞ 不管工作还是学习，我们都应充分利用时间。
　☞ In both work and study we ought to make full use of the time.
　☞ 不管赢家还是输家，我们都一样玩得痛快，玩得称心。
　☞ Winners and losers alike, we always had a good time and enjoyed it.
4．加否定意义的前缀、后缀或介词也可表达“不管”的意思。
　☞ 不管别人感觉如何，他相信自己是正确的。
　☞ Independent of how others felt, he felt sure he was right.
　☞ 不管怎么限制，事物总是要变的。
　☞ Things will change regardless of imposed restrictions.
　☞ 只讲动机好，不管效果坏，这可不行。
　☞ It won't do just to have good intentions, without regard to bad effect.
　☞ 不管年龄性别，人人都可参加。
　☞ All men may join without reference to age or sex.
　☞ 因此不管有什么问题，新型武器必须发展。
　☞ Therefore, in spite of all problems, new weapons must be developed.
5．使用倒装句表示某种坚强决心。
　☞ 不管发生什么事情，我们认为对的都要坚持。
　☞ Come what may, we will stick to what we think right.
　☞ 不管我们怎么说，他就是装作听不见。
　☞ Say what we would, he turned a deaf ear.
不胜 不胜
1．incapable of，表示不能承担。
　☞ 铁桥不胜重负，突然坍塌了。
　☞ Suddenly collapsed the iron bridge incapable of heavy load.
　☞ 他体力不胜，晕倒在他的办公室里。
　☞ Physically incapable, he fell in a faint in his office.
2．overwhelmed by（with），表示不能克服。
　☞ 他不胜酒力，醉倒在酒桌旁了。
　☞ Overwhelmed by liquor, he was lying paralyzed over the feasting table.
　☞ 对他的死，全家不胜悲痛。
　☞ The whole family is overwhelmed with the sorrow caused by his death.
3．cannot help feeling，表示不能自已。
　☞ 追古思今，我不胜今昔。
　☞ Recalling the past and thinking of the present, I cannot help feeling touched deeply.
　☞ 他想到人去楼空，就不胜惆怅。
　☞ He could not help feeling melancholy at the thought of her departure and empty chamber.
4．extremely，表示非常。
　☞ 我不胜荣幸地宣布这次国际原子能代表大会开幕。
　☞ I am extremely honored to declare open this international conference on atomic energy.
　☞ 我们对令尊独自返乡而你及子女都留在城里，不胜惊诧。
　☞ We were extremely surprised at your father going back alone to the countryside while you and your sons and daughters staying in the city.
5．“不胜”夹在两个相同的动词之间使用时，表示无法完成。这时可用impossible，too... to。
　☞ 漏洞多得堵不胜堵。
　☞ It is impossible to stop up so many loopholes.或The loopholes are too numerous to stop up.
　☞ 这么多书，读不胜读。
　☞ It is impossible to read so many books.或The books are too numerous to read.
不行 不行
1．not do, not work，指行不通。
　☞ 这不行，太危险了。
　☞ No, that won't do, it's too risky.
　☞ 我们没你不行。
　☞ We can't do without you.
　☞ 拒绝他的请求怕不行吧。
　☞ It wouldn't have done to turn down his request.
　☞ 这个方法不行。
　☞ This method doesn't work.
2．too... to allow of，指不容许。
　☞ 树丛太密，打猎不行。
　☞ The underbrush was too dense to allow of hunting.
　☞ 溪水太浅，行船不行。
　☞ The stream is too shallow to allow of boating.
3．not good (at)，指不擅长。
　☞ 他教书不大行。
　☞ He is not much good as a teacher.
　☞ 这男孩计算不行。
　☞ The boy is not good at figures.
4．no good，指不中用。
　☞ 我的脑子不行，还弄不太懂。
　☞ My brain is no good; I still don't quite understand.
　☞ 错的是他，不行的也是他。
　☞ It was he that was wrong, and that he was no good.
5．poor，指质量不好。
　☞ 这家客栈里的饭菜差得不行。
　☞ The food at this inn is very poor.
　☞ 料子不错，手工不行。
　☞ The material is fine, but the workmanship is poor.
6．awfully，terribly，extremely，用于“得”之后做补语，表示程度很深。
　☞ 大街上热闹得不行。
　☞ The streets are awfully busy.
　☞ 我困得不行。
　☞ I'm terribly sleepy.
　☞ 我个人倒是满意得不行。
　☞ Personally, I'm extremely well satisfied.
7．用can't you的否定问句，带有不满的反问语气。
　☞ 你干吗嚷嚷，小点声不行吗？
　☞ Why shout? Can't you speak a little lower?
　☞ 你走快点不行？
　☞ Can't you walk a bit faster?
8．用must，表示“非…不行”，语气较强。
　☞ 这本书今天非还不行。
　☞ This book must be returned today.
　☞ 这次会议很重要，你非参加不行。
　☞ The meeting is very important and you must be present.
不论 不论
1．irrespective，regardless，指不管。
　☞ 不论年龄大小，你们都可以参加。
　☞ You may join us irrespective (regardless) of age.
　☞ 有些人做事不论后果。
　☞ Some people act regardless (irrespective) of the consequences.
2．常与“都”、“总”等连用，表示在任何条件下都要达到目的，语气强烈，可用no matter who（what，how等）。
　☞ 不论是谁都不能违反劳动纪律。
　☞ Nobody is supposed to break labor discipline, no matter who he is.
　☞ 她不论会遇到什么困难，都要到国外深造。
　☞ She is going abroad for advanced study no matter what difficulties she meets.
3．whether... or not，后面带任指性选择词语。
　☞ 不论他来不来，我们都得做。
　☞ Whether he comes or not, we'll have to do it.
　☞ 不论他走不走，结果都一样。
　☞ Whether he goes or not, the result is the same.
4．whoever，whatever，后面引起状语从句。
　☞ 不论是谁，我们一定要找出干这事的人。
　☞ We'll find the person who did this, whoever he is.
　☞ 不论你遇到什么困难，都要坚持。
　☞ You have to go on, whatever difficulties you meet.
5．用同位修饰语强调无一例外。
　☞ 全体村民，不论男女老少，都参加了抗旱斗争。
　☞ All the villagers, men and women, old and young, took part in the battle against the drought.
　☞ 国不论大小，都各有长处和短处。
　☞ Every nation, big or small, has her strong and weak points.
不足 不足
1．not enough, insufficient, inadequate，表示不充足。
　☞ 我们的勇气不足以坚持原则。
　☞ We have not enough courage to adhere to principles.
　☞ 你发表的声明还不足以引起人们的注意。
　☞ The statement you made is not enough to attract people's attention.
　☞ 他的资金不足以使他建立一个商业机构。
　☞ He had insufficient fund to set up a business.
　☞ 由于电力不足，我们只好在暗淡的灯光下工作。
　☞ We had to work in the dim light because of insufficient power.
　☞ 孩子们的衣服不足以过冬。
　☞ The children's clothing is inadequate (insufficient) for the winter.
　☞ 这辆老爷车动力不足，难以爬山。
　☞ The old car has inadequate (insufficient) power to get up the hill.
2．short of，表示短缺。
　☞ 我说过公司的人手不足。
　☞ I said that the firm was short of men.
　☞ 我们最近因为资金不足没有大量购办货物。
　☞ We haven't bought goods in large quantities recently because we are short of funds.
3．lack, lack of，表示缺乏。
　☞ 干这件事，我信心不足。
　☞ I lack confidence in doing it.
　☞ 他们国家仍然是日用品不足。
　☞ Their country still lacks necessities of life.
　☞ 这是我们经验不足的又一个例子。
　☞ That was another example of our lack of experience.
　☞ 因为睡眠不足，我眼圈都黑了。
　☞ I've got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep.
4．under，作为前缀与某些动词组成复合词，表示“…过低”。
　☞ 关税对进口量的影响可能是估计不足。
　☞ The effect of tariffs on imported volume may have been underestimated.
　☞ 这胶卷可能是显影不足，我们看不见上面的画面。
　☞ The film must have been underdeveloped, we couldn't see any picture on it.
　☞ 不对，这是曝光不足。
　☞ No, it was underexposed.
　☞ 公司的人员配备一直不足，所以大家都忙得团团转。
　☞ The corporation has been understaffed and we are all up to our ears in work.
5．less than，表示少于。
　☞ 人口减至不足5,000人。
　☞ The population has decreased to less than five thousand.
　☞ 我们建了一座化工厂，投资不足百万。
　☞ We've built a chemical plant with investment less than one million.
6．not... unless，用双重否定表示“非…不能”，语气坚决。
　☞ 非团结不足以图存。
　☞ We cannot survive unless we unite.
　☞ 这问题非你亲自去不足以解决。
　☞ The problem won't be solved unless you go yourself.
7．not worth，表示不值得。
　☞ 区区小事，不足挂齿。
　☞ Such paltry service is not worth mentioning.
　☞ 这点成绩不足为外人道。
　☞ Such an insignificant achievement is not worth to be told to outsiders.
8．not take... as，表示不足取。
　☞ 书本上讲的也有不足为训的。
　☞ What is stated in books should not be always taken as instructions.
　☞ 光有供词尚不足为凭。
　☞ Only confession cannot be taken as evidence yet.
9．其他译法。
　☞ 不足之处欢迎大家批评。
　☞ Criticisms of our shortcoming are cordially welcomed.
　☞ 这样的大骗局现在已不足为奇。
　☞ Nowadays, such a grand deception is not at all surprising.
　☞ 他的话不足为信。
　☞ His words do not merit belief.
不过 不过
1．用在动词前，表示“仅仅”，“只”，可译only，mere, merely, no more than等。
　☞ 他参军时，不过17岁。
　☞ He was only seventeen when he joined the army.
　☞ 我在北京不过呆了3天。
　☞ I stayed in Beijing only three days.
　☞ 我相信他不过是跟你逗乐罢了。
　☞ I believed that he was merely teasing you.
　☞ 他们那个协议不过是一张废纸。
　☞ That treaty of theirs is a mere scrap.
　☞ 来上他课的不过3个学生。
　☞ No more than three students come to his class.
　☞ 那不过是空谈。
　☞ It is no more than empty talk.
2．用在“再…不过了”词组中，表示最高程度，可译couldn't be... ＋比较级，as... as... can be。
　☞ 这样的安排再好不过了。
　☞ Such arrangement couldn't be better.
　☞ 娟娟这样的姑娘，真是再聪明不过了。
　☞ A girl like Juan Juan couldn't be cleverer indeed.
　☞ 老乡都来欢迎我，他们都是再好不过的了。
　☞ The fellow-villagers came to welcome me, they were as kind as they could be.
　☞ 问题是再明显不过的了。
　☞ The problem is as plain as it can be.
3．表示转折，有“但是”的意思，可译however，but。
　☞ 他说事情倒是这样的，不过他搞错了。
　☞ He said that it was so; he was mistaken however.
　☞ 这一切你都知道，不过我也同样知道。
　☞ You know all this as well as I do however.
　☞ 病人精神还不错，不过胃口不大好。
　☞ The patient feels pretty well, but he hadn't much of an appetite.
4．no＋比较级＋than，比较级原有“超过”的意思，加了no之后则可表示“不过”。
　☞ 到他30岁，也不过是当地警察局的一个警官。
　☞ By the time he was thirty, he had risen no higher than an officer in the police station of his native town.
　☞ 你真的50岁了？看起来不过35。
　☞ Are you really fifty? You look no older than thirty-five.
5．“不过如此”的译法用only just so so。
　☞ 大家都说好，我看不过如此。
　☞ Everybody says it's good. In my opinion, it's only just so so.
不通 不通
1．表示道路、河流、沟渠、管道堵塞，用block (up)，clog, stop up。
　☞ 雪大得路都不通了。
　☞ The snow was so heavy that all the roads were blocked up.
　☞ 出了车祸，前面的路不通了。
　☞ There is a car accident. The road ahead is blocked.
　☞ 这条河就要不通了。
　☞ The river is to be blocked up.
　☞ 管子不通了。
　☞ The pipe is blocked (clogged).
　☞ 水槽不通了。
　☞ The sink stopped up.
2．如果是由于某种原因而使交通不畅，可用close to traffic。
　☞ 前面的路翻修，不通了。
　☞ The road ahead is closed to traffic as it is being rebuilt.
　☞ 前面的河流由于冰冻而不通了。
　☞ The river ahead is closed to traffic because of freezing.
3．如果指的是无路可通，应译not a through road。
　☞ 此路不通。
　☞ Not a through road.
4．鼻子堵塞，译stuffy。
　☞ 我鼻子不通。
　☞ I have a stuffy nose.
5．文章不通，要根据情况来译。
　☞ 文章写得不通。
　☞ The article is ungrammatically written.（语法不通）
　☞ The article is not idiomatically written.（用词不通）
　☞ The article is illogically written.（逻辑不通）
　☞ The article written doesn't make sense.（文理不通）
6．电话不通，译be dead, be engaged。
　☞ 我打了半天电话，没想到线路不通。
　☞ I made a telephone call for long, but who would have thought the line was dead?
　☞ 他回答说线路不通。
　☞ He replied that the line was engaged.
7．如果指迷惑不解，译cannot figure out；如果指另有想法，译think otherwise；如果思想不通，译remain unconvinced。
　☞ 我怎么成了挨整的对象，真想不通。
　☞ I couldn't figure out indeed why I became the target of attack.
　☞ 我说了他一顿，他想不通。
　☞ I gave him a scolding; but he thought otherwise.
　☞ 甚至在批判会后，他还是想不通。
　☞ He remained unconvinced even after the criticism meeting.
8．说不通、讲不通，译not talk into。
　☞ 他这个人难处，永远跟他说不通。
　☞ He is a difficult man and you can never talk him into doing anything.
不问 不问
1．indifferent，指不过问。
　☞ 同志们有困难，我们不能不问。
　☞ We cannot be indifferent when a comrade is in difficulty.
　☞ 事关重大原则问题，我们能不问吗？
　☞ How can we remain indifferent when things involve major matters of principle?
2．irrespective, regardless，指不论。
　☞ 不问男女老少，人人都可参加。
　☞ Everybody can join us irrespective (regardless) of sex and age.
　☞ 他们不问后果，鲁莽行事。
　☞ They acted rashly, regardless (irrespective) of the consequences.
3．without any attention to，指不去注意。
　☞ 做事不能只凭动机，不问效果。
　☞ Actions shouldn't be guided solely by motives without any attention to effect.
　☞ 我们总不能像以前那样不问情由，把他一棍子打死吧。
　☞ We cannot at all finish him off with a single blow without any attention to circumstances and causes as we did before.
4．make no distinction between，指不区分。
　☞ 他不问是非曲直，就劈头盖脑打了过来。
　☞ Making no distinction between right and wrong, he gave a blow direct to the face.
　☞ 我们需要稿件，不问诗歌散文。
　☞ We need whatever contributions, making no distinction between poetry and prose.
5．turn a blind eye to，指不去看。
　☞ 我们作父母官的怎能不问民间疾苦呢？
　☞ How can we turn a blind eye to people's sufferings, being officials of grass-roots level?
　☞ 如果你不问事实真相，永远也查不清此事。
　☞ You'll never find out about it if you turn a blind eye to the facts.
6．go unpunished，指不追究。
　☞ 首恶必办，胁从不问。
　☞ The chief criminals shall be punished without fail and those who acted under duress shall go unpunished.
　☞ 除了聚众赌博的主犯以外余众不问。
　☞ The rest went unpunished except the principals who organized gambling parties.
不顾 不顾
1．表示不考虑，可译show no consideration, take no account of。
　☞ 他从来不顾妻子的感情。
　☞ He has never shown any consideration for his wife's feelings.
　☞ 我们怎么能不顾实际条件乱来呢？
　☞ How can we act recklessly, taking no account of actual conditions?
2．表示没想到，译not give a thought to, unmindful, forget。
　☞ 他不顾个人安危，跳入水中，抢救落水儿童。
　☞ He plunged into the water to rescue the drowning child, not giving a thought to his safety.
　☞ 有些议员不顾公众利益，反对通过这一决议。
　☞ Some congressmen, unmindful of public interests, objected to the adoption of that resolution.
　☞ 他不论做什么，总是顾前不顾后。
　☞ Whatever he does, he often considers only the present and forgets the future.
3．表示不去管，译disregard, in disregard of, with disregard to, regardless。
　☞ 这一措施表明傀儡政权是不顾人民的死活的。
　☞ This measure showed the puppet government disregarded the people's livelihood.
　☞ 他奋不顾身地抢救遇险的同志。
　☞ Completely disregarding his own safety, he rushed to rescue the comrades in danger.
　☞ 他不顾历史事实，企图颠倒黑白。
　☞ He is trying to turn black into white in disregard of historical facts.
　☞ 他们不顾后果，违背人民的愿望。
　☞ They go against the wishes of the people with disregard to the consequences.
　☞ 他不顾别人的意见，坚持错误。
　☞ He insisted in his mistakes regardless of other people's opinions.
4．表示不顾忌，译in spite of, in the teeth of, in the face of。
　☞ 他不顾狂风暴雨，按时送报。
　☞ In spite of the bad storm he delivered papers on time.
　☞ 我们不顾大众指责，决心继续支持这一方案。
　☞ We are determined to maintain our support for the proposal in the teeth of popular condemnation.
　☞ 他不顾这种露骨的威胁，依然从容镇静。
　☞ He remained calm in the face of such undisguised threats.
5．表示关心、照顾不够，语气较弱，译neglect。
　☞ 我不会不顾她的，这点你是知道的。
　☞ I won't neglect her, you know that.
　☞ 他不顾身体，日夜工作。
　☞ Neglecting his health, he works day and night.
6．表示明明知道而不予理会，译ignore，语气较强。
　☞ 他不顾身体不好，同我们一起为教育事业奔走呼号。
　☞ Ignoring his poor health, he went with us around campaigning for the educational cause.
　☞ 他不顾交通规则，开着车横冲直撞。
　☞ Ignoring traffic regulations, he drove his car madly.
7．表示蔑视、挑战，语气更强，译defy或in defiance of。
　☞ 他不顾陈规陋习，同他相爱的寡妇结了婚。
　☞ Defying outmoded conventions and bad customs, he got married to a widow he loved.
　☞ 他不顾警告到海里游泳去了。
　☞ He went swimming in the sea in defiance of the warning.
8．表示不照顾，不关心，可译not look after，not take care of。
　☞ 你不顾自己，现在熬坏了身体。
　☞ You didn't look after yourself and now have spoilt your health.
　☞ 他只顾自己，不顾别人。
　☞ He takes care of himself only, and not any of the others.
9．某些固有词组的译法：
1) 不顾死活，译in desperation。
　☞ 我看见一个小偷不顾死活，从一列疾驰的火车里跳了出来。
　☞ I saw a thief jumping in desperation from a fast moving train.
2) 不顾前后，译recklessly。
　☞ 他做事总是不顾前后。
　☞ He is always doing things recklessly.
与 与
1．作连词，与“和”同义，一般用and。常有下面几种用法。
1) 用作标题中的连词。
　☞ 你读过托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》吗？
　☞ Have you read War and Peace by Lev Tolstoy?
2) 用作口号中的连词。
　☞ 全世界人民联合起来，争取世界和平与安全！
　☞ People all over the world, unite to fight for the world peace and safety!
3) 用作书面语的连词。
　☞ 我们应当开展批评与自我批评。
　☞ We ought to practice criticism and self-criticism.
2．作介词。翻译时是否用介词或用什么样的介词，取决于英语词类的搭配。
1) 不用介词而用动宾结构。
　☞ 要勇于与困难做斗争。
　☞ Be brave in overcoming difficulties.
　☞ 与人方便就是与自己方便。
　☞ To help others is to help yourself.
　☞ 丢失钱财，与己消灾。
　☞ Your losing money means saving yourself from disaster.
　☞ 批评应当与人为善。
　☞ Criticism should be aimed at helping those criticized.
　☞ 他的学习与日俱进。
　☞ He has made progress with his study daily.
　☞ 求助于他无异于与虎谋皮。
　☞ To ask him for help was like asking a tiger for its skin.
2) 根据不同的搭配用不同的介词。
　☞ 与人民为敌的人决没有好下场。
　☞ Those who are hostile to the people will certainly come to no good end.(周to)
　☞ 他与此事有关。
　☞ He has something to do with the matter.(用with)
　☞ 我初来乍到，不想与人为敌。
　☞ I'm a newcomer and have no intention to make enemy of anybody.(用of)
　☞ 与天斗，其乐无穷。
　☞ It is 8 great joy to battle against nature.(用against)
　☞ 他过着与世无争的隐居生活。
　☞ He lived in seclusion, holding himself aloof from the world.(用from)
　☞ 他们决定与阵地共存亡。
　☞ They were determined to die in the last ditch. (用in)
与其 与其
　 ■ “与其”常与“不如”、“宁可”、“宁肯”等词搭配，表示两件事中选一件，“与其”引起的分句在前，并指出不选的那件事。
1．用比较级＋ than，表示两件事比较起来更愿意某一件，注意选取的在前，不选的在后。其词序正好与汉语相反。
　☞ 与其说他老实，不如说他聪明。
　☞ He is more clever than honest.
　☞ 与其这样痛苦地活下去，不如早点死。
　☞ I would sooner die than live in this agony.
　☞ 与其说南唐的李后主李煜是位国君，不如说是位诗人。
　☞ Li Yu, the last sovereign of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was more of a poet than a king.
　☞ 你与其坐车，不如坐船。
　☞ It is better for you to go by boat than by train.
　 ■ 但是如果比较级不是more 而是less，则不选的在前，选的在后。
　☞ 我与其把他当作老师，不如当作朋友。
　☞ I regard him less as my teacher than as my friend.
2．rather than，表示两件事中宁愿其中的某一件，注意选取的词序与汉语也正好相反。
　☞ 这鞋子与其说漂亮不如说舒服。
　☞ Those shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
　☞ 与其修改决议草案，不如予以撤回。
　☞ We would rather withdraw the draft resolution than a.
　☞ mend it.
　☞ 这工作与其让你干不如让我来。
　☞ I would rather do the work than you.
　☞ 与其做瞎子，不如做聋子。
　☞ I would rather be deaf than blind.
专业 专业
1．special，形容词，指专门从事某种专业。
　☞ 农村专业户是指专门从事某种种植或养殖的农家。
　☞ A rural family that goes in for a special kind of production is referred to as a peasant household specializing in some kind of growing or breeding.
　☞ 报纸和电视台都把专业记者派到发生大事的世界各地。
　☞ Newspapers and TV stations send special correspondents to places of the world where important events take place.
2．specialized，分词，指定向从事某种专业。
　☞ 中国银行是中国的外汇专业银行。
　☞ Bank of China is the specialized foreign exchange bank of China.
　☞ 电信业各专业部门之间已实行了广泛的协作服务。
　☞ Telecommunication service has already carried out extensive cooperation among specialized departments.
3．specialty，指工作或学习的专业。
　☞ 该大学有15个系，55个专业。
　☞ The university has 15 departments with 55 specialties.
　☞ 刺绣是她的专业。
　☞ Embroidery is her specialty.
4．professional，指与某种职业有关的专业。
　☞ 干这一工作还需要专业知识。
　☞ Professional knowledge is needed to do this work.
　☞ 我们要根据形势发展的需要来提供各种专业服务。
　☞ We must adapt ourselves to the need of the developing conditions to offer various kinds of professional service.
5．specific field，指某个专业领域。
　☞ 尽管他是个学者，但对我的专业却一无所知。
　☞ He is in the dark about my specific field, though he is a scholar.
　☞ 我们急需这一专业的人员。
　☞ We are badly in need of personnel in this specific field.
且 且
1．“且”有“暂且”、“暂时”的意思，表示在短时间内先做某事，别的暂且放下。这时可用for the time being或just后接表示时间的名词。
　☞ 这事且放一下。
　☞ Let the matter rest for the time being.
　☞ 你且和另一位同志共用这个房间吧。
　☞ For the time being you will have to share this room with another comrade.
　☞ 且把书堆到这个角落里，我们以后再放到书架上。
　☞ Dump the books in the corner for the time being, we'll put them on the shelves later.
　☞ 你且等一下。
　☞ Just wait a little while.
　☞ 今晚且不出去。
　☞ We'll just stay in tonight.
2．“且”有“尚且”的意思，用以提出程度更甚的事例作为衬托，表示进一步的意思，下文常用“况”、“何况”等呼应，这时一般可用even表示。
　☞ 我们死且不惧，况困难乎。
　☞ Even death holds no fear for us, to say nothing of difficulties.
　☞ 她站且站不起未，更何况走路。
　☞ She can't even stand on her feet, let alone walk.
　☞ 费用问题且不谈，要在一年内完成这项工程是不可能的。
　☞ Even leaving aside the question of cost, it will be impossible to complete the project in a year.
3．“且”有“姑且”的意思，表示某种程度的让步，常与“不说”、“不谈”、“不讲”等连用，这时可用not to mention, to say nothing of, let alone。
　☞ 且不说中文期刊，外文期刊也订了不少。
　☞ Lots of periodicals in foreign languages have been subscribed to, not to mention those in Chinese.
　☞ 且不谈付你报酬，他连谢都不会谢你。
　☞ He won't even thank you, let alone pay you.
　☞ 且不说大楼毁了，连人都死了3个。
　☞ Three men were killed, to say nothing of damage to the building.
4．“且”有“而且”的意思，表示进了一层，可用and表示。
　☞ 她干得既快且好。
　☞ She works quickly and well.
　☞ 我相信这种看法是错误的，且会引起一大堆不必要的困难。
　☞ I believe that this view is mistaken and that it leads to a host of entirely unnecessary difficulties.
5．“且”可以重迭使用，有“边…边…”的意思，不过一般只接单音词，可用as，while等表示。
　☞ 他们一路且谈且走。
　☞ All the way they talked as they walked.
　☞ 我们几个且看且记。
　☞ Some of us took notes while reading.
世界 世界
1．universe, universal，universally，指自然界或宇宙中一切物质存在的世界，因此这个世界可以大到无边无际。
　☞ 他们相信上帝创造世界。
　☞ They believe that God made the universe.
　☞ 几个战争狂人表现得好像他们支配着世界。
　☞ A few war maniacs behaved as if they owned the universe.
　☞ 大千世界，无奇不有。
　☞ Nothing is too strange in the boundless universe.
　 ■ 但是，universe转义时也可以是个人或众人的世界。
　☞ 他从记事起就明白这些事情，并作为他世界的组成部分而接受了。
　☞ He has been aware of these things since he could remember, and had accepted them as part of the structure of his universe.
　☞ 自1952年起，格林威治时间就被称之为世界时。
　☞ Since 1952 the Greenwich Time has been called Universal Time.
　☞ 爱因斯坦是世界公认的我们时代最伟大的科学家。
　☞ Albert Einstein is universally recognized as one of the greatest scientists of our time.
2．world，范围要比universe小，但比我们居住的地球大，不但指地球及其行星，还可指宇宙。
　☞ 太阳是我们这个世界的中心。
　☞ The sun is the center of our world.
　☞ 世界就是这样的一个辩证关系，既运动又静止。
　☞ All things are at once in motion and not in motion, such is the dialectics of our world.
　 ■ 但在多数情况下是指生活在地球上的 人类世界。
　☞ 我们总要相信，中国也好，世界各地也好，大多数人是好人。
　☞ We must believe that in China, as everywhere else in the world, the majority of the people are good.
　☞ 我们相信只要依靠人民，世界上就没有攻不破的 “法宝”。
　☞ We believe that so long as we rely on the people there is no invincible "magic weapon" in this world.
　☞ 英语是世界性语言。
　☞ English is a world language.
　☞ 全世界都在期待这次谈判的结果。
　☞ The whole world is waiting for the result of these talks.
　 ■ world也可用来指世界的某个部分或某一类人。
　☞ 旧世界是指欧洲、亚洲和非洲，而新世界则指南、北美洲。
　☞ The Old World is referred to Europe, Asia and Africa while the New World is North America and South America.
　☞ 大海是鱼的世界。
　☞ The sea is the fishes' world.
　☞ 他一生都生活在工人阶级的世界里。
　☞ He had lived all his life in the working class world.
3．earth，原指人类生存的地球，但在一定的上下文里，尤其在地理概念上，可引申为世界。
　☞ 全世界都在欢欣鼓舞。
　☞ The whole earth rejoiced.
　☞ 世界分为7大洲。
　☞ The earth is divided into seven continents.
　☞ 密西西比河是世界上最长的河流。
　☞ The Mississippi River is the longest river on earth.
　☞ 美国和苏联当时是世界上最大的两个帝国。
　☞ The United States and the Soviet Union were the two greatest empires on the face of the earth.
　 ■ 有时，earth还有现实世界的意思。
　☞ 我重重地跌回了现实世界。
　☞ I came back to earth with a thud.
　☞ 她的声音把我带回了现实世界。
　☞ Her voice brought me back to earth.
4．“世界”的其他译法。
　☞ 全世界无产者联合起来！
　☞ Workers of all countries, unite!
　☞ 热力学理论把宏观世界与微观世界联系了起来。
　☞ The theory of thermodynamics links the macroscopic and submicroscopic domains.
　☞ 神仙只存在于人们的幻想世界里。
　☞ Fairies exist only in the realms of imagination.
　☞ 过去人们常说女人的世界是在家里。
　☞ People used to say that women's sphere was the home.
　☞ 没有矛盾，就没有世界。
　☞ Without contradiction nothing would exist.
　☞ 说基本完成，是谨慎的说法，世界上的事情总是谨慎一些好。
　☞ To say it is basically accomplished is a prudent way of speaking, it is always better to be prudent in everything we do.
　☞ 实际上世界上只有具体的自由和具体的民主，而没有抽象的自由和抽象的民主。
　☞ As a matter of fact, freedom and democracy exist not in the abstract, but only in the concrete.
　☞ 又要母鸡生蛋，又不给它米吃；又要马儿跑得好， 又要马儿不吃草。世界上哪有这样的道理？
　☞ You want the hen to lay more eggs and yet you don't feed; you want the horse to run fast and yet you don't let it graze, what kind of logic is that?
　☞ 她在婚后才有了两人世界的真实感。
　☞ She experienced a genuine feeling of conjugal life only after marriage.
业余 业余
1．amateur，指与职业相对的业余或与内行相对的业余。
　☞ 业余运动员是不准参加职业联赛的。
　☞ Amateurs are not allowed to play in professional tournaments.
　☞ 职业作曲家准备与一位业余小提琴手合作。
　☞ The professional composer is ready to give his cooperation with an amateur violinist.
　☞ 我们的演员都是业余文艺工作者。
　☞ Our actors were all amateur literary and art workers.
　 ■ 有时，amateur还带有贬义。用来指技术低劣。
　☞ 哇，你真业余！
　☞ Oh, well, you're just an amateur!
2．nonprofessional，指非专业人员或非职业的业余。
　☞ 歌咏比赛时，业余选手绝对无法与专业选手相比。
　☞ Nonprofessionals can never match professionals in singing competition.
　☞ 他是搞工程的，不过我们都叫他业余政治家。
　☞ He is engaged in engineering. However, we call him nonprofessional politician.
3．spare time，指业余时间。
　☞ 他利用业余时间给邻居们修理电视机。
　☞ He repairs TV sets for his neighbors during his spare time.
　☞ 我不会因为私事耽误工作，我在业余时间搞。
　☞ I'll never allow my private affairs to interfere with the work. I shall do it in my spare time.
4．after work hours, after-hours，指工作之余。
　☞ 一定要抓紧业余理论学习。
　☞ Be sure to grasp firmly the theoretical study after work hours.
　☞ 业余活动由你自己掌握。
　☞ After-hours activities are at your disposal.
业务 业务
1．business，指以谋利为目的的商业、金融、生产、运输等行业里的业务。
　☞ 随着改革开放的深入发展，我们的业务肯定会好转。
　☞ Our business is sure to turn for the better with the reform and opening to the outside world developing in depth.
　☞ 中国国际信托投资公司是经营信托投资业务的。
　☞ China International Trust and Investment Corporation handles trust and investment business.
　☞ 我来这里以前，一些业务让我在上海耽搁了几天。
　☞ Some business had detained me for some days in Shanghai before I came here.
　☞ 我们的业务时间是上午9点到下午5点。
　☞ Our business hour is from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
2．profession，professional，指受过专门训练的业务。
　☞ 他钻研起自己的业务来，那是没有说的。
　☞ His studying the profession of his own is beyond question.
　☞ 我很高兴你们能参加我们的业务。
　☞ I'm glad that you are going in for our profession.
　☞ 这一聚会只限于出版业的业务人员。
　☞ The party was restricted to professional people in the publishing industry only.
　☞ 你这个问题超出了我的业务知识范围。
　☞ Your question is beyond my professional knowledge.
3．vocation，vocational, 指某一职业或行业的业务或业务能力。
　☞ 他办了一所学校，于是教学成了他具有挑战性而又有回报的业务。
　☞ He runs a school and thus the teaching becomes his challenging and rewarding vocation.
　☞ 她是个好护士，因为她真有看护病人的业务能力。
　☞ She is a good nurse because she has a real vocation for looking after the sick.
　☞ 你认为他的业务水平如何？
　☞ What do you think of his vocational level?
　☞ 你的业务学习抓而不紧，等于不抓。
　☞ Not to grasp your vocational study firmly is not to grasp it at all.
丢 丢
1．lose，指失去。
　☞ 劳动人民的本色不能丢。
　☞ We mustn't lose the quality of the working people.
　☞ 我希望别丢了这东西。
　☞ I hope it is not lost.
2．missing，指找不见。
　☞ 这套书丢了一本。
　☞ There is a book missing from the set.
　☞ 她发现胸针丢了。
　☞ She noticed the brooch was missing.
3．leave，指遗忘。
　☞ 他把帽子丢在火车上了。
　☞ He left his hat on the train.
　☞ 我把钳子丢哪儿啦？
　☞ Where have I left my pliers?
4．mislay，指乱放或丧失。
　☞ 你经常把这些危险药品四处乱丢吗？
　☞ Do you often mislay these dangerous drugs?
　☞ 你怎么能为了追求成功而丢了原则呢？
　☞ How could you have mislaid your principles in the drive for success?
5．put aside，指丢到一边。
　☞ 他离开学校，丢下书本后就再也没打开过。
　☞ He put aside his textbooks and never reopened them again, after leaving school.
　☞ 他们丢下枪支和背包，又过起了和平生活。
　☞ They put aside their rifles and packs and resumed a peaceful life.
6．cast away，指丢弃。
　☞ 敌人丢下辎重，纷纷逃命。
　☞ The enemy fled pell-mell, casting away their heavy baggage.
　☞ 我们被丢在荒岛上，既没有吃的也没有喝的。
　☞ We were cast away on a desert island without food and water.
7．drop，也指丢弃，但从高处往下丢。可有意也可无意。
　☞ 直升飞机正往地上丢食品。
　☞ The helicopter is dropping food to the ground.
　☞ 她最恨见到有人在街上丢垃圾。
　☞ She hates most to see anybody dropping rubbish in the streets.
8．discard，也指丢弃，但带极大的轻蔑，暗示抛弃不顾。
　☞ 父亲把邻居们丢掉的玩具修好了。
　☞ Father repaired the toys that neighbors had discarded.
　☞ 姨太太是一种仰人鼻息的二奶，可以随便娶随便丢。
　☞ A concubine was a kind of institutionized mistresses acquired and discarded at will.
9．keep worrying，指长期使人担忧。
　☞ 我只有这件事丢不开。
　☞ That's the only thing that keeps worrying me.
　☞ 她丢不下她的独生子。
　☞ Her only son keeps worrying her.
10．litter，指乱丢。
　☞ 他就会乱丢东西，而且从来都找不着。
　☞ He just litters his stuff and can never find anything.
　☞ 房间内，报纸、杂志丢得到处都是。
　☞ Papers, magazines were littered about the room.
11．not use，指不再使用。
　☞ 我的英语丢了好多年，也忘得差不多了。
　☞ I haven't used my English for years and have forgot almost all of it.
两 两
1．two, 单纯表示“二”这个数。
　☞ 两堂课之间有10分钟的间歇。
　☞ There is an interval of ten minutes between the two classes.
　☞ 1元钱可以买两支这种铅笔。
　☞ You can get two of these pencils for one yuan.
2．both，表示合在一起的两个整体独立部分。
　☞ 我不知道哪本书好，我两本都读。
　☞ I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
　☞ 为什么不两个都用？
　☞ Why not use both?
3．couple，表示成双成对的人或物。
　☞ 两人一起消失在街道的拐角处。
　☞ The couple disappeared together at the comer of the street.
　☞ 我发现在卧室里有两只袜子，但不配对。
　☞ I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they don't make a pair.
　 ■ 此外，couple还可表示数的模糊概念。
　☞ 我们在天鹅酒店停下来喝了两杯。
　☞ We stopped at the Swan Hotel for drinking a couple.
　☞ 这事过两天再说。
　☞ Let's leave it for a couple of days.
4．either，表示两者中的任何一个。
　☞ 这两个计划都同样危险。
　☞ Either of the plans is equally dangerous.
　☞ 马路两旁都种着树。
　☞ There are trees on either side of the road.
5．a few或few表示两个三个这样的不定数。
　☞ 对这件事，我倒想说两句。
　☞ I'd like to say a few words about this matter.
　☞ 那么多的事情，这么两个人干不了。
　☞ There is so much to do that these few people can hardly cope with it.
6．double，表示两重性。
　☞ 躺椅可以坐卧两用。
　☞ A couch performs a double service.
　☞ 他常耍两面派。
　☞ He often resorts to double-dealing.
7．whether，表示是否之间的选择。
　☞ 成不成还在两可之间。
　☞ Whether it succeeds or not goes either way.
　☞ 去也不好，不去也不好，真是两难。
　☞ I'm in a dilemma as to whether to go or not.
8．其他译法。
　☞ 他把苹果切成两半。
　☞ He cuts the apple in half.
　☞ 有什么两样？
　☞ What's the difference?
　☞ 他多喝了两盅。
　☞ He has had a drop too much.
　☞ 她干活又快又好，真有两下子。
　☞ She works fast and well. she obviously knows her stuff.
严厉 严厉
1．severe，指令人感到冷峻的严厉。
　☞ 我迟到时老师总是变得十分严厉。
　☞ My teacher always becomes very severe when I am late.
　☞ 军官的严厉目光弄得士兵们都不好意思相互拉家常了。
　☞ The officer's severe look discouraged the chitchat among soldiers.
　 ■ severe后接人时可用介词with，接物时用in。
　☞ 我认为你对你儿子太严厉了。
　☞ I think you are too severe with your son.
　☞ 对这类事情，军管法是很严厉的。
　☞ Martial law is very severe in such things.
2．stern，指令人生畏的严厉。
　☞ 虽然她走近了他的肖像，但她甚至连看一眼他严厉的眼睛都不敢。
　☞ Though she came close to his portrait yet she did not dare even have a look at his stem eyes.
　☞ 他受到过严厉的处分。
　☞ He has had a stem punishment.
　 ■ stern后接人用with，接物用in。
　☞ 对新手不要太严厉，不会的地方要教他们。
　☞ Don't be too stem with the new hands and teach them when they don't know.
　☞ 今天他可能出什么事了，态度那么严厉。
　☞ Something must have happened to him. He was so stem in manner.
严密 严密
1．tight，指空间密实，因而外物无法进入。
　☞ 这衣料织得很严密。
　☞ The dress material has a tight weave.
　☞ 严密的封锁切断了敌人的补给线。
　☞ A tight blockade cut off the enemy's supply line.
2．close, 指仔细周密，因而不放过任何事物。
　☞ 警方把不同政见者置于严密监视之下。
　☞ The police put the dissidents under close surveillance.
　☞ 在那次越狱事件之后，我们奉命严密看守囚犯。
　☞ We have been ordered to keep close watch on the prisoners since the jail break.
3．strict，指严格而无疏漏。
　☞ 我们采取了严密的防范措施来防止交通事故。
　☞ We have taken strict precautions against traffic accidents.
　☞ 在“非典”流行期间，政府对流动人口实施了严密的控制。
　☞ The government exercised strict control over floating population when SARS was spreading around.
4．well, 与过去分词组成复合词，表示完善而无瑕疵。
　☞ 这篇小说的结构十分严密。
　☞ The novel has a well-knit plot.
　☞ 政党是组织严密的政治实体。
　☞ A political party is a well-organized political entity.
严格 严格
1．strict，strictly，可用于人或人的行为，强调规定、标准、要求的严格。
　☞ 本班需要一位严格的老师。
　☞ This class needs a strict teacher.
　☞ 学校的纪律和规则都是非常严格的。
　☞ Discipline and rules at school are very strict.
　 ■ 如果对人严格，接介词with，对事严格接介词about或on。
　☞ 要是老板对你严格，你千万别放在心上。
　☞ You must not mind if the boss is strict with you.
　☞ 我们有指令对透支要十分严格。
　☞ We have had orders to be very strict about overdrafts.
　☞ 她的老师对遵守时间十分严格。
　☞ Her teacher is very strict on punctuality.
　☞ 协定条款必须严格履行。
　☞ The terms of the agreement must be implemented strictly.
2．rigid，也用于人或人的行为，但指的是刻板的严格。
　☞ 她什么事都按照严格的标准办事。
　☞ She brings everything she does into conformity with rigid standards.
　☞ 你太严格，得学会折衷。
　☞ You are too rigid. You have to learn to compromise.
　 ■ 接人时用with，接物时用in。
　☞ 他对几个儿子都很严格，对独生女例外。
　☞ He is rigid with his sons except his only daughter.
　☞ 她执行任务向来十分严格。
　☞ She has been very rigid in her performance of the tasks.
3．severe, 指严厉的严格。
　☞ 改革以来中国的出生率向来有严格的限制。
　☞ A severe limitation of birth-rate has been made in China since the reform.
　☞ 该国的新闻书刊检查制度特别严格。
　☞ The censorship of the press in that country is exceedingly severe.
　 ■ 此外，severe后接人时可用介词on或with，接物时用in。
　☞ 他对自己和对别人都一样严格。
　☞ He is as severe with himself as with others.
　☞ 工头对外来工人特别严格。
　☞ The foreman is especially severe on the nonnative workers.
　☞ 你在学校里应严格遵守纪律。
　☞ You should be severe in discipline at school.
4．stern，指坚定不移的严格。
　☞ 谢天谢地，我们总算有了一位严格的校长。
　☞ Thank Goodness, we have a stem headmaster at last.
　☞ 必须采取严格措施来对一切用具消毒。
　☞ Stern measures must be taken to sterilize all instruments.
　 ■ 同时，stern后接人用with，接物用in。
　☞ 他对儿子太严格，引起了他的逆反心理。
　☞ He was too stern with his son, which caused in him antagonistic psychology.
　☞ 他们在军校的训练十分严格。
　☞ They were very stem in their training at military academy.
5．rigorous，指有意提高条件的严格，常用于对人的行为或生存方式上的严格。
　☞ 军事训练包括严格的操练。
　☞ The military training involves rigorous exercises.
　☞ 这种严格的综合处理方法需要做一些准备。
　☞ The rigorous and comprehensive approach requires some preparatory work.
6．stringent，指带有限制、强制性的严格。
　☞ 为保护消费者必须要有严格的规章制度。
　☞ Stringent rules and regulations are needed to protect the consumer.
　☞ 你们必须采取严格的措施来检查患有“非典”的旅客。
　☞ You must take stringent measures to check passengers suffering from SARS.
7．tight，指从严从紧的严格。
　☞ 我们得严格控制公用事业。
　☞ We have to keep tight control on public utilities.
　☞ 她应当严格驾驭自己的感情。
　☞ She should keep tight rein on her emotions.
严肃 严肃
1．serious，指专注而不嬉戏的严肃。
　☞ 他人和气、讲感情，但十分严肃。
　☞ He was kind and affectionate, but very serious.
　☞ 见他脸上严肃的表情，我知道坏事了。
　☞ I came to know something bad had happened when I saw a serious expression on his face.
　 ■ 不过，serious带有贬意时则有“一本正经”的意思。
　☞ I can't bear people who are so serious all the time.（我见不得老是一本正经的人）
2．solemn，指庄严肃穆的严肃，常用于隆重的仪式或程序。
　☞ 总统就职典礼是件严肃的大事。
　☞ A president inauguration is a solemn event.
　☞ 记者们见到了矿工妻儿们严肃的脸，他们在等待矿难的最终结果。
　☞ The reporters saw the solemn faces of miners' wives and children awaiting the final results of the mining disaster.
3．earnest，指带有强烈目的性的认真严肃。
　☞ 他发现灾民一张张苍白、严肃的脸，个个都在盯着他看。
　☞ He perceived pale and earnest countenances of victims of natural calamity, gazing upon him one after another.
　☞ 他对她严肃认真的态度印象很好。
　☞ H毒was favorably impressed with her earnest manner.
　☞ 我严肃地指出这是违反党的政策的。
　☞ I pointed out in all earnestness that it ran counter to the Party's policy.
4．“严肃”有时也可用动词enforce表示通过强化实施来严肃处理。
　☞ 为严肃党纪，我厂党委书记已被开除党籍。
　☞ The Party's secretary of our factory was expelled from the Party in order to enforce Party's discipline.
　☞ 只有开除他公职才能严肃政纪法纪。
　☞ Only by discharging him from public employment can we enforce laws and regulations.
严重 严重
1．serious，指可能导致危险或失败的严重。
　☞ 最严重的问题或许是出在肠胃里。
　☞ Perhaps the most serious problems occur in the stomach and intestines.
　☞ 非洲受到粮食短缺的严重威胁。
　☞ Africa is threatened with a serious food shortage.
2．grave，指非常严重，等于extremely serious，并暗示不可能期望恢复原来的状态。
　☞ 严重的危险是当时的纳粹德国想要生产原子弹， 而且又确实想征服世界。
　☞ The grave danger was that the then Nazi Germany would produce atomic bombs and literally conquer the world.
　☞ 国际局势正变成全世界严重关注的大事。
　☞ The international situation is becoming a cardinal matter of grave concern by the whole world.
3．critical，指具有转折性并达到危急程度的严重。
　☞ 情况十分严重。如果高烧不退，就有可能夺去这个年轻人的生命。
　☞ The case was very critical. The high fever, if not stopped, would deprive the young fellow of his life.
　☞ 我没意识到这里的失业问题竟如此严重，以至不满导致了对地方当局的信任危机。
　☞ I didn't realize the unemployment problem was all so critical here that the discontent created a crisis of confidence to the local authorities.
丧失 丧失
1．lose, loss, 指因丢失引起的丧失。
　☞ 他在一次车祸中几乎丧失了记忆。
　☞ He nearly lost his memory in an automobile accident.
　☞ 重要的是不要丧失信心，失败了可以重来。
　☞ What is important is not to lose your confidence. We can try again when we fail.
　☞ 她在工伤事故中丧失了劳动能力。
　☞ During the industrial accident she lost the ability to work.
　☞ 睡眠和休息丧失了时间，却取得了明天工作的精力。
　☞ Sleep and rest involve loss of time, but they provide energy for next day's work.
2．forfeit，指由于错误、违规等原因而丧失。
　☞ 他被判有罪而丧失了自由。
　☞ He forfeited his freedom when he was convicted of the crime.
　☞ 他因谋取私利而丧失人心。
　☞ He forfeited popular support by seeking personal gain.
3．depart from，指偏离原来的立场、原则等。
　☞ 他们经不起糖衣炮弹的攻击，丧失了立场。
　☞ Unable to withstand the sugarcoated bullets, they departed from the correct stand.
　☞ 丧失原则就是因为个人利益而牺牲原则。
　☞ To depart from principle means to sacrifice principle for the sake of personal interests.
4．bereave，指夺走，它的过去时和过去分词有两个：bereaved和bereft。丧失具体的事物用前者；丧失抽象的事物用后者。
　☞ 战争使他丧失了3个儿子。
　☞ The war bereaved him of three sons.
　☞ 他丧失了一切希望。
　☞ He was bereft of all hope.
5．“丧失”的其他译法。
　☞ 由于刚才的犹豫，他丧失了博得她欢心的机会。
　☞ By his hesitation a while ago he had missed all chance of winning her favor.
　☞ 这次事故使他丧失了生命。
　☞ The accident deprived him of his life.
　☞ 你丧失了一个挣钱的机会。
　☞ You've let slip a money-making opportunity.
　☞ 丧失警惕常会引起事故。
　☞ Lowering one's guard is liable to cause an accident.
个人 个人
1．individual，指与集体相对的个人。
　☞ 马克思主义并不否定个人。
　☞ Marxism does not deny the individual.
　☞ 领导班子应把集体领导与个人负责结合起来。
　☞ A leading body must combine collective leadership with individual responsibility.
2．personal, personally，指与个人有关。
　☞ 我很有兴趣听取你对那儿情况的个人意见。
　☞ I'm most interested to hear your personal views on the situation there.
　☞ 她是没有个人野心的。
　☞ She has no personal ambition.
　☞ 我个人并不反对你这样干。
　☞ Personally, I see no objection to your doing so.
3．oneself，指个人自己。
　☞ 他的死表明他关心集体比关心个人为重。
　☞ His death shows that he was more concerned about the collective than about himself.
　☞ 人不能为了个人自己去做这种事情。
　☞ One can't do such a thing for oneself.
4．one's own，指属于个人。
　☞ 他以个人名义捐资办学。
　☞ He made a donation to set up a school in his own name.
　☞ 小学生们把个人积攒的零用钱寄给了失学的小朋友。
　☞ Primary school pupils sent their own pocket money they saved to the children unable to go to school.
个别 个别
1．individual，指个人。
　☞ 如果班太大，教师就无法给每个同学作个别辅导。
　☞ A teacher cannot give individual coaching to each pupil if his class is large.
　☞ 伤残人员都各自得到特殊的个别照顾。
　☞ The injured and disabled have had special consideration for individual cases respectively.
2．particular，总体中的个别。
　☞ 我把这看作是对我的个别优待。
　☞ I regard this as a particular favor to me.
　☞ 我们用一般号召和个别指导相结合的办法把群众发动起来了。
　☞ We have mobilized the masses by combining the general call with particular guidance.
3．private，指私下的。
　☞ 领导已找她个别谈话。
　☞ The leading comrade had a private talk with her.
　☞ 她们个别交换了意见之后才召开会议。
　☞ They did not convene the conference before they had their private exchanges of views.
4．rare，指罕见的。
　☞ 这些是极其个别的事例。
　☞ Such instances are very rare.
　☞ 世上的大诗人极为个别。
　☞ Great poets in the world are extremely rare.
5．one or two, only a few，指极少数。
　☞ 只有个别人请假。
　☞ Only one or two people asked for leave.
　☞ 只有个别苹果烂了。
　☞ Only a few apples are rotten.
6．isolated，指孤独存在。
　☞ 这些是个别情况。
　☞ These are isolated cases.
　☞ 接着，乐声慢慢减弱，变成了个别的音符。
　☞ Then, the note subsided slowly into isolated sound.
中心 中心
1．center，central, 原指几何学上的中心点，进而扩大为围绕该点的圈，由此转而指对任何事物的存在起重大作用或重大影响的人物或地点。
　☞ 北京是我国的政治和文化中心。
　☞ Beijing is the political and cultural center of China.
　☞ 她一登台便成了全场注意的中心。
　☞ Mounting the platform, she became the center of attention of all those present.
　☞ 农业结构调整是我们当前压倒一切的中心任务。
　☞ At present the structural readjustment of agriculture is our overriding central task.
　☞ 显然，伊拉克问题是联合国面临的中心问题。
　☞ Evidently the issue of Iraq is the central issue now the United Nations is facing.
2．heart，原指人体的心脏，进而指对事物发展起决定性作用的核心部分，因此更多地强调事物的核心，而不像center强调位置的中心。
　☞ 讨论问题要抓住问题的中心。
　☞ When discussing a problem you must get to the heart of the matter.
　☞ 所有的银行和保险公司都占据着市中心的高楼大厦。
　☞ All banks and insurance companies occupy high buildings and large mansions in the heart of the city.
3．core，原指果实的果核，是植物繁殖的核心，转而指事物最最重要的核心部分。
　☞ 台湾问题成了中美之间所有悬而未决的中心问题。
　☞ Taiwan issue forms the core of all the questions pending between China and the United States.
　☞ 装有无线电设备和记录仪的滑翔机曾经飞进过雷暴的中心。
　☞ Gliders equipped with radio and recording instruments have been flown into the core of thunderstorms.
4．hub，原指轮子的轮毂，转而指活动、思想、兴趣的中心。
　☞ 目前高速公路正逐渐成为陆路交通的中心。
　☞ At present the expressway is beginning to become the hub of overland communications.
　☞ 什么是我们的宇宙中心，太阳还是地球？
　☞ What is the hub of our universe, the sun or the earth?
5．focus，原指焦距，转而指聚焦的中心。
　☞ 近来，伊拉克一直是世界注意的中心。
　☞ Recently Iraq has been the focus of world attention.
　☞ 各大行星的轨道均呈椭圆形，而且都以太阳为中心。
　☞ The orbits of the planets are ellipses, and with the sun at the focus.
6．key，原指关键，转而指起关键作用的中心。
　☞ 上海是长江三角洲的中心城市。
　☞ Shanghai is the key city of the Changjiang River Delta.
　☞ 他发现他研究的中心环节出了问题。
　☞ He found something wrong with the key links of his researches.
中意 中意
1．to one's liking，指由喜欢而申意。
　☞ 这些花瓶我一个都不中意。
　☞ None of these vases is to my liking.
　☞ 要是你有什么不中意的事情，就马上告诉我好吗？
　☞ If you find anything not to your liking, will you tell me at once?
2．take (catch) one's fancy，指由看中而中意。
　☞ 她花了1,000元买了件她中意的西服连衣裙。
　☞ She paid 1,000 yuan for a coatdress that had taken her fancy.
　☞ 她看到橱窗里的一顶帽子，很是中意。
　☞ She saw a hat in a shop window, which caught her fancy.
3．be to one's taste，指因符合某种口味而中意。
　☞ 现代家具比起旧式家具更中他的意。
　☞ Modern furniture is more to his taste than antiques.
　☞ 这件大衣我不中意。
　☞ The overcoat is not to my taste.
中断 中断
1．break off，指带有突然性的中断。
　☞ 两国间的谈判由于一次边境冲突而中断了。
　☞ The negotiation between the two countries broke off because of a border clash.
　☞ 有人进了房间，从而中断了他们的谈话。
　☞ Someone went into the room, which broke off their conversation.
2．suspend，指暂时中断，暗示说话时已经恢复或将来可能恢复。
　☞ 两国关系中断了多年。
　☞ Relations between the two countries were suspended for many years.
　☞ 由于法国人卖给台湾潜艇，中国的几家公司中断了法国设备的采购。
　☞ Some companies of China suspended purchases of French equipment for their selling submarines to Taiwan.
3．discontinue，指有节奏的活动遭到中断。
　☞ 地震后，铁路运输中断了。
　☞ After the earthquake the railway service discontinued.
　☞ 工人们决定中断生产以示抗议。
　☞ The workers decided to discontinue production in protest.
4．hold up，指由于某种客观情况而中断。
　☞ 交通由于事故而中断了几个小时。
　☞ Traffic was held up by an accident for a few hours.
　☞ 大雾使北京的空运中断了3个小时。
　☞ Thick fog held up the air transport of Beijing for three hours.
中等 中等
1．medium，指评估，计量，分级后的中等，有普通的意思。
　☞ 一个中等规模的城市就是叱大城市小，比小城市大的城市。
　☞ A medium-sized city is smaller than a big one and bigger than a small one.
　☞ 这男孩在他的年龄段里是个中等个。
　☞ The boy is of medium height for his age.
2．moderate，不用于评估、计量、分级，而用于数量、质量、程度上的中等，故常暗示适度、适当、一般等。
　☞ 价格中等就是既不高也不低。
　☞ A moderate price is one that is neither high nor low.
　☞ 老师认为该生的能力中等。
　☞ The teacher thinks that the student has moderate ability.
3．average，指平均标准或水平的中等。
　☞ 他这个人体格魁梧，但身材中等。
　☞ He is a large-framed man, but of average height.
　☞ 他的实验高于中等水平。
　☞ His experiments are higher than average level.
4．secondary，指等级中的中等。
　☞ 她在中等职业学校学习。
　☞ She studies in a secondary vocational school 这事的重要性属于中等。
　☞ The matter is of secondary importance.
中肯 中肯
1．apropos，指适合某一事态因而中肯。可用作状语或定语。
　☞ 我认为他说得很中肯。
　☞ I thought he spoke very apropos.
　☞ 你的讲话对我们的讨论无疑是很中肯的。
　☞ Your remark is undoubtedly apropos to what we are discussing.
2．pertinent，常指与正在考虑的事实有关的中肯。
　☞ 我们的确需要这样中肯的评论。
　☞ We do need such pertinent comments.
　☞ 此书今天给人的启示仍像它在刚写作时一样中肯。
　☞ The message of the book is as pertinent today as at the time it was written.
3．to the point，指说在点子上，因而中肯。
　☞ 他的回答简短而中肯。
　☞ His reply was brief and to the point.
　☞ 你的发言很中肯。
　☞ You spoke very much to the point.
4．hit the nail (on the head)，与to the point 义，可以换用。
　☞ 他的话说得简短，但很中肯。
　☞ What he said was very brief, but it hit the nail very much.
　☞ 市长对有关种族关系的谈话十分中肯。
　☞ The mayor's talk on race relation hit the nail on the head.
5．sound，指正确、明智、合理，因而中肯。
　☞ 他给了我一个中肯、实用的忠告。
　☞ He gave me sound and practical advice.
　☞ 该报对政治形势作了中肯的分析。
　☞ The newspaper has a very sound analysis of the political situation.
中间 中间
1．among, 表示在三个或三个以上的人或物之间。
　☞ 你作为领导人不应当高高在上，而应当生活在人民群众中间。
　☞ As a leader you must live among the masses of the people instead of setting yourself high above them.
　☞ 生活在这样一个大家庭里，他不知道妻子在那么多的姑嫂妯娌中间是否幸福。
　☞ He wondered whether his wife was happy among so many sisters-in-law, living in such a large family.
2．between, 表示在两个人或物的中间。
　☞ 你没认出她来？她当时就坐在他们中间。
　☞ You didn't recognize her, did you? She just sat between them.
　☞ 每两棵树中间要留5米的距离。
　☞ Leave a space of 5 meters between each of the two trees.
　 ■ 有时，between也可用于三个或更多 的事物，但这时表示的不是事物的位置，而是事物个体的关系。
　☞ 她就这样在烹调、清扫、洗涤、缝纫及写作中间奔忙。
　☞ In this way she was busy rushing between cooking, cleaning, washing, sewing and writing.
3．of，与数字连用，表示说到的人或事包括在这个数字中间。
　☞ 他是我们3人中最年轻的。
　☞ He is the youngest of us three.
　☞ 那么多申请人中间只有5人考试过关。
　☞ Only 5 of so many applicants have passed the examination.
4．center, 指某物的中心。
　☞ 尝尝这糖果，中间有巧克力。
　☞ Taste the candies that have chocolate centers.
　☞ 我军由中间突破，接着向纵深发展。
　☞ Our troops made a breakthrough at the center, and then developed in deep.
5．middle，指围绕中心(center)的中间部分。
　☞ 李明从中场得球，从中间突破，连过3人，射门成功！
　☞ Li Ming gains possession of the ball at midfield, thrusts down the middle, dribbling past three opponents in succession, and scores!
　☞ 当时有不少人持观望态度，都想走中间道路。
　☞ At that time a number of people preferred to take the middle road, adopting a wait-and-see attitude.
6．intermediate，指处于两者之间的中间，与between的区别是前者是形容词，后者是介词。
　☞ 游击队主要在敌后活动，有时也在中间地带活动。
　☞ The guerrilla forces were mainly operating behind the enemy lines, sometimes within the intermediate zones.
　☞ 我们要团结一切可以团结的中间分子。
　☞ We must unite all of the intermediate elements that can be united.
7．middling，指含义模糊的中间。
　☞ 他是个好足球运动员，不过中间一点。
　☞ He is a middling good football player.
　☞ 这学生在班上表现还不错，中间一点。
　☞ This pupil behaves middling well in class.
8．有时，如果上下文里的“中间”已经有了清楚的交待，也可不译。
　☞ 这中间定有奥妙。
　☞ There must be more to it than meets the eye.
　☞ 从我家到工厂，中间要换车。
　☞ I have to change buses on the way from home to the factory.
丰富 丰富
1．enrich, rich (in)，指内容上丰富。
　☞ 你到国外旅行可以丰富你的生活经历。
　☞ You may enrich your experience of life with foreign travel.
　☞ 科学家的发明和发现丰富了科学的宝库。
　☞ The inventions and discoveries of the scientists enrich the treasury of science.
　☞ 细致的阅读丰富了我的词汇。
　☞ My vocabulary is enriched by careful reading.
　☞ 欧洲移民丰富了美洲文化。
　☞ American culture has been enriched by European immigrants.
　☞ 他是个老工程师，经验丰富。
　☞ He is an old engineer rich in experience.
　☞ 我校图书馆藏有丰富的历史著作。
　☞ The library of our university is rich in historical works.
　☞ 我国拥有丰富的矿产资源。
　☞ Our country possesses rich mineral deposits.
　☞ 我国资源丰富。
　☞ Our country is rich in natural resources.
2．add variety to, varied，指花样丰富。
　☞ 这不仅是必要的，而且还丰富了我们的教学。
　☞ This is not only necessary, it also adds variety to our teaching.
　☞ 霓红灯丰富了夜景。
　☞ Neon lights add variety to the view at night.
　☞ 外来语丰富了汉语的词意。
　☞ Words of foreign origin add variety to the Chinese language.
　☞ 我们有了个导游，他的讲解丰富了我们旅途的乐趣。
　☞ We were given a guide, whose explanations added variety to our travel.
　☞ 我们的主要任务是在节日期间组织丰富多彩的活动。
　☞ Our main task is to organize varied and colorful activities during the festival.
　☞ 我校学生会在五四青年节演出了丰富有趣的节目。
　☞ The student union of our university presented a varied and interesting program on May the Fourth - Youth Day.
3．a wealth, an abundance, abundant in, abound in，指数量上的丰富。
　☞ 他积累了丰富的资料后就开始写作。
　☞ Having accumulated a wealth of data, he took up writing.
　☞ 他对中国具有丰富的知识。
　☞ He has a wealth of knowledge of China.
　☞ 他的报告提供了丰富的细节。
　☞ A wealth of details was provided in his report.
　☞ 四川是个天府之国，粮食丰富。
　☞ Sichuan Province is the land of plenty, with food in abundance.
　☞ 云南省拥有丰富的水力资源。
　☞ There is an abundance of water power resources in Yunnan Province.
　☞ 该地区优点之一是煤炭丰富、价格低廉。
　☞ One advantage in that district is that it always has an abundance of cheap coal.
　☞ 我国资源丰富。
　☞ Our country is abundant in natural resources.
　☞ 这一地区石油蕴藏量丰富。
　☞ This area is abundant in petroleum deposits.
　☞ 我国自然资源丰富。
　☞ Our country abounds in natural resources.或Natural resources abound in our country.
4．handsome，指金钱、礼物上数量可观。
　☞ 如果患者高兴，或者有钱，医生出诊往往会获得丰富的报酬。
　☞ If the patient was willing, or rich, the doctor who paid a home visit would often be given handsome rewards.
　☞ 他们在金婚纪念日收到子女丰富的礼物。
　☞ On the occasion of their golden wedding they received handsome gifts from their children.
为 为
1．do，指有所作为的为。
　☞ 帝国主义为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
　☞ Gone forever are the days when the imperialists did whatever they pleased.
　☞ 他为非作歹，欺压百姓。
　☞ He did all sorts of evil and rid roughshod over the people.
　☞ 彼为而不有，乃真君子也。
　☞ He is a genuine gentleman who did so much but claimed no possession.
2．be，指作为的为。
　☞ 教师应为人师表。
　☞ Teachers should be models that their students must follow.
　☞ 他为人风趣。
　☞ He is a man having a high sense of humor.
　☞ 建设一个小康社会的日子已为期不远。
　☞ The day to build a society of relatively comfortable life is not far off.
3．act, action，指行为的为。
　☞ 你竟敢蔑视法律如此胡作非为！
　☞ How dare you act so wildly in defiance of the law!
　☞ 做一个敢想、敢说、敢为的人。
　☞ Be a man brave enough to think, to speak and to act.
　☞ 他男子气十足，敢做敢为。
　☞ He is man enough to be bold and decisive in action.
4．as，指作为的为。
　☞ 恐后无凭，立此为据。
　☞ This serves as a proof lest there shouldn't be any certificate.
　☞ 她视其夫为饱学之士。
　☞ She looks on her husband as a man of learning.
　☞ 他们把这次会谈描绘为伟大的胜利。
　☞ They described the negotiation as a great victory.
　☞ 哲学家往往视人为社会的产物。
　☞ Philosophers often see man as the product of society.
　☞ 他把我介绍为从昆明来的专家。
　☞ He introduced me as an expert from Kunming.
　☞ 咱们以王小姐的案子为例。
　☞ Let's take Miss Wang's case as an example.
　☞ 为师不严，误人子弟。
　☞ If one acts as a tutor without being properly strict one thus wrongs one's pupils.
　 ■ 有时，不用as也有“作为”的意思。如：
　☞ 班上大家都举手选他为班长。
　☞ Everybody in the class elected him monitor by a show of hands.
5．“为”有时有“变…为”，“化…为”的意思。
　☞ 时应根据不同情况选择相应的动词与into搭配。
　☞ 他种了20年的树，硬是变沙漠为良田。
　☞ He kept planting trees for twenty years and literally turned the desert into arable land.
　☞ 凡事都有好坏两面，因此看问题要一分为二。
　☞ Everything has its good and bad sides, so you have to divide one into two when approaching a problem.
　☞ 大烟鬼生生地把钱烧为灰烬。
　☞ Opium addicts literally burn their money into ashes.
　☞ 坏消息把他的希望化为一缕青烟。
　☞ The bad news changed his hope into a puff of smoke.
　☞ 他得知落选后，雄心壮志都立刻化为乌有。
　☞ Having learned that he failed to be elected, all his lofty aspirations and high ideas disappeared into air in a moment.
6．“为”有时可以表示被动，故可选用相应动词的被动语态。
　☞ 他不为表面现象所迷惑实在是难能可贵。
　☞ It is really commendable that he is not confused by superficial phenomena.
　☞ 周恩来总理向来为人民所爱戴。
　☞ Premier Zhou En-lai has always been loved and respected by the people.
7．“为”有时有“是”的意思，也应根据上下文来译。如：be, be equivalent, in name, in fact, mean等。
　☞ 三十六计走为上计。
　☞ Of all the stratagems, retreat is the best.
　☞ 1公里为2华里。
　☞ One kilometer is equivalent to two阢口他名为部长，实为闲职。
　☞ He held a post of minister in name but a sinecure in fact.
　☞ 他说是星期六，实为星期天。
　☞ He said Saturday, but he meant Sunday.
为主 为主
1．give priority (to)，指给予优先。
　☞ 会上将以解决需要马上解决的问题为主。
　☞ The problems that require immediate solution will be given priority at the meeting.
　☞ 我们的基金会以帮助残疾人为主。
　☞ Our foundation gives priority to helping the disabled.
　☞ 国内和国际的努力应以人口和发展相协调的行动规划为主。
　☞ National and international efforts should give priority to action programs integrating population and development.
2．mainly，指主要是。
　☞ 我们建设社会主义应以自力更生为主，外来援助为辅。
　☞ In building socialism we must rely mainly on our own efforts while making external assistance subsidiary.
　☞ 老北京的房屋特色是以四合院为主。
　☞ The houses of old Beijing were mainly characteristic of quadrangles.
3．“为主”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们的方针是要把精神鼓励与物质奖励结合起来，而以精神鼓励为主。
　☞ Our policy is to combine moral encouragement with material reward, with stress on the former.
　☞ 我们从事副业生产，以提高生活水平为主。
　☞ We engage in the sideline production with an improvement of our living conditions as the key.
　☞ 你作为校长，无论做什么都应当做的是以管好学校为主。
　☞ As a headmaster you should do whatever you ought to do with the well-running school playing the leading role.
　“医疗以预防为主”只是个政策，没有资金就无法预防。
　"Put prevention first in medical work" is only a policy. There is no way to prevent diseases without funds.
为止 为止
1．till, until，两词同义，均指“时间上到…为止”。前者多用于口语，后者则在口语及书面语中均用。
　☞ 我一直等到她回来为止。
　☞ I waited till she returned.
　☞ 到那时为止，他都没正二八经地想过跟她结婚。
　☞ Till then he had not thought seriously of marrying her.
　☞ 吃饱为止。
　☞ Eat until you're full.
　☞ 我们将继续干到下星期为止。
　☞ We shall go on working until next week.
2．由于until只指时间上“到…为止”，囡此距离上“到…为止”要用as far as。
　☞ 我们每次散步都到河边为止。
　☞ Every time we walk as far as the edge of the river.
　☞ 他们走到桥头为止，没再往前去了。
　☞ They went as far as the bridge, no further.
3．up to，则既可指时间上“到…为止”（一般用完成时），也可指数量、水平上的“到…为止”。
　☞ 到上个月为止，你是一分钱未挣。
　☞ You had not earned one cent up to last month.
　☞ 到现在为止，工作还是相当艰苦的。
　☞ Up to now, the work has been rather hard.
　☞ 烧杯里满上水，到第一条红线为止。
　☞ Fill the beaker with water up to the first red line.
　☞ 她走到水没到膝盖为止。
　☞ She walked along up to the knees in water.
4．“为止”的其他译法。
　☞ 今天的讨论到此为止。
　☞ That's all for today's discussion.
　☞ 这件事就到此为止。
　☞ Leave it at that.
　☞ 咱们到此为止吧。
　☞ Let's stop here.
为重 为重
1．attach most importance to，指重视。
　☞ 我希望你们要以人民的生计为重。
　☞ I hope you'll attach most importance to people's means of livelihood.
　☞ 运动员在比赛中要以友谊、团结、风格为重。
　☞ The athletes must attach most importance to friendship, unity and sportsmanship throughout the competition.
2．put above, put first，均指高于或先于。
　☞ 我们考虑利润时要以工人的福利为重。
　☞ We should put the welfare of the workers above the profits.
　☞ 我们做什么事都要以大局为重。
　☞ Whatever we do we must put the overall situation first.
3．value above everything，指重于一切。
　☞ 以人民的利益为重时就可以牺牲个人利益。
　☞ One's personal interests can be sacrificed when one values the interests of the people above everything.
　☞ 要是你们以爱情为重，就一定能互敬互爱。
　☞ You will certainly love and respect each other if you value your love above everything.
为难 为难
1．embarrass, 指使之尴尬。
　☞ 显然，他提出这么尴尬的问题是要为难对手。
　☞ It was evident that he tried to embarrass his opponent by raising such awkward questions.
　☞ 她对邀请她参加明天的招待会感到为难。
　☞ She felt embarrassed by the invitation for tomorrow's reception.
2．awkward，指发窘。
　☞ 要是你处在我的地位，你会感到为难吗？
　☞ If you were in my position, would you feel awkward?
　☞ 你这么干会叫他为难的。
　☞ You'll put him in an awkward position by so doing.
3．make things difficult for sb.指使人处于困难的处境。
　☞ 你是在故意为难我。
　☞ You are deliberately making things difficult for me.
　☞ 她在为难谁呢？
　☞ Whom did she make things difficult for?
4．set oneself against，指“使自己与…为难”。
　☞ 他早已怀恨在心，无缘无故地为难我。
　☞ Having harbored evil thought, he set himself against me for no reason.
　☞ 你们干的事是与改革为难，不是吗？
　☞ What you've done set yourselves against the reform, haven't you?
为（为了） 为（为了）
1．“为”与“为了”同义，有时与连词“而”连用，表示动作的目的、方向、方式等，大致有下面几种用法。
1) for，表示动作的目的。
　☞ 为什么人的问题是一个根本的问题、原则的问题。
　☞ The question of "for whom7" is fundamental; it is a question of principle.
　☞ 人只为自己活着，活得不值。
　☞ One is unworthy to live who lives only for oneself.
　☞ 他忙了一辈子，做的都是为他人做嫁衣裳。
　☞ He was busy all his life, doing work for others with no benefit to himself.
　 ■ 此外，for有一系列的成语表示目的。如：for one's good, for the purpose of, for the sake of 等。
　☞ 我跟你说是为了你好。
　☞ I spoke to you for your good.
　☞ 要是我今后去那里，那也不是为了看你。
　☞ If I go there, it will not be for the purpose of seeing you.
　☞ 为了我的工作，我可以忍受这样的生活。
　☞ I can bear with such a life for the sake of my work.
2) to，表示动作的方向。
　☞ 他为祖国而献身的情形难以用语言来形容。
　☞ His devotion to his motherland was beyond words.
　☞ 他们为革命忠心耿耿。
　☞ They were dedicated heart and soul to the revolution.
　☞ 他为这本书写的序言怎么样？
　☞ How is his introduction to the book?
　☞ 有时候一个人的忠心不是为国家，而是为阶级。
　☞ Sometimes one's sense of loyalty is not to one's country，but to one's class.
　☞ 为我们的友谊干杯！
　☞ A toast to our friendship!
3) in，表示动作的方式。
　☞ 他这样做是为了取笑。
　☞ He did so only in fun.
　☞ 我们来到大会是为民请命的。
　☞ We came to the congress to plead in the name of people.
　☞ 我们党是为大多数人谋利益的。
　☞ Our Party works in the interests of the vast majority of people.
　 ■ 此外，in也有不少成语，但表示目的。如：in payment of, in memory of, in opposition to, in response to, in preparation for等。
　☞ 为了支付学费，我给儿子汇去5,000元。
　☞ I sent 5,000 yuan to my son in payment of his tuition.
　☞ 我们为纪念白求恩医生召开了全院职工大会。
　☞ We held a meeting of staff and workers of our hospital in memory of Dr. Bethune.
　☞ 为反对该党，卡尔·马克思领导了一个社会党人小组。
　☞ In opposition to this party Karl Marx led a socialist group.
　☞ 解放前夕，为响应党中央的急电民主人士北上北京。
　☞ On the eve of liberation the democratic personages went up to Beijing in response to the urgent telegram of the Central Committee of CPC.
　☞ 为筹备这次大会，我们翻修了会议厅。
　☞ We have the conference hall renovated in preparation for the congress.
4) 用动词不定式或从句表示目的，最常见的导入词有to，in order to，so as to（均接动词不定式）；in order that，so that(均接从句)。
　☞ 让我们为实现这一宏伟目标而共同努力。
　☞ Let us strive together to attain this splendid goal.
　☞ 为了达到目的，他做出了不小的牺牲。
　☞ He sacrificed much to achieve his aims.
　☞ 为了还债，全家都尽可能地存钱。
　☞ In order to repay the debt the whole family saved money as much as possible.
　☞ 动物学家们为跟踪野马不得不在渺无人迹的荒漠上迁移营地。
　☞ The zoologists had to move their camps on the uninhabited wilderness in order to follow the wild horses.
　☞ 我们取道马街是为了避免堵车。
　☞ We went via Majie so as to miss the traffic jam.
　☞ 他们现在学英语是为了以后学习工程。
　☞ They are learning English in order that they can study engineering later.
　☞ 我来看你是为了让你知道全部真相。
　☞ I came to see you so that you would know the whole truth.
2．有时，“为”有“给”、“替”的意思，表示动作行为的对象。与为了的“为”不是同义词。这时，可以译成不同的动宾结构。
1) 用单宾语动词。
　☞ 国家机关的工作人员应当为人民服务。
　☞ The personnel of the organs of state must serve the people.
　☞ 他不为名，不为利，默默无闻地工作了数十年。
　☞ He has worked quietly and never showed off for decades, seeking neither fame nor gain.
　☞ 连小学生都知道周处为民除三害的故事。
　☞ Even pupils know the story about Zhou Chu, who rid people of Three Evils.
2) 译成带双宾语的动宾结构。
　☞ 他为我送来一份请帖。
　☞ He has sent me an invitation.
　☞ 说来话长，我姑且为诸君言之。
　☞ It's a long story to tell and I'll inform you about it.
　☞ 医生为她打了一针青霉素。
　☞ The doctor gave her an injection of penicillin.
　☞ 我希望你能为他们做件好事。
　☞ I hope you'll do them a favor.
主动 主动
1．initiative，着重表示主动性。
　☞ 现在你惟一的办法就是主动向党委做检讨。
　☞ Now the only way for you is to take the initiative by making a self-criticism to the Party committee.
　☞ 班长主动清扫垃圾，其他同学也就跟着做了。
　☞ The monitor took the initiative in clearing up the rubbish, and the other classmates followed the example.
　☞ 在人前她怕羞怕生，结交上显得不够主动。
　☞ She is shy in the presence of strangers and does not show enough initiative in making acquaintance.
　☞ 既然你对她说的都错了，你就应该争取主动。
　☞ Since you're mistaken in what you told her you have to try to gain the initiative.
　☞ 我们应该主动派人去支援。
　☞ We ought to send people to help on our own initiative.
2．of one's own accord, 着重表示带有自愿性的主动。
　☞ 是玛丽主动帮他的。
　☞ It was Mary who helped him of her own accord.
　☞ 主动作自我批评比人家批评你好。
　☞ It is better to make a self-criticism of your own accord than you're criticized.
　☞ 我们都主动抢着干重活。
　☞ We all vied with each other for the hardest job of our own accord.
3．offer，着重主动提出。
　☞ 他主动借我一些书。
　☞ He offered to lend me some books.
　☞ 他主动要开车送姑娘上火车站，但她谢绝了。
　☞ He offered to drive the girl to the railway station, but she declined.
主宰 主宰
1．be master of，指自己做主来主宰。
　☞ 我们喜欢自己主宰自己。
　☞ We like to be our own masters.
　☞ 在激烈的战斗之后，守军仍主宰着该市。
　☞ After fierce fighting, the defenders were still masters of the city.
2．dominate，指具有支配或控制权力的主宰。
　☞ 超级大国主宰世界的时代一去不复返了。
　☞ Cone forever are the days when superpowers could dominate the world.
　☞ 他的悲剧在于他的个性已经主宰了党委的其他成员。
　☞ His tragedy lay in that his personality had dominated the other members of the Party committee.
3．decide，指做出某一决断主宰某种结果，往往不带感情色彩。
　☞ 人应该主宰自己的命运。
　☞ One must decide one's own destiny.
　☞ 想不到新证据竟主宰了这场审判。
　☞ Who would have thought that the new evidence should decide the trial?
4．determine，也指决断的主宰，但强调的是主宰事物的类别、性质、范围和倾向等。
　☞ 人的行动是由思想主宰的。
　☞ A man's action is determined by his thought.
　☞ 植物的生长是由阳光、水分、养料等综合因素主宰的。
　☞ The growth of plants is determined by the compound factors such as sunshine. moisture, nutrient, etc.
主导 主导
1．leading，指具有引导，领头作用的主导。
　☞ 工业是国民经济的主导。
　☞ Industry is the leading factor in the national economy.
　☞ 国营企业在我国的社会主义经济中应当起主导作用。
　☞ The state-run enterprises should play a leading role in our country's socialist economy.
　☞ 该饭店在饮食行业占有主导地位。
　☞ This restaurant occupies a leading position in the catering trade.
2．dominant，指具有支配、统治地位的主导。
　☞ 共和党在参议院占主导地位。
　☞ The Republican Party occupies a dominant position in the senate.
　☞ 他的主导思想是挣钱养家。
　☞ It is his dominant idea to earn money to support his family.
主张 主张
1．advocate，指持有某种见解的主张。
　☞ 我们主张自力更生，但也不反对外援。
　☞ We advocate self-reliance but are not opposed to foreign aid.
　☞ 我们主张用和平方式解决国际争端。
　☞ We advocate a peaceful settlement of international disputes.
　☞ 为了提高教师的教学水平，委员会的报告主张成立教师进修学院。
　☞ The report of the committee advocated setting up a teachers' college for vocational studies in order to improve their teaching level.
2．maintain, 指面对反对仍然坚持的主张。
　☞ 我们主张文艺为工农兵服务。
　☞ We maintain that literature and art should serve the workers, peasants and soldiers.
　☞ 我国政府主张国不分大小应该一律平等。
　☞ Our government maintains that all countries, big or small, should be equal.
3．favor，指表示支持、赞成的主张。
　☞ 越来越多的国家主张中国应该加入世贸组织。
　☞ More and more countries favored that China ought to accede to WTO.
　☞ 我们主张改革，尽管在改革过程中肯定会有许多困难。
　☞ We favor reforms though difficulties are certain to arise.
4．proposition，指提供参考的主张。
　☞ 他在生意上的主张受到上司的欢迎。
　☞ His business proposition was well received by the boss.
　☞ 听起来两种主张都有理。
　☞ Both propositions sound reasonable.
5．stand，指含有立场、见解的主张。
　☞ 这是我们一贯的主张。
　☞ That has been our consistent stand.
　☞ 党委听取了他的陈述之后，同意了他的主张。
　☞ The Party committee agreed with his stand after hearing his statement.
6．be keen on，后加动名词，表示有强烈的兴趣做某事，但一般都用于否定句。
　☞ 尽管他自己是医生，但他不主张吃药，而认为健康之道是有一个健全的体魄。
　☞ Although he was a doctor himself, he was not keen on taking medicine, insisting that the way to good health was a sound body.
　☞ 父亲不主张买汽车，我们把他说服了。
　☞ Father wasn't keen on buying a car, but we talked him into it。
　☞ 他不主张在众人面前谈论这类事。
　☞ He isn't keen on talking things like that in public.
主意 主意
1．idea, 指由思想活动产生的主意。
　☞ 人多主意多。
　☞ More people mean a greater ferment of ideas.
　☞ 领导者的责任主要是出主意、用干部两件事。
　☞ Leadership involves two main responsibilities: to work out ideas and to make good use of cadres.
2．plan，比idea进了一步，指有了具体打算的主意。
　☞ 他果然是足智多谋，竞想出这么一个恢复自己荣誉的主意。
　☞ As expected he was wise and resourceful and should have formed such a plan to recover his own laurels.
　☞ 我有一个克服困难的主意。
　☞ I have a plan for overcoming the difficulties.
3．decision，指做出决断后的主意。
　☞ 无论发生什么情况，我都已打定主意辞职。
　☞ I've made a decision to resign, come what way.
　☞ 等调查完这件事之后，我们自有主意。
　☞ We'll have our decision after looking into the matter.
4．mind，指人类感知、思维复合体的主意。
　☞ 她常常拿不定主意。
　☞ She is always in two minds.
　☞ 她人小主意大。
　☞ She is young enough but knows her own mind.
主持 主持
1．take charge，日常用语，指负责主持，强调在动态上负责主持。
　☞ 是秘书长负责主持协会的日常事务。
　☞ It is the secretary of general who takes charge of routine of the society.
　☞ 我得去上海找一位内科大夫来主持业务。
　☞ I have to go to Shanghai for a physician to take charge of the practice.
2．be in charge of，指某人主持某事，be in the charge of，指某事由某人主持，但都强调在静态上负责主持。
　☞ 1927年，中国共产党主持过工会工作。
　☞ In 1927 CPC was in charge of the trade union work.
　☞ 试比较：1927年的工会工作是中国共产党主持的。
　☞ The trade union work was in the charge of CPC in 1927.
3．manage，指细节上的管理主持。
　☞ 他为他的家族主持一家大厂。
　☞ He manages a large factory for his family.
　☞ 她主持家务很能干。
　☞ She manages the household ably.
4．direct，指在方向上指导性的主持。
　☞ 当时是由周总理亲自主持国家的外交政策。
　☞ At that time it was Premier Zhou Enlai who personally directed the nation's foreign policy.
　☞ 我认为还是由你来主持俱乐部的活动为好。
　☞ I think you'd better direct the activities of the club.
5．preside over (at)，chair，指以主持人或主席身份主持会议、业务等，但chair 一般只指以主席身份主持会议。
　☞ 今天谁来主持委员会的会议？
　☞ Who will preside over the committee meeting today?
　☞ 我们局长主持了昨天晚上的宴会。
　☞ Our director presided at the banquet yesterday evening.
　☞ 商店的业务一般由经理主持。
　☞ The manager presides over the business of the store.
　☞ 这次会议是由你还是由我来主持？
　☞ Will you chair the meeting or shall I?
　☞ 这一委员会是由总理主持的。
　☞ The committee was chaired by the prime minister.
主流 主流
1．main stream，mainstream，前者主要指水流，后者则指潮流。
　☞ 河口有个三角洲，故河水的主流偏离了河心。
　☞ There is a delta at the river mouth and the main stream of the river drifts off the middle of the river.
　☞ 本文的主题仅限于西方民主传统的主流。
　☞ The subject matter of this article is only limited to the mainstream of the Western democratic tradition.
2．main current，指与某个时期与地点有密切关系的思想或言论的主要倾向。
　☞ 就在美国发布公告的当天，世界舆论的两大主流开始冲突起来。
　☞ Conflicts between the two main currents of the world public opinion began on the very day of the proclamation of the United States.
　☞ 和平与繁荣仍然是世界人民心中的两大主流。
　☞ Peace and prosperity remain to be the two main currents among the people of the world.
3．main trend, 通常指在某个范围内（如思想界、文 学界，政治界等）占主导地位的思想倾向或活动倾向。
　☞ 现代思潮的主流偏离了唯物主义。
　☞ The main trend of modem thought is away from materialism.
　☞ 女式时装的主流是暴露身体的部分越来越多。
　☞ The main trend of fashions for females is exposing more and more the body.
4．main aspect，指人感觉到的外观恰好与事物的固有本质一致的主流。
　☞ 分析形势，要看清主流与支流。
　☞ In analyzing a situation, it's essential to distinguish the main aspect from the minor ones.
　☞ 证券市场的主流是市场变化的突然性。
　☞ The main aspect of the stock market is the suddenness with which it develops.
5．general direction，指总方向上的主流。
　☞ 该地区改革的主流是好的。
　☞ The general direction of reform in that area is correct.
主管 主管
1．be in charge of，指管理。
　☞ 谁主管这项工作？
　☞ Who is in charge of this job?
　☞ 1984年- 1985年，我主管英语教学工作。
　☞ I was in charge of the English teaching work from 1984 to 1985.
　☞ 他是主管这项工程的工程师。
　☞ He is the engineer in charge of the project.
　☞ 外宾由主管外事的副市长陪同观看了演出。
　☞ The foreign guests, accompanied by the vice-mayor in charge of external relations, attended a performance.
2．responsible (for)，指负责。
　☞ 上级机关让他来主管我校的奖学金。
　☞ The higher authorities made him responsible for the scholarship of our university.
　☞ 这项工作的主管部门应该过问此事。
　☞ The department responsible for the work should take up the matter.
　☞ 主管机关对这次事故也应承担部分责任。
　☞ The responsible institution must undertake part of the responsibility for the accident.
主要 主要
1．chief，指在等级、权威、重要性、价值方面处于主要地位，并暗示其他事物的从属性。
　☞ 他的主要问题是不认识政要。
　☞ His chief trouble was that he did not know any VIP in the political circles.
　☞ 该委员会的主要任务是起草宪法。
　☞ The committee's chief work is the making of a draft of the constitution.
2．main，指在一个体系或整体中处于主要地位。
　☞ 这次考察的主要目的是什么？
　☞ What is the main purpose of this expedition?
　☞ 主要的理由是她不相信他。
　☞ The main reason is that she disbelieves him.
3．principal，指处于主要引导或控制地位。
　☞ 在复杂事物的发展过程中，有许多的矛盾存在，其中必有一种是主要矛盾，由于它的存在和发展，规定或影响着其他矛盾的存在和发展。
　☞ There are many contradictions in the process of development of a complex thing, and one of them is necessarily the principal contradiction, whose existence and development determines or influences the existence and development of the other contradictions.
　☞ 长江是亚洲的一条主要河流。
　☞ The Changjiang River is one of the principal rivers in Asia.
4．major，指与其他事物比较处于主要地位。
　☞ 两家主要公司都迫切要求立即调查此事。
　☞ The two major firms are pressing for an immediate inquiry into the matter.
　☞ 普及教育是我国政府的主要目的之一。
　☞ Universal education is one of our government's major objectives.
5．primary，指在重要性上处于主要地位。
　☞ 我主要关心的是你的安全。
　☞ My primary concern is your safety.
　☞ 老年人主要是身体要好。
　☞ Good health is primary for the old people.
6．staple，常指主要作物。
　☞ 东方人的主要食物是大米。
　☞ The staple diet of the Orientals is rice.
　☞ 棉花是新疆的主要农作物。
　☞ Cotton is the staple crop of Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
主见 主见
1．definite opinion (view) of one's own，指本身确定了的意见或倾向性的看法。
　☞ 她对什么都没有主见，一切都听她男人的。
　☞ She has no definite opinion (views) of her own and is obedient to her husband in everything.
2．mind，指由感知、感觉、推理产生的主见。
　☞ 她这人很有主见。
　☞ She knows her own mind.
3．thought，指经过深思熟虑后产生的主见。
　☞ 在这样的关键时刻，你要拿出主见来。
　☞ You must show your thought at this critical moment.
4．idea，指由思想活动产生的主见。
　☞ 即使你有自己的主见，也要经常听取群众的意见。
　☞ You ought to constantly hear the opinions of the masses even if you have ideas of your own.
主题 主题
1．subject，指作家、艺术家或谈话人没有明确指出来，需要读者或听众推断的主题。
　☞ 这一新剧的主题是什么？我真糊涂了。
　☞ What is the subject of this new play? I really wonder.
　☞ 他得意的是这段乐曲为戏剧性的主题引出了戏剧性的结局。
　☞ This passage of composition, of which he was so proud, leads to a theatrical ending for his theatrical subject.
2．theme，指被作家、艺术家选择作为文学，艺术加工的思想、感情或某种活动的主题。
　☞ 爱国主义是这部小说的主题。
　☞ Patriotism is the theme of this novel.
　☞ 各部门会议的主题是“增加销售的方法”。
　☞ The theme of the departmental meeting was "methods of increasing sales".
3．motif, 指音乐或艺术作品的主题。
　☞ 反封建的主题贯穿着《红楼梦》全书。
　☞ The anti-feudal motif runs through the book A Dream of Red Mansions.
　☞ 活泼可爱的孩子是全书的主题。
　☞ The lovely and lively child is the motif through the book.
4．leitmotiv, 指反复出现的主题。
　☞ 相信艺术拯救灵魂，这个信念一直是整个自传的主题。
　☞ Faith in the saving grace of art has been the leitmotiv of the entire autobiography.
　☞ 爱情是好莱坞电影反复做文章的主题。
　☞ Love is the leitmotiv dealt with repeatedly in Hollywood movies.
坐 坐
1．sit，不及物动词，强调“坐”的动作。
　☞ 请进来坐坐。
　☞ Please come in and sit for a while.
　☞ 我愿意站着，你坐。
　☞ I like to stand, and you sit down.
　☞ 病人突然坐了起来，吓了我一跳。
　☞ The patient sat up suddenly, which gave me a start.
　 ■ 但是，如果sit后接补语，则可以表示状态。
　☞ 我们一听说有新任务，就再也坐不住了。
　☞ When we learnt that we'd been given a new task, we just couldn't sit still any longer.
　☞ 你会坐吃山空的。
　☞ If you sit idle and eat, your whole fortune will be used up in time.
2．seat，及物动词，强调坐到座位上或可容纳的人数。
　☞ 招待员让我们坐到了前排。
　☞ The usher seated us in the front bench row.
　☞ 他们坐在湖边的长凳上。
　☞ They seated themselves upon a bench beside the verge of the lake.
　☞ 车子坐不下这么多人。
　☞ The car can't seat so many people.
3．go by，take，ride，均指乘坐。
　☞ 我坐飞机走。
　☞ I'll go by plane.
　☞ 我们最好坐电梯上去。
　☞ We'd better go up by lift.
　☞ 接着我走到街上，坐出租车回家。
　☞ Then I went into the street and took a taxi home.
　☞ 你可以坐那把椅子。
　☞ You may take that chair.
　☞ 我们是坐着农场的货车进城的。
　☞ We rode in the farm wagon to the town.
4．“坐”的其他译法。
　☞ 这房子坐北朝南。
　☞ The house faces south.
　☞ 他们听他讲了3个小时，都坐不住了。
　☞ After listening to him for three hours they became restless.
　☞ 她坐得住，当编辑挺合适。
　☞ She has sedentary habits. She is fit to be an editor.
　☞ 大楼向后坐了。
　☞ The building is beginning to slope backwards.
　☞ 我的车坐6个人绰绰有余。
　☞ My car accommodates six people quite comfortably.
　☞ 这个戏院只能坐I, 000人。
　☞ The theater only admits 1,000 persons.
举办 举办
1．conduct，着重点在开办。
　☞ 为迎接新技术的挑战，许多学校现在都举办计算机课。
　☞ To meet the challenge of the new technology, many schools are now conducting; computer courses.
　☞ 这里的共青团举办有学生之家。
　☞ The Communist Youth League here conducts a home for students.
2．run，着重点在经营管理。
　☞ 我们把举办邓小平理论学习班比作及时雨。
　☞ We compare the running of the class for the study of Deng Xiaoping Theory to timely rain.
　☞ 我们为当地教师的业务进修举办了一个进修班。
　☞ We've run a course for the local teachers' vocational studies.
3．hold，着重点在主持。
　☞ 她将举办一次画展并出售其作品。
　☞ She will hold an exhibition of her pictures and sell her own productions.
　☞ 青年团为男女青年开展社交活动不时举办舞会。
　☞ The Youth League holds a dance from time to time for social intercourse between young men and women.
4．give，着重点在举办一次或多次。
　☞ 市管弦乐队举办了一场两小时的音乐会。
　☞ The city orchestra gave a concert that lasted two hours.
　☞ 学校将为家长举办学生作业展览。
　☞ The school will give an exhibition of the pupils' work for their parents.
5．sponsor，着重点在资助。
　☞ 展览会是由中国人民对外文化协会举办的。
　☞ The exhibition is sponsored by the Chinese People's Association of Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
　☞ 就是这家体育用品公司举办了这次体育竞赛。
　☞ It was this sports goods company that sponsored the sports contest.
举行 举行
1．hold，强调主持。
　☞ 过了一段时候，他母亲决定再举行一次舞会，希望那位不知姓名的年轻小姐会再次光临。
　☞ After a while, his mother decided to hold another dance ball, in the hope that the unknown young lady would once more appear.
　☞ 我们每5年举行一次普选。
　☞ We hold a general election every five years.
2．take place，强调按计划进行。
　☞ 大会按期在人民大会堂举行。
　☞ The Congress took place in the Great Hall of the People as scheduled。
　☞ 揭幕仪式将于明晚举行。
　☞ The opening ceremony will take place tomorrow evening.
3．give，强调举行一次或多次。
　☞ 中国驻美大使馆为他举行了告别宴会。
　☞ The Chinese Embassy in the U.S.A. gave him a farewell banquet.
　☞ 反正他要经常举行大型聚会。
　☞ Anyhow he gives large parties.
4．perform，强调履行。
　☞ 他们的结婚仪式是在教堂举行的。
　☞ Their marriage ceremony was performed in the church.
　☞ 市长举行了开幕仪式。
　☞ The mayor performed the opening ceremony.
5．have，强调将有或有过某种活动。
　☞ 你们几时举行婚礼？
　☞ When are you going to have your wedding?
　☞ 双方举行过几次会谈，都以失败告终。
　☞ Both sides had several talks which ended in failure.
义务 义务
1．obligation，与职责responsibility相对的义务。指法律、合同、承诺或道义上的义务。
　☞ 纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。
　☞ Taxes are an obligation which may fall on every citizen.
　☞ 你有赡养父母的义务。
　☞ You are under obligation of supporting your parents.
　☞ 每个国家都应忠实遵守其国际义务。
　☞ Every state must be faithful to her international obligation.
　☞ 你有义务帮助你的小妹妹完成学业。
　☞ You have an obligation to help your little sister finish her studies.
2．duty，与权利right相对的义务。可与obligation换用，但更强调伦理道德所要求的义务。
　☞ 我似乎觉得你只重权利而忽视了义务。
　☞ It seems to me that you lay stress on the rights by neglecting your duties.
　☞ 人大代表们都感到以身作则是他们的义务。
　☞ Deputies to the National People's Congress felt that it was their duty to set an example with their own conduct.
　☞ 他们会获胜，但我们也有义务支援。
　☞ They do triumph, but we have the duty to help as well.
　☞ 遵守法律是每个公民的义务。
　☞ To obey the laws is every citizen's duty.
3．commitment，指承担下来的义务。
　☞ 丘吉尔感到没必要向戴高乐承担这样的义务。
　☞ Churchill felt he did not have to make such a commitment to de Caulle.
　☞ 中国应当履行对小国承担的义务。
　☞ China must carry out commitments to small nations.
　☞ 既然你已经签了租约，你就有义务承担每月800 元的房租。
　☞ By signing the lease you have to make a commitment to pay 800 yuan a month.
4．volunteer，voluntary，指自愿的义务。
　☞ 我是来尽义务的。
　☞ I've come to volunteer my service.
　☞ 学生们去建筑工地参加义务劳动。
　☞ The students went to the construction site to do voluntary labor.
5．compulsory，指国家推行的带有强制性的并要求公民履行的义务。
　☞ 义务兵役制的年龄应包括年满18岁的所有男子。
　☞ The age of compulsory military service should include all men over 18.
　☞ 中国推行九年义务教育。
　☞ Nine-year compulsory education is carried out in China.
之 之
1．“之”用在名词前面表示领属关系，有“的”的意思。
1) 用物主代词表示所属。
　☞ 以子之矛攻子之盾如何？
　☞ What will happen if you try to pierce your wonderful shield with your marvelous spear?
　☞ 如以己之长攻人之短则稳操胜券。
　☞ We are bound to win if we utilize our strong points to attack other's weak points.
2) 用所有格表示所属。
　☞ 今日之中国已今非昔比。
　☞ Today's China is no longer as she was.
　☞ 此为吾党之立场。
　☞ That is our Party's stand.
3) 用介词表示所属。
　☞ 心之官则思。
　☞ The function of the mind is to think.
　☞ 君子之言信而可证。
　☞ The words of a gentleman are true and verifiable.
2．“之”表示修饰关系，也有“的”的意思。
1) 用前置定语表示修饰。
　☞ 千里之行始于足下。
　☞ A thousand-li journey starts with the first step.
　☞ 冰冻三尺非一日之寒。
　☞ It takes more than one cold day for the icicles to freeze three feet thick.
2) 用后置定语表示修饰关系。
　☞ 巧妇难为无米之炊。
　☞ Even a clever woman cannot cook a meal without rice.
　☞ 世人所难得者唯趣。趣如山上之色，水中之味，花中之光，女中之态。
　☞ I find that zest is a rare gift in life. Zest is like hues on mountains, taste in water, brilliance in flowers, and charm in women.
3) 用定语从句表示修饰关系。
　☞ 现在你是英雄有了用武之地。
　☞ Now you have found a place where you can give full play to your talents.
　☞ 粮食平均亩产量达到了1,500斤，为解放前之10 倍。
　☞ Average grain output per mu has reached 1,500 jin, which is ten times the pre-liberation figure.
3．“之”代替人或物作为宾语。
　☞ 天下事有难易乎，为之，则难者亦易矣；不为，则易者亦难矣。
　☞ There is nothing difficult for us to do in the world. If we do it, the difficult thing will be easy; if we don't, the easy thing will be difficult.
　☞ 芸大窘，上下哗笑之。
　☞ Yun was greatly embarrassed and everybody, old and young, laughed at her.
　 ■ 但这类用法在被动句中宾语则成主语。
　☞ 影片的情节十分悲惨，观众无不为之感动。
　☞ The film was so sad that none was unmoved.
4．“之”用在主谓结构之间，使之成为偏正结构。
　☞ 如因势利导，则如水之就下，极为自然。
　☞ If we guide the matter along its course of development, it will proceed as naturally as water flows downward.
　☞ 世界之大，无奇不有。
　☞ The world is so big that nothing is to be surprised at.
　☞ 战斗之激烈，实难预料。
　☞ It is unthinkable that the fight is terribly fierce.
　☞ 皮之不存，毛将焉附？
　☞ With the skin gone, to what can the hair attach it.
　☞ self?
5．“之”用于程度状语之前，表示极端的程度。
　☞ 他赢得了一等奖，得意之极。
　☞ He won the first prize and was very much pleased with himself.
　☞ 我们接到了市长的宴会邀请，荣幸之至。
　☞ We were greatly honored to be invited to dinner by the mayor.
6．“之”用在“所以…因为”之前，表示因果。
　☞ 我之所以讨厌他是因为他的嘴太唠叨。
　☞ The reason why I dislike him is that he is too garrulous.
　☞ 我们之所以没有去，是因为通知得太晚了。
　☞ The reason why we didn't go was that we were notified too late.
7．“之”用在名词和形容词之间，表示比较。
　☞ 中国之历史长达5,000年之久。
　☞ China has a history as long as five thousand years.
　☞ 西湖的风景如诗之丽，如画之美。
　☞ The West Lake is as charming as a poem and as beautiful as a painting.
8．“之”的其他译法。
　☞ 汉口与武昌仅一水之隔。
　☞ Hankou and Wuchang are separated only by a river.
　☞ 弦乐器是指琵琶、二胡、小提琴之类。
　☞ Stringed instruments refer to pipa, erhu, violin, etc.
　☞ 共产党员应想人之所想，急人之所急。
　☞ A communist must think what people think and be anxious about what people are anxious about.
　☞ 中国的人口9/10以上是汉族。
　☞ Over nine-tenth of China's inhabitants belong to the Han nationality.
　☞ 中国的少数民族占总人口的10%。
　☞ China's national minorities constitute ten percent of the general population.
也 也
1．also，正式用语，表示前面所说的与现在所说的有相同之处。由于also是书面语，故常把前后两个相同部分拿来对比。
　☞ 我们在改造自然的斗争中，也在改造自己。
　☞ In the struggle to transform nature, we are also reforming ourselves.
　☞ 那里的生活充满了艰辛，也充满了欢乐和愉快。
　☞ Life there was full of hardships and also full of joy and pleasure。
　 ■ 当然，也可忽略前面相同之处不作对比，而仍然用also。
　☞ 他们也同意我们的意见。
　☞ They also agreed with us.
　☞ 旧车买起来便宜，但往往耗油多，出事的危险性也大。
　☞ Old cars are cheaper to buy, but they tend to use more petrol. Also, there is a greater risk of accidents.
　☞ 他参加了聚会，她也在场。
　☞ He was at the party, and she was also there.
　☞ 我也要一点咖啡。
　☞ I also want some coffee.
　 ■ 但类似例子大多数情况下，also是指主语后面的部分。
2．too，词义与also相同。但由于是口头用语，故常用于更为口语化的较短的句子。
　☞ 马克思主义也是从斗争中发展起来的。
　☞ Marxism, too, has developed through struggle.
　☞ 他知道她也在竖起耳朵听他们在说些什么。
　☞ He knows that she is too straining an ear to hear what they are talking about.
　☞ 当前的国际形势也是一片大好。
　☞ The current international situation is excellent, too.
　 ■ 应当指出，also和too都不用于否定句，因此否定句要用either。
　☞ 这对他们不会有好处，但也不会有坏处。
　☞ It won't do them any good, but it won't do them any harm either.
　☞ 从此以后，我没见过她这个人，也没有收到过她的信。
　☞ Since then I have never seen her. I haven't heard from her either.
　 ■ 此外，not either 也可用于简略句。
　☞ 你没读过莎士比亚，我也没读过。
　☞ You haven't read Shakespeare. I haven't either.
　 ■ 不过这样的结构也可用neither或nor来替代，但要倒装。
　☞ You haven't read Shakespeare. Neither (Nor) have I.
3．as well，副词；as well as, 连词，它们的被修饰语在类比中居主要地位。两者均从相同的角度来类比。
　☞ 这些人，马克思主义是有的，但自由主义也是有的。
　☞ Those people have their Marxism, but they have their liberalism as well.
　☞ 中国是个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
　☞ China is a socialist country, and a developing country as well.
　 ■ 应注意的是在用as well as进行类比时，强调的重点在后一类比项上。
　☞ 社会主义革命不仅要求变革经济基础，也要求变革上层建筑。
　☞ The Socialist Revolution requires a change of the superstructure as well as a change of the economic basis.
　☞ 我们必须学会全面地看问题，不但要看到事物的正面，也要看到它的反面。
　☞ We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side of things.
4．also，too, as well的区别如下：
1) also常用于书面英语，在非正式文件里不如too, as well用得多。同时不用于句末，而too和as well则常用于句末。
2) also可以修饰句子的任何部分。
　☞ 她参加了晚会，他也在场。
　☞ She was at the evening party, and he was also there.（修饰状语）
　☞ 她常常唱歌，有时也画画。
　☞ She sings，and also paints sometimes.（修饰谓语）
　 ■ also还可放在句首，后加逗号，用来修饰整个句子。
　☞ 买旧车便宜，但耗油多。出事的危险性也大。
　☞ It is cheaper to buy old cars, but they tend to use more petrol. Also, there is a greater risk of accident.
　 ■ 但在大多数情况下，also用来修饰主语后面的部分。因此“他也弹吉他”这句话如果指的是“他除了弹别的乐器还弹吉他”，就要用also。（He also plays the guitar.）但如果指的是“别人弹吉他，他也弹了”，则往往用too或as well（He played the guitar, too）。
5．like, 介词，一般用来修饰名词；likewise，副词，一般修饰动词。均有“同样也”的意思。
　☞ 有些书也跟有些人一样，会一下子就向你和盘托出。
　☞ Some books, like some people, reveal everything on their minds at a single sitting.
　☞ 她也和成千上万的其他人一样，被这位青年作家的文学才华所倾倒。
　☞ She, like thousands of others, is fascinated by the literary talent of the young writer.
　☞ 我们同样也不能一方治百病。
　☞ Likewise, we cannot use one prescription for all ills.
　☞ 一切化合物都是不同性质的对立统一。世上的万物也同样如此。
　☞ All compounds are united of opposites differing in nature. Likewise with things in the world.
6．equally，副词；same，名词，两者均有“一样地”的意思。
　☞ 人学得快，也忘得快。
　☞ Man is a fast learner and an equally speedy forgetter.
　☞ 如果中药对你行，那对我也行。
　☞ If the traditional Chinese medicines are good for you, they must be equally good for me.
　☞ 他盯着我的脸看，我也照样这么干。
　☞ He looked hard into my face and I did the same to him.
　☞ 他升官成功，你也照样可以这么干。
　☞ He succeeded in winning a promotion, and you can do the same.
7．as, 连词；so，副词，进行对比时，有“也”的意思。
　☞ 时间也和流水一样，一去而永不复返。
　☞ It is with time as with the current of water. Once it goes, it never comes back again.
　☞ 数学里直线最短，道德上直来直去也应如此。
　☞ A straight line is the shortest in moral as in mathematics.
　☞ 下棋是这样，打仗也是这样。
　☞ As it is in chess, so is in war.
　☞ 爷爷的爷爷和爷爷都生在上海，我爸爸也是。
　☞ Granddad's granddad and granddad had both been born in Shanghai, and so had Dad himself.
　 ■ 但是这类句子在否定时，so应改用neither。
　☞ 他（不）会游泳，他弟弟也（不）会。
　☞ He can (cannot) swim, and so (neither) can his brother.
　☞ 第一个（不）坏，第二个也（不）坏。
　☞ The first one was (not) bad, and so (neither) was the second.
　 ■ 除此之外，so... that...后接否定可以表示“连…也不…”的意思。
　☞ 他病得连东西也不想吃。
　☞ He is so ill that he doesn't feel like eating anything.
　☞ 我忙得连睡觉也顾不上了。
　☞ I was so busy that I couldn't even stop for a sleep.
8．or，用于两者选其一。
　☞ 你可以在躺椅上睡，也可以跟我合睡一张床。
　☞ You can sleep on the couch or you can share a bed with me.
　☞ 大海可以是蓝色的，也可以是灰色的。
　☞ The sea can be blue or grey.
　 ■ 在强调这种两者选其一的时候，也可用either... or 表示强调。
　☞ 他可能是喝醉了，也可能是疯了。
　☞ He must be either drunk or mad.
　☞ 来和我们吃顿饭吧，可以在星期六，也可以在星期天。
　☞ Come and have dinner with us, either on Saturday or on Sunday.
　 ■ 但这种结构的否定可用not... or; neither... nor; not.. nor 等形式。
　☞ 他不抽烟也不喝酒。
　☞ He does not smoke or drink.或He does not smoke nor drink.或He neither smokes nor drinks.
　 ■ 此外，还有下列形式可在否定结构中表示“也”。
1) 用neither成none做主语，表示哪个…也不…。区别是neither表示两个中哪个也不，而none表示三个中哪个也不。
　☞ 他们哪个都不满意。
　☞ Neither of them was satisfied.（指两个中哪个也不满意）
　☞ None of them was satisfied.（指三个以上中的哪个也不满意）
　 ■ 但如果逐个否定，即三个以上，也要用nor。
　☞ 他看不懂这本书，我也看不懂，你也看不懂，谁也看不懂。
　☞ He can't understand the book. Nor can I. nor can you，nor can anybody.（因为人数已超过三个以上）
2) nor除了与not…nor；neither…nor等搭配外（见以上各例），还有no…nor，区别是前者用来否定动词，后者用来否定名词。
　☞ 我没有父母，也没有亲戚。
　☞ I have no parents nor any relatives.
　☞ 他没有朋友，也没有熟人。
　☞ He has no friends nor acquaintances.
　 ■ or的另外几种用法简述如下：
1) 在否定句的两个状语之间可以用or表示“也”。
　☞ 他讲话的声音不高，也不清楚。
　☞ He did not talk loudly or clearly.
　 ■ 但是这样的结构也可用and also not来替代。
　☞ He did not talk loudly and also not clearly.
2) or还可用来表示让步性选择，其结构是把or放在两个意思截然相反的名词，即反义词之间，然后再作让步性的选择。
　☞ 愿也好，不愿也好，这件事你得干。
　☞ Willing or unwilling, you shall do it.
　☞ 胜也罢，败也罢，我们要苦战到底。
　☞ Victory or defeat. we shall fight to the bitter end.
　 ■ 如果让步性选择的是个句子，则可以提前到句首，再在后面接whether it... or...这样的结构。
　☞ 中国人也好，外国人也好；死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。
　☞ What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, whether it concerns the Chinese or foreigners, whether it concerns the dead or the living.
9．not more than, not any more than, no more, no less, no less than等进行等同性比较。
　☞ 小马也不过就十二三岁，脸瘦瘦的。
　☞ Ma was not more than twelve or thirteen years old, with a very lean face.
　☞ 这件事我不怪你，也不怪他。
　☞ For this I do not blame him any more than I blame you.
　☞ 你不想去，我也不想去。
　☞ lf you don't care to go, no more do I.
　☞ 个人是这样，工厂也不过是这样。
　☞ This is true of individuals. and no less true of factories.
　☞ 植物也和人一样，具有惊人的适应能力。
　☞ Plants, no less than human beings, possess wonderful powers of adaptation.
10．and，表示递进，附加。
　☞ 这在中国是这样，在全世界也是这样。
　☞ This is true of China, and of the entire world.
　☞ 这种事应该避免，只要小心也可以避免。
　☞ That ought to be, and with care, may be avoided.
　☞ 社会没有法制和秩序就不能存在，也无法进步。
　☞ Society cannot exist, without law and order, and cannot advance.
11．“也”在表示“程度”时，可用相应的表示各种程度的状语，如下列中的actually, quite, rather, sort of, kind of, somewhat等。
　☞ 袭人说：“论理宝二爷也得老爷教训教训才好呢。”
　 "Actually, Master Pao does need to be taught a lesson, ”Said Hsiren.
　☞ 生不带来，死不带去，倒也公平。
　☞ It's quite fair that we brought nothing with us when we were born and take nothing with us when we die.
　☞ 她怎么好好的就投井了？这也奇了！
　☞ Why should she drown herself in the well for no reason? It's rather odd!
　☞ 有时我也想，我是不是也该找个工作什么的。
　☞ Sometimes I sort of wonder whether I should sort of get a job or something.
　☞ 我看这张画也拿得出去。
　☞ It seems to me this picture is kind of presentable.
　☞ 他对考试成绩也有点失望。
　☞ He was somewhat disappointed with his exam results.
12．“也”也可以表示含蓄、委婉，这时可以有下面几种处理方法。
1) 用否定表示含蓄、委婉，常与“倒”连用。
　☞ 他故意找他堂客的茬道：“你倒也泡碗茶来嘛。”
　☞ He pointedly found fault with his wife: "Make some tea for us，won't you?”
　☞ 论相貌，她倒也平常。
　☞ As far as looks are concerned, she isn't anything special.
　☞ 每个人都犯错误，伟大领袖也不例外。
　☞ Everybody makes mistakes, and the great leader was no exception.
　☞ 小宝对那姑娘倒不大在意。
　☞ Xiaobao didn't mind the girl so much.
2) 用虚拟语气表示含蓄、委婉。
　☞ 凤姐三步两步上炕去替宝玉收拾着，一面说：“这老三还是这么毛脚鸡似的，我说你上不得台盘！赵姨娘不时也该教导教导他。”
　☞ Hsifeng scrambled on to the kang to attend Paoyu, "Huan's not fit to mix in decent company. His mother might bring him up better."
　☞ 要是有时间我也一定去。
　☞ I would certainly go if I had the time.
　☞ 有一天你也能成为一名作家。
　☞ You could be a writer one day.
13．“也”有时在句子里是个语气词，可用可不用，故对意义无多少影响时，这时可不译。
　☞ 这袋米最多（也）就50公斤吧。
　☞ This sack of rice weighs fifty kilos at most.
　☞ 他的英语（也）还可以。
　☞ His English is passable.
　☞ 我们（也）只好这样丁。
　☞ We'll have to leave "at that.
　☞ 操场上有打球的，（也）有跑步的。
　☞ Some of the people on the sports ground are playing games; some are running.
习惯 习惯
1．habit, habitude，habituate，指不断重复而形成的习惯。
　☞ 他思考时有抓头皮的习惯。
　☞ He has a habit of scratching his head when thinking.
　☞ 工作的习惯一旦养成，我认为任何工作都是令人愉快的。
　☞ I think any work is pleasant when the habit of working is formed.
　 ■ habitude是habit的同根词，但不同处是habit指具体的习惯，而habitude不指具体的行为，而指习惯的心态。
　☞ 这种感觉是从她多年艺术实践的习惯中得到的。
　☞ The sense comes from years of habitude in her practice of the art.
　 ■ habituate 是habit的动词。
　☞ 指挥的职责使他习惯于当机立断。
　☞ The responsibility of command habituated him to making a quick decision.
　☞ 他已习惯于离群索居。
　☞ He has habituated himself to the solitary life.
2．accustom oneself to，指经常应用或体验而变得习惯。
　☞ 我得习惯北方的冷天。
　☞ I have to accustom myself to the cold weather of the north.
　☞ 要是你参军，一定要习惯于早起。
　☞ You must accustom yourself to getting up early if you join the army.
　 ■ 不过要注意habituate oneself to和accustom oneself to的细微差别。如：
　☞ 我已养成了长时间工作的习惯。
　☞ I've habituated myself to working long hours.（重点在养成习惯上）
　☞ 我习惯于长时间工作。
　☞ I've accustomed myself to working long hours.（重点在习惯于长时间工作）
　 ■ 又如：
　☞ 我已养成了唠叨的习惯。
　☞ I've habituated myself to nagging.
　☞ 我已习惯了她的唠叨。
　☞ I've accustomed myself to her nagging.
　 ■ 此外，be (get) accustomed to 的意思与be (get) used to相同。
　☞ 他显然还不习惯这类事情。
　☞ He was evidently not accustomed to this kind of thing.
　☞ 你会很快习惯与他们那样的人打交道的。
　☞ You'll soon get accustomed to dealing with people like them.
3．custom，用于个人习惯时，可以与habit换用。
　☞ 每逢星期六晚上，我们都要回顾一下上周的工作， 这已是我们的习惯。
　☞ Every Saturday evening it is our custom (habit) to review the previous week's work.
　☞ 他在工作时有哼小曲的习惯。
　☞ He has the custom (habit) of humming while he works.
　 ■ 但在更多的情况下是指具有某种约束力的习俗。
　☞ 我们要努力破除旧习惯，树立新风尚。
　☞ We must strive to break down outmoded customs and establish new ones.
　☞ 感恩节吃火鸡是美国人的习惯。
　☞ Eating turkey on Thanksgiving is an American custom.
4．practice，指习惯做法。
　☞ 这一次，钱我可以借给你，但我不想养成这种习惯。
　☞ I'll lend you the money this time, but I don't intend to make a practice of it.
　☞ 黎明撞钟是该寺的习惯。
　☞ It is the practice in the temple to toll bells at dawn.
5．usage，指在某个群体社会内被公认是标准并能起调节作用的习惯做法。
　☞ 西方国家的毕业生戴学士帽、穿学士袍，通常是一种习惯。
　☞ It is a common usage for graduates to wear caps and gowns in the Western countries.
　☞ 每逢生日、毕业日都要送礼，这是一种习惯。
　☞ It is the common usage to give presents on birthdays and on graduation.
6．use，指某个个体或群体有别于其他个体或群体的习惯。
　☞ 早起是他的习惯。
　☞ It was his use to get up early.
　☞ 你看，我已习惯如此，而习惯就是一切。
　☞ You see, I'm used to it, and use is everything.
　 ■ use在古英语里还可用做动词来表示习惯，但在现代英语里只保留有be used to, get used to, used to这几个固定词组。
　☞ 我长在农村，艰苦的劳动早已习惯了。
　☞ I've been grown up in the countryside and has been used to hard labor.
　☞ 我可能会睡过头，因为不习惯起这么早。
　☞ I can probably oversleep, as I'm not used to getting up so early.
　☞ 你做夜班习惯了吗？
　☞ Have you got used to the night shift?
　☞ 我过去习惯走路。
　☞ I used to walk.
7．wont，也指个体与群体习以为常的做法，与use的意义相近。
　☞ 天一亮我就起床，习惯了。
　☞ I'm wont to rise at dawn.
　☞ 他一反往常的习惯，常来教堂了。
　☞ He comes oftener to church than was his wont.
　 ■ 有时，use和wont可以合用，表示强调。
　☞ 生活是属于习惯与习俗范畴内的事。
　☞ Life is an affair of use and wont.
　 ■ be wont to为美语，等于be used to。
　☞ 羊群已习惯于圈养。
　☞ The sheep are wont (used) to the fold.
　☞ 我已习惯吃素了。
　☞ I've been wont (used) to a vegetable diet.
买 买
1．buy，重点在拿钱换东西。
　☞ 听到我喜欢看电影，他出去买了电影票。
　☞ On hearing that I was fond of movie, he went out and bought the tickets.
　☞ 3块钱买两个。
　☞ Three dollars will buy two.
2．give，重点在“给…买”，常用在与售货员的对话中。
　☞ 给我买10块钱的茶叶。
　☞ Give me ten yuan's worth of tea.
　☞ 再给我儿子买块表。
　☞ And give my son a watch.
3．take，重点在让售货员拿所售的货物。
　☞ 我买这一个吧。
　☞ I'll take this one, please.
　☞ 这草莓样子好，我买5公斤。
　☞ These strawberries look nice. I'll take five kilos.
4．purchase，着重点在购置较大的产业或大量的商品，一般买菜、买肉都用buy。
　☞ 他们刚在乡下买了新居。
　☞ They have just purchased a new house in the countryside.
　☞ 医院买了一批所需的这种药材。
　☞ The hospital has purchased its requirements of this drug.
　☞ 这是人家送的，不是买的。
　☞ It is a present, not a purchase.
5．shopping，着重点在到店里买东西。
　☞ 趁她买东西的时候，他走到书报亭边坐着看起书来。
　☞ While she did some shopping he went to a kiosk and sat down to read.
　☞ 她刚出去买点东西。
　☞ She's just out to do a bit of shopping.
　 ■ shopping和buy things的区别可从下列译文中看出。
　☞ 大多数妇女爱买东西。
　☞ Most women enjoy shopping.（shopping虽为单数， 但有复数的概念，即一次买好多东西）
　☞ Most women enjoy buying things.（things虽为单数， 但有复数的概念，即一次可能买一种东西）
6．afford，着重点在买得起或买不起。
　☞ 太贵了，我买不起。
　☞ It's too expensive. I can't afford it.
　☞ 他们没有考虑买不买得起。
　☞ They did not consider whether they could afford it or not.
　☞ 如果我们省下每一分钱，就买得起这幢房子。
　☞ We can afford the house if we save every cent.
买卖 买卖
1．buy and sell，指买和卖两笔交易。
　☞ 你买卖要公平。
　☞ You must be fair in buying and selling.
　☞ 他贱买贵卖，赚了不少钱。
　☞ He made a lot of money by buying cheap and selling dear.
2．deal，指交易，不论买或卖。
　☞ 咱们停止争斗，互相做买卖吧。
　☞ Let's stop fighting and make (do)a deal with each other.
　☞ 如果你把名字和地址留在这张卡片上，我们这笔交易就算敲定了。
　☞ If you leave your name and address of your residence on this card we'll close the deal.
3．business，指营业。
　☞ 越来越多的人都去做买卖了。
　☞ More and more people are going to do business.
　“今天买卖怎么样？”“有时兴隆，有时清淡。”
　 "How was business today?" "Sometimes it was brisk, sometimes slack."
4．shop，指做买卖的商店。
　☞ 他原先在城里有个买卖。
　☞ He used to have a shop in the city.
了解 了解
1．comprehend，understand，指由于理解而了解，一般在修辞时可以互换。如：
　“你开始了解我了，对不？”“哦，对的，我完全了解你。”
　 "You begin to comprehend me, do you?" "Oh, yes. I understand you perfectly."
　☞ 艺术家的思考十分精细，因此普通人对这些思考的了解至多也不过就是蜀犬吠月时对月亮的了解。
　☞ The artist had thoughts so subtle that the average man could comprehend them no more than a mongrel could understand the moon he bayed at.
　 ■ 尽管如此，两词在大多数情况下仍有差别。understand侧重了解结果，而comprehend侧重了解过程。
　☞ 当我们知道了计划的内容时，即使并不了解计划得以成立的论证过程，我们也算是了解了这一计划。
　☞ We understand a plan when we know what it involves even though we fail to comprehend the reasoning process on which it was based.
　☞ 由于西方世界的大学已存在了1,000多年，因此我们要了解现在的这些机构，就得了解它们的一点历史。
　☞ For well over a thousand years there have been universities in the western world, to understand the present institutions we must therefore comprehend something of their history.
　 ■ 这两个词用作名词时的差别也同样存在。如：
　☞ 他对工人的生活和工作情况有深入的了解。
　☞ He has an intimate understanding of how workers live and work.
　☞ 老师一般不了解学生在家里的问题。
　☞ Teachers usually have no comprehension of pupils'
　☞ problems at home.
2．see，与understand同义，区别仅在于see的宾语往往是浅显的道理，而不是深奥的学术、理论等，故常用于口语。
　☞ 我马上了解到我犯了个错误。
　☞ I saw at once that I made a mistake.
　☞ 她当时并不了解他需要什么。
　☞ She did not see what he wanted.
3．know，指由于深知而了解，也常用于口语，但它的名词knowledge则为书面语。
　☞ 他们都很有经验，对乳牛十分了解。
　☞ They are much experienced, and know cows very well.
　☞ 他们少年时虽然是密友，可他对他了解实在很少。
　☞ Though as boys they had been intimate associates, yet he really knew little of him.
　☞ 据我了解，你学习尚不够努力。
　☞ It has come to my knowledge that you have not studied hard enough.
　 ■ 此外，know of及know about有时也作“了解”解，其无别是know是指直接了解，know of指间接了解，know about指到处了解因而了解不多。如：
　☞ 警方了解他的活动，而且正在监视他。
　☞ The police know of his activities and are watching him.
　☞ 深入了解一件事比了解万事的皮毛要好。
　☞ It is better to know one thing than to know about ten thousands of things.
4．acquaint with，acquaintance，指由于结识、认识而了解。
　☞ 他了解历史。
　☞ He acquainted himself with history.
　☞ 我们让他了解了我们的计划。
　☞ We acquainted him with our plan.
　☞ 你了解这些事实吗？
　☞ Are you acquainted with the facts?
　☞ 我对此事了解有限。
　☞ I have a limited acquaintance with the matter.
5．find out, 指由于打听、调查而了解。
　☞ 做决定前你想法去了解一下他们的想法。
　☞ Try to find out their views before making a decision.
　☞ 我们必须了解事实真相。
　☞ We must find out the truth of the matter.
　☞ 一个外交使团已在去莫斯科的路上，去了解那里的情况。
　☞ A diplomatic mission is already on its way to Moscow, to find out the situation there.
6．have access to, 指通过某些渠道接触资料、事实等而了解。
　☞ 只有少数人了解此案的全部事实。
　☞ Only a few people have access to the full facts of the case.
　☞ 你可以把了解报告的12个人都叫进来。
　☞ You could call in the twelve guys who had access to the report.
争取 争取
1．try，指设法争取。
　☞ 你要在破案前争取主动。
　☞ You must try to gain the initiative before the case is cleared up.
　☞ 我争取在3天内读完这本小说。
　☞ I'll try to finish reading this novel in three days.
　☞ 咱们争取使他们的粮食问题缓和一点。
　☞ Let us try and ease their food problem a little.
　☞ 我认为我干不了这事，不过我愿意争取。
　☞ I don't think I can do it, but I will try.
2．strive (for)，指努力争取。
　☞ 尽管我们没有立即达成协议，但我们还要争取。
　☞ Though we haven't come to an agreement yet we shall still strive.
　☞ 他在争取条件入党。
　☞ He is striving to qualify for Party membership.
　☞ 中国人民为争取民族独立作出了巨大的牺牲。
　☞ The Chinese people made great sacrifices striving for national independence.
3．win over, 指争取过来。
　☞ 我们要争取一切可以争取的人，团结一切可以团结的人。
　☞ We must win over all people who can be won over, unite with all people who can be united with.
　☞ 当前的中心任务是要把群众争取过来。
　☞ The central task at present is to win over the masses to our side.
4．fight for，指通过斗争争取。
　☞ 他告诉工人，他们的权利是争取来的，不是恩赐的。
　☞ He told the workers that their rights are fought for, not bestowed as a favor.
　☞ 任何国家在赢得独立后必须争取发展经济的自由。
　☞ Any country must fight for the freedom to develop its economy after it has won its independence.
5．go for，指争取的倾向，是一种比较随便的说法。
　☞ 人们投资是为了争取更多的利润。
　☞ In investing money people go for a more dividend.
　☞ 这是个好机会，你应当争取。
　☞ This is a good opportunity. You should go for it.
争吵 争吵
1．quarrel，指为无关紧要的事情争吵，程度可由轻微到激烈。
　☞ 为这事跟我争吵没用。
　☞ It's no use quarreling about it with me.
　☞ 如果我们之间老是争吵，那我们还能干什么？
　☞ How can we ever do anything if we keep quarreling among ourselves?
2．wrangle，指有失体面、尊严的争吵。
　☞ 美国报刊报道了不少有关陆军和空军为拨款而争吵的细节。
　☞ Reports from the American press disclosed many details about the wrangling between the Army and the Air Force over the appropriations.
　☞ 丈夫和妻子又掀起了一场如何安排他们的工资的争吵。
　☞ Husband and wife were involved in another wrangle with the arrangement over their pay.
3．squabble，指带有孩子气的争吵。
　☞ 西方的国会往往成为政治上无谓争吵的中心场所。
　☞ In the West the parliament often becomes the center of a political senseless squabble.
　☞ 孩子们常常为玩具争吵。
　☞ Children often have squabble over their toys.
争夺 争夺
1．contend for，指在竞赛中争夺，故着重点在“争”。
　☞ 在申请人当中只有3位有资格争夺那惟一的一份奖学金。
　☞ Of the applicants only three have the qualifications to contend for the sole scholarship.
　☞ 今年有多少个队要争夺奖杯？
　☞ How many teams are contending for the Cup this year?
2．fight for, 指战斗中争夺，故着重点在“夺”。
　☞ 敌我双方都想争夺该制高点来争取主动。
　☞ Both the enemy and our troops were trying to fight for the possession of the commanding height in order to gain the initiative.
　☞ 两只狗正在为一块骨头争夺的时候，另一只却衔着骨头跑了。
　☞ While two dogs were fighting for a bone a third one ran away with it.
3．scramble for，原义指struggle or compete for something，故可谓“争”与“夺”并重。
　☞ 欧美列强正在已开放的领域内争夺市场。
　☞ The European and American powers are scrambling for markets in the areas that have already been opened up.
　☞ 他们不遗余力地争夺权和利。
　☞ They scrambled for power and money, sparing no pains.
4．compete for，指通过竞争来争夺。
　☞ 荷兰曾一度与英国争夺过对公海的控制权。
　☞ Holland once competed with England for the mastery of the high seas.
　☞ 两位姑娘想尽办法互相争夺高分。
　☞ The two girls tried every possible way to compete with each other for the highest mark.
5．vie for，义同compete，但竞争的意味较弱，有时甚至可以降格为一场游戏。
　☞ 两个大国在争夺核优势。
　☞ The two powers were vying for nuclear superiority.
　☞ 孩子们在争夺领先地位。
　☞ The children vie for the lead.
争执 争执
1．disagree, disagreement，指分歧引起的争执。
　☞ 在下一步怎么办的问题上，我跟他有过争执。
　☞ I disagreed with him over what we ought to do next.
　☞ 经济危机会朝什么方向发展，当时有过争执。
　☞ There was disagreement as to what course to take in the development of the economic crisis.
2．dispute, 指争论引起的争执。
　☞ 为这样的小事争执，真是荒谬。
　☞ It is ridiculous to dispute about such trifle things.
　☞ 国际边界的争执公开化了。
　☞ The dispute over the international boundary broke into the open.
3．stick to one's stand，指坚持某种立场引起的争执。
　☞ 双方争执不下，互不相让。
　☞ Each stuck to his stand and neither would make mutual concession.
　☞ 要是你们互相争执不下，我们退出。
　☞ We'll quit if you stick to each other's stand.
争气 争气
1．bring credit, win credit (honor)，指争光。
　☞ 我们决心要为祖国争气，把工业上的这项空白填补上。
　☞ We are determined to bring credit to our country by filling this gap in our industry.
　☞ 为了给咱们中国人争气，哪怕再大的困难我们也能克服。
　☞ To win credit for the Chinese people we can overcome the difficulties however great they may be.
　☞ 我们修理好了连日本专家也无法对付的机器，总算为咱们工人阶级争了口气。
　☞ We had the machine repaired, which even the Japanese experts were unable to cope with. So we have managed to win honor for the Chinese workers.
2．make a good showing, show，指表现。
　☞ 争口气给他们看看，咱们个个都是好样的。
　☞ Try to make a good showing to them that each one of us is man enough.
　☞ 你通过了入学考试，总算给你父母争了气。
　☞ You have passed the entrance examination and managed to make a good showing to your parents.
　☞ 有人说妇女干不了这种工作，我们要争这口气。
　☞ Some people say women can't do this job, but we'll show them.
争端 争端
1．dispute，指由争论引起的争端。
　☞ 劳资双方有时会发生争端。
　☞ Disputes occasionally occur between labor and capital.
　☞ 是否向伊拉克派兵的国际争端在安理会上变得公开化了。
　☞ The international dispute over whether to send troops to Iraq broke into the open in the UN Security Council.
2．conflict，指由冲突引起的争端。
　☞ 不少阿拉伯人认为只让美国来调解巴以争端是不公平的。
　☞ Not a few Arabs think it unfair to allow only the United States to act as mediator in a conflict between Palestine and Israel.
　☞ 大家都不希望这次边境冲突成为两国之间的争端。
　☞ No one expected the border clash to be the conflict between the two countries.
3．controversy，指团体如国家、政党，派别间的争端。
　☞ 发生政教争端在历史上是常有的事。
　☞ Conflicts between church and state are common occurrences in history.
　☞ 是他们挑起了裁军问题的争端。
　☞ It was they who provoked the controversy over disarmament.
争论 争论
1．dispute，着重在对别人的观点予以驳斥的争论。
　☞ 我们有过争论，不过我们仍然是朋友。
　☞ We had a dispute, but we remain friends.
　☞ 争论是有关体罚的。
　☞ The dispute concerns corporal punishment.
　☞ 他们在争论是马上开始还是等上一阵子。
　☞ They are disputing whether to start at once or wait for a while.
2．argument，着重在摆事实、讲道理的争论。
　☞ 我们俩只要碰上，就要争论。
　☞ Whenever both of us meet there is an argument.
　☞ 他们进去时，妻子在跟丈夫进行争论。
　☞ When they went in husband was engaged in an argument with wife.
3．controversy，着重在团体之间的争论，如派别、政 党、国家间的争论。
　☞ 对该地区的自治问题曾经有过一场争论。
　☞ There was a controversy over the question of self-government of that region.
　☞ 罢工解决后，公司与工会间的争论也随之结束。
　☞ The controversy between the company and the trade union ended after the strike was settled.
4．debate，着重在既要反驳对方又要防止对方攻击的争论。
　☞ 在一次无休止的争论后，国会批准了国务院的对华政策。
　☞ After an endless debate the Congress approved the policy of the Department of State towards China.
　☞ 关于外长的声明有过许多争论。
　☞ There was much debate concerning the statement of the foreign minister.
5．contention，泛指一切打嘴仗的争论，但又无dispute，controversy等词的特色。
　☞ 我们应当鼓励科学上不同学派的自由争论。
　☞ We should encourage free contention among different schools in science.
　☞ 我们的确有过一场自由贸易集团与关税集团之间的争论。
　☞ We did have a contention between free trade and tariff groups.
事业 事业
1．cause，指人们为之捍卫、战斗的事业。
　☞ 他为革命事业献出了生命。
　☞ He gave his life for the cause of revolution.
　☞ 我们为正义的事业而奋斗。
　☞ We fight for the cause of justice.
2．career, 指经过专门训练并准备终生从事的事业。
　☞ 他决心在政界创出一番事业来。
　☞ He is determined to make a career for himself in politics.
　☞ 在他事业的巅峰时，成了中华全国总工会主席。
　☞ At the peak of his career he was made chairman of All-China Federation of Trade Union.
3．undertaking，指人们经营的事业。
　☞ 科学是人类的事业。
　☞ Science is a human undertaking.
　☞ 我们都参加了文化教育事业。
　☞ We all took part in the cultural and educational undertakings.
4．“事业”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们已经开始改革我国的卫生事业。
　☞ We have already begun reform of the health service in our country.
　☞ 人民要求更多的集体福利事业。
　☞ The people demand more collective welfare facilities.
　☞ 有些城市经营自己的公共事业。
　☞ Some municipalities operate their own public utilities.
事实 事实
1．fact, in fact, as a matter of fact，指实实在在存在的事实。
　☞ 事实胜于雄辩。
　☞ Facts speak louder than eloquent speeches.
　☞ 事实俱在，不容抵赖。
　☞ The facts are all there and cannot be denied.
　☞ 起诉人所说的与事实不符。
　☞ What the prosecutor said did not tally with the facts.
　☞ 事实是你可以做更多的工作。
　☞ The fact remains that you might do more work.
　☞ 他一向很帮我们的忙，事实上没有他我们不知道该怎么办了。
　☞ He has been most helpful to us; in fact we don't know what we should have done without him.
　☞ 尽管他们口口声声喊穷，事实上他们是财源滚滚。
　☞ As a matter of fact they are rolling in wealth though they claim to be poor.
2．truth，指真实情况或事实真相。
　☞ 他的报道里有许多重要事实。
　☞ His report contains many important truths.
　☞ 这是歪曲事实。
　☞ It is a distortion of the truth.
　☞ 事实就是事实。
　☞ The truth is the truth.
　☞ 事实真相迟早会大白于天下。
　☞ Sooner or later the truth will come out.
3．de facto, 法律用语，指没有合法手续或未得到承认的事实。
　☞ 他们终于使他们的事实婚姻合法化了。
　☞ They finally legalized their de facto marriage.
　☞ 这是事实合同，公证后才能在法律上生效。
　☞ This is a de facto contract which must be notarized before it becomes legally effective.
　☞ 该国军队跨过了事实上的停火线。
　☞ The troops of that country crossed the de facto ceasefire line.
4．“事实”的其他译法。
　☞ 事实如此。
　☞ This is how things are (or stand).
　☞ 人不能事事直接经历，事实上多数知识都来自于间接经验。
　☞ One cannot have direct experience of everything. Actually, most knowledge comes from indirect experience.
　☞ 事实上黑色不是颜色，而是没有颜色。
　☞ Black, in reality, is not a color, but the absence of color.
事（事情） 事（事情）
1．thing，所指的事其含义最不明确。因此当人们故意含糊其词时常用这个词。
　☞ 发生了一件奇怪的事。
　☞ A strange thing happened.
　☞ 你总是事不关己，高高挂起。
　☞ You always let things drift if they do not affect you personally.
　☞ 他说事情将来会好起来的。
　☞ He said that things would be better in the future.
　☞ 我刚才想起了另外一件他没有讲到的事情。
　☞ I've just thought of another thing that he didn't talk about.
　 ■ 由thing一词派生出来的everything, anything, something等均属于这类模糊概念。
　☞ 作为领导有必要事必躬亲吗？
　☞ Is it necessary for a leader to attend to everything?
　☞ 你如果对可能发生的事没有思想准备，事到临头就会抓瞎。
　☞ If you don't anticipate what may happen, you'll find yourself at a loss when something crops up.
　☞ 有什么我能做的事？
　☞ Anything I can do?
2．matter，比thing具体一点，但还是模糊概念。
　☞ 般指要考虑或要做的事。
　☞ 这事我得想想。
　☞ I should like to think over the matter.
　☞ 要是你愿意，我可以为你办这件事。
　☞ I could do the matter for you if you wish.
　☞ 她对待整个事情相当冷静。
　☞ She was rather calm about the whole matter.
　☞ 他说事情相当紧急。
　☞ He says the matter is rather urgent.
3．concern，常指与个人相关的事情。
　☞ 关你什么事？
　☞ What concern is it of yours?
　☞ 那是我的事情，我想怎么干就怎么干。
　☞ That's my concern, so I'll do as I like about it.
　☞ 信不信是你的事情。
　☞ It is your own concern whether you believe me or not.
4．business，指强调责任、职责的事情，有时也指加到某人身上而需担负责任的任务。
　☞ 大家的事就是谁也不管的事。
　☞ Everybody's business is nobody's business.
　☞ 我站了一会儿想了一下我要做的事。
　☞ I stood for a while thinking over the business I had to do.
　☞ 别管别人的事。
　☞ Mind your own business.
　☞ 投谁的票那是我的事情。
　☞ It's my own business whom I'm to vote for.
　☞ 要把一切安排妥当是一件很难的事情。
　☞ It is a difficult business getting everything ready.
5．affair，指强调行动、过程的事情。
　☞ 别管我，管好你自己的事。
　☞ Leave me alone; mind your own affairs.
　☞ 来了个代表团调查这件事。
　☞ A delegation came to investigate the affair.
　☞ 校对样书是件吃力费时的事。
　☞ Seeing a book through the press is a laborious and time-wasting affair.
　☞ 你为什么对我的事那么感兴趣？
　☞ Why should you be so interested in my affairs?
　 ■ 应该指出affair的复数一般指国家、政府、商务中的事务。
　☞ 国家大事应按宪法处理。
　☞ State affairs should be conducted in conformity with the constitution.
6．undertaking，指正在从事的大事。
　☞ 我的曾祖母从来没有出过远门，因此这次出门就成了她的大事。
　☞ My great grandmother had never traveled before, so the journey was a major undertaking for her.
　☞ 对每个农民来说，盖一座自己的房子就成了一件大事。
　☞ For every peasant building his own house is a tremendous undertaking.
　☞ 我不知道这项工作会是什么样的大事。
　☞ I don't realize what a large undertaking this job would be.
7．“事”一词作为模糊概念的一般用语，上面的有些词可以换用。例如：他自己的事his own affair (business, concern)；公（私）事public (private) affairs (concern，matters，business)；一件遗憾的事a sorry affair (business, matter, thing)。
8．“事”在泛指时，翻译时应根据上下文使之具体化。
　☞ 遇事要和群众商量。
　☞ Consult the masses when problems arise.（指问题）
　☞ 这件案子里还有他的事。
　☞ He was involved in the case too.（指牵连进去）
　☞ 有我什么事，干吗怪我？
　☞ Why put the blame on me? It has nothing to do with me.（指与事无关）
　☞ 有事大家做。
　☞ We should all share the work.（指工作）
　☞ 她找到事了。
　☞ She's got a job.（指职业）
　☞ 这就叫做事半功倍。
　☞ That is what we call "get twice the result with half the effort."（指做出的努力）
　☞ 事非经过不知难。
　☞ You never know how hard a task is until you have done it yourself.（指工作任务）
　☞ 不要老是事后批评。
　☞ Don't get into the habit of criticizing after the event.
　（指事件）
于 于
1．表示时间或地点，有“在”的意思。
1) in，on，at，均表示地点。
　☞ 他生于北京。
　☞ He was born in Beijing.（in表示在内）
　☞ 我们来回徜徉于林间小路之上。
　☞ We strolled backwards and forwards on the path among trees.（on表示在上）
　☞ 他就学于北京的清华大学。
　☞ He studies at Tsinghua University in Beijing.
　（at... in Beijing表示在北京地区内）
2) in，on，at，均表示时间。
　☞ 他生于1903年。
　☞ He was born in 1903.（in表示年份）
　☞ 中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日。
　☞ The People's Republic of China was founded on October 1st，1949.（on表示日期）
　☞ 他死于8月28日下午8点。
　☞ He died at eight P.M. on August 28th.(at表示钟点)
　 ■ 表示时间、地点还有其他译法。
　☞ 这项工程将于3年内完成。
　☞ This engineering project is to be completed within three years.（用within表示在某个时间之内）
　☞ 云南的普洱茶驰名于全世界。
　☞ The Puerh Tea is famous all over the world.（用over 表示遍及）
2．表示方向、目标、对象，有“向”、“对”的意思。
1) to，通常用于没有对比的场合。
　☞ 我们要全心全意为人民服务，做一个有益于人民的人。
　☞ We must serve the people heart and soul and be beneficial to the people.（指人人均应如此，故无对比）
　☞ 经常锻炼身体于健康有益。
　☞ Doing physical training constantly is helpful to the health.（说的是常规，也无对比）
2) for，一般用于有对比的场合。
　☞ 有些词适用于诗歌，而有些词则不适合。
　☞ Some words are suitable for use in verse and others are not.（经过对比才有这样的结论）
　☞ 情况十分有利于实施这一计划。
　☞ The conditions are most favorable for the execution of the plan。（显然也经过对比）
　 ■ 我们可以从下列对比中看出to和for的区别。
　☞ Everybody knows that milk is good to children.（人人都知道的事，自然无需对比）
　☞ Milk is bad for my son, for he always has loose bowels every time he drinks it.（经过对比知道儿子喝了牛奶要拉肚子）
3) 有些动词的宾语可以表示动作的对象，故无需介词。
　☞ 这样于你自己不利。
　☞ It won't do you any good.
　☞ 这于我无益。
　☞ It does not benefit me.
4) on，into，onto等介词可表示方向、目标。
　☞ 他热衷于集邮。
　☞ He is keen on stamp collection.（on表示目标）
　☞ 经过大家的努力，困难局面终于让位于顺利局面。
　☞ As a result of collective effort, the difficult situation changed into a favorable situation.（into表示转变）
　☞ 你在嫁祸于人。
　☞ You are shifting the misfortune onto others.(onto表示方向)
3．表示动作行为的由来。
1) from，表示来自。
　☞ 天才源于勤奋。
　☞ Talent comes from diligence.
　☞ 他毕业于北京大学。
　☞ He graduated from Peking University.
2) in，表示起源于。
　☞ 黄河发源于青海。
　☞ The Yellow River rises in Qinghai Province.
　☞ 认识来源于实践。
　☞ Knowledge originates in practice.
3) out of，表示出处。
　☞ 她这么干是出于同情。
　☞ She did it out of sympathy.
　☞ 他来这里是出于自愿。
　☞ He has come here out of his own accord.
4．表示比较，一般用比较级＋ than。
　☞ 人民的利益高于一切。
　☞ The interests of the people are higher than anything else.
　☞ 每班选出的代表不得少于3个。
　☞ The number of the representatives from every class must not be less than three.
5．表示被动，常用被动语态。
　☞ 主队败于客队。
　☞ The home team was defeated by the visiting team.
　☞ 这里有过一座古塔，明末时毁于战火。
　☞ Here had been an ancient pagoda, which was destroyed by war at the end of the Ming Dynasty.
6．“于”的其他译法。
　☞ 操之过急，于事无补。
　☞ It would be of no avail to act with undue haste.
　☞ 延安一别，于今10年。
　☞ It is ten years since we parted in Yan'an.
　☞ 你这样走了，我于心不安呀。
　☞ My conscience will not be at ease if you leave this way.
　☞ 你于心何忍？
　☞ How can you bear it in your heart?
于是 于是
　 ■ “于是”有“因此”的意思，一般用在后一分句的句首，表示前后两件事密切相连。前一分句说明原因或理由，后一分句得出结果或结论。翻译时大致有以下几种处理方式。
1．result, as the (a) result，表示由于上文中的原因从而只强调后面的结果。
　☞ 他不相信别人干的活，于是累垮了自己。
　☞ He didn't trust anyone to work on the job. The result was that he tired himself out with backbreaking.
　☞ 太阳的辐射能照射到地球上变成了热能，于是地球就暖和了。
　☞ When the radiant energy of the sun falls on the earth it is changed into heat energy, and as a result the earth is warmed.
2．so…that…，用来连接前一分句的原因和后一分句的结果，因此强调的是前因后果。
　☞ 我的手开始抖得厉害，于是他问我怎么了。
　☞ My hands began shaking so much that he asked me what was the matter.
　☞ 他篮球打得那么好，于是在比赛结束时大家都向他欢呼。
　☞ He played basketball so well that everybody cheered him at the end of the game.
　 ■ so还可以单独使用，但只说明后面的结果，而且语气比较随便。
　☞ 那天天气晴朗，于是我们就出发了。
　☞ The day was fine and so we set out.
　☞ 周围似乎没人，于是我就进去了。
　☞ Nobody seemed about, so I went in.
3．thus，用来解释前面的原因带来后面的结果。
　☞ 几个月来一直没有下雨，于是庄稼有可能遭灾。
　☞ There has been no rain for months. Thus the crops are likely to suffer.
　☞ 成本上升，于是物价也得上涨。
　☞ Costs are up. Thus prices must rise.
4．hence，词义与thus相同，但为书面用语，故语气比thus正式。
　☞ 由于城市建在汉水的河口，于是就有了汉口这个名字。
　☞ The city was built at the mouth of the Hanshui River, hence the name of Hankou.
　☞ 我3岁的儿子找到了一桶漆，于是墙上都是各式各样的符号。
　☞ My three-year-old son found a pot of paint, hence all the marks on the wall.
5．then, 常用来表示逻辑推理的结果，主谓往往颠倒。
　☞ 他很不注意身体，于是有一天病倒了。
　☞ He paid poor attention to health. Then came the day when he was down with illness.
　☞ 阶级矛盾转化成对抗性矛盾，于是开创了革命的新纪元。
　☞ The class contradictions turned into antagonistic ones. Then opened a new epoch of revolution.
6．accordingly，指自然发展的结果。
　☞ 1971年联合国大会以压倒多数通过了要求恢复我国在联合国的一切合法权利的议案。于是蒋介石集团的代表就从联合国及其所属机构中被驱逐出来。
　☞ The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted in 1971 by an overwhelming majority the resolution demanding the restoration of all the lawful rights of China in the United Nations. Accordingly the representatives of the Chiang Kai-shek Clique were expelled from the United Nations and all the organizations related to it。
　☞ 他病得无法工作，于是我们把他送进了医院。
　☞ He was too sick to work. Accordingly we sent him to hospital.
7．thereupon，书面用语，常用于法律、文件、合同等。
　☞ 赃物在其家中寻获，于是他被捕入狱。
　☞ The stolen goods were found in his room, thereupon he was arrested and put in jail.
　☞ 国家领导人在台上坐定后，全场掌声雷动。
　☞ The state leaders sat down on the rostrum. Thereupon the applause was deafening.
8．如果上下文对已知的结果十分清楚时，也可以不译。
　☞ 由于那里的矿产资源十分丰富，于是当地人民就把该地建成了一个重要的能源基地。
　☞ The local people have built the place into an important base of energy resources because the mineral resources are very rich there.
　☞ 我们听说西安有许多景点和古迹，于是就乘火车去了那里。
　☞ Having heard that there are many scenic spots and historic sites in Xi'an, we took a train there.
交 交
1．hand over，指移交。
　☞ 你去上海前把工作交了。
　☞ Hand over your work before you leave for Shanghai 这些材料都交到法院了。
　☞ These materials are handed over to the law court.
2．hand in，指上交。
　☞ 每个学生每周都要交一次作文。
　☞ Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.
　☞ 我已向雇主交了辞职信。
　☞ I handed in my resignation to my employer.
3．give up，指交出。
　☞ 交枪不杀！
　☞ Give up your arms and live!
　☞ 他甚至在压力下也拒绝交文件。
　☞ He refused to give up the document even under pressure.
4．deliver，指送交。
　☞ 农民纷纷向国家交公粮。
　☞ The peasants delivered tax grain to the state one after another.
　☞ 我们要求他在一小时内交货。
　☞ We demanded that he should deliver goods in an hour.
5．pay，指交付。
　☞ 我该交多少房租？
　☞ How much rent shall I pay?
　☞ 我们每月都向工会交会费。
　☞ We pay membership dues to the trade union every month.
6．assign，指指派。
　☞ 具体的计划部署要交给执行计划的部委。
　☞ Specific planning is assigned to the departments which would execute the plans.
　☞ 这一任务已交实验室。
　☞ The task was assigned to the laboratory.
7．meet，指交汇。
　☞ 井冈山位于四县之交。
　☞ The Jinggang Mountains stand where the boundaries of four counties meet.
　☞ 两军战于黄河渭河之交。
　☞ The two armies fought with each other at the point where the Yellow River and the Wei River meet.
8．befriend, make friend, friend, acquaintance，指交友。
　☞ 当时的秦王推行远交近攻的政策。
　☞ The then King of Qin carried out a policy of befriending distant states while attacking those nearby.
　☞ 我在那里交了不少朋友。
　☞ I made many friends there.
　☞ 我们是故交。
　☞ We are old friends.
　☞ 他只是个点头之交。
　☞ He is merely a nodding acquaintance.
交代 交代
1．hand over，指移交。
　☞ 我交代了工作才离开。
　☞ I didn't leave till I handed over the work.
　☞ 既然你已辞职，就应交代你的职务。
　☞ Since you have resigned you should hand over charge of your office.
2．tell，指嘱咐。
　☞ 政委一再交代我们要保护群众的利益。
　☞ The political commissar repeatedly told us to protect the interests of the masses.
　☞ 你只要交代他每天早上送一束玫瑰花给她。
　☞ Just tell him to send her a bouquet of roses each morning.
3．explain，指解释。
　☞ 执行政策之前应向农民交代清楚。
　☞ The policy must be explained to the peasants before it is carried out.
　☞ 分派任务之后还应交代任务。
　☞ The task should be explained after it is assigned.
4．justify，指提供充分的理由。
　☞ 你的粗暴行为作何交代？
　☞ How can you justify your rude behavior?
　☞ 这样的举动你是交代不过去的。
　☞ You can hardly justify such conduct.
5．account for，指说明原因。
　☞ 这事，你怎么交代？
　☞ How are you going to account for this?
　☞ 作为会计，他无法交代公司在银行账户中的亏空。
　☞ A8 a accountant, he was unable to account for the deficit in the firm's bank balance.
6．confess，指坦白。
　☞ 他交代了他过去干过的一切。
　☞ He confessed what he had done in the past.
　☞ 交代罪行后，他感到松了一口气。
　☞ Having confessed his crime, he felt relieved.
7．reference，指提及。
　☞ 作者对此未做进一步交代。
　☞ The author makes no further reference to this.
　☞ 在他的书里对文化界名人都有交代。
　☞ In his book there is a reference to the celebrities in cultural circles.
8．give notice，指带有警告性的通知。
　☞ 我们现在交代清楚，明年初再开一次会来检查工作。
　☞ We now give clear notice that early next year another meeting will be called to check up on the work.
　☞ 政府要镇压罢工，事前已有交代。
　☞ Notice was given that the government meant to crack down on strike.
交加 交加
　 ■ “交加”常用于名词之后，指两种事物同时出现或同时施加在一个人身上。可见“同时”是翻译此词的关键。表现“同时”的方法不外乎有以下几种。
1．如果同时出现的事物是看得见或听得见的，可用simultaneously。
　☞ 他到的那天雨雪交加。
　☞ He arrived on the day when rain and snow fell simultaneously.
　☞ 昨晚雷电交加，却没有下雨。
　☞ Last night thunder and lightning happened simultaneously，but with no rain.
2．如果同时出现的事物是感觉得刊的，可用both... and... 。
　☞ 他死时贫病交加。
　☞ He was beset by both poverty and illness when he died.
　☞ 饥寒交加真不好受。
　☞ It was really bad to suffer both hunger and cold.
3．如果同时出现的事物是情感的交融，可用mingle with。
　☞ 他得到消息时惊喜交加。
　☞ He received the news with joy mingled with surprise.
　☞ 我感到悔恨交加。
　☞ I felt regret mingled with self-reproach.
4．如果出现的事物无法分清是同时还是有先后的，则应根据上下文灵活处理。
　☞ 昨夜风雪交加。
　☞ The snowstorm was ranging last night.(snowstorm一词风雪均在其中)
　☞ 我们拳脚交加，痛打了他一顿。
　☞ We beat him up by punches and kicks.（拳先还是脚先无关紧要）
交换 交换
1．exchange，泛指一切交换。
　☞ 我们有过一次交换观点的机会。
　☞ We had an opportunity to exchange views.
　☞ 猎人用皮毛交换粮食和火药。
　☞ The hunter exchanged furs for grain and gun-power.
　☞ 她和我交换了座位。
　☞ She exchanged seats with me.
　☞ 战时交换战俘并不常见。
　☞ Exchange of prisoners during a war is unusual.
2．swap，与exchange同，但较为口语化。
　☞ 孩子们常交换生日卡。
　☞ The children often swap cards on the birthday.
　☞ 我愿用3张旧邮票交换1张新的。
　☞ I will swap three old stamps for a new one.
3．barter，主要指以物易物的交换。
　☞ 农民过去都在集市上交换农产品。
　☞ The peasants bartered farm products at country fairs in the past.
　☞ 藏民常用皮毛交换茶叶。
　☞ The Tibetans often barter furs for tea.
4．trade，指买卖上的交换，兼指其他方式的交换。
　☞ 美国打算生产更多的计算机并向德国出口以交换汽车。
　☞ The United States is going to produce more computers and trade them for German automobiles.
　☞ 权钱竟然可以交换，谁想得到？
　☞ Who could have thought that power should be traded for money?
　☞ 早期移民用盐巴交换粮食。
　☞ The early settlers traded salt for grain.
交流 交流
1．exchange，泛指一切通过交换的交流。
　☞ 我们趁机与他们交流了经验。
　☞ We took the opportunity to exchange experience with them.
　☞ 我发现与你父亲交流思想令人振奋。
　☞ I found it refreshing to exchange ideas with your father.
　☞ 世界各地的代表团到达北京进行国际文化交流。
　☞ Delegations all over the world arrived in Beijing for the international cultural exchange.
2．communicate, communication，特指人际间的交流。
　☞ 我们学语言是为了交流。
　☞ We learn a language in order to communicate.
　☞ 现在人们可以通过互联网与世界上的任何人交流。
　☞ Nowadays people can communicate with anyone in the world through the Internet.
　☞ 语言与文字是人类最重要的交流工具。
　☞ Speech and writing are man's most important tools of communication.
3．interflow，指相互流通。
　☞ 城乡商品交流促进了工农业生产的大发展。
　☞ The interflow of commodities between town and country has brought about a great advance in industrial and agricultural production.
　☞ 经济文化交流可以增进两国人民之间的了解。
　☞ Economical and cultural interflow can promote understanding between the two peoples.
交通 交通
1．traffic，指车辆、船舶、飞机等一切交通工具及人群的来往。
　☞ 该桥承担着东西向的交通。
　☞ The bridge deck carries both eastbound and westbound traffic.
　☞ 大城市里的警察要指挥交通。
　☞ The police control the traffic in large cities.
　☞ 既然马路已经拓宽，交通就不会太拥挤。
　☞ Now that the streets have widened, there won't be so much traffic congestion.
2．communication，指通过陆路、水路、航空等一切交通工具的联系。
　☞ 铁路的竣工将大大促进西北与华中的交通联系。
　☞ The completion of the railway will greatly facilitate communication between northwest and central China.
　☞ 当时，党中央所在地延安及敌后根据地的交通变得十分困难。
　☞ Communication between the Party Central Committee in Yan'an and the base areas behind enemy lines became very difficult.
3．transport, transportation，着重运输方面的交通。
　☞ 莫斯科的公共交通系统属于世界优秀之列。
　☞ Moscow's public transport system is among the finest in the world.
　☞ 我倒是很想跟你去，但是交通有问题。
　☞ I'd like very much to go with you, but there's the problem of transportation.
　☞ 旅馆还为旅客免费提供交通工具的停放场地。
　☞ The hotel also provides free space for the traveler's means of transportation (transport).
4．access, get to，指去某地的交通。
　☞ 我的家乡是个交通便利、经济发达的小镇。
　☞ My native place is a small town, easy of access and having a thriving economy.
　☞ 解放前，这一边远地区交通闭塞。
　☞ Before liberation this distant area was very hard to get to.
5．messenger，指送信的交通员。
　☞ 解放前他当过地下交通。
　☞ Before liberation he served as an underground messenger.
产生 产生
1．表示生出新事物、新想法，用be born of。这时要注意汉英句子结构的区别。
　☞ 她想帮助病人的愿望产生了要当医生的想法。
　☞ Her wish to become a doctor was born of a desire to help sick people.
　☞ 帝国主义产生现代战争。
　☞ Modem war is born of imperialism.
2．give birth to，意思与be born of相同，但结构与汉语相同。
　☞ 南昌起义产生了我党领导的革命军队。
　☞ The Nanchang Uprising gave birth to the revolutionary army led by our Party.
　☞ 中华民族数千年的历史产生了许多民族英雄和革命领袖。
　☞ During thousands of years of recorded history, the Chinese nation has given birth to many national heroes and revolutionary leaders.
3．表示生产，可用produce。
　☞ 煤气可由煤产生。
　☞ Gas can be produced from coal.
　☞ 伟大的革命斗争产生伟大的人物。
　☞ Great revolutionary struggle produces great persons.
　☞ 他们讨论了30多次，但没有产生具体的计划。
　☞ They held more than thirty discussions without producing a definite plan.
　☞ 不过，我们的努力没有产生预期的结果。
　☞ However, our efforts failed to produce the desired result.
　☞ 这一仗产生了深远的影响。
　☞ The battle produced far-reaching effects.
　☞ 总统的声明在内阁成员中产生了混乱。
　☞ The statement of the president produced confusion among the members of the cabinet.
4．表示带来，可译bring (about, forth)。
　☞ 以马克思列宁主义的理论思想武装起来的中国共产党，在中国人民中产生了新的工作作风。
　☞ Armed with Marxism-Leninism theory and ideology the Communist Party of China has brought a new style of work to the Chinese people.
　☞ 技术革新产生了预期的效果。
　☞ The technical innovation has brought about its desired effect.
　☞ 实践使我们的认识产生了新的飞跃。
　☞ Practice brings about a new leap in our knowledge.
　☞ 这些努力必将产生好的结果。
　☞ These efforts will surely bring forth good fruit.
5．表示出现，可译arise，emerge。
　☞ 接着又产生了一个问题，即一旦我们有了新设备又该怎么办？
　☞ The question then arises as to what we are going to do once we get the equipment.
　☞ 混乱是由同一物质用了不同名字产生的。
　☞ The confusion arose from various names that had been given to the same substance.
　☞ 正确路线是在斗争中产生发展起来的。
　☞ A correct line emerges and develops in the course of struggle.
　☞ 会谈时产生了新的想法。
　☞ New ideas emerged during the talk.
6．表示首次出现，可译come into being。
　☞ 第一次大革命以后产生了红军。
　☞ The Red Army came into being after the First Great Revolution.
　☞ 这种习俗产生于南北朝末期。
　☞ The practice came into being at the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
7．表示形成，可译form。
　☞ 水沸腾时产生蒸汽。
　☞ Steam forms when water boils.
　☞ 氢氧结合产生水。
　☞ Oxygen unites with hydrogen to form water.
　☞ 罗马尼亚产生了新政府。
　☞ A new government is formed in Romania.
8．表示引起，可译give rise to。
　☞ 只有社会实践才能产生人的认识。
　☞ Only social practice alone gives rise to human knowledge.
　☞ 流言蜚语往往产生误解。
　☞ Gossip often gives rise to misunderstanding.
9．表示产生影响，可用exert influence on，exercise influence over, have bearing on。
　☞ 他的写作风格对19世纪英国文学产生深远影响。
　☞ His writing style exerted a profound influence on the nineteenth-century English literature.
　☞ 底特律的罢工对工会运动产生了强烈的影响。
　☞ The strike in Detroit exercised a strong influence over the trade union movement.
　☞ 该国的战争政策立刻对国民经济产生了影响。
　☞ The war policy of that country has immediate bearing on its national economy.
10．表示产生怀疑可用arise, cast (throw)。
　☞ 他心里产生了一丝怀疑。
　☞ A tiny bit of doubt has arisen in him.
　☞ 没有理由对他的动机产生怀疑。
　☞ There is no reason to cast (throw) suspicion on his motive.
享受 享受
1．enjoy，enjoyment，指带来物质或精神上的享受。
　☞ 这里所有的工人都享受免费医疗。
　☞ All the workers here enjoy free medical care.
　☞ 我们一起写了第一部短篇小说，并一起享受第一次成功的喜悦。
　☞ We had written our first stories together, and together enjoyed the first sweets of success.
　☞ 解放后他们开始贪图安逸和享受，害怕艰苦。
　☞ After liberation they began to seek comfort and enjoyment and fear hardship.
　☞ 他喜欢尘世间的享受。
　☞ He is fond of worldly enjoyment.
2．treat，指可以获得乐趣、愉快的享受，尤其是指意外获得的享受，指的往往是具体的事件。
　☞ 能到安静平和的乡间来是多大的享受呀！
　☞ What a treat to get into the peace and quiet of the country!
　☞ 看这样的好戏是一种艺术享受。
　☞ A good play like this is an artistic treat.
3．comfort, 指使人安逸舒适的享受。
　☞ 生活改善以后，人们都兴物质享受。
　☞ People go in for material comfort after the livelihood is improved.
　☞ 他从小娇生惯养，大了以后越来越喜欢享受。
　☞ He's been spoiled since childhood, so he becomes more and more fond of comfort as he's got older.
享有 享有
1．enjoy，指通过法律赋予、社会承认等正当途径的享有。
　☞ 我国妇女享有与男子平等的权利。
　☞ Women in China enjoy equal rights with men.
　☞ 自我担任程序设计员这一工作以来，我享有优厚待遇。
　☞ I have enjoyed a good income since I held the job as a programmer.
　☞ 县委书记谷文昌死后还享有崇高的威望。老百姓每年都要上坟来纪念他。
　☞ County Party Secretary Cu Wenchang enjoys high prestige even after his death. People visit his grave in his memory every year.
2．have，指用来叙述拥有这一事实，敞不带感情色彩。
　☞ 王教授在学生中间享有相当高的声望。
　☞ Professor Wang had considerable popularity among students.
　☞ 他在决定政策上享有发言权。
　☞ He has a say in determining policy.
3．hold，指占有、拥有，所享有的权利可能是合法的，也可能是不合法的。
　☞ 该伯爵的孙子现在享有其爵位及土地。
　☞ The earl's grandson now holds the title and the lands.
　☞ 奴隶主享有对其奴隶生杀予夺的权力。
　☞ Slave owners held the power of life and death over their slaves.
亲自 亲自
1．personal, personally，指本人亲自。
　☞ 首次公演时由著名男女演员亲自登场。
　☞ Well-known actors and actresses will make a personal appearance at the premiere.
　☞ 这两个文件是在他的亲自指导下起草的。
　☞ These two documents were drawn up under his personal guidance.
　☞ 旅馆主人亲自来迎接我们。
　☞ The owner of the hotel welcomed us personally.
　☞ 我得把这个亲自交给他。
　☞ I have to hand it to him personally.
2．in person，指当面亲自。
　☞ 我要亲自见他。
　☞ I want to see him in person.
　☞ 他决定亲自出席大会。
　☞ He decided to attend the congress in person.
3．oneself，指自己亲自。
　☞ 他亲自带领我们参观博物馆。
　☞ He showed us around the museum himself.
　☞ 你愿亲自去看看吗？
　☞ Would you like to go and see for yourself?
　 ■ 上述三词一般情况都可以换用。如：
　☞ 我无法亲自出席会议，但我会派人去代表我讲话的。
　☞ I can't attend the meeting personally (in person, myself), but I'm sending someone to speak for me.
人 人
1．human，指与动物相对的人。
　☞ 人能思考、说话，而动物却不能。
　☞ A human can think and speak, but an animal cannot.
　☞ 狼一般是不会攻击人的。
　☞ Wolves will not usually attack humans.
2．man，用法很广，有与human相同的一面，也有不同的一面。
1) 相同的一面。
　☞ 这种药人畜皆宜。
　☞ This medicine is 6t both for man (human) and beast.
　☞ 人都是要死的。
　☞ All men f humans) must die.
　☞ 这超过了人的能力。
　☞ It's beyond man's (human) power.
　☞ 以人的模样出现的上帝，是人类文学中一再出现的主题。
　☞ God appearing as man has been a recurrent theme in human literature.
2) 不同的一面。
　☞ 她有个儿子，现在已长大成人。
　☞ She has a son. He is a man now 人人都会追求自己的理想。
　☞ Every man follows his own ideal.
　☞ 女人）
　☞ 你总是不给人以机会。
　（指成年男人）
　（泛指一切男人和 You don't give a man a chance. （指任何一个人，因此常加不定冠词）
　☞ 我找了一个你一直在找的人。
　☞ I've found the (very) man you have been looking for.
　（指特定的一个人，故要加定冠词）
　☞ 游击队有7,000多人。
　☞ The guerrillas had upward 7,000 men.（指军人）
3．person，指不分性别、年龄、身份的人。
　☞ 此人是谁？
　☞ Who is this person?
　☞ 有位陌生人要见你。
　☞ There is a strange person to see you.
　 ■ person一般用单数，表示复数时多用people，但如有数词修饰时也可用persons或people。
　☞ 参加会议的人超过了100。
　☞ More than a hundred persons (people) were present at the meeting.
　☞ 有两个人等着要见法官。
　☞ Two persons (people) were waiting to see the judge.
4．people，作“人”解时，没有单数形式，不用冠词。
　☞ 昨天有3个人来找你。
　☞ Three people came to see you yesterday.
　☞ 他待人诚恳。
　☞ He is sincere in his dealing with people.
　☞ 向人要东西可不是他的习惯。
　☞ It was not his habit to ask people for things.
　 ■ 有时people和person为避免重复，可以换用。
　☞ 大概有40万人需要移出库区，其中大多数是年轻人。
　☞ Some 400,000 persons are to be moved out of the reservoir region, most of them are young people.
　 ■ 但如果要用单数，则应用person来代替people。与此同时，people不能与a people（一个民族），the people（人民）混淆。
5．one，指包括说话人在内的任何人，它只是用来泛指，而不专指某个具体的个人。
　☞ 人应该保养自己的身体。
　☞ One should take care of one's (his) health. (one's 为英国用法，his为美国用法)
　☞ 人有时对自己不喜欢的事也得做。
　☞ One must occasionally do things one (he) dislikes. （用法同上）
　 ■ 此外，one 还可与every, any, some, no等连用。
　☞ 人有时是会出错的。
　☞ Everyone makes mistakes sometimes.
　☞ 超过18岁的人可以入内。
　☞ Anyone who is over eighteen is allowed in.
　☞ 我需要有人照顾她。
　☞ I want someone to look after her.
　☞ 房间里没人。
　☞ There is no one in the room.
6．other，others，指另一个人或另外一些人。
　☞ 一个人留了下来，另一个人走掉了。
　☞ One stayed and the other went away.
　☞ 己所不欲，勿施于人。
　☞ Don't do to others what you would not have others do to you.
　☞ 自己做错了事不应该怪别人。
　☞ When one has done something wrong one should not blame it on others.
7．individual，指与集体相对的个体。
　☞ 马克思主义并不否定个人。
　☞ Marxism does not deny the individual.
　☞ 我们的整个制度是建立在尊重每个人的特殊才能之上的。
　☞ Our entire system is founded on an appreciation of the special genius of each individual.
　 ■ 不过有时individual在失去个体特征之后，可以man换用。
　☞ 穿蓝衬衣的那人是谁？
　☞ Who is that individual (man) wearing a blue shirt?
　☞ 你这人脾气太坏！
　☞ What a bad-tempered individual (man) you are!
8．有时，在翻译“人”时，可根据上下文译成具体各种人的特指名词。
　☞ 他是人小鬼大。
　☞ He is only a child daring to do great mischief.(译成小孩)
　☞ 现在是人浮于事。
　☞ Now there are more hands than needed.（译成人手）
　☞ 人微言轻。
　☞ The words of the lowly carry little weight.（译成地位低的人）
　☞ 这人肚子里藏不住东西。
　☞ This chap can't keep anything to himself. （译成家伙）
　☞ 别小看人！
　☞ Don't look down on me! （译成我）
　☞ 相反，我们应当成为对国家有用的人。
　☞ Instead, we should become useful citizens to the state.（译成公民）
9．有时，由于上下文中的人已不言自明，故可以省略不译。
　☞ 这个座位有人吗？
　☞ Is this seat occupied?
　☞ 我听人说你结婚了。
　☞ I hear that you've got married.
　☞ 你一个人行吗？
　☞ Can you manage on your own?
　☞ 她身体不错，人也能干。
　☞ She's healthy, and capable as well.
　☞ 这两天我人不太舒服。
　☞ I haven't been feeling very well lately.
　☞ 她发烧烧得人都糊涂了。
　☞ Her fever was so high that she got delirious.
　☞ 他人在那儿，心里可想着别的事。
　☞ He was there all right, but his mind was elsewhere.
人事 人事
1．personnel，指有关人的事务。
　☞ 宗派活动使得这一人事调动有了必要。
　☞ Factional activities necessitate this transfer of personnel.
　☞ 人事安排是保密的。
　☞ The arrangement of personnel was kept secret.
　☞ 至于这次人事更迭，有人热烈欢呼，也有人咬牙切齿。
　☞ As for the change of personnel, some hailed with delight and others ground their teeth.
2．ways of the world，指处理世间事物的方式。
　☞ 他老奸巨滑，洞悉人事。
　☞ He is a wily old fox and has thorough understanding of the ways of the world.
　☞ 儿子还年轻，不懂人事。
　☞ My son is too young to know the ways of the world.
3．consciousness，指人的意识；sex conscious，指性意识。
　☞ 他昏迷过去，不省人事。
　☞ He fainted and lost consciousness.
　☞ 我母亲在晚间8点摔了一跤以后就人事不知，在夜里12点去世。
　☞ My mother lost consciousness at 8 o'clock in the evening after fall and died at 12 in the night.
　☞ 她已渐省人事。
　☞ She is growing to be sex-conscious.
4．do one's human best, do what is humanly possible，指尽量做到人力所能做到的事情。
　☞ 至于她的病，我们会尽人事的。
　☞ As for her illness, we'll do our human best.
　☞ 文天祥所做的事只是在尽人事，听天命而已。
　☞ What had been done by Wen Tian-xiang was only humanly possible and the rest was left to God.
人员 人员
1．personnel，指受雇于单位的全体工作人员，因此是个集合名词，但做主语时谓语一般要用复数。
　☞ 技术人员对这些变动都不高兴。
　☞ The technical personnel are unhappy about these changes.
　☞ 全体工作人员都已获得为期一周的额外休假。
　☞ All personnel have received an extra week's vacation.
　 ■ 由于这个特点，personnel也可用于一个个的成员，前面可以跟数字，但personnel后不加s。
　☞ 5位党政工作人员死于这次坠机事件。
　☞ Five Patty and government personnel died in the plane crash.
　☞ 公司调了5名骨干工作人员去西北。
　☞ The company transferred 5 of its key personnel to Northwest China.
2．staff，义同personnel。一般可以换用，做主语时，谓语可用单数或复数。
　☞ 学校的全体教学人员都出席了开学典礼。
　☞ The whole teaching staff (entire teaching personnel) was (were) present at the opening ceremony.
　☞ 公司大约有40名职员。
　☞ The company has got a staff (personnel) of about 40.
　 ■ 同样，staff也可用作一个个的人员，前面可接数字，staff仍保持单数形式。
　☞ 他管理着大约20名工作人员。
　☞ He is in charge of 20 staff.
　☞ 我们经常收到工作人员对劳动条件的投诉。
　☞ We often receive complaints by staff about working conditions.
　 ■ 但是与personnel不同的是staff可以用作动词。
　☞ 我没有足够的资金把所有学校的教职人员配齐。
　☞ We have not enough funds to staff all over our school.
　 ■ 此外，staff还可与under，over等前缀结合，组成复合动词，表示“人员不足”或“人员过多”。
　☞ 财务科人员不足，而伙食科人员过多。
　☞ The financial section is understaffed whereas the catering section - overstaffed.
3．man, 义同用作动词的staff。
　☞ 他会选用什么样的人员组阁呢？
　☞ What sort of people would he elect to man his cabinet?
　☞ 上校从我们团抽调士兵为大炮配备人员。
　☞ The colonel manned the guns with soldiers from our regiment.
　 ■ man也可与over，under等前缀组成复合动词。
　☞ 船上的人员配备过多。
　☞ The ship was overmanned.
　☞ 我们应想尽办法把剩余劳动力吸引到人员不足的企业里去。
　☞ We must try every possible way to attract surplus labor to undermanned industries.
4．“人员”的其他译法。
　☞ 机关工作人员的人数要精简一半。
　☞ The number of the office workers must be reduced by half.
　☞ 改革初期，人员一度青黄不接。
　☞ There was a gap between the old and the young once in the early days of the reform.
人家 人家
1．family，指家庭。
　☞ 这个村子有百十来户人家。
　☞ There are a hundred or so families in this village.
　☞ 他出身于富贵人家。
　☞ He comes from a rich and politically influential family.
2．house，指叫做家的建筑物和住在里面的人；household，仅指住在里面的人。
　☞ 那条路上见不到一户人家。
　☞ No house can be seen on that way.
　☞ 整户人家都得了麻风病。
　☞ The whole house was ill with leprosy.
　☞ 我想你是这户人家的惟一成员了吧。
　☞ I think you're the only member of this household.
　☞ 两户人家应该和平共处。
　☞ Two households should live in peace.
3．“人家”可以用来泛指说话人以外的任何人，翻译时应根据上下文选用no one，other people，other，everybody等酌情处理。
　☞ 人家都不怕，就你怕。
　☞ No one else is afraid. It's only you who are afraid.
　☞ 人家能做到的，我们也能做到。
　☞ What other people can do we can do, too.
　☞ 别叫人家笑话你。
　☞ Don't make the other laugh at you.
　☞ 人家的事，咱们不用管。
　☞ We needn't bother about other's affairs.
　☞ 人家都这么说。
　☞ That's what everybody says.
4．“人家”也可用来实指某个人或某些人。如何处理也要根据上下文。
　☞ 把信给人家送去。
　☞ Take the letter to him (her, them).
　☞ 我问过好几个医生，人家都说这个病不要紧。
　☞ I've consulted several doctors, and they all say that this illness is nothing to worry about.
5．“人家”还可用来实指说话者本人，故要用第一人称。
　☞ 你把人家吓了一大跳。
　☞ You gave me quite a fright.
　☞ 人家等你半天了。
　☞ I've been waiting for you quite a while.
6．“人家”还可放在名词前面做修饰语，表示语气的生动。这时可用指示代词that，those。
　☞ 人家小王年纪也不大呀，学习总是全班第一。
　☞ That Xiaowang is really young, but he's always the best student in his class.
　☞ 说干活咱们可比不上人家年轻人。
　☞ As for work, we can't compare with those young people.
7．“人家”也可用来实指女孩子婚配的对象或人家。
　☞ 女儿大了，该给她找个合适的人家了。
　☞ Our daughter has grown up. It's time to choose a prospective husband for her.
　☞ 她已经有了人家了。
　☞ She is engaged to be married.
8．your elderly self，用作尊称，指您老人家自己。
　☞ 父亲，我们求你想想你的全家，尤其是您老人家自己。
　☞ Father, we beg you to think of your entire family and, above all, your elderly self.
人工 人工
1．artificial，用来修饰人工制成的实物或人工形成的功能。
　☞ 水库中有个人工岛，岛上建有佛寺以吸引游客。
　☞ In the center of the reservoir there is an artificial island where a Buddhist temple is built to attract tourists.
　☞ 地震勘探就是采用人工地震的方法来勘探矿藏。
　☞ Seismic prospecting is to prospect mineral deposits by means of producing artificial earthquake.
　☞ 人们在旱季往往求助于人工灌溉。
　☞ People often resort to artificial irrigation during dry seasons.
　☞ 我们一般都用人工呼吸来抢救溺水者。
　☞ Usually we use artificial respiration to save a drowning man.
2．man-made，只用来修饰人工制成的实物。在这一点上，可以与artificial换用。
　☞ 这是一个人工湖。以前这里是河谷，后来他们筑了座水坝。
　☞ This is a man-made (an artificial) lake, there used to be a valley here until they built a dam.
　☞ 森林公园里的工人为啄木鸟设置了不少人工鸟巢。
　☞ The workers of the forest park have set up a lot of man-made nests for wood peckers.
　☞ 我们的暖房都配有人工降雨机。
　☞ Our greenhouses are equipped with man-made rain deices.
3．synthetic，用来修饰化学合成物。
　☞ 大多数人工合成的聚合物都是有机材料。
　☞ Most synthetic polymers are organic.
　☞ 糖尿病患者都用人工合成结晶胰岛素治疗。
　☞ Diabetics are treated with synthetic crystalline insulin.
4．manual，用来修饰手工劳动。
　☞ 我们厂都用杌器来代替人工。
　☞ In our factory machines are installed to replace manual labor.
　☞ 在产品包装上，我们目前还是用人工来处理的。
　☞ We have resorted to manual handling so far to pack products.
5．manpower，man-day，均指用来计算工作量的单位。前者指与马力相当的人力；后者则指一个人一天的工作量。
　☞ 修建这条渠道不需要很多人工。
　☞ It won't take a lot of manpower to construct this irrigation canal.
　☞ 修这所房子用了多少人工？
　☞ How many man-days were put in on repairing the house?
6．“人工”的其他译法。
　☞ 抽水机坏了，只好用人工车水。
　☞ We had to move water by a chain pump because the electric pump had broken down.
　☞ 人工取样总会丢失一些有用的信息。
　☞ Hand sampling always misses some helpful information.
　☞ 你在计算总成本前先得核算人工成本。
　☞ You have to work out the labor cost before you count the total cost.
　☞ 她不想要孩子，所以做了人工流产。
　☞ She didn't want to have any baby, so she had an induced abortion.
人造 人造
1．artificial, 使用范围最广，对任何仿天然的东西都可以修饰，强调非天然。
　☞ 我们买不起什么昂贵的宝石项链，只好买条人造的。
　☞ We couldn't afford to buy any expensive jewel necklace, so we bought an artificial one.
　☞ 夏天，我们一般用人造冰来冷冻食物。
　☞ We usually use artificial ice to freeze food in summer.
　☞ 这件毛衣是用人造羊毛织的。
　☞ The sweater is made of artificial wool.
2．man-made，对任何人工制造的东西都可以修饰，强调人造。
　☞ 太空里也遨游着中国造的人造卫星。
　☞ Through space travel as well the man-made satellites made in China。
　☞ 人造纤维的纺织品一度在中国很流行。
　☞ Textiles of man-made fiber was very popular for a time in China.
3．imitation，可用来修饰任何仿造的东西，强调仿造。
　☞ 塑料可用来制造人造革。
　☞ Plastic materials are used to make imitation leather.
　☞ 人造珍珠可以做成漂亮的项链。
　☞ Imitation pearls make a beautiful necklace.
介绍 介绍
1．introduce，用于人，指使之相识；用于物则指引进方法、品种等。
　☞ 我一定得把她介绍给你。
　☞ I must certainly introduce her to you.
　☞ 让我介绍一下王教授。
　☞ Allow me to introduce Professor Wang.
　☞ 这种灭虫方法是去年才介绍到我们县来的。
　☞ This method of pest control was introduced into our county only last year.
　☞ 烟草产自美洲，但却是由菲律宾介绍到中国来的。
　☞ Tobacco originated in America but it was introduced into China from the Philippines.
2．present，用于人指正式场合的引见，用于物则指提出论点、看法等。
　☞ 阁下，我可以介绍勃朗先生吗？
　☞ Your Excellency, may I present Mr. Brown?
　☞ 我荣幸地被介绍给总统先生。
　☞ I had the honor of being presented to Mr. President.
　☞ 他介绍了他的观点以后就坐下了。
　☞ He presented his views and then sat down.
　☞ 情况差别很大，因此不可能介绍一个理想的对策。
　☞ Since situations vary widely, it is impossible to present an ideal strategy.
3．recommend，指推荐。
　☞ 申请入党，必须有两位正式党员介绍。
　☞ An applicant for Party membership must be recommended by two full Party members.
　☞ 他给我介绍了一位好医生。
　☞ He recommended me a good physician.
　☞ 也许你能给我再介绍一个旅馆。
　☞ Perhaps you can recommend me another hotel.
　☞ 我给你介绍一本书。
　☞ I'll recommend you a book.
4．brief，briefing，指简短的介绍情况。
　☞ 董事长将向董事会介绍最近的进展。
　☞ The Chairman will brief the Board on the most recent developments.
　☞ 负责公关的女同志会给你介绍工厂的情况的。
　☞ The PR girl will give you a briefing on the factory.
　☞ 法律杂志刊载了案情介绍。
　☞ The law journal printed the briefing of the case.
仍（仍旧，仍然） 仍（仍旧，仍然）
　 ■ “仍”、“仍旧”、“仍然”是三个同义词，有“还”、“还是”的意思，表示情况持续不变。“仍”用于书面，后面接单音词；“仍旧”多用于口语；“仍然”一般也用于书面。
1．still，用来说明过去开始的情况或动作仍在继续，特别是用来说明因为没有停止而表现出来的惊奇。常与延续性动词连用，一般用于肯定句。
　☞ 台风已经过去，海浪仍然很高。
　☞ The typhoon was gone, but the waves were still high.
　☞ 你的论点很有意思，不过我仍旧认为你是错的。
　☞ Your arguments are very interesting, but I still think you're wrong.
　☞ 这衣服补一补仍然能穿。
　☞ You can still wear the clothes if you have them mended.
　 ■ 与be连用时，可用于疑问句。
　☞ 你还在这里？我以为你早走了。
　☞ Are you still here7I thought you'd gone ages ago.
　 ■ 不过，still与瞬间动词连用时，也可用于否定句。
　☞ 我想了好几个小时，仍不能决定。
　☞ I've been thinking for hours. but I still can't decide.
　☞ 他讲啊讲啊，我仍然不懂。
　☞ He explained and explained, but I still didn't understand.
2．yet, 用来说明预计要发生的事情，一般用于疑问句和否定句。
　☞ 他仍旧没来？
　☞ Hasn't he come yet?
　☞ 这事我仍不清楚。
　☞ I'm not clear yet about it.
　 ■ 但是，如果yet用在肯定句中，则表示情况或行动的延续。
　☞ 他仍是个孩子。
　☞ He is yet a child.
　☞ 父亲老早就起来了，而且仍在于活。
　☞ Father rose early and is working yet.
3．remain，用来表示状态的延续，动词。
　☞ 他们4个人中有3人仍是单身。
　☞ Three out of four of them remained single.
　☞ 敌人方面仍然没有动静。
　☞ The enemy remained inactive.
　☞ 有些问题仍旧有待解决。
　☞ Some problems remained to be solved.
　☞ 大门仍然关着。
　☞ The gate remained closed.
4．continue，用来说明动作的延续。
　☞ 就在这时候，我仍然做我的调查。
　☞ Meanwhile I continued my investigation.
　☞ 尽管发出了警告，他们仍然天天见面。
　☞ They continued to meet every day though a warning had been given.
从事 从事
1．侧重投身于某种事业的整个过程时，可译engage in，be engaged in。
　☞ 那时我们没有从事爱国活动的自由。
　☞ In those days we were not free to engage in patriotic activity.
　☞ 除了农业，我们从事各种副业生产。
　☞ Besides agriculture we also engage in various kinds of sideline production.
　☞ 间谍从狭义上讲是从事谍报活动的人。
　☞ In a narrow sense, a spy is one who is engaged in espionage.
2．侧重投身于某种事业的开始阶段，有着手从事的意思，这时一般译为take up。
　☞ 现在他决心从事生产劳动。
　☞ Now he resolved to take up productive labor.
　☞ 他们被派去从事副业生产。
　☞ They were assigned to take up sideline production.
　☞ 刘绍棠13岁就从事专业创作。
　☞ Liu Shaotang took up writing as a profession at the age of thirteen.（从13岁开始从事）
　☞ 刘绍棠从13岁便从事文学创作。
　☞ Liu Shaotang has been engaged in literary work since he was thirteen.（从13岁开始直到生命终止）
3．侧重下工夫钻研某项工作时，可译work at，work on。
　☞ 他正从事一项新的发明创造。
　☞ He is working at a new invention.
　☞ 多年来，他们一直从事这门学科。
　☞ They have worked at this subject for many years.
　☞ 自从我调本厂以来一直在从事技术革新工作。
　☞ I have been working on technical innovations since I was transferred to the factory.
4．侧重某种爱好时，可译go in for。
　☞ 当时我们当中许多人都从事写作、绘画、音乐、演剧及其他类似的活动。
　☞ Many of us went in for writing, painting, music, dramatics and other similar activities.
　☞ 工作之余，我们也从事体育活动。
　☞ We also go in for sports after working hours.
　☞ 学校要我从事教学，而我却对工程感兴趣。
　☞ The college wanted me to go in for teaching, but I am interested in engineering.
5．仅指从事某项工作而没有侧重点时，可译do。
　☞ 他从事群众工作多年，有丰富的工作经验。
　☞ He did mass work for years and had rich experience.
　☞ 我去延安前是从事翻译工作的。
　☞ I did translation work before I went to Yan'an.
6．表示一时的行动时，可译act。
　☞ 对待思想上的毛病，不能鲁莽从事。
　☞ In treating an ideological malady, one must never act rashly.
　☞ 那里情况复杂，你得谨慎从事。
　☞ The situation there is complicated and you have to act cautiously.
7．表示处理，可译deal with。
　☞ 违令者军法从事。
　☞ Those who disobey orders will be dealt with according to military law.
　☞ 警方对少年犯一般都谨慎从事。
　☞ Usually the police are cautious in dealing with juvenile offenders.
代替 代替
1．replace，指替换。
　☞ 体力劳动正逐步为机器所代替。
　☞ The manual work is being replaced by the machine.
　☞ 还有什么东西能代替母爱的呢？
　☞ Can anything replace a mother's love and care?
　☞ 他们正企图以新殖民主义代替旧殖民主义。
　☞ They are trying to replace old colonialism with neocolonialism.
2．take the place of，只指替代，可与replace换用。
　☞ 我国电气机车已逐渐代替了蒸汽机车。
　☞ Electric locomotives are now taking the place of steam locomotives in our country.
　☞ 谁来代替詹姆斯先生？
　☞ Who will take the place of Mr. James?
　☞ 他的触觉逐渐代替了视觉。
　☞ His sense of touch gradually took the place of sight.
　☞ 你不在时我来代替你。
　☞ I'll take your place in your absence.
3．substitute，书面用语，常指用某种代用品代替。
　☞ 我们用复制件代替手稿原件以避免字迹的磨损。
　☞ We have substituted the copies for the original manuscripts to save wear and tear on the letter.
　☞ 生产中常用低价材料来代替价格较高的那类原材料。
　☞ In manufacturing, cheaper materials are constantly being substituted for the more expensive kind.
　☞ 如果你自己不去，请找一个人代替。
　☞ If you don't go yourself, please find someone to substitute (replace) you.
　☞ 老师要我们用课文中的词代替句子里划线的词。
　☞ The teacher wanted us to substitute words from the text for the underlined words in the sentences.成The teacher wanted us to replace the underlined words in the sentences with words from the text.
　☞ 他们不爱吃洋芋，所以我们用大米代替。
　☞ They don't like potatoes, so we substitute rice.
　☞ 食谱上要求用黄油，我却用人造黄油代替。
　☞ The recipe called for butter, but I substituted margarine.
4．如果代替的动作与其他动作并立，并处于次要地位时，可译in place of，instead of，in lieu of。
　☞ 你在中国吃饭得用筷子代替刀叉。
　☞ In China you have to use chopsticks in place of knives and forks at meals.
　☞ 现代资产阶级只是确立了新的阶级、新的压迫条件、新的斗争形式来代替那些旧的。
　☞ The modem bourgeoisie has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, and new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.
　☞ 我写了一篇短文来代替长篇大论。
　☞ I wrote a short article instead of the lengthy one.
　☞ 我来代替我弟弟，他病了。
　☞ I have come instead of my brother. He is ill.
　☞ 以前好些外科手术一度都用针麻代替药麻。
　☞ In many surgical operations, acupuncture anesthesia was used instead of medicinal anesthesia once before.
　“大炮代替黄油”是希特勒的口号。
　 "Guns instead of butter" was Hitler's slogan.
　☞ 银行发行纸币代替银币。
　☞ Banks issued notes in lieu of silvery coins.
　☞ 我们同意接受实物来代替工资。
　☞ We agreed to accept payment in kind in lieu of wages.
5．如果“代替”是以优代劣，可用supersede。
　☞ 大多数的乡村都是电灯代替丁煤油灯。
　☞ Electric light has superseded kerosene light in most villages.
　☞ 我国大多数航线都是喷气机代替了螺旋桨飞机。
　☞ Jets have superseded prop planes on most airlines in our country.
6．如果代替是指后来者接替前者，可用succeed。
　☞ 随着解放，和平与秩序代替了战争与混乱。
　☞ With the liberation, peace and order succeeded war and disorder.
　☞ 凄风苦雨代替了风和日丽。
　☞ The wailing wind and weeping rain succeeded the bright sunshine and gentle breeze.
代表 代表
1．represent，最常用，它有两个基本词义。
1) 表示代替或象征，主语或宾语可以是人或物。
　☞ 他们决不能代表工农和革命的知识分子。
　☞ They can in no way represent the workers, peasants and revolutionary intellectuals.
　☞ 校长不能来参加会议，因此由我来代表他。
　☞ The headmaster could not come to the meeting, so I represented him.
　☞ 这3个人代表不同类型的性格。
　☞ These three persons represent different types of characters.
　☞ 我们的人民政府是真正代表人民利益的政府。
　☞ Our People's Government is one that genuinely represents the people's interests.
　☞ 他的意见代表大多数人的意见。
　☞ His opinion represents that of the majority.
2) 表示用符号代表，主语或谓语一般都是物。
　☞ 地图上的红线代表铁路。
　☞ The red lines on the map represent railways.
　☞ 莫尔斯电码里的点和线都代表字母。
　☞ In Morse code, dots and dashes represent letters.
2．act for，用得较狭，只表示代理，因此一般可以同represent的第一义换用。
　☞ 我的律师代表我处理这件事。
　☞ My lawyer will act for (represent) me in this matter.
　☞ 他因为忙，要我代表他出席会议。
　☞ As he was busy, he asked me to act for him at the meeting.
　☞ 史密斯生病期间由他代表。
　☞ He acted for Smith while he was ill.
3．stand for，词义也较窄，只表示用符号表示，因此可与represent的第二义换用。主语与宾语一般都为物。
　☞ 这个方程式中T代表温度。
　☞ In this equation, T stands for (represents) temperature.
　☞ PLA这几个字母代表人民解放军。
　☞ The letters PLA stand for the People's Liberation Army.
　☞ 五星红旗代表我们国家。
　☞ The five-star red flag stands for our country 他们跟我们不一样，是代表资本主义的。
　☞ They differ from us and they stand for capitalism.
4．embody，表示体现。
　☞ 语言代表思想。
　☞ Words embody thought.
　☞ 青年中这种潮流代表了时代的精神。
　☞ Such a trend among the youth embodies the spirit of the era.
5．on behalf of, in the name of，表示代表某人或某机构。
　☞ 我们人大代表的一举一动都应代表人民群众。
　☞ We the deputies of the National People's Congress should act on behalf of the masses.
　☞ 请允许我代表我国政府向美国人民表示衷心感谢。
　☞ On behalf of our government allow me to express heart-felt gratitude to the American people.
　☞ 我代表中国人民向您表示热烈欢迎。
　☞ In the name of the Chinese people I extend an enthusiastic welcome to you.
　☞ 他代表全厂工人在会上讲了话。
　☞ He spoke at the meeting in the name of the workers of the factory.
以上 以上
1．more than，指多于。
　☞ 他当时的年龄在50以上。
　☞ By then he was more than fifty years old.
　☞ 个以上的大国在安理会上卷入了是否应向伊拉克派兵的争吵。
　☞ More than 6 powers were involved in the dispute in the Security Council about whether to send troops to Iraq.
2．over，指超过。
　☞ 中国是世界上人口最多的国家，在13亿以上。
　☞ China is the world's most populous country with a population over l.3 billion.
　☞ 气温每天在上升，今天在摄氏40度以上。
　☞ The temperature goes up every day. It's already over 40。centigrade today.
3．above，有以下几种用法。
1) 表示数字上超过，可和more than或over换用。
　☞ 参加会议的人在200人以上。
　☞ Above (More than, Over) 200 people were present at the meeting.
2) 表示次序上在前。
　☞ 从以上各个例子可以看出above的用法。
　☞ In the examples above you can see the usage of "above".
3) 表示位置、职位或级别上高于…。
　☞ 昆明的海拔在1,900米以上。
　☞ Kunming is 1,900 meters above sea level.
　☞ 他受到尊重是其职位在大多数人以上。
　☞ He was esteemed above most people in his position.
　☞ 县和县以上的人民代表大会每4年召开一次。
　☞ People's congress at county level and above convenes every four years.
4．“议上”的其他译法。
　☞ 半山以上的石阶更陡。
　☞ From halfway up the mountain, the stone steps become even steeper.
　☞ 以上是我的几点建议。
　☞ Those are a few of my suggestions.
　☞ 我完全同意以上几位代表的发言。
　☞ I fully agree with the delegates who have already spoken.
以下 以下
1．below，与above相对，指高度低于某物以下。
　☞ 开封市在黄河河床以下20米。
　☞ City Kaifeng is 20 meters below the riverbed of the Yellow River.
　☞ 今天的温度在零度以下。
　☞ Today's temperature is below zero.
　☞ 他的身材在平均身高以下。
　☞ He is below the standard height.
　☞ 拳击时，击打腰带以下的部位为犯规。
　☞ In boxing it is a foul to hit below the belt.
　☞ 整个工程的费用在200万以下。
　☞ The cost of the whole project was below two millions.
　☞ 大桥以下的河段在涨大水。
　☞ The river below the bridge is in flood.
2．under，与over相对，指垂直以下，等于directly below。试比较under与below的区别。
　☞ 桥下的水深为3米。
　☞ The river under the bridge is three meters deep.（直接指桥的下面水深）
　☞ The river below the bridge is three meters deep.（指桥下游的河段水深）
　 ■ 但有时分不清垂直以下还是相对以下，这时under与below可以换用。
　☞ 18岁以下的运动员不予接受。
　☞ Players under (below) 18 years old are not admitted.
　☞ 他的大衣拖到了膝盖以下。
　☞ His overcoat came under (below) his knees.
3．from down，指某人或某处以下。
　☞ 这一仗，俘获了敌师长张辉瓒以下9,000人。
　☞ In the battle 9,000 of the enemy, from their divisional commander Zhang Huizan down, were taken prisoners.
　☞ 我的左膝盖以下都麻木了。
　☞ My left leg has gone numb from the knee down.
4．follow, 指“以下紧跟着是…”。
　☞ 以下都是他的经验叙述。
　☞ What follows is the narrative of his experience.
　☞ 以下是代表的名单。
　☞ The following is a list of the delegates.
5．hereafter, 正式用语，常在合同、协议里使用。
　☞ 以下将详细叙述该校舍的建筑结构。
　☞ The structure of the school buildings will be reviewed in detail hereafter.
　☞ 中国东方研究所（以下简称甲方）与德克萨斯仪器公司（以下简称乙方）就建立工程实验室一事达成协议。
　☞ An agreement is hereby concluded between China Dongfang Research Institute (hereafter to be called the first party) and Texas Instrument Inc. (hereafter to be called the second party) for the establishing of an engineering laboratory.
以为 以为
1．think，常用词，泛指形成见解，得出结论后认为。
　☞ 原来是你呀，我还以为是她呢。
　☞ So it's you. I thought it was she.
　☞ 我以为你最好还是走。
　☞ I think you'd better be going.
　☞ 尽管发出了警报，但村民们仍以为洪水不会来。
　☞ The villagers still did not think that the flood would come though a warning was given.
　☞ 我不以为外交是私人可以经营的领域。
　☞ I don't think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise.
　 ■ 应注意的是汉语“以为”在否定时的两种译法。一是实事求是地谈自己的看法。意思是Some people may think so, but I don't think so.上面的几句译文就属这类用法。二 是“不以为”用于修辞时可使语气委婉。例如某个父亲对别人说：“我儿子是个懒骨头。”可以直接说：My son is a lazy-bone.但别人对这个父亲说他的儿子时就不会那么露骨。他会说：“你儿子不是个勤快的孩子。” 可译为：Your son is not a diligent boy.但如果还要进一步委婉，就要说：“我以为你儿子不是个勤快的孩子。”译为：I don't think your son is a diligent boy.这就是我们常在英语中讲的“否定转移”。下面是几个这样的例子。
　☞ 在这件事情上，我以为我不必再浪费时间了。
　☞ I don't think we need waste time on this matter any longer.
　☞ 我以为我走不了了。
　☞ I don't think I can get away.
2．believe，所指的认为比think进了一步，近乎成为一种信念。
　☞ 共产党员们以为国家应拥有生产资料。
　☞ Communists believe that the state should own the means of production.
　☞ 我以为果树今年会结果。
　☞ I believe the fruit trees are going to bear fruit this year.
　☞ 她不以为这个过错是他的责任。
　☞ She didn't believe that the fault lay with him.
　☞ 我们不以为这样的事情有多大的关系。
　☞ We did not believe that such things mattered much.
　 ■ believe与think一样，用否定转移来表示委婉。
　☞ 我以为你诊断得不对。
　☞ I don't believe that your diagnosis is right.
　☞ 我以为她不在家，不过你可以去看看。
　☞ I don't believe she's at home, but you can go and see.
3．consider，经过各方面考虑之后的认为，比think要正式得多。
　☞ 我们以为那样做比较好。
　☞ We consider it better to do that way.
　☞ 父母都以为儿子现在的工作更适合他的兴趣。
　☞ The parents consider that the present job of their son is far better suited to his interest.
4．assume，指带有假设的认为。
　☞ 科学家都以为火星上没有生命。
　☞ Scientists assume that there is no life on Mars.
　☞ 我们不要以为自己不了解的东西，广大群众也不了解。
　☞ We must not assume that things we ourselves cannot understand are not understood by the masses.
5．以上的“以为”都是动词，但“以…为”则为动介结构，可以有不同的译法。
　☞ 共产党人应该以兴利除弊为己任。
　☞ Communists should regard promotion of what is beneficial and abolishment of what is harmful as their own responsibility.
　☞ 他终日以吟诗作画为乐。
　☞ He took pleasure in chanting poetry and painting pictures all day long.
　☞ 你认敌为友，不以为耻，反以为荣。
　☞ Instead of being ashamed, you glory in the fact that you take the foe for your friend.
　☞ 朋友之间应以友情为重。
　☞ One should put friendship above everything else among friends.
　☞ 医务工作要以防为主，防治结合。
　☞ In medical care we must put prevention first and combine prevention with treatment.
　☞ 不要意气用事，做事都要以和为贵。
　☞ Don't be swayed by your feelings and the best policy is to conciliate your opponents in dealing with everything.
　☞ 有时以退为进可以取得主动。
　☞ One can gain the initiative by retreating for the sake of advance.
　☞ 不要以邻为壑，要时刻为别人着想。
　☞ Don't use the neighbor's field as an outlet of your overflow and always think about the interests of others.
　☞ 你们要以学为主，兼学别样。
　☞ Your main task is to study and at the same time you may learn other things.
以便 以便
1．用介词for来表示行为的目的，后接名词。
　☞ 丈夫要妻子去医院，以便检查身体。
　☞ Husband made wife go to the hospital for a health check.
　☞ 今天做好准备，以便明天一早动身。
　☞ Make preparations today for an early start tomorrow.
2．用带to的动词不定式来表示做事的目的，后接动词。
　☞ 我兄弟找了个工作以便挣钱度假。
　☞ My brother got a job to earn money for his holiday.
　☞ 我早早起来，以便有时间打点行装。
　☞ I got up early to have time to pack.
3．in order to, 目的副词，后接动词，与to表示同样的概念。但用在正式场合，语气也较重。
　☞ 他日夜辛勤地工作，以便改善工人的劳动条件。
　☞ He labored day and night in order to improve the working conditions of the workers.
　☞ 他尽量存钱，以便替他父亲还债。
　☞ He was saving as much as possible in order to repay his father's debt.
　☞ 植物需要氮，以便制造蛋白质。
　☞ The plant requires nitrogen in order to make proteins.
4．so as to，与in order to是一对相应的状语词组，但前者用于口语，后者用于书面。
　☞ 她决定加紧学习，以便赶上别人。
　☞ She decided to study harder so as to (in order to) catch up with the others.
　☞ 她找了个借口上洗手间，以便让我们俩单独待着。
　☞ She made an excuse to go to the lavatory, so as to leave us both alone.
5．so that, in order that, 是一对相应的连词，但前者常用于口语。如果主句是现在时，它后面的谓语则具有将来的含义，而不管其动词是现在时还是将来时。
　☞ 我们要早点动身，以便错开交通的高峰时间。
　☞ We're going to make an early start so that we (will) stagger the rush hour.
　☞ 我们应该给他去信，以便他能及时赶来。
　☞ We ought to write to him in order that he can come in time.
　 ■ 如果主句是过去时，则从句的谓语动词前应用should，could，would，might等动词。
　☞ 我随身带着钓鱼竿以便在周末去钓鱼。
　☞ I took my fishing rod with me so that I could go fishing at the weekend.
　☞ 他悄悄地进来，以便不吵醒妻子。
　☞ He came in quietly in order that he shouldn't wake his wife.
　☞ 她是有意和她儿子的女朋友闲聊的，以便不让她感到无聊。
　☞ She purposely chatted with her son's girl friend so that she wouldn't feel bored.
　☞ 他们飞往那里以便能及时参加开幕典礼。
　☞ They flew there in order that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony.
6．with the aim of，目的性比for明确。
　☞ 我们要集中兵力，以便围而歼之。
　☞ We must encircle the enemy with a concentrated force with the aim of annihilating them.
　☞ 他们改革了工具，以便一年干两年的活。
　☞ They have improved their tools with the aim of doing two year's work in one.
以免 以免
1．avoid，指有意避免。不过由于需要做一件事才能避免另一件事，因此在句中常以to avoid这样带有明确目的的不定式出现。
　☞ 你要仔细检查这些数字，以免出错。
　☞ You have to check these figures carefully to avoid mistakes.
　☞ 我们要充分准备，以免开会讨论时毫无结果。
　☞ We must be fully prepared to avoid fruitless discussion at the meeting.
　☞ 我们都要他冷静，以免从一个极端走向另一个极端。
　☞ We all made him sober-minded to avoid going from one extreme to the other.
2．in order not to，用来引入动词不定式，表示避免的不是事情而是行为，也带有明确的目的性。
　☞ 我们要早点动身，以免错过火车。
　☞ We're going to star earlier in order not to miss the train.
　☞ 解放前贫苦的农民常常逃壮丁，以免被抓去当兵。
　☞ Before liberation the poor peasants often ran away from being press-ganged in order not to be grabbed for military service.
　 ■ 不过，如果动词本身已带有否定意义时，则要去掉not而用in order to。
　☞ 她关上窗子，以免虫子进来。
　☞ She shut the window in order to keep the insects out.
3．so as not to，与in order not to同义，不过在口语里更为常用。
　☞ 自行车要放在存车处，以免影响交通。
　☞ Bicycles should be left at parking lots so as not to block the traffic.
　☞ 他找了个借口要去医院，以免同我见面。
　☞ He made an excuse to go to hospital, so as not to meet me.
　 ■ 与in order not to相同，如果动词带有否定意义，也要去掉not，只用so as to。
　☞ 考试题是保密的，以免作弊。
　☞ The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating.
4．so that, in order that，是一对意义和用法相同的连词，由于它们都不带not, 故从句应为否定句。
　☞ 我们要早点动身，以免堵车。
　☞ We're going to make an early start so that we don't get stuck in the traffic.
　☞ 我们应当给他去信，以免他以为我们有事瞒着他。
　☞ We ought to write to him, in order that he doesn't feel we're hiding things from him.
以前 以前
1．ago，副词，表示“以前”时只与过去时连用，用的是从现在倒算回去的倒数法，因此ago前面的时间往往是非常具体的。
　☞ 他是20年前死的。
　☞ He died 20 years ago，或It was 20 years ago that he died.
　☞ 我这次感冒是两个星期以前得的。
　☞ I caught this cold two weeks ago.
　 ■ 但是在下列情况下，ago可以与现在时连用。
1) must（may等助词）＋have＋过去分词。
　☞ 她一周以前可能见过他。
　☞ She must have seen him a week ago. (must have seen是现在形态的过去时故可以用ago)
2) having＋过去分词。
　☞ 她在一周前见他之后一直在想他。
　☞ Having seen him a week ago, she is always thinking of him.（ago用在分词结构的完成时态里与主句里的现在时无关）
　☞ 她常常讲起她在一周以前见过他的事。
　☞ She always speaks of having seen him a week ago.
　（ago用在介词宾语的动名词完成时态里也与主句里的现在时无关）
3) have＋过去分词。
　☞ 她似乎在一周以前见过他。
　☞ She seems to have seen him a week ago.(ago用在动词不定式的完成时态里，也与主句里的现在时无关）
4) 用在非正式的口语里。
　☞ 他回家已有5年了。
　☞ It is five years ago that he returned home.（着重点在“现已有5年”）
　☞ 我的英语在老早以前就全忘了。
　☞ I have forgotten all my English long ago.(等于long before)
　☞ 这铺子老早老早以前就关门了。
　☞ The shop was closed down a long time ago.(等于 long long before)
2．before, 做副词、介词或连词，各有不同的用法。
1) before表示“以前”时，有两种用法。
①泛指以前，没有以前的具体时间，而ago则必须有具体的时间。
　☞ 我们以前见过很多次。
　☞ We have met many times before，试比较：We met three years ago.
　☞ 他以前没去过中国。
　☞ He has never been to China before.试比较：He was in China a week ago.
　☞ 这姑娘有点紧张，好像以前从来没有在那么多的人面前唱过歌。
　☞ The girl was a little nervous as she had never sung in front of so many people before.试比较：It was three days ago that she had sung in front of as many people as today.
　☞ 今天的客机比以前任何时候都飞得更高更快。
　☞ Today's airliner can fly much higher and faster than ever before.斌比较：Twenty years ago the airliner flew much lower and slower than that of today.
②before也可以指出具体的时间，但是从过去某一时间算起的以前，而ago却是指从现在这一时间算起的以前。
　☞ 他是拜访过我，不过我在3天以前去了上海。
　☞ He did call on me, but I had left for Shanghai three days before.（指从拜访那天算起的3天以前）试比较：3天以前我去了上海。I left for Shanghai three days ago.（指从现在算起的3天以前）
　☞ 去年我离开了那家公司，我是在3年以前加入该公司的。
　☞ Last year I left the company that I joined three years before.（指从加入的那天算起的3年以前）试比较：
　☞ 我是3年以前开始在那家公司工作的。
　☞ I started working for the company three years ago.（指从现在算起的3年以前）
　 ■ 由于before有可以追溯到某个时间以前的这种特性，因此在谈到未来某个时期以前时也可用before。
　☞ 要是你明天上午去他家，他夫人大概会告诉你他于两天前出国了。
　☞ If you go to his house tomorrow morning you will probably be told by his wife that he has gone abroad two days before.
③用于一般现在时，但这种现在时泛指任何时间，而不指具体的现在、将来或过去，因此表示的只是形成的某种习惯。
　☞ 几分钟以前刚刚听到的东西，他都常常会把它忘了。
　☞ He often forgets what he has heard only a few minutes before.
　☞ 一两个小时以前刚刚学到的单词或片语，他也常想把它们用起来。
　☞ He often tries to use a word or phrase that he has learned only an hour or two before.
2) before，用作介词，一般接名词或动名词。
　☞ 第二次世界大战爆发以前，我去过欧洲。
　☞ I had been to Europe before the outbreak of World War Ⅱ.
　☞ 我们得在天亮以前赶到那里。
　☞ We have to get there before daybreak.
　☞ 跨越马路以前你要先看看两边的车道。
　☞ Before crossing the road, you should have a look at both ways.
　☞ 一切法律生效以前都应提交全国人民代表大会批准。
　☞ All laws are to be submitted to the National People's Congress for ratification before being put into force.
3) before用作连词时，句中的动词用一般现在时代替将来时。
　☞ 我回家以前先得做完作业。
　☞ I must finish my assignment before I go home.
　☞ 她动身以前他一定来。
　☞ He will certainly come before she starts.
3．earlier，用法与用作副词的before相同，因为是比较级，也要同以前比较，即从过去某个时刻向前推算。与过去的时间比较，用动词过去时，与过去的动作比较用过去完成时。
　☞ 他想起了20年以前那个寒冷多风的傍晚。
　☞ He recalled that cold windy evening twenty years earlier (before)。
　☞ 我是两天以前离开北京的。
　☞ I left Beijing two days earlier (before).
　☞ 4天以前，他的脚被一条毒蛇咬了一口。
　☞ Four days earlier (before) his foot had been bitten by a poisonous snake.
　☞ 几天以前我才看过这部电影。
　☞ I had seen the film only a few days earlier (before).
4．prior to，与介词before大致相同，但为书面语，更强调事先。
　☞ 我母亲结婚以前是个护士。
　☞ Prior to (Before) her marriage my mother was a nurse.
　☞ 美国在独立战争以前是英国的殖民地。
　☞ Prior to (Before) the War of Independence, the United States was an English colony.
5．preceding，指次序上或时间上在前。
　☞ 每次故事开始以前都要来段开场白，有必要吗？
　☞ Is it necessary to make an introductory remark preceding the opening of the story every time?
　☞ 我记得那场战争，但再以前的岁月却什么都记不得了。
　☞ I remember the war but nothing of the preceding years.
6．former，只指时间上以前曾经是。
　☞ 他以前的同学是代表团的成员。
　☞ His former classmate was a member of the delegation.
　☞ 他整个晚上都把我们逗得哈哈大笑，他似乎更像以前的他了。
　☞ He made us laughing all the evening. He seemed more like his former self.
7．previous，previously，所指的“以前”往往暗示以前的东西是现在要做的事的铺垫。
　☞ 我们尚无以前的资料可资借鉴。
　☞ We have not yet any previous information to guide us.
　☞ 你对姑娘以前有过经验吗？
　☞ Do you have any previous experience with a girl?
　 ■ 不过，previous to和previously却失去了这种含义。
　☞ 我对那次事故一无所知，它发生在我到达这里以前。
　☞ I know nothing about the accident. It happened previous to my arrival here.
　☞ 他们现在是朋友，但以前是死敌。
　☞ They are now friends, but were previously bitter enemies.
8．used to，指以前往往如此，现在已不这样。
　☞ 教育局长以前是位教师。
　☞ The director the bureau education of used to be a teacher.
　☞ 现在我跟他搞得不错，比以前好多了。
　☞ I get on well with him nowadays. Much better than I used to.
以后 以后
1．after，指以后，有多种用法。
1) after，用在某个时间之后。
　☞ 我十点以后有空。
　☞ I shall be free after ten o'clock.
　☞ 两年以后他回到了家乡。
　☞ He returned to his hometown after two years.
　 ■ 计算时间时，通常不把after后的那个时刻计算在内。
　“五一”后的20天里我恰巧在上海。
　☞ I had been in Shanghai twenty days after May l.（即从5月2日算起的20天里）
2) after也可用于某一事件或事件某一时刻之后。
　☞ 解放以后他去了国外。
　☞ He went abroad after liberation.
　☞ 他到达两小时以后，我舞访了他。
　☞ Two hours after his arrival I called on him.
3) after除用作介词以外，还用作连词。从句中的谓语用现在时代替将来时。
　☞ 他回来以后，我们将继续讨论。
　☞ After he comes back, we shall continue the discussion.
4) after用作状语时，可以与afterwards换用或与(not)long连用。
　☞ 我们一家在餐馆一起用了餐，以后就回家了。
　☞ We had dinner together at a restaurant and went home after (afterwards).
　☞ 她走了很久以后我才发现了那封信。
　☞ I found the letter long after she had gone away.
　☞ 果然，不久以后从前线传来了胜利的消息。
　☞ Sure enough, not long after news of victory came from the front.
2．in, 也可表示“在…以后”，但必须与瞬间动词come，see，stop，arrive或be动词等连用，表示将来的动作，即使用于现在时或过去时也不例外。
　☞ 她将在一两天以后来这里。
　☞ She'll come here in a day or two.
　☞ 火车两小时以后到。
　☞ The train will arrive in two hours.
　☞ 60天以后到期偿还。
　☞ Repayment is due in sixty days.
　☞ 足球赛20分钟以后开始。
　☞ The football game was to commence in twenty minutes.
　 ■ 但如果in与延续动词连用，则作“以内”解时可与within换用。
　☞ 她会在3年以内学会另一门外语。
　☞ She will learn another foreign language in (within) three years.
　☞ 他答应两天以内修好屋顶。
　☞ He promised that roof should be repaired in (within) two days.
　 ■ 同样，如果两个瞬间动词构成一个连续的动作过程，火一个瞬间动词连续多次动作时（等于一个延续动词的功能），故in也作“以内”解，并也可与within换用。
　☞ 会议今天开始，大概一星期以后结束。
　☞ The conference begins today and will probably close in (within)a week's time.（两个瞬间动词构成一个连续动作）
　☞ 我一个星期以后再去看他。
　☞ I shall see him again in a week.（看一次作“以后”解）
　☞ 我要在一个星期以内去看他几次。
　☞ I shall see him several times in (within)a week.（看几次作“以内”解）
　 ■ 再请注意in 和after 的区别。
　☞ 医生劝他说：“如果你练一套气功，你身上的毛病大概会在3个月以后消失。”
　☞ The doctor advised him: "If you do a course of the system of breathing exercise, your physical trouble will probably disappear in three months.（指从说话时间算起的3个月以后，是向将来顺算3个月）
　☞ 他从1月份起开始练气功，身上的毛病3个月以后消失了。
　☞ He began to do a course of the system of breathing exercise in January and his physical trouble disappeared three months after.（指3个月的时间已经结束，故要向过去倒算3个月）
　☞ 他将于4个星期以后到达。
　☞ He will arrive in four weeks.（指从现在起向前推算 4个星期以后）
　☞ 他4个星期以后到达。
　☞ He arrived after four weeks.（指从到达那时起向后推算4个星期以后）
　 ■ 请再看：
　☞ 他到达以后两小时，我拜访了他。
　☞ Two hours after his arrival I called on him.或In two hours after his arrival I called on him.
　☞ 他到达以后的两小时我拜访了他。
　☞ Within two hours after his arrival I called on him.
　☞ 在他到达以后两小时的这段时间里，上百人拜访了他。
　☞ During the two hours after his arrival nearly a hundred people called on him.
3．since，指“自…以后”，既可做介词，也可做连词。
　☞ 示过去某个动作或状态后一直延续到现在。故谓语都用完成时。
　☞ 古希腊时期以后的舞台剧都配有音乐。
　☞ Stage plays have been set to music since the era of the ancient Greece.
　☞ 解放以后一直都在做全国性的犯罪统计。
　☞ National statistics on crime have been kept since liberation.
　 ■ 由此再来看since和after的区别。
　☞ 毕业以后他一直在国外。
　☞ He has been abroad since his graduation 毕业以后他去了国外。
　☞ He went abroad after his graduation.
　 ■ 如果把上述两词由介词改为连词，结果也是一样。
　☞ 他毕业后一直在国外。
　☞ He has been abroad since he graduated.
　☞ 他毕业后去了国外。
　☞ He went abroad after he graduated.
4．from，后接时间名词，表示“从那时起就…”。
　☞ 他们第一次会面以后她似乎就对他没有好感。
　☞ She seemed to have taken no fancy to him from the time of their first meeting.
　☞ 从今以后你要更加努力地工作。
　☞ From now on you have to work still harder.
　 ■ 要注意from now on与from then on的时态区别。
　☞ 从今以后你就是一个人了。
　☞ From now on you will be alone.（用将来时态）
　☞ 打那以后，你就是一个人了。
　☞ From then on you would be alone.（用过去时态）
5．later (on)，是个比较级，强调要与以前比较。
　☞ 我于5月1日拜访了他，并于一周以后再次造访。
　☞ I called on him on I May, and called again a week later.（同为过去时，但两个动作一前一后，故可比较）
　☞ 我将于10月1日拜访他，并将于一周后再次造访。
　☞ I shall call on him on I October and shall call again a week later.（同为将来时，但两个动作一前一后，故可比较）
　☞ 你第一次见他的时候，你可能认为他很难接近，但等你一周以后再次见他的时候，你可能已发现他相当讨人喜欢。
　☞ When you see him for the first time, you may think him rather inaccessible, but when you see him again a week later you are likely to find him quite likable.
　（同为现在时，但两个动作一前一后，故可比较）
　 ■ 有时，尽管句中没有比较对象，但仍隐含有前后对比。
　☞ 委员会开始由9人组成，以后改为13人。
　☞ The committee consisted of nine, later of thirteen members.
　☞ 这次谡会我们以后也就解释清楚了。
　☞ We thrashed this misunderstanding out later on.
　 ■ 因此，later 不能用于没有比较的句子里，如不能说：I shall call again a week later. 而要把a week later改成in a week。再看later 和later on的区别：
　☞ 虽然以后我知道了，但当时我的确不知道那件事。
　☞ I did not know that then indeed, though I learned it later.（指后来那一瞬间才知道，故要用later和瞬间动词learn）
　☞ 至于以后怎么样我就不知道了。
　☞ I don't know what happened later on.（指在以后一段时间都不知道，故要用later on和延续性动词 know)
6．before，原意为以前，但从反面着笔却有“以后”的意思。
　☞ 爱因斯坦在最伟大的著作完成以后，他才有了机会会见他那个时代的任何一位科学巨人。
　☞ Einstein's greatest work was done before he had the opportunity of meeting any of the great men of science of his day.
　☞ 要几个月以后他才会适应工作。
　☞ It would be months before he was fit for work.
7．用一般将来时有时也可表示以后的行动。
　☞ 这次去国外深造的名单中没有你，你也不要放在心土。以后还会有机会去的。
　☞ Don't mind that you're not among in the list of those who are going abroad for advanced study. You'll have a chance to go.
　☞ 她以后还会每天来看你的。
　☞ She will come to see you every day.
以外 以外
1．besides，从并列的角度表示除外，即除外的人或物也包括在内。
　☞ 除汉族以外，中国还有55个少数民族。
　☞ There are 55 minorities in China besides Hans.
　☞ 他除了教课以外，还搞学校里的共青团工作。
　☞ Besides teaching, he is in charge of the school's Youth League work.
2．except，从排除的角度表示除外，即除外的人或物不包括在内。
　☞ 除了这个房间以外，所有的屋子都打扫了。
　☞ All the rooms have been cleaned except this one.
　☞ 除了到办公室以外，她很少去哪儿。
　☞ She rarely went anywhere except to her office.
3．other than，指经过选择众多事物之后的以外。
　☞ 除了窗子以外，房子的各个部分的情况都不错。
　☞ All parts of the house other than windows were in good condition.
　☞ 除铁以外的其他成分的存在都会影响钢的物理性质。
　☞ The presence of elements other than iron affects the physical properties of steel.
4．beyond, 指在某个界线以外。
　☞ 我在山区长大，对大山以外的事情什么都不知道。
　☞ I was grown up in a mountain area and had no idea of anything beyond the mountains.
　☞ 他看见树林以外有幢房子。
　☞ He saw a house beyond the wood.
5．outside，指与以内inside相对的以外。
　☞ 营房以外的拥军优属运动搞得热火朝天。
　☞ Outside the barracks the campaign to support the army and give preferential treatment to families of revolutionary army-men and martyrs was building with activity.
　☞ 除了家人以外无人知道。
　☞ No one knows outside the family.
6．further than, 指某个距离以外。
　☞ 雾太大，5米以外就看不见了。
　☞ There was such a heavy fog that one could not see further than five meters.
　☞ 鼻子以外的东西她就看不见了。
　☞ She sees no further than her nose.
7．another thing，有时有“除此之外的一件事情”的意思。常用来开始另一件事的叙述。
　☞ 除此之外，我还有一封信要寄。
　☞ There's another letter I have to send.
　☞ 除此之外，我还有一件事麻烦你。
　☞ There's another thing I have to trouble you about.
以致 以致
1．so，表示结果，但也说明前面的原因，有“所以才…”的意思。
　☞ 他平时综习不刻苦，以致考核不及格。
　☞ He didn't practice hard, so he failed in the test.
　☞ 他们告诉我店铺要9点才开门，以致我不得不等。
　☞ They told me the shop opened at nine, so I had to wait.
2．consequently，表示结果，有“结果才…”的意思，后接并列从句。
　☞ 雨很大，以致淹了土地。
　☞ The rain was heavy and consequently the land was flooded.
　☞ 文件没有准备好，以致我们没签成字。
　☞ The documents were not ready, consequently we could not sign them.
3．with the result that, 强调一事带来的结果，后接结果从句。as a result后接独立句。
　☞ 有些人不认真学习，以致思想落后于形势。
　☞ Some people don't study hard, with the result that their thinking lags behind events.
　☞ 我睡过了头，以致上班迟到。
　☞ I overslept with the result that I was late for work.
　☞ 他跌断了腿，以致两三个月不能上学。
　☞ He fell and broke his leg. As a result he will have to be away from school for two or three months.
4．so that, so…that, 也接结果从句。但用来说明前面的原因。
　☞ 李明老说假话，以致没人相信他说校园里来了辆高级轿车。
　☞ Li Ming often told untrue stories, so that no one believed when he told about a first class car in the school yard.
　☞ 她又年轻又矮小，以致我们都不认为她是老师。
　☞ She was so young and so small that we all didn't take her for our teacher.
任(任凭) 任(任凭)
　 ■ “任”和“任凭”是两个同义的虚词。“任”常用于口语；而“任凭”则用于书面。
1．no matter what (who, how等), whatever，whoever，however等让步连词，有“无论”的意思。表示在任何惰况下结果和结论都一样。
　☞ 任（凭）我们怎么劝说，他就是不听。
　☞ No matter how hard we tried to persuade him, he wouldn't listen.
　☞ 任（凭）你说什么我都不信。
　☞ No matter what you say, I won't believe you.
　☞ 任（凭）谁来电话，都说我不在。
　☞ No matter who telephones, say I'm out.
　☞ 任（凭）你走到哪里都可以见到可口可乐。
　☞ No matter where you go, you'll find Coca-Cola.
　☞ 任（凭）她走到哪里，都会受到欢迎的。
　☞ No matter where she goes, she'll be welcome.
　 ■ whoever，whatever等一般可与no matter who，what等换用。如上句“任凭你说什么，我也不信。”也可译作 "Whatever you say, I won't believe you."不过两者之间也有一点细微差别，即no matter what等的短语用来连接两个分句，并在分句中起主语或宾语的作用。但whatever等短语在没有让步的情况下却能单独用作主语或宾语。例如：I'll eat whatever you give me.你给啥我吃啥。（不能说I'll eat no matter what you give me.）I don't care whoever you are.你是谁我管不着。（不能说I don't care no matter who you are.）
2．even if（though），也是让步连词。有“尽管”的意思。
　☞ 任凭她男人催着她去睡觉，她还是不愿离开电视机。
　☞ She wouldn't leave the TV set even if her husband was urging her to go to bed.
　☞ 任凭老板对她怎么抱怨，她依然是个可爱的小东西。
　☞ She remained a lovely little thing even if the boss kept on complaining of her.
　☞ 任凭好多人都反对，我还是说他是个老实人。
　☞ I said that he was an honest man even though many were opposed to him.
　☞ 任凭江水冷得刺骨，工人们依然坚持下水工作。
　☞ The workers kept on working in the river even though the water was icily cold.
3．in spite of，despite，让步介词，有“不管”，“不顾”的意思，只是后者比前者更为书卷气。
　☞ 任凭男人在外面拈花惹草，她还是对他忠心耿耿。
　☞ She remained royal to her husband in spite of his philandering.
　☞ 任凭狂风暴雨，她照样上班。
　☞ She went to work as usual in spite of the heavy storm.
　☞ 任凭刮风下雨他都坚持锻炼。
　☞ He never stops physical training despite the change of the weather.
　☞ 任凭天气多么恶劣，我们也要出航。
　☞ We will set sail despite the bad weather.
4．(do as) one likes (pleases)，有“听凭”的意思。
　☞ 要去要留，任凭你自己。
　☞ You may go or stay as you like (please).
　☞ 要去哪任凭你。
　☞ You can go anywhere as you please (like).
　☞ 任你拿哪一个都可以。
　☞ Take whichever you like.
　☞ 任你挑选。
　☞ Choose anyone you like.
5．“任凭”与否定词“不”、“没有”连用，表示在“任何情况下都不…”，一般用no来否定名词，语气坚决。
　☞ 任凭是谁都不能违反这些规定。
　☞ No one is allowed to break the regulations.
　☞ 任凭什么酷刑都无法使他屈服。
　☞ No torture could make him yield.
　☞ 任凭什么艰难困苦也阻挡不了这些青年勇往直前。
　☞ No difficulties or hardships can stop the courageous advance of these young people.
　☞ 任凭什么挫折都不能使他动摇。
　☞ No setbacks can make him waver.
　 ■ “任”用作宾语时也是个多义词。有下面几种处理方式。
6．let，有“听任”的意思，往往用于口语，表示听任客体（即let后的宾语）的意志去发展。
　☞ 我们没有其他办法，只能任其自生自灭。
　☞ We have no choice but to let it emerge and perish of itself.
　☞ 书店里有那么多的黄色书刊，你们决不能任其泛滥。
　☞ There are so many Pornographic books and periodicals in bookstores. You never let them spread unchecked.
7．appoint，指任命。
　☞ 我在联合国工作时他任驻美大使。
　☞ He was appointed as ambassador to the United States when I was working at the United Nations.
　☞ 新任市长也参加了我们的会议。
　☞ The newly appointed mayor attended our conference as well.
8．office，指任职。
　☞ 他连任10年大使。
　☞ He took up office as ambassador for ten years continuously.
　☞ 他在内阁中任过许多重要职务。
　☞ He had held may important offices in the cabinet.
9．post，指任职的职位。
　☞ 大使休假一个月期满后返任。
　☞ The ambassador returned to his post after having a month's holiday.
　☞ 他被任命为军长后就去赴任了。
　☞ He proceeded to take up his post as soon as he had been appointed army commander.
10．“任”的其他译法。
　☞ 东西放在家里，任怎么也丢不了。
　☞ As long as we leave these things in the house, they can't possibly get lost.
　☞ 衣服的花色品种很多，任你选择。
　☞ There are clothes of different designs and colors for you to choose from.
　☞ 这事不能任他一人处理。
　☞ This shouldn't be left entirely to his discretion.
　☞ 他做过两任大使。
　☞ He has twice been ambassador.
任务 任务
1．task，指上级交给的任务或由于情况紧急而自愿完成的任务。
　☞ 新政府的首要任务就是降低通货膨胀率。
　☞ The new government's prime task is to reduce the rate of inflation.
　☞ 规划的任务是在利用机会的同时尽可能把风险降到最低限度。
　☞ It is the task of planning to minimize risk while taking advantage of opportunities.
　☞ 尽管任务重、时间紧，我们也照样完成。
　☞ We'll fulfill the task as before though it is hard and time is pressing.
2．mission，一般指需要到国外去完成的国家特殊任务或是指派专人负责的任务。
　☞ 一位外交官被派去执行一项秘密任务。
　☞ A diplomat was sent to carry out a secret mission.
　☞ 一队士兵晚间秘密在敌国海岸登陆，他们的任务是炸毁无线电台。
　☞ A party of soldiers was landed secretly at night on the enemy coast, their mission was to blow up the radio station.
　☞ 你的任务是在夜里照顾孩子。
　☞ Your mission is to care for the children at night.
3．assignment，指上司定量定期发下来要求完成的任务。
　☞ 我担任记者后第一次重要任务是采访一起大规模的骚乱事件。
　☞ My first major assignment as a reporter was to cover a large-scale riot.
　☞ 她不久将去美国执行一项特殊任务。
　☞ She is going to the United States on a special assignment.
4．duty，指个人分内的工作任务。
　☞ 他说他的任务是分捡和分发信件。
　☞ He said his duties were to sort and deliver letters.
　☞ 自从老爷娶了姨太太以后，使我讨厌的惟一的新任务就是每天得跟着姨太太提菜篮子。
　☞ The only new duty I hated was having to carry the shopping basket for the concubine since my master had been married to her.
5．job，含义最广，可以指任何自愿或不自愿的任务。
　☞ 我妈妈当时给一家地主当老妈子，任务之一是每天早晨上街买菜。
　☞ My mother worked as a maidservant for a landlord.
　☞ One of her jobs was to go to the market to buy food in the morning.
　☞ 当时给了我一项筹措资金的任务。
　☞ I was given the job of raising funds.
企图 企图
1．attempt，指带有一定冒险性的企图，因此往往暗示有困难、不成功、不可能等含义。是个书面语，其后常接动词不定式。
　☞ 囚犯企图组织越狱，但以失败告终。
　☞ The prisoners attempted to organize a jailbreak but ended in failure.
　☞ 他企图做几乎不可能的事，不过他做成了。
　☞ He attempted to do the almost impossible and brought it off.
　☞ 那位歇斯底里的妇女几次企图结束自己的生命以引起别人注意。
　☞ The hysterical woman attempted to kill herself several times in order to get attention.
　☞ 一开始我们以为这次企图可能会失败，但最后我们还是成功了。
　☞ At first we felt that the attempt must have failed, but we finally succeeded.
　☞ 敌军企图突围，但未得逞。
　☞ The enemy failed in his attempt to effect a breakthrough.
2．try，与attempt同义，是个常用词。常指体力或脑力的企图，并暗含成功的可能。
　☞ 永远也别企图过河拆桥。
　☞ Never try to pull down the bridge after crossing the river.
　☞ 她总是企图把他捏在手心里。
　☞ She always tries to get him in the palm of her hand.
　☞ 你掩盖事实的企图是愚蠢的。
　☞ It is foolish for you to try to conceal the facts.
3．seek，义同attempt，是更讲究方式方法的企图。也是书面用语，其后常跟动词不定式。
　☞ 大获全胜的共和党企图跟民主党搞联合。
　☞ The Republican Party, now completely victorious, sought to consolidate the Democratic Party.
　☞ 罪犯企图谋杀同伙灭口，但没有成功。
　☞ The criminal sought to kill his accomplice to keep his mouth shut but he failed.
4．intend，指有某种意图，因此译成企图时远没有前几个词那么强烈，故常用于否定句。
　☞ 在这部著作里，作者企图表现的主题并不突出。
　☞ The theme which the author has intended to bring forth in the book does not stand out.
　☞ 本节的讨论并不企图对这个题目作无所不包的评述。
　☞ The discussion in this section is not intended to be an all-inclusive review of the subject.
5．motive，由于动机是在人的精神或生理欲望的驱使下产生行动的基础，因此也是一种企图。但这种企图强调的还是动机，并不一定要产生随之而来的行动。
　☞ 我怀疑他是不是别有企图。
　☞ I doubt whether he has an ulterior motive.
　☞ 审问他时，他隐瞒了作案的动机。
　☞ Being questioned, he concealed his motive for committing the crime.
优先 优先
1．priority，指在时间、顺序上优先。
　☞ 这个工程应优先于其他一切工程。
　☞ This project has priority over all others.
　☞ 买票时军人往往比平民优先。
　☞ Military personnel often have priority over civilians when buying tickets.
　☞ 生产资料的生产必须优先。
　☞ The production of the means of production must be given priority.
　☞ 你可以优先考虑。
　☞ You're going to get top-priority consideration.
2．precedence，不仅在时间、顺序上优先，还强调重要性上优先。
　☞ 这个任务应该比其他一切任务优先。
　☞ This task must be given precedence over all others.
　☞ 你们对首先申请专利的人也给予优先吗？
　☞ Do you give precedence as well to the one who applies first for a patent?
　☞ 付账优先，买电视机放后。
　☞ Paying our bills must take precedence over buying a TV set.
优势 优势
1．superiority, superior to，与inferiority, inferior to相对的优势，强调经过比较后的优势。
　☞ 主动与战争力量的优势不能分离，而被动则与战争力量的劣势分不开。
　☞ Initiative is inseparable from superiority in capacity to wage war, while passivity is inseparable from inferiority in capacity to wage war.
　☞ 我军的力量与敌军相比占压倒的优势。
　☞ Our forces are overwhelmingly superior to those of the enemy.
2．advantage，与disadvantage相对，强调竞争中的优势。常用复数。
　☞ 我们要在机动性上发挥我军的优势，以抵消装备上的劣势。
　☞ We must give full play of advantages of our troops in maneuverability in order to offset our disadvantages in equipment.
3．preponderance，强调在数量、质量等方面的优势。
　☞ 对伊拉克一战，美国在军力和财力上都占压倒优势。
　☞ In the war against Iraq the United States took overwhelming preponderance of its power and wealth.
4．predominance，强调压倒性的优势。
　☞ 对伊战争中的美军占有压倒性的空中优势。
　☞ In the war against Iraq the U.S army had predominance in the air.
优待 优待
1．treatment，指待遇，在此基础上加不同的形容词可以表示不同方式的优待。
1) favored treatment，指有优惠的待遇。
　☞ 我们应该优待军属。
　☞ We must give favored treatment to servicemen's families.
2) preferential treatment，指有偏爱的待遇。
　☞ 贵宾们都受到了优待。
　☞ The distinguished guests were accorded preferential treatment.
3) good treatment，指好好对待、不予虐待的优待。
　☞ 我们一贯优待俘虏。
　☞ We have always offered good treatment to captives.
4) lenient treatment，指宽大对待的优待。
　☞ 对认罪好的战犯也要优待。
　☞ We also give lenient treatment to those war criminals who admitted their guilt.
2．special，指特殊。在此基础上加不同的名词，也可以表示不同类别的优待。
1) special consideration，指予以特殊考虑的优待。
　☞ 外宾应该优待。
　☞ Special consideration should be given to foreign guests.
2) special care，指予以特殊照顾的优待。
　☞ 烈士们为革命献出了生命；对其家属，国家应予以优待。
　☞ Special care for the families of martyrs who have sacrificed their lives in the revolution is given in our country.
3) special favor，指予以特殊优惠的优待。
　☞ 我们都是普通老百姓，不需要优待。
　☞ We are all ordinary people and do not want special favors.
4) special half-price ticket，指半价优待票。
　☞ 这些都是学生的半价优待票。
　☞ These are special half-price tickets for students.
优点 优点
1．strong point，与weak point相对的优点，常用复数。
　☞ 每个人都有自己的优点，也有自己的弱点。
　☞ Each person has his own strong points and weak points as well.
2．merit，与demerit相对的优点，强调用值得推崇的优点来摒弃缺点，常用复数。
　☞ 毫无疑问，她有她自己的优点，但缺点也很抢眼。
　☞ She, no doubt, has her merits, and her demerits are striking as well.
3．virtue，与defect相对的优点。强调道德上的优点。也常用复数。
　☞ 他的优点和缺点都一样突出。
　☞ His virtues are as conspicuous as his defects.
4．advantage，与disadvantage相对的优点，强调竞争中的优点。也常用复数。
　☞ 这个办法有许多优点，不道缺点也自不待言。
　☞ This method has many advantages, however, its disadvantages are also self-evident.
会 会
1．learn，指学会。
　☞ 这孩子刚会走路，还不大会说话。
　☞ The baby has just learned to walk but hasn't learned to speak yet.
　☞ 他会表演许多绝技。
　☞ He has learned to perform a number of feats.
2．用一般现在时，指习惯成自然地学会。
　☞ 你会抽烟吗？
　☞ Do you smoke?
　☞ 我会说英语。
　☞ I speak English.
3．can, able to，指能力。
　☞ 你会打字吗？
　☞ Can you type?
　☞ 他会唱几出京戏。
　☞ He is able to sing a few Beijing Operas.
4．good at, skilled in, a past master of，指擅长于。
　☞ 她会讲故事。
　☞ She is good at telling stories.
　☞ 他会修各种钟表。
　☞ He is skilled in repairing all kinds of clocks and watches.
　☞ 他很会这一套。
　☞ He is a past master of this sort of game.
5．likely to，指可能会。
　☞ 他会在家吗？
　☞ Is he likely to be at home?
　☞ 这位可爱的姑娘会嫁给怎么样的一个人呢？
　☞ What sort of man is this lovely girl likely to marry?
6．sure to，指肯定会。
　☞ 他会搞到的。
　☞ He is sure to get it.
　☞ 无论如何真相是会水落石出的。
　☞ In any case the truth will be sure to come out.
7．prepared to，指会有某种思想准备。
　☞ 除了傻瓜，没有人会相信的。
　☞ None but fools are prepared to believe that.
　☞ 这就是我为什么会承担责任的原因。
　☞ That's why I'm prepared to undertake the responsibility.
8．would，should，指竟会，表示意外和惊奇。
　☞ 一个高等学府会干出这等事来！
　☞ An institution of higher learning would have done a thing like this!
　☞ 她会对你说那样的事真叫人吃惊。
　☞ It is really astonishing that she should say that sort of things to you.
会合 会合
1．join，指聚集到一起。
　☞ 两军会合后继续前进。
　☞ The two armies joined forces and marched on.
　☞ 这两条河在哪儿会合？
　☞ Where do the two rivers join?
　☞ 你先走，到了那里我们再和你会合。
　☞ You go first and we'll join you there.
2．meet，指碰到一起。
　☞ 在那里小溪与大河会合。
　☞ The brook meets the river there.
　☞ 两支隧道掘进队在地T深处会合了。
　☞ The two tunnel-driving teams met deep in the ground.
3．assemble，指集合。
　☞ 成千上万的村民在水坝工地会合。
　☞ Thousands of villagers assembled at the dam site.
　☞ 分散的革命力量于1928年秋天就是在这里会合的。
　☞ It was here that the scattered forces of the revolution assembled in the autumn of 1928.
4．converge，指汇聚。
　☞ 游行队伍从四面八方会合到天安门广场上。
　☞ The parades converged on Tian An Men Square from all directions.
　☞ 街上行驶的许多卡车和轿车都向公路会合。
　☞ Many trucks and cars going through the streets are converging on the highway.
传播 传播
1．侧重宣传时可译为propagate。
　☞ 十月革命后，中国先进的知识分子开始传播马列主义。
　☞ After the October Revolution the advanced intellectuals of China started to propagate Marxism-Leninism.
　☞ 科普读物的目的在于传播知识。
　☞ Popular science books aim at propagating knowledge.
　☞ 不要传播不怀好意的报道。
　☞ Don't propagate unkind reports.
2．侧重扩散时可译spread。
　☞ 电视是传播信息十分有力的媒体。
　☞ Television is a very efficient medium for spreading information.
　☞ 苍蝇传播疾病。
　☞ Flies spread disease.
　☞ 不要传播不怀好意的报道。
　☞ Don't spread unkind reports.
　☞ 预防接种防止了细菌的传播。
　☞ Preventive inoculation checked the spread of germs.
3．侧重流传时，可译为circulate（书面用语），put... about(口头用语)。
　☞ 传播谣言的人应受到指责。
　☞ People who circulate rumors are to be blamed.
　☞ 可是这类报道已由报界传播出来了。
　☞ Yet reports of this kind have been circulated by our newspapers.
　☞ 我倒想知道是谁在传播谣言。
　☞ I should like to know who put that rumor about?
　☞ 有人已传播一种说法，认为我们公司要倒闭。
　☞ Someone has put the story about that our company is being closed down.
4．侧重传送时，可译为transfer。
　☞ 就这样声波由一端传播到另一端。
　☞ Thus the sound waves are transferred from one end to another.
　☞ 这些情况促成了病人间接触性传染病的传播。
　☞ These circumstances facilitate the transfer of contagious diseases among the patients.
传染 传染
1．contagious，contagion，指接触传染。
　☞ 水痘是一种传染病。
　☞ Chicken pox is a contagious disease.
　☞ 这病不传染。
　☞ This disease is not contagious.
　☞ 派了医生来扑灭传染病。
　☞ Doctors were sent to stop the contagion.
2．infectious, infection, infect，指非接触性传染。
　☞ 感冒很容易传染。
　☞ Colds are highly infectious.
　☞ 霍乱是一种传染病。
　☞ Cholera is an infectious disease.
　☞ 你可以戴上一个口罩来防止传染。
　☞ You can guard against infection by wearing a mask over your face.
　☞ 得了重感冒的人可能会传染给他周围的人。
　☞ Anyone with a bad cold may infect the people around him.
3．communicate，泛指一切传染。
　☞ 他的病传染给了全家。
　☞ He communicated the disease to the rest of his family.
　☞ 老鼠身上的跳蚤常常会把病传染给人。
　☞ Rat-fleas often communicate a disease to man.
　☞ 学校里的孩子常常互相传染感冒。
　☞ School children often communicate colds to each other.
伤（伤害） 伤（伤害）
1．injure，injury，指伤害人的健康或感情。
　☞ 她被汽车撞伤了。
　☞ She was knocked down and injured by a car.
　☞ 好在男孩只伤了一条腿。
　☞ Fortunately the boy injured only one of his legs.
　☞ 这种艰苦生活最终会伤害你的身体。
　☞ This rough life will injure your health in the end.
　☞ 我希望我没有伤到你的感情。
　☞ I hope I didn't injure your feelings.
　☞ 你的内伤好点没有？
　☞ Have you got better from your internal injuries?
2．hurt，指伤害了身体的某个部位或情感，可与injure摸用，但一般指轻伤。
　☞ 他摔倒时伤了腿。
　☞ He hurt (injured) his leg when he fell.
　☞ 你现在没危险了，没伤着吧？
　☞ You are safe now, you're not hurt (injured), are you?
　☞ 骑自行车如果不小心，既会伤害自己也会伤害别人。
　☞ You might hurt yourself and others if you are not careful when you ride your bike.
　☞ 一位绅士在任何情况下都没有权力去伤害一位女士。
　☞ A gentleman has no right to hurt a woman under any circumstances.
3．wound，指战争、格斗中的伤害。
　☞ 刀伤使这个战士昏迷了几天。
　☞ The knife wound left the soldier unconscious for days.
　☞ 他的枪伤好了。
　☞ His bullet wound has healed.
　 ■ 但wound也可用来指心灵、情感的伤害，这时与hurt，injure没有多少区别。
　☞ 她恶毒的用词真的伤了他。
　☞ Her nasty remark really wounded him.
　☞ 你说这样的话，伤（害）了他的自尊心。
　☞ You have wounded his pride by saying things like that.
　☞ 每句话都伤到了我心里。
　☞ Every word wounded me to the soul.
4．harm，也指身体功能上的伤害。
　☞ 他们没有伤害任何人，因此伤害他们是错误的。
　☞ They do no harm to anyone, and it is wrong to hurt them.
　☞ 你在这么暗的灯下看书会伤眼睛的。
　☞ Reading in such dim light will harm your eyes.
　☞ 医生说吸烟伤身体。
　☞ Doctors say smoking harms our health.
伪 伪
1．false，指与真实true相对的虚假。
　☞ 我提请法庭注意证人有意在作伪证这一事实。
　☞ I call the court attention to the fact that the witness is intentionally giving false testimony.
　☞ 对于他说的话，我是真伪难辨。
　☞ As to his words, I cannot tell the difference between true and false.
2．counterfeit，常指很难识别的、与货币有关的伪造。
　☞ 伪币骗过好多顾客。
　☞ The counterfeit money fooled many customers.
　☞ 一位乘警在火车的行李架上发现了满满一旅行包 100元的伪币。
　☞ A railway policeman spotted a traveling bag full of counterfeit one-hundred-yuan bank notes on the baggage rack.
3．bogus，原指伪造货币的机器，现在也用来修饰与货币有关和无关的东西。
　☞ 警方很快就找到了那个想使用伪币的家伙。
　☞ The police quickly found the man who attempted to pass bogus currency.
　☞ 伪国王坐在那儿跟朝臣们讨议国家大事呢。
　☞ The bogus king was discussing state affairs with his courtiers sitting there.
4．pseudo，前缀，常加在学术术语之前，表示伪造。
　☞ 研究星座对人命运的影响是一种伪科学。
　☞ The study of the stars as an influence on man's fate is a pseudo-science.
　☞ 真伪人道主义是有区别的。
　☞ There is a distinction between true and pseudo humanism.
5．puppet，指傀儡式的。
　☞ 八路军攻城时，城里的伪政权惊恐万状。
　☞ The puppet regime was in great panic when the Eighth Route Army attacked the city.
　☞ 伪军知道大势已去，故对我们游击队也就睁一只眼闭一只眼。
　☞ Aware of that game was as good as lost, the puppet soldiers began to turn a blind eye to our guerrillas.
伪装 伪装
1．pretend, 指为骗人而伪装。
　☞ 他伪装进步，在解放前夕入了党。
　☞ He joined the Party on the eve of liberation, pretending to be progressive.
　☞ 她没真哭，只是伪装。
　☞ She wasn't really crying. She was only pretending.
2．feign，书面语，指精心设计出来的伪装。
　☞ 他伪装中立，企图从中为双方调解。
　☞ He attempted to act as an intermediary between the two sides by feigning neutrality.
　☞ 他向她问候，语调谨慎，既不伪装热情，也不假装亲切。
　☞ He greeted her with his voice pitched carefully to avoid either feigned enthusiasm or cordiality.
3．disguise，指化装。
　☞ 我们在那里发现了几名伪装成老百姓的敌军士兵。
　☞ There we found some enemy soldiers disguised as civilians.
　☞ 几个骗子伪装成上级机关派出的检查人员混进了一家国家机构。
　☞ Some swindlers gained entry to a state institution under the disguise of inspectors from higher authorities.
4．mask，指假面具。
　☞ 假的就是假的，伪装应当剥去。
　☞ Sham is sham, and the mask must be stripped off.
　☞ 撕去这个耍两面派的伪君子的伪装。
　☞ Tear the mask from this double-dealing hypocrite.
5．camouflage，常指用于军事目标的伪装。
　☞ 高射炮已经用树枝伪装起来。
　☞ The antiaircraft guns have been camouflaged with boughs of trees.
　☞ 要欺骗敌人就必须伪装。
　☞ Camouflage is necessary if we are to deceive the enemy.
　 ■ 不过有时也用于天然的伪装。
　☞ 许多昆虫生来就有伪装，用来躲避天敌。
　☞ Many insects have a natural camouflage which hides them from their natural enemy.
伪造 伪造
1．forge，指为欺骗而伪造。
　☞ 他伪造他父亲的签名骗得了这笔钱。
　☞ He got the money dishonestly by forging his father's signature.
　☞ 一伙罪犯因伪造发票而被捕。
　☞ A gang of criminals were arrested for forging invoices.
　☞ 他伪造了一批能骗过集邮专家的稀有邮票。
　☞ He forged a series of rare postage stamps that fooled expert philatelists.
　☞ 这是一张伪造的支票。
　☞ This is a forged check.
2．counterfeit，指特别逼真的伪造，尤指与钱有关的伪造。
　☞ 他因伪造百元美钞而被投入监狱。
　☞ He was sent to prison for counterfeiting one-hundred-dollar bill.
　☞ 他们因伪造货币而被拘押。
　☞ They were held on charge of counterfeiting money.
　☞ 这是一张伪造的邮票。
　☞ This is a counterfeit stamp.
3．fake，指比较容易被识破的伪造。
　☞ 这些统计数字都是伪造的，以显示出口形势好转的假象。
　☞ These statistical data were faked to show an improvement in export that didn't exist.
　☞ 这个外交护照可能是伪造的。
　☞ This diplomatic passport could be faked.
　☞ 印制数以万计的伪造的银行信用卡是这位经理的主意。
　☞ It had been the manager's idea to manufacture thousands of fake bank credit cards.
4．fabricate，指编造。
　☞ 他在国外的见闻听起来不大可能，故很多人都认为他的经历是伪造的。
　☞ What he saw and heard abroad sounded so improbable that many people consider his experience fabricated.
　☞ 他伪造历史，混进了党内。
　☞ He sneaked into our Party, fabricating his history.
5．falsify，指造假。
　☞ 他伪造账目，想欺骗那些不明真相的股东。
　☞ He tried to deceive those shareholders, who do not know the truth, by falsifying accounts.
　☞ 伪造出生证以获得绿卡的就是此人。
　☞ It is the man who falsified his birth certificate to get a green card.
　 ■ 如果这类作假是指性质上的，则可用其同根形容词false。
　☞ 他来此地有秘密任务，用的是伪造的护照。
　☞ He was here on some secret errand, with a false passport.
6．其他尚有bogus, spurious, pseudo等均可指性质上的伪造。如：
　☞ 这是伪造的文件。
　☞ This is a bogus (spurious) document.或This is a pseudo-graph.
估计 估计
1．estimate，指个人由推理判断做出的估计。
　☞ 你订计划一定要估计财力物力。
　☞ When you make a plan, you must estimate financial and material resources.
　☞ 我估计造一条渔船要3个月的时间。
　☞ I estimate it will take three months to build a fishing boat.
　☞ 该工程估计已耗资300万元。
　☞ The project is estimated to have cost three million yuan.
　☞ 据粗略估计，这项工作可在两年内完成。
　☞ It is roughly estimated that the work can be finished in two years.
　 ■ 过高估计或过低估计可在estimate前加前缀over或under。如：
　☞ 过高估计敌人的力量是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong to overestimate the strength of the enemy.
　☞ 不过，近年来我们对内地工业的发展在一定程度上估计过低。
　☞ However, in recent years we have underestimated the development of inland industry to some extent.
2．an appraisal of，指由专家、内行精确评价做出的估计。
　☞ 他对当前的国际形势做了清醒的估计。
　☞ He made a clear-headed appraisal of the present international situation.
　☞ 我完全承认这种估计的正确性。
　☞ I fully admit the soundness of this appraisal.
　☞ 你对他的理论怎么估计？
　☞ What is your appraisal of his theory?
3．calculate，指由精确计算做出的估计。
　☞ 她估计该工程将耗资500万元。
　☞ She calculated that the project would cost five million yuan.
　☞ 我估计我们下午6时到达该市。
　☞ I calculated that we'd arrive in the city at six p.m.
　☞ 全国人口估计约13亿。
　☞ The population of China is calculated roughly at 1.3 billion.
　 ■ 错误估计，可在calculate前加前缀mis。
　☞ 我爸对他的小艇的载重量估计错误，我们都上小艇以后，艇就沉没了。
　☞ Dad miscalculated the load his boat would carry, so when we all got in, it sank.
4．reckon，也指由计算而做出的估计，但这种计算与calculate不同，只是粗略的心算。
　☞ 你估计她赚了多少钱？
　☞ How much do you reckon she has earned?
　☞ 他估计我们离目的地只有几公里了。
　☞ He reckoned that we were only a few kilometers from our destination.
　☞ 我估计她会来。
　☞ I reckon she'll come.
5．anticipate，指经过预计而做出的估计。
　☞ 不过，你们要估计到还会有麻烦的。
　☞ However, you should anticipate some trouble yet.
　☞ 他没估计到反对意见竟出自自己党内。
　☞ He didn't anticipate that the opposition should have come from within his own party.
　☞ 我们估计敌人会企图抢占这座桥过河。
　☞ We anticipated that the enemy would try to seize the bridge to cross the river.
6．expect，指经过某种期待而做出的估计。
　☞ 显然，他对最坏的结果已经估计到了。
　☞ Evidently, he has expected the worst.
　☞ 我没估计到会在这里遇到你。
　☞ I didn't expect to have met you here.
　☞ 我们没估计到，对教学大纲会有那么多分歧。
　☞ We didn't expect there was so much disagreement about the teaching program.
7．take into account（consideration），指通过把某种因素考虑在内后的估计。
　☞ 这种可能性我们必须估计到。
　☞ We must take that possibility into account.
　☞ 这一切，你是应该充分估计到的。
　☞ You ought to take all this fully into account.
　☞ 这些都是应该估计到的因素。
　☞ These were all factors which had to be taken into consideration.
　☞ 我们没有估计到另外一些复杂性。
　☞ We failed to take into consideration some additional complexities.
8．look as if, seem，指视觉、感觉上的估计。
　☞ 今年估计又是一个丰收年。
　☞ It looks as if there will be another good harvest this year.
　☞ 估计不久还会有乱子。
　☞ It looks as if there will be another trouble.
　☞ 不久的将来，估计可能会加大国营企业的改革力度。
　☞ Now, it seems likely that there will be an enhancement of the reform in the state-run enterprises.
　☞ 估计正在刮风，因为树枝被刮得直摇晃。
　☞ It seems to be getting windy, the branches are being blown about.
伴随 伴随
1．表示结伴而来，用be accompanied by。
　☞ 伴随战争的是疾病与饥荒。
　☞ War came, accompanied by disease and famine.
　☞ 伴随着垄断资本增长的是工人运动的高涨。
　☞ The growth of monopoly capital was accompanied by the rise of a working-class movement.
2．表示紧跟而来，用follow, in the wake of。
　☞ 伴随着生产大发展，必将出现一个文化高潮。
　☞ An upsurge in culture is bound to follow a rapid advance in production.
　☞ 机械化一定伴随着集体化而来。
　☞ Collectivization will certainly be followed by mechanization.
　☞ 商人总是伴随征服的军队而来。
　☞ Traders came always in the wake of the conquering armies.
　☞ 发明与发现往往是伴随着发展的需要而来。
　☞ Invention and discovery often come in the wake of a need for development.
3．表示两侧护卫，用flanked by。
　☞ 总统走向飞机时两侧都伴随着保安人员。
　☞ The president was flanked by his security personnel when he was walking towards the plane.
　☞ 车队两侧由摩托车伴随，隆隆驶过大街。
　☞ The caravan of limousines flanked by motorcycles rolled through the streets.
伸 伸
1．stretch，指伸展身体的各个部位。
　☞ 他打了个哈欠，伸了伸懒腰。
　☞ He yawned and stretched himself.
　☞ 她伸出手来要我看手相。
　☞ She stretched her hand and asked me to practice palmistry.
　☞ 我坐进一把扶手椅，把脚伸到炉火跟前。
　☞ I sat into an armchair and stretched my feet to the fire.
　☞ 不要把身子伸到桌子对面去拿果酱，你应当请人递给你。
　☞ Don't stretch across the table for the jam. You should ask someone to pass it to you.
　☞ 早在19世纪，帝国主义的魔爪就伸进了中国。
　☞ The imperialists stretched their claws into China as early as the nineteenth century.
2．extend，有时也指身体各部位的伸展，可与stretch换用。
　☞ 她朝他伸出双手乞食。
　☞ She extended (stretched) both hands towards him, begging for food.
　☞ 两臂平伸。
　☞ Extend (stretch) your arms horizontally.
　☞ 舞蹈教师伸出一条腿，要求我们照着做。
　☞ The dancing teacher extended (stretched) her leg and asked us to do as she did.
　☞ 在人的一生中，手指关节至少要伸屈2,500万次。
　☞ During one's life time one will extend and flex finger joints at least 25 million times.
　 ■ extend还可用于转义。
　☞ 他的手伸得太长了。
　☞ He has overextended himself.
3．straighten，keep straight，与前两词的区别是：不仅要伸而且要直。
　☞ 他正弓着身子干活，不过一看见我他就伸直了身子。
　☞ He was bending over his work, but straightening up when he saw me.
　☞ 老太太想伸腰，尽管这样做有点困难。
　☞ The old lady tried to straighten her back though she had some difficulty in doing so.
　☞ 跳水时腿要伸直。
　☞ When you dive you must keep your legs straight.
4．stick out, 指原本在里面的东西伸到了外面。
　☞ 他朝我伸伸舌头，表示侥幸获胜。
　☞ He stuck out tongue at me to show that he won by a fluke.
　☞ 房间变得暖和起来，我把头伸到被子外面。
　☞ The room became warmer and I stuck my head out of the quilt.
　☞ 我们只看见伸到毯子外面的一双脚。
　☞ We could only see a pair of feet sticking out at the end of the blanket.
5．hold out (up)，hold后接不同的副词，表示伸向不同的方向。
　☞ 他伸出手来欢迎。
　☞ He held out his hand in welcome.
　☞ 他们不准备向敌人伸出橄榄枝。
　☞ They were not prepared to hold out the olive branch to their enemy.
　☞ 他们一个个都伸出大拇指赞扬。
　☞ Everyone of them held up thumb in praise.
6．reach，指伸手够高处或远处的东西。
　☞ 他伸手也够不到顶层的架子。
　☞ He could not reach the top shelf.
　☞ 我伸手去拿碗，却掉到了地上。
　☞ I reached for the bowel, but dropped it to the floor.
7．“伸”的其他译法。
　☞ 他总是一见美差就伸手。
　☞ He always tries to seize any cushy job that comes along.
　☞ 尽管遭受了水灾，他们却没有向国家伸手要一分钱。
　☞ Although hit by the flood, they did not ask for a single copper from the state.
似乎 似乎
1．look，指视觉上似乎。
　☞ 她似乎很累，但仍然是兴高采烈的。
　☞ She looked very tired but was still in high spirits.
　☞ 他似乎有点紧张，而且有点歉意。
　☞ He looked a bit nervous and apologetic.
2．look like，look as if，不仅指视觉上似乎，而且还表示语气上的委婉。
　☞ 天似乎要下雨。
　☞ It looks like it's going to rain.
　☞ 你似乎不在乎。
　☞ You look as if you don't care.
3．seem, seemingly，指感觉上似乎。
　☞ 他似乎看上这房子了。
　☞ He seems to have taken fancy to the house.
　☞ 明年送你出国似乎是可能的。
　☞ It seems probable that you'll be sent abroad next year.
　☞ 这山在周围这儿似乎是最高的。
　☞ The hill is , seemingly, the highest around here.
4．由as if (though)引起的虚拟语气。
　☞ 他说他们看着他似乎他是动物园的一头野兽。
　☞ He said that they had looked at him as if he were a beast in a zoo.
　☞ 他讲得漫不经心，似乎这件事无足轻重。
　☞ He spoke so casually as though the matter was of little consequence.
但是 但是
1．连接词或句，先肯定前一个事实，再引出意思相反的后一个相反的事实，这时用but。
　☞ 他是个用功的孩子，但是不怎么聪明。
　☞ He is a hardworking but not very intelligent boy.
　☞ 这一切他都做了，但是没有效果。
　☞ All this he did. but it had no effect.
2．yet，语气没有but强，只表示转折。因为是副词，故有时需与连词though，although连用。
　☞ 虽然他工作很努力，但是还是失败了。
　☞ Though he worked hard yet he failed.
　☞ 他说他是我们的朋友，但是又不愿帮我们。
　☞ He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn't help us.
3．still，与yet相同，都表示意思转折，但引出的不是相反而是统一的事实。
　☞ 我有一部老爷车，但是总比没有好。
　☞ I have an old car; still it's better than nothing.
　☞ 这是件极不愉快的事，但是我们无法改变。
　☞ It is a very unpleasant affair and still we can't change it.
4．nevertheless，however，副词，放在句中或句首，常与连词though，although连用，表示让步，即先承认一个事实，再提出相反的一面。在简单句中使用时，常与上句相呼应。
　☞ 虽然他一动不动地站在那里，但是她还是相信他已经看见了她。
　☞ Although he stood there motionless she was nevertheless convinced that he had seen her.
　☞ 尽管他很生气，但是他还是在听我讲。
　☞ He was very angry, nonetheless (however), he listened to me.
　☞ 但是这种药似乎没有多少效果。
　☞ However, this medicine did not seem to have much effect.
位置 位置
1．location，指一般不能移动的物体的位置，强调可以查找的位置。
　☞ 囚犯逃跑以后，狱警才发现地道的位置。
　☞ The prison guards did not discover the location of the tunnel until the prisoners escaped.
　☞ 厂房的位置靠近公路。
　☞ The location of the factory building is close to the highway.
　☞ 拐角处建个超级市场，位置好。
　☞ This comer would make a good location for a supermarket.
　 ■ locate是location的动词，有“确定位置”的意思。
　☞ 公司希望把我们这个销售门市的位置定在大学附近。
　☞ The company hopes to locate our sales department near the university.
　☞ 警方得先确定失踪的孩子的位置才能搜索。
　☞ The police have to locate the missing child before searching.
　☞ 他在地图上移动着手指，然后告诉我他找到了革命纪念馆的位置。
　☞ Moving his finger on the map, he told me that he had located the revolutionary museum.
2．position，也指所处的位置，强调静止的位置。
　☞ 不仅指物也可指人，而且还指可以移动的位置。
　☞ 他的水果摊到哪儿去了？过去一直是在这个位置。
　☞ Where is his fruit stall, which used to be in this position?
　☞ 你能指给我看学校在地图上的位置吗？
　☞ Can you show me the position of the school on the map?
　☞ 她跪下来所处的位置正好露出了她乳房的一部分。
　☞ The position in which she was kneeling happened to reveal part of her breasts.
　☞ 把娃娃放到一个舒适的位置上。
　☞ Put the baby in a comfortable position.
　 ■ position也可用做动词，表示安排到某个位置。
　☞ 你们应把侦察员放到能随时观察嫌疑人的位置上。
　☞ You must position the detectives so that they can watch the suspect at all times.
　☞ 我们坐到了能看见黑板的位置。
　☞ We positioned ourselves where we could see the blackboard.
3．place，指人或物所处的位置。
　☞ 班上的每个人未经允许不得离开其位置。
　☞ Nobody in the class may leave his place without permission.
　☞ 每本书都在书架上原来的位置。
　☞ Each book is in its original place on the shelf.
　☞ 要是你先到图书馆，帮我占个位置。
　☞ Keep a place for me if you reach the library first.
　《红楼梦》在中国文学史上占有重要位置。
　☞ A Dream of Red Mansions occupies an important place in the history of Chinese literature.
　 ■ place也可用做动词，表示放到某个应该放的位置上。
　☞ 他安排的位置正好让我跟她坐在一起。
　☞ He planned so well that he placed me next to her.
　☞ 那张画在墙上的位置是不是太高了？
　☞ Isn't that picture placed too high on the wall?
4．seat, 指位子，与位置同义。
　☞ 他在国会里有个席位就像我在饭桌上有个位置一样。
　☞ He has a seat in Parliament just as I have a seat at my dinner table.
　☞ 幸亏我周围的位置都坐满了，否则她一定不会挨着我坐。
　☞ Fortunately there were no seats vacant in my vicinity otherwise she would not definitely come and sit very next to me.
　☞ 大家请按指定的位置就座。
　☞ Will everybody please take his proper seat?
5．room.指空间的位置。
　☞ 车里还有一个人的位置。
　☞ There is room for one more in the car.
　☞ 我几乎连插脚的位置都没有了。
　☞ I had scarcely enough room to put my feet in.
体会 体会
1．experience，指由经历而得的体会。
　☞ 他第一次体会到了什么是妒忌。
　☞ He experienced what jealousy was for the first time.
　☞ 我才来几天就体会到了这个革命集体的温暖。
　☞ I've been here only a few days and I've already experienced the warmth of this revolutionary collective.
　☞ 我永远不会忘记新婚之夜的体会。
　☞ I shall never forget the wedding night's experience.
2．know, knowledge，指由熟悉而来的体会。
　☞ 不付出辛勤的劳动就无法体会真正的幸福。
　☞ You won't know real happiness if you don't put in a lot of hard work.
　☞ 没有体会过饥饿的人绝对无法想像那种感觉。
　☞ Those who have not known hunger can never imagine how it feels.
　☞ 他在极端贫困中成长，故对贫民窟的生活深有体会。
　☞ He grew up in pinching poverty and had an intimate knowledge of slum life.
3．feel，feeling，指由感觉而来的体会。
　☞ 我深深地体会到友情的温暖。
　☞ I deeply felt the warmth of the friendship.
　☞ 大厅里鸦雀无声，但他仍能体会到阿拉伯人对西方历来的敌意。
　☞ All was quite in the hall, but he still could feel the traditional Arabic hostility toward the West.
　☞ 随着岁月的流逝，这种体会只会加深。
　☞ This kind of feeling has but deepened with the passing of the years.
4．understand, understanding，指由理解而来的体会。
　☞ 作为一个艺术家，你首先要体会它、爱它，然后你才能画它。
　☞ As an artist, you must understand“, love it first of all, and then you can paint it.
　☞ 他的这种轻蔑并不理直气壮，他自己对此也有些体会。
　☞ There is an uneasy basis to his scorn which he partially understands.
　☞ 我来谈谈我的个人体会。
　☞ I'll say a few words about my personal understanding.
5．appreciate，appreciation，指由高度感知而来的体会。因此较understand的理解程度更高一些。
　☞ 没有处在我的位置上的人不会体会到我此刻的惜别之情。
　☞ No one not in my situation can appreciate my feeling of sadness at this parting.
　☞ 无论是我还是他都没有完全体会到当时总统的权威已由于这一事件而被削弱到何种程度。
　☞ Neither he nor I appreciated quite how far Presidential authority had been eroded by the event.
　☞ 你应当深入体会词义的细微差别。
　☞ You must deepen your appreciation of the shades of meaning.
6．enlighten，指得到启发而得来的体会。
　☞ 这次科学研讨会给了我两点体会。
　☞ The symposium enlightened me on two points.
　☞ 他的报告使我们对民主的工作方式有了体会。
　☞ His report enlightened us on the workings of democracy.
体现 体现
1．embody, 指以具体的形式体现抽象的事物。
　☞ 一部真正的宪法应该体现自由、平等的理想。
　☞ A genuine constitution must embody the ideals of freedom and equality.
　☞ 作为领导干部，你应该在行动中体现自己的原则。
　☞ As a leading cadre, you should embody your principles in your actions.
2．incarnate，指把抽象的事物体现在具体的形式上。
　☞ 这位雕塑家把他的想像体现在美丽的雕像之中。
　☞ The sculptor incarnated his vision in a beautiful statue.
　☞ 在她身上体现了女性的一切美德。
　☞ She incarnates all womanly virtues in her own self.
3．reflect，指反映出来的体现。
　☞ 中国政府对工农业结构调整的作用已体现在经济的迅速增长上。
　☞ The role of the Chinese government in restructuring of industry and agriculture reflects the rapid economic growth.
　☞ 中国人的衣着穿戴的变化体现了国内日益提高的生活水平。
　☞ The changes in clothing, headgear and footwear of the Chinese people reflect a rising standard of living in China.
4．give expression to，指表现出来的体现。
　☞ 这次中国农民画展体现了党的文艺指导方针。
　☞ The exhibition of paintings by the Chinese peasants gave expression to the Party's guiding principles for literature and art.
　☞ 少数民族干部的健康成长充分体现了党的民族自治政策。
　☞ The healthy growth of minority nationality cadres gives full expression to the Party's policy of autonomy of national minorities.
体育 体育
1．physical education，指体育课；physical training，指体育锻炼。
　☞ 今天下午有一节体育课。
　☞ We'll have an hour of PE (physical education) this afternoon.
　☞ 化们的体育训练包括做体操、练跑步、搞比赛等。
　☞ Their physical training consists of exercises, running practice，games，etc.
2．sports，指运动范畴的体育，常用作定语。
　☞ 由于流感猖獗，体育活动暂停。
　☞ Sports activities were suspended owing to the prevalence of influenza.
　☞ 我校的体育器械装备齐全。
　☞ Our school is fully equipped with sports apparatuses.
3．athletics，指田径运动，但用做定语时指与田径运动有关的体育。
　☞ 体育记者是报道体育的记者。
　☞ An athletics reporter is the one who writes about athletics.
体质 体质
1．constitution，指人的总体体质。
　☞ 只有体质强壮的人才能攀登喜马拉雅山。
　☞ Only people with strong constrictions should climb the Himalayas.
　☞ 各人的体质不同，对疾病的抵抗力也不同。
　☞ People's constitutions differ, so does their resistance to disease＋
2．physique，指对人的构造或发育状况而言的体质。尤指男性而言。
　☞ 劳动与遗传给了我一个强健的体质。
　☞ Labor and heredity gave me a husky physique.
　☞ 他们的体质都很好。
　☞ They all have good physique.
3．health，指对健康而言的体质。
　☞ 我们要锻炼身体，增强体质。
　☞ We must train our body and build up health.
　☞ 到了6月中旬，他的体质有了明显的改善。
　☞ There had been marked improvement in his health by the middle of June.
何况 何况
1．“何况”可以前后对比，表示意思进了一层，常与“更”连用。一般有以下几种译法：
1) much more（用于肯定句）much less(用于否定句)，其后可接名词或不带to的动词不定式。如果接从句应主谓颠倒。
　☞ 他对我很好，更何况是我哥哥。
　☞ He is very kind to me, much more my elder brother.
　☞ 他连机器都会修，更何况是拆。
　☞ He repairs the machine. much more does he take it apart.
　☞ 他走路几乎都受不了，何况是跑步呢。
　☞ He can hardly bear to walk, much less run.
　☞ 他英语都不会读，更何况是教。
　☞ He can't read English; much less can he teach it.
2) let alone，肯定、否定都可用，后接名词或不带to的动词不定式，但不接从句。
　☞ 我们死都不怕，何况是困难。
　☞ We fear no death, let alone difficulties.
　☞ 那样的房子我租都租不起，何况是买。
　☞ I can't afford to rent a house like that, let alone buy it.
　☞ 车里早已坐了5个人，何况还有行李和两条狗。
　☞ There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs.
　☞ 她的脾气是够坏的，何况还有她的铺张浪费。
　☞ Her temper is bad enough, let alone her extravagance.
3) to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention，肯定、否定都用，后接名词或动名词，可以互相换用。
　☞ 我们连法语课都上，何况是英语。
　☞ We take even French class, to say nothing of (not to speak of, not to mention) English class.
　☞ 我连这种机器的工作原理都不懂，何况是设计呢。
　☞ I do not understand the principles of work of the machine, to say nothing of (not to speak of, not to mention) designing it.
4) not to say，该词除了强调不必再提以外，还表示某种素质尚未达到，因此一般不与to say nothing of等词换用。
　☞ 旧中国几乎没有机器制造业，何况是航空工业。
　☞ In Old China there was hardly any machine-building industry, not to say an aviation industry.
　☞ 他连大学都没考上，更何况到国外进修。
　☞ He was not admitted even to a university, not to say going abroad for advanced study.
2．“何况”还可以表示附加。
1) besides，in addition，表示附加上去的补充说明。
　☞ 这鞋太贵，何况尺码又小。
　☞ These shoes are expensive, besides, they are too small.
　☞ 他似乎不想去赴宴，何况他的衣服也不适合这种场合。
　☞ He seemed to have no desire to attend the banquet;
　☞ besides, his clothes were not appropriate for the occasion。
　☞ 何况，原油提炼和合成氨生产都有大幅度增加。
　☞ In addition, there have been big increases in refining crude oil and the manufacture of synthetic ammonia.
2)(and) moreover，语气比besides更强，暗示两个情况中更有分量的一个即将提出。
　☞ 房价太高，何况地段也不适中。
　☞ The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn't in a suitable location.
　☞ 我们的实力占优势，何况敌人已大大削弱。
　☞ We have superior force, and moreover, the enemy is seriously weakened.
　☞ 骑自行车是很好的锻炼，何况还不会污染空气。
　☞ Bicycling is a good exercise, moreover, it doesn't pollute the air.
3) and与介词结合，也可表示补充，但语气较弱。
　☞ 挑这么重的担子已不容易，何况是在三伏天呢。
　☞ It was not easy to carry such a heavy load, and during the dog days.
　☞ 他已经不满意了，何况问题仍未解决。
　☞ He was already dissatisfied, and with problems still unsettled.
何妨 何妨
1．why not，表示建议，有“干嘛不”的意思。常用于反问句。
　☞ 没做过的事，何妨一试？
　☞ Why not have a try if you didn't try before?
　☞ 一个方案没法比较，何妨多拟几个？
　☞ We cannot make a comparison with one plan. Why not draw up more ones?
　☞ 试着训练你的性格又有何妨？
　☞ Why not try to train your character?
2．might as well，表示在没有其他办法下的选择，有“不妨做一做”的意思。常用陈述句。
　☞ 既然失败了，何妨再试一次。
　☞ Now that you failed, you might as well have a try once more.
　☞ 你何妨等到星期二坐飞机走呢。
　☞ You might as well wait till Tuesday and go by plane.
　☞ 这个假日不怎么好玩，再跳场舞又何妨。
　☞ This holiday isn't much fun. We might as well go dancing again.
3．no harm in，表示没有害处，含有“鼓励”的意思。
　☞ 我看何妨让她多读点书。
　☞ I see no harm in letting her read more books.
　☞ 偶尔熬个夜何妨。
　☞ There is no harm in staying up late occasionally.
　☞ 稍微开开心又有何妨？
　☞ What's the harm in having a little fun?
何尝 何尝
1．“何尝”是个否定词，因此如果句子是肯定句，要译成否定句。这时要用never (little) do的倒装句，表示从来不曾或几乎不曾。
　☞ 即使在战争年代，他何尝动摇过。
　☞ Never did he waver even in the years of war.
　☞ 你说你的钱被偷了，我何尝见过一分钱。
　☞ You said your money had been stolen. Never did I see a cent.
　☞ 虽然我们是弟兄，他何尝关心过我的死活。
　☞ Little does he care whether I live or die though we are brothers.
2．如果带“何尝”的句子是否定句，则应译成肯定句。这时可用not that…but that的双重否定句，表示原因不是前者而是后者。
　☞ 我何尝不想去，只是没有时间罢了。
　☞ Not that I don't want to go but that I just haven't got the time.
　☞ 她何尝不喜欢那工作，只是眼下没时间去做罢了。
　☞ Not that she dislikes the work, but that she has no time to do it for the time being.
　☞ 我何尝不想帮忙，只是心有余而力不足罢了。
　☞ Not that I don't want to help but that my spirit is willing while the flesh is weak.
　☞ 他何尝不爱呓，只是吃不下罢了。
　☞ Not that he doesn't like them but that he can't eat anything more.
　 ■ 有时，也可用其他双重否定的形式来译。
　☞ 子女对父母依赖固然令人不安，过分独立又何尝不是。
　☞ Dependence of children on their parents, no doubt, is disquieting, and excessive independence is, too.
　（“何尝不”是双重否定，故译文用肯定句处理）
3．“何尝”可以把两个不同的事物进行比较，表示未尝不可以这样。这时可用as…so…。
　☞ 锈能蚀铁，忧何尝不能伤神。
　☞ As rust eats iron. so care eats the heart.
　☞ 你这样待我，我何尝不可以这样待你。
　☞ As you treat me, so I will treat you.
　☞ 人体要靠食物营养，国家何尝不靠工农业营养。
　☞ As the human body is nourished by food, so is a nation nourished by its industry and agriculture.
4．“何尝”用于问句时，往往是无需回答的反问语气，以表示没有（肯定句）或表示有（否定句），这时可用how can，do (don't) you think的反问句。
　☞ 他何尝说过这样的胡话？
　☞ How could he talk such nonsense?
　☞ 我军何尝有过这么多清规戒律？
　☞ How could there be so many taboos in our army?
　☞ 他这样的态度何尝有解决问题的诚意？
　☞ If he keeps an attitude like this, do you think he is sincere enough in having the problem settled?
　☞ 我知道你心里难受，我何尝又不是呢？
　☞ I know you feel bad, don't you think I feel any better?
何必 何必
1．there is no need (necessity)，表示没有必要。
　☞ 何必惊慌。
　☞ There is no need for alarm.
　☞ 何必大惊小怪。
　☞ There is no need for fuss.
　☞ 你何必干那种事。
　☞ There is no necessity for you to do that.
　☞ 何必着忙嘛。
　☞ There is no necessity to hurry.
　 ■ 有时，也常用于反问语气。
　☞ 去问他，又何必呢？
　☞ What's the need to ask him?
　☞ 急成这样，何必呢？
　☞ Is there any need for all this hurry?
　☞ 何必杞人忧天呢？
　☞ What's the necessity to worry about the sky falling when we can catch larks?
2．why，表示不理解或无意义，也用于反问。
　☞ 都是好朋友，何必客气呢？
　☞ We are good friends, why stand on ceremony?
　☞ 何必到别的店里去花更多的钱？我们有最便宜的好布。
　☞ Why pay more at other shops? We have the cheapest quality cloth.
　☞ 既有今日，何必当初呢？
　☞ If there must be today, then why should there have been other days?
　☞ 青年就是青年，不然，何必搞青年团呢？
　☞ After all, youth is youth, or else why bother to have a youth league?
何苦 何苦
1．why bother，表示何必找麻烦，常用反问语气。
　☞ 你何苦在这些小事上操心呢？
　☞ Why bother your head about such trifles?
　☞ 何苦自寻烦恼？
　☞ Why bother yourself sick?
　☞ 学这些文章又是何苦呢？
　☞ Why bother learning all these articles?
2．why，表示不理解，也常用反问语气。
　☞ 你让自己这么痛苦，这是何苦呢？
　☞ Why are you making yourself suffer this way?
　☞ 何苦冒这个险呢？
　☞ Why run this risk?
　☞ 我的天哪！旧事重提又是何苦？
　☞ For Cod's sake! Why rake the old stories up again?
3．is it worth，表示不值得，也常用反问语气。
　☞ 这么大的雨去看电影，这是何苦？
　☞ Is it worth going to the movie in such heavy rain?
　☞ 跟她这样的小女孩生气，何苦呢？
　☞ Is it worth getting angry with a little girl like her?
　☞ 她有时候问自己，使这么大的劲又何苦。
　☞ She sometimes would ask herself the question whether it was worth all the effort.
余地 余地
1．space，指行动的余地。由于space原指空间，故这种余地一般都比较大。
　☞ 只要中国白色政权内部的分裂、火并不断，红军总会有足够的回旋余地。
　☞ As long as splits and wars never cease within the White regime in China, the Red Army always has enough space for maneuver.
　☞ 石油产品容器的内部都留有余地以防温度变化时产品膨胀。
　☞ Space is left in a petroleum product container to allow for expansion during temperature changes.
2．room, 指活动的余地。由于room原指房间，故这类余地比较小。
　☞ 街上挤得连汽车都没有活动余地了。
　☞ The street was so crowded that the cars did not have room to move.
　☞ 你的计划还有改进的余地。
　☞ There is still room for improvement of your plan.
3．leeway，原指船只、飞机等偏航，故强调有改进、修正的余地。
　☞ 中央预算要留有足够的余地。
　☞ Leave enough leeway in the central budget.
　☞ 在确定哪些因素构成公共安全威胁的问题上，警方要求给予一定的余地。
　☞ The police asked to be given certain leeway in deciding what factors constituted a threat to public safety.
4．margin，指为防止意外而在时间、金钱、材料上留有的余地。
　☞ 你的计划没有超支的余地。
　☞ There is no margin for overspending in your plan.
　☞ 小国没有中国拥有的那种回旋余地。
　☞ Small countries have no margin for maneuver available to China.
5．latitude, 指可以自己解决的余地。
　☞ 产品的花色品种太少，我没有多少选择的余地。
　☞ The colors and designs of the products are too scant and I have little latitude to make choice.
　☞ 他们的级别低，没有多少决定的余地。
　☞ They are of low ranks and given little latitude to make decisions.
作为 作为
1．as，指作为人的某种身份或物的某种性质。
　☞ 你作为领导，就要以身作则。
　☞ As a leader, you should set a good example to the others.
　☞ 作为意识形态的文艺作品都是某种社会生活在人的头脑中反映的产物。
　☞ As ideology literary and artistic works are products of the certain social life reflected in human mind.
　 ■ 此外，as还可与其他动词连用，有“当作”的意思。
　☞ 他似乎把这件事作为一次小小的胜利。
　☞ He seemed to regard it as a small triumph.
　☞ 他们只是想把他作为垫脚石而已。
　☞ They only want to use him as a stepping stone.
　☞ 显然，他是把你作为他的靠山了。
　☞ Evidently he looks on you as a prop.
　☞ 第一批的6本教科书可以作为整个工作的样板。
　☞ The first six textbooks can be taken as the pattern of the whole work.
2．deed，conduct, action，指行为、行动。
　☞ 从他的作为可以看出他的态度。
　☞ From his deeds we can discern his attitude.
　☞ 知识青年在广大农村会大有作为。
　☞ School graduates are able to accomplish great deeds in the vast countryside.
　☞ 我们对他们最近的作为感到十分气愤。
　☞ We were very indignant with them over their recent conduct.
　☞ 有作为的人都是做实事的。
　☞ A man of action does things.
作用 作用
1．action，指运动或类似运动产生的作用。
　☞ 曲柄的作用是带动轮子。
　☞ The action of the crank turns the wheel.
　☞ 经过一段时间，就能看出酸与铜的作用。
　☞ After a period of time the action of the acid and the copper should be observed.
　☞ 光作用于胶卷就能成像。
　☞ Formation of images is made possible by the action of light on films.
　 ■ act on是action 的动词。
　☞ 热作用于物体并使之膨胀。
　☞ Heat acts on bodies and causes them to expand.
　☞ 飞机飞行时，有四种力通过空气作用于机体。
　☞ There are four forces which act on an aircraft as it flies through the air.
　☞ 外界事物作用于我们的感官，在我们的头脑中形成印象。
　☞ External things act on our sense organs and give rise to impressions in our brains.
2．effect，指产生效果的作用。
　☞ 青霉素同磺胺一样，有副作用。
　☞ Penicillin. like sulfa, has its harmful side effects.
　☞ 吗啡会产生催眠作用。
　☞ Morphine produces the effect of sleep.
　☞ 她的声音像银铃一样响起来，具有一种安慰作用。
　☞ Her voice sounds like a silvery bell, which has a soothing effect.
　 ■ effective，ineffective，均为effect的同根形容词。
　☞ 青霉素对肺炎特别起作用。
　☞ Penicillin is particularly effective against pneumonia.
　☞ 这药原来不起作用。
　☞ The medicine turned out ineffective.
3．function，指功能产生的作用。
　☞ 教育的真正作用是什么？
　☞ What is the true function of education?
　☞ 肾脏的主要作用是洁净血液。
　☞ The main function of the kidneys is to purify the blood.
　☞ 大脑起着十分重要的作用，支配着人体的神经系统。
　☞ The brain performs a very important function; it controls the nervous system of the body.
4．role，指在现实生活或实际活动中所起的角色作用。
　☞ 管好一个学校，校长起着十分重要的作用。
　☞ The headmaster plays an important role in the good running of a school.
　☞ 尽管他是代表团成员，但起着译员的作用。
　☞ He assumes the role of interpreter for the delegation though he is one of its members.
　☞ 他们的长兄在父母双亡后起着父亲的作用。
　☞ Their eldest brother fulfilled his role as a father after their parents' death.
5．affect，指一种负面影响产生的作用。
　☞ 他喝不惯烈酒，酒精很快就起了作用。
　☞ He was unused to strong drink and it affected him quickly.
　☞ 早晚的潮汐是受到月球引力的作用。
　☞ The morning and evening tides are affected by the gravitation of the moon.
使 使
1．send，指支使别人去做。
　☞ 自我从部队复员后，曾使人打听过战友的消息。
　☞ I have sent somebody to inquire about my comrades-in-arms since I was demobilized from the army.
　☞ 他使人与地下党联系过，但没联系上。
　☞ He sent somebody to get contact with the underground Party organization but failed.
　 ■ 但是，send除支使别人做某事外，还可表示某事使人或物处于某种运动或状态之中。
　☞ 她丈夫死去的消息几乎使她精神错乱。
　☞ The news of her husband's death sent her almost out of mind.
　☞ 这次爆炸使各种东西到处乱飞。
　☞ The explosion sent things flying in all directions.
2．use，指使用。
　☞ 我们早就使上电脑了。
　☞ We've been using computers for quite a long time.
　☞ 把你的聪明才智使出来。
　☞ Use your intelligence.
　☞ 我使不惯刀叉。
　☞ I'm not used to using a knife and fork.
3．write, work, obey等是动词use这一动作的具体化。
　☞ 这支笔好使。
　☞ This pen writes well.
　☞ 这支汽筒使着还行。
　☞ The pump works all right.
　☞ 这马有时不听使。
　☞ This horse sometimes won't obey.
　 ■ 有时在具体的上下文里，如果这样的“使”处于从属地位时，甚至可以不译。
　☞ 请把词典借我使使。
　☞ Please lend me your dictionary.
　☞ 甭想使钱买我。
　☞ Don't think you can buy me over.
4．make, cause，enable等役使动词有“使某人如何”的意思。
　☞ 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
　☞ Modesty helps one to make progress while conceit makes one lag behind.
　☞ 是“左”倾机会主义使革命遭受了巨大的损失。
　☞ It was "Left" opportunism that caused enormous losses to the revolution.
　☞ 我们的教育方针应该使受教育者在德、智、体几个方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟的有文化的劳动者。
　☞ Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.
5．get sb. to do sth. ，也具有役使动词的功能，也有“使某人如何”的意思。
　☞ 调解人竭力使双方改变立场。
　☞ The mediator tried hard to get both sides to modify their positions.
　☞ 你一定要使他们尽快结束。
　☞ You must get them to finish up as quick as possible.
6．must be helped后加动词不定式往往有“务必使”的意思。
　☞ 务必使同志们继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
　☞ The comrades must be helped to keep up the style of plain living and hard struggle.
　☞ 务必使后进的同志们学习别人的长处。
　☞ Those comrades who lag behind must be helped to emulate other's strong points.
7．see to it that，指通过关心、照顾而务必使别人做到。
　☞ 务必使同学们做好考试的充分准备。
　☞ See to it that the students are fully prepared for the examination.
　☞ 我们务必使党的政策得到贯彻。
　☞ We must see to it that the Party's policies are implemented.
8．ensure，指通过保证使之务必做到。
　☞ 养老院里的护士什么都干，务必使老人得到适当的照顾。
　☞ The nurses of the rest home do everything to ensure that old people are properly cared for.
　☞ 医生给患儿打了针抗生素，务必使之早日康复。
　☞ The doctor gave the sick baby an antibiotic to ensure its quick recovery.
9．so as to（后接动词不定式），so that（后接从句），表示目的，均有“使某人（某事）如何”的意思。
　☞ 我们修改了原有计划，使之适合新情况的需要。
　☞ We've revised the original plan so as to gear it to the needs of the new situation.
　☞ 我对她什么也没说，使她不至于难过。
　☞ I didn't say anything to her so as not to grieve her.
　☞ 我雇了条船，使我能去钓鱼。
　☞ I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
　☞ 她有意识地去与那位姑娘谈话，使她不至于感到没人理她。
　☞ She talked to the girl purposely so that she wouldn't feel left alone.
10．某些动词，如astonish，disappoint，move，bring，put，break等，译成汉语后会产生“致使”的因果关系。
　☞ 他的话使大家惊讶不已。
　☞ His words astonished all.
　☞ 这张便条的确使我失望。
　☞ Indeed the note had disappointed me.
　☞ 他的行为使在场的人都受到感动。
　☞ His deed moved everyone present.
　☞ 突然的暴雨使山洪暴发。
　☞ Sudden rainstorms brought the mountain torrents rushing down。
　☞ 这件丑闻使他的处境尴尬。
　☞ The scandal put him in a very awkward position.
　☞ 他的死使她心碎。
　☞ His death almost broke her heart.
11．有时，句中一个意群与另一个意群有一种松散的“致使”的因果关系，这时的“使”可以不译。
　☞ 过度紧张的工作使她更瘦了。
　☞ She became even thinner because of overwork.
　☞ 南宋的建立使南部的经济繁荣起来。
　☞ After the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, the economy in the south was booming.
　☞ 琳达这次来到中国后使她更了解中国了。
　☞ Linda has a better understanding of China after this trip.
　☞ 得知丈夫获救使她放了心。
　☞ She was set at ease by learning that her husband had been saved.
使用 使用
1．use，常用词，只指物的使用。
　☞ 我们使用汉语作为民族的共同语言。
　☞ We use Chinese as a common national language.
　☞ 作家往往使用笔名，而不使用真名实姓。
　☞ A writer often uses a pen name instead of his real name.
　☞ 筑路工人使用推土机清理树林。
　☞ The roadmen are using bulldozers to clear the woods.
　☞ 一个人大概只使用他所认识的词汇中的1／3。
　☞ A person probably uses only about a third as many words as he recognizes.
　☞ 世界各国人民都要求禁止使用核武器。
　☞ The people all over the world demand to ban the use of nuclear weapons.
　☞ 教师应当训练学生使用参考书。
　☞ The teacher should train students to make use of reference books.
　 ■ 如果接人往往作“利用”解，只有下面这样的句子例外。
　☞ 你竟敢把人当作工具使用！
　☞ How dare you use people as tools!
2．employ，employment，指使用原本闲置的物品，使之投入运转或找到用途。
　☞ 她经常使用空闲时间来阅读她手头的每一本书。
　☞ She often employs her leisure in reading every book that comes in her way.
　☞ 这个学生死记硬背的知识倒是蛮多的，可就是不会使用。
　☞ This student is crammed full of knowledge which he cannot employ.
　☞ 警方不得不使用武为来驱散人群。
　☞ The police had to employ force to disperse the crowd.
　☞ 一个作家应该善于使用词汇，而且知道在具体的上下文里该使用哪些词汇。
　☞ A writer should be good at using words and knows what words he should employ in a given context.
　☞ 用兵巧妙就是灵活地使用兵力。
　☞ Deployment of troops with great skill is flexible employment of force.
3．apply，指把一物与另一物联系起来后证明其使用价值。
　☞ 你的意思是要把这一规定使用到所有人的身上？
　☞ Do you mean to apply this rule to everyone?
　☞ 他把他渊博的知识使用到教学工作中去了。
　☞ He applied his immense knowledge to his teaching work.
　 ■ 但是由于apply强调一物与另一物的“联系”，同时也减弱了“使用”的词义。请看下面的例子：The word "virtue" is applied only to moral qualities.（美德一词只用于道德品质方面）。而下面的例子又进了一步，The nurse applied the ointment to the wound.（护士把药敷到伤口上）。硬译应为：护士在伤口上用药膏。请比较下列句子：The nurse used the ointment to relieve the wound.由此可以得出结论，在强调“使用”这一词义时，一般不用apply，除非符合上面的定义。
4．resort to，指使用不是办法的办法，往往带有贬义。
　☞ 使用体罚来使儿童服从的方法不足为训。
　☞ The method of resorting to physical punishment to make the child obey is not an example to be followed.
　☞ 如果说服工作不能奏效，我们就得使用武力。
　☞ If persuasion won't work, we have to resort to force.
　☞ 他们使用种种手段来迫使她就范。
　☞ They resorted to every possible means to compel her to submit.
5．have access to，指有某种可能或渠道来使用，强调一般人没法获得的可能或渠道。
　☞ 学生在假期也可使用图书馆。
　☞ Students also have access to the library during the vacation.
　☞ 我们使用了他的私人档案。
　☞ We had access to his private files.
　☞ 医生应有一部可以在任何时候都能使用的电话。
　☞ A doctor should have a telephone accessible at any time.
供应 供应
1．supply，泛指日常补给性供应。
　☞ 公用事业局向全市供应水电。
　☞ The Public Utilities Board supplies water and electricity for the whole city.
　☞ 现在有些城市牛奶已供应到每家每户。
　☞ Now in some cities milk is supplied to each house in bottles.
　☞ 为了供应菜篮子，菜场每天一大早就开市了。
　☞ In order to supply the kitchen and table, markets are held every early morning.
　☞ 我们农场每年向国家供应2亿4,000万斤蔬菜。
　☞ Our farm supplies the state with 240 million jin of vegetables annually.
2．provide，泛指经过充分准备后的供应。
　☞ 红十字会向地震后的灾民供应衣食。
　☞ The Red Cross provided clothing and food for the disaster victims after earthquake.
　☞ 每逢星期天，我们的房东太太都要供应早餐。
　☞ Our landlady provides breakfast on Sundays.
　☞ 许多解放军部队现在都已自己供应副食品。
　☞ Now many units of PLA provide themselves with foodstuffs.
3．furnish，泛指提供必要的供应。
　☞ 本店供应一切钻探用品。
　☞ Our shop furnishes everything that is needed for drilling.
　☞ 新华书店定期向我校图书馆供应图书。
　☞ Xinhua Bookstore furnishes the library of our college with books at regular intervals.
　☞ 总后勤部供应全军给养。
　☞ The General Logistic Department furnishes the whole army with provisions.
4．serve，泛指餐厅、食堂等处的饭菜供应。
　☞ 这家餐馆以供应北京烤鸭而闻名。
　☞ The restaurant serves roast Beijing ducks and is known thereby.
　☞ 他们半夜里还向我们供应有汤的热饭热菜，这使我们十分感动。
　☞ We were so touched by the fact that they even served us hot meal with soup at midnight.
　☞ 你们供应什么饭菜？
　☞ What dishes do you serve?
依据 依据
1．basis，指有根据的依据，常用作叱喻，而少于用实物。
　☞ 这种狂热的信念没有依据。
　☞ There is no basis for this fanatic belief.
　☞ 不要听信没有依据的谣言。
　☞ Don't believe the rumors that have no basis.
　☞ 你在会上要对你的判断提供科学依据。
　☞ You have to provide scientific basis for your judgment at the conference.
　☞ 这些遗址成了我们研究殷代文化的重要依据。
　☞ These sites form an important basis for our study of the culture of the Yin Dynasty.
　☞ 依据第一印象做出判断是危险的。
　☞ It is dangerous to judge on the basis of the first impression.
2．base，指某一基础上的依据，多用原义，一般不用作比喻。
　☞ 应了解过去和当前的需水量，以便为估算未来的用水提供依据。
　☞ Knowledge of historical and present water demand is needed to provide a base for predicting future water demand.
　☞ 他辩论的依据是社会主义市场体系应有别于资本主义市场体系。
　☞ The base of his argument is that the socialist market system should differ from the capitalist one.
　 ■ base的同根形容词baseless可指“毫无根据”。
　☞ 最后发现警方对他的指控毫无依据，他也因此而获得释放。
　☞ The charges made against him by the police were finally found to be baseless, so he was freed.
3．ground，义同base，但作“依据”解时一般都用复数。用单数时为不可数名词，故不加不定冠词a，但base是可数名词，要加不定冠词a。
　☞ 你开除他有什么依据？
　☞ What grounds do you have for dismissing him?
　☞ 这件事你干得没有依据。
　☞ You have no grounds for doing it.
　☞ 他们没向我提供多少投诉的依据。
　☞ They didn't give me much ground for complaints.
　 ■ 同样，groundless是ground的同根形容词，也作“毫无根据”解。
　☞ 对我们的指责是毫无依据的，因为无法用事实来证实。
　☞ The accusation against us is groundless and can't be backed up by facts.
4．go by，指“依据…行事”。
　☞ 不要依据我的话行事，我的判断不一定靠得住。
　☞ Don't go by what I say! My judgment is not very reliable.
　☞ 我们当时没有蓝图作为依据。
　☞ We didn't have any blueprints to go by at that time.
5．according to和in accordance with，均指有权威性的依据，可以换用。前者说法随便，后者比较正式。一般说来，according to的使用面要大于in accordance with。
　☞ 社会是依据某种规律发展的。
　☞ Society develops according to (in accordance with) certain laws.
　☞ 一切都是依据规章制度办事的。
　☞ Everything is done according to (in accordance with) rules and regulations.
　 ■ 但若依据的是某种学说、报道、个别的说法等，一般只用according to。
　☞ 依据马克思主义理论，物质是第一性的，思维是第二性的。
　☞ According to Marxist Theory matter is primary and thought is secondary.
6．according as，也指依据，但不同于according to。前者是连词，后接从句，表示两种以上的选择；后者是介词，后接名词，不表示选择。
　☞ 他们升级要依据考试是否及格。
　☞ They move into the next class according as they pass or fail the examination.
　☞ 你是受表扬还是受批评要依据你的工作的好坏。
　☞ You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad.
7．in the light of，指以某种见解作依据。
　☞ 我们是依据这些考虑来定设计标准的。
　☞ We selected design criteria in the light of these considerations.
　☞ 一切战术都应依据具体情况灵活应用。
　☞ All tactics should be employed flexibly in the light of specific conditions.
依靠（依赖） 依靠（依赖）
　 ■ “依靠”、“依赖”是两个同义词，前者的重点在“靠”；后者的重点在“赖”，因此主动性差于前者。
1．rely，depend，也是一组同义词，都与介词on，upon连用。前者侧重在人品、感情方面的依靠；后者则侧重在能力、财力上的依靠。
　☞ 俄国人一度打算依赖美援，结果美援没有来；现在他们依靠自己，结果却好多了。
　☞ Russians at one time had planned to rely on American aids, which did not arrive. Now they rely on themselves, which is much better.
　☞ 现在已经证明中国在经济危机中是能够依靠的。
　☞ It has been proved that China can be relied on in any economic crisis.
　☞ 小王答应做的事我们是可以依靠的。
　☞ We can rely on Wang to do whatever he promises.
　☞ 要是她对你好，你是可以依靠她的。
　☞ You can rely on her if she is really kind to you.
　☞ 依赖好记性不如依靠烂笔头。
　☞ Relying on good memory is not as good as relying on bad notes.
　☞ 美国的大多数老年人都依靠社会保险金生活。
　☞ A large majority of elderly Americans depend for their livelihood upon social security income.
　 ■ 不过下列情况，一般都用depend而不用rely。因为depend on后可以接what，where，whether等，有“依靠…而定”的意思。
　☞ 这要依靠你采取什么立场而定。
　☞ It depends on what stand you take.
　☞ 我们能不能突围要依靠你们到哪里去搬救兵。
　☞ Whether we can break out of the encirclement depends on where you call in reinforcement.
　☞ 会议的成功大都要依靠主席的干练与否。
　☞ The success of the conference depends largely on whether the chairman is efficient.
　 ■ 除此之外，两者可以换用。
　☞ 这个国家的石油供应完全依靠（赖）进口。
　☞ This country relies (depends) on imports for all its oil supplies.
　☞ 工业和农业是互相依靠（赖），互相支援的。
　☞ Industry and agriculture depend (rely) on and support each other.
2．dependent，dependence，是depend的同根形容词和名词。指生性依赖。
　☞ 现在太多的年轻人要依赖父母生活。
　☞ Nowadays too many young people are dependent on their parents.
　☞ 我决心不再依靠任何人。
　☞ I'll never be dependent on anyone again.
　☞ 依赖思想要不得，要依靠自力更生。
　☞ Dependent mentality is no good. Rely on yourself.
　☞ 博茨瓦纳的主要问题是对南非的依赖，因为南非是其外贸进出口的惟一通道。
　☞ Botswana's major problem is its dependence on South Africa as the only way in and out for its foreign trade.
　☞ 这一政策部分说明了美国对进口石油的依赖性在持续增长。
　☞ This policy explains part of the continued growth of U.S. dependence on imported oil.
3．lean on, 指后倾或偏向一方的依靠。
　☞ 墓地所处的位置表示了一种愿望，那就是盾面有靠山可以依靠，前面有小溪映出一轮朝阳象征欣欣向荣的景象。
　☞ The location of the tomb expressed the desire to have mountains behind, on which to lean, and a stream that reflects the rising sun, symbolizing thriving prosperity，in front.
　 ■ 但lean on在大多数情况下用作比喻。
　☞ 她开着一家铺子，但出主意要依靠她先生。
　☞ She runs a shop but leans on her husband for advice.
　☞ 紧要关头，我作为校长还要依靠老教师。
　☞ As a headmaster I tend to lean on senior members of teaching staff at the critical moment.
　☞ 有人可以依靠一下总要把稳点。
　☞ It is always reassuring to have someone to lean on for a while.
4．“依靠”、“依赖”的其他译法。
　☞ 军火商依靠战争发财。
　☞ Arms dealers look to war for profits.
　☞ 自从养老金制度推行以后，我村老年人的生活有了依靠。
　☞ The aged of our village have their livelihood assured since the old-age pension system was introduced.
　☞ 这些不同政见者不断在美国寻求政治依靠，可是毕竟掀不起大浪。
　☞ These dissidents keep seeking political support in the United States but they cannot stir up huge waves after.
侵占 侵占
1．invade and occupy，指侵入后占领。
　☞ 1938年，纳粹德国侵占了捷克斯洛伐克的苏台德地区。
　☞ Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Sudeten of Czechoslovakia in 1938.
　☞ 1937午七七事变后日军侵占了华北。
　☞ The Japanese troops invaded and occupied North China after the July 7 Incident of 1937.
2．encroach on，指逐步侵占。
　☞ 当时不少日本报纸鼓吹日本的生存空间在于侵占中国。
　☞ The then Japanese newspapers preached that the Japanese's living space lay in encroaching on China.
　☞ 他利用职权侵占大量的国有土地。
　☞ He encroached on a great deal of state land by exploiting his office.
3．seize，指用武力、权力等侵占。
　☞ 1937年12月，日军侵占了南京并开始了长达六周的血腥大屠杀。
　☞ The Japanese troops seized Nanjing in December of 1937 and began the bloody massacre, which lasted 6 weeks.
　☞ 要是他不利用职权又如何能侵占那么多的土地呢？
　☞ How could he have seized so much land if he hadn't take advantage of his position and power?
4．embezzle，指侵吞。
　☞ 他们结成一伙，侵占国家税收。
　☞ They ganged up to embezzle the state revenue.
　☞ 他因侵占公司资金而被撤职。
　☞ He was removed from office for embezzling the company funds.
侵吞 侵吞
1．embezzle，指盗用式侵吞。
　☞ 我听说出纳侵吞了数百万美元，得手后逃走了。
　☞ I heard that the cashier succeeded in embezzling several million US dollars and ran away.
　☞ 即使发现部分货物遭到侵吞，我们也无法为此与该公司理论。
　☞ Even if it had been discovered that part of goods was embezzled, we could have made no challenge upon the company for it.
2．misappropriate，指私占式侵吞。
　☞ 他因侵吞公款而被起诉。
　☞ He was indicted for misappropriating public funds.
　☞ 她利用职权多年来一直在侵吞社会财富。
　☞ She had been misappropriating social property for years by taking advantage of her position and power.
3．annex，指吞并。
　☞ 侵吞别国领土的事过去见得多了。
　☞ It was a common sight in the past to annex another country's territory.
　☞ 1938年，纳粹德国侵吞了捷克斯洛伐克的苏台德地区。
　☞ Nazi Germany annexed the Sudeten of Czechoslovakia in 1938.
侵害 侵害
1．encroach, encroachment，指逐步侵害。
　☞ 好在肿瘤还没有侵害到重要器官。
　☞ Fortunately the tumor has not encroached on important organs yet.
　☞ 应该建立防护林来减少风沙的侵害。
　☞ Shelterbelts must be built to reduce encroachment by sandstorm.
2．infringe, infringement，指违法侵害。
　☞ 盗印书籍侵害了作者的版权。
　☞ Pirating books infringed the author's copyrights.
　☞ 同侵害公民权利的行为进行斗争大有必要。
　☞ It is highly necessary to fight against any infringement of the rights of citizens.
3．inroad, 指动物，害虫等的侵害。
　☞ 已采取了预防措施来防止蝗虫对农作物的侵害。
　☞ Preventive measures have been adopted to prevent the inroads of locusts on the crops.
　☞ 如何保护水稻不受麻雀侵害的问题依然没有解决。
　☞ The problem remains unsolved of how to protect crops of rice from the inroads of sparrows.
侵犯 侵犯
1．trespass on，指未经许可而擅自侵入或侵犯。
　☞ 我们必须警告猎人不得侵犯我们的土地。
　☞ We must warn hunters against trespassing on our land.
　☞ 侵犯人权在现代社会是不可容忍的。
　☞ It is intolerable to trespass human rights in modem society.
2．infringe，指明显违法的侵犯。
　☞ 是谁指控你侵犯我的著作权？
　☞ Who accused you of infringing my copyright?
　☞ 这样的入侵是侵犯了国家的主权。
　☞ Such an invasion infringed a nation's sovereignty.
3．encroach on, encroachment，指逐步或偷偷地侵犯。
　☞ 人们普遍认为政府在侵犯公民的自由。
　☞ I is universally accepted by people that the government is encroaching on the liberties of the citizens.
　☞ 窃听电话侵犯了个人的隐私权。
　☞ Wiretapping encroached on a person's right to privacy.
　☞ 决不允许侵犯集体的利益。
　☞ No encroachment on the interests of the collective is allowed.
4．violate, violation, inviolable，指违背条约、协议议、规定而明目张胆的侵犯。
　☞ 侵犯基本人权可耻。
　☞ It is shameful to violate basic human rights.
　☞ 中国的领土和主权不容侵犯。
　☞ We tolerate no violation of China's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
　☞ 公共财产不容侵犯。
　☞ Public property shall be inviolable.
5．against，指违反、违背式的侵犯。
　☞ 他因侵犯国家财产罪而被起诉。
　☞ He was prosecuted for the crime against the state property.
　☞ 警方的行为因侵犯公民人身权利而受到指责。
　☞ The police were accused for their action against the personal rights of a citizen.
侵蚀 侵蚀
1．encroach on，encroachment，指逐步侵蚀，强调过程。
　☞ 每年春天，这条河都要侵蚀更多的土地。
　☞ Every spring the river encroaches more on the land.
　☞ 大海在侵蚀海岸。
　☞ The sea is encroaching on the coast.
　☞ 沙漠地区的流沙过去总是要侵蚀耕地。
　☞ In desert areas shifting sand used to encroach on the cultivated land.
　☞ 海洋对陆地的侵蚀在那一带十分明显。
　☞ Encroachment made by the sea upon the land was quite evident in that area.
2．erode, erosion，指风、水、酸的自然侵蚀，强调原因。
　☞ 海水会侵蚀岩石。
　☞ The sea erodes the rock.
　☞ 风侵蚀了松散的表土。
　☞ Wind eroded the loose topsoil.
　☞ 由于风雨的作用引起岩屑的松动及搬运称之为侵蚀。
　☞ The loosing and transporting away of rock debris by moving action of wind and rain is called erosion.
3．corrode, corrosion，指能起腐蚀作用的侵蚀，强调化学作用。
　☞ 已知硫酸和硫酸盐能侵蚀金属。
　☞ Sulfuric acid and sulfates are known to corrode metal.
　☞ 铁锈可以侵蚀钢铁。
　☞ Rust corrodes iron and steel.
　☞ 车身的侵蚀说明车子的保养很差。
　☞ The corrosion on the car's body showed it had been badly maintained.
　 ■ 不过，corrode有时也用于引申。
　☞ 贿赂会侵蚀买卖双方应有的信任。
　☞ Bribery corrodes the confidence that must exist between buyer and seller.
侵袭 侵袭
1．invade，指由外至内的侵入。
　☞ 病菌会侵袭人体。
　☞ Germs invade the human body.
　☞ 流感侵袭了全市。
　☞ Influenza invaded the whole city.
2．hit，指袭击。
　☞ 台风侵袭沿海地区。
　☞ The typhoon hit the coastal areas 该地区受到了强烈地震的侵袭。
　☞ The district was hit by a violent earthquake.
3．attack，指攻击。
　☞ 这些庄稼容易受到害虫的侵袭。
　☞ These crops are liable to be attacked by pests.
　☞ 小儿麻痹是一种侵袭儿童的疾病。
　☞ Infantile paralysis is a disease that attacks children.
4．make inroads into (on)，指突然入侵。
　☞ 纳粹德国侵袭波兰导致了第二次世界大战。
　☞ The inroads into Poland made by Nazi Germany led to World War II.
　☞ 农民想尽办法来保护玉米不受猴子的侵袭。
　☞ Peasants tried every possible way to protect their crops of corn from the inroads of monkeys.
便 便
1．then，常用于条件句的主句里，表示语气的转折。
　☞ 如果他来，我们便可以谈一谈。
　☞ If he comes, we shall then have a talk.
　☞ 如果他不能来，我们便得推迟会议。
　☞ I he cannot come, then we must postpone the meeting.
　 ■ then也可以放在句首，意为“于是便”。句中的主谓要颠倒，表示上文谈到的情况已有了转折。
　☞ 于是便来了一位拿警棍的警察。
　☞ Then appeared the policeman with a club.
　☞ 于是便开辟了社会革命的新纪元。
　☞ Then opens a new epoch of social revolution.
2．just，常用于强调句，或表示语势的强化。
　☞ 那便是我的感觉。
　☞ That's just how I feel.
　☞ 这便是你想知道的。
　☞ It's just what you want to know.
　☞ 我们担心的便是她的无知。
　☞ What we are worrying about is just her ignorance.
3．even if，用于让步句，意为“即便是”，表示说话人对这种假设的态度。
　☞ 即便是累了，我也要来。
　☞ I'll come even if I'm tired.
　☞ 困难即便是再多，我们也能克服。
　☞ Even if more difficulties remain, we can overcome them.
4．convenient，指方便。
　☞ 日夜服务，顾客称便。
　☞ Customers find the 24-hour service very convenient.
　☞ 在这样的地点，不便回答这样的问题。
　☞ It is inconvenient to answer such a question in such a place.
促使 促使
1．spur，指受到某种激励。
　☞ 对人民群众的信念促使我坚持真理。
　☞ The confidence in the mass spurred me to hold firmly to the truth.
　☞ 对祖国的爱促使我们在众寡悬殊的情况下坚持战斗。
　☞ The love for our motherland spurred us to fight in great disparity in numerical strength.
　☞ 革命斗争的需要促使我们刻苦学习马列主义。
　☞ The demands of revolutionary struggle spur us on to study Marxism-Leninism diligently.
2．impel，指受到某种压力。
　☞ 生产的发展促使我们不断钻研技术。
　☞ The development of production impels us continuously to study technique.
　☞ 饥饿促使他铤而走险。
　☞ Hunger impelled him to resort to adventurism.
　☞ 是什么促使你去那里的？
　☞ What impelled you to go there?
3．promote，指受到某种促进。
　☞ 母乳是促使婴儿健康生长的最佳食物。
　☞ Mother's milk is the best food for babies to promote healthy growth.
　☞ 有些食物会促使龋齿的产生。
　☞ Certain foods promote tooth decay.
4．further，指受到进一步推动。
　☞ 为促使进一步发展，政府决定干预证券市场。
　☞ The government decided to intervene in the stock market in the interests of furthering development.
　☞ 经济危机促使谣言的传播。
　☞ The economic crisis furthered the spread of rumors.
5．advance，指受到某种推进。
　☞ 营养不良会促使百病丛生。
　☞ Malnutrition advances the progress of diseases.
　☞ 我们采取一切可能措施来促使和平利用原子能。
　☞ We've taken every possible measure to advance peaceful utilization of atomic energy.
促成 促成
1．help to bring about，指帮助实现。
　☞ 我们促成了这对情人的美满结合。
　☞ We helped to bring about a happy union of the lovers.
　☞ 我国外长从中斡旋，促成了双方达成协议。
　☞ The mediation of the foreign minister of China helped to bring about an agreement between the two parties.
2．bring... into...，指“使进入…状态”。
　☞ 这笔生意是他大力促成的。
　☞ It was he who brought the business into success.
　☞ 这场运动促成了她同这位革命作家的接触。
　☞ This movement has brought her into contact with the revolutionary writer.
3．facilitate，指构成便利条件。
　☞ 这些情况促成了病人间接触性传染病的传播。
　☞ These circumstances facilitate the transfer of contagious diseases among the patients.
　☞ 你们的支持促成了这一新戏的上演。
　☞ Your supports facilitated the performing of the new play.
4．promote，指促进。
　☞ 无论她想要什么，她母亲总是努力促成。
　☞ Whatever she was desirous of, her mother would be eager to promote.
　☞ 她可能产生了错误想法，以为她父亲会促成她与基姆的婚事。
　☞ She could have generated the false idea that her father would promote her marriage with Jim.
5．see that... come off，指“见到…成功”。
　☞ 这桩生意希望你大力促成。
　☞ We hope you'll do your best to see that this deal comes off.
　☞ 我们想尽办法促成这对分居的夫妻重归于好。
　☞ We tried every possible way to see that the bringing of the separated couple together came off again.
促进 促进
1．从增进的角度来译，可用promote。
　☞ 只有促进安定团结才能进行改革。
　☞ Only by promoting stability and unity can we carry out reform.
　☞ 所有这些活动都有助于促进两国之间的相互了解。
　☞ All these activities have helped to promote mutual understanding between the two countries.
　☞ 牛奶促进健康。
　☞ Milk promotes health.
2．从推进的角度来译，可用advance。
　☞ 这次大会制定了一个22点计划来促进我国的工业化。
　☞ The conference laid down a 22-point program to advance the industrialization of our country.
　☞ 无私的爱国人士促进了解放事业。
　☞ Selfless patriots advanced the cause of liberation.
　☞ 他的研究工作促进了微生物学的发展。
　☞ His research work advanced the progress of microbiology.
3．从提供方便的角度来译，可用facilitate。
　☞ 那里正兴建一条运河来促进这两个城市间的贸易。
　☞ There a canal is being built to facilitate commerce between these two cities.
　☞ 邮政编码是用来促进邮递服务的。
　☞ Zip codes are used to facilitate mail service.
　☞ 各国人民的友好接触促进了文化交流。
　☞ Friendly contacts between different peoples facilitate the cultural interchange.
4．从使之进一步的角度来译，可用further。
　☞ 环境保护会进一步促进爱国卫生运动。
　☞ The environmental protection will further the patriotic public health campaign.
　☞ 他写这篇文章显然是要进一步促进这一活动。
　☞ It was apparent to further this activity that he wrote the essay.
　☞ 这些试样和数据正用于进一步促进我们对这一地区的了解。
　☞ These samples and data are being used to further our understanding of this region.
5．从带来的角度来译，可用bring about。
　☞ 正是改革促进了工农业生产的大发展。
　☞ It is reform that brings about a great advance in industrial and agricultural production.
　☞ 我们愿尽最大的努力来促进生产的增长。
　☞ We will do our utmost to bring about an increase of production.
　☞ 你们采取的措施促进了质量的普遍提高。
　☞ The measure you have taken has brought about a general rise in quality.
6．从施加一个外力推动的角度来译，可用give an impetus to。
　☞ 艺术家的访问和回访将促进文化交流。
　☞ Visits and return visits of artists will give an impetus to cultural exchange.
　☞ 这次大罢工促进了整个中国的劳工运动。
　☞ The great strike gave an impetus to the whole labor movement of China.
7．从帮助前进的角度来译，可用help forward。
　☞ 我们在工作学习上都互相促进。
　☞ We help each other forward both in work and study.
　☞ 如果我对你有所促进，我就十分高兴了。
　☞ If I can help you forward in any way I should be delighted.
8．从提出挑战的角度使之促进，可译be a challenge。
　☞ 向我们学习的人反倒超过了我们，这真是一个促进。
　☞ That those who had learned from us now excelled us was a real challenge.
　☞ 我欣赏工作给我带来的促进、激励和上进的机会。
　☞ I appreciate the challenge, the excitement and the opportunity of growth that my work provides.
保存 保存
1．指保存有，用keep。
　☞ 我给你的书还保存着吗？
　☞ Do you keep the book I gave you?
　☞ 他至今还保存着他获得的奖杯。
　☞ He has so far kept the cup he won as a prize.
2．使事物不受损失，不受损坏，也用keep。
　☞ 母亲还保存着烈士的血衣。
　☞ Mother still keeps the bloodstained shirt of the martyr.
　☞ 鲜奶保存不了多长时间，但奶粉可以长期保存。
　☞ Fresh milk will not keep long, but dried milk will.
3．较正式用语为conserve，preserve。二者含有一旦失去再也无法获得或很难获得的意思。
　☞ 市政府要求市民在旱季保存用水。
　☞ The city government requested the citizens to conserve water during the drought.
　☞ 在含油层结构探明前我们要尽量保存石油储量。
　☞ We must conserve oil reserve before the oil-bearing structure is verified.
　☞ 手稿发现时仍保存完好。
　☞ The manuscript was still well preserved when it was found.
　☞ 他早期的作品很少有保存下来的。
　☞ Few of his early works are preserved.
　☞ 我们的战术是保存自己，消灭敌人。
　☞ Our tactics are to preserve ourselves and annihilate the enemy.
　☞ 人民政府对保存艺术珍品十分关心。
　☞ The people's government takes good care to preserve artistic treasures.
4．如果是指天灾人祸后仍完好无损，用survive。
　☞ 在这样大的地震后，这座建筑竟能保存下来，真是奇迹。
　☞ That building managed to survive miraculously after such a strong earthquake like this.
　☞ 这座纪念碑经历了这么多的战火，竞能保存下来，真是难以想像。
　☞ It is inconceivable that this monument has survived at all after so many wars and fires it has gone through.
5．如果是指在某种威胁下仍保存下来，用retain。
　☞ 八角亭初建于公元550年的北齐，以后虽经历多次重建，仍保存着原来的模样。
　☞ The octagonal pavilions were first built in 550 A.D.
　☞ during the Northern Qi Dynasty and still have retained their original style after the many reconstructions of the ensuing years.
　☞ 老虽老，老太太却仍然保存着对生活的一切乐趣。
　☞ Old as she is. the old lady has still retained all interest in life.
保护 保护
1．由于保护而不受损害，可译protect... from （against），safeguard。后者为书面用语。
　☞ 我们目前要做的是保护环境，防止污染。
　☞ What we are to do now is to protect the environments against pollution.
　☞ 他带着一副黑色眼镜，保护眼部，遮挡阳光。
　☞ He wore dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.
　☞ 我们已采取必要的防空措施来保护城市。
　☞ We have taken necessary measures to safeguard our city against air attack.
　☞ 要保护人民的利益就要同盗贼作斗争。
　☞ The struggle against robbers and bandits is to safeguard the people's interests.
2．用某种物体来保护，译shield... from。
　☞ 他的贴身警卫用自己的身子挡住掉下来的石头来保护他。
　☞ His bodyguard shielded him from falling stones with his own body.
　☞ 太阳镜遮挡阳光保护眼睛。
　☞ Sunglasses shield your eyes from the sun.
3．珍贵事物的保护，译preserve。
　☞ 世界各国都在尽力保护森林。
　☞ All countries of the world are trying their best to preserve their forests.
　☞ 我们要像保护眼珠那样保护各民族的团结。
　☞ We must preserve the unity of all nationalities as we do the apple of our eye.
4．对生命财产的抢救与保护，译save。
　☞ 由于战士的抢救，终于保护了这批物资。
　☞ Thanks to the soldiers' rescue operation, the supplies were finally saved.
　☞ 在这次事故中，她保护了孩子，他们都没有受伤。
　☞ In the accident she saved the children from being hurt.
5．对物件的维修保护，译maintain。
　☞ 路面保护得不错。
　☞ The road surface is well maintained.
　☞ 他们手把着手教农民如何保护抽水机。
　☞ They took the peasants by the hand and taught them how to maintain the pumps.
6．如果保护是指保持原样，应译keep intact。
　☞ 保护现场是每个公民的职责。
　☞ It is a duty for every citizen to keep intact the scene of a crime.
　☞ 你的责任就是把文物保护好直到移交给国家为止。
　☞ Your duty is to keep the culture relics intact till their hand-over to the state.
保持 保持
1．preserve，强调保存的东西十分珍贵，一旦毁坏，甚至无法恢复。
　☞ 我国同一切爱好和平的国家保持友好关系。
　☞ Our country preserves friendly relations with all peace-loving countries.
　☞ 务必使同志们继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
　☞ The comrades must be helped to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.
　☞ 鲁迅故居内的一切保持着他生前的原样。
　☞ Everything in Lu Xun's former residence is preserved as it was during his lifetime.
　☞ 为了保持她富有青春气息的身材，她一直节制饮食。
　☞ She has dieted constantly in order to preserve her youthful figure.
2．conserve，强调保存的东西十分珍贵，一旦毁坏，在短期内无法恢复。
　☞ 我国西北地区保持水土十分重要。
　☞ It is very important to conserve water and soil in the northwest area of China.
　☞ 他正为最后20米的冲刺保持精力。
　☞ He is conserving his energy for the last twenty-meter dash.
3．maintain，强调保持某种常规。
　☞ 一日三餐并得到充分的休息和锻炼，就能保持身体健康。
　☞ Eating three meals a day and getting plenty of rest and exercise will maintain a person's health.
　☞ 我们要保持过去革命战争时期的那么一股劲，那么一股革命热情，那么一种拼命精神。
　☞ We should maintain the same vigor, the same revolutionary enthusiasm and the death-defying spirit we displayed in the years of the revolutionary war.
4．retain，强调在某种威胁或竞争条件下继续保持。
　☞ 第一次世界大战后，德国已无法保持其殖民地。
　☞ Germany was unable to retain her colonies after the First World War.
　☞ 朱建华现在仍保持着全国跳高记录。
　☞ In China, Zhu Jianhua has so far retained the high jump record.
　☞ 我们都希望保持劳动人民的本色。
　☞ We all hope to retain the characteristics of the working people.
5．keep (up)，常用语，不带感情色彩，因此常用来替换preserve，conserve，maintain等词。
　☞ 务必使同志们继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
　☞ The comrades must be helped to keep up (preserve) the style of plain living and hard struggle.
　☞ 船舱内的空气不断循环以保持室温。
　☞ The air is recirculated in the cabin in order to keep up (conserve) heat.
　☞ 多年来，他同他的老战友一直保持通讯联系。
　☞ He keeps up (maintains)a steady correspondence with his old comrade-in-arms for years.
　☞ 我们能去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。
　☞ We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.
　 ■ keep (up)除了能接宾语外，还能接补语及用作自动词。
1) 接补语。
　☞ 我们无论干什么，都应该和群众保持密切的联系。
　☞ Whatever we do, we must keep close to the masses.
　☞ 同学们，响铃了。请保持安静。
　☞ Boys and girls, the bell has rung. Keep quiet, please.
2) 用作自动词。
　☞ 我希望这种天气能保持不变。
　☞ I hope the weather will keep up.
　☞ 他们虽遭受挫折，但精神仍保持不变。
　☞ Their spirits are keeping up although they have suffered setbacks.
　 ■ keep一词尚有一些与“保持”意思有关的习惯用语。
1) 保持原样，keep intact。
　☞ 鲁迅纪念馆的一切都保持原样。
　☞ Everything in the Lu Xun Museum is kept intact.
2) 保持联系，keep in touch (contact) with。
　☞ 这两位业余无线电爱好者通过无线电来保持联系。
　☞ These two amateur radio enthusiasts keep in touch (contact) with each other over the radio.
3) 保持一致，keep in step with。
　☞ 他们干什么总是互相保持一致。
　☞ Whatever they do, they always keep in step with each other.
6．remain，强调继续处于某一状态。
　☞ 我们要经常保持谦虚谨慎。
　☞ We must always remain modest and prudent.
　☞ 在目前的大好形势下，我们要保持清醒的头脑。
　☞ In the present excellent situation, we must remain sober-minded.
　☞ 大殿建于900年前，至今仍巍然屹立，保持原样。
　☞ The main building was built nine hundred years ago and remains standing intact.
　 ■ 注意：remain同keep的区别。
　☞ 对这个问题，我们难以保持沉默。
　☞ We can hardly remain silent on this question.（在大声疾呼之前，沉默是过程。）
　☞ 同学们，保持安静。
　☞ Boys and girls，keep silent.（由吵闹到安静只是一瞬间的动作，而不是过程。）
7．perpetuate，强调保持的永久性。
　☞ 我校建造闻一多塑像，是为了保持对这位伟大诗人和爱国者的纪念。
　☞ The Wen Yi-duo Monument was built in our university to perpetuate the memory of this great poet and patriot.
　☞ 独裁者想尽办法企图保持对局势的控制。
　☞ The dictator tried every possible means to perpetuate his domination over the situation.
8．hold，强调在一定时间内保持不变。
　☞ 摄影师要她把这个姿势再保持几分钟。
　☞ The photographer asked her to hold the pose for a few minutes longer.
　☞ 给你素描时身子要保持不动。
　☞ Hold yourself still when I sketch you.
　☞ 恐怕好天气保持不了多久的。
　☞ I fear fine weather won't hold much longer.
　☞ 谁保持着跳高记录？
　☞ Who holds the record of the high jump?
9．range from... to...，强调保持在一定的可变范围之内。
　☞ 我国入学儿童的年龄保持在六至七岁之间。
　☞ In China, the age of children who start school ranges from six to seven years old.
　☞ 据《泰晤士报》透露，英国今年12月份的储备总额保持在1,000,000,000和1,005,000,000英磅之间。
　☞ The Times revealed that the total reserve of Britain ranged from 1,000 to 1,005 million pounds in December this year.
保留 保留
1．表示不同环境、条件下仍继续保留时，可译retain。
　☞ 世代居住国外的华侨仍保留着他们的风俗习惯。
　☞ The overseas Chinese who have lived abroad for generations still retain their habits and customs.
　☞ 他还保留着战争年代的革命朝气。
　☞ He still retains the revolutionary fervor of the war years.
2．表示保持原样，可译be what it is like。
　☞ 遵义会议会址一直保留着原样。
　☞ The site of the Zunyi Meeting is still what it has always been like.
　☞ 许多房屋遭到日机的轰炸，但这幢建筑物仍保留着原来的面貌。
　☞ The appearance of this building is still what it was like while many of the houses were bombed by the Japanese planes.
3．表示珍贵物件的保留，可译preserve。
　☞ 他赞成保留这一地区作为野生动物禁猎区。
　☞ He was in favor of preserving the area as a wildlife sanctuary.
　☞ 所有这些变异都是在“生存竞争”中保留下来的。
　☞ All these variants have been preserved in the "struggle for existence".
4．表示暂时保留不处理，等以后再说，可译reserve, reservation, reservedly。
　☞ 中国代表对该提议没有提出反对，但声明保留以后对此发表评论的权利。
　☞ The Chinese delegate didn't object to the proposal but stated that he would reserve the right to comment on it at a later stage.
　☞ 我们应该允许少数人保留他们的意见。
　☞ We must allow the minority to reserve their views.
　☞ 我毫无保留地接受你的意见。
　☞ I accept your view without any reservation(或unreservedly).
5．为别人保留物件，以便以后给他，可译hold，save。
　☞ 航空公司为你保留了两张机票。
　☞ The airline is holding two tickets for you.
　☞ 请你给我留两个座位好吗？
　☞ Will you please save two seats for me?
6．表示所有权的保留，可译keep。
　☞ 他在家乡还保留着一幢房屋。
　☞ He has still kept a house in his hometown.
　☞ 他们不应违反人民意志而保留这些基地。
　☞ They mustn't keep these bases against the people's will.
7．表示保留了某种意见或观点而不愿说出来，可译hold back。
　☞ 有意见都讲出来，不要保留。
　☞ Don't hold back anything you want to say.
　☞ 我们相信他还有什么事对我们有所保留。
　☞ We were sure that he was holding something back from us.
8．请发表意见的委婉语，可译not spare。
　☞ 请不要保留意见。
　☞ Please don't spare your opinion.
　☞ 我们希望读者不要保留意见。
　☞ We hope that readers will not spare their comments.
保管 保管
1．强调保护时，译take care of, care for。
　☞ 我会好好保管这些东西并会尽早还给你的。
　☞ I will take good care of these things and return them as soon as possible.
　☞ 鲁迅的手稿都是由鲁迅纪念馆保管的。
　☞ Lu Xun's manuscripts are cared for by the Lu Xun's Museum.
2．强调储存时，译store。
　☞ 这些蔬菜在摄氏20度以下很好保管。
　☞ These vegetables store well at temperatures below 20 degrees centigrade.
　☞ 他去美国时家具保管在这里。
　☞ He stored his furniture here when he went to America.
3．强调安全时，译be held in safe-keeping, keep in a safe place。
　☞ 文件已由党务秘书保管。
　☞ The documents are held in safe-keeping by the secretary in charge of the Party's affairs.
　☞ 首饰要保管好。
　☞ The jewels must be kept in a safe place.
4．如果指“保管东西的人”，可译store-keeper。
　☞ 他是我们的老保管。
　☞ He is our veteran store-keeper.
5．如果指肯定、无疑的意思，可译certainly，surely。
　☞ 他保管不知道。
　☞ He certainly doesn't know.
　☞ 只要肯努力，保管你能学会。
　☞ You'll surely learn it if you try hard.
保证 保证
1．对物的质量或人的行为提出的慎重保证，译guarantee。
　☞ 我们保证提前完成任务。
　☞ We guarantee to fulfill the task ahead of schedule.
　☞ 有关单位已保证不再发生类似事件。
　☞ The department concerned has guaranteed against the occurrence of similar incidents.
　☞ 8小时睡眠必须保证。
　☞ Eight hours' sleep must be guaranteed.
2．指保证某事发生，译ensure。
　☞ 坚守该山24小时就能保证我方对敌的胜利。
　☞ Holding this hill for twenty-four hours will ensure our victory over the enemy.
　☞ 要保证妇女在产前产后有充分的休息。
　☞ Adequate rest must be ensured for women during pregnancy and after childbirth.
　 ■ guarantee和ensure的区别可以从翻译下面的一句话时体现出来。
　☞ 我们不能保证火车在大雾里按时到达。
　☞ We can't guarantee the punctual arrival of the train in such foggy weather.（说话的可能是车站负责人而且不肯提出保证）
　☞ We can't ensure the punctual arrival of the train in such foggy weather.（说话的可能是局外人，只是安慰别人）
3．法律用语，指具有法律意义或类似法律意义的保证，译pledge oneself。
　☞ 两国都根据条约保证在战时互相支持。
　☞ By the treaty both countries pledged themselves to assist each other in case of war.
　☞ 他们保证不经过他允许决不向别人提起这件事。
　☞ They pledge themselves not to mention it to others without his permission.
4．指以承诺的方式保证，译assure。
　☞ 我向你保证这药对你无害。
　☞ I assure you that this medicine cannot harm you.
　☞ 船长向乘客保证没有危险。
　☞ The captain of the ship assured the passengers that there was no danger.
5．指保证已发生的事情会延续下去，译secure。
　☞ 只有如此，我们才能保证大家都有工作、休息和受教育的权利。
　☞ Only thus can we secure the right of work, rest and education for all.
　☞ 我们巩固了河堤，保证了我市不受洪水的侵袭。
　☞ By strengthening the embankments, we secured our city from floods.
6．指保了险的保证，因此而万无一失，译insure。
　☞ 他们的支持将保证我的成功。
　☞ Their support will insure my success.
　☞ 风调雨顺保证了我县的丰收。
　☞ The favorable climatic weather insured our county good harvest.
7．从落实措施来提出保证，可译make sure。
　☞ 现在要保证大家身体好，保证工人、农民、战士、学生、干部都要身体好。
　☞ Now we must make sure that everybody, including workers, peasants, soldiers, students, and cadres, can keep fit.
　☞ 我们保证你在一周内收到我们的答复。
　☞ We make sure that you get our reply in a week's time.
　☞ 在移交一切前，我们保证他们已有足够的经验和实际知识。
　☞ Before handing over everything, we make sure that they have sufficient experience and know-how.
8．从承担义务的角度来提出保证，可译commit oneself to doing (do) sth。
　☞ 农民保证增加肉类生产。
　☞ Peasants have committed themselves to stepping (step) up meat production.
　☞ 埃及政府要求以色列保证巴勒斯坦自治。
　☞ The Egyptian government wanted Israel to commit itself to Palestinian autonomy.
9．保证作状语用时可译without fail。
　☞ 这件活3天完成，保证没问题。
　☞ We'll finish the job in three days without fail.
　☞ 你得保证8点正到达这里。
　☞ You must be here at eight sharp without fail.
保险 保险
1．insure，insurance，指由于自然灾害、意外事故造成损失时而能得到补偿的保险。
　☞ 你的房子保了火险了吗？
　☞ Did you have your house insured against fire?
　☞ 本公司将为你的财产保10万元的险。
　☞ Our company will insure your property for 100,000 yuan.
　☞ 意外事故时，受保人可从保险公司获得一笔总数为10万元的现金。
　☞ In case of accident the insured person will receive a sum of money totaling 100,000 yuan in cash from the insurance company.
2．safe，to be on the safe side，指稳妥安全。
　☞ 绳子保险吗？肯定不会断？
　☞ Is the rope safe? Are you sure it won't break?
　☞ 把钱存到银行里最保险。
　☞ It is safest to deposit one's money in a bank.
　☞ 为了保险起见，你至少应该等上半年再起诉。
　☞ To be on the safe side you should wait at least half a year before bringing a suit.
　☞ 我最好还是带把雨伞，这样保险一点。
　☞ I'd better take an umbrella to be on the safe side.
3．be sure，指肯定如此。
　☞ 你心里保险有什么秘密。
　☞ There is sure to be something secret in your mind.
　☞ 她保险马上回来。
　☞ She's sure to be back soon.
4．be bound to，指必然如此。
　☞ 这玩意儿保险能行。
　☞ That stuff is bound to work.
　☞ 他保险要去，什么都挡不住他。
　☞ He is bound to go, and nothing can stop him.
信 信
1．believe，指并无多少理由或根据的相信，故不带感情色彩。
　☞ 你说句话我就信是不可能的。
　☞ It is impossible for me to believe a single word you say.
　☞ 我不信我们队会赢。
　☞ I don't believe that our team will win.
　☞ 我们不由得半信半疑。
　☞ We could not help half believing and half doubting.
　☞ 信不信由你。
　☞ Whether you believe it or not is up to you.
2．believe in，指信仰上的信奉。
　☞ 老太太信佛，每天都吃素念佛。
　☞ The old lady believes in Buddhism, she is a reverent Buddhist and practices vegetarianism every day.
　☞ 尽管整个世界都在谴责他，但还是有不少人信他。
　☞ Though the whole world condemns him, not a few people believe in him.
3．trust，指信任，信赖，可以是有道理的，也可以是无道理的。
　☞ 你要是信得过我，就让我替你办。
　☞ If you trust me, let me do it for you.
　☞ 她是群众信得过的好干部。
　☞ She's a good cadre trusted by the masses.
4．true，指真实。
　☞ 言必信，行必果。
　☞ Be always true in word and resolute in deed.
　☞ 信言不美，美言不信。
　☞ True words are not beautiful while beautiful words are not true.
5．promise，指使人感到放心的口头承诺，并不一定承担履行的义务。
　☞ 国家在国际交往中失信就不会受到尊重。
　☞ A country isn't respected if it breaks a promise in international relations.
　☞ 我希望你能守信。
　☞ I hope you'll keep your promise.
6．word，也指口头承诺，口气较promise随便，一般可以换用。有时为避免修辞上的重复，两词可交替使用。
　☞ 想不到他竟会失信。
　☞ Who would have thought that he should have broken his word (promise)?
　☞ 你既然答应了，就该守信。
　☞ Now that you have given the promise, you have to keep your word.
　 ■ 但如果实质上word是“来信”的意思，就不能与promise替换。
　☞ 你到了那里给我来信。
　☞ Please send me word of your arrival.
7．news，指消息。
　☞ 到了12点还是没信。
　☞ By twelve o'clock there was still no news.
　☞ 你有我儿子的信吗？
　☞ Do you have any news from my son?
8．“信”作“随意”解时，没有确切的对应词，因此要灵活处理。
　☞ 湖边信步，不亦乐乎？
　☞ Isn't it pleasant to take a leisurely walk along the lake?
　☞ 别让他信口开河。
　☞ Stop him talking at random without restraint.
　☞ 我闲来无事，常常信马由缰。
　☞ When I have nothing to d0 I would ride aimlessly and let my horse carry me where it pleases.
　☞ 她抱起琵琶信手弹来，竟十分动听。
　☞ She took up the pipa and began to play, effortlessly and melodiously.
　☞ 不管风吹浪打，胜似闲庭信步。
　☞ Let the wind blow and waves swill. To me, it's better than having a stroll in a courtyard at will.
信任 信任
1．trust，指对人的品德，能力的信任。这种信任可以是有根据，也可以是没有根据的。
　☞ 他是群众信任的好干部。
　☞ He is a good cadre trusted by the masses.
　☞ 你反正可以信任他。
　☞ You can trust him anyway.
　☞ 忘性大的人不能信任自己的记忆，而要把事情记在笔记本上。
　☞ A forgetful man should not trust his memory, but should write things down in a note-book.
　☞ 人民对政府的信任已经动摇。
　☞ The people's trust in the government has been shaken.
2．confidence，常指长期相处后产生的信任，因此这种信任是有根据的。
　☞ 我信任他能度过这次危机，依据是他过去有过多次这样的死里逃生。
　☞ My confidence in his ability to survive the crisis is based on his many narrow escapes in the past.
　☞ 他在这里工作多年，得到了人民的信任。
　☞ He works here for years and enjoys the confidence of the people.
　 ■ 由于confidence是一个名词，要用作谓语时 ，常与have，put等词搭配。
　☞ 尽管你连遭挫折，但我仍然信任你。
　☞ I still have confidence in you though you have suffered repeated setbacks.
　☞ 不要信任此人。
　☞ Don't put any confidence in this man.
3．reliance，指依赖性很大的信任。
　☞ 孩子总是信任母亲的 A child always has reliance on his mother.
　☞ 她接受了他的忠告，因为她很信任他的判断。
　☞ She took his advice because she placed great reliance on his judgment.
4．faith，指坚定的信任，语气强于trust，尽管有时有盲目轻信的意思。
　☞ 他们陷入这样一种被动地位是因为盲目信任武器。
　☞ They fell into such a passive position because they placed blind faith in weapons.
　☞ 我劝你不要信任这样的补救办法。
　☞ I advise you not to put your faith in such a remedy.
修复 修复
1．repair，着重点在修理，故强调修缮、修葺。
　☞ 这段铁路已修复通车。
　☞ This section of the railway has been repaired and reopened to traffic.
　☞ 房屋损毁不大，马上可以修复。
　☞ The damage to the house is of a minor character and it could readily be repaired.
　☞ 打碎的花瓶修复得那么光滑平整，原来那么熟悉的裂缝都看不出来了。
　☞ The broken vase was so neatly repaired that no trace of once familiar rents could be seen.
　 ■ 此外，repair还可用来指生物的自我修复。
　☞ 不用着急，人体本身就有修复表皮组织的能力。
　☞ Don't worry! Human body itself is able to repair the skin tissue.
2．restore，着重点在修复后恢复原貌。
　☞ 专家们修复了千年古刹及庙内的佛像。
　☞ The experts have restored the thousand-year-old temple and its Buddhist images.
　☞ 医生们修复、整补了脸上天生就有，却被战争夺去了的各个部位。
　☞ The doctors restored and repaired every part of the face which Nature has given but which War has taken.
3．renovate，着重点在整修一新，故要强调修复后的焕然一新。
　☞ 我市几处具有历史意义的建筑都被修复得焕然一新。
　☞ Several historic buildings have been renovated in our city.
　☞ 我们修复灯塔就是为了导航。
　☞ It is for guidance that we renovate the beacon.
修建 修建
1．build，强调用部件、原材料等修建楼房、桥梁、船只等，因此修建的都是结构性建筑。
　☞ 那里正在修建一条运河来促进商业。
　☞ There a canal is being built to facilitate commerce.
　☞ 我们山村里的房子大都是用石块修建的。
　☞ Houses in our mountain villages are mostly built of stone.
　☞ 为这样一些情况修建的飞机必须易于操纵、易于保养。
　☞ Aircraft built for these conditions must be easy to operate and to maintain.
2．construct，强调物质上的修建或精神上的构思，因此修建的东西可以是物质的，也可以是精神的。
　☞ 果是指物质的修建，则可与build换用。
　☞ 我们花了两年的时间修建了这座大桥。
　☞ It took us two years to construct (build) the bridge.
　☞ 我市修建了一座大型水族馆。
　☞ A great aquarium has been constructed (built) in our city.
　 ■ 但如果指精神上的构思，则不能换用。
　☞ 他在心里修建了一个自己的世界。
　☞ He constructed a world of his own in his mind.
3．erect, 强调修建又高又细的建筑。
　☞ 工人们正日以继夜地修建蒸馏塔。
　☞ The workers are erecting distilling columns day and night.
　☞ 20世纪50年代末，天安门广场上修建了人民英雄纪念碑。
　☞ At the end of the 1950's the Monument of the People's Heroes was erected on the Tiananmen Square.
4．frame，强调用构架组成的整体修建。
　☞ 这是一幢用松木修建，杉木包面的小木屋。
　☞ This is a little cottage framed of pine and sheathed with cedar.
　☞ 我们修建了一个自行车棚，就在后院。
　☞ We have framed a shelter for bicycles, which is at the backyard.
修改 修改
1．correct，指以正确来修改错误。
　☞ 我们的老师花了好多时间来修改我们的作文。
　☞ Our teacher spends much time correcting our compositions.
　☞ 他来看我时，我正在办公室里修改校样。
　☞ I was correcting my proof sheets in my office when he came to see me.
2．amend，指以修改使之更加完美。
　☞ 全国人民代表大会正在举行如何修改宪法的讨论。
　☞ The National People's Congress is holding a discussion of how to amend the constitution.
　☞ 立法机构有权修改法律。
　☞ The legislative body has the right to amend the law.
3．emend, 指在编辑、出版过程中校订性的修改。
　☞ 学者们在认为莎士比亚现有文本有误或有所歪曲时会着手修改之。
　☞ Scholars would emend Shakespeare when they decided that the existing texts were unsound or garbled.
　☞ 懒于思考的人往往会脱离上下文来曲解伟大作家的话并进而做一番修改，使之适合自己的口味。
　☞ Lazy minds wrench a great writer's words out of context and then further emend them to suit their own taste.
4．revise，指在考虑之后做出文字上的修改。
　☞ 他每天都在翻译报告、修改报告。
　☞ He translates reports and revises reports everyday.
　☞ 据说莎士比亚从来不修改手稿。
　☞ It is said that Shakespeare never had to revise his manuscripts.
5．modify，指略加修改。
　☞ 在现实实践中，这一程序略有修改。
　☞ In actual practice this procedure is modified somewhat.
　☞ 这一方案要想成功实现，就应稍作修改。
　☞ This plan must be modified if it is to be carried out successfully.
修理 修理
1．fix，在英语中作“修理”解时是一个非正规用语，口气比较随便，在美国英语中与repair相当，但大都只指小物件的修理。
　☞ 他几乎花了一个小时来修理我的自行车。
　☞ It took him nearly an hour to fix my bicycle.
　☞ 我把你的收音机修理好了。
　☞ I have your radio fixed.
　☞ 你能修理我女儿的洋娃娃吗？
　☞ Can you fix my daughter's doll?
　☞ 屋顶漏雨，需要修理。
　☞ The leak of the roof has to be fixed.
2．mend，指弥补缺陷或排除故障的修理，因而一般也指日常用品的修理。
　☞ 要是你想修理窗户，我可以弄到低价玻璃。
　☞ If you want to mend the windows, I can get glass cheap·
　☞ 他是来修理收音机的。
　☞ He came to mend the wireless set.
3．repair，正规用语，大都用于部件大量损坏的修理。如果用于日用小件的修理时，可与fix, mend换用。
　☞ 你请他来修理一下我的表好吗？
　☞ Will you please ask him to repair (fix, mend) my watch?
　☞ 他们拖着一艘严重损坏的轮船去上海修理。
　☞ They were taking a badly damaged ship to Shanghai to have it repaired.
　☞ 他善于做类似修理发动机这样的实际工作。
　☞ He is good at anything practical like repairing engines.
　 ■ 此外，repair还可用作名词。
　☞ 修理道路时，交通改道。
　☞ Traffic is diverted while the road is under repair.
　☞ 当场修理，立等可取。
　☞ Repairs done while you wait.
4．trim，指修剪、整理式的修理。
　☞ 校园里的灌木需要定期修理。
　☞ Bushes in the campus need regular trimming.
　☞ 是我看着园丁把枯枝修理掉的。
　☞ It was I who watched the gardener trimming dead branches.
修补 修补
1．mend，着重点在“补”，因此修的往往是“破洞”。
　☞ 我看见几个老年妇女在修补渔网。
　☞ I saw a few old women mending fishing nets.
　☞ 他要母亲修补一下牛仔裤口袋上的洞。
　☞ He asked his mother to mend the hole in the pocket of his jeans.
　☞ 你衣服上修补过的地方几乎看不出来。
　☞ The mends on your dress were almost invisible.
　 ■ 此外，mend还可表示广泛意义上的修补。
　☞ 双方都急于修补两个派系之间的裂痕。
　☞ Both sides were anxious to mend the rift between the two factions.
　☞ 修补关系是从来不嫌晚的。
　☞ It is never too late for one to mend one's fence.
2．patch，着重点在打补丁，因此往往用某种材料来修补破洞、磨损、撕裂等。
　☞ 他的鞋子总是自己修补。
　☞ He is always patching his shoes by himself.
　☞ 你的上衣肘部都磨薄了，我得修补修补。
　☞ The elbows on your coat have worn thin, so I must have them patched.
　☞ 他的破洗脸盆是用橡皮膏修补过的。
　☞ His broken washbowl was patched up with adhesive plaster.
3．repair，泛指一切修补，一般可与mend换用。
　☞ 他把我的鞋子修补好了。
　☞ He had my shoes repaired (mended).
　☞ 我们在修补一堵墙。
　☞ We're repairing (mending)a wall.
　 ■ 但在大多数情况下，repair大都指大部件损坏或大量、严重损坏后的修补。
　☞ 我们的左邻右舍都来帮忙修补部分烧毁的厨房。
　☞ Our neighbors came to assist at repairing our partly burned kitchen.
　☞ 这屋顶要是修补修补，房子还能住人。
　☞ The house will be serviceable if the roof is repaired.
　☞ 他的这次欧洲之行是去修补他破碎的婚姻。
　☞ The trip he made to Europe was to repair his broken marriage.
倒 倒
1．“倒”用作虚词时，有以下几种译法：
1) 表示前后事实相反，可译on the contrary，相反的意思比较强烈。
　☞ 你的样子很累，我感觉倒很好。
　☞ You look tired, on the contrary, I feel fine.
　☞ 你不爱足球，我倒非常喜欢。
　☞ You don't like football, on the contrary, I like it very much.
　☞ 他才9岁，知道的倒不少。
　☞ He is only nine years old but on the contrary he knows quite a lot.
　☞ 你没叫我讨厌，倒叫我喜欢。
　☞ You aren't boring me, on the contrary, you're interesting me.
2) 强调前后事实相反，而且有点意外，可用but，后接it is...的强调句型来表示。
　☞ 他不肯出钱，他太太倒拿出来了。
　☞ He refused. but it was his wife who offered' the money.
　☞ 我没见到你妹妹，小杨昨天在动物园倒碰上她了。
　☞ I didn't see your sister, but it was Yang who met her in the zoo yesterday.
3) 表示与事实有出入时，可译actually，as a matter of fact，因此这种相反的意思就比鞍轻。
　☞ 本想省事，没想倒费事了。
　☞ We wanted to save ourselves trouble but actually we gave ourselves more.
　☞ 外祖父倒没我变化大。
　☞ Actually, Grandpa had altered much less than I.
　☞ 不过，倒只有少数人拥有私人汽车。
　☞ Actually, however, only a small number of people own their private cars.
　☞ 刘姥姥道：“我倒替你们想出一个机会来。”
　 "As a matter of fact, I have thought of a chance for you，”said Cranny Liu.
　☞ 他倒是没有真正的信仰。
　☞ He had, as a matter of fact, no real convictions.
4) 如果事实本来就是这样，可译as it is。
　☞ 事情这样倒简单多了。
　☞ The matter is so much simpler as it is.
　☞ 情况倒越来越糟了。
　☞ As it is, things are getting worse.
　☞ 他们倒是同意买这幢房子的。
　☞ They agreed to buy the house as it was.
5) 由于谓语动词的重叠，所谠的事情与事实没有多少出入，因此可在语气中表达出来，这时可以不译。
　☞ 说说倒容易，做起来可不简单。
　☞ It is easy to say that, but it is not so easy to do it.
　☞ 我跟他认识倒认识，就是不太熟。
　☞ I know him, but not very well.
6) 表示某种委婉的说法时，可译虚拟语气或用情态动词should, would。
　☞ 你要是还能够的话，倒应该帮助他。
　☞ You should help him if you could.
　☞ 我倒喜欢住在一座古老的乡间别墅里而不喜欢一套豪华的公寓。
　☞ I should like to live in an old country house rather than an expensive flat.
　☞ 你还有什么说的，我倒想听听。
　☞ I would like to hear what else you've got to say.
　☞ 我倒不如死了干净。
　☞ I would rather die.
　☞ 我们倒真想留在家里。
　☞ We should like to stay at home.
7) hope, think, suppose, wonder, pretend等词的现在进行时也可表示这种委婉的愿望或看法。
　☞ 我倒希望你来跟我聊天的。
　☞ I'm hoping that you will come and have a chat with me。
　☞ 我倒想知道你们有什么问题。
　☞ I'm wondering if you have any questions.
　☞ 你倒以为我会带你出去吗？
　☞ Are you supposing I'm going to take you out?
　☞ 注意，这是一种假设。我倒没有硬说有这种事情。
　☞ Understand, this is an imaginary case; I am not pretending that it has happened.
8) 表示不肯定语气时，可译英语反意疑问句(question tags)。
　☞ 倒也不会有麻烦吧？
　☞ There won't be any trouble, will there?
　☞ 你倒去不去？
　☞ You want to go, don't you?
　☞ 他们倒不会来吧？
　☞ They won't come, will they?
2．“倒”用作实词时，有以下几种用法：
1) 表示上下颠倒，可译upside down。
　☞ 这头朝上，别放倒了。
　☞ This is the top; don't put it upside down.
　☞ 他假装识字，可手里的书却倒拿着。
　☞ He pretended he could read, but he was holding the book upside down.
2) 表示次序或方向的颠倒，可译reverse。
　☞ 次序倒了。
　☞ The order is reversed.
　☞ 主次倒了。
　☞ The order of importance is reversed.
　☞ 按这个按钮就可以把机器转动的方向倒过来。
　☞ The direction of movement of this machine can be reversed by pressing this button.
　☞ 我们得把车倒回到大路上去。
　☞ We have to reverse the car and go back to the main road.
3) 表示倾倒液体，可译pour。
　☞ 请再倒一杯茶。
　☞ Please pour another cup of tea.
　☞ 他把牛奶从瓶里倒进杯里。
　☞ He poured the milk from the bottle into the cup.
4) 表示倾诉某种感受，可译pour out。
　☞ 他把一肚子冤屈都倒了出来。
　☞ He poured out his entire grievance.
　☞ 如果这样会轻松一点，那就把你的痛苦都倒出来吧。
　☞ Pour your pain out if it will make you a little easier.
5) 表示倒退回去，可译back up。
　☞ 你得先倒回去，再掉头。
　☞ You'll have to back up and turn around 火车倒回去了。
　☞ The train backed up.
倘若 倘若
　 ■ “倘若”作“如果”解时可用if，in case (of)，supposing，suppose等。
1．if，引入某种条件。
　☞ 你们倘若有空，请到我那里来谈谈。
　☞ Please come to my place for a chat if you have time.
　☞ 倘若工夫深，铁杵磨成针。
　☞ lf you are determined to do constant grinding you can turn an iron rod into a needle.
2．in case (of)，引入某种情况。
　☞ 倘若发现情况异常，立即报告。
　☞ In case you find anything unusual, report immediately.
　☞ 倘若无处投递，退回邮寄者。
　☞ In case of non-delivery, return to the sender.
3．supposing, suppose，引入假设。
　☞ 倘若对计划存有异议，可向委员会提出。
　☞ Objections to the plan, supposing there should be any, should be reported to the committee.
　☞ 倘若尔父见之，彼将作何说？
　☞ Suppose your father saw you, what would he say?
借 借
1．borrow，指借人。
　☞ 他老是向人借钱。
　☞ He is always borrowing money from others.
　☞ 有人好借不好还。
　☞ Some people are good at borrowing but bad at giving back.
2．lend，指借出。
　☞ 他主动借我一些书。
　☞ He offered to lend me some books.
　☞ 你能借我点钱吗？
　☞ Could you lend me some money?
3．loan，借人、借出均可。
　☞ 隔壁的邻居要借我们的望远镜。
　☞ The neighbor asked for the loan of our binoculars.
　☞ 我已把我的钢笔借给他了。
　☞ I gave him the loan of my pen.
　 ■ 但是，loan用作动词时只作“借出”解。
　☞ 银行借给我50,000元来开始我的买卖。
　☞ The bank loaned me 50,000 yuan to start my business.
　☞ 他把他的藏画借给了画廊。
　☞ He loaned his collection of pictures to the gallery 我可以借你的打字机吗？
　☞ May I have the loan of your typewriter?
4．use，指借用。
　☞ 他们借“援助”之名，行掠夺之实。
　☞ They used "aid" as a pretext for plunder.
　 ■ 另外，have the loan有“借用”的意思，可以与use换用。
　☞ 我可以借你的电话吗？
　☞ May I use your telephone?
5．keep，指借用时间的长短。
　☞ 这本书我能借多久？
　☞ How long can I keep the book?
　☞ 你可以借两个星期。
　☞ You can keep it for two weeks.
6．take，指利用、借用。
　☞ 我愿借此机会向大家表示感谢。
　☞ I wish to take this opportunity to thank you all.
　☞ 这一术语借自心理学。
　☞ This term is taken from psychology.
7．by，指凭借。
　☞ 火借风势，越烧越旺。
　☞ Fanned by the wind, the fire burned more and more furiously.
　☞ 部队借着月光急速前进。
　☞ The troops marched swiftly forward by the light of the moon.
值(值得) 值(值得)
1．worth, worthy，worthwhile，形容词，指价值的值或值得的值。具体用法简述如下：
1) 指价值的值。
　☞ 这本词典至少值150元。
　☞ The dictionary is worth at least 150 yuan.
　☞ 这只戒指值多少钱？
　☞ How much is the ring worth?
　☞ 那台电视机值不了多少钱。
　☞ That TV set is worth little.
　☞ 我看不值那么多。
　☞ I don't think it's worth that much.
2) 措值得的值。
①后接名词或代词。
　☞ 他们认为这本书值得出版。
　☞ They think the book worth publication.
　“你应该去看医生。”“大惊小怪的不值得。”
　 "You must see a doctor." "Oh, it is not worth a fuss."
　☞ 是呀，这可是一次艰苦的攀登，但山顶上的风景值得一试。
　☞ Well, it was a hard climb, but the view from the top is worth it.
②后接动名词。
　☞ 李贺的诗值得一读。
　☞ Li He's poems are worth reading.
　☞ 这事不值一提。
　☞ It was not worth mentioning.
　 ■ 应该指出worth后的动名词形式上主动，但意义上被动，因此在翻译类似下列句子时应该注意：我认为医生值得一做。不应译作I think a doctor is worth becoming.而应译作I think it (is) worth while to become a doctor.（用动词不定式to become为主动意义） 值得再次讨论这一问题。不应译作It is worth discussing the question again.而应译作下面的任何一种：It is worth while to discuss the question again.或It is worth while discussing the question again.或The question is worth discussing again.由以上三个译例可以得出以下结论：worth后接动名词具有被动意义，但worth while后接动词不定式或动名词却具有主动意义。worthy of一般只作“值得”解，而且其后只接名词。
　☞ 他值得你崇拜。
　☞ He is worthy of your adoration.
　☞ 她的行为值得表扬。
　☞ Her behavior is worthy of praise.
　 ■ 如果worthy of后接动名词表示被动意义，则要用动名词的被动式。如：这件事值得做。This is worthy of being done.（不用of）或This is worthy to be done.或This is worth doing.上面提到worth while之后接动词不定式都表示主动意义。因此，当worthwhile成为一个词，这种特性仍然不变。
　☞ 我认为要他参加我们的党不值。
　☞ I wouldn't think it worthwhile to ask him to join our Party.
　 ■ 除此之外，worthwhile可以单独用作定语，而worth和worthy一般都 不单独用作定语。
　☞ 跑这一趟不值。
　☞ It is not a worthwhile trip.
　☞ 去趟巴黎值得。
　☞ It is a worthwhile visit to Paris.
　 ■ 注意worth和worthwhile作表语时的用法区别。
　☞ 这个报酬值得。
　☞ The reward is worth it，或：The reward is worthwhile.
　 ■ 再请注意下面译文中三字的用法区别。
　☞ 这一计划值得继续讨论。
　☞ The plan is worth discussing further.
　☞ The plan is worthy of further discussion.
　☞ The plan is worthy to be further discussed.
　☞ It is worthwhile to discuss the plan further.
　☞ It is worthwhile discussing the plan further.
　 ■ 最后两句不用worth或worthy，因为句中的动名词与不定式和it同格，是句子的主语。
2．merit，指值得，但为动词，后面常接表示动作的名词。
　☞ 这一建议值得好好考虑。
　☞ This suggestion merits serious consideration.
　☞ 历史的经验值得注意。
　☞ Historical experience merits attention.
　☞ 他值得表扬。
　☞ He merited the praise.
　☞ 他的英勇行为值得更高的奖励。
　☞ His brave deed merited a better reward.
3．deserve，比merit进了一步，指当之无愧的值得。
　☞ 他对教育事业的献身精神值得赞许。
　☞ His devotion to the education cause deserves commendation.
　☞ 做作出来的好意不值得感谢。
　☞ A forced kindness deserves no thanks.
　☞ 他的心里总是装着别人，惟独没有自己。真是值得表扬。
　☞ His thoughts always turn to other people, and hardly ever does he think of himself. So he deserves the praise indeed.
4．happen，指碰巧。
　☞ 我们到广州时正值雨季。
　☞ We happened to arrive in Guangzhou in the rainy season.
　☞ 你上次来访，适值我外出。
　☞ I happened to be out when you called.
5．on the occasion of，指适逢某个场合。
　☞ 值此贵国50周年国庆之际，我谨代表我国政府表示衷心的祝贺。
　☞ On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of your National Day I express heartfelt congratulation on behalf of our government.
　☞ 我们收到你的礼物时，正值我们的金婚纪念日。
　☞ We received your gift just on the occasion of our golden wedding.
倾 倾
1．incline，指前后左右倾斜，既可指垂直倾斜，也可指水平倾斜。
　☞ 病妇的声音变得越来越微弱，她儿子向前倾着身子想听清她的遗言。
　☞ The sick lady's voice grew weaker and weaker, her son inclined forward in an attempt to catch her last words.
　☞ 姑娘向他倾着身子，近得他都听得到她的鼻息了。
　☞ The girl inclined towards him so closely that he heard her breathing.
　☞ 那位半聋的老人向左倾了倾身子想听清谈话。
　☞ The partly deaf old man inclined to the left to hear the conversation more clearly.
　☞ 地面微微南倾。
　☞ The land inclines gently to the south.
2．lean, 指向一边倾斜，一般只指垂直倾斜。
　☞ 他朝前倾着身子听她说话。
　☞ He leaned forward to hear what she said.
　☞ 这根电线杆往左边倾了。
　☞ The telephone pole leans to the left.
　☞ 这栋老房子在翻修前倾得利害。
　☞ The old house leaned sharply before renovation.
　☞ 那古宅的墙是向外倾的。
　☞ The walls of the old mansion lean outward.
　☞ 身子立直了，别往后倾。
　☞ Stand upright and don't lean backward.
3．“倾”的其他译法。
　☞ 她前倾时，她优美的头发盖住了她的一边脸。
　☞ As she bent forward her fine hair fell over her cheek.
　☞ 左倾和右倾都是错误的。
　 "Left" and "Right" deviations are both wrong.
　☞ 大厦将倾，就连老鼠也会搬家。
　☞ Even a mouse will move its home when a great mansion is on the point of collapse.
　☞ 他倾其所有支持了希望工程。
　☞ He gave away all he had to support Projects of Hope.
　☞ 我们会倾全力来做好工作的。
　☞ We'll exert ourselves to the utmost to do the work well.
倾向 倾向
1．incline, inclination，指思想、感情上的倾向。
　☞ 大多数与会者多多少少都倾向于第一种观点。
　☞ Most conference participants, to a greater or lesser degree, inclined to the first view.
　☞ 20世纪50年代，某些极端的共产党人倾向于立即在中国建立共产主义。
　☞ In the 1950's some of the extreme communists inclined to build a communist society in China right away.
　☞ 我倾向同意。
　☞ My inclination is to agree.
　☞ 他从一开始就有走自己路的倾向。
　☞ He has an inclination, from the first, to go his own way.
2．be disposed，正式用语。指对已看到的情况形成倾向。
　☞ 由于工资高、工时短，我倾向于接受这项新工作。
　☞ I'm disposed to take the new job because of the good pay and short hours.
　☞ 执行委员会似乎没有召开另一次会的倾向。
　☞ The executive committee did not seem disposed to hold another meeting.
3．prefer，指从个人喜好出发的选择倾向。
　☞ 这两种方案，我倾向于第一种。
　☞ Of the two plans, I prefer the first.
　☞ 我们倾向于再在北京待上几天。
　☞ We prefer to stay in Beijing for another couple of days.
4．tend to，tendency，指倾向于某种趋势。
　☞ 在那件事上，我倾向于你的意见。
　☞ On that matter I tend to your opinions.
　☞ 他早年倾向于无政府主义。
　☞ In his early years he tended to anarchism.
　☞ 要注意一种倾向掩盖另一种倾向。
　☞ One must be alive of the possibility that one tendency may conceal another.
　☞ 中产阶级的政治倾向是保守。
　☞ The political tendency of the middle class is conservative.
　☞ 他的声明是有明显倾向性的。
　☞ His statement was frankly tendentious.
5．deviation，指偏离，常用来指政治倾向。
　☞ 我们对“左”的和右的两种倾向都持反对态度。
　☞ We are opposed to both "Left" and "Right" deviations.
　☞ 盖世太保被纳粹德国用来对付任何怀疑有政治倾向的人。
　☞ Gestapo was used by Nazi Germany against anyone suspected of political deviation.
倾斜 倾斜
1．incline，指前后左右的倾斜，可指平面或垂直面的倾斜。
　☞ 司机在开车前先把后视镜倾斜成一个更好的角度。
　☞ The driver inclined the rear mirror at a better angle before starting the car.
　☞ 我发现柱子稍微向左倾斜。
　☞ I found that the post inclines slightly to the left.
　☞ 地面是向河岸倾斜的。
　☞ The land inclines towards the bank of the river.
　☞ 这两颗卫星的轨道平面是相当倾斜的。
　☞ The planes of the orbits of these two satellites are considerably inclined.
　☞ 这根轴几乎是倾斜30度。
　☞ The shaft inclines almost 30 degrees.
2．lean，指偏向一方，一般指垂直面的倾斜，但这种倾斜可以是动态的，也可以是静态的。
　☞ 这幢大楼朝西倾斜，偏离中心线足足有1公尺。
　☞ The building leans a good meter out of center line to the west.
　☞ 处于倾斜位置的东西就不是垂直的。
　☞ Anything in a leaning position is not upright.
　☞ 这棵大树是往房子那边倾斜的。
　☞ The big tree leans towards the house.
　☞ 我发现用脚尖向前跳跃时身子也朝那个方向倾斜。
　☞ I found myself springing on my toes, and my body was leaning in that direction as well.
3．slope, 指平面带有坡度的倾斜，而且往往是静态的倾斜。
　☞ 中国的地势大致由西北向东南倾斜。
　☞ Generally speaking, the terrain of China slopes from northwest to southeast.
　☞ 街道一般都向路的两边倾斜。
　☞ Usually streets slope towards the curbs.
　☞ 我家的花园向湖边倾斜。
　☞ Our garden slopes down to the lake.
　☞ 因此这些曲线一定向右下角倾斜。
　☞ The curves must therefore slope downward to the right.
4．slant，也指静止状态的倾斜，有坡度时一般可与slope换用。
　☞ 屋顶总是倾斜的。
　☞ The roof of the house always slants.
　☞ 英语书写大都向右倾斜。
　☞ Most English handwriting slants to the right.
　☞ 这里的路都向河边倾斜。
　☞ The paths here all slant down to the river.
　☞ 盖房时一定要使屋顶倾斜，好让雨水流走。
　☞ Be sure to slant the roof to allow water to run off when a house is built.
5．list，指船只倾斜。
　☞ 货船向右舷倾斜了10度。
　☞ The freighter listed 10 degrees to starboard.
　☞ 风吹得帆船向一边倾斜。
　☞ The wind made the sailboat list.
　 ■ 不过有时list也可用来指其他事物的倾斜。
　☞ 树木都向背风一侧倾斜。
　☞ All trees listed to leeward.
　☞ 他走路时身子略略向前倾斜。
　☞ There was a faint forward list to his body as he walked.
6．favor，指给予优惠时的倾斜。
　☞ 省政府增加拨款向教育倾斜。
　☞ The government of the province favored education by appropriating funds.
　☞ 我市采取了各种措施来向投资倾斜。
　☞ Various measures have been taken in our city to favor investment.
假 假
1．false，指虚假的，与true相对。
　☞ 假作真来真亦假。
　☞ When false is taken for true. what's true is false.
　☞ 他来这里有秘密任务，用的是假护照。
　☞ He was here on some secret errand, with a false passport.
2．counterfeit，指伪造的，与genuine相对。
　☞ 这金币是真的还是假的？
　☞ Is the gold coin genuine or counterfeit?
　☞ 这颗假钻石瞒过许多珠宝商的眼睛。
　☞ The counterfeit diamond fooled many jewelers.
3．artificial，指人造的，与natural相对。
　☞ 假牙无法跟真牙比。
　☞ Artificial teeth can by no means match natural ones.
　☞ 那船长装着一条木制的假腿。
　☞ The captain had an artificial leg, made of wood.
4．sham，指不真实，与real相对。
　☞ 那些钻石是真的还是假的？
　☞ Are those diamonds real or sham?
　☞ 她的假哭谁也没骗过去。
　☞ Her sham weeping fooled no one.
5．feigned，指假装的，也可与genuine相对。
　☞ 你对发展重工业是真想还是假想，想得厉害一点还是差一点？
　☞ Is your desire to develop heavy industry genuine or feigned, strong or weak?
　☞ 你能用假声演唱吗？
　☞ Can you sing in a feigned voice?
6．spurious，指可以乱真的，同样也可与genuine相对。
　☞ 他以假乱真的企图以失败而告终。
　☞ His attempt to pass off the spurious as genuine ended in failure.
　☞ 他靠卖假画发了财。
　☞ He made a fortune by selling spurious paintings.
7．fake，指假冒的。
　☞ 你去年卖给了他一些假药，对不对？
　☞ You sold him some fake medicine last year, didn't you?
　☞ 他戴着假胡子去参加晚会。
　☞ He went to the evening party, wearing a fake mustache.
8．bogus，指带欺骗性的。
　☞ 可即使是这样的革命，假洋鬼子也还是不准。
　☞ But even this kind of revolution is denied by the bogus foreign devil.
　☞ 警察很快就抓住那个卖假文凭的家伙。
　☞ The police quickly caught the seller of the bogus diplomas.
9．pseudo，指矫饰的。
　☞ 他们都是假民主主义者，实行的是假民主。
　☞ They are all pseudo-democrats and practice bogus democracy.
　☞ 他的摆设似乎都是附庸风雅之物，一切都显得那么的假。
　☞ His decorations seem arty ones and everything looks so pseudo.
10．phony，指冒充的，也可与genuine相对。
　☞ 识别真假马列主义并不容易。
　☞ It's not easy to distinguish between genuine and phony Marxism.
　☞ 那张20美元的钞票是假的。
　☞ That twenty-dollar bill is a phony one.
11．insincere，指不真心的，与sincere相对。
　☞ 他认为那个加拿大人有点假，也就没信任他。
　☞ He thought the Canadian was a bit insincere and did not trust him.
　☞ 为了过关，我只好做假检讨。
　☞ I had to practice insincere self-criticism in order to get by.
12．pretend，指假装。
　☞ 不要假正经，去跟她说你喜欢她。
　☞ Stop pretending to be a saint! Go to her and say you like her.
　☞ 假醉佯狂是愤世嫉俗者的一种生活方式。
　☞ It is a way of life for the cynic to pretend to be drunk and like a lunatic.
13．assume，指冒充，冒用。
　☞ 他假扮伙夫，总算进了伪军的碉堡.
　☞ He managed to enter the blockhouse of the puppet army, assuming the disguise of a mess cook.
　☞ 日本统治时期，他狐假虎威，干了不少坏事。
　☞ During the Japanese rule he assumed the majesty of the aggressors and did a lot of evil.
14．use，指借用，重点在用。
　☞ 假公济私的人决不会有好下场。
　☞ Those who use public office for private gain will certainly come to no good end.
　☞ 他假手于人才报了仇，雪了恨。
　☞ It was by using the hand of others that he took revenge.
15．borrow，也指借用，但重点在借。
　☞ 我这是假将军虎威，说服他率部来归。
　☞ I just borrowed the power of the general to persuade him to come over to our side with his troops.
　☞ 这是假途伐虢的现代翻版。
　☞ This is a contemporary reproduction of borrowing a road to attack the enemy by passing through a common neighbor's territory.
16．in name, in words，前者指名义上，后者指口头上。
　☞ 他们的所作所为是假团结，真分裂。
　☞ What they did was unity in name, splitting in reality.
　☞ 他们唱的调子是假和平，真备战。
　☞ The tune they sang was peace in words, war preparation in deeds.
假如(假若，假使) 假如(假若，假使)
　 ■ “假如”，“假使”，“假若”为同义词，前者是日常用语，后两者为书面用语，常与“那”、“就”、“那么”连用，还常用于省略句型。
1．if，表示假设有两种情况。
1) 表示事实的假设。
　☞ 假如情况真是那样，那我就得走。
　☞ I must leave if that's the case.
　☞ 假如有必要，就这么干。
　☞ Do so，if necessary.
2) 表示虚拟的假设（省略if时要颠倒词序）。
　☞ 假如你的眼界开阔一点，就不会这样看问题。
　☞ If you should take a wider view, you would not look upon it in that light.
　☞ 假如没有植物，就没有动物。
　☞ Were there no plants, there would be no animals.
2．supposing（suppose），也表示假设，用法与if 同，可以换用。
　☞ 假如明天开会，准备工作来得及吗？
　☞ Supposing we hold a meeting tomorrow, will there be enough time to prepare?（事实的假设）
　☞ 假如黑的能是白的，那你就是对的。
　☞ Suppose white were black, you would be right.（虚拟的假设）
3．when，表示一定时间条件下的假设，有“当时如果”的意思。
　☞ 假如人人都是个人物，那么也就没有人是人物了。
　☞ When everybody is somebody, then nobody is anybody.
　☞ 假如画比词更能说清楚，我们就用画。
　☞ We use pictures when pictures can illustrate meanings better than words.
4．where，表示一定空间条件下的假设，有“在那儿如果”的意思。
　☞ 假如不能有所发明，至少也可改进。
　☞ Where we cannot invent, we may at least improve.
　☞ 假如可能，所有转动的部件都应检验。
　☞ Where possible, all moving parts should be tested.
5．should，表示一种含蓄的假设，有“万一”的意思。其位置在不用if时，一般在主语前。
　☞ 假如有人来访，就说我一会儿就来。
　☞ Should anyone call, say I'll be back in a minute.
　☞ 假如必要，我可以说服她。
　☞ I could persuade her, should this be necessary.
6．without，是虚拟否定句的省略，因此只表示虚拟的假设。有“如果没有”的意思。
　☞ 假如没有重力，就不会有空气，不会有水，不会有一切。
　☞ Without gravity there would be no air, no water, no nothing.
　☞ 假如没有你的救助，他早就淹死了。
　☞ Without your help he would have been drowned.
7．in case of，in case，表示条件，前者接名词，后者接从句。有“如遇…情况”的意思。in case为美国英语，英国英语仍要用if。
　☞ 假如必要，我可以去一次上海。
　☞ In case of need I can make a trip to Shanghai.
　☞ 假如我不在那里，找我弟弟帮你。
　☞ In case of my not being there, ask my brother to help you.
　☞ 假如你不能来，一定要告诉我。
　☞ In case you can't come, be sure to let me know.
　☞ 假如他在我回来之前到，请他等我。
　☞ In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
8．provided或provided that，均接从句，也表示条件，有“只要”的意思。
　☞ 假如她的男朋友也去，她就愿意去。
　☞ She will go provided her boyfriend goes.
　☞ 假如他按时赶到，是可以和我们一起来的。
　☞ He may come with us provided that he arrives in time.
9．on condition that，同样表示条件，有“条件是”的意思。
　☞ 假如你们负担一部分费用，我们可以同意。
　☞ We will consent on condition that you bear part of the expense.
　☞ 假如她也受到邀请，我是愿意来的。
　☞ I will come on condition that she is invited. too.
10．in the event of，接名词，in the event that, 接从句，均表示条件，有“在这种情况下”的意思。
　☞ 假如遇到火警，请使用楼梯平台上的灭火器。
　☞ In the event of fire, use the extinguishers on the landing.
　☞ 假如我队赢了，就要庆祝一番。
　☞ In the event that our team wins, there will be a celebration.
11．unless，表示排除掉的条件，有“除非”的意思。
　☞ 假如不依靠群众，就不能做好工作。
　☞ It is impossible to get our work well done unless we rely on the masses.
　☞ 假如不更加努力学习，就会考试不及格。
　☞ Unless you study harder, you will not pass the examination.
假装 假装
1．pretend，指故意做出某种样子来假装，故带有欺骗性。
　☞ 她假装头痛，这样就用不着去了。
　☞ She pretended a headache so she wouldn't have to go.
　☞ 她不过是假装对我友好而已。
　☞ She pretends to be friendly with me. That's all.
　☞ 他们假装不懂英语，好让我给他们做翻译。
　☞ They pretended that they did not understand English so as to make me translate for them.
2．feign，指用心计或手段的假装。
　☞ 他假装癫痫来逃避兵役。
　☞ He evaded conscription by feigning epilepsy.
　☞ 他们俩在两情相悦时他总假装出强烈的激情，到后来连他自己都信以为真。
　☞ In their coupling he would feign strong passion until he began to believe it himself.
3．assume，所指的假装与其说是为了欺骗倒不如说是出于可以原谅的原因。
　☞ 有时会发生这样的情况，当我们假装出一副欢乐模样的同时也真的获得了欢乐。
　☞ It sometimes happens that by assuming an air of cheerfulness we become cheerful in reality.
　☞ 被告方面的辩护律师假装出一副非常友好的样子，而那位毫无经验的目击证人也就以为这种友好出于真心。
　☞ The defense counsel assumes great friendliness and the inexperienced witness assumes that this friendliness may be genuine.
4．affect，所指的假装往往带有卖弄的色彩。
　☞ 她来自伦敦，却假装出一口美国腔。
　☞ She is from London but she affects an American accent.
　☞ 尽管我们非常害怕，但还是假装得十分勇敢。
　☞ We affected great boldness although frightened very much.
5．pose as，指装腔作势的假装。
　☞ 尽管他资不抵债，还要假装是百万富翁。
　☞ He posed as a millionaire though he owed more than he owned.
　☞ 红灯区的女警察巡逻时往往假装成妓女。
　☞ The policewomen in red-light districts often pose as prostitutes, when going on patrol.
6．disguise，指衣着打扮上化装。
　☞ 游击队员假装成小贩，去了敌占区。
　☞ The partisan disguised himself as a peddler and went into the area occupied by the enemy.
　☞ 他15岁时假装成女孩，替姐姐去相亲。
　☞ At the age of fifteen he was disguised as a girl and went to the prospective-mate meeting instead of his sister.
假设 假设
1．suppose，指假定。
　☞ 假设没有地心引力这样的力，苹果还会掉到地上吗？
　☞ Suppose there were no such force as gravitation, would an apple fall to the ground?
　☞ 假设X等于Y，Y等于Z，那么X也等于z。
　☞ Suppose X is equal to Y and Y to Z, then X to Z.
2．assume，指姑且认定。
　☞ 我们在上例中假设这些条件都已满足。
　☞ We assumed in the example above that the conditions were satisfied.
　☞ 我们的出发点是假设这一设计是可行的。
　☞ Our starting point is to assume that the design is feasible.
3．fictitious，fiction，指设想。
　☞ 剧本的情节完全是假设的。
　☞ The play has a very fictitious plot.
　☞ 实施独立作战之假设应尽可能持久。
　☞ The fiction of an independent operation would be preserved as long as possible.
4．hypothesis，指科学研究上的假定。
　☞ 假设根据事实提出，经过实践证明正确后就成为理论。
　☞ A hypothesis turns into a theory when it is advanced on the basis of facts and proved correct through practice.
　☞ 纤维缺陷的假设是根据机械测试推导出来的。
　☞ The hypothesis of fiber flaws is based on a deduction from mechanical experiments.
5．given (that)，指特定条件下的假设。
　☞ 这是假设条件下建立的价格。
　☞ This is the price established in given conditions.
　☞ 假设a等于b，b等于c，那么a也就等于c。
　☞ Given (that)a is equal to b and b is equal to c, then a is equal to c.
偏（偏偏） 偏（偏偏）
1．“偏”或“偏偏”是个虚词，有“故意”、“反而”的意思，表示有意同现实情况相反，或同主观愿望违背。常常与“要”、“不”连用，强调肯定或否定。
1) will，不表示时态，有“任性”、“执拗”的意思，故可作“偏偏”解。这时的will，would无将来时的概念。
　☞ 我正忙着写东西，可我的小女儿偏偏要问我各种各样的问题。
　☞ My little daughter will ask me all sorts of questions when I'm busy writing.
　☞ 滑雪板很难控制，我们要它向东，它偏要向西。
　☞ The skis were hard to manage. When we wanted them to go east, they would go west.
　☞ 我们一再警告孩子们别在这么薄的冰上滑冰，可他们偏偏要这么干。
　☞ Again and again we have warned the children not to go skating on such thin ice, but they will do it.
2) must，有“偏要”、“定要”的意思。
　☞ 我刚要睡着，偏偏门砰砰碰碰地响了起来。
　☞ Just as I was dropping off a door must bang.
　☞ 当时正是我忙的时候，他偏要来纠缠。
　☞ Just as I was busiest, he must come pestering.
　☞ 那天我本打算出门，我先生偏偏要请客人来吃饭。
　☞ My husband must invite someone to dinner just when I had arranged to go out for the day.
　 ■ 有时must needs也有“偏偏”的意思。
　☞ 他偏偏在她不想谈的时候跟她谈话。
　☞ He must needs talk to her when she doesn't care to talk.
3) very，有“悖于常理”的意思。
　☞ 不过世界上有这样的人，偏要做这样的事。
　☞ However, there are such people in the world who do this very thing.
　☞ 但偏偏就是反对侵略这一关键之处在上述修正草案中却不见了。
　☞ However, it is this very key point of opposing aggression that is missing in the above-mentioned draft amendment.
　☞ 真是的！我偏偏干了那桩不该干的事。
　☞ There! I've done the very thing I oughtn't to do.
4) of all things，用来指物；of all others，of all people两者都用来指人，均指在所有事物中、其他所有情况中、所有人当中有“偏偏会”的意思，表示奇怪得纳闷。
　☞ 老天爷呀老天爷！想不到我偏偏在今天这个特殊的早晨迟到。
　☞ Dear, dear I To think that I should be late on this particular morning, of all others.
　☞ 世上的事情千千万，你却偏偏于这种事。
　☞ Of all things in the world, that you should do such a thing.
　☞ 那么多人，他们为什么偏要挑中你呢？
　☞ Why did they pick you, of all people?
5) anything but, everything but, anybody but，everywhere but，有“什么事都偏偏不…”、“每样事都偏偏不…”、“什么人都…偏偏不…”、“到处都…偏偏不…”等意思。
　☞ 他们要工人相信官僚、相信工会、相信单位，总之， 要他们相信一切，偏偏不要他们相信斗争。
　☞ They ask the workers to put faith in the bureaucrat, in the trade union, in the administrative unit—in short, in everything but in struggle.
　☞ 不少的人都愿为自己的信仰而争、而斗、而死，却偏偏不愿为信仰身体力行。
　☞ Not a few people will wrangle for their belief, fight for it, die for“, anything but practice what they believe in.
　☞ 什么人的事他都愿干，偏偏不干他自己的事。
　☞ He was ready to attend to anybody's business but his own.
　☞ 他到处都在，偏偏不在他该在的地方。
　☞ He is everywhere but in the right place.
6) who... but，what... but，有“不是别人偏偏是”、“不是别的偏偏是”的意思，表示出现的情况出乎意料之外。
　☞ 我下公共汽车时见到的不是别人，偏偏是布朗先生。
　☞ When I got off the bus whom should I see but Mr.
　☞ Brown?
　☞ 进来的不是别人，而偏偏是他的第一任妻子。
　☞ Who should come in but his first wife?
　☞ 我钓到的不是别的，偏偏是只烂鞋子。
　☞ What should I fish but a worn shoe?
7) why should，对悖于常理因而对不能理解的事提出疑问。
　☞ 你干啥不坐，偏偏要站在这里呢？
　☞ Why should you stand here, when you can take a seat?
　☞ 她为什么偏把信烧了？
　☞ Why should she have burnt the letter?
　☞ 她这些年都没来过，为什么偏偏要在今晚来？
　☞ Why should she come on this night, when she had never come through all these years?
8) 当某种行为的内涵达到了极致，就带有了“偏执”的意思，如动词choose，insist，refuse，prefer等就是一例。
　☞ 打个比喻，就跟房门开着他偏要挑太平梯离开房间一样。
　☞ Tb use a metaphor, he chose to get out of the room by the fire-escape when the door was open.
　☞ 不该她去，她偏偏要去。
　☞ She was not supposed to go but she insisted on going.
　☞ 我急着生火，擦了一根又一根的火柴，偏偏擦不着。
　☞ I struck one match after another, anxious to have the fire made' but the matches just refused to get ignited.
　☞ 但是有人偏要忽视这些事实。
　☞ But there are people who prefer to ignore these facts.
9) 利用某些形容词的最高级也可使性质达到极致，从而达到偏执。
　☞ 我们最缺时间，许多人偏偏不会利用时间。
　☞ Time is what we want most, but what many people use worst.
　☞ 屋漏偏遭大雨。
　☞ The heaviest rain falls on the leaky house.
　☞ 具有讽刺意味的是：对该问题的某个方面，即对公共卫生构成最大危害的那个方面，我们偏偏了解得最少。
　☞ It is ironic that we should know the least about that aspect of the problem which poses greatest public health hazard.
10)“偏”（偏偏）的其他译法。
　☞ 他来找我，我偏偏出差了。
　☞ I happened to be away on business when he came to see me.
　☞ 事情的发展偏偏同他的愿望相反。
　☞ Things turned out just the opposite to what he wanted.
　☞ 越是小人物，偏偏越是骄傲。
　☞ The infinitely little have a pride infinitely great.
2．“偏”还可用做实词（“偏偏”除外），但应用不如虚词广。译例如下。
　☞ 她偏不答应。
　☞ She stubbornly refused.
　☞ 你以为他不会，他偏会。
　☞ You think he cannot do it but he can.
　☞ 该建筑物朝南偏东。
　☞ The building faces south by east.
　☞ 这一枪偏了。
　☞ That shot misses.
　☞ 他偏过头去。
　☞ He turned his head.
　☞ 太阳偏西了。
　☞ The sun inclined toward the west.
做 做
1．do，强调做的动作而不问做成了什么，意思接近perform，故其宾语常限于活动或工作。
　☞ 他是大事做不来，小事又不做。
　☞ He is unable to do big jobs but looks down upon small ones.
　☞ 你做好本职工作就行了。
　☞ It will be all right if you do your best at your job.
　☞ 我们共做了20,000多个劳动日。
　☞ We did a total of more than 20,000 workdays.
　☞ 他进来时我和同学正在我家一起做作业。
　☞ My classmates and I were doing our homework together at my home when he came in.
2．make，强调做成某种具有形状的东西，意思接近manufacture.
　☞ 他做了个镜框，把我的画装在里面，然后挂到了墙上。
　☞ He made a frame, put my picture into it and then hung it on the wall.
　☞ 这些玩具真是你做的？
　☞ Did you really make these toys yourself?
　☞ 鸟儿们在忙着做窝。
　☞ The birds are busy making their nests.
　 ■ 此外，be made of及be made from均指由某种材料做成，但用of只表示物理变化，而用from则表示化学变化。
　☞ 书桌都是用木头做的。
　☞ All desks are made of wood.
　☞ 这酒是葡萄做的。
　☞ The wine is made from grapes.
　 ■ 还有，make与表示动作的名词连用，有“进行”的意思。
　☞ 两位地质学家对该地区的地质构造做了初步调查。
　☞ Two geologists made a preliminary investigation of the geological structures of that area.
　☞ 人大代表对两个计划做了充分的研究。
　☞ The deputies to the National People's Congress made a thorough examination of the two programs.
3．但是do和make两词远远不能覆盖汉语“做” 词义。因此在很多情况下，“做”一词的处理要根据上下文来具体化。
1) prepare，cook，指做饭菜。
　☞ 我们会按时回来给你做晚饭的。
　☞ We'll return in time to prepare supper for you.（包括一切准备工作在内）
　☞ 我们是在煤气炉上做饭的。
　☞ We cook our meals on a gas stove.（只指做饭这一动作）
2) act (upon)，be engaged in，指行事，从事。
　☞ 我认为我爸做得不完全对。
　☞ I don't think Dad acted quite right.
　☞ 我们应当虚心听取别人的批评，但一定要按正确的意见去做。
　☞ We ought to listen to people's criticism with an open mind, but we must act upon correct views.
　☞ 我们正在做我们前人从来没有做过的极其光荣伟大的事业。
　☞ We are now engaged in a great and most glorious cause never undertaken by our forefathers.
　☞ 对这一问题，我们是做过充分研究的。
　☞ We were engaged in a thorough study of the problem.
3) be，become，指成为。
　☞ 今天的会议由你来做主席。
　☞ You'll be chairman at today's meeting.
　☞ 我现在就把她带走，去做我的妻子。
　☞ Now I'm going to take her away to be my wife.
　☞ 她原来是护士，现在做了医生。
　☞ She used to be a nurse. Now she's become a doctor.
　☞ 我猜想她已跟你谈了做教师的事。
　☞ I suppose she has talked to you about becoming a teacher.
4) write，compose，指写作，创作。
　☞ 这首诗是文天祥被俘后过伶仃洋时做的。
　☞ The poem was written by Wen Tianxiang after he was taken war prisoner when he was crossing the Lingding Ocean.
　☞ 他的业余时间都用来做诗了。
　☞ He spent his spare time composing poetry.
5) be used as，指用作。
　☞ 这些文章可以做教学材料。
　☞ These articles can be used as teaching materials.
　☞ 树皮可以做造纸的原料。
　☞ Bark may be used as the raw materials for paper.
6)“做”的其他译法。
　☞ 这工作不是一天两天能做完的，你得做长期打算。
　☞ The work can't be done in a couple of days. You have to plan on a long-term basis.
　☞ 咱们对这部分研究暂时不做结论。
　☞ Let's leave the conclusion of this part of research in abeyance.
　☞ 给群众做好事就是要从点滴做起。
　☞ Tb do people good turns means to start with little things.
　☞ 活到了90岁，我才第一次做寿。
　☞ It is the first time for me to celebrate my birthday at the age of ninety.
　☞ 昨晚我做了个怪梦。
　☞ I dreamed a strange dream last night.
做主(作主) 做主(作主)
1．decide，指通过决定某伴事来做主。
　☞ 我做不了主。
　☞ I am not in the position to decide.
　☞ 你要请谁，你自己作主。
　☞ You yourself must decide whom to invite.
　☞ 这件事我们不能作主，得请示。
　☞ We can't decide this for ourselves. We must ask for instructions.
2．be master of，指通过做某事的主人来做主。
　☞ 国内的事，我们可以做主。
　☞ In internal affairs we are masters of our house.
　☞ 各人的命运各人作主。
　☞ Every man is the master of his own fortune.
3．act on one's own，指按自己的意思行事。
　☞ 婚姻问题上，我父母让我自己做主。
　☞ My parents allow me to act on my own in marriage.
　☞ 即使你自己作主，也不一定会好受。
　☞ It is not necessary for you to feel better even if you act on your own.
4．do sth. on one's own responsibility，指由自己负责来办。
　☞ 这件事是由他自己作的主。
　☞ He did it on his own responsibility.
　☞ 他们的婚姻由他们自己做主。
　☞ Their marriage is arranged on their own responsibility.
5．have only half the say，指只能有一半的发言权。
　☞ 这场战争是否打下去，我们只能作一半的主。
　☞ On the question of whether the war will continue, we have only half the say.
　☞ 结不结婚，你和我只能各自做一半的主。
　☞ You and I have only half the say respectively on the question whether to get married.
做作 做作
1．affect，指为了某种效果而做作。
　☞ 他真有那么一种幽默感，但到了别人那里就成了做作。
　☞ He has really that taste for humor, which others affect.
　☞ 她老是那么做作。
　☞ She's always affected.
2．overdo，指做过了头的做作。
　☞ 她唱得还可以，就是表演太做作。
　☞ Her singing is all right, but her acting is overdone.
　☞ 他的感激相当做作。
　☞ He rather overdid his gratitude.
3．never natural, unnatural，指不自然的做作。
　☞ 她老是那么做作。
　☞ She's never natural.
　☞ 他来了之后，她讲话就做作了。
　☞ Since his coming she has an unnatural way of talking.
4．pretentious，unpretentious，指带有炫耀性质的做作。
　☞ 他说话的样子，要么是夸张要么是做作。
　☞ His way of speaking was either exaggerative or pretentious.
　☞ 游击队员都安顿在老乡家里。他们似乎又老实又不做作，常对村里后生们说的一句话是：“你可以参加我们的队伍，成为我们当中的一员。”
　☞ The guerrilla fighters were billeted in the houses of the villagers. They seemed honest and unpretentious and what they used to say to the young men in the village was: "You can join us and become one of us."
做到 做到
1．manage，指设法做到，后接动词不定式。
　☞ 我们应当做到增产不增人。
　☞ We should manage to increase production without taking on new hands.
　☞ 我不知他是如何做到月挣5,000元的。
　☞ I don't know how he could manage to earn five thousand yuan a month.
2．accomplish，指做到既定目标。
　☞ 外国科学家能做到的，中国科学家也一定能做到， 而且会做得更好。
　☞ What foreign scientists have accomplished Chinese scientists can also accomplish, and even can do a better job of it.
　☞ 事实上，这就是句型练习准备要做到的。
　☞ In fact this is what the pattern drills are supposed to accomplish.
3．achieve，指通过努力或技艺来做到既定的目标。
　☞ 他经过25年来坚持不懈的劳动才做到这一点的。
　☞ He achieved this only after 25 years' ceaseless labor.
　☞ 我们希望做的事情才做到了一半。
　☞ We have achieved only half of what we hoped to do.
4．see to it that，指务必做到。
　☞ 我们要做到政务公开。
　☞ We'll see to it that government affairs should be made public.
　☞ 注意做到下次不要再迟到。
　☞ See to it that you are not late again next time.
停 停
1．stop，指停止任何行为、运动。使用最广泛、最随意，不带任何色彩。
　☞ 这列火车在上海至南京之间的任何车站都不停。
　☞ This train does not stop at any stations between Shanghai and Nanjing.
　☞ 他把车子停在我家门口。
　☞ He stopped the car at our door.
　 ■ stop除了作“停止”解外，还有“停留”的意思。
　☞ 我在上海要停两天。
　☞ I'll stop over at Shanghai for a couple of days.
　☞ 我在宿营地停了两星期。
　☞ We stopped for a fortnight at the camping site.
2．cease，指突然和绝对的停止，主要用于状态或情况，书面用语。
　☞ 联合国出面调停两国的边境冲突，双方同意立即停火。
　☞ The UN mediated between the two countries and both sides agreed on immediate cease-fire.
　☞ 作为宣传员，他的活动从来没停止。
　☞ He never ceases from his activities as a propagandist.
　 ■ 请看cease与stop在词义上的 差别。
　☞ 就在几周前，那家杂志停刊了。
　☞ Just a few weeks ago, the magazine ceased publication.（停刊后可能不再出版）
　☞ 警察向我做了个手势，要我停车。
　☞ The policeman signed to me to stop my car.（停车后还可以再开）
3．halt，基本与cease同义，但更强调突然性和绝对性，有“戛然而止”的意思。
　☞ 那车到了悬崖边上才停下来。
　☞ The car was halted only at the edge of the cliff.
　☞ 徒步旅行者在溪边停下来给水壶灌水。
　☞ The hikers halted at the stream to refill their flasks.
4．discontinue，指停止带有连续性的动作或行为。
　☞ 我们决定停产几种电视机。
　☞ We decided to discontinue production of several kinds of TV sets.
　☞ 由于缺乏资金，工程停了。
　☞ The project discontinued because of lack of funds.
5．desist，指经过某种努力或克制才停下来。
　☞ 我想写点东西，试了两次，可是手发颤，只好停了下来。
　☞ I made two attempts to write something but my hand had so shivered that I had to desist.
　☞ 我告诉他不要再干了，于是他就停了下来。
　☞ I told him not to do it any more, and he desisted.
6．park，指停放车辆。
　☞ 门口停着的是一辆奔驰牌轿车。
　☞ Parked in front of the gate was a Benz sedan.
　☞ 人行道上不准停自行车。
　☞ Don't park bicycles on the pavement.
7．berth，指停船。
　☞ 这个码头可以停20多艘船。
　☞ The docks can berth more than twenty vessels.
　☞ 你们的货船停在15号码头。
　☞ Your freighter is berthed at No. 15 wharf.
8．suspend，指暂时停止。
　☞ 班机因为天气恶劣而停飞。
　☞ The regular flight is suspended on account of bad weather.
　☞ 运输工人罢工后，货运几乎全停了。
　☞ The goods transportation was almost entirely suspended after the strike of haulage men.
9．subside，指力量、强度减弱直至平息。
　☞ 她等掌声停了以后，继续发言。
　☞ She continued her address after waiting for applause to subside.
　☞ 暴风雨停了。
　☞ The storm has subsided.
10．rest，指停留。
　☞ 他锐利的目光停在她漂亮的脸上，观察着她的表情。
　☞ His keen glance rested on her pretty face, observing her expression.
　☞ 她没有再说下去，只有轻蔑的微笑停在她的嘴唇上。
　☞ She didn't say any more. Only a contemptuous smile rested on her lips.
11．standstill, 指由动到静的状态。
　☞ 他把车子滑到她家门口停了下来。
　☞ He slid the car to a standstill outside her house.
　☞ 特别令人鼓舞的是不少长期停产的企业迅速改变了面貌。
　☞ It is particularly inspiring that a number of enterprises, where production came to a standstill for a long time, have changed rapidly.
12．“停”的其他译法。
　☞ 她停了一会儿，又接着讲故事。
　☞ She paused for a while before going on with the story.
　☞ 他不停地写着。
　☞ He kept on writing.
　☞ 灵柩停在中央大厅里。
　☞ The coffin was placed in the central hall.
　☞ 工地停工待料了。
　☞ The work at the construction site was held up for lack of materials.
　☞ 明天上午8点至下午3点停水。
　☞ There will be no water tomorrow from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.
　☞ 暂停营业，内部整修。
　☞ Closed temporarily for repair.
偶尔 偶尔
1．once in a while，指时不时有一次。
　☞ 这类游戏只能偶尔为之。
　☞ Such kind of game can only be played once in a while.
　☞ 我们偶尔上次餐馆，但不经常。
　☞ We visit the restaurant once in a while but not very often.
　☞ 一般我不喝酒，不过偶尔来一杯我也不反对。
　☞ I don't drink wine as a rule, but I don't mind a glass once in a while.
2．occasionally，指在某种特定的场合才会有一次。
　☞ 昆明偶尔下次雪，而且还不够堆雪人的。
　☞ It snows occasionally in Kunming and not enough to make a snowman.
　☞ 她擅长山水画，偶尔也画画油画。
　☞ She is especially good at traditional Chinese landscape painting, but occasionally she does oils too.
　☞ 我喜欢踢足球，偶尔也打打乒乓球。
　☞ I like playing football best, but occasionally I play table tennis.
偷 偷
1．steal，最常用的词，指任何偷窃行为。
　☞ 有人偷了博物馆里的几幅古画。
　☞ Someone stole several old paintings from the museum.
　☞ 一个小偷在偷书时当场被抓。
　☞ A thief was caught in the act when he was stealing books.
　 ■ steal除了偷窃以外，还有“偷着干”的意思。
　☞ 我偷看了一下母亲，看看她是否还在生气。
　☞ I stole a glance at my mother to see if she was still angry.
　☞ 他乘表妹不备，偷吻了她。
　☞ He stole a kiss catching his cousin off guard.
　☞ 我忙里偷闲，跟夫人共度了这个周末。
　☞ I stole a little leisure from the rush of business and spent the weekend with my wife.
2．pilfer，指小偷小摸。
　☞ 工作人员经常会从办公室里偷点像铅笔、橡皮之类的东西。
　☞ Working personnel constantly pilfer something like pencils and erasers from the office.
　☞ 我的同学偷了他室友的邮票寄信。
　☞ My classmate pilfered his roommate's stamps to send his letter.
3．snitch，指不构成偷窃罪、不触犯法律的偷窃。
　☞ 小孩子难免会在饭前饭后偷饼干吃。
　☞ Little children are hard to avoid snitching biscuits between meals.
　☞ 我9岁的儿子总是要偷我的发夹送给他的女朋友。
　☞ My nine-year-old son always snitches my hair pins to give them to his girl-friends.
4．make off with，指顺手牵羊式的偷。
　☞ 有人偷了我的雨衣。
　☞ Someone has made off with my raincoat.
　☞ 我们在喝咖啡，一个男孩把我的包偷了。
　☞ While we were having coffee a small boy made off with my bag.
5．sneak，指悄无声息地偷。
　☞ 她不断地从厨房里给我偷来鸡蛋和面包。
　☞ She kept sneaking me eggs and bread from the kitchen.
　☞ 我8岁时就在车库里偷着吸烟。
　☞ I sneaked cigarettes in the garage when I was eight.
　 ■ sneak用做不及物动词时，有“偷着走”、“偷着跑”的意思。
　☞ 她趁着黑夜偷越边境。
　☞ She sneaked across the border in the dark of night.
　☞ 他没跟人说就偷着跑了。
　☞ He sneaked off without telling anyone.
6．abstract，指偷走，常用于口语。
　☞ 你能从我的口袋里偷走我的表而又不让我察觉吗？
　☞ Can you abstract the watch from my pocket without my knowing it?
　☞ 男孩从我的钱包里偷走了10块钱。
　☞ The small boy abstracted 10 yuan from my wallet.
7．stealthily，secretly，sly均有“偷偷”的意思。
　☞ 小偷偷偷地进入了大厦。
　☞ The thief stealthily entered the building.
　☞ 他偷偷地离开了小镇。
　☞ He secretly left the small town.
　☞ 他朝我偷偷地眨了眨眼。
　☞ He gave me a sly wink.
催 催
1．叫人赶快行动，可用hurry (up)。
　☞ 我们得催她快点，否则肯定赶不上火车。
　☞ We have to hurry her along or we'll surely miss the train.
　☞ 不要去催厨子，不然她会把这顿饭弄糟的。
　☞ Don't hurry the cook or she'll spoil the dinner.
　☞ 去催他一下。
　☞ Go and hurry him up.
2．如果这种催促成为敦促时，可用urge。
　☞ 他们催我跟他们一起去。
　☞ They urged me to go with them.
　☞ 我们催她赶快来成都。
　☞ We urged her to come to Chengdu as soon as possible.
　☞ 老师催我们交练习。
　☞ The teacher urged us to hand in our exercises.
3．如果催促成为某种压力，可用press。
　☞ 他催她同他一起去。
　☞ He pressed her to go with him.
　☞ 你得催他抓紧时间。
　☞ You have to press him to make the best use of his time.
　☞ 催他没用，他不喜欢别人催他。
　☞ It's no use pressing him; he doesn't like to be hurried.
像 像
1．like, 作“像”解时有几种用法。
1) 指形象上相像。
　☞ 我很像我哥哥。
　☞ I'm much like my elder brother.
　☞ 她妹妹不太像她母亲。
　☞ Her sister isn't much like her mother.
2) 指比拟时相像。
　☞ 她像一枝在风中摇曳的水仙。
　☞ She is like a narcissus trembling in the wind 我们像兄弟姐妹。
　☞ We were like brothers and sisters.
3) 指好像。
　☞ 他像是赢了比赛。
　☞ He looks like winning the race.
　☞ 这才像一顿饭！
　☞ This is something like a dinner!
2．alike，义同like，但多用作表语，在这一点上可与like换用。
　☞ 姐妹俩长得很像。
　☞ The two sisters are very much alike (like).
　☞ 双胞胎像得我无法分清谁是谁。
　☞ The twins are so alike that I can't tell which is which.
3．as, 作“像”解时也有几种用法。
1) 用作连词。
　☞ 我不像你那样能言善辩。
　☞ I am no orator as you are.
　☞ 她像她妈当年那样，是位出色的歌手。
　☞ She's a fine singer, as her mother used to be.
　 ■ 有时在美国英语里，like也可用来代替as作连词。
　☞ 谁都没像我这样疼你，我的孩子。
　☞ Nobody loves you as (like)I do, my boy.
2) 叠加使用as，中间再加上一个性质形容词，可用来指两样东西在某一方面相像。
　☞ 水像冰一样冷。
　☞ The water is as cold as ice.
　☞ 她像百灵鸟一样快乐。
　☞ She is as happy as a lark.
　 ■ not as... as...，也可用作not so... as...。
　☞ 她不像她姐姐那样好。
　☞ She is not as (so) nice as her sister.
3) 在正式的书面用语中，as后面有时要接倒装句的词序和结构。
　☞ 他像他全家人一样，都以为国王是至高无上的君主。
　☞ He believed, as did all his family, that the King was their supreme lord.
　☞ 她像她大多数的朋友那样到处旅行。
　☞ She traveled a great deal, as did most of her friends.
4) as后接if或though，表示虚拟，故常用过去时。
　☞ 我爱你就像你是我儿子一样。
　☞ I've loved you as if you were my son.
　☞ 她为什么那么看我？像是认识我似的。
　☞ Why is she looking at me as though she knew me?
　 ■ 但在表示真实情况时，也可用陈述句。
　☞ 你们像是互相认识。
　☞ You look as if you know each other.
5) such as，用于举例。
　☞ 像黄继光那样的英雄人物将永远活在人民的心中。
　☞ Heroes such as Huang Jigging will always live in the hearts of the people.
　☞ 用牙齿啃咬的动物像鼠、兔、鼬等都称为啮齿类动物。
　☞ Animals that gnaw, such as mice, rats, rabbits and weasels. are called rodents.
　 ■ 用于列举时，like可与such as换用。
　☞ 我喜欢吃像西红柿、莴苣这样的新鲜蔬菜。
　☞ I prefer eating fresh things like (such as) tomatoes and lettuce.
4．resemble, 也指相像，与look like, be like同义。
　☞ 她长得不漂亮，不像她母亲。
　☞ She isn't pretty. She doesn't resemble her mother.
　☞ 这幢建筑像座城堡。
　☞ The building resembles a castle.
5．take after, 不仅指面貌，也可指性格、才能上的酷似。
　☞ 她的样子、性情都活像她母亲。
　☞ She takes very much after her mother in looks and disposition.
　☞ 他在数学才能上像他的父亲。
　☞ He took after his father in mathematical ability.
偶然 偶然
1．指某种动作或情况不一定发生却发生了。做定语、表语、状语时，一般可用accidental, accidentally，by accident。
　☞ 晚会上与一位女青年偶然邂逅促成了我这次婚姻。
　☞ An accidental encounter with a young girl in an evening party has brought my marriage.
　☞ 他打碎你的手表纯属偶然，可不是故意的。
　☞ Breaking your watch was purely accidental. He didn't mean to do it.
　☞ 她偶然打翻了水罐。
　☞ She accidentally upset the water jug.
　☞ 这东西是我偶然发现的。
　☞ I found it by accident.
2．casual，fortuitous，修饰偶然发现的情况，但前者强调事先没有料到，后者强调没有原因，而且后者往往还意味着发生的是好事。
　☞ 我在回家的路上偶然遇见了一位老朋友。
　☞ I had a casual meeting with an old friend on my way home.
　☞ 这绝不是偶然邂逅，她是被引到那个地方去的。
　☞ It was no casual encounter. She had been enticed into that place.
　☞ 一次偶然的计划改变阻止了我们登船。而该船在驶往上海的途中，毁于暴风雨。
　☞ A fortuitous change of plan kept us from going aboard the ship, which was wrecked in a storm on the wav to Shanghai.
　☞ 发生这样的事绝不是偶然的。
　☞ The occurrence of such things is by no means fortuitous.
3．“偶然”用于修饰某些动词时可以不译，因为这些动词词义本身已含有“偶然”的意思。
　☞ 我偶然在北京遇见了一位老朋友。
　☞ I came across one of my old friends in Beijing.
　☞ 今天早上我在公共汽车站偶然遇见一位老同学。
　☞ I ran into an old classmate at the bus stop this morning.
　☞ 我在上海一家小店里偶然发现那件古董。
　☞ I struck upon that antique in a small shop in Shanghai.
　☞ 她偶然想到了一个好主意。
　☞ She hit on a good idea.
4．“偶然”有时也有“偶尔”的意思，这时可译为once in a while.
　☞ 他不经常来，偶然也来一次。
　☞ He doesn't come very often, he comes once in a while.
允许 允许
1．permit，指同意后的允许，等于give permission，因此往往是当权者的主观允许。
　☞ 校长允许学生在考试前开夜车。
　☞ The principal permitted the students to stay up late before the examination.
　☞ 他是第一位被红军允许在陕甘宁边区旅行的外国记者。
　☞ He was the first foreign journalist permitted by the Red Army to travel about the Shaanxi-Cansu-Ningxia Border Region.
　 ■ 此外，permit 还可用事物做主语，这时表示的仅仅是客观上的允许，而且大都用于否定句或条件句。
　☞ 当时情况不允许我们撤退。
　☞ Circumstances did not permit us to retreat.
　☞ 规则不允许运动员踩线。
　☞ The rules do not permit players to step out of bounds.
　☞ 要是时间允许，我们将举行一次友谊赛。
　☞ If time permits we shall have a friendly match.
2．allow, 所指的允许强调不干涉、不阻止。等于not prevent，因此这种允许是消极被动的。
　☞ 尽管校规不允许在教室里抽烟，但老师还是允许他抽了。
　☞ The teacher allowed him to smoke in the classroom though school rules didn't permit it.
　☞ 虽然医院的探访时间早就过了，但护士还是允许探望者留在病房里。
　☞ The nurse allowed the visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours.
　☞ 考试时老师允许学生查英汉词典。
　☞ The teacher allowed the students to consult the English-Chinese dictionary in the examination.
　 ■ 以上是permit，allow两词的不同之处。但如果这种区别并不明显时，则两词可以换用。
　☞ 父母亲允许孩子们玩到天黑。
　☞ The parents allowed (permitted) their children to play until dark.
　☞ 谁允许你把他将参加我们演出的消息讲出来的？
　☞ Who permitted (allowed) you to tell the news that he would take part in our performance?
3．brook no，指不容许，语气强硬。
　☞ 这是我国的内政，不允许任何外来干涉。
　☞ This is our internal affair, which brooks no outside interference.
　☞ 国家主席的讲话不允许有任何歪曲。
　☞ The remarks of the state president brook no distortion.
充分 充分
1．full，fully，to the full，由完全引申为充分。
　☞ 候选人的名单是经过充分协商之后才定的。
　☞ A list of candidates was worked out after full consultation.
　☞ 工会给了我们充分的支持。
　☞ The trade union gave us its full support.
　☞ 我们应当充分依靠群众。
　☞ We must rely on the masses to the fullest degree.
　☞ 要充分报道他的工作并不容易。
　☞ It is not easy to report fully his work.
　☞ 我们充分享受了野营的乐趣。
　☞ We enjoyed our camping to the full.
2．ample，由足够引申为充分，常修饰不可数名词。
　☞ 我们有充足的资金来办这家工厂的。
　☞ We have ample money to run that factory.
　☞ 你呆在外国会有充分的机会去学一门外语的。
　☞ Your stay abroad will give you ample opportunity to learn a foreign language.
　☞ 准备工作做得很充分。
　☞ Ample preparation was made.
3．abundant，由充裕引申为充分。
　☞ 我们这里有充分的水域可以养鱼。
　☞ We have abundant water areas here to breed fish.
　☞ 农场向我们充分供应鸡蛋和牛奶。
　☞ The farm furnished us abundant supply of eggs and milk.
充实 充实
1．substantiate，指使之充足，substantial，指充足的。
　☞ 你的论据还有待充实。
　☞ Your argument has yet to be substantiated.
　☞ 需要更多的数据来充实你的结论。
　☞ More data are needed to substantiate your conclusion.
　☞ 这篇文章的内容充实，论据充分。
　☞ The article is substantial in content and full of arguments.
2．enrich, enrichment，指使之丰富。
　☞ 税收充实了国库。
　☞ Revenue from taxes enriched the national treasury.
　☞ 教育通过知识来充实人的头脑。
　☞ An education enriches the mind with knowledge.
　☞ 我感到充实。
　☞ I feel myself enriched.
　☞ 书籍乃充实人生之物。
　☞ Books are an enrichment of life.
3．strengthen，指使之加强。
　☞ 各级干部派到农村地区以充实领导班子。
　☞ Cadres at all levels were sent to rural areas to strengthen the leading bodies.
　☞ 本章所举实例都是为了充实这一理论。
　☞ The examples given in this chapter are to strengthen the theory.
4．replenish，指使之重新得到补充。
　☞ 我们不断充实库存以满足不断增长的需要。
　☞ We kept replenishing the stocks in order to meet the increasing needs.
　☞ 她空荡荡的心由于一个孩子而得到了充实。
　☞ Her vacant heart is replenished with a child.
充满 充满
1．be full of，常用词组，表示性质。
　☞ 生活充满了曲折、起伏。
　☞ Life is full of ups and downs.
　☞ 在她温柔的声音里充满了慈爱。
　☞ Her soft voice was full of kindness and affection.
　☞ 五四运动充满了反抗旧社会的造反精神。
　☞ The May 4th Movement was full of the spirit of revolt against the old society.
　☞ 屋子里充满了阳光。
　☞ The room was full of sunshine.
2．fill with，表示动作产生的结果。
　☞ 所有这些都使他充满了对剥削阶级的仇恨。
　☞ All this filled him with hatred for the exploiting classes.
　☞ 一想到可能见到她使他充满了恐惧与内疚。
　☞ The thought of the possibility of an encounter with her filled him with dread and compunction.
　 ■ 但是be filled with则与full of基本相同。
　☞ 在他的岁月里充满了激动人心的重大事件。
　☞ His days were filled with important and exciting events.
　☞ 房间里充满了杜鹃花怒放时的甜香。
　☞ The room was filled with a sweet scent of flowering azaleas.
　☞ 她心里充满了感激之情。
　☞ Her heart was filled with gratitude.
3．be fraught with与full of的区别是前者一般只与表示不愉快的宾语搭配。
　☞ 任何新生事物的成长都充满矛盾与斗争。
　☞ The growth of any newborn things is fraught with contradiction and struggle.
　☞ 到丛林里探险充满着危险。
　☞ The expedition into the jungle is fraught with danger.
　☞ 穿越森林的长途旅行充满了各种困难和危险。
　☞ The long journey through the forest was fraught with difficulties and dangers.
　☞ 战场上充满了恐怖。
　☞ The battlefield was fraught with horror.
4．表示充满了某种强烈的感情和意见，一般都译为be imbued with。
　☞ 这首诗充满了革命乐观主义。
　☞ This poem is imbued with revolutionary optimism.
　☞ 他的发言充满了自我批评精神。
　☞ His speech is imbued with the spirit of self-criticism 新的一代充满了新的理想。
　☞ The new generation is imbued with new ideals.
　☞ 他充满了信心。
　☞ He was imbued with confidence.
　 ■ 有时也可用作及物动词。
　☞ 是丘吉尔使英国人民在反法西斯战争中充满了强烈的爱国主义精神。
　☞ It was Churchill who imbued Englishmen with strong patriotism during the war against fascism.
5．表示修辞上的夸张，可用be brimming with（因充满而溢出），be crowded with（因拥挤而充满）。
　☞ 他的讲话充满了热情。
　☞ His speech was brimming with warmth.
　☞ 20世纪50年代的青年充满了革命热情。
　☞ The youth in the 1950's were brimming with revolutionary enthusiasm.
　☞ 当我写这几行字的时候，内心充满了对过去的回忆。
　☞ My mind is crowded with memories of the past as I write these lines.
　☞ 最近几年充满了由改革带来的变化。
　☞ The recent years have been crowded with changes brought about by the reform.
6．表示声音充满，可译resound with，ring with。
　☞ 大厅里充满了代表们的笑声。
　☞ The hall resounded with the laughter of delegates.
　☞ 房间里充满了孩子的叫喊声。
　☞ The room resounded with the children's shouts.
　☞ 电影院里充满了孩子们的笑声。
　☞ The cinema rang with the children's laughter.
　☞ 房间里充满了他们的哭喊声。
　☞ The room rang with their cries.
7．“充满”后接含贬义的宾语时，可译be riddled with。
　☞ 这一报告充满了谎言。
　☞ The report is riddled with untruths.
　☞ 这一制度充满了不可克服的内部矛盾。
　☞ This system is riddled with insuperable internal contradiction.
　☞ 两个大国充满了对抗与冲突。
　☞ The two powers are riddled with antagonism and conflicts.
8．充满某种气氛，可译prevail。
　☞ 在全国运动会期间，首都充满了节日气氛。
　☞ During the national games an atmosphere of festivity prevailed in the capital.
　☞ 招待会充满了热情友好的气氛。
　☞ An atmosphere of warm friendship prevailed at the reception.
先 先
1．before，指事先，先前。
1) 作连词。
　☞ 先三思而后行。
　☞ Measure thrice before you cut once.或Look before you leap.
　☞ 先拟个提纲再写。
　☞ Make an outline before you start writing.
2) 作介词。
　☞ 还是先礼后兵的好。
　☞ It's better to try peaceful means before resorting to force.
　☞ 共产党员应该先人后己。
　☞ A communist should put others before himself.
3) 作副词。
　☞ 一切结论产生于调查之后，而决不是调查之先。
　☞ Conclusions invariably come after investigation, and not before.
　☞ 你怎么不先告诉我？
　☞ Why didn't you tell me before?
2．beforehand, in advance，指预先。
　☞ 我得先警告你，我要把这一切向董事会汇报。
　☞ I must warn you beforehand that I shall make a report to the board of directors on everything.
　☞ 我知道她会需要什么，所以我先做了准备。
　☞ I knew what she would need, so I made preparations beforehand.
　☞ 如果你同意他的条件，他先付你10万美元。
　☞ He will pay you a hundred thousand US dollars in advance if you agree to his terms.
　☞ 我的去留，你没有理由先告诉他。
　☞ There is no reason why you should tell him in advance that I'm going.
3．early，指早先。
　☞ 你当然该知道捷足先登的道理，所以要先找工作。
　☞ Of course you know that the early bird catches the worm, so you have to look for a job earlier.
　☞ 他比我先到。
　☞ He arrived earlier than I did.
　 ■ early与late连用，可作“先后”解。
　☞ 革命不分先后，照样欢迎。
　☞ Whether one makes revolution early or late, one is equally welcome.
4．first，指首先。
　☞ 让我先说几句。
　☞ Let me say a few words first.
　☞ 请按先后次序排队，先到先吃。
　☞ Please line up in order of arrival: First come, first served.
　☞ 要做人民的老师，先做人民的学生。
　☞ To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil.
　 ■ first可以与late，last，afterwards搭配，表示“先…后…”。
　☞ 他先说不去，后又改变了主意。
　☞ At first he refused to go, but later on he changed his mind.
　☞ 先下手为强，后下手遭殃。
　☞ He who strikes first prevails, he who strikes late fails.
　☞ 共产党员应先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。
　☞ A communist should be the first to become concerned about the world's troubles and the last to rejoice in its happiness.
　☞ 代表团先到北京、后到上海等地参观访问。
　☞ The delegation first went to Beijing and afterwards to Shanghai and other places.
　☞ 来不及办手续了，咱们来个先斩后奏。
　☞ There is no time for us to go through formalities. Let's act first and report afterwards.
5．prior (to)，priority，指早先，优先。
　☞ 我先已有约，所以不能跟你去了。
　☞ I have a prior engagement and so I can't go with you.
　☞ 没有什么先于经验的知识。
　☞ There's no knowledge prior to experience.
　☞ 重伤员要先护理，轻伤员后护理。
　☞ The badly wounded take priority for medical attention over those only slightly hurt.
　☞ 会上先讨论需要立即解决的问题。
　☞ The problems requiring immediate solution will be given priority at the meeting.
　☞ 这些事都该办，可也得有个先后。
　☞ All these matters should be tackled, but they should be taken up in order of priority.
6．precede，指“在…之前先做某事”。
　☞ 谈生意前，咱们先小人后君子。
　☞ Let's allow impoliteness to precede courtesy before we start to discuss the terms of the deal.
　☞ 会议开始前，先奏国歌。
　☞ The playing of the national anthem precedes the meeting.
7．“先”的其他译法。
　☞ 这个问题暂时先不谈。
　☞ Let's put aside this problem for the time being.
　☞ 你先别走，我有话跟你说。
　☞ Don't leave yet, I want to have a word with you.
　☞ 在慈善机构做事，我们要先公共福利，后个人利益。
　☞ Working in the charitable organization, we should prefer public welfare to personal gain.
　☞ 代表们先后就座。
　☞ One after another the deputies took their seats.
　☞ 他是先天不足，后天失调。
　☞ He was born weak and ill cared for after birth.
　☞ 她已先后来过两次。
　☞ She's been here twice already.
　☞ 可以说先有鸡后有蛋，也可以说先有蛋后有鸡。
　☞ One may as well say the egg is the mother of the hen as say the hen is the mother of the egg.
　☞ 对不起，我先走一步。
　☞ Excuse me a minute.
　☞ 您先请。（让别人先走）
　☞ After you.
光 光
1．light，指光线或灯光。
　☞ 植物在阳光下长得快。
　☞ Plants grow rapidly when exposed to the light of the sun.
　☞ 你不应就着烛光看书啊。
　☞ You shouldn't have read by the light of a candle.
2．smooth，指光滑。
　☞ 这纸不够光。
　☞ This paper is not smooth enough.
　☞ 这桌面很光。
　☞ The surface of this table is smooth.
3．polished，指磨光。
　☞ 正面是光的，反面不是。
　☞ The face is polished, the other side is not.
　☞ 家具表面光吗？
　☞ Is the surface of the furniture polished?
4．bare，指不穿戴衣帽鞋袜等，stripped to，指脱光到某种程度，naked，指光身。
　☞ 在这么冷的早晨看见他光着脑袋，我感到惊讶。
　☞ I was shocked to see him bareheaded in such a cold morning.
　☞ 他光着上身走了进来。
　☞ He walked in bare (stripped) to the waist.
　☞ 他像他出生时那样光着身子。
　☞ He was as naked as the day he was born.
5．just，指只是。
　☞ 她光笑不说话。
　☞ She just smiled and said nothing.
　☞ 光有一件事要做。
　☞ There is just one thing to be done.
6．only，只有。
　☞ 不光是我这样想。
　☞ I'm not the only one who thinks this way.
　☞ 光是老五看见他呆在办公室里。
　☞ Only Laowu saw him stay in the office.
7．alone，指单独一人。
　☞ 光你怎么搬钢琴？
　☞ How could you carry the piano alone?
　☞ 干革命光凭热情是不够的。
　☞ It's not enough to rely on enthusiasm alone in waging revolution.
8．up, out等副词表示全部耗尽。
　☞ 墨水用光了。
　☞ The ink's used up.
　☞ 一定要把敌人消灭光。
　☞ We must wipe out the enemy.
9．honor, glory，指光荣、荣耀。
　☞ 他为国争光了。
　☞ He has won honor for our motherland.
　☞ 现在你倒是光宗耀祖了。
　☞ Now, you really have brought honor on your ancestors.
　☞ 我们把我国世界著名地质学家李四光称之为“地质之光”。
　☞ China's world-known geologist Li Si-guang was called "the Glory of Geology".
　☞ 你所做的一切都是光耀门庭的事。
　☞ What you have done is demonstrating the glory of our family.
光景 光景
1．scene，指情景。
　☞ 咱俩初次见面的光景我还记得很清楚。
　☞ I still remember very clearly the scene of our first meeting.
　☞ 我们童年时代的光景依然历历在目。
　☞ Scenes from our childhood still appear vividly before us.
2．sight，指景象。
　☞ 好一派草原的光景！
　☞ What a wonderful sight of grasslands.
　☞ 这光景使他愤怒万分。
　☞ The sight infuriated him.
3．circumstance，指经济上的境况。
　☞ 她的光景从来也没好过。
　☞ Her circumstances have never been good.
　☞ 这位老大妈的光景如何？
　☞ What sort of circumstances is this granny in?
4．life，指生活。
　☞ 我们做梦也想不到有今天这么好的光景。
　☞ We never dreamed of such a happy life as we enjoy today.
　☞ 光景是越来越好。
　☞ The life is becoming better and better.
5．about, around，指大概。
　☞ 半夜光景就起了风。
　☞ It was about (around) midnight when a wind rose.
　☞ 他父亲有60岁光景。
　☞ His father is about 60 years old.
　☞ 凌晨4点光景他才去睡觉。
　☞ He didn't go to bed till around 4 O'clock next morning.
6．look like, look as if，指样子，常与“看”搭配使用，前者的语气比较有把握，而后者的语气较弱。
　☞ 看光景，天要下雨。
　☞ It looks like rain.
　☞ 看光景天气不会转晴。
　☞ The weather does not look like clearing up 看光景，你并不在乎。
　☞ You look as if you didn't care.
　☞ 看光景要发生罢工。
　☞ It looks as if there will be a strike.
光荣 光荣
1．glory，glorious，指荣耀、名望、成功、赞誉、荣誉等的总和。
　☞ 卫星上天是我们国家的光荣。
　☞ The satellite launching into space was the glory of our country.
　☞ 我国著名科学家李四光是地质界的光荣。
　☞ China's well-known scientist Li Si-guang was the glory among the geologists.
　☞ 纳西族的光荣历史似乎在这支歌中得到了反映。
　☞ The glorious history of the Naxi nationality seems to be reflected in this song.
　☞ 我们日复一日地战斗直到获得光荣的胜利。
　☞ We fought day after day till the glorious victory was gained.
2．honor, honorable，指荣誉，语气较glory弱。
　☞ 光荣归于祖国。
　☞ The honor goes to the motherland.
　☞ 每年的光荣榜上都有他的名字。
　☞ His name is found in the honor roll every year.
　☞ 小李评上了劳动模范，全组都感到光荣。
　☞ The whole group felt honored to have Li named as model worker.
　“光荣之家”的匾总是挂在现役军人的家门口。
　☞ An inscribed board with characters "An Honorable Family" usually is hung on the door of the family of a PLA man on active service.
　 ■ glory与honor两词的区别可从下面的例句中看出：
　☞ The soldier's brave deeds brought him honor and glory （士兵的勇敢之举给他带来了荣誉与荣耀）
3．credit，指光彩。
　☞ 这样的学生是全班的光荣。
　☞ Such a student is a credit to his class.
　☞ 他得了第一名，感到很光荣。
　☞ Greatly to his credit he came out first.
　 ■ credit一词是上面三词中词义最弱的一个，这可从下面例句中看出。
　“这是你的光荣”意思是说你完全可以以此为荣。
　 "It is to your credit" means that you may rightly be proud of it.
4．proud，指自豪。
　☞ 母亲对她儿子做的事情感到光荣。
　☞ Mother is proud of what her son has done.
　☞ 做你的朋友我很光荣。
　☞ I'm proud to be your friend.
克服 克服
1．overcome，指用坚强的意志或力量战胜某种障碍，因此这种克服不一定发生正面的冲突。
　☞ 他克服了恐高症，登上了顶峰。
　☞ He reached the summit by overcoming his fear of height.
　☞ 我努力克服自己的致命弱点，并取得了成功。
　☞ I succeeded in my efforts to overcome my fatal weakness.
　☞ 没有我们克服不了的困难。
　☞ There is no difficulty that we can't overcome.
　☞ 我们希望你们能发扬成绩，克服缺点。
　☞ We hope that you will enhance achievements and overcome shortcomings.
2．surmount，没有overcome常用，强调越过或超越某种障碍。
　☞ 红军克服千难万险，终于到达了陕北。
　☞ Surmounting numerous difficulties and dangers, the Red Army finally reached the northern Shaanxi.
　☞ 你在登机前先得克服对飞行的厌恶情绪。
　☞ You have to surmount your aversion to flying before boarding the plane.
　☞ 他克服了不利条件，并取得了巨大的成功。
　☞ He surmounted his handicap and achieved great success.
3．prevail over，比surmount更进一步，指压过或压倒性克服。
　☞ 只有充分发扬先进的东西，克服落后的东西，社会才会进步。
　☞ Society can progress only if what is advanced is given full play to and prevails over what is backward.
　☞ 这些考虑都没能克服他的偏见。
　☞ None of these considerations prevailed over his prejudice.
4．triumph over，比prevail over更进一步，指战胜。
　☞ 我们克服了种种障碍，获得了成功。
　☞ We triumphed over various obstacles and achieved success.
　☞ 他结束了第一年的工作，相信一切艰难困苦都是可以克服的。
　☞ He ended his first year of work, confident that all hardships could be triumphed over.
5．conquer，比triumph更进一步，指征服。
　☞ 每个建筑工人都应克服恐高症。
　☞ Every building worker must conquer acrophobia.
　☞ 我们要学会通过辩论和说理来克服错误倾向。
　☞ We must learn to conquer erroneous trends through debate and reasoning.
6．get rid of，指摆脱。
　☞ 要使文学得到发展，必须克服矫揉造作的文风。
　☞ To develop literature it is necessary to get rid of pretentious literary style.
　☞ 市场经济有利于克服官僚主义。
　☞ Market economy helps to get rid of bureaucracy.
7．break down，比get rid of进了一步，指摧毁。
　☞ 好在两国间的疑惧心理已经克服。
　☞ Fortunately suspicion and fear have been broken down between the two countries.
　☞ 老师以善意的帮助克服了小男生的害羞情绪。
　☞ By helpful kindness the teacher broke down the little boy's shyness.
8．eliminate，比break down更进一步，指消灭。
　☞ 为克服片面性，我们决定进行一次全面的调查。
　☞ To eliminate one-sidedness we decided to make an all-sided investigation.
　☞ 科学的进展既有赖于发现真理，也有赖于克服谬误。
　☞ Science advances both by finding out what is true and by eliminating what is false.
9．put up with，指容忍、忍受。
　☞ 这儿的生活条件不大好，咱们先克服一阵子吧。
　☞ The living conditions here are not very good. Let's put up with them for a while.
　☞ 长征时得克服多大的艰难困苦我们是可以想像的。
　☞ We can imagine what hardships had to be put up with during the Long March.
10．avert, 指阻止发生。
　☞ 同样，共产党在全国范围内越发展，则克服投降危险的可能性越增加。
　☞ Similarly, the more the communist Party grows throughout the country, the greater will be the possibility of averting the danger of capitulation.
　☞ 可以用来克服危机的时间余地正在逐渐逝去。
　☞ The margin of time for averting crisis was melting away.
免 免
1．exempt from, exemption from，指豁免。
　☞ 得高分的学生可以免期终考。
　☞ Students who get very high marks will be exempt from the final examination.
　☞ 由于他做了诚恳的自我批评，将免于处分。
　☞ As he has made a sincere self-criticism, he'll be exempt from punishment.
　☞ 有些货物的进口税可以免。
　☞ Some goods are exempt from import duty.
　☞ 如果你有医生证明，我可以免你上体育课。
　☞ If you have a doctor's note, I can exempt you from physical education.
　☞ 双方达成互免签证的协议。
　☞ Both sides have reached an agreement for mutual exemption of visas.
2．free of，也指豁免，但应用面没有exempt大，一般只限于豁免费用，如free of charge (cost, lent)等。
　☞ 有人告诉他有一座免费的夜校。
　☞ Someone told him that there was a night school that was free.
　☞ 你不用付钱，是免费的。
　☞ You need not pay; it's free.
　☞ 他们可以住我的房子，房租就免了。
　☞ They may live in my house free of rent.
　☞ 你可以免费获得这些小册子。
　☞ You can get these booklets free of charge (cost).
　 ■ 在口语里free也可用作副词或名词。如：
　☞ You can get these booklets for free. 或The dictionary will be sent to you free.
3．relieve of，指以补救的办法免去负担。
　☞ 他工作太多，得给他免几项。
　☞ He's got too much to do. He should be relieved of some of his jobs.
　☞ 由于他的残疾，政府免去了他教育女儿的责任。
　☞ The government relieved him of the responsibility of his daughter's education because of his disability.
4．excuse from，指免去任务、义务、处分等。
　☞ 他爸免了他今晚的家庭作业。
　☞ His father excused him from homework for this evening.
　☞ 你身体不好，可以免值夜班。
　☞ You can be excused from night duty for your ill health.
5．remit, 常指免除债务、税款、罚款、处分等。
　☞ 你的债不能免。
　☞ Your debt cannot be remitted.
　☞ 他们的主子既然纵容他们的种种愚蠢做法，自然也会免去对他们的处分。
　☞ Their master was indulgent to their follies and sure to remit their punishment.
6．absolve from，常指免除指责、罪过、处分、职责、责任等。
　☞ 军官们会得到一张免于追究责任的证书。
　☞ The officers would be given a certificate absolving them from any responsibility.
　☞ 他由于年幼无知而免于处分。
　☞ He was absolved from punishment by virtue of youth and ignorance.
7．dispense with，指“没有…也可对付”。
　☞ 结婚大办宴席这种做法实在可以免掉。
　☞ The practice of giving lavish feasts at wedding can be dispensed with.
　☞ 这里的冬天用炉子是不可免的。
　☞ You can't dispense with a stove in winter here.
8．remove (dismiss, relieve) from post (office)，均指免去职务。
　☞ 他已被免去了教育部长的职务。
　☞ He has been removed (relieved) from his office as minister of education.
　☞ 由于他销售记录不佳，公司免去了他的经理职务。
　☞ The company dismissed him from his post as manager for his bad sales record.
9．avoid, avoidable, unavoidable, 指可以（不可）避免。
　☞ 免受影响是不可能的。
　☞ It is impossible to avoid being affected.
　☞ 他过去一贯瞧不起我们，他这种人我们免见。
　☞ He used to look down upon us. We should avoid seeing him.
　☞ 这样的缺点是难免的。
　☞ Such shortcomings are hardly avoidable.
　☞ 这件事如果处理不当，免不了大家会有意见。
　☞ If it is not handled properly, popular complaints will be unavoidable.
入侵 入侵
1．invade, invasion，指军事入侵。
　☞ 消灭敢于入侵之敌是军人的天职。
　☞ Wiping out all enemies who dare to invade the country is a soldier's bounden duty.
　☞ 拿破仑对俄国的军事入侵以失败告终。
　☞ Napoleon's military invasion of Russia ended in failure.
　 ■ invasion有时也指大批不受欢迎的事物入侵。
　☞ 火似乎是阻止木本植物入侵草地的关键因素。
　☞ Fire seems to have been the critical factor in preventing invasion of the grassland by woody plants.
2．incursion，指比invasion更为突然的军事入侵，并暗示在达到目的后立即撤离。
　☞ 最近，以色列借口反恐屡次入侵巴勒斯坦。
　☞ Recently Israel made repeated incursions of Palestine on the pretext of anti-terrorism.
　 ■ 有时也指不受欢迎的事物入侵。
　☞ 建造堤坝是为了保护低地不受海水入侵。
　☞ Dikes are built to protect lowland from incursion of the sea.
3．inroad，也指突然的军事入侵。
　☞ 伊拉克突然入侵科威特是说不过去的。
　☞ Iraq had no excuse to make inroads into Kuwait.
　 ■ 有时也指不受欢迎的事物入侵。
　☞ 我们必须防止腐朽思想的入侵。
　☞ We must guard against the inroads of decadent ideology.
4．intrude, intrusion，指擅自进入，这种进入可以是有意的也可以是无意的。
　☞ 一架不明国籍的军用飞机入侵了我国领空。
　☞ An unidentified military plane intruded into the airspace of our country.
　☞ 我们对入侵的岩浆和被侵入的岩层的性质作了调查。
　☞ We made an investigation into the properties of the intruding magma and of the intruded strata.
　☞ 以色列再次武装入侵黎巴嫩。
　☞ Israel made another armed intrusion into Lebanon.
入手 入手
1．start with，指“从…开始”。
　☞ 解决问题要从调查研究入手。
　☞ To solve a problem, one has to start with investigation.
　☞ 我们从处理群众来信入手，对官僚主义做了一次调查。
　☞ Starting with the handling of letters from the masses, we made an investigation into bureaucracy.
　☞ 要踢足球，就要从基本训练入手。
　☞ Start with the basic training, if you want to play football.
2．begin (with)，也指“从…开始”，但是个书面用语。
　☞ 学习外语，先要从语音入手。
　☞ One begins a foreign language by learning the speech sounds.
　☞ 我简直不知从何入手。
　☞ I simply have no idea where to begin.
　☞ 科学研究正是从这些事实开始的。
　☞ h is with such facts that a scientific research must begin.
3．take…as the point of departure，指作为新的起点。
　☞ 解放初期的知识分子都是从改造世界观入手的。
　☞ The intellectuals right after liberation took the remolding of their world outlook as the point of departure.
　☞ 要了解下岗工人的生活、工作情况，我们得从调查研究入手。
　☞ In order to understand how the laid-off workers live and work we have to take an investigation as the point of departure.
全 全
1．whole，指没有遗漏的全部或不可分割的全部。
　☞ 与单数名词连用，必须有定冠词。
　☞ 全世界都在期待着这次谈判的结果。
　☞ The whole world is waiting for the results of the negotiation。
　☞ 全家都急于改变现状。
　☞ The whole family is anxious to change the status quo.
　☞ 他们听到消息后，激动得全场沸腾。
　☞ The whole place was bubbled over with excitement when they heard the news.
　☞ 全线已于国庆节通车。
　☞ The whole line was open to traffic on the National Day.
2．entire，指完整的全部，故可与whole换用。
　☞ 全国都反对这场战争。
　☞ The entire (whole) country was opposed to the war.
　☞ 全系都到齐了。
　☞ The entire (whole) faculty was present.
　☞ 他全家都死了。
　☞ His entire (whole) family had died.
3．complete，指完整，即具备应该具备的一切。
　☞ 七巧板丢了两块，所以不全了。
　☞ Two pieces of the seven-piece puzzle are missing, so it is not complete.
　☞ 这套邮票全不全？
　☞ Is this set of stamps complete?
4．full，指完全、充分。
　☞ 火车在全速前进。
　☞ The train is going at its full speed.
　☞ 写下你的全名和地址。
　☞ Write down your full name and address.
5．all，有与whole相同的一面，也有不同的一面。但 相同的一面在词序上还是有差别的。
　☞ 敌机轰炸后，全市都在燃烧。
　☞ All the city was burning after the bombing by the enemy's planes.（冠词在all之后）
　☞ The whole city was burning after the bombing by the enemy's planes.（冠词在whole之前）
　☞ 这些我全要了。
　☞ I will take all of it.（all前没有冠词）
　☞ I will take the whole of it.（whole前有冠词）
　 ■ all of后还可接复数名词，但whole一般只与单数名词连用。
　☞ 他把馅饼全吃了。
　☞ He ate all the pies.
　☞ 他把整个馅饼全吃了。
　☞ He ate the whole pie.
　 ■ 当然，有时whole 也可与复数名词搭配，但从翻译的角度看，它已无“全”的意思。如：Whole Indian tribes were killed off.（多个印第安部落被整个整个地杀光了）此外，whole一般不与不可数名词连用。如：
　☞ 他把馅饼全吃了，茶水也全喝了。
　☞ He ate the whole pie and drank all the tea.（不说 drank the whole tea，但可说drank the whole of the tea.因为这里的whole己成了名词）
　☞ 我把钱全给他了。
　☞ I gave him all the money.（不说gave him the whole money，但可说gave him whole of the money）
　 ■ all与whole 也有其不同的一面。
1) all还可以放在代词或名词之后。
　☞ 我们全都喜欢吃你做的饭。
　☞ We all like your cooking.
　☞ 工人全都罢工了。
　☞ The workers all went on strike.
2) all还可以用做句子的主语、宾语或补语。
　☞ 大家全都同意这些条件。
　☞ All agreed on the terms.
　☞ 我把我知道的全都告诉你了。
　☞ I've told you all I know.
3) all和all of都可用于名词之前，this，that之前，所有格之前。
　☞ 你借给我的书我全看了。
　☞ I've read all (of) the books you lent me.（名词前可带定冠词）
　☞ 这些孩子全是贫血。
　☞ All of these children are anemic.（名词前可带指示代词these）
　☞ 我的朋友全喜欢游泳。
　☞ All (of) my friends like swimming.（名词前可带物主代词）
　 ■ 但是如果名词前没有定冠词、各种限定词，则一般不用all of，而只用all。
　☞ 孩子全都淘气。
　☞ All children are mischievous 希望全落空了。
　☞ All hope has gone.
　 ■ 与此相反，在人称代词前，却只能用all of。
　☞ 你们全错了。
　☞ All of you are wrong.
　☞ 他们请了100人，但他们没有全来。
　☞ They invited 100 people, but not all of them came.
　☞ 他们全都结婚了。
　☞ All of them got married.
4) 此外还应注意all在句中的位置。
　☞ 我的朋友全都喜欢音乐。
　☞ My friends all like music.（放在简单动词构成的谓语之前）
　☞ 要是有地方，本来是会请他们全来的。
　☞ They would all have been invited if there had been room，（放在第一个助动词之后）
　☞ 他们全去了。
　☞ They are all gone.（放在动词be之后）
5) all用作主语、宾语、补语时，一般可以跟一个从句。
　☞ 我的东西全给你。
　☞ All that I own is yours.
　☞ 你要的东西全给你。
　☞ I'll give you all you want.
6) 在现代英语里，单独使用all已不常见，但还留有古英语的痕迹。
　☞ 把情况全告诉我。
　☞ Tell me all.
　☞ 全完了。
　☞ All is lost.
　☞ 全死了。
　☞ All are dead.
7) all用作副词时，还可与entirely换用。
　☞ 这事全怪我。
　☞ It's all (entirely) my fault.
　☞ 你全错了。
　☞ You are all (entirely) wrong.
6．none, not any，表示全盘否定。
　☞ 他们全都不是南方人。
　☞ None of them are southerners.
　☞ 你今年晦气全无。
　☞ You have none of rotten luck this year.
　☞ 我全都不要。
　☞ I don't want anything.
7．not all, 表示部分否定。
　☞ 他们不全是南方人。
　☞ Not all of them are southerners.
　☞ 我记不全这些条款。
　☞ I don't remember all these articles.
8．“全”的其他译法。
　☞ 这家铺子的货物品种很全。
　☞ This store has a wide assortment of goods.
　☞ 资料收集得相当全。
　☞ The data collected are quite comprehensive.
　☞ 不论是古典音乐还是现代音乐我全都爱听。
　☞ I like listening to every kind of music, classic or modem.
　☞ 他到达时已全湿透了。
　☞ He had been wet from head to toe when he arrived.
　☞ 该中药店是全国闻名的老字号。
　☞ The pharmacy of traditional Chinese drug is of an old name of business, well-known throughout the country.
　☞ 他对全家而言就是全智全能的上帝。
　☞ For the whole family he was the omniscient and omnipotent deity.
全体 全体
1．whole，指由个体组成的全体或不可分割的整体形成的全体。可指有形的，也可指无形的，既可用作形容词，也可用作名词，常与集体名词连用。
　☞ 全体工作人员都出席了会议。
　☞ The whole staff was present at the meeting.
　☞ 全体失业工人都在市政厅前参加静坐示威。
　☞ The whole body of unemployed workers joined the sitting in front of the Town Hall.
　☞ 看问题不但要看到部分，而且要看到全体。
　☞ In approaching a problem one should see the whole as well as the parts.
　☞ 他的全体家人都遭到了杀害。
　☞ The whole of his family was killed.
2．entire，指完整无缺的全体。
　☞ 剧中的全体演员都已确定。
　☞ The entire cast in the play has been decided on.
　☞ 外语系的全体员工都围着我劝酒。
　☞ The entire faculty of the foreign languages department gathered about me now, urging me to drink.
3．all，也指由个体组成的整体，往往指人，并且多用复数。
　☞ 全体与会者都能感到那种压抑气氛。
　☞ All present could feel that depressing atmosphere.
　☞ 他们全体一年只能享受一次休假。
　☞ All of them can enjoy but one holiday in the year.
　☞ 主席出席时，全体起立并长时间鼓掌欢呼。
　☞ All stood up and there was a long standing ovation when the chairman appeared.
4．“全体”的其他译法。
　☞ 全体大会延期至星期一。
　☞ General meeting has been put off till Monday.
　☞ 内阁已全体辞职。
　☞ The cabinet resigned en bloc.
　☞ 这项任命在国会遭到议员的全体反对。
　☞ The appointment aroused unanimous opposition on the part of congressmen.
　☞ 全体外交官出席了这次葬礼。
　☞ The diplomatic service attended the funeral.
全部 全部
1．total, totality，指合计起来的全部。
　☞ 去午我厂的全部产量上升了37%。
　☞ The total output of our factory rose by 37% last year.
　☞ 这些书籍的全部成本是多少？
　☞ What is the total cost of these books?
　☞ 你根本无法想象失去全部劳动能力意味着什么。
　☞ You can never imagine what total disability means.
　☞ 只有看到事物的全部，才能避免片面性。
　☞ Only by viewing things in their totality can we avoid being one-sided.
2．whole，指由许多个体组成的全部，表示无一遗漏，不可分割，浑然一体的整体。
　☞ 买这幢房子会花掉你的全部积蓄。
　☞ Buying the house will take your whole saving.
　☞ 这些条款组成了合同的全部。
　☞ These terms make up the whole of the contract.
　☞ 你必须把你的全部注意力放到这个问题上。
　☞ You must give your whole attention to the problem.
3．entire，指完全，其内涵与whole的词义重合，可以换用，但还暗示完整无缺。
　☞ 他把全部款项捐献给了慈善事业。
　☞ He donated the entire (whole) sum to charity.
　☞ 解放后人民政府没收了他的全部财产。
　☞ The people's government confiscated the entirety (whole) of his property.
4．complete，也指完整，义同entire，但暗示完整配套。
　☞ 这些刊物中没有一家发表过他的全部诗作。
　☞ None of these publications gives his complete poems.
　☞ 对于该村的粮食全部自给，我们仍有疑问。
　☞ As to the complete self-sufficiency of the village in food grain, we still have a question.
5．full，指充分。
　☞ 我公司已提出赔偿全部损失的要求。
　☞ Our company has demanded full compensation for the loss incurred.
　☞ 我们在懂得了问题的全部复杂性之后，决定进行社会调查。
　☞ Having realized the full complexity of the problem, we decided to make a social investigation.
6．all，其词义广于whole，entire等，因此它可以换用后者，而后者有时则不能与之互换。
　☞ 他把全部时间都花在汽车上了。
　☞ He spends all the time (the whole time) on the car.
　（可以换用）
　☞ 他们全部都是学生。
　☞ All of them are students.（不能换用，详见词条 “全”）
7．“全部”的其他译法。
　☞ 他全部否认他所做的一切。
　☞ He made an utter denial of what he had done 所有的旅馆全部客满。
　☞ The hotels were booked solid.
　☞ 告诉我这件事情的全部经过。
　☞ Tell me everything about it.
全面 全面
1．overall，指包含一切的全面。
　☞ 全面深化改革已是一个刻不容缓的任务。
　☞ Deepening the overall reform has already been a task which brooks no delay.
　☞ 在全面削减核武器方面显示出了新的动向。
　☞ Fresh tendency was exhibited in the overall reduction of nuclear weapons.
2．all-round, 指包含各个方面的全面。
　☞ 全面看来，他是我们最好的运动员。
　☞ He is our best athlete, if taken all-round.
　☞ 党在农村的各项政策必须全面落实。
　☞ The Party's policies for the countryside must be implemented in an all-round way.
3．all aspects，也指各个方面，但与all-round不同的是前者为名词，后者为形容词或副词。
　☞ 年轻人要德智体全面发展。
　☞ Young people should develop all aspects of themselves: moral, intellectual and physical.
　☞ 史密斯先生关于访问中国的报道很全面。
　☞ Mr. Smith's report of his visit to China covered all aspects.
4．all fields，指包含各个领域的全面。
　☞ 改革开放以来，我们全面开创了社会主义现代化建设的新局面。
　☞ We have created a new situation in all fields of socialist modernization since the reform and opening to the outside world.
　☞ 中国的改革开放获得了全面成功。
　☞ China's reform and opening to the outside world has achieved success in all fields.
5．all-sided, all-sidedly，也指各个方面的全面。
　☞ 两国间的全面谈判已在进行。
　☞ The all-sided negotiation between the two counties is already under way.
　☞ 你要学会全面地看问题。
　☞ You have to learn to look at problems all-sidedly.
6．comprehensive，指带有综合性的全面。
　☞ 学期结束时，我们对工作做了全面的回顾。
　☞ When the term ended we had a comprehensive review of the work.
　☞ 我国政府对经济发展计划作出了全面的解释。
　☞ The Chinese government gave a comprehensive explanation of its plan for economic development.
7．complete，指全部配套的全面。
　☞ 世界人民要求全面禁止并销毁核武器。
　☞ The people all over the world call for a complete prohibition and destruction of nuclear weapons.
　☞ 政治和经济体制都需要全面改革。
　☞ The political and economical systems are in need of complete reform.
8．full，指使之充分的全面。
　☞ 这奉医学书在论述儿科疾病方面很全面。
　☞ This medical book is very full on the subject of children's diseases.
　☞ 最近，国务院宣布第九个五年计划已全面实现。
　☞ Recently the State Council has declared that the ninth Five-Year-Plan was carried out to the full.
9．total, 指叠加起来的全面。
　☞ 在取得对日作战全面胜利之后，日本军国主义的罪行并未得到清算。
　☞ After the total victory over Japan its militarism was not exposed and criticized.
　☞ 相反在第三帝国全面崩溃之后，德国人民却清算了法西斯主义的血债。
　☞ However, the German people have evened up the blood debts with fascism after the total collapse of the Third Reich.
10．all out，指全体出动的全面。
　☞ 我军对敌人的阵地发动了全面攻势。
　☞ Our troops have launched an all-out offensive against the enemy position.
　☞ 他们处于全面戒备状态，以防突然袭击。
　☞ They were on the all-out alert not to be taken by surprise.
公开 公开
1．open, openly, out into the open, bring into the open，指不加隐蔽的公开。
　☞ 他跟他朋友的妹妹搞对象，这已是公开的秘密。
　☞ It's an open secret that he's going steady with his friend's sister.
　☞ 工会在《工人周报》上发表了一封公开信。
　☞ The trade union published an open letter in The Workers' Weekly.
　☞ 他公开宣布这种说法靠不住。
　☞ He openly declared that the story couldn't be relied upon.
　☞ 他们的结婚计划已经公开。
　☞ Their plans to get married are out into the open.
　☞ 不久，斗争就公开化了。
　☞ The struggle soon came out into the open.
　☞ 要是你不让他发表那次讲话，这件事就永远不会公开。
　☞ If you had not allowed him to make that speech, this matter would never have been brought into the open.
　☞ 账目要公开，好让大家检查。
　☞ The accounts should be open for all to inspect.
2．public, publicly, make public, make known to the public，指向公众公开。
　☞ 审判是公开的，欢迎各界人士参加。
　☞ The trial is public, and all sorts of persons are encouraged to come.
　☞ 他在公开场合多次提到这一计划。
　☞ He mentioned the plan many times on public occasions.
　☞ 我们要做到政务公开。
　☞ We'll see to it that government affairs are public.
　☞ 他公开嘲笑这一想法。
　☞ He publicly sneered at the idea.
　☞ 建议的细节尚未公开。
　☞ Details of the proposal have not yet been made public.
　☞ 事情已经公开出去。
　☞ The matter has been made known to the public.
3．overt，常用指与隐蔽covert相对的公开。
　☞ 20世纪50年代，我们不得不与公开和隐蔽的敌人进行斗争。
　☞ We had to combat the overt and covert enemies in the 1950s.
　☞ 他的统治是靠某种形式的公开或隐蔽的高压手段来维持的。
　☞ His rule is maintained by some form of coercion, overt or covert.
　☞ 他们两人之间没有公开的敌意。
　☞ There was no overt hostility between the two men.
共 共
1．in common，表示共同。
　☞ 让他们去共享荣华富贵吧！我倒是能安于粗茶淡饭。
　☞ Let them go ahead and enjoy their wealth and honor in common! I'm much satisfied with plain food and weak tea.
　☞ 我们3人当时共用一个洗脸盆。
　☞ The three of us used one washbowl in common.
2．together，表示一起。
　☞ 我们要团结一切可以团结的力量，共对强敌。
　☞ We must unite with all the forces that can be united to oppose the formidable enemy together.
　☞ 会谈结束后，两国外长共进午餐。
　☞ The foreign ministers of the two countries had a luncheon together after the talks.
3．each other，表示相互。
　☞ 老朋友见面共叙友情。
　☞ The old friends exchanged sentiments of friends with each other after their meeting.
　☞ 咱们共勉吧！
　☞ Let's encourage each other in our endeavors.
4．general，表示普遍。
　☞ 共性就寓于个性之中。
　☞ It is precisely in the individual character that the general character resides.
　☞ 他卷入这桩政治丑闻的事已为人所共知。
　☞ It is general knowledge that he was involved in the political scandal.
5．same，表示同一。
　☞ 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。
　☞ The representatives of different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss affairs of state.
　☞ 我们在困难时应该同舟共济。
　☞ In time of trouble we should cooperate for the same aim.
6．altogether, in all, all in all, all told，分别表示“共计”、“总共”、“据说共有”。
　☞ 该农户全年共打粮食20万斤。
　☞ This peasant household harvested altogether 200,000 jin of grain the whole year.
　☞ 参观展览的共有30万人。
　☞ Altogether 300,000 people visited the exhibition.
　☞ 那里共有多少人？
　☞ How many people were there in all?
　☞ 到场的共有17人。
　☞ All in all there were 17 people present.
　☞ 改革开放后，共约20万中国人移居美国。
　☞ All told, some 200,000 Chinese have immigrated to the United States since the reform and opening up policy began.
7．share，表示分享。
　☞ 共产党员应该与人民群众同甘共苦。
　☞ A communist ought to share comforts and hardships of the masses.
　☞ 我们3人共用一个洗澡间。
　☞ We three share a bathroom.
共同 共同
1．common，指共有或共享。
　☞ 虽然这些国家和人民都各不相同，但却有着发展经济的共同目标。
　☞ Although these states and their people are diverse, they share the common goal of economic development.
　☞ 我们应当为了共同的要求在共同的战线上战斗。
　☞ We must fight along common lines for common demands.
2．joint，指联合起来。
　☞ 我们之间总是意见分歧，无法采取共同行动。
　☞ We were always too divided among ourselves to take any joint action.
　☞ 他们共同努力，总算把汽车推回到路上。
　☞ By their joint efforts they managed to push the car 10ack on the road.
3．join forces to，指联合力量共做某事。
　☞ 第二次世界大战期间，中苏美英法共同对付法西斯主义。
　☞ China, USSR, USA, Britain and France joined forces to oppose Fascism during World War II.
　☞ 工、农、兵、学、商共同建设社会主义。
　☞ Workers, peasants, soldiers, students and businessmen join forces to build socialism.
4．side by side，指肩并肩。
　☞ 世界各国人民曾经在各地共同打击过法西斯。
　☞ The peoples of the world fought Fascists side by side.
　☞ 夫妇俩一生都为了正义而共同斗争。
　☞ Both husband and wife have been struggling side by side for justice all their life.
5．in concert，指互相配合。
　☞ 各行各业决定对此事共同行动。
　☞ All trades and professions decided to act in concert over this matter.
　☞ 观众共同高呼“滚回家去！”。
　☞ The audience shouted in concert "Go home! ”.
共计 共计
1．add up to，指加起来共计。
　☞ 这家医院的女医生女护士共计205人。
　☞ The women doctors and women nurses in the hospital add up to two hundred and five.
　☞ 他花的钱共计为1万多元。
　☞ The money he spent added up to more than ten thousand yuan.
2．come to，指合起来共计。
　☞ 两项开支共计3,000元。
　☞ These two items of expenditure come to three thousand yuan.
　☞ 我们的账单共计多少钱？
　☞ How much does our bill come to?
3．amount to，指达到某个数字。
　☞ 我那年的收入共计15,000元。
　☞ My income for that year amounted to fifteen thousand yuan.
　☞ 日本1977年的出超共计175亿美元。
　☞ In 1977, Japan's export surplus amounted to 17.5 billion US dollars.
4．altogether，指总共。
　☞ 我们一家的开销每月共计800元。
　☞ The monthly expenditure of our family is eight hundred yuan altogether.
　☞ 参观展览的共计20万人。
　☞ Altogether 200,000 people visited the exhibition.
5．total, in total，指总计。
　☞ 我写的访问录共计约有20万字。
　☞ My written interviews totaled about 200,000 words.
　☞ 年收入共计为15,000美元。
　☞ The year's income totals fifteen thousand US dollars.
　☞ 那里共计可能有20,000人。
　☞ In total, there must have been 20,000 people there.
关 关
1．close，shut，指关闭可开启的孔洞，如门窗等，shut常用于口语。
　☞ 请随手关门。
　☞ Please close the door behind you.
　☞ 因为关着窗，房间里很闷。
　☞ The room was stuffy with the window closed.
　☞ 我去了他的办公室，发现那地方关着。
　☞ I went to his office, but found the place closed.
　☞ 店铺都关了。
　☞ All the shops were shut.
2．close down，指关闭后不再开启。
　☞ 生意不好，镇上关了好几家铺子。
　☞ Business was so bad that quite a few shops in the town closed down.
　☞ 因无人订货只好关厂。
　☞ The factory had to close down through lack of order.
3．shut in, keep in，coop up in，指为了某一目的而把人或动物关起来。shut in的语气最重，keep in只指不让出去，而coop up in则强调关在像笼子一样的东西里。
　☞ 把猫关在厨房里过夜。
　☞ Shut the cat in the kitchen for the night.
　☞ 星期天他总是把自己关在屋里学英语。
　☞ He always shuts himself in the room to learn English on Sundays.
　☞ 医生要把我关一个星期。
　☞ The doctor will keep me in for a week.
　☞ 别把孩子整天关在屋里。
　☞ Don't keep the children inside all day.
　☞ 他昨天一天都关在书房里。
　☞ He was cooped up in his study all day yesterday.
4．turn off, switch off，指水电等设备的关闭。
　☞ 请把收音机关了。
　☞ Please turn off the radio.
　☞ 我忘记关水了。
　☞ I forgot to turn off the water.
　☞ 要我把灯关了吗？
　☞ Shall I switch off the light?
　☞ 请把机器关了。
　☞ Switch the machine off, please.
5．barrier，指障碍。
　☞ 大考是个必须过的关。
　☞ The final examination is a barrier to be passed.
　☞ 贫穷和无知可能是人类进步的两个大关。
　☞ Poverty and ignorance may both be barriers to human progress.
6．difficulty，指困难。
　☞ 只要突破这一关就好办了。
　☞ Once we have got over this difficulty, it will be plain sailing.
　☞ 这个关得过。
　☞ This difficulty has to be overcome.
7．concern，指关系。
　☞ 这关你什么事？
　☞ Does it concern you?
　☞ 这不关他的事。
　☞ That doesn't concern him.
8．pass，指关隘。
　☞ 一夫当关，万夫莫开。
　☞ If one man guards the pass, ten thousand are unable to get through.
　☞ 西出阳关无故人。
　☞ West of Yang pass, no more friends will be seen.
9．locked up, put behind bars，指囚禁。
　☞ 难道他被关在监狱里？
　☞ Can he be locked up in the prison?
　☞ 他违反了保密法被关在监狱里。
　☞ He was put behind bars for breaking Secrets Act.
关于 关于
1．about，所指的“关于”，后接非正式的、随便提到或听到的情况。
　☞ 他跟校长谈过两次，都是关于他孩子的。
　☞ He had two talks with the headmaster both about his boy.
　☞ 关于你写书有了进展的消息，我已在报上读到了。
　☞ I've read the news about progress of your book in the newspaper.
　☞ 关于你的情况，她曾对我说起过一次。
　☞ She spoke once to me about you.
　☞ 关于这3本书，王教授没有提供任何情况。
　☞ Professor Wang supplied no information about the three books.
　☞ 关于彭德怀元帅的业绩一直在民间广为流传。
　☞ Stories about Marshal Peng De-huai's exploits have been spreading far and wide among the people.
2．on，所指的“关于”，后接正式场合下经过准备的情况。
　《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》是毛主席在最高国务舍议上的一次讲话。
　☞ On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People is a speech made by Chairman Mao at the Supreme State Conference.
　☞ 他的第一部著作是关于《红楼梦》研究的书。
　☞ His first work was a book on studies of A Dream of Red Mansions.
　☞ 我们班听了一堂关于文字改革的课。
　☞ Our class heard a lecture on reform of writing system.
3．concerning，有时可以代替about和on，一般用在正式语体中。
　☞ 有一次，关于公理与强权的问题他们发生了争论。
　☞ They once disputed concerning (about) right and might.
　☞ 关于中国土地革命战争问题，这部书都谈到了。
　☞ This book deals with questions concerning (on) China's Agrarian Revolutionary War.
　☞ 关于如何发展生产，他提了一个很好的建议。
　☞ He offered a very good proposal concerning how to develop production.
　☞ 关于保护森林的规定经讨论后一致通过。
　☞ The regulations concerning the protection of forests were passed unanimously through discussion.
　☞ 关于委员会的工作，领导同志都表示十分满意。
　☞ The leading comrades expressed great satisfaction concerning the work of the commission.
4．as to，其意与about相同，但只能用作状语，而且其后可接名词、短语或从句。
　☞ 关于他们的意图已毫无疑问。
　☞ There has been not the slightest doubt as to their intention.
　☞ 关于工作条件，他什么也没说。
　☞ He said nothing as to the working conditions.
　☞ 关于做什么的问题，她征求了我的意见。
　☞ She asked my advice as to what to do.
　☞ 关于如何处理这批人，我没有了主见。
　☞ I had no idea at all as to how to deal with these people.
　☞ 关于国内发生的情况，我们有内部资料。
　☞ We have inside information as to what is going on in the country.
　☞ 关于情况会改进到什么程度，我倒想听听你的意见。
　☞ I should like to have your advice as to what extent things are to improve.
5．regarding, as regards, in (with) regard to，用法基本上与about相同，但为正式文体。
　☞ 关于这桩公案，他一无所知。
　☞ He knew nothing regarding (about) this much discussed issue.
　☞ 关于手术费用，你不必担心。
　☞ You needn't worry as regards (about) the cost of operation.
　☞ 关于计划供水，市政当局发出过严格的指令。
　☞ The municipal council gave the strict instruction regarding the planned water supply.
　☞ 关于这件事，你最好见见我们经理。
　☞ As regards this matter you had better see our manager.
　☞ 关于修改联合公报初稿的具体建议需要得到双方的同意。
　☞ The specific proposals in regard to the rewording of the draft joint communiqu6 are subject to the approval of the both parties.
　☞ 关于你要求退还多收税款一事，我们已转至总公司处理。
　☞ With regard to your request for the refund of the excess on tax, we have referred the matter to our own main office.
6．respecting, in (with) respect to，同上，均属正式文体。
　☞ 关于你的工资，我们以后再定。
　☞ Respecting your salary we shall come to a decision later.
　☞ 关于你来访一事，我们希望你能于9月前到达。
　☞ In respect to your visit we hope you can come before September.
　☞ 关于总统对此事的看法，尚未见诸报端。
　☞ With respect to the President's view on the matter nothing has yet been published in the press.
7．referring to, in (with) reference to，同属正式文体，可与上两节中的各词换用。
　☞ 关于反对党提出的批评，他在声明中避而不答。
　☞ Referring to the remarks made by the Opposition his statement avoided making a reply.
　☞ 关于这一问题，我们已做了尽可能的质询。
　☞ We have made all possible inquiries in reference to this question.
　☞ 关于校刊编辑一事，校长已向我们提了几项极有价值的建议。
　☞ With reference to editing a school journal, the headmaster has given us several valuable suggestions.
8．in connection with，指与之有关的，亦属正式文体。
　☞ 关于这次会晤的准备工作，我们同法国外长有过一次非正式的会议。
　☞ We had an informal talk with the foreign minister of France in connection with the preparations for this meeting.
　☞ 关于10月5日的建议，我愉快地通知阁下，本公司准备与贵公司互相合作。
　☞ In connection with your offer of October Sth, I am pleased to tell you that our firm is ready to cooperate each other with your company.
关心 关心
1．be concerned about (with, for)，concern oneself with (about), show (display, express) concern for，侧重政治上、思想上的关心。
　☞ 共产党员关心他人应该比关心自己为重。
　☞ A communist should be more concerned about others than about himself.
　☞ 我们党十分关心年轻一代的成长。
　☞ Our Party is much concerned about the growth of the younger generation.
　☞ 她对妇女的健康问题非常关心。
　☞ She is much concerned about women's health problem.
　☞ 我们关心的只是群众的利益。
　☞ It is only the interests of the masses with which we are concerned.
　☞ 邓小平生前十分关心科学技术的发展。
　☞ Deng Xiaoping had been much concerned for the development of science and technology before his death.
　☞ 我们当时都非常关心他的安全。
　☞ We were much concerned for his safety.
　☞ 我们应当关心国家大事。
　☞ We must concern ourselves with state affairs.
　☞ 他不关心这样的小事。
　☞ He doesn't concern himself about such trifles.
　☞ 我们的干部应当关心每个战士。
　☞ Our officers must show concern for every soldier.
　☞ 中央政府对我国工业的发展十分关心。
　☞ The central government displays great concern for the development of our industry.
　☞ 总理对地震灾民深表关心。
　☞ The prime minister expressed his deep concern for the victims of the earthquake.
2．care for (about), take care for，侧重在具体、细致的关心。
　☞ 一切革命队伍的人都要互相关心。
　☞ All people in the revolutionary ranks must care for (about) each other.
　☞ 读书、学习成了他在监狱中惟一关心的事情。
　☞ Reading and learning became the only thing that he cared about in prison.
　☞ 她只关心她自己。
　☞ She cares only for (about) herself.
　☞ 她对幼儿园里的每个孩子都很关心。
　☞ She takes good care of every child in the kindergarten.
　☞ 出门在外，一切都得自己关心。
　☞ Being far away from home, you have to take good care of everything.
3．have sth. at heart，侧重在放在心上。
　☞ 我要你戒烟是关心你的身体。
　☞ When I ask you to give up smoking I have your health at heart.
　☞ 共产党员总是关心大多数人的利益。
　☞ Communists always have the interests of the vast majority of the people at heart.
4．think of, have a thought for，侧重在经常想到，而thoughtful侧重于生来会关心。
　☞ 你有一颗多么善良的心呀，总是关心别人。
　☞ What a good heart you have! You are always thinking of others.
　☞ 做个好孩子，要关心你妈妈。
　☞ Be a good boy and think of your Mama.
　☞ 不管他有多忙，他总是关心我、教育我。
　☞ No matter how busy he was, he always had a thought for me and taught me.
　☞ 他总是关心青年的成长。
　☞ He always has a thought for the growth of the youth.
　☞ 给了我这么一个美好的假期，你臭好，真关心人。
　☞ It is very kind and thoughtful of you to offer me this lovely holiday.
　☞ 她非常关心她母亲。
　☞ She is very thoughtful for her mother.
5．be interested in, interest sb. in，侧重在使人发生兴趣因而关心。
　☞ 领导同志应关心群众的生活福利。
　☞ Leading comrades should be interested in the well-being and livelihood of the masses.
　☞ 我们更关心的是防止犯罪，而不是惩办罪犯。
　☞ We are more interested in the prevention of crime than in the punishment of criminals.
　☞ 我们想尽办法来使学生关心时事。
　☞ We tried every possible way to interest the students in current events.
　☞ 如果你能关心别人，就不会感到那么孤单了。
　☞ If you could interest yourself in other people, you wouldn't feel so lonely.
6．pay attention to，侧重在注意关心。
　☞ 各级领导都应关心精神文明。
　☞ Leading cadres at all levels should pay attention to cultural and ideological progress.
　☞ 他不再关心计划的细节。
　☞ He no longer paid any attention to the details of the plan.
　☞ 现在学生都不太关心国家大事。
　☞ Nowadays students pay little attention to state affairs.
7．indifferent to, callous to，侧重在漠不关心。
　☞ 一个记者能不关心国家大事吗？
　☞ Can a journalist remain indifferent to affairs of state?
　☞ 作为一个作家，我对评论的好坏概不关心。
　☞ As a writer I'm indifferent to comments, good or bad.
　☞ 我们反对不关心群众疾苦的官僚主义。
　☞ We oppose bureaucracy which is callous to the wellbeing of the masses.
　☞ 他对父母的痛苦毫不关心，是不能原谅的。
　☞ He is unpardonably callous to the sufferings of his parents.
关怀 关怀
1．concern，指关心。
　☞ 这次考试在老师的关怀下，我取得了良好的成绩。
　☞ Thanks to my teacher's concern I got a good result in the exam.
　☞ 不会再有无私的关怀，得出这样的结论是错误的。
　☞ It would be a mistake to conclude that unselfish concern no longer existed.
2．care，指关怀。
　☞ 新中国的儿童受到无微不至的关怀。
　☞ The children have the best of care in new China.
　☞ 国家主席视察了地震灾区并对灾民表示了亲切的关怀。
　☞ The Chinese president inspected the earthquake stricken area and showed his loving care for the victims.
3．pay attention to，指关注。
　☞ 党和国家非常关怀青少年的健康成长。
　☞ The Party and the state pay great attention to the healthy growth of children.
　☞ 国家领导人首先关怀国计民生。
　☞ First of all state leaders must pay attention to the nation's economy and the people's livelihood.
4．show solicitude for，指关切。
　☞ 海外侨胞对地震灾民关怀备至。
　☞ The overseas compatriots showed the utmost solicitude for the earthquake victims.
　☞ 医生和护士对病人表现出最热情的关怀。
　☞ The doctors and nurses showed the warmest solicitude for the sick.
关注 关注
1．attention，指关心和注意。
　☞ 我们对该地区的局势十分关注。
　☞ We're paying a good deal of attention to what's going on in that area.
　☞ 报上的这一报道引起了很大的关注。
　☞ The report attracted much attention in the newspaper.
　☞ 希望你对此给予关注。
　☞ I hope you give attention to this problem.
2．concern，指不安的关注。
　☞ 物价问题引起了大家的关注。
　☞ The question of prices aroused general concern.
　☞ 政府对局势的发展表示了极大的关注。
　☞ The government showed the greatest concern over the development of the situation.
　☞ 多蒙关注。
　☞ Thanks for so much concern.
3．follow with interest，指带有兴趣的注视。
　☞ 海外赤子都异常关注祖国的现代化建设。
　☞ Overseas Chinese follow the modernization of their motherland with great interest.
　☞ 国际社会都在十分关注中国1997年后对香港的政策。
　☞ The international community is following China's policy towards Hong Kong after 1997 with great interest.
关照 关照
1．look after，指照顾。
　☞ 我走后，这里的工作就靠你多关照了。
　☞ When I'm gone, you'll have to look after the work here.
　☞ 我儿子在那儿做事，请你多关照。
　☞ My son is working there, please look after him a bit.
2．take care，指照应。
　☞ 火车上的乘务员对旅客都关照得很好。
　☞ The attendants on the train took good care of the passengers.
　☞ 你放心，我会好好关照的。
　☞ You can rest assured that I shall take good care.
3．take trouble，指费心。
　☞ 你真好，对我那么关照。
　☞ It's very kind of you to take so much trouble with you.
　☞ 谢谢你的关照。
　☞ Thank you for the trouble you've taken on my behalf.
4．tell, let sb. know, order，指口头通知。
　☞ 关照他一声，我出去了。
　☞ Tell him I'm out.
　☞ 你走的时候请关照一声。
　☞ Please let me know when you're ready to go.
　☞ 医生再三关照不许再抽烟。
　☞ The doctor ordered again and again to stop smoking.
关系 关系
1．relation，指肯定明确的关系，relationship，指抽象的关系，可分以下几方面。
1) 表示人与人之间的关系。
　☞ 军民关系犹如鱼与水那样密切。
　☞ The relation between the army and the people is as close as fish to water.
　☞ 现在，同世界人民更加密切的关系已经建立起来。
　☞ Now a closer relationship with the people of the world has been established.
2) 表示事物间的关系。
　☞ 事实上，这里存在着因果关系。
　☞ In fact here exists a relation between cause and effect.
　☞ 难道我们不能进一步说明气候与农作物的关系吗？
　☞ Can't we further illustrate the relation between weather and crops?
3) 表示两性关系。
　☞ 他因为和另一个女人有两性关系而受到指控。
　☞ He was charged with having sexual relations with another woman.
　☞ 他承认他与苏珊的恋爱不可能发展成永久性关系。
　☞ He admitted his courtship with Susan could never develop into a lasting relationship.
4) 表示亲属关系时只用relationship，而relation则指亲属。
　☞ 你跟他什么关系？
　☞ What is his relationship to you?
　☞ 突然来了一位陌生人，宣称他与死者有血缘关系。
　☞ Suddenly came a stranger, claiming blood relationship with the deceased.
　☞ 他是我的一位亲戚。
　☞ He is a relation of mine.
2．connection，表示人与人之间的社会关系。
　☞ 由于薛将军的关系，她父亲被提升为当地警察局的副局长。
　☞ Her father was promoted to deputy chief of the local police because of his connection to General Xue.
　☞ 他在外交部有关系。
　☞ He has connections in the Foreign Ministry.
　 ■ connection还可表示其他关系。
　☞ 吸烟和一些疾病有某种关系。
　☞ There is a certain connection between cigarette smoking and some diseases.
　☞ 她要和你终止一切关系。
　☞ She wants to finish any connection with you.
3．affair，表示不正当的男女关系。
　☞ 谣传他跟她有不正当的男女关系。
　☞ It is rumored that he is having an affair with her.
　☞ 两位影星间的不正当关系引起了一场丑闻。
　☞ The affair between the two film stars caused a scandal.
4．credential，表示组织关系。
　☞ 你的组织关系带来了吗？
　☞ Have you brought your membership credentials with you?
　☞ 党员调动工作时要转组织关系。
　☞ When a Party member is transferred to another place of work his Party credentials are sent there.
5．of... consequence，常与great，little，no等连用，表示引起的后果是否严重。
　☞ 此事对我们大家关系重大。
　☞ This matter is of great consequence to all of us.
　☞ 一时的疏忽没有关系。
　☞ A casual slip is of no consequence.
6．matter，常用于否定句和疑问句，表示问题不大。
　☞ 只要你尽了力，至于人们怎么看那没有关系。
　☞ It doesn't matter what people think of you, if you do your best.
　☞ 你去不去对我没关系。
　☞ It doesn't matter to me whether you go or not.
　☞ 所有这些事现在都没有关系了。
　☞ All these things do not matter now.
　☞ 这对你有什么关系？
　☞ What can it matter to you?
　☞ 那事真的有关系吗？
　☞ Does that really matter?
　 ■ 不过，在定语从句中也有用肯定句的。如：
　☞ 文章探讨了真正有关系的人与事。
　☞ The essay deals with persons and things that really matter.
7．determine，表示某种关系取决于另一件事。
　☞ 错误多少关系到你考试的分数。
　☞ The number of mistakes determines the mark you receive in the examination.
　☞ 这着棋很关键，关系全局的胜负。
　☞ This is a decisive move which will determine the outcome of the game.
8．make… difference，常与no, little, much等连用，表示分不出多少区别。
　☞ 你晚一点来没有关系。
　☞ It makes no difference if you come late.
　☞ 你上午去还是下午去关系不大。
　☞ It won't make much difference whether you go in the morning or in the afternoon.
9．play an important part, be of importance，表示所起的重要作用或所具有的重要关系。
　☞ 交通运输关系到工农业的生产。
　☞ Transport and communications play a very important part in industrial and agricultural production.
　☞ 这类罢工对工会运动的发展关系极大。
　☞ Such strikes have played an important part in the development of the trade union movement.
　☞ 农业极大地关系到国计民生。
　☞ Agriculture is of vital importance to the nation's economy and the people's livelihood.
10．bear on, have a bearing on，表示产生或具有的影响。
　☞ 这一消息关系到我们当前面临的问题。
　☞ This news bore on the problem facing us.
　☞ 你说的情况与本案有什么关系？
　☞ How does your story bear on this case?
　☞ 1996年的工作与今后5年的形势关系极大。
　☞ The work in 1996 has a vital bearing on the situation of the subsequent 5 years.
11．concern，表示牵涉到。
　☞ 这是关系到3,000万人民的大问题。
　☞ This is a big problem which concerns 30 million people.
　☞ 这件事关系到我们大家。
　☞ The matter concerns all of us.
12．have something to do with，指与某事有牵连。
　☞ 该地区适合种棉花，这可能与天气有关系。
　☞ That area is suitable for growing cotton, it must have something to do with the weather.
　☞ 我认为他与计划爆炸那家工厂有关系。
　☞ I think he has something to do with a plan to blow up the factory.
13．“关系“与“由于”，“因为”等连用，表示各种原因或条件。这时的译法较为灵活。如：
　☞ 由于时间关系，就谈到这里吧。
　☞ Since time is limited, I'll have to stop here.
　☞ 由于健康关系，我就不送你了。
　☞ I'm not going to see you off on grounds of ill health.
　☞ 因为业务关系，我见过他一面。
　☞ As business demanded, I met him once.
　☞ 因为年龄关系，他没有到达山顶。
　☞ Because of his advanced age he failed to reach the mountain top.
14．“没关系”的其他译法。
　☞ 如果他有事，我在这里多等一会儿没关系。
　☞ If he's busy, I don't mind waiting here a while longer.
　“对不起，挡你道了。”“没关系。”
　 "Excuse me for getting in the way." "That's all right."
关节 关节
1．joint，指骨头之间的关节。
　☞ 人老了，关节也硬化了。
　☞ When a man is getting old his joints become stiff.
　☞ 他跌跤时一个膝关节脱臼了。
　☞ He dislocated one of his knee joints in fall.
2．link，指环节。
　☞ 应该注意那些涉及全局的重要关节。
　☞ Attention should be centered on the links that have a bearing on the situation as a whole.
　☞ 我们应当认真研究并找出与过去有关的关节。
　☞ We should make a serious study and try to find the links with the past.
3．key man, key authorities，指关键性的人物或单位。
　☞ 现在不打通关节，什么事也干不成。
　☞ We couldn't do anything nowadays, without giving preference to key authorities.
　☞ 他暗通关节，才得以获得那个职位。
　☞ He got the post by making a secret deal with the key man.
4．crucial point，指有决定意义的关键点。
　☞ 黛玉因识得宝钗后方吐真情，宝钗亦因识得黛玉后方肯戏她，此是大关节大章法，非细心看不出。
　☞ Daiyu begins to reveal her real feelings only because she has now come to know Baochai, and Baochai too begins to show willingness to tease Daiyu only after having come to know her. This is a crucial point and very good writing. Unless we are careful, we won't notice this.
关键 关键
1．key，指事关要害的关键。
　☞ 相互理解是世界和平的关键。
　☞ Mutual understanding is the key to the world peace.
　☞ 个性是演员成功的关键。
　☞ Personality is the key to an actor's success.
　☞ 他是个关键人物。
　☞ He is a key man.
2．hinge，指事物运行的关键。
　☞ 我们赢得最后胜利的关键即在于此。
　☞ Here was the hinge on which our ultimate victory turned.
　☞ 辩论的关键就在这一点。
　☞ The argument hinges on this point.
3．crux，指解决的关键。
　☞ 问题的关键是植物怎样才能在混合液中生长良好。
　☞ The crux of the question is how the plant grows well in the mixture.
　☞ 中东局势的关键取决于美国的态度。
　☞ The crux of the situation in the Middle East is on the position of the United States.
4．critical，指带有转折性的关键。
　☞ 援军在关键时刻到达。
　☞ The reinforcements arrived at the critical moment.
　☞ 温度可能高达7000C，于是表面氧化成了关键。
　☞ Temperature may reach 7000C and therefore surface oxidation becomes critical.
5．decisive, crucial，指带有决定性的关键。
　☞ 这一着很关键，关系全局的胜负。
　☞ This is a decisive move which will determine the outcome of the game.
　☞ 我们以一比零赢得这场球赛，关键的一球是小郭踢进的。
　☞ We won the match by one goal to nil, the decisive goal being scored by Guo.
　☞ 这关键性的决定尚未做出。
　☞ The crucial decision has not yet been made.
　☞ 1997年是我国政治生活关键的一年。
　☞ The year 1997 was the crucial year of China's political life.
6．count，指可以算数的关键。
　☞ 关键在于要有决心和行动。
　☞ What counts is determination and action.
　☞ 关键不在于你读多少书，而在于你读什么。
　☞ It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
兴 兴
1．go in for，指群众性地兴起。
　☞ 生活改善以后，人们都兴物质享受。
　☞ People go in for material comfort after the livelihood is improved.
　☞ 我们这里不兴这一套。
　☞ We don't go in for that sort of things here.
2．come into fashion，指兴起某种流行的式样。
　☞ 现在又兴超短裙了。
　☞ Miniskirts are coming into fashion again.
　☞ 现在年轻人当中兴剃光头。
　☞ Having their heads shaved has come into fashion among the young people.
3．prevail，指由于盛行某种做法而兴起。
　☞ 整个地区还兴这些陈规陋习吗？
　☞ Do these outdated conventions and bad customs prevail over the whole area?
　☞ 有些少数民族的部落里还兴封建迷信。
　☞ Feudal superstition still prevails among some tribes of the national minorities.
4．prosper，指由于兴旺发达而兴起。
　☞ 家和万事兴。
　☞ If there is peace in the home everything will prosper.
　☞ 只有立业才能兴家。
　☞ Only by starting your career can you make your family prosper.
5．popular, 指由于受人欢迎而兴起。
　☞ 现在男人兴留胡子。
　☞ Nowadays beards are popular among men.
　☞ 有钱人正兴玩高尔夫球。
　☞ Golfing is becoming popular among the rich.
6．promote, 指由于某种措施的促进而兴起。
　☞ 文艺界人士在会上纷纷捐资兴学。
　☞ At the meeting people of literary and art circles made donations for promoting schooling one after another.
　☞ 改革兴利除弊，促进了工农业生产的大发展。
　☞ Promoting what is beneficial and abolishing what is harmful, the reform has brought about a great advance in industrial and agricultural production.
7．encourage，指由于某种措施的鼓励而兴起。
　☞ 我们应当大兴调查研究之风。
　☞ We should energetically encourage the practice of investigation and study.
　☞ 粮食高价可以兴农。
　☞ High prices for grain can encourage farming.
8．raise, 指经过扰动后兴起。
　☞ 你兴妖作怪，意欲何为？
　☞ What do you attempt to do by raising the devil?
　☞ 我们不能容忍任何人兴风作浪，制造麻烦。
　☞ We cannot tolerate anyone to make trouble by raising winds and waves.
9．rise, 指兴衰的兴。
　☞ 国家兴亡，匹夫有责。
　☞ The rise and fall of the nation is the concern of every citizen.
　☞ 朝代的兴替是自然规律，不以人的意志为转移。
　☞ The rise and fall of a dynasty is the law of nature, independent of man's will.
10．“兴”的其他泽法。
　☞ 怀王怒，兴师伐秦。
　☞ The King of Haul raged and sent a punitive expedition against the State of Qin.
　☞ 战后，百废待兴。
　☞ All neglected tasks are to be undertaken after the war.
　☞ 清风徐来，水波不兴。
　☞ Fresh breezes come in slowly and there is not a ripple on the water.
　☞ 这点小事用不着兴师动众的。
　☞ It's only a small matter. You needn't make a fuss about it and draw in a lot of people.
　☞ 他还一动不动地站在那里，望洋兴叹。
　☞ He stood still there, gazing at the ocean and complaining of its infinite.
　☞ 不兴胡说！
　☞ None of your nonsense!
　☞ 明天他兴（许）来，也兴（许）不来。
　☞ He may or may not come tomorrow.
兴旺 兴旺
1．prosper，指在发展中繁荣起来。
　☞ 美国的农业发达兴旺，是世界上效率最高的。
　☞ American agriculture has developed and prospered and is the most efficient in the world.
　☞ 他告诉我改革后的国营企业也开始兴旺发达起来。
　☞ He tells me that the businesses run by the state are beginning to prosper after the reform.
2．flourish，指在某项工作或事业中发展壮大；
　☞ 他的银行兴旺着呢，今年又开了3家分行。
　☞ His bank is flourishing. He has opened three more branches this year.
　☞ 老太太有福气，家里人丁兴旺。
　☞ The old lady is fortunate in having a family with flourishing population.
3．thrive, 指买卖兴隆或人畜兴旺。
　☞ 期货市场要兴旺需要一个稳定的金融环境。
　☞ A stable financial environment is needed if futures markets are to thrive.
　☞ 托您的福，有了您的帮助，现在家里六畜兴旺。
　☞ Thank you for your help. Now the domestic animals in my house are all thriving.
4．grow，指增长。
　☞ 我们的队伍一定会兴旺起来。
　☞ Our ranks will certainly grow.
　☞ 我国的科学技术一定会兴旺发达起来。
　☞ China's science and technology will surely grow and flourish.
5．heyday，指全盛时期。
　☞ 青年人朝气蓬勃，正在兴旺时期。
　☞ Young people, full of vitality, are in the heyday of life.
其 其
1．用作第三人称的物主代词单复数，泛指：他（她、它）的，他（她、它）们的。
　☞ 翁植其杖而去。
　☞ The old man planted his staff and went away.(其为 his)
　☞ 鸟之将死，其鸣也哀。
　☞ When a bird is dying, its cry is pitiful.(其为its)
　☞ 吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。
　☞ I looked therefore at the traces of their wheels, and found them all-confused; I looked after their flags, and they were drooping; then I gave the order to pursue them.(其为their)
2．用作第三人称的人称代词的单复数：他（她、它），他（她、它）们。
　☞ 众皆劝其戒烟。
　☞ Everybody advised him (her) to give up smoking.
　(其为him或her)
　☞ 才难，不其然乎。
　☞ Talent is rare to come by, isn't it so indeed?(其为 it)
　☞ 其奈我何？
　☞ What can they do to me?(其为they)
3．用作指示代词，不定代词或反身代词。
　☞ 报告上说查无其事。
　☞ The report says the investigation shows that nothing of this sort has happened.(其为this)
　☞ 其何以堪？
　☞ Can one stand that?(其为that)
　☞ 他们之中不乏其人。
　☞ Such people are not rare among them.(其为such)
　☞ 子其勉之。
　☞ Exert yourself to the utmost.(其为yourself)
其中 其中
1．among，指处于多数的人或物之中。
　☞ 720多个工人遭到解雇，我父亲就在其中。
　☞ More than twenty workers were discharged, my father was among them.
　☞ 中国有许多风景优美的城市，其中苏杭两地是最美的。
　☞ In China there are many cities with beautiful scenery and among them Suzhou and Hangzhou are the most beautiful.
2．behind，指幕后或背后，常与it连用。
　☞ 不难看出其中的奥妙。
　☞ It's not difficult to see what's behind it.
　☞ 其中必有问题。
　☞ There must be something behind it.
3．of，常与数字搭配，指出是处于某个数字之中。
　☞ 我们车间有500人，其中妇女占60%。
　☞ There are five hundred workers in our shop, and 60 percent of them are women.
　☞ 我们班有20个学生，其中一半来自华东。
　☞ We have twenty students in our class, half of whom come from the eastern part of China.
　☞ 这是其中的一个错误。
　☞ This is one of the mistakes.
4．in，常与表示动作的名词或动名词搭配，表示某一行动时其中还有某种东西。
　☞ 破字当头，立也就在其中了。
　☞ Put destruction first, and in the process you have construction。
　☞ 读！读！读！乐也就在其中了。
　☞ In reading, reading and reading, joy is to be found.
5．“其中”的其他译法。
　☞ 其中定有奥妙。
　☞ There must be more to it than meets the eye.
其他 其他
1．others，作“其他”解时可指人也可指物，但一般只用复数。用单数时应译作“另一个”。如：One of my brothers is named Li Qing, the other named Li Ming.（我的一个兄弟叫李清，另一个叫李明）。因此other代表的都是可数名词。
　☞ 你在这里，可其他的人呢？
　☞ You're here. But where are the others?
　☞ 我们6点到家，其他的人大概8点才到。
　☞ We got home by 6 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until about by 8 o'clock.
　☞ 请给我看看其他的好吗？
　☞ Will you please show me some others?
　☞ 她只想别人的好处。
　☞ She only thinks of others' good.
　 ■ other可以和than (but)结合，表示“除…之外还有其他…”。（用but是美国英语）
　☞ 你只好坐这把椅子了，除此之外别无其他。
　☞ You have to use this chair, there is no other than (but) this.
　☞ 除你以外还有其他人会来吗？
　☞ Is anyone other than (but) you coming?
　 ■ other除了作代词外还可用作形容词，修饰复数名词。
　☞ 还有其他的方法可解这个题。
　☞ There are other ways of solving the problem.
　☞ 他发现大厅里除了他之外已有许多其他的客人。
　☞ He found there were many other guests in the hall besides himself.
2．else，指其他地点、其他人物，常与nobody，no one, anybody, somebody, who, what, where, somewhere, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, much等词连用。
　☞ 没有其他人像你这样了解我。
　☞ Nobody else understands me as well as you do.
　☞ 其他还有谁订了牛奶？
　☞ Who else ordered milk?
　☞ 那老头要不是在愚弄其他别的什么人，那他就是在愚弄自己。
　☞ The old man was fooling himself, if he wasn't fooling anybody else.
　☞ 这纯属家事，与其他人无关。
　☞ It was a purely family matter, and concerned no one else.
　☞ 你得借其他人的汽车，我的车要用。
　☞ You'll have to borrow somebody else's car. I'm using mine.
　☞ 你还要喝点其他的吗？
　☞ Would you like anything else to drink?
　☞ 咱们来试试其他别的。
　☞ Let's try something else.
　☞ 他除了回去，没有其他事可做。
　☞ He had nothing else to do except to return.
　☞ 其他所有的事都取决于那事了。
　☞ Everything else depends on that.
　☞ 这里太挤，咱们去其他地方吧。
　☞ It's too crowded here. Let's go somewhere else.
　☞ 除了昆明你还去过其他地方吗？
　☞ Where else did you go besides Kunming?
　 ■ 此外，else还可与little，much等连用。
　☞ 关于他的生平，其他的就知道很少了。
　☞ Little else is known of his life.
　☞ 现在除了请医生，也没有其他太多的办法了。
　☞ There isn't much else to do except sending for the doctor.
其余 其余
1．other，指句中或上文中提到的人或物的剩余部分。它所代表的都是可数名词，而且一般都用复数。
　☞ 为“其余”的余在汉语里是个复数概念。
　☞ 我们要等到其余的人回来。
　☞ We shall wait until the others come back.
　☞ 8本书是你的，其余的都是我的。
　☞ Eight of the books are yours, the others are mine.
　 ■ other还可用作定语，一般修饰复数名词。
　☞ 其余的练习本都在家里。
　☞ The other exercise-books are at home.
　☞ 其余的苹果都贮藏在地窖里。
　☞ The other apples were in storage in the cellar.
2．rest，也指人或物的剩余部分，但与other不同的是rest之后可接可数名词也可接不可数名词。
　☞ rest之前一般都有定冠词the。在rest做主语时谓语动词的单复数取决于rest所指的内容。一般说来，如把rest看作整体，谓语动词用单数；如看作一个个的个休，则应用复数。此外，rest不用作定语，除了上述区别之外rest可以与others换用。
　☞ 那些是我的，其余的是你的。
　☞ Those are mine, the rest (others) are yours.
　☞ 把好苹果挑出来，其余的扔掉。
　☞ Pick out the good apples and throw away the rest (others).
　 ■ 但在下列情况下不可换用。
1) rest之后接不可数名词时：
　☞ 我们怎么来打发其余的时间？
　☞ How shall we while away the rest of time?
　☞ 把其余的奶油拿走。
　☞ Take away the rest of butter.
2) rest被看成是一个整体时：
　☞ 其余的无需再说。
　☞ The rest needs no telling.
　☞ 我已读了这本英语小说的大部分。其余部分则比较难。
　☞ I've read a large part of the novel in English, the rest is more difficult.
3．remainder, 与rest同义，一般可与rest互换，但不如rest普通。
　☞ 家里其余的人和我一起表达了我们的谢意。
　☞ The remainder (rest) of the family join me in expressing our gratitude.
　☞ 铃响过了，20个学生进了教室，其余的还在外面。
　☞ The bell has rung. Twenty pupils came into the classroom and the remainder (rest) stayed outside.
其实 其实
1．in fact，表示事实上是这样，有进一步说明、修正或补充上文的意思。
　☞ 他英语写得很漂亮，大家都以为他已学了英语多年，其实他只学了几个月的英语。
　☞ He writes English so well that we all think he has learned English for years, but in fact he has only learned for a few months.
　☞ 其实他变得一天比一天保守。
　☞ In fact he became more and more conservative daily.
　 ■ in fact除了进行补充、修正之外，还可用于强调。
　☞ 他没放在心上，其实他是蛮高兴的。
　☞ He doesn't mind. In fact, he is very pleased.
　☞ 我认为是这样，其实肯定是这样。
　☞ I think so. In fact, I'm pretty sure.
2．as a matter of fact，意思与in fact相同，也可用来修正、补充上文所说的，可以互换，但语气比in fact重。
　☞ 你们只知道她会说英语，其实她的日语也挺好。
　☞ You only know that she speaks English. As a matter of fact, her Japanese is pretty good, too.
　☞ 他们都叫穷，其实他们是财源滚滚。
　☞ They all claimed to be poor, when as a matter of fact their wealth is rolling in.
　☞ 你直接飞上海，其实我也是。
　☞ You fly straight to Shanghai. As a matter of fact, so do I.
3．actually，表示真实存在，不用于抽象事物，故语气比in fact，as a matter of fact都重。
　☞ 长江，别人都说很大，其实大并不可怕。
　☞ People say that the Yangtze is a big river, actually, bigness is nothing to be afraid of.
　☞ 他看起来蛮老实，其实是最不老实。
　☞ He looks honest, but actually he's a rogue.
　☞ 你说的挺有意思，其窦我倒不认为事情有那么严重。
　☞ What you have said is quite interesting. Actually, I don't think it is so serious.
4．as it is，意思大致等同as a matter of fact, 不 过常用在虚拟语气之后。表示虚拟和真实的前后对比。
　☞ 我们本来希望情况会有所好转，其实是更糟了。
　☞ We hoped things would go better, but as it is they are getting worse.
　☞ 如果我是个大学毕业生，我就出国，其实我出不去。
　☞ If I were a college graduate, I would go abroad. As it is, I can't go.
　 ■ as it is用于陈述句，这种对比不变。
　☞ 他一直装穷，其实他很富裕。
　☞ He has pretended to be poor, but as it is he is quite well-off.
　☞ 他们高喊团结，其实他们没有团结的意识。
　☞ They shouted unity loudly. As it was they had no sense of it.
　 ■ 应注意的是as it is一般都放在句首，如放在句尾则意思完全不同。如：I take the world as it is.（我认为世界就是这个样子）。
5．利用动词进行时态，也可作补充说明或逻辑解释，故而也具有“其实”的意思。
　☞ 你这样爱你的儿子，其实是害了他。
　☞ You love your son so much that you are doing him harm.
　☞ 她没说话，其实是说了很多。
　☞ She was silent. She was saying a lot.
其次 其次
1．next，指次序上的其次。
　☞ 会上老王首先发言，其次是小李。
　☞ Wang spoke first at the meeting, and Xiaoli was the next.
　☞ 我们是双胞胎，我哥先来到这个世界，其次是我。
　☞ We are twins. My elder brother came first to this world and I came next.
　☞ 那是最好的，这是其次。
　☞ That is the best item and this is the next best.
2．then，指时间上或次序上的其次。
　☞ 咱们先看生产车间，其次再参观托儿所。
　☞ Let's see the workshop first and then the nursery.
　☞ 先思考，其次才是发言。
　☞ First think and then speak.
　☞ 老板身边站着老王，其次是小李，再其次才是小孙。
　☞ Standing beside the boss is Wang, then Xiaoli, then Xiaosun.
3．follow，指一个动作接着另一个动作的共次。
　☞ 妈先唱，其次才是我唱。
　☞ Mother sang first, followed by me.
　☞ 先是工人请愿，其次才是几个星期的动乱。
　☞ There was a petition first from the workers, followed by weeks of unrest.
4．secondary，指主次中的其次。
　☞ 首要的问题解决了，其次的问题就比较好办了。
　☞ The secondary problem will be taken care of easily now that the main problem has been solved.
　☞ 这个目的的重要性还在其次。
　☞ This purpose is of secondary importance.
5．second，指第二位的其次。
　☞ 首先，我问你昨天晚上你在哪里？其次，你跟谁待在一起？
　☞ First, let me ask you, where were you last night? Second, whom did you stay with?
　☞ 内容是主要的，形式还在其次。
　☞ Content comes first, form second.
具体 具体
1．concrete，与抽象abstract相对的具体。
　☞ 不要仓促下结论，具体情况要具体分析。
　☞ Don't jump to a conclusion. We'll make a concrete analysis of concrete conditions.
　☞ 他对发展的情况谈得十分具体。
　☞ He talked about the developing circumstances in very concrete terms.
2．specific，与一般general相对的具体。
　☞ 这本书对如何制作船模，指导得很具体。
　☞ The book gives very specific instructions on how to make ship models.
　☞ 你知道他到达的具体时间吗？
　☞ Do you know the specific time of his arrival?
3．practical，指与理论theoretical相对的具体。
　☞ 听起来倒是个好主意，不过还是有些具体困难。
　☞ It sounds a good idea, but there are some practical difficulties＋
　☞ 那么咱们就坐下来具体讨论一下。
　☞ Then let's sit down and have a practical discussion.
4．exact，指与大致rough相对的具体。
　☞ 很难说出他的具体年龄。
　☞ It was difficult to tell his exact age.
　☞ 具体日期未定。
　☞ No exact date has been set.
5．detail，指与概略情况sketch相对的具体细节。
　☞ 关于这次事故，我们明天会向委员会具体讲的。
　☞ We will give the committee details of the accident.
　☞ 具体方案尚有待制定。
　☞ Details of the plan have yet to be worked out.
6．epitomize，指具体化。
　☞ 他的政治观点在这篇报告中已具体化了。
　☞ His political views were epitomized in this report.
　☞ 这一化学作用可以具体化作公式如下。
　☞ This chemical reaction can be epitomized into the following formula.
具备 具备
1．possess，指拥有。
　☞ 你作为厂长应当具备组织生产的能力。
　☞ As director of a factory you should possess the ability to organize production.
　☞ 青年人必须具备建设祖国和保卫祖国的双重本领。
　☞ Young people must possess double skills in building and defending their motherland.
2．have，指具有。
　☞ 你具备周游世界的一切必需条件。
　☞ You have every requisite for travel round the world.
　☞ 我们当中只有你具备申请资格。
　☞ Only you among us have qualifications for application.
3．satisfy，指满足某种条件。
　☞ 申请贷款者应具备上述条件。
　☞ Those who ask for loans should satisfy the conditions listed above.
　☞ 你具备进入该校的入学条件吗？
　☞ Do you satisfy the entry requirements for that college?
4．qualify，指具备某种资格。
　☞ 他受到的训练使他具备做英语教师的资格。
　☞ His training qualifies him as a teacher of English.
　☞ 你得学习5年医学知识并考试合格才具备做医生的资格。
　☞ You have to study medicine for five years and pass exams to qualify as a doctor.
5．be provided with，指冥冥中有某种力量使之具备，故常用被动式。
　☞ 我们都应具备这样的艺术修养。
　☞ All of us must be provided with such artistic accomplishments.
　☞ 具备公民身份的人称之为公民。
　☞ He who is provided with citizenship is called a citizen.
养 养
1．raise，rear，grow，均指饲养。但在美语里raise用于人，而rear用于动植物；英语里rear用于人，raise或grow用于植物或低级动物。因此常有相互交叉、混淆现象。
　☞ 他说他一个月得用800元钱来养老婆和3个孩子。
　☞ He said that he had to raise a wife and three children on eight hundred yuan a month.
　☞ 每个母亲在养孩子时都是十分注意的。
　☞ Every mother is very careful in rearing her children.
　☞ 她喜欢养花。
　☞ She enjoys raising (growing) flowers.
　☞ 农民们在院子里养鸡，在地里种庄稼。
　☞ The peasants rear (raise) chicken on the courtyard and grow crops in the yields.
2．keep，也指饲养，但往往暗示作为一种行业的饲养。
　☞ 这里的农民都养牛。
　☞ The peasants here keep cows.
　☞ 养蝎子是赚钱的买卖。
　☞ Keeping scorpions is a profitable business.
　 ■ 但是如果不作为一个行业的饲养，则可与raise等词换用。
　☞ 他有1个妻子和3个孩子要养。
　☞ He has a wife and three children to keep (raise).
3．support，指维持一种生存状态。
　☞ 男人得养家。
　☞ A man has to support his family.
　☞ 有些机关人浮于事，养了不少闲人。
　☞ Some institutions have more staff than needed and support a number of idlers.
　☞ 有些国营企业一直由当地政府养着。
　☞ Some state-run enterprises have been supported by the local government.
4．maintain, 指用金钱来支持。
　☞ 这就叫“养兵千日，用兵一时”。
　☞ That is what we call "maintain an army for a thousand days to use it for an hour".
　☞ 为了养这条路，国家每年得花好多钱。
　☞ It must cost the state a great deal of money to maintain this road every year.
　 ■ 但如果指的是花钱来支持个人的生活，则可与support换用。
　☞ 她得按时往家里寄钱养家。
　☞ She has to send money home regularly to maintain (support) her family.
5．bring up，指养大，侧重童年时的教养。
　☞ 我从小没了爹娘，是姑妈把我养大的。
　☞ I lost my parents when I was a child, and was brought up by my aunt.
　☞ 我把他养大是要他成为好人。
　☞ I have brought him up to be a good man.
6．give birth to，指生养。
　☞ 她昨天晚上养了个女儿。
　☞ She gave birth to a daughter last night.
　☞ 我妹妹养了对双胞胎。
　☞ My sister gave birth to twins.
7．engage in，指从事养殖业。
　☞ 他们是来这里养蜂的。
　☞ They came here to engage in apiculture.
　☞ 这里的农民养蚕吗？
　☞ Are the peasants here engaged in sericulture?
8．“养”的其他译法。
　☞ 他在家养病。
　☞ He's recuperating at home.
　☞ 你这回病得不轻，应该好好养养。
　☞ You've been seriously ill and should take a good rest.
　☞ 是养母把姑娘养大，后来成了她的养女。
　☞ It was her foster mother who brought up the girl who later became her adopted daughter.
　☞ 我认为高薪养廉的说法不对。
　☞ I don't think it right to nourish honesty by raising one's salary.
　☞ 我去他那里，总见他在闭目养神。
　☞ Whenever I go to him I always see him conserving his energy by closing the eyes.
　☞ 养痈成患，这是个教训。
　☞ When a boil is neglected it will become the bane of one's life. So it is a lesson.
养成 养成
1．cultivate，指通过细心培养而成，侧重养成好的或认为是好的习惯、作风等。
　☞ 他干革命几十年，养成了艰苦奋斗的作风。
　☞ His working for the revolution for decades has cultivated the style of hard struggle and plain living.
　☞ 她生于音乐世家，耳濡目染，养成了对音乐的审美情趣。
　☞ Born in a family of musicians, she was imperceptibly influenced by what she saw and heard, and thus cultivated a taste for music.
　☞ 他在牛津什么都没学到，却养成了一副英国绅士的派头。
　☞ He learned nothing at Oxford but cultivated the air of an English gentleman.
2．develop，指经过发育、发展而养成，侧重于自然而然地养成，而不强调精心培养。
　☞ 他们俩一起读书看报，养成了记笔记的习惯。
　☞ Hand in hand with reading they both have developed the habit of making notes.
　☞ 她与一位大科学家一起工作，也养成了对科学的兴趣。
　☞ Working together with a great scientist, she develops an interest in science as well.
3．take up，指养成某种习惯或嗜好；form，指形成，可以是有意识的也可以是无意识的养成。
　☞ 她男人怂恿她也养成这种习惯，但她没听他的。
　☞ Her husband encouraged her to take up the habit as well, but she ignored him.
　☞ 后来他变得比较有钱了，也买了些地，还养成了抽鸦片的习惯。
　☞ He became relatively rich later and bought some land and took up smoking opium.
　☞ 我还没养成用英语思维的习惯。
　☞ I have not yet formed the habit of thinking in English.
　☞ 他从小就养成了少爷脾气。
　☞ He has formed temper of a spoiled boy since childhood.
4．“养成习惯”的其他译法。
　☞ 她写作以来养成了吸烟的习惯。
　☞ She has fallen into the habit of smoking since she started writing.
　☞ 他病好后养成了每天早上做操锻炼的习惯。
　☞ He has got into the habit of doing exercise every morning since his recovery.
　☞ 我一直在努力养成说英语的习惯。
　☞ I have been trying hard to build up the habit of speaking English.
　☞ 恶习一旦养成，需要很长时间才能根除。
　☞ A bad habit once contracted takes a very long time to be eradicated.
内部 内部
1．inner，指离中心较近的内部。
　☞ 我们穿过一个院子，进入宫殿内部。
　☞ We crossed a courtyard and entered the inner part of the palace.
　☞ 海岛内部地区至今无人居住。
　☞ The inner regions of the island have been uninhabited so far.
2．inward，指通向内部。
　☞ 内部的隐患会来自党内。
　☞ The hidden dangers inward would come from within the Party.
　☞ 探险家们发现了一条内部通道。
　☞ The explorers discovered an inward passage.
3．inside，指与空间有关的内部。
　☞ 我想看看房屋内部。
　☞ I want to see the inside of the house.
　☞ 小偷利用工厂内部人员进行偷盗。
　☞ The thief used an inside man at the factory to steal.
4．internal，指比较抽象的内部。
　☞ 他们做了内部调查，以查明该谁负责。
　☞ They held an internal inquiry to find out who was responsible.
　☞ 机器内部的运转状况相当复杂。
　☞ The internal workings of the machine are quite complicated.
5．interior，指比较带有技术性的内部。
　☞ 我们几乎把整个春节都花在房屋的内部装修上了。
　☞ We spent almost the whole Spring Festival on the interior decoration of the house.
　☞ 建筑物内部的墙壁都已刷成天蓝色。
　☞ The interior walls of the building were painted sky blue.
6．inherent，指事物在性质上固有的内部。
　☞ 如果你有足够的细心和耐心，是可以找出事物内部的规律性的。
　☞ If you are careful and patient enough you can discover the inherent laws of a thing.
　☞ 这种情况会造成电池的内部故障。
　☞ This condition creates an inherent defect in the battery.
7．domestic，指国家内部，与foreign国外相对。
　☞ 国家内部事务不容外国干涉。
　☞ The domestic affairs tolerate no foreign interference.
　☞ 要获得国家内部贷款，对我们这样的私营企业家来说是很难的。
　☞ It is very difficult for private enterprisers like us to get domestic loans.
8．restricted, 指受到严格限制，不对外公开。
　☞ 普通老百姓是不能接触内部刊物的。
　☞ Ordinary people have no access to the restricted publications.
　☞ 这些规则只适用于内部。
　☞ The rules have a restricted application only.
9．within，指在一个整体的内部。
　☞ 工人阶级内部也有矛盾。
　☞ There are contradictions within the working class as well.
　☞ 堡垒是最容易从内部攻破的。
　☞ The easiest way to capture a fortress is from within.
10．among，指在一个个的个体之间的内部。
　☞ 人民内部的团结是我们事业胜利的保证。
　☞ The unity among the people themselves is the basic guarantee of the triumph of our cause.
　☞ 这件事，你们必须自己在内部解决。
　☞ You must settle the matter among yourselves.
再 再
1．again，表示动作的重复，用来修饰动词。
　☞ 我叫他别再来，可他又来了。
　☞ I told him not to come again, but here he is again.
　☞ 要是再下雨，还得改日期。
　☞ If it rains again, the date will have to be changed once more.
　☞ 咱们再来试一次。
　☞ Let's try once again.
2．another，表示事物的重复，用来修饰名词。
　☞ 有关此事，我们到时候再谈一次。
　☞ And then we'll have another talk about it.
　☞ 再喝杯牛奶吧。
　☞ Drink another glass of milk.
　 ■ another一般用来修饰单数名词，但也可与数字或few后的复数名词连用。
　☞ 请再来3杯啤酒。
　☞ Another three cups of beer, please.
　☞ 我要在这里再待上几周。
　☞ I'll be here for another few weeks.
3．more，由于another只能修饰名词单数，故用more来修饰复数。表示数或量的再增加，但也可用来修饰动词。
　☞ 我再给你一个例子。
　☞ Let me give you one more example，试比较：Let me give you another example.
　☞ 请再来3杯酒。
　☞ Three more cups of wine，please，试比较：Another three cups of wine, please.
　 ■ more与any连用，还可用于否定句中。
　☞ 我不能再喝了。
　☞ I can't drink any more.
　 ■ 也可与once连用来替代once again。
　☞ 我想再见她一次。
　☞ I want to see her once more.
　 ■ 除此之外，more还可扩大到任何形容词的比较级。
　☞ 还有再大一点的吗？
　☞ Have you got bigger ones?
　☞ 声音再大一点。
　☞ Still louder，please.
　☞ 比这再冷的天，我也耐得住。
　☞ I can stand colder weather than this.
　☞ 再好不过了。
　☞ It couldn't be any better.
4．and then，表示一个动作发生后，再导人另一个动作。
　☞ 先想想再说。
　☞ First think and then speak.
　☞ 她走到窗子跟前，小心地再朝里面看看。
　☞ She came to the window and then cautiously looked in.
5．before，表示动作发生的顺序正好与and then 反，即第一个动作没有完成以前，不让第二个动作发生。
　☞ 你做完了功课再走。
　☞ Finish your homework before you leave.
　☞ 多量几次尺寸再动剪子。
　☞ Measure thrice before you cut once.
6．when, 动作发生的顺序与and then相同，但情况不同。and then是在第一个动作完成后发生的第二个动作，而when则指说话时第一个动作尚未结束。
　☞ 咱们等雨停了再走。
　☞ Let's leave when the rain stops.
　☞ 等我说完你再说。
　☞ Speak when I finish.
7．till, until，指一件事拖延到某个时候再发生。
　☞ 这仲事等明年再说。
　☞ This business can keep till next year.
　☞ 你可以明天再来。
　☞ You may come until tomorrow.
8．in, 后接时间名词，表示“再过多少时候就…”。
　☞ 飞机再过5分钟就着陆了。
　☞ The plane will land in five minutes.
　☞ 再过几天，工程即可竣工。
　☞ The project will be accomplished in a few days.
9．no matter how，表示让步，后面常有“也”与之呼应。
　☞ 天气再坏，我们也要赶回村里。
　☞ No matter how bad the weather is, we must hurry back to the village.
　☞ 一个人的本事再大，离开集体也一事无成。
　☞ No matter how great one's ability is, one would accomplish nothing, separated from the collective.
10．and also，表示附加。
　☞ 到会的有教职员工，再就是学生代表。
　☞ Present at the meeting were teaching and ministrative staff, and also representatives of the students.
　☞ 他当然会钓鱼，再说他爹就是个打鱼的。
　☞ Of course he is good at fishing, and also his father is a fisherman.
11．用if引人的条件句，表示如果一个动作或状态再重复或延续下去就会发生某种结果。故一般与汉语里的“再…就…”结构相对应。
　☞ 你现在再不吃，饭就凉了。
　☞ The food will get cool if you don't eat it now.
　☞ 再不走，我们就赶不上火车了。
　☞ We'll miss the train if we delay any longer.
12．用否定的虚拟情态动词表示深得不能再深的情绪，常与汉语里的“再…不过”结构相对应。
　☞ 我再爱你不过的了，但你还说我不爱你。
　☞ I couldn't love you any more, yet you still say that I don't love you.
　☞ 我是再遗憾不过的了，不过告诉你实情是我的职责。
　☞ I couldn't be sorrier, but it is my duty to tell you the fact.
13．表示某一动作将在某一情况下发生，可用祈使句或疑问句，使语气缓和得似乎在与人商量。
　☞ 这个问题现在解决木了，换个时间再讨论吧。
　☞ This problem can't be solved right now. Let's discuss it some other time.
　☞ 星期天再去好吧？我平时不怎么有空。
　☞ Shall we go on Sunday? I don't have much free time during the week.
14．在某些词类前加前缀re, 再次重复其动作。
　☞ 累进税制是社会财富再分配的一种方式。
　☞ The progressive tax system is a way of redistribution of wealth in the society.
　☞ 你的字太潦草，再抄一遍。
　☞ Your writing is too illegible. Recopy it.
15．“再”的其他译法。
　☞ 不要浪费时间，要知道青春不再。
　☞ Don't waste your time. Your youth never returns, you know.
　☞ 良机难再，绝对不能放弃。
　☞ Good opportunity knocks but once. So never let it slip.
冒 冒
1．“冒”作“向上升”、“往外透”解时有几种处理方法。
1) send up，指排出。
　☞ 水开时会冒气泡。
　☞ Water will send up bubbles while boiling.
　☞ 容器内的压力升高时，阀门会自动打开，冒出水蒸气。
　☞ The valve opens automatically and sends up steam when the pressure in the container goes up.
2) give off，指放出气体。
　☞ 开始使用防护过滤器以后，烟囱就不再冒废气了。
　☞ The chimney is no longer giving off waste gas, as protective filters are being used.
　☞ 铜浇上硝酸后会冒出一股褐色的蒸气。
　☞ When nitric acid is poured on copper, a brown vapor is given off.
3) ooze，指慢慢冒出液体。
　☞ 他的伤口在冒血。
　☞ Blood is oozing from his wound.
　☞ 他脑门上一直在冒汗。
　☞ Sweat kept oozing from his forehead.
4) manifest oneself，指显现，主语常为抽象的事物。
　☞ 大学生中间冒出一股想与众不同的时尚。
　☞ A fashion of trying to be out of ordinary has manifested itself among college students.
　☞ 错误思想总是要冒出来的。
　☞ Wrong ideas are bound to manifest themselves.
5) appear，指出现。
　☞ 暮色渐浓的时分，冒出了第一颗星星，接着是第二颗。
　☞ Twilight deepened, first one, then another star appeared.
　☞ 女人们正在打谷场上换衣服，这时从一个干草垛下冒出一个男人。
　☞ Women were changing their clothes on the threshing ground when a man appeared from under a haystack.
6) crop up，指突然出现。
　☞ 问题一冒出来，就采取了相应的措施。
　☞ Proper measures were taken as soon as the problem cropped up.
　☞ 不良倾向一冒出来就要盯着不放并及时处理。
　☞ Watch out for harmful tendencies and deal with them in time the moment they cropped up.
7) rise，往上升。
　☞ 烟囱里正冒着白烟。
　☞ White smoke was rising from the chimney.
　☞ 他是新冒出来的政治明星，很快就升到了显著位置上。
　☞ He is a new political star rising quickly to a position of prominence.
2．“冒”作“不顾”解时也有几种处理方法。
1) brave, in the teeth of，常与自然界风霜雨雪等自然现象搭配。
　☞ 我冒着大风大雨又追了两里地，才终于赶上了小牛。
　☞ Braving the storm, I ran after the calf for another two li and overtook it in the end.
　☞ 一听说我们这里有十几个伤病员需要治疗，白求恩大夫立刻冒雨赶来抢救。
　☞ On hearing that we had more than ten wounded soldiers to be treated, Dr Bethune hurried off to rescue, braving the rain.
　☞ 他们冒着大雪到机场迎接贵宾。
　☞ They braved heavy snow to welcome the distinguished guests at the airport.
　☞ 矿工们冒着余震排去了地下水。
　☞ The miners, braving aftershock, drained underground water.
　 ■ 不过，有时也指冒某种风险。如：
　☞ 卡车冒着敌机的轰炸扫射向前疾驶。
　☞ Braving the bombing and strafing of enemy planes, the truck sped ahead。
　 ■ in the teeth of，也有“顶着”、“冒着”的意思，可以与brave换用。如：
　☞ 他虽然很累，还是冒着大风大雨出发了。
　☞ Though tired, he set off in the teeth of (braving) the storm.
　☞ 日本有人冒着遭到全世界谴责的危险企图复活军国主义。
　☞ In Japan someone attempt to revive militarism in the teeth of (braving) universal condemnation.
2) risk, at the risk of, take risks, venture, 指冒险。
　☞ 他冒着生命危险抢救国家财产。
　☞ He risked his life to save state property.
　☞ 你当时有没有想过，你是在拿你的生命冒险？
　☞ Did you ever think that you were risking your life?
　☞ 他冒着生命危险从火中救出小孩。
　☞ He saved the child from fire at the risk of life.
　☞ 他决心冒着被捕的危险突破封锁线。
　☞ He made up his mind to run through the blockade at the risk of being arrested.
　☞ 为了我们共同的事业，就是冒比这更大的危险我也愿意。
　☞ For our common cause I am willing to take greater risk than this.
　☞ 我们不应冒险。
　☞ We ought not to take risks.
　☞ 小分队冒险穿过敌人的封锁线。
　☞ The detachment ventured a thrust through the enemy blockade.
　☞ 没有向导，不要冒险进入丛林。
　☞ Don't venture into jungle without a guide.
　 ■ venture所指的“冒险”，碰运气的成分较大，把握较小，而risk则指比较有把握的冒险。因此下面两个句子就不宜换用。
　☞ 他冒险吻了新来的女生。
　☞ He ventured to kiss the girl-student, a new comer.
　☞ 船长安全驶过航道，而没有冒险登陆。
　☞ The captain sailed through safely, not risking a landing.
3．false，falsely，指假的。
　☞ 他要冒领那笔钱，连警察局都没有想到。
　☞ The police would not even consider his false claim for the money.
　☞ 她企图冒认我捡到的那个钱包。
　☞ She attempted to make a false claim to the purse I picked up.
　☞ 那人冒称是部长的亲戚。
　☞ The man falsely claimed to be a relative of the minister.
　☞ 他冒领了汇给我的钱。
　☞ He falsely collected the money remitted to me.
　☞ 你冒用名牌，该当何罪？
　☞ What punishment do you think you deserve by falsely using a well-known trademark?
冒充 冒充
1．pass off as... ，指带有欺诈性的冒充，语气较重。
　☞ 他冒充记者，到处招摇撞骗。
　☞ He passed himself off as a reporter to go about fooling and cheating people.
　☞ 我不愿为了让你摆阔而冒充你的财务顾问。
　☞ I don't like being passed off as your financial advisor, just to make you look important.
　☞ 你竟敢用次品冒充正品！
　☞ How dare you pass off defective goods as certified goods!
2．pose as，指以言行、姿态引起别人的注意或为了办事方便而冒充，语气较轻。
　☞ 还有跟他差不多的，冒充“农民代表”。
　☞ And there are others like him who pose as "representatives of the peasants".
　☞ 他冒充百万富翁，其实是资不抵债。
　☞ He posed as a millionaire though he owed more than he owned.
　☞ 我们冒充记者混进了会议厅。
　☞ We posed as journalists to get into the conference hall.
3．pretend，指装出某种样子骗人，因此冒充的程度最轻。
　☞ 我不想冒充天才。
　☞ I don't pretend to be a genius.
　☞ 你可以在这样的小城里冒充内行，到北京就不行啦。
　☞ You could pretend to be an expert in a town like this, but wouldn't in Beijing.
4．fake，指冒充的人和事。imposter，只指冒充的人。
　☞ 药品推销商是个冒充的。
　☞ The traveling medicine man was a fake.
　☞ 冒充的事的确有，现在就碰到了。
　☞ Fakes do exist, and now we are coming across them.
　☞ 他自称是艺术上的行家，但后来证明是个冒充的。
　☞ He claimed to be an art expert, but later proved to be an imposter。
写 写
1．write，指书写。
　☞ 春节前夕，农民都来请我写对联。
　☞ On the eve of the Spring Festival villagers came to ask me to write couplets.
　☞ 我喜欢写钢笔字，不喜欢写毛笔字。
　☞ I like to write with a pen and not with a writing brush.
　 ■ 但同时，write还有“写作”的意思。
　☞ 你给我们的杂志写篇稿子好吗？
　☞ Will you write an article for our magazine?
　☞ 他花了3年的时间才写成了这部小说。
　☞ It took him three years to write this novel.
2．compose，指创作性写作。
　☞ 他的业余时间都花在写诗上了。
　☞ He spent his spare time composing poetry.
　☞ 冼星海在延安时期写了《黄河大合唱》。
　☞ While in Yana's, Xian Qinghai composed the Yellow River Cantata.
3．describe，depict，均指描写，只是后者更进了一步，指文学创作上描写。
　☞ 事故发生前的一切要如实写。
　☞ Try to describe exactly what happened before accident.
　☞ 有关实验的过程，我没有详细写。
　☞ I did not describe the course of the experiment in detail.
　☞ 他善于写人物的心理活动。
　☞ He was good at depicting the characters' mental activities.
　☞ 这首歌是写祖国之恋的。
　☞ The song depicts the love for motherland.
4．portray, portrayal，指如同肖像般的描写。
　☞ 作者在书中把国王写成了一个暴君。
　☞ In his book, the writer portrays the king as a tyrant.
　☞ 这个人物被他写活了。
　☞ His portrayal of the character is vivid and true to life.
冤枉 冤枉
1．wrong，指由于不公正的对待受到的冤枉。
　☞ 我们再也无法容忍他冤枉她了。
　☞ We cannot tolerate his wronging her any more.
　☞ 你冤枉我。
　☞ You do me wrong.
　☞ 我是冤枉的。
　☞ I was wrongly accused.或: I was put in the wrong.
　☞ 你们冤枉好人。
　☞ You're wronging innocent people.
　☞ 你受了冤枉，只好委屈一下，我们一定为你伸冤。
　☞ You'll have to put up with what you've wrongly suffered. We'll certainly reverse your unjust verdict.
2．injustice，指不公正事件；unjust，指不公正。
　☞ 你冤枉了一个好人。
　☞ You've done an innocent person an injustice.
　☞ 多少冤枉事都是以革命的名义干出来的。
　☞ Many injustices are committed in the name of revolution.
　☞ 对不起，委屈你受这样的冤枉。
　☞ Sorry to have put you to such unjust treatment.
　☞ 一个人什么错事也没干却受到了处分，真是冤枉。
　☞ It is unjust indeed to punish a person who has done nothing wrong.
3．not worthwhile, not worth，指花费时间、金钱不值得。
　☞ 那么多的时间花在一件小事上，真冤枉。
　☞ It was really not worthwhile to spend so much time on such a trifle.
　☞ 他告诉我，我花了冤枉钱买了个赝品。
　☞ He told me that I didn't get my money's worth by buying an art forgery.
4．“冤枉”的其他译法。
　☞ 白跑一趟，什么也没捞到，真冤枉！
　☞ What bad luck! Nothing came of my trip.
　☞ 你走冤枉路了，你得折回去。
　☞ You've taken a roundabout way, so you have to turn back.
求 求
1．beg (for)，指要人帮助而提出谦卑的恳求。
　☞ 我求他们为我说句话。
　☞ I begged them td speak a word for me.
　☞ 她求我不要向她母亲讲类似这样的事情。
　☞ She begged me not to say anything like that to her mother.
　☞ 他求我手下留情。
　☞ He begged me for mercy.
2．ask (for)，指非正式请人帮助的请求，语气没有beg强。
　☞ 我求你帮个忙，行吗？
　☞ May I ask you for a favor?
　☞ 我求他给我拿张晚报。
　☞ I asked him to fetch me an evening paper.
　☞ 她写信给她在上海的朋友，求他打听一些情况。
　☞ She had written to her friend in Shanghai and asked him for some information.
3．request，指在正式场合使用的有礼貌的请求，语气比ask强。
　☞ 老先生卧床不起，故求她带着他的律师去见他的儿子。
　☞ The old gentleman was locked in bed, so he requested her to take his lawyer to see his son.
　☞ 他写信求他父亲为他预先垫付5,000元。
　☞ He wrote requesting his father to advance 5,000 yuan for him.
4．demand，指正式提出的要求。
　☞ 对人不要求全责备，人无完人嘛。
　☞ Don't demand perfection of others, every man has his faults.
　☞ 我们要加紧生产日用品，现在市面上供不应求。
　☞ We must step up production of daily necessities. Now supply falls short of demand at the market.
5．strive for，指力求。
　☞ 在求解放的进程中，农民的贡献应该是最大的。
　☞ The greatest contribution should be attributed to peasants in the course for the striving for liberation.
　☞ 有些人活着就是为了求财。
　☞ Some people live to strive for wealth only.
6．seek, 指寻求。
　☞ 我们的原则是求大同存小异。
　☞ Our principle is to seek common ground on major issues while reserving differences on minor ones.
　☞ 动物都有求生的本能。
　☞ All animals have an instinct to seek survival.
7．sue for, 常用于某些大事上的请求。
　☞ 1945年8月14日日本宣布无条件投降并派出特使求和。
　☞ On the 14th of August, 1945 Japan declared unconditional surrender and sent envoys to sue for peace.
　☞ 现在连皇帝都求饶了。
　☞ Now even the emperor sued for pardon.
8．“求”的其他译法。
　☞ 有些作品由于急于求成而不够成熟。
　☞ Some works are not mature enough owing to undue haste.
　☞ 普通老百姓一出事往往求助无门。
　☞ Ordinary people have nowhere to turn to for help when meeting with a mishap.
　☞ 遇险船只发出了求救信号。
　☞ The ship in distress signaled an SOS.
　☞ 求人不如求己。
　☞ Self-help is better than help from others.
　☞ 敌军进入山口，求战不得，只好退却。
　☞ The enemy troops advanced into the mountain pass and, failing to provoke battle, pulled back.
　☞ 给王师傅当徒弟，他真是求之不得。
　☞ He was only too glad to be apprentice to Master Worker Wang.
　☞ 这是求之不得的好机会。
　☞ This is a most welcome opportunity.
　☞ 这对他真是求之不得的事情。
　☞ This is just what he wants.
　☞ 足球队求胜心切，反而输掉了这场比赛。
　☞ The football team were anxious to gain victory. On the contrary they lost the game.
　☞ 革命精神要与求实精神结合起来。
　☞ Revolutionary fervor must be combined with a realistic spirit.
冲击 冲击
1．lash (at)，指连续不断的冲击。
　☞ 浪花冲击着礁石，飞起珠子般的水花。
　☞ The waves lashed at the rocks, sending up pearly spray.
　☞ 新的社会变革不断地冲击着他的旧道德观念。
　☞ The new social changes lash his old moral concepts uninterruptedly.
　☞ 当时，我们得顶住风沙的冲击，以保护机器。
　☞ We had to stand up to the lash of wind and sand in order to protect our machine.
2．impact，指带有冲击力的冲击。
　☞ 进口电视机继续冲击着我国的市场。
　☞ Imports of TV sets continued to impact our markets.
　☞ 据估计，对股市还会有更大的冲击。
　☞ It is estimated that there will be a bigger impact on the stock market.
　☞ 我们在沙滩漫步时，到处冲击我们视线的是半裸的人体。
　☞ When we walked along the coast what impacted our retina everywhere were almost nude human bodies.
3．pound (at)，指重击式的冲击。
　☞ 水面船只继续向敌人海岸目标冲击。
　☞ The surface vessels continued to pound the enemy coastal targets.
　☞ 沉重的拍岸浪不断冲击着多岩的海岸。
　☞ A heavy surf pounds ceaselessly on its rocky shore.
　☞ 各国人民的革命斗争冲击着旧世界。
　☞ The revolutionary struggles of the people of various countries are pounding at the old world.
4．charge (at)，指冲锋式冲击。
　☞ 我军向敌人阵地发起了冲击。
　☞ Our troops charged the enemy position.
　☞ 那头野兽突然向我们发起了冲击。
　☞ Suddenly the wild beast charged at us.
　☞ 他们跟着连长向山上冲击。
　☞ They followed the company commander in a charge up the mountain.
5．make an attempt to do sth，指试图做非凡之事。
　☞ 我国运动员向世界记录发起猛烈的冲击。
　☞ Our sportsmen made vigorous attempts to break the world records.
　☞ 只有不怕困难的人才有信心冲击科学的顶点。
　☞ Only those who do not dread difficulty are full of confidence in making an attempt to reach the summit of.
冲刷 冲刷
1．wash away，指冲走。
　☞ 河岸正受到洪水的冲刷。
　☞ The riverbank is being washed away by the floods.
　☞ 斜坡上的表土不种覆盖作物容易受到冲刷。
　☞ The topsoil on slopes tends to be washed away without cover crops.
　 ■ wash away也可用于转义。
　☞ 冲刷旧社会遗留下来的污泥浊水有助于精神文明的建设。
　☞ To wash away the dirt and filth left over from the old society will facilitate the cultural and ideological construction.
2．wash down，指冲洗。
　☞ 上涂料前先要把墙冲刷干净。
　☞ Wash the wall down well before putting on the coating.
　☞ 他把汽车冲刷得干干净净。
　☞ He had his car washed down.或：He gave his car a thorough wash down.
　 ■ 如果冲和刷是两个过程，可用wash and brush，如：
　☞ 她每天一次来冲刷厕所。
　☞ She comes once a day to wash and brush the water closets.
3．erode (away)，erosion，指侵蚀产生的冲刷。
　☞ 森林里的土壤一般不会受到冲刷。
　☞ Soil in forest generally does not erode.
　☞ 海岸正逐渐受到冲刷。
　☞ The coast is slowly eroding away.
　☞ 山坡上垒起石坝，防止雨水冲刷梯田。
　☞ Stone banks were built on the hill slopes to prevent erosion of the terraced fields.
4．scour (out)，指摩擦产生的冲刷。
　☞ 山洪沿着山坡冲刷出一条水沟。
　☞ The mountain torrents scoured out a channel down the hillside.
　☞ 第二天，我们发现渗漏出来的一股涓涓细流在细软的沙里冲刷出了一条通道。
　☞ The next day we found the seeping trickle of water has scoured a passage in the soft sand.
冲淡 冲淡
1．dilute，指稀释。
　☞ 请把浓茶用水冲淡了。
　☞ Please dilute the strong tea with water.
　☞ 讲话效果由于他的紧张而被冲淡了。
　☞ The effect of the speech was diluted by his nervousness.
2．water down，指搀水。
　☞ 这酒太烈，咱们把它冲淡一点。
　☞ The liquor is too strong. Let's water it down a little.
　☞ 故事的生动性由于改编而冲淡了。
　☞ The vividness of the story was watered down because of the adaptation.
3．play down，指有意缩小影响。
　☞ 官方报纸故意冲淡这次罢工的意义。
　☞ The government newspapers played down the significance of the strike.
　☞ 他们竭力要冲淡他在这次发现中的作用，而把一切都归功于他的助手。
　☞ They tried every possible way to play down his own part in the discovery and gave all the credit to his assistants.
4．weaken，指使变淡。
　☞ 你可以加点水把茶冲淡一点。
　☞ You can weaken the tea by adding some water.
　☞ 时间冲淡了她的记忆。现在她已多少乐观一点了。
　☞ Time has weakened her memory. Now she is more or less optimistic.
冲破 冲破
1．break through，指突破障碍。
　☞ 红军冲破重重障碍，终于在1936年到达陕北。
　☞ Breaking through one barrier after another, the Red Army finally reached northern Shaanxi in 1936.
　☞ 刘邓大军冲破敌军包围，进军大别山。
　☞ The army led by Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping marched towards Dabieshan mountain areas, breaking through the enemy encirclement.
2．smash，指打破。
　☞ 我村妇女冲破传统观念的束缚，办起了一家农药厂。
　☞ Smashing the bounds of tradition, women of our village set up an insecticide factory.
　☞ 自从冲破了极“左”思潮的桎梏以后，中国人民的创造精神得到了大发扬。
　☞ The Chinese people have been greatly developing their initiative since they smashed the shackles of the ultra-" Left" trend of thought.
3．break down，指摧毁。
　☞ 不冲破自私的本位主义，我们怎么互相合作呢？
　☞ How can we cooperate with each other without breaking down selfish departmentalism?
　☞ 只有冲破僵化的体制才能活跃经济。
　☞ Only by breaking down the rigid structure can we revitalize the economy.
4．breach，指冲破口子。
　☞ 1938年的大水冲破了黄河大堤。
　☞ The flood in 1938 breached the Yellow River dykes.
　☞ 爆发的山洪冲破了拦河坝，淹没了村民的田地。
　☞ The rushing mountain torrents breached the dam and flooded villagers' fields.
冲突 冲突
1．clash（with），指武装、信仰、理论、思想、时间等的冲突。
　☞ 两军在边境发生冲突。
　☞ The two armies clashed along the border.
　☞ 她的婚礼跟我考试有冲突，所以我没去。
　☞ Her wedding clashed with my examination, so I didn't go.
　☞ 代表们从会议第一天起就有冲突。
　☞ The delegates clashed from the first day of the congress.
2．collide with，指发生在思想、信仰上的冲突。
　☞ 政府在工业规划上与议会发生冲突。
　☞ The government collides with the parliament over its industrial plans.
　☞ 自由、平等、博爱这三个概念与专制和特权是冲突的。
　☞ Liberty, equality and fraternity, these three ideas collide with monarchy and privilege.
3．conflict (with)，指由矛盾、分歧导致的冲突。
　☞ 警察的说法与被告的有冲突。
　☞ The policeman's story conflicts with that of the accused.
　☞ 这两次的考试时间有冲突。
　☞ The hours of these two examinations conflict.
　☞ 国家之间不应通过武装冲突来解决分歧。
　☞ Nations must not settle their differences by armed conflict.
决定 决定
1．decide，指做出决定。
　☞ 他真希望他父亲会替他决定这件事。
　☞ He wished that his father would decide the matter for him.
　☞ 他决定放弃几何及代数。
　☞ He decided to give up geometry and algebra.
　☞ 我们作了一些讨论以后，决定把问题提交委员会。
　☞ After some discussion we decided that the problem should be offered to the committee.
　☞ 这是应该由金融家们来决定的事。
　☞ It's the financiers who decide.
　 ■ decide还有“起决定性作用”的意思。如：
　☞ 一拳就决定了这场战斗。
　☞ One blow decided the fight.
　☞ 最后的进球决定了这场比赛。
　☞ The last goal decided the game.
　☞ 世界上的事是复杂的，是由多方面的因素决定的。
　☞ In this world, things are complicated and are decided by many factors.
　 ■ decision，还可用于做出的决定。
　☞ 我国支持联大通过的各项决议和决定。
　☞ China supports the resolutions and decisions adopted by the U.N. General Assembly.
　 ■ decisive，有“决定性”的意思。
　☞ 决定因素是人不是物。
　☞ It is people, not things that are decisive.
　 ■ 此外，decide on也有“决定”的意思，与decide的区别仅在于前者带有更多的选择性。
　☞ 独立国家的人民有权选择并决定自己国家的社会制度和经济制度。
　☞ The people of independent countries have the right to choose and decide on their own social and economic systems.
　☞ 我们得先决定题目才能着手写作。
　☞ We must decide on a topic before we start to write.
　☞ 他们决定建造一座戏院。
　☞ They decided on building a theatre.
2．determine，可以同decide换用，其区别在于前者更强调做出决定时的决心。
　☞ 哪怕下雪我也决定去。
　☞ I have determined to go even if it snows.
　☞ 他决定马上就来。
　☞ He determined that he would come at once.
　 ■ determine on也指多项选择后的决定。
　☞ 我们决定早点出发。
　☞ We determined on an early start.
　☞ 他决定成为一个医生。
　☞ He determined on becoming a doctor.
　 ■ 此外，determine还有“某事成为另一事的先决条件”的意思。这时不能与decide换用。
　☞ 人们的社会存在决定了人们的思想意识。
　☞ It is man's social being that determines his thinking.
　☞ 基因决定人的身高和发色。
　☞ Genes determine one's stature and hair color.
　☞ 需求决定供应。
　☞ Demand determines supply.
3．resolve，比前两词更强调做出决定的决心和经过，及深思熟虑后明确的目的性。
　☞ 我们决定每年至少访问一次中国。
　☞ We resolve to visit China at least once a year.
　☞ 他决定要更加努力地工作。
　☞ He resolved that he would work still harder.
　 ■ 同样，resolve on强调决定的这种决定。
　☞ 政府决定了一个大胆的计划。
　☞ The government resolved on a bold plan.
　☞ 将军决定在夜间重新夺回丢失的阵地。
　☞ The general resolved on recapturing the lost ground by night.
4．make up one's mind，指下决心。
　☞ 他终于决定要把这件事告诉他母亲。
　☞ At last he made up his mind to tell his mother about it.
　☞ 如果你一时决定不了，我们可以等。
　☞ We can wait if you cannot make up your mind for the moment.
5．up to sb. ，指由某人决定。
　☞ 取舍由你来决定。
　☞ Take it or leave it, it's up to you.
　☞ 他什么时候干这件事由他决定。
　☞ When he does, it is up to him.
6．settle，指确定下来。
　☞ 他举行婚礼的日期已经决定。
　☞ The date of his wedding was settled.
　☞ 把这些细节都决定下来，可不是儿戏。
　☞ It's no child's play getting all these details settled.
　 ■ settle on作“最后确定”解，但也带有选择、协商等暗示。
　☞ 他考虑过几种职业，最后才决定从医。
　☞ He had considered a number of jobs before settling on a career in medicine.
　☞ 他们最后才决定了租约的条款。
　☞ They have finally settled on the terms of the lease.
决心 决心
1．determine, determination，指决心做某事或做某事的决心。
　☞ 不管前进道路上有什么困难，我们决心执行中央的指示。
　☞ We determine (are determined) to carry out the instructions of the central government no matter what difficulties we may have in our way.
　☞ 他决心改正错误。
　☞ He determined to correct his mistakes.
　☞ 我们有决心、有信心提前完成任务。
　☞ We have both determination and confidence to accomplish the task ahead of time.
2．resolve，意思同上，但目的性更明确。
　☞ 我们决心要把今后的工作做得更好。
　☞ We resolved to do better work in the future.
　☞ 我决心把宣讲的一切都付诸实践。
　☞ What I preach I am resolved to practice.
3．resolute，resolution，指果断、坚决的决心。
　☞ 下定决心，不怕牺牲，排除万难，去争取胜利。
　☞ Be resolute, fear no sacrifice and surmount every difficulty to win victory.
　☞ 你应该有决心去做你应该做的事。
　☞ You must be resolute to do what you have to do.
　☞ 他下决心戒烟。
　☞ He made a resolution to give up smoking.
4．make up one's mind，指下决心。
　☞ 他一旦下了决心就不会改变。
　☞ Once he has made up his mind, he won't change it.
　☞ 我们下决心到国外进修。
　☞ We have made our minds to go abroad for advanced study.
5．will，指自觉自愿的决心。
　☞ 我决心戒烟了。
　☞ I will give up smoking.
　☞ 我们下定决心不来了。
　☞ We will not come.
　☞ 令你失望，很对不起，但我决心不再去那里。
　☞ I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I will not go there again.
况且 况且
1．moreover，furthermore，有“而且”的意思，用来做进一步陈述。
　☞ 房价太高，况且地点也不适中。
　☞ The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn't in a suitable location.
　☞ 这样的风雨之夜你不能出去，况且你还着了凉。
　☞ You cannot go out in such a stormy night, moreover, you've caught cold.
　☞ 房子不够大，况且离城太远。
　☞ The house isn't big enough, and furthermore, it is too far from the town.
　☞ 她没多少脑子，况且还缺少才气。
　☞ She hasn't much brain and furthermore she's devoid of talent.
2．besides, in addition，有“再说”的意思，用来作附加说明。
　☞ 上海地方那么大，况且你又不知道他的地址，一下子怎么能找到他呢？
　☞ Shanghai is so big. Besides, you don't have his address. How do you expect to find him so quickly?
　☞ 现在去看足球比赛太晚了，况且老天又下起雨来。
　☞ It's too late to go to the football match now. Besides, it's beginning to rain.
　☞ 况且，至此产生的免疫力只能维持三至六个月，故经常接种实有必要。
　☞ In addition, the immunity produced so far lasts only three to six months, so frequent vaccination would be necessary.
　☞ 况且，如果国会不增加总统的职权，反过来就无法行使自己的职权。
　☞ In addition, the Congress cannot exercise its own authority without, in turn, increasing that of the President.
准 准
1．grant，指批准。
　☞ 好在公司准假两周，我才有时间来拜访您。
　☞ Fortunately the firm has granted me two week's leave.
　☞ I have time to call on you.
　☞ 你要求调动工作准了没有？
　☞ Has your request for a transfer been granted?
2．accurate, accurately，指要花费一定功夫才能达到的准确。
　☞ 他罚球很准。
　☞ He is very accurate in foul shooting.
　☞ 他进步够不够快，我倒是说不准。
　☞ I couldn't tell accurately whether he was progressing fast enough.
3．exact, exactly，指可以测量出来的准确。
　☞ 你的描述不很准。
　☞ Your description is not very exact.
　☞ 你什么时候来，先给我一个准信。
　☞ Please let me know in advance exactly when you are coming.
4．precise，precisely，指符合规定、标准的准确。
　☞ 我无法告诉你这笔钱的准数。
　☞ I can hardly tell you the precise sum of money.
　☞ 我们的火车准时到达。
　☞ Our train arrived precisely on schedule.
5．sure，surely，指来自主观的、有信心的肯定。
　☞ 我检查了两遍，准没错。
　☞ I've checked twice. You can be sure there is no mistake.
　☞ 她准赢。
　☞ She will surely win.
6．certain, certainly，指来自客观的，不容置疑的肯定。
　☞ 本届政府在下届选举中准输。
　☞ It is certain that the government will lose the next election.
　☞ 他准出事了。
　☞ Something was certainly wrong with him.
7．will，也可指客观上肯定要发生的事，但不表示将来，故所有人称都用will.
　☞ 在监狱里，准能听到脚镣的哐啷声。
　☞ In prisons you will hear the clank of leg irons.
　☞ 天一回潮，我准犯关节炎。
　☞ Anytime damp my rheumatism will be back.
8．“准”的其他译法。
　☞ 这表走得准。
　☞ The watch keeps good time.
　☞ 他不准能来。
　☞ He'll not possible come.
　☞ 民兵是准军事组织。
　☞ The militia is a paramilitary organization.
　☞ 准科学概念不是以事实为依据的。
　☞ Quasi-scientific ideas are not based on facts.
准则 准则
1．standard，指事先由官方确定下来以决定质量、数 量、长度、价值等标准的准则。
　☞ 解放军强化了着装与行为的准则。
　☞ The PLA enforces standards of dress and conduct.
　☞ 不配置安全带的新车不符合安全准则。
　☞ New cars without seat belts do not meet safety standards.
2．criterion，指可以对事物做出判断或评价的准则。
　☞ 古希腊判断艺术美的准则是对称与平衡。
　☞ In Ancient Greece, symmetry and balance were the criteria of artistic beauty.
　☞ 什么是评判交响乐的主要准则？
　☞ What is the major criterion for judging a symphony?
3．norms，指人们应该遵循或达到的准则。
　☞ 我们同各国人民的交往应遵循外交准则。
　☞ Our contact with people of other countries should be in conformity with the diplomatic norms.
　“有法必依，执法必严”这一原则体现了法律的准则。
　☞ The principle that "Laws must be followed and enforced strictly" reflects legal norms.
4．code，指习俗、道德方面的准则。
　☞ 不同的社会都会建立各自不同的道德准则。
　☞ Different societies set up different moral codes respectively for themselves.
　☞ 新闻界在思想上尚未形成新闻报道的职业准则。
　☞ In press circles a code of press ethics has not yet formulated mentally.
5．requirement，指人们主观要求的准则。
　☞ 这样的做法违背了国际法的起码准则。
　☞ Such practice goes against the elementary requirements of international law.
　☞ 廉洁奉公是做一个好干部的基本准则。
　☞ Having integrity and working in the interests of the public are basic requirements of being a good cadre.
准备 准备
1．prepare，指主动的、有意识的准备。
　☞ 我们会准时回来准备婚礼的。
　☞ We will return in time to prepare the wedding.
　☞ 要是他老是这么搞，我们准备要干预了。
　☞ If he keeps going on like that we are preparing to intervene.
　☞ 你准备让孩子进医院吗？
　☞ Are you preparing your child to go to hospital?
　 ■ 此外，prepare还可与for搭配，组成prepare sth. for或prepare sb. for这样的句型。
　☞ 学生们都忙着准备功课，迎接期终考。
　☞ The students are busy with preparing lessons for the final examination.
　☞ 我们得为大会准备文件。
　☞ We have to prepare documents for the conference.
　☞ 你准备好大吃一惊吧。
　☞ Prepare yourself for a shock.
　 ■ 因此，prepare for是上述结构的简化。
　☞ 希望有最好的结果，但也要做最坏的准备。
　☞ Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.
　☞ 你能帮我准备晚会吗？
　☞ Will you help me prepare for the evening party?
　 ■ 正是由于上述原因，翻译时需注意宾语的归属，请比较下面两种译文的区别。
　☞ 下周我们有一次英语考试，我得准备一下。
　☞ We are going to have an English exam next week. I have to prepare it.（说话人是教师，准备的是这次考试本身，故用prepare it）
　☞ We are going to have an English exam next week. I have to prepare for it。（说话人是学生，准备的是这次考试的功课，故用prepare for it，等于prepare my lessons for it)
　 ■ 上述各种用法都强调“准备”的动作，但如果强调状态，则要用be prepared。
　☞ 你准备付多少钱？
　☞ How much are you prepared to pay?
　☞ 那么你是准备替我们做事啦？是发传单还是联络同志？
　☞ So are you prepared to do things for us? Distribute handbills or make liaison with our comrades?
　 ■ 为此，请比较prepare与be prepared两种译文的区别。
　☞ 我准备出差。
　☞ I'm preparing to go on errands.（指准备出差的种种事宜，如准备计划、决定行程、购买车票等。）
　☞ I'm prepared to go on errands.（指一切都已有准备。）
2．be ready, 仅指准备的状态，故不同于prepare，而与be prepared大致相同。只是时间上要比be prepared长，暗示时时刻刻准备着。
　☞ 作为警察，我们随时都准备牺牲自己而救助人民。
　☞ As policemen, we are ready to give our lives to rescue people.
　☞ 他是个电影迷，随时都准备上电影院。
　☞ He is a movie fan and ready to go to cinema at any time.
　☞ 好人随时都准备帮助别人。
　☞ A kind man is always ready to help others.
　 ■ 不过，如果不强调ready的这种特别之处，则可以与be prepared换用。
　☞ 可能还会有更糟的洪水，我们必须有所准备。
　☞ Worse floods are likely, so we must get ready (prepared).
　☞ 我们准备坐夜车去。
　☞ We're ready (prepared) to go on the evening train.
3．condition，指经过某种锻炼或训练而有良好的准备。
　☞ 要是你想在星期六参加足球比赛，就要好好准备。
　☞ You need to condition yourself if you are to play in the football match on Saturday.
　☞ 准备好参加竞赛的马匹。
　☞ Condition my horses for the race.
4．intend，指某种意图。
　☞ 她准备去中国学汉语。
　☞ She intends to go to China to learn Chinese.
　☞ 那么你是准备在上海长期待下去了？
　☞ Then you intend to make a long stay in Shanghai?
5．plan, 指某种打算。
　☞ 你准备什么时候动身去北京？
　☞ When do you plan to leave for Beijing?
　☞ 代表团准备在今年夏季访问莫斯科。
　☞ The delegation is planning to visit Moscow this summer.
6．be supposed，指没有多少把握推测出来的结论。
　☞ 事实上，这就是句型练习准备要做到的。
　☞ In fact this is what the pattern drills are supposed to accomplish.
　☞ 他现在准备干什么？
　☞ What is he supposed to be doing now?
7．provide for，指应有的准备。
　☞ 为了旅客的需要和安全，我们应当有所准备。
　☞ We must provide for the needs and safety of all the passengers.
　☞ 这是我没有料到的情况，因此没有准备。
　☞ This is something which I didn't foresee, and therefore I failed to provide for.
减少 减少
1．decrease，泛指一切减少。如具体数字的减少，自然减少或人为减少等。
　☞ 协会会员减少至300人。
　☞ The members of the association have decreased to three hundred.
　☞ 而且你还可以同时减少生产及管理费用。
　☞ And, at the same time, you can also decrease the cost of production and running.
2．lessen，只指笼统的减少，而不指具体数字的减少。
　☞ 那里的教会被怀疑为资本主义的同盟，因而其影响也相应地减少了。
　☞ The church there is suspected of being an ally of capitalism and that its influence is lessened in consequence.
　☞ 我们村的人口减少了。
　☞ The population in our village is lessened.
　 ■ 如果指具体数字的减少要用decrease。
　☞ 我们村的人口由1990年的830人减少到1996年的660人。
　☞ The population had decreased from 830 in 1990 to 660 in 1996.
3．diminish，往往指不大愉快的减少。
　☞ 随着森林面积的缩减，野味的种类也不可避免地减少了。
　☞ With the retreat of the forest, the amount of variety of wild game inevitably diminished.
　☞ 这座城镇由于贸易的减少而逐渐衰落。
　☞ The town gradually declined because of the diminishing of trade.
4．reduce，指有意识的人为减少。
　☞ 我们必须把浪费减少到最低限度。
　☞ We must reduce the amount of waste to a minimum.
　☞ 积极分子开会太多，也应减少。
　☞ Meetings of activists are too frequent and should also be reduced.
5．cut down，大致与reduce相同，也指人为减少，但更为口语化。
　☞ 这样，你们就会增加就业数量，减少投资费用。
　☞ That way you increase the number of jobs and cut down the capital cost.
　☞ 目前中学生上课时间太多，最好能按比例适当减少。
　☞ At present the classes in middle schools take too much of the students' time, and it would be preferable if they were cut down to a suitable proportion.
6．abate，指由减退到平息的减少过程。
　☞ 经济危机减少了人们的铺张浪费。
　☞ The economic crisis abated people's extravagance and waste.
　☞ 他由于错误减少了不少傲气。
　☞ His pride was abated a lot by his mistake.
7．relieve，指部分解除。
　☞ 这有助于减少难民的艰难状况。
　☞ This will help to relieve the hardships of the refugees.
　☞ 请给他减少一些工作。
　☞ Please relieve him of some of his work.
减弱 减弱
1．weaken，指笼统的变弱。
　☞ 尽管他的病再次好了，但体力已大大减弱。
　☞ He was much weakened physically though he was well again.
　☞ 根深蒂固的宗派主义大大减弱了我们工作的效率。
　☞ The deep-rooted sectarianism greatly weakened the effectiveness of our work.
2．subside，指自然力量的减弱。
　☞ 风势减弱了。
　☞ The wind has subsided.
　☞ 洪水一旦宣泄，就会减弱。
　☞ The floodwaters, once being drained off, are going to subside.
3．abate与subside同义，其区别在于前者指由减退至平息，后者则指递减性的减弱。
　☞ 船只在出海前都在等待风势的减弱。
　☞ The ships waited till the wind abated before sailing out to sea.
　☞ 一阵狂风暴雨之后，雨势减弱了。
　☞ The storm, having stormed itself out, abated.
4．ebb，指消退式的减弱。
　☞ 她对他爱的减弱有过许多阶段。
　☞ There were many stages in the ebbing of her love for him.
　☞ 随着年龄的增加，他的体力在减弱。
　☞ With his age advancing his strength is ebbing.
5．wane，指由盛至衰的减弱。
　☞ 在首次冲动后，人们的兴趣开始减弱了。
　☞ After the first flush of excitement, the interest of the people began to wane.
　☞ 退休之后，他的影响减弱了。
　☞ His influence is waning after his retirement.
6．relax，指放松后的减弱。
　☞ 思想政治工作一刻也不能减弱。
　☞ Ideological and political work must never for a moment be relaxed.
　☞ 醉意使他的领悟能力减弱。
　☞ The alcoholic effect relaxed his faculty of perception.
减轻 减轻
1．lighten，指重量、程度上的减轻。
　☞ 减轻农民负担是当务之急。
　☞ It is the most pressing matter of the moment to lighten the burden on the peasants.
　☞ 机组人员把一切可以搬动的东西扔出了机舱以减轻飞机的重量。
　☞ The crew threw everything moveable overboard to lighten the plane.
2．reduce，指程度或体重上的减轻。
　☞ 如果不减轻压力，汽缸可能会破裂。
　☞ If the pressure is not reduced, the cylinder is likely to fracture.
　☞ 医生嘱咐我节制饮食，减轻体重。
　☞ The doctor has ordered me to reduce on diet.
3．ease，指肉体或精神上痛苦的减轻，强调减轻后的安适。
　☞ 她做了一切力所能及的事来减轻伤员的痛苦。
　☞ She did all in her power to ease the sufferings of the wounded.
　☞ 有多少次，她坐起来想，如果她告诉他有多么爱他，不知能不能减轻他心灵的痛苦。
　☞ Many a time she sat up wondering if it would ease his miserable heart if she told him how she loved him.
4．relieve，也指肉体或精神上痛苦的减轻，强调减轻后的轻松。
　☞ 护士给了一片止痛药，减轻了他的痛苦。
　☞ The nurse relieved his pain by giving him a painkiller.
　☞ 研究人员发现了能减轻精神分裂症状的新药。
　☞ The researchers have found new drugs that may relieve schizophrenic symptoms.
5．alleviate，指部分减轻。
　☞ 许多世纪以来，人类开发了可以治愈或减轻疾病痛苦的各种药物。
　☞ Over the centuries man has developed drugs that could cure or alleviate illnesses and sufferings.
　☞ 是他的同情才减轻了她的悲痛。
　☞ It was his sympathy that alleviated her sorrow.
6．mitigate，指利用各种办法减轻。
　☞ 作为立法机构的成员我们应尽可能设法减轻刑法的残酷性。
　☞ As members of the legislative body we must try every possible way to mitigate the cruelty of criminal law.
　☞ 我们答应她再试一次，从而减轻她的失望情绪。
　☞ We mitigated her disappointment by allowing her to try again.
7．allay，指通过某种慰藉而局部减轻。
　☞ 她感到他那凉爽、坚定的手的触摸可以减轻一些痛苦。
　☞ She felt that he could allay certain pains by the touch of his cool, firm hand.
　☞ 冬季的临近减轻了人们被日本兵袭击的恐惧。
　☞ The approach of winter allayed the fear of the raids by the Japanese soldiers.
8．assuage，指受到某种影响而减轻。
　☞ 轻轻飘来的微风减轻了酷暑的折磨。
　☞ The fugitive breeze assuaged the torment of the summer heat.
　☞ 他的巨著之完成减轻了他的痛苦。
　☞ The completion of his great work has assuaged his grief.
9．diminish，指不大愉快的减轻。
　☞ 他委过于人以减轻责任。
　☞ He shifted the blame onto others in order to diminish responsibility.
　☞ 到了晚上，白天的炎热只减轻了一点点。
　☞ The heat of the day has diminished only a little by night.
10．lessen，指去掉一部分的减轻。
　☞ 地板上铺着体操垫以减轻冲击力。
　☞ The floor is covered with gym mats to lessen the impact.
　☞ 交换意见以后，室内的紧张气氛减轻了。
　☞ The tension in the room lessened after the exchange of views.
凑合 凑合
1．gather，指聚集。
　☞ 下班后咱们凑合在一起练唱歌。
　☞ Let's gather after work to practice singing 我们几个凑合在一起计划一次春游。
　☞ Some of us gathered to plan a spring outing.
2．collect，指收集。
　☞ 小学生把零用钱凑合在一起捐给希望工程。
　☞ The school pupils collected their pocket money to contribute to the Project Hope.
　☞ 他们把已有的邮票凑合起来开了一个展览。
　☞ They collected the stamps they possess and held an exhibition.
3．improvise，指临时想办法应付。
　☞ 尽管她没有糖，还是凑合着做了个饼。
　☞ She improvised a cake though she had no sugar.
　☞ 我们到那里时几乎什么都没有，一切都得凑合。
　☞ When we got there, we almost had nothing. All had to be improvised.
4．make do with，make... do, do，指凑合着吃、穿、用等。
　☞ 家里没有肉，我们就只好用土豆凑合。
　☞ There's no meat in the house, so we'll just have to make do with potatoes.
　☞ 他没有钉锤，只好拿块大石头凑合。
　☞ He did not have a hammer, and he had to make do with a heavy rock.
　☞ 我这件棉袄还能凑合一冬。
　☞ I can make this padded jacket do for another winter.
　☞ 那块料子给我儿子做件上衣能凑合。
　☞ That piece of material would do to make a coat for my son.
　☞ 在这客栈过一夜能凑合。
　☞ This inn would do to stay for the night.
5．manage，指勉强对付。
　☞ 他没学过会计，但还能凑合着记记账。
　☞ He isn't a trained accountant, but he manages to keep simple accounts.
　☞ 战争时期，几乎没有吃的，但他全家凑合着活了下来。
　☞ During the war, there was almost nothing to eat, but his family managed to survive.
6．offhand，指不经考虑就说或做。
　☞ 会前要做好准备，发言不要凑合。
　☞ Be ready for the meeting and don't speak offhand.
　☞ 这件事，我得花点时间想一想，不能凑合着干。
　☞ I'll have to take time and think. I can't do it offhand.
7．concur，指同时发生的事情凑在一起。
　☞ 样样东西凑合起来就产生了预期的效果。
　☞ Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.
　☞ 发生在男孩生活中的种种事情凑合在一起使得他成了现在这个样子。
　☞ The events of the boy's life concurred to make him what he was.
凝聚 凝聚
1．embody，指体现出来。
　☞ 这部名著凝聚着他毕生的心血。
　☞ In this masterpiece is embodied his lifetime of painstaking work.
　☞ 这些雕刻凝聚着艺术家们对生命的热爱。
　☞ These sculptures embody the artists' love of human life.
　☞ 南京长江大桥凝聚着中国工人阶级的高度智慧。
　☞ The Changjiang River Bridge at Nanjing is an embodiment of the superb wisdom of the Chinese working class。
2．form, 指形成。
　☞ 荷叶上凝聚着晶莹的露珠。
　☞ Glistering dewdrops have formed on the lotus leaves.
　☞ 石油超过某一温度就会凝聚成油气。
　☞ Petrol forms vapor above a certain temperature.
3．cohesion, 指凝聚力。
　☞ 人民生活的改善增强了中华民族的凝聚力。
　☞ The improvement of people's livelihood has increased the cohesion of the Chinese nation.
　☞ 如果我们有更多的道德凝聚力，这项革新一定能成功。
　☞ The innovation is bound to be a success if we have more moral cohesion.
凝（凝结、凝固） 凝（凝结、凝固）
1．coagulate，专用词，指液体的凝结或凝固。尤其指由化学作用产生的凝结或凝固。
　☞ 血液遇到空气就会凝结。
　☞ Blood coagulates when it meets air.
　☞ 乳酸细菌产生的酸足以使乳蛋白质凝固。
　☞ Acid production of lactic acid bacteria is sufficient to coagulate milk proteins.
2．congeal，专用词，指液体凝结或冻成固体。
　☞ 他的衬衣都被血凝住了。
　☞ His shirt was congealed with blood.
　☞ 把凝结在上面的脂肪撇掉。
　☞ Discard the fat that congeals at the top.
3．clot, 指凝结成块，尤指血液。
　☞ 他伤口上的血由于缺乏血小板而尚未凝结。
　☞ The blood has not yet clotted on his wound because of lack of platelet.
　☞ 牛奶变酸时就会凝结（凝固）。
　☞ Milk clots when it turns sour.
4．curdle，指牛奶等凝结成块，可用于辖义。
　☞ 牛奶凝结成块了。
　☞ The milk is curdled.
　☞ 蛋清加热时会凝固。
　☞ The whites of eggs are curdled by heating.
　☞ 她见到他的暴行气得血液都凝固了。
　☞ Her blood curdled with indignation at the sight of his savage act.
5．set, 指液体或糊状物的凝固。
　☞ 混凝土凝固了吗？
　☞ Has the concrete set?
　☞ 他把两层胶合板压着，直到胶水凝固。
　☞ He pressed the two layers of veneer till the glue set.
6．condense，指物理上的遇冷凝固。
　☞ 大气中的水汽晚上会凝结成露水。
　☞ Moisture in the atmosphere condenses into dew during the night.
　☞ 水蒸气凝结成水滴。
　☞ Steam condenses into drops of water.
7．become solid，指凝成固体。
　☞ 在什么样的温度下，酒精会凝固？
　☞ At what temperature does alcohol become solid?
　☞ 蛋白质遇热会凝固。
　☞ Protein becomes solid when heated.
8．“凝结”、“凝固”的其他译法。
　☞ 中朝人民的战斗友谊是用鲜血凝成的。
　☞ The militant friendship between China and Korea is cemented with blood.
　☞ 我在学习上的每一点进步都凝结着老师的心血。
　☞ Every bit of the progress I have made in my studies is the result of my teacher's patient guidance.
　☞ 湖面上凝结了一层薄冰。
　☞ A thin layer of ice formed over the lake.
几乎 几乎
1．almost, nearly，all but，均指差不多，在可以衡量、比较的情况下，如时间和空间的进展，三者一般可以换用。
　☞ 她几乎看不见了。
　☞ She is almost (nearly, all but) blind.
　☞ 我们几乎到达了目的地。
　☞ We almost (nearly, all but) reached our destination.
　☞ 几乎每个人都知道这件事。
　☞ Nearly everyone knows it.
　☞ 他几乎在一场车祸中丧命。
　☞ He was nearly killed in an automobile accident.
　☞ 孩子几乎被汽车碾了。
　☞ The child was all but run over by the car.
　☞ 他的技术几乎超过了我。
　☞ He has all but surpassed me technically.
　 ■ 但是这三个词也有不同之处，现分述如下：
1) almost可以用于无法衡量、比较的事物，而nearly，all but则不能。
　☞ 我家的狗什么都懂，几乎通了人性。
　☞ Our dog understands everything, he's almost human.
　☞ 我姑妈住在国外多年，说起话来几乎像个外国人。
　☞ My aunt lived abroad for years, she almost sounds foreigner.
　☞ 这几乎不可置信。
　☞ It's almost incredible.
　☞ 我几乎相信你是对的。
　☞ I almost think you are right.
　 ■ 上述例句的almost之所以不能用后者替换，是因为例句均不涉及时间或空间的进展，因此无法衡量比较。
2) nearly，all but都不与never, nobody, no one，nothing，nowhere，no，none连用。遇到这种情况，可用almost或hardly，如：almost never或hardly ever; almost nobody或hardly anything; almost no money，或hardly any money等。
　☞ 几乎无人离开。
　☞ There is almost none left.
　☞ 他几乎没有从别人那里得到过帮助。
　☞ He got almost no help from others.
　☞ 我们几乎什么也没有说。
　☞ We said almost nothing.
3) almost与hardly，all but一样，都不与not连用。碰到这样的情况要用具有否定意义的词替代。
　☞ 几乎每辆车都不停。
　☞ Hardly did any of the cars stop.(不能说：Almost every car did not stop)
　☞ 几乎所有的客人都没有准时到达。
　☞ Few of the guests arrived on time.(不能说：Almost all guests did not arrive on time)
4) almost可以用在more than，too之前，nearly，all but则不能。
　☞ 这几乎更甚于我们担心的。
　☞ This is almost more than we feared.
　☞ 这几乎太多了。
　☞ This is almost too much.
5) nearly可以用在具体数字之前，almost则不能。
　☞ 这幢楼比那幢楼几乎高了20米。
　☞ The building is nearly twenty meters higher than that one.
　☞ 母亲的年龄比儿子大了1倍。
　☞ The mother is nearly twice as old as her son.
6) almost，nearly都可与as…as…连用，而all but则不用。
　☞ 他几乎跟我一样高。
　☞ He is almost (nearly) as tall as I.
　☞ 你几乎跟她一样机灵。
　☞ You are nearly (almost) as clever as she.
2．hardly，scarcely，barely，seldom也均指差不多，但只能用于否定旬。一般也可换用。
　☞ 你几乎从不惊慌，对吧？
　☞ You hardly (scarcely, barely, seldom) ever panic, do you?
　☞ 几乎所有的学生都没考好。
　☞ Hardly did any of the students do well on the test.
　☞ 我们几乎不敢想。
　☞ We scarcely dare to think.
　☞ 他几乎不识字。
　☞ He can scarcely read.
　☞ 老太太虚得几乎站不起来。
　☞ The old lady was so weak that she could barely stand up.
　☞ 他几乎没有朋友。
　☞ He barely had any friends.
　☞ 昆明几乎不下雪。
　☞ It seldom, if ever, snows in Kunming.
　☞ 她伤心得几乎不会笑了。
　☞ She is so sad that she seldom smiles.
3．practically, virtually，指实际上差不多。
　☞ 他是我的好朋友，好到几乎成了我家中的一员。
　☞ He is such a good friend of mine that he is practically a member of my family.
　☞ 等我们再次有空时，夏季几乎都过去了。
　☞ When we were free again, the summer season was practically over.
　☞ 他几乎把什么都告诉我了。
　☞ He's told me practically everything.
　☞ 一些密密麻麻的丛林几乎长到了海里。
　☞ Some of the densest jungle forests virtually grow into the sea.
　☞ 由于大雪我们几乎与小镇隔绝了。
　☞ We were virtually cut off from the small town by heavy snow.
4．as good as，用作状语时大致与practically相同。
　☞ 水电站几乎完工了。
　☞ The hydroelectric station is as good as completed.
　（等于practically completed.）
　☞ 我几乎已答应在他们困难时给予支援。
　☞ I have already as good as promised them that we shall assist them in their difficulties.
　☞ 他几乎已告诉了我，要是我不加把劲就得离校。
　☞ He as good as told me that if I didn't work hard I would have to get out of the school.
5．little more than，由于加上了little这个准否定词，使more than的强调语气得到缓和，因而有了“几乎”的意思。
　☞ 我曾祖父由于过惯了饭来张口衣来伸手的生活， 他14岁结婚时还几乎是个孩子。
　☞ At fourteen, and having lived a sheltered life, my great-grand-father was little more than a boy at the time of marriage.
　☞ 他出了车祸之后，几乎成了个病人。
　☞ After the automobile accident he became little more than a sick man.
6．有时用虚拟语气可以表示没有成为事实的“几乎”。
　☞ 要不是你提醒我，我几乎忘了。
　☞ It would have slipped my mind if you hadn't reminded me of it.
　☞ 要不是晕船，我几乎坐船走了。
　☞ I would go by steamer if I were not a poor sailor.
凡 凡
1．every，all，表示所有，用在名词前面，总括名词所说的一切，常与“都”、“均”、“一律”连用。
　☞ 在我国，凡满18岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。
　☞ In our country every citizen who has reached the age of 18 has the right to vote and stand for election.
　☞ 凡事都应用脑筋想一想。
　☞ We should always use our brains and think everything over carefully.
　☞ 凡属我国文化遗产中有用的东西，均应继承。
　☞ All of our cultural heritage that is useful should be inherited.
　☞ 凡认识他的人没有不称赞的。
　☞ All that know him speak highly of him.
2．whoever, whenever, however等，表示让步。
　☞ 凡过路的人，没有一个不停下来欣赏这儿风景的。
　☞ Whoever passes here stops to admire the scenery.
　☞ 凡同志们有困难，他没有不热情帮助的。
　☞ Whenever a comrade needs help, he is ready to give it.
3．ordinary，表示平凡。
　☞ 我们都是凡夫俗子，哪能长生不老？
　☞ We are all ordinary people. How can we be ever young?
　☞ 你是非凡人物，人家当然会另眼相待。
　☞ You are an extraordinary person and will be given special treatment.
4．altogether，表示总共。
　☞ 全书凡20卷。
　☞ The set consists of 20 volumes altogether.
　☞ 卷入此案的凡6家。
　☞ There are altogether 6 families involved in the case.
5．earth，earthly，指凡世。
　☞ 女跳伞队员身穿古装像仙女下凡一样从天而降。
　☞ The woman parachutists dressed in ancient costumes were coming down from the sky like fairies descending to earth.
　☞ 谁能像你一样超凡脱俗呢？
　☞ Who could be so free from earthly cares as you are?
凭 凭
1．with，指凭借物质的工具或精神的力量。
　☞ 地震后，我们凭自己的双手重建自己的家园。
　☞ We have rebuilt our home town with our hands.
　☞ 我们无论做什么，都凭党性办事。
　☞ Whatever we do, we always act with Party spirit.
2．at，指地点或依据。
　☞ 两老者凭桌相对而坐，畅谈王者以民为天。
　☞ The two old men sat at the table opposite each other, speaking glowingly of a king whose life depends upon the people.
　☞ 你不能凭他嘴上说的就算数。
　☞ You can't take him at his words.
3．from，指出发点。
　☞ 凭此登高远眺，人会感到心旷神怡。
　☞ Gazing into the distance from such a high place here one may feel complete relaxed and joyful.
　☞ 5位壮士凭险抵抗了7天7夜。
　☞ The five warriors had fought back for seven days and seven nights from a strategic advantage point.
4．by，指凭借某种凭证或依据。
　☞ 凭请柬入场。
　☞ Admission by invitation only.
　☞ 判断一个人不应仅凭外表。
　☞ A man should not be judged by his looks only.
5．on，指依靠或依赖。
　☞ 全凭我的三寸不烂之舌我们才说服了他。
　☞ It is entirely on the strength of my eloquence that we have persuaded him.
　☞ 你就凭一杯牛奶和一片面包干了一天的活？
　☞ Did you do a day's work only on a cup of milk and a slice of toast?
6．out of，指出于某种动机或利用某种材料。
　☞ 他每天来尽义务，全凭对灾民的同情。
　☞ He comes to do voluntary service out of pure sympathy for the victims.
　☞ 谁想得到他会凭空造谣？
　☞ Who would have thought that he should fabricate lies out of thin air?
7．in, 指凭借语言等某些特征。
　☞ 人类是凭语言思想的。
　☞ Man thinks in words.
　☞ 凭良心说，他只能怪自己。
　☞ In all fairness, he could only blame himself.
8．no matter how（who等代词），指任凭。
　☞ 凭你跑得多快，我都赶得上。
　☞ I'll catch up with you no matter how fast you run.
　☞ 凭你是谁，也不能进。
　☞ You can't go in no matter who you are.
9．lean on (against)，指依靠在某一支撑物上。
　☞ 独自莫凭栏，无限江山。
　☞ Never lean on the balustrades alone, to see the vast kingdom of my own.
　☞ 官兵们在攻击前凭舷痛饮。
　☞ Before launching the attack the officers and men drank their fill, leaning against the gunwale.
10．rely on，指依据。
　☞ 我们凭什么？我们凭自己的实力。
　☞ What do we rely on? We rely on our own strength.
　☞ 蒋介石是凭着美国军援发动这场内战的。
　☞ Chiang Kai-shek launched the civil war, relying on the American military aid.
11．base on，指根据。
　☞ 你是凭什么得出这一结论的？
　☞ What do you base this conclusion on?
　☞ 他是凭着这些统计数字做出气象预报的。
　☞ He based his weather forecast on these statistical figures.
12．draw on，指凭靠。
　☞ 他无法取得素材，就凭着想像来写他的新闻报道。
　☞ He couldn't get facts, he would draw on his imagination for his news report.
　☞ 我凭着自己的实际经验设计了一台风冷马达。
　☞ Drawing on my practical experience, I designed an air-cooled motor.
13．“凭”的其他译法。
　☞ 口说无凭，立字为据。
　☞ Verbal statement being no guarantee, a written agreement is hereby made.
　☞ 此账单可凭票付款。
　☞ The bill is payable to bearer.
出于 出于
1．proceed from，表示产生于。
　☞ 所有的猜疑都出于一次误会。
　☞ All misgivings proceeded from a misunderstanding.
　☞ 出于帮助别人的愿望她希望成为一个护士。
　☞ Her ambition to become a nurse proceeds from a desire to help others.
2．stem from，表示起源于。
　☞ 他的鲁莽行为出于虚荣。
　☞ His recklessness stems from vanity.
　☞ 目前的罢工浪潮出于低收入者的不满。
　☞ The present waves of strike stem from discontent among the lower paid.
3．out of，表示出自，后常接抽象名词。
　☞ 起先，他调查该案纯粹出于好奇。
　☞ At first, he investigated the case simply out of curiosity.
　☞ 我停下来帮她是出于好意。
　☞ I stopped to help her out of good intention.
4．of，表示来自。
　☞ 病人出院是出于自愿。
　☞ The patient left hospital of his own accord.
　☞ 她提出抗辩只是出于自卫。
　☞ She entered the plea merely of self-defense.
　☞ 贫困往往出于懈怠。
　☞ Poverty often comes of idleness.
5．born of，表示产生自某种内在感情。
　☞ 爱情不出于同情。
　☞ Love is not born of sympathy.
　☞ 我想成为医生完全是出于想帮助病人的愿望。
　☞ My wish to become a doctor was completely born of a desire to help sick people.
6．actuated by，表示受到某种驱使。
　☞ 他杀她是出于报复。
　☞ He murdered her, being actuated by revenge.
　☞ 他在全市散布谣言完全是出于不可告人的目的。
　☞ Actuated entirely by ulterior motives, he spread the rumor through the city.
出动 出动
1．强调外出行动，可译set off, set out。
　☞ 小分队提前出动了。
　☞ The detachment set off ahead of schedule.
　☞ 连队正待命出动。
　☞ The companies are awaiting orders to set out.
2．强调全体一起行动，可译turn out。
　☞ 为了欢迎英国女王全城都出动了。
　☞ The whole city turned out to welcome the British queen.
　☞ 全连出动扫雪。
　☞ The whole company turned out to sweep the snow.
3．强调奉召行动，可译call out。
　☞ 反动当局出动大批军警镇压罢工。
　☞ The reactionary authorities called out a large number of troops and police to put down the strike.
　☞ 昨天，消防队曾两次出动。
　☞ The fire brigade was called out twice yesterday.
4．强调派遣部队、组织等执行任务，可译dispatch。
　☞ 海军出动一艘巡洋舰来恢复该岛秩序。
　☞ The navy dispatched a cruiser to the island to restore order.
　☞ 军部出动伞兵协同步兵作战。
　☞ The army headquarters dispatched the paratroops to fight in coordination with the infantry.
　☞ 消防队出动3辆救火车灭火。
　☞ The fire brigade dispatched three fire engines to combat the blaze.
5．出动飞机，应译fly sorties, make sorties。
　☞ 敌人出动飞机20架次，轰炸我军阵地。
　☞ The enemy flew 20 sorties to bomb our position.
　☞ 这两架飞机昨天各出动了3次。
　☞ The two planes each made three sorties yesterday.
出卖 出卖
1．sell, for sale，指卖出。
　☞ 他生前用过的那台钢琴以高价出卖。
　☞ The piano he played before his death was sold at high price.
　☞ 你有什么画要出卖的吗？
　☞ Do you have any picture for sale?
2．betray，指背叛。
　☞ 他因出卖国家利益而被判死刑。
　☞ He was sentenced to death for betraying the interests of the country.
　☞ 是你最要好的朋友出卖了你。
　☞ It was your dearest friend who betrayed you.
3．sell out，指出卖，可以与betray换用，但较口语化。
　☞ 他父亲于1935年在上海被叛徒出卖。
　☞ His father was sold out at Shanghai by a traitor in 1935.
　☞ 人民谴责他把民族利益出卖给帝国主义。
　☞ The people denounced him for selling out their national interests to the imperialists.
4．barter away，指不正当或可耻的买卖。
　☞ 她为钱而出卖了自己的灵魂。
　☞ She bartered away her soul for money.
　☞ 签定这样的条约就是出卖民族的权利和主权。
　☞ Signing such a treaty means bartering away national rights and sovereignty.
出发 出发
1．从离开或分开的角度来译，可用leave，depart, departure。
　☞ 巡回医疗队今晚就要出发。
　☞ The mobile medical team is leaving tonight.
　☞ 你什么时候出发？坐火车还是飞机？
　☞ When are you leaving? By plane or by train?
　☞ 几分钟后，王先生就准备出发了。
　☞ In a few minutes, Mr. Wang was ready to depart.
　☞ 你出发前，让我进你一言吧。
　☞ Before your departure, let me give you a word of advice.
2．从动身的角度来译，可用set out, set off, start out, start off。
　☞ 上午9点，我们吃完早饭就坐车出发了。
　☞ We finished breakfast at nine a.m. and set out (set off) by bus.
　☞ 我们出发时天正下着雨。
　☞ It was raining when we set out (set off).
　☞ 11钟，我们冒着零下20度的严寒出发了。
　☞ We started out at 11 o'clock in a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade below zero.
　☞ 除了病号全体立即出发。
　☞ Everyone else, the sick excepted, must start out at once.
　☞ 侦察兵在一个雨夜出发去执行任务。
　☞ The scouts started off on their mission on a rainy night.
　☞ 就在当天夜里10点钟，我出发踏上征途。
　☞ At ten o'clock the same night I started off upon my journey.
3．表示考虑或处理问题是从某一个起点出发时，可用proceed from, proceed from the fact that。
　☞ 我们无论干什么，一切都应从人民的利益出发。
　☞ Whatever we do, we must proceed in all cases from the interests of the people.
　☞ 我们要从中国有10亿人口这一事实出发。
　☞ We must proceed from the fact that China has 1,000 million people.
出来 出来
　 ■ “出来”一词可以用作实词，也可用作虚词。
1．用作实词。
1) come out，指由里到外的出来。
　☞ 请你出来我有事跟你谈。
　☞ Will you please come out7I have something to tell you.
　☞ 对不起，今天我有事出不来。
　☞ Sorry, I can't come out today because I'm tied up.
2) turn out，指万人空巷式的出来。
　☞ 人们成千上万地出来参加她的葬礼。
　☞ Thousands of people turned out for her funeral.
　☞ 全村人都出来欢迎外国朋友。
　☞ The whole village turned out to welcome the foreign friends.
3) emerge，指从隐蔽的地方出来。
　☞ 云一吹走，太阳就出来了。
　☞ As the clouds drifted away the sun emerged.
　☞ 那游泳的从水里出来，爬上了木筏。
　☞ The swimmer emerged from the water and climbed on the raft.
4) crop up，指出其不意地出现。
　☞ 我刚认为问题已经解决时，麻烦就出来了。
　☞ Trouble cropped up just when I thought the problem was solved.
　☞ 事情出来之后，弄得我的处境很困难。
　☞ Things have cropped up that make my position rather difficult。
2．用作虚词。
1) out，用在动词之后，表示由里向外的动作。
　☞ 我的手表不在口袋里，可能掉出来了。
　☞ My watch isn't in my pocket; it must have fallen out.
　☞ 他没有办法，只好走出来。
　☞ He had no alternative but to walk out.
2) 但如果“出来”用在动词后，表示的是动作的完成，一般不用副词，而用相应的动词。
　☞ 他那篇论文写出来了。
　☞ He's finished writing his thesis.
　☞ 他们终于把这种优质钢炼出来了。
　☞ They finally succeeded in making the high-grade steel.
3) 如果用在动词之后，表示由隐蔽到显露，一般也要用相应的动词。
　☞ 这几首诗把他的爱国热情充分表达出来了。
　☞ These poems give full expression of his patriotic feelings.
　☞ 有什么困难说出来。
　☞ If you have any difficulty just let me know.
　 ■ “出来”有时用在动词之后，可以被宾语分隔。
　☞ 我一眼就认出他来了。
　☞ I recognized him the moment I saw him.
　☞ 生病的时候，你是吃不出味道来的。
　☞ When you are ill, you can't taste properly.
　 ■ 除此之外，out有时也可用于由隐蔽到显露。
　☞ 雨停了，星星都出来了。
　☞ The rain stopped and the stars were out 他的话是什么意思，我听不出来。
　☞ I couldn't make out what he meant.
出没 出没
1．haunt，指幽灵般出没其间。
　☞ 据说那座老宅夜里有鬼魂出没。
　☞ People say that ghosts haunt that old house at night.
　☞ 大熊猫出没于川西山区。
　☞ The mountainous areas of western Sichuan are the haunt of the giant panda.
2．infest，指为害一方的人、鸟、虫、鱼等的出没。
　☞ 马六甲海峡曾经是大批海盗出没的水道。
　☞ The Strait of Malacca was the waterway infested with pirates.
　☞ 这里禁止游泳，因为是鲨鱼出没的水域。
　☞ Swimming is forbidden here, for it is the shark-infested waters.
3．roam，指漫游其间。
　☞ 出没于北满山区的老虎除非受到威胁，否则是绝不伤人的。
　☞ Tigers, which roamed the mountains of northern Manchuria, would never hurt human beings unless they felt threatened.
　☞ 饥饿的狼群常在森林里出没，寻找食物。
　☞ Hungry wolves often roam in the forests in search of food.
4．“出没”常与“无常”结合，表示动作的捉摸不定。时常用come and go unpredictably, appear and disappear unexpectedly.
　☞ 他是住在这里，但他是个夜猫子，出没无常。
　☞ He does live here, but he is a night owl and comes and goes unpredictably.
　☞ 据说这一带有眼镜蛇，但出没无常。
　☞ It is said that cobras are found around here, but they appear and disappear unexpectedly.
出版 出版
1．publish（正式用语），表示图书报刊等的排印、发行全过程。
　☞ 毛泽东著作精装本将于今年秋季出版。
　☞ The selected works of Mao Zedong will be published in an edition deluxe in autumn this year.
　《石头记》英译本已在伦敦出版。
　☞ An English translation of The Story of the Stone has been published in London.
　☞ 你这一著作准备在什么时候出版？
　☞ When are you going to publish this book of yours?
　☞ 这故事情节不错，但我们无法出版，因为会得罪政府。
　☞ It's a good story, but we can't publish“, for it would offend the government.
2．bring out，表示出版问世。
　☞ 工会在罢工期间每天出版一期罢工简讯。
　☞ During the strike the trade union brought out a daily strike bulletin.
　 ■ 如果publish不强调出版、发行的全过程，也可与bring out换用。
　☞ 云南人民出版社刚出版了几种中国诗选。
　☞ The Yunnan People's Publishing House has just brought out (published) several selections from Chinese poetry.
　☞ 本公司打算出版一套新的教育丛书。
　☞ Our company intends to bring out (publish)a new series of educational books.
3．get out，义同bring out。
　☞ 商务印书馆本季度要出版两部关于原子能的新著。
　☞ The Commercial Press is getting out two new books on atomic energy this season.
　☞ 他们很快就出版了他的小说。
　☞ They got his novel out quickly.
4．come out，义同get out，但前者为自动词，后者为它动词。
　《北京周报》每周出版一期。
　☞ The magazine Beijing Review comes out once a week.
　☞ 这号外是今天上午出版的。
　☞ The extra edition of papers came out this morning.
5．come off the press，只指排印出版，不指发行。
　☞ 书一出版就寄给你。
　☞ We'll send you the book as soon as it comes off the press.
　☞ 我校校刊第一期将于9月1日出版。
　☞ The first issue of our college journal will come off the press on September the 1st.
出现 出现
1．appear，turn up，指视觉上、印象上出现。
　☞ 这种病皮肤上会出现斑点。
　☞ In this disease spots appear on the skin.
　☞ 他们出现之处，到处是一片欢呼之声。
　☞ Wherever they appeared, there were ovations.
　☞ 暮色渐浓，然后出现了一颗又一颗的星星。
　☞ Twilight deepened, then stars appeared one after another.
　☞ 农村出现了一片前所未有的繁荣。
　☞ A prosperity never seen before appeared in the countryside.
　☞ 在这期间，党内出现了骄傲自满的情绪。
　☞ During this stage, a kind of conceit appeared within the Party.
　☞ 这是一个在你的读物里常常出现的词。
　☞ This is a word that turns up frequently in your reading.
　☞ 那口号常出现在标语牌上。
　☞ That slogan often turned up on placards.
　☞ 她的名字常出现在报纸上。
　☞ Her name is often turning up in the newspapers.
2．emerge，come out，指从隐蔽场所出现在显眼之处。
　☞ 从船上掉下去的男孩出现在水面，接着就爬上了丢给他的救生筏。
　☞ The boy that had fallen from the ship emerged from the water and climbed onto the life raft thrown to him.
　☞ 内阁组成后不久又出现了新的危机。
　☞ A new crisis emerged shortly after the cabinet had been formed.
　☞ 只要我们一开始生产，肯定会出现意外。
　☞ Snags are bound to emerge as long as we start production.
　☞ 数百名儿童手持鲜花，出现在天安门广场上。
　☞ Several hundred children carrying bouquets came out onto Tian 'An Men Square.
　☞ 月亮出现后我们才离开树林。
　☞ We did not leave the woods until the moon came out.
3．loom (up)，指隐隐约约的出现，常常带有某种恐怖色彩。
　☞ 透过灰色的大雾隐隐约约地出现了一大座冰山。
　☞ A large iceberg loomed through the thick gray fog.
　☞ 透过大雾出现了另一艘黑洞洞的军舰舰体。
　☞ The dark outline of another warship loomed (up) through the thick fog.
　☞ 他躺在检查台上，恐惧地望着出现在他头顶上的那台爱克斯光机。
　☞ He lay on the examination table and stared terrified at the X-ray apparatus that loomed over him.
4．spring up，指大量、到处、突然地出现。
　☞ 余粮户已经到处出现。
　☞ Households with a grain reserve have sprung up everywhere.
　☞ 农村出现了许多工厂。
　☞ A great number of factories have sprung up in the countryside.
　☞ 我想到这一点，脑子里出现了许多想法。
　☞ So many ideas sprang up within me as I thought of it.
　☞ 她心里突然出现一个疑团。
　☞ A suspicion sprang up in her mind.
5．heave in sight，指进入视线。
　☞ 一想到祖国最大的海港即将在眼前出现时，我怎么能不激动呢？
　☞ How could I remain calm at the thought that the largest seaport of my motherland would soon heave in sight?
　☞ 一艘四桅帆船在海平面上出现了。
　☞ A four-mast schooner heaved in sight.
　☞ 他恰好在我们谈及他时出现了。
　☞ We were speaking of him when he heaved in sight.
6．come into being (existence)，arise，指开始出现。两者的区别是前者出现后往往长期存在，而后者则不一定。
　☞ 这种做法在中世纪末期就出现了。
　☞ Such practice came into being in the late Middle Ages.
　☞ 第一个工人联盟就这样出现了。
　☞ Thus the first worker's league came into being.
　☞ 这种风俗是什么时候出现的，现在已无人知道了。
　☞ No one knows when such customs came into existence.
　☞ 他们之间马上就出现了严重分歧。
　☞ Between them serious disagreement immediately arose.
　☞ 后期出现了当时看来似乎是无法解决的问题。
　☞ At a later stage there arose new problems which seemed insoluble.
　☞ 旧的矛盾解决了，又会出现新的矛盾。
　☞ New contradictions will arise as old ones are solved.
7．occur，指发生、产生。
　☞ 同一错误在这一段里出现了3次。
　☞ The same mistake occurs three times in the paragraph.
　☞ 每页都出现了印刷错误。
　☞ Misprints occur on every page.
　☞ 在他的许多作品里都出现同一主题。
　☞ The same theme occurs in much of his works.
　☞ 11月份常出现霜冻。
　☞ Frost often occurs in November.
8．present，指呈现。
　☞ 工地上出现了激动人心的你追我赶的社会主义竞赛场面。
　☞ The construction site presented an exciting scene of each one vying with the other in the socialist emulation campaign.
　☞ 在他的书里出现了一幅从根本上遭到歪曲的画面。
　☞ His book presents a fundamentally distorted picture.
9．be effected，指出现效果，常用于被动句。
　☞ 这种变化很快就出现了。
　☞ The change was effected quickly.
　☞ 由于采用了和平方式而出现了这一问题的解决办法。
　☞ A solution to the problem was effected by peaceful means.
10．take one's place，指取得地位。
　☞ 我们将以一个具有高度文化的民族出现于世界。
　☞ We shall take our place in the world as a nation with an advanced culture.
　☞ 你的名字终有一日会出现在社会名流之列。
　☞ Your name will take its place among noted public figures some day.
出路 出路
1．way out，指通向外面的道路。
　☞ 他们在森林里迷失了方向，找不到出路。
　☞ They lost their bearings in the forest and couldn't find their way out.
　☞ 农业的根本出路在于机械化。
　☞ The fundamental way out for agriculture lies in mechanization.
　☞ 我看不出他的生活有什么出路。
　☞ I don't see any way out for the life of him.
2．outlet，指水流、货流等的流向。
　☞ 由于河道淤塞，大水找不到出路。
　☞ There is no outlet for the floodwater because the riverbed is silted up.
　☞ 我们终于为滞销品找到了出路。
　☞ Finally, we've found an outlet for the unsalable products.
3．future，指前景。
　☞ 他这样下去，我真不知他的出路在哪里。
　☞ If he goes on like that, I really wonder where his future is.
　☞ 他的业务大有出路。
　☞ There is a great future in his business.
4．opportunity，指机会口对失业人员要给以生活出路。
　☞ We must provide the unemployed the opportunities to earn a living.
　☞ 在这样一个小城里，你是很难找到出路的。
　☞ You can hardly find an opportunity in a small town like this.
5．go anywhere，指走不远，常用于否定句或疑问句。
　☞ 坚持错误思想是没有出路的。
　☞ You won't go anywhere if you cling to your wrong ideas.
　☞ 你不懂外语，茌外交工作中能有出路吗？
　☞ Can you go anywhere in the diplomatic service, not knowing a foreign language?
出面 出面
1．oneself, personally，指亲自出面。
　☞ 这件事，为什么你不出面处理？
　☞ Why don't you take up the matter yourself?
　☞ 部长出面向各国大使说明情况。
　☞ The minister personally explained the matter to the ambassadors.
2．on one's behalf, in one's name，指以…名义出面。
　☞ 我愿出力，不愿出面。
　☞ I'm willing to help out but not to act on my behalf.
　☞ 由你出面，在你银行里开个账户，怎么样？
　☞ How about opening an account at your bank in your name?
3．act as，指“以…身份出面”。
　☞ 老黄和小李吵架时由我出面调解。
　☞ I acted as a mediator when Huang and Li quarreled.
　☞ 他出面做中，做成了这笔生意。
　☞ He acted as a go between to have made the deal.
4．如语义已不言自明，也可省去不译。
　☞ 双方由民间团体出面商谈贸易。
　☞ Trade talks are to be held by nongovernmental organizations of both sides.
　☞ 今晚由学生会出面，召开迎新晚会。
　☞ This evening the Student's Union will give a party to welcome the new students.
分别 分别
1．distinguish, differentiate, discriminate, 指分辨，详见分辨第1、第2和第3条。
　☞ 野兔和家兔有什么分别。
　☞ What distinguishes the hare from the rabbit?
　☞ 无论干什么，都要分别轻重缓急。
　☞ Whatever you do, you have to differentiate the more important from the less important.
2．part, separate, separation，指分手，分开。
　☞ 我们分别后再也没有见过。
　☞ We parted, and we haven't met since.
　☞ 兄弟俩分别已有3年。
　☞ It is three years since the two brothers parted.
　☞ 我们到天黑才分别。
　☞ We didn't separate till nightfall.
　☞ 我们一起走了1公里才分别。
　☞ We walked a kilometer together and then separated.
　☞ 他们分别不久又见面了。
　☞ They met again after a short separation.
3．separately，指分开来做。
　☞ 这两个问题咱们分别讨论罢。
　☞ Let's discuss the two problems separately.
　☞ 这两套书是分别包装的。
　☞ The two sets of books were packed separately.
　☞ 要是我跟他分别行动那就更好。
　☞ It would be better if he and I were acting separately.
　☞ 你最好还是分别跟他们谈谈。
　☞ You'd better have a talk with each of them separately。
4．respective，respectively，指各自来做。
　☞ 他们分别代表本国政府在协定上签了字。
　☞ They signed the agreement on behalf of their respective governments.
　☞ 男女住房分别在1楼和2楼。
　☞ Rooms of men and women are on the first and second floors respectively.
　☞ 先分别考虑它们的价格，再考虑它们各自的用处。
　☞ Consider respectively their prices and then the use they can put to.
　☞ 一、二、三等奖分别由王平、李明、张兴获得。
　☞ The first, second and third prizes went to Wang Ping, Li Ming and Zhang Xing respectively.
5．difference, different, differ，指不同。
　☞ 两者之间没有分别。
　☞ There is no difference between the two.
　☞ 我看不出他们之间有什么分别。
　☞ I can't see any difference between them.
　☞ 县党委干部分别下到基层参加劳动。
　☞ Cadres of the county Party committee go down to different grass-roots units to take part in manual labor.
　☞ 我的房子跟你的在几方面都有分别。
　☞ My house differs from yours in several ways.
6．in order of，指顺序分别进行。
　☞ 做工作要分别轻重缓急。
　☞ Work should be done in order of importance and urgency.
　☞ 面试求职人员，你要分别先来后到。
　☞ You should interview job applicants in order of arrival.
分割 分割
1．carve up，指宰割。
　☞ 帝国主义分割我国的日子已一去不复返了。
　☞ Gone are the days when the imperialists could carve up China.
　☞ 解放军分割围歼了入侵之敌。
　☞ The Liberation Army carved up and wiped out the invaders.
2．separate，指分开。
　☞ 民主和集中这两方面在任何时候都是不能分割的。
　☞ Democracy and centralism can at no time be separated.
　☞ 说来也怪，你无法把此案的正义和邪恶分割开来。
　☞ It is strange to say that you can't separate the rights and wrongs of the case.
3．inalienable，inseparable，指性质上无法分割。
　☞ 台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
　☞ Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory.
　☞ 理论与实践是不可分割的。
　☞ Theory and practice are inseparable.
分化 分化
1．divide (into)，从划分的角度表示分化。
　☞ 他们想尽办法来分化进步学生和工人。
　☞ They did their best to divide the progressive students and workers.
　☞ 随着私有制的产生，人类便分化为阶级。
　☞ With the emergence of private ownership, humanity was divided into classes.
　☞ 有些汉字加上不同的偏旁，一个字可以分化成几个。
　☞ Some Chinese characters can be divided into several others by adding different components to them.
　☞ 这类植物分化为多个亚种。
　☞ This genus of plants divides into many species.
　☞ 拉丁语曾分化为多种语言。
　☞ Latin divided into several vernaculars.
2．split up (off)，从分裂出来的角度表示分化，故有时带有贬义。
　☞ 阶级敌人分化统一战线的阴谋以失败而告终。
　☞ The class enemy's plot to split up the united front ended in failure.
　☞ 中间派是容易动摇的，并且不可避免地要发生分化。
　☞ The middle-of-the-roaders tend to vacillate and are bound to split up.
　☞ 警惕阶级敌人从革命队伍内部进行分化。
　☞ Guard against the class enemies who try to split up the revolutionary ranks from within.
　☞ 一部分人已从敌人营垒中分化出来。
　☞ A number of people have been split off from the camp of the enemy.
　☞ 一个持不同意见的少数派分化出去了。
　☞ A minority which disagreed split off.
3．disintegrate，从解体的角度表示分化。
　☞ 难道我们的社会正在分化吗？
　☞ Is our society beginning to disintegrate?
　☞ 我们当前的中心任务是分化瓦解被我军包围的敌人。
　☞ Our central task at present is to disintegrate the enemy forces surrounded by our troops.
4．polarization，指两极分化。
　☞ 世界性日趋严重的富国与穷国的两极分化正越演越烈。
　☞ A world increasingly serious polarization between rich and poor countries is becoming more and more violent.
　☞ 我国也出现了贫富的两极分化。
　☞ In China also appears a polarization between the poor and the rich.
分发 分发
1．hand out，强调亲手发给。
　☞ 老师把课本分发给同学们。
　☞ The teacher handed out textbooks to the students.
　☞ 保育员正给孩子们分发饼干。
　☞ The nurse is handing out biscuits to the children.
2．give out，强调散发。
　☞ 老师向学生分发考卷。
　☞ The teacher gave out the examination papers to the students.
　☞ 一位迎宾姑娘站在门口分发节目单。
　☞ An usherette stood at the door giving out programs.
3．distribute，强调一个个地分发。
　☞ 运动会主席向优胜者分发奖品。
　☞ Chairman of the sports meet distributed prizes to the winners.
　☞ 红军夺得了土地并分发给了农民。
　☞ The Red Army seized the land and distributed it to the peasants.
4．issue，强调分发公家的物品。
　☞ 市政当局向水灾灾民分发了食物。
　☞ The city authorities issued food to the flood victims.
　☞ 防毒面具都已分发到人。
　☞ Gas-masks have been issued individually.
分外 分外
1．especially，particularly，指特别、格外，强调程度。
　☞ 雪地上骑车要分外小心。
　☞ You've got to be especially careful when you cycle on snow.
　☞ 国庆节天安门显得分外壮丽。
　☞ Tian An Men looks especially magnificent on National Day.
　☞ 当时我们心情愉快，花儿也分外清香。
　☞ We were in a cheerful state of mind and the flowers were especially fragrant.
　☞ 听说你通过了考试，我们分外高兴。
　☞ We were particularly happy when we heard you had passed your examination.
　☞ 他给我的印象不像是个分外能干的人。
　☞ He doesn't strike me as a particularly able person.
2．more than ever, all the more，强调更进一层。
　☞ 他变得分外骄横。
　☞ He has become more arrogant and aggressive than ever.
　☞ 战友久别重逢，分外投入，分外亲切。
　☞ Meeting again after a long separation, comrades-in-arms are drawn to each other more closely than ever.
　☞ 没有人能告坼他或愿意告诉他，这使得他分外恼火。
　☞ No one could tell or would tell him, and that vexed him all the more.
　☞ 这一点分外重要，因为会议明天要开幕了。
　☞ This point is all the more important because the conference begins tomorrow.
3．beyond (not) one's duty (job)，强调本分以外。
　☞ 他从来不干分外事。
　☞ He never does what is beyond his duty.
　☞ 如果从思想上关心学生是教师的分外事，那么又是谁的分内事呢？
　☞ Whose duty then is it if it's beyond a teacher's duty to be concerned about the students' ideology?
　☞ 他干什么都不分分内分外。
　☞ Whatever he does he never makes any distinction between what is duty and what is not.
　☞ 革命工作不分分内分外。
　☞ In revolutionary work there's no such thing as "that's not my job".
分布 分布
1．be distributed over，侧重有规律的分布。
　☞ 水力发电站大都分布在山区。
　☞ Hydro-electric stations are distributed mostly over mountainous regions.
　☞ 我们的分行及办事处分布全国。
　☞ Our branches and agencies are distributed all over the country.
　☞ 彝族主要分布在云南、四川、贵州三省。
　☞ The Yi nationality is distributed mainly over Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces.
2．be scattered over，侧重不规则零散的分布。
　☞ 我的亲属分布在全国各地。
　☞ My relations are scattered all over the country.
　☞ 吉普赛人是分布在欧洲的一个到处飘泊的民族。
　☞ The Gypsies are a wandering race scattered over Europe.
　☞ 气象站分布在广阔的平原和山区。
　☞ Weather stations are scattered all over the vast plains and the mountain regions.
3．spread，侧重伸展开来面上的分布。
　☞ 沿河一带分布着一大片一大片的玉米地。
　☞ Wide patches of com fields spread along the river.
　☞ 矿藏分布100多公里，跨越4个县。
　☞ The deposits spread for more than 100 kilometers across four counties.
　☞ 犹太人分布在世界各地。
　☞ The Jewish race is spread all over the world.
4．be dispersed (over)，侧重某种力量作用下分布。
　☞ 长江沿岸已分布有军队。
　☞ Troops were dispersed along the banks of the Changjiang River.
　☞ 总统即将经过的街道都分布有一群群的警察。
　☞ Croups of police were dispersed all along the streets where the President was to pass.
　☞ 我国石油资源分布范围很广。
　☞ Oil deposits are widely dispersed over our country.
5．dot，侧重在星星点点地分布。
　☞ 她十分想他，尽管她知道她只是他分布在全国的众多小老婆中的一个。
　☞ She missed him very much though she knew that she was only one of his many concubines dotted around the country.
　☞ 田地像棋盘似的分布在大地上。
　☞ Fields dotted the landscape like a chessboard.
分开 分开
1．part，(keep) apart，指分离开来。
　☞ 兄弟俩已分开3年。
　☞ It is three years since the two brothers parted 他的头发从正中间向两边分开。
　☞ His hair was parted exactly in the middle.
　☞ 白令海峡把北美和亚洲分开。
　☞ The Bering Strait parts North America from Asia.
　☞ 我们从此再也没有分开.
　☞ Since then we have never been apart.
　☞ 如果你们吵架，我就把你们分开。
　☞ If you quarrel, I shall have to keep you apart.
2．separate，separately，指分隔开来。
　☞ 他们结婚才一年就分开了。
　☞ They separated after only one year's marriage.
　☞ 我们把好的跟坏的分开。
　☞ We separated the good ones from the bad ones.
　☞ 洋葱和面包要分开放，否则会串味。
　☞ Keep the onions separated from bread or they'll make it smell.
　☞ 他们是连着的还是分开的？
　☞ Are they joined together or separate?
　☞ 这两个问题咱们分开谈。
　☞ Let's discuss the two problems separately.
3．sort (out)，指分拣开来。
　☞ 按颜色把这些卡片分开。
　☞ Sort these cards according to their colors.
　☞ 我们把好的跟坏的分开。
　☞ We have sorted out the good ones from bad ones.
4．elbow one's way through the crowd，指分开人群。
　☞ 老赵分开人群挤到台前。
　☞ Zhao elbowed his way through the crowd till he got to the front of the stage.
　☞ 救护人员不得不分开围在被毁车辆周围的人群。
　☞ The ambulance-men had to elbow their way through the crowd standing round the crashed cars.
分成 分成
1．divide into，指自动分为或使之分为。
　☞ 这条河从这儿分成两条支流。
　☞ The river divides here into two branches.
　☞ 他先把饼子分成两半，再分成4份。
　☞ First he divided the cake into two, then into four.
　☞ 我们把利润四六分成。
　☞ We divided the profits into two shares of four-and-six tenths。
2．separate into，指分隔成。
　☞ 他把一个大间分成了两个小间。
　☞ He separated the big room into two sections.
　☞ 美国可以从地形上分成3个主要地区。
　☞ Topographically the United States may be separated into three major divisions.
3．fall into，指自动分为，与自动词divide into同义。
　☞ 这些书籍可以分成几类。
　☞ These books fall into several categories.
　☞ 资本主义国家的政客通常分成各种派系。
　☞ Politicians in capitalist countries usually fall into factions.
4．break up into，指分拆成。
　☞ 句子可以分成从句，而从句又可以分成短语。
　☞ Sentences can be broken up into clauses and clauses into phrases.
　☞ 整体可以分成局部，反过来局部又组成整体。
　☞ A whole breaks up into parts, while parts in turn compose a whole.
分批 分批
1．in groups, group by group，指一组组。
　☞ 农村医务人员的培训工作应分期分批地进行。
　☞ The training of the rural medical workers should be proceeded by stages and in groups.
　☞ 学生分批进入展览大厅。
　☞ Students entered the exhibition hall in groups (group by group).
　☞ 实习医生分批到市医院实习。
　☞ Interns go group by group to work at the city hospital.
2．in batches，指一批批。
　☞ 代表团分批出发。
　☞ The delegation set out in batches.
　☞ 本厂将向贵公司分批交货。
　☞ Our factory will deliver goods to your company in batches.
3．in turn，指轮流。
　☞ 我们将分批参加训练班。
　☞ We will go to the training course in turn.
　☞ 他们分批去医生那里作检查。
　☞ They went in turn to be examined by the doctor.
分担 分担
1．share，指分别负担。
　☞ 提倡男女分担家务劳动。
　☞ Men and women are encouraged to share household duties.
　☞ 扶养子女的责任应由夫妇双方分担。
　☞ Both partners should share in rearing the family.
　 ■ share与share in的区别，可以比较下列句子。
　☞ Two families share one kitchen.（分的是厨房本身）
　☞ Two families share in the use of one kitchen.（分的是厨房职能）
2．shoulder，指共同承担。
　☞ 一切费用由我们平均分担。
　☞ We'll equally shoulder all expenses.
　☞ 夫妇俩共同努力分担家庭的重担。
　☞ Both of the couple made joint efforts to shoulder the heavy burden of the family.
3．bear part of，指部分承担。
　☞ 这根梁分担了上面楼层的部分重量。
　☞ This beam bears part of the weight of the upper floor.
　☞ 杨太太分担了部分费用。
　☞ Madame Yang bore part of the expenses.
4．take charge of a portion of，指部分负责。
　☞ 你能分担一部分工作吗？
　☞ Can you take charge of a portion of work?
　☞ 我可以分担一部分教学工作。
　☞ I can take charge of a portion of teaching.
分散 分散
1．be scattered，常指带有偶然性的分散，强调状态。
　☞ 小农经济是分散的。
　☞ The small-scale peasant economy is scattered.
　☞ 我的亲属分散在全国各地。
　☞ My relations are scattered all over the country.
　☞ 有几幢房屋分散在谷地里。
　☞ A few houses are scattered in the valley.
　☞ 我们的政权是分散而又孤立的山地或僻地政权， 没有外界的任何支援。
　☞ Our political power existed in scattered and isolated mountainous or remote regions and received no outside help whatever.
　☞ 农业机械化决不能建立在分散落后的个体经济基础之上。
　☞ Mechanization of agriculture can never be established on the basis of a scattered and backward individual economy.
　☞ 我们只经过几座分散的村子。
　☞ We passed only a few scattered villages.
　☞ 小山上有几座分散的农庄。
　☞ There are some farms scattered on these hills.
2．disperse，divide (up)，常指多少带有目的性的分散，强调动作。
　☞ 放学后，他们分散回家去了。
　☞ After school they all dispersed to their homes.
　☞ 孩子们都分散度假去了。
　☞ Children dispersed for the holidays.
　☞ 棱镜能分散光线。
　☞ A prism disperses light.
　☞ 世界上所有的船只分散到海上可做到一只瞧不见一只。
　☞ All the ships in the world might be so dispersed on the sea that no one ship could see another.
　☞ 兵力的分散与集中之所以必要，是为了改变敌我形势。
　☞ Dispersion and concentration of forces are necessary for the purpose of reversing the situation between the enemy and ourselves.
　☞ 红军以集中为原则，赤卫队以分散为原则。
　☞ The principle for the Red Army is concentration, and that for Red Guards dispersion.
　☞ 我们应以集中兵力打运动战为主，以分散兵力打游击战为辅。
　☞ The concentration of our forces for mobile warfare should be primary, and the dispersal of our forces for guerrilla warfare should be supplementary.
　☞ 人人皆知，以多胜少是最好的办法，然而很多人不能做到，相反地每每分散兵力。
　☞ Everybody knows that the best way is to use a large force to defeat a small one, and yet many people fail to do so and on the contrary, often divide their forces up.
3．decentralize，常指与集中(concentrate)相对的分散。
　☞ 我们的方针是集中领导，分散经营。
　☞ Our policy is to unify the leadership and decentralize management.
　☞ 国家工业的布局应该合理分散。
　☞ The nation's industry should be rationally decentralized.
　☞ 分散使用建设资金不是明智之举。
　☞ It is unwise to decentralize the use of construction funds.
4．distract，常指思想、注意力的分散。
　☞ 学习时不要分散思想。
　☞ Don't distract your mind from your study.
　☞ 一位邻居突然来访，分散了他的思想。
　☞ The sudden arrival of a neighbor distracted his thought.
　☞ 外面的吵闹声分散了小学生的注意力。
　☞ The noise outside distracted the schoolboys' attention.
5．dissipate，常指消耗性的分散。
　☞ 我们往往在小事上分散精力。
　☞ We often dissipate our energies in trivial occupations 你不应瞎起劲，分散精力。
　☞ You should not dissipate your energy in futile efforts.
分期 分期
1．by stages，指分阶段。
　☞ 我们应当由简单到复杂，分期进行。
　☞ We must proceed by stages from the simple to the complex.
　☞ 扶贫济困工作应分期实行。
　☞ Care for the needy and those with extreme difficulties should be taken by stages.
2．installment，指分期支付或分期连载。
　☞ 人们可用分期付款的办法购买贵重物品。
　☞ People can pay for expensive objects by installments.
　☞ 去年我在报上读过这个故事的分期连载。
　☞ I read installment of the story in the newspaper last year.
分歧 分歧
1．differ，difference，different，指差异引起的分歧。
　☞ 在这些问题上，找和他不会有多少分歧。
　☞ On these questions he and I would differ little.
　☞ 这是我们的分歧之处。
　☞ That's where we differ.
　☞ 意见分歧引起了剧烈的争论。
　☞ Differences of opinion led to ferocious arguments.
　☞ 他当时是想调解他们的分歧。
　☞ He attempted to mediate their differences.
　☞ 大家对这个问题的看法还存在分歧。
　☞ People still have different opinions on this question.
2．divide，division，指分裂引起的分歧。
　☞ 对是否值得一试，专家们意见分歧。
　☞ Experts are divided as to whether it is worth doing.
　☞ 对此事的意见分歧很大。
　☞ Opinion was greatly divided about it.
　☞ 队员中的意见分歧十分明显。
　☞ A division of opinions was evident among the members.
　☞ 领导们顶住了这次挑战，但他们的分歧也产生了。
　☞ The leaders withstood the challenge, but divisions grew among them.
3．diverge from, divergence, divergent，指偏离引起的分歧。
　☞ 在这件事情上，他与他的同事看法上有分歧。
　☞ On this matter he diverged from the views of his colleagues.
　☞ 她的政见和我的分歧很大。
　☞ Her politics and mine diverge greatly.
　☞ 意见分歧很大。
　☞ There is a wide divergence in opinion.
　☞ 在这个问题上，我们看法有分歧。
　☞ Our views are divergent on this question.
4．dispute，指由争论引起的分歧。
　☞ 中国认为第三世界国家间的分歧有是有非，有曲有直。
　☞ China believes that there are rights and wrongs involved in the disputes between the third world countries.
　☞ 在工会与管理部门之间有时会产生分歧。
　☞ Disputes occasionally occur between the union and the management.
5．discord，指不和产生的分歧。
　☞ 我们宣传的一个目的是要在敌人中间制造分歧。
　☞ One aim of our propaganda is to sow discord among the enemy.
　☞ 对这一问题，校内产生了各种分歧。
　☞ Various discords have arisen in the university over this question.
分清 分清
1．distinguish，指区别开来。
　☞ 他们长得那么相象，我几乎分不清谁是谁。
　☞ They are so much alike that I can hardly distinguish who is who.
　☞ 要分清养殖的珍珠和真的珍珠并不容易。
　☞ It is not easy to distinguish cultured pearls from genuine pearls.
　☞ 分不清颜色的人都称作是色盲。
　☞ People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be color-blind.
2．tell from，指说出区别。
　☞ 人都应该知道如何去分清好坏。
　☞ One should know how to tell the good ones from the bad ones.
　☞ 分清真假，我不加他。
　☞ I'm less capable than he of telling truth from falsehood.
3．draw (make)a distinction between，指划清。
　☞ 只有分清敌我友才能建成统一战线。
　☞ Only by drawing a distinction between ourselves, our friends and the enemy can we forma united front.
　☞ 他是色盲，分不清红与绿。
　☞ Being color-blind, he can't make a distinction between red and green.
分离 分离
1．separate，separation，指原先合在一起的东西分离。
　☞ 我们怎么才能从空气里分离出氮气？
　☞ How can we separate nitrogen from air?
　☞ 先把肌壁与粘膜分离，再切除盲肠。
　☞ First separate the lining from the muscular wall, then remove the cecum.
　☞ 理论与实践是不能分离的。
　☞ Theory and practice cannot be separated.
　☞ 医院决定对这对连体婴儿作分离手术。
　☞ The hospital decided to perform a separation operation on the Siamese twins.
2．sever，指切断的分离。
　☞ 跟她分离了，我没法活。
　☞ Severed from her, I cannot survive.
　☞ 集团公司怎么能与下属企业分离？
　☞ How can a corporation be severed from the businesses to which they attach?
　☞ 是战争使家庭破碎、骨肉分离。
　☞ It is wars that break up families, thus severing flesh from blood.
3．part，指把紧密结合在一起的人或物分离。
　☞ 相亲相爱，死不分离。
　☞ To love and to cherish till death do us part.（婚誓用语）
　☞ 战争使许多男人与家人分离。
　☞ The war parted many men from their families.
　☞ 我们成功地从矿石中分离出许多稀有金属。
　☞ We succeeded in parting a lot of rare metals from the ore.
分辨(分辩) 分辨(分辩)
1．distinguish (between, from)书面用语，tell (from)口头用语，强调从不同的角度分辨不同的事物。
　☞ 分辨不出颜色的人被称作色盲。
　☞ People who cannot distinguish (between) colors are said to be color-blind.
　☞ 你应该能分辨是非。
　☞ You should be able to distinguish right from wrong.
　☞ 你能分辨真假吗？
　☞ Can you distinguish truth from falsehood?
　☞ 凡事都要分辨好坏才能去做。
　☞ One should distinguish good from bad before trying to do something.
　☞ 在这支劳动大军中，很难分辨谁是千部，谁是群众。
　☞ In this huge labor force you can hardly tell who are cadres and who are rank-and-filers.
　☞ 你能分辨哪个是哪个吗？
　☞ Can you tell which is which?
　☞ 分辨真假我不大行。
　☞ I'm less capable of telling truth from falsehood.
　☞ 凡事都应知道如何分辨好坏。
　☞ One should know how to tell the good ones from the bad ones.
2．differentiate (between, from)，强调从区别的角度分辨相同的事物。
　☞ 一个植物学家能分辨各种变异后的植物品种。
　☞ A botanist can differentiate varieties of plants.
　☞ 他就是那位分辨了60种昆虫品种的昆虫学家。
　☞ He was the entomologist who had differentiated sixty species of insects.
　☞ 我分辨不出这两种花。
　☞ I can't differentiate (between) these two flowers.
　☞ 你能分辨这一种和另外几种玫瑰吗？
　☞ Can you differentiate this kind of rose from others?
3．discriminate (between, from)，从区别的角度区别细微差别的分辨。
　☞ 文艺评论家应该能分辨文学作品的好坏。
　☞ A critic must be able to discriminate good literature from bad.
　☞ 你应该能分辨是非的。
　☞ You should be able to discriminate between right and wrong.
　☞ 有时只有专家才能分辨真正的古董和伪造的赝品。
　☞ Sometimes only experts can discriminate real antiques from fake ones.
　☞ 你应该学会分辨好坏。
　☞ You should learn to discriminate good from evil.
4．distinguish，从视力的角度来分辨事物。
　☞ 那么远的东西我分辨不出来。
　☞ I cannot distinguish things so far away.
　☞ 暗处难以分辨事物。
　☞ It is difficult to distinguish things in the dark.
　☞ 我能看见走过来3个人，但分辨不出他们的相貌。
　☞ I could see three men approaching but could not distinguish their faces.
5．defend oneself，从辩护的角度来替自己分辩。
　☞ 事实俱在，我们何必分辩。
　☞ There is no need for us to defend ourselves if these are all accomplished facts.
　☞ 我无意向你分辩。
　☞ I have no intention of defending myself to you.
6．allow (offer) no explanation，从解释的角度为自己分辩，常用于否定句。
　☞ 他不容分辩就劈头盖脸地责怪我。
　☞ He scolded me to my face, allowing no explanation to be offered.
　☞ 他摇摇头，但没有分辩。
　☞ He shook his head but offered no explanation.
分配 分配
1．divide，侧重从分割的角度进行分配。
　☞ 解放后，土改工作队把土地分配给农民。
　☞ After liberation the land-reform work-team divided the land among the peasants.
　☞ 我投资比你多，咱们现在来分配利润。
　☞ I put up more capital than you. Let's divide the profits between us.
　☞ 他们同意平均分配。
　☞ They agreed to divide it evenly.
2．distribute，侧重从分发的角度进行分配。
　☞ 社员的收入当时是按工分分配的。
　☞ The commune members' income was distributed according to their work points.
　☞ 产品应根据“按劳分配”的原则进行分配。
　☞ The products should be distributed in accordance with the principle "To each according to his work".
　☞ 今年，公司决定第一次向股东以红利的形式分配利润。
　☞ This year, the company decided for the first time to distribute the profit among shareholders in the form of dividends。
3．assign，侧重从领导、组织的角度进行分配。
　☞ 在陕北的时候，领导上分配他去烧炭。
　☞ While in northern Shaanxi, the leadership assigned him to make charcoal.
　☞ 她服从组织分配，到了举目无亲的云南。
　☞ She accepted the job that the organization assigned to her and went to Yunnan where she was a stranger.
　☞ 她被分配到镇卫生院工作。
　☞ She was assigned to work at a town hospital.
4．allot，侧重把经过分配的整体进行再分配。
　☞ 队长把各种各样的工作分配给各个生产组。
　☞ The team leader allotted various jobs to the production groups.
　☞ 校长向每个年级分配一个圣诞节演出中的角色。
　☞ The principal allotted each grade a part in the Christmas program.
　☞ 我校住房是按工龄长短进行分配的。
　☞ The dwelling houses of our school are allotted according to the length of service.
5．allocate，侧重向特定的人或单位进行分配。
　☞ 药物供应已有一半分配给了地震地区的灾民。
　☞ Half of the medical supplies have already been allocated to the victims of the earthquake.
　☞ 我们认为食油分配不当。
　☞ We felt the cooking oil was not allocated properly.
　☞ 我国的钢铁过去是按计划分配给厂家的。
　☞ Steel and iron used to be allocated among manufacturers under a plan.
6．apportion，侧重公平合理的分配。
　☞ 经过每10年1次的人口调查以后，国会就分配给每个州应选众议员的名额。
　☞ After each decennial census Congress apportioned the number of representatives to be elected by each state.
　☞ 班长向他们分配了一周内的勤务。
　☞ The squad leader apportioned them the duties for the week.
　☞ 大自然在给许许多多鸟类分配歌喉的同时，似乎已有意识地考虑到了它们所处的环境。
　☞ Nature seems to have apportioned the voices of many of her birds with sensitive regard for their environments.
7．ration，侧重按定量分配。
　☞ 战时的食物都是按定量分配的。
　☞ Food was rationed during the war.
　☞ 由于资金短缺，分配时就应该动一番脑子。
　☞ Since we are short of funds we have to ration them intelligently.
　☞ 饮水由于航期延长而不得不定量分配。
　☞ We were obliged to ration the drinking water because of the prolonged voyage.
8．prorate，侧重根据商定的方式按比例分配。
　☞ 整块地都要用来种油料作物，收成则按比例分配给劳动者。
　☞ The entire field is to be put in oil-bearing crops, and the yield will be prorated to the workers.
　☞ 红利是股东中分配的利润。
　☞ Dividends are profits prorated among shareholders.
　☞ 房地产买卖中的税款一般都由买卖双方按比例分配。
　☞ In the sale of real estate, the taxes usually are prorated between the seller and the buyer.
9．dispense，侧重经过计算衡量后进行的分配。
　☞ 药物供应只免费分配给小儿麻痹患者。
　☞ Medical supplies were dispensed free only to the victim of infantile paralysis.
　☞ 救济品已分配给了穷苦的平民。
　☞ The alms were already dispensed to the poor and the needy.
分量 分量
1．measure，指达到标准的数量。
　☞ 我不知道这筒牛奶的分量够不够。
　☞ I don't know whether this carton of milk contains full measure.
　☞ 水灾灾民获得的粮食分量不足。
　☞ Flood victims received a short measure of grain.
2．weigh, weighty, weight，指重量。
　☞ 这南瓜的分量不下20斤。
　☞ This pumpkin weighs no less than twenty jin.
　☞ 请你称这东西的分量好吗？
　☞ Will you please weigh it?
　☞ 他用手掂了掂那块石头的分量。
　☞ He weighed the stone on his hand.
　☞ 这箱子没多少分量，我拿得动。
　☞ This trunk isn't weighty at all, I can manage it.
　☞ 他这话说得很有分量。
　☞ What he has said carries a lot of weight.
3．heavy，指分量重。
　☞ 这本书的分量可不轻。
　☞ The book is quite heavy.
　☞ 这铺盖卷分量不重，你拿得动。
　☞ This bedding roll isn't heavy at all, you can manage it.
4．influence，指影响。
　☞ 他的话对矿工有很大分量，有可能说服他们。
　☞ His words had great influence with the miners - he might persuade them.
　☞ 你不知他的分量。
　☞ You don't know what influence he has!
切断 切断
1．cut off，强调切下后断开，使用最广。
　☞ 他的两个手指被机器切断了。
　☞ He had two fingers cut off by the machine.
　☞ 工人们由于修理一条主管道而临时切断了供水。
　☞ The workers have cut off the water supply temporarily because they are repairing one of the main pipes.
　☞ 我军切断了敌人的退路。
　☞ Our troops cut off the enemy's retreat.
　☞ 他没交电费，公司切断了他的电源。
　☞ When he failed to pay the bill, the company cut off his electricity supply.
2．sever，强调切断的东西原本是一个整体。
　☞ 他用刀切断那条绳子。
　☞ He severed the rope with a knife.
　☞ 他的一条胳膊在一次事故中被机器切断了。
　☞ His arm was severed in the accident by the machine.
刊载 刊载
1．publish，指发表。
　☞ 今天的《中国日报》刊载了两封读者来信。
　☞ Two letters to the editors were published in today's China Daily.
　☞ 这是篇好文章，但我们不能刊载，因为会得罪很多人。
　☞ It's a good article, but we can't publish it because it would offend many people.
2．carry out, 指登载。
　☞ 如果这篇报道能在贵报刊载，各行各业都会大力支援灾区的。
　☞ If this report could be carried out in your newspaper, all trades and professions would do their best to aid the disaster area.
　☞ 我们杂志向来不刊载小说，更何况是带讽刺性的。
　☞ Our magazine has never carried out any story, let alone sarcastic one.
3．print，指印出来发表。
　☞ 今天所有的报纸都全文刊载了江泽民总书记的报告。
　☞ All today's newspapers have printed the general secretary Jiang Zeming's speech in full.
　☞ 我终于读到了她刊载在报上的小说。
　☞ I Finally read her story in print in the newspaper.
划分 划分
1．divide into，指分成。
　☞ 我国划分成7个行政区。
　☞ Our country is divided into seven administrative areas.
　☞ 该村把耕地划分为5片，分别由5个小组负责。
　☞ The village has divided the cultivated land into five stretches, which are in the charge of five groups respectively.
2．carve up，指瓜分。
　☞ 列强竭力企图把该国划分成各自的势力范围。
　☞ Powers tried hard to carve up the country into their respective spheres of influence.
　☞ 这是新殖民主义划分世界市场的斗争。
　☞ That was a struggle among the new colonialists to carve up the world market.
3．differentiate，指区分。
　☞ 我们应学会划分是非。
　☞ We must learn to differentiate between right and wrong.
　☞ 植物学家能划分各种植物。
　☞ A botanist can differentiate varieties of plants.
4．determine，指确定。
　☞ 中国在土地改革时划分过阶级成分。
　☞ Class status was determined in the Land Reform in China.
　☞ 那河划分了地产的界线。
　☞ The river determines the edge of the property.
划定 划定
1．delimit，强调划定界线。
　☞ 两国都派出专业人员来划定捕鱼区。
　☞ Both of the countries sent their specialized personnel to delimit fishing areas.
　☞ 我们先后都与相邻国家划定了边界。
　☞ We have delimited the boundary lines with the neighboring countries one after another.
2．designate，强调指定界域。
　☞ 开发区专门为旅游者划定了一个游泳区。
　☞ In the development zone a special area is designated for tourists to swim.
　☞ 建房用地已经有关部门划定。
　☞ The land for housing construction was designated by the department concerned.
3．mark，强调标出记号。
　☞ 我们已在地图上为代表团划定了要访问的城市。
　☞ We have marked the cities on the map for the delegation to visit.
　☞ 课文重点已经划定。
　☞ The key points were marked in the texts.
4．determine，强凋确定。
　☞ 早期的化学家们不得不利用间接手段来划定元素的原子量。
　☞ Early chemists had to use indirect means for determining the atomic weight of an element.
　☞ 在中国这么一个大国里用一种标准来划定阶级成分是否恰当？
　☞ Was it appropriate to determine class status with one criterion in a country as large as China?
划归 划归
1．assign，指分配。
　☞ 村长把试验田划归该组管理。
　☞ The village head assigned the experiment plot to that group.
　☞ 这些工作必须划归专业人员负责。
　☞ These jobs must be assigned to the specialized personnel.
2．put under，强调领导或指挥上划归，put in charge of，强调管理上划归。
　☞ 该企业已划归地方领导。
　☞ The enterprise has been put under local administration.
　☞ 这支部队应划归工程兵指挥。
　☞ The unit ought to be put under command of the engineering troop.
　☞ 该区厂办小学都已划归教育局管理。
　☞ All of the factory-run schools in that district have been put in charge of the bureau of education.
3．incorporate into，指归并。
　☞ 原热河省辖区分别划归河北、辽宁两省及内蒙古自治区。
　☞ The area previously under the jurisdiction of the former Rehe province was divided and incorporated into the provinces of Hebei and Liaoning and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.
　☞ 委员会建议把他们所募款项划归救济基金。
　☞ The committee recommended that the sum of money they raised should be incorporated into the fund for relief.
划算 划算
1．pay (off)，指合算。
　☞ 现在买国家公债划算吗？
　☞ Does it pay to buy government bonds?
　☞ 划不划算不能只从本单位考虑。
　☞ One mustn't consider whether or not it pays only from the standpoint of one's own unit.
　☞ 现在装机器花费是大一点，不过从长远看应该是划算的。
　☞ It is rather costly to install machinery, but it should pay off in the long run.
　☞ 这笔投资相当划算。
　☞ The investment paid off handsomely.
2．worth, worthwhile，指值得。
　☞ 她有时问自己，这样卖命是否划算。
　☞ She sometimes asked herself the question whether it was worth such efforts.
　☞ 这么干划算。
　☞ It is worthwhile doing so.
3．calculate，指估算。
　☞ 下星期我们花多少钱我得划算一下。
　☞ I must calculate how much money we'll spend next week.
　☞ 我划算过，这次旅行每人得花2,000元。
　☞ I have calculated that the trip will cost each two thousand yuan.
4．weigh，指权衡。
　☞ 她划算来划算去，半夜还没合眼。
　☞ Weighing the pros and cons, she did not compose herself to sleep till midnight.
　☞ 他在做出决定之前一直在划算利弊。
　☞ He kept weighing the advantages and disadvantages before making his decision.
则 则
1．but, however，表示两件事情在对比中的转折。前者为连词，语气强；后者为插入语，语气弱。
　☞ 黔无驴，有好事者，船载以入；至则无用，放之山下。
　☞ There was no ass in Guizhou, and someone brought in one by boat. But when it arrived, he found he could make no use of it, so he left it at the foot of a mountain.
　☞ 蜂蜜好吃，而蜜蜂则要螫人。
　☞ Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
　☞ 我对打麻将完全不感兴趣，他则全身心地投入。
　☞ I was not interested in playing mahjong at all, however, he was enjoying himself thoroughly.
　☞ 我们小的时候但求温饱，如今则不然。
　☞ What we thought was to have adequate food and clothing when we were young. However, things are quite different today.
2．for one thing…for another, 也用于两者对比，但不表示转折，而表示理由的罗列。
　☞ 这篇课文不合适，一则太长，二则太难。
　☞ This text is unsuitable. For one thing it's too long, for another it's too difficult.
　☞ 他发现军校里有好多事情自己都难以适应，一则纪律太严，二则要求太高。
　☞ He found it was hard for him to adapt himself to a lot of things in the military academy. For one thing the discipline was too strict, for another the demand was too high.
3．while, whereas，表示对比关系。有“而”的意思。前者为口头语，后者为书面语。
　☞ 她是从来不于，他则什么都干。
　☞ She never does anything, while he does everything.
　☞ 有人在浪费粮食，有人则吃不饱。
　☞ Some people waste food, while others haven't enough.
　☞ 东坡为长髯布袍，佛印则着禅衣对坐。
　☞ Su Tongpo was dressed in flowing robe with a long beard, whereas Fo Ying, the accomplished monk, was wearing a Buddhist gown. Both sat opposite to each other.
　☞ 有人表扬他，有人则谴责他。
　☞ Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.
4．or，表示两者取其一的选择。
　☞ 学习如逆水行舟，不进则退。
　☞ Study is like a boat sailing against the current. It must forge ahead or it will be driven back.
　☞ 他不疯则醉。
　☞ He must be either mad or drunk.
5．when，表示因果关系。有“每当”的意思。
　☞ 物体热则胀，冷则缩。
　☞ Objects expand when heated and contract when cooled.
　☞ 穷则变，变则通。
　☞ When all means are exhausted, changes become necessary; when changes have been made, a solution emerges.
6．if，表示条件关系。
　☞ 为之，则难者亦易矣；不为，则易者亦难矣。
　☞ It you do it, the difficult thing will be easy; if you don't, the easy thing will be difficult.
　☞ 有则改之，无则加勉。
　☞ Correct mistakes if you have made any and guard against them if you have not.
7．without…no (not)，表示双重否定的条件。
　☞ 没有革命的理论，则不会有革命的运动。
　☞ Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement.
　☞ 没有通行证则进不去。
　☞ You couldn't get in without a pass.
8．unless，表示排除其他的惟一条件。
　☞ 不战则已，战则必胜。
　☞ Fight no battle unless victory is sure.
　☞ 我要是不出事，则星期四回来。
　☞ I shall return on Thursday unless something happens to me.
9．once，先设不确定的条件，再作进一步阐述。
　☞ 对人有偏见，则什么都见不得。
　☞ Once you have prejudice against a man, everything he does is wrong.
　☞ 你学了俄语，学法语则不难。
　☞ Once you have learned Russian, you will find French easy.
10．though，although，表示让步关系，有“虽然”
　☞ 意思，前者比后者用得广。
　☞ 穷则穷，他们倒是蛮惊慨的。
　☞ They are generous indeed though they are poor.
　☞ 房间大则不大，不过由于窗大，采光倒是不错。
　☞ Though not large, the room is well lit by a large window.
　☞ 难则难，我相信是能克服的。
　☞ Although I have great difficulty, yet I am sure I can overcome it.
11．“则”在表示肯定或判断时一般可以不译。
　☞ 心之官则思。
　☞ The office of the mind is to think.
　☞ 观此则知老年与少年各有所长，各有其用。
　☞ From this we know that the aged and the young have their own merits and uses.
刚好 刚好
1．just，指正好。
　☞ 我们总算刚好赶上末班车。
　☞ We just managed to catch the last bus.
　☞ 我的体重不多不少刚好50公斤。
　☞ I weigh just 50 kilograms, no more, no less.
2．exactly，指恰好。
　☞ 这件事刚好发生在我们住的房子里。
　☞ It happened exactly in the house we live in.
　☞ 他做的刚好相反。
　☞ He did exactly the opposite.
3．by chance，指偶然。
　☞ 我刚好碰上了他。
　☞ I met him by chance.
　☞ 他刚好实现他的目标。
　☞ He effected his object by chance.
4．by coincidence，指巧合。
　☞ 我们俩刚好同时到达。
　☞ We both arrived at the same time by coincidence.
　☞ 在这个市场里刚好出售同样的伪劣商品。
　☞ By coincidence, similar counterfeit and poor-quality commodities are being offered in this market.
5．happen，指碰巧。
　☞ 我们刚好在同一个组里。
　☞ We happened to be in the same group.
　☞ 刚好校长在这里，你就跟他谈谈吧。
　☞ The headmaster happened to be here, you'd better talk it over with him.
刚（刚刚、刚才） 刚（刚刚、刚才）
1．just, exactly，可以换用，表示时间、空间、数量等正好在某一点上。
　☞ 这双鞋大小刚合适。
　☞ This pair of shoes is just the right size.
　☞ 点刚过一刻。
　☞ It's just a quarter past seven.
　☞ 这刚刚是我要的东西。
　☞ This is just what I want.
　☞ 医生要他别抽烟，他刚刚相反。
　☞ The doctor told him not to smoke, but he did exactly the opposite.
　☞ 这刚刚是我们期望的。
　☞ That's exactly what we expected.
2．a moment ago, a few moments ago, a short time ago, just now（多用于过去时），just, only just, a moment before（多用于完成时），表示事情发生在不久以前。
　☞ 他刚刚还说要去呢。
　☞ He was saying a moment ago that he wanted to go.
　☞ 我们刚吃过午饭。
　☞ We had lunch a few moments ago.
　☞ 他们刚出去。
　☞ They went out a short time ago.
　☞ 别把刚刚跟你说的事忘了。
　☞ Don't forget what I told you just now.
　☞ 她刚来过电话。
　☞ She rang up just now.
　☞ 萨拉刚才给你来过电话。
　☞ You've just had a phone call from Sarah.
　☞ 噢，我刚才想起一件事
　☞ Oh, I've just remembered something!
　☞ 他们刚起床。
　☞ They've only just got up.
　☞ 她刚买了这东西。
　☞ She had bought it a moment before.
3．as soon as, hardly... when, barely... when, scarcely... when, a moment ago when，表示动作一先一后，常与“就”搭配，用作连词。
　☞ 这件事刚干完，他就感觉错了。
　☞ As soon as he had done it, he knew it was a mistake.
　☞ 我刚到家，他就走了。
　☞ He went as soon as I got home.
　☞ 我们刚进村子天就下雨了。
　☞ We'd hardly got into the village when it began to ram.
　☞ 他们刚到又得回去。
　☞ Hardly had they arrived when they had to go back.
　☞ 他刚走他们就来了。
　☞ Barely was he out of sight when they came.
　☞ 你刚到又要走了。
　☞ You had barely arrived when you had to leave.
　☞ 我刚进屋电话就响了。
　☞ I had scarcely come in when the phone rang.
　☞ 粮食刚到手就被洪水冲走了。
　☞ The grain was in our hands a moment ago when it was carried away by the flood.
4．barely，表示勉强够格。
　☞ 我参加八路军时，刚有枪高。
　☞ When I joined the Eighth Route Army, I was barely the height of a rifle.
　☞ 我的钱刚够买一杯咖啡。
　☞ I have barely enough money to buy a cup of coffee.
　☞ 他身子虚得刚能站起来。
　☞ He was so weakened that he could barely stand up.
　☞ 我们的粮食刚够活命。
　☞ We had barely enough food to sustain life.
5．用简单过去时表示过去的动作刚刚过去或用现在完成进行时表示不久前的延续性动作刚刚完成。
　☞ 刚才那人是谁？
　☞ Who was that man?
　☞ 你刚才说他叫什么来着？
　☞ What did you say his name was?
　☞ 瞧你衣服上全是粉笔灰，可见你刚才在讲课。
　☞ Look at your coat covered all over with chalk dust, evidently, you have been lecturing.
　☞ 我满身大汗，因为我刚才在围着校园跑步。
　☞ I am all of sweat. I have been running round the campus.
6．用now来突出“刚才”，并用比较级与之对比。
　☞ 我服了片阿司匹林，比刚才舒服了一点。
　☞ I took an aspirin and now I feel a little better.
　☞ 你比刚才好看多了。
　☞ You look much prettier now.
创造 创造
1．表示从无到有，从粗到精的创造过程，可用create。它既可指物质世界的创造也可指精神世界的创造。
　☞ 这就为牲畜的成长创造了有利条件。
　☞ This created favorable conditions for the growth of livestock.
　☞ 这种写作方式是由一名著名的小说家创造的。
　☞ This style of writing was created by a well-known novelist.
　☞ 我们的目的是创造社会主义新人。
　☞ Our aim is to create the new socialist man.
　☞ 是劳动创造了世界。
　☞ It is labor that creates the world.
　☞ 诗人创造了美。
　☞ Poets create beauty.
　☞ 小说家用日常的语言创造出一幅独一无二的生活画面。
　☞ The novelist creates a unique view of life by using everyday language.
　☞ 鲁迅在《阿Q正传》中创造了阿Q这个典型人物。
　☞ Lu Xun created a typical character, Ah Q, in The True Story of Ah Q.
2．表示最不特定，但却具有创造性的制造过程时，可用make。这个过程可以是有意的，也可以是无意的。
　☞ 这些生物学家通过杂交创造了新品种。
　☞ These biologists made new species through hybridization.
　☞ 人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。
　☞ The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.
　☞ 人民不仅创造历史，而且创造语言。
　☞ People not only make history; they make language.
3．专指孕育、构思、设计、试验等发明创造过程时，可用invent。
　☞ 这位工人劳模创造了一套新工具。
　☞ This model worker has invented a set of new tools.
　☞ 这是由他创造的新方法。
　☞ It was a new method invented by him.
　☞ 他创造了一种新型听诊器。
　☞ He invented a new type of stethoscope.
4．表示语言上的创造，带有创新、杜撰等意思时，可用coin。
　☞ 这是毛主席创造并已在广泛使用的一句话。
　☞ This was a phrase that Chairman Mao coined and brought into popular use.
　☞ 中国人最好不要创造英语的新词汇。
　☞ It is advisable for the Chinese not to coin English words or expressions.
　☞ 那词是谁创造的？
　☞ Who coined that word?
5．表示创造奇迹，一般用work (create，perform, do) wonders (miracles).
　☞ 解放以来我们创造了许多奇迹。
　☞ We have worked wonders since liberation.
　☞ 我们完全相信中国人民一定会克服困难，创造奇迹的。
　☞ We are fully confident that the Chinese people will overcome all difficulties and work miracles.
　☞ 这位编辑在节省篇幅方面创造了奇迹。
　☞ The editor has done wonders of space-saving.
　☞ 我兄弟在公司管理方面创造了奇迹。
　☞ My brother performed wonders in the management of the company.
6．表示创造某项记录，可用set (establish) record。
　☞ 上钢三厂昨天创造了一项全国新记录。
　☞ Shanghai No.3 Iron and Steel Plant set (established) a new national record yesterday.
　☞ 不少运动员在1987年第六届全国运动会上创造了世界记录。
　☞ A number of sportsmen set world records at the 1987 Sixth National Games.
删 删
1．cut out，指“砍去一块”的引申，口头用语。
　☞ 你最好把你文章中的最后两段删掉。
　☞ You had better cut out the last two paragraphs of your article.
　☞ 咱们还是把不必要的细节删掉。
　☞ Let's cut out the unnecessary details.
2．leave out, 指省略，一般可与cut out换用。
　☞ 这一段可以删去。
　☞ This paragraph can be left out (cut out).
　☞ 我可是一点没改，一点没删。
　☞ I haven't altered or left out a thing, however.
3．delete，指“删去”的正式用语，常用于删除文章中多余的文字和章节。
　☞ 你要是删去50个字，我们就可以把整篇报道安排在一个版面上。
　☞ If you delete 50 words, we can put the whole story on one page.
　☞ 要是你把最后一段删了，文章会更清楚。
　☞ The article will be clearer if you delete the last paragraph.
判 判
1．sentence sb. to，指判决。法律用语，为中性词，不带感情色彩，着重点在惩罚。
　☞ 法庭判他6个月有期徒刑。
　☞ The court sentenced him to six months' imprisonment.
　☞ 她被判罚款5,000元。
　☞ She was sentenced to a fine of 5,000 yuan.
2．convict sb. of，指定罪。也是法律用语，中性词，不带感情色彩，着重点在定罪。
　☞ 陪审团判他犯有偷窃罪。
　☞ The jury convicted him of theft.
　☞ 该团伙被判杀害了15人。
　☞ The gang was convicted of having killed 15 persons.
　 ■ convict与sentence的区别可从下面的译文中看出。
　☞ 该男子被判犯有谋杀罪并判处死刑。
　☞ The man was convicted of murder and sentenced to death.
3．condemn，指判刑过重，含有强烈的感情色彩。
　☞ 调判决的过分，残酷、故意等。
　☞ 法庭判拿破仑流放。
　☞ The court condemned Napoleon to exile.
　☞ 她被判在监狱中度过余生。
　☞ She was condemned to spend all her last days in prison.
4．commute，指改判、减刑。
　☞ 法官把死刑改判为无期徒刑。
　☞ The judge commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment.
　☞ 他的惩处由6个月有期徒刑减判为罚款1,000 元。
　☞ His punishment was commuted from six months' imprisonment to a fine of 1,000 yuan.
5．declare，指当庭宣判。
　☞ 法庭判他无罪。
　☞ The court declared him innocent.
　☞ 她被判有罪。
　☞ She was declared guilty.
6．“判”的其他译法。
　☞ 真伪难判。
　☞ It is difficult to distinguish the true from the false.
　☞ 他判案如神。
　☞ He decides criminal cases like a god.
　☞ 明天我们就要判卷子。
　☞ We are going to mark examination paper tomorrow.
　☞ 他前后判若两人。
　☞ He is no longer his old self.
　☞ 只有经过仔细调查才能判案。
　☞ Only by careful investigation can we judge criminal cases.
判断 判断
1．judge，judgment，指判明、判断。正式用语。
　☞ 先听取双方的说法，然后再由你自己做出判断。
　☞ First of all listen to both sides of the story and then judge for yourself.
　☞ 盲人是无法判断颜色的。
　☞ A blind man cannot judge colors.
　☞ 当时我无法判断他是对是错。
　☞ I couldn't judge whether he was right or wrong.
　☞ 正确的判断来自周密的调查与研究。
　☞ Correct judgments stem from thorough investigation and study.
　☞ 根据衣柜上留下的指纹，我们可以判断小偷是个高个子。
　☞ From the finger prints on the wardrobe we can judge that the thief was a tall man.
2．tell，指说出区别。
　☞ 我很难判断她的真实年龄。
　☞ It was difficult for me to tell her exact age.
　☞ 我们无法判断其规模。
　☞ We cannot tell its size.
　☞ 他是个水手，能根据星星来判断罗盘的方位。
　☞ As a sailor he can tell the points of compass by the stars.
　☞ 人要能判断是非。
　☞ One should tell right from wrong.
3．decide，指决断。
　☞ 你应当能判断什么是对什么是错。
　☞ You ought to decide what is right and what is wrong.
　☞ 当时我们无法判断这次延误是好还是坏。
　☞ We couldn't decide whether the delay was good or bad.
4．assess，指由估计而做出判断。
　☞ 我们团长对形势做了判断并要求支援。
　☞ Our regimental commander assessed the situation and called for reinforcement.
　☞ 现在还很难判断这一决定的重要性。
　☞ It is difficult to assess the importance of the decision.
利害 利害
　 ■ “利害”作“利益和损害”或“得失”解时不与“厉害”同义。
1．interests，指利益。（不能用厉害）
　☞ 上层阶级都有共同利害关系需要保护。
　☞ All the upper classes have common interests to protect.
　☞ 两国之间有可能发生利害冲突。
　☞ There is a possibility of a conflict of interests between the two countries.
2．gain and (or) loss，指得失。（不能用厉害）
　☞ 既然他们把这场战争强加到我们头上，我们能做的只有不计利害打到底了。
　☞ Now that they had imposed this war on us, what we could do was to fight to the finish regardless of gain of gain or (and) loss.
　☞ 做生意怎么能不计利害！
　☞ How can you do business regardless of gain or loss!
利害（厉害） 利害（厉害）
　 ■ “利害”作“难以忍受”解时与“厉害”同义。
1．fierce，指激烈、凶猛。
　☞ 大概是贫穷使他们变得那么利害（厉害）。
　☞ Perhaps it is the poverty that makes them so fierce 老虎比狮子还厉害。
　☞ Tigers are even fiercer than lions.
2．sharp，指急剧、尖刻。
　☞ 肉价涨得利害（厉害）。
　☞ There is a sharp rise in the price of meat.
　☞ 他那张嘴可厉害了。
　☞ He has a sharp tongue.
3．stern，指严厉、严峻。
　☞ 他对儿子过于利害（厉害）。
　☞ He's looked too stern with his son.
　☞ 她的样子很厉害，女孩子们都怕她。
　☞ She looked very stem and girls were afraid of her.
4．strict，指严格。
　☞ 这些规定不太厉害（利害）。
　☞ The rules are not too strict.
　☞ 我们校长很厉害。
　☞ Our principal is very strict.
5．harsh，指尖锐、严酷。
　☞ 有些指责相当厉害（利害），说他不抚养孩子。
　☞ Some quite harsh attacks went so far as to say that he had not even brought up his child.
　☞ 叫他尝尝我的厉害。
　☞ Let him taste my harsh treatment.
6．strong，强烈、猛烈。
　☞ 这股味太厉害（利害），房间里我待不住。
　☞ The smell was too strong for me to stay in the room.
　☞ 外面风刮得厉害。
　☞ There is a strong wind blowing outside.
7．formidable，指令人生畏、难以对付。
　☞ 这一招很是厉害（利害）。
　☞ This is a very formidable move.
　☞ 他逃过了所有的谴责，却难逃自责，而这恰恰是最最厉害的。
　☞ He escaped all criticism but his own which was much the most formidable.
8．devastating，指具有摧毁性、破坏性。
　☞ 这着棋真厉害（利害）。
　☞ That's a devastating move.
　☞ 我一生也从未见过这么厉害的狂风暴雨。
　☞ I never saw such a devastating storm in my life.
9．seriously，指严重。
　☞ 小孩从梯子上掉下来，伤得厉害（利害）。
　☞ The little boy has fallen off a ladder and seriously hurt himself.
　☞ 他病得很厉害。
　☞ He is seriously ill.
10．terribly，指非常。
　☞ 这几天热得厉害（利害）。
　☞ It's been terribly hot these few days.
　☞ 他激动得厉害。
　☞ He was terribly excited.
11．其他译法。
　☞ 行动前要权衡利害。
　☞ Weigh advantages and disadvantages before you act.
　☞ 他不知道利害。
　☞ He doesn't realize what the consequences will be.
　☞ 我要给他点利害。
　☞ I'll teach him a lesson.
　☞ 世界的未来对我们都有利害关系。
　☞ We all have a stake in the future of the world.
利用 利用
1．use，用于物时指发挥效能，用于人时指使用手段为自己服务。
　☞ 中国南方的农民都利用河道种植绿肥。
　☞ The peasants in the south of China use the waterways to grow plants for green manure.
　☞ 我们应当利用这一机会发动一场反对贪污浪费的人民战争。
　☞ We must use the opportunity to make a people's war against corruption and waste.
　☞ 各人为了各自的目的在相互利用。
　☞ Each is using the other for his own ends.
　☞ 突然，他产生一种被人利用的感觉，而且这种感觉超过了他开始时对她产生的同情。
　☞ His sense of being used rose suddenly above the sympathy he had begun to feel for her.
　 ■ 但是make use of往往用于物，偶尔也用于人。
　☞ 我们利用现有设备，实现了专业部门间的广泛合作。
　☞ We have made use of the existing equipment and carried out extensive coordination between specialized departments.
　☞ 这些药厂充分利用当地资源，生产大量品种繁多的药品。
　☞ Going in for making full use of local resources, these pharmaceutical factories now turn out a wide range of medicines in great quantities.
　☞ 他是受人利用。
　☞ He was made use of.
　 ■ 此外，put to use则有“加以利用”的意思。
　☞ 任何东西不加利用就扔掉是很可惜的。
　☞ It is a pity to throw anything away if it is not put to use.
　☞ 沿海的工业基地都应充分加以利用。
　☞ The coastal industrial bases must be put to full use.
2．employ，常指利用闲置不用或有其他用途的物件，用于人时则有“雇佣”、“使之工作（从事）”的意思。
　☞ 他利用空余时间阅读每一本他能找到的书籍。
　☞ He employed his spare time in reading every book he could find.
　☞ 太空实验室工程利用了经过改装的阿波罗火箭及宇宙飞船。
　☞ The Skylab project employed modified Apollo rockets and spacecraft.
　☞ 工匠们找到了新材料，凭此他们又可以利用其手艺谋生。
　☞ The craftsmen found new materials on which they could employ their artistry for their living.
3．utilize，指找到事物的有利用途并使之为实际服务。
　☞ 在冬季，农民都利用稻草做饲料。
　☞ In winter peasants utilize rice straw as fodder.
　☞ 为避免石油短缺，越来越多的装置正在利用太阳能。
　☞ To avoid an oil shortage more and more devices are utilizing solar energy.
　☞ 科学家们找到了新方法来利用煤的废料。
　☞ Scientists have discovered a new means for utilizing coal waste.
　☞ 有什么办法利用这部旧车做成报摊呢？
　☞ Is there any way to utilize this old car as a newsstand?
4．avail oneself of，指利用现成的人或事并做出对自己有利的事情。
　☞ 既然你已在图书馆工作，你应该利用里面的图书。
　☞ Now that you have worked in the library, you should avail yourself of the books in it.
　☞ 我们常常利用看美国电影的机会来训练英语口语的听力。
　☞ We often avail ourselves of the opportunity of seeing American films to practice listening to spoken English.
　☞ 这样的指导我利用惟恐不及，哪会生气呢？
　☞ Far from resenting such tutelage I am too glad to avail myself of it.
5．harness，指驾驭自然界的力量并加以利用。
　☞ 我们计划利用江水为人民造福。
　☞ We are planning to harness the river water for the benefit of the people.
　☞ 中国现在已开始利用原子能发电。
　☞ Now China has begun to harness nuclear energy to produce electric power.
6．exploit，指正当或不正当地开发并加以利用。
　☞ 大家都企图利用一切机会来提高效率。
　☞ Everyone is seeking to exploit opportunities for improving efficiency.
　☞ 在这里，你们的才能可以得到充分的利用。
　☞ Here your talents might be exploited to the full.
　☞ 你切不可利用职权来满足个人私欲。
　☞ You must not exploit your authority for the gratification of your selfish desires.
　☞ 敌人后来就多少利用了我们的这些缺点。
　☞ Our shortcomings were later exploited to a certain extent by the enemy.
7．apply to，指把某一事物利用到另一事物上。
　☞ 我们只好利用这笔礼金来还债了。
　☞ We have to apply this gift of money to the payment of our debt.
　☞ 我们需要技术人员在工业生产上利用现有的科技发现。
　☞ We need technical personnel to apply scientific discoverers now available to industrial production.
8．take advantage of，指利用长处。
　☞ 我们要充分利用出口时出现的难得机会。
　☞ We should take full advantage of the exceptional opportunities open in exports.
　☞ 她利用午餐时间做了家庭作业。
　☞ She took advantage of lunch hour to finish her home work.
　☞ 他的妻子承认他曾利用他的地位来影响舆论。
　☞ His wife admitted that he had taken advantage of his position to influence public opinion.
　☞ 他的确利用了她的弱点。
　☞ Indeed he took advantage of her weakness.
9．turn to (good) account，指积极方面的利用。
　☞ 你可以好好利用你的英语知识来翻译英语小说。
　☞ You can turn your knowledge of English to good account by translating English novels.
　☞ 他利用在战争中的经历为报纸写文章。
　☞ He turned his war experiences to good account by writing for the newspapers.
　☞ 每分钟都可以利用起来。
　☞ Every minute can be turned to account.
10．presume on (upon)，指消极方面的利用。
　☞ 他竟利用我们的初交，开口向我借贷。
　☞ He went so far as to presume on our slight acquaintance to ask me for a loan.
　☞ 你利用他的脾气好，几次三番地打扰他。
　☞ You presumed upon his good nature by disturbing him again and again.
11．play on，原意为“玩弄”，故也指消极方面的利用。
　☞ 要警惕利用人们爱国主义情绪的政客。
　☞ Guard against the politicians who play on the patriotic sentiments of the people.
　☞ 他竭力想利用她的同情。
　☞ He tried every possible way to play on her sympathies.
利益 利益
1．interest，泛指一切利益，多用复数。
　☞ 共产党应把人民的利益置于一切利益之上。
　☞ A communist must put the interests of the people before all else.
　☞ 为了一时的虚荣竟牺牲国家的长远利益，难道他还是个好领导？
　☞ Isn't he still a good leader when he went so far as to sacrifice the permanent interests of his country for the gratification of momentary vanity?
2．profit，只指经济上的利益。
　☞ 说真话，我是为了自身利益才干的。
　☞ To tell you the truth, I did it to my profit.
　☞ 只图眼前利益你会失去一位终身有利可图的顾客。
　☞ In order to make an immediate profit you'll lose a lifelong and profitable customer.
3．gain，指获得的利益。
　☞ 我们主张先公共福利，后个人利益。
　☞ We prefer the public welfare to personal gain.
　☞ 谋求物质利益并没有错误。
　☞ It's not wrong to work for material gains.
4．benefit，指长远的利益。
　☞ 我们是为了相互的利益才跟他们发展贸易的。
　☞ We develop trade with them for mutual benefit.
　☞ 他并未从这一工作中获得任何利益。
　☞ He did not derive any benefit from the work.
　 ■ benefit尚可用做动词。
　☞ 经济发展使人民群众得到了利益。
　☞ The economic growth has benefited the masses of the people.
　☞ 他把他的终生献给了为人类谋利益的事业。
　☞ He has devoted his whole life to the cause of benefiting mankind.
到底 到底
1．表示努力取得一定的结果或达到一定的目的，有“终于”的意思，可译at last，finally，eventually，in the end。
　☞ 我们用了整整一天时间，到底把这架机器修好了。
　☞ We took the whole day and6xed the machine at last.
　☞ 医生用了各种办法，到底把那个受重伤的工人抢救过来了。
　☞ The doctors tried every way possible and saved that severely injured worker at last.
　☞ 她在度过多少个不眠之夜之后到底得到了他的消息。
　☞ After spending many a sleepless night she heard from him at last.
　☞ 那么这个问题到底是解决了。
　☞ Thus the question was finally settled.
　☞ 新方法到底证明是成功的。
　☞ The new method has finally proved to be a success.
　☞ 他经过了几年的努力，到底掌握了英语。
　☞ After several years' effort he eventually mastered English.
　☞ 这是一次长途旅行，不过我们到底还是到了。
　☞ It was a long journey, but we eventually arrived.
　☞ 我们到底翻过了一座座山峰，来到了一个谷地。
　☞ In the end we crossed the mountains and reached a valley.
2．用来提醒别人似乎忘记了的某个重要论据或理由，有“毕竟”的意思，可译after all。
　☞ 我觉得我们应该让女儿跟她男朋友一起去跳舞，她到底是个大姑娘了。
　☞ I think we should let our daughter go to the dance with her boyfriend. After all she's a big girl now.
　☞ 她表现当然不好，不过她到底是你的妹妹呀。
　☞ Of course she behaved awfully, but after all, she is your sister.
3．表示与预期的情况相反，也有毕竟的意思，故仍可谭after all，不过常放在句末。
　☞ 我本以为这次考试会不及格，可我到底还是及格了。
　☞ I thought I was going to fail in the exam, but I passed after all.
　☞ 他的对手在体力和速度上都超过他，可他到底还是赢了这场比赛。
　☞ His opponents surpassed him both in strength and speed, but he won the race after all.
4．after all，还可以用于深究、追究来加强语气，有“究竟”的意思。一般都用于问句或不肯定的陈述句。
　☞ 你到底同不同意我的意见？
　☞ Do you agree to my opinion after all?
　☞ 她为什么不该吃？蛋糕到底是她做的！
　☞ Why shouldn't she eat the cake? After all, she baked it!
　☞ 我猜不出他到底是什么主意。
　☞ I couldn't guess what idea he had after all.
5．这类表示深究的问句里的after all，在口语里往往可用who (what，why，where，when) the devil (on earth，in the world)代替。
　☞ 他到底是谁？
　☞ Who the devil is he?
　☞ 你到底在讲些什么？
　☞ What the devil are you talking about?
　☞ 我的骆驼到底在哪里？
　☞ Where the devil is my camel now?
　☞ 他到底是什么时候走的？
　☞ When the devil did he go?
　☞ 你到底是什么意思？
　☞ What on earth do you mean?
　☞ 你到底为什么要说谎？
　☞ Why on earth do you tell a lie?
　☞ 你到底去过哪里？
　☞ Where on earth have you been?
　☞ 他到底是什么时候来的？
　☞ When on earth did he come?
　☞ 你那么干到底是为什么？
　☞ What in the world are you doing that for?
　☞ 他到底在哪里找到这辆老爷车的？
　☞ Where in the world did he find this old jalopy?
6．表示通过分析得出结论时，可译in the final analysis。
　☞ 民族斗争，说到底，是一个阶级斗争问题。
　☞ In the final analysis, national struggle is a matter of class struggle.
　☞ 说到底，最可爱的绣花枕头塞的也是稻草。
　☞ The loveliest pillow with an embroidered case in the final analysis is stuffed with rice straw.
7．通过一般将来时，表示某种规律。
　☞ 男孩子到底是男孩子，不会小心眼。
　☞ Boys will be boys. They are broad-minded.
　☞ 孩子到底是孩子，不会像成人那样专心。
　☞ Children will be children. They cannot concentrate their attention as grown-ups.
8．“到底”用作实词时，可译to the end, to the finish。
　☞ 我们必须把革命进行到底。
　☞ We must carry revolution through to the end.
　☞ 他们将为民族独立而战斗到底。
　☞ They will fight to the end for national independence.
　☞ 我们决心战斗到底。
　☞ We are determined to fight to the finish.
制定 制定
1．lay down，指规则、章程、纲要等的制定。
　☞ 会议制定了一个二十二条纲要来推进我国的现代化。
　☞ The conference has laid down a 22-point program to advance the modernization of our country.
　☞ 成立了一个专门委员会来制定操作规程。
　☞ A special committee was set up to lay down operating rules.
2．draw up，指起草制定。
　☞ 制定宪法是国家大事，必须广泛征求群众意见。
　☞ It is national affairs to draw up a constitution and we must consult the broad masses.
　☞ 联合国宪章是1945年制定的。
　☞ The United Nations Charter was drawn up in 1945.
3．formulate，指以成文的形式制定。
　☞ 只有通过调查研究才能制定正确的政策。
　☞ A correct policy can be formulated only after investigation and study.
　☞ 制定全国性的规划是项大工程。
　☞ It is a gigantic project to formulate a nation-wide plan.
4．“制定”的其他译法。
　☞ 领导工作不仅要决定方针政策，还要制定正确的工作方法。
　☞ To lead means not only to decide general and specific policies but also to devise correct methods of work.
　☞ 制定法律是立法机关的事情。
　☞ It is the job of the legislative body to make laws.
　☞ 法律、法令的制定通常是社会压力和社会问题的结果。
　☞ Laws and decrees are ordinarily enacted as the result of social pressures and problems.
制度 制度
1．system，指社会上一个个的个体联合起来建立的并能正常运行的组织制度。
　☞ 社会主义制度终究会代替资本主义制度。
　☞ The socialist system will eventually replace the capitalist system.
　☞ 革新和改造现行的教育制度刻不容缓。
　☞ Renovating and transforming the system of education now in existence are the tasks which brook no delay.
2．institution，指社会上已形成的风俗习惯等做法。在重合时可与system换用，但如果强调某种组织机构的制度时则不宜替代。
　☞ 西藏的农奴制度已经废除。
　☞ The serf institution in Tibet was already abolished.（也可用system）
　☞ 随着时间的变化，各种陈旧的资本主义制度也一直在不断改进之中。
　☞ With the time changing, the old institutions of capitalism have been improving increasingly.(不宜用 system)
3．regulation，指规章制度。
　☞ 这是违反纪律、违反制度的。
　☞ This is a violation of discipline and regulations.
　☞ 未经批准擅离校园是违反制度的。
　☞ It's against regulations to leave campus without permission.
制止 制止
1．restrain from, 指带有克制性的制止。
　☞ 他痛得几乎无法制止自己大声叫喊。
　☞ The pain was so great that he could hardly restrain himself from shouting aloud.
　☞ 当然，我是无法制止你们各行其是的。
　☞ Of course, I can't restrain you from going your own way.
2．check，指制止事物的进程或运动。
　☞ 风向突然改变，意外地制止了火势。
　☞ The sudden change of wind unexpectedly checked the fire.
　☞ 只有世界各国人民的共同立场才能制止侵略，挽救和平。
　☞ Only the united stand of the peoples of the world can check aggression and save peace.
3．curb，指以突然或严厉有效的手段制止，以便把事态控制在一定范围之内。
　☞ 当务之急是控制流沙。
　☞ The most pressing matter of the moment is to curb the shifting sand.
　☞ 政府制止通货膨胀实乃明智之举。
　☞ It is a wise move for the government to curb inflation.
4．stop，halt，均指制止动作或进程，但前者是泛指，而后者却带有突然性。
　☞ 我做了个手势，制止他再说下去。
　☞ I made a gesture to stop him from saying any more.
　☞ 制止他胡说八道是我的职责。
　☞ It was my duty to stop his nonsense.
　☞ 应当作出一切努力来制止军备竞赛。
　☞ Every effort should be made to halt the arms race.
　☞ 我们正在采取一切必要措施来制止人民币的汇率波动。
　☞ We're taking all necessary measures to halt the exchange ratio fluctuations of RMB.
5．arrest，指制止可以固定下来的活动。
　☞ 补牙可以制止龋齿。
　☞ Filling a tooth arrests decay.
　☞ 这种新药可以制止疾病的传播。
　☞ This kind of new drug can arrest the spread of the disease.
6．avert，指重大灾难、危险等的制止，往往暗示预先预防。
　☞ 只要我们继续团结一切可以团结的和平与民主力量，新的世界战争是能够制止的。
　☞ A new world war can be averted, provided we continue to unite all forces for peace and democracy that can be united.
　☞ 当地的领导人在混乱的现场通过说服示威者，制止了一场动乱。
　☞ The local leaders averted a riot by persuading demonstrators at the scene of disturbance.
制约 制约
1．restrict，指客观限制的制约。
　☞ 老迈制约了他的行动。
　☞ Old age restricted his activities.
　☞ 古人认为天圆地方，那只是因为他们受到了历史条件的制约。
　☞ The ancients thought that the earth was square while the sky was round only because they were restricted by historical conditions.
2．restrain, 指主客观都有限制的制约。
　☞ 人民法院和人民检察院相互制约以保证法律的正确执行。
　☞ The people's courts and the people's procuratorates restrain each other in order to guarantee the accurate enforcement of the law.
　☞ 人要生活在这个社会里，就要制约自己。
　☞ One must restrain oneself if living in the society.
3．condition, 指条件上的制约。
　☞ 人的愿望与行为是受到体格条件与经济情况制约的。
　☞ Man's desire and actions are conditioned by his physical constitutions and by economic circumstances.
　☞ 抗生素的相互作用是受到多种因素制约的。
　☞ The interaction of antibiotics is conditioned by many factors.
制裁 制裁
1．sanction，指一国或多国对违反国际法的国家或集团进行的制裁，常用复数。
　☞ 联合国通过决议对伊拉克实行制裁。
　☞ The United Nations adopted the resolution of imposing sanctions on Iraq.
　☞ 有那么一个超级大国动不动就对别的国家进行经济制裁。
　☞ There is such a superpower that applies economic sanctions against other countries at every move.
2．punish，punishment，指因过失犯罪等受到制裁。
　☞ 违法和失职都应受到制裁。
　☞ Transgression of laws and neglect of duty must be punished.
　☞ 对罪犯给予的制裁并未使公众满意。
　☞ The punishment meted out to the criminal did not satisfy the people.
制造 制造
1．make，日常用语，可指任何物品的制造。
　☞ 我们现在的鞋子几乎都是机器制造的。
　☞ Almost all our shoes are machine-made now.
　☞ 这飞机是中国制造的。
　☞ The aircraft is Chinese-made.
　☞ 我们能制造原子弹，但决不首先使用原子弹。
　☞ We can make atom bombs but we shall not be the first to use them.
2．manufacture，指大批量、标准化的制造。
　☞ 该厂是制造橡胶轮胎的。
　☞ The factory manufactures rubber tires.
　☞ 这台设备是我们自己制造的。
　☞ The equipment is of our own manufacture.
　 ■ 由于manufacture可指大批量制造，因此有时也有“捏造”的意思。
　☞ 他们制造谣言、罗织罪名，随便给别人扣上帽子。
　☞ They manufactured lies, cooked up charges and unscrupulously put labels on others.
　☞ 既然我们已经迟到，就得制造一个借口。
　☞ Since we're late, we have to manufacture a kind of excuse.
3．create，指捏造性的制造。
　☞ 他们传播谣言的真正目的是制造紧张局势。
　☞ Their true aim of spreading rumors was to create tension.
　☞ 他们的这条政治路线只会破坏各民族的团结，制造民族之间的分裂。
　☞ Their political line could do nothing but undermine the unity of all nationalities and create splits among them.
　☞ 他们制造舆论是想把水搅浑。
　☞ They want to muddy the water by creating public opinion.
4．sow.指散播制造。
　☞ 历史上的反动统治者曾经在我们各民族之间制造种种隔阂。
　☞ All through the ages, the reactionary rulers sowed feelings of estrangement among our various nationalities.
　☞ 我们要识破他们的阴谋，他们在制造纠纷从中渔利。
　☞ We must see through their conspiracy that they are sowing dissension from which they can benefit.
5．“制造”的其他译法。
　☞ 敌人在制造假象，我们不能上当。
　☞ The enemy is putting up the false front and we should not be taken in.
　☞ 他们制造重重障碍以阻碍谈判。
　☞ They raised one obstacle after another to block the negotiations.
　☞ 你们制造舆论，到底想干什么？
　☞ What on earth are you going to do by molding public opinion?
　☞ 他们制造民族内部冲突的目的是夺权。
　☞ Their aim was to seize power by stirring up the strife within the nationality.
刺激 刺激
1．stimulate，stimulation，指使激励。
　☞ 咖啡能刺激神经。
　☞ Coffee can stimulate one's nerves.
　☞ 较高的利润刺激了生产。
　☞ Better profits have stimulated production.
　☞ 成绩会刺激人们作出更大的努力。
　☞ Success will stimulate people to make greater efforts.
　☞ 大脑受到刺激后会变得少有的清晰和敏捷。
　☞ Given the stimulation, the brain will get curiously clear and swift.
2．provoke，指招惹。
　☞ 我们不到万不得已是不会再去刺激他的。
　☞ We won't provoke him any more than necessary.
　☞ 他们的策略之一是刺激你。
　☞ As part of their tactics, they try to provoke you.
3．upset，指使之难受。
　☞ 告诉我是什么东西把你刺激成这样。
　☞ Tell me what has upset you so.
　☞ 我的电话刺激她了吗？
　☞ Was she upset by my telephone call?
　☞ 这一不幸消息给了她很大的刺激。
　☞ She was badly upset by the sad news.
4．incentive，指物质刺激。
　☞ 他们一直深信关键是物质刺激。
　☞ They have always believed deeply that incentives are key.
　☞ 在大多数职业中金钱仍是一种主要物质刺激。
　☞ Money is still a major incentive in most professions.
　☞ 他父亲答应给他一辆自行车，是对他更加努力学习的一种刺激。
　☞ His father's promise of a bicycle is an incentive to his harder study.
刻 刻
1．cut，指用刀子等工具在木、石、金属等物品上随意刻划，是最不具工艺色彩的一个词。
　☞ 在旅游景点的任何地方刻名留念是丑恶的行径。
　☞ It is disgraceful conduct to cut one's name as a memento anywhere at scenic spots.
　“这是我的宝剑掉到水里的地方。”他急忙在船沿上刻了个记号，嘱咐自己说。
　☞ He hurriedly cut a mark on the edge of the boat, saying to himself: "This is the place where my sword fell into the water."
　☞ 现在已很少有人刻蜡纸了。
　☞ Nowadays it is rare to cut stencils.
2．engrave，较之cut，指刻意求工的刻画。
　☞ 历史学家长期以来对刻在石壁上的点、线和符号感到迷惑不解。
　☞ Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on the stone walls.
　☞ 他在金表上刻了自己的名字。
　☞ He engraved the gold watch with his name.
3．inscribe，指题写之后刻在某物上，一般可以与engrave换用。
　☞ 他在退休时收到一只金表作为礼物，上面刻有他的名字和他工作的年限。
　☞ When he retired he was presented with a gold watch in which his name and the date of his service were inscribed.
　☞ 亚当和夏娃的故事就刻在大教堂的门上。
　☞ The story of Adam and Eve was inscribed on the door of the Cathedral.
4．carve，此词含义较广，既可表示随意的刻划，也可表示刻意求工的雕刻。
　☞ 男孩子们都把姓名起首的字母刻在树上。
　☞ The boys carved their initials in the tree.
　☞ 橡木胸柜上刻着《圣经》故事中的场面。
　☞ The oak chest was carved with scenes from the Bible.
　 ■ carve不仅可以用于浮雕的雕刻，还可用于立体形象的雕刻。
　☞ 你能用这块木头给我刻个装饰品吗？
　☞ Can you carve me an ornament from this piece of wood?
　☞ 这个雕像是用大理石刻的。
　☞ The statue was carved out of marble.
前 前
1．front，指与back相对而言的前面，用作定语时作“前”解。
　☞ 他连忙从楼上奔到前门。
　☞ He ran hastily downstairs to the front door.
　☞ 她的前院有枝丁香花正在怒放。
　☞ In her front courtyard there was a lilac in full bloom.
　 ■ at the front, in front, in front of, in the front of, 在具体的上下文里都有“前”的意思。
　☞ 他们的位子在前，我们的在后。这不公平。
　☞ Their seats are at the front and ours at the back. It's unfair.
　☞ 你最好走在前面。
　☞ You had better go in front.
　 ■ 要注意in front of及in the front of的区别。
　☞ 教室前有块黑板。
　☞ There is a black-board in the front of the classroom.
　（指在教室内的前面）
　☞ 教室前有棵大白杨树。
　☞ There is a big white poplar in front of the classroom.
　（指在教室外的前面）
2．before，用作介词时，指在某个时间之前。
　☞ 他在晚饭前把他的想法告诉了我。
　☞ He told me what he was thinking before supper.
　☞ 母牛和许多其他的雌性动物都恰好是在排卵前发情的。
　☞ In cows and many other animals the female is in estrus just before ovulation.
　 ■ before一般不表示地点。在现代英语中表示地点的“在…之前”一般用in (the) front of。但在下列情况下，也可用before。
1) 表示次序的排列。（如按笔画、职务排列）
　☞ 你的名字排在我之前。
　☞ Your name comes before mine.
2) 表示在某个重要人物前面。
　☞ 那位国民党军队的高级军官被带到陈毅元帅跟前。
　☞ The high-ranking officer of the Kuomintang troops was brought before Marshal Chen Yi.
3．before，ago，用作副词时，指某个时间之前，但应注意其区别。
　☞ 战争是3年前结束的。
　☞ The war ended three years ago.
　（指从现在算起的3年前）
　☞ 战争是我出生前3年结束的。
　☞ The war ended three years before I was born.（指从出生前算起的3年前）
　 ■ 但是应该注意的是，如果泛指某个时间以前（不指现在、过去、将来的某个具体时间以前），也可用before。
　☞ 这样的怪事真是前所未闻。
　☞ I've never heard of such a strange thing before.
　☞ 他总是尽量使用一两个小时以前才学会的单词或短语。
　☞ He often tries to use a word or a phrase that he has learnt only an hour or two before.
4．on，in，等介词在一定的上下文里也可以有“前”的意思。
　☞ 将军胸前佩带着所有的勋章。
　☞ The general was wearing all his medals on the chest.
　☞ 在事实面前他承认拿了钱。
　☞ He admitted to having taken the money in the face of the fact.
5．不少带有前缀pre的词都有“前”的意思。
　☞ 战前德国在工业生产方面领先。
　☞ Germany led in industrial production in the prewar period.
　☞ 她是前一天回来的，没让我知道。
　☞ She had returned unknown to me, on the previous day.
　☞ 他担任协会主席是在我之前。
　☞ He preceded me as chairman of the society.
6．former，指从前是而现在已不是的“前”。
　☞ 英国前首相希思先生是我们的老朋友了。
　☞ Mr. Heath, the former Prime Minister of Britain, is an old friend of ours.
　☞ 她的前夫是个音乐家。
　☞ Her former husband was a musician.
7．prior to，指按顺序的“前”。呵与before换用。
　☞ 房屋在拍卖前就卖掉了。
　☞ The house was sold prior to (before) auction.
　☞ 我妈结婚前是个护士。
　☞ Prior to (Before) her marriage my mother was a nurse.
8．first half，指前一半的“前”。
　☞ 他写了一本书，叫做《我的前半生》。
　☞ He wrote a book entitled The First Half of My Life.
　☞ 前半夜我没睡着。
　☞ I wasn't asleep during the first half of the night.
9．ahead，指前面的“前”。
　☞ 我们被困在一个无人区里，前不着村，后不挨店。
　☞ We were stranded in a depopulated zone, with no village ahead and no inn behind.
　☞ 这是一个前车之鉴。
　☞ This is a warning taken from the overturned cart ahead.
前后 前后
1．shortly before and after，与表示事件或时间的名词连用，指出动作行为发生在该事件或该时间的前后。
　☞ 解放前后我一直在上海工作。
　☞ I had been working in Shanghai shortly before and after liberation.
　☞ 地震发生在天亮前后。
　☞ The earthquake happened shortly before and after daybreak.
2．round, around，指行为动作发生的大致时间，可以换用。
　☞ 这件事发生在春节前后。
　☞ This happened round (around) the Spring Festival.
　☞ 他们是5点钟前后到的。
　☞ They arrived around (round) five o'clock.
3．front and back (behind, rear)，指空间上的前后。
　☞ 房子前后都有树。
　☞ There are trees both in front and at the back of the house.
　☞ 前后的座位都有人了。
　☞ All seats were occupied both in front and at the back.
　 ■ 有时back可以改成behind或rear。
　☞ 这就叫做“前有大河，后有追兵”。
　☞ That is what we call "There is a great river in front of us and pursuing troops are closing in from behind.
　☞ 敌人同时受到前后夹击。
　☞ The enemy was attacked from the front and the rear simultaneously.
4．from beginning to end，指从开始到结束的前后过程。
　☞ 这项工程从动工到完成，前后只用了10个月。
　☞ The entire project, from beginning to end, took only ten months.
　☞ 我知道这件事的前前后后。
　☞ I knew the whole story from beginning to end.
5．altogether，指前后总共，常与数字连用。
　☞ 她前后来过4次。
　☞ She has been here four times altogether.
　☞ 小说从动笔到定稿前后用了3年时间。
　☞ The novel took three years to write altogether, from start to finish.
6．all，指前后一切。
　☞ 他前后所做的一切都未产生效果。
　☞ All that he did had no effect.
　☞ 你前后来信都已收到。
　☞ I've received all your letters.
7．successive，指前后连续。
　☞ 我们的足球队前后连胜5场。
　☞ Our football team won five successive matches.
　☞ 前后两位主席都是我校的校友。
　☞ The two successive chairmen were the alumni of our school.
8．consecutive, 指前后连贯。
　☞ 所有文件是前后分两次用航空邮件寄给我们的。
　☞ All of the documents were forwarded to us by two consecutive airmails.
　☞ 他讲的故事前后连不起来。
　☞ He told an inconsecutive story.
前进 前进
1．advance，指具有一定方向，目标明确的前进。
　☞ 部队每天前进30英里。
　☞ The troops advanced thirty miles per day.
　☞ 我们沿着社会主义道路前进。
　☞ We are advancing along the socialist road.
　☞ 那只是我们前进中的问题。
　☞ That is only a problem accompanying our advance and development.
2．proceed，也指具有一定方向的前进，但强调的是继续前进。
　☞ 火车以和以前一样的速度前进。
　☞ The train proceeded at the same speed as before.
　☞ 人群向天安门前进。
　☞ The crowd proceeded to the Tian An Men Square.
3．progress，强调取得进展的前进。
　☞ 到三点钟时部队已前进到了指定地点。
　☞ By three o'clock the troops had progressed as far as the designated place.
　☞ 他们两人继续沿着公路前进。
　☞ The two of them continued their progress down the road.
　☞ 大雨阻挡了敌人的前进。
　☞ Heavy rains hindered the enemy's progress.
　☞ 他们在大雪中无法前进。
　☞ They made no progress in the heavy snow.
4．forge ahead，原意为冲刺，作“前进”解时强调的是速度。
　☞ 我们不能停留在现有的成绩上，要继续前进。
　☞ We can't rest on our laurels, we must forge ahead.
　☞ 我们的帆船乘着顺风快速前进。
　☞ Our sailing boat forged ahead with a favorable wind.
5．“前进”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们在社会主义建设中大踏步前进。
　☞ We are making big strides in our socialist construction.
　☞ 我们的船只破浪前进。
　☞ Our ships break the waves.
　☞ 向敌舰全速前进。
　☞ G forward at full speed towards the enemy ship.
　☞ 我们在漆黑的洞穴里摸索着前进。
　☞ We felt our way forward along the dark cave.
前面 前面
1．front，指正面。
　☞ 老师把那个调皮的男生叫出来站到全班的前面。
　☞ The teacher called out the naughty boy to the front of the class.
　☞ 咱们坐在前面吧。
　☞ Let's sit in the front.
　☞ 司机坐在前面，乘客坐在后面。
　☞ The driver sits in the front, and the passengers sit behind.
　 ■ 注意in front of与in the front of的区别。
　☞ 汽车前面坐着个孩子。
　☞ A child sat in front of the car.（在汽车外的前面）
　☞ 汽车前面坐着司机。
　☞ A driver sat in the front of the car.（在汽车内的前面）
　 ■ 但是at the front of却有两个意思。
　☞ 教室前面有棵大树。
　☞ There is a big tree at the front of the classroom.
　（指教室外部的前面）
　☞ 教室前面有块黑板。
　☞ There is a blackboard at the front of the classroom.
　（指教室内部的前面）
2．at the head of，指最前头。
　☞ 最高的那个男生站在队伍的最前面。
　☞ The tallest boy stood at the head of the line.
　☞ 乐队走在检阅队任的最前面。
　☞ The band marched at the head of the parade.
3．ahead，指前面或向着前面。常指自身以外的前面。
　☞ 前面的山都不长树木。
　☞ The hills ahead were not wooded.
　☞ 她两眼直直地盯着前面。
　☞ Her eyes stared straight ahead.
　☞ 我们前面的路又窄又滑。
　☞ Ahead of us the road was narrow and slippery.
4．forward，也指在前面或向前，但与ahead不同的是指自身内部位置的前面。
　☞ 我的寝室是在厨房的前面。
　☞ My bed-room is forward of the kitchen.（寝室和厨房都是整套住房的局部）
　☞ 轮船前面的舱房比较凉爽。
　☞ The forward cabins of a ship are cooler.（前舱也是轮船的一部分）
5．before，作“前面”解，只有在谈到排列次序时才用。
　☞ 你的名字在我前面。
　☞ Your name comes before mine.
　☞ 她排在我前面。
　☞ She was before me in the queue.
　☞ 我看了看名单，看谁在我前面。
　☞ I looked at the list to see whose name was before mine.
6．above，指上面提到或引用的前面。
　☞ 前面提到的原则绝对不能拿来做交易。
　☞ The above mentioned principles shall never be haggled about.
　☞ 他在前面引用的两行杜甫的诗我觉得特别好。
　☞ The two lines of Du Fu he quoted above seemed to me particularly good.
7．precede，指“在…之前发生”。
　☞ 你能肯定劳方的声明是赶在资方声明前面发表的吗？
　☞ Are you sure that the workers' statement preceded that of the management's?
　☞ 他进屋时一只小狗走在前面。
　☞ He came into the room preceded by a small dog.
8．anticipate，指抢在预料要发生的事情前面。
　☞ 科学研究工作应当走在经济建设的前面。
　☞ Scientific research should anticipate economic construction.
　☞ 我们在报上做了广告，故而抢在了我们竞争对手的前面。
　☞ We anticipated our competitors by putting advertisements in newspapers.
9．如果上下文的“前面”已不言自明，也可以不译。
　☞ 前面来了一个人。
　☞ A man was coming towards us.
　☞ 前面来了一辆公共汽车。
　☞ Here comes a bus.
剧烈 剧烈
1．violent，指某种人为的或自然的暴力引起的剧烈。
　☞ 当时在左派和右派之间有过剧烈的斗争。
　☞ There was a violent struggle between the Left and the Right.
　☞ 强震是非常剧烈的，因此必须从结构上使之衰减， 但这几乎是不可能的。
　☞ Strong-motion earthquake is very violent and must be damped structurally, which, however, is a near impossibility.
2．strenuous，指需要耗费大量精力或能量的剧烈。
　☞ 你不应从事这样剧烈的运动。
　☞ You shouldn't take such strenuous exercise.
　☞ 剧烈震动搞得我的骨头好像散了架。
　☞ The strenuous vibration made me feel as if all my bones were falling apart.
3．fierce，由于竞争、斗争等引起的剧烈。
　☞ 现在的竞争一年比一年剧烈。
　☞ The competition has been growing fiercer every year.
　☞ 这是场剧烈的战耳，双方都损失严重。
　☞ It was a fierce battle in which both sides suffered heavy losses.
4．radical，指由于极端、过激等引起的剧烈。
　☞ 经济改革引起了剧烈的社会变革。
　☞ The economic reform caused radical social changes.
　☞ 解散国会是相当剧烈的一步。
　☞ Disbanding the congress was a rather radical step.
5．severe，指接近危机边缘的剧烈。
　☞ 轮胎的接触面由于剧烈作用而容易磨损。
　☞ The wheel-tire interface wears easily because of severe actions.
　☞ 他刚一动，一阵剧烈的疼痛就攫住了全身。
　☞ A severe pain had seized him as he moved.
6．acute，指接近危机边缘引起的剧烈。
　☞ 工资冻结引起了劳资间的剧烈对抗。
　☞ The wage freeze engendered acute antagonism between labor and capital.
　☞ 这件事以后，党内斗争就变得更加剧烈了。
　☞ After that the struggle inside the Party grew more acute.
劈 劈
1．split，指用刀斧从纵面劈开，多用于口语。
　☞ 他用斧子劈木头。
　☞ He split the wood with an axe.
　☞ 只有熟练工人才能把板岩劈成一片片板材。
　☞ Only a skilled workman can split slate into layers.
　☞ 大树遭雷劈了。
　☞ The big tree was split by lightning.（指纵向劈开）
　☞ 或The big tree was struck by lightning.（只指遭雷击）。
2．chop，指多次连劈。
　☞ 消防队员在墙上劈了个洞。
　☞ The firemen chopped a hole in the wall.
　☞ 他把旧椅子劈了作引火柴。
　☞ He chopped the old chair for firewood.
　 ■ 不过有时chop在某些状语修饰下也可指劈一次。
　☞ 我把一段木头一下就劈成了两半。
　☞ I chopped the block of wood in two with a single blow.
3．cleave，为修辞性用语，意思与split近似。
　☞ 他最后一击，劈开了对手的头颅。
　☞ He struck the final blow, cleaving his opponent's skull.
　☞ 鲸鱼的尾巴一扫，把我们的小船劈成了两半。
　☞ A blow of the whale's tail cleft our boat in two.
　 ■ cleave与chop的区别在于表示“一下劈成两半”时不需要状语修饰。
　☞ 我把一段木头劈成两半。
　☞ I cleft the block of wood in two，试比较：I chopped the block of wood in two with a single blow.
　☞ 每一面峭壁似乎比前一面更加陡峭，看上去好像是天上掉下来一把巨斧猛地劈了下来，在两面峭壁之间劈出了一条通道。
　☞ Every cliff seemed steeper than the last, and they looked as though some mighty axe had smashed down from heaven and cleaved its way through them.
4．“劈”的其他译法。
　☞ 大浪几乎朝着我们头顶劈过来。
　☞ Huge waves came crashing almost on top of us.
　☞ 我们的船只劈风斩浪驶向南极。
　☞ Our ship sails to the South Pole, braving the wind and the wave.
　☞ 他一巴掌劈到我脸上。
　☞ He slapped me on the face.
　☞ 村长带领我们劈山造田。
　☞ Our village head led us in leveling off hill tops and turning them into flat fields.
力气 力气
1．strength，指体力。
　☞ 你有力气背起这么重的东西吗？
　☞ Do you have the strength to carry on back such a heavy load?
　☞ 我有你的力气就好了。
　☞ I wish I had your strength.
　☞ 骆驼的力气远不及大象。
　☞ A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.
　 ■ strength还可用于转义。
　☞ 顶住上级的压力是要费很大力气的。
　☞ It took great strength to resist the pressure of the higher authorities.
2．effort, 指使出来的劲。
　☞ 不费力气是什么都学不好的。
　☞ You can't learn anything without making an effort.
　☞ 登山是要出力气的。
　☞ Mountaineering takes efforts.
　☞ 医生花了好大力气，病人才得以康复。
　☞ The patient, on whom the doctor spent much effort, has recovered.
方法 方法
1．method，指有系统、有步骤、有过程的方法。
　☞ 一个工厂必须建立一套更为经济有效的方法。
　☞ It is necessary for a factory to establish more economical and effective methods.
　☞ 他授课的方法是鼓励学生通过讨论来解决问题。
　☞ His method of teaching is by encouraging the students to solve problems through discussion.
　☞ 如果你方法得当，说服他也容易。
　☞ It's easy to persuade him if you go with the right method.
2．procedure，指方法中的步骤。
　☞ 他同意我们的目标，但批评了我们的方法。
　☞ He agreed with our purpose but criticized our procedure.
　☞ 你做火腿月饼的方法是什么？
　☞ What is your procedure in making ham moon-cakes?
3．system，指系统性方法。
　☞ 我发现他的管理缺少方法。
　☞ I find that his management lacks system.
　☞ 他提供信息的新方法蛮管用。
　☞ His new system for providing information works quite well.
4．approach，指处理问题的方法。
　☞ 他处理危机的方法防止了一场灾难。
　☞ His approach to the crisis averted a catastrophe.
　☞ 学外语最好的方法是学习口语。
　☞ When you learn a foreign language, the best approach is the study of the spoken language.
5．way，指某种方式。
　☞ 摆脱这一困境的方法尚未找到。
　☞ A way out of the difficulty has not yet been found.
　☞ 必须用某种方法来完成工作。
　☞ The work must be finished one way or another.
6．means，指某种手段。
　☞ 他突然想出了一个干这活的新方法。
　☞ He's struck on a novel means of doing the job.
　☞ 你有什么鉴定的方法吗？
　☞ Do you have any means of identification?
力量 力量
1．force，指可以运用或发挥出来的任何物质或精神力量。
　☞ 团结一切可以团结的力量。
　☞ Unite with all the forces that can be united.
　☞ 爆炸的力量震碎了所有的窗子。
　☞ The force of the explosion broke all the windows.
　☞ 她朋友都学她的样子，这一点就可以看出她的人格力量。
　☞ The force of her personality can be seen in the way her friends imitate her.
　☞ 道义上的力量在我们一边。
　☞ The moral force is on our side.
2．strength，指内部固有的但尚未发挥出来的一切力量，因此strength是没发挥出来的force。
　☞ 团结就是力量。
　☞ In union there is strength.
　☞ 我们低估了敌人的力量。
　☞ We underestimated the enemy's strength.
　☞ 意志的力量是无穷的。
　☞ The strength of will is infinite.
　☞ 他们是国家真正的力量和中坚。
　☞ They constitute the real strength and backbone of the country.
3．might，指全部或最大力量。
　☞ 一个国家的力量在于其工农业的发展水平。
　☞ The might of a country is in its level of industrial and agricultural development.
　☞ 美国的全部力量无法集中在地中海。
　☞ The full might of the United States could not possibly be concentrated in the Mediterranean.
　☞ 坦克战是一场装甲力量的比赛。
　☞ The tank battle is a test of armored might.
4．power，用得最广，可指物质、精神和心理上的任何力量，可以是表现出来的、潜在的或受人支配的。
　☞ 亲眼见到这位小妇人竟有把人呼来喝去的力量， 真是不可思议。
　☞ It was really strange to witness the power the little woman had over her people.
　☞ 我想请你对此加以制止。我知道你有这个力量。
　☞ I would like to ask you to put a stop to it. I know you have the power.
　☞ 知识就是力量。
　☞ Knowledge is power.
　☞ 世界上还没有一种力量可以让我做我不想做的事情。
　☞ No power on earth can make me do what I don't want to do.
5．energy，指生理上的力量。
　☞ 给我印象最深刻的是他那股好像永远用不完的力量。
　☞ What impressed me most is his seemingly inexhaustible energy.
　☞ 他的全部力量都用在帮助她的学习上了。
　☞ He put all his energies into helping her in her study.
　☞ 她听到这消息，似乎一下就充满了力量。
　☞ She seemed to be suddenly filled with energy when she heard the news.
劝 劝
1．advise，指劝告。
　☞ 我们都劝他戒烟。
　☞ We all advised him to give up smoking 医生劝他好好休息。
　☞ The doctor advised him to have a good rest.
　☞ 她父亲劝她不要忙着结婚。
　☞ Her father advised her against marrying in haste.
　☞ 他曾劝我不要那么干。
　☞ He had advised me against doing so.
2．urge，指劝促。
　☞ 大家围着我劝酒。
　☞ All urged me to drink, gathering about me.
　☞ 他说我有那么好的中文底子，劝我写个剧本。
　☞ He urged me to write a play by saying that I have such a good ground in Chinese.
3．try to persuade，指试图说服。
　☞ 我们劝他参加我们的俱乐部。
　☞ We tried to persuade him to join our club.
　☞ 他劝我别去了。
　☞ He tried to persuade me not to go.
4．“劝”的其他译法。
　☞ 我劝了他半天，他就是不听。
　☞ I spent a long time trying to talk him round, but he just wouldn't listen.
　☞ 他心里不好受，你去劝劝他吧。
　☞ He's feeling bad. Please go and say a few words to comfort him.
　☞ 经过同志们的劝说，他终于想通了。
　☞ With the help of his comrades, he has finally straightened things out in his mind.
办到 办到
1．表示做到，可译do，最常用。
　☞ 原来认为办不到的事，现在办到了。
　☞ What was thought impossible has now been done.
　☞ 说到办到。
　☞ No sooner said than done.
2．表示完成，可译accomplish，较正式。
　☞ 时代不同了，男女都一样。男同志能办到的事情，女同志也能办到。
　☞ Times have changed, and today men and women are equal. Whatever men comrades can accomplish women comrades can too。
　☞ 实际上，这就是句型练习打算办到的事情。
　☞ This, in fact, is what the patter drills are supposed to accomplish.
3．表示可能或不可能办到，可译possible，impossible。
　☞ 作了种种让步之后，实现和解是办得到的。
　☞ It is possible to effect reconciliation after all concessions.
　☞ 要年轻人跟他住在一起是办不到的。
　☞ It is impossible for young people to live with him.
4．表示可行或不可行，可译be feasible，workable，infeasible。
　☞ 你这个计划听起来是办得到的。
　☞ Your plan sounds workable (feasible).
　☞ 开除他是办不到的。
　☞ It is infeasible to dismiss him.
办法 办法
1．指方式，方法，译way。
　☞ 学语言的最好办法是多多练习。
　☞ The best way of learning a language is to practice it as much as possible.
　☞ 勤勤恳恳地工作是走向成功的可靠办法。
　☞ To work diligently is the surest way to success.
　☞ 段落大意的归纳有各种办法。
　☞ Summaries of paragraphs can be handled in a variety of ways.
2．指手段，译means。
　☞ 她没有其他办法挣钱。
　☞ She had no other means of obtaining money.
　☞ 独裁者总是想尽办法企图保持对局势的控制。
　☞ The dictator always tries every possible means to perpetuate his domination over the situation.
　☞ 坐飞机是到那里去的最快的办法。
　☞ Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there.
　☞ 他用尽各种办法，但白费心思。
　☞ He tried every means but bothered his head for nothing.
　☞ 一切办法都已用尽，但买卖毫无起色。
　☞ All possible means were up but there was no pick up in business at all.
3．指措施，步骤，译approach (to)。
　☞ 我们现在发展重工业可以有两种办法。
　☞ There are two possible approaches to our development of heavy industry.
　☞ 学习外语的最好办法是学口语。
　☞ When learning a foreign language the best approach is to learn the spoken language.
4．指可供选择的办法，译alternative。
　☞ 他必须离开她，没有其他办法。
　☞ He must leave her. There was no other alternative.
　☞ 所有这些考虑促使人们去寻求别的办法。
　☞ All these considerations encouraged the search for alternatives.
　☞ 如果他今晚想到北京，除了坐飞机别无办法。
　☞ If he wants to get to Beijing by tonight he has no alternative but to go by plane.
5．指机智、胜任、熟练，可相应译resourceful in，competent for (in), proficient in (at).
　☞ 动员组织群众还是他有办法。
　☞ It is he who is resourceful in mobilizing and organizing the masses.
　☞ 他教书很有办法。
　☞ He is competent for (in) teaching.
　☞ 他在断肢再植上很有办法。
　☞ He is quite proficient in (at) the reattachment of severed limbs.
6．指无办法，译helpless。
　☞ 他站在那里毫无办法，简直不知怎么办了。
　☞ He stood there helpless, simply not knowing what to do.
　☞ 他高度近视，没有眼镜几乎毫无办法。
　☞ He is very shortsighted, almost helpless without his glasses.
办理 办理
1．强调操作，可用handle。
　☞ 本公司办理进出口业务。
　☞ Our company handles imports and exports.
　☞ 这些事情你可以斟酌办理。
　☞ You may handle these matters as you see fit.
2．强调管理可用manage。
　☞ 一定要把这件事交给我来办理。
　☞ Do leave this affair in my hand and I will manage it.
　☞ 你母亲办理这种事有本事。
　☞ Your mother has a genius for managing such things.
3．强调进行，可用conduct, in the conduct of。
　☞ 商人、作家、演员都可请代理人来办理各自的业务。
　☞ Businessmen, authors and actors all may hire agents to conduct their affairs.
　☞ 他办理这种事非常起劲。
　☞ He is extraordinarily eager in the conduct of the matter.
4．强调承担，可用undertake。
　☞ 我们暂时还不能办理这项工作。
　☞ We can't undertake the work for the time being.
　☞ 安排他们在机场见面一事，他们要我们来办理。
　☞ They want us to undertake the arrangement for them to meet at the airport.
5．强调经办业务，可用transact。
　☞ 贵公司办理世界各地商店的批发业务吗？
　☞ Does your firm transact wholesale business with stores all over the world?
　☞ 有事要办理，我得见他。
　☞ There is business to transact, so I am obliged to see him.
6．强调办某种手续，可用go through formalities (procedure)。
　☞ 我们休息一下就去办理出（入）境手续。
　☞ Let's have a short rest before going through the exit (entry) formalities.
　☞ 办理海关手续要多少时间？
　☞ How long will it take to go through the customs formalities?
加 加
1．plus, and，指相加。前者为介词，后者为连词。
　☞ 22加5为7。
　☞ Two plus five is seven.
　☞ 3加3等于6。
　☞ Three plus three is six.
　☞ 2加3等于5。
　☞ Two and three is five.
2．add to (up)，也指相加或添加但为动词。
　☞ 5加5得10。
　☞ Five added to five makes ten.
　☞ 把这些数字加起来，看看总数对不对。
　☞ Add up the figures and see if the sum is correct.
　☞ 茶太浓，请加点水。
　☞ The tea is too strong. Please add some water.
　☞ 把这些加到你已记下来的例子里。
　☞ Add these examples to those you have already noted.
3．raise，指增加。
　☞ 我们加工资了。
　☞ We have our pay raised.
　☞ 食油加价超过100％。
　☞ The price of cooking oil was raised by more than 10 percent.
4．put in (on)，指加放。
　☞ 他往火里又加了块木头。
　☞ He put another log on the fire.
　☞ 往汤里加点盐。
　☞ Put some salt in the soup.
　☞ 出门前多加衣服。
　☞ Put on more clothes before you go out.
5．append，指附加。
　☞ 在他的反驳文章里加了条按语。
　☞ A note was appended to his rejoinder.
　☞ 他往他的报告里加了个总结。
　☞ He appended a summary to his report.
6．“加”作“加以”解时，一般可以不译。
　☞ 欲加之罪，何患无词。
　☞ If you are out to condemn somebody, you can always trump up a charge.
　☞ 出版商对他的著作大加赞赏。
　☞ The publishers praised his works highly.
　☞ 他不加考虑就拒绝了他的建议。
　☞ He turned down his suggestion without considering it at all.
　☞ 违法乱纪者要严加处分。
　☞ Those who break the law and violate discipline shall be punished severely.
加上 加上
1．add (on), in addition，指添加。
　☞ 火要灭了，你加上点木头好吗？
　☞ The fire is going out, will you add some wood?
　☞ 去年，王大爷一家养鸡挣了3万元，加上卖西瓜挣的钱，总收入共为5万元。
　☞ Last year, Uncle Wang's family earned thirty thousand yuan from raising chicken. Adding on the money they earned from selling watermelons, their income totaled fifty thousand yuan.
　☞ 我妈给了我们野餐用的三明治，再加上一袋饼干。
　☞ My mother gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition.
2．plus，指增加数量。
　☞ 代表团共有12位代表，加上两位翻译，共14人。
　☞ The delegation includes 12 delegates, plus 2 interpreters, so there are 14 people altogether.
　☞ 他的工资加上奖金为2,000元。
　☞ His wages plus bonus are two thousand yuan.
3．with，指同时还有。
　☞ 办个企业本来就不容易，加上这些没完没了的烦琐手续，工作就更加困难了。
　☞ It isn't easy to start a business in the first place, but with all this endless red tape, it is all the more difficult.
　☞ 她的住处离这里远，加上交通问题，所以很少来。
　☞ She lives very far away, and what with transport problems, she seldom comes.
4．moreover, what is more，指进一步。
　☞ 房价太高，再加上房子的地段也不合适。
　☞ The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn't in a suitable location.
　☞ 外面在下雨，你不能出去，加上你的家庭作业还没做完。
　☞ You cannot go out, because it is raining outside. Moreover, your homework hasn't been done.
　☞ 他半夜才回家，还加上喝醉了酒。
　☞ He came home at midnight, and what's more, he was drunk.
　☞ 这种鞋结实耐穿，加上价格便宜，很受欢迎。
　☞ These shoes are very popular. They are sturdy and, what's more, they're cheap.
5．“加上”的其他译法。
　☞ 他又给自己加上了新头衔。
　☞ Again he conferred a new title on himself.
　☞ 他们不择手段给我加上种种罪名。
　☞ They stopped at nothing to level all sorts of charges against me.
加倍 加倍
1．double (doubly)，指数量上的加倍，因此是具体的、准确的。
　☞ 明年的产量可能加倍。
　☞ The output may double next year.
　☞ 上一年公司的赢利加了1倍。
　☞ The company had doubled its profits the previous year.
　☞ 我花了100元买了这本旧书，而王教授愿加1倍的钱来买它。
　☞ I paid one hundred yuan for this old book and Professor Wang offered me double for it.
　☞ 今天路滑，开车要加倍小心。
　☞ The roads are slippery today, so you'll have to be doubly careful when driving the car.
2．redouble，指概念上的加倍，是一种比喻的说法，因此宾语都为不可数的抽象名词。
　☞ 我们要加倍努力以按时完成工作。
　☞ We ought to redouble our efforts to finish the work on time.
　☞ 我们以加倍的热情来迎接胜利。
　☞ We met the victory with redoubled zeal.
加剧 加剧
1．aggravate，指加深严重程度。
　☞ 冷天加剧了他的关节炎。
　☞ The cold weather aggravated his arthritis.
　☞ 忧郁加剧了她的病情。
　☞ Grief aggravated her illness.
2．intensify，指加大强度。
　☞ 人口密度的增加及工业技术的发展常会加剧污染问题。
　☞ The increase in population density and the development in industrial technology often intensify pollution problems.
　☞ 躺下只会加剧疼痛。
　☞ Lying down will only intensify the pain.
　☞ 经济危机大大加剧了群众中的不满。
　☞ The economic crisis greatly intensified the discontent among the masses.
3．exacerbate，指恶化。
　☞ 他的病情由于炎热而加剧了。
　☞ His illness was exacerbated by the heat.
　☞ 预料中的罢工必将加剧社会的紧张局势。
　☞ An anticipated strike will inevitably exacerbate social tension.
　☞ 年龄上的差异加剧了夫妻间的矛盾。
　☞ Disparity in age exacerbated the contradiction between husband and wife.
4．worsen, take a turn for the worse，指变坏。
　☞ 他的病情加剧了。
　☞ His illness has worsened.
　☞ 这场雨加剧了我们的困难。
　☞ The rain has worsened our difficulties.
　☞ 病人的病情加剧了。
　☞ The patient's condition worse.
5．further，指进一步加剧。
　☞ 党派的支持加剧了幕后的活动。
　☞ The support from political parties and groups furthered the behind-the-scene activities.
　☞ 这种坏死组织的继续存在使创伤加剧。
　☞ The persistence of this dead tissue furthers the injury.
加固 加固
1．consolidate，指使之坚固。
　☞ 部队加固了已经占领的阵地。
　☞ The army consolidated the position which they had captured.
　☞ 冰冻的淤泥加固了路面。
　☞ The frozen mud has consolidated the road surface.
2．reinforce，指增加材料使之坚固。
　☞ 我们做了种种准备来加固堤坝。
　☞ We have made all kinds of preparations to reinforce dykes and dams.
　☞ 为了防震，这座楼正在加固。
　☞ As precautions against earthquakes, the building is being reinforced.
3．improve，指改善。
　☞ 部队利用战斗间歇加固工事。
　☞ The troops improved their defense works between battles.
　☞ 自从他接任指挥以后，防务已大大加固。
　☞ The matters pertaining to defense have been improved greatly since he took over command.
4．strengthen，指加强。
　☞ 木桶通常用金属箍加固。
　☞ Wooden barrels are usually strengthened with metal bands.
　☞ 市民倾城而出去加固防御工事。
　☞ The people in the city turned out to strengthen their defense works.
加强 加强
1．strengthen，指力量上加强。
　☞ 我们正在采取措施以逐步加强薄弱区段的改造。
　☞ We are taking measures to strengthen gradually the transformation of the weak sections.
　☞ 为使青年真正认识到学习的重要性，必须加强对他们的教育。
　☞ Education must be strengthened among the youth in order that they can truly recognize the importance of study.
　☞ 我们学生要加强团结，互相帮助。
　☞ We students should strengthen our unity and help each other.
2．enhance，指力度上加强。
　☞ 我们需要别的国家来加强我们在外交上的灵活性。
　☞ We need other countries to enhance the flexibility of our diplomacy.
　☞ 只有加强战备才能防止战争。
　☞ Only by enhancing combat preparedness can we guard against war.
　☞ 试种水稻成功加强了我们的信心。
　☞ The success of growing rice on a trial basis enhanced our confidence.
3．intensify，指强度上加强。
　☞ 我们必须对部队加强教育工作。
　☞ We must intensify our educational work among our own troops.
　☞ 政府很快就加强了对这一运动的镇压。
　☞ The government soon intensified their suppression of this movement.
　☞ 为防止毒品渗入我国，我们已经加强了边境的巡逻。
　☞ We have intensified the patrols along the frontier to guard against the drug penetration into our country.
4．reinforce，指增加后援或似乎增加后援。
　☞ 12名富有经验的矿工加强了营救工作。
　☞ Twelve experienced miners reinforced the rescue.
　☞ 超级大国企图以各种办法来加强对该国的控制。
　☞ The superpowers tried every possible way to reinforce their domination in that country.
　☞ 他引用了一系列事实来加强他的论据。
　☞ He reinforced his argument with a series of facts.
5．increase，指增加。
　☞ 看到工作成绩，大家感到信心都加强了。
　☞ Seeing the results of their work, everyone felt their confidence increase.
　☞ 他决定加强体育锻炼。
　☞ He decided to increase physical training.
　☞ 贸易上的利害冲突加强了美日矛盾。
　☞ The conflict of interests in trade has increased the contradiction between the USA and Japan.
6．augment，指进一步的增加。
　☞ 我们组的信心随着每一次的胜利而加强。
　☞ Our team's confidence augments with every victory.
　☞ 他所做的一切都只是为了加强他自己的威信。
　☞ What he did is only to augment his own prestige.
　☞ 我们注意到日本正在加强其军事力量。
　☞ We have noticed that Japan is augmenting her military strength.
7．heighten，指提高。
　☞ 你这个同志应该加强敌情观念。
　☞ You, my comrade, should heighten your awareness of the enemy's activities.
　☞ 这次演出加强了我对他的倾慕。
　☞ The performance heightened my admiration for him.
8．tighten，指加紧。
　☞ 政府加强了大使馆周围的安全措施。
　☞ The government tightened security around the embassy.
　☞ 独裁者加强了对人民的控制。
　☞ The dictator tightened his control of the people.
加速 加速
1．quicken，指加快。
　☞ 我们有什么办法可以加速会议的准备工作？
　☞ Is there any way we can quicken the preparation for the conference?
　☞ 看见她走到拐角，我的心跳加速了。
　☞ My heart quickened when I saw her go to the comer.
2．speed (up)，指加快速度。
　☞ 这一事件加速了中国人民的觉醒。
　☞ The incident has speeded the awakening of the Chinese people.
　☞ 我国政府正在加速农业的发展。
　☞ Our government is speeding up the development of agriculture.
3．accelerate，也指加快速度，与speed同义，但为书面用语。
　☞ 肥料会加速植物的生长。
　☞ Fertilizer will accelerate the growth of plants.
　☞ 腐烂由于酶而加速。
　☞ Decay is accelerated by enzymes.
4．hasten，指使之迅速发生。
　☞ 他的死加速了全家的分裂。
　☞ His death hastened the breaking up of the family.
　☞ 反动派的垂死挣扎只能加速其灭亡。
　☞ The deathbed struggle of reactionaries can only hasten their doom.
5．advance，指推进。
　☞ 这次会议制订了一个大纲来加速现代化。
　☞ The conference laid down a program to advance the modernization.
　☞ 营养不良只会加速病情的发展。
　☞ Malnutrition only advances the progress of the disease.
6．step up，指加快节奏。
　☞ 为了提高生活水准，我们得加速生产。
　☞ In order to raise our standard of living we've got to step up production.
　☞ 血管扩张会加速心跳并引起头痛。
　☞ Vasodilatation may step up the heart rate and cause headaches.
加重 加重
1．put…on…，指加上具有分量的东西。
　☞ 毫无疑问，这一切都大大加重了教师的负担。
　☞ There is no doubt that all this puts a considerable burden on the teachers.
　☞ 这次升职大大加重了他的责任。
　☞ The promotion has put great responsibility on him.
2．add to，指在原来的情况下增加。
　☞ 你有什么权利来加重她的思想负担？
　☞ What right do you have to add to her mental burden?
　☞ 燃煤发电厂大大加重了空气的污染。
　☞ Power plants that burn coal add greatly to air pollution.
3．emphasize，emphasis，指由于强调而加重。
　☞ 回顾她过去的感情加重了百无聊赖的情景。
　☞ The feeling glimpse of her past emphasized the scene of aimlessness.
　☞ 这次车祸加重了后果的严重性。
　☞ This automobile accident emphasized the gravity of the consequence.
　☞ 他对我说话时加重了语气。
　☞ He said to me with emphasis.
4．aggravate，指加剧。
　☞ 旱灾加重了食物的匮乏。
　☞ The drought aggravated the lack of food.
　☞ 冷天通常会加重你的关节炎。
　☞ As a rule, the cold weather aggravates your arthritis.
5．worsen，指恶化。
　☞ 病人的病情加重了。
　☞ The patient's condition worsened.
　☞ 银行收紧银根加重了我们的经济困难。
　☞ The tightening-up of money by the bank has worsened our economic difficulty.
6．increase，指增加。
　☞ 由于20世纪70年代末期有30%以上的供应依靠进口，结果就加重了国际收支的负担。
　☞ As a result, the burden on the international balance of payments increased as more than 30 percent of the supplies were imported in the late 1970s.
　☞ 工人阶级的觉醒加重了他们的惊恐。
　☞ The awakening of the working class increased their alarm.
7．make＋比较级，指使之变得更。
　☞ 奸商往米里掺水来加重分量。
　☞ Profiteers made rice heavier by adding water to it.
　☞ 这坏消息更加重了我们对事态的忧虑。
　☞ The bad news made us more anxious about the state of affairs.
务必 务必
1．must, 指必须，语气强烈。
　☞ 你务必准时上班。
　☞ You must try to get to work on time.
　☞ 我对他说了，他务必做出决定。
　☞ I told him he must make a decision.
　☞ 务必使同志们保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
　☞ The comrades must be helped to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.
2．be sure to，指一定，语气较弱，往往用于祈使句。
　☞ 务必使大家明白这一点。
　☞ Be sure to make this point clear to everyone.
　☞ 你务必在本周内去看望他一次。
　☞ Be sure to go and see him before the week is out.
　☞ 你一到那里，务必写信给我。
　☞ Be sure to write to me as soon as you get there.
　 ■ make sure也有类似的意思，但后面接从句。
　☞ 你走时房子务必要锁好。
　☞ Make sure that the house is properly locked when you leave.
　☞ 打包时务必不要忘了你需要的东西。
　☞ Make sure that you haven't forgotten to pack everything you're likely to need.
3．see to it that，指通过关心、照料等务必做到，一般也用于祈使句。
　☞ 务必使同学们做好考试的充分准备。
　☞ See to it that the students are fully prepared for the examination.
　☞ 下次务必不要再迟到。
　☞ See to it that you are not late again.
　 ■ 但如果用于陈述句，因为失去了祈使句的敦促语气，可在see to it that前加must。
　☞ 我们务必使党的政策得到贯彻。
　☞ We must see to it that the Party's policies are implemented.
　☞ 货物的安全务必落实。
　☞ The security of the goods must be seen to.
4．ensure，指通过确保来做到务必。
　☞ 养老院里的护士什么都干，务必使老人得到适当的照顾。
　☞ The nurses of the rest home do everything to ensure that old people are properly cared for.
　☞ 医生给患儿打了针抗生素，务必使之早日康复。
　☞ The doctor gave the sick baby an antibiotic to ensure its quick recovery.
5．被动语态或祈使句有时可表示一种敦促，故也有“务必”的意思。
　☞ 请务必光临指导。
　☞ You are cordially invited to come and give guidance.
　☞ 参观者务必不要触摸展品。
　☞ Visitors are requested not to touch items on display.
　☞ 这封信请你务必带到。
　☞ Please deliver this letter without fail.
　☞ 请你务必原谅。
　☞ Do forgive me.
动员 动员
1．mobilize，mobilization，指思想上、组织上有目的地调动人力、物力。
　☞ 蒋介石在第五次围剿时期动员了约90万军队来对付红军。
　☞ In the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign Chiang Kai-Shek mobilized about 900,000 troops against the Red Army.
　☞ 动员了一切人力物力来支援社会主义建设。
　☞ All manpower and material resources are mobilized for the socialist construction.
　☞ 军队动员于48小时内完成。
　☞ The mobilization of the army was completed in 48 hours.
2．arouse，指有意或无意的发动。
　☞ 瘟疫的流行把当地人动员起来采取行动。
　☞ The spread of epidemic diseases aroused the local people to take action.
　☞ 我们应当动员他们为自己的解放而战斗。
　☞ We must arouse them to fight for their own emancipation.
3．rally，指重新调动。
　☞ 他们动员世界舆论来反对核武器。
　☞ They rallied world opinion against nuclear weapons.
　☞ 工人都动员起来完成和超额完成任务。
　☞ The workers were rallied to fulfill and overfulfill the task.
4．galvanize... into，指受激励后采取行动。
　☞ 整个医院都动员起来，抢救伤员。
　☞ The whole hospital was galvanized into action to save the wounded.
　☞ 人民都动员起来备战。
　☞ The people were galvanized into preparation for war.
动摇 动摇
1．shake，及物动词，表示对原来的看法、做法、状况等，由于受到某种震动不像原来那么坚定了。
　☞ 我对他的信心大为动摇。
　☞ My faith in him was severely shaken.
　☞ 起义成功动摇了反动政府的基础。
　☞ The success of the uprising shook the foundation of the reactionary government.
　☞ 威逼利诱动摇不了一个革命战士钢铁般的意志。
　☞ No coerce and cajolery can shake the iron will of a revolutionary fighter.
　☞ 人民革命斗争从基础上动摇了反动派的统治。
　☞ The people's revolutionary struggle shook the rule of the reactionaries to its very foundation.
　☞ 货币危机动摇了经济。
　☞ The currency crisis shook the economy.
　☞ 他的决心是不会因为人们的说三道四而动摇的。
　☞ His determination will not be shaken by anything people say.
2．sway，及物动词，表示左右摇摆。
　☞ 等他下了决心是什么也动摇不了他的。
　☞ Nothing can sway him after he has made up his mind.
　☞ 任何艰苦环境也动摇不了这一大批积极分子征服自然的决心。
　☞ Any tough condition never sways the large number of activists in their determination to conquer nature.
　☞ 是寒冷的天气使他们动摇的，于是他们决心去南方了。
　☞ It was the cold weather that swayed them, and they decided to go south.
3．hesitate, falter，均表示行动前的犹豫不决。
　☞ 他对是否参加探险还在动摇。
　☞ He is still hesitating about whether to join the expedition.
　☞ 我对是否接受邀请是动摇的。
　☞ I hesitated about whether to accept the invitation.
　☞ 为达到目的，我们干什么都决不动摇。
　☞ We never hesitate at anything to gain our end.
　☞ 我们的信心即使在逆境中也决不动摇。
　☞ Our confidence will not falter even in adversity.
　☞ 他一旦下了决心，就会对你忠心耿耿，决不动摇。
　☞ Once his mind was made up, he never faltered in his loyalty to you.
4．waver, vacillate，均表示决定后还在动摇。
　☞ 原则问题决不能动摇。
　☞ One should never waver on matters of principles.
　☞ 中农在开始阶段是动摇的。
　☞ The middle peasants wavered in the initial stages.
　☞ 斗争中我们风吹浪打不动摇。
　☞ We never waver in the storm and stress of struggle.
　☞ 接受还是不接受，他在动摇之中。
　☞ He is wavering between accepting and refusing.
　☞ 他对种种意见分歧动摇不定。
　☞ He vacillated between different opinions.
　☞ 你干吗那么动摇不定的？
　☞ Why do you vacillate so?
动静 动静
1．stir，指惊动，舞动。
　☞ 屋子里静悄悄的，一点动静也没有。
　☞ It was quiet in the room; there was not the slightest stir.
　☞ 一丝风也没有，连树梢都没有动静。
　☞ There wasn't a breath of air; even the treetops were not stirring.
2．movement，指调动，走动。
　☞ 在敌人阵地上看不出有多少动静。
　☞ Not much movement could be seen in the enemy's positions.
　☞ 夕阳西下后，在这个寂静的村子街道上很少有什么动静。
　☞ There's little movement after sunset in the streets of this quiet village.
3．something，anything，nothing，指不确定的情况。
　☞ 警察发现屋里有可疑的动静。
　☞ The policeman spotted something suspicious in the house.
　☞ 一有动静就立刻来报告。
　☞ Rush to report as soon as anything happens.
　☞ 我们埋伏了一整夜，但是没有动静。
　☞ We laid in ambush whole night but nothing happened.
4．有时上述“情况”根据不同上下文，可以具体化。
　☞ 这事一直没有动静。
　☞ There has been no news of it so far.（指消息）
　☞ 我们要求救助的呼吁没有动静。
　☞ Our appeal for aid met no response.（指反应）
　☞ 前线没有动静。
　☞ No actions happened at the front.（指战斗）
助长 助长
1．encourage，指带有贬意的鼓励。
　☞ 你的话只会助长他们之间的分歧。
　☞ What you said only encouraged their divisiveness.
　“党委不闻不问”的态度只会助长歪风邪气。
　 "None of the Party committee's business" attitude only encourages the evil trends.
2．foster, 指带有贬意的培养。
　☞ 有时，不恰当地宣传边界问题会助长国家间的敌对情绪。
　☞ Inappropriate propaganda about border issues sometimes fosters hostility between nations.
　☞ 有关她绯闻的流言蜚语助长了她丈夫的怀疑。
　☞ The gossip about her sexy news has fostered her husband's suspicion.
3．whet, 指受到某种刺激而助长。
　☞ 食物奇缺助长了我们的胃口。
　☞ Great shortage of food whetted our appetite.
　☞ 一再让步只会助长侵略者的野心。
　☞ Making one concession after another will only whet the ambitions of the aggressors.
4．make sb. ，后接带贬意的形容词比较级，也有“助长”意思。
　☞ 恭维只会助长他的骄气。
　☞ Flattery will make him more arrogant.
　☞ 自我放纵会助长你的骄纵。
　☞ Self-indulgence will make you more arrogant and willful.
努力 努力
1．effort，常用词。反映精神或体力上的努力，强调努力的过程。
　☞ 所有这些努力都以失败告终。
　☞ All of these efforts have ended in failure.
　☞ 由于他们共同的努力，两国之间的友谊一定会继续加强。
　☞ By their joint efforts the friendship between the two countries will surely be further strengthened.
　☞ 我们为他的获释作了加倍的努力。
　☞ We redoubled our efforts for his release.
　 ■ “做出努力”的动词是make (an) effort。如：
　☞ 她知道她以前的努力都没有作用，但她还要再做一番努力。
　☞ She knew that her original efforts were in vain but she would make an effort once more.
　☞ 为了加强我们的团结，还要做出更多的努力。
　☞ More efforts should be made to strengthen our unity.
　 ■ “需要努力”是take an effort。如：
　☞ 掌握一门外语需要极大的努力。
　☞ Mastering a foreign language takes a great effort.或 It takes a great effort to master a foreign language.
2．exertion，指竭尽全力的努力。
　☞ 对资历浅的工作人员，人们都希望看到他们能在工作中表现出更大的努力。
　☞ Workers with low qualifications are expected to show greater exertion in their work.
　☞ 他没能举起石头，尽管他做了最大的努力。
　☞ He failed to lift the rock in spite of all his exertion.
　 ■ “做出努力”是exert oneself。
　☞ 现在的小学生日子很苦，他们得整年努力以获得高分。
　☞ Nowadays, pupils have very hard days. They have to exert themselves all year in earning good marks.
　☞ 要是你再做一番努力，你就会赢得这场比赛。
　☞ lf you exert yourself once more you will win the race.
　☞ 我们大家都应为实现科学技术现代化而努力奋斗。
　☞ All of us must exert ourselves in the struggle for the modernization of science and technology.
3．endeavor，指长期不懈的努力。
　☞ 最后，死亡终止了他的努力。
　☞ At last the death put an end to his endeavor.
　☞ 画肖像画是我毕生为之努力的目标。
　☞ Portrait painting is my goal in lifelong endeavor.
　 ■ “做出努力”是make an endeavor。如：
　☞ 多年来我们已做出了种种努力要赢得这场比赛。
　☞ We've made every endeavor for many years to win this game.
　☞ 我们希望你能说服你有病的母亲要做出努力使病情好转。
　☞ We hope you could persuade your sick mother to make an endeavor to get better.
　 ■ 此外，endeavor还可用于动词。
　☞ 我们自然会努力把他争取到我们这一边。
　☞ We shall naturally endeavor to win him to our side.
　☞ 不管他怎么努力，目标仍未达到。
　☞ How much he endeavored, the goal still remained unattained.
4．pains，指要付出痛苦的努力，常用复数。
　☞ 没有努力，何来收获。
　☞ No pains，no gains.
　☞ 我以极大的努力和耐心，最后总算从他们那里得到了我想要的信息。
　☞ With great pains and much patience, I at last managed to get from them the information I wanted.
　 ■ 但是，pains有另一个微妙的意思是付出的努力与得到的回报并不等值或者表面看来似乎要付出很大的努力，但实际上并不需要这么大的努力。
　☞ 他付出了努力，得到的却是忘恩负义。
　☞ All he got for his pains was ingratitude.
　☞ 5O元！这就是你对我努力的回报？
　☞ Fifty yuan! Is that all you give me for my pains?
　☞ 事实上，任何一点努力都可以让你的学生安下心来。
　☞ In fact any pains could put your students at ease.
　 ■ “做出努力”的动词是take pains。如：
　☞ 要努力做到准确无误。
　☞ Take pains to be accurate.
　☞ 她舞台上的化装总是要做一番努力的。
　☞ She always takes pains with her stage make-up.
5．take trouble over，与take pains相同，也指表面上似乎要做很大努力，但实际上并不需要那么大。
　☞ 只要他能做点努力按时做好作业，他就会是个好学生。
　☞ He'd be a good student if he'd only take trouble to get his work done on time.
　☞ 他在绘画上是做了许多努力的。
　☞ He has taken a lot of trouble over his painting.
　☞ 我们加入世贸组织以后，应当努力学习各种各样的新东西。
　☞ We must take trouble to learn everything new after we joined WTO.
6．make a bid (for)，指努力争取。
　☞ 谈判将为打破僵局而再做一番努力。
　☞ The negotiations will make another bid to break the deadlock.
　☞ 我们正为扩大贸易做出努力。
　☞ We are making a bid for bigger trade.
7．do one's best, do one's utmost，指尽最大努力。
　☞ 只要你尽了最大的努力，别人如何想并不重要。
　☞ If you do your best it doesn't matter what people think of.
　☞ 我会尽最大努力并用各种办法来帮你。
　☞ I shall do my best to help you in every way.
　☞ 我们一直为师生的福利而尽最大的努力。
　☞ We have been doing our utmost for the welfare of teachers and students.
　☞ 他的教练为把他塑造成一个超级球星而尽了最大的努力。
　☞ His coach did his utmost to make him into a football game superstar.
势必 势必
1．will certainly, will undoubtedly，指自然的发展趋势必然如此。
　☞ 要是他们看见我们做的事，听到我们说的话，势必会把我们都杀了。
　☞ If they have seen what we do and heard what we say, they will certainly kill us all.
　☞ 敌我力量的对比表明势必有一场恶战。
　☞ The relative strength of the enemy forces and our own showed that there would certainly be fierce fighting.
　☞ 饮酒过量势必影响你的健康。
　☞ Excessive drinking will undoubtedly affect your health.
　☞ 经济的持续发展势必会改善我们的工作条件。
　☞ The sustained development of economy will undoubtedly improve our working conditions.
2．be bound to，指由于某种制约而使势态必然如此。
　☞ 从长远来看，政府采取的措施势必加速经济的崩溃。
　☞ In the long run the measures adopted by the government are bound to speed up the economical collapse.
　☞ 他如果这样下去，势必会有人揭发的。
　☞ If he keeps going on like that, there's bound to be someone who will expose him.
3．threaten to do, 指势必有某种危险、威胁等。
　☞ 这些新法律势必会剥夺许多人的基本自由。
　☞ The new laws threaten to deprive many people of the elementary freedoms.
　☞ 医院工作人员的罢工势必会中断对病人的护理。
　☞ A strike of hospital workers threatened to disrupt the care of the sick.
勉强 勉强
1．指不是心甘情愿。
1) reluctant, reluctantly, reluctance，指不愿意的勉强。
　☞ 他终于勉强允许在人体上进行药物试验。
　☞ Finally he gave his reluctant permission to test the drug on human beings.
　☞ 她勉强答应再也不干那事，但我不大相信她的诺言。
　☞ She has given her reluctant promise that she would never do that again, but I don't trust her promise.
　☞ 由于我们坚持上次会上提出的条件，他勉强同意了。
　☞ Owing to our insistence on the terms put forward at the previous session he reluctantly agreed.
　☞ 他答应帮忙，但有点勉强。
　☞ He agreed to help, but with a certain reluctance.
2) grudge, grudging (ly)，指有点舍不得的勉强。
　☞ 不少生意人上税都很勉强。
　☞ Not a few businessmen grudge paying their taxes.
　☞ 这事我看你干得很勉强。
　☞ I can see you grudge doing it.
　☞ 他很勉强。
　☞ He is rather grudging.
　☞ 他对我所做的一切，总是勉强地笑一笑。
　☞ At what I had done, he would give a grudging smile.
　☞ 他的设计先是被勉强接受，但后来却获得赞许。
　☞ His design at first was grudgingly accepted, but later won favor.
2．指能力不够，但还是尽力去做，用with (an) effort, with difficulty。
　☞ 病人勉强喝了点粥。
　☞ With an effort the patient ate some gruel.
　☞ 他勉强说着话，而且说得很慢。
　☞ He spoke with effort (with difficulty) and very slowly.
3．勉强别人做不愿做的事，用force，forcibly。
　☞ 要是他不愿意去就不要勉强他。
　☞ If he doesn't want to go, don't force him to.
　☞ 我是勉强一同去的。
　☞ I was forced to go along.
　☞ 发展关系不能勉强。
　☞ Development of relations can't be pressed forcibly.
4．不充分，可用inadequate。
　☞ 就剩下这一点粮食，14个人吃恐怕有点勉强。
　☞ This is all the food left. I'm afraid it's a bit inadequate for fourteen people.
　☞ 他的工资勉强满足全家的需要。
　☞ His wages are inadequate to the needs of his family.
5．没有说服力，用unconvincing。
　☞ 你提的理由很勉强。
　☞ The reason you give is rather unconvincing.
　☞ 他的辩解有点勉强。
　☞ His explanation is a bit unconvincing.
6．勉强够，用just enough，bare，barely。
　☞ 草料勉强够牲口吃一天的。
　☞ There's just enough cattle fodder for one day's feed.
　☞ 他的身高也许勉强能达到参军的标准。
　☞ He might be just tall enough to join the army.
　☞ 他的工作勉强能维持生活。
　☞ He ekes out a bare living by his work.
　☞ 她以勉强多数当选。
　☞ She was elected by a bare majority.
　☞ 她勉强赶上了火车。
　☞ She barely caught the train.
7．指将就、凑合，可用manage。
　☞ 我勉强活到了现在。
　☞ I've managed to exist so far.
　☞ 他还没完全恢复，不过能勉强走路了。
　☞ He is not well enough, but can manage to walk.
8．“勉强”的其他译法。
　☞ 世界上许多人只是勉强度日而已。
　☞ Many people are just scrambling along in the world.
　☞ 3年来老头和他妻子靠他那点微薄的养老金勉强度日。
　☞ For three years the old man and his wife scraped along on his small pension.
　☞ 他数学考得不错，但化学只是勉强及格。
　☞ He did well in mathematics, but scraped through in chemistry.
　☞ 那不是个什么了不起的工作，但靠它还能勉强度日。
　☞ It isn't much of a job, but it will keep the wolf from the door.
玩 玩
1．play，指游乐玩耍，着重点在消遣娱乐。
1) 用做不及物动词，指耍。
　☞ 孩子们都喜欢玩球。
　☞ Children like to play with a ball.
　☞ 她在家里没人跟她玩。
　☞ She has no one to play with at home.
　☞ 小学生都在操场上玩。
　☞ Pupils are playing in the playground.
2) 用作及物动词，指玩游戏。
　☞ 我从来不玩纸牌。
　☞ I never play cards.
　☞ 有时候我们一起玩玩桥牌。
　☞ Sometimes we play bridge together.
　☞ 咱们来玩猫捉老鼠。
　☞ Let's play cat-catching-mouse.
3) play with，除了表示“玩”以外，还有“玩弄”的意思。
　☞ 你是想说她一直在玩我？
　☞ Do you mean to say she has been playing with me all the time?
　☞ 在大街上撒把骑车简直是玩命。
　☞ To ride a bicycle in the street without holding the handlebars is simply to play with one's life.
2．fun，指娱乐中的玩，着重点在乐趣。
　☞ 他是说着玩的，不要认真。
　☞ Don't be serious. He said it for fun.
　☞ 今晚在聚会上好好玩玩。
　☞ Have fun at the party tonight.
　☞ 什么也不干地消磨一个晚上，不好玩。
　☞ There was no fun in spending the evening doing nothing.
3．employ，指玩手段，手段可好可坏；resort to, 玩卑鄙手段。
　☞ 干这一行不玩技术吃不开。
　☞ In this profession one won't be popular without employing one's skill.
　☞ 他对谁都不讲理，而且还玩邪的。
　☞ He wouldn't reason with anyone, moreover, he employed underhand means.
　☞ 即使他玩手段，你也不会上当。
　☞ You won't be taken in even if he resorts to crafty maneuvers.
　☞ 他说不过我就玩拳头。
　☞ Unable to out-speak me, he resorted to fist.
4．“玩”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们在青岛玩了几天。
　☞ We spent a few days enjoying ourselves in Qingdao.
　☞ 咱们玩盘棋如何？
　☞ Shall we have a game of chess?
　☞ 今天晚上来和我们玩桥牌好吗？
　☞ Will you come and join us at a bridge party this evening?
　☞ 上星期天我们玩得很开心。
　☞ We had a good time last Sunday.
包含 包含
1．contain，表示内部含有。
　☞ 没有什么事物不包含矛盾。
　☞ There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.
　☞ 他的建议包含不少合理因素。
　☞ His proposal contains much that is reasonable.
2．embrace，表示整体中含有。
　“民主”包含着许多概念。
　☞ Democracy embraces many concepts.
　☞ 本书包含了许多不同的主题。
　☞ This book embraced many different subjects.
3．embody，表示体现有。
　☞ 群众的意见常常包含深刻的道理。
　☞ The opinions of the masses often embody profound truth.
　☞ 他的话无疑包含了一条真理。
　☞ His words undoubtedly embody a truth.
4．imply，表示暗示含有。
　☞ 他的话里包含些什么，我不能完全肯定。
　☞ I am not sure what is implied by his words.
　☞ 你没有说你当时在场，但你的话里包含有你当时是在场的意思。
　☞ You do not say you were present, but your words imply you were.
包围 包围
1．surround，常指危险的、含有敌意的包围。
　☞ 后来，国民党反动派用了7倍的兵力包围了先遣队。
　☞ Later, the Kuomintang reactionaries surrounded the advance contingent with seven times its strength.
　☞ 他住在被荒凉包围的一间小屋里。
　☞ He lived in a cabin surrounded by the wilderness.
　☞ 我们望着一群野狗包围了受伤的母羊，却毫无办法。
　☞ We could do nothing but watch the dingoes surround the injured ewe.
　☞ 于是他派遣了一支部队去包围贵阳东南的龙里。
　☞ Then he sent a unit to surround Longli, southeast of Guiyang.
　 ■ 但应当指出，surround这个词有时也表示怀着好意的包围。
　☞ 他们一离开旅馆就遭到一群影迷的包围。
　☞ They were surrounded by a group of film fans as soon as they had left the hotel.
2．besiege，常指长期包围和攻击。
　☞ 特洛伊城被希腊军包围了10年。
　☞ Troy was besieged by Greek armies for ten years.
　☞ 要塞被包围以后，农奴在城墙下偷挖地道。
　☞ After the fort was besieged, the serfs secretly made a tunnel under the wall.
3．encircle，侧重环形包围。
　☞ 毛主席的政策是以农村包围城市，最后夺取城市。
　☞ Chairman Mao's policy was to encircle the cities from the rural areas and then capture them.
　☞ 周围农村地区的农奴联合起来，包围了城堡。
　☞ Serfs throughout the surrounding countryside joined together and encircled the castle.
4．be hemmed in，侧重紧紧包围。
　☞ 敌人已被我军团团包围，绝无逃脱的可能。
　☞ The enemy was hemmed in by our troops, with no hope of escape.
　☞ 你们已被我们包围，跑不了啦。
　☞ You are hemmed in by us; how can you escape?
5．envelop，侧重前后、上下、左右的包围，而包围的主体往往指不定形的物体，如：雾、火、云等。
　☞ 被大雾包围的飞机迷失了方向。
　☞ The aircraft enveloped in thick fog lost its direction.
　☞ 许多人没能从大火包围的大楼里逃出来。
　☞ Many failed to escape from the building enveloped in flames.
　 ■ 由此转义，也可以用于军事上的包围。
　☞ 我们以绝对优势的兵力包围了敌人。
　☞ We enveloped the enemy with far superior forces.
6．be beset，专指受到多方面困扰的包围。
　☞ 国王为权臣所包围。
　☞ The king was beset on all sides by his influential officials.
　☞ 这家出售假药的药店为愤怒的顾客所包围。
　☞ The store selling quack medicine was beset by angry.
包庇 包庇
1．包庇坏人用cover up for，包庇坏事用cover up，有掩盖起来之意。
　☞ 法官警告证人，不要包庇任何人。
　☞ The judge warned the witness not to cover up for anyone.
　☞ 我想包庇他一下，没能成功。
　☞ I tried to cover up for him, but without success.
　☞ 现在已经查明，他一直在包庇他儿子的错误。
　☞ Now it has been found out that he was covering up his son's mistakes.
　☞ 包庇坏事是犯罪的行为。
　☞ It is an offence to cover up evil deeds.
2．包庇坏人坏事，也可用shield，screen，有阻挡之意。
　☞ 你们接受贿赂，还相互包庇。
　☞ You committed bribery and shielded each other.
　☞ 她向警察局撒谎，目的是要包庇她的男朋友。
　☞ She lied to the police to shield her boy friend.
　☞ 做母亲的企图包庇儿子逃避处分。
　☞ The mother tried to screen her son from punishment.
　☞ 他承认了犯罪事实，目的是包庇真正有罪的妻子。
　☞ He admitted the crime in order to screen his wife. who was the real criminal.
3．如果“包庇坏人坏事”一起使用，从修辞角度来看，以用两个动词为好。
　☞ 包庇坏人坏事是犯法的。
　☞ It is an offence to harbor evildoers and cover up their evil deeds.
包扎 包扎
1．如果把包和扎看作两个过程，用wrap and tie。
　☞ 我得把这个包包扎好。
　☞ I have to wrap and tie this package.
　☞ 请你用纸和绳把这包扎好。
　☞ Please wrap it up in paper and tie it with a string.
2．如果把包扎看作一个过程用pack。
　☞ 把这些书包扎起来，再放在阁楼上。
　☞ Pack these books together and put them in the attic.
　☞ 我的东西全部包扎好了，你去包扎你的吧。
　☞ My things are all packed. You go and pack yours.
3．如果包扎的是指刀口、伤口等，用bind up，be dressed，bandage，其区别是：
1) bind up，be dressed是日常用语。
　☞ 我用绷带把刀口包扎起来。
　☞ I bound up the cut with a bandage.
　☞ 伤口包扎以后，他感到轻松多了。
　☞ He felt much relieved after his wounds were dressed.
2) bandage是正式用语。
　☞ 她看见一个士兵挨了一枪，赶忙过去帮他包扎伤口。
　☞ Seeing that a soldier was hit, she hurried over and bandaged his wound.
包括 包括
1．表示部分具有，用include及其派生词including, included, inclusive of。
　☞ 他的客人当中显然已不再包括皮尔逊太太。
　☞ Clearly he no longer included Mrs. Pearson among the guests.
　☞ 我说两小时，是包括吃饭时间在内。
　☞ When I say two hours, that includes time of eating.
　☞ 受伤的至少有50人，其中包括5个警察。
　☞ At least 50 persons were wounded, including 5 policemen.
　☞ 我只有4块钱，还包括家里拿来的。
　☞ I have got only four dollars, including what I've got from home.
　☞ 大家都笑了，也包括我。
　☞ Everybody laughed, me included.
　☞ 他们会寄给你书的，计5. 85美元，包括邮费在内。
　☞ They will send you the book for $5. 85 postage included.
　☞ 其价格包括运费在内为100美元。
　☞ The price, inclusive of transport, is 100 dollars.
　☞ 有50人到场，包括官员在内。
　☞ There were fifty people present, inclusive of the officials.
2．表示部分含有用contain，一般只用于物。
　☞ 该协议包括下列关键条款。
　☞ The agreement contained the following key provisions.
　☞ 该法案包括几项新条款。
　☞ The bill contains several new clauses.
　☞ 这一抗议已包括在官方的声明里了。
　☞ This protest was contained in an official statement.
3．表示部分吸收，用incorporate，只用于物。
　☞ 我们的设计已包括了你的建议。
　☞ Our design has incorporated your suggestion.
　☞ 新计划也包括了原来的计划。
　☞ The new plan incorporated the old one.
4．表示收录，用be embodied in。
　☞ 这位科学家的试验已包括在报告里了。
　☞ The experiments of the ten scientists were embodied in the report.
　☞ 上述不同文章已包括在一篇长文里了。
　☞ All the different essays mentioned above were embodied in one long article.
5．表示整体由…组成，用consist of, comprise, 二者一般可以换用。
　☞ 委员会包括老、中、青3部分人。
　☞ The committee consists of old, middle-aged and young people.
　☞ 全书包括5章。
　☞ The whole book consists of five chapters.
　☞ 该农庄包括一幢农舍，各种户外建筑，3个果园和 300亩土地。
　☞ The farm comprised a farmhouse, various outbuildings, three orchards and three hundred mu of land.
　☞ 这两册书包括了他出版的全部诗集。
　☞ These two books comprised all of his published poetry.
6．表示由部分构成，用be made up of, be composed of。
　☞ 展览包括3个部分。
　☞ The exhibition is made up of three parts.
　☞ 我市包括4区5县。
　☞ Our city is made up of four districts and rive counties.
　☞ 该地区西部包括高原和山区。
　☞ The western part of the area is composed of high plateau and mountainous country.
　☞ 我们的旅游团包括教师、学生和工人。
　☞ Our touring party is composed of teachers, students and workers.
7．表示覆盖，用cover。
　☞ 这次复习包括我们上学期学过的全部课程。
　☞ The review covered everything we learned last term.
　☞ 这本辞典没有把英语的全部词汇包括进去。
　☞ This dictionary does not cover the whole of the English vocabulary.
8．表示整体包括部分，可用embrace。
　☞ 这一政策包括联合与斗争两个方面。
　☞ The policy embraces two aspects, unity and struggle.
　☞ 今天，厦门大学有16个系，包括39个专业和20个研究所。
　☞ Today, Xiamen University has 16 departments, embracing 39 specialties and 20 research institutes.
　☞ 地质学包括矿物学。
　☞ Geology embraces the science of mineralogy.
　☞ 猫科动物包括狮子与老虎。
　☞ The cat family embraces lions and tigers.
9．表示涉及某一范围的包括，用range over。
　☞ 他们的会谈包括政治与经济问题。
　☞ Their talks ranged over political and economic problems.
　☞ 他们的经验包括各个方面，要一一列举是很困难的。
　☞ It would be difficult to list all the fields over which his experience ranges.
10．表示某项活动涉及另外的活动时的包括，用involve。
　☞ 建筑这条道路将包括10座桥梁的建设。
　☞ To build this road will involve the construction of ten bridges.
　☞ 家务包括烹调、洗涤、缝纫、打扫等。
　☞ Housework involves cooking, washing, sewing, sweeping，cleaning，etc.
化 化
1．turn... into，change... into，指变化。
　☞ 我们应开展利用三废运动，化害为利。
　☞ We should carry on a campaign for utilization of waste gas, waste water and waste materials, turning (changing) waste into value.
　☞ 纪念我们敬爱的周总理的最好办法是化悲痛为力量。
　☞ The best way to commemorate our beloved Premier Zhou is to turn grief into strength.
2．dissolve into, melt into，指溶化。
　☞ 冰受热就会化成水。
　☞ Ice when heated dissolves (melts) into water.
　☞ 水可通过电解化成氢和氧。
　☞ Water can be turned into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis.
3．“化”还可作后缀使用，放在名词或形容词之后，构成动词或名词，表示转变成某种性质或状态。
1) 形容词或名词＋ize或ization；如modernize (modernization); socialize (socialization); commercialize (commercialization);westernize (westernization)等。
　☞ 农村经济向着专业化、商品化、社会化迅速转变。
　☞ The rural economy rapidly becomes specialized, commercialized and socialized.
　☞ 我们不赞成全盘西化。
　☞ We do not agree to wholesale westernization.
　☞ 只要我们努力提高质量，优化结构，增进效益，我们就能达到这一目标。
　☞ If we work hard to improve the quality of products and to optimize the structure of production and to increase economic returns, we should be able to attain this goal.
　☞ 我们应当尽一切努力来纠正两极分化。
　☞ We must make every effort to correct the tendency in polarization.
2) 形容词或名词＋ify或ificafion，如：purify (purification); simplify (simplification); beautify (beautification)等。
　☞ 要积极开拓国际市场，促进对外贸易多元化，发展外向型经济。
　☞ We should open up more international markets, diversify our trading partners and develop an export-oriented economy.
　☞ 生活水平逐年提高之后，越来越多的人们要求用艺术来美化生活。
　☞ After the living standards being raised year by year, more and more people demand beautification of life by art.
　☞ 我国经济要提高效益，加快经济发展，参与国际竞争，就必须继续强化市场机制的作用。
　☞ T improve economic performances, to accelerate economic development and to take part in international competition, we must continue to intensify the market forces.
3) 形容词＋ en, 如：deepen（深化），tighten（强化），sharpen（尖锐化），widen（扩大化），worsen（恶化）等。
　☞ 我们必须深化分配制度和社会保障制度的改革。
　☞ We must deepen the reform of the system of distribution and the system of social security.
　☞ 应进一步努力来改革一些专业部门的管理体制， 同时强化审计和经济监督。
　☞ Further efforts should be made to reform the management systems of the specialized departments and to tighten auditing and economic supervision.
　☞ 人口增加往往会使环境问题尖锐化。
　☞ The increase in population is constantly intensifying environmental problems.
4) 用形容词或其他动词形式意译。
　☞ 现在有许多人提倡民主化、科学化、大众化。
　☞ Many people nowadays call for a transformation to a national, scientific and mass style.
　☞ 对于做出突出贡献的知识分子应给予重奖，并要形成规范化的奖励制度。
　☞ We should reward handsomely the intellectuals who make outstanding contributions, and introduce a regular reward system.
　☞ 我们应当求同存异，避免问题复杂化。
　☞ We should seek common ground while reserving differences to avoid complicating the problem.
5) 用形容词比较级意译。
　☞ 要形成一种制度确保领导班子年轻化、知识化、专业化。
　☞ We should institute a system to ensure that younger, better-educated and more professional leadership is maintained.
　☞ 大家为了追求真理，进行了热烈的争论，有党内外 20位同志讲了话，把问题展开了，并且具体化了。
　☞ In the pursuit of truth, we have carried out spirited debate, in which a score of Party and non-Party comrades have spoken, laying bare the issues and making them more concrete.
6) 完全意译。
　☞ 改革是中国现代化的必由之路，僵化停滞是没有出路的。
　☞ Reform is the only way to modernize China. If we cling to outmoded ideas and remain content with the status quo, we shall accomplish nothing.
　☞ 同经济体制改革和经济发展相适应，必须按照民主化和法制化紧密结合的要求，积极推进政治体制改革。
　☞ To keep pace with economic development and the reform of the economic structure, it is imperative to push forward the reform of the political structure, bearing in mind that promotion of democracy must be closely combined with improvement of the legal system.
区别（区分） 区别（区分）
　 ■ “区别”和“区分”是两个同义词，前者着重在“有别”，后者着重在“可分”。两者在用作动词时可以互换，但只有“区别”可作名词。
1．differentiate, difference, different，指通过仔细比较事物的特征或特点而作出区别。
　☞ 这种鸟以其异常的筑巢习惯区别于其他鸟类。
　☞ Its unusual nesting habits differentiate this bird from others.
　☞ 植物学家能区分各种不同的植物。
　☞ A botanist can differentiate varieties of plants.
　☞ 这两个词在意义上没有区别。
　☞ There is no difference in meaning between the two words.
　☞ 你能区分京剧和豫剧吗？
　☞ Can you tell the difference between Beijing opera and Henan opera?
　☞ 对不同的人或事都要区别对待。
　☞ Deal with different people or things in different ways.
2．distinguish，distinction，指通过事物的特点或特性而做出区别。
　☞ 人类能说话，故区别于其他动物。
　☞ Ability to talk distinguishes human beings from other animals。
　☞ 如何区别家兔与野兔？
　☞ How do you distinguish the rabbit from the hare?
　☞ 我对这两个案例作了区分。
　☞ I made the distinction between the two cases.
　☞ 区分领导人的政治与老百姓的看法十分重要。
　☞ It is very important to draw a distinction between the politics of the leaders and the views of ordinary people.
3．discriminate，指同类事物间的细致或微妙的区别。
　☞ 他能对几种同样优质的酒进行区别。
　☞ He can discriminate among several equally fine wines.
　☞ 法律区分了过失杀人和故意杀人。
　☞ The law discriminates accidental and intentional killing.
4．mark off, 指划分出来的区别。
　☞ 她脸上的黑痣使她跟别的姑娘有所区别。
　☞ The mole on her face marks her off from other girls.
　☞ 1949年的解放区分了两个历史时期。
　☞ Liberation in the year of 1949 marked off two historical epochs.
千万 千万
1．“千万”用于肯定句时，一般都是祈使句。为了突出对嘱咐的强调，可在动词前加do或be sure。
　☞ 请千万小心啊！
　☞ Please do be careful!
　☞ 请千万记住了！
　☞ Please do remember!
　☞ 到达后千万给我们来信。
　☞ Be sure to write us when you get there.
　☞ 你千万别惹恼了她。
　☞ Be sure you don't upset her.
　 ■ 不过如果事情并不十分重要，也可以不加do或be sure。
　☞ 在会上千万少说话。
　☞ Speak less at the meeting.
2．“千万”用于否定句时，一般有“务必”、“一定”的意思。因此常用never，on no account，under no circumstances等否定词，而少用not。
　☞ 千万别以貌取人。
　☞ Never judge a man by outward appearance.
　☞ 千万别向任何人提起我的名字。
　☞ My name must on no account be mentioned to anyone.
　☞ 这事千万不可掉以轻心。
　☞ We must under no circumstances take this lightly.
　 ■ 有时候not也可用来译“千万不”，但最好加词以突出对否定的强调。
　☞ 这种药没有医嘱千万不能用。
　☞ This kind of medicine can't be taken without doctor's orders. You must be very careful.（后一句用来加强对not的强调）
升 升
1．rise，指习惯性稳定上升。
　☞ 东方红，太阳升。
　☞ The sky is red in the east and the sun is rising.
　☞ 我们看见铁丝网上方升起一股黑烟。
　☞ We saw black smoke rising over the barbed wire.
　☞ 气球慢慢升到了天上。
　☞ The balloon rose up slowly into the sky.
　☞ 他已由上尉升至上校。
　☞ He has risen from captain to colonel.
2．ascend，指逐渐平稳地向上移动。
　☞ 飞机升得越来越高。
　☞ The airplane ascended higher and higher.
　☞ 太阳冉冉升起。
　☞ The sun ascended slowly.
　☞ 一缕蓝烟升向空中。
　☞ A thin blue breath of smoke ascended into the air 我们看着薄雾由山谷升起。
　☞ We watched the mists ascending from the valley.
3．mount，基本与ascend同义，但强调升至某个水平或极限。
　☞ 气温升至摄氏40度。
　☞ The air temperature mounted into 40 degrees centigrade.
　☞ 他的债务升至数千美元。
　☞ His debts mounted up to thousands of US dollars.
　☞ 胜利的欢呼升上了天空。
　☞ The cry of victory mounted up to heaven.
4．raise，指提升，因此它是及物动词，而前面几个都是不及物动词。
　☞ 老板给我升了工资。
　☞ The boss raised my pay.
　☞ 他年薪升至10万元。
　☞ His annual salary is raised to 100,000 yuan.
　☞ 我们学校每天都要升旗。
　☞ The national flag is raised every morning at our school.
5．hoist，指用滑车等机械提升。
　☞ 把旗子升到旗杆顶上。
　☞ Hoist the flag to the top of the pole.
　☞ 海员们升起船帆，向西南方向驶去。
　☞ The seamen hoisted their sails and set their course towards the southwest.
6．promote，指级别地位的提升。
　☞ 老板升他为经理。
　☞ The boss promoted him to be a manager.
　☞ 他们升到了领导岗位。
　☞ They were promoted to positions of leadership.
　☞ 你升了教授了吗？
　☞ Have you got promoted to professor?
协作 协作
1．cooperate with, cooperation，指合作。
　☞ 跟一个心胸狭窄的人协作可能吗？
　☞ Is it possible to cooperate with a narrow-minded person?
　☞ 撤离海岛一定要跟我们协作。
　☞ Be sure to cooperate with us in evacuating the island.
　☞ 卫星上天是实行各行各业大协作的结果。
　☞ The going up of satellites was the result of organizing extensive cooperation between different trades.
2．coordinate, coordination，指配合。
　☞ 工作上要尽量协作，泥水工务必要在木工到来之前完工。
　☞ Try to coordinate the work as much as you can so that the work of the plasterers must be Finished before the carpenters arrive.
　☞ 各部门之间的工作应当互相协作。
　☞ It is necessary to coordinate with each other in work between the departments.
　☞ 我们需要行政、立法、司法三权分立，同时又要充分协作。
　☞ We need separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers and their perfect coordination at the same time.
3．combined，指联合起来协作，常用作定语。
　☞ 协作处理工业和生活污水既有利于工厂，也有利于城市。
　☞ Combined treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater is beneficial to both industrial firms and municipalities.
　☞ 这是几个工厂努力协作的产物。
　☞ This is a product of the combined efforts of several factories.
协同 协同
1．coordinate, coordination，强调相互配合的协同。
　☞ 只有协同行动我们才能取得好的成效。
　☞ Only by coordinating our action can we achieve good results.
　☞ 只要我们协同努力，我们应当能够战胜敌人。
　☞ If we coordinate our efforts we should be able to defeat the enemy.
　☞ 抗日战争期间，民兵常与八路军协同作战。
　☞ The militia often fought in coordination with the Eighth-Route Army during the Anti-Japanese War.
2．cooperate, cooperation，强调相互合作的协同。
　☞ 委员会受命协同国防部长推动及控制战时生产。
　☞ The commission was directed to cooperate with the minister of defense in stimulating and controlling war production.
　☞ 军民协同守卫海岛。
　☞ The army cooperated with the people in guarding the islands.
　☞ 此事请您协同办理。
　☞ Your cooperation is requested in handling this matter.
协调 协调
1．harmonize, harmony, harmonious，指不同事物在保留其本身个性的前提下构成一个和谐的整体，因此强调的是整体性。
　☞ 其实，他冷静的脾性与他缓慢的生活节奏倒是协调的。
　☞ As a matter of fact his cold temperament harmonizes with his slow pace of life.
　☞ 尽管这两个计划不一样，我们必须予以协调。
　☞ We must harmonize the two plans though they are different.
　☞ 那些年，国际事务上的协调不够。
　☞ There had not been much harmony in international affairs during those years.
　☞ 这个体操运动员的动作协调优美。
　☞ The gymnast's movements are harmonious and graceful.
2．coordinate，coordination，指不同事物为了共同的目标而互相配合，强调个体间的相互配合。
　☞ 游泳时动作要协调。
　☞ Coordinate your movements when swimming.
　☞ 大学里的教务长协调各系间的教学工作。
　☞ In a university, the Dean of Studies coordinates the teaching work among the departments.
　☞ 短期方案与长期规划应该协调一致。
　☞ Short-term programs should be coordinated with long-range plans.
　☞ 即使有了适当有效的协调，制定的计剡对供求关系仍可能不够敏感。
　☞ Even with proper and effective coordination, planning may still not be sensitive enough to the relation between supply and demand.
3．concert，指通过会议、商议等手段予以协调，强调商洽后的一致。
　☞ 我们召开了一个会议来协调两国间的分歧。
　☞ We held a meeting to concert the differences between the two countries.
　☞ 两军代表定期会晤以协调联合攻势的措施。
　☞ The representatives of the two armies meet regularly to concert measures for a united offensive.
　☞ 各国政府决定对恐怖主义采取协调行动。
　☞ Various governments decided to act in concert over terrorism.
4．tune to (in)，in tune with指机械性的，需要调整的协调。
　☞ 颜色不完全互相协调。
　☞ The colors are not perfectly tuned to each other.
　☞ 马的感觉是十分灵敏的，能立刻知道骑手与它是否协调。
　☞ A horse's sense is very keen; he knows instantly whether his rider is tuned to him.
　☞ 他的意见好像与大家的不大协调。
　☞ His opinion doesn't seem to be in tune with those of the others.
5．balance，指具有同样力量、重量、影响的不同事物间的平衡协调，一般用于被动语态。
　☞ 自治应该有的特权和自由是与公民的义务和职责相协调的。
　☞ The privileges and freedom inherent in self-government are balanced by the duties and responsibilities of citizenship.
　☞ 出生率与死亡率之比更趋于协调。
　☞ The ratio of births to deaths is becoming more balanced.
　☞ 供求关系必须协调。
　☞ The relation between supply and demand must be balanced.
6．bring... into line，指使之协调一致起来，强调相互一致。
　☞ 我们先得把各位科学家的科研活动协调起来，然后才能指望他们行动一致。
　☞ We will have to bring the scientific pursuits of scientists into line before we can expect them to act in union.
　☞ 两市的物价必须相互协调。
　☞ The prices of the two cities must be brought into line with each other.
卖 卖
1．sell，指出售。
　☞ 把余粮卖给国家是农民的光荣。
　☞ It is an honor for the peasants to sell surplus grain to the state.
　☞ 热天的西瓜好卖。
　☞ Watermelons sell well during hot days.
2．sell for，指卖多少钱。
　☞ 这套剪纸卖多少钱？
　☞ What does this set of paper-cut sell for?
　☞ 我记不得那套邮票卖了多少钱。
　☞ I can't remember what I sold the set of stamps for.
3．sell off，指贱卖。
　☞ 其余的货物可以削价卖掉。
　☞ The rest of goods will be sold off at reduced prices.
　☞ 商号纷纷贱卖夏季存货，准备进冬季用品。
　☞ Firms sell off their summer stock one after another to be ready for the new winter goods.
4．do sth. for a living，指以出卖某些活动为生。
　☞ 解放前不少文人靠卖文为生。
　☞ Before liberation not a few scholars wrote for a living.
　☞ 她以卖唱为生。
　☞ She sings for a living.
5．give away，指背弃性出卖。
　☞ 这件事我只跟你说，你可别把我给卖了。
　☞ I'm telling this only to you. Don't give me away.
　☞ 他被他的一个同伙给卖了。
　☞ He was given away by one of his accomplices.
卖力 卖力
1．work hard，指努力工作。
　☞ 你不必太卖力，要注意身体。
　☞ Don't work too hard. Take good care of yourself.
　☞ 他无论干啥都很卖力。
　☞ Whatever he does. he is always working hard.
　☞ 你何必替这些人卖力？
　☞ Why should you work so hard for these people?
2．go all out，指全力以赴。
　☞ 姑娘们干活真卖力。
　☞ Girls are really going all out in their work.
　☞ 我们要赢得这场比赛，大家都得卖力。
　☞ All will have to go all out if we are to win the race.
3．exert oneself，指努力使劲。
　☞ 他很卖力，就是不知道如何思考。
　☞ He exerted himself to the utmost, but he didn't know how to think.
　☞ 对帮助别人，他从来不卖力。
　☞ He never exerts himself to help anyone.
4．spare no effort，指不遗余力。
　☞ 他工作很卖力。
　☞ He spared no effort in his work.
　☞ 下基层的干部对帮助贫困户尽快脱贫十分卖力。
　☞ The cadres going down to the grass-root units spare no effort to the utmost in helping poor households to shake off poverty as soon as possible.
5．do one's best, 指尽最大努力。
　☞ 他做事总是很卖力的。
　☞ He always does his very best.
　☞ 我们卖了力，但效果不大。
　☞ We did our best, which produced little effect.
实现 实现
1．realize，指实现某些抽象概念，如愿望、计划、目的等，强调成功地实现。
　☞ 这些成就本应导致更大的政治自由，但这一希望并没有实现。
　☞ These achievements should have led to greater political freedom, the hope of which was not realized.
　☞ 她实现了成为电影明星的愿望。
　☞ She realized her wish of becoming a film star.
　☞ 他到50多岁才实现了他的抱负。
　☞ He didn't realize his ambition until he was in his fifties.
　☞ 他获得了诺贝尔奖，实现了自己的梦想。
　☞ He realized his dream when he won the Nobel Prize.
　☞ 但是在农村，共产党应依靠谁去实现社会主义改造呢？
　☞ But on whom must the Communist Party rely in the countryside to realize the socialist transformation?
　☞ 实现四个现代化，这是我们今后相当长时期的中心工作。
　☞ For a relatively long period ahead, the focus of our work is to realize the four modernizations.
2．fulfill, 指实现事先的计划、要求、期望等，强调圆满地实现。
　☞ 毛主席、周总理留给我们建设社会主义现代化强国的遗愿一定要实现，也一定能够实现。
　☞ The behest of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou that we should make China a modem powerful socialist country must be fulfilled and can certainly be fulfilled.
　☞ 矿工们实现了他们日产万吨的誓言。
　☞ The miners fulfilled their pledge to produce 10,000 tons a day.
　☞ 这表明他已实现了自己的意图。
　☞ It shows that he has fulfilled his intention.
　☞ 实现父亲的意愿将是她最大的幸福。
　☞ It will be the greatest happiness to her to fulfill her father's desire.
　☞ 我已实现了许多抱负。
　☞ I have fulfilled many of my ambitions.
3．accomplish，强调从完成某个预定目标着眼的实现。
　☞ 形势要求尽早实现农业、工业、国防和科学技术现代化。
　☞ The situation demands to accomplish the modernizations of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology as early as possible.
　☞ 他没有实现预定目标，我对此感到遗憾。
　☞ I feel sorry that they didn't accomplish the purpose as desired.
　☞ 事实上，这就是句型练习预期要实现的。
　☞ This, in fact, was what the pattern drills were supposed to accomplish.
　☞ 这个预言确实实现了。
　☞ The prediction was literally accomplished.
　☞ 有些力能够实现转变，有些力则不能。这就是力与力之间的差别，也是功这个概念的核心。
　☞ It is the distinction between forces that accomplish change and forces that do not that is kernel of the idea of work.
4．achieve，指通过努力、技巧等手段来实现。
　☞ 这个目标最好分阶段实现。
　☞ This goal is best achieved in stages.
　☞ 世界和平是不能只靠脱离群众斗争的谈判来实现的。
　☞ World peace cannot be achieved by negotiations alone divorced from the struggle of the masses.
　☞ 我们努力削减开支以实现预算平衡。
　☞ We tried hard to cut spending and achieve a balanced budget.
　☞ 这类电视机通过生产厂家的广告，已实现了大众化。
　☞ This kind of TV set has achieved its popularity through advertising on the part of the factories which produced it.
　☞ 所有这一切都不是在一夜之间就能实现的。
　☞ All this cannot be achieved overnight.
5．effect，指产生预期效果的实现。
　☞ 秦始皇运用了高超的政治技巧及武力实现了中国的统一。
　☞ It was the first Emperor of Qin who, with superb political skills and armed force, effected the unification of China.
　☞ 我决心实现自己的目标，无人能够阻挡。
　☞ I will effect my purpose, no one shall stop me.
　☞ 经过3周的焦虑不安，和解终于得以实现。
　☞ After three weeks' anxiety a reconciliation was effected at last.
6．bring about，指通过努力促使实现。
　☞ 中国政府愿同美国政府共同合作，实现我们时代的持久和平。
　☞ The Chinese government is willing to work together with the American government to bring about a durable peace in our time.
　☞ 双方都做出了努力，以实现边界冲突的和平解决。
　☞ The both sides made efforts to bring about a peaceful solution to the border conflicts.
　☞ 经过调解，朋友之间的和解得以实现。
　☞ A reconciliation between friends was brought about through mediation.
7．come about, 指自动实现而不强调曾经付出的努力。
　☞ 既然独立已经实现，他们正准备成立自己的政府。
　☞ Now that their independence has come about, they are setting up their own government.
　☞ 我相信紧张局势的缓和总有一天会实现。
　☞ I believe that the relaxations of tensions will come a.
　☞ bout someday.
　☞ 这真是一个令人瞠目结舌的变化。是怎么实现的？
　☞ It is truly a wide-eyed and tongue-tied change. How has it come about?
8．come true, 指成为现实的实现。
　☞ 中国人民长期的梦想终于实现了。
　☞ The long-cherished dreams of the Chinese people have come true at last.
　☞ 你将会看到我今天说的话一定会实现。
　☞ You will see that what I am saying today will certainly come true.
　☞ 他想活到100岁的愿望没能实现。
　☞ His hope of living to 100 did not come true.
9．go in for，指支持、赞成后实现。
　☞ 我们打破行业界限，实现了大协作。
　☞ We have broken the bounds of different trades and gone in for extensive coordination.
　☞ 真正的改革者应实现政治改革。
　☞ All genuine reformers should go in for a political reform.
10．carry out (through)，仅指执行后实现，因此是一个使用最广、说法随便、色彩全无的词。
　☞ 我会让他安排好一切，以实现她所有的想法。
　☞ I would let him arrange everything and carry out all her notions.
　☞ 我们期待着你来实现诺言。
　☞ We expect you to carry out your promise.
　☞ 李登辉是绝不可能实现“两个中国”的阴谋的。
　☞ It is absolutely impossible for Li Denghui to carry through his plot of "Two Chinas".
11．“实现”的其他译法。
　☞ 实现祖国统一刻不容缓。
　☞ The reunification of the motherland is a task which brooks no delay.
　☞ 要不了几年，我就有机会实现我的想法了.
　☞ Within a couple of years, I would have the opportunity to put these ideas into practice.
占 占
1．occupy，可以表示不同的意思。
1) 占领。
　☞ 他们拒绝从被占领土上撤军。
　☞ They refused to withdraw their troops from the occupied territory.
2) 占用。
　☞ 你的书占了我好多地方。
　☞ Your books occupy a lot of my space.
3) 占有。
　☞ 他们说农民在各个行业中占的位置最低。
　☞ They say that peasants occupy the lowest position in all trades and professions.
4) 占据。
　☞ 整天占着他头脑的都是生意经。
　☞ Business sense occupies his mind all the time.
2．seize，指攻占。
　☞ 1931年，日军占了中国东北。
　☞ The Japanese troops seized Northeast China in 1931.
　☞ 一伙恐怖分子占了总统府，并把几位部长扣为人质。
　☞ A terrorist group seized the presidential palace and took several ministers hostage.
3．take up, 指占用时间或空间。
　☞ 对不起，占了你那么多时间。
　☞ Sorry, we've taken up so much of your time.
　☞ 新疆约占我国国土面积的1/6。
　☞ Xingjiang Autonomous Region takes up about one sixth of China's territory.
4．cover，指占据的面积。
　☞ 1948年洛阳解放时，全城仅占地4.5平方公里。
　☞ When Luoyang was liberated in 1948 it covered only 4.5 square kilometers.
　☞ 海洋几乎占地球面积的3/4。
　☞ The sea covers nearly three-fourths of the earth's surface.
5．hold，指拥有、占有。
　☞ 该店的股份他占一半。
　☞ He holds a half share in the business.
　☞ 自由党在议会中占有9个席位。
　☞ The Liberal Party holds nine seats in Parliament.
6．comprise，指构成。
　☞ 他们绝不代表占绝大多数的工人、农民及革命知识分子。
　☞ They can in no way represent the workers, peasants, revolutionary intellectuals who comprise the overwhelming majority.
　☞ 汉族占中国总人口的94%。
　☞ The Han people comprise 94% of the total population of China.
7．constitute, 与comprise同义，但更为正式。
　☞ 工农兵代表占绝大多数。
　☞ The representatives from among the workers, peasants and soldiers constitute the overwhelming majority.
　☞ 虽然我党有6,000多万党员，但在全国人口中仍占少数。
　☞ Although there are over 60 million members in our Party, they still constitute a very small minority of the country's population.
8．make up，也指构成。与comprise, constitute同义，但为日常用语，常用于数字、比例。
　☞ 注解几乎占全书的1/3。
　☞ The notes make up almost a third of the book.
　☞ 穆斯林占欧洲共同市场外国劳动力的40％。
　☞ Moslems make up 40 percent of the European Common Market foreign work force.
9．account for, 与make up同义，但或多或少带有“共达到”的意思。
　☞ 新疆棉花占全国棉花作物的大半。
　☞ The cotton crop of Xingjiang Autonomous Region accounts for more than half the country's.
　☞ 西方工业国家在世界产值中所占的比例大到其政策所起的作用可以决定世界经济会取得什么样的业绩。
　☞ The Western industrial countries account for so large a share of the world output that their policies will play a principal role in determining how the world economy performs.
10．get (gain) the upper hand，指占上风。
　☞ 拳王在与对手的第三个回合就占了上风。
　☞ In the third round the boxing champion got the upper hand over his opponent.
　☞ 在与自然灾害的斗争中，人类占了上风。
　☞ Man gains the upper hand over nature in the struggle against natural calamities.
11．“占”的其他译法。
　☞ 与敌人相比，我军占了绝对优势。
　☞ Our troops enjoy vast superiority over the enemy.
　☞ 中国人口占世界人口的1/5。
　☞ The population of China embraces one-fifth of the population of the world.
　☞ 是光明占优势还是黑暗占优势呢？
　☞ Which is predominant - the bright side or the dark side?
　☞ 别老想着占我的便宜。
　☞ Don't always try to take advantage of me.
　☞ 他是占着茅坑不拉屎。
　☞ He is a dog in the manger.
　☞ 她的话占理，我们按她说的办。
　☞ She is right. We'll do as what she says.
占有 占有
1．own, 指拥有，强调合法拥有。
　☞ 美国1%的人却占有50%以上的财富。
　☞ In the United States one percent of people own more than fifty percent of the wealth.
　☞ 过去是国家占有生产资料，如今则完全不同了。
　☞ The means of production used to be owned by the state. However, things are quite different today.
2．possess，指占有，因此不一定是合法拥有。
　☞ 封建社会只有贵族才占有政权。
　☞ In feudal society only the nobility possessed political power.
　☞ 夫妻拥有的共同财产可能被丈夫所占有。
　☞ The property owned by husband and wife may be possessed by the husband.
3．have，是以上三个词中词义最模糊的一个。它只表示与“无”相对的“有”。
　☞ 你毕竟不能占有一切。
　☞ You could not have everything, after all.
　☞ 好在我们占有第一手资料。
　☞ Fortunately, we have firsthand data.
4．occupy，指占据某种位置。
　☞ 商业在国民经济中占有重要地位。
　☞ Commerce occupies an important place in the national economy.
　☞ 民主党在国会中占有25个议席。
　☞ The Democratic Party occupies 25 seats in Parliament.
5．hold，指保持、保存占有的东西。
　☞ 重力在航天学里占有特殊地位。
　☞ Gravity holds a privileged position in aeronautics.
　☞ 解放前，他占有500亩土地。
　☞ He held 500 mu of land before liberation.
占领 占领
1．capture，指用武力、策略、计谋等攻占，重点在占。
　☞ 占领该市花了我们3个月的时间。
　☞ I'll took us three months to capture the city.
　☞ 据报道，先头部队已占领了机场。
　☞ It is reported that the advancing forces have captured the airfield.
2．seize, seizure, 指用武力抢占。重点在抢占的突然性。
　☞ 我军出敌不意，占领了制高点。
　☞ Our troops seized the commanding height, catching the enemy unprepared.
　☞ 游击队在夜色的掩护下，神不知鬼不觉地占领了伪军盘距的碉堡。
　☞ Under the cover of darkness the guerrilla force seized the blockhouse entrenched by the puppet army without a soul knowing anything about it.
　☞ 1931年9月18日，日本侵略者占领了沈阳，这是其占领东北全境的第一步。
　☞ The seizure of Shenyang on the 18th of September, 1931 by the Japanese invaders was the first step towards their occupation of the entire Northeast China.
3．occupy, occupation，指攻而占之，两者兼重。
　☞ 九一八事变后，日本人占领了东北全境。
　☞ The Japanese occupied entire Northeast China after the September 18th Incident.
　☞ 现在，伊拉克实际上已被美国军队占领。
　☞ Iraq is now practically occupied by the armed forces of the United States.
　☞ 第二次世界大战之前，日本占领中国东北长达14 年之久。
　☞ Before World War II the Japanese occupation of northeast China lasted fourteen years.
4．“占领市场”可以用monopolize（指垄断市场）
　☞ dominate（指支配市场）。
　☞ 不加批评，看着错误思想到处泛滥，任凭它们去占领市场当然不行。
　☞ It certainly would not be right to retain from criticism, look on while wrong ideas spread unchecked and allow them to monopolize the field.
　☞ 我厂的新产品几乎占领了北京市场。
　☞ The new products of our factory almost dominate the market of Beijing.
卡 卡
1．stick, 指卡在中间无法活动。
　☞ 一根鱼刺卡在我的喉咙里了。
　☞ A fish bone stuck in my throat.
　☞ 碗柜门卡住了，打不开。
　☞ The cupboard door stuck and I couldn't open it.
2．wedge，原意为固定用的楔子，因此在一般情况下这种“卡”往往带有目的性。
　☞ 我把花瓶四周的空隙用包装材料卡住，免得破碎。
　☞ I wedged packing material into the space round the vase so that it wouldn't be broken.
　☞ 把木料扶好，不要让锯子卡住。
　☞ Hold the wood properly so that the saw will not wedge.
　 ■ 不过有时wedge也可用于无意中的“卡住”。这时可与stick换用。
　☞ 抽屉拉不出来，有东西卡在里面。
　☞ Something has got wedged inside the drawer, so I can't pull it out.
　☞ 他的脚卡在裂缝里了。
　☞ His foot wedged in the crack.
3．grip，指紧紧抓住或紧紧夹住。
　☞ 他正要叫喊，那歹徒猛扑过来，卡住了他的脖子。
　☞ He was about to call out when that ruffian darted at him and gripped his throat.
　☞ 刹车没能卡住车轮，于是汽车冲进了河里。
　☞ The brake failed to grip the wheels and the car ran into the river.
4．hold up，指由于某种原因而停顿、耽误。
　☞ 由于塞车我们被卡在隧道里大约有半个小时。
　☞ We were held up in the tunnel for about half an hour because of a traffic jam.
　☞ 这件事在他那里卡住了。
　☞ The matter was held up when it passed to him.
卫生 卫生
1．health，泛指与保健有关的卫生，比较笼统。
　☞ 环境保护已经证明对公共卫生有着重大贡献。
　☞ Environmental protection has proved an important contribution towards the public health.
　☞ 喝生水不卫生。
　☞ Drinking unboiled water is bad for the health.
2．hygiene，hygienic，指符合保健原则或标准的卫生，因此比health具体、系统，而且形成理论。
　☞ 新婚夫妇应当受到性卫生的教育。
　☞ Newly married couples must be taught sexual hygiene.
　☞ 你要每天洗澡，注意个人卫生。
　☞ Take bath every day and heed personal hygiene.
　☞ 她的屋子总是保持整洁、卫生。
　☞ Her room is kept tidy and hygienic at all times.
3．sanitation, sanitary, 指采取防止污染，传染等措施后的卫生。
　☞ 许多植物受病虫害的影响可以依靠环境卫生而有不同程度的减轻。
　☞ The impact of a number of plant diseases and insect pests can be lessened by environmental sanitation to various degrees.
　☞ 警务、消防及卫生均为地方政府的职责。
　☞ Police, fire protection and sanitation are the responsibility of local governments.
　☞ 当时，我们正坐在扬州一家不太卫生的小饭馆里谈天。
　☞ At that time we were sitting and chatting in a small and not very sanitary restaurant in Yangzhou.
印 印
1．print，指印刷。
　☞ 这机器每分钟可印60页。
　☞ The machine can print 60 pages in a minute.
　☞ 这照片印得不清楚。
　☞ This photo is not well printed.
2．imprint，指留下的印记，因此可以是有意也可无意。
　☞ 布上印有花样。
　☞ The design was imprinted on the cloth.
　☞ 床上的竹席有个黑黑的人形，这是在我之前在上面睡觉的那些人的汗水印上去的。
　☞ The bamboo mat on the bed had a dark human figure imprinted on it by the sweat of those who had slept there before me.
3．impress，指压出的印记。
　☞ 烧制以前艺术家在他设计的陶罐上印上他的印记。
　☞ The artist impressed the pots he designed with his seal before baking.
　☞ 他的话深深地印在了我的记忆里。
　☞ His words are strongly impressed on my memory.
4．engrave，指深深刻印的引申义。
　☞ 他的遗言深深地印在我脑子里。
　☞ His last words were engraved on my mind.
　☞ 这一幕将永远印留在我的记忆里。
　☞ The scene will remain forever engraved on my memory.
危害 危害
1．harm，指造成一定的危害，着重点在害。
　☞ 不消灭病虫害就会危害农作物。
　☞ Plant pests and diseases will harm crops if they are not wiped out.
　☞ 医生说，吸烟危害健康。
　☞ Doctors say smoking harms our health.
　☞ 一切不愿危害和平事业的人士联合起来！
　☞ All those who don't want to harm the cause of peace, unite!
　☞ 流氓行为一定会危害公共利益。
　☞ Hooliganism will certainly harm the public interest.
2．endanger，指造成一定的危害，着重点在危。
　☞ 某超级大国的所作所为正在危害别国的主权和领土完整。
　☞ The behavior of a certain superpower is endangering the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other states.
　☞ 要是恐怖活动不予以遏制，就一定会危害国际和平及安全。
　☞ Terrorist activities will surely endanger international peace and security if they are not arrested.
　☞ 酒后开车是会危害他人生命的。
　☞ Drunk drivers endanger the lives of others.
3．jeopardize，义同endanger，但更为正式，也更强调面临长期的危害。
　☞ 是黑帮分子在危害社会治安。
　☞ It is the members of the sinister gang who jeopardize public security of the society.
　☞ 任何法律都不应危害言论自由。
　☞ Any law should not jeopardize freedom of speech.
　☞ 相互敌视和无端的攻击已危害了两国之间的和平。
　☞ Mutual hostility and groundless charges have already jeopardized peace between the two countries.
4．detriment to, detrimental to，指损害。
　☞ 他的工作十分辛苦，幸亏没有危害到他的健康。
　☞ Fortunately, he did very hard work without detriment to his health.
　☞ 无论你做什么，都不应危害你的将来。
　☞ Whatever you do should not be detrimental to your future.
5．offense, offence, 指冒犯。
　☞ 这是他第一次危害社会秩序，法官只判了他轻刑。
　☞ That was his first offense against social order and the judge only gave him a light sentence.
　☞ 任何酷刑都危害人的尊严。
　☞ Any act of torture is an offence to human dignity.
危险 危险
1．danger，泛指一切危险，不带任何感情色彩，是这组同义词中用得最广的一个。
　☞ 两位外长举行会谈，以减少两国间军事对抗的危险。
　☞ The two foreign ministers held negotiations to reduce the danger of a military confrontation between the two nations.
　☞ 他感到她已处于极端危险的边缘。
　☞ He felt that she was on the brink of a terrible danger.
　 ■ danger所指的危险还暗示如果事先有准备，这种危险是可以避免的。因此道路标志及成语中都用该词。
　☞ 危险，前方有弯道。
　☞ Danger, winding road ahead.
　☞ 对危险有所预见便避免了一半。
　☞ A danger foreseen is half avoided.
2．peril, 所指的危险较danger严重，常暗示无法预测或避免。
　☞ 恐怖主义是当前世界面临的最大危险。
　☞ Terrorism is the greatest peril now facing the world.
　☞ 人是不能提防所有的危险的。
　☞ One cannot guard against every peril.
　 ■ 有时，peril还暗示危险的局面越来越糟。
　☞ 许多物种由于我们破坏了其天然栖息地，已有灭绝的危险。
　☞ Many species are already in peril of extinction because of our destruction of their natural habitat.
3．risk，指甘愿冒的危险。
　☞ 他是冒着被炸死或炸残的危险去拆卸起爆装置的。
　☞ He was dismantling the detonator at the risk of life or limb.
　☞ 在这么薄的冰面上滑冰，你有掉进去的危险。
　☞ There is a risk of your falling through if you skate on such thin ice.
4．hazard，指某种偶然的非人力所能控制的危险。
　☞ 潜水员在水下充满了危险。
　☞ A diver's life under water is full of hazard.
　☞ 不用说，脑外科手术是有危险的。
　☞ Needless to say, there are hazards connected with brain surgery.
5．jeopardy，常与in搭配，指处于某种危险的境地。
　☞ 得罪了像他那样的人，你就危险了。
　☞ You'll put yourself in jeopardy by offending a man like him.
　☞ 树倒下时你很危险的。
　☞ You were in jeopardy as the tree fell.
　 ■ in jeopardy与in peril两者的区别可从下列译文中比较出来。
　☞ 她和她女儿今后的处境已很危险，可能是有送命的危险。
　☞ Her future and that of her daughter were in jeopardy, possible in mortal peril.
即使 即使
　 ■ 可以分别表示假设、让步或强调，有“就算是”的意思。
1．表示假设有以下几种译法。
1) if，指即使（先假设或虚拟），再用“也”，“还”等词转入正题。
　☞ 你即使失败了也没有关系。
　☞ It doesn't matter if you fail.
　☞ 这件事，即使要我的命也要干。
　☞ I will do it if it kills me.
　☞ 即使太阳从西边出来，我也不会那么干。
　☞ If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not do so.
　☞ 即使把我毙了，我也不能。
　☞ If I were to be shot for it, I wouldn't.
2) few (little) if any，指即使有其人其事，也不会多，few用于可数名词；little用于不可数名词。
　☞ 即使有树也很少。
　☞ There are very few trees, if any.
　☞ 即使有这样的人也为数不多。
　☞ There are few, if any, such people.
　☞ 即使有希望也微乎其微。
　☞ There is very little, if any, hope.
　☞ 他即使有钱也所剩无几。
　☞ He has little money, if any left.
3) seldom…if ever，指即使有某种情况也不会多。
　☞ 昆明即使下雪，也很难得。
　☞ It seldom snows in Kunming, if ever.
　☞ 即使确有其事，也不会多。
　☞ It occurred seldom, if ever.
　☞ 她即使去看电影，次数也很少。
　☞ She seldom, if ever, goes to the movies.
4) 用grant，admit，assume等动词的分词表示假设。
　☞ 即使这是真的，又能得出什么结论呢？
　☞ Granting this to be true, what is to be inferred from it?
　☞ 他们的做法即使不对，你大包大揽也不对呀。
　☞ Granted that they weren't doing it the right way, you weren't right in taking everything upon yourself.
　☞ 即使他有能力做这件事，也得努力工作才能完成.
　☞ Admitting that he has the ability to do that, he has to work hard to carry it out.
　☞ 即使事已如此，你也该对他说真话。
　☞ Assuming that it is so, you ought to have told him the truth.
2．表示让步有以下几种译法。
1) though，因为是假设下的让步，故不用although。
　☞ 即使全国都反对他，他还是敢说他想说的话。
　☞ He is not afraid to say his say, though the whole country is against him.
　☞ 即使土地丢了又怎么样，并不是一切都没有了。
　☞ What though the field is lost, all is not lost.
2) no matter what (how)，表示的“即使”比though表示的更强烈。
　☞ 这样的人即使活得长，也不过是行尸走肉。
　☞ Such men, no matter to what extent their life may be prolonged, are merely walking corpses.
　☞ 即使出了事，他也不会说一个字的。
　☞ No matter what happens, he would not say a word.
　☞ 即使所有的人都来攻击我，你也会保护我的。
　☞ You would defend me no matter how all the people attack me.
3) when，while，whereas，先退一步，再转入正题，以此进行让步情况下的对比。
　☞ 即使全丢光，还有未来嘛。
　☞ When all is lost. the future still remains.
　☞ 好说谎的人即使说了真话，也无人相信。
　☞ A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.
　☞ 即使不一致，我们还是朋友嘛。
　☞ While we don't agree we continue to be friends.
　☞ 你说的我即使理解，也不能同意。
　☞ While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
　☞ 即使承认这些问题有困难，我也不是说就不能解决。
　☞ Whereas I admit that the problems are difficult, I don't suggest that they cannot be solved.
　☞ 即使同情，我也帮不了多少忙。
　☞ Whereas I sympathize, I can't really do very much to help.
4) 用动词不定式表示让步。
　☞ 即使为救我的命，我也不干这种事。
　☞ I will never do that, to save my life.
　☞ 即使把他们都杀了，也不足以泄恨。
　☞ To have had them all killed would not have vented our wrath.
5) 用祈使句表示让步。
　☞ 即使找遍天涯海角你也不会找到第二个这样的东西。
　☞ Seek through the world, you may not find another like it.
　☞ 即使再穷，也不会有人卖国。
　☞ Let it be over so poor, there is nobody but betrays his country.
3．表示强调有以下几种译法。
1) even，除了单独使用外，常与if，though连用，分别强调假设或让步。
　☞ 他呀，你即使用3头牛也拉不回来。
　☞ You couldn't pull him back even with three bulls.
　☞ 他即使在晚上也很少放松。
　☞ Even at night he seldom relaxed.
　☞ 即使我想生他的气，也办不到呀。
　☞ I couldn't be angry with him even if I tried.
　☞ 我们相信，他们凭借种种造谣和欺骗的手段即使得逞一时，也终究难逃失败。
　☞ We believe that they will fail in the end even if they can have their own way at the moment by means of cheating and making rumors.
　☞ 即使他肯定这一点，我也不会相信。
　☞ Even though he affirmed it, I wouldn't believe it.
　☞ 即使你给钱，我也不干。
　☞ I won't do it, even if you pay me money.
2) very，强调所修饰的名词。
　☞ 即使是北洋军阀，在走这一步以前也得三思而行。
　☞ The very Northern Warlords would have to think twice before taking such a step.
　☞ 随着科学技术的进步，即使是星球也已进入了人类探索范围之内。
　☞ With science and technology advancing, the very stars have come within the range of human exploration.
3) 反身代词，有时也可强调所修饰的名词。
　☞ 大和小是相对的字眼，与原子核相比，即使一个小小的原子也是巨大的宇宙。
　☞ Large and small are relative terms. Compared with its nucleus, the tiny atom itself is a vast universe.
　☞ 千得漂亮！即使成吉思汗亲自驭马也不过如此。
　☞ Well done! Genghis Khan himself could not have mastered a horse in better order.
4) 形容词最高级有时也可强调所修饰的名词。
　☞ 只要真理在握，人数即使再少，也比千军万马强大。
　☞ The smallest number, with truth in hand, are mightier than thousands.
　☞ 对于知识来说，最长的寿命也嫌太短。
　☞ The longest life is too short for knowledge.
5) do，可用来强调动词。
　☞ 他们即使有干预，这种干预也是软弱无力和犹豫不决的。
　☞ Where they did interfere, their interference was feeble and irresolute.
　☞ 那几个即使活了下来，也受到严重烧伤。
　☞ Those who did survive got terrible burns.
却 却
1．but，连词，用来表示两个意思相反的并列成分，表示转折，常与“但”，“但是”连用。这时转折的语气更重。
　☞ 我本来应当帮他，却从来没能做到。
　☞ I ought to have helped him, but I never could.
　☞ 这一切他都做了，但却毫无效果。
　☞ All this he did, but it had no effect.
　☞ 还会有困难，却是能克服的。
　☞ There will still be difficulties. But they can be over.
2．yet，也是连词，但它有两个侔用：一是表示转折，与but同义，但语气没有but强烈；二是表示让步，有“尽管如此”的意思。
1) 表示转折。
　☞ 舌头不是刀，却能杀人。
　☞ The tongue is not knife yet it cuts.
　☞ 她要的一切我都给了，她却依然不满意。
　☞ I gave her what she asked for, yet she is still not satisfied.
　☞ 这样的推理很周全，却说服不了我。
　☞ The logic is sound, and yet it does not convince me.
2) 表示让步。
　☞ 我心里最恨的就是他，我却不知道是什么原因。
　☞ My soul, yet I know not why, hates nothing more than him.
　☞ 我失败了，却还要再试一试。
　☞ I have failed, yet I shall try again.
　☞ 伤口虽然会好，却会留下伤疤。
　☞ Though the wound would be healed, yet a scar may.
3．and，也用来表示转折，但语气要比but弱。
　☞ 乘车到那里要半小时，走路却要两个多小时。
　☞ It will take you half an hour to get there by bus and over two hours on foot.
　☞ 老板那么有钱，却这么小气。
　☞ The boss is so rich and so miserly.
　☞ 汉语没有冠词，我们却也可以像英国人那样把思想表达得清楚、准确。
　☞ There are no articles in Chinese and we can express our thought as clearly and definitely as Englishmen do.
4．do用来强调真假之间、现在和过去之间，规律与例外之间的对比。
　☞ 你说我没帮他，我却是帮了他的。
　☞ You said that I didn't help him. I did help.
　☞ 过去她只关心她自己，现在却也关心别人了。
　☞ She cared only for herself in the past. She does care for others as well now.
　☞ 一般我不大和家里人联系，我却时不时地去看看母亲。
　☞ Usually I don't have much contact with my family. I do see my mother occasionally.
历史 历史
1．history, 指自然界和人类社会发展的过程。
　☞ 人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的动力。
　☞ The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.
　☞ 人民群众是历史的创造者。
　☞ The masses of the people are the makers of history.
　☞ 新的艺术向来是在人类历史进程中发生发展的。
　☞ New arts have been born and developed in the course of the history of man.
　 ■ history也可指某一事物发展的一段过程。这是一般要用不定冠词a。
　☞ 我们看到没有一个活着的人敢真实地写下上一个星期才发生的历史，那么又如何能有真实的历史呢？
　☞ How can there be a true history when we see no man living dares to write truly the history of last week.
　☞ 我镇在抗日战争中有过一段光荣历史。
　☞ Our town has a glorious history in the Anti-Japanese War.
　 ■ 此外，还可用来指个人的经历。
　☞ 他因个人历史的政治问题很受了些“苦”。
　☞ He suffered a great deal from his political involvement in his personal history.
　 ■ history还可表示研究的一门学问。
　☞ 他是研究历史的。
　☞ His field is history.
2．historical, 指与历史有关的；historic，指有悠久历史的。两词不能换用。
　☞ 她喜欢读历史小说。
　☞ She likes reading historical novels.
　☞ 这一意义深远的历史变迁的速度依然有增无减。
　☞ The speed of this profound historical change is ever on the increase.
　☞ 我要请你们参观几处历史名胜。
　☞ I shall be asking you to see some places of historic interest.
　☞ 五四运动具有重大的历史意义。
　☞ The May Fourth Movement was of historic significance.
　☞ 至于历史人物，我们要历史地看问题。
　☞ As to a historical figure we should look at the problem historically.
　 ■ 以上两词都是性质形容词，用作定语来修饰名词。但有时名词需用history这个名词来作修饰语。如：
　☞ 如果你无事可做，干吗不去参观历史博物馆？
　☞ If you have nothing to do, why don't you visit the history museum?
　 ■ 类似的情况还有：a history book, a history lesson, a history teacher等。
3．past，指过去的历史事实。
　☞ 伟大的中华民族有过光荣的历史，只是近代落后了。
　☞ The great Chinese nation had a glorious past; it is only in modem times that she has fallen behind.
　☞ 光辉历史的传统不仅要保持，而且要发扬。
　☞ The traditions of a splendid past should be not only maintained but also carried forward.
　☞ 边界争端是历史上遗留下来的问题。
　☞ The boundary issues are a legacy from the past.
　 ■ 此外，past还可表示个人的历史经历，尤指不光彩的经历。
　☞ 据说他隐瞒了自己的历史。
　☞ It is said that he has concealed his past record.
　☞ 他拒绝向我们提供他的历史。
　☞ He refused to give us the facts about his past.
　☞ 传说她是个有过一段不光彩历史的女同志。
　☞ Stories were told that she was a woman with a past.
4．“历史”的其他译法。
　☞ 你历史清白，急什么？
　☞ What are you worried about when you have a clear personal record?
　☞ 历史上的反动统治者曾经在我们各民族之间制造种种隔阂。
　☞ All through the ages, the reactionary rulers sowed feelings of estrangement among our various nationalities.
压 压
1．press，不管力的轻重，均指用力压。
　☞ 和好的面团蒸煮前要压扁、压薄。
　☞ Pastry is pressed flat and thin before cooking.
　☞ 妈妈把腌黄瓜放进瓦罐里，再用石头压好，说是若不这样就不好保存。
　☞ Mother put the pickled cucumbers into an earthen jar and pressed them under stones, saying that they wouldn't keep long other way.
　☞ 箱盖都让放在上面的书压扁了。
　☞ The lid of the box was pressed in by the weight of the books on top.
　☞ 解放前，沉重的税收一直压在老百姓身上。
　☞ Before liberation heavy taxes had been pressing down heavily on the people.
　☞ 先遣部队一定要向前压，以确保与敌人保持接触。
　☞ The advance troops must press forward to maintain contact with the enemy.
　☞ 老太太一声不响地坐着，好像心里压着什么心事。
　☞ The old lady sat silent, as if care were pressing on her mind.
　☞ 葡萄汁是从葡萄里压出来的。
　☞ The juice is pressed out of the grapes.
　☞ 她在播下的种子上轻轻地压了压土。
　☞ She finished with a light press of the earth over the sown seeds.
2．pressure，指施加压力压。
　☞ 据说政府在竭尽全力压游击队放弃军事斗争。
　☞ It was said that the government was doing its utmost to pressure the guerrilla force into giving up armed struggle.
　☞ 据报纸报道有人在压法院尽早放人。
　☞ It is reported in the newspaper that someone is pressuring the court into freeing the arrested as soon as possible.
　☞ 我们既不吃捧，也不怕压。
　☞ We do withstand both flattery and pressure.
3．weigh down (on)，指由于重量或类似于重量的东西把物体压弯、压住等。
　☞ 果子把树枝都压弯了。
　☞ The fruit weighed the branches down.
　☞ 我们需要一些人来压住船的另一侧。
　☞ We need someone else to weigh down the boat on the other side.
　☞ 压在我肩上的任务使我寝食难安。
　☞ The task weighing on my shoulders leaves me no desire to eat or sleep.
　☞ 跟你说真话，这次考试失败一直压在我心里。
　☞ Tb tell you the truth, the failure in the examination has been weighing on my mind.
　☞ 这个箱子怕压。
　☞ This box won't stand much weight.
　☞ 解放前，三座大山压在中国人民的头上。
　☞ Before liberation the three big mountains (imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitaliim had lain like a dead weight on the back of the Chinese People.
4．hold down，指压住后不让起来。
　☞ 军长用石头压住地图的四角，开始研究起来。
　☞ The army commander put stones on the each comer of the map to hold it down and began to study it.
　☞ 压住气球，等我们准备好了再放。
　☞ Hold the balloon down till we are ready to let it go.
　☞ 你生气的时候能不能压一压？
　☞ Can you hold yourself down when you get angry?
5．pin down，指压得无法动弹。
　☞ 那沉重的箱子压得他无法动弹。
　☞ The heavy box pinned him down in such a way that he could not move.
　☞ 事故中他被压在车子底下。
　☞ In the accident he was pinned down under the car.
　☞ 战场上子弹横飞，敌兵被压在战壕里动弹不得。
　☞ Bullets were flying over the battlefield and the enemy soldiers were pinned down in the trenches.
6．force，指压服。
　☞ 你要是不压，他是不会同意的。
　☞ He won't agree if you don't force him to.
　☞ 资方代理人扬言关厂来压工人复工。
　☞ The agents of the capital forced the workers to end the strike by threatening to close down the factory.
　☞ 我们一定得压价5%。
　☞ We must force the price down by 5 percent.
7．crush，指两物之间的挤压，并产生某种结果。
　☞ 有人想逃出火灾现场时被压死了。
　☞ Some people were crushed to death as they tried to escape from the scene of the fire.
　☞ 汽车碾过去，手表给压碎了。
　☞ The car ran over a watch and crushed it to pieces.
　☞ 剩下的几处抵抗也终于被压下去了。
　☞ The few remaining pockets of resistance were finally crushed into submission.
8．“压”的其他译法。
　☞ 喝点热水，压一压咳嗽。
　☞ Drink some hot water to ease your cough.
　“卧倒！有人来了。”他压低了嗓子说。
　"Lie down! There is someone coming." He said, lowering his voice.
　☞ 我们的重机枪压住了敌人的火力。
　☞ Our heavy machine guns stilled the enemy's fire.
　☞ 你别拿大帽子压人。
　☞ Don't try to intimidate people by pinning labels on them.
　☞ 这份公文压了不少时间。
　☞ This document was pigeonholed for quite some time.
　☞ 这案子先压几天再讨论。
　☞ Shelve the case for a few days before we discuss it.
压倒 压倒
1．overwhelm，指力量对比上的压倒，强调对比。
　☞ 我们不仅赢了这场比赛，而且以10比0的比分压倒了对手。
　☞ We not only won the match, but also overwhelmed our opponents by 10 goals to nil.
　☞ 康德与黑格尔发展了唯心主义，而且一度压倒了唯物主义。
　☞ Kant and Hegel developed idealism, which overwhelmed at one time the materialist.
　☞ 党代会上以压倒多数通过了一项决议。
　☞ A resolution was passed at the Party congress by an overwhelming majority.
2．overpower，指力量上压倒，但强调可以支配别人的力量。
　☞ 美国空军在数量和质量上都压倒了伊拉克的空防。
　☞ The American Air Force has the numbers and quality to overpower the air defense of Iraq.
　☞ 她本来不想在那么多的人面前睡觉的，但极度的疲劳压倒了她，她竞在车间的一个角落里睡着了。
　☞ She would not have permitted herself to sleep in front of so many people but undue fatigue overpowered her, and she fell asleep in the comer of the workshop.
3．override，指在重要性上压倒。
　☞ 防治非典必须作为一项压倒一切的中心任务。
　☞ The prevention and cure of SARS must be taken as a central task overriding everything else.
　☞ 她精神上的极度痛苦压倒了对死亡的恐惧。
　☞ Her spiritual agony overrode the terror of death.
4．overcome，指经过斗争后压倒。
　☞ 我们要联合力量来压倒共同的敌人。
　☞ We must unite our forces to overcome our common enemy.
　☞ 没有困难能压倒我们。
　☞ No difficulty will overcome us.
　 ■ 不过有时，overcome也指情绪上非人力能控制的压倒。
　☞ 绝望的情绪把她压倒了，于是她不断地扯着头发。
　☞ Despair overcame her and she kept tearing her hair.
5．prevail over，指占上风后压倒。
　☞ 真实一定会压倒虚伪，正确一定会压倒错误。
　☞ Truth will certainly prevail over falsehood, and right over wrong.
　☞ 有时候，偏见会压倒理智。
　☞ Sometimes prejudice prevails over reason.
6．daunt，指由于害怕而压倒。
　☞ 危险压不倒英雄汉。
　☞ Danger does not daunt the hero.
　☞ 他似乎没有被面前的困难所压倒。
　☞ He didn't seem daunted by the difficulties facing him.
7．press down，指压紧或压倒。
　☞ 房屋倒塌压倒好几根电线杆子。
　☞ The collapse of the house has pressed down several wire poles.
　☞ 瞧！人躺过的地方草都被压倒了。
　☞ Look! The grass has been pressed down where people were lying.
压制 压制
1．suppress，指通过高压政策加以压制。
　☞ 当时我们生活在压制一切言论自由的军管之下。
　☞ At that time we lived under the military control, which suppressed all free speech.
　☞ 现在公开压制民主的事已很少见了。
　☞ Nowadays it is rare to suppress democracy openly.
　☞ 你无权压制来自群众的批评。
　☞ You have no right to suppress any criticism from the masses.
　☞ 群众集会遭到了警方的压制。
　☞ The mass rally was suppressed by the police.
2．repress，与suppress有点类似，但往往暗示这种压制会有所反复。
　☞ 多年来一直有人在压制他的创造才能。
　☞ Someone has been repressing his creative talents for years.
　☞ 警方压制工人，不许他们罢工。
　☞ The police repressed the workers to prevent them from strikes.
　☞ 你越是压制你的欲望，欲望就会变得越是强烈。
　☞ The more you repress your desire the stronger it becomes.
3．inhibit，指来自道德、习惯、良心等心理方面的压制，因此往往是自我压制或客观上产生的压制，但决不是suppress那种人为的压制。
　☞ 是一种责任感使他压制了跳槽的冲动。
　☞ It was the sense of duty that inhibited the impulse to throw up his job and take on another.
　☞ 这种惯常的做法除了压制群众的积极性之外不会有什么结果。
　☞ Such usual practice will do nothing but inhibit the initiative of the masses.
4．stifle，词义接近inhibit，但暗示这种压制会室息事物的进步、发展。
　☞ 铁饭碗和大锅饭一度压制了个人的创造性。
　☞ The iron rice bowl and the one big pot stifled at one time individual initiative.
　☞ 生机勃勃的艺术多年来一直受到“左倾”教条主义的压制。
　☞ Vital art has been stifled by the Left dogmatism for many years.
5．make…by pressing, compress into，指机器压制产品。
　☞ 我们专门压制砖坯。
　☞ We specialize in making unfired bricks by pressing.
　☞ 锯末可以压制成板材。
　☞ Sawdust can be compressed into boards.
压抑 压抑
1．oppressive，指性质上压抑。
　☞ 会议气氛沉重、压抑。
　☞ The conference atmosphere is heavy and oppressive.
　☞ 天气闷热、压抑。
　☞ It was hot, suffocating and oppressive.
2．oppress，指由于受到不公正待遇而感到压抑。
　☞ 想到当前的麻烦使我精神压抑。
　☞ A sense of trouble ahead oppressed my spirits.
　☞ 她因多灾多难而感到压抑。
　☞ She felt oppressed by her many woes.
3．depress，depression，指忧郁、消沉而使活力减少的压抑。
　☞ 她儿子的坏消息使她整天都感到压抑。
　☞ Her son's bad news depressed her all day.
　☞ 这部电影的气氛比较压抑。
　☞ The film is rather depressing.
　☞ 我们在忧郁、压抑的气氛中过日子。
　☞ We spend days in the atmosphere of grief and depression.
4．constrain，指干了不愿干的事而感到压抑。
　☞ 值班守大门总使我的心情压抑。
　☞ Being on duty of guarding the gates always constrains me.
　☞ 我做了我不愿意做的事，感到压抑。
　☞ I felt constrained to have done what I didn't want to do.
5．inhibit，指来自道德、习惯、良心等方面的心理上的压抑。
　☞ 没有对象的批评会压抑群众的积极性。
　☞ Criticism without any objects will inhibit the initiative of the masses.
　☞ 他是个从不受清规戒律压抑的佛教徒。
　☞ He is a Buddhist never constrained by the taboos and commandments.
　☞ 随着岁月的流逝，你越是压抑你的感情，感情就变得越深厚。
　☞ The more you inhibit your feeling the more it deepens with the passing of the years.
压缩 压缩
1．compress, compression，指加压后使体积变小的压缩。
　☞ 自行车车胎里的空气是经过压缩的。
　☞ The air in your bicycle tires has been compressed.
　☞ 液体不像气体，很难压缩。因为液体的分子之间实际上没有空隙。
　☞ Unlike gases, liquids are difficult to compress because there is practically no free space between molecules.
　☞ 削下的木屑和锯下的锯末都可以压缩成板材。
　☞ Wood cuttings and sawdust can be compressed into boards.
　☞ 气体膨胀时冷却，压缩时发热。
　☞ A gas is cooled by expansion and heated by compression.
2．condense, 指精简、提炼后的压缩。
　☞ 把你的申请书压缩在1页之内。
　☞ Condense your letter of application to one page.
　☞ 编辑部要求他把文章由5,000字压缩到2,500 字。
　☞ The editorial department demanded that his essay should be condensed from 5,000 to 2,500 words.
3．cut down，指削减后的压缩。
　☞ 我们都赞成压缩费用，降低成本。
　☞ We are all for cutting down expenses and reducing costs.
　☞ 如果你能把你的小说压缩1／3，我们就可能接受。
　☞ If you could cut down your novel one third, we would take it.
压迫 压迫
1．oppress，oppression，指不人道的压迫，强调用权势强迫别人服从。
　☞ 劳资关系不应是一方压迫另一方，而是双方互利。
　☞ The relationship between labor and capital should be of benefit to both sides instead of one oppressing the other.
　☞ 压迫其他民族的民族是不可能自由的。
　☞ No nation can be free if it oppresses other nations.
　☞ 我们的理想是建立一个没有人压迫人，人剥削人的世界。
　☞ It is our ideal to build a world without the oppression and exploitation of man by man.
　☞ 哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。
　☞ Where there is oppression there is resistance.
2．repress，repression，所指的压迫内涵要比oppress狭窄得多，仅指通过压制不让人们行动。
　☞ oppress则指通过强迫要人们做他们不愿做的事。
　☞ 白人社会要么帮助黑人获得这一均等的机会，要么压迫他们。
　☞ Either the white community helps the blacks get this equal chance or it represses them.
　☞ 独裁者多年来一直在压迫人民。
　☞ The dictator has repressed his people for years.
　☞ 我国的经济成就正在形成新的政治现实，这是不能用压迫手段来对付的。
　☞ The economic successes of our country are creating new political realities, which could not be dealt with by repression.
3．constrict，constriction，指有机体的某个部分受到压迫。
　☞ 肿瘤压迫神经，引起疼痛。
　☞ The tumor constricts the nerves and causes pain.
　☞ 你得压迫血管来止血。
　☞ You have to constrict the blood vessel to stop bleeding.
　☞ 病人的胸部有压迫感。
　☞ The patient feels a constriction in the chest.
4．compress，指受到压迫而缩小。
　☞ 肿瘤可能已长到压迫周围的脏器了。
　☞ The tumor may grow so large as to compress adjacent viscera.
　☞ 爱克斯光照片显示有个包块在压迫大脑。
　☞ The roentgenogram shows that there is an enclosed mass compressing the brain.
原因 原因
1．cause，指事情发生的客观原因。后接介词of。
　☞ 感染是许多疾病发生的原因。
　☞ Infection is a cause of many diseases.
　☞ 误会是这次吵架的原因。
　☞ Misunderstanding is the cause of the quarrel.
　☞ 马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》里揭露了文化生活衰落的真正原因。
　☞ In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels have exposed the real cause of the decline in cultural life.
　 ■ 但如果cause之后接for往往用来解释理由。如：We have no cause for complaint.（我们没有理由埋怨。）有如：There is no cause for anxiety.（没有理由焦急。）除此之外，cause之后不接due to, on account of, because 等词，因为cause本身已含有这些词的含义。
　☞ 他考试不及格的原因是由于他病了。
　☞ The cause of his failure in the examination was his illness.(不说was due to his illness，也不说was on account of his illness)
　☞ 普遍不满的原因是因为老百姓产生了绝望情绪。
　☞ The cause of popular discontent was that people had feelings of despair.(最好不说was because people had feelings of despair)
2．reason, 指人们对发生的事情做出主观解释时的原因，由于这种原因需要解释，故其后接介词for。
　☞ 请告诉我砍这棵树的原因。
　☞ Please tell me the reason for the tree being cut down.
　☞ 试比较：Please tell me the cause of the tree being cut down.
　☞ 你如何解释你改变计划的原因？
　☞ How will you explain the reason for changing the plan?试比较：How will you explain the cause of changing the plan?
　 ■ reason之后接从句要用连词why，其作用与for接名词一样，都起解释作用。不过口语里往往可以省略。
　☞ 他迟到的原因是因为天下雨。
　☞ The reason why he was late was that it rained.
　☞ 我们不能这么干有几个原因。
　☞ There are several reasons why we can't do that.
　 ■ 但也有例外用of的，这时表示的是所属，而不是解释。
　☞ 他是由于健康原因退休的。
　☞ He was retired for reason of health.
　☞ 日本军国主义的失败原因是多方面的、复杂的。
　☞ The reasons of Japanese militarists' defeat were many and complex.
　 ■ 和cause一样，在reason之后也不接due to, on account of, because等词。
　☞ 我爱她的原因是由于她的性格开朗。
　☞ The reason why I love her is her bright and cheerful disposition.(不说is due to或all account of her bright and cheerful disposition)
　☞ 或：The reason why I love her is that she has a bright and cheerful disposition.(最好也不要说is because she has a bright and cheerful disposition)
　 ■ 注：reason后接表语从句一般都用that引导，但现在也有用because的，不过在正式文字里还是用that为好。
原始 原始
1．original，指最初的或最早的。
　☞ 原始记录保存完好。
　☞ The original records are well preserved.
　☞ 在钻井和采矿过程中，原始的天然地热场受到了干扰。
　☞ In the course of drilling and mining, the original natural geothermal field was disturbed.
2．first-hand，指第一手的。
　☞ 我们就是想取得原始数据。
　☞ We simply wish to obtain first-hand data.
　☞ 记者们都说自己从法院那里搞到了原始资料，我不知该信谁的。
　☞ Every journalist says that he has got the information first-hand from the court. I wonder whom to believe.
3．primeval，指世界早期人类刚出现时的原始。
　☞ 北京人属于原始人类。
　☞ Beijing Man belonged to primeval man.
　☞ 该国由于连年不断的战争几乎陷入了原始的蛮荒状态。
　☞ That country has lapsed into nearly its primeval state of wildness because of successive years of war.
4．primitive，指早期文明时的原始。
　☞ 原始人类利用尖利的石块和兽骨为自己制造原始工具。
　☞ Primitive man made himself primitive tools from sharp stones and animal bones.
　☞ 人们都说资本的原始积累都是血淋淋的。
　☞ People say that the primitive accumulation of capital is bloody.
原来（原先） 原来（原先）
　 ■ “原来”、“原先”是一对同义词，一般情况下可以换用。
1．original，originally，指本来。
　☞ 他原来（原先）打算成为一个医生。
　☞ His original intention was to become a doctor.
　☞ 我也在想你原来的句子不完全对。
　☞ I'm also thinking your original sentence is not quite right.
　☞ 他的家人原来是福建的。
　☞ Originally his family came from Fujian.
2．former, formerly，指先前。
　☞ 明朝原来（原先）的首都在南京。
　☞ The former capital of the Ming Dynasty was in NanJing.
　☞ 他原来的同学是国务院的顾问。
　☞ His former classmate is an adviser to the State Council.
　☞ 他原来是工人，现在在大学学习。
　☞ Formerly he was a worker, now he is studying in a college.
3．used to do (be)指过去做过或过去是。
　☞ 我原来（原先）抽烟，现在不抽了。
　☞ I used to smoke, but not now.
　☞ 他原来是个工程师，现在成部长了。
　☞ He used to be an engineer, but now he's become a minister.
4．动词的一般过去时也表示原来的动作或状态，有时还可加上before，表示前后对比。
　☞ 我原来（原先）以为他不会同意，没想到他居然答应了。
　☞ I thought that he would not agree, but to my surprise he said： "Yes".
　☞ 她原来没谈过恋爱，因此也从来没有过那种感觉。
　☞ She was never in love before. so she had never before had that feeling.
　 ■ 但before有时还可用现在时和过去作对比。
　☞ 这个学校原来只有500学生，现在已经有了2,000 多。
　☞ There were 500 students before in this school, but there are more than 2,000 now.
　☞ 他还住在原来的地方。
　☞ He lives in the same place as before.
　☞ 那事你原来告诉过我。
　☞ You've told me that before.
5．下列情况下，只用“原来”，不用“原先”。
1) turn out，表示意外中发现了真实情况。
　☞ 原来这是一个骗局。
　☞ It turned out to be a fraud.
　☞ 这两天我没看见他，原来他有事到上海去了。
　☞ I haven't seen him these days, it turns out that he has gone to Shanghai for business.
2) no wonder，与“难怪”合用，表示在情理之中的某种发现。
　☞ 原来他在美国住了3年，难怪他的英语那么好。
　☞ He lived for three years in the USA, no wonder his English is so good.
　☞ 原来夜里下雪了，难怪那么冷。
　☞ It snowed during the night, no wonder it's so cold.
3) so，表示意外发现某种结论。但如果用附加疑问句(tag question)，则表示对结论的置疑。
　☞ 原来你是这样的朋友！
　☞ So that is the kind of friend you are!
　☞ 原来你杀了自己的男人，还蛮无辜的，是吧？
　☞ So you killed your husband quite innocently, didn't you?
4) why，表示意想不到的发现。
　☞ 奶奶，原来你的眼镜就戴在你的鼻梁上。
　☞ Why, grandma, your glasses are right on your nose.
　☞ 爸爸，原来钥匙就插在锁上。
　☞ Why, dad, the key is inserted right in the lock.
原谅 原谅
1．excuse，指对某些小错误或小过失的原谅。
　☞ 我们原谅了他的疏忽，因为我们知道他处于高度紧张之中。
　☞ We excused his carelessness because we knew he was under a severe strain.
　☞ 我来晚了，请原谅。
　☞ Please excuse me for being late.
2．forgive，指对一切错误过失的原谅，不论其大小。
　☞ 妻子往往原谅不忠的丈夫。
　☞ A wife often forgives an unfaithful husband.
　☞ 我决不原谅你昨天晚上对我说的话。
　☞ I'll never forgive you for what you said to me last night.
3．pardon，指不加以指责或处分的原谅。
　☞ 我不请自来，请你原谅。
　☞ I beg you will pardon me for coming in without being invited.
　☞ 她打碎了我的花瓶，跪下来请我原谅。
　☞ She broke my vase and begged my pardon on her knees.
4．make allowance for，指考虑到某种因素而原谅。
　☞ 要是你们有什么冲突，应当互相原谅。
　☞ If there is confliction between you, you should make allowances for each other.
　☞ 孩子肯定是做错了事，不过你应当原谅他的年幼无知。
　☞ The boy had certainly done wrong, but you should make allowances for his youth and ignorance.
去 去
1．go，单纯强调“去”这个动作，使用范围最广。大 致可以分为以下几类。
1) 用脚走着去或乘交通工具去。
　☞ 学校离这里不远，我走着去。
　☞ The school is not far from here. I'll go on foot.
　☞ 你可以坐船去那里。
　☞ You can go there by ship.
　☞ 我要去车站接人。
　☞ I'm going to the station to meet someone.
2) 后接动词不定式表示去的目的。
　☞ 咱们去看电影。
　☞ Let's go to see the movie.
　☞ 他跟他的同学去打乒乓球了。
　☞ He went to play ping-pong with his classmates.
3) 后接and do sth，等于go to do sth，多用于口语。
　☞ 去替我寄封信。
　☞ Go and post the letter for me.
　☞ 这件事我们决定去研究研究，看该怎么办最好。
　☞ We decided to go and make a study of it, and let's see what is the best thing to do.
4) 后接副词补语，表示已离开了说话地点。
　☞ 他回家去了。
　☞ He went home.
　☞ 咱们上楼去吧。
　☞ Let's go upstairs.
2．be away，off，指“去”的状态。
　☞ 他去了3天还没回来。
　☞ He's been away for three days, and hasn't come back yet.
　☞ 不知道他会去多久。
　☞ There was no knowing how long he might be away.
　☞ 你星期一去上海吗？
　☞ Are you off for Shanghai on Monday?
　☞ 我明天去旅行。
　☞ I'm off on a trip tomorrow.
3．take (make)a trip，指带有旅行色彩的更为正式的说法。
　☞ 我想去一趟国外。
　☞ I think I'll take a trip abroad.
　☞ 王教授专门去了一趟北京，继续他的研究工作。
　☞ Professor Wang had made a special trip to Beijing to pursue his research.
4．send，指寄去、派去。
　☞ 我给他去过两封信。
　☞ I sent him two letters.
　☞ 我们只去了个代表团。
　☞ We only sent a delegation.
5．remove, 指去掉。
　☞ 汽油可以去油迹。
　☞ Gasoline can remove grease stains.
　☞ 把我的名字从你的通讯录上去掉。
　☞ Remove my name from your mailing list.
6．take out, 指除去。
　☞ 汽油能去油迹。
　☞ Gas is good for taking out oil stains.
　☞ 这句话去掉一两个字就更简洁了。
　☞ Take out one or two words and the sentence will be more concise。
7．get rid of，指去掉某种麻烦、痛苦等。
　☞ 这种生发水可以去头皮屑。
　☞ This hair lotion can get rid of dandruff.
　☞ 服一片药，可以去痛。
　☞ Take a tablet, and that will get rid of your pain.
8．“去”用于动词之后，一般可根据上下文用away，off，up等表示。
　☞ 谁把我的笔拿去了？
　☞ Who's taken my pen away?
　☞ 她厌恶地转过脸去。
　☞ She turned away in disgust.
　☞ 信寄去了没有？
　☞ Have you sent the letter off yet?
　☞ 园丁把多余的枝叶剪去了。
　☞ The gardener cut off the unnecessary twigs and branches.
　☞ 我发现苹果被咬去了一大块。
　☞ I found a large piece of the apple was bit off.
　☞ 这些琐碎事情占去了他不少时间。
　☞ Such small things take up a lot of his time.
　☞ 我们花去了所有的钱。
　☞ We used up all the money.
参与 参与
1．participate, participation，指主动参与。
　☞ 中国也参与了第一次世界大战，但没有派军队去欧洲。
　☞ China also participated in the 1st World War but did not send her army to Europe.
　☞ 我们都曾参与黄河治理的规划制定工作。
　☞ We all have participated in the drawing up of the plan of how to bring the Yellow River under control.
　☞ 他对直接参与政治向来是前怕狼后怕虎的。
　☞ He has been shrinking from any direct participation in politics.
2．involve, involvement，指由于卷入而被动参与。
　☞ 大约2,000名妇女参与了那次静坐抗议活动。
　☞ About two thousand women were involved in that sitting.
　☞ 两个团的兵力参与战斗。
　☞ Two regiments were involved in the action.
　☞ 世界事务需要中国参与。
　☞ The world affairs need the involvement of China.
3．have a hand in，指部分参与。
　☞ 她的同学都尊重她，因此学生会的每个重要决定她都参与。
　☞ Her classmates respect her and she has a hand in every important decision made by the student union.
　☞ 你可以肯定他是参与其事的。
　☞ You may be sure that he has a hand in it.
4．share，指共同参与。
　☞ 囚犯矢口否认参与了反对政府的阴谋。
　☞ The prisoner disavowed any share in plot against the government.
　☞ 这件事，我们是共同参与计划的。
　☞ We shared in the planning of it.
参加 参加
1．表示参加某种组织，可用join或be admitted (accepted) into，后者为正式用语。
　☞ 1925年他参加了毛泽东领导的革命组织。
　☞ In 1925 he joined the revolutionary organization headed by Mao Zedong.
　☞ 谁劝你参加这个协会的？
　☞ Who persuaded you to join this society?
　☞ 他20岁就参加了波士顿交响乐团。
　☞ He joined the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the age of twenty.
　☞ 他在解放前就参加了中国共产党。
　☞ He joined (was admitted, accepted into) the Communist Party of China before liberation.
　 ■ “跟…一起参加做…”可用join sb. in。
　☞ 我希望你跟我们一起参加讨论。
　☞ I hope you'll join us in the discussion.
　☞ 我兄弟昨天没跟他的同学一起参加足球赛。
　☞ My brother didn't join his classmates in the football match yesterday.
　☞ 王教授跟他的同事们一起参加了国际经济问题讨论会。
　☞ Professor Wang joined his colleagues in the conference on international economic problems.
　 ■ 但如果只说一起参加，而不强调做什么，则译成join sb.或sth.如：
　☞ 我晚一点来参加你们。
　☞ I'll join you later.
　☞ 赶快来参加球赛吧。
　☞ Come along and join the ball game.
2．表示参加某项活动，可用join in，take part in, come in on, participate in。
1) join in是join sb. in的简化，因此其内涵仍有“跟…一起参加做…”的意思，只是相对弱化了sb.这个宾语，而强化了in后面的活动。
　☞ 接着，一个女职员也参加了讨论。
　☞ Then a girl clerk also joined in the discussion.
　☞ 他们参加了联欢会，而且玩得很痛快。
　☞ They joined in the get-together and had a good time.
　☞ 你来参加我们的合唱吗？
　☞ Are you going to join in our group singing?
　 ■ join in有时可以不接宾语，但上述内涵依然不变。
　☞ 一个救护队组织起来了，我和老李一起参加抬担架。
　☞ An ambulance service was organized and I joined in with Li as a stretcher-bearer.
　☞ 他们出来做早操，我也参加。
　☞ They came out for their morning exercises. I also joined in.
2) take part in，一般可以与join in换用，但较为正式。
　☞ 10多万矿工参加了罢工，要求提高工资。
　☞ More than 100,000 miners took part in (joined in) the strike for better pay.
　☞ 你去参加讨论吗？
　☞ Are you going to take part in (join in) the discussion?
　 ■ 但take part in与join in不同点在于前者是正式用语，而且part前可以加修饰语。
　☞ 所有党委成员都直接参加生产劳动。
　☞ All members of the Party Committee take a direct part in production labor.
　☞ 她们都积极参加了争取妇女平等权利的斗争。
　☞ They took an active part in fighting for equal rights for women.
3) come in on，有主动要求参加的意思。
　☞ 我厂正在试制一种新光源，几所大学的实验室主动提出参加试制。
　☞ Our factory was trial-making a new electric light source, and some of the university laboratories offered to come in on it.
　☞ 只有等到中农看清了革命将要胜利的时候，才会参加到革命方面来。
　☞ It is only after the middle peasants clearly see the approaching triumph of the revolution that they will come in on the side of the revolution.
4) participate in，为书面语，显得庄重。
　☞ 非职业选手可以参加业余网球邀请赛。
　☞ Non-professionals may participate in the amateur tennis tournaments.
　☞ 解放后不少妇女参加管理国家大事。
　☞ After liberation, not a few women participated in the management of state affairs.
3．如果参加仅指列席，可有以下几种译法。
1) attend，指出席。
　☞ 他决定亲自参加会议。
　☞ He decided to attend the conference in person.
　☞ 这是我曾经参加过的最大的婚礼。
　☞ It is the grandest wedding I've ever attended.
　☞ 昨天我在人民大会堂参加了一次社交性集会。
　☞ I attended a social gathering in the Great Hall of the People yesterday.
　☞ 她没有参加葬礼，怕触目伤心。
　☞ She did not attend the funeral for fear that "would grieve her.
2) be present，指在场。
　☞ 有多少人参加会议？
　☞ How many people were present at the meeting?
　☞ 我参加了葬礼。
　☞ I was present at the funeral.
　☞ 见到那么多人参加，他很高兴。
　☞ He was pleased at seeing so many people present.
3) go to，指到场。
　☞ 你参加了昨天的会议了吗？
　☞ Did you go to the meeting yesterday?
　☞ 她爱好音乐，所以常常参加音乐会。
　☞ She loves music and often goes to the concert.
4．报名参加某种活动，可译enter for。
　☞ 他参加了自行车比赛。
　☞ He entered for the bicycle race.
　☞ 我每年都要参加歌咏比赛。
　☞ Every year I enter for the singing competition.
5．“参加考试”中的参加，可译take。
　☞ 我参加了1978年7月的大学入学考试，但名落孙山。
　☞ In July 1978, I took the college entrance examination but failed.
6．参加某种课程的学习，可译enroll in a course。
　☞ 参加英语学习班是我多年的愿望。
　☞ It has been my wish for years to enroll in an English course.
7．参加发表意见，可译give one's view (advice，suggestion等)。
　☞ 这件事你也来参加点意见好吗？
　☞ Come and give us your view on the matter, won't you?
8．笼统的“参如”，可译get into。
　☞ 参加容易脱离难呀。
　☞ It is easier to get into them than to get out 你什么时候参加这个足球队的？
　☞ When did you get into this football team?
参考 参考
1．从“查”的角度来译，可用consult, refer to。
　☞ 他参考了不少有关的书刊。
　☞ He consulted a number of relevant books and periodicals.
　☞ 作者参考了100多种原始资料才写成这本传记。
　☞ The author did not complete the biography till he consulted more than one hundred source books.
　☞ 我记不清楚时，总是参考有关书籍。
　☞ When I can't remember clearly, I always refer to relevant books.
　☞ 如果你不懂这个意思，可以参考词典。
　☞ If you don't know what this means, refer to the dictionary.
2．从“阅”的角度来译，可用read for reference。
　☞ 学习时事，可以参考这篇文章。
　☞ In studying current affairs you might read this article for reference.
　☞ 讨论下一步怎么做时，我们参考了总工程师的总结报告。
　☞ We read the summary report of the chief engineer for reference while discussing what to do next.
3．“仅供参考”，可译for reference only。
　☞ 这些历史文献仅供参考。
　☞ These historical documents are for reference only.
参观 参观
1．娱乐观光式的访问为visit。
　☞ 北京有许多名胜古迹可供参观。
　☞ In Beijing there are many places of historic interest and scenic beauty to visit.
　☞ 秋天是参观苏杭的最好季节。
　☞ Autumn is the best season to visit Suzhou and Hangzhou.
　 ■ 但如果访问与参观并用时，可译成visit and view。
　☞ 尼克松总统及其一行访问了北京，参观了文化、工业和农业项目。
　☞ President Nixon and his party visited Beijing and viewed cultural, industrial, and agricultural sites.
2．表示察看，可译成view。
　☞ 有几位买主已经来参观过房子了。
　☞ Several possible buyers come to view the house.
　☞ 我带着他参观了这个古色古香的小镇。
　☞ I took him to view this little antique town.
　☞ 你参观了博物馆新收藏的钱币了吗？
　☞ Have you viewed the museum's new coin collection?
3．带着参观，应译为show around (round)。
　☞ 队长带我们参观了实验田。
　☞ The team leader showed us around the experimental plot.
　☞ 厂长带着外宾参观了工厂。
　☞ The director showed the foreign guests round the factory.
4．如果参观强调的是游览，也可译go on sight-seeing (trip)。
　☞ 俄罗斯代表团会谈后参观了北京的名胜古迹。
　☞ The Russian delegation went on sightseeing trip to scenic spots and historical monuments after negotiation.
5．路标上的“欢迎参观”可译作：Visitors are welcome。
又 又
　 ■ “又”是个虚词，汉语里大致有以下几种用法。
1．表示重复。
1) again，用于动作的重复，用来修饰动词。
　☞ 我在5点钟又给了她药。
　☞ I gave her medicine again at five.
　☞ 他把信读了又读。
　☞ He read the letter through again and again.
　☞ 这件事她说了又说。
　☞ She said it over and over again.
2) another，用于情况的重复，用来修饰名词。
　☞ 可怜的娟子又动了一次手术。
　☞ The poor Juanzi has had another operation.
　☞ 3天以后又来了一场暴风雪。
　☞ Three days later there came another snowstorm.
　 ■ 一般情况下，another后的名词只用单数，但却可以跟带有数词或few的复数名词。
　☞ 我又有了3天假。
　☞ I've got another three days' holiday.
　☞ 你受伤后又有几个工人受了伤。
　☞ Another few workers were injured after your injury.
3) more，也用来修饰名词，由于another只用于单数名词，故用more来修饰复数名词。
　☞ 又有6名军官被捕，其中包括3名将军。
　☞ Six more officers were arrested, including three generals.
　☞ 又将有3个步兵师被派往伊拉克。
　☞ Three more infantry divisions will be sent to Iraq.
　 ■ again，another，one more的区别可在下列译文中进行比较。
　☞ 他的作文里又有一个错。
　☞ There is a mistake again in his composition. （强；调出错的重复）
　☞ There is another mistake in his composition. （强调又是一个错）
　☞ There is one more mistake in his composition.（强调从数的概念上又是一个错）
2．表示同时存在。
1) both... and... ，用来连接相同的词类，有“既…又…”，“又…又…”的意思。
　☞ 这房间既宽敞又明亮。
　☞ The room is both spacious and bright.
　☞ 她将在今晚的节目里又唱又跳。
　☞ She will both sing and dance in the program tonight.
2) at once... and... ，也可连接相同的词类，但比both... and... 更强调同时的存在或发生。
　☞ 世界就是这样一个辩证法：又动又不动。
　☞ All things are at once in motion and not in motion;
　☞ such is the dialectics of our world.
　☞ 王林既弹钢琴又指挥乐队。
　☞ Wang Lin plays the piano at once and leads his orchestra.
3．表示叠加。
1) and，连接叠加起来的两个相同的动作。
　☞ 他想了又想，终于想出了一个好办法。
　☞ He thought and thought, and finally he got a good idea.
　☞ 他说了又说，但大家对他的话不感兴趣。
　☞ He talked and talked, but nobody was interested in what he said.
2) also，too，as well，连接一个动作之外又加上另一个动作或表示几种情况同时存在。
　☞ 他要买肉又要买鱼。
　☞ He wants to buy meat and also fish.
　☞ 流行性感冒又叫流感。
　☞ Influenza is also called flu.
　☞ 这个很好，又便宜。
　☞ This is very good, and inexpensive too.
　☞ 昨天我们跟踪了这辆黑色福特车，今天又跟。
　☞ We followed the black Ford yesterday and we follow it today as well.
4．表示转折。
1) but，指在对比中进行转拆。
　☞ 我想去又怕没时间。
　☞ I'd like to go, but I'm not sure if I can find the time.
　☞ 我本来应当帮他，却又没帮他。
　☞ I ought to have helped him, but I didn't.
2) and yet，常用来进一步说明前面的事实以突出转折。
　☞ 又要马儿跑，又要马儿不吃草。
　☞ You want the horse to run fast, and yet you don't let it graze.
　☞ 她是个滑稽可笑的姑娘，而你又由不得地喜欢她。
　☞ She is a funny girl, and yet you can't help liking her.
5．表示递进。
1) not only... but... as well，指在前面的基础上又进了一步。
　☞ 这套家具既美观，又大方，你的朋友一定很喜欢。
　☞ This set of furniture is not only beautiful but graceful as well. Your friend will like it very much.
　☞ 这房间又宽敞，又明亮。
　☞ The room is not only spacious but bright as well.
2) in turn，指做了一件事，反过来又做了另一件事。
　☞ 土壤滋养了植物，反过来植物又保护了土壤。
　☞ The soil feeds plants; the plants in turn protect the soil.
　☞ 我把这消息告诉了他，他又把消息告诉了她。
　☞ I told him the news, and he in turn told it to her.
3) in one's turn，by turns，指轮流做一件事。
　☞ 一个复杂的东西分成了比较简单的局部，而这些简单的局部又分成更加简单的细部。
　☞ What is compound is split up into more simple parts and these, in their turn, into still simpler ones.
　☞ 她一会儿笑，又一会儿哭。
　☞ She laughed and cried by turns.
6．表示强调语气时，一般可以不译。
　☞ 我没说你不对，你又何必那么生气呢？
　☞ I didn't say you were wrong. Why should you be so angry?
　☞ 这活又不重，我一介人肯定能对付。
　☞ That's not a hard job. I'm sure I can manage it alone.
　☞ 这样做又有什么好处呢？
　☞ What good is there in doing that?
及时 及时
1．timely，指适时。
　☞ 这场雨下得真及时。
　☞ This is a timely rain indeed.
　☞ 是你及时警告才救了我们的命。
　☞ It is your timely warning that saved our lives.
2．in time，指准时。
　☞ 我们及时赶到景洪，正好赶上傣族的泼水节。
　☞ We got to Jinghong in time for the Dai Water-Splashing Festival.
　☞ 我因为没有及时寄出申请书而失去了上大学的机会。
　☞ I missed my chance to get a university place because I didn't send my application in time.
3．seasonable，指合乎时宜。
　☞ 医务人员向发生车祸的人们做出了及时的救助。
　☞ The doctors and nurses gave seasonable aid to men to whom an automobile accident happened.
　☞ 他及时的忠告救我于破产之中。
　☞ His seasonable advice saved me from going bankrupt.
4．in good time，指正是时候。
　☞ 要及时解决交通拥挤问题。
　☞ The problem of traffic congestion must be dealt with in good time.
　☞ 消防队及时赶到现场扑灭火灾。
　☞ The fire brigade rushed to the spot in good time to put out the fire.
5．at the right time，指就在此时。
　☞ 春播要及时。
　☞ Spring sowing must be done at the right time.
　☞ 这场雪下得及时。
　☞ This snow has come at the right time.
6．prompt，指行动迅速。
　☞ 他平时总要及时发表一点批评意见。
　☞ He is always prompt to voice some criticism.
　☞ 有病要及时治疗。
　☞ Get prompt treatment when you are ill.
7．without delay，指不耽误。
　☞ 今晚有暴风雨，要及时通知渔民。
　☞ Tonight there will be a storm. We must notify the fishermen without delay.
　☞ 任何调查结果都要及时汇报。
　☞ The findings of any investigation must be reported without delay.
发展 发展
1．develop，强调自然和人为的整个发展过程。
　☞ 在一切国民党区域，党的基本方针同样是发展进步势力，争取中间势力，孤立顽固势力。
　☞ In all the KMT areas the Party's basic policy is to develop the progressive forces, win over the middle forces and isolate the die-hard forces.
　☞ 该书的其余部分只是发展了第一章里的思想。
　☞ The rest of the book merely developed the ideas of the first chapter.
　☞ 他们在发展拉美联合上起过重大作用。
　☞ They played an important part in developing Latin America unionism.
　☞ 上海已发展成为世界最大海港中的一个。
　☞ Shanghai has developed into one of the greatest ports in the world.
　☞ 我们发展核武器是为了消灭核武器。
　☞ We are developing nuclear weapons to do away with such weapons.
　☞ 列宁进一步发展了马克思主义的国家学说。
　☞ Lenin further developed the Marxist doctrine of the state.
　☞ 农、林、牧、副、渔应同时发展。
　☞ Agriculture, forestry, livestock-breeding, fishery and side occupations should be developed simultaneously.
　☞ 他说他的国家愿同中国发展传统友谊。
　☞ He says his country wishes to develop its traditional friendship with China.
　☞ 坚持发展经济，保障供给是我们的任务。
　☞ Our task is to develop the economy persistency and ensure supplies.
　☞ 辩证唯物主义的观点是要用发展的眼光看人。
　☞ It is dialectical materialist point of view to look at a person with an eye on the course of his development.
2．grow，强调成长的过程。
　☞ 当时盛行一种说法，即资本主义自发势力一直在发展。
　☞ A formulation prevailed at that time that the spontaneous forces of capitalism had been steadily growing.
　☞ 城市的迅速发展，也发展了大批劳动阶级。
　☞ Cities grow rapidly, and a large laboring class develops.
　☞ 同样，共产党在全国范围内越发展，则克服投降危险的可能性越增加。
　☞ Similarly, the more the Communist Party grows throughout the country, the greater will be the possibility of averting the danger of capitulation.
　☞ 民权运动在世界许多地方都在迅速发展。
　☞ Movement for civil rights is growing rapidly in many parts of the world.
　☞ 这种思想随着岁月的消逝而发展了。
　☞ This thought grew as the years passed.
3．(make) advance, carry forward，强调推进的发展过程。
　☞ 马克思主义一定要向前发展，要随着实践的发展而发展。
　☞ Marxism must certainly advance; it must develop along with the development of practice.
　☞ 我们不应自满，还应继续发展大好形势。
　☞ We should not be self-satisfied and must make further advances on the already very good situation.
　☞ 最近50年来，科学有了长足的发展。
　☞ Science has made great advances in the last fifty years.
　☞ 没有重工业就不可能有经济的发展。
　☞ Without heavy industry there can be no economic advance.
　☞ 找出癌症的治疗方法将是医学的一大发展。
　☞ Discovering a cure for cancer would be a major medical advance.
　☞ 我们必须乘胜前进，发展大好形势。
　☞ We must continue our triumphant advance and carry forward the excellent situation.
4．go ahead，forge ahead，head，强调具有一定前进方向的自动发展过程。
　☞ 第三世界国家的力量在迅速发展壮大。
　☞ The third world countries are rapidly going ahead from strength to strength.
　☞ 革命在发展。
　☞ The revolution is going ahead.
　☞ 我国社会主义建设在蓬勃发展。
　☞ China's socialist construction is forging vigorously ahead.
　☞ 激光技术已在迅速发展。
　☞ Laser technology has gone ahead rapidly.
　☞ 中国的改革正向着新的目标和更大的胜利发展。
　☞ The reform in China is forging ahead to new goals and still greater victories.
　☞ 1933年后，德国政局变本加厉地向着公开的法西斯独裁统治发展。
　☞ From 1933, the German political situation increasingly headed toward an open fascist dictatorship.
　☞ 他们这种政策是向着破产方向发展的。
　☞ This policy of theirs is headed for bankruptcy.
　☞ 他们是在向资本主义方向发展。
　☞ They are heading in the capitalist direction.
5．expand，强调扩张的发展过程。
　☞ 毛主席于1940年发出“发展抗日力量”的号召。
　☞ Chairman Mao issued the call: "Freely expand the anti-Japanese forces" in 1940.
　☞ 即是说，江北越胜利，越发展，则顾祝同在江南越不敢轻举妄动。
　☞ That is to say, the more victories we win and the more we expand north of the Changjiang River, the more will Gu Zhutong be afraid to act rashly South of the Changjiang River.
　☞ 这个反革命集团，在解放以后是发展了，如果不加以制止，还会发展下去。
　☞ After liberation, this counter-revolutionary clique expanded, and if unchecked, would go on expanding.
　☞ 否则生产就不能发展。
　☞ Otherwise, production cannot be expanded.
6．build up，强调建立的发展过程。
　☞ 国家决定发展自己的武装力量。
　☞ The country is determined to build up its armed forces.
　☞ 许多重大的企业一开始都是由小企业发展起来的。
　☞ Many large and important enterprises have been built up from small beginnings.
　☞ 他们努力工作，以发展两国人民之间的友谊。
　☞ They worked hard to build up the friendship between the two peoples.
7．further，强调继续发展的过程。
　☞ 我们希望两国共同努力，发展现有的关系。
　☞ We hope the two countries will make joint efforts to further existing relations.
　☞ 这反过来又引导政府来发展科学。
　☞ This in turn led the government to further the science.
　☞ 这一组织正被用来发展两国间的友好联系。
　☞ The organization is being used to further the friendly ties between the countries.
8．evolve，强调逐步发展的过程。
　☞ 英国的政治制度已发展了几个世纪。
　☞ The British political system has evolved over several centuries.
　☞ 整个设想是由一次偶然的谈论而发展起来的。
　☞ The whole idea evolved from a casual remark.
　☞ 我们希望这次首脑聚会最终会发展为非洲国家联盟。
　☞ We hope that the summit conference will evolve eventually into a union of African States.
9．admit, recruit，强调组织发展的过程。
　☞ 这样的人不能发展为中国共产党党员。
　☞ Such people should not be admitted to the Communist Party of China.
　☞ 他们发展他参加这一组织。
　☞ They admitted him into the organization.
　☞ 你不能多发展些成员参加音乐家协会吗？
　☞ Can't you recruit more members to the musicians' society?
反 反
1．back，指背后。
　☞ 我们看见他被反绑着朝我们走来。
　☞ We saw him walking toward us with his hands tied behind his back.
　☞ 这就叫做“义无反顾”。
　☞ That is called "There can be no turning back when doing what is righteous."
2．back，指驳回。
　☞ 他的话滔滔不绝，根本不让她反驳。
　☞ He poured out words and left her no room to talk back.
　☞ 她对同志们的批评不但置之不理，甚至反唇相讥.
　☞ She not only ignored the criticism of her comrades but went so far as to answer back sarcastically.
3．inside out，指反面。
　☞ 你袜子穿反了。
　☞ You have put your socks on inside out.
　☞ 天气暖和的时候，老乡的皮衣都反着穿。
　☞ When it was getting warm, the villagers wore their fur coats inside out.
4．turn over, turn…into, turn… on，指翻过来。
　☞ 做这件事易如反掌。
　☞ To do this is as easy as turning over one's palm.
　☞ 我可以给你举个反败为胜的例子。
　☞ I can give you an example of turning defeat into victory.
　☞ 现在该我们反守为攻了。
　☞ Now it's time for us to turn the tables on us.
5．be opposed to，指态度上反对。
　☞ 人民都是反战的。
　☞ All peoples are opposed to war.
　☞ 我们之所以要去，是因为我们是反侵略的。
　☞ The reason why we went was that we were opposed to aggression.
6．用前缀anti-，counter-，指性质上反对。
　☞ 在公共场所乱丢垃圾是违反社会公德的。
　☞ It is antisocial to leave litter in public places.
　☞ 我军于拂晓向敌人发动猛烈反攻。
　☞ Our troops launched a fierce counterattack against the enemy at dawn.
7．opposite, on the contrary，指相反。
　☞ 我们非常想赢这场比赛，结果适得其反。
　☞ We wanted very much to win the game, but the result was just the opposite.
　☞ 现在咱们要反其道而行之。
　☞ Now let's do exactly the opposite.
　☞ 这样做不但于事无补，反会把事情弄糟。
　☞ This won't do any good; on the contrary, it will make things even worse.
　☞ 结果反而不美。
　☞ On the contrary the result turned out disagreeable.
8．instead，指反而。
　☞ 他不但不支持我，反把我批评了一顿。
　☞ Instead of supporting me he criticized me.
　☞ 她没给他钱，反给了我。
　☞ Instead of giving him money, she gave it to me.
反之 反之
1．otherwise，指反过来说，前后意思正好相反，有较强的对比。
　☞ 如果你们练球真的刻苦，就会赢，反之他们要赢。
　☞ If you really apply yourselves to practicing ball games, you will win; otherwise they will win.
　☞ 按照正确政策办事，我们就胜利，反之就失败。
　☞ Whenever we followed a correct policy we were successful; otherwise we failed.
2．whereas，也表示对比关系，但没有otherwise强烈。
　☞ 愿为人民服务的人，人民就欢迎他，反之，只为自己打算的人，就不欢迎他。
　☞ Those who have the welfare of the people at heart are popular, whereas those who think only of themselves are unpopular.
　☞ 为了自己的子女她什么都干，反之，为别人她则什么都不干。
　☞ She does everything for her children, whereas she does nothing for others.
3．vice versa，表示在同一条件下正反双方都一样。
　☞ 现在男女平等，男人可以与妻子离婚，反之也一样。
　☞ Now man and woman are equal. A man divorces his wife, or vice versa.
　☞ 投资超过储蓄，物价就会上升，反之亦然。
　☞ An excess of investment over saving means rising prices，and vice versa.
反复 反复
1．repeated, repeatedly，表示一再重复。
　☞ 这计划是经过反复讨论而产生的。
　☞ The plan was born out of repeated discussion.
　☞ 他反复尝试，但都无用。
　☞ He made repeated attempts, but to no avail.
　☞ 他不顾我们的反复要求，拒绝一切采访。
　☞ In spite of our repeated requests, he refused all interviews.
　☞ 两个计划都反复尝试过，但没有一次是成功的。
　☞ Both plans have been tried repeatedly, but never with success.
　☞ 他在会上反复强调思想工作的重要性。
　☞ At the meeting he repeatedly stressed the importance of ideological work.
2．again and again, over and over again, time and again，表示一次又一次。
　☞ 比赛过程中，观众对两国运动员的精湛球艺反复报以热烈的掌声。
　☞ Throughout the match, the spectators applauded again and again for the fine skill of the players of the two countries.
　☞ 我反复讲解以后他才弄懂了这一表达方式的意义。
　☞ He didn't understand the meaning of this expression until I explained it over and over again.
　☞ 他要我反复念同一个词。
　☞ He made me pronounce the same word over and over again.
　☞ 我们老师反复强调课外活动的重要性。
　☞ Our teacher have time and again stressed the importance of extracurricular activities.
3．have a relapse，表示疾病或恶习的复发。
　☞ 你的病现在虽然好了，不过要防止反复。
　☞ You are well now, but mind you don't have a relapse.
　☞ 病人有过一次大反复。
　☞ The patient had a major relapse.
　☞ 你思想有点反复也难怪。
　☞ It is understandable that you should have some ideological relapse.
　☞ 他发誓再也不偷东西了，但马上又出现了反复。
　☞ He swore that he would never steal again, but soon he had a relapse.
4．up and down, have setback，表示胜利与挫折，好与坏等起起伏伏的反复。
　☞ 不管战争有多少反复，侵略者的命运是注定了的。
　☞ No matter how many ups and downs there are in the war, the fate of the aggressors is sealed.
　☞ 最近我的身体状况老是反复，我想我得休假了。
　☞ I've been rather up and down recently. I think I need a holiday.
　☞ 我们的革命由于左倾机会主义的错误有过几次令人气馁的反复。
　☞ Our revolution had several nasty setbacks due to the errors of the Left opportunism.
　☞ 病人在康复过程中出现了反复。
　☞ The patient had a setback in his recovery.
反对 反对
1．oppose (with)，be opposed to，可指任何程度的反对，从温和的不赞成、不同意，到积极的对抗。两 者的区别在于oppose to表示反对的行动，而be opposed to仅表示反对的态度。
　☞ 要提倡唯物辩证法，反对行而上学和烦琐哲学。
　☞ We must promote materialist dialectics and oppose metaphysics and scholasticism.
　☞ 凡是敌人反对的，我们就要拥护，凡是敌人拥护的，我们就要反对。
　☞ We should support whatever the enemy oppose and oppose whatever the enemy support.
　☞ 我党的方针是坚决反对内战，阻止内战。
　☞ Our Party's policy is to resolutely oppose civil war and prevent civil war.
　☞ 我们坚决反对大国沙文主义。
　☞ We resolutely oppose great power chauvinism.
　☞ 他们不敢反对人民明确希望得到的东西。
　☞ They didn't dare to oppose what the people so plainly desired.
　☞ 即使我反对他，但我得说他是个老实人。
　☞ He is an honest man; I say it, even though I have opposed him.
　☞ 我们用人民战争反对侵略战争。
　☞ We oppose the war of aggression with the people's war.
　☞ 这件事他开始时是激烈反对的。
　☞ He was violently opposed to it at first.
　☞ 中国人民是反对这场战争的。
　☞ The Chinese people are opposed to the war.
　☞ 当时他们是坚决反对农业搞单干的。
　☞ They were resolutely opposed to individual farming.
2．object to，常指瞬间，突然反映出来的反对，未经过深思熟虑，因而反对的往往是日常生活中的小事。
　☞ 有些人往往反对一切。
　☞ Some people always object to everything.
　☞ 他们是个人之间的原因才反对他的。
　☞ They objected to him on personal grounds.
　☞ 我们反对弃学经商。
　☞ We object to leaving school and going into business.
　☞ 他妻子反对他出国。
　☞ His wife objects to his going abroad.
　☞ 因此我想，如果我把它们换了，你也不会反对的。
　☞ And so I thought you wouldn't object if I change them.
　☞ 我是根据原则反对这一点的，而不是因为影响了我个人。
　☞ I object to this on principle, not because it affects me personally.
3．fight against，词义较窄，只指通过某种战斗、斗争等手段而表现出来的反对。
　☞ 只有反对贪污浪费才能使整个社会风气好转。
　☞ Only by fighting against corruption and waste can we make the general mood of society take a favorable turn.
　☞ 他坚决反对歪曲马克思主义理论的一切企图。
　☞ He fought stubbornly against all attempts to distort Marxist theory.
　☞ 独立战争中英国反对过美国。
　☞ Britain fought against the U.S. in the War of Independence.
　☞ 他领导工人们反对压迫和剥削。
　☞ He led the workers in fighting against oppression and exploitation.
　☞ 这增加了他们反对这场肮脏战争的决心。
　☞ This increased their determination to fight against that dirty war.
　☞ 我们反对主观主义和宗派主义，如果不连党八股也给以清除，那它们就有一个藏身的地方。
　☞ We are fighting against subjectivism and sectarianism, but they will still have a hiding place to lurk in if at the same time we do not get rid of stereotyped Party writing.
4．combat与fight against相比进取性较弱，其含义往往强调反对的迫切性，常与某些表示抽象概念的名词搭配。
　☞ 反对官僚主义、反对命令主义、反对违法乱纪这件事，应当引起我们各级领导机关的注意。
　☞ Task of combating bureaucracy, commandism and violation of law and discipline should arouse the attention of our leading bodies at all levels.
　☞ 现在我们必须反对主观主义，既反对盲目冒进的主观主义，也反对保守的主观主义。
　☞ At present we must combat subjectivism, not only in the form of rash advance but also in the form of conservatism.
　☞ 第三世界是一支反对霸权主义的重要力量。
　☞ The Third World is an important force in combating hegemony.
　☞ 毛主席于1937年发出了“反对自由主义”的号召。
　☞ In 1937, Chairman Mao issued the call "Combat liberalism".
5．be attacked，由于是被动式，其进取性也弱。
　☞ 党八股也是一种洋八股，这洋八股，鲁迅早就反对过。
　☞ Stereotyped Party Writing is, moreover, one brand of the" foreign stereotype" which was attacked by Lu Xun a long time ago.
　☞ 被敌人反对是好事，而不是坏事。
　☞ To be attacked by the enemy is a good thing, not a bad thing.
6．against，常用于各种修饰语。
　☞ 反对贪污和浪费的斗争有了一些成绩，以后还应努力。
　☞ Our campaigns against corruption and waste have already achieved results, but further efforts are required.
　☞ 罢工委员会成员都投票反对复工。
　☞ Every member of the Strike Committee voted against going back to work.
　 ■ 但偶尔也有用作谓语的，这时可用be opposed to换用。
　☞ 我们对世界大战的态度是：第一，反对；第二，不怕。
　☞ Our attitude on the question of world war is: first, we are against; second, we are not afraid of it.
反应 反应
1．受到外界刺激后产生的反应，用react to，reaction，respond to，response，可互换。
　☞ 狗对主人善待的反应是报之以爱。
　☞ A dog reacts (responds) to kind treatment by loving its master.
　☞ 如果你碰一下刺猬，它的反应是缩成一团。
　☞ If you touch a hedgehog, it will react (respond) by curling into a ball.
　☞ 新闻界对要求新闻检查的反应报之以一连串愤怒的社论。
　☞ The press reacted to the demand of censorship with a series of angry editorials.
　☞ 华盛顿的反应迅速而激烈。
　☞ Washington reacted swiftly and violently.
　☞ 对他建议的反应不一。
　☞ The reactions to his proposal varied.
　☞ 她对强光的反应是手搭凉棚遮住眼睛。
　☞ She responded to the strong light by shading her eyes with her hand.
　☞ 对这类讲授，班上的反应不好。
　☞ To this kind of teaching, the class responded badly.
　☞ 根据听众的反应判断，我认为我作了一次成功的讲话。
　☞ I thought that, judging by the response of the audience, I had made a successful speech.
2．对治疗、药物的反应，用respond，response，指好反应，如用react，reaction，则可好可坏。
　☞ 小男孩对药物的反应很快，没几天就好了。
　☞ The little boy responded quickly to the medicine and was well in a few days.
　☞ 病人对新疗法的反应很好。
　☞ The response of the patient was good to the new therapy.
　☞ 你的病人对新疗程的反应如何？
　☞ How is your patient reacting to the new course of treatment?
　☞ 他对医生的治疗反应是满意的。
　☞ His reaction to the doctor's treatment was satisfactory.
　☞ 他打了一针青霉素，产生了过敏反应。
　☞ The injection of penicillin produced an allergic reaction in him.
3．作为一种答复的反应，一般只用respond，response。
　☞ 我向他提议喝点什么东西，但他没有反应。
　☞ I offered him to drink something but he didn't respond.
　☞ 他对我建议的反应只是笑一笑。
　☞ He responded to my suggestion by laughing.
　☞ 我问他是否饿了，但他没有反应。
　☞ I asked her if she was hungry but she made no response.
4．化学反应一般只用react，reaction。
　☞ 酸与碱相互反应会产生盐。
　☞ An acid can react with a base to forma salt.
　☞ 氨反应于硫酸产生硫酸铵。
　☞ Ammonia reacts with sulfuric acid to form ammonium sulfate.
　☞ 氢氧反应产生水。
　☞ The reaction of hydrogen with oxygen gives water.
　☞ 仔细观察正在发生的化学反应。
　☞ Observe carefully the chemical reaction which is taking place.
反映 反映
1．reflect，从反射的角度反映。
　☞ 反映于旧制度中的旧思想残余将长期留在人们的头脑里。
　☞ Remnants of old ideas reflecting in the old system will remain in people's mind for a long time.
　☞ 艺术应该反映人民的生活和愿望。
　☞ Art must reflect the life and aspirations of the people.
　☞ 他的声明反映了他在这件事情上的态度。
　☞ His statement reflected his attitude to this matter.
　☞ 他们的行动是反映他们思想的。
　☞ Their action reflects their thought.
　☞ 他的一举一动都反映了他的教养。
　☞ His behavior reflects his upbringing.
　☞ 人民币在世界货币市场上继续增值就反映了这些事实。
　☞ Reflecting these facts, the RMB continued to appreciate in the world's money market.
2．mirror，从映照的角度反映。
　☞ 这些戏剧从不同的角度反映了我们的革命斗争。
　☞ These plays mirror our revolutionary struggles from various angles.
　☞ 展览反映了社会主义革命和社会主义建设的巨大成就。
　☞ The exhibition mirrors the magnificent achievements made in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
　☞ 他的痛苦都反映在他脸上了。
　☞ His suffering was mirrored in his face.
　☞ 我市不大，却反映出我国的发展及特征。
　☞ Our city is not a large one, but it mirrors the development and character of our nation.
3．find expression in, give expression to，从表现的角度反映。
　☞ 社会上的阶级斗争必然要反映到党内来的。
　☞ Class struggle in society will inevitably find expression in the Party.
　☞ 这些原则充分反映在两国间的友好关系之中了。
　☞ These principles have found full expression in the friendly relations between the two countries.
　☞ 他们的个人主义反映在寻欢作乐上。
　☞ Their individualism finds expression in pleasure seeking.
　☞ 资产阶级、小资产阶级，他们的思想意识是一定要反映出来的。
　☞ Inevitably, the bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie will give expression to their own ideologies.
　☞ 这一声明充分反映了巴勒斯坦人民的决心。
　☞ The statement gave full expression to the determination of the Palestinian people.
　☞ 罢工反映了工人阶级对雇主的不满。
　☞ Strikes give expression to the discontent of the working class with their employers.
4．manifest，从显示的角度反映。
　☞ 中国人相信笔迹可以直接反映一个人的内在性格。
　☞ In handwriting the Chinese believe that the inner personality of the writer is directly manifested.
　☞ 据说，一个人种的整个历史可以反映这一人种在智力和感情上固有的同一特点。
　☞ It is said that a race manifests in all its history the same innate mental and emotional characteristics.
　☞ 囚犯的罪行很快就反映出来了。
　☞ The prisoner's guilt soon manifested itself.
　☞ 这些新出土的文物反映了古代中国劳动人民的聪明才智。
　☞ These newly unearthed cultural objects manifested the intelligence of the working people of ancient China.
　☞ 他的话反映了这一说法的真实性。
　☞ His speech manifested the truth of the story.
5．present，从呈现的角度反映。
　☞ 报纸批评该作家没有在他作品里真实地反映生活。
　☞ Newspapers criticized the author because he failed to present a true picture of life in his works.
　☞ 最近这一发展反映了人民能否承受这种压力的问题。
　☞ This latest development presents a problem of whether the people can bear such pressure.
　☞ 这一案件反映了某些令人感兴趣的特点。
　☞ The case presents some interesting features.
6．represent, depict，从描述、描绘某一事物的角度反映。
　☞ 他常用传统国画手法反映祖国的新面貌。
　☞ He often uses the traditional style of painting to represent the new face of our country.
　☞ 这个决定反映了广大人民的根本利益。
　☞ This decision represents the fundamental interests of the people.
　☞ 这不过反映了统治方式有了变化。
　☞ This merely represented a change in the form of the rule.
　☞ 我国新宪法反映了我国政治制度的进步。
　☞ Our country's new constitution represents an improvement in our political system.
　☞ 这一决议反映了全世界大多数人的意愿。
　☞ This resolution represents the opinion of the vast majority of the whole world.
　☞ 该书反映了工农兵的战斗生活。
　☞ The book depicts the struggle of the workers, peasants and soldiers.
　☞ 影片反映了淮海战役。
　☞ The film depicts the Huaihai Campaign.
7．report，从报告的角度反映。
　☞ 你们这些意见都将向上级反映。
　☞ All of your opinions will be reported to the higher levels.
　☞ 你表现不好，我必须向校长反映。
　☞ I must report your bad behavior to the headmaster.
　☞ 那家伙这样鬼鬼祟祟的想干什么？得向派出所反映。
　☞ What's that fellow up to, sneaking around like that?
　☞ I'll have to report him to the local police station.
　☞ 你这种傲慢的说法是要反映给经理的。
　☞ Your imperilment remarks will be reported to the manager.
8．let sb. know, inform, keep informed of, 从告知、通知的角度反映。
　☞ 向他反映同志们的意见。
　☞ Let him know the comrades' opinions.
　☞ 我一有结论就会向你反映这件事的。
　☞ I will let you know about it as soon as I come to any conclusion.
　☞ 明天我反正要向杨太太反映的。
　☞ Anyway, I have to let Mrs. Yang know tomorrow.
　☞ 有几个新生向校长反映他们没有住处。
　☞ Some freshmen informed the president that they were without lodging.
　☞ 有人向我反映逃犯的巢穴在镇北两公里处。
　☞ I was informed that the outlaws' hide-out was two kilometers north of the town.
　☞ 我会经常向你反映进度的。
　☞ I'll keep you informed of the progress.
　☞ 要经常向我反映时局的新发展。
　☞ Keep me informed of fresh development of the situation.
9．respond to，从反应的角度反映。
　☞ 学生对那种教学方法反映不好。
　☞ The students responded negatively to that teaching method.
　☞ 他的同事对他的工作反映如何？
　☞ How do his co-workers respond to his work?
　☞ 全世界都对这一声明反映良好。
　☞ The whole world responded magnificently to the statement.
10．receive，从接受的角度反映。
　☞ 音乐会反映很好。
　☞ The concert was well received.
　☞ 对这计划的反映，其热情程度各不相同。
　☞ The plan was received with enthusiasm of various degrees.
反正 反正
1．anyhow，有无论如何的意思，常与“不过”连用以改变话题。
　☞ 他可能不喜欢我去，不过我反正要去看他。
　☞ He may not like my visit, but I shall go and see him anyhow.
　☞ 天可能要下雨，不过我反正要出去。
　☞ It may rain, but anyhow I shall go out.
　☞ 你反正不会迟到。
　☞ You won't be late anyhow.
2．anyway，美语，与anyhow同义，也用来改变话题。有“前面的话无关紧要，后面才是话题的中心”这样的意思。
　☞ 他是什么时候生的，我记不清了。可能是1926或是1927，反正我知道就在那前后。
　☞ I can't remember when he was born. Perhaps it was in 1926 0r 1927 - anyway, I know it was around then.
　☞ 他知道这屋子以前曾用作学校的图书馆，反正现在早被人遗忘了。
　☞ He knew that the house had once been used as school's library; anyway, it was now quite forgotten.
　☞ 天可能要下雨，不过我反正要走。
　☞ It may rain, but I shall go anyway.
　☞ 他们反正没有得到他们想要的便宜货。
　☞ Anyway, they didn't get what they bargained for.
3．in any case, in any event，有在任何情况下部不改变的意思，语气比上两词都重，也常与“不过”连用。
　☞ 你反正得听他把话说完。
　☞ In any case, you should hear what he was to say.
　☞ 明天可能下雨，不过我们反正得回家。
　☞ It may rain tomorrow, but we are going home in any case.
　☞ 我反正是不会反对的。
　☞ I won't object it in any case.
　☞ 我可能不去上海，不过我反正是要拜访你的。
　☞ I may not go to Shanghai but, in any event, I will visit you.
　☞ 最后决定以前，我反正是要打电话给你的。
　☞ In any event, I'll telephone you before I make a decision.
4．come what may，有不管出什么事都不顾的意思，语气更重，常与“不管”连用。
　☞ 不管怎么样，反正工作不能停。
　☞ Come what may, the work must go on.
　☞ 校刊不管怎么样反正得在一周内印出来。
　☞ The college journal must be published in a week, come what may.
　☞ 他反正决定要对刚才的拜访作一次回访。
　☞ He determined, come what may, to return the visit he had received。
5．nevertheless，有尽管如此的意思。
　☞ 我们反正已经决定行动。
　☞ Nevertheless. we have decided to act.
　☞ 你们反正得支持计划生育。
　☞ Nevertheless, you should support birth control.
　☞ 反正撒切尔夫人是决心坚持下去的。
　☞ Nevertheless, Mrs. Thatcher was determined to persevere.
6．at any rate，表示重要的是后面的话。
　☞ 愿不愿意，他反正还得再呆半年。
　☞ Willing or unwilling, he has to stay for the next six months at any rate.
　☞ 下个月雨水多，反正天气预报是这么讲的。
　☞ We are going to have a good deal of rain during the next month, at any rate, so the weather forecasts say.
　☞ 我们反正决定按他的建议办。
　☞ At any rate, we decided to follow his suggestion.
　☞ 车子倒不怎么样，反正不贵。
　☞ It isn't much of a car, but at any rate it was not expensive.
7．since，有既然的意思，常与“就”连用。
　☞ 反正得去一个人，就让我去罢。
　☞ Since someone has to go anyway, let me go.
　☞ 反正你要去，我就跟你一起去。
　☞ Since you are going, I will go with you.
　☞ 反正你说你考虑过了，这件事就该交给他来决定。
　☞ Since you say you have considered it, it must be left to him to decide.
8．all the same，有反正都一样的意思。
　☞ 你去不去，我反正一样。
　☞ It's all the same to me whether you go there or not.
　☞ 我们没有人愿意你受到伤害，但他们反正一样要打倒你。
　☞ Nobody of us wishes you to come to harm, but they down you all the same.
反而 反而
1．more... than, far more, the more... the more..., all the more, rather等，用比较的方式衬托出语意前后的相反。
　☞ 寓言里的乌龟反而比腿快的兔子先到终点，这是怎么一回事呢？
　☞ How is it that the tortoise in the fable got to the goal more quickly than the swift-footed hare?
　☞ 这样的鳃释不能说明问题，反而使人产生理解上的错误。
　☞ The explanation, as it is, is more misleading than illuminating.
　☞ 碰到反面意见我们无需害怕，但对言过其实的表扬反而有足够的理由加以提防。
　☞ We need not fear to encounter adverse opinions; we have far greater reason to be in the alert for undue praise.
　☞ 我越练反而演得越糟。
　☞ The more I practice, the worse I play.
　☞ 人多反而坏事。
　☞ The more cooks, the worse pottage.
　☞ 由于他的寡言少语，我反而更喜欢他。
　☞ I like him all the more for his reticence.
　☞ 冷天反而使我起得更早。
　☞ The cold weather causes me to get up all the earlier.
　☞ 对他们要求严格一点，反而更好。
　☞ Make stricter demands on them. They'll be all the better.
　☞ 这段路程自从开辟了这条铁路不再是旅客的畏途，反而成了件快事。
　☞ With the opening of the railway, the journey is no longer a traveler's nightmare, rather a joy.
　☞ 你不是帮忙，反而是帮倒忙。
　☞ You are not a help, rather a hindrance.
2．用客体突然转换的方式衬托出语义的前后相反，表达方式有主动转被动及使用反身代词。
　☞ 咬人的反而被人咬。
　☞ The biter is bitten.
　☞ 随着事态的发展，围攻的反而被围攻。
　☞ As things developed, the besiegers became the besieged.
　☞ 战争结束时，打胜仗的反而成了打败仗的。
　☞ At the end of the battle, the victors became the vanquished。
　☞ 子弹反弹回来，反而打中了开枪的。
　☞ The bullet rebounded and struck the gunman himself.
　☞ 围攻的反而成了被围攻的。
　☞ The besiegers were themselves besieged.
　☞ 他本想出风头，反而出了洋相。
　☞ In trying to be smart he made himself foolish.
3．too much，excess，most，用事态发展过分的方式衬托出语意前后相反。
　☞ 好天气过多反而不好。
　☞ Fine weather has been too much of a good thing.
　☞ 休息太多，反而难过。
　☞ Too much rest becomes a pain.
　☞ 过分平等反而造成不平等。
　☞ The excess of equality makes the excess of inequality.
　☞ 有些草本植物踩得多，反而长得好。
　☞ Some herbs flourish most when most trodden on.
4．instead of，far from，用先否定后肯定的方式衬托出语意前后相反，常与“不但不”搭配。
　☞ 他们不但不谴责自己的侵略行为，反而想给我们扣上侵略者的帽子。
　☞ Instead of accusing themselves of aggression they seek to label us aggressors.
　☞ 革命运动的烈火不但没有被朴灭，反而越烧越旺。
　☞ The revolutionary movement, instead of being extinguished, blazed up with increasing fervor.
　☞ 这场雨不但没有给庄稼带来好处，反而造成了不少灾害。
　☞ The rain, instead of bringing any good, caused a lot of harm to the crop.
　☞ 他的话不但没给我们鼓气，反而让我们泄气。
　☞ His words decreased instead of increasing our courage.
　☞ 高温不但不增加反应速度，反而会降低反应速度。
　☞ Far from increasing the reaction rate, high temperatures will decrease it，或High temperatures decrease the reaction rate instead of increasing it.
　☞ 我们不但没有因失败而气馁，反而从中吸取了力量。
　☞ Far from being discouraged, we took added strength from our defeat.
　☞ 不是他们取代了我们，反而是我们取代了他们。
　☞ Far from superseding us, they were superseded by us.
　☞ 在生产中执行劳动纪律，不但不会减弱战斗纪律和军人生活纪律，反而会增强。
　☞ Far from weakening discipline in the battle and army life, labor discipline in production actually strengthens it.
5．very，说明原因，再提出悖于常理之外的事以衬托出语意前后相反，常与“正因为”相搭配。
　☞ 正因为银行业的性质，我们反而不能用像对待制造商那样的完全相同的方式而对待之。
　☞ Owing to the very nature of banking, we cannot treat it in exactly the same way as a manufacturing firm.
　☞ 正因为他们的攻击十分恶毒，反而不攻自破。
　☞ Their attacks defeated themselves by their very viciousness.
　☞ 正因为他们性情各异反而会产生和谐的结合。
　☞ The very difference in their character produced a harmonious combination＋
　☞ 往往正因为孩子早熟反而阻碍他们的充分发展。
　☞ Often the very precocity of a child hampers his fullest development.
6．on the contrary，表示上下文意思相反来衬托出语意前后相反。
　☞ 这样做不但于事无补，反而会把事情弄糟。
　☞ This won't do any good, on the contrary, it will make things worse.
　☞ 困难吓不倒我们，反而激起我们更大的革命干劲。
　☞ We were not cowed by difficulties. On the contrary, they inspired us to greater efforts for the revolution.
　☞ 从长远的观点看，这件事反而一定会加剧经济的最终崩溃。
　☞ On the contrary, in the long run it is bound to deepen the eventual economic collapse.
　☞ 你没叫我厌烦，反而叫我感兴趣。
　☞ You weren't boring me. On the contrary, you were interesting me.
　☞ 你说他没一点用处，我反而觉得他大有用处。
　☞ You say he is no use at all. On the contrary, I find him a great deal of use.
　☞ 他弟弟反而比他高了。
　☞ On the contrary, his brother is taller than he.
7．instead，表示在某前提下产生的结论、结果，但由于事态的发展已为另一结论、结果所代替，以此来衬托出语意前后相反。
　☞ 我没想到事情反而更糟了。
　☞ I didn't expect that the matter would get worse instead.
　☞ 他没把钱交给他儿子，反而交给了我。
　☞ He didn't give his son the money, but he gave it to me instead.
　☞ 他没有进去，反而往前走了。
　☞ She didn't go in, but walked on instead.
　☞ 我爸没替我说话，反而骂了我一顿。
　☞ Dad didn't speak for me, but gave me a good scolding instead.
　☞ 她从不学习，反而整天打篮球。
　☞ She never studies. Instead she plays basketball all day.
8．only，表示结果或常情出人意料之外，以此来衬托出语意前后相反。
　☞ 他本想害人，反而害己。
　☞ He attempted to harm some people, only to ruin himself.
　☞ 他去看她，反而给她说了一顿。
　☞ He went to see her, only to be scolded by her.
　☞ 我给他钱，反而得罪了他。
　☞ I gave him money, only to offend him.
　☞ 他爱她，反而害了她。
　☞ He loves her and is only spoiling her.
　☞ 失败反而增强了我们的决心。
　☞ Failure only strengthened our determination.
　☞ 具有危险性反而增加了吸引力。
　☞ The danger involved only added strength to the appeal.
　☞ 他搞到了钱，反而弄得他更想钱。
　☞ The money he got only served to make him want more.
　☞ 别抓了，你反而抓得我更痒了。
　☞ Don't scratch. You'll only aggravate the itch.
反过来 反过来
1．the other way round，用来表示事情是按所说的顺序倒过来发生。
　☞ 不是哨兵向军官开枪，而是军官反过来向哨兵开枪。
　☞ The sentry guard didn't shoot the officer. It was the other way round that the officer shot the sentry guard.
　☞ 这是给地板打蜡用的，这是给家具上光用的，哦， 不对，我想应该反过来才对。
　☞ This one is for waxing and this for polishing - oh no, I think the other way round.
　☞ 有时名词派生动词，有时又反过来。
　☞ Sometimes a verb is derived from a noun and sometimes it is the other way round.
　☞ 反过来也一样。
　☞ It's the same the other way round.
2．converse，conversely，用来表示相反的意见、观念、说法等。
　☞ 这话反过来说不一定对。
　☞ The converse of this statement may not be true.
　“富而不幸福”反过来就是。幸福而不富”。
　 "Rich but not happy" is the converse of "happy but not rich".
　☞ 苏格拉底虽然说过，真正的悲剧作家同时也是喜剧艺术家，但他没有反过来断言真正的喜剧作家同时也是悲剧艺术家。
　☞ Socrates, while he said that the true tragic writer was also an artist in comedy, did not lay down the converse proposition that the true comic writer is also an artist in tragedy.
　☞ 认为物质是第一性，意识是第二性的，是唯物主义；反过来，认为意识是第一性，物质是第二性的，则是唯心主义。
　☞ To take matter as primary, and consciousness as secondary is materialism; conversely, to take consciousness as primary and matter as secondary is idealism.
3．in turn，用来表示把受之于别人的某种对待又施加于别人。
　☞ 外长向总理提出了抗议，总理又反过来向总统提出抗议。
　☞ The foreign minister protested to the premier, and he in turn to the president.
　☞ 他早就料到他弟弟会告诉他妈，而他妈反过来会告诉他爸。
　☞ He had already expected that his brother would tell his mother and she would in turn tell his father.
　☞ 这反过来又引导政府发展农业。
　☞ This in turn led the government to expand agriculture.
　☞ 书面写下来的词是某个声音的符号，而这声音反过来又是某一思想的符号。
　☞ A written word is the sign of a certain sound and that sound is in turn the sign of an idea.
　☞ 经济基础决定上层建筑，反过来上层建筑又作用于经济基础。
　☞ The superstructure is determined by the economic base and in turn reacts on it.
4．vice versa，表示事物发展的方式与刚用过的方式相反。
　☞ 书读得越多，知识也越丰富，反过来也一样。
　☞ The more you read, the richer knowledge you acquire, or vice versa.
　☞ 不仅一天当中会碰到几种不同的天气，而且很可能夏天会过上一阵子冬天，反过来冬天也会过上一阵子夏天。
　☞ Not only do we get several different sorts of weather in one day, but we may very well get a spell of winter in summer and vice versa.
反面 反面
1．reverse side，指与obverse side相对的反面。
　☞ 咱们来放放唱片的反面吧。
　☞ Let's play the reverse side of the disc.
　☞ 硬币的反面是两个麦穗。
　☞ On the reverse side of the coin are two ears of wheat.
　 ■ 试比较下面的句子：
　☞ 瞧，这布料的反面似乎与正面一样好看。
　☞ Look, the reverse side of cloth seems as good as the obverse one.
2．wrong side，指与right side相对的反面。
　☞ 熨衣服要从反面熨。
　☞ Iron the clothes on the wrong side.
　☞ 这是布料的反面，而你把它当作正面了。
　☞ This is the wrong side of the cloth and you took it as the right side.
3．back，指与front相对的反面。
　☞ 唱片的反面有一支好歌。
　☞ There is a good song on the back of the record.
　☞ 信的反面有一张图表。
　☞ On the back of the letter was a diagram.
4．negative，指与positive相对的反面。
　“没有消息就是好消息”的说法是从反面进行安慰。
　☞ To say "No news is good news." is a negative sort of comfort.
　☞ 他可以做反面教员。
　☞ He can serve as a teacher of negative example.
5．opposite，指相反的人或物。
　☞ 你是个善良的人，而他则是你的反面。
　☞ You are a kind person and he is just your opposite.
　“高”是“低”的反面。
　 "High" is the opposite of "low".
发 发
1．发给，issue。
　☞ 政府当局向灾民发食物。
　☞ The authorities issued food to the victims of the natural calamity.
　☞ 新来的都发了制服。
　☞ The new arrivals were issued uniforms.
　☞ 每个士兵都发了枪。
　☞ Guns are issued to every soldier.
2．分发，distribute。
　☞ 发票时要小心一点。
　☞ You have to be careful in distributing tickets.
　☞ 他站在戏院门口发传单。
　☞ He was standing at the door of the theatre distributing leaflets.
　☞ 老师向全班发了考卷。
　☞ The teacher distributed the examination papers to the class.
3．寄发，send。
　☞ 给上海发了一封电报。
　☞ A telegram was sent to Shanghai.
　☞ 临出国前他发了一封信向我告别。
　☞ Just before going abroad he sent (posted) me a letter to say good-bye.
　☞ 你的稿发给出版社了。
　☞ Your manuscripts were sent to the press.
4．发出，send out, give。
　☞ 太阳发光发热。
　☞ The sun sends out light and heat.
　☞ 天线收发各种讯息。
　☞ Antennas send out and receive all kinds of messages.
　☞ 转弯前应该用手发个信号。
　☞ You ought to give a signal by putting out your hand before you intend to turn.
5．发送，deliver。
　☞ 我们可以把货物发到你家门口。
　☞ We can deliver goods to your door.
　☞ 这东西我们会按时发的。
　☞ We will get it delivered on time.
6．发钱，pay out。
　☞ 我们已发了几千元奖金。
　☞ We've paid out thousands of yuan in prizes.
　☞ 我们的工资每月17日发。
　☞ We have our wages paid out on the 17th every month.
7．发言，speak, make a speech，不发言，in silence。
　☞ 有5个同志在会上发了言。
　☞ Five comrades spoke at the meeting.
　☞ 他的发言精彩。
　☞ He made a brilliant speech.
　☞ 你于吗坐着一言不发？
　☞ Why do you sit in silence?
8．发射，shoot, fire。
　☞ 曹营中万箭齐发，顿时河面上箭如雨下。
　☞ From Cao Cao's camp tens of thousands of arrows were shot at once and in an instant they fell on the river like rain.
　☞ 我军万炮齐发，敌人的阵地顿时成了一片火海。
　☞ All the batteries of our army fired at once and the enemy's position immediately turned into a sea of fire.
9．发酵，rise。
　☞ 和的面发了。
　☞ The dough has risen.
　☞ 面包没发好。
　☞ The bread didn't rise properly.
10．发病，have attack (of)。
　☞ 他的旧病又发了。
　☞ He has another attack of his old illness.
　☞ 你的心脏病又发了吗？
　☞ Have you had another heart attack?
11．发迹，make good, build up fortune。
　☞ 这一下他可发了。
　☞ This time he has made good.
　☞ 他家发了。
　☞ He has built up the family fortune.
12．发音，pronounce。
　☞ 她英语单词知道得不少，可音发得不准。
　☞ She knows a lot of English words but pronounces them incorrectly.
　☞ 这个音怎么发？
　☞ How do you pronounce this word?
13．出发，start off, set off。
　☞ 车船齐发，向前线运粮。
　☞ All the boats and carts started off at the same time to transport food to the front.
　☞ 我们顺流而下，朝发夕至。
　☞ We sailed downward at such a speed that we set off in the morning and arrived in the evening.
14．发案，be found out and brought to justice。
　☞ 他的案发了。
　☞ He was found out and brought to justice.
发作 发作
1．have an attack (of)，一般只指疾病的发作。
　☞ 他没想到半路上病会急性发作，昏了过去。
　☞ On the way he unexpectedly had a severe attack and fainted away.
　☞ 昨天，他的心脏病又发作了。
　☞ He had another heart attack yesterday.
　☞ 他的疟疾经常发作。
　☞ He has frequent attacks of malaria.
　☞ 他经常这样发作吗？
　☞ Does he often have attacks like this?
2．have a fit，除指疾病，还可指精神、情绪上的某种发作。
　☞ 他的癫痫病时不时地发作。
　☞ He had epileptic fits off and on.
　☞ 昨天他的疯病发作了。
　☞ He had a fit of madness yesterday.
　☞ 他是在脾气发作时干这件事的。
　☞ He did it in a fit of temper.
　☞ 她怒气一阵发作，就把发生的事情对他讲了。
　☞ In a fit of anger she told him what had happened.
　☞ 她歇斯底里大发作。
　☞ She had a bad fit of hysterics.
3．have a relapse，relapse into，可指疾病重新发作，也可指重犯某种恶习。
　☞ 病人正日益好转，可接着又老毛病发作，只好再回到医院。
　☞ The patient was getting better; then he had a relapse and had to go back into hospital.
　☞ 热情了一阵以后，他平时的冷热病又发作了。
　☞ After a short burst of enthusiasm, he relapsed into his usual apathy.
　☞ 那个吸毒者搬到弄不到麻醉品的地方以免老毛病发作。
　☞ To avoid a relapse, the addict migrated to a place where drugs were unavailable.
4．show (take) effect，只指酒性、毒性等发作。
　☞ 酒性开始发作，他一会儿哭，一会儿笑。
　☞ He was now weeping, now laughing as the liquor began to show its effect.
　☞ 氰化物毒性发作时，有哭的、有叫的、有喘的。
　☞ There was weeping, screaming and gasping as the cyanide took effect.
5．keep one's temper under control，指脾气的不发作。
　☞ 他有些生气，但当着大家的面又不好发作。
　☞ He was angry, but with everybody present, he kept his temper under control.
发出 发出
1．issue，较为正式的特定用语，只指官方或上级发出的号召、命令等。
　☞ 毛主席于1943年发出“组织起来”的号召。
　☞ In 1943, Chairman Mao issued the call "Get organized".
　☞ 他向士兵发出命令。
　☞ He issued orders to his men.
2．utter，let out，特定用语，前者为正式用语，后者为日常用语，只指通过口腔发出的某种声音。
　☞ 他发出一阵痛苦的叫喊。
　☞ He uttered a cry of pain.
　☞ 她擦干眼泪，抬起头来，发出一声叹息。
　☞ She wiped out her tears, raised her head and uttered a sigh.
　☞ 他在床上翻了个身，发出一阵梦呓。
　☞ He turned over in bed and uttered some words in his sleep.
　☞ 蜜蜂螫了他一下，他发出一声大叫就跑回家去了。
　☞ A bee stung him and he let out a yell and ran home.
　☞ 他受伤倒地，发出一阵呻吟。
　☞ He fell to the ground, wounded, and let out a groan.
　☞ 老太太看见桌子底下盘着一条蛇就发出一声尖叫。
　☞ The old lady let out a scream when she noticed that a snake had coiled itself under the table.
　☞ 他突然发出一声惊叫。
　☞ He suddenly let out a cry of surprise.
3．emit，较为正式的特定用语，但使用范围比utter，let out广，除了发出某种声音外，还指发出光、热、气味等。
　☞ 母狮发现幼崽不见了，就发出一阵愤怒的吼叫。
　☞ The lioness emitted a roar of rage when she found her cubs missing.
　☞ 月儿穿过云层，发出冷冷的光。
　☞ The moon emitted cool light through clouds.
　☞ 萤火虫能发出绿幽幽的光，却不会发出热量。
　☞ Fireflies emit greenish light but not heat.
　☞ 污水发出一股难闻的臭味。
　☞ The sewer emitted a horrible smell.
　☞ 她走过时，我闻到一股香水发出的香气。
　☞ I smelled the fragrance emitted by perfume when she passed.
4．sound，特定用语，专指发出警报、警告等。
　☞ 空袭警报是在中午发出的。
　☞ The air-raid alert sounded at noon.
　☞ 空袭警报发出后，成千上万的人进入了防空洞。
　☞ Air-raid alarms were sounded and thousands of people went into air-raid shelters.
　☞ 中国共产党对党内所有这些倾向发出了强烈的警告。
　☞ The CPC sounded a sharp warning against all these tendencies within the Party.
5．give (out，off，forth)，一般用语，不带感情色彩，使用范围广，可用来替换以上几个特定用语。
　☞ 上尉发出前进的命令。
　☞ The captain gave the order to advance.
　☞ 他向工人们发出了干什么和怎么干的指令。
　☞ He gave the workers directives about what to do and how to do it.
　☞ 她发出一声长叹。
　☞ She gave a long sigh.
　☞ 她们发出一阵大笑。
　☞ They gave a loud laugh.
　☞ 他发出一声惊叫。
　☞ He gave a cry of surprise.
　☞ 我一见到市内发生的情况就立即向附近的村镇发出了警报。
　☞ I gave the alarm to nearby towns and villages as soon as I saw what was happening in the city.
　☞ 玫瑰发出一股甜香。
　☞ The rose gave out a sweet smell.
　☞ 树叶发出飒飒的声音。
　☞ The leaves gave out a whirring sound.
　☞ 牧童发出一声大叫。
　☞ The cowboy gave out a yell.
　☞ 收音机发出一种奇怪的信号。
　☞ The radio is giving out a strange signal.
　☞ 防风灯发出微弱的光，很难看清崎岖的小路。
　☞ The hurricane lamp gave out a dim light so that the ragged path was difficult to follow.
　☞ 湿润肥沃的土地发出清新的泥土气息。
　☞ The moist fertile land gave off the fragrance of fresh earth。
　☞ 花朵发出一股令人陶醉的香味。
　☞ The flowers gave off an intoxicating scent.
　☞ 这种物质受热时会发出棕色的气体。
　☞ The substance, when heated, gives off a brown vapor.
　☞ 臭鸡蛋发出一股恶臭。
　☞ The rotten eggs gave off a bad smell.
　☞ 这种蚊香烧着时会发出一股难闻的气味。
　☞ This mosquito-repellent, when burning, gives off an unpleasant smell.
　☞ 田野里发出春天的气息。
　☞ The field gave forth an odor of spring.
　☞ 这钟敲响时会发出悠扬悦耳的声音。
　☞ The bell, when struck, gives forth a pleasant lingering sound.
　☞ 发动机发出一阵摧肝裂胆的吼声后就熄火了。
　☞ The engine gave forth a grinding noise and stopped.
　☞ 突然从屋子里窜出一条狗来，发出一阵狂吠。
　☞ All of a sudden a dog dashed out of the house and gave forth a howl.
6．send (out，off，forth)，指发射出，可与give (out，off，forth)换用。
　☞ 中国古时候，边防部队用烽火发出边境受到攻击的信号。
　☞ Frontier guards in ancient China used to send smoke or fire signals when being attacked.
　☞ 油灯发出一束柔和的光。
　☞ The oil-lamp sent out a gentle beam.
　☞ 太阳发出光和热。
　☞ The sun sends out light and heat.
　☞ 幽幽的火正发出朦胧的光。
　☞ The smoldering fire was sending out a dim glow.
　☞ 玫瑰发出一股浓郁的香味。
　☞ The rose sends out a strong fragrance.
　☞ 一艘在南海遇难的船发出了求救的信号。
　☞ A vessel in distress in the South Sea sent out an "SOS".
　☞ 春天，树木发出新叶来了。
　☞ Trees send out new leaves in spring.
　☞ 这些花会发出一股甜香。
　☞ These flowers send off sweet perfume.
　☞ 各种名花争奇斗艳，发出阵阵清香。
　☞ Different kinds of precious flowers contend in a rare riot of color, sending forth wafts of delicate fragrance.
　☞ 花儿发出一股清幽怡人的芳香。
　☞ The flowers send forth a subtle and pleasant aroma.
　☞ 你还没有收到我上星期发出的信吗？
　☞ Haven't you got the letter I sent off last week?
　☞ 明天一早货物就要发出。
　☞ The goods will be sent off early tomorrow morning.
　☞ 这一包裹你得马上发出。
　☞ You have to send off the parcel at once.
7．burst into，特定用语，专指突然发出。
　☞ 他发出一阵咒骂。
　☞ He burst into a storm of abuse.
　☞ 他们俩都发出一阵笑声。
　☞ They both burst into laughter.
　☞ 暖和了这么几天，树木都发出新叶来了。
　☞ After these warm days, the trees burst into leaf.
8．proceed from，come from，特定用语，强调发出的来源、方向。
　☞ 太阳发出光和热。
　☞ Light and heat proceed from the sun.
　☞ 烟囱里发出怪声。
　☞ Strange sounds proceed from the chimney.
　☞ 杯筷都已摆好，暖锅里发出嗞嗞的声音。
　☞ Wine-cups and chopsticks were laid out, and a sputtering sound came from the chafing dish.
9．generate，特定用语，常指产生某种能量。
　☞ 原子反应堆发出大量热能。
　☞ The atomic reactor generates an enormous amount of thermal energy.
　☞ 我省去年发出的电力是1980年的3倍。
　☞ The electric power generated in our province last year is three times as much as in 1980.
发动 发动
1．set (put) in motion，侧重由静止状态转入运动状态。
　☞ 朝你这边拉把手就能把机器发动起来。
　☞ Pull the handle towards you to set (put) the machine in motion.
　☞ 这些消息把当时德国的战争机器发动起来了。
　☞ The news set the then German war machinery in motion.
　☞ 他当政后立即发动经济和社会改革。
　☞ After he came into power, he at once set in motion economic and social reforms.
2．launch，侧重开始某种战争、攻击、反攻、运动等。
　☞ 即使他们胆敢发动另一场战争，我们也不会被吓倒的。
　☞ Even if they dare to launch another war, we would not be afraid of it.
　☞ 西线发动了一次新攻势。
　☞ A new offensive was launched on the western front.
　☞ 拂晓时敌人向我军发动了一次攻击。
　☞ The enemy launched an attack against us at dawn.
　☞ 我边防部队于1979年2月发动一次反攻。
　☞ Our frontier guards launched a counterattack in February 1979.
　☞ 全市发动了一场增产节约的运动。
　☞ A campaign has been launched throughout the city to raise production and practice economy.
3．start，侧重发动的起始点。
　☞ 如果汽车发动不了，那就检查一下电瓶。
　☞ If the car does not start, try checking the battery.
　☞ 把发动机发动起来，我马上就到。
　☞ Start the engine, and I will be right there.
　☞ 他们需要某些东西时就发动战争。
　☞ They started wars when they wanted something.
　☞ 上个月全市发动了一场劝阻吸烟运动。
　☞ Last month a campaign was started throughout the city to dissuade people from smoking (persuade people to stop smoking).
4．arouse，侧重从某种不自觉的状态转入觉醒状态。
　☞ 我们必须把他们发动起来，为自身的解放而战斗。
　☞ We must arouse them to fight for their own emancipation.
　☞ 地下党组织放手发动工人阶级开展广泛的斗争。
　☞ The underground Party organizations boldly aroused the working class to widespread struggle.
5．mobilize，侧重组织上、思想上的动员。
　☞ 民兵都发动起来查夜。
　☞ The militia was mobilized on night patrol.
　☞ 我们应发动群众来增产节约。
　☞ We should mobilize the masses to increase production and practice economy.
6．stage，侧重组织并实现某一事件。
　☞ 我军炮兵部队昨天发动了摧毁性的攻击。
　☞ Our artillery staged a devastating raid yesterday.
　☞ 是谁由于想发动推翻政府的政变而被迫流亡的， 你怎么能忘了？
　☞ How can you forget who was forced into exile for trying to stage a coup against the government?
7．unleash，侧重释放某种受到约束的力量。
　☞ 发动侵略战争的人绝不会有好下场。
　☞ Those who unleash wars of aggression will certainly come to no good end.
　☞ 我们于5月中旬发动了空中攻势。
　☞ We unleashed the air offensive in the middle of May.
发射 发射
1．launch，指送入太空。
　☞ 中国继前苏联和美国之后也发射了人造卫星。
　☞ China has also launched man-made satellites after the former U.S.S.R and the U.S.A.
　☞ 发射火箭就是要把火箭从发射架上送入太空。
　☞ To launch a rocket is to send it from its launching pad into space.
2．shoot，指射击或投掷。
　☞ 她发射的每一颗子弹都击中了目标。
　☞ Every bullet she shot hit the target.
　☞ 石弩发射了上百磅重的石头。
　☞ The catapult shot hundred-pound rocks.
3．fire，指开火。
　☞ 队长命令士兵发射礼炮20响。
　☞ The captain ordered his men to fire a salute of 20 guns.
　☞ 敌人向我军阵地发射炮弹2,000余发。
　☞ The enemy fired over 2,000 shells at our position.
4．discharge，指发射上膛的枪炮或上弦的弓箭。
　☞ 即使敌人所有的武器都向我们发射也无损于我们头上的一根毫毛。
　☞ Even all weapons of the enemy discharge at us they can't harm us a single hair of our head.
　☞ 他们向我们发射毒箭。
　☞ They discharged poisoned arrows at us.
5．project，指用力抛射。
　☞ 我看见一架发射机正在把一个个的乒乓球发射出来。
　☞ I saw a trigger mechanism projecting ping pang balls one after another.
　☞ 石弩把上百磅重的石头发射到空中。
　☞ The catapult projected hundred-pound stones into the air.
发扬 发扬
1．develop，侧重培养、发展。
　☞ 党委发扬民主作风，经常听取群众意见。
　☞ The Party committee is developing democratic style of work and constantly heeds the opinions of the masses.
　☞ 发扬延安精神，坚持自立更生。
　☞ We must develop the Yan'an spirit and persist in self-reliance.
　☞ 我们应继续发扬勤俭节约、艰苦奋斗的革命传统。
　☞ We should continue to develop the revolutionary tradition of thrift and hard work.
　☞ 我们要发扬优点，克服缺点。
　☞ We must develop our good points and overcome our shortcomings.
2．display, bring into play, give play (to)，侧重表现，发挥。
　☞ 他们发扬了一不怕苦，二不怕死的彻底革命精神。
　☞ They displayed the revolutionary spirit in their utter disregard of hardship and danger.
　☞ 运动员发扬了风格，赛出了水平。
　☞ The athletes displayed fine sportsmanship and gave a good account of themselves.
　☞ 我省农民充分发扬自立更生、艰苦奋斗的精神，连续数年获得丰收。
　☞ Peasants in our province brought into full play the spirit of self-reliance and hard struggle. As a result they have had bumper harvests for years running.
　☞ 我边防战士充分发扬一不怕苦，二不怕死的革命精神，歼灭了入侵我国的外国军队。
　☞ Bringing into full play their revolutionary spirit of fearing neither hardship nor death, our frontier guards wiped out the foreign troops that had intruded into our territory.
　☞ 只有充分发扬先进的东西，克服落后的东西，才能使社会进步。
　☞ Society can progress only if what is advanced is given full play and prevails over what is backward.
3．enhance, add to，侧重增强、增加。
　☞ 我们希望你们在今后工作中每过一个时期就要总结经验，发扬成绩，克服缺点。
　☞ We hope that you will sum up your experience from time to time so as to enhance achievements and overcome shortcomings in further work.
　☞ 我希望你们发扬成绩，克服缺点，以利再战。
　☞ I hope you will add to your achievements and correct your mistakes to do still better in further struggles.
4．encourage，侧重鼓励、提倡。
　☞ 只有发扬正气，打击歪风，才能使整个社会风气好转。
　☞ Only by encouraging healthy trends and combating unhealthy ones can we make the general mood of society turn favorably.
　☞ 我们要大力发扬这种艰苦奋斗的精神。
　☞ We must strive to encourage this zeal for hard work.
5．carry forward，侧重执行贯彻。
　☞ 我们要发扬成绩，纠正错误。
　☞ We must carry forward our achievements and correct our mistakes.
　☞ 我们应发扬我军的优良传统，担负起宣传群众、组织群众、武装群众等项重大任务。
　☞ We must carry forward the fine tradition of our army and shoulder such important tasks as spreading propaganda among the masses, organizing the masses and arming them.
　☞ 我们要发扬党的优良作风。
　☞ We must carry forward the Party's fine style of work.
6．keep up，侧重保持、继续。
　☞ 这家白手起家的小车间由于发扬了艰苦奋斗的作风，到1987年底已发展成为一个雇有两千人的大厂。
　☞ By the end of 1987, the small workshop, which started from scratch, developed into a large factory, which employed two thousand people, by keeping up the practice of plain living and hard work.
　☞ 你干得十分出色，要发扬下去。
　☞ You have worked very well so far. Keep it up.
7．make use of，侧重利用。
　☞ 射击原则就是隐蔽身体以保存自己，发扬火力以消灭敌人。
　☞ The principles of shooting are to take cover to preserve oneself, and to make full use of firepower to destroy the enemy.
　☞ 我们应该举办一次文物展览，以充分发扬其价值。
　☞ We should give an exhibition of the cultural relics to make full use of their value.
8．give expression to，侧重体现、表示。
　☞ 大会充分发扬民主，因而代表发言踊跃。
　☞ The congress gave full expression to democracy and the representatives took the floor one after another.
　☞ 中国科学家们在南极探险中充分发扬了冒险精神.
　☞ The Chinese scientists gave full expression to adventurous spirits in the exploration of the South Pole.
发抖 发抖
1．shake，作“发抖”解时往往指大幅度爆发式的抖动。
　☞ 她笑（气、吓、冷）得发抖。
　☞ She was shaking with laughter (anger, fear, cold).
　☞ 他写字时手在发抖。
　☞ His hands shook as he wrote.
2．quiver，指小幅度的颤动。
　☞ 小孩子哭以前嘴唇会发抖。
　☞ A child's lips may quiver just before crying.
　☞ 她说话时声音在发抖。
　☞ Her voice was quivering when she spoke.
3．tremble不同于shake（抖动）和quiver（颤动），只用于人体的颤抖。
　☞ 人在寒冷、激动、极度恐惧时都会发抖。
　☞ People tremble when they are cold, excited or full of fear.
　☞ 她笑得全身发抖，抖得花枝招展。
　☞ She trembled all over with laughter and shook like flowering branch.
4．shiver，多指由于寒冷而发抖，有时也指思想或感情上的激动而发抖。
　☞ 她冷得浑身发抖，牙齿打战。
　☞ She was shivering all over with cold and her teeth were chattering.
　☞ 发抖是由于寒冷或恐惧而引起的微微颤抖。
　☞ A shiver is a little trembling movement caused by cold or fear.
5．shudder，指见到、想到可怕或厌恶的事物而发抖。
　☞ 她见到蛇就要发抖。
　☞ She shudders at the sight of a snake.
　☞ 一想到他得去看尸体就弄得他发抖。
　☞ The thought of having to look at the dead body made him shudder.
发挥 发挥
1．enlarge upon (on)，侧重充分表达意见或道理的发挥。
　☞ 你能把建议发挥一下吗？
　☞ Could you enlarge upon your suggestion?
　☞ 这件事我无需发挥，你们都知道我的观点。
　☞ I need not enlarge upon this matter; you all know my view.
　☞ 这一点我只是顺便提一下，现在我没时间发挥。
　☞ I merely mention the point in passing; I have no time to enlarge on it now.
2．elaborate (on)，侧重添加细节的发挥。
　☞ 只要告诉我简单的事实，无需发挥。
　☞ Just tell me the plain facts and don't elaborate them.
　☞ 这一理论你能稍加发挥吗？
　☞ Could you elaborate a little on this theory?
　☞ 这一点有待进一步发挥。
　☞ This point needs further elaboration.
　☞ 只要告诉我简单的事实，无需发挥。
　☞ Just tell me the plain facts without elaboration.
3．give play to, play the part of, play the role of，give the expression to，侧重表现出内在的性质或能力的发挥。
　☞ 我们应充分发挥人民群众的革命干劲和创造才智。
　☞ We should give full play to the revolutionary drive, wisdom and creativeness of the masses.
　☞ 你们都是专家，因此在工作中一定会充分发挥自己的专长。
　☞ You are all experts and can certainly give full play to your professional knowledge.
　☞ 工作中我们群策群力，充分发挥了集体智慧。
　☞ We pooled our brains and brawn for the job and gave full play to the collective wisdom.
　☞ 共产党员应在战争中发挥主力军的作用。
　☞ Communists should play the part of the main force in the war.
　☞ 在这场改革中，我们都应发挥一个共产党员的模范作用。
　☞ We ought to play the exemplary role of a communist in the reform.
　☞ 他们应充分发挥积极性。
　☞ They should give the fullest expression to their initiative.
4．make, make the most of, make use of, turn to use, exert，侧重利用未加利用或没有充分利用的某种能力。
　☞ 你能发挥余热岂不更好吗？
　☞ Wouldn't it be better if you could make some contribution in your remaining years?
　☞ 把眼睛盯在新的水利设施的建设上，却不去充分发挥现有的设施是完全错误的。
　☞ It is completely wrong to fix our eyes on the construction of new water conservancy works, and not to make the most of what we have.
　☞ 我们必须充分发挥医院现有的医疗设施。
　☞ We must make the most of the medical facilities the hospital has now.
　☞ 你这次去澳大利亚旅行，你的英语可以发挥作用了。
　☞ On your trip to Australia you will be able to make good use of your knowledge of English.
　☞ 他在研究一个问题，可使废料发挥作用。
　☞ He is working on the problem of turning the waste material to good use.
　☞ 我们需要发挥想像力来增加我们的教学方法。
　☞ We need to exert our imagination to add art to our teaching.
5．give free rein to, indulge，侧重放纵某种受束缚的能力。
　☞ 他喜欢的就是这种写作形式，因为可以发挥想像力。
　☞ It was the type of writing, which he enjoyed, because it permitted him to give free rein to his imagination.
　☞ 他们在生产中发挥了自己的聪明才智。
　☞ They gave free rein to their wisdom and ability in the production.
　☞ 他写那篇文章是要发挥自己的想像力。
　☞ He wrote that article to indulge his imagination.
6．give scope to, give scope，侧重提供某种发展余地。
　☞ 中央要注意发挥省市的积极性。
　☞ The central authorities should take care to give scope to the initiative of the provinces and municipalities.
　☞ 必须发挥专业理论队伍在学习中的作用。
　☞ It is necessary to give scope to the role of professional theoretical contingent in the study.
　☞ 这一工作使他的能力与天赋都得到了充分发挥。
　☞ The job gives his abilities and talents full scope.
　☞ 要让你孩子的创造力得到充分发挥。
　☞ Give your child's creativity full scope.
　☞ 充分发挥你的想象力。
　☞ Give full scope to your fancy.或Give your fancy full scope.
7．bring into play, call into play，侧重调动某种能力。
　☞ 同时，又必须充分发挥地方的积极性。
　☞ At the same time, it is essential to bring the initiative of the local authorities into full play.
　☞ 比赛时他发挥了高度的技巧。
　☞ He brought his great skill into play in the match.
　☞ 我们应充分发挥亿万群众的积极性和创造性。
　☞ We should bring the enthusiasm and initiative of the hundreds of millions of people into full play.
　☞ 你的职业一定会使你的熟练技巧得到发挥。
　☞ Your profession must call all your facilities into play.
8．do (oneself)justice (to)，侧重发挥才能。
　☞ 如果这一改革得以实行，我们大家都可发挥自己的才干。
　☞ If this reform is to be carried out, everyone of us will do justice to his talent.
　☞ 他在这项工作中发挥了自己的能力。
　☞ He has done himself justice in performing the work.
9．exert，侧重施加某种作用、影响等。
　☞ 我们需要发挥想像力并增加教学上的技巧。
　☞ We need to exert our imagination and add art of our teaching.
　☞ 你是他父亲，应该发挥你在家里的权威。
　☞ You're his father and you should exert your authority in the family.
发掘 发掘
1．excavate，着重点在挖掘埋葬物。
　☞ 考古学家在发掘一座古墓。
　☞ The archaeologists are excavating an ancient tomb.
　☞ 发掘这座古城花了3年时间。
　☞ It took three years to excavate the ancient city.
2．unearth，着重点在出土。
　☞ 他每天都心情激动地来到发掘地点，但地下宝藏却没有发掘出来。
　☞ Each day he came excitedly to the diggings, but no buried treasure was unearthed.
　☞ 农民在打井时发掘出13件珍贵文物。
　☞ The peasants unearthed 13 pieces of precious cultural relics while digging a well.
3．explore，着重点在考察研究。
　☞ 考古学家发掘出来的古庙原来从公元前15世纪至战国时代就是一个敬神之地。
　☞ The ancient temple, which the archaeologists explored, turned out to have been a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until the Warring States.
　☞ 发掘祖国的医药遗产是刻不容缓的任务。
　☞ Exploring the legacy of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology is a task which brooks no delay.
4．tap，着重点在开发利用。
　☞ 我们还得进一步发掘企业的潜力。
　☞ We have to go a step further to tap the potentialities of enterprises.
　☞ 人类应该发掘新能源。
　☞ Human beings must tap new resources of energy.
5．seek (for)，着重点在搜求。
　☞ 当务之急是发掘人才。
　☞ The most pressing matter of the moment is to seek gifted people.
　☞ 历史学家为了把一个国家的历史写得清晰明了， 自然要发掘某个统一点。
　☞ To make a country's history intelligible, the historian naturally seeks for some point of unity.
发放 发放
1．grant，指批准发给。
　☞ 政府发放补助金来支持奄奄一息的企业。
　☞ The government supported the dying enterprises by granting them subsidies.
　☞ 他拒绝向他们发放长期贷款。
　☞ He refused to grant them long-term credits.
2．issue，指上级发给。
　☞ 政府向灾民发放食物。
　☞ The government issued food to the victims.
　☞ 交通管理办公室正在发放驾驶执照。
　☞ The traffic-control office is issuing driving licenses.
3．hand out，指分发。
　☞ 救济物资很快就发放到灾区人民的手中。
　☞ Relief goods were quickly handed out to the people in the disaster area.
　☞ 我们向地震幸存者发放食物和衣服。
　☞ We handed out food and clothing to the survivors of the earthquake。
发热 发热
1．run (have) a fever (a temperature), 指发烧。
　☞ 我好像有点发热。
　☞ I feel as if I'm running a fever.
　☞ 你可能有点发热。
　☞ You might have some fever.
　☞ 一个人生病时就会发热。
　☞ When one is ill, one has (runs)a temperature.
2．emit heat，指发出热量。
　☞ 恒星本身能发光发热。
　☞ A fixed star can emit light and heat by itself.
　☞ 萤火虫能发光，但不发热。
　☞ Fireflies emit light, but not heat.
3．hotheaded，指头脑发热。
　☞ 别头脑发热。
　☞ Don't be so hotheaded.
　☞ 头脑发热时就别作决定。
　☞ Don't make any decision when hotheaded.
发现 发现
1．find，discover，可指无意中发现某种情况，一般可以换用。前者为一般用语，后者则为正式用语。
　☞ 我回来那天发现书桌上有张便条。
　☞ The day I got back, I found a note on my desk.
　☞ 这些文物，他们是在哪里发现的？
　☞ Where did they find these cultural relics?
　☞ 我在人行道上发现一个钱包。
　☞ I found a wallet on the sidewalk.
　☞ 她发现有个男人躲在床下就大叫起来。
　☞ She started screaming when she found a man concealed under the bed.
　☞ 他对发现的情况感到吃惊。
　☞ He was astonished at what he found.
　☞ 小偷在破门而入时被人发现了。
　☞ The thief was discovered in the act of breaking into the house.
　☞ 他对自己被人发现时都没想到逃跑感到吃惊。
　☞ He was so surprised at being discovered that he himself did not ever try to run away.
　☞ 敌人开始撤退时才发现已为时太晚。
　☞ The enemy started to retreat, but they discovered that it was too late.
　☞ 这件事我纯粹是偶然发现的。
　☞ I discovered that purely by accident.
　☞ 错误一经发现就应改正。
　☞ Mistakes should be corrected as soon as they are discovered.
2．find，discover，也可指有意识的寻找而发现，不过前者常指发现某种新事物或发现已经丢失的东西，而后者则指发现尚未为人所知，但实际存在或潜在的事物。
　☞ 中国东海岸发现石油。
　☞ Petroleum was found on the eastern coast of China's East Sea.
　☞ 搜身时发现他身上有一把匕首。
　☞ A dagger was found on him when he was searched.
　☞ 侦探发现罪犯就藏匿在城里的什么地方。
　☞ The detective found the criminal hiding somewhere in the city.
　☞ 丢失的珠宝是在哪里发现的？
　☞ Where were the lost jewels found?
　☞ 我国地质勘探队几乎在每个省都发现了煤、铁及其他大量珍贵矿藏。
　☞ Our geological survey teams have discovered large quantities of coal, iron and other valuable minerals in almost every province.
　☞ 新中国的地质学家发现长江发源于青海。
　☞ Geologists of New China discovered that the Changjiang River starts in Qinghai.
　☞ 哥白尼发现太阳才是太阳系的中心。
　☞ Copernicus discovered that the sun is the center of the solar system.
　☞ 马克思和恩格斯发现了了解社会整个发展过程的关键。
　☞ Marx and Engels discovered the key to understanding the whole development of society.
3．find oneself，常指不知不觉中猛然发现。
　☞ 半小时后我竟发现自己已来到她家门前。
　☞ After half an hour I found myself in front of her house.
　☞ 他一觉醒来发现已身陷囹圄.
　☞ When he awoke, he found himself in jail.
　☞ 他回家时沉浸在幻想之中，竞发现已来到了火车站。
　☞ He went home, indulging in illusion, only to find himself at the railway station.
4．find out，detect，主要指通过调查、研究、查询等方式发现无形或有意隐藏的事物，尤指发现坏事。
　☞ 他发现了她的秘密，她就生气了。
　☞ She was angry when he found out her secrets.
　☞ 两天后我才发现他是无辜的。
　☞ Then two days later, I found out that he had been quite innocent.
　☞ 经过3天的调查，他们才发现了水坝沉陷的原因。
　☞ After three days of investigation, they found out why the dam was sinking.
　☞ 他知道如果他考试舞弊，老师是会发现的。
　☞ He knew that if he cheated on the test the teacher would find him out.
　☞ 你的欺骗行为可以逍遥法外一时，但迟早总是要被发现的。
　☞ You may get away with dishonesty for a while, but you'll be found out sooner or later.
　☞ 出纳造了好几个月的假账，公司才发现。
　☞ For months the cashier had been falsifying the accounts, but the company found him out.
　☞ 他发现从月球火山口射出一股通亮的红光。
　☞ He detected a bright red glow emanating from a crater in the moon.
　☞ 你发现房间里有煤气味吗？
　☞ Can you detect any smell of gas in the room?
　☞ 起初我以为这篇文章很不错，但等我读到第二遍就发现了不少毛病。
　☞ At first I thought the article rather good, but when I read it for the second time, I detected a number of flaws.
　☞ 他发现账单有错。
　☞ He detected a mistake in the bill.
　☞ 我似乎发现他声音里有点恼意。
　☞ I seemed to detect anger in his voice.
　☞ 牙医没发现我有龋齿的痕迹。
　☞ The dentist could detect no sign of decay in my teeth.
　☞ 死者的胃里发现大量毒物。
　☞ Large quantities of poison were detected in the dead man's stomach.
5．perceive，常指通过深刻理解或观察发现某一事实或发现某种细小异常的东西。
　☞ 她逐渐发现她父母是正确的。
　☞ She gradually perceived that her parents had been right.
　☞ 他发现自己不受欢迎就不辞而别。
　☞ He perceived he was not welcome and left without saying good-bye.
　☞ 我突然发现汤里有一只苍蝇。
　☞ Suddenly I perceived a fly in the soup.
　☞ 等他走近才发现是只甲虫。
　☞ When he drew near he perceived it to be a beetle.
　☞ 只有艺术家才能发现绘画中这种色调的细微差别。
　☞ Only an artist could perceive the fine shades of color in the painting.
　☞ 我没发现这些硬币有什么差别。
　☞ I didn't perceive any difference between these coins.
6．sense，指通过思索而发现。
　☞ 老李发现事情有点不大对头。
　☞ Li sensed something wrong.
　☞ 她发现他正在藏什么东西。
　☞ She sensed that he was hiding something.
　☞ 他一见她就发现出了什么事。
　☞ As soon as he saw her he sensed that something had happened.
　☞ 我一进大厅就发现自己不受欢迎。
　☞ When I entered the hall I immediately sensed that I was not welcome.
　☞ 他发现他们由于观点不同而互相疏远。
　☞ He sensed they were drifting away from each other because of a difference in their viewpoints.
7．notice，常指发现某种易被忽略的细节。
　☞ 他很快发现锁上有划痕。
　☞ She soon noticed the scratch on the lock.
　☞ 我发现她说话时有只手在口袋里握成拳头。
　☞ I noticed that he kept his fist clenched in his pocket as he talked.
　☞ 他发现在一条16千伏的输电线路上缠着一条死蛇。
　☞ He noticed the remains of a snake that was wound round the electric wires of a 16, OOO-volt power line.
　☞ 我没发现有什么特别的。
　☞ I didn't notice anything peculiar.
　☞ 她发现他在回避问题。
　☞ She noticed that he was evading her questions.
　☞ 医生发现的第一件事是病人正在出汗。
　☞ The first thing the doctor noticed was that the patient was perspiring.
　☞ 他发现有个年轻女人进了那房间。
　☞ He noticed a young woman had entered the room.
8．sight，常指第一次发现。
　☞ 他的话刚完，连着三声清脆的枪声划过寂静的夜空——这是发现敌人的信号。
　☞ Barely had he finished when three shots rang out across the silent night sharp and clear—the signal that an enemy had been sighted.
　☞ 船长在海面上发现一艘敌舰。
　☞ The captain sighted an enemy warship on the horizon.
　☞ 这一地区发现了几只稀有鸟类。
　☞ Several rare birds have been sighted in this area.
　☞ 拂晓时我们终于发现了陆地。
　☞ At last we sighted land as dawn broke.
9．spot，常指通过辨认而发现。
　☞ 我在人群里发现了我父亲。
　☞ I spotted my father in the crowd.
　☞ 她发现他穿过房间。
　☞ She spotted him across the room.
　☞ 等他发现小偷，墙上已扒了个口子。
　☞ A break had been made in the wall before he spotted the thief.
　☞ 我在人群里发现我的一个朋友。
　☞ I spotted one of my friends in the crowd.
　☞ 他字写得太乱，只有他自己才能改。不过我还是发现了每一个错误。
　☞ He writes such a terrible hand that nobody can correct it but he himself. Yet I spotted every mistake.
　☞ 他是发现这种危险的第一人。
　☞ He was the first to spot the danger.
10．unearth，指通过搜寻、发掘而发现。
　☞ 故宫博物院发现了清朝的史料。
　☞ The records of the Qing Dynasty were unearthed in the Palace Museum.
　☞ 检察机关发现了定罪所必需的证据。
　☞ The procuratorial organ unearthed the evidence necessary for a conviction.
　☞ 警方发现了该案的新材料。
　☞ The police have unearthed new information in the case.
　☞ 他在研究中发现几件有关该地新的历史事实。
　☞ During his studies, he unearthed several new facts about the history of the place.
11．reveal，常指通过某种揭示而发现。
　☞ 进一步的调查才发现了真实情况。
　☞ Further investigation revealed the true facts.
　☞ 许多人深信这种机器能发现宝藏。
　☞ Many people are confident that the machine may reveal hidden treasure.
　☞ 结果是盾来才发现的。
　☞ The results were revealed until later.
　☞ 门一开发现是小林！
　☞ The door opened and revealed - Lin!
发生 发生
1．happen，come about，泛指有计划或无计划，有原因或无原因，有规律或无规律的发生。
　☞ 一二·九运动发生在1930年。
　☞ The December Ninth Movement happened in 1930.
　☞ 事故是昨天发生的。
　☞ The accident happened yesterday.
　☞ 两星期前发生了这一事件。
　☞ The incident happened two weeks ago.
　☞ 专员公署前发生了一起大爆炸。
　☞ A tremendous explosion happened at the commissioner's building.
　☞ 她是去那儿度假的，我没想到竟发生了意外。
　☞ She went there to spend her holiday. I never expected that something unexpected would have happened.
　☞ 这类事情世界上天天都在发生。
　☞ Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.
　☞ 爱情进入生活往往是在人们最不在意的时候发生的。
　☞ Love comes in life when people least expect it to happen.
　☞ 不过思想落后于实际是经常发生的。
　☞ It often happens, however, that thinking lags behind reality.
　☞ 事情整个都是由于误会才发生的。
　☞ The whole thing came about as a result of misunderstanding.
　☞ 有时很难说清争吵是怎么发生的。
　☞ Sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about.
　☞ 事故是怎么发生的？
　☞ How did the accident come about?
　☞ 我不知道事情是怎么发生的。
　☞ I didn't know how this thing came about.
2．occur，在指具体发生的事件、事情时可与happen换用。
　☞ 事故发生在早晨7时。
　☞ The accident occurred (happened) at seven o'clock in the morning.
　☞ 爆炸是昨天发生的。
　☞ The explosion occurred (happened) yesterday.
　☞ 战争早期就发生过轰炸我市事件。
　☞ The bombing raids on our city occurred (happened) early in the war.
　☞ 那里发生了强烈的地震。
　☞ A violent earthquake occurred there.
　☞ 那一天和后来几天，各个城市都发生了类似的游行。
　☞ On that and succeeding days similar demonstrations occurred in various cities.
　☞ 淹死小孩事件发生在去年10月。
　☞ The drowning of a child occurred last October.
　☞ 这种病发生在女人身上比男人身上多。
　☞ Such illness occurs more often in women than in men.
　☞ 他们之间也偶尔发生争论。
　☞ Disputes occasionally occur between them.
　☞ 这样的灾害要是发生在旧中国，损失是无法估计的。
　☞ Had such calamities occurred in old China, the damage would have been incalculable.
　☞ 我仍希望会发生某种奇迹。
　☞ I am still hopeful that some kind of miracle will occur.
　☞ 他们不要再发生这样的政变。
　☞ They didn't want a coup d'état like that to occur again.
　☞ 由于他们的努力，峡谷地区没有发生事故。
　☞ Thanks to their efforts, no accidents occurred in the gorges.
　☞ 这在理论上可能，但实际上没有发生过。
　☞ This is possible in theory' but, actually, never seemed to occur.
　☞ 我希望这件事不要再发生。
　☞ I hope this won't occur again.
　☞ 如果我有办法，就不让这种事再发生。
　☞ It won't occur again if I can help it.
　☞ 我不知走后发生了什么。
　☞ I didn't know what happened after I left.
3．take place，常指安排好的、意料中的或按照规律要发生的事情。
　☞ 革命或迟或早总要发生，并且将必然取得胜利。
　☞ Sooner or later revolution will take place and will inevitably triumph.
　☞ 开学以来我们学院发生了巨大的变化。
　☞ Great changes have taken place in our college since the beginning of the term.
　☞ 1919年中国发生了五四运动。
　☞ In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.
　☞ 剧情发生在海南岛。
　☞ The action of the play takes place in the Hainan island.
　☞ 故事发生在何时何地？
　☞ When and where did the story take place?
　☞ 世界各地都发生了抗议侵略的示威活动。
　☞ Demonstrations in protest against invasion took place throughout the world.
　☞ 这一事件发生在抗战期间。
　☞ The event took place during the War of Resistance.
4．produce，专指产生某种物质或效果。
　☞ 煤可以发生煤气。
　☞ Gas can be produced from coal.
　☞ 幽暗的灯光和柔和的音乐会发生一种错觉。
　☞ Dim light and soft music are supposed to produce a false impression.
　☞ 这个宪法草案公布后，在国际上会不会发生影响？
　☞ Will this Draft Constitution produce impact on the world when it is promulgated?
5．arise，主语常为抽象名词，如difficulty，doubt, disagreement, problem等。
　☞ 发生了新的困难。
　☞ New difficulties arose.
　☞ 他心里发生怀疑。
　☞ A doubt has arisen in him.
　☞ 他们之间马上发生了严重的分歧。
　☞ Between them serious disagreements immediately a.
　☞ rose.
　☞ 在后一阶段似乎发生了无法解决的问题。
　☞ At a later stage there arose new problems that seemed insoluble.
　☞ 万一发生什么事情，最好请位律师，先生。
　☞ Better employ a lawyer, sir, in case anything should arise.
6．emerge，指从某个隐蔽处出现。
　☞ 凡是历史上发生的东西，都要在历史上消灭。
　☞ What emerges in history disappears in history.
　☞ 新的政治问题每天都在发生。
　☞ New political problems emerge every day.
　☞ 等我们生产时，肯定还会发生意外。
　☞ Snags are bound to emerge when we start production.
　☞ 公民投票后不久就发生了危机。
　☞ A new crisis emerged shortly after the referendum.
7．come into being，指出现从来没有的事情。
　☞ 民主和自由都是相对的，不是绝对的，都是在特定的历史条件下发生和发展的；
　☞ Both democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute. and they come into being and develop in specific historical conditions.
　☞ 五四运动是在十月革命感召下发生的。
　☞ The May 4th Movement came into being at the call of the October Revolution.
8．break out，break down，指突然爆发，后者指发生机器故障。
　☞ 隔壁街上发生了火灾，不过很快就被扑灭了。
　☞ Fire broke out in a neighboring street but was soon put out.
　☞ 该市在1900年发生过霍乱。
　☞ Cholera broke out in that city in 1900.
　☞ 电梯发生故障，我们只好走上去了。
　☞ The lift broke down, so we had to walk up the stairs.
　☞ 机器发生故障。
　☞ The machine broke down.
发疯 发疯
1．mad指疯狂，madness指疯狂行为。
　☞ 儿子死了以后她就发疯了。
　☞ She went mad after the death of her son.
　☞ 噪音大得足以使我发疯。
　☞ The noise is loud enough to drive me mad.
　☞ 干这种事纯粹是发疯。
　☞ It would be sheer madness to do such a thing.
2．crazy，指思维狂乱。
　☞ 从此他就发疯了，挥着手，唱着歌，还大叫有人要谋害他。
　☞ Since then he has been crazy, throwing up his hand, singing and yelling that somebody was murdering him.
　☞ 在这样的薄冰上滑冰，你真发疯了。
　☞ It is crazy of you to go skating on such thin ice.
3．insane，指精神错乱。
　☞ 在这样的天气里飞行简直是发疯。
　☞ It's simply insane to fly in this weather.
　☞ 那封信使她忌妒得发疯。
　☞ The letter made her insane from jealousy.
4．out of one's mind, lose one's mind，指心态失常。
　☞ 这可怜的女人发疯了。
　☞ This poor woman was out of her mind.
　☞ 我担心她会发疯。
　☞ I'm afraid she may lose her mind.
5．beside oneself，指几乎疯了。
　☞ 他们得知这消息时都气得要发疯。
　☞ When they learned the news they were beside themselves with rage.
　☞ 可怜的母亲牙疼得几乎要发疯了。
　☞ My poor mother has been almost beside herself with toothache.
发行 发行
1．issue，指钱币、邮票、有价证券及出版物的发行。
　☞ 不久前发行了一种新钱币。
　☞ A new coinage was issued not long ago.
　☞ 政府每年都要发行公债。
　☞ The government issues bonds every year.
　☞ 现在盗版刊物都是通过地下发行的。
　☞ Nowadays pirated editions are issued underground.
　☞ 上星期邮局发行了一套新邮票。
　☞ A set of new stamps was issued last week.
2．如果强调刊物的出版发行，则可用publish。
　☞ 今年秋季他的作品会发行一个精装本。
　☞ His works will be published in an edition deluxe in autumn this year.
　☞ 他去年发行的那本书成了畅销书。
　☞ The book he published last year has become a best seller.
3．distribute，指分发到各地销售。
　☞ 该书将由新华书店发行。
　☞ The book is to be distributed by Xinhua Bookstore.
　☞ 报纸现在每天已发行至20万份。
　☞ Now there are already two hundred thousand copies of the newspaper distributed every day.
4．on sale，指出售。
　☞ 该书已经出版，但要到下星期才会发行。
　☞ The book has been published but won't be on sale till next week.
　☞ 这套邮票将要在全国各地发行。
　☞ This set of stamps will be put on sale throughout the country.
5．release，指音乐、音像制品（如电影、唱片、盒带、盘等）的发行。
　☞ 影片《大决战》将于下个月发行。
　☞ The film The Great Decisive Battle will be released next month.
　☞ 他的唱片已发行了几张？
　☞ How many discs of his have been released?
发表 发表
1．publish，侧重指通过印刷媒介的发表。
　《光明日报》发表了这消息。
　☞ Guangming Ribao published the news.
　☞ 这部小说在一本杂志上发表过。
　☞ This novel was published in a certain magazine.
　☞ 你发表这样的诗简直疯了。
　☞ You are crazy to publish such a poem at all.
　☞ 你准备什么时候发表你这一作品？
　☞ When are you going to publish this work of yours?
　☞ 国家计委发表了下列统计数字。
　☞ The State Planning Commission published the following statistics.
　☞ 不要发表总统昨天的谈话，要绝对保密。
　☞ Don't publish what the president said yesterday—it's strictly off the record.
2．issue，make，侧重指官方发表正式的书面文件。
　☞ 美英苏三国首脑于1945年发表了波茨坦公告。
　☞ The heads of the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union issued (made) the Potsdam Proclamation in 1945.
　☞ 5月5日发表了一项联合公报。
　☞ A joint communiqué was issued (made) on May 5.
　☞ 委员会大概要在一周内发表第一个报告。
　☞ The commission will issue (make) its first report in about a week's time.
　☞ 他是在记者招待会上发表这一声明的。
　☞ He made this statement at the press conference.
　☞ 美国的独立宣言是在1776年发表的。
　☞ The Declaration of Independence was made in America in 1776.
3．air, voice, tell，侧重指口头发表。
　☞ 上级党委常邀请意见最多的工人开会，让他们发表自己的看法。
　☞ The top-level Party committee often invites the most critical workers to meetings to air their views.
　☞ 他们在会上发表了各自的分歧。
　☞ At the meeting they aired their differences.
　☞ 咱们都把意见发表出来吧。
　☞ Let's all air our opinions.
　☞ 律师滔滔不绝地对该案发表自己的观点。
　☞ The lawyer ran on, airing his own views about the case.
　☞ 你在发表意见以前已经读了那篇文章吗？
　☞ Had you read the article before you voiced your opinion?
　☞ 这类意见你知道就行了，不要发表。
　☞ Opinions of that kind are best kept to you yourself, and not voiced in public.
　☞ 请你对我们发表一点看了这部电影后的感想。
　☞ Please tell us your impression on the film.
4．address, deliver (give, make)a speech, 侧重发表演说、抗议或正式的看法。
　☞ 中国外长向联合国大会发表了演说。
　☞ The Foreign Minister of China addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations.
　☞ 他向陪审团发表了自己的看法。
　☞ He addressed his remarks to the jury.
　☞ 党的总书记就党内整风问题发表了演说。
　☞ The General Secretary of the Party delivered (gave, made)a speech on the rectification of incorrect styles within the Party.
　☞ 他对他们的野蛮行径发表了口头抗议。
　☞ He delivered a verbal protest against their brutal acts.
5．announce，泛指书面、口头的发表，侧重在预先发布。
　☞ 新政府一成立就发表了它的施政纲领。
　☞ The new government announced its administrative program as soon as it was established.
　☞ 消息是由北京广播电台发表的。
　☞ The news was announced by Radio Beijing.
6．carry，侧重在期刊、书报上登载发表。
　☞ 昨天报纸的头版发表了这一事实真相。
　☞ Yesterday's newspaper carried the true facts on the front page.
　☞ 社论的译文发表在最近一期《北京周报》上。
　☞ The translation of the editorial was carried in the latest issue of Beijing Review.
7．express，侧重在表示意见、观点等。
　☞ 我已经发表了我的意见。
　☞ I have already expressed my opinions.
　☞ 他们没有阻止他发表自己的观点。
　☞ They didn't prevent him from expressing his views.
8．harp on，侧重在带有贬义的重复发表某种意见。
　☞ 一遇到机会，他总要发表一通议论，而且从来不会累。
　☞ He was never tired of harping on his arguments whenever an opportunity presented itself.
　☞ 这件事，我希望你不要老讲个没完。
　☞ I wish you wouldn't harp on the matter all the time.
发觉 发觉
1．find, discover，指通过感觉、听觉、视觉等发觉。
　☞ 我发觉她是个思想随和、明白事理的女同志。
　☞ I find her an agreeable, sensible woman.
　☞ 她发觉有人在暗处走动。
　☞ She found someone walking in the darkness.
　☞ 我们发觉他是个激进分子。
　☞ We discovered that he was a radical.
　☞ 她发觉他已经戒烟了。
　☞ She discovered that he had given up smoking.
2．detect，指通过调查、寻找等发觉。
　☞ 错误一经发觉，就应改正。
　☞ Mistakes should be corrected as soon as they are detected.
　☞ 我们发觉岩样里含有微量的稀有元素。
　☞ We detected minute quantities of rare elements in the rock samples.
3．realize, come to know, become aware of, 指开始意识到。
　☞ 火扑灭以后，他才发觉自己受了伤。
　☞ He didn't realize that he was injured until the fire had been put out.
　☞ 他突然发觉他们俩都变了很多。
　☞ Suddenly he realized they had both changed very much.
　☞ 你怎么发觉这事的？
　☞ How did you come to know it?
　☞ 一会儿她发觉身后有脚步声匆忙赶来。
　☞ Presently she became aware of footsteps hurrying after her.
发起 发起
1．initiate，指主动或首先发起。
　☞ 政府发起一场群众运动来消灭该地区的疟疾。
　☞ The government initiated a mass campaign to wipe out malaria in the area.
　☞ 工会发起了一次住房工程的公开讨论。
　☞ The trade union initiated an open discussion on the housing project.
2．on one's initiative，指由…主动发起。
　☞ 这个歌咏队是由我们发起成立的。
　☞ This singing group was formed on our initiative.
　☞ 我们帮助经济困难的学生是由他发起的。
　☞ It was on his initiative that we helped the students in financial difficulties.
3．sponsor，指赞助发起。
　☞ 这次会议是由14个国家发起的。
　☞ The meeting was sponsored by 14 countries.
　☞ 是什么单位发起这次考察的？
　☞ What institution sponsored the expedition?
4．launch，指发动起来。
　☞ 证据不足，因此发起了一场争取复审的运动。
　☞ The evidence was flimsy, and a campaign was launched to a retrial.
　☞ 他们在西线发起了秋季攻势。
　☞ They launched an autumn offensive in the western front.
取 取
1．fetch，指到一个地方去取回东西。
　☞ 她回去取行李去了。
　☞ She's gone back to fetch her luggage.
　☞ 村民每天都得到离村3公里外的泉眼去取水。
　☞ Every day villagers have to go to fetch water in a mouth of spring which is three kilometers away.
2．take (away，off，out)，指由这里取走。
　☞ 他得到了他所要的东西以后就取了帽子离开了。
　☞ Having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away.
　☞ 他取了一张打字纸，便开始写信。
　☞ Taking a sheet of typewriting paper he began to write a letter.
　☞ 她打开一只抽屉的锁，取出她女儿的照片。
　☞ Unlocking a drawer, she took out her daughter's photograph.
　☞ 是他把书取走的。
　☞ It was he who took away the books.
　☞ 老头读了一会书以后就取下了眼镜。
　☞ The old man took off his glasses after reading for a while.
3．bring (back，down，out)，指从那里取来。
　☞ 你把他的行李取来了吗？
　☞ Have you brought his luggage?
　☞ 你可以把那些资料取回来。
　☞ You may bring those materials back.
　☞ 我要的书在顶层的架子上，你能取下来吗？
　☞ The books I want are on the top shelf, will you bring them down?
　☞ 那老头取出一瓶白兰地。
　☞ The old man brought out a bottle of brandy.
4．get，指取得，fetch的意思是go and get，因而get只是fetch后一半的意思。
　☞ 他来取自行车。
　☞ He came to get his bike.
　☞ 我可以取包香烟吗？
　☞ Shall I get a packet of cigarette?
5．draw，指提取。
　☞ 我上银行取点钱。
　☞ I'm going to draw some money from the bank.
　☞ 这本小说取材于炼钢工人的生活。
　☞ This novel has drawn its material from the life of steel workers.
　☞ 所需资金将主要取自企业内部的积累。
　☞ The funds needed will mainly be drawn from accumulation within the enterprise.
6．adopt，指采取。
　☞ 他在艺术创作上取法于印象派。
　☞ He adopted methods from the impressionist school in his art creation.
　☞ 在处理人民内部矛盾时我们应取慎重态度。
　☞ We should adopt a cautious attitude when handling contradictions among the people.
7．acquire，指获取。
　《西游记》是讲唐僧往西天取经的故事。
　☞ The Journey to the West tells how Monk Tang went to the Western Heaven to acquire scriptures.
　☞ 我是来你们工厂学习取经的。
　☞ I came to your factory to learn and acquire your experience.
8．find, 寻取。
　☞ 拍照前先要取好景。
　☞ You have to find a better view before you take a picture.
　☞ 你认为饮酒取乐合适吗？
　☞ Do you think it appropriate to find amusement in drinking?
9．“取”的其他译法。
　☞ 代表团将取道巴黎回国。
　☞ The delegation will come back to China by way of Paris.
　☞ 正如谚语所说：“取法乎上，仅得乎中。”
　☞ As the proverb goes: "Aim high or you may fall below the average."
　☞ 有时候我也会尽情地饮酒取乐。
　☞ I sometimes indulge in drinking and making merry.
　☞ 我们活着不仅仅是为了取乐。
　☞ We live not only for seeking pleasure.
取代 取代
1．replace，指替代不再有用、失去作用或很少有用的东西。
　☞ 人们用煤气取代了煤油。
　☞ People used gas to replace kerosene. 成People replaced kerosene with gas.
　☞ 下工后色彩鲜艳的连衣裙取代了蓝色的牛仔裤。
　☞ After work colorful dresses replace the blue jeans.
　☞ 风镐和电钻很快就取代了手镐。
　☞ Hand picks were quickly replaced with (by) pneumatic picks and electric drills.
2．take the place of，义同replace，可以互换。
　☞ 塑料已取代了许多常规材料。
　☞ Plastics have taken the place of (replaced) many conventional materials.
　☞ 在许多城市里，公共汽车已取代了无轨电车。
　☞ Buses in many cities have taken the place of (replaced) the trams.
　☞ 我们无人能取代她。
　☞ We have no one to take her place (replace her).
3．substitute，书面语，常指用某种替代品取代，一般可与replace互换。
　☞ 她已找到人来取代你了。
　☞ She has found someone to substitute (replace) you.
　☞ 我们不喜欢吃洋芋，故用大米取而代之。
　☞ We don't like potatoes, so we substitute rice.
　 ■ 但在substitute与replace互换时，要注意宾语换位。
　☞ 老师要我们用课文中的词取代句子里画线的词。
　☞ The teacher wanted us to substitute words from the text for the underlined words in the sentences. 或 The teacher wanted us to replace the underlined words in the sentence with words from the text.
4．supersede，指以优代劣的取代。
　☞ 许多火力发电厂都用原子反应堆取代了烧煤的锅炉。
　☞ Atomic reactors have superseded coal furnaces in many power plants.
　☞ 大多数城市里的有轨电车已被公共汽车所取代。
　☞ The trams in most cities have been superseded by buses.
5．supplant，常指以不正当手段取而代之。
　☞ 一位将军在军队的帮助下正阴谋取代总统。
　☞ One of the generals is plotting to supplant the president with the help of the army.
　☞ 年轻美貌的妻子发现自己已被一位精明但并不可爱的女人取而代之了。
　☞ The pretty young wife found herself having been supplanted by a shrewd, unlovely woman.
6．displace, 指以排挤、逐出、废弃等手段取代。
　☞ 在数学领域里，符号首先取代了语言。
　☞ In the realm of mathematics symbols first displace words.
　☞ 在你的心里我已被那个年轻的傻瓜所取代。
　☞ I have been displaced in your heart by that young fool.
7．succeed, 指后面的继承者取代前者。
　☞ 我可以有把握地说，他会取代我来当厂长。
　☞ I think I'm safe in saying that he would succeed me as director of the factory.
　☞ 他发言之后，沉默取代了喧闹。
　☞ A silence succeeded noise after his words.
取决 取决
1．depend on，指“得看…而定”，主语一般不是人，而是物。
　☞ 消费的增长取决于生产的增长。
　☞ The increase in consumption depends on the increase in production.
　☞ 一个人能挣多少，取决于他的知识和能力。
　☞ How much a person can earn depends on his knowledge and skill.
2．hinge on，指关键在于，主语一般也是物。
　☞ 一切都取决于大会的决议。
　☞ Everything hinges on the decision of the congress.
　☞ 我去不去庐山取决于得花多少旅费。
　☞ Whether I go to the Lushan Mountain or not hinges on the cost of fare.
3．be decided by, 指“得由…决定”。
　☞ 我们是否能赢这场官司将取决于法官的反应。
　☞ Whether we win the lawsuit or not will be decided by the response of the judge.
　☞ 他在这里的成功取决于他的努力与勤奋。
　☞ His success here was decided by his efforts and diligence.
4．be determined by，也指“由…决定”，但更具主观性，而be decided by, 却更具客观性。
　☞ 在这样的家庭里，仆人的态度取决于他们侍候的人的身份。
　☞ In a household like this, the attitude of the servants was determined by the status of those they had to serve.
　☞ 他被判5个月还是5年取决于陪审团。
　☞ Whether he is sentenced to five months or five years is determined by the jury.
5．contingent on, 指“依…而定”。
　☞ 我们能否准时到达取决于天气。
　☞ Whether or not we arrive on time is contingent on the weather.
　☞ 我国经济改革的成功取决于结构的调整。
　☞ Success of the economic reform is contingent on the structural readjustment.
取得 取得
1．get，是一个常用词，词义广，不管用什么方式、手 段取得，也不管出于什么目的、动机，而取得的范围、对象等也不受限制。
　☞ 他的儿子在学校经常取得高分。
　☞ His son often gets good marks in school.
　☞ 没有取得你的允许我才不会干呢。
　☞ I won't do it until I get your permission.
2．acquire，指持久的、累积性的逐步取得。
　☞ 任何道德、智力上的良好习惯都不是一朝一夕能够养成的，而是必须通过实践逐步取得的。
　☞ Any good habit of moral or intellectual cannot be cultivated at once, but must be acquired by practice step by step.
　☞ 只有使用语言才能取得使用语言的能力。
　☞ The ability to use a language can be acquired only by the act of using the language.
3．obtain, 指经过长时间的追求和努力之后的取得。
　☞ 这种满足感是通过与别人交流情感并打破重重障碍而取得的。
　☞ The satisfaction is obtained by the sentiment of communion with others and by breaking down barriers.
　☞ 经过一连串的失败之后，科学家们终于取得了月球上的岩石标本。
　☞ The scientists finally obtained rock samples from the moon after a succession of failures.
4．gain，指经过奋斗、搏斗之后的取得。
　☞ 我们是经过艰苦的斗争之后才取得胜利的。
　☞ We gained the victory after a hard struggle.
　☞ 我相信只要坚持，你一定会在工作中取得经验的。
　☞ I'm sure you will gain experience in the job provided you persevere.
5．achieve，指运用技巧、勇敢、坚持、忍耐之后的取得。
　☞ 经过25年不懈的努力，他取得了显赫的地位。
　☞ In twenty five years of unremitting toil, he has achieved a distinguished position.
　☞ 单靠脱离群众斗争的谈判是无法取得世界和平的。
　☞ World peace cannot be achieved by negotiation alone divorced from the struggle of the masses.
6．attain，指大多数人难以得到的取得。
　☞ 他取得的成功是一般人想都没有想过的。
　☞ He attained success that ordinary people never hope to.
　☞ 我军在一场生死搏斗的战斗中取得了决定性的胜利。
　☞ Our troops attained a decisive victory in the life-and death battle.
7．win，指经过竞争、角逐之后取得。
　☞ 我们已经在生产资料所有制的改造方面取得了基本胜利。
　☞ We have won the basic victory in transforming the ownership of the means of production.
　☞ 他只用了3年的时间就取得了文凭。
　☞ He won his diploma in only three years.
8．earn，指名利方面的取得。
　☞ 我在取得生物学博士学位之后，决定继续研究基因工程。
　☞ After earning my doctorate in biology, I decided to continue my research into genetic engineering.
　☞ 你的股票每年都可以为你取得数目可观的红利。
　☞ Your shares will earn you a handsome dividend annually.
9．procure，指用不正当的手段取得。
　☞ 一些特工常以窃听的方式取得情报。
　☞ Some special agents often procure information by bugging.
　☞ 我们总得想个办法以取得补给品。
　☞ We must have supplies procured by some means or other.
10．draw, 指用汲取的方式取得。
　☞ 人们往往从文艺作品中取得鼓舞。
　☞ People often draw inspiration from literary and artistic works.
　☞ 我们从这一挫折中取得了宝贵的经验。
　☞ We drew valuable experience from the setback.
11．secure，指百分之百的取得。
　☞ 他们决心取得合法权利，决不动摇。
　☞ They were immovable in their determination to secure the legal rights.
　☞ 他为了取得冠军，天天练习游泳。
　☞ In order to secure the championship he practices swimming every day.
12．make，后接表示动作的名词有时也有“取得”的意思。
　☞ 由于我们自己的努力和教师耐心的帮助，我们在学习上取得了很大的进步。
　☞ As a result of our own efforts and the patient help of the teachers, we have made tremendous progress in our studies.
　☞ 他在写作上取得了相当大的进展。
　☞ He has made considerable headway in his writing.
取消 取消
1．abolish，主要指取消制度、法律、风俗、习惯等。
　☞ 建立社会主义就是要取消资本主义。
　☞ Establishing socialism means abolishing capitalism.
　☞ 许多国家已经取消了死刑。
　☞ Capital punishment has been abolished in many countries.
　☞ 有许多坏的风俗习惯应该取消。
　☞ There are many bad customs and habits that ought to be abolished.
　 ■ 不过abolish一词，有时也有人用来取消实物。
　☞ 许多小学生都会喜欢取消家庭作业的。
　☞ Many school-children would like to abolish homework.
2．cancel，与abolish相反，主要用于取消实物。
　☞ 你们不能单方面取消定货。
　☞ You cannot cancel the order unilaterally.
　☞ 美国总统突然取消了对日本的访问，而且没有做出解释。
　☞ Suddenly the president of the United States canceled his visit to Japan, and with no explanation.
　☞ 我已写信给纽约大学，取消这次讲座。
　☞ I've written to the University of New York to cancel the course of lectures.
3．call off，词义与cancel同，也用于取消实物，但比cancel更为口语化。
　☞ 我们本来想举行一次舞会，但在最后一分钟决定取消。
　☞ We were going to give a dance. but decided to call it off at the last minute.
　☞ 政府的想法是让我们取消这次罢工。
　☞ The idea of the government was to get us to call off the strike.
　☞ 足球赛因雨取消了。
　☞ The football match was called off on account of rain.
4．deprive of，指剥夺式的取消。
　☞ 俱乐部决定取消他的会员资格。
　☞ The club decided to deprive him of his membership.
　☞ 取消公众显然需要的服务项目是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong to deprive the public of a service which they obviously want.
5．rescind，指撤销式的取消，如取消已定的法律、作 出的决定、谈话的协议等，故强调的是自己取消。
　☞ 大会拒绝取消已经做出的决议。
　☞ The Congress refused to rescind the decision they have made.
　☞ 将军被迫取消了他那道严历的命令。
　☞ The general was forced to rescind his harsh order.
6．lift，指政府当局取消原来宣布的禁令或制裁等。
　☞ 政府取消了去西藏旅游的禁令。
　☞ The government lifted the ban on tourist visit to Tibet.
　☞ 美国宣布对阿富汗的制裁已经取消。
　☞ The United States declared that the sanctions against Afghanistan were lifted.
7．disqualify from，仅限于取消资格。
　☞ 你无权取消他服兵役的资格。
　☞ You have no right to disqualify him from military service.
　☞ 他因屡次违反纪律而被取消了比赛资格。
　☞ He was disqualified from the contest owing to repeatedly violating disciplines.
8．no, 有时强调没有也有取消的意思。
　☞ 由于你的过错，这个月的奖金取消了。
　☞ There will be no bonuses this month due to your fault.
　☞ 两国间举行的谈判因这次边境冲突取消了。
　☞ No negotiation between the two countries will be held because of the border clash.
取笑 取笑
1．ridicule，认为荒唐而有意或恶意取笑。
　☞ 当时有很多人都取笑他的主张，可现在科学家正在认真地加以考虑。
　☞ Many people ridiculed his idea at the time, but scientists are now taking it into consideration seriously.
　☞ 她的嘴真损，老取笑人。
　☞ She has really sharp tongue - always ridiculing people.
2．make fun of, 指带有开玩笑或取乐式的取笑，因此不一定带有恶意。
　☞ 因为他有点结巴，其他男生都取笑他。
　☞ Because he stammered slightly, the other boys made fun of him.
　☞ 我们不应取笑残疾人。
　☞ We should not make fun of the disabled.
3．poke fun at，义同make fun of，一般可以互换。
　☞ 大家取笑她是因为她总是穿奇装异服。
　☞ People poke fun at (make fun of) her because she is always in bizarre dress.
　☞ 她脸红了，感到他们都在取笑她。
　☞ She blushed, feeling they were poking fun at (making fun of) her.
取缔 取缔
1．outlaw，指以宣布非法的方式取缔。
　☞ 只有取缔非法贸易才能繁荣经济。
　☞ The economy will be booming only by outlawing illicit trade.
　☞ 当时有几位青年批评家主张取缔文人。
　☞ At that time there were some young critics who advocated that men of letters should be outlawed.
2．ban，指禁止非法组织或低级文艺作品。
　☞ 我们要破除迷信，取缔反动会道门。
　☞ We must do away with superstitions and ban reactionary secret societies.
　☞ 政府明令取缔卖淫和赌博。
　☞ The government proscribes whoring and gambling by formal decree.
　☞ 电影获得巨大的成功是因为原书遭到了取缔。
　☞ The film met with an enormous success because the book had been banned.
3．proscribe，指以法律方式禁止危险或有害的东西。
　☞ 社会稳定的定义一度扩大到了可以取缔任何群众性自由集会。
　☞ The definition of stability of the society once got to be so broad as to proscribe any free mass rally.
4．suppress，指以镇压的方式取缔。
　☞ 警方一直在设法取缔枪支弹药的非法买卖。
　☞ The police have been trying to suppress illegal sale of firearms and ammunition.
　☞ 非法的工会和政党都已被取缔。
　☞ Unlawful trade unions and political parties have been suppressed.
受伤 受伤
1．hurt, 指使之受伤，常用于口语。强调疼痛，伤势一般不会太重。
　☞ 一个掉下来的花盆使他的脚受了重伤。
　☞ A falling flowerpot hurt his foot badly.
　☞ 他摔了一跤，腿受了伤。
　☞ He fell and hurt his leg.
　 ■ 不过，hurt作“受伤”解，更常用的是与反身代词oneself连用。
　☞ 我的小儿子从梯子上掉下来受了伤。
　☞ My little son has fallen off a ladder and hurt himself.
　☞ 他的司机在车祸中受了重伤。
　☞ His driver hurt himself badly in the automobile accident.
　 ■ 但用得更多的是hurt的被动语态。
　☞ 她从自行车上摔下来受了伤。
　☞ She was hurt falling off the bicycle.
　☞ 冒这样的险，难道你不怕有一天会受伤吗？
　☞ Taking such a risk, aren't you afraid you'll be hurt some day?
　 ■ hurt还可用作定语。
　☞ 男孩回家时膝盖受了伤。
　☞ The boy came home with a hurt knee.
2．injure，指机能、器官等受到的机械性伤害。一般可与hurt换用。
　☞ 他在一次车祸中腿受了伤。
　☞ He injured (hurt) his leg in a car accident.
　☞ 这真的很危险，你会弄得他受伤的。
　☞ It was really very dangerous; you might have injured him.
　 ■ 同样，injure一般也常用于被动语态。
　☞ 他的手虽然受了伤，但还在开机器。
　☞ Although his hand was injured he continues to operate the machine.
　☞ 他猛撞在方向盘上，内脏可能受了伤。
　☞ He had been thrown violently against the steering wheel; he could be injured internally.
　 ■ 同样，injured也可用作定语。
　☞ 受伤的工人被送进了医院。
　☞ The injured worker was taken to hospital.
3．wound，指在格斗中受到棍棒、刀枪的伤害，一般不能与hurt, injure换用。如：“他的内脏受了伤。”可译为：His internal organs were injured.但不能用wounded。
　☞ 战斗中，50名士兵阵亡，70多人受伤。
　☞ In the battle 50 soldiers were killed and more than 70 wounded.
　☞ 起初，猎人以为已经把熊打死，但它只受了点轻伤。
　☞ At first the hunter thought he had killed the bear but it was slightly wounded.
　 ■ wounded也用作定语。
　☞ 受伤的士兵都躺在大车上。
　☞ Wounded soldiers lay on the carts.
受(受到) 受(受到)
1．receive，指接受。
　☞ 他是在家乡受的大学教育。
　☞ He received a university education in his home town.
　☞ 病人受到了最好的护理。
　☞ The patient received the best of care.
　☞ 他从来没有从任何人那里受到过这样的鼓励。
　☞ He has never received such encouragement from anyone.
　☞ 这种新产品很受欢迎。
　☞ The new product has been well received.
2．suffer，指遭受某种肉体或精神上的痛苦。
　☞ 敌人受到重大损失。
　☞ The enemy has suffered severe losses.
　☞ 当时的农民起义数度受挫。
　☞ The then peasant uprising suffered setbacks a good few times.
　☞ 要是你工作努力，你是不会受穷的。
　☞ If you worked hard you would not suffer poverty.
3．subject，指使之受到。
　☞ 是你自己的行为使你受到了大家的嘲笑。
　☞ It was your conduct that subjected you to public ridicule.
　☞ 宇航员在登上火箭以前要受到各种各样的考验。
　☞ Astronauts are subjected to all kinds of tests before they are sent up in rockets.
　☞ 领导干部要受人民的监督。
　☞ The leading cadres must be subjected to supervision by the people.
4．deserve，指理应受到。
　☞ 她应该受到表扬。
　☞ She deserved the praise.
　☞ 我感到像他这样的老人理应多受点照顾。
　☞ I feel an old man like him deserves a bit more of looking after.
　☞ 我可受不起你的重礼。
　☞ I don't deserve such expensive gifts from you.
5．put up with, stand, endure, tolerate, bear, abide等，均指忍受，区别详见词条“忍受”。
　☞ 这真是够受的。
　☞ This is really hard to put up with.
　☞ 我冻得受不了啦。
　☞ I can't stand the cold.
　☞ 他绝对受不了这样的辜情。
　☞ He can never endure anything like this.
　☞ 你怎么受得了像他这样的人？
　☞ How can you tolerate a man like him?
　☞ 我无法受人嘲笑。
　☞ I can't bear to be laughed at.
　☞ 我受不了大声吵闹。
　☞ I can't abide loud noise.
6．“受”处于受格时可用被动语气表示。
　☞ 你要老是这样，是要受法律制裁的。
　☞ It you keep going on like that you'll be dealt with according to law.
　☞ 谁都不愿受压迫、受剥削。
　☞ Nobody will be oppressed and exploited willingly.
　☞ 你们倒是逍遥自在，而我却在受夹板气。
　☞ You were free and unfettered while I was blamed by both parties.
　☞ 他为我们大家可没少受苦。
　☞ He's been put to no little sufferings for our sake.
　☞ 物体受热后膨胀。
　☞ When matter is heated, it expands.
变化 变化
1．change，常用词，可表示一切变化，不管变化的大与小，质与量，表面与内在。
1) 表示量的变化。
　☞ 你变化不大。
　☞ You have changed little.
　☞ 他本人并不了解自己的观点发生了多大变化。
　☞ He himself didn't realize to what extent his point of view had changed.
2) 表示质的变化。
　☞ 时代在变化。
　☞ Times are changing.
　☞ 解放后我国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
　☞ An earth-shaking change has taken place in our country since liberation.
3) 表示内在的变化。
　☞ 他的思想感情有了变化。
　☞ He has changed in his ideas and feelings.
　☞ 他的态度有了变化，并开始帮助别人。
　☞ His attitude has changed and he begins to help others.
4) 表示表面的变化。
　☞ 他似乎没有变化。
　☞ He did not seem to have changed.
　☞ 他发球变化多端。
　☞ He's always changing his way of serving the ball.
5) 表示性质的变化。
　☞ 高山上天气变化无常。
　☞ In high mountains the weather is changeable.
　☞ 这个星期他的脾气一直变化无常，所以不要惹他。
　☞ His temper has been changeable this week, so don't annoy him.
　☞ 我家乡有了很大变化。
　☞ Great changes have taken place in my home village.
　☞ 工程随着整个计划的变化而变化。
　☞ The project underwent changes following changes in the overall plan.
2．alter，只指表面、局部，非本质的变化。
　☞ 他的外貌没有什么变化。
　☞ His feature had not altered.
　☞ 爷爷的变化竟比我小得多。
　☞ Actually, grandpa had altered much less than I.
　☞ 见到她外表的变化，我大吃一惊。
　☞ I was shocked at observing the alteration of her looks.
3．vary，强调一定范围内可变的变化。
　☞ 你可以随意变化压力。
　☞ You can vary the pressure at will.
　☞ 价格随质量而变化。
　☞ Prices vary with quality.
　☞ 长度随温度而变化。
　☞ The length varies with the temperature.
　☞ 旋律太单调，要设法变化。
　☞ The melody is too monotonous. Try to vary it.
4．modify，用于物，表示轻微的不那么剧烈的变化。
　☞ 我们的计划有了点变化。
　☞ We have modified our plan.
　☞ 他颇为偏激的观点被迫有了点变化。
　☞ He was forced to modify his rather extreme views.
变成 变成
1．常用词为change into，强调外观的变化，turn into，强调用途的变化。两者意义重叠时一般可以互换，并可代替convert，transform，transmute 等正式用语。
　☞ 青蛙变成了一个漂亮姑娘，忽然口吐人言。
　☞ The frog changed into a beautiful girl and suddenly began to talk.
　☞ 他由一个丑小鬼变成一个美男子。
　☞ He has changed from an ugly boy into a handsome man.
　☞ 魔术师要把蛋变成鸭。
　☞ The magician is going to change an egg into a duck.
　☞ 屋子变成了车间，花园变成木料场。
　☞ The house has been turned into a shop, and the garden into a wood yard.
　☞ 这座古老的消费城市今天已变成一个现代化的工业基地。
　☞ The ancient consumer city has now been turned (changed) into a modern industrial base.
　☞ 大约有6,000亩地变成了稻田。
　☞ About 6,000 mu of land were turned (changed) into rice paddies.
　☞ 这些大转移使老根据地变成了游击区。
　☞ The great shifts turned (changed) the old base areas into guerrilla zones.
2．强调改变用途，译convert。
　☞ 他们把一个旧牲口棚变成一栋舒适的小屋。
　☞ They converted (turned) an old stable into a comfortable little house.
　☞ 这个附件能够把真空吸尘器变成油漆喷头。
　☞ The attachment converts (turns) the vacuum cleaner into a paint sprayer.
3．强调改变外形，可译transform。
　☞ 变成青蛙的巫婆忽然开始讲话。
　☞ The witch that was transformed (changed) into a frog suddenly began to talk.
　☞ 只要我们坚持跟老天爷作斗争，沙漠就能变成良田。
　☞ So long as we persevere in our struggle with nature, the desert can be transformed (changed) into farmland.
4．强调改变质量（由低到高），可译transmute。
　☞ 煤在千百万年的高压下变成了金刚石。
　☞ Coal is transmuted into diamond by eons of high pressure.
　☞ 工人们用自己的劳动把原料变成了成品。
　☞ With their own labor workers transmute raw materials into finished products.
5．强调破坏性的改变，可译reduce to。
　☞ 第二次世界大战时，许多城镇都变成了废墟。
　☞ During the Second World War many cities and towns were reduced to ruins.
　☞ 在风雨侵蚀下，石头变成了粉末。
　☞ The rock has been reduced to powder under the erosion by wind and rain.
6．强调客观事实的改变，可译become。
　☞ 后进队变成了先进队。
　☞ Less advanced teams have become advanced ones.
　☞ 数十年后，她的梦想变成了现实。
　☞ After decades, her dream had become a reality.
口头 口头
1．oral，orally，强调用口腔。
　☞ 我得向委员会作口头汇报。
　☞ I have to make an oral report to the committee.
　☞ 部长要在明天发表口头声明。
　☞ The minister is to make an oral statement tomorrow.
　☞ 你要进行正确句型的口头练习。
　☞ You should drill the correct patterns orally.
　☞ 我得到口头通知，星期一要测验。
　☞ I was notified orally that there would be a test on Monday.
2．vocal, voice，强调用声音，可与oral换用，但不如前者常用。
　☞ 老师给了我们许多口头表扬。
　☞ The teacher gave us a lot of vocal praise.
　☞ 他对我的口头反应不予理会。
　☞ He took no notice of my vocal response.
　☞ 对这一问题，我们将进行口头表决。
　☞ We shall take a voice vote on the question.
　☞ 他被关进了监狱，只是因为他口头上表示过反对这个制度。
　☞ He was jailed only for voicing opposition to the system.
3．in word (s)，强调用语言，也可与oral换用，但oral前置，in word后置。
　☞ 他是个口头革命派。
　☞ He is a revolutionary in word.
　☞ 他们口头上同意，行动上反对。
　☞ They agreed in words but opposed in deeds.
另外 另外
1．in addition，besides，表示外加或附加。指在说到的对象或范围之外，一般可以换用。
　☞ 另外，我们还游览了长城。
　☞ In addition, we also visited the Great Wall.
　☞ 母亲给了我们野餐用的三明治，另外还给了一袋饼干。
　☞ Mother gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition.
　☞ 另外，我要你答应我一件事。
　☞ Besides, I want you to promise me one thing.
　☞ 他似乎不想去那里；另外，他的衣服也不够体面。
　☞ He seemed to have no intention to go there. Besides, his clothes were not decent enough.
2．another, other, 前者用于单数名词之前，后者常用于复数名词之前。
　☞ 我虽然已有一个，可是我还想另外买一个。
　☞ Even though I already have one, I want to buy another one.
　☞ 当然，那是另外一件事。
　☞ Of course, that's another matter.
　 ■ 不过，another后可以跟带few或数字的复数名词，因为这时的复数已被视作一个单位。
　☞ 我还有另外几件东西要打包。
　☞ I've still got another few things to pack 我们另外有3天假。
　☞ We've got another three days' holiday.
　 ■ other则用于复数名词之前。
　☞ 另外几张照片在哪里？
　☞ Where are the other photos?
　☞ 有另外的颜色吗？
　☞ Have you got any other colors?
　 ■ other，除了用作形容词之外，还可用作代词（但应为复数），意为other ones。如：
　☞ 有一些金属有磁性，另外一些则没有。
　☞ Some metals are magnetic and others are not.
　☞ 你几个坐火车走，另外几个坐船走。
　☞ You take the train and the others will go by ship.
　 ■ 但是如果碰上没有复数的名词，则用another或other均可。如：
　☞ 我今天有些事，我们另外再找时间好吗？
　☞ I've got some things to attend to today, shall we find another time to talk?
　☞ 今天我脱不了身，咱们另外找时间谈吧。
　☞ I'm tied up today, let's have a talk some other time.
3．else与something, somewhere, nobody等连用，表示另外。
　☞ 我说的是另外一回事。
　☞ I'm talking about something else.
　☞ 你要另外再来点喝的吗？
　☞ Would you like anything else to drink?
　☞ 这里太挤，咱们到另外的地方去吧。
　☞ It's too crowded here, let's go somewhere else.
　☞ 除你以外，另外无人能理解我。
　☞ Nobody else understands me except you.
　☞ 除了上海，你还去了另外什么地方？
　☞ Where else did you go besides Shanghai?
　☞ 是另外什么人干的。
　☞ Someone else did it.
4．also，常与“还”、“又”等词连用，以突出强调后面的话。
　☞ 这篇文章我改动了好几处，另外我又补充了一小段。
　☞ I made a few changes in this article. I also supplemented it with one short paragraph.
　☞ 另外还有几封单独放着没有拆开的信。
　☞ There were also, placed separately, a few unopened letters.
5．different，指不同，因而另外。
　☞ 这是另外一辆车，不是我昨天开的那辆。
　☞ This is a different car from the one I drove yesterday.
　☞ 这个词是经常用的，不过是另外一种意思。
　☞ This term is often used, but in a different sense.
6．separate，指分开，因而另外。
　☞ 我想在另外一篇文章里来讨论当代的作家。
　☞ I intended to deal with contemporary writers in a separate article.
　☞ 创新形成了一个不同的主题，也创造了另外一种思想方法。
　☞ Innovation constitutes a different subject and a separate mode of thinking.
只 只
1．only，指仅仅，强调限定。
　☞ 只剩下一个了。
　☞ There is only one left.
　☞ 我们这辆车只能带3个人。
　☞ We can only take three people in our car 他只是累了，仅此而已。
　☞ He is only tired, that's all.
　 ■ 由于only强调限定，因此不同的位置就有不同的含义。
　☞ Only he promised to help me.只有他答应帮我。（别人 不答应）
　☞ He only promised to help me.他只答应帮我。（但不一 定实现）
　☞ He promised only to help me.他答应只帮我。（但不帮 别人）
　☞ He promised to help me only.他答应帮我，仅此而已。（修饰整个句子）
2．just，指刚刚，强调时可与only连用。
　☞ 裙子只盖过她的膝盖。
　☞ The skirt comes (only) just below her knees.
　☞ 我只是举了几个例子，类似的情况太多了。
　☞ I've given (only) just a few examples, similar cases are too many to mention.
　☞ 他只是成功而已。
　☞ He (only) just succeeded, that's all.
3．nothing but，指“什么都不是，只是…”，“什么都没有，只有…”，可用于人也可用于物。
　☞ 他只是个罪犯。
　☞ He is nothing but a criminal.
　☞ 我们的晚餐什么都没有，只有一点面包和奶酪。
　☞ We had nothing for supper but some pieces of bread and a little cheese.
4．mere, merely，指仅仅达到了某个标准。
　☞ 他只是个孩子。
　☞ He is a mere child.
　☞ 这只是个时间问题。
　☞ It is merely a question of time.
5．bare，barely，指只能勉强达到某个标准。
　☞ 他的工作只能讨个生活。
　☞ He earns a bare living by his work.
　☞ 她因病虚弱得只能站起来。
　☞ She was so weakened by the illness that she could barely stand up.
6．alone，指单单，强调排除一切其他可能性。
　☞ 只那块地就收了800斤小麦。
　☞ That plot alone yielded 800 jin of wheat.
　☞ 屋子里只有老王一个人。
　☞ Wang was alone in the house.
只好 只好
1．have to，指不得不。
　☞ 末班车已经开走，我们只好走回家。
　☞ As the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.
　☞ 那里的耕地有限，人们只好以放牧为生。
　☞ The cultivated area there is limited, so people have to live on pasturing.
2．be forced to，指被迫。
　☞ 天气异常炎热，我们只好在夜间行军。
　☞ The weather being very hot, we were forced to march at night.
　☞ 由于日本兵在搜查游击队员，我们只好跳车了。
　☞ As the Japanese soldiers were searching for guerrillas we were forced to jump off the moving train.
3．cannot but，指出于无奈，双重否定，故也有“只好”的意思。
　☞ 银行不给我们贷款，我们只好另想办法。
　☞ As the bank refused to grant us a loan, we could not but seek other means.
　☞ 既然他不肯，我们只好退而求其次了。
　☞ Since he did not agree we could not but put up with the second best.
只得 只得
1．have to, 指客观情况使之不得不。
　☞ 别人都走不开，只得我自己去了。
　☞ Since all the others were tied up, I had to go myself.
　☞ 由于连年干旱，过去的粮食出口国现在只得进口粮食了。
　☞ The former food exporter now has to import food owing to successive years of drought.
2．be obliged to，也指客观情况使之不得不，但have to表示不得不做，因而主动去做；而be obliged to则表示被迫而不得不去做。
　☞ 由于没有桥，我们只得涉水而过。
　☞ As there was no bridge, we were obliged to wade across.
　☞ 没人支持他的想法，他只得放弃。
　☞ He was obliged to abandon his idea, which nobody supported.
3．force oneself, be forced，指迫使，故语气比be obliged to强。
　☞ 我知道着急没用，只得冷静下来。
　☞ I knew that it was useless to worry about“, so I forced myself to keep calm.
　☞ 敌人最后只碍投降。
　☞ In the end the enemy was forced to surrender.
4．have no alternative but to，指别无其他选择余地，因而只得如此。
　☞ 由于阴雨连绵，我们只得把比赛延期。
　☞ As there was an unbroken spell of wet weather we had no alternative but to put the game off.
　☞ 敌军已兵临城下，我们只得战斗到底。
　☞ Since the enemy host has reached the city gate we have no alternative but to fight to the finish.
只是 只是
1．only，指仅此而已，表示限定。常用作副词（形容词作“惟一”解）。
　☞ 她只是累了，仅此而已。
　☞ She is only tired, that's all.
　☞ 我只是来过这里两三次。
　☞ I have only been here two or three times.
　 ■ 由于限定only的位置往往会决定句子的意思。
　☞ 昨天我只是听说这事。
　☞ I only heard of this yesterday.
　☞ 昨天我听说的只是这事。
　☞ I heard only of this yesterday.
　☞ 我只是昨天才听说这事。
　☞ I heard of this only yesterday.
2．mere, merely, 也指仅此而已。
　☞ 我只是由于疏忽才伤害了她的感情。
　☞ By mere negligence I had hurt her feeling.
　☞ 我不知道他为什么要摆出那么一幅架势，他只是一个无名之辈而已。
　☞ I don't understand why he gives himself such airs. He is a mere nobody.
　☞ 我说这个只是开个玩笑而已。
　☞ I said it merely as a joke.
　☞ 那只是我的一个猜测而已。
　☞ That is merely a guess of mine.
3．just，与merely同义，但更为口语化。
　☞ 我今天进城只是去看看朋友，不办事。
　☞ Today I'm going to town just to see friends, not on business.
　☞ 大家问他出了什么事，他只是笑而不答。
　☞ When people asked him what had happened, he just kept laughing without replying.
4．except，用排除某一点的办法来予以肯定或限定。
　☞ 你那篇文章写得很好，只是太长。
　☞ Your essay is good except that it is too long.
　☞ 他各方面都很好，只是身体差些。
　☞ He's good in every respect except in health.
只有 只有
1．only与there be结合，表示在客观存在上“只有”。
　☞ 冰箱里只有几瓶牛奶。
　☞ There are only a few bottles of milk in the refrigerator.
　☞ 抽屉里只有三四十个信封。
　☞ There were only between thirty and forty envelopes.
2．only与have结合，表示“只拥有”。
　☞ 我身上只有200块钱。
　☞ I have only two hundred yuan with me.
　☞ 她自小就只有忧愁，没有欢乐。
　☞ She has had only sorrow and no joys since childhood.
3．only也可与名词、代词结合表示“只有”。这时的“有”已成为虚词。
　☞ 我读过不少诗，但只有一位诗人，杜甫，在我心中是神圣的。
　☞ I have read much poetry; but only one poet is sacred to me, Du Fu.
　☞ 只有她记得我的生日。
　☞ Only she remembered my birthday.
4．only与if结合，后面可接从句。
　☞ 我告诉她只有努力才能成功。
　☞ I told her that she would succeed only if she tried hard.
　☞ 根据旧的婚姻法，只有夫妻双方都坚持离婚才能办理。
　☞ According to the old Marriage Law, a divorce could be arranged only if both man and wife insisted on it.
5．alone，与only的区别是只能放在被修饰语之后。而only则放在前后均可。
　☞ 只有他买得起。
　☞ He alone could afford it.（试比较：Only he could afford it!
　☞ 只有这项工作他能做。
　☞ He can do the work alone.(试比较：He can do the work only)
只要 只要
1．用作虚词，强调必要的条件，而后一分句则指出根据这一条件得出的结果。常与“就”、“便”、“总”等副词连用。
1) if，表示绝对的概括肯定的条件。
　☞ 不管什么人，谁向我们指出都行。只要你说得对，我们就改正。
　☞ Anyone, no matter who, may point out our shortcomings. lf you are right, we will correct them.
　☞ 只要处理得当，事情就很少有办不成的。
　☞ Few things are impossible if we tackle them aright.
　 ■ 特别是在句中带有everything，nothing，anything等概括性词时，这种绝对肯定条件则更加明显。
　☞ 只要你钻下去，什么事都可以引起兴趣。
　☞ Everything is interesting if you get into it deep enough.
　☞ 世上无难事，只要肯登攀。
　☞ Nothing is hard in this world if we dare to scale the heights.
　☞ 只要我们长期坚持就什么都能做到。
　☞ We can do anything if we stick to it long enough.
　☞ 只要愿意尝试，这事谁都能干。
　☞ Anybody can do that if they care to try.
2) if only，if... but，两词通用。If only既可分开，也可连用；而if... but则不能连在一起使用。
　☞ 词均与if同义，但在加only (but)后可对if重新限定，并伴随有某种愿望。
　☞ 只要我们竭尽全力，就一定能超额完成指标。
　☞ We shall overfill our quota if we only do our best.
　☞ 根据新婚姻法，只要夫妻一方坚持，即可办理离婚。
　☞ According to the new Marriage Law, a divorce can be arranged if only man or wife insists on it.
　☞ 只要使用得当，时间总是有的。
　☞ We always have time enough if we will but use it aright.
　☞ 只要尝试，就能干成许多事情。
　☞ Much will be done if we but try.
　 ■ 与if一样，if only 与everything，nothing等词结合，也可表示概括性的绝对肯定的条件。
　☞ 只要你没把我说的话告诉他，一切都不会有问题。
　☞ If only you didn't tell him what I said, everything would be all right.
　☞ 只要有坚强的意志，没有什么事是做不来、做不成的。
　☞ There is nothing we may not do, nothing we may not achieve, if only we have the strong will.
3) on condition that, provided (that)，两者通用，均指具体设定的条件。
　☞ 只要一切都恢复到冲突爆发前的状态，我们随时准备停火。
　☞ We are ready to stop fighting on condition that things should be restored to the same state as they were before the outbreak of the conflict.
　☞ 只要他们放下武器，我们就优待俘虏。
　☞ We'll treat prisoners of war leniently on condition that they lay down their arms.
　☞ 只要你肯签字，我就同意这些条款。
　☞ I agree to these terms provided that (on condition that) you will sign your name.
　☞ 只要身体好我就来。
　☞ I will come provided (that)I am well enough.
4) while, as (so) long as，指以某段时间为条件，两者通用。
　☞ 只要我活着，你的阴谋就休想得逞。
　☞ While (As long as)I live you shall never succeed in your plot.
　☞ 只要他还在这个地球上，我们就要追捕他至天涯海角。
　☞ While he is on earth, we will hunt him down even to the rim of the sky and the shore of the sea.
　☞ 只要还有一个人，我们就会战斗下去。
　☞ As long as a single man remains, we will fight on.
5) once, as soon as, the moment，指在瞬间形成的条件。
　☞ 你只要摸到窍门就行了。
　☞ Once you get into swing of things you'll be all right.
　☞ 只要你一同意，你就上了套了。
　☞ Once you consent you are trapped.
　☞ 这东西只要一变红就能吃。
　☞ It will become edible as soon as it turns red.
　☞ 只要他们走一步，他们的背叛行为也就暴露无遗了。
　☞ As soon as they make such a move, all their treachery will have been exposed.
　☞ 只要你一松劲，弹簧又回到了原来的位置。
　☞ The moment you relax your efforts the spring will return to its original place.
　☞ 含羞草非常敏感，只要一碰它，它的叶子就会闭合。
　☞ The sensitive plant is so sensitive that its leaves close the moment they are touched.
6) who, what, when, where等疑问代词与ever组成复合连词，表示让步时的条件。
　☞ 谁只要一提发展经济，就立即被他们斥为搞“资本主义复辟”。
　☞ Whoever mentioned development of economy was immediately denounced by them as seeking "capitalist restoration".
　☞ 只要党发布命令，我们就执行。
　☞ Whatever the Party commands, we shall perform.
　☞ 你只要跟别人讲话，就是在做宣传工作。
　☞ Whenever you speak to others, you are doing propaganda work.
　☞ 只要一谈起他们的英雄事迹，就会看到眉飞色舞的场面。
　☞ Wherever their heroic exploits were mentioned, scenes of enthusiasm were witnessed.
7) so that, so，指以结果表示条件。so是so that 省略，故两者通用。
　☞ 只要少数是出于坚持原则，永远也不要害怕成为少数派。
　☞ Never be afraid of minorities, so that minorities are based on adhering to principles.
　☞ 让孩子们来嘛，只要他们不是来捣乱的。
　☞ Let the children come, so that they come not to make trouble.
　☞ 什么衣服都行，只要我穿得上。
　☞ Any clothes will do for me, so they are big enough.
　☞ 只要你合适，我无所谓。
　☞ So it suits you, it will be all right with me.
8) one, once, half, a little, a few, a single, the least, the slightest, the more等词均可表示部分的附加条件。
　☞ 只要再努力一下，胜利就是我们的了。
　☞ One more effort, and victory is ours.
　☞ 只要错了一次，你听到的议论就会没完没了。
　☞ Do wrong once, and you will never hear the end of it.
　☞ 只要这样的一半就够用了。
　☞ Half as much would have served splendidly.
　☞ 只要仔细读一读，一切都会明白。
　☞ A little careful reading will make everything clear.
　☞ 只要和他谈上几分钟，你就会相信他是个多才多艺的人。
　☞ A few minutes' talk with him will convince you that he is a mind of great versatility.
　☞ 只要有一点失误，他们就会掉进海里。
　☞ A single slip, and they would plummet into the sea.
　☞ 只要母亲有一点怀疑，我们的整个计划就泡汤了。
　☞ The least suspicion on the part of Mother, and our plan would fall through.
　☞ 处理要十分小心，只要电缆有一点缠绕或扭结就会全部毁坏。
　☞ The cable requires a delicate handling, for the slightest kink or twist would ruin it completely.
　☞ 只要把工作交给他，就等于完成了。
　☞ The mere assignment to him of any work means that it is as good as done.
9) all，any，anyone，everyone等词可以表示概括性的条件。
　☞ 你只要插上插头，其余的就会自行处理。
　☞ All you have to do is just to plug in, and the rest will take care of itself.
　☞ 我相信只要有点经验的翻译工作者都会支持我。
　☞ I'm sure that every translator with any experience will support me.
　☞ 懂得一点事理的人都懂得这一点。
　☞ Anyone that knows anything knows this.
　☞ 只要有点地位的人都参加了这次会议。
　☞ Everybody attended the meeting who is anybody.
10) 有时祈使句可提出威胁性的条件。
　☞ 你只要叫一声就要你的命。
　☞ Utter one word, and you are a dead man.
　☞ 只要再干一次，我就叫警察。
　☞ Do that again, and I'll call a policeman.
2．“只要”也可用作实词。这时，“只”和“要”是两个词，“只”用来修饰“要”。有几种表示方法。
1) only need。
　☞ 这些规章制度只要加以说明，大家是会接受的。
　☞ The rules and regulations only need stating to be accepted.
　☞ 我们不要钱，只要技术上的帮助。
　☞ We need no money; we only need help technically.
2) only have to。
　☞ 你想学游泳，只要到水里去练好了。
　☞ If you want to learn to swim, you only have to go to the water and practice swimming.
　☞ 他们以为只要说句话，大家就会听从。
　☞ They thought that they only had to speak the word and all people would listen and obey.
3) 有时，仅用only，just，simply等词也可表示只要。因为这时的“要”已成为一个虚词。
　☞ 啊，延安，只要一提起这个名字，就有多少的回忆涌上我的心头。
　☞ Oh, Yan'an. Utter only the word, and what memories teem in my mind.
　☞ 坐到我旁边来，只要坐一会儿，行不行？
　☞ Sit down by me just a minute, will you?
　☞ 只要控制一下开关就可以把货物举起来，搬上卡车，再放下。
　☞ The goods may be picked up, transported to the truck and dropped simply by controlling switches.
只顾 只顾
1．single-minded，指一心一意。
　☞ 他现在为了娶上媳妇只顾赚钱。
　☞ Now he is single-minded in making money in order to take a wife.
　☞ 尽管她很生气，但依然只顾吃饭，一句话也不说。
　☞ Though she was very angry she remained silent, eating single-mindedly.
2．be only concerned about，指只关心。
　☞ 他对我已没有爱，只顾他自己的事而不顾我的。
　☞ He ceases to love me and is only concerned about his own business and not with mine.
　☞ 你怎么能只顾你的科学论文而对家务事不闻不问呢？
　☞ How can you be only concerned about your scientific papers and indifferent to the housework?
3．just think only of (about)，指只想。
　☞ 你们要互相关心，互相爱护，不要只顾自己。
　☞ You must care for each other and love each other, and don't just think only of yourselves.
　☞ 她只顾自己，从来不顾别人。
　☞ She thinks only about herself, never think of other people.
可 可
1．may, can, 指可以、可能。
　☞ 这可有可无。
　☞ It may or may not be needed.
　☞ 这事可供仿效。
　☞ It may serve as a model.
　☞ 今秋可望丰收。
　☞ We can expect a good harvest this autumn.
　☞ 文章可长可短，随你的便。
　☞ You can make the article either long or short, as you see fit.
2．not need, no need, 指无需，常用于否定句。
　☞ 我认为你不可过分认真。
　☞ I don't think you need take it too seriously.
　☞ 没有什么可担心的。
　☞ There is no need to worry about anything.
3．worthy of, worth doing，指值得一做。
　☞ 你的书出版可庆可贺。
　☞ The publication of your book is worthy of congratulation.
　☞ 北京可游览的地方不少。
　☞ There are quite a few places worth visiting in Beijing.
　☞ 那是座古城，有许多地方可去。
　☞ That is an ancient city with many places worth going.
4．about，指大概。
　☞ 这石磙重可千斤。
　☞ The stone roller weighs about 1,000 jin.
　☞ 他年可20。
　☞ He is aged about 20.
5．indeed, really，指确实，用于强调程度。
　☞ 他对同志可热情了。
　☞ He is warm to his comrades indeed.
　☞ 她的小故事可生动了。
　☞ Her little stories are charming indeed.
　☞ 我可没有什么好抱怨的。
　☞ I've nothing to complain of really.
　☞ 那可不是他的态度。
　☞ That wasn't really his attitude.
6．at last, in the end，指终于，表示完成一个动作或达到一个目的。
　☞ 我找了你半天，可把你找到了。
　☞ I looked for you for a long time and I found you at last.
　☞ 他那个地区的人现在对他可重视啦。
　☞ The people of his district have at last begun to appreciate him.
　☞ 要借这书的人很多，今天我可借到了。
　☞ A lot of people wanted to borrow the book and I have got it in the end.
7．however, 指不过，表示转折。
　☞ 你说这是个经过仔细考虑的方案，可我是不会赞成的。
　☞ You say it's a carefully thought-out plan, I cannot, however，approve it.
　☞ 他说情况是这样的，可他错了。
　☞ He said it was so, he was mistaken, however.
8．but，指但是，有两种用法。
1) 强调转折的语气。
　☞ 工作很艰苦，可大家干劲十足。
　☞ It was hard work, but everybody went at it with a will.
　☞ 她很忙，可她总是抽时间帮助别人。
　☞ She is busy, but she always finds time to help other people.
2) 强调反问的语气。
　☞ 都这么说，可谁见过呢？
　☞ So they say, but who has ever actually seen it?
　☞ 据说海盗常常把金子埋到山洞里，可到哪个山洞去找呢？
　☞ It was said that pirates would often bury gold in a cave, but where to find it?
9．yet，指可是，也表示转折，但语气较but弱。
　☞ 他说是我们的朋友，可又不愿帮我们。
　☞ He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn't help us.
　☞ 她要的我都给了，可她还是不满足。
　☞ I gave her all she asked for, yet she is still not satisfied.
10．and, 也可表示转折，语气更弱。
　☞ 我努力尝试过，可我失败了。
　☞ I tried hard and I failed.
　☞ 她去了，可我没去。
　☞ She went and I didn't.
11．ever，指可曾，也有两种用法。
1) 强调疑问的语气。
　☞ 你可听说过一个叫做黄永玉的画家？
　☞ Did you ever hear of a painter named Huang Yongyu?
　☞ 你可跟他谈过这个问题？
　☞ Did you ever talk it over with him?
2) 强调否定的语气。
　☞ 我可很少在12点以前睡觉。
　☞ I hardly ever went to bed before twelve.
　☞ 他可不曾对我说过。
　☞ He hasn't ever spoken to me.
12．so，用于感叹句，以加强语气。
　☞ 你可终于来了！
　☞ So you're here at last!
　☞ 人可多了！
　☞ There were so many people!
13．be sure，never, 指千万（不）要，用于肯定或否定祈使句中表示强调。
　☞ 可要在九点以前到达这里。
　☞ Be sure to be here before nine.
　☞ 可别漏了名单上的名字。
　☞ Be sure not to omit anyone's name from the list.
　☞ 可别忘了。
　☞ Be sure to remember it.(或Never forget it)
　☞ 答应我，下次可别站在雨里了。
　☞ Promise me, never stand in the rain next time.
可以 可以
1．can，表示可能。
　☞ 这间屋子可以住4个人。
　☞ This room can accommodate four people.
　☞ 这片麦子已经熟了，可以收割了。
　☞ This wheat is ripe and can be gathered in.
　 ■ 此外，can用在疑问句中 可表示要求和恳求。
　☞ 你可以帮我写封信吗？
　☞ Can you help me to write a letter?
　☞ 假期里可以借用你的车子吗？
　☞ Can I borrow your car for the holiday?
2．may，也表示可能，但can指内部条件使之可能，而may则指由于外部条件不会阻止而有可能。
　☞ 到了一个新地方，你可以见到许多新事物。
　☞ You may see many new things in a new place.
　☞ 你到处都可以听到这支流行歌曲。
　☞ You may hear this popular song everywhere.
　 ■ 此外，may还可以表示允许。
　☞ 这个周末你可以有10块钱做零用。
　☞ You may have ten dollars as your pocket money for this weekend.
　☞ 你完全可以这么说。
　☞ You may well say so.
3．worth，表示值得。
　☞ 这个问题可以研究。
　☞ This question is worth looking into.
　☞ 这个展览我觉得可以一看。
　☞ I think the exhibition is worth a visit.
4．pretty good，not bad，passable，分别表示相当好、不坏、还过得去等意思。
　☞ 这篇文章写得相当可以。
　☞ This article is pretty good.
　☞ 她的英语还可以。
　☞ Her English is not at all bad.
　☞ 他的基础知识还可以。
　☞ He has a passable basic knowledge.
5．terribly，awfully，表示到了非常的程度。
　☞ 她受的苦够可以的了。
　☞ She suffered terribly.
　☞ 他今天忙得真可以了。
　☞ He's awfully busy today.
6．“可以”有时与某些动词搭配后已经不是动作，而是成为一种性质，这时可以译成与动词相应的形容词。
　☞ 等问题到了饿肚子的时候，很多事情也就可以通融了。
　☞ When it's a question of starving, much is permissible.
　☞ 只有少数误差是可以接受的。
　☞ Only a few errors are admissible.
　☞ 这笔钱到期第一天就可以支付。
　☞ The sum of money is payable on the first day of the term.
　☞ 我们有200个可以预订的座位。
　☞ We have 200 bookable seats.
　☞ 这交易可以接受。
　☞ The bargain is acceptable.
可怕 可怕
1．fearful（等于full of fear），指充满恐惧。
　☞ 有过一次可怕的事故，死了几个人。
　☞ There has been a fearful accident. Several people have been killed.
　☞ 那是多么可怕的岁月。
　☞ Those were fearful years.
2．dreadful（等于full of dread），指充满极度恐惧，其结果往往使人不敢面对某种事物。
　☞ 一个可怕的噩梦可使你醒后好久还感到心惊肉跳。
　☞ A dreadful nightmare can make you shudder long after you wake up。
　☞ 夜里遭到暴风雪袭击是一种可怕的经历。
　☞ Being caught in a snowstorm at night was a dreadful experience.
3．frightful（等于full of fright），指充满突然惊恐。
　☞ 闪电之后是一阵可怕的炸雷。
　☞ After the lightning came the frightful crash of thunder.
　☞ 军火库可怕的爆炸震动了全镇。
　☞ The frightful explosion at the munitions depot shook the entire town.
4．awful（等于full of awe），指充满畏惧（往往指对某种不可控制力量的畏惧）。
　☞ 他受的痛苦看了可怕。
　☞ His sufferings were awful to behold.
　☞ 雪崩扫过树木和岩石从山坡直奔而下，真是可怕。
　☞ A snow-slide sweeping trees and rocks down a mountainside was really awful.
5．terrible（等于able to cause terror），指能引起恐怖的可怕。
　☞ 火山喷发时发生可怕的吼声。
　☞ The volcano erupted with a terrible roar.
　☞ 在那种森林里迷失方向真是一种可怕的经历。
　☞ Being lost in that kind of forest was really a terrible experience.
6．horrible（等于able to cause horror），指能引起惊骇的可怕。
　☞ 看着一个人让另一个人遭罪是件可怕的事。
　☞ It is really a horrible thing to see one person make another suffer.
　☞ 这是桩可怕的谋杀。
　☞ It was a horrible murder.
7．terrifying（等于filling with terror），指吓人的可怕。
　☞ 魔鬼并没有像画出来的那么可怕。
　☞ The devil is not so terrifying as he is painted.
　☞ 那件事对你一定是次可怕的经历吧。
　☞ That must have been a terrifying experience for you.
8．afraid of，一般不用做定语，但to be afraid of可用做后置定语。
　☞ 困难再大也没有什么可怕的。
　☞ However great the difficulties are, there's nothing to be afraid of.
　☞ 有什么可怕的？
　☞ What was there to be afraid of?
可怜 可怜
1．poor，指值得同情的可怜。
　☞ 这可怜的老头不久前死了老伴。
　☞ Not long ago the poor old man lost his wife.
　☞ 多可怜的小东西啊！
　☞ What a poor little thing!
2．pity，指由怜悯引起的可怜，pitiful，指充满了让人可怜的内容，pitiable，指可笑、可鄙又可怜。
　☞ 可怜，可怜我吧。
　☞ Have pity on me.
　☞ 我才不可怜他呢。
　☞ I feel no pity for him at all.
　☞ 我们都可怜水灾灾民。
　☞ We all pity the flood victims.
　☞ 她希望我能可怜她，帮助她。
　☞ She expected me to take (feel) pity on (for) her and help her.
　☞ 我是你们的市长，准备尽我所能，用我仅有的可怜的否决权来独立支撑。
　☞ I'm your major, ready to do all I can and I will stand alone with a mere pitiful veto right.
　☞ 战争孤儿是多么可怜！
　☞ How pitiful the war orphans were!
　☞ 我没想到他竟无知到这样可怜的程度。
　☞ I never expected that he was so pitifully ignorant.
　☞ 看到他的一副可怜相真叫人恶心。
　☞ It is sick to look at his pitiable look.
　☞ 她在音乐会上弹的钢琴真叫人可怜。
　☞ Her performance on the piano was pitiable at the concert.
3．sorry，指由惋惜、遗憾而产生的可怜。
　☞ 他思想上仍在可怜她。
　☞ He is still sorry for her in his consciousness.
　☞ 他这是自作自受，没人可怜他。
　☞ Nobody feels sorry for him; he's got what he deserves.
4．miserable，指数量上少得或质量上坏得可怜。
　☞ 这么一点可怜的收入，大批工人都无法吃饱肚子。
　☞ With such miserable incomes, great numbers of the workers cannot get enough to eat.
　☞ 这女演员长得蛮漂亮，可她的表演实在糟糕。
　☞ The actress looks quite pretty, but her performance is rather miserable.
可惜 可惜
1．pity，表示可惜。
　☞ 可惜他没有念完大学。
　☞ It's a pity that he didn't finish college.
　☞ 你不能和我们一起来，多可惜！
　☞ What a pity that you can't come with us.
2．shame, 表示惋惜，可与pity换用。
　☞ 昨天的节目真不错，可惜你没去。
　☞ Last night's program was really wonderful. It's a shame you didn't go.
　☞ 这衣服还能穿，扔了可惜。
　☞ This garment can still be worn. It'd be a shame to throw it away.
3．too bad，表示糟糕。
　☞ 可惜你明天要走。
　☞ It's too bad you are leaving tomorrow.
　☞ 你不会讲英语，太可惜了。
　☞ It's too bad you don't speak English.
4．to be regretted，表示遗憾。
　☞ 你不能和我们一起旅行，多可惜。
　☞ It is much to be regretted that you can't join us in the trip.
　☞ 可惜我无法帮你。
　☞ It is to be regretted that I can't help you.
5．unfortunately，表示不幸。
　☞ 可惜我去晚了，最精彩的节目已经演过了。
　☞ Unfortunately I went too late for the best item on the program.
　☞ 我倒想帮你，可惜办不到。
　☞ I'd like to help you but unfortunately I can't.
6．alas，感叹事与愿违。
　☞ 我们本来希望能在海边度过一个可爱的周末，可惜天天下雨。
　☞ We had looked forward to a lovely weekend by the sea, but alas, it rained every day.
　☞ 我本来希望这可以结束我的痛苦，可惜这才是开始。
　☞ I had hoped that this might end my suffering. Alas, it was only the beginning.
可是 可是
　 ■ 见“但是”或“可”。
可能 可能
1．can，could，均表示能力，因此表示可能性时，一般用于疑问句和否定句，而较少地用于肯定句。
　☞ 过了那么些年他还可能活着？
　☞ Can he still be alive after all these years?
　☞ 他如此骄傲，怎么可能呢？
　☞ How can he be so conceited?
　☞ 这报道不可能是真的。
　☞ The report can't be true.
　☞ 她可能不到30。
　☞ She can't be more than thirty.
　☞ 困难可能，而且必须克服。
　☞ Difficulties can and must be overcome.
　☞ 在这种路上开车可能是件伤脑筋的事。
　☞ Driving on such kind of road can be a nerve-racking business.
　 ■ 由于can没有将来时，因此在表示将来可能时要用will be able to。
　☞ 再过几个月你就可以说英语了。
　☞ You'll be able to speak English in another few months.
　（不说You can speak.）
　☞ 总有一天人们可能会在两分钟之内跑完1,000 米的。
　☞ One day people will be able to run a kilometer in two minutes.
　 ■ 但是当人们现在已具有某种能力，但由于某些客观原因阻止人们去实现，而只能留待将来实现时，却可用can。
　☞ 我可能来参加星期六的聚会。
　☞ I can come to the party on Saturday.
　 ■ 其他时态，一般说来，be able to都可以与can换用。如：
　☞ 这件事，医生们可能会同意。
　☞ The doctors are able to (can) agree about it 我不可能再来这里了。
　☞ I am not able to (cannot) come here again.
　 ■ 但是如果强调个人的看法，则can不能与be able to替换。
　☞ 对于父母亲来说，还有什么可能比他们儿子考100分更好的东西呢？
　☞ What could be better for parents than their son's mark of 100 in a test?
　 ■ could在表示过去可能时，如果单说I told him I could do it，很可能理解为I told him I could do it if I would.或I told him I could do it but somehow I didn't。因为I told him I could do it 是指经常的或一次的能力，并不意味一定要实现。因此为了弥补could的这一缺陷，一般都用was able to代替。如：
　☞ 通过快速阅读，我可能在图书馆闭馆前读完这本书。
　☞ By reading quickly I was able to finish the book before the library closed.(不用could finish)
　☞ 因为她尽了最大的努力，就可能提前完成任务。
　☞ As she tried her best, she was able to finish the task ahead of schedule.
　 ■ 但如果把上句中的as改成if再用could则也能成立。
　☞ If she tried her best, she could finish the task ahead of schedule.
　 ■ 但由于改用if后，整个句子就变成了不一定实现的可能性，故用could也就正确无误了。此外，can或could后可接完成时态的不定式，表示过去的可能性。
　☞ 咱们去找他，他可能又睡过头了。
　☞ Let's go and find him. He can have overslept again.
　☞ 他对她向来很好，对她不可能干出这样残暴的事来。
　☞ He is kind to her all the time. He could not have done such a cruel thing to her.
　 ■ 尽管上面已讲到can或could后可接完成时态的动词不定式都无不可，只是由于用了could语气变得委婉，这种可能性会随之变小。同样，如果用could来代替can表示现在的可能性，也会产生同样的作用。如：
　☞ 不要答应他，这活计可能很难干。
　☞ Don't promise him. The work could be very difficult 还是买这一本吧，那本书可能很贵。
　☞ Better buy this one. That book could be expensive.
　 ■ could和完成时态的动词不定式连用还可表示过去认为可能发生的事情却没有发生。
　☞ 你够傻的，到那个地方去滑雪，你可能会摔断腿的。
　☞ You were stupid enough to go skiing there. You could have broken your leg.
　☞ 把这东西扔到窗外不是个好办法，可能会砸着人的。
　☞ It wasn't a good idea to throw it out of the window. It could have hit somebody.
　 ■ 应该指出could不仅是can的过去式。如：
　☞ 他伤了腿，不可能再踢足球了。
　☞ He hurt his foot, and he couldn't play football any more.
　 ■ 而同时又可表示现在和将来，但这时它已不是can的过去时，而是情态动词，表示语气的委婉。如：
　☞ 你可能是对的。
　☞ You could be right代表团明天可能在我市过夜。
　☞ The delegation could make an overnight stop at our city tomorrow.
　 ■ 此外，can还可用来表示实际不可能或理论上可能发生的事情。
　☞ 大象走进小汽车，可能吗？
　☞ Can an elephant walk into a minibus?
　☞ 意外事故随时都可能发生。
　☞ Accidents can happen at any moment.
　 ■ can没有将来时，因此表示“将来可能”要用shall (will) be able to。如：
　☞ 我明天可能会参加晚会。
　☞ I shall be able to go to the evening party tomorrow.
　☞ 只有在你们访问我市之后，我们才有可能回访。
　☞ We will be able to pay a return visit only after you visit our city.
2．may，might，也表示可能性，但不同的是can表示的可能性是指现在。如：他可能30多了。可译成：He can be more than thirty，而may一般指将来的可能性。
　☞ 带上你的雨衣，今天下午可能有雨。
　☞ Take your raincoat along. It may rain this afternoon.
　☞ 不要等他了，他可能会迟到。
　☞ Don't wait for him. He may be late.
　☞ 今天晚上他可能到不了啦。
　☞ He may not arrive this evening.
　 ■ 此外，may，might的否定式may not，might not还可表示不许可或禁止。如：Students may not stay out after midnight without permission.（未经许可学生不许夜不归宿。）因此凡要明确表示将来不可能一般不用may not，而要用will not be able。
　☞ 你将来也可能不会听到这支歌了。
　☞ You will not be able to hear this song either.
　☞ 你不可能再见到她在这条小路上走动了。
　☞ You will not be able to see her walking up the path again.
　 ■ might不仅是may的过去时，而且是情态动词，它所表现的可能性比may小一些，也委婉一些。
　☞ 他认为到那儿去试试运气可能是比较明智的选择。
　☞ He thought it might be comparatively wise to try his luck there.（may的过去时）
　☞ 他可能会来电话。要是真的来了，你能不能叫他过一会儿再打来？
　☞ He might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?（情态动词）
　 ■ could 也有这种用法，但仅仅表示可能发生，并不确定。
　☞ 今年夏天我们可能去登山。
　☞ We might go climbing this summer.（情态动词）
　☞ 今年夏天我们可能去登山，但我怀疑我们是否有时间。
　☞ We could go climbing this summer, but I doubt if we'll have time.
　☞ 夜里晚一点的时候可能会下雨。
　☞ It could rain later at night.
　 ■ 不过有时may和情态动词might，could也可表示现在的可能性。
　☞ 瞧这只蝴蝶！它可能是个新品种。
　☞ Look at the butterfly! It may be a new species.
　☞ 你看看温度计，我可能有点发烧。
　☞ Look at the thermometer. I might have some fever 你可能是对的，尽管我并不认为。
　☞ You could be right, though I don't think you are.
　 ■ 要注意may的疑问句不表示可能性，而是请求别人的允许。如：
　☞ 我可以打开您的电视吗？
　☞ May I put your television on?
　 ■ 同样， may后也可接完成时态的动词不定式，表示过去的可能性。
　☞ 现在他可能已经收到我们的信了。
　☞ He may have received our letter by now.
　☞ 他们走得很快，可能没等她走他们就到了。
　☞ They walked fast. She may have not left before they arrived.
　 ■ might后也可接动词不定式或完成时态的动词不定式，表示委婉或较小的可能性。
　☞ 我告诉他说她随时会来。
　☞ I told him that she might come at any moment.
　☞ 他没有来，可能是病了。
　☞ He didn't come. He might have been ill.
3．must，表示某种可能性的推测，但不能用must的疑问句及否定句。
　☞ 现在已12点了，他们可能已经睡觉了。
　☞ It's already twelve o'clock. They must be in bed.
　☞ 大家都喜欢接近她，她可能长得不丑。
　☞ People like to get near her. She must be pretty.
　 ■ 由于这种句型没有否定和疑问，因此上述否定或疑问仍要用cannot或could not。如：
　☞ 现在才10点钟，他们现在还不可能睡觉。
　☞ It's only ten o'clock. They can't be in bed.
　☞ 大家都喜欢接近她，她可能长得不难看。
　☞ People like to get near her. She could not be ugly 你认为这封信可能意味着什么？
　☞ What do you think this letter can be?
　 ■ 因此can't是must的反义词。如：It can't be true.（这不可能是真的。）及It must be true.（这可能是真的。）试比较：这不可能是真的。他可能弄错了。It can't be true. He must be mistaken.同样，must后也可接完成时态的动词不定式，表示对过去可能性的推测。
　☞ 我很久没见到他了，他可能很忙。
　☞ I have not seen him for quite a long time. He must have been very busy.
　☞ 现在是两点钟，她可能早已到家了。
　☞ It's two o'clock now. She must have arrived home already.
　 ■ 同样的道理，这种形式的否定和疑问也要用cannot或could not have来代替。
　☞ 他那么结实，不可能生病。
　☞ He has been so strong that he could not have been ill.
　☞ 她是上午离开的，5点前不可能到。
　☞ She left in the morning and she cannot have arrived before five.
　☞ 他可能一直病着吗？
　☞ Could he have been ill?
4．probable，likely，possible，都表示可能，其异同大致有以下几点。
1) 从可能的程度看，从probable开始其可能性依次递增，且看上述各词在程度上的差别。
　☞ 有利证据多于不利证据的说法是比较可能的说法。
　☞ A probable story is one that has more evidence for it than against it.
　☞ 能用事实提供依据的说法是极有可能的说法。
　☞ A likely story is one that is apt to be justified by facts.
　☞ 也许存在的说法是可能的说法。
　☞ A possible story is one that might exist.
2) 从上面三个例句看，这三个词都可以做定语。同时也都可以做表语。
　☞ 要是风向转变有可能下雨，不过现在这样的万里无云又似乎不可能下雨。
　☞ It's possible that it will rain if the wind changes, but with such a cloudless sky it doesn't seem probable.
　☞ 姑妈要来看我们倒是可能的，但木一定靠得住。
　☞ It is possible but not probable that Aunt will come over to see us.（注意probable的译法，从中可以看出与possible的区别）
　☞ 他可能成功。
　☞ He is likely to succeed.
3) 作表语时，possible和probable一般不用人做主语，而likely则人、物都可做主语。
　☞ 他的病情可能恶化。
　☞ It is possible that his illness will get worse.或It is likely that his illness will get worse.或His illness is likely to get worse.或He is likely to get worse.
　 ■ 其次，possible和probable后面不用动词不定式。
　☞ 霜冻有可能，尽管不一定。
　☞ Frost is possible, though not probable.（注意probable的译法与possible的差别）
　☞ 这样的事情可能吗？
　☞ Is such a thing possible?
　☞ 发现新能源是可能的。
　☞ Discovery of a new source of energy is possible.
　☞ 我认为90%是可能的。
　☞ I think ninety percent is probable.
　☞ 天气会更冷是可能的。
　☞ Colder weather is probable.
　 ■ 而likely则可以用不定式表示可能发生的事情，不过也可以不用。
　☞ 那个十字路口可能会发生事故。
　☞ Accidents are likely to happen at that intersection 你的那个故事听起来不大可能。
　☞ That story of yours doesn't sound very likely.
　 ■ 但是如果用it作形式主语或宾语，则possible和probable后又可用动词不定式。
　☞ 我们可能坐车去玉溪？
　☞ Is it possible for us to get to Yuxi by car?
　☞ 她很快发现这种作物有可能定期轮种。
　☞ She soon finds it possible to rotate this kind of crops regularly.
　☞ 看来极有可能停发津贴。
　☞ It appeared highly probable to stop allowance.
5．possible与likely在用法上的差别。
1) 指事物可能性时用possible。
　☞ 任何疾病都是可能的。
　☞ Any illness is possible.
2) 指动作可能性时用likely。
　☞ 他的病情可能恶化。
　☞ His illness is likely to get worse.
3) 用形式主语it时，两者均可换用。
　☞ 他的病情可能恶化。
　☞ It is possible (likely) that his illness will get worse.
4) 指已经存在的人或物时用likely。
　☞ 他很可能在北京。
　☞ He is much more likely in Beijing.
　☞ 这本书可能会让你感兴趣。
　☞ This book is likely to interest you.
6．maybe，表示或许。
　☞ 他可能在教室里。
　☞ Maybe he is in the classroom.
　☞ 这可能是对的。
　☞ Maybe it is right.
7．chance，表示机会。
　☞ 要是你不是走路，而是搭公共汽车去火车站就更可能赶上火车。
　☞ You'd have more chance of catching the train if you got a bus to the station instead of walking.
　☞ 你们队要赢只有1%的可能。
　☞ The chances are a hundred to one that your team will win.
可见 可见
1．如果指可以看见，动词用can see，形容词用visible, visual。
　☞ 由此可见，多数人是赞成这个计划的。
　☞ Thus it can be seen that the majority are in favor of the plan.
　☞ 只有几个学生通过了考试，可见考卷是很难的。
　☞ Only a few students passed the exam, so you can see that the paper must have been extremely stiff.
　☞ 红外辐射的波长要长于可见光的波长。
　☞ Infrared radiation has wave lengths longer than those of visible light.
　☞ 所谓可见显示装置实际上是一个阴极射线管。
　☞ The so-called visual display unit is in fact a cathode ray tube.
2．如果指显示后可见，可用show。
　☞ 可见他不是没有幽默感。
　☞ It shows that he is not without a sense of humor.
　☞ 这显然是错字，他却没看出来，可见他的粗心。
　☞ The character is obviously wrong but he didn't pick it out. It shows how careless he is.
3．如果指后来的事实使人见到，可用prove。
　☞ 他的忠告可见是对的。
　☞ His advice proved to be sound.
　☞ 可见辩论是毫无用处的。
　☞ It proves that arguments are useless.
4．如果指事实十分清楚，可用clearly, clear。
　☞ 他甚至不知道李华是男是女，可见他们不认识。
　☞ He does not even know whether Li Hua is a man or a woman, clearly they are not acquainted.
　☞ 每年有那么多游客游览杭州，由此可见杭州很美。
　☞ So many tourists visit Hangzhou every year. It is thus clear that the city is very beautiful.
5．如果指事实十分明显，可用obviously。
　☞ 他都听得懂中国戏了，可见他的中文实在不错。
　☞ He can even follow Chinese plays. Obviously his Chinese is very good.
　☞ 连火柴都要进口，可见中国当时的工业有多落后。
　☞ Even matches had to be imported; China's industry was obviously very underdeveloped at that time.
6．如果指事实十分明白，可用evident。
　☞ 师部连夜召开会议，可见军情十分紧急。
　☞ The division headquarters held a meeting all through the night, so it is evident that the military situation is critical.
　☞ 可见他那一步是很得人心的。
　☞ It was evident that that was a very popular move on his part.
能 能
1．can，指一般的能力，即无论何时只要愿意就能做到的能力。
　☞ 他用一只手就能把我举起来。
　☞ He can lift me up with one hand.
　☞ 人人都能学会说英语。
　☞ Everybody can learn to speak English.
　☞ 她从小就能唱歌。
　☞ She could sing when she was very young.
　☞ 以前我父亲能讲3种外语。
　☞ My father could speak three foreign languages.
　 ■ could除了是can的过去时外，同时还可用作情态动词来表示现在和将来的某种能力。
　☞ 没人能比他更慷慨的了。
　☞ No one could be more generous than he.（指现在， 用could比用can委婉）
　☞ 明天晚上我能见见你吗？
　☞ Could I see you tomorrow evening?（指将来，比用 shall I更客气）
　 ■ 此外，上面已经讲到could与can一样可以表示一般的能力（例句见上），但是could 不能表示在具体场合做具体事情的能力，这时要用was able to来代替。
　☞ 由于她全力以赴，她才能提前完成任务。
　☞ As she tried her best, she was able to finish the task ahead of schedule.
　 ■ 这里不能用could来代替was able to，但是如果把as改成if，就可以用could。If she tried her best, she could finish her task ahead of schedule.因为在条件句里，could表示的仍然是一般的能力，而不是具体的能力。这里有两个译例可以看出could与was able to的区别。
　☞ 他说起谎来能叫人人相信。
　☞ When he lies, he could make anybody believe him.
　（指一般能力，并不指具体的事）
　☞ 他能叫她相信是因为她信任他。
　☞ He was able to make her believe him because she trusted him.（指做具体事情的能力）
　 ■ 但是，could 的否定式couldn't既可表示不具备一般的能力，也可表示不具备具体的能力，因为具体能力否定后等于不具备一般能力，即“不会”。
　☞ 他年轻时不会唱歌。
　☞ He couldn't sing when he was young.（唱歌的一般能力都没有）
　☞ 他酒醉到连最简单的歌都不会唱了。
　☞ He was so drunk that he even couldn't sing the easiest song.（平时唱得很好，现在连最简单的也不会了）
　 ■ 另外，由于can没有将来时，因此表示将来的能力要用will be able to。
　☞ 我相信病人很快就能坐起来。
　☞ I'm sure that the patient will soon be able to sit up 他总有一天能学会游泳的。
　☞ He will be able to learn to swim some day.
　 ■ 但是，当人们现在已具有某种能力，但由于某些客观因素阻止人们实现，只能留待将来实现时，却可用can。
　☞ 今天我们太忙，不过我们明天能去看他。
　☞ We're too busy today, but we can go to see him tomorrow.
　☞ 星期天有个聚会，你能来吗？
　☞ Can you come to a party on Sunday?
　 ■ 除此之外，remember，speak，understand，play等动词在表示某种能力时，不用can 也同样能表达这种能力。
　☞ 我还能记得你儿时的样子。
　☞ I (can) remember what you looked like when you were young.
　☞ 她能说英语。
　☞ She speaks (can speak) English.
　☞ 我完全能理解你的感情 I (can) understand your feelings perfectly.
　☞ 你能打篮球吗？
　☞ Do (Can) you play basketball?
2．be able to，也表示某种能力，指一般能力时可与can换用，但是不如can常用。
　☞ 你一定能说英语。
　☞ You are certainly able to (can certainly) speak English.
　☞ 他现在能走路了。
　☞ He is able to (can) walk now.
　 ■ be able to与can的区别有以下几点：
1) be able to可以有多种时态，而can只有现在和过去时态。
　☞ 7月1日我不能来了。
　☞ I shall not be able to come on July l.
　☞ 这本书我一直没能从头到尾读一遍。
　☞ I haven't been able to read the book through.
　☞ 母亲逝世前我一直能收到她的来信。
　☞ I had been able to receive letters from my mother till she passed away.
　☞ 他几年前就能工作了。
　☞ He was able to work years ago.
2) be able to可以与情态动词或某些动词搭配，而can不能。
　☞ 靠我的工资，我应该是能养家的。
　☞ I ought to be able to support my family on my wages.
　☞ 你们应当是能重建家园的。
　☞ You should be able to rebuild your homeland.
　☞ 他似乎能把复杂的想法用简单的语言表达出来。
　☞ He seemed able to put complicated thought in simple words.
　☞ 我希望我能待在这里。
　☞ I would like to be able to stay here.
3) able可以做定语或表语，而can不能。
　☞ 能人背后有能人。
　☞ For every able person there is always one still abler.
　☞ 俗语说：“能者多劳。”
　☞ As the saying goes: "The abler a man is, the busier he gets."
4) was able to可以表示具体的能力，而could不能。（译例见can条）除此之外，ability也表示某种能力。
　☞ 你有何德何能？
　☞ What virtues and abilities do you have?
　☞ 社会主义的分配原则是各尽所能，按劳分配。
　☞ The socialist principle of distribution is from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.
　 ■ enable 是able 的同根动词，表示“赋予某种能力”。
　☞ 这一装备能使工厂的产量翻一番。
　☞ This equipment enables the factory to double its output.
　☞ 显微镜能使看不见的物体得到观察。
　☞ The microscope enables invisible objects to be observed.
3．be capable of，表示现在可以实现的能力时，可与be able to换用。
　☞ 大丈夫应该能屈能伸。
　☞ A real man should be capable of stooping or standing. (be able to stoop or stand)
　☞ 刘伯承将军以能攻善守而闻名于世。
　☞ General Liu Bocheng is well-known to the world for being capable of charging or holding his ground.
　(being able to charge or hold his ground)
　 ■ 但是，capable of可以表示潜在的可能性，而able to不能。而且这种潜在的可能性往往带有贬义。
　☞ 他是什么事都能干得出来的。
　☞ He is capable of (doing) anything.
　☞ 她老婆能为点小事生气。
　☞ His wife is capable of being angered by trifles.
　 ■ 但如果好使坏事对比时，也可带褒义。
　☞ 他能干蠢事，但也能出智慧。
　☞ He is capable of foolishness, but he is also capable of wisdom.
　 ■ 另外，capable的主语还可以是物，而able 往往只能是人。
　☞ 该船坞一年能建造两艘战舰。
　☞ The shipyard is capable of producing two warships a year.
　☞ 情况是能够改善的。
　☞ The situation is capable of improvement.
　 ■ 由于able 后面的动词不定式都用主动语态，因此碰到被动语态时要用capable代替。如：
　☞ 这一错误是能改正的。
　☞ This mistake is capable of being corrected.
4．“不能”除了表示“没有能力”以外，尚可表示“决不应该”，这时应译成must not，语气较cannot强烈。与之相反的“不能不”则应译成must。
　☞ 你不能收这份礼。
　☞ You must not accept this gift.
　☞ 我们决不能一见成绩就自满起来。
　☞ We must not become complacent the moment we have some success.
　☞ 不能不指出法律禁止公众在城市内燃放爆竹。
　☞ It must be pointed out that the law forbids the public setting firecrackers in cities.
　☞ 既然你病了，就不能不去看医生。
　☞ Since you are ill you must see the doctor.
5．ready，表示随时都能做到的状态。
　☞ 一个干部要能上能下。
　☞ A cadre should be ready to take a lower as well as higher position.
　☞ 人民的公仆要能官能民。
　☞ A servant of the people ought to be ready to serve as an official or to be one of the common people.
　☞ 他以能说会道而闻名于工商界。
　☞ He earned a reputation in business circles for having a ready and eloquent tongue.
6．good at，指善于做。
　☞ 你们大家要一专多能。
　☞ Everyone of you should be good at many things and expert in one.
　☞ 她以能歌善舞闻名我们学校。
　☞ She was known to our school for being good at singing as well as dancing.
　☞ 他能写会算，在农村很吃得开。
　☞ He is welcome in the countryside for his being good at the three R's.
7．possible，指可能。
　☞ 不过，能有这样的事。
　☞ But such a thing is possible.
　☞ 由昆明到该镇能坐车去吗？
　☞ Is it possible to get from Kunming to the town by car?
　 ■ 此外，possibly可与can结合以强调可能性。
　☞ 天这么晚了，她今晚能来吗？
　☞ It's already very late. Can she possibly come tonight?
　☞ 他能要什么呢？
　☞ What can he possibly want?
8．带-able，-ible后缀的词，也表示某种能力。
　☞ 这条河的下游能行汽船。
　☞ The lower reaches of the river are navigable for steamship.
　☞ 这床能拆能装。
　☞ The bed is removable.
　☞ 这种野菜能吃。
　☞ This kind of wild herb is edible.
9．will，也可表示某种能力，这时的将来时态逐渐淡化。
　☞ 我家的猫享受着冬天的阳光，能在那儿躺上整个下午。
　☞ Our cat will lie there all afternoon, enjoying winter sunshine.
　☞ 这横梁能承受上一层的全部重量吗？
　☞ Will this beam bear the whole weight of the upper floor?
　☞ 能用小词的地方就不要用大词。
　☞ Never use a big word when a small one will do.
10．“能”的其他译法。
　☞ 我能吃能喝，身体很好。
　☞ I'm healthy enough to enjoy food and drinks.
　☞ 能者为师。
　☞ Let those who know teach.
　☞ 新生报到即将开始，她兴奋得不能自己。
　☞ She was beside herself with excitement as the day for new students to start registering.
　☞ 教练无能，该队屡遭败绩。
　☞ The coach was incompetent and the team suffered repeated defeats.
吃 吃
1．表示吃的过程时，其内涵包括咬、嚼、咽等过程，一般译eat。
　☞ 萝卜可以削了皮生吃。
　☞ A radish can be peeled and eaten raw.
　☞ 烤面包要抹上奶油趁热吃。
　☞ Toast is eaten hot with butter.
　☞ 她吃喝都很节制。
　☞ She is abstemious in eating and drinking.
　☞ 马上要吃晚饭了，还要吃豆子，吃穷了一家子！
　☞ We are going to have supper right away, yet they're still eating roast beans, eating us out of house and home.
　 ■ 尽管有时从上下文来看，并不强调咬、嚼这种过程，但其吃的内涵仍十分明显。如：
　☞ 她草草吃了早饭又奔到楼上自己的房间里去了。
　☞ She ate her breakfast hastily and ran up to her room again.
　☞ 灾民吃草根树皮，不然就成群结队来到城里，陷于痛苦绝望之中。
　☞ Victims ate roots and lichens, or flocked to the cities in the agony of despair.
2．如果用have来表示吃，则这种撕咬、咀嚼、吞咽的内涵就变得模糊，但外延却相应增加。即不仅表示吃，也可能包括喝。
　☞ 你贫血，得吃点含铁质的东西。（也许是含有铁质的液体）
　☞ You are anemic and you must have some iron.
　☞ 我们午餐吃什么？（有饭也有汤）
　☞ What shall we have for lunch?
　☞ 来吃点东西吧。（也许是固体食物也许是液体饮料）
　☞ Come and have some food.
　☞ 你来跟我们吃一点吗？
　☞ Would you care to come and have something with us?
　 ■ 正由于这种原因，我们常用Would you like to have a cup of tea?而不用eat。但是如果这种区别在上下文里并不要求突出时，则eat和have这两个词是可以换用的。如：
　☞ 谢谢，我实在吃饱了。
　☞ Thanks, I have really eaten (had) enough.
3．表示吃的习惯和规律，一般都译take。
　☞ 她信佛，所以吃素。
　☞ She believes in Buddhism and takes only vegetarian food.
　☞ 我不吃零食。
　☞ I don't take snacks between meals.
　☞ 你们早餐一般吃什么？
　☞ What do you generally take for breakfast?
　☞ 这药一天要吃三次。
　☞ The medicine is to be taken three times a day.
　☞ 给你开点止痛片，难受时吃一片。
　☞ I'll prescribe some painkillers. Take one when you feel really bad.
　 ■ 如果用eat表示吃的习惯，则需加词，如：
　☞ 我们南方人早上吃稀饭。
　☞ We southerners are in the habit of eating rice gruel in the morning.
　 ■ 但是如果上下文里已能看出某种习惯，则这两个词也可以替换。如：
　☞ 我们一日吃三餐。
　☞ We take (eat) three meals a day.
4．为了某种目的而吃一种特殊食物，可用diet。
　☞ 我们粗细粮掺着吃。
　☞ We have a mixed diet of fine and coarse grain.
　☞ 医生不叫他吃糖。
　☞ The doctor ordered him a diet without sugar.
　☞ 他要我吃素。
　☞ He put me on a vegetable diet.
5．表示靠吃某种食物而生存时，可用live on, feed on。
　☞ 胡宗南进攻陕甘宁边区，我们的县城只剩下一个，但我们并没有退出边区，吃树叶就吃树叶。
　☞ When Hu Tsungnan attacked Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region, we did not pull out although we had only one county-seat left, and we thought nothing of it when we had to live on the leaves of the trees.
　☞ 好男不吃分家饭。
　☞ Good sons don't live on their inheritance.
　☞ 他是个吃高利贷的。
　☞ He is a man living on usury.
　☞ 牛羊主要吃草。
　☞ Cattle feed chiefly on grass.
　☞ 昨晚家禽整夜都在吃谷子。
　☞ The domestic birds fed on the com seeds all last night.
6．用live则表示过日子。
　☞ 我们区是个富庶之地。当地有个说法是：农民干一年，可以吃两年。
　☞ Our area is a rich place. A local saying has it that with one year's work peasants could live for two.
　☞ 你这是在坐吃山空。
　☞ You're exhausting your fortune by living in idleness.
7．表示吃一顿，可译make a meal of。
　☞ 今天你要是吃了我，就是违抗天命。
　☞ It would be a violation of God's mandate for you to make a meal of me.
　☞ 那头熊美美地吃了顿蜂蜜。
　☞ The bear made a meal of honey.
8．表示尝，可译taste。
　☞ 请吃口鸡，看盐够不够。
　☞ Please taste the chicken and see if it has enough salt.
　☞ 病人有几天不吃东西了。
　☞ The patient has not tasted food for a few days.
　☞ 孩子这么大了，没吃过猪肉，也见过猪跑。
　☞ The boy's grown up now. He's old enough to have seen a pig run, even if he hasn't yet tasted pork himself.
9．劝人进食可用help yourself。
　☞ 请再吃点腊肉。
　☞ Please help yourself to some cured meat.
　☞ 还是吃点水果止渴吧。
　☞ Help yourself to some fruit to quench your thirst.
10．表示吃的爱好，可译fond of，like。
　☞ 他是山东人，喜欢吃生大蒜。
　☞ He is from Shandong province and is fond of raw garlic.
　☞ 你喜欢吃什么风味的菜？
　☞ What sort of food would you like?
11．如果经过挑选后表示喜欢吃某种食物，可用prefer。
　☞ 你喜欢吃什么，鸡还是肉？
　☞ What do you prefer - chicken or meat?
　☞ 我爱吃鱼，不爱吃鸡。
　☞ I prefer fish to chicken.
　☞ 这寡妇真强梁，吃硬不吃软。
　☞ This widow is rather tough, indeed. She prefers hard to soft treatment.
12．devour，表示吞吃或吃的贪婪。
　☞ 大鱼吃小鱼，历来如此。
　☞ It has always been the case that large fish devour small ones.
　☞ 南京是著名的“火炉”。有时让她们外出，她的第一件事就是大吃一顿冰棍儿。
　☞ Nanjing is known as "the furnace of China". Occasionally they were allowed out, and the first thing she did was to devour a lot of frozen suckers.
13．表示吃饭，根据强调的重点，可以有不同的表示方式。
1) 表示吃饭首先用eat或have。
　☞ 中国人用筷子吃饭。
　☞ The Chinese eat with chopsticks.
　☞ 吃饭是为了活着，但活着可不是为了吃饭。
　☞ Eat to live. but not live to eat.
　☞ 来和我们一起吃饭吧。
　☞ Come and have a meal with us.
　☞ 他还在餐厅里吃饭。
　☞ He is still having his meal in the dining room.
2) 强调自己能吃饭或有能力供应饭食，用feed (oneself)。
　☞ 这娃娃现在能自己吃饭了。
　☞ The baby can feed itself now.
　☞ 病人病得自己不会吃饭了。
　☞ The patient is too ill to feed himself.
　☞ 他得努力工作才能使全家有饭吃有衣穿。
　☞ He has to work hard to feed and clothe his family.
3) 强调吃的是正餐，用dine。
　☞ 他今晚要请我同他一起吃饭。
　☞ He wants me to dine with him tonight.
　☞ 星期天我们一般在外面吃饭。
　☞ Usually we dine out on Sundays.
4) 用for，to，at等介词表示吃饭的不同阶段。
　☞ 到吃中午饭的时候了。
　☞ It's time for the midday dinner.
　☞ 他们坐下来吃饭。
　☞ They sat down to dinner.
　☞ 他们进来时我们正在吃饭。
　☞ We were at table when they came in.
5) 表示靠某种方式生活，用earn (make)a living，feed。
　☞ 吃这碗饭可不容易。
　☞ This is a hard way to earn a living.
　☞ 他赚的钱只够吃饭。
　☞ He earns a bare living.
　☞ 革命加生产能解决吃饭问题。
　☞ Revolution plus production can solve the problem of feeding the population.
14．表示吃草，放牧时，可用graze。
　☞ 我刚跳过一条小溪就看见一匹马在吃草。
　☞ Just after I had jumped over a brook I saw a horse grazing.
　☞ 牛羊都在田野里吃草。
　☞ Cattle are grazing in the field.
　“好马不吃回头草。”我既然出了门，就不打算再回去。
　 "The good horse doesn't turn back to graze." I've left that house, and I don't intend to go back.
　 ■ 但强调吃的过程仍然要用eat。
　☞ 隔壁是个牛厩，有两头母牛在吃草。
　☞ Next-door was a cowshed where two cows were eating hay.
15．“吃”的其他译法。
　☞ 平儿道：“癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉。”
　 "A toad hankering for a taste of swan, ”scoffed Ping Er.
　☞ 当时中国是块肥肉，人人都想吃。
　☞ At the time China was an attractive piece of meat coveted by all.
　☞ 你不是听说过这个俗语吗？一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
　☞ Didn't you ever hear the saying? One monk brings his buckets of water to drink, two monks carry their bucket of water jointly, but when three monks are together, there is no water at all.
　☞ 茗烟嘱咐道：“不可拿进园去，叫人知道了，我吃不了兜着走”。
　 "Don't take them into the garden", Mingyan warned him. "If they were found I'd be in serious trouble."
　☞ 他冷笑道：“你不要慌，我同女人是规规矩矩的。
　☞ 不指油，不吃豆腐。”
　 "You needn't be afraid! " he said with a sardonic smile. "I don't take advantage of them and I don't flirt with them."
　☞ 那薛老大也是“吃着碗里的，看着锅里的”。
　☞ Hsueh Pan is another of those greedy-guts who “
　☞ keep one eye on the bowl and the other on the pan".
　☞ 贪图安逸，一定怕吃苦。
　☞ Those who seek ease and comfort are bound to fear hardships.
　☞ 她贪图享受不成，反而吃尽了苦头。
　☞ Instead of seeking a life of pleasure, she endured untold sufferings.
　☞ 千这一行，不玩技术吃不开。
　☞ In this profession one won't be popular without employing one's skill.
　☞ 他能写会算，在农村很吃得开。
　☞ He is welcome in the countryside for his being good at the three R's.
吃亏 吃亏
1．从情况不利的角度来译，可用be at a disadvantage（静态），put sb. ... at a disadvantage(动态)。
　☞ 没有大学文凭，干什么都吃亏。
　☞ We are at a disadvantage in doing everything without a college diploma.
　☞ 没有周密的准备，在对付入侵之敌时就会吃亏。
　☞ Unless we are prepared in every respect, we should be at a disadvantage in dealing with the invaders.
　☞ 他跑不快，所以踢足球吃亏。
　☞ He can't run fast and that puts him at a disadvantage as a footballer.
　☞ 他不会游泳，过河时就要吃亏。
　☞ His inability to swim puts him at a disadvantage when he has to cross a river.
2．从吃苦头的角度来译，可用suffer。
　☞ 有备才能无患，无备必定吃亏。
　☞ If one is prepared, one will be safe. If not, one will suffer.
　☞ 要是我们早点知道，我们吃的亏就会少得多。
　☞ We would have suffered much less if we had known of it earlier.
　☞ 我不能袖手旁观，让可怜的小娟吃这样的亏。
　☞ I won't stand by and let poor Xiaojuan suffer like this.
3．从引起不幸的角度来译，可用come to grief。
　☞ 有的人吃亏在于不老实。
　☞ Some people come to grief on account of their dishonesty.
　☞ 我可以肯定他打这场赌要吃亏。
　☞ I made certain he'd come to grief over the betting.
　☞ 如果他不那么固执，就可能会少吃点亏。
　☞ Were he less self-willed he would be less likely to come to grief.
4．从受害最大的角度来译，可用get the worst of (it)。
　☞ 你要是跟他动手，你可能会吃亏。
　☞ If you start a fight with him, you may get the worst of it.
　☞ 你要同大公司较量，必定要吃眼前亏。
　☞ If you have a contest with big companies, you'll immediately get the worst of it.
　☞ 他在生意上吃了亏，把气出在老婆身上。
　☞ He got the worst of the business, yet he vented his spleen on his wife.
5．从灾难的角度来译，可用disaster，disastrous。
　☞ 有备才能无患，无备必定吃亏。
　☞ Preparedness ensures security. Unpreparedness invites disaster.
　☞ 机械地搬用外国的东西是要吃大亏的。
　☞ Mechanical copying of foreign things would be disastrous.
6．从牺牲别人利益的角度来译，可用at the expense of others, at other people's expense。
　☞ 他自己得利，别人吃亏。
　☞ He benefited himself at the expense of others.
　☞ 做这件事我们不愿让别人吃亏。
　☞ We do not wish to do it at other people's expense.
吃惊 吃惊
1．表示惊奇，可用surprise，be surprised（to后接动词，at后接名词或动名词），surprising。
　☞ 你的行为使我吃惊。
　☞ Your behavior surprised me.
　☞ 没有什么比听到别人说她这样的话更叫我吃惊的了。
　☞ Nothing would have surprised me more than to hear this said of her.
　☞ 他没有来，我感到吃惊。
　☞ I'm surprised that he didn't come.
　☞ 见到他同他父亲一起进来，她感到吃惊。
　☞ She was surprised to see him walk in with his father.
　☞ 听到你说这个，我们感到吃惊。
　☞ We are surprised to hear you say that.
　☞ 我跟你说这样的话，知道你是会吃惊的。
　☞ I know you are surprised at my talking to you like this.
　☞ 我们发现房子是空的，感到吃惊。
　☞ We were surprised at finding the house empty.
　☞ 这些人的无知实在叫人吃惊。
　☞ The ignorance of these people was really surprising.
　☞ 他们竟用这种办法度过夜晚真叫人吃惊。
　☞ It is surprising that they should choose this method of passing the evening.
2．表示吃了一惊，用be taken aback。
　☞ 我承认我听到这一情况有点吃惊。
　☞ I confess I was somewhat taken aback when I heard that.
　☞ 我想我一辈子也没这么吃惊过。
　☞ I don't think I was so taken aback in all my life.
3．如果对某种意外的反应比较强烈时，可用astonish, be astonished (at)。
　☞ 这条消息使我们大吃一惊。
　☞ The news astonished (greatly surprised) us.
　☞ 听到我为这只戒指付的钱会叫你大吃一惊。
　☞ I will astonish you to hear what I paid for this ring.
　☞ 我见到我的故乡在20年里发生这样的变化大吃一惊。
　☞ I was astonished to see how my hometown had changed in 20 years.
　☞ 他的样子叫我吃惊。
　☞ I'm astonished at his appearance.
4．表示休克性震惊，用shock。
　☞ 我倒是可以告诉你他们的一些所作所为，不过会让你大吃一惊。
　☞ And I could tell you some of their deeds which would shock you.
　☞ 见到她抽烟，他很吃惊。
　☞ He was shocked at her smoking.
5．如果由于某种意外而引起心理上的疑惑、迷惑时，可用amaze, be amazed (at)，amazing。
　☞ 你干的事情叫全家吃惊。
　☞ What you did amazed the whole family.
　☞ 发现他这样的学生在一次重大考试中获得100分，我们的老师都感到吃惊。
　☞ Our teachers were all amazed to find a student like him had gained a mark of 100 in an important examination.
　☞ 一些国家竟对此表示义愤，他感到吃惊。
　☞ He was amazed that some countries should express indignation at it.
　☞ 参观者对我国造船工人的冲天干劲感到吃惊。
　☞ Visitors were amazed at the soaring drive of our shipbuilders.
　☞ 他见到这种情景感到吃惊。
　☞ He was amazed at the sight.
　☞ 他坚强的毅力使人吃惊。
　☞ His strong will power is amazing.
　☞ 一个人怎么会有这种思想简直叫人吃惊。
　☞ It is simply amazing how one can conceive such an idea.
6．当某种意外使人难以置信时，可用astound（正式用语），flabbergast(非正式用语)。
　☞ 得知她最要好的朋友长期以来对她进行恶意中伤，她大吃一惊。
　☞ She was astounded to learn that her dearest friend had been spreading malicious gossip about her.
　☞ 警察得知怀特太太干的事情以后大吃一惊。
　☞ The police were astounded to learn what Mrs. White had done.
　☞ 他当场反驳使在场的记者十分激动，但使总统的助手大吃一惊。
　☞ His off-the-cuff retort excited the reporters present but flabbergasted the President's aides.
　☞ 她对朋友谈到她对此事的反应时说：“真叫我大吃一惊。”
　☞ Describing to her friends her reaction to it, she said, "I was flabbergasted."
各 各
1．each，指分开来的各自，强调各有各的方式。
　☞ 各持己见这就不好了。
　☞ It's not good for each to stick to his own view.
　☞ 这就叫做各得其所。
　☞ That's what we call "each in his proper place".
　☞ 3种办法各有优点，也各有缺点。
　☞ Each of the three methods has its strong and weak points.
　☞ 参加的老师各写一封信。
　☞ The participating teachers each write a letter.
　☞ 上半时，双方各进一球。
　☞ In the first half, each side scored a goal.
2．all, every，指合起来的各自，强调总体的概念，一般可以换用。
　☞ 世界各国都派代表团参加了这次大会。
　☞ All the nations (Every nation) sent their delegations (its delegation) to attend this assembly.
　☞ 她的各科成绩都很好。
　☞ She does very well in all the subjects (in every subject).
　☞ 各民族的文化都有自己的特色。
　☞ The culture of every nationality has its own characteristics.
　☞ 人各有得意之日。
　☞ Every dog has his day.
　☞ 他在这里住过3年，因此对各方面的情况都很了解。
　☞ He used to live here for three years, so he knows everything.
　☞ 这些物种各不相同。
　☞ None of these species have anything in common with one another.
3．various，指众多。
　☞ 他们在各国都受到不同的歧视。
　☞ They are discriminated against to a greater or lesser extent in various countries.
　☞ 对这种做法，各人都提出了修改的意见。
　☞ Various people have made suggestions for revision of this approach.
4．different，指不同。
　☞ 他们当中的大多数再也不想花工夫到各厂去找工作。
　☞ Most of them no longer troubled to go to the different factories to look for a job.
　☞ 各人有各人的打算。
　☞ Different people have different plans of their own.
5．respective，指各自。
　☞ 这3个人各按其能力分配了工作。
　☞ The three men were given work according to their respective abilities.
　☞ 上述3种办法都各有优点。
　☞ The three methods described above have their respective merits.
6．either，指两边各。
　☞ 房间的两侧各有一道门。
　☞ There is a door on either side of the room.
　☞ 桥的两端各有一座山。
　☞ There is a hill on either end of the bridge.
　 ■ either的否定式是neither。如：
　☞ 我们各不相让。
　☞ Neither of us is willing to give ground.
　☞ 从此，两国各不相犯。
　☞ Since then neither of the two states has interfered with the other.
7．half and half, fifty-fifty，指各半。
　☞ 我想我们应该把这种负担各分一半。
　☞ I think we ought to split this burden half and half.
　☞ 成败的可能性各半。
　☞ The chances of success are fifty-fifty.
8．one's own，指各有各的。
　☞ 各民族的文化都各有各的特色。
　☞ The culture of every nationality has its own characteristics.
　☞ 你们各看各的书，谁也不准说话。
　☞ Pay attention to your own reading, nobody is allowed to talk.
　☞ 各国的古代建筑都各有特色。
　☞ The ancient architecture of each country has its own features.
合乎 合乎
1．conform with (to), in conformity with，表示在本质、特性上合乎。
　☞ 无论我们做什么事情，都要合乎人民的利益。
　☞ Whatever we do must conform with the interests of the people.
　☞ 他提供的数据合乎实际情况。
　☞ The data he had provided conformed to the actual situation.
　☞ 有证据显示他的阐述合乎历史的发展规律。
　☞ Evidence shows that his interpretation is in conformity with the law of historical development.
2．correspond with (to)，表示合乎实际情况。
　☞ 这房子正好合乎我的需要。
　☞ The house exactly corresponds with my needs.
　☞ 他们不得不承认这一说法合乎事实。
　☞ They have to admit that this proposition corresponds to the facts.
3．tally with，表示完全符合。
　☞ 他的话合乎事实。
　☞ What he says tallies with the facts.
　☞ 艺术作品应当合乎所表现的事物。
　☞ Representations of art must tally with things represented.
4．up to，表示达到某一要求。
　☞ 我检查了产品，发现完全合乎标准。
　☞ I examined the products and found them quite up to the standard.
　☞ 他认为她在专业上的成绩完全合乎平均水平。
　☞ He was of the opinion that her professional merits were quite up to the average.
5．“合乎”与某些名词连用，可译成相应的同根形容词，表示某种本质。
　☞ 你想要孩子懂得讽刺挖苦，那不合乎情理。
　☞ You're not reasonable if you expect a child to understand sarcasm.
　☞ 要摆脱这一凶险的处境，她感到这是一个合乎理智的办法。
　☞ She felt this was the sensible way out of this sinister situation.
　☞ 对这个问题，他做出了一个合乎逻辑的回答。
　☞ He gave a logical answer to the question.
　☞ 什么是合乎实际的事态？
　☞ What is the actual state of affairs?
合作 合作
1．cooperate，强调自愿的合作。
　☞ 王医生经常与李麻醉师合作做手术。
　☞ Dr. Wang often cooperates with Li, an anesthetist in performing operations.
　☞ 两个厂家共同合作生产一种双方都无力独自完成的产品。
　☞ Both of the factories cooperated with each other in manufacturing a product that neither could afford by itself.
2．collaborate，强调智力方面，尤其是指文化活动方面的合作。
　☞ 父亲和儿子合作写了一部论放射性元素的书。
　☞ Father collaborated with his son in writing a book on radioactive substances.
　☞ 他们在电影剧本上共同合作。
　☞ They collaborated on film scripts.
3．work together，joint work，指共同工作的过程或结果。
　☞ 他们共同合作了5年。
　☞ They worked together for five years.
　☞ 这幅画是他们共同合作的结果。
　☞ The picture is the result of their joint work.
合法 合法
1．lawful，泛指合乎法律。用得最为广泛。
　☞ 合乎法律的行为就是合法行为。
　☞ A lawful act is an act which the law allows.
　☞ 我们的职责是支持重新执政的合法政府。
　☞ Our duty is to give support to the restored lawful government.
2．legal，仅指合乎具体的法律，故在词义的内涵上比lawful窄，但又在许多场合下词义重合，重合时可彼此换用。
　☞ 他是那笔财产的合法继承人。
　☞ He was the legal (lawful) heir to that property.
　☞ 该政府甚至否定人民有集会的合法权力。
　☞ The government even denied the legal (lawful) right of the people to hold meeting.
　 ■ 但是，两者的区别也是明显的。如：
　☞ 离婚是合法的，但需经过多种合法的手续才能最终生效。
　☞ Divorce is lawful but subject to various legal requirements before taking final effect.（由上例可以看出 lawful的内涵可以覆盖legal，因后者仅指具体手续的合法）
3．legitimate，不仅指合乎法律，而且也指合乎风俗传统、常规惯例等，如指合乎法律，可与上述两词换用。
　☞ 该国60年的历史，在领导权上从来没有做到过合法正规的继承。
　☞ In the sixty-year history of the state，矗had never managed a legitimate (legal), regular succession of leadership.
　☞ 他是该财产的合法主人。
　☞ He was the legitimate (lawful) owner of that property.
　 ■ 但如果仅指合乎理性、传统、常规，则不能与前两词换用。如：
　☞ 交通事故耽误了他的车子，使他的迟到有了个合理合法的借口。
　☞ The traffic accident that delayed his car gave him a legitimate excuse for being late.
　☞ 生理缺陷是免服兵役的合法根据。
　☞ Physical deformity is a legitimate ground for exemption from military service.
4．rightful，指具有合法的权利。
　☞ 王太子是王位的合法继承人。
　☞ The rightful (lawful) heir to the throne is the Crown Prince.
　☞ 农民都深信他们是土地的合法主人。
　☞ The peasants were firmly convinced that they were the rightful (legal) owner of the land.
合理 合理
1．reasonable，指合乎道理或情理。
　☞ 我完全愿意出一个合理的价钱。
　☞ I'm perfectly willing to pay a reasonable price.
　☞ 难道这些都不是合理的要求吗？
　☞ Aren't these all reasonable demands?
2．rational, rationalize，指合乎理性或理智。
　☞ 分工合理可以加速工程的进度。
　☞ The rational division of labor may speed up the pace of the project.
　☞ 可行性研究可使资源的利用更加合理。
　☞ Feasibility studies can make the use of resources more rational.
　☞ 我市的汽车数量减少了，但更合理了。
　☞ The number of cars in our city goes down, but it is more rationalized.
3．equitable，指公平合理。
　☞ 我们的目的在于合理解决两国之间的争端。
　☞ We are aiming at an equitable settlement of the issues between the two countries.
　☞ 全国改革后发展了一套合理适用的税务体制。
　☞ An equitable and adequate tax system has been developed throughout the country after the reform.
4．proper，指适当合理。
　☞ 经验证明在这一地区推行合理轮作是必要的。
　☞ Experience shows that it is necessary to introduce the proper rotation of crops.
　☞ 我们想尽各种办法以取得合理的平衡。
　☞ We tried every possible way to achieve a proper balance.
5．justify, justifiable，指有一定道理的合理。
　☞ 人们一定会问这样的问题，就是空气污染的代价有多大？进行整顿要多少花费才算合理？
　☞ People would ask such questions, that is, how much does air pollution cost? And what expense is justified in rectifying it?
　☞ 在实验室里保持恒温是合理的。
　☞ Maintaining a constant temperature in laboratories is justifiable.
合计 合计
1．add up (to)，指加起来。
　☞ 把这一栏的数字合计一下。
　☞ Add up the figures in this column.
　☞ 他花的钱合计为I, 000多元。
　☞ The money he spent added up to more than one thousand yuan.
2．amount to，指达到某数字。
　☞ 这两项开支合计1万多元。
　☞ The cost of the two items amounted to more than ten thousand yuan.
　☞ 其重量合计为78吨。
　☞ Its weight amounts to 78 tons.
3．total，指总数。
　☞ 合计达10万元。
　☞ The total came to one hundred thousand yuan.
　☞ 与4相加，合计为lo。
　☞ If you add 6 and 4, the total is 10.
4．think over，指反复考虑。
　☞ 他心里老合计这事儿。
　☞ He kept thinking it over.
　☞ 我需要几天时间来合计这件事。
　☞ I need a couple of days to think this matter over.
5．consult，指商量。
　☞ 这件事我得跟经理合计合计。
　☞ I have to consult the manager about the matter.
　☞ 不跟你合计，我是什么也不会干的。
　☞ I'll do nothing without consulting you.
合适 合适
1．suitable (for)，指自然而然的合适，可指人也可指事；be suited (for)，指人合适于事；suit，指事合适于人。
　☞ 我认为这一岗位对我应该是合适的。
　☞ I think I should be suitable for the post.
　☞ 这样说不合适。
　☞ It is not suitable to say so.
　☞ 你现在干的这类工作对你不合适。
　☞ You're not suited for the kind of work you're doing.
　☞ 我只合适做教师。
　☞ I'm suited to be a teacher only.
　☞ 我不知道什么样的职业才合适我儿子。
　☞ I don't know what profession would suit my son.
2．fit for，指恰当的合适。
　☞ 这职位他合适。
　☞ He is fit for the position.
　☞ 我得说她不合适干这类事情。
　☞ I should say she isn't fit to do anything of the sort.
　 ■ 但是， "she isn't fit" 意为“她身体不好”。而“她不合适”应译为 "she doesn't fit" 。与此同时，fit用作动词时也可指尺寸、式样上的合适与人。
　☞ 这双鞋子对我完全合适。
　☞ The shoes fit me perfectly.
　☞ 这身衣服对她不合适。
　☞ The dress doesn't fit her.
3．proper，指与社会习俗协调的合适。
　☞ 我不知什么才合适。
　☞ I don't know what is proper.
　☞ 你要踢足球，就得穿上合适的衣服。
　☞ If you want to play football, you must wear proper clothes.
4．appropriate for (to)，指适合某种需要或某种场合的合适。
　☞ 她那光鲜的衣服在葬礼上是不合适的。
　☞ Her bright dress was not appropriate for the funeral.
　☞ 写作时，一定要用跟主题合适的文体。
　☞ Do write in a style appropriate to the subject.
5．right，指正好是，用于强调，有“正合适”的意思。
　☞ 这个词用在这里正合适。
　☞ This is the right word to use here.
　☞ 他这人干这工作正合适。
　☞ He is just the right man for the job.
同 同
1．same，表示“同”，但暗示在质量、数量、外表、种 类上是有差别的。
　☞ 他们是一对同床异梦的夫妻。
　☞ They are a couple sleeping in the same bed but dreaming different dreams.
　☞ 对于他，我跟你有同感，不过我认为他能改好。
　☞ I have the same feeling about him as you do, but I think he'll mend his ways.
　☞ 同行是冤家。
　☞ Men in the same line are bound to be enemies.
　☞ 领导干部下乡期间，应与老乡同吃、同住、同劳动。
　☞ Leading cadres should live under the same roof, eat at the same table and do the same labor with villagers during their stay in the countryside.
　☞ 我们虽是同父同母所生，但性格迥异。
　☞ We are totally different in character though born of the same parents.
2．equal，指质量、数量、价值、程度上的等同。
　☞ 男女应当同工同酬。
　☞ Men and women should enjoy equal pay for equal work.
　☞ 异曲同工。
　☞ Different tunes can be rendered with equal skill.或 Different approaches contribute to the same end.
3．identical，指某方面完全相同。
　☞ 这两个词同义异形。
　☞ The two words are identical in meaning and different in form.
　☞ 兄弟俩的慷慨同出一辙。
　☞ Generosity of the two brothers is of an identical nature.
4．similar, similarly, similarity，指类似性相同。
　☞ 今天我要把我的研究工作公开出来，公诸同好。
　☞ Today I'm going to make my research work known to the public and share enjoyment with those having similar tastes.
　☞ 同病相怜。
　☞ Similarly affected people pity each other.
　☞ 我们要同中求异，异中求同。
　☞ We must seek difference in similarity and similarity in difference.
5．as... as, like, 指“同…一样”，前者是连词，而后者是介词。
　☞ 他同过去一样忙。
　☞ He is as busy as he used to be.
　☞ 湖面同明镜一样清澈。
　☞ The lake is as limpid as a mirror.
　☞ 你同我所期望的一样。
　☞ You are like what I expected.
　☞ 李明和王娟同兄弟姐妹一样。
　☞ Li Ming and Wang Juan are like brothers and sisters.
6．common，指共同。
　☞ 同有畏心，其势必合；同有欲心，其势必争。
　☞ Common fear leads to unity; common greed leads to rivalry.
　☞ 要是你跟他这样争斗下去，势必同归于尽。
　☞ If you go on struggling with him this way you'll be bound to end up in common ruin.
7．together，指一同。
　☞ 我们同事多年。
　☞ We've worked together for years.
　☞ 困难时刻我们应该同舟共济。
　☞ We must pull together in times of trouble.
8．share, 指共享。
　☞ 共产党员应与人民同甘共苦。
　☞ Communists should share the comforts and hardships of the masses.
　☞ 我们是同生死共患难的朋友。
　☞ We were friends who had shared life and death with each other.
9．one，指同一。
　☞ 广大军民同心同德，坚决打败侵略者。
　☞ The broad masses of people and army-men fought staunchly with one heart and one mind to defeat the aggressors同室操戈，何其不幸！
　☞ What a misfortune to have members of one family drawing swords on each other!
10．fellow，指同类。
　☞ 我跟他有同乡之谊。
　☞ I have a friendship of fellow countrymen with him.
　☞ 你怎么能不认识他？他是你在外交部工作时期的同僚。
　☞ How didn't you know him7 He was one of your fellow officials when you worked in the Foreign Ministry.
11．用主宾相同的名词表示同类、同性等。
　☞ 同类不相残。
　☞ Crows do not pick crows' eyes.
　☞ 同恶相济。
　☞ The wicked help the wicked.
　☞ 在三角恋爱中同性相斥，你应该知道这个道理。
　☞ You should know the law that like charges repel like charges in love triangle.
12．用各种介词、连词表示伙同关系。
　☞ 这同你没关系。
　☞ There is nothing to do with you.
　☞ 这件事同他有牵连。
　☞ He was implicated in the affair.
　☞ 他同玛丽结婚了。
　☞ He was married to Marry.
　☞ 他同妻子离婚了。
　☞ He was divorced from his wife.
　☞ 老师同学生一起都去了。
　☞ All teachers and students went together.
同意 同意
1．agree with，表示单纯的意见相同后同意，在同意前并未参与其事，后可接人也可接物。
　☞ 我在许多事情上都不同意你。
　☞ I don't agree with you on many things.
　☞ 校长同意教职员工每隔一年做一次体检的建议。
　☞ The principal agreed to the proposal that the teaching and administrative staff should have a health check every two years.
　 ■ agree的下面各式都表示单纯的同意。
　☞ 起初我的想法跟他不同，但后来我同意了。
　☞ At first my idea differed from his, but finally, I agreed.（后不接介词）
　☞ 我们同意马上离开。
　☞ We agreed to leave at once.（后接动词不定式）
　☞ 我们都同意这件事办得不公。
　☞ We've all agreed that it is unfair.（后接从句）
2．agree on，指同意接受。如参与讨论并取得一致意见等，其后往往只接事，不接人。
　☞ 他们回顾了至今所做的工作并同意了今后的规划。
　☞ They reviewed the work done so far and agreed on the program for the future.
　☞ 经过充分讨论，双方同意停火。
　☞ Both sides agreed on a cease-fire after much discussion.
　☞ 银行经理已同意我们贷款的要求。
　☞ The bank manager has agreed to our request for a loan.
3．agree to, 指同意对方提出的某种要求，这种同意可以是自愿的，也可以是违心的。但一旦同意就得承担责任。
　☞ 如果你们同意这一政策，就得执行。
　☞ If you agree to the policy you have to carry it out.
　☞ 政府希望劳资双方都同意在低失业率时工资多加一些，在高失业率时工资少加一些。
　☞ The government expects both workers and employers to agree to larger wage increase in times of low unemployment than in times of high unemployment.
4．consent，义同agree；consent to，义同agree to，均指自愿或不自愿地同意某种要求，但较正式。
　☞ 她同意做他的助理编辑。
　☞ She consented (agreed) to be his assistant editor.
　☞ 我能否告诉总裁我们同意对规划作出修改？
　☞ May I tell the president that we consent to make some alteration in the plan?
　 ■ 下面的consent to后要接名词或动名词。
　☞ 厂长最后同意他的要求，调往其他部门。
　☞ The director finally consented to his request for a transfer to another department.
　☞ 房主不会同意我们对公寓做任何结构性的改变。
　☞ The owner wouldn't consent to our making any structural change in the flat.
5．approve (of)，指上级、尊长对下级、后辈的同意。
　☞ 总统同意了这一计划，只是坚持他在提名仲裁人时应有充分自由。
　☞ The president approved the plan, insisting only that he be given complete freedom in naming the arbiters.
　☞ 我的父母不同意我的婚事。
　☞ My parents don't approve of my marriage.
6．concur in, 指取得一致的同意。
　☞ 评判员都同意给他颁奖。
　☞ The judges all concurred in giving him the prize.
　☞ 两国科学家都同意发展疫苗。
　☞ Scientists from the two countries concurred in developing the vaccine.
同时 同时
1．at the same time，指在同一时间。
　☞ 这两次爆炸是同时发生的。
　☞ The two explosions happened at the same time 她感到难为情，但同时也感到幸福。
　☞ She felt shy but happy at the same time.
　 ■ 有时at the same time可与but连用，产生语气转折。
　☞ 他可能有点粗鲁，不过与此同时我还是忍不住要喜欢他。
　☞ He can be a bit rude but at the same time I can't help liking him.
　☞ 我喜欢坐飞机旅行，不过与此同时也使我害怕。
　☞ I like traveling by air but at the same time it frightens me.
2．simultaneous，simultaneously，指同一瞬间同时存在或发生。
　☞ 同盟国在两条战线上同时发动攻势。
　☞ The Allied made simultaneous offensives on two fronts.
　☞ 该书将在全国各地同时发行。
　☞ The book will be put on simultaneous sale throughout the country.
　☞ 雷电是同时发生的，尽管我们先看到闪电，后听到雷声。
　☞ Thunder and lightning happen simultaneously though we first see the latter and later hear the former.
　☞ 他把他的作品复印了两份，同时寄给不同的出版商。
　☞ Ha made two copies of his work and sent them simultaneously to different publishers.
3．in the meantime，指与此同时，表示一件事发生的同时另一件事也开始了。
　☞ 你来淘米，与此同时我来切肉。
　☞ You wash rice and in the meantime I'll cut meat.
　☞ 我8月25日大学毕业，与此同时发生了一件有趣的事。
　☞ I graduated from university on 25th of August and in the meantime an interesting event took place.
4．meanwhile，与meantime同义，也指两件事同时进行。
　☞ 他们10分钟后就到，与此同时我们来点啤酒。
　☞ They'll be here in 10 minutes. Meanwhile we'll have some beer.
　☞ 你来锄草，与此同时我来种花。
　☞ You hoe up weeds and meanwhile I'll plant flowers.
5．concur，指发生一种情况时同时也发生另一种情况，但concur是动词，而meantime和meanwhile则是副词。
　☞ 发了财，同时还要幸福，这种事是不大会有的。
　☞ Wealth and happiness do not always concur.
　☞ 这些必需条件可能难以同时具备。
　☞ These requisite conditions may seldom have concurred.
6．coincide，指两件事情在时间上巧合。
　☞ 俄国总攻的同时英美开始在西线挺进。
　☞ The general Russian offensive coincided with the Anglo-American drive in the West.
　☞ 老化和氧化是同时进行的。
　☞ The aging coincides with oxidation.
7．while，用来连接两个较长的动作、事件、情况等，并同时进行对比。
　☞ 他在原则问题上强硬的同时，也不得不在次要问题上让步。
　☞ He was obliged to compromise minor questions while hardening on the matter of principle.
　☞ 我们在加快工程进度的同时，也必须保证质量。
　☞ While speeding up the work on the project, we must pay attention to ensuring its quality.
8．“同时”的其他译法。
　☞ 在经济发展的同时，我们面临着政治组织的问题。
　☞ Parallel with economic development we are faced with the problems of political organization.
　☞ 在大量削减工时、资金的同时，我们还得保证总产量的增加。
　☞ We must ensure a growth in total output side by side with a sharp reduction in labor-hour and money.
　☞ 在大量阅读的同时，我还养成了记笔记的习惯。
　☞ Hand in hand with reading a lot, I have developed the habit of making notes.
　☞ 任务艰巨，同时时间又紧。
　☞ The task is arduous, besides, there's not much time.
　☞ 造林可以保持水土，同时也可以制止流沙。
　☞ Affore station conserves soil and water. It also checks drift sand.
　☞ 国会无法运用其权威，如果不同时增加总统的权威。
　☞ The congress cannot exercise its own authority without in turn, increasing that of the president.
　☞ 他能同时弹琴唱歌。
　☞ He can play the piano and sing all at once.
同等 同等
1．same，指在同等情况下暗含的不同。
　☞ 具有同等学历并不等于说具有同等能力。
　☞ Having the same educational level doesn't mean having the same ability.
　☞ 对这件事，我和你怀有同等心情，不过我乐观一点。
　☞ I'm of the same mind as you are about this, yet I'm a bit optimistic.
　 ■ same还可与class（指分类的等级）及rank（官阶的等级）搭配，表示同等。
　☞ 清华和北大都是同等的综合性大学。
　☞ Tsinghua University and Peking University are both universities of the same class.
　☞ 美国陆军中的少校和海军中的中尉都是同等军阶的军官。
　☞ In the United States both major of the army and lieutenant commander of the navy are officers of the same rank.
2．equal, 指某方面完全等同。
　☞ 国营经济与私营经济同等重要。
　☞ State-owned economy and privately-owned economy are of equal importance.
　☞ 国营企业和私营企业必须同等对待。
　☞ Public and private enterprises must be put on equal footing.
名 名
1．name，指人的名字或物的名称。
　☞ 请问尊姓大名。
　☞ May I know your name?
　☞ 岳飞作为一个民族英雄而名垂青史。
　☞ Yue Fei had a name in history as a national hero 凡事应名正言顺。
　☞ Everything should be called by its right name.
　☞ 名不正则言不顺。
　☞ If the name is not proper, the words will not ring true.
2．known，指著名，以...出名。
　☞ 王老师是我校的名教授。
　☞ Mr. Wang is the well-known professor of our university.
　☞ 这是一种名为肾上腺的激素。
　☞ This is a hormone known as adrenaline.
3．reputation，指名誉。
　☞ 都说桂林山水甲天下，到桂林一看，果然名不虚传。
　☞ People say: "Guilin's scenery is unequaled in the world." It was not until I visited the place that I found it really worthy of the reputation.
　☞ 我们乘兴而去，败兴而归，那是个名不符实的地方。
　☞ We went there in high spirits but returned disappointed. That place has an undeserved reputation.
4．fame, 指名声。
　☞ 有句古语说：“名之所在，谤之所归。”
　☞ There is an old saying that goes: "Where fame is, there will slanders be gathered."
　☞ 她并不追名逐利。
　☞ She does not go after fame and money.
5．in (under) the guise of，指打着某种幌子。
　☞ 他们名为出差，实则用公款游山玩水。
　☞ They took a pleasure trip in the guise of a business errand and wasted the public money.
　☞ 该公司名为服务公众，实则谋求私利。
　☞ That company is seeking private interests under the guise of serving the public.
6．“名”的其他译法。
　☞ 他是名符其实的劳动英雄。
　☞ He was a labor hero in the real sense of the term.
　☞ 那真是名符其实的奇迹。
　☞ That is a veritable miracle.
　☞ 大学4年之后，他考试时名列榜首。
　☞ After four years at college, he ranked first in the examination.
　☞ 他在数学上名列前茅。
　☞ He has come out in front in the study of mathematics.
　☞ 这次入学考他虽名落孙山，但并不气馁。
　☞ Although he failed in this entrance examination, he didn't lose heart.
名义 名义
1．in the name of，指“以…名义”。
　☞ 以革命的名义想想过去。
　☞ Think of the past in the name of the revolution.
　☞ 我们并不同意以“稳定”的名义去处理一切的方式。
　☞ We do not agree to the way of dealing everything in the name of "stability".
2．in name but not in reality (fact)，指名义上足，但实际不是。
　☞ 她名义上是他的妻子，实际上却是女佣。
　☞ She was his wife in name but his maid servant in reality.
　☞ 他名义上是教授，但实际上并不在大学工作。
　☞ He was a professor in name but in fact he did not work at the university.
3．in name only，指有名无实。
　☞ 英国的女王只是名义上的统治者。
　☞ The Queen in Britain is a ruler in name only.
　☞ 他们结婚只是名义上的，因为他们已经分居多年了。
　☞ They are married in name only, since they have been living apart for years.
4．in the guise of，指打着某种幌子。
　☞ 他以出公差的名义用公款游山玩水。
　☞ He took a pleasure trip in the guise of a business errand and wasted the public money.
　☞ 该公司名义上是为公众服务，实际是在谋取私利。
　☞ The company is seeking private interests in the guise of serving the public.
5．under (upon) the pretense (pretence), 指“以…为借口”。
　☞ 以盲人名义募捐，他搞了不少的钱。
　☞ He got a considerable sum of money under the pretense of collecting donations for the blind.
　☞ 无论以何种名义，外人都不得入内。
　☞ Upon no pretence whatever may any outsider gain admission.
名堂 名堂
1．作“花样”解时，应有几种处理方法。
1) 在问句中由于问话人不知道“名堂”到底意味什么，故用what即可。
　☞ 那坏家伙下一步要搞什么名堂？
　☞ What will that villain do next?
　☞ 敌人突然撤走了，这里有什么名堂？
　☞ What's behind the enemy's sudden retreat?
2) 在陈述句中由于说话人不愿明说，而以“名堂”代替，故译时也要含糊其辞，一般可用a great variety，much of ado等，需灵活处理。
　☞ 展销会上，展销货物的名堂真多。
　☞ At the commodities fair there was a great variety of goods for display and sale.
　☞ 办婚事嘛，别搞那么多名堂。
　☞ Don't make too much of ado of the wedding party.
3) 上下文需要时，“名堂”一词也可译得比较具体。
　☞ 别看他们只是个业余文工团，演出的名堂可多了。
　☞ It's true they're only an amateur troupe, but they have an amazingly large repertoire。（指演出的节目）
　☞ 我要求吃的东西名堂多一点。
　☞ I demand more variety for our food.（指食物）
2．作“结果”解时，也要应用宁可模糊，不可具体的原则。
1) 肯定时用something。
　☞ 他们会搞出名堂来的。
　☞ They'll certainly accomplish something.
　☞ 我们只要依靠集体力量就一定能搞出名堂。
　☞ As long as we rely on collective efforts we can certainly achieve something.
2) 否定时用not anything或nothing。
　☞ 我问了他半天，也没从他嘴里问出个名堂来。
　☞ I questioned him for a long time but I couldn't get anything out of him.
　☞ 恐怕他们是搞不出像样的名堂了。
　☞ I'm afraid they will accomplish nothing remarkable.
3) 疑问句可用what result。
　☞ 你们的讨论有什么名堂没有？
　☞ What was the result of your discussion?
　☞ 他的买卖有什么名堂？
　☞ What is the result of his business?
3．作“道理”解时，一般都译作reason。
　☞ 真不简单，这里还有名堂呢。
　☞ It's not simple at all. There is a reason in it.
　☞ 墙角上的砖这么砌是有名堂的。
　☞ There's a reason for laying the comer bricks this way.
4．“名堂”的其他译法。
　☞ 要看出其中的名堂，这并不难。
　☞ It's not difficult to see what's behind it.
　☞ 这其中定有名堂。
　☞ There must be more to it than meets the eye.
后面 后面
1．back，所指的后面或背部与front相对。
　☞ 屋子的后面看得见大海。
　☞ The back of the house looks out on to the sea 你是看不见脑袋后面的。
　☞ You can't see the back of your head.
　☞ 咱们绕到后面去。
　☞ Let's go round to the back.
　 ■ at the back of有两个意思：一为在…后面的远处；一为在…的后端。
　☞ 屋子后面有个花园。
　☞ There is a garden at the back of the house.（指屋子外面的后面）
　☞ 这本词典后面有许多有用的资料。
　☞ There is a lot of useful information at the back of this dictionary.（指词典里面的后端）
　☞ 他在屋子后面要了一间房。
　☞ He took a room in the back of the house.
　☞ 汽车后面可以坐3个人。
　☞ Three people can sit in the back of the car.
2．rear，语义与back相同，但为书面语。
　☞ 公园在屋子的后面。
　☞ The garden is at the rear (back) of the house.（指屋外面的后面）
　☞ 厨房在屋的后面。
　☞ The kitchen is in the rear (back) of the house.（指屋里面的后端）
　 ■ 以上说的是英国英语的用法；美国英语里两种情况都用in the rear。
3．behind，与in front of相对。
　☞ 学校后面有个小花园。
　☞ The school has a little garden behind it.
　☞ 猫蹲在沙发后面呢。
　☞ The cat is sitting behind the sofa.
4．after，只表示次序的先后，而不表示位置。
　☞ 你的名字在我的后面。
　☞ Your name comes after mine.
　☞ 她排在我后面。
　☞ She was after me in the queue.
　 ■ 但是下面的译例里，after和behind可以通用。
　☞ 他在她后面进来。
　☞ He came in after (behind) her.
　 ■ 两者通用的原因还是跟上面讲的规律有关。用after表示他与她进来时次序上有先后；用behind表示他与她进来时位置上有先后。
吐 吐
1．spit, 指从肠胃里吐东西。
　☞ 伤员在吐血。
　☞ The injured was spitting blood.
　☞ 这娃娃一打嗝就吐。
　☞ The baby always spits up when he is burped.
2．vomit，指呕吐。
　☞ 病人反反复复地吐，我们怎么办？
　☞ The patient is vomiting repeatedly. What shall we do?
　☞ 轮船一开动她就感到要吐。
　☞ When the ship started to move she felt like vomiting.
3．sick，指恶心得要吐。
　☞ 他今天有好几回想吐。
　☞ He has been sick several times today.
　☞ 那股味弄得她想吐。
　☞ The smell made her sick.
4．cough up，disgorge，指把非法所得吐出来。
　☞ 他不得不把他的非法所得全部吐了出来。
　☞ He was forced to cough up all his illicit income.
　☞ 那贪官吐出了他的不义之财。
　☞ The corrupt official disgorged his ill-gotten gains.
　 ■ 不过，disgorge也可用于实义的“吐出”。
　☞ 那狗把吞下去的骨头又吐了出来。
　☞ The dog disgorged the bone it had swallowed.
吐 吐
1．spit，从嘴里吐东西，可作不及物动词或及物动词。
　☞ 不要在人行道上吐痰。
　☞ Don't spit on the sidewalk.
　☞ 她朝他吐唾沫。
　☞ She spat at him.
　☞ 她把一颗樱桃核吐到痰盂里。
　☞ She spat a cherry-stone into the spittoon.
　 ■ 此外，spit还可用于转义。
　☞ 远处，一挺机枪吐着火舌。
　☞ A machine gun was spitting fire in the distance.
2．vent，指发泄出来。
　☞ 他总算在平反会上吐了口冤气。
　☞ He finally vented his grievance at the rehabilitation meeting.
　☞ 我们总得让他在大家面前吐吐不满吧。
　☞ We have to let him vent his dissatisfaction before us all.
3．pour out，指全部倾吐出来。
　☞ 咱们干吗不让夫妻吐吐各自的苦恼，然后和好呢？
　☞ Why don't we let husband and wife pour out their woes and be reconciled?
　☞ 翻身农奴吐出了千年苦水。
　☞ The emancipated serfs poured out the accumulated bitterness of hundreds of years.
4．spew，指连续不断地吐出。
　☞ 那龙摇头摆尾，口吐水柱，霎时湖水涨满了。
　☞ Shaking its head and flicking its tail, the dragon spewed a water column until the lake was soon full.
　☞ 那排气管不断地吐着废气。
　☞ The exhaust pipe kept spewing out waste gas.
5．speak, say, talk, tell，指说话时吐露，说法随便。
　☞ 她对丈夫口吐毒箭，而且箭箭穿心。
　☞ She spoke poisoned arrows to her husband and every of which pierced his heart.
　☞ 他对你是半个字都不会吐的。
　☞ He won't say a syllable to you.
　☞ 那青蛙变成了一个漂亮姑娘，口吐人言。
　☞ The frog changed into a pretty girl talking in a human language.
　☞ 她终于被说服并吐了真情。
　☞ She was finally persuaded and told the truth.
6．“吐”的其他译法。
　☞ 蚕会吐丝。
　☞ Silkworms spin silk.
　☞ 她吓得吐了吐舌头。
　☞ She was so scared that she stuck out her tongue.
　☞ 一个政党也要吐故纳新。
　☞ It is also necessary for a political party to get rid of the stale and take in the fresh.
　☞ 花园里百花吐艳争妍。
　☞ A variety of flowers are blooming and vying with each other for beauty in the garden.
　☞ 春天里草木吐绿绽青。
　☞ The plants and trees put forth green leaves and shoots in spring.
向 向
1．sound，指发出声响，其方式可以是敲响、吹响、回 响和拉响等。
　☞ 6点钟，吃晚饭的钟声响了。
　☞ The bell sounded at six o'clock for supper.
　☞ 我们听得到远处起床号在响。
　☞ Far away we could hear trumpets sounding reveille.
　☞ 医生的劝告似乎还一直在我的耳边响着。
　☞ The doctor's advice seemed to keep sounding in my ear.
　☞ 夜里响了好几次警报，不过没有空袭。
　☞ Several alarms sounded during the night but there was no actual air attack.
2．resound，仅指回响。尤其指乐器、声音、地点的回响。常与through, throughout, with等介词连用。
　☞ 庙里的钟声响彻了整个山谷。
　☞ Temple bells resounded throughout the whole valley.
　☞ 狩猎的号角响遍森林。
　☞ The hunting horn resounded through the forest.
　☞ 全场响起了暴风雨般的掌声。
　☞ The hall resounded with stormy applause.
3．reverberate, 指声音来回震响。
　☞ 炮声响彻山谷。
　☞ The roar of guns reverberated through the valley.
　☞ 雷声响彻天空。
　☞ The thunder reverberated across the sky.
4．ring，一般只指铃响、钟响。
　☞ 就在那时，电话铃声响了。
　☞ Just then, the telephone rang.
　☞ 钟声响彻山谷。
　☞ The bells rang throughout the valley.
　 ■ 但有时也指喊叫声、话语声、枪声等。
　☞ 同意的喊叫声响彻了整个大厅。
　☞ Shouts of approval rang throughout the hall.
　☞ 他的遗言还在我的耳畔响着。
　☞ His last words are still ringing in my ears.
　☞ 一声枪响，他摇晃了一下，接着翻倒在地上。
　☞ A shot rang out. He swayed, then keeled over onto the ground.
5．loud, noisy，指声音的高或吵。
　☞ 尽量唱得响一点。
　☞ Try to sing louder.
　☞ 收音机开得太响了。
　☞ The radio is too noisy.
6．有时“响”可以具体化，译成与上下文相应的动词。
　☞ 然而，他同时听到了水响。
　☞ However, that very instant he heard the water bubbling.（指冒泡时的响）或：he heard the water murmuring.（指流动时的响）或：he heard the water splashing.（指溅起来的响）
　☞ 两响爆竹要响两次。
　☞ The double-bang firecracker blasts twice.
　☞ 在他讲话结束时响起了暴风般的掌声。
　☞ Stormy applause broke out the moment he finished his speech.
　☞ 脚步声在空荡荡的走廊里显得更响了。
　☞ The sound of footsteps was intensified in the hollow corridor.
　☞ 日本鬼子经过孟村过来了，已经能听到大车响。
　☞ The Japes had passed Mengcun Village. The creaking of their carts was already audible.
　☞ 隔壁房门的铁锁响了一声。
　☞ The lock of the next door rattled.
　☞ 他含着眼泪望着他的祖父，肚子空得咕咕响。
　☞ His stomach rumbling emptily, with tears in his eyes, he looked at his grandfather.
　☞ 天晚了，风声在树林里响了起来。
　☞ It was late, and the wind was howling through the woods.
7．有时“响”可拟声化，把不同的声响译成不同的拟声。
　☞ 她刚走近大门，听到里面“踢通踢通”的响。
　☞ As she drew near the gate, she heard a clanging titung-titung.
　“的，的！”突然警笛响了。
　☞ Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistle shrilled suddenly.
　“噔！噔！噔！”一阵楼梯板的响声，匪徒们上楼了。
　☞ Then followed a loud Clump, Clump, Clump, as the bandits rushed up the stairs.
向往 向往
1．yearn (for)，指急切焦急的向往。
　☞ 人人向往幸福生活。
　☞ Everybody yearns for a happy life.
　☞ 我们海外游子都向往回到祖国。
　☞ We overseas Chinese yearn to return to our motherland.
2．crave (for)，指满足心灵或肉体需求的向往。
　☞ 在闹市工作了一生之后，我向往在乡间有几年宁静。
　☞ After a lifetime of work in the noisy city, I crave a few years of peace in the country.
　☞ 他一心向往的就是物质享受。
　☞ He was obsessed with a craving for materialistic gratification.
3．look forward to，指盼望已久的向往。
　☞ 我终于登上了向往已久的长城。
　☞ At long last, I climbed to the top of the Great Wall, which I had long been looking forward to seeing.
　☞ 我们都向往中国人能登上月球的一天。
　☞ We all look forward to the day when we Chinese can land on the moon.
4．obsess (with)，指着了魔似地向往。
　☞ 没有哪个艺术家能完全实现他所向往的梦境。
　☞ No artist achieves completely the realization of the dream that obsesses him.
　☞ 大多数普通中国老百姓都向往发财。
　☞ Most ordinary Chinese are obsessed with good fortune.
吓 吓
1．frighten，指心理上受到短时间的惊吓。
　☞ 当心别吓着孩子。
　☞ Be careful not to frighten the child.
　☞ 这次爆炸吓着你没有？
　☞ Did the explosion frighten you?
　☞ 我儿子的伤倒不怎么样，就是被吓着了。
　☞ My son was more frightened than injured.
　☞ 别吓她，她胆小。
　☞ Don't frighten her. She is rather timid.
　☞ 山洞又黑又深，进去怪吓人的。
　☞ It was really frightening to get into that deep and pitch-dark cave.
　☞ 威胁是吓不倒我们的。
　☞ We will not be frightened by threats.
　☞ 别要价太高，否则会把顾客吓跑的。
　☞ Don't put your prices too high or you'll frighten the customers off.
2．scare，指突然受到的惊吓，程度比frighten重。
　☞ 那个鬼故事吓着你了吗？
　☞ Did that ghost story scare you?
　☞ 你这么悄悄地进来，吓了我一跳。
　☞ You scared me by coming in so quietly.
　☞ 敌人空降兵的突然出现把和平居民都吓呆了。
　☞ The sudden appearance of the enemy's paratroops scared stiff the peaceful inhabitants.
　☞ 他被雷声吓了一跳。
　☞ He was scared by the thunder.
3．intimidate, 指受到威逼性的恐吓。
　☞ 他净在晚上吓女生。
　☞ He's always trying to intimidate girl students at night.
　☞ 他是小学生中的霸头，总是用各种办法吓得他们惟命是从。
　☞ He is the bully among the pupils and tries every means to intimidate them into doing what he tells them.
　☞ 她吓得不敢作声。
　☞ She was intimidated into silence.
4．give sb. a start, with a start，指突然一惊，强调一次性。
　☞ 你一声不响地进来，吓了我一跳。
　☞ You gave me a start, coming in so quietly.
　☞ 那姑娘见到一条蛇，吓得跳了起来。
　☞ On seeing the snake, the girl sprang up with a start.
5．deter，指危险、困难等因素吓得人们不敢行动。
　☞ 很少有罪犯教育学家相信死刑可以吓住毒贩。
　☞ Few penologists believe that death penalty deters drug traffickers.
　☞ 他很想表示他是不会被吓倒的。
　☞ He wanted very much to show that he was not going to be deterred.
吞没 吞没
1．swallow up，指被土，水等吞没，是形象的说法。
　☞ 这次大地震几乎吞没了整个城市。
　☞ The great earthquake nearly swallowed up the whole city.
　☞ 我们看见一个人在海里游泳，时而被海浪吞没，时而被海浪吐出。
　☞ We saw a man swimming in the sea, now swallowed up, now spat out by the waves.
2．engulf，只指被水吞没。
　☞ 暴涨的河水吞没了小岛。
　☞ The swollen river engulfed the islet.
　☞ 小船被波浪吞没了。
　☞ The little boat was engulfed by the waves.
　 ■ 但有时也用于转义。
　☞ 4年之间，一连串的间谍丑闻吞没了军情五处和六处。
　☞ In four years a succession of spy scandals had engulfed both MI 5 and MI 6.
3．embezzle，misappropriate，均指吞没款项。
　☞ 该出纳吞没了巨款并逃之夭夭。
　☞ The cashier embezzled a huge sum and ran away.
　☞ 女孩的叔叔吞没了遗嘱指定给她的那笔款项。
　☞ The girl's uncle embezzled the money that had been willed to her.
　☞ 他因盗用公款而被提起公诉。
　☞ He was indicted for misappropriating public funds.
　☞ 这个律师因吞没了一大笔由他保管的款项而被送进了监狱。
　☞ The lawyer was sent to prison for misappropriating a large amount of money placed in his care.
4．lick，有时指火焰“逐渐吞没”之意。
　☞ 火舌正在吞没起火的屋顶。
　☞ The flames were licking the roof of the burning building.
　☞ 火舌正在吞没我家的房子。
　☞ The flames were licking our house.
否则 否则
1．or，指“不然”、“要不”，表示转折。
　☞ 快点走，否则要迟到了。
　☞ Hurry up, or we'll be late.
　☞ 现在我就得走，否则要赶不上生日聚会了。
　☞ Now I must go or I shall be late for the birthday party.
　☞ 注意你说的话，否则会后悔的。
　☞ Have a care of what you say or you may regret it.
　☞ 他得有个工作，否则就得挨俄。
　☞ He has to have a job or go hungry.
2．or else，是or的强化。
　☞ 陪我们一起来，否则我们就不去。
　☞ Come with us or else we'll not go at all.
　☞ 你应该赶快去那里，否则就无法按时回来。
　☞ You must go there quickly or else you will not be back in time.
　☞ 多穿点，否则会着凉的。
　☞ Dress warmly or else you'll catch cold.
3．otherwise，指如果不这样就会产生另一种结果。
　☞ 现在就干，否则就太迟了。
　☞ Do it now. Otherwise it will be too late.
　☞ 屋瓦该理一理了，否则屋顶会漏雨的。
　☞ The shingles must be fixed, otherwise the roof will leak.
　☞ 我老了，否则就要娶她。
　☞ I'm getting old, otherwise I would marry her.
　☞ 否则水手就掉到海里去了。
　☞ Otherwise the sailors would have fallen into the sea.
4．lest，表示担心会出现某种结果，表示递进。
　☞ 我劝你不要那么干，否则你所有的财产都会被剥夺。
　☞ I advise you not to do so, lest all your property should be taken away.
　☞ 他们咬着耳朵说悄悄话，否则是会被听见的。
　☞ They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard.
　☞ 我们不敢跟他开玩笑，否则他是会生气的。
　☞ We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry.
否定 否定
1．negate，negative，泛指一切否定，不带感情色彩。
　☞ 否定马克思主义的基本原理、否定马克思主义的普遍真理，这就是修正主义。
　☞ It is revisionism to negate the basic principles of Marxism and to negate its universal truth.
　☞ 目击者的证词否定了被告不在现场的说法。
　☞ The evidence of the eye-witnesses negated the defendant's alibi.
　☞ 采取否定一切的态度是不客观的。
　☞ It is not objective to adopt an attitude of negating everything.
　☞ 否定你们取得的成绩是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong to negate the achievements you made.
　☞ 否定之否定是肯定。
　☞ The negation of negation turns out to be affirmation.
　☞ 我们的行为往往否定了我们的原则。
　☞ Our actions often negate our principles.
　☞ 他对我们要求的答复是否定的。
　☞ The answer to our request was negative.
　☞ 请把陈述句变为否定句。
　☞ Please put that statement into the negative.
2．deny，常指口头上的否定，态度比较强烈。
　☞ 伽利略是为了不致一死才否定自己的理论的。
　☞ To save his life, Galileo denied his theory.
　☞ 你能否定他声明中的实情吗？
　☞ Can you deny the truth of his statement?
　☞ 马克思主义并不否定个人权利。
　☞ Marxism does not deny the rights of the individual.
3．refute，常指辩论中的否定。
　☞ 我们毫不费力就否定了他的论据。
　☞ We easily refuted his argument.
　☞ 你可以不同意他的观点，但你不能否定他的观点。
　☞ You can disagree with his views but you can't refute them.
　☞ 他们用目击者的证词否定了他是无辜的说法。
　☞ They refuted his claim of innocence with eye-witness testimony.
否认 否认
1．deny，可指书面或口头的否认。
　☞ 无神论者否认上帝的存在。
　☞ Atheists deny the existence of God.
　☞ 财务部门的主管坚决否认拨款有任何不妥之处。
　☞ The treasurer hotly denied any misappropriation of funds.
　☞ 他否认他应对事故负责。
　☞ He denied his responsibility for the accident.
　☞ 不能否认，雹灾给我队带来了一些困难。
　☞ There is no denying the fact that the hailstorm has brought some difficulties to our brigade.
　☞ 不能否认你们的贷款帮了我们的大忙。
　☞ There is no denying the fact that your loans have done us many good turns.
2．reject，指强烈拒绝的否认。
　☞ 就在几个世纪前，人们还在否认地球是圆的这种说法。
　☞ People rejected the idea that the earth is round just a few centuries ago.
　☞ 我们坚决否认这一无理指责。
　☞ We categorically reject this groundless charge.
3．disclaim，指从法律上对某种非难诋毁的否认。
　☞ 政府发言人否认泄漏了任何情报。
　☞ The government spokesman disclaimed having leaked any information.
　☞ 他否认狗是他的。
　☞ He disclaimed the ownership of the dog.
　☞ 我完全否认对他含有敌意，那是你强加给我的。
　☞ I entirely disclaim the hostility to him which you ascribe to me.
　☞ 他否认知道信的内容。
　☞ He disclaimed knowledge of the letter's content.
　☞ 他被她这样的话弄得十分尴尬，但是如果他否认别人认为他具有的长处，又会给人以过分谦虚的印象。
　☞ He was much embarrassed by her talking like this, but if he disclaimed the virtues attributed to him he would give an impression of false modesty.
4．disavow，与disclaim相近，但侧重于对个人职责的否认，而且法律意味不强。
　☞ 囚犯矢口否认参与了反对政府的阴谋。
　☞ The prisoner disavowed any share in the plot against the government.
　☞ 孩子都否认有放火烧畜厩的意图。
　☞ The boys disavowed any intention to set the stable on fire.
　☞ 对记者报道的话，候选人完全予以否认。
　☞ The candidate disavowed completely the statement that had been attributed to him by reporters.
5．repudiate，常用于对原来承认的事实否认。
　☞ 这是一条事实上人人承认、但理论上人人否认的法律。
　☞ This is a law which everyone recognizes in fact, though everyone repudiates in theory.
　☞ 有了自由主义思想的人往往否认原罪之说。
　☞ The liberal mind often repudiates the doctrine of original sin.
含 含
1．contain，指内部含有。
　☞ 盐含多种矿物质。
　☞ Salt contains several kinds of mineral substances.
　☞ 这种水果含维生素A和维生素C。
　☞ This kind of fruit contains vitamin A and vitamin B.
2．bear，指挟带有。
　☞ 工厂排出的污水含硫。
　☞ The waste water discharged by the factory bore sulphur.
　☞ 我们在地下深处发现了一处含水层。
　☞ We found in the depth of the earth a stratum bearing water.
3．in，指处于某种待发的状态。
　☞ 梨树正含苞欲放。
　☞ The pear trees are抽bud and ready to burst.
　☞ 她含怒而去。
　☞ She left in anger.
4．with，指在一个动作的同时还带有某种附带物。
　☞ 他跟我说话时嘴里还含着一颗糖。
　☞ He talked to me with candy in his mouth.
　☞ 他们含泪告别。
　☞ They said goodbye with tears in their eyes.
5．某些特定含义的形容词或副词也可表示“含”。
　☞ 这些西瓜含的水分多。
　☞ These watermelons are very juicy.
　☞ 她含羞而立。
　☞ She stood bashful.
含糊 含糊
1．ambiguous(ly)，指意思含糊。
　☞ 他在法庭上的陈述有点含糊。
　☞ His declaration in the court of law was slightly ambiguous.
　☞ 这句子的意思含糊。
　☞ The sentence is ambiguous in sense.
　☞ 他说得含含糊糊，令人费解。
　☞ He spoke so ambiguously as to be barely intelligible.
2．vague，指在语言表达上含糊。
　☞ 他的话很含糊，我不明白到底是什么意思。
　☞ He was rather vague, I don't know what he really meant.
　☞ 在原则问题上绝不能含糊。
　☞ One must not be vague on matters of principle.
3．slur，指发音上含糊。
　☞ 人喝醉了，说话就含糊。
　☞ When a man is drunk his speech is slurred.
　☞ 你说话那么含糊，我不懂你的意思。
　☞ I can't understand you when you slur your words like that.
4．slur over，指有意含糊其词。
　☞ 发言人对此事讲得含糊其词，没有作出直接回答。
　☞ The spokesman slurred over the matter without giving a straight answer.
　☞ 他大谈他已故叔叔的长处，而对他的短处则含糊其词。
　☞ He spoke chiefly of his late uncle's virtues and slurred over his faults.
5．equivocal，equivocally，指有意回避的含糊。
　☞ 这所谓的神谕往往是含糊其词的。
　☞ The so-called oracles are often equivocal.
　☞ 他的回答，措词含糊。
　☞ His reply was worded equivocally.
6．explicit，指由清楚明了转义为毫不含糊。
　☞ 对这一挑衅性的问题，他作出了毫不含糊的回答。
　☞ To this provocation question, he gave an answer in explicit language.
　☞ 我们对我们提出的要求毫不含糊。
　☞ We were explicit in our request.
7．meticulous，指由细致转义为不含糊。
　☞ 他在查账时是毫不含糊的。
　☞ He was meticulous in checking accounts.
　☞ 办这事，我们一点也不含糊。
　☞ We'll have to handle the matter with meticulous care.
8．stand firm，指立场上毫不动摇。
　☞ 在原则问题上应当毫不含糊。
　☞ One must stand firm on matters of principle.
　☞ 大家要一视同仁，对此我们毫不含糊。
　☞ We stand firm that everybody must be treated without discrimination.
9．really (very) good，指手艺、技巧上不含糊。
　☞ 他这活儿做得不含糊。
　☞ He's made a really good job of it.
　☞ 他的乒乓球可不含糊。
　☞ He is a very good table-tennis player.
含蓄 含蓄
1．implicit，指含而不露。
　☞ 对他含蓄的问题，我无法给予明确的答复。
　☞ I cannot give an explicit answer to his implicit question.
　☞ 他含蓄的话仍然在我耳际萦绕。
　☞ His implicit words are still vibrating in my ear.
2．indirect，指间接而不明言。
　☞ 他经常含蓄地暗示他的麻烦，从不明说。
　☞ He makes constant indirect allusion to his trouble but never say anything definite.
　☞ 尽管这一点是以含蓄的方式表达出来的，但我外祖母知道这是在叫她搬走。
　☞ Though the point was couched in the indirect manner, my grandmother knew that she was being ordered to move out.
3．veiled，指加以掩饰。
　☞ 他想尽办法要使露骨的企图多少含蓄一点。
　☞ He tried every possible way to make his undisguised attempt more or less veiled.
　☞ 然后，他又加了一个含蓄的暗示。
　☞ Then he added a veiled hint.
4．reserved，指有所保留。
　☞ 平时，他是个含蓄的人。
　☞ He was a reserved man at ordinary time.
　☞ 他举止自然而含蓄。
　☞ His manner is natural and reserved.
听 听
1．listen to, 指用耳朵听声音。
　☞ 咱们打开收音机听听新闻。
　☞ Let's turn on the radio and listen to the news 听我说，我在跟你说话呢！
　☞ Listen to me. I'm talking to you!
　 ■ listen to除了作“听讲”外，还有“听从”的意思。
　☞ 家里的事我都听她的。
　☞ When it comes to household affairs. I listen to her.
　☞ 妈，别听王奶奶的，她是个老顽固。
　☞ Mum, don't listen to Granny Wang. She is an old diehard.
2．hear，指听见、听取。
　☞ 我以前从没听到过这么好的京剧。
　☞ I've never heard such beautiful Beijing opera before.
　☞ 召开这个会议是想听听同志们对我的意见。
　☞ This meeting has been called to hear what you comrades have to say about me.
3．catch, 指听清、听懂。
　☞ 他年迈到了连听别人说话都有些困难了。
　☞ He is so old that he has some difficulty in catching what people say.
　☞ 俗话说：“听话听声，锣鼓听音。”
　☞ As an old saying goes, "When you listen to someone talk, you must judge by his tone; when you listen to drums and gongs, you must catch the rhythm."
4．can't bear (stand)，指对某种话听不下去。
　☞ 你讲得那么恶毒，我听不下去。
　☞ I can't bear you talking so wickedly.
　☞ 他啰嗦了半天，我实在听不下去了。
　☞ He'd rambled on for hours, I really couldn't stand it any longer.
5．sound，指听起来。
　☞ 这些话听起来倒也有些道理。
　☞ Those words sound quite reasonable after all.
　☞ 他弹的东西我不知道，听起来像是贝多芬的。
　☞ He was playing something that I did not know. It sounded like Beethoven.
6．follow, do as, 指按别人说的行事。
　☞ 要是你听我的话，我会帮你找条正道；要是不听我的，那你准完。
　☞ If you follow my advice, I'll help you to get on the right track. If you don't, then you are done for.
　☞ 听我的没错。
　☞ Do as I say and you won't go wrong.
7．turn a deaf ear to，指装聋不听。
　☞ 他不听告诫，一意孤行。
　☞ He turned a deaf ear to this admonition and acted willfully.
　☞ 太糟了，她听不进批评。
　☞ It was too bad for her to turn a deaf ear to criticism.
8．“听”的其他译法。
　☞ 谁在听电话？
　☞ Who is answering the telephone?
　☞ 厂长要你听电话。
　☞ The director wants to talk to you on the phone.
　☞ 他的广东口音我听不出来。
　☞ I can't detect his Cantonese accent.
　☞ 老了，胳膊腿儿不听使唤了。
　☞ I'm getting old. My limbs won't do what I want them to.
　☞ 在工地上一切听他指挥。
　☞ Everything on the construction site is under his command.
　☞ 起先，我在电话里没听出她的声音。
　☞ At first, I couldn't recognize her voice over the telephone.
　☞ 一切听其自然。
　☞ Let everything take its own course.
　☞ 我得了这种病，只好听天由命。
　☞ When I get this kind of disease, there's nothing I can do but put myself in the hands of God.
　☞ 对损害群众利益的事，我们不能听之任之。
　☞ We cannot shut our eyes to things that harm the interests of the masses.
　☞ 你要听其言，观其行。
　☞ You must judge people by their deeds, not just by their words.
听见 听见
1．hear, 指听到。
　☞ 我们俩都听见有人在敲侧门。
　☞ We both heard a knock at the side door.
　☞ 半夜里听见有人喊救命的声音。
　☞ Voices were heard calling for help at midnight.
　 ■ hear一词没有进行时态，但可用can hear来代替。
　☞ 我听见一个奇怪的声音来自隔壁房间。
　☞ I can hear a strange noise coming from the next door (不说I'm hearing)
　 ■ hear用作进行时作“听取”解。
　☞ 王法官正在听取该案案情。
　☞ Wang, the judge, is hearing the case.
　 ■ 此外，hear后可接由动词不定式、现在分词组成的复合结构，两者的区别可从下列译文中看出。
　☞ 有一次我晚上醒过来，听见有人走下楼去，我害怕得再也睡不着觉了。
　☞ Once in the night I woke and heard someone go down the stairs. I was so scared that I was unable to sleep any more.（指听见走下楼去的整个过程）
　☞ 有一次我晚上醒过来，听见有人走下楼去，不过我很快又睡着了。
　☞ Once in the night I woke and heard someone going down the stairs, yet I soon fell asleep again.（指听见走下楼去的部分过程）
　 ■ hear后也可接表示主动和被动的复合结构，其区别也可从下面译文中看出。
　☞ 我曾多次听到人们批评他。
　☞ I heard people criticize (criticizing) him many times.
　☞ 我曾多次听见他受到批评。
　☞ I heard him criticized many times.
2．catch，指听清。
　☞ 我没听见你说的话，请再说一遍。
　☞ I didn't catch what you said. Please repeat it.
　☞ 他嘟哝了些什么，她没完全听见。
　☞ He murmured something. She didn't quite catch.
3．audible, 指听得见。
　☞ 屋子的前门开着，可以听见嗡嗡的人声。
　☞ The front door of the house was open and a hum of voice was audible.
　☞ 他说话的声音小得几乎听不见。
　☞ He spoke in a scarcely audible voice.
　☞ 你的反思除了你自己，别人当然是完全听不见的。
　☞ Of course, your reflection was perfectly inaudible for any one but Yourself.
启发 启发
1．enlighten，enlightenment，指心智的启发。
　☞ 在所讲的许许多多的刑事案例中，最后一个我最受启发。
　☞ Of the many criminal cases recounted, the last one enlightened me most.
　☞ 对这个问题，你能启发启发她吗？
　☞ Can you enlighten her on the subject?
　☞ 这孩子需要启发。
　☞ The child needs enlightenment.
2．illuminate, illumination, 与enlighten同义，也指心智上的启发，但用得比enlighten广。
　☞ 正确的猜测可以节省时间，但即使是错误的猜测也能对问题有所启发。
　☞ Correct guessing saves time but even wrong guesses illuminate the problem to some degree.
　☞ 我们很受讨论的启发。
　☞ We were greatly illuminated by the discussion.
　☞ 我从他的评论中得到了很大的启发。
　☞ I found great illumination in his remark.
3．awaken, arouse, 指以唤起某种潜在的素质来启发，两者一般可以换用。
　☞ 得知她交了入党申请书，党支书常来找她谈话，启发她的政治觉悟。
　☞ On learning that she had filled the application for Party membership, the Party secretary often came to have a talk with her to awaken (arouse) her political consciousness.
　☞ 教育水平的提高启发了农民对科学知识的渴望。
　☞ The improvement of educational level awakens (arouses) in peasants a longing for scientific knowledge.
4．elicit，指诱导式的启发。
　☞ 看到同学们不能用英语回答问题，他以提示来启发他们回答。
　☞ Seeing that the students couldn't answer the question in English, he gave hints to elicit their reply.
　☞ 这些大型集会可能启发了他更多方面的思想，也显示了他更多方面的性格。
　☞ These large gatherings may have elicited more aspects of his thought and revealed more sides of his personality.
5．inspiration，指某种鼓舞的启发。
　☞ 作家伟大之处的一个标志是不同的人能从他作品中受到不同的启发。
　☞ One mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can find in him different inspirations.
　☞ 我从他的工作方法里得到启发。
　☞ I derived my inspiration from his working method.
　☞ 许多作家从科学家完全献身科学的精神里得到启发。
　☞ Many writers drew their inspirations from the complete devotion of the scientists to science.
6．give sb. an idea，指给某种思想以启发。
　☞ 锯齿状的小草划破了鲁班的手指，这件事启发了他，以后他发明了中国的第一把锯子。
　☞ Lu Ban's finger was cut by a serrated blade of grass.
　☞ This gave him an idea and later he invented the first saw in China.
　☞ 他的话启发了她，她决定再到那里试试运气。
　☞ His words gave her an idea. She decided to try her chance there.
吸 吸
1．breathe，日常用语，指一呼一吸两个动作。因此既可指呼吸，也可指呼或吸。这得视上下文而定。
　☞ 我的心跳快得都呼吸不过来了。
　☞ My heart beats so fast that I could hardly breathe.
　☞ 他急需吸几口新鲜空气，就到了阳台上。
　☞ Needing badly to breathe some fresh air, he went on to the balcony.
　☞ 我父亲是个煤矿工人。他吸了多年的煤尘后病了。
　☞ My father was a coal miner who got ill after breathing coal dust for many years.
　☞ 老太太摘下眼镜，朝镜面呼了口气，然后用衣角擦了起来。
　☞ The old lady took off her glasses, breathed on them, and rubbed them with a comer of her dress.
　 ■ 但是要意思明确，可用breathe in（与breathe out相对）。这时只指吸入。
　☞ 医生对我说：“呼…，吸…现在转过身去。”
　☞ The doctor said to me: "Breathe out... , breathe in... , now please turn round."
　☞ 人要浮到水面才能吸气。
　☞ One cannot breathe in until one reaches the surface.
2．inhale, inhalation，书面用语，等于breathe in。
　☞ 他深深地吸着山间的新鲜空气。
　☞ He inhaled deeply the fresh mountain air.
　☞ 人在大口大口吸烟时，所吸入的尼古丁也会增加。
　☞ When one inhales cigarette smoke deeply, the amount of nicotine absorbed is increased as well.
　☞ 你抽烟往不往里吸？
　☞ Do you inhale when you smoke?
　☞ 病毒可以通过口腔、鼻腔的吸入而进入人体。
　☞ Virus can gain access to the body through mouth and nose inhalation.
3．draw，日常用语，不仅指吸气体，也指吸液体。
　☞ 我们呼吸时把空气吸入肺中。
　☞ When we breathe we draw air into our lungs.
　☞ 他面对事实，长长地吸了一口气，开始讲了起来。
　☞ Facing the facts, he drew a long breath and started to talk.
　☞ 这类植物之所以可以抗旱，是因为它有发达的根系，能吸地下水。
　☞ This kind of plant is drought-resistant in that it has developed roots to draw underground water.
4．suck，只指吮吸液体。
　☞ 蚊子吸人血。
　☞ Mosquitoes suck human blood.
　☞ 母亲在让孩子吸奶。
　☞ Mother is getting her baby to suck the breast.
　☞ 孩子喜欢用吸管吸瓶子里的饮料。
　☞ Children like to suck their drink out of the bottle through a straw.
　☞ 他在吸桔子里的汁水，声音很响。
　☞ He is noisily sucking the juice from an orange.
　☞ 你这个吸血鬼，你在吸穷人的血汗！
　☞ You bloodsucker, you're sucking the blood of the poor!
5．absorb，指吸收液体，热量，声音等。
　☞ 吸墨纸能吸墨水。
　☞ A blotter can absorb ink.
　☞ 海绵把泼出来的水都吸掉了。
　☞ A sponge absorbed all the spilt water.
　☞ 臭氧能吸太阳的热量。
　☞ Ozone absorbs heat from the sun.
　☞ 吸音砖能吸音。
　☞ Acoustic tile absorbs sound.
6．attract，指吸引。
　☞ 磁石吸铁。
　☞ A magnet attracts iron.
　☞ 同性相斥、异性相吸。
　☞ Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract.
7．take，指习惯性吸食。
　☞ 他误入歧途，开始吸起毒来。
　☞ He was misled and began to take addictive drugs.
　☞ 他的胃动了手术以后，一直在吸流质。
　☞ He has been taking liquid food since his stomach was operated on.
吸取 吸取
1．absorb，常用词。指通过吸收而取得。
　☞ 植物吸取太阳的热量并转化为能量。
　☞ Plants absorb heat from the sun and convert it into energy.
　☞ 至于我国的民族文化，要丢弃其糟粕，吸取其精华。
　☞ As to our national culture. we must discard its dross and absorb its quintessence.
　☞ 聪明的学生会吸收老师教给他的全部知识。
　☞ A clever student will absorb all the knowledge his teacher can give him.
2．draw, 指汲取某些精神产物。
　☞ 我们应当从这些事故中吸取经验教训。
　☞ We should draw lessons from these accidents.
　☞ 从这个故事里，我们应当从道德上吸取什么样的教训呢？
　☞ What moral must we draw from this story?
　☞ 现在我们总算吸取了教训，但我们不应放松警惕。
　☞ We are supposed to draw the moral from it, but we shouldn't let down our vigilance.
3．assimilate，吸取过程要比absorb慢，因此更强调结果，即吸取的彻底性。
　☞ 一个用脑子读书的人，把读到的东西吸取过来，就成了他思想或思维的一部分。
　☞ A person who reads intelligently assimilates what he reads by making it a part of his own thought or thinking.
　☞ 有机体死亡后就不能再吸取新的放射性碳。
　☞ When the organism dies, no new radioactive carbon is assimilated.
4．incorporate，强调其吸取的部分已失去其原有的特性。
　☞ 这项设计吸取了老工人的先进经验。
　☞ The design incorporates the advanced experience of veteran workers.
　☞ 我们把你的建议吸取到了一个能使大家满意的新体制里。
　☞ We have incorporated your proposal into a new system that will satisfy everyone.
5．acquire，强调日积月累或耳濡目染的吸取。
　☞ 通过阅读可以吸取到大量的科学知识。
　☞ Much scientific knowledge can be acquired through reading.
　☞ 她在她姑妈的培养教育下，吸取了姑妈的某些高尚品格。
　☞ Nurtured and educated by her aunt, she has acquired something of her aunt's noble character.
吸引 吸引
1．attract，指异性相吸的物理或生理现象，进而延伸至受兴趣、爱好、敬慕等吸引。
　☞ 月球吸引地球上的海洋，从而引起潮汐。
　☞ The moon attracts the earth's seas towards“, which causes the tides.
　☞ 他受到她女性魅力的吸引，愿做她要他做的一切。
　☞ Attracted by her female charm, he is ready to do everything she wants.
　☞ 他从来没有像现在这么强烈地感到受科学理想的吸引。
　☞ Never before has he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the scientific ideal.
　☞ 这一景色吸引了许多游客。
　☞ This scenery attracts many tourists.
　☞ 该公司享有国际声誉，吸引了不少求职者。
　☞ Enjoying international reputations, the company attracts a lot of job applicants.
2．draw，一般都可与attract换用，但物理现象除外。
　☞ 是她那女性的魅力那么强烈地吸引着他。
　☞ It is her female charm that has drawn (attracted) him so strongly.
　☞ 共同的爱好把两个男孩儿吸引到了一起。
　☞ A mutual interest draws (attracts) the two boys together.
　☞ 慰问演出吸引了大量观众。
　☞ A special performance as an expression of appreciation has drawn (attracted)a large audience.
　☞ 一定要把敌人的火力吸引到你们那里，好让师部向安全地区撤退。
　☞ Be sure to draw enemy fire on yourselves so that the division headquarters could withdraw to a safe place.
3．fascinate，指强烈的、情不自禁地被吸引。故常用被动语态。
　☞ 我们被工地上热火朝天的场面吸引住了。
　☞ We were fascinated by the hustle and bustle of the construction site.
　☞ 孩子们往往受到新玩具的吸引。
　☞ Children are often fascinated with new toys.
4．absorb，常指物吸引人的注意或精力，也指事业等吸引人。
　☞ 橱窗里的一本书吸引了他的注意。
　☞ A book in the shop-window absorbed his attention.
　☞ 管理企业吸引了他的全部精力。
　☞ Running the business absorbs all his energies.
　☞ 事业吸引着他，很少顾家。
　☞ His business absorbs him and he hardly looks after his family.
　☞ 随着电影情节的慢慢展开，他被完全吸引住了。
　☞ He was utterly absorbed by the film's slowly unfolding of its plot.
5．“吸引力”的译法。
　☞ 她的电影对观众很有吸引力。
　☞ Her films have a strong appeal to the audience.
　☞ 她真的不知道是什么吸引力使她先生做出决定的。
　☞ Indeed, she did not know what attraction made her husband decide.
吸收 吸收
1．absorb，指把外界的物质吸收到内部。
　☞ 粉尘吸收较多的热量，因此会加速雪的融化。
　☞ The powder absorbs more heat and thus speeds up the snow melting.
　☞ 石灰石能吸收矿砂中的杂质。
　☞ The limestone absorbs impurities from the ore.
　☞ 他吸收知识就像海绵吸水一样。
　☞ He absorbs knowledge as well as a sponge absorbs water.
　☞ 这种装置可以吸收太阳能并能在一段时期内贮存起来。
　☞ This device can absorb solar energy and store it for a certain period of time.
2．assimilate，与absorb相比，更强调吸收后成为吸收物的一部分。
　☞ 某些食物我们吸收起来要比另外一些食物容易一点。
　☞ We assimilate some kinds of food more easily than others.
　☞ 碳水化合物吸收进血液以后转换为能量。
　☞ Carbohydrate matter that is assimilated into the blood stream is converted into energy.
　☞ 我们应批判地吸收我国文学艺术遗产中一切有益的东西。
　☞ We must critically assimilate whatever is beneficial in our literary and artistic heritage.
3．incorporate，不指吸收食物，但强调被吸收后失去原有的本质。
　☞ 委员会把你们的建议都吸收进了城市规划使之皆大欢喜。
　☞ The committee has incorporated your proposals into the city plan to satisfy all.
　☞ 他被吸收为中国人民外交学会的成员。
　☞ He was incorporated a member of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs.
4．suck，只指吸收含有水分的物质。
　☞ 植物的根是吸收土里的水分的。
　☞ Roots of plants suck water from the earth.
　☞ 所有的植物都是吸收土壤内的物质并不断生长的。
　☞ All plants suck off soil substances and grow steadily.
5．take in，指接受。
　☞ 我们支部昨天吸收了一名新党员。
　☞ Our Party branch took in a new member yesterday.
　☞ 叶子吸收阳光。
　☞ Leaves take in sunlight.
6．admit，指接纳。
　☞ 他是在1937年被吸收入党的。
　☞ He was admitted into the Party in 1937.
　☞ 我们决定吸收他为正式会员。
　☞ We have decided to admit him to full membership.
7．recruit，指招募性吸收。
　☞ 我们要吸收更多的同志参加这项工作。
　☞ We should recruit more comrades for the work.
　☞ 本福利基金会将吸收更多的成员来帮助残疾人。
　☞ This Welfare Foundation will recruit more members to help the disabled.
呆 呆
1．表示居留时，可用live。
　☞ 我在中国呆了4年, 5年前回到了日本。
　☞ I lived in China for four years and went back to Japan five years ago.
　☞ 我们呆在这里已有好些年了。
　☞ We have lived here for quite a number of years.
2．表示短时间停留，可用stay, be, remain。
　☞ 你打算在中国呆多久？
　☞ How long do you plan to stay in China?
　☞ 我在北京只呆了3天就被叫回来了。
　☞ I stayed in Beijing only for three days and was called back.
　☞ 我要在北京呆两天，在上海呆3天，然后回国。
　☞ I'll be in Beijing for two days, Shanghai for three days, and then go back home.
　☞ 你要在这里呆几周？
　☞ How many weeks will you remain (stay) here?
　☞ 请呆到我回来。
　☞ Please stay (remain) here till I return 她对我的爱将永远呆在我的记忆里。
　☞ Her love for me will always remain in my memory.
　☞ 雷锋的光辉榜样将永远呆在人民心中。
　☞ Lei Feng's shining example will remain in the heart of the people forever.
3．“呆”后接补语时，只要把作补语的词译成相应的动词、形容词即可。
　☞ 我一个人呆惯了，不喜欢人多。
　☞ I've got used to being alone. I don't like to be with people.
　☞ 我呆着没事干，就呆懒了。
　☞ I have become lazy, remaining idle.
　☞ 我一个人呆着没事干，真呆腻了。
　☞ I am really bored with tired of, nothing to do here.
告 告
1．inform，指告知。
　☞ 何日启程，盼告。
　☞ Please inform me of your date of departure.
　☞ 他父亲去世一事已电告。
　☞ His father's death was informed of by telegram.
2．sue, go to law against, bring a lawsuit against, take sb. to court，指告状。
　☞ 我已到法院告他。
　☞ I went to court and sued him.
　☞ 他已告了那家公司。
　☞ He went to law against the company.
　☞ 她告他们借钱不还。
　☞ She brought a lawsuit against them for refusing to pay back the money she lent them.
　☞ 我们决定告他。
　☞ We decided to take him to court.
3．accuse sb. of，指指控。
　☞ 这种事谁会告你？
　☞ Who will accuse you of such a thing?
　☞ 大家都知道他是被诬告的。
　☞ Everybody knows that he was wrongly accused.
4．say, take leave，指告辞、告假等。
　☞ 他不告而别。
　☞ He left without saying good-bye.
　☞ 想不到他竟不告而别。
　☞ Who would have thought that he should go away without taking leave?
5．ask for，指请求。
　☞ 大楼竣工后我们告假3天。
　☞ We asked for a three-day leave after the building had been completed.
　☞ 前线频频告急。
　☞ The front-line units repeatedly asked for help.
　☞ 为了建一所学校，我们四处告贷。
　☞ We asked for loan everywhere to set up a school.
告别 告别
1．leave，指离开。
　☞ 我们告别那地方，继续上踣。
　☞ We left the place and went on with our journey.
　☞ 他告别学校进城去找工作。
　☞ He left school and went to the city to get a job.
2．hurry off，指急急走开。
　☞ 他们两人互道珍重后就匆匆告别。
　☞ They both hurried off after each asking the other to take care of himself.
　☞ 他把信交给了队长就匆匆告别。
　☞ He hurried off after giving the letter to the team leader.
3．farewell，文学用语，一般用在比较庄严的场合。
　☞ 我是来向你告别的。
　☞ I have come to bid you farewell.
　☞ 在火车上，他们向朋友们挥手告别。
　☞ They waved farewell to their friends on the train.
　☞ 互相告别后，一行人分了手。
　☞ Farewells were exchanged and the party separated.
4．say good-bye，指告辞。
　☞ 他开车前，向大家一一告别。
　☞ He said good-bye to everyone before the train started.
　☞ 她是来向你告别的。
　☞ She's come to say good-bye to you.
5．pay one's last respect，指向死者告别。
　☞ 在葬礼上我们向遗体告别。
　☞ We paid our last respect to the deceased at the funeral.
　☞ 人们不顾严寒涌上街头，向周总理的灵车告别。
　☞ Turning out into the streets in spite of cold, people paid their last respect to Premier Zhou's hearse.
告诉 告诉
1．tell，侧重口头上的告知。
　☞ 请告诉他，我希望今晚在俱乐部见面。
　☞ Please tell him that I hope to meet him at the club this evening.
　☞ 我会告诉她的，但不会起作用。
　☞ I'll tell her, but it won't have any effect.
　☞ 不要告诉别人，要保守秘密。
　☞ Don't tell anyone, keep it a secret.
2．let sb. know，词义较tell广，不仅限于口头，也包括书面通知。
　☞ 如果发现机器有毛病，请告诉我。
　☞ If you find something wrong with the machine, let me know please.
　☞ 你想好后，请把决定告诉我。
　☞ After you think it over, please let me know what you decide on.
　☞ 不要忘记写信告诉我们你平安到达。
　☞ Remember to write us to let us know you arrive safely.
3．have，由于词义的限制，一般只用于请求时的第一人称，而且只限于由于告知而拥有的信息。
　☞ 请你把你的电话号码告诉我好吗？
　☞ May I have your telephone number please?
　☞ 你能把你的地址告诉我们吗？
　☞ Can we have your address?
4．teach，常指权威、经验，甚至威胁性的告诫。
　☞ 马克思主义告诉我们，工人阶级不能简单地夺取现成的国家机器为自己服务。
　☞ Marxism teaches us that the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery and use it for its own purpose.
　☞ 这次事故告诉她要多加小心。
　☞ The accident taught her to be more careful.
　☞ 我要告诉他不要插手我的私事。
　☞ I'll teach him not to meddle in my private affairs.
5．make it clear，常指通过说理或悟性而得到的告诉。
　☞ 列宁曾反复告诉我们，感觉和思想只是外部世界的反映。
　☞ Lenin time and again made it clear to us that sensations and ideas are only reflections of the external world.
　☞ 这件事告诉我们应当提前完成国营工业的改革。
　☞ This event makes it clear to us that we must try to accomplish the reform of China's state-run industry ahead of schedule.
6．show，常指通过事实或行为等显示而告知。
　☞ 现在我要告诉你一些有关学英语的事情。
　☞ Now I'm going to show you something about English learning.
　☞ 材料告诉我们开展的工人运动是健康的。
　☞ The materials show us that the labor movement we have launched is healthy.
呢 呢
1．语气词“呢”可与名词、代词或名词性结构构成问句或陈述句。下列情况一概可以不译。
1) 用疑问词构成的问句。
　☞ 你刚才去了哪儿呢？
　☞ Where were you just now?
　☞ 我做错了什么呢？
　☞ What have I done wrong?
2) 提出一正一反的意见要人确定。
　☞ 这件事你是赞成还是反对呢？
　☞ Are you for or against this?
　☞ 你认识她还是不认识呢？
　☞ Do you or don't you know her?
3) 提出反问。
　☞ 我该怎么办呢？
　☞ What am I to do?
　☞ 这件事你怎么知道的呢？
　☞ How could you know it?
4) 表示确认事实并带有夸张色彩的陈述句。
　☞ 远得很，有好几千里地呢。
　☞ It's a long way off - thousands of miles away.
　☞ 他还在生气呢。
　☞ He is still angry.
5) 用在带有转折语气的陈述句的中间，表示停顿。
　☞ 如今呢，可比以往任何时候都要强。
　☞ As for the present, things are far better than any time in the past.
　☞ 不下雨就去，下雨呢，就不去。
　☞ If it doesn't rain, we'll go. If it does rain, then we won't go.
2．但是，如果用“呢”的问句的疑问点是由上下文来决定时，翻译时应适当加词。
　☞ 大家都在教室里学习，他呢？
　☞ All are studying in the classroom. What is he doing?
　（问他干什么去了）
　☞ 他们都有事干，我呢？
　☞ They all have got something to do. What about me?
　（问我应该干什么）
　☞ 我骑自行车去，你呢？
　☞ I'll go by bike, How will you go?（问你怎么去）
　☞ 我们都去看电影，他呢？
　☞ We are all going to the movie. How about him?（问他怎么办）
　☞ 屋子里都打扫干净了，院子呢？
　☞ The rooms were cleaned up. Was the courtyard cleaned up, too?（问同一个问题，打扫没有）
　☞ 那几本书你都读完了，这本呢？
　☞ You've read all of those books. Will you read this one，too?（问这本书读了没有）
3．但是，如果“呢”用在没有上下文的疑问句里，则问题往往在于地点，译时可添加where。
　☞ 你的练习本呢？
　☞ Where are your exercise books?
　☞ 他呢？
　☞ Where is he?
周围 周围
1．around, round, about, 都可用作介词或副词，表示确定地点的周围。美语多用around。
　☞ 摄影记者在古刹周围饶有兴趣地拍照。
　☞ The press photographers took pictures interestedly around (round, about) the ancient temple.
　☞ 她的眼睛周围有许多鱼尾纹。
　☞ She has many wrinkles around (round) her eyes.
　☞ 他们在草地周围都种上了树。
　☞ They planted trees round (around) the lawn.
　☞ 我们听到周围有孩子的笑声。
　☞ From all around we heard the laughter of children.
　☞ 这里的看守对周围发生的一切是十分留神的。
　☞ The watchmen here have always kept a keen eye on what is happening around.
　☞ 周围什么地方有小酒店吗？
　☞ Is there a pub anywhere round here?
　☞ 我看到一个可疑分子在周围转悠。
　☞ I saw a suspicious character wondering around (round，about).
　☞ 大楼的周围都设有岗哨。
　☞ Sentries were posted around (round, about) the building.
2．surround，指团团包围起来的周围。
　☞ 村子的周围都是山。
　☞ The village is surrounded on all sides by mountains.
　☞ 港湾周围都是树。
　☞ The harbor is surrounded by trees.
　☞ 他就住在周围的一个什么地方。
　☞ He lives somewhere in the surrounding area.
　☞ 周围的乡村平坦而多沙。
　☞ The surrounding country is flat and sandy.
3．environment，指人或物赖以存在的周围环境，常用作定语。
　☞ 这种疫苗对周围的温度十分敏感。
　☞ This vaccine is very sensitive to environment temperature.
　☞ 周围的文化对人有很大的影响。
　☞ Environment culture has a great influence on people.
周期(周期性) 周期(周期性)
1．cycle, cyclical, 指事物在运动、变化、发展过程中重复发生的周期。
　☞ 一年中的春夏秋冬构成了一个周期。
　☞ The seasons of the year—spring, summer, autumn and winter-make a cycle.
　☞ 蝴蝶由蝶蛹变为成虫是其生命周期的顶点。
　☞ The emergence of the butterfly from the chrysalis is the climax of its life cycle.
　☞ 不过我得说，菜牛的饲养周期要比肉鸡的饲养周期长。
　☞ But I should say that the breeding cycle of beefs is longer than that of chicken.
　☞ 地球自转一圈是一个周期，这需要一天。
　☞ A rotation of the earth is a cycle, which takes a day.
　☞ 地球围绕太阳公转一圈也是一个周期，但需要一年。
　☞ A revolution of the earth around the sun is also a cycle, which, however, takes a year.
　☞ 据说资本主义社会要经受周期性的经济危机，这种说法对不对？
　☞ Is it right that the capitalist society undergoes cyclical economic crises?
　☞ 周期性的经济危机会引起周期性的失业。
　☞ Cyclical economic crises cause cyclical unemployment.
2．period，periodic，指事物运动、变化、发展过程中周而复始的时段。
　☞ 周期性扩张的周期可长可短。
　☞ The period of cyclical expansion can be longer or shorter.
　☞ 你的月经周期是几天？
　☞ How many days make your menstrual period?
　 ■ periodic同样也可作“周期性”解。
　☞ 他患有周期性发作的疟疾。
　☞ He has periodic attacks of malaria.
　☞ 我们必须想尽一切办法来制止周期性的通货膨胀。
　☞ We must try every possible way to check the periodic inflation.
　☞ 月亮的引力会引起周期性的潮起潮落。
　☞ The gravitation of the moon causes the periodic rise and fall of the tide.
味道（味） 味道（味）
1．taste，泛指尝到的一切味道，因此外延很广。但又不指具体的味道，因此内涵很窄。
　☞ 甜、酸、苦、辣都是味（道）。
　☞ Sweet, sour, bitter, hot are all tastes.
　☞ 这种水果有股异味，没法吃。
　☞ The fruit has a nasty taste; I cannot eat it.
　☞ 任何食物煮过了头就没味道了。
　☞ Any food which is cooked too much has no taste.
　☞ 我尝出蛋糕里有薄荷味。
　☞ I tasted the mint in the cake.
　 ■ taste还可用于转义。
　☞ 现在暴风雪给你尝尝北方冬天的味道。
　☞ Now the snow-storm has given you a taste of northern winter.
2．flavor，指吃、喝时尝到、闻到的味道。
　☞ 这家店卖的冰淇淋有八种味道。
　☞ The shop sells ice cream in eight different flavors.
　☞ 这糖里有股怪味，先甜后苦。
　☞ The candy has a queer taste, sweet at first, then bitter.
　☞ 她在汤里加了点咸味。
　☞ She flavored the soup with salt.
　☞ 我不喜欢这股洋葱味。
　☞ I don't like the flavor of onion.
　 ■ flavor也可用于转义。
　☞ 她的不少歌都蛮有民歌的味道。
　☞ Quite a number of her songs are imbued with folk flavor.
3．savor，不仅指吃喝时吃到的味道，也可指烹调时闻到的味道。
　☞ 老头慢慢地啜着，充分品尝着酒的味道。
　☞ The old man was sipping slowly to enjoy the full savor of the wine.
　☞ 我走过厨房，闻到一股烤肉味。
　☞ I caught the savor of roasting meat as I passed the kitchen.
　 ■ savor也可用于转义。
　☞ 他的政治观点有一股法西斯的味道。
　☞ His political views have a savor of fascism.
4．smell，只指闻到的味道。
　☞ 这蛋糕味弄得我们都流口水了。
　☞ The smell of the cake made us all watering.
　☞ 空气里有一股淡淡的野花香味。
　☞ The faint sweet smell of wild flowers lay on the air.
　 ■ smell还可用做动词。
　☞ 他身上有股大蒜味。
　☞ He smells of garlic.
5．“味”，“味道”的其他译法。
　☞ 你衣服上有股汗味。
　☞ Your clothes stink of sweat.
　☞ 这药方有7味中药。
　☞ The prescription specifies seven medicinal herbs.
　☞ 这菜味道好。
　☞ This dish is delicious.
　☞ 你们年轻人没尝过当童工是什么味道。
　☞ You young people don't know what it was like to slave away as a child laborer.
　☞ 她嘴上没说，心里却有一股说不出的味道。
　☞ She didn't say anything but she had an indescribable feeling.
　☞ 他的话里有点讽刺的味道。
　☞ There is a touch of irony in his remarks.
　☞ 这个题目对我来说没什么味道。
　☞ This subject has no interest for me.
呼吸 呼吸
1．breathe，breath，日常用语。
　☞ 病人呼吸困难。
　☞ The patient is breathing hard.
　☞ 他需要呼吸点新鲜空气，就来到阳台上。
　☞ He needed to breathe some fresh air and went out to the balcony.
　☞ 老人的呼吸已变得微弱。
　☞ The old man's breath grew weaker.
　☞ 咱们出去呼吸点新鲜空气。
　☞ Let's go out for a breath of fresh air.
　 ■ 要注意breathe和take breath的区别。
　☞ We breathe in order to live.（我们呼吸是为了活着）
　☞ We stopped in order to take breath.（我们停下来是为了透口气）
2．respire, respiration，医学用语。
　☞ 一切生物只要活着，都要呼吸。
　☞ All living things respire as long as they live.
　☞ 呼吸时人体会从活细胞内释放出食物的能量。
　☞ One's body releases energy from food in living cells when one respires.
　☞ 氧气输入人体细胞，而二氧化碳由人体细胞排出的过程就是呼吸。
　☞ Respiration is the process that oxygen is transported to the body cells, and carbon dioxide is eliminated from these cells.
咬 咬
1．bite，指用牙咬。
　☞ 这牛排老得我咬不动。
　☞ The steak is so tough that I can't bite it 他昨晚被蛇咬了。
　☞ He was bitten by a snake last night.
　☞ 老太太是被疯狗咬死的。
　☞ The old lady was bitten to death by a mad dog 他吃得太快，咬着舌头了。
　☞ He ate too fast and bit his tongue.
　☞ 妈妈，蚊子咬我。
　☞ Mum，a mosquito bit me.
　☞ 我让跳蚤咬得不成样子了。
　☞ I have been dreadfully bitten by fleas.
2．chew, 指通过咀嚼来咬。
　☞ 这肉太硬，咬不动。
　☞ This meat is too tough to chew.
　☞ 狮子从斑马腿上咬下一块肉来。
　☞ The lion chewed the flesh off the zebra's leg.
　☞ 我家的小狗在拖鞋上咬了个洞。
　☞ My puppy chewed a hole in the slipper.
　☞ 我们没啥吃的，只好咬硬邦邦的黑面包。
　☞ We had nothing to eat but chewed at our hard black bread.
3．snap at，指用两颌或螯迅速合起来咬。
　☞ 要是你把她弄急了，她会咬你的。
　☞ If you make her annoyed, she'll snap at you.
　☞ 你不能让你家的狗咬来访的客人。
　☞ You must stop your dog snapping at visitors to the house.
　☞ 鱼咬钩了。
　☞ The fish snapped at the bait.
4．accuse，指有恶意指控，故常与maliciously，definitely等词搭配。
　☞ 我本想抓贼反被贼咬。
　☞ I had intended to catch the pickpocket, yet I was maliciously accused by him instead.
　☞ 他一口咬定我是主谋。
　☞ He accused me definitely as chief plotter.
5．false countercharge，指反过来的虚假指控。
　☞ 她竟会反咬我一口，真是想不到。
　☞ The fact that she should have made a false countercharge against me was what I didn't expect.
　☞ 说不定她反过来咬你一口。
　☞ Perhaps she might turn up a false countercharge against you.
6．insist，指坚持认为。
　☞ 她一口咬定自己无罪。
　☞ She insisted that she was not guilty.
　☞ 她向法官一口咬定那天晚上她听到有人在屋里。
　☞ She insisted to the judge that she heard someone in the house that night.
7．“咬”的其他译法。
　☞ 整场比赛的比分一直咬得很紧。
　☞ The score was very close throughout the match.
　☞ 听！鸡叫狗咬的，是不是出了什么事？
　☞ Listen! Cocks crow and dogs bark. Isn't there anything going wrong?
　☞ 这个字他咬不准。
　☞ He can't pronounce this word correctly.
　☞ 每天早晨她咬着牙，继续挣扎着上路。
　☞ Each morning she gritted her teeth and struggled on.
咬住 咬住
1．bite at (on)，指用牙咬住或类似用牙咬住，强调咬。
　☞ 你能咬住钢绳拖动这辆汽车吗？
　☞ Can you haul the car by biting at the wire rope?
　☞ 夹具可以帮助台钳咬住工件。
　☞ The holder of a vise helps it bite on a workpiece.
2．grip，指用牙或螺丝扣等紧紧咬住，强调紧。
　☞ 用牙咬住绳子，把这包裹捆紧。
　☞ Grip the rope with your teeth and bundle the parcel up firmly.
　☞ 这个旧螺帽咬不住扣了。
　☞ The old nut won't grip.
　☞ 刹车咬不住车轮啦。
　☞ The brake doesn't grip the wheel properly.
3．close on the heels of，指紧跟其后，强调紧跟。
　☞ 他在这次长跑竞赛中，紧紧咬住那位领先的运动员，并在最后100米才发起冲刺并超过了他。
　☞ In this distance race he was close on the heels of the lead runner and did not overtake him until the last hundred meters when he made a dash.
　☞ 追击部队紧紧咬住逃敌。
　☞ The pursuing troops were close on the heels of the fleeing enemy.
4．get on the tail of，指咬住尾巴。
　☞ 他调整机头，咬住了敌机。
　☞ He swung his fighter around and got on the tail of the enemy plane.
　☞ 我方特工人员咬住那个间谍，开始跟踪。
　☞ Our secret-service agent got on the tail of the spy and began to shadow him.
5．nag，指唠唠叨叨地责难。
　☞ 别老咬住我的那句话不放。
　☞ Don't keep nagging me about that remark of mine.
　☞ 你为什么总是咬住他的一点小错大做文章？
　☞ Why are you always nagging him about the slightest mistake and making much of it?
品(品尝) 品(品尝)
1．taste，指品尝味道，用得最广，泛指没有特性的品尝。
　☞ 我品了品葡萄酒的味道，觉得挺不错。
　☞ I tasted the grape wine and found it quite good.
　☞ 仡获得了一份品茶的工作。
　☞ He got a job of tasting tea.
2．sample，指品尝样品，并加以评论。
　☞ 请各位品一下我厂新产的特级啤酒。
　☞ Gentlemen, please sample this top grade beer, our new product.
　☞ 职业品茶者可以品出茶叶的质量及产地。
　☞ Professional tea-tasters can sample the quality and source of tea.
3．savor, 强调用鼻子或嘴悠闲地品尝。
　☞ 她慢慢地喝着葡萄酒，每喝一口就品尝一下。
　☞ She drank the wine slowly, savoring every mouthful of it.
　☞ 我们慢慢地吃着炖牛肉，并细细品尝。
　☞ We ate the stewed beef slowly, savoring it.
4．try，指第一次品尝。
　☞ 品尝品尝我们的家乡风味好吗？
　☞ Will you please try our local delicacies?
　☞ 今天早上我要去品尝那家新开的咖啡馆的咖啡。
　☞ I'm going to try the coffee of that new cafe this morning.
响应 响应
1．respond to, response，指对紧急要求或特定情况做出响应。
　☞ 毕业生们热情响应党的号召，到边疆去工作。
　☞ The graduates responded to the Party's call with enthusiasm and went to work in the border regions.
　☞ 先进工作者们一提出倡议，我们就全力响应。
　☞ As soon as the advanced workers put forward the proposal, we responded with full support.
　☞ 他要求向救济基金捐款的呼吁迅速得到了响应。
　☞ His appeal for contributions to the Relief Foundation met with a quick response.
2．answer，常用词，没有respond正式。是指针对问题、请求、号召等做出语言、文字、行动等的响应。
　☞ 我们共产党员应当首先响应党的号召。
　☞ We communists should answer the Party's call first.
　☞ 我们是响应祖国的号召回到国内工作的。
　☞ We came back to work in the country in answer to our motherland.
哪 哪
1．用作疑问选择。
1) which，用于物的选择余地不大时。
　☞ 你喜欢哪种颜色，红还是绿？
　☞ Which color would you like - red or green?
　☞ 你爱吃哪一样，鱼还是鸡？
　☞ Which do you prefer - fish or chicken?
2) what，用于选择的余地较大，但到底有多少种选择不清楚时。
　☞ 她的眼睛是哪种颜色？
　☞ What color are her eyes?
　☞ 你爱喝哪种饮料？
　☞ What drink would you have?
3) who，用于对人的疑问选择，而不管选择可能性的大小。
　☞ 孩子们，哪个打碎了窗玻璃？
　☞ Who broke the window-pane, my boys?
　☞ 你更喜欢哪位，母亲还是父亲？
　☞ Who do you like better - your mother or your father?
　 ■ 但是，当选择性较小时，也可用which one 来代替who，如上句也 可译为：Which one do you like better —your mother or your father?
　☞ 我们这里有两位姓王的，你要找哪一位？
　☞ We have got two Wangs. Which one do you want to see?
4) 此外，在现代英语中，只有which才能跟介词of连用，而不用who of。
　☞ 你们当中哪一个偷了我的钱？
　☞ Which of you has stolen my money?
　☞ 他们当中哪一个是你的朋友？
　☞ Which of them is your friend?
2．用作修辞性反问或感叹，表示反面的意思。
1) how在反问句中常与主语结合，形成how＋主语＋动词这样一个结构。
　☞ 没有革命前辈的流血牺牲，哪有今天的幸福生活？
　☞ Without the sacrifices of the revolutionizes of the older generation, how could we have such a happy life?
　☞ 哪会有这样的事？
　☞ How can there be things as such?
　☞ 她哪能说谎呢？
　☞ How can she tell lies?
2) what，在反问句中常与名词结合或单独用作主语。
　☞ 你说的到底是哪门子事呀？
　☞ What the hell are you talking about?
　☞ 那有什么区别？
　☞ What difference does it make?
　☞ 好好的，你到底哭哪样？
　☞ Everything is all right. What on earth are you crying for?
3．用于泛指时间时，可用any。
　☞ 今年的庄稼比以往哪年都好。
　☞ This year's crop is better than that of any other years.
　☞ 你哪天来都可以。
　☞ You may come any day.
4．其他泛指的有whatever，whenever，whichever，wherever等。
　☞ 她干哪样都是对的。
　☞ Whatever she does is right.
　☞ 哪天有空就过来。
　☞ Come over whenever you have time.
　☞ 你最喜欢哪一件就拿哪一件。
　☞ Take whichever you like best.
　☞ 哪儿需要我就去哪儿。
　☞ I'll go wherever I'm needed.
哪会儿 哪会儿
1．when，问具体的时间。
　☞ 你这篇文章哪会儿才能脱稿？
　☞ When can you get the draft ready?
　☞ 你是哪会儿从上海回来的？
　☞ When did you get back from Shanghai?
2．any time, 泛指时间。
　☞ 你爱哪会儿来就哪会儿来。
　☞ Come any time you like.
　☞ 趁天气好把毛料衣服统统拿出来晒晒，说不定哪会儿变天。
　☞ Put all your woolen clothes out to air when it is fine.
　☞ Who knows the weather may change any time?
哪怕 哪怕
　 ■ 有“即使”的意思，多用于口语，表示假设和让步。姑且先承认某种情况，再说出结论，常常与“也”、“都”、“还”、“还是”等副词搭配。
1．even，常放在被修饰语之前以强调这一部分。
　☞ 我们一定能对付这些敌军，哪怕再多一点也不要紧。
　☞ We can certainly cope with these enemy forces, and even with larger ones.
　☞ 哪怕是一粒米，我们也不该浪费。
　☞ We should not waste even a single grain of rice.
2．even if，even though，如果even要强调整个连接的句子，就要与连词if或though结合。
　☞ 哪怕弄个通宵，他也要把工作做完。
　☞ He will finish the work, even if he has to sit up all night.
　☞ 哪怕天下大雨我也要去。
　☞ I will go even if it rains hard.
　☞ 哪怕失败我也要试一试。
　☞ I will have to try even though I should fail.
　☞ 哪怕是他丈夫等着吃晚饭，她都不愿离开电视机。
　☞ She won't leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.
3．whatever, wherever, however等，表示让步。
　☞ 你能否劝劝他，不管找个什么工作，哪怕是掏沟、 修路都没关系。
　☞ Can't you persuade him to take up whatever work, cleaning out ditches or repairing roads, it doesn't matter.
　☞ 哪怕在汽车上，在火车上，甚至在飞机上，他都抓紧时间学习。
　☞ He seizes every minute to study, wherever he is, on a bus, on a train, or even on a plane.
　☞ 哪怕是再大的困难，我们也能克服。
　☞ However great difficulties may be, we can overcome them.
哪里 哪里
1．where，问具体的地点。
　☞ 你去哪里？
　☞ Where are you going?
　☞ 你是在哪里碰见他的？
　☞ Where did you meet him?
2．where, anywhere, wherever, nowhere, 泛指地点。
　☞ 哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。
　☞ Where there is oppression, there is resistance.
　☞ 昨天我哪里都没去。
　☞ I didn't go anywhere yesterday.
　☞ 你想坐哪里就坐哪里。
　☞ Sit wherever you like.
　☞ 哪里都找不到他。
　☞ He is nowhere to be found.
3．how，用于反问。表示相反的意思。
　☞ 我哪里知道他不吃猪肉？
　☞ How was I to know that he didn't eat pork?
　☞ 我哪里记得住这么多单词？
　☞ How could I remember all these words?
　☞ 我哪里知道他会改变主意？
　☞ How could I know that he should have changed his mind?
4．用来推辞别人对说话人的表扬、称赞等。可用 "I'm flattered" , "It's nothing" , "Don't mention it" 等。
　“你的英语说得真好。”“哪里，哪里。”
　 "You speak very good English." "I'm flattered."
　“哪里，哪里，你过奖了。”
　 "It's nothing. You are flattering me."
　“哪里，哪里，你太客气了。”
　 "Don't mention it. It's too kind of you."
高 高
1．high，表示事物离开地面的高度，反义词是low。
　☞ 义较广，有很大的搭配能力，常用的有以下几种：
1) 表示物体离地面的高度。
　☞ 北京的旧房在消失，高楼在出现。
　☞ In Beijing many old houses have disappeared and high buildings have sprung up.
　☞ 这两座山虽然很高，却是再不会增高了，挖一点就会少一点。
　☞ High as they are, the mountains cannot grow any higher and with every bit we dig, they will be that much lower.
　☞ 该市给我的印象是街道宽，房屋高。
　☞ The city gave me the impression that the streets were wide and the houses high.
　☞ 你身高1. 70术。
　☞ You are one meter seventy centimeters high.
　☞ 搁板太高，我够不着。
　☞ The shelf is too high for me to reach.
2) 表示向空间伸展的高度。
　☞ 我被领进一个有着高高天花板的大厅。
　☞ I was led into a great hall with a high ceiling.
　☞ 太阳已经很高了。
　☞ The sun was already high.
　☞ 草长得茂盛，几乎高到膝盖。
　☞ The grass grows luxuriantly and is almost knee-high.
3) 表示社会地位高。
　☞ 参加会议的有总理、各部部长及其他高级官员。
　☞ Present at the meeting were premier, ministers and other officials of high ranks.
　☞ 他总是高不成低不就。
　☞ He has been unfit for a higher post but unwilling to take a lower one.
　☞ 他在政府中身居高位。
　☞ He holds high position in the government.
　☞ 他在宗教界职位很高。
　☞ He is a religious dignitary high in office.
4) 表示发展程度的高。
　☞ 东京的生活费用高得吓人。
　☞ The cost of living in Tokyo is dreadfully high.
　☞ 高速转弯很危险。
　☞ It is dangerous to turn a comer at a high speed.
　☞ 煤气一直保持着高压。
　☞ The gas has been kept in high pressure.
　☞ 没有充分的民主，就不可能有高度的集中。
　☞ Without ample democracy, it is impossible to have a high degree of centralism.
2．high用作副词时，只表示高度。
　☞ 他跳得真高。
　☞ He jumps really high.
　☞ 我们高举革命斗争的旗帜前进。
　☞ Holding high the banner of revolutionary struggle we are forging ahead.
　☞ 雄鹰高高的在空中盘旋。
　☞ The hawk was circling high in the sky.
　☞ 他爬得老高老高的，并向我们招手。
　☞ He climbed high and waved to us.
3．highly用来表示程度高。
　☞ 她的待遇高。
　☞ She is highly paid.
　☞ 中国的农业发展程度不高。
　☞ The agriculture of China is not yet highly developed.
　☞ 他对学英语兴趣很高。
　☞ He is highly interested in learning English.
　☞ 你的这个报告科学性高。
　☞ This report of yours is highly scientific.
4．tall，表示物体由底到顶的高度，故瘦高的物体，如人、树、建筑等一般都可与tall搭配。
　☞ 她比她妈高一点。
　☞ She is a little taller than her mother.
　☞ 红木是一种长得很高的树。
　☞ Redwoods are very tall trees.
　☞ 我市有几座很高的大楼。
　☞ There are some very tall buildings in our city.
　☞ 周围几公里处都能看得见高高的塔尖。
　☞ A tall spire can be seen for kilometers around.
　☞ 市内有许多高高的烟囱。
　☞ There are many tall chimneys in the city.
　☞ 突然，一座耸入云霄的高山映入眼帘。
　☞ Suddenly a tall mountain towering to the skies came into view.
　☞ 船体太高，桥下过不去。
　☞ The ship is too tall to go under the bridge.
5．“高”的比较级除了higher, taller than以外，还有几种译法可供参考。
1) 用above。
　☞ 你在各方面都比我高得多。
　☞ You're far above me in every way.
　☞ 那座山比海平面高1,000米。
　☞ The mountain is 1,000 meters above sea level.
2) 用a head above或head and shoulders above（后者常用于比拟）。
　☞ 他比我高出一个头。
　☞ He is a head above me.
　☞ 他过去总想比人高一头。
　☞ He used to try to stand head and shoulders above others.
　☞ 论技术，她那时还不如我，但在思想上却高出我一头。
　☞ Professionally, she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me.
3)“技高一筹”，可用more skillful than。
　☞ 他的确技高一筹。
　☞ Indeed, he is more skillful than others.
4)“欲与天公试比高”，可用vie with heaven in one's height。
　☞ As if they sought to vie with heaven in their height.
6．“高”的最高级除了用highest，tallest外，也有几种译法可供参考。
1) 表示最高权力、地位、程度等，可用supreme。
　☞ 中华人民共和国主席是我国政府的最高领导。
　☞ Chairman of the People's Republic of China is the supreme leader of our government.
　☞ 在寡头独裁政府中，他的地位无疑是最高的。
　☞ In the oligarchy, his position was unquestionably supreme.
2) 表示最高极限，可用maximum。
　☞ 我们的最高纲领是把中国推进到社会主义社会和共产主义社会。
　☞ Our maximum program is to carry China forward to socialism and communism.
　☞ 这条路的最高时速为60英哩。
　☞ The maximum speed on this road is sixty miles per hour.
7．表示声音的高，可用loud。
　☞ 他嗓门高。
　☞ He has a loud voice.
　☞ 你说话的声音那么高，都让人家听见了。
　☞ You talked so loud that you were overheard.
8．表示进展中的高，可用well advanced。
　☞ 他年事已高。
　☞ He is advanced in year.
　☞ 其制作过程的特点是技术性高。
　☞ The process of manufacture is characterized by its well advanced technique.
　☞ 中国的建设需要高科技。
　☞ The construction of China needs well advanced science and technology.
9．表示提升后的高度，可用elevated。
　☞ 只有高度熟练的杂技演员才能表演高台定车。
　☞ It is only highly skilled acrobats that can perform bicycle balancing acts on a elevated stand.
　☞ 要设计一座高水塔用以改善供水。
　☞ An elevated water tower is to be designed to improve water supply.
10．如果“高”含有动态上升的过程，应译成不同的谓语动词。如rise（不及物动词）和raise，exalt（及物动词）。
　☞ 也许这是因为他的体温高了。
　☞ Perhaps it was because his temperature had risen.
　☞ 这场雨过后，河水高了两米。
　☞ After this rain the river rose two meters.
　☞ 他的声音或高或低，都是根据情况来定的。
　☞ He raised or dropped his voice as occasion required.
　☞ 油价高了10%以上。
　☞ Oil prices were raised by more than 10 percent.
　☞ 万般皆下品，惟有读书高。
　☞ All occupations are base, only book-learning is exalted.
　☞ 他在政界的地位很高。
　☞ He is of exalted position in political circles.
商定 商定
1．decide through consultation，指经过磋商决定。
　☞ 我们商定专门研究植物中的化学物质。
　☞ Through consultation we have decided to specialize in chemicals from plants.
　☞ 经商定将在工作现场验收该设备。
　☞ It has been decided through consultation that the equipment will be checked and accepted at the working site.
2．decide after discussion，指经过商讨后决定。
　☞ 指挥部商定抢在洪水到来前修好堤坝。
　☞ The headquarters has decided after discussion that the dykes should be repaired before the flood comes.
　☞ 股份红利是事先商定好的。
　☞ The stock bonus has been decided after discussion in advance.
3．agree (on, upon, to)，指经过磋商，协商最后同意而确定下来。
　☞ 我们在商定的时间碰了头。
　☞ We met at the agreed time.
　☞ 双方商定建立大使级外交关系。
　☞ The two sides have agreed to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level.
　☞ 两国商定了下次开会的日期。
　☞ The two countries agreed on a date for their next meeting.
　☞ 条约的关键条款已经商定。
　☞ The key provisions of the pact have been agreed upon.
　☞ 双方商定了下列条款。
　☞ The two parties agreed to the following terms.
商量 商量
1．discuss (with)．discussion，指讨论商量。
　☞ 我请你们来这里商量技术交流问题。
　☞ I ask you here to discuss matters concerning technical interchange.
　☞ 我们将与贵方代表商量贷款延期的问题。
　☞ We shall discuss with your representatives an extension on the loan.
　☞ 这事可以商量着办。
　☞ That can be settled through discussion.
2．consult（with），consultation，指咨询商量。
　☞ 她的第一次婚姻是由于母亲的怂恿，因此在第二次选择时她自己作主，再也不跟谁商量。
　☞ Having married the first time at her mother's instigation, she consulted in her second choice nobody but herself。
　☞ 在你决定这件事之前先跟你父母商量商量。
　☞ Consult the matter with your parents before you decide.
　☞ 世界上的事应由世界各国商量着办。
　☞ Matters that concern the whole world should be settled through consultation among all the nations.
3．confer on sth. with sb. ，指磋商讨论，与前两词的区别是confer为不及物动词。
　☞ 在我做出决定之前先要跟律师商量。
　☞ I must confer with my lawyer before I decide.
　☞ 她是回来跟她丈夫商量这件事的。
　☞ She returned to confer on the matter with her husband.
4．talk over，指充分讨论，口头用语。
　☞ 咱们得找主任商量一下。
　☞ We ought to talk it over with the director.
　☞ 他想先和父亲商量一下再做最后决定。
　☞ He wants to talk it over with his father before making the final decision.
喜欢 喜欢
1．like，常用词，指引不起热情的那种喜欢，故不带任何感情色彩。
　☞ 他喜欢坐在酒吧里，看着人们进进出出。
　☞ He likes to sit in a bar, watching people coming and going.
　☞ 妇女一般都喜欢时装。
　☞ Women in general like fashionable clothes.
　☞ 我喜欢工作认真的孩子。
　☞ I like a boy to be conscientious with his work.
2．love，指能引起深层次感情的那种喜欢，故语气比like疆。
　☞ 人会喜欢朋友，但更喜欢家人。
　☞ One likes one's friends but loves one's family.
　☞ 我们喜欢这片生息之地，但更喜欢祖国。
　☞ We like this land where we live, but we love motherland.
3．prefer，指个人经过比较后的那种喜欢，因此一定是在两种人或物之间更喜欢某一个。
　☞ 你喜欢什么，咖啡还是茶？
　☞ What do you prefer, coffee or tea?
　☞ 我喜欢地理，但更喜欢历史。
　☞ I like geography, but I prefer history.
4．enjoy，指可以带来感官或精神满足的那种喜欢。
　☞ 读读这本书，你一定会喜欢的。
　☞ Read this book, I'm sure you'll enjoy it.
　☞ 那老头讲得风趣幽默，我们都喜欢听。
　☞ We all enjoy listening to the old man who talks with wit and humor.
5．favor, 指带有偏爱的那种喜欢。
　☞ 母亲总是喜欢小儿子。
　☞ Mother always favors her youngest son.
　☞ 老师喜欢聪明听话的学生。
　☞ Teachers favor bright and obedient pupils.
6．fancy，指由于符合某种标准而产生的那种喜欢。
　☞ 喜欢与我们合得来的人，这很自然。
　☞ It is natural to fancy people who agree with us.
　☞ 她一病就喜欢吃好吃的。
　☞ While she is订l she fancies only the delicate foods.
7．fond of，指执著、痴迷的那种喜欢。
　☞ 尽管我是个职业妇女，却喜欢做家务。
　☞ I'm fond of housework though I'm a career woman.
　☞ 我发现你特别喜欢钓鱼。
　☞ I found out that you were exceedingly fond of fishing.
8．care for，指没有多少把握的喜欢，因此只用于疑问句、准疑问句或准否定句。用这类句子时，意思与fond of相近。
　☞ 你喜欢吃苹果吗？
　☞ Do you care for apples?或Are you fond of apples?
　☞ 你喜欢散步吗？
　☞ Would you care for a walk?
　☞ 我不知道他是否喜欢我们都去那里。
　☞ I wonder whether he will care for us all to go there 我不喜欢上海，又挤又吵。
　☞ I don't care for Shanghai. It's noisy and crowded.
　☞ 她似乎不喜欢他。
　☞ She doesn't seem to care for him.
　☞ 他不大喜欢名利。
　☞ He cares very little for fame and gain.
　 ■ 应该指出，如果care for用于肯定句，这是应作“照顾”解。
　☞ 在这里，我们可以互相照顾。
　☞ We care for each other here.
　☞ 孩子们在托儿所得到了很好的照顾。
　☞ Children are well cared for in nurseries.
喝 喝
1．drink，指饮用茶水、汤水等。
　☞ 我什么也没说，继续喝我的茶。
　☞ I did not say anything but went on drinking my tea.
　☞ 把汤喝了，我们好动身。
　☞ Drink down your soup so that we can start.
2．eat，指需要咀嚼的半流质。
　☞ 我们用汤匙喝土豆汤。
　☞ We eat potato soup with a spoon.
　☞ 南方人早上习惯喝粥。
　☞ Southerners are in the habit of eating porridge in the morning.
　☞ 这里的水不好，所以我们把西瓜当水喝。
　☞ The water here is not good, so we're eating watermelon instead.
3．如果不强调饮食的内涵，可用have，因该词既可作“饮”解，也可作“食”解。
　☞ 我们吃饭时先喝汤。
　☞ We have soup first during meal.
　☞ 我刚喝过茶。
　☞ I just have had tea.
　☞ 你不进来喝点酒吗？
　☞ Won't you come in and have some wine?
4．sip，指小口呷饮。
　☞ 如果咖啡太烫，就慢慢喝吧。
　☞ Sip the coffee slowly if it is too hot.
　☞ 他们在桌旁坐下，喝茶聊天。
　☞ They sat down over the table, sipped the tea and chatted.
　☞ 太冷太热的饮料都要一口一口地喝。
　☞ One should sip very cold and very hot liquids.
5．start with，指吃某物前先喝。
　☞ 早上7点，他照例先喝牛奶。
　☞ He started the day with milk at seven am. as a rule.
　☞ 我们吃饭前先喝汤。
　☞ We start our meal with soup.
6．take，指习惯性吃喝。
　☞ 这种药水一天要喝3次。
　☞ This liquid medicine is to be taken three times a day.
　☞ 多少年来，我一直在喝这种苦药，真是喝够了。
　☞ For years I've been taking this revolting medicine, I've had more than enough of it.
7．“喝”用于转义时，可用较灵活的译法。
　☞ 如果大家都像你这样一毛不拔，我们只好去喝西北风啦。
　☞ If everyone was like you and wouldn't give us a cent, we'd have to live on air.
　☞ 如果你还这样下去，只好喝西北风啦。
　☞ If you go on like this you have to feed on the northwestern wind.
　☞ 他只喝过几年墨水。
　☞ He's had only a few years' schooling.
　☞ 他是喝过墨水的人。
　☞ He is a man who has read a great deal.
　☞ 别以为你喝过洋墨水就高人一等。
　☞ Don't think you are above ordinary people for the only reason that you have studied foreign books abroad.
喷 喷
1．spout，指液体在压力IF喷出，强调喷的力。及物动词。
　☞ 我们钻到1,400米时，油井就开始喷油了。
　☞ The well began to spout oil when we were drilling at the depth of 1,400 meters.
　☞ 瞧，一条鲸鱼正在喷水。
　☞ Look, a whale is spouting water.
　☞ 火山在喷熔岩。
　☞ The volcano is spouting lava.
　 ■ 但spout用做不及物动词时也可表示自己喷。
　☞ 泉水喷得好高呀！
　☞ How high the fountain spouts up!
2．gush, 指液体大量涌出，强调喷的量。不及物动词。
　☞ 油井里喷油了。
　☞ Oil gushed from the well.
　☞ 水从裂开的主管道里喷了出来。
　☞ Water gushed from the burst main.
　☞ 她见到血从伤口喷出来时就晕了过去。
　☞ She fainted when she saw the blood gushing from the wound.
3．spurt，指液体、火焰等突然喷如，强调突然性。不及物动词。
　☞ 喷泉向空中喷水。
　☞ The fountain spurted into the air.
　☞ 一拳就打得她嘴里喷血。
　☞ One blow sent blood spurting from her mouth.
　☞ 火舌从楼上的一扇窗户里喷了出来。
　☞ Flame spurted from an upstairs window.
4．spray，利用某种设施，把液体喷成雾状。
　☞ 她出门前在腋下喷了点香水。
　☞ She sprayed perfume in both of her armpits before she went out.
　☞ 园丁正在玫瑰花丛里喷杀虫剂。
　☞ The gardener was spraying insecticide on the rosebushes.
　☞ 他正往墙上喷漆。
　☞ He is spraying paint on the wall.
5．sprinkle，指用手、口或器皿喷洒小水滴。
　☞ 洒水车边走边向尘土飞扬的街道上喷水。
　☞ The watering car went by sprinkling water onto the dusty streets.
　☞ 烫衣服前要先用嘴喷水。
　☞ Sprinkle water onto clothes with your mouth before you iron them.
　☞ 给花喷点水。
　☞ Sprinkle some water on the flowers.
6．erupt, 指爆发性喷发。
　☞ 间歇性喷泉每隔数小时喷一次。
　☞ The geyser erupts every few hours.
　☞ 火山喷出来的熔岩掩埋了整个村子。
　☞ The lava erupted from the volcano has buried the entire village.
嘲笑 嘲笑
1．认为荒唐而加以嘲笑，可译作ridicule。
　“杂文时代”的鲁迅也不曾嘲笑和攻击革命人民和革命政党。
　☞ L Xun never ridiculed or attacked the revolutionary people and the revolutionary Party in his "satirical essay period".
　☞ 想保持个性的人往往被当作怪人而受到嘲笑。
　☞ A man who wants to preserve his personal identity is often ridiculed as an eccentric.
2．表示轻蔑的嘲笑，可译作deride。
　☞ 有些人自己不认真干，对别人干的又要嘲笑。
　☞ Some people do not do anything seriously, yet deride what has been done by others.
　☞ 他们都嘲笑他干了蠢事。
　☞ They all derided him for his foolish act.
3．表示不该嘲笑而笑之，常译作mock at或jeer at。
　☞ 只要学生尽力而为，哪怕差一点，做老师的也不该嘲笑他们的努力。
　☞ If the pupils do their best, the teacher should not mock at their efforts, although they are a bit slow.
　☞ 林肯曾经被人当作乡巴佬而受到嘲笑。
　☞ Abraham Lincoln was mocked at as a country bumpkin.
　☞ 即使你干得比别人好，嘲笑别人也不对。
　☞ It is also wrong to jeer at others even if you can do better.
　☞ 不要嘲笑别人的错误与不幸。
　☞ Don't jeer at the mistakes or misfortunes of others.
4．表示由好笑而生的嘲笑，可译作laugh at。
　☞ 他那副一本正经的样子真叫人受不了，难怪要被人嘲笑。
　☞ It is that sanctimonious air that people can't stand no wonder he's laughed at.
　☞ 我们都嘲笑他的怪念头。
　☞ We all laugh at his queer idea.
回想 回想
1．recall，指有意识地回忆，常与can，try等词连用。
　☞ 我记得他的脸，可是回想不起他的名字。
　☞ I remember his face, but I can't recall his name.
　☞ 他竭力回想在哪儿见过她。
　☞ He tried hard to recall where he had met her.
2．recollect，大致与recall相同，但强调回想时点点滴滴的收集过程。
　☞ 他坐在椅子里开始回想那场战争中他亲身经历的那些战役。
　☞ He sat in the chair and began to recollect those battles in the war that he had experienced at first hand.
　☞ 她回想起她从欧洲的归途中路过的那个美丽的国家。
　☞ She recollected that beautiful country through which she had passed during her return journey from Europe.
3．think back to，口头用语，指回想过去。
　☞ 他笑了笑，又回想起当时的梦境。
　☞ He smiled and thought back to the dream.
　☞ 这些照片使我回想起我的学生时代。
　☞ The photographs made me think back to my school days.
4．bring back，与前两词的区别是这种回想是外界某种因素带来的。
　☞ 她的气息使我回想起我和她独处的那个夜晚。
　☞ Her scent brought back to my mind the night when I was alone with her.
　☞ 这歌声使他回想起他的青年时代。
　☞ The song brought him back his youth.
5．call to mind，与前几个词的不同点在于它既可指由于某事使人想起，也指人自己想起。
　☞ 你讲的事使我回想起几天前发生的那件事来了。
　☞ Your story calls to my mind something which happened a few days ago.
　☞ 对不起，我一时就是回想不起他的名字。
　☞ Sorry, I just can't call his name to mind at the moment.
回答 回答
1．answer，指一切口头、书面或肢体动作的回答。
　☞ 我们应当给任何受到攻击的人一个当众回答的机会。
　☞ We should give any person who was attacked a chance to answer through public hearing.
　☞ 他的文章从理论上回答了这一问题。
　☞ His article answered this question theoretically.
　☞ 他点点头回答了她的疑问。
　☞ He answered her query with a nod.
2．reply to，也指口头、书面或肢体动作的笞复，较正武。
　☞ 我问他去哪儿，他没有回答。
　☞ I asked him where to go but he didn't reply.
　☞ 我还没有回答他的信。
　☞ I have not yet replied to his letter.
　☞ 她镇静地走出房去，以此来回答他们愤怒的提问。
　☞ She replied to their angry questions by calmly walking out of the room.
3．answer与reply的区别有以下几种情况。
1) answer可以回答有所指，也可以无所指的问题，但reply只能回答前者。因此下面两例中，上一例可用reply代替answer，后一例则不能。
　☞ 我问我妹妹她是否认为这消息是真的，而她回答说她正想问我这个问题。
　☞ J asked my sister if she thought the news could be true. and she answered (replied) that she was about to ask me the same question.
　☞ 谁能回答这个问题？
　☞ Who can answer the question?
2) answer表示一般性“应答”，reply则指考虑后的答复。如：
　☞ 我一问他，他就回答了我的问题。
　☞ He answered my question as soon as I asked him.
　☞ 他对我的问题想了一会才回答。
　☞ He didn't reply to my question until he thought for a while.
　☞ 上星期一我寄了张明信片回了你的来信，不过我一直在等待再作回答的时间。
　☞ I answered your letter by sending a postcard last Monday and have since been waiting for time to reply to it.
　 ■ 因此answer the door应门，answer the call接电话，answer the call for army应征，都不能换用reply。
3) answer可用作“答辩”解。如：
　☞ 你的回答不是答辩。
　☞ Your reply is not an answer.
4．respond (to)，指作出反应。
　☞ 我国政府在9月7日的声明中作出了回答。
　☞ Our government responded in a statement on September 7.
　☞ 中国的电视机生产厂家已对国外竞争的挑战作了回答。
　☞ TV producers of China have responded to the challenge of foreign competition.
　☞ 他的回答只是一笑了之。
　☞ He responded with a laugh only.
5．rebuff，指断然拒绝式的回答。
　☞ 那只寻求友好的小狗得到的回答是被踢了一脚。
　☞ The friendly little dog was rebuffed by a kick.
　☞ 事实是对造谣者最有力的回答。
　☞ Facts are the most powerful rebuff to rumormongers.
　☞ 我们想表示友好，但他的回答是使我们觉得他不要别人去打扰他。
　☞ We tried to be friendly, but his rebuff made us think he wanted to be left alone.
回避 回避
1．avoid，常指有意识的回避。
　☞ 我明白她在竭力回避这一话题。
　☞ I realized she was trying to avoid the topic.
　☞ 他一直在回避同霍格进行毫无结果的讨论。
　☞ He has been avoiding fruitless discussions with Hogg.
　☞ 我尽量回避他。
　☞ I avoid him as much as possible.
2．avoid arousing suspicion，指办案人员由于同案件有利害关系而避嫌。
　☞ 这个案件涉及你的儿子，你还是回避为好。
　☞ This case involved your son, you'd better avoid arousing suspicion.
　☞ 被告是我的朋友，我作为审判员应该回避。
　☞ The accused is my friend and, as a judge, I should avoid arousing suspicion.
3．evade，指巧妙的有意回避。
　☞ 他为了回避问题，就顾左右而言它。
　☞ He talked affectedly, not to the point, peeping right and left to evade the question.
　☞ 我回避直接作答。
　☞ I evaded any direct answer.
　☞ 他不是草率地回答提问就是用开玩笑回避。
　☞ He either dismissed the question with a curt reply or evaded with a joke.
4．dodge, 与evade同义，也指用某种巧妙的办法躲避。
　☞ 你竟会胆小到回避困难。
　☞ You are coward enough to dodge difficulties.
　☞ 记者围在他周围，但他回避他们的质问。
　☞ The reporters gathered around him, but he dodged their questions.
　☞ 你没有面对问题，相反在回避争论的焦点。
　☞ You aren't facing the problem, instead you are dodging the issue.
5．slide over，指一语带过，略而不谈的回避。
　☞ 这件事不能回避，咱们得公开讨论。
　☞ This is not the matter that can be slid over, let's discuss it openly.
　☞ 首相在记者招待会上回避这一问题，不作答复。
　☞ At the press conference the Prime Minister slid over this question without answering.
　☞ 主人回避了前一天的事件，免得客人们难堪。
　☞ The host slid over the event of the previous day, wishing to spare his guests any embarrassment.
6．withdraw，法律用语，常指因避嫌而回避。
　☞ 如果审判员是案件的当事人，应自行回避。
　☞ If the judge is a party to the case, he should withdraw of his own accord.
因为（因） 因为（因）
1．because（连词）, because of(介词)，均表示因果关系。
　☞ 我要走是因为我厌烦了。
　☞ I'm leaving because I'm fed up.
　☞ 我不得不慢慢地走，因为我爷爷走得慢。
　☞ I was obliged to walk slowly, because my grandfather walked slowly.
　☞ 决不能因为取得了成绩我们就放松努力。
　☞ We must not relax our efforts because of the success already achieved.
　☞ 他知道她哭是因为她父亲说的那些话。
　☞ He realized that she was crying because of what her father said.
　 ■ because引入的从句一般放在句后，但为了强调起见也可放在句前。
　☞ 正因为任务困难，才把任务交给了我们。
　☞ Just because it is difficult we're given the task.
　 ■ 在使用not because时要注意正常结构和否定词转移结构。
　☞ 我是因为爱她才不和她结婚的，因为要是和她结了婚，我怕会把肺病传染给她。
　☞ I did not marry her because I loved her, for if I had married her I might probably have passed my T.B. to her.（正常结构）
　☞ 我不是因为爱她才和她结婚的，而是因为父命难违。
　☞ I did not marry her because I loved her, but because it was difficult to disobey my parents' will.（上句为否定词转移结构）
　 ■ 不过在正常情况下应把not移到because之前，而成为I married her not because I loved her...但是英国人却喜欢这种结构，难怪撒切尔夫人也这样说：I do not say this because I believe that we should be in any way provocative towards the Soviet Union or anyone else.（我这样说并不是因为我认为我们应对苏联人或别的人进行任何挑衅。）
2．as，所指的“因为”不是表示因果关系，而是要指出已知事实作为原因。
　☞ 我们是很难说他的，因为我们不是他的父母。
　☞ It is very difficult for us to scold him, as we are not his parents.（其实谁都知道我们不是他的父母）
　☞ 因为所有的座位都坐满了，他站起来把位子让给了那位孕妇。
　☞ As all the seats were full he stood up to give up his seat to the pregnant lady.（位子满了大家都看得见）
　 ■ because和as 都可以表示原因，但语气一强一弱。如：
　☞ 因为天晚了，我们得马上出发。
　☞ Because it is getting late, we must start at once，或As it is getting late, we must start at once.
　☞ 因此第一句可以改成强调句，而第二句则不能。
　☞ It is because it is getting late that we must start at once.
3．since，也表示用已知事实进行解释，但比as正式，力书面语。
　☞ 因为我们有10个手指，所以10这个数字就成了世界各地一切计数的基础。
　☞ Since we have ten fingers, the number of ten has become the foundation of all counting in all parts of the world.
　☞ 因为光比声传输得快，所以我们先看到闪电，后听到雷声。
　☞ Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightning before we hear the peal of thunder.
4．for，表示的原因只是一种补充性的说明，有点像放在括号里的那种说明。
　☞ 我们说瓶子是空的，里面没有东西。这话并不真对。因为瓶子里还有空气。
　☞ When we say a bottle is empty and has nothing in it, that is not really true, for the bottle is ever full of air.
　☞ 小王大学刚毕业就坐着火箭升到了高位，那是因为他父亲的政治影响为他创造了奇迹。
　☞ Wang, fresh from college, has rocketed into a high position, for his father's political influence works wonders in favor of his son.
　 ■ for还可用作原因介词。
　☞ 会议因为其他原因延期。
　☞ The meeting has been postponed for other reasons.
　☞ 你是因为她无知才不喜欢她的，对不对？
　☞ You don't like her for her being ignorant, do you?
5．that, 常导人原因从句，故有“因为”的意思。
　☞ 她偷偷地高兴，因为她儿子竟会有这个好机会。
　☞ Secretly she was pleased that her son should have this fine chance.
　☞ 老板有点懊恼，因为我没让他说服我。
　☞ The boss was a bit irritated that I didn't let him persuade me.
　 ■ not that... but that等于上文中提到的not because... but because，是一个更为书面的用语。
　☞ 不是因为我不喜欢那个工作，而是因为我暂时无暇去做。
　☞ Not that I dislike the work. but that I have no time to do it for the time being.
　☞ 我不能再要了，不是因为我不喜欢吃，而是因为我吃饱了。
　☞ I don't want any more, not that I don't like them, but that I'm full.
6．in that，是in the fact that的省略。也引入原因从句，但与that不同的是它要说明前面结论的原因，故正好与汉语“之所以…就因为…”这样一个结构相对应。
　☞ 人之所以有异于禽兽，就因为他们会思想，能说话。
　☞ Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.
　☞ 预算之所以不符合实际，就是因为忽视了费用的增加。
　☞ The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs.
7．what with，常常用来列出两个原因以说明后面的结果。
　☞ 龟兔赛跑中兔子竟输给了乌龟，一是因为骄傲，一是因为大意。
　☞ What with conceit and what with carelessness, the hare managed to lose the race to the tortoise.
　☞ 一因忧虑，一因疾病，他几乎把自己毁了。
　☞ What with worries and what with illness, he himself is almost ruined.
8．on account of, 着重在说明原因。
　☞ 交通因为大雪受阻。
　☞ Traffic suffered on account of the heavy snow.
　☞ 比赛因为下雨而取消。
　☞ The match was called off on account of the rain.
9．by reason of，the reason why，均说明理由，但后者与汉语中的“之所以…是因为…”这一结构相对应。
　☞ 我们是因为配合好才赢的。
　☞ We won by reason of good teamwork.
　☞ 不管是因为手艺高超还是因为纯粹碰巧，他们是闯出一条新路来了。
　☞ Whether by reason of their high skill or sheer chance, they have broken a new path.
　☞ 我得说他之所以死去是因为缺乏治疗和护理。
　☞ I should say the reason why he died was lack of medical care。
　☞ 我们之所以没去是因为我们得到通知太晚了。
　☞ The reason why we didn't go was that we were noticed too late.
10．for the sake of, 着重要说明为了某种原因才做某件事。
　☞ 我们是因他心肠好才容忍的。
　☞ We tolerated him for the sake of his good heart.
　☞ 他是因为他妻子身体不好才在乡间买房子的。
　☞ He bought a house in the country for the sake of his wife's poor health.
11．其他表示原因的介词有from, over，at，of，out of' by等。
　☞ 许多人或是因为无知或是因为粗心，在思维和表达上都很不精确。
　☞ Many people, either from ignorance or from carelessness, are far from being precise in thought and expression.
　☞ 不要因为成功而自我膨胀。
　☞ Don't be puffed up over your success.
　☞ 我们都因为好消息而欢欣鼓舞。
　☞ We are all rejoiced at the good news.
　☞ 他在解放战争中因为左肋中弹伤重而死。
　☞ He was killed of a bullet wound in the left side in the liberation war.
　☞ 你是因为客气才这样说的。
　☞ You say so out of courtesy.
　☞ 他的试验失败是因为出了差错。
　☞ His test has failed by mistake.
　☞ 他因公牺牲令人十分惋惜。
　☞ It is much to be regretted that he died while on duty.
因此 因此
1．therefore，正式用语，副词，用来表示后面发生的事是前面行动的结果。通常要引入一个结论。
　☞ 外面那些人都已经打开了雨伞，因此一定是在下雨。
　☞ Those people outside have their umbrellas up, therefore it must be raining.
　☞ 这些都是稀有动物，因此受到了法律的保护。
　☞ These animals are very rare and therefore protected by law.
2．so，非正式用语，与therefore同义，常用于口语。
　☞ 我打碎了眼镜，因此无法看清当时发生的情况。
　☞ I had broken my glasses, so I couldn't see what was happening比赛5点开始，因此我们得在4点吃饭。
　☞ The game began at 6ve, 80 we had to dine at four.
　 ■ 但是由于so的说法比较随便，因此有时引入的结论其因果关系不强，从而有时也就失去了因果关系。
　☞ 你没在听，我就闭嘴。
　☞ You aren't listening, so I'll shut up.
　☞ 她叫我去，我就去了。
　☞ She asked me to go, so I went.
3．hence，也可与therefore换用，但强调的往往是前面动作的重要性，从而引出而不是说出一个必然的结果。
　☞ 她的耳朵不灵，嗓子不好，因此唱不了歌。
　☞ She has neither ear nor voice, hence she cannot sing.
　☞ 该市建于汉水的河口处，因此叫做汉口。
　☞ The city was built on the side of the stream mouth of the Hanshui River, hence the name Hankou.
4．consequently，常用来引入一个“因此”的推论。
　☞ 他说他要来，我因此才等他。
　☞ He said he would come, and consequently I expect him.
　☞ 她的话引得大家都笑了，聚会因此轻松了许多。
　☞ What she said set everybody laughing, and consequently the party livened up a lot.
5．accordingly，常用来引入一个逻辑后果，暗示产生这样的结果是必然的。
　☞ 他说他饿了，因此我把我那分量不多的午餐跟他分着吃了。
　☞ He said he was hungry, accordingly I shared my meager lunch with him.
　☞ 我病得无法再待在这里，因此他们把我送到了医院。
　☞ I was too sick to stay here, accordingly they sent me to hospital.
6．for this reason, 强调因此产生的结果，故前面的原因往往被忽略。
　☞ 我是因此才不相信她的。
　☞ For this reason, I don't believe her.
　☞ 他是因此才没来上学的。
　☞ For this reason he was absent from school.
团结 团结
1．unite，强调联合的团结。
　☞ 我们肯定能团结可以团结的力量。
　☞ We will certainly be able to unite with all those forces that can be united with.
　☞ 达到这一目标的最好办法是在工人运动内部团结尽可能多的同情人士。
　☞ The best method to accomplish this goal is to unite as many sympathetic people as possible within the labor movement itself.
2．rally，强调具有一个中心的团结。
　☞ 我们必须最紧密地团结在以胡锦涛主席为首的党中央周围。
　☞ We must rally most closely round the Party Central Committee headed by President Hu Jintao.
　☞ 大多数美国人在国家出现危机时当然同他们的总统团结在一起。
　☞ Most Americans of course rally to their President in the moment of national crisis.
3．close ranks，强调队伍的团结。
　☞ 大家团结起来，建设有中国特色的社会主义。
　☞ We must close our ranks to build socialism with Chinese characters.
　☞ 军民应团结起来共同对敌。
　☞ The army and the people ought to close their ranks to fight the enemy.
4．unity，名词，强调联合起来的团结。
　☞ 我们的口号是：“团结就是力量。”
　☞ Our slogan is "Unity is strength."
　☞ 我国有许多民族，都生活在团结友好之中。
　☞ There are many nationalities in China but they live in unity and friendship.
5．solidarity，名词，强调利益、目的一致的团结。
　☞ 解放军要发扬团结战斗的精神。
　☞ The PLA must carry forward the spirit of solidarity and militancy.
　☞ 要想取得胜利，国内和国际上的团结都是必不可少的。
　☞ National and international solidarity is indispensable if victory is to be achieved.
围 围
1．enclose，指围在里面或圈在里面。
　☞ 那园子由一堵高墙围着。
　☞ The garden was enclosed with a high wall.
　☞ 我们往左一拐，就来到一片用篱笆围着的菜地。
　☞ We turned left and came to a vegetable plot enclosed with a fence.
2．round，在与crowd, gather, sit等动词连用时，可指围成一个中心。
　☞ 学生围着老师提问。
　☞ The pupils crowded round the teacher to ask questions。
　☞ 只要街上一出事，人就立刻围起来。
　☞ As soon as a street accident happens people quickly crowd round.
　☞ 他们一看见他就围上去问长问短。
　☞ When they saw him they gathered round him, asking all sorts of questions.
　☞ 一群好奇的过路人围着讲台听他发表演说。
　☞ A group of curious passers-by gathered round the platform, listening to his speech.
　☞ 他来时我们正围着炉子烤火。
　☞ We were sitting round the fire to get warm when he came in.
　☞ 我们大家都围着他听他讲国外见闻。
　☞ All of us sat round him listening to his story of what he saw and heard abroad.
3．encircle, 指围成一圈。
　☞ 演出成功后，观众围着艺术家们向他们祝贺。
　☞ The audience encircled the artists to congratulate them after their successful performance.
　☞ 我军已把敌人围在一个寨子里。
　☞ Our troops encircled the enemy in a stocked village.
4．surround，指团团围住。
　☞ 警方围住了恐怖分子劫持了3个人质的屋子。
　☞ The police surrounded the house where three persons were taken hostage by the terrorists.
　☞ 足球队员一出门就被一群小学生团团围住。
　☞ As soon as the football players went out, they were surrounded by a group of schoolboys.
5．arm span around, 指两只胳膊围起来的长度。
　☞ 院子里有棵大树，树干粗达10围。
　☞ There is a big tree in the courtyard, with its trunk ten arm spans around.
固定 固定
1．fix，着重在位置的固定。
　☞ 我们无法移动大厅里的椅子，因为是固定的。
　☞ We cannot move the chairs in the hall because they are fixed.
　☞ 他把天线固定在屋顶上。
　☞ He fixed the antenna to the roof of the house.
　 ■ 由此引申为固定不变。
　☞ 世界上没有一件事物是固定的，什么都是相对的。
　☞ Nothing is fixed in the world. Everything is relative.
　☞ 这是由传统固定下来的习俗。
　☞ This is a custom fixed by tradition.
2．mount，着重点在固定的目标。
　☞ 他把一架照相机固定在三角架上。
　☞ He mounted the camera on a tripod.
　☞ 她把照片固定在硬纸上，再放到镜框里。
　☞ She mounted the photograph on stiff paper, and then put it in a frame.
　☞ 蝴蝶由一根大头针固定在硬纸板上。
　☞ The butterfly was mounted on a card by means of a pin.
3．set (keep) regular...，着重在时间的固定。
　☞ 咱们把业务学习的时间固定下来吧。
　☞ Let's set a regular time for vocational study.
　☞ 固定工作时间就是每天在同一时间干活。
　☞ To keep regular hours is to do things at the same time each day.
4．static, stationary，着重在静止不动。
　☞ 不要用固定的眼光看问题。
　☞ Don't take a static view on things.
　☞ 瞄准固定目标比瞄准移动目标容易一些。
　☞ It is easier to aim at a stationary target than at a moving one.
固然 固然
1．表示“的确”、“无疑”以承认某个事实，再用“但”、“可”、“不过”等引起转折。这时一般用it is true (certain), no doubt, it is doubtless等引人要说的话。
　☞ 这里条件固然艰苦，但正是锻炼我们的好机会。
　☞ It is true that conditions are tougher here, but that gives us a chance to temper ourselves.
　☞ 他固然不对，可你也有错。
　☞ He is not right, it's true, but you aren't either.
　☞ 她固然漂亮，但漂亮不能当饭吃。
　☞ It is certain that she is beautiful, but beauty cannot feed her.
　☞ 这样办固然稳当些，可要慢得多呀。
　☞ No doubt it would be safer to do it that way, but it would be much slower.
　☞ 这种耕作方法固然省力不少，不过效果不太好。
　☞ It is doubtless that the method of farming saves a lot of labor. but it isn't effective.
2．“固然”放在性质形容词前先确认某一事实，再与“也”、“更”等连用表示意思转折，这时可用of course，admittedly等。
　☞ 他能来固然好，不能来也没关系。
　☞ If he can come, of course, that'll be fine, if he can't, it doesn't matter。
　☞ 理论固然重要，但实践更重要。
　☞ Of course, theory is something, but practice is everything.
　☞ 乘车固然可以旅行，但乘船也无不可。
　☞ Admittedly we can make the trip by bus, but there is no harm in our traveling by boat.
　☞ 试管婴儿固然可能，但也会造成严重后果。
　☞ The test tube baby is admittedly possible, but it may have serious consequences.
3．表示“虽然”以承认原来的事实，再用“却”、“可”等转入相反的情况，这时可用although，though等。
　☞ 他固然穷，却很大方。
　☞ Although he is poor, yet he is generous.
　☞ 这些改写本固然保存了下来，但可惜的是一定已失去了许多原文的本来面目。
　☞ Though these polished versions have been preserved, it is a pity that so much of the original must have been lost.
国家 国家
1．country，侧重于自然形成的国土，包括居住在该地区的人民。
　☞ 联合国的成员有150多个国家。
　☞ Over 150 countries are members of the United Na欧洲将来的安全应由欧洲国家自己来保证。
　☞ The future security of Europe has to be assured by the European countries.
2．nation，侧重于人民或民族组成的国家。
　☞ 两国没有达成协议。
　☞ No agreement was reached between the two nations (countries).
　☞ 美国、英国、法国都是国家。
　☞ The United States, Great Britain and France are nations.
3．state，侧重于从政治上组织起来的国家。
　☞ 总理是为了国家机关的利益而辞职的。
　☞ The prime minister resigned for the good of the state (nation，country).
　☞ 学习与医疗费用全部由国家负担。
　☞ All expenses for study and medical care are borne by the state.
　 ■ 上述三词在不违反上述各自的侧重点时可以换用（见括号内的换用词），否则就不能替换。
圈 圈
1．around，指做圆周运动或处于圆周状态。
　☞ 他绕着跑道跑了两圈。
　☞ He ran around the track twice.
　☞ 我围着桌子转了一圈，跟客人们碰杯。
　☞ I walked around the table touching glasses with the guests.
　☞ 她的眼圈周围有好多鱼尾纹。
　☞ She has many wrinkles around her eyes.
2．circle，指圆圈，也包括圆圈内的空间。
　☞ 他饼话前先在黑板上画了个圈。
　☞ He drew a circle on the blackboard before he spoke.
　☞ 他们围成一圈，开始跳起舞来。
　☞ They formed a circle and started dancing.
　☞ 她的眼睛周围有个黑圈。
　☞ Dark circles lay round her eyes.
　 ■ 有时，circle还指具有特殊追求或特殊利益的人群构成的圈子。
　☞ 他们都是音乐圈里的新人。
　☞ They are all newcomers to the music circles 他不是圈里的人。
　☞ He does not belong to the inner circle.
　 ■ 此外，circle还可用做动词。
　☞ 篱笆把院子圈了起来。
　☞ The fence circled the yard.
　☞ 我们的飞机降落前在机场上空绕圈。
　☞ Our plane circled the airport before landing.
3．ring, 也指圆圈，只指形成圆圈的圆周。
　☞ 他吸了一口烟，然后吐出一个个的烟圈。
　☞ He smoked a cigarette and blew smoke rings one after another.
　☞ 眼球晶体周围有一圈细小的肌肉。
　☞ The crystalline lens is surrounded by a ring of tiny muscles.
　 ■ 同样，ring也指具有特殊利益人群的圈子，但往往带有贬义。
　☞ 美国许多城市的政府是由政治圈子的人控制的。
　☞ In many American cities the government is controlled by a political ring.
　☞ 警方为突破毒品圈所做的努力效果显著。
　☞ All the efforts made by the police to break through the drug ring produced marked effect.
4．lap，指跑道的一圈。
　☞ 这是他1,500米赛的最后一圈。
　☞ This is his last lap in the 1,500-meter race.
　☞ 我们的跑道每跑一圈是400米。
　☞ Each lap of our running track is 400 m.
5．enclose，指圈起来。
　☞ 农场主常用围栏把土地圈起来。
　☞ Farmers often enclose their land with rails.
　☞ 篱笆把菜园圈了起来。
　☞ The vegetable garden is enclosed with a fence.
圈套 圈套
1．trap，指以引诱、欺骗、诡计等手段设置的圈套。
　☞ 他确信有一个为他设置的圈套。
　☞ He was certain that there would be a trap set for him.
　☞ 警察设下圈套让小偷讲出偷来的钱藏在什么地方。
　☞ The police set traps to make the thief tell where the stolen money was hidden.
　☞ 有几名士兵落入了敌人的圈套，遭到了杀害。
　☞ Several soldiers fell into the enemy's trap and were killed.
　☞ 他的诺言是个圈套，我可不上这个当。
　☞ His promise is a trap and I won't be taken in.
　 ■ trap还可用做动词。
　☞ 他中了她的圈套，承认他喜欢她。
　☞ She trapped him into admitting that he liked her.
　☞ 回答记者提问要三思，不然就可能落入圈套，泄露重要情报。
　☞ Think carefully before you answer the questions of reporters, or you may be trapped into giving away vital information.
2．snare.义同trap，但更强调落人圈套后的挣扎、乞求、脱逃无望等。
　☞ 只有恶人才设圈套。
　☞ Only the wicked lay snares.
　☞ 她缺乏生活经验，落入了坏人的圈套。
　☞ She lacked experience in life, so she fell into the snares of the scoundrel.
　☞ 我们为敌人设下了圈套。
　☞ We have spread a snare for the enemy.
　 ■ 同样，snare也可用做动词。
　☞ 他中了一个女人的诱骗圈套。
　☞ He was snared by wiles of a woman 她落入了卖淫的圈套。
　☞ She was snared into prostitution.
在 在
1．be，表示所在。
　☞ 你到那儿去找他，他准在。
　☞ Go and see him, he must be there.
　☞ 人在人情在。
　☞ Friendship lasts as long as the man is there.
　 ■ 表示“所在”的be往往借助介词，如in, on, at等，指出所在的方位。
　☞ 我的父母在农村。
　☞ My parents are in the countryside.
　☞ 你的钢笔在桌上。
　☞ Your pen is on the table.
　☞ 他在家里，不在这儿。
　☞ He is at home, not here.
2．exist, 表示存在。
　☞ 问题还在，并没有解决。
　☞ The problem still exists. It's not solved yet.
　☞ 我们在谈判中遇到的障碍还在。
　☞ The obstacles we ran into in the talks still exist.
3．live, alive，表示生存。
　☞ 你父母还在吗？
　☞ Are your parents still living?
　☞ 我父亲还在，我母亲早就不在了。
　☞ My father is still alive, but my mother passed away long ago.
4．stay, remain，表示待在，留在。
　☞ 我还要在这儿在两天。
　☞ I'll stay here for a couple of days.
　☞ 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
　☞ As long as green mountains remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.
5．depend on, 指决定于。主语往往为无灵物。
　☞ 学习成绩好，主要在自己努力。
　☞ Getting good results in one's studies depends mainly on one's own efforts.
　☞ 货物的价格在质量。
　☞ The price of goods depends on the quality.
6．it is up to，指取决于。主语或为动词不定式，或为从句。
　☞ 教孩子懂礼貌全在父母。
　☞ It is entirely up to parents to teach their children manners.
　☞ 你什么时候割草全在你。
　☞ When you cut the grass is all up to you.
7．rest with，指由某人决定。主句为无灵物或从句。
　☞ 收不收他，在学校领导。
　☞ Whether to admit him or not rests with the school authorities.
　☞ 主动权在我们手里。
　☞ The initiative rests with us.
8．lie in, 衷示在于。主语为无灵物。
　☞ 我们的希望在青年一代。
　☞ Our hopes lie in the younger generation.
　☞ 这首诗妙在含而不露。
　☞ The appeal of this poem lies in suggestion rather than direct statement.
9．consist in，表示包含于，主语为无灵物。
　☞ 人生最大的光荣不在永不失败，而在屡仆屡起。
　☞ One's greatest glory consists not in never failing, but in rising every time.
　☞ 法官的力量在公平与公正。
　☞ The strength of a judge consists in fairness and justice.
10．用进行时可表示正在进行的动作。
　☞ 他在看电视。
　☞ He is watching TV.
　☞ 你在干什么？
　☞ What are you doing?
11．in, on, at等表示空间和时间的介词与其他词类结合表示所处的方位或时间。
　☞ 她在邮局工作。
　☞ She works in the post office.
　☞ 狗在地上打滚。
　☞ The dog rolled on the ground.
　☞ 局长在会上发言时批评了我们这次事故。
　☞ Speaking at the meeting, the director criticized us for the accident.
　☞ 她静静地坐在树下。
　☞ She sat still under the tree.
　☞ 那不在我管辖的范围之内。
　☞ That's not within my jurisdiction.
　☞ 他在巡逻时受伤了。
　☞ He was wounded during a patrol.
在乎 在乎
1．care指在意，多用于否定或疑问结构。
　☞ 我不在乎别人怎么说，我照样那么干。
　☞ I don't care what people say. I shall go on like this just the same.
　☞ 你儿子的工作好坏你一点也不在乎？
　☞ Don't you care a bit whether your son's job is good or bad?
2．mind，指介意。主要用于否定或疑问结构。
　☞ 不在乎他怎么说，要看他怎么做。
　☞ Never mind what he says, let's see what he does.
　☞ 我拿你的一本书留作纪念，你不会在乎吧？
　☞ Do you mind if I take one of your books as a keepsake?
3．it is up to，指决定于。主语为动词不定式或从句。
　☞ 干不干，在乎你自己。
　☞ It's up to you whether you do it or not.
　☞ 怎么说，什么时候说，说什么，都在乎我们。
　☞ It's up to us how, when and what we shall say.
4．depend on，指依靠于。主语往往为从句。
　☞ 足球赛的成功与否在乎天气。
　☞ Whether the football game is a success depends on weather。
　☞ 你怎么看这个行动在乎你的观点。
　☞ How you regard this action depends on your point of view.
5．rest with, 指取决于。主语往往为从句。
　☞ 你怎么选择在乎你自己。
　☞ What choice you will make rests with you.
　☞ 谈判能否成功在乎两国政府。
　☞ Whether the talks are successful or not rests with the governments of the two countries.
6．“在乎”的其他译法。
　☞ 诗之所以为诗，在乎意境，不在乎辞藻。
　☞ It is the mood and atmosphere evoked, not poetic diction, that makes poetry what it is.
　☞ 背景的作用在乎衬托。
　☞ The function of a background is to set off.
　☞ 你肯定不在乎这点钱。
　☞ Surely you won't grudge such a small sum of money.
在于 在于
1．determine，指决定于。主语往往为无灵物或从句。
　☞ 人民代表大会的各个委员会的主席职位在于资历。
　☞ The chairmanship of committees in the National People's Congress is determined by seniority.
　☞ 有收无收在于水，多收少收在于肥。
　☞ Water determines whether or not we have a harvest, and fertilizer determines whether the harvest is big or small.
2．depend on, 指依靠于。主语大多为从句。
　☞ 一个人在工作上能挣多少在于他的能力。
　☞ How much a person can earn at his work depends on his ability.
　☞ 他能不能去，在于他家长的愿望。
　☞ Whether he can go or not depends on his parent's wishes.
3．rest with，指取决于。主语常为无灵物或从句。
　☞ 最终的决定在于校长。
　☞ The final decision rests with the headmaster.
　☞ 下一步怎么走，在于你自己。
　☞ How you will make the next move rests with you.
4．lie in，指存在于，主语往往为无灵物。
　☞ 我们的力量在于人民群众。
　☞ Our strength lies in the masses of the people.
　☞ 事物发展的根本原因在于事物内部的矛盾性。
　☞ The fundamental cause of the development of a thing lies in its internal contradictoriness.
5．consist in, 指内容存在于…，主语往往为无灵物。
　☞ 她的魅力不仅在于美貌，也在于性格。
　☞ Her charm does not only consist only in her beauty, but also in her character.
　☞ 我们最大的幸福在于为人民服务。
　☞ Our greatest happiness consists in serving the people.
6．not so much...as，有“不在于…而在于”的意思。
　☞ 问题的关键不在于我们花了多少时间，而在于我们如何利用时间。
　☞ The key to the question is not so much the hours we spend as how we use them.
　☞ 学校教育最大的效用不在于教你的东西，而在于教你学习的方法。
　☞ The great use of a school education is not so much what you are taught as how you are taught to learn.
　☞ 事业的成功不在于在校的成绩报告单，而在于为人的诚恳与勤奋。
　☞ Success in business does not depend so much on one's school record as on one's honesty and diligence.
7．be后接动词不定式表示重点在于该动作。
　☞ 战争的目的在于消灭战争。
　☞ The aim of war is to eliminate war.
　☞ 学习的重要性在于坚持。
　☞ In study the important thing is to keep at it.
8．有时，not of.一but of也有“不在于…而在于”
　☞ 意思。
　☞ 这项工程的问题不在于进度，而在于质量。
　☞ The question of this project is one not of speed but of quality.
　☞ 他这个人不在于口才，而在于才华。
　☞ He is a man not of eloquence but of parts.
在意 在意
1．take notice of，指留意。
　☞ 她对别人说的话特别在意。
　☞ She takes particular notice of what people say.
　☞ 我在看文件，没在意人进人出。
　☞ I was reading a document and didn't take any notice of people coming in and going out.
2．pay attention to，指注意。
　☞ 无论干什么事，都要在意。
　☞ Pay attention to whatever you do.
　☞ 对这些细节，他没十分在意。
　☞ He didn't pay close attention to these details.
3．take to heart，指放在心上。
　☞ 你对他那个小小的玩笑太在意了。
　☞ You have taken his little joke too much to heart.
　☞ 这些小事他是不会在意的。
　☞ He won't take such trifles to heart.
　 ■ 有时，take sth. seriously也有这个意思。
　☞ 人家托你办的事你应该在意。
　☞ When people ask you to do something you should take it seriously.
4．care，指在乎。一般都用于否定或疑问结构。
　☞ 对别人的背后议论，他毫不在意。
　☞ He doesn't care at all what people say behind his back.
　☞ 他要出了什么事，你会不在意？
　☞ Don't you care if anything happens to him?
5．mind，指介意。也常用于否定或疑问结构。
　☞ 你父母对你严格要求，你不应该在意。
　☞ You must not mind if your parents are strict with you.
　☞ 你心爱的小孙子去野营，你不会在意吧？
　☞ Won't you mind your dearest little grandson going camping?
地方 地方
1．locality，指没有确切界线的地方。local，locally，指与中央相对的地方。
　☞ 我们住的地方水多。
　☞ We live in a locality where water is plentiful.
　☞ 这两家工厂在同一个地方。
　☞ The two factories are in the same locality.
　☞ 我们的目的是充分发挥中央和地方的两个积极性。
　☞ Our aim is to give full play to the initiative of both central and local authorities.
　☞ 地方国营企业就是国家所有、地方管理的企业。
　☞ The locally administered state enterprise is an enterprise owned by state but run by local authorities.
2．place，泛指任何地方。
　☞ 这腊肠要挂在通风的地方。
　☞ The sausage must be hung in an airy place.
　☞ 这地方冷，别着凉。
　☞ Don't catch cold in this chilly place.
3．space，room，指空间。
　☞ 这钢琴太占地方。
　☞ That piano takes up too much space (room).
　☞ 你的表弟明天要来，腾出个地方放床。
　☞ Your cousin is coming tomorrow. Make room for the bed.
4．here，there，where，somewhere，泛指这个（那个，哪个，某个）地方。
　☞ 我这地方有点疼。
　☞ I've got a pain here.
　☞ 那地方肯定很冷。
　☞ It's certainly very cold there.
　☞ 我们去什么地方？
　☞ Where shall we go?
　☞ 我们当时在找过夜的地方。
　☞ We were looking for somewhere to spend the night.
5．Where are you from?用于询问对方的籍贯。
　☞ 你是什么地方人？
　☞ Where are you from?
6．partly，指部分。
　☞ 你说的话有对的地方，也有不对的地方。
　☞ What you said is partly right and partly wrong.
地步 地步
1．condition，指状态。
　☞ 供电已恢复到了正常的地步。
　☞ The power supply has been restored to the normal condition.
　☞ 他宣布这些树已到了糟透了的地步。
　☞ He declared that the trees were in a dreadful condition.
2．situation，指处境。
　☞ 他们的关系发展到了一种尴尬的地步。
　☞ Their relation has developed into an embarrassed situation.
　☞ 他的病已到了毫无希望的地步。
　☞ His illness has been in a hopeless situation.
3．plight，指不妙的境地。
　☞ 他的事业已处于走投无路的地步。
　☞ His business was in a desperate plight.
　☞ 瞧你到了什么样的地步！
　☞ What a plight you are in!
4．get into a mess, get sb. into a mess，前者指自身陷于，后者指使人陷于狼狈、无序的境地。
　☞ 你怎么弄到这样的地步？
　☞ How did you get into such a mess?
　☞ 他已到了一团糟的地步。
　☞ He has got into an awful mess.
　☞ 瞧你把我们搞到了什么样的地步！
　☞ What a mess you have got us into!
　☞ 他的鲁莽把自己弄到不可收拾的地步。
　☞ His rash behavior got him into a hopeless mess.
5．so…that…，指到了某种程度。
　☞ 他得知这一消息以后兴奋到不能入睡的地步。
　☞ On hearing the news he was so excited that he couldn't get to sleep.
　☞ 天黑到伸手不见五指的地步。
　☞ It was so dark that one couldn't see one's own outstretched fingers.
6．to the point of，指到达某个点，也表示程度，比so…that…更进一步。
　☞ 他谦虚到了可笑的地步。
　☞ He is modest to the point of ridicule.
　☞ 阶级矛盾发展到了公开对抗的地步。
　☞ The class contradictions developed to the point of open clash.
7．depth，指陷入的深度。
　☞ 他怎么会堕落到这种地步？
　☞ How could he sink to such depth?
　☞ 只有那时他才知道他累到什么地步。
　☞ It was only then that he began to know to what depth he felt tired.
地道 地道
1．genuine，指真正。
　☞ 她身穿一件地道的貂皮大衣。
　☞ She was in a coat of genuine mink.
　☞ 你是地道的工人。
　☞ You are a genuine worker.
2．pure，指纯粹。
　☞ 她说一口地道的上海话。
　☞ She speaks pure Shanghai dialect.
　☞ 这是一条地道的真丝披肩。
　☞ This is a scarf of pure silk.
3．idiomatic，指语言地道。
　☞ 他说一口地道的英语。
　☞ He speaks idiomatic English.
　☞ 这是件地道的作品。
　☞ This is a piece of idiomatic writing.
4．excellent，指出色。
　☞ 这儿的饭菜和服务都是地道的。
　☞ Both the food and the service are excellent here 他干活地道。
　☞ He does excellent work.
5．one-hundred-percent，指不打折扣。
　☞ 这位小姑娘是位地道的女性。
　☞ The little girl is a one-hundred-percent woman.
　☞ 那是地道的男人活。
　☞ That was a job one-hundred-percent for man.
环绕 环绕
1．revolve around (round)，指围着转。
　☞ 月亮环绕地球转动。
　☞ The moon revolves around the earth.
　☞ 地球环绕太阳转动。
　☞ The earth revolves round the sun.
2．center around (about)，指“以…为中心”。
　☞ 这场战斗是环绕这一战略要地进行的。
　☞ The fighting centered around the strategic point.
　☞ 许多传说都是环绕这一历史人物展开的。
　☞ Many legends center about this historical figure.
3．surround，指围绕。
　☞ 村子四周，群山环绕。
　☞ The village is surrounded on all sides by mountains.
　☞ 神秘的气氛环绕着他的死亡。
　☞ An air of mystery surrounds his death.
4．encircle，指围成圈。
　☞ 屋子周围，绿树环绕。
　☞ The houses are encircled by trees.
　☞ 今天已有许多人造卫星在环绕地球。
　☞ Many artificial satellites encircle the earth today.
坚强 坚强
1．strong，指性格、意志上坚强。
　☞ 她虽然瘦小，却意志坚强。
　☞ She has a strong will though she is thin and small.
2．firm，指坚定不移。
　☞ 在他坚强的领导下，货币紧缩政策得到了贯彻执行。
　☞ Under his firm leadership the tight monetary policy was carried out.
3．staunch，指忠贞不二。
　☞ 他是改革开放政策的坚强支持者。
　☞ He is a staunch supporter of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.
4．powerful，指坚强有力。
　☞ 农村党支部都要建成坚强的战斗堡垒。
　☞ The Party branches in the countryside must be built into powerful fighting forces.
5．tough，指韧性顽强。
　☞ 他是个极其坚强的人，经历了两次战斗都活了下来。
　☞ He is a very tough man and he has survived two fighting.
6．strengthen，指强化后的坚强。
　☞ 坚强党的组织刻不容缓。
　☞ Strengthening the Party organizations is a task which brooks no delay.
7．toughen，指经历磨难后的坚强。
　☞ 过去十年来的苦难使她坚强起来。
　☞ The misery of the past decade has toughened her up.
坦白 坦白
1．honest，指性格上的诚实、坦白。
　☞ 他这个人坦白，没有私心。
　☞ He's honest and selfless.
　☞ 即使是伪君子，也有坦白的时候。
　☞ Even the hypocrite occasionally makes an honest statement.
2．frank, 指说话直率坦白。
　☞ 如果你要我坦白地说我的意见，我认为这个计划不会成功。
　☞ If you want my frank opinion, I don't think the plan will succeed.
　☞ 在这件事情上，你能不能对我坦白一点？
　☞ Would you be a bit frank with me about this matter?
3．candid，既指言辞坦白，也指态度直率。
　☞ 只要不在报上提他的名字，他同意坦白地谈他的看法。
　☞ He would agree to give his candid opinion, if his name were not to be mentioned in the newspaper.
　☞ 坦白地说，我认为你的做法很蠢。
　☞ To be candid, I think you acted foolishly.
4．confess, confession, 指坦白罪行或缺点。
　☞ 他不得不坦白他是抢劫案的同谋犯。
　☞ He had to confess that he was an accomplice in the robbery.
　☞ 她向我坦白她没有给她母亲写信。
　☞ She confessed to me that she hadn't written to her mother.
　☞ 我们向来是坦白从宽，抗拒从严。
　☞ We have been lenient to those who confess their crimes and severe with those who refuse to.
　☞ 他完全坦白了他做的坏事。
　☞ He made a full confession of his wrongdoings.
　☞ 骗子的坦白使大家都大吃一惊。
　☞ The swindler's confession shocked everybody.
5．own up to, 指坦白承认，因此坦白的往往是较小的错误。
　☞ 到目前为止，无人来坦白这一罪行。
　☞ So far no one has owned up to the crime.
　☞ 我希望他能坦白他说的谎。
　☞ We hope he would own up to having told the lie.
6．make a clean breast of，指坦白交待一切，有confess everything的意思。
　☞ 警方抓住了肇事逃逸的司机，他坦白交待了自己的罪行。
　☞ The police caught the hit-and-run driver and he made a clean breast of his crime.
　☞ 李明考试作弊，但他后来到老师那里坦白交待了。
　☞ Li Ming cheated in the test. But later he went to the teacher and made a clean breast of it.
埋 埋
1．bury，作“埋”解时有下面几种用法。
1) 指埋葬。
　☞ 许多伟大的英国人都埋在威斯敏斯恃大教堂里。
　☞ Many great Englishmen are buried in Westminster Abbey.
　☞ 莫扎特是埋在穷人的乱葬堆里的。
　☞ Mozart was buried in unmarked common graves for the poor.
2) 指埋藏。
　☞ 奴隶们埋在心底的仇恨像火山一样爆发出来了。
　☞ The slaves' hatred, which had lain buried deep in their hearts, erupted like a volcano.
　☞ 他坐在那里，头埋在双臂之中。
　☞ He sat there with his head buried in folded arms.
3) 指埋头于…之中。bury oneself in... ，bury one's head in... 。
　☞ 他埋头从事研究工作。
　☞ He buried himself in his research work.
　☞ 我们埋头读书，不问世事。
　☞ We bury our heads in books, ignoring affairs of human society.
2．inter, 只作“埋葬”解。
　☞ 这位皇帝和两个妃子合葬在同一个陵墓里，皇后和其他几个妃子最后也将埋在他们一侧。
　☞ The emperor and his two concubines were buried together in the same tomb; the empress and the other concubines would eventually be interred alongside them.
　☞ 烈士的遗骸都埋在烈士陵园里。
　☞ The remains of the martyrs were interred at the cemetery for them.
3．hide，指有意或无意的埋藏。
　☞ 她把秘密埋在心底，直到有一天她遇到了他。
　☞ She hid the secret deep in her heart until one day when she met him.
　☞ 没想到在你幼小的心灵里还埋着对音乐的一份真爱。
　☞ Fancy your hiding in your young heart a genuine love for music.
4．submerge，指埋藏于流动的固体之中。
　☞ 我的房子半截被埋在流沙里。
　☞ My house was half submerged under the sand drifted from somewhere.
　☞ 泥石流埋住了整个村子。
　☞ The mud-rock flow submerged the whole village.
5．nurse，常指怀有某种想法、主意等抽象事物。
　☞ 她把希望深埋在心里，一心要把儿子抚养成人。
　☞ Nursing the hope in her bosom, she engrossed herself in bringing up her son.
　☞ 他知道他得把仇恨埋在心底，等待为父报仇的一天。
　☞ He knew that he had to nurse the hatred in his heart and wait for the day of revenge for his father.
6．lay，指用土或其他物体掩埋。
　☞ 民兵在日本鬼子碉堡周围埋上地雷。
　☞ The militia forces laid mines around the Japanese's blockhouses.
　☞ 在敌人的必经之路上埋有许多陷阱。
　☞ Traps were laid along the route the enemy would take.
7．trap, 指陷入为或天然的陷阱。
　☞ 13位解放军战士被埋在不到10米长的黑洞洞的坑道里。
　☞ Thirteen PLA men were trapped inside a pitch-dark space less than 10 meters long.
　☞ 救命啊！他被埋在塌下来的屋子下面啦！
　☞ Help! he is trapped under the collapsed house!
8．“埋”一词如果在上下文里已很明显的情况下，也可以不译。
　☞ 他向她倾诉埋在心底的感情。
　☞ He revealed his innermost feeling to her.
　☞ 他是个直爽的人，从来不把自己想说的话埋在心里。
　☞ He's a straightforward person. If there is something he wants to say, he'll always say it.
9．lie, 作长眠解时，也有“埋”的意思。
　☞ 在他的墓碑上写着：“这里埋着一位伟人。”
　☞ On his tomb tablet writes: "Here lies a great man."
埋伏 埋伏
1．ambush，指隐蔽起来准备伏击。
　☞ 伏击队埋伏在森林里。
　☞ The raiding party was ambushed in the forest.
　☞ 指挥员已把部队埋伏在道路两旁浓密的树林里。
　☞ The commander ambushed his troops in the heavy woods on either side of the road.
　☞ 如果我们踉进，他们就能轻易地打我们一个埋伏。
　☞ If we go in after them, they can ambush us easily.
　☞ 一丛灌木是他们打埋伏的地方。
　☞ A clump of bushes was their ambush.
2．lay (set) an ambush for，指设下埋伏以待。
　☞ 游击队设下埋伏以待敌人的一列军车。
　☞ The partisans laid (set) an ambush for an enemy train.
　☞ 民兵埋伏在青纱帐里。
　☞ The militia forces lay in (an) ambush behind a green curtain of tall crops.
3．lie in wait for，也指设伏以待，lie为不及物动词；但上面的lay和set为及物动词。
　☞ 我军设下埋伏以待长途奔袭之敌。
　☞ Our troops were lying in wait for the enemy for the long-range raid.
　☞ 强盗埋伏起来以待那位有钱的旅客。
　☞ The robbers were lying in wait for the rich traveler.
4．fall into an ambush, 指中埋伏。
　☞ 不可一世的日本鬼子在平型关中了八路军设下的埋伏。
　☞ The arrogant Japs fell into an ambush in Pingxingguan Pass set by the Eighth Route Army.
　☞ 抗战时期新四军在云岭中了国民党军设下的埋伏。
　☞ During the Anti-Japanese War the New Fourth Route Army fell into an ambush in Yunling laid by the Kuomintang troops.
5．hold back for one's own use， keep sth. from，指隐藏钱物或隐瞒问题。
　☞ 他瞒着妻子，在一些钱上打了埋伏。
　☞ He held some money back for his own use without the knowledge of his wife.
　☞ 你们在如何分配住房问题上跟我打了埋伏，是不是？
　☞ You kept from me the problem of how to allot dwelling houses, didn't you?
埋怨 埋怨
1．complain of，complaint，强调对人或物不满而发出的埋怨。
　☞ 我真的没有什么好埋怨的。
　☞ I've got nothing to complain of really.
　☞ 他们当中从来没有人对我们引起的一切麻烦事埋怨过。
　☞ Never had one of them complained of all the trouble we gave.
　☞ 他讲话的语气有埋怨情绪。
　☞ There was a note of complaint in what he said.
2．grumble about (at)，强调带有嘟囔的埋怨，有时也指对自己的埋怨。
　☞ 他不去面对困难，却在埋怨命苦。
　☞ He grumbles at his hard lot instead of facing his difficulties.
　☞ 他要的样样都有，实在没有可埋怨的。
　☞ He has everything he needs; he has nothing to grumble about.
　☞ 没有哪一桩事是让他高兴的，他老在埋怨。
　☞ Nothing pleased him. He was always grumbling.
3．blame，强调责怪发出的埋怨。
　☞ 我不是埋怨你，而是埋怨自己。
　☞ I don't blame you. I blame myself.
　☞ 这场球打输了，大家找找问题在哪里，不要互相埋怨。
　☞ Instead of blaming one another for losing the game, let's find out what exactly went wrong.
　☞ 她总是埋怨自己不好，从不埋怨别人。
　☞ She always put the blame on herself and never on others.
埋没 埋没
1．stifle，强调由于受到抑制而埋没。
　☞ 低效无能的用人制度往往会埋没真正的人才。
　☞ Ineffective and incompetent systems of personnel placement often result in stifling real talents.
　☞ 如果没有发达的市场经济，他的创造性一定会被埋没。
　☞ It is certain that his creativity will be stifled if we don't have a developed market economy.
2．overlook, neglect，强调由于忽视或忽略而埋没，两者可以换用。
　☞ 瞧，这儿有些重要的资料，差点给埋没了。
　☞ Look, here's some important source material we almost overlooked (neglected).
　☞ 他总是担心自己的那点功劳会被埋没。
　☞ He was always afraid that his bit of contribution would be overlooked (neglected).
　☞ 她非凡的才能由于领导人的嫉贤妒能而遭到埋没。
　☞ Her rare capability was neglected (overlooked) because of jealousy and envy on the part of her boss.
3．bury，强调由于掩埋而埋没。
　☞ 沙尘暴过后房子半截埋没在沙里。
　☞ The house was half buried under sand after the sand storm was gone.
　☞ 该镇被10英尺厚的大雪埋没了。
　☞ The town was buried under the snow ten feet deep.
4．conceal, 强调由于隐藏而埋没。
　☞ 那么我们是埋没了像你这样的英雄啰。
　☞ So we have had a hero like you concealed.
　☞ 你是想说是京剧团埋没了你的英名？
　☞ Do you mean to say that it is the Beijing Opera Troupe that conceals your heroic name?
培养 培养
1．cultivate，强调通过训练、教育、培养成才或培养某种情趣、习惯等。
　☞ 当务之急是如何培养新一代的革命领导人。
　☞ The most pressing matter of the moment is how to cultivate the new generation of revolutionary leaders.
　☞ 公司培养的都是管理人员。
　☞ The people cultivated by the company are all management personnel.
　☞ 你喜欢唱歌就一定要培养对音乐的爱好。
　☞ Do cultivate a love of music if you like singing.
　☞ 你是如何在你的学生身上培养说英语的习惯的？
　☞ How do you cultivate in your students the speech habits of the English language?
　☞ 你应该培养语感。
　☞ You should cultivate a feel (sense) of the language.
　☞ 我们必须培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。
　☞ We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.
2．nurse，强调通过细心的关怀、照料而培养成才。
　☞ 这位演员如经过适当培养，几年后就会成才。
　☞ The actor, if properly nursed, would make good in a couple of years.
　☞ 作家协会通过开设讲习班来培养有前途的作家。
　☞ The Writers' Union nurses writers of promise by giving training courses.
　☞ 体育比赛是培养体育人才最好的学校。
　☞ Sports tournament is the best school of nursing athletic talents.
3．foster，强调通过帮助使事物成长或发展。
　☞ 他小时候他母亲就不时带他去音乐会以培养他对音乐的兴趣。
　☞ His mother tried to foster his interest in music by taking him to concert from time to time when he was young.
　☞ 老师的辅导培养了我的自学能力。
　☞ Teachers' coaching fostered my ability to study on my own.
　☞ 早期在学校受到欺压的经历在他身上培养出了对专制政体的痛恨。
　☞ Early experience with bullies in school fostered in him a hatred for autocracy.
4．nurture，强调通过支持、鼓励、教育等手段来培养。
　☞ 我们应培养所有年轻人，使之成为好公民。
　☞ We must nurture all of the young people so that they will develop into good citizens.
　☞ 科学家是在大学里培养出来的。
　☞ Scientists are nurtured in the university.
　☞ 我们在老师的培养教育下开始懂得了革命道理。
　☞ Nurtured and educated by the teachers, we began to understand revolutionary principles.
5．train, 强调通过某种技艺的传授而培养。
　☞ 只有参加革命实践才能培养和造就革命事业的接班人。
　☞ Only by taking part in revolutionary practice can we train and bring up successors for the revolutionary cause.
　☞ 他们一直在农村办短训班培养农业技术员。
　☞ They have been training agriculturalists in the countryside in short courses.
　☞ 我们村上有意要把她培养成一名医生。
　☞ Our village means to train her for a doctor.
6．culture，指培养、繁殖，为技术用语。
　☞ 这种微生物在体外培养十分容易。
　☞ The organism can be readily cultured in vitro.
　☞ 细菌可在实验室内培养。
　☞ Bacteria can be cultured in the laboratory.
　☞ 细胞和组织培养已证明是有益的。
　☞ Cell and tissue cultures are already proving beneficial.
7．bring up，指培养成人。
　☞ 各队都很注意对新手的培养。
　☞ All teams pay great attention to bringing up new players.
　☞ 我是由我姑妈培养成人的。
　☞ I was brought up by my paternal aunt.
培植 培植
1．cultivate，指精心种植。
　☞ 甚至寒冬腊月也可以吃到温室里培植的许多蔬菜。
　☞ Even in the coldest month of the year, we can still get plenty of vegetables cultivated in the greenhouse.
　☞ 我们得加倍努力来培植中草药。
　☞ We have to redouble our efforts to cultivate medicinal herbs.
2．foster, 指通过某种措施来鼓励某种精神产物的成长。
　☞ 我们要尽可能地培植自己的良好队风。
　☞ We must try every possible way to foster a fine team spirit of our own.
　☞ 老兵的勇敢是通过战争的洗礼培植出来的。
　☞ The courage of a veteran is fostered by going through the tests of war.
3．build up，指培植邪恶势力或影响。
　☞ 在我们党内绝不容许培植个人影响。
　☞ It is absolutely impermissible to build up one's personal influence within our Party.
　☞ 想不到一个政府官员竟会去培植黑帮势力。
　☞ Who would have expected that a government official should build up the strength of a sinister gang?
培育 培育
1．grow，常用词。指在种植或养育中培育。
　☞ 培育兰花是我的爱好。
　☞ Crowing orchids is my hobby.
　☞ 他在培养皿中培育了菌落。
　☞ He has grown colonies of bacteria in culture dishes.
　 ■ grow还可用于引申义。
　☞ 我们所做的一切都是为公司培育未来的买主。
　☞ What we were doing was growing future customers for our company.
2．cultivate，与grow同义，也指在种植或养育中培育，但更强调精耕细作、精心照料的过程。
　☞ 这些花是她从选种开始培育出来的。
　☞ She cultivated these flowers from the selected seeds.
　☞ 这是培育蔬菜新品种的研究所。
　☞ This is the institute for cultivating new varieties and kinds of vegetables.
　☞ 我们帮他培育绵羊的优良品种。
　☞ We helped him to cultivate improved breeds of sheep.
3．breed，指从繁殖着眼培育动植物优良品种。
　☞ 我们在农场里培育牛羊，在水库里培育鱼虾。
　☞ We breed cows and sheep in the farm, fishes and shrimps in the reservoir.
　☞ 经过多次实验之后，我们选出并培育了水稻的四种高产品种。
　☞ After many experiments we have selected and bred four strains of high-yielding rice.
　☞ 这些小麦新品种是北京农业大学培育的。
　☞ These new varieties of wheat were bred by Beijing Agricultural University.
4．rear，指培育成人。
　☞ 计划生育使母亲们有了更多的时间学习，并有可能更好地培育孩子。
　☞ Birth control gives mothers more time for study and makes it possible for them to rear their children in a better way.
　☞ 培育建设社会主义的一代新人需要整个社会的努力。
　☞ It needs efforts of the whole society to rear a new generation of builders of socialism.
5．nurture, 指在成长过程中提供培养、教育等。
　☞ 孩子们在父母和老师的培育下健康茁壮地成长。
　☞ Nurtured and educated by their parents and teachers, the children are growing up healthy and strong.
　☞ 学校有责任培育儿童的心灵。
　☞ The school is responsible for nurturing children's mind.
基本 基本
1．fundamental, fundamentally，指根本。
　☞ 我们都认为阅读是一项基本功。
　☞ We all consider reading as a fundamental skill.
　☞ 经济建设才是人民幸福生活的基本保证。
　☞ Only economic construction is the fundamental guarantee of a happy life for the people.
　☞ 国民经济已经基本好转。
　☞ The national economy has taken a fundamental turn for the better.
　☞ 你这样做基本上是对的。
　☞ You were fundamentally right by doing so.
　☞ 虽然你有几个答案与事实不符，但基本正确。
　☞ Although a few of your answers are at variance with the facts, yet they are fundamentally correct.
2．basic, basically，指基础。
　☞ 我们尽管反对，但还是尊重他的基本观点。
　☞ In spite of our opposition, we respected his basic viewpoint all the same.
　☞ 我们的收入包括基本工资加津贴和奖金。
　☞ Our income includes the basic wages plus subsidies and premium.
　☞ 讲基本完成是谨慎的说法。
　☞ To say it is basically accomplished is a prudent way of expression.
　☞ 他们基本上是一群无政府主义者。
　☞ They were basically anarchists.
3．main, mainly, in the main，指主要。
　☞ 把讨论的基本点记下来。
　☞ Note down the main points of the discussion.
　☞ 幸福婚姻的基本条件是信任和尊重。
　☞ Trust and respect are the main conditions of a happy marriage.
　☞ 她基本上是在王教授的指导之下工作。
　☞ She works mainly under Professor Wang's guidance.
　☞ 他的钱基本上来自银行的利息。
　☞ His money comes mainly from interest of his bank deposit.
　☞ 学生们基本上都考得不错。
　☞ In the main, the pupils did well in the test.
　☞ 这基本上是一次中老年集会。
　☞ It was a congregation that consisted, in the main, of middle-aged and elderly people.
4．cardinal，指最主要。
　☞ 他政治思想的基本思路是人人平等。
　☞ The cardinal idea of his political thought is that all people should be equal.
　☞ 社会主义建设的基本因素是速度和质量。
　☞ The cardinal elements of socialist construction are speed and quality.
5．essential，指重要。
　☞ 该案的基本事实就是这些。
　☞ So much for the essential facts of the case.
　☞ 目前国际形势的基本特点是缓和。
　☞ D6tente is the essential feature of the current international situation.
6．capital，指首要。
　☞ 当时最关心的是基本建设。
　☞ At that time the greatest attention was given to the capital construction.
　☞ 向银行借歉，基本建设的投资有优先权。
　☞ Priority of bank loans is given to investment in the capital construction.
7．elementary，指初级。
　☞ 你在这方面连最基本的知识都没有，怎么能希望成功呢？
　☞ How can you expect to succeed without even the most elementary knowledge of the field?
　☞ 咱们现在来演奏几支钢琴的基本练习曲。
　☞ Now let's do some elementary exercises for the piano.
8．rudimentary，指初步。
　☞ 她的舞蹈仅限于一些基本步伐。
　☞ Her dancing was limited only to a few rudimentary steps.
　☞ 我的第一位钢琴老师给了我音乐的一些基本知识。
　☞ My first piano teacher gave me some rudimentary knowledge of music.
9．on the whole，指总体。
　☞ 我对实验基本满意。
　☞ On the whole I am satisfied with the experiment.
　☞ 我们的春游基本成功。
　☞ Our spring outing was successful on the whole.
基础 基础
1．basis，只指抽象意义的基础。
　☞ 该委员会有群众基础。
　☞ The committee has a mass basis.
　☞ 他的建议应成为我们讨论的基础。
　☞ His proposal shall be the basis of our discussion.
　☞ 我们友谊的基础是对体育的共同爱好。
　☞ The basis of our friendship was a common interest in sports.
　☞ 我们愿意同一切国家在平等互利的基础上建立贸易。
　☞ We are willing to establish trade relations with all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
2．foundation，指作过处理的基础。
　☞ 砖墙的基础应打得高出地面。
　☞ The foundation of the brick wall must be laid above the ground.
　☞ 工人正用水泥浇灌基础。
　☞ The workmen are pouring a foundation with cement.
　☞ 该建筑的基础深入地下3米。
　☞ The foundation of the building is three meters deep below ground level.
　 ■ 与此同时，foundation也用于转义，常指坚实的基础。
　☞ 人民是国家的基础。
　☞ The people are the foundation of a nation.
　☞ 民主的基础是人民维护自由的意志。
　☞ The foundation of democracy is the will of the people to preserve liberty.
　☞ 随着经济基础的变化，上层建筑迟早也得改变。
　☞ With the change of the economic foundation the superstructure is to be transformed sooner or later.
3．base，指任何基础，因此基础的意味不强，只表示物体的下部或底部，常有“底座”、“基座”之意，转义时也可指整体的基底。
　☞ 一幢房子总得有个基础。
　☞ A house must have a base.
　☞ 上层建筑是为经济基础服务的。
　☞ The superstructure serves the economic base.
　☞ 公理是几何学的基础。
　☞ Axioms are the base of geometry.
　☞ 我们的战略战术是奠基于人民战争基础之上的。
　☞ Our strategy and tactics rest on the base of people's war.
4．groundwork，指为某种研究、学识、技巧等而打下的基础。
　☞ 经常练习是成功的基础。
　☞ Constant practice is the groundwork for success.
　☞ 有了这些数字，再来研究吸烟的影响就有了良好的基础。
　☞ With those figures, you'll be laying good groundwork for researching into the effects of cigarette smoking.
　☞ 健康是一切幸福的基础。
　☞ The groundwork of all happiness is health.
5．basic，指基本的。
　☞ 他们正要求基础工业国有化。
　☞ They are pressing for the nationalization of basic industries.
　☞ 语音语法是外语初学者的基础课。
　☞ Phonetics and grammar are basic courses for beginners in foreign language learning.
6．fundamental，指根本的。
　☞ 根据我的理解，你一直在搞大家称之为“基础研究”的工作。
　☞ As I understand, you have been going along with what is called "fundamental research".
　☞ 以健全的经济做基础，生产率翻了一番。
　☞ The productivity fundamental to a sound economy has been doubled.
7．elementary，指初级的。
　☞ 我上了基础数学课。
　☞ I've taken a course in elementary math.
　☞ 他的英语发音和基础语法都很好。
　☞ His English pronunciation and elementary grammar were very good.
8．lay basis (foundation, base, groundwork)，都指打下基础、奠定基础。
　☞ 你的实验为进一步的研究打下了坚实的基础。
　☞ Your experiment has laid a solid basis for further researches.
　☞ 他为未来的伟绩奠定了基础。
　☞ He laid the foundation for his future greatness.
　☞ 他早年就为他今后的事业打下了基础。
　☞ In his early years he laid the base for his future career.
　☞ 宪法为我们的民主自由奠定了基础。
　☞ The Constitution has laid the groundwork of our democracy and freedom.
堕落 堕落
1．degenerate，degeneration，指思想、行为蜕化。
　☞ 他政治上已堕落成一个托派分子。
　☞ He's degenerated into a Trot.
　☞ 你这样下去会堕落成一个罪犯的。
　☞ You'll degenerate into a criminal if you go on like this.
　☞ 谁想得到他会走上堕落犯罪的道路。
　☞ Who would have thought that he'd embark on the road of degeneration and crime?
2．sink，指下陷。
　☞ 他怎么会堕落到这种地步？
　☞ How could he sink to such depth?
　☞ 酗酒和赌博使他彻底堕落。
　☞ Excessive drinking and gambling sank him complete lv.
3．drive sb. to，指被驱使到某种境地。
　☞ 贫穷使她堕落风尘。
　☞ Poverty drove her to prostitution.
　☞ 在金钱的诱惑下，他堕落成一个“梁上君子”。
　☞ Under the temptation of money he was driven to becoming "a gentleman on the beam"-a thief.
堵 堵
1．堵塞通道可用stop (up)，block (up)。一般说来，前者指管状物体内的堵塞，后者既可指管体内的堵塞也可指交通线路的堵塞。
　☞ 有什么东西堵在管子里了。
　☞ There is something inside stopping (up) the pipe.
　☞ 他用手指堵住了耳朵。
　☞ He stopped his ears with his fingers.
　☞ 我的鼻子堵了。
　☞ My nose is stopped up.
　☞ 泥石流堵住了上游的河道。
　☞ The mud-rock flow blocked the upper reaches of the river.
　☞ 一块石头掉下来堵住了路。
　☞ A piece of rock had fallen and blocked up the road.
　☞ 一辆抛锚的汽车堵塞了交通。
　☞ A stalled truck blocked the traffic.
　☞ 管子堵了，里面有块木头。
　☞ The pipe is blocked up; there is a piece of wood inside.
2．封死出入口，可用stop (up)，block (up)，throw oneself against。
　☞ 墙上有个洞，我们用什么东西把它堵上？
　☞ There is a hole in the wall; what can we use to stop it up?
　☞ 她用纸巾把污水槽堵了起来。
　☞ She stopped up the sink with paper towel.
　☞ 只有严格制度才能堵住漏洞。
　☞ Only by tightening rules can we stop up all loopholes.
　☞ 他们用沙袋堵住山洞的入口。
　☞ They blocked (up) the entrance to the cave with sandbags.
　☞ 牧民被一场暴风雪堵在山谷里了。
　☞ The herdsmen were blocked up within the valley by a severe snowstorm.
　☞ 黄继光舍身堵住敌人的机枪眼。
　☞ With his body Huang Jiguang blocked the muzzle of the enemy's machine gun.
　☞ 黄继光舍身堵住枪眼。
　☞ Defying death, Huang Jiguang threw himself against the embrasure of the enemy's blockhouse.
3．拦截运动中的物体可用stop, intercept，可以换用。
　☞ 警察不久就堵住了这辆汽车并逮捕了小偷。
　☞ Shortly afterward the police stopped the car and the thief was arrested.
　☞ 逃敌在渡口给堵住了。
　☞ The fleeing enemy was intercepted at the ferry.
4．静止的物体阻挡住另一物体的运动，用be (stand) in the way。
　☞ 箱子堵住了路，快从人行道上搬走。
　☞ The boxes are in the way. Be quick to get them off the sidewalk.
　☞ 不要堵着门。
　☞ Don't stand in the doorway.
5．感到气闷，用feel suffocated。
　☞ 她在拥挤不堪的火车车厢里感到胸口堵得慌。
　☞ She felt suffocated in the crowded train.
　☞ 打针后我感到胸口堵。
　☞ I felt suffocated after I was given an injection.
塌 塌
1．collapse，指倒塌。
　☞ 由于一些木料腐朽，房子塌了。
　☞ The house collapsed because some of the wood had decayed.
　☞ 地震时这个仓库一定会塌。
　☞ The warehouse is bound to collapse if there is an earthquake.
　☞ 梁承受不住压力，屋顶塌了。
　☞ The roof collapsed when the beams gave way.
2．fall down，指塌下来，一般可与collapse换用。
　☞ 由于年久失修，房子快塌了。
　☞ The house is falling down from lack of repair for long years.
　☞ 钢制脚手架塌了，几乎砸到行人。
　☞ The steel scaffolding fell down and narrowly missed a pedestrian.
　☞ 没什么好怕的，天不会塌下来。
　☞ There is nothing to be afraid of. The sky won't fall down.
3．cave in，指向内塌，因此它的词义比collapse窄。
　☞ 天花板塌了一块，打在工人身上。
　☞ A piece of ceiling caved in on the workers.
　☞ 老矿井的顶板十分危险，随时都可能塌。
　☞ The roof of the old mine is very dangerous and could cave in at any time.
　☞ 隧道塌顶了。
　☞ The roof of the tunnel caved in.
4．sink，指下陷。
　☞ 老头子久病之后腮帮子都塌下去了。
　☞ The old man's cheeks were sunken after his long illness.
　☞ 他高高的个子，脸上带着忧伤的神情，掉了牙齿的部位塌了下去。
　☞ He was tall, with a sad face sunken where his teeth were missing.
5．flat，指塌的状态，不指塌的动作。
　☞ 他是个塌鼻梁。
　☞ Ha has a flat nose.
　☞ 这是炸塌了的房子。
　☞ It was the house flat from the blast.
塞 塞
1．stop (up)，指堵塞。
　☞ 里面有什么东西把水管塞住了。
　☞ There is something inside stopping the water pipe.
　☞ 她用纸巾塞住了洗涤槽。
　☞ She stopped up the sink with a paper towel.
2．clog, 指阻塞，作及物动词时可与stop换用。
　☞ 脏东西把管子塞住了。
　☞ Dirt clogged (stopped) up the pipe.
　☞ 管子太细，容易塞住。
　☞ The pipe is so small that it clogs very easily.
3．stuff，指乱塞，且是有意的，而stop，clog则可以是有意的，也可以是无意的。
　☞ 他打开炉门，尽量往炉膛里塞柴。
　☞ He opened the door of the stove and stuffed in as many sticks of wood as he could.
　☞ 他脱下鞋子往里面塞报纸。
　☞ He took off his shoes and stuffed them with newspaper.
　☞ 把耳朵塞起来，马上要发生大爆炸了。
　☞ Stuff up your ears, there's going to be an almighty bang.
　 ■ 不过有时stuff也用于非人所能控制的堵塞。
　☞ 我的鼻子因为着凉塞住了。
　☞ My nose is stuffed up with the cold.
4．fill (in)，指填塞满，也表示有意填塞。
　☞ 塞火鸡就是往火鸡里塞填料。
　☞ To stuff a turkey is to fill its inside with stuffing.
　☞ 弄点灰浆来把这些洞塞住。
　☞ Get some mortar and have these holes filled洒.
5．squeeze，指挤压着硬塞进去。
　☞ 医院里住满了病人，王医生趁有个病人还没来，把我塞了进去。
　☞ The hospital was crowded with patients. Doctor Wang squeezed me in before one who came late.
　☞ 他把车子调来调去，总算把8辆车塞进了一个小小的车库里。
　☞ He managed to squeeze eight cars into a small garage by much maneuvering.
6．thrust，指强行使之接受。
　☞ 我把钱塞到他手里。
　☞ I thrust the money into his hand.
　☞ 统治者们把这些思想塞到了孩子们的头脑里。
　☞ The rulers thrust all the ideas into the children's mind.
7．stick，指随便乱放，故有“塞”的意思。
　☞ 你把包裹塞到哪啦？
　☞ Where did you stick the parcel?
　☞ 邮递员把信从门下面塞了进去。
　☞ The postman stuck the letter under the door.
　 ■ 但有时也指为了某一目的而塞。
　☞ 她有时候疼得往嘴里塞布，好不让自己出声。
　☞ Sometimes the pain was so great that she had to stick a cloth into her mouth to gag herself.
增加 增加
1．increase，指数量、规模、强度等逐步增加。
　☞ 改革以来，老师的工资总额增加了20倍。
　☞ The total wages of teachers have increased twenty times since the reform.
　☞ 省政府增加了科研拨款的规模。
　☞ The government of the province has increased the size of the research grant.
　☞ 他进来时的那种窘态增加了我们的疑虑。
　☞ His embarrassed manner as he entered increased our doubt.
2．add to, 与increase相反，不指逐渐增加，而是一次或多次增加。
　☞ 你有什么权力增加她心里的痛苦？
　☞ What right have you to add to the ache of her heart?
　☞ 今天我的书库里又增加了10本书。
　☞ I have added another ten books to my library.
　☞ 我们需要发挥想像力并增加教学上的技巧。
　☞ We need to exert our imagination and add art to our teaching.
3．raise, go up，指增高。
　☞ 据说我们的工资要增加15%。
　☞ It is said that our wages are to be raised 15%.
　☞ 只要增加温度，石头也会熔化。
　☞ Even rock will melt, provided you raise the temperature.
　☞ 报名申请的人数由3,000增加到5,000。
　☞ The number of applicants has gone up from 3,000 to 5,000.
　☞ 国民收入明年要增加到5. 6%。
　☞ The national income is to go up next year by 5.6 percent.
4．extend, expand，指长度、面积、空间上的增加。
　☞ 这些课程可以增加学生的知识面。
　☞ These courses will extend the students' range of knowledge.
　☞ 我们已获准增加调查范围。
　☞ We have obtained permission to extend the field of investigation.
　☞ 该超级大国企图利用这一军事实力来增加其影响及威信。
　☞ The superpower is trying to take advantage of this military power to expand its influence and prestige.
　☞ 政府基金是会帮助工业企业增加就业面的。
　☞ The government's funds would help industry expand in areas of employment.
5．enlarge，指体积、容积的增加。
　☞ 农业增产在于增加复种面积。
　☞ The production increase in agriculture lies in enlarging the multiple-cropping area.
　☞ 每笔成功的投资都可以增加个人财富。
　☞ Every successful investment enlarges one's personal fortune.
6．put on，指体重、金钱等的增加。
　☞ 到那些地方去的孩子都马上增加了体重。
　☞ The children who went there put on weight at once.
　☞ 我们怕的是向农民增加任意摊派。
　☞ What we are afraid of is to put on arbitrary charges imposed on the peasants.
7．build up，指点滴积累起来的增加。
　☞ 老城里种族间的紧张气氛增加了。
　☞ Racial tensions are building up in the old part of the city.
　☞ 我们对敌人的压力在增加。
　☞ Our pressure on the enemy is building up.
8．double，指增加一倍。
　☞ 产量比去年增加一倍。
　☞ The output doubled that of last year.
　☞ 销售额在五年内增加了一倍。
　☞ Sales doubled in five years.
增强 增强
1．strengthen，指增强内在的力量。
　☞ 我们要想尽办法来增强部队的战斗力。
　☞ We must try every possible way to strengthen fighting capacity of the troops.
　☞ 这次罢工增强了劳工的阶级意识。
　☞ The strike has strengthened the class-consciousness of the laborers.
2．enhance，指增强内在的强度。
　☞ 只有增强党性，才能团结互助。
　☞ Only by enhancing Party spirit can we work in unity and help one another.
　☞ 他在事业上的一举成功增强了他的信心。
　☞ His success in the career at a single attempt has enhanced his confidence.
3．heighten，指在程度上增强。
　☞ 9·11事件增强了美国的反阿拉伯情绪。
　☞ The Sept. 11 Event has heightened the anti-Arab feeling in the United States.
　☞ 情报显示，近日来敌人增强了军事活动。
　☞ The information shows that the enemy has heightened their military activity these days.
4．raise，指提高。
　☞ 长官不打士兵、官兵待遇平等、士兵有开会说话的自由、废除繁琐的礼节、经济公开，这一切都增强了红军的斗志。
　☞ The officers do not beat the men; officers and men receive equal treatment; soldiers are free to hold meetings and speak out; trivial formalities have been done away with; and the accounts are open for all to inspect, all this has raised the morale of the Red Army.
　☞ 如果采用水冷系统，发电机的功率就可增强。
　☞ The power of the generator will be raised if we apply the water-cooled system to it.
5．rise，指上升。
　☞ 夜间地震将增强至6级。
　☞ The earthquake will rise to magnitude 6 at night.
　☞ 风力不是减弱而是增强。
　☞ The wind has risen rather than dropped.
6．build up，指逐渐积累起来的增强。
　☞ 你要每天多加锻炼以增强体质。
　☞ Get plenty of exercise every day and build up your health.
　☞ 银行都已增强了自己的储备来对付危机。
　☞ The banks have built up their reserves to cope with the crisis.
增长 增长
1．increase，着重点在增。
　☞ 统计数字表明平均工资每年增长15%。
　☞ The statistics registered an increase of average wages by 15%a year.
　☞ 我校的注册人数比去年有了明显增长。
　☞ The enrollment of our university shows a marked increase over last year.
2．growth, 着重点在长。
　☞ 据报道，上海市的人口已为零增长。
　☞ It is reported the population of Shanghai has reached zero growth.
　☞ 国务院宣布政府的目标是要使经济增长7. 5%。
　☞ The State Council announced that a 7.5 percent economic growth was the government's aim.
3．rise, 指高度上增长。
　☞ 增长工资的基础在于发展经济。
　☞ The rise in salary is based on the development of economy.
　☞ 资金增长过快会使经济过热。
　☞ Sharp rise of capital makes the economy overheated.
4．enhance，指强度上增长。
　☞ 城市的扩大往往会使附近的土地价值增长。
　☞ The growth of a city enhances the value of land close to it.
　☞ 放手让新干部工作可以增长他们的才干。
　☞ To give new cadres a free hand in their work will enhance their abilities.
5．broaden，指面上增长。
　☞ 这些课程可以增长学生的知识。
　☞ These courses will broaden the students' knowledge.
　☞ 销路的增长要看你们怎么干了。
　☞ Broadening sales is up to what you will do.
6．有时上下文已经表明增长，也可以不译。
　☞ 钢产量比解放前增长了3,000倍。
　☞ Steel output is 3,000 times what it was before liberation.
壮丽 壮丽
1．magnificent，指气势宏大的壮丽。
　☞ 壮丽的人民大会堂就在天安门广场的西侧。
　☞ The magnificent Great Hall of the People is right on the west side of the Tian'anmen Square.
　☞ 瞧这西山壮丽的秋景，色彩如此强烈，如此灿烂。
　☞ Just look at this magnificent autumn landscape of the Western Hills with such intensity and brilliance!
2．majestic，指气势不凡的壮丽。
　☞ 半夜雾散后，梅里雪山在月光下呈现出我从未见过的壮丽景色。
　☞ At midnight, when the fog disappeared, the Meili Snow Mount in the moonlight presented a majestic view I have never seen before.
　☞ 我们在高处鸟瞰石林的壮丽景观，不由得惊叹自然界的鬼斧神工。
　☞ On the height, when we had a commanding view of the majestic landscape of the Stone Forest, we could not help wondering at the secret work of nature.
3．glorious，指光辉灿烂的壮丽。
　☞ 多么壮丽的夕阳，尽管已近黄昏！
　☞ What glorious sunset though it has been at dusk!
　☞ 托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》是俄罗斯的一篇壮丽史诗！
　☞ War and Peace by Lev Tolstoy is a glorious epic of Russia!
　☞ 贝多芬的《第九交响乐》是壮丽的音乐篇章。
　☞ Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is a glorious piece of music.
声明 声明
1．announce, announcement, 指首次声明，而声明的内容是引起人们兴趣的事情。
　☞ 他正式声明他不是候选人。
　☞ He announced officially that he was not a candidate.
　☞ 在他发表长篇声明时，群众噪动不安起来。
　☞ During his long announcement the crowd began to stir restlessly.
2．declare, declaration, 指公开的正式声明。
　☞ 市议会声明支持改善公共福利设施。
　☞ The city council has declared for improving the public welfare facilities.
　☞ 中英两国政府发表了中英关于香港问题的联合声明。
　☞ The governments of China and Britain have issued the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the question of Hong Kong.
3．state, statement，指正式的陈述性声明。
　☞ 工人们声明不达成工资、工作条件的全面协议，罢工就要进行下去。
　☞ Workers have stated that the strike will continue until a general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions.
　☞ 不久以后，我国政府就此发表了第一个公开声明。
　☞ Soon afterwards our government made its first public statement about the affair.
4．profess, profession，指自白式的声明。
　☞ 她声明自己是无辜的。
　☞ She professed herself to be guiltless.
　☞ 皇宫卫队发表了忠于国王的声明。
　☞ The guard of the imperial palace gave a profession of loyalty to the emperor.
处于 处于
1．表示处于某种状态，用be in表示某种状况或情况，用be on表示某种状态，用be at表示某种抽象意义。
　☞ 现在，你在那里显然会处于困难的境地。
　☞ Obviously, you would be in a difficult position there now.
　☞ 我们仍处于社会主义建设的时代。
　☞ We are still in the era of socialist construction.
　☞ 中国当时正处于内战的边缘。
　☞ At the time China was on the brink of civil war.
　☞ 解放后新中国的妇女与男子处于平等地位。
　☞ After liberation women of New China are on an equal footing with men.
　☞ 学生运动当时正处于高潮。
　☞ The student movement was at high tide.
　☞ 罢工开始后，一切都处于停顿。
　☞ Everything was at a standstill after the strike had begun.
2．表示处于某种形势之中也属于这一类，可用live in, stand in。
　☞ 她处于随时都会受到袭击的恐怖之中。
　☞ She lives in fear of being attacked at any time.
　☞ 今天世界上还有许许多多被压迫被剥削的人们处于水深火热之中。
　☞ In the world today there are still millions of oppressed and exploited people living in the abyss of suffering.
　☞ 你了解我们处于什么样的情况之中吗？
　☞ Do you know what situation we stand in?
　☞ 他们整个5年计划处于垮台之中。
　☞ Their entire five-year plan stands in peril of collapse.
3．表示不知不觉中发现自己处于某种境地，可用find oneself in。
　☞ 他处于进退两难之中。
　☞ He found himself in a dilemma.
　☞ 王太太处于令人难堪的境地。
　☞ Madame Wang found herself in an embarrassing position.
4．表示处于某种优势，可用have the advantage in。
　☞ 我们在拔河比赛中处于优势。
　☞ We had the advantage in the tug-of-war contest.
　☞ 他擅长演说，所以在辩论中总是处于优势。
　☞ Being a good speaker, he always has the advantage in debates.
5．表示使处于某种不利状态，可用be reduced to。
　☞ 敌人处于绝对的劣势。
　☞ The enemy forces were reduced to absolute inferiority。
　☞ 掠夺性的纳税使农民处于赤贫状态。
　☞ The predatory taxation reduced the peasants to a state of abject poverty.
　☞ 农业连年歉收使小农经济处于赤贫状态。
　☞ The succession of bad harvests had reduced the small-scale peasant economy to penury.
处处 处处
1．表示比较明确具体的范围，可译为in all respects, in every respect。
　☞ 共产党员应处处严格要求自己。
　☞ Communists must set strict demands on themselves in all respects.
　☞ 这一计划处处都有缺点。
　☞ The plan is faulty in every respect.
2．如果这种范围比较含糊，可译everywhere。
　☞ 祖国处处都出现了新的变化。
　☞ New changes have taken place everywhere in our country.
　☞ 我们城里处处都有水井。
　☞ Wells are to be found everywhere in our city.
3．如果这种范围比较大，如国家、世界性范围时，也可不用everywhere，而用all over the country (world)。
　☞ 祖国处处有亲人。
　☞ All over our country one can find friends and dear ones.
　☞ 世界上处处都有善良正直的人们。
　☞ There are people of goodwill and integrity all over the world.
4．“处处”可以由表示地点的范围转为表示时间的范围，意为“时时刻刻”，这时可译成always。
　☞ 一个真正的革命者处处都以革命利益为重。
　☞ A true revolutionary always puts the interests of revolution first.
　☞ 你处处为人着想的精神令人钦佩。
　☞ Your spirit of always thinking of others commands admiration.
5．“处处”也可转为行为方式的范围，意为“各种方式”，这时可译为in every possible way，in every way。
　☞ 老方和我在一块儿工作，他处处都帮助我。
　☞ Fang and I work together, and he helps me in every possible way.
　☞ 不论我干什么，他处处都跟我过不去。
　☞ Whatever I did he tried to be hard on me in every possible way.
　☞ 插图处处都配得上正文。
　☞ The illustrations are in every way worthy of the letterpress.
处理 处理
1．treat (with)，侧重处理的方法。
　☞ 剧本的主题处理得很有技巧。
　☞ The theme of the play is skillfully treated.
　☞ 我们按收到的顺序处理各种要求。
　☞ We treated all requirements in the order in which they are received.
　☞ 水壶的水垢一般都用硫酸处理。
　☞ Scales in kettles usually are treated with euphoric acid.
　☞ 脏水可用漂白粉处理。
　☞ Filthy water can be treated with bleaching powder.
2．deal with，侧重处理的态度。
　☞ 我们将对他宽大处理。
　☞ We'll deal leniently with him.
　☞ 他抱病继续处理各种各样的问题。
　☞ In spite of his illness he continued to deal with a variety of problems.
　☞ 对这些情况，我们必须分轻重缓急适当处理。
　☞ We must deal with these conditions properly in their order of urgency.
3．take charge of，侧重处理的责任。
　☞ 在我出国期间全部业务一概由他处理。
　☞ He'll take charge of all business during my stay abroad.
　☞ 我们是不应该让一个没有经验的干部来处理这件事的。
　☞ We ought not to let an inexperienced cadre take charge of the affair.
　☞ 痛快地玩一玩，不要担心公司的业务，我会处理的。
　☞ Have a good time and don't worry about the business in the company. I'll take charge of it.
4．handle，侧重控制、调节。
　☞ 合作社同农民的关系同样也要处理好。
　☞ Similarly, the relationship between the co-operative and the peasants should be well handled.
　☞ 人民内部矛盾应该得到正确的处理。
　☞ The contradictions among the people must be handled correctly.
　☞ 处理这些事情，公共团体要比个人恰当。
　☞ Public organizations can handle these matters better than individuals.
　☞ 处理这件事应该冷静、耐心。
　☞ This matter has to be handled with calm and patience.
5．attend to，侧重处理时的精力集中和注意力的专注。
　☞ 我们对信息处理是有所选择的。
　☞ We are selective about information we attend to.
　☞ 我有件急事要处理。
　☞ I have an urgent matter to attend to.
　☞ 不要着急，一切都会及时处理的。
　☞ Don't worry. Everything will be attended to in good time.
6．approach，侧重通过某种途径处理。
　☞ 我们特别想了解这一问题是怎么正确处理的。
　☞ Above all, we want to know how to approach the problem correctly.
　☞ 这不是处理此事的正确办法。
　☞ This is not the proper way to approach the matter.
　☞ 党对危机的清醒处理防止了一场灾难。
　☞ The Party's sober approach to the crisis averted a catastrophe.
7．process，侧重加工处理。
　☞ 计算机传感器收集各种资料并加以处理。
　☞ The computer collects all the information from the sensors and processes it.
　☞ 我们愿意马上处理你的订货。
　☞ We will process your order at once.
8．conduct，侧重处理整个过程。
　☞ 只有在那时，我们党才感到可以腾出手来处理国内外大事。
　☞ Only at that moment did our Party feel that she had a free hand to conduct both domestic and foreign affairs.
　☞ 无论正确与否他对如何正确处理这些教训有他自己的看法。
　☞ Whether right or wrong, he has ideas of his own about how the lessons should be conducted.
9．get through with, be through with，侧重处理的完成。
　☞ 我把工作处理一下就来参加。
　☞ As soon as I get through with my work, I'll join you.
　☞ 我回去处理一下家务就来。
　☞ I'll go home and come back as soon as I'm through with my chores.
10．dispose of，disposal，侧重处理的结果是为了某种目的。clear off (out)，侧重处理的目的是清理。
　☞ 我把自行车处理了，又买了辆新的。
　☞ I disposed of my old bicycle and bought a new one.
　☞ 她处理了亡夫的财物后改嫁了。
　☞ She disposed of her late husband's property and got married again.
　☞ 把那些垃圾处理了。
　☞ Set to the disposal of that rubbish.
　☞ 他让我来处理他的房子。
　☞ He placed his house at my disposal.
　☞ 我得处理我生病期间积压的工作和信件。
　☞ I have to clear off arrears of work and correspondence during my illness.
　☞ 经理要处理仓库里积压的存货。
　☞ The manager wants to clear out all the old stock in the warehouse.
11．侧重转移给某人、某部门处理时，可译为refer... to…。
　☞ 地方法院已把整个案件移交到高等法院处理。
　☞ The local court has referred the whole case to the High Court.
　☞ 这事请保卫科处理。
　☞ Please refer the matter to the security section.
12．sell at a reduced price，专指商品削价处理。
　☞ 本店商品削价处理。
　☞ Goods are sold at a reduced price in this shop.
　☞ 处理品有时跟正品一样好。
　☞ Sometimes goods sold at a reduced price are as good as quality products.
复原 复原
1．recover，指恢复，作“复原”解时词义较窄，只限于恢复健康。
　☞ 在那次访问中，她身体复原了。
　☞ On that visit she recovered her health.
　☞ 我刚从一场重病当中复原。
　☞ I have only just recovered from a severe illness.
　☞ 他病得很重，不大可能复原。
　☞ He is very ill and unlikely to recover.
　☞ 你完全复原了吗？
　☞ Have you completely recovered from the illness?
2．restore，指恢复，作“复原”解时词义较宽，也可作“修复”讲。
　☞ 海风使她的身体复原。
　☞ The sea air restored his health.
　☞ 花了好几个月她的身体才复原。
　☞ It took a few months to restore her to health.
　☞ 这座在战争中遭到破坏的城市已经复原。
　☞ The city, which was destroyed in the war, has been restored.
　☞ 复原后的金镂玉衣充分显示出中国古代劳动人民的精湛工艺。
　☞ The restored jade burial suit fully reveals the consummate skill of the laboring people of ancient China.
复杂 复杂
1．complex，形容词，指不是人为的而是自然而然形成的复杂。
　☞ 他对她复杂的本性到现在才有了较好的了解。
　☞ He has by now a better understanding of her complex nature.
　☞ 他的政治思想过于复杂，难以得到普通老百姓的支持。
　☞ His political ideas are too complex to get support from ordinary people.
　☞ 复杂句除了主句以外，还有一个以上的从句。
　☞ A complex sentence has one or more clauses besides the main clause.
　☞ 北京和郑州之间连接有复杂的道路交通网。
　☞ There is a complex network of roads connecting Beijing and Zhengzhou.
　☞ 我们低估了教育问题的复杂性。
　☞ We underestimated the complexity of educational problems.
　☞ 他这个人的个性不算复杂。
　☞ He is a man of few complexities by nature.
　☞ 她既有女性的优雅，同时又兼有喜爱研究法律和统计等复杂问题的头脑。
　☞ She combines feminine elegance with a mind which delights in legal and statistical complexities.
2．complicated，指人为造成的复杂。
　☞ 他似乎善于把复杂的思想用简单的语言表达出来。
　☞ He seems able to put complicated thought into simple words.
　☞ 他的问题是一个变得复杂了的人如何返璞归真的问题。
　☞ His problem is that of the complicated man recovering his original simplicity.
　☞ 现实世界总是远比最最复杂的模拟计算还要复杂。
　☞ The real world is always far more complex than any most complicated analog computation.
　☞ 工人的罢工会使目前的局势复杂化。
　☞ Workers' strike will complicate the present situation.
　☞ 我们应当求同存异，避免问题复杂化。
　☞ We should seek common ground while reserving differences to avoid complicating the problem.
　☞ 我们不应让边境冲突继续复杂化。
　☞ We should not allow further complication of the border clash.
3．intricate，指不易操纵、不易弄懂的复杂。
　☞ 复杂的计算机要求操作人员技术熟练。
　☞ The intricate computer requires a skilled operator.
　☞ 生物化学家可以巧妙地创造复杂的分子和物质， 如称之为基因的合成物质。
　☞ Biochemists may skillfully create intricate molecules and substances, as the synthesis of the substance that is called a gene.
多 多
1．many，much，表示量大。
　☞ 人多心杂。
　☞ Many men，many minds.
　☞ 要办的事情很多。
　☞ There are many things to attend to.
　☞ 他走得远，见得多。
　☞ He has traveled far and seen much.
　☞ 时间紧迫，我不能多考虑。
　☞ Time is pressing, I can't give it much thought.
　☞ 他有很多男朋友，女的认识得不多。
　☞ He has a lot of men friends, but he doesn't know many girls.
　☞ 这个赛季我们打了很多比赛，但赢的不多。
　☞ We have played lots of matches this season, but we haven't won many.
　“剩下的饭菜不多了吧？”“还有很多面包和汤。”
　 "There isn't much food, is there?" "There's lots of bread and soup."
　☞ 你问的问题太多。
　☞ You ask too many questions.
　☞ 你干得太多了。
　☞ You work too much.
　☞ 她有那么多的孩子，都不知怎么办了。
　☞ She has so many children that she doesn't know what to do.
　☞ 剩了那么多漆，我们拿它怎么办？
　☞ There is so much paint left! What are we going to do with it?
　☞ 据报道，非洲国家的语言多达700种。
　☞ It is reported that in the countries of Africa there are as many as 700 languages.
　☞ 这里的雨量充沛，一年多达150毫米。
　☞ The rain is plentiful here, as much as 150mm yearly.
　☞ 美国好莱坞电影由于露胸太多而遭到印度审查机关的抵制。
　☞ The American Hollywood film was rejected by the Indian censor's office for exposing too much bosom.（到底露出多少胸部无法衡量）
　☞ 聚会上有太多的电影、香烟和巧克力。
　☞ There is too much cinema, cigarettes and chocolates at the party.（把cinema, cigarettes, chocolates看成一个整体，因此无法计数）
2．all，表示全部。
　☞ 有多大劲儿，就使多大劲儿。
　☞ Put all the strength you have.
　☞ 请多帮助。
　☞ Please give me all the help you can.
　☞ 你在那里要多做、多听，但不能全信。
　☞ When you are there, do all and listen to all you can, but don't believe all you hear.
3．more (than)等比较级，表示多于原来的数量。
　☞ 我们比原计划多打了10口井。
　☞ We have sunk 10 wells more than the plan called for.
　☞ 他在那里多耽搁了几天。
　☞ He stayed there a few days longer.
4．too many (much)，表示过量。
　☞ 这个句子多了一个字。
　☞ There is one word too many in this sentence.
　☞ 他多给了我两个。
　☞ He gave me two too many.
　☞ 昨天她话多了点。
　☞ She talked too much yesterday.
　☞ 我们多喝了点。
　☞ We have had a drop too much.
5．much, far, a lot加比较级，表示多的程度。
　☞ 服了那药，我感觉好多了。
　☞ After taking the medicine, I feel much better.
　☞ 我付的钱比我该付的多得多。
　☞ I paid far more than I should.
　☞ 他感觉好多了。
　☞ He's feeling a lot better.
　☞ 我胖多了。
　☞ I'm a lot fatter.
6．extra, odd，表示额外。
　☞ 为了多搞点石油，他们跟我们公司做了几笔专门的交易。
　☞ They made special deals with our corporation to obtain extra petroleum.
　☞ 本店为春节多雇了几个职工。
　☞ Our store hired extra clerks for the Spring Festival.
　☞ 他打橄榄球时总要随身多带一条短裤。
　☞ When he played Rugby he always took an odd pair of shorts with him.
　☞ 全书1,000多页。
　☞ It's a book of 1,000-odd pages.
7．abundance, abundant with, abound in (with)，表示大量。
　☞ 南方多水，利于灌溉。
　☞ Irrigation is easy in the South because of the abundance of water.
　☞ 阴暗潮湿的地方蚊子多。
　☞ There are mosquitoes in abundance in dark wet places.
　☞ 河谷地带多种水稻。
　☞ Rice is abundant in river valleys.
　☞ 这条河里鱼多。
　☞ The river is abundant with fish.
　☞ 这地方温泉多。
　☞ The land abounds in hot springs.
　☞ 那里野花多。
　☞ Wild flowers abound there.
8．high，表示含量或可能性高。
　☞ 这种水果的维生素C多。
　☞ Such fruit is high in vitamin C.
　☞ 夏天得痢疾的多。
　☞ There is a high incidence of dysentery in summer.
9．加前缀multi或poly，表示不止一个。
　☞ 我国采用共产党领导下的多党合作和协商制度。
　☞ China has adopted the system of multiparty cooperation and consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party.
　☞ 多基因是遗传体系的成员之一。
　☞ The polygene is one member of the genetic system.
10．how，表示疑问。
　☞ 他多大年纪？
　☞ How old is he?
　☞ 要多厚的木板才能做桌面？
　☞ How thick must a piece of wood be if it is to be made into a tabletop?
11．how，what，表示惊讶。
　☞ 瞧，她多精神！
　☞ Look, how energetic she is!
　☞ 她有多漂亮！
　☞ How pretty she is!
　☞ 多美的声音！
　☞ What a beautiful voice!
　☞ 多可爱的小女孩！
　☞ What a lovely little girl!
12．any，表示随便什么样的。
　☞ 给我一根绳子，多长的都行。
　☞ Give me a piece of rope, any length will do.
　☞ 她要一份工作，多难也不在乎。
　☞ She wants a job and doesn't care any difficult one.
13．long, far，表示时间或距离。
　☞ 我们出去散会儿步，要不了多长时间。
　☞ We'll go out for a stroll. It won't be long.
　☞ 没走多远，他又回来了。
　☞ He turned back before he had gone very far.
14．no matter how (however)，表示让步。
　☞ 多复杂的算术题他都能做出来。
　☞ He can do any arithmetic problem, no matter how complicated it is.
　☞ 多贵我都得把车子修好。
　☞ I have to get the car fixed no matter how (however) much it costs.
多余 多余
1．surplus，指剩下来的多余。
　☞ 农民每年都把多余的农产品卖给国家。
　☞ The peasants sell their surplus farm products to the state every year.
　☞ 多余的洋芋过去都用来喂猪。
　☞ Surplus potatoes were used to feed pigs.
2．superfluous，指不需要的多余。
　☞ 老师把我作文里多余的词语都删掉了。
　☞ The teacher cut out superfluous words and phrases of my composition.
　☞ 我已经知道了该干什么，因此他的忠告是多余的。
　☞ I have known what to do already, so his advice is superfluous.
　☞ 如果你有多余的精力，干吗不搞点锻练？
　☞ Why don't you practice some exercise if you have superfluous energy?
3．be uncalled for，指多此一举的多余。
　☞ 事实证明我们的担心是多余的。
　☞ Facts proved that our worries were uncalled for.
　☞ 我刚才说的话似乎是多余的。
　☞ What I said just now seemed to be uncalled for.
4．unnecessary，指不必要的多余。
　☞ 这是多余的话，你本来就不该发表自己的观点。
　☞ That was an unnecessary remark. You shouldn't have aired your view.
　☞ 所有这一切完全是多余的。
　☞ All this is totally unnecessary.
多少 多少
1．amount后接不可数名词，number后接可数名词，都表示数量不定。
　☞ 大家都给“希望工程”捐了钱，只是多少不等。
　☞ Everyone gave a contribution to "Project Hope" , though it varied in amount.
　☞ 人数多少由你来定。
　☞ The number of people is left for you to decide.
2．somewhat，表示有点。
　☞ 我们对他的态度多少感到吃惊。
　☞ We were somewhat surprised at his attitude.
　☞ 得知他在上海，做母亲的多少松了口气。
　☞ Mother was somewhat relieved to learn that he was in Shanghai.
3．more or less，表示或多或少。
　☞ 她对这个消息多少是相信的。
　☞ She believed or less the news.
　☞ 他爱他的女儿，因此也多少喜欢女婿。
　☞ He loved his daughter and more or less liked his son-in-law.
4．to some extent，表示某种程度。
　☞ 这多少是我的过错。
　☞ To some extent that was my fault.
　☞ 这责难多少是有道理的。
　☞ The reproach is to some extent justified.
5．something，表示事物的不确定。
　☞ 他讲的多少有点东西。
　☞ There was something in what he said.
　☞ 多少得做点事。
　☞ Something must be done.
　☞ 我感到多少有点问题。
　☞ I have a feeling that something is wrong.
6．a little，表示少量。
　☞ 他多少说几句英语。
　☞ He speaks a little English.
　☞ 他有时候多少有点精神恍惚。
　☞ She's a little out of mind sometimes.
多少 多少
1．how many，how much，what，用于询问。
　☞ 这一班有多少学生？
　☞ How many pupils are there in the class?
　☞ 这药我每次吃多少？
　☞ How much of the medicine do I take each time?
　☞ 这里的粮食亩产量是多少？
　☞ What is the per mu yield of grain here?
2．all，表示全部。
　☞ 我知道多少就说多少。
　☞ I'll tell all I know.
　☞ 有多少劲儿就使多少劲儿。
　☞ Use all your strength.
3．as many (much) as，表示尽量。
　☞ 我们能安置多少难民就安置多少。
　☞ We'll house as many refugees as we can.
　☞ 你需要多少纸就领多少。
　☞ Get as much paper as you need.
4．few，little，表示很少。
　☞ 街上没有多少行人。
　☞ There were few people in the street.
　☞ 我没有多少钱买参考书。
　☞ I have little money to buy reference books.
5．many，much，表示很多。
　☞ 我们经过多少年的坚苦努力才取得今天的成就。
　☞ Through many years of our painstaking efforts we have at last achieved what we have today.
　☞ 我有多少事要告诉你。
　☞ I have much to tell you.
6．no matter what (how)，表示让步。“多少”常与“不论”连用。
　☞ 不论有多少困难都不能阻止我们前进。
　☞ No matter what difficulties we have, nothing can stop our advance.
　☞ 不论有多少人对我进行攻击，我都要坚持真理。
　☞ I'll hold firmly to the truth no matter how many people attack me.
够 够
1．enough，表示数量上充裕，程度上充分，而且词性活跃，可用作名词、形容词、副词等。
　☞ 关于这个题目说得够多了。
　☞ Enough has been said on this subject.
　☞ 我受够了，故决定辞职。
　☞ I have had enough and decided to tender my resignation.
　☞ 有5个人就够了。
　☞ Five men will be enough.
　 ■ 使用enough时要注意以下几点。
1) enough修饰名词时，其位置可前可后。
　☞ 我们人手够了。
　☞ We have enough manpower.或We have manpower enough.
2) enough修饰形容词或副词时，其位置都在后。
　☞ 他够聪明的。
　☞ He is clever enough.
　☞ 你写得够好的。
　☞ You write well enough.
3) 下列形容词之后常接enough，再接动词不定式。bad, brave, careful, careless, clever, courageous, cruel, dangerous, foolish, fortunate, good, high, honest, imprudent, large, long, low, lucky, old, old-fashioned, patient, poor, prudent, rich, sensible, shrewd, silly, strong, tall, weak, well, wide，wise，young等。如：
　☞ 有这样一个儿子，他够幸运的。
　☞ He is lucky (fortunate) enough to have such a son.
　☞ 要发准这些词的音，你是够细心的。
　☞ You are careful enough to pronounce the words correctly.
4) enough后置于某些用作表语的名词之后，由于这些名词在词性上的形容词化，故一般不加不定冠词a。
　☞ 你承认了这件事，够汉子的。
　☞ You're man enough to acknowledge it.
　☞ 骗子说什么他都信，够蠢的。
　☞ He was fool enough to believe what the cheat said.
　☞ 他帮她，够君子的。
　☞ He was gentleman enough to help her.
　☞ 他朗读了铭文，够有学者风度的。
　☞ He was scholar enough to read the inscription.
　☞ 你回避困难，够胆小的。
　☞ You are coward enough to dodge difficulties.
2．sufficiency, sufficient, sufficiently, suffice, 正式用语，义同enough，但用得较少，而且词性上也受限制。
　☞ 他对设备是否够一直表示怀疑。
　☞ He has doubted of the sufficiency of the equipment.
　☞ 这次旅行，我们的汽油够吗？
　☞ Do we have sufficient fuel for the trip?
　☞ 100人都够吃了。
　☞ It is sufficient to feed a hundred men.
　☞ 你够熟练的了。
　☞ You are sufficiently skilled.
　☞ 这里只举一个例子就够了。
　☞ Here a single example will suffice.
　☞ 光是家庭作业就够他父母高兴的了。
　☞ Only his homework will suffice to please his parents.
　 ■ enough与sufficient的区别是前者表示数量的度，而后者表示程度的度。
　☞ 我们的座位够大家坐的。
　☞ We have enough seats for everyone.
　☞ 他掌握英语的熟练程度能读英语的文学作品。
　☞ He has acquired sufficient proficiency to read English literary works.
3．adequate，指满足需要。
　☞ 他的工资够养3个人的。
　☞ His wages are adequate to support three people.
　☞ 短期休假，我们带的粮食够吃了。
　☞ We took adequate food for the short holiday.
　☞ 供应不够需求的。
　☞ The supply is not adequate to the demand.
4．have (eat，drink) one's fill (of)，表示吃饱、喝足和饱受各种经历的程度。
　☞ 你蛋糕吃够了吗？
　☞ Have you had your fill of cakes?
　☞ 昨晚聚餐时，我们吃了个够。
　☞ During the party dinner we ate our fill last night.
　☞ 那条狗跑到池塘边，喝了个够。
　☞ The dog ran to the pond and drank its fill.
　☞ 他说他在国外都旅行够了。
　☞ He says he has had his fill of travel in foreign countries.
　☞ 对像他这样的人，我一天就够了。
　☞ I've had my fill of a person like him for a day.
5．be tired of, be fed up with，表示厌烦。
　☞ 她等他等够丁，就嫁给了王先生。
　☞ She was tired of waiting for him and married Mr.
　☞ Wang.
　☞ 我读够了教条主义的文章。
　☞ I've been tired of reading the articles imbued with dogmatism.
　☞ 你嘟囔得还不够吗？
　☞ Aren't you fed up with your grumbling?
　☞ 这雨天，我真是够了。
　☞ I'm really fed up with this wet weather.
6．quite，highly，really等，表示程度，有“相当”、“很”等意思，多用在带积极意义的形容词前面。
　☞ 这里的土是够肥的。
　☞ The soil here is quite fertile.
　☞ 这音乐真够赏心悦耳的。
　☞ The music is highly pleasing and enjoyable to both the ear and mind indeed.
　☞ 我们之间的关系够愉快的。
　☞ The relations between us are really pleasant.
7．keep＋宾语＋补语，表示动作持续了足够的时间或程度。
　☞ 几千块钱就够我用几个月了。
　☞ A few thousand yuan will keep me going for several months.
　☞ 这个学科够他学一阵子的了。
　☞ The subject will keep him studying for a period of time.
　☞ 这活够我们忙几天的。
　☞ The job will keep us busy for several days.
　☞ 你说的话够他尴尬的了。
　☞ What you said kept him embarrassed.
　☞ 他那点钱几乎不够他吃的。
　☞ The little money that he has will hardly keep him in food.
　 ■ 被动语态时，其句型应为：主语＋be kept＋补语。
　☞ 告诉你，够你等的了！
　☞ You'll be kept waiting, I tell you!
　☞ 上百万美元的损失，够这位局长受的了。
　☞ The director will be kept putting up with the loss of about a million U.S. dollars.
8．last，表示在某段时间里够（吃、用）了。
　☞ 这些里面装着钱的红包当作零用钱够她用一整年的了。
　☞ These red wrappers with money inside were to last her the whole year as pocket money.
　☞ 我们的粮食整个冬天都够了。
　☞ Our food will last through the whole winter.
9．lack, be lacking (in)．short of，表示欠缺、短缺引起的不够。
　☞ 千这样的事，我的勇气不够。
　☞ I lack the courage to do a thing like this.
　☞ 食物不够。
　☞ Food is lacking.
　☞ 他似乎不够坦诚。
　☞ He seems to be lacking in frankness.
　☞ 当时，我们的资金不够。
　☞ We were short of funds.
10．reach，表示伸手能够够着。
　☞ 他踮起脚尖想去够树上的苹果。
　☞ He tried to reach the apples in the tree by standing on tiptoes.
　☞ 我够了半天也没够着。
　☞ I tried to reach it for a long time, but failed.
大 大
1．large，一般指具体物件的大小，与small相对，因此不带感情色彩。
　☞ 我要一个大盒子，这个太小。
　☞ I want a large box, this is too small.
　☞ 这外衣我穿太大。
　☞ The coat is too large for me.
2．big，可指具体的物件，也可指抽象的东西。与little相对，因此常带感情色彩。
　☞ 为什么不送她去大一点的医院？
　☞ Why not send her off to some big hospital?（有点埋恕）
　☞ 他可不是你想的那么一个大傻瓜。
　☞ He's not so big a fool as you think.（有点指责）
　☞ 我们吃东西的花费真大！
　☞ What big food expenses we have! （有点吃惊）
3．great，既可指具体的大，也可指抽象的大。
　☞ 他在一家大百货商店谋得一个职位。
　☞ He got a position in a great (large) department store.（不带感情色彩时可与large换用）
　☞ 她的头低了下来，两大颗眼泪掉到了他手上。
　☞ Her head sank down and two great (big)tears fell on his hand.（带感情色彩时可与big换用）
　☞ 把你的大臭脚挪开！
　☞ Move your great big smelly feet!
　☞ 突然我看见这头大公牛朝我冲了过来。
　☞ Suddenly I saw this great big bull charging towards me.
　☞ 他的死对我们大家都是一个很大的损失。
　☞ His death was a great loss to us all.
　☞ 我费了好大劲才打通了电话。
　☞ I had great difficulty in getting through on the phone.
4．heavy, strong, hard, strength，均指强度大。
　☞ heavy, strong为形容词，hard为副词，strength为名词。
　☞ 该地区在几场大雨之后可能会发大水。
　☞ The area would become flooded after heavy rains.
　☞ 13天之后，那里又来了场大雪。
　☞ Three days later there came another heavy snow.
　☞ 风太大，你没法放风筝。
　☞ The wind is too strong to fly your kite.
　☞ 外面风大。
　☞ It's howling hard outside.
　☞ 团结起来力量大。
　☞ Unity is strength.
5．loud，指声音大。
　☞ 收音机开大一点。
　☞ Turn the radio up a bit louder.
　☞ 他有个大嗓门。
　☞ He has a loud voice.
6．general, main, major，指全面，主要。
　☞ 我军发起了大反攻。
　☞ Our troops launched a general counterattack.
　☞ 我看见他们在大马路上散步。
　☞ I saw them walking in the main street.
　☞ 这是一次大手术，你得小心一点。
　☞ It’s a major operation and you have to be a bit more careful.
7．size，指尺寸大小。
　☞ 那房间有这间的两个大。
　☞ That room is twice the size of this one.
　☞ 你穿多大的鞋？
　☞ What size shoes do you wear?
8．old, senior，指年龄大。
　☞ 你的孩子多大了？
　☞ How old is your child?
　☞ 他大我两岁。
　☞ He's two years my senior.
9．greatly, fully, heartily, broad, heavily vigorously等，均指程度高。
　☞ 载人宇宙飞船发射成功大长了中国人民的志气。
　☞ The successful launching of the manned spacecraft has greatly heightened the morale of the Chinese people.
　☞ 客人们对这次安排犬为满意。
　☞ The guests were fully satisfied with this arrangement.
　☞ 我们对他的幽默都开心地大笑。
　☞ We all laughed heartily over his humor.
　☞ 天大亮了部队才到达小镇。
　☞ The troops didn't arrive at the small town until broad daylight.
　☞ 雪下得很大。
　☞ The snow is falling heavily.
　☞ 在这20年里，我国的经济有了大发展。
　☞ During the two decades China's economy has developed vigorously.
10．“大”的其他译法。
　☞ 这个计划草案必须大删大改。
　☞ A thorough job must be done in revising the draft plan.
　☞ 今年冬天，我们要大搞农田水利。
　☞ We are to go all out with irrigation and water conservancy this winter.
　☞ 大才必有大用。
　☞ A high position will certainly be given to a man of very exceptional ability.
　☞ 大丈夫不可无志。
　☞ A real man should have bold ambitions.
　☞ 大千世界无奇不有。
　☞ Nothing is too strange in this kaleidoscopic world.
大概 大概
1．表示对情况的猜测。
1) 用一般将来时表示将来可以证实的猜测。
　☞ 我想大概就是这些。
　☞ That, I think, will be all.
　☞ 这大概是你要找的那本书吧。
　☞ This will be the book you are looking for.
　☞ 大家都说这大概是他所写的书中最好的一本书。
　☞ They say this will be the best book he's written.
　☞ 你问他，他大概知道。
　☞ Ask him, he will know.
2) 用将来完成时表示对已有情况的猜测。
　☞ 你大概已经听到消息了，我也就无须再讲。
　☞ You will have heard the news. so I need not repeat it 你大概读过我的文章了，有什么意见呀？
　☞ You will have read my article. What is your opinion of it?
　☞ 刚才大概是送牛奶的。
　☞ That will have been the milkman.
　☞ 这时候他们大概收到我的信了。
　☞ They will have received my letter by now.
2．用某些实词表示不很精确的猜测，常用的有approximately, general, generally, probable, probably, rough, roughly, presumably, very likely，most likely等。
　☞ 这些大概的数字表明黑人为何会生活在这种极度贫困之中。
　☞ These approximate figures indicate why the Negroes live in such deep poverty.
　☞ 我的表大概是准的。
　☞ My watch is approximately right.
　☞ 我认为大概是90%。
　☞ I think it's ninety percent probable.
　☞ 会议大概要延期。
　☞ The meeting will probably be postponed.
　☞ 他作了一个大概的分析，结果表明这是错误的。
　☞ He made a general analysis, which showed the incorrectness of this.
　☞ 战斗大概相当顺利。
　☞ The fight was generally quite smooth.
　☞ 估计混凝土工程大概要超过200万方。
　☞ The rough estimate for the concrete work was more than two million cubic meters.
　☞ 我可以大概跟你讲讲我认为是什么。
　☞ I will tell roughly what I think of it.
　☞ 他是拿着游泳衣和毛巾往游泳池方向走的，大概是游泳去了。
　☞ He was walking towards the swimming pool with his costume and towel, so presumably he was going for a swim.
　☞ 他们大概坐车来。
　☞ They'll very likely come by car.
　☞ 你们大概已经听到这个消息了。
　☞ Most likely you have heard the news.
3．用介词about，表示对数量、时间或距离等的粗略估计。
　☞ 本班大概有50个学生。
　☞ There are about fifty students in this class.
　☞ 这一章大概占了50页。
　☞ This chapter occupies about fifty pages.
　☞ 我大概月底回来。
　☞ I shall return about the end of the month.
　☞ 他大概下午4点回来的。
　☞ He came back at about 4 o'clock in the afternoon 我走了大概5里路。
　☞ I walked about five li down the road.
　☞ 机场离这里大概有5公里。
　☞ The airport is about five kilometers away.
天 天
1．day，指夜晚连同白天或仅指白天。
　☞ 一星期有7天。
　☞ There are seven days in a week.
　☞ 雨接连下了3天3夜。
　☞ It rained for three days and three nights on end.
2．weather，指天气。
　☞ 要变天了。
　☞ The weather is threatening.
　☞ 一边日出一边雨，晴雨无常四月天。
　☞ April weather, rain and shine both together.
3．it，指与天气有关的自然环境。
　☞ 天越来越冷了。
　☞ It's getting colder and colder.
　☞ 天放晴了，麻雀又在喳喳叫了。
　☞ It is clearing up, and sparrows are beginning to chirp.
4．sky, 指天空。
　☞ 思想不是从天上掉下来的，而是精神的必然产物。
　☞ Idea did not come from the sky. It was the inevitable product of moral.
　☞ 卖东西的既能漫天要价，买东西的也可就低还价。
　☞ The seller can ask a price as high as the sky and the buyer can make an offer as low as the earth.
　☞ 当时，斯大林被捧上了天。
　☞ Stalin was then praised to the skies.
5．heaven，指上天、天堂（一般用大写），但用作复数时小写。
　☞ 我就是“天诛地灭”，于你又有什么好处？
　☞ Even Heaven and Earth destroy me, what good will it do you?
　☞ 你何曾见过像我哥那样天不怕、地不怕，心里有什么口里就说什么的人？
　☞ You haven't met my brother, who fears neither Heaven nor Earth and blurts out whatever happens to be in his mind.
　☞ 托洛茨基分子不管策略是否对头，把暴力捧上了天。
　☞ The Trotskyists praised to the heavens the use of violence regardless of whether or not it was correct tactics.
6．god，指上帝、天神。
　☞ 谋事在人，成事在天。
　☞ Man proposes, God disposes.
　☞ 自助者天助之。
　☞ God helps those who help themselves.
7．nature, 指自然界。
　☞ 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。
　☞ Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.
　☞ 天作孽，犹可为；人作孽，不可活。
　☞ If disasters come from nature, something can be done to counter them; but if they are of a man's making, he is done for.
8．world，指天下。
　☞ 天下无难事，只怕有心人。
　☞ Nothing in the world is too difficult for a man with a strong will.
　☞ 秀才不出门，能知天下事。
　☞ Without stepping outside his gate, the scholar knows all the wide world's affairs.
9．above，指在上面。
　☞ 一个时期天昏地暗，日月无光。
　☞ For a time there was gloom above and darkness below, with the rays of the sun and the moon completely shut out.
　☞ 有些知识分子现在是15个吊桶打水，七上八下。
　☞ 悬在半空中，上不着天，下不着地。
　☞ Some intellectuals are now unsettled, suspended as they are in mid air, they have nothing to hang on to above and no solid ground to rest their feet on below.
失掉（失、失去） 失掉（失、失去）
1．lose，与得(gain)相对的失。
　☞ 美国人可能会赢得这场战争，但却会失掉整个世界。
　☞ The Americans might win the war, but they will lose the whole world.
　☞ 政府失去了选民的支持。
　☞ The government has lost favor with the voters.
　☞ 姑娘的父亲由于这次罢工而失去了工作。
　☞ The girl's father lost his job as a result of the strike.
　☞ 她是因小失大。
　☞ She tried to gain a little only to lose a lot 贪多必失。
　☞ Grasp all, lose all.
　☞ 他的手表失而复得。
　☞ His watch was lost, then found again.
　 ■ loss 是lose的名词。
　☞ 得不偿失。
　☞ Gains cannot make up for losses.
　☞ 得大于失。
　☞ Gains outweigh losses.
2．miss，指因错过机会、目标等而失去。
　☞ 他又一次失掉了晋升的机会。
　☞ He has missed a chance of promoting again.
　☞ 你不能失去这次出国深造的机会。
　☞ You can't miss the opportunity of going abroad for advanced studies.
　☞ 他有时会失去思考的目标。
　☞ He may sometimes have missed the target in his speculation.
3．no longer, cease to be, 指不再是原有的状态或行为，因而也就失去了原来的行为或状态。
　☞ 她失去了原有的笑容。
　☞ She is no longer smiling as she was.
　☞ 这药由于保存的时间太长而失去了药效。
　☞ This medicine is no longer effective owing to long preservation.
　☞ 该合同已失去时效。
　☞ The contract ceased to be in force.
　☞ 这件事已失去其神秘性。
　☞ The matter ceased to be a mystery.
4．forfeit，指由于过失、疏忽、犯罪等原因失去。
　☞ 她因说谎而失去朋友对她的尊重。
　☞ She forfeited the esteem of her friends for her by telling lies.
　☞ 不少科学家因研究危险物质而失去了生命。
　☞ Not a few scientists forfeited their lives by studying dangerous substances.
　☞ 他因叛国而失去了中国国籍。
　☞ He forfeited his Chinese citizenship by treason.
5．bereaved，bereft，均为bereave的过去式及过去分词，但用法不同。前者指失去亲人，后者指失去某些抽象的事物。
　☞ 战争使他失去了3个儿子。
　☞ The war bereaved him of his three sons.
　☞ 地震中他失去了妻子。
　☞ He was bereaved of his wife during the earthquake.
　☞ 丈夫的死使她失去了所有的希望。
　☞ The death of her husband bereft her of all hope.
　☞ 这一击使他失去了知觉。
　☞ The blow bereft him of consciousness.
　☞ 两个杂技演员都失去了平衡，掉到了地上。
　☞ Both acrobats were bereft of their balance and fell to the ground.
　☞ 他是个失去了理智的人。
　☞ He is a man bereft of reason.
6．be stripped，指因被剥夺而失去。
　☞ 尼克松因水门丑闻而失去了总统职务。
　☞ Richard Nixon was stripped of his presidency for the Watergate scandal.
　☞ 他因接受贿赂而失去权力。
　☞ He was stripped of his power for taking bribes.
7．depart from，指因偏离原有的立场、原则等而失去。
　☞ 我们的一些同志常常失掉白己的正确立场。
　☞ Some of our comrades have frequently departed from the correct stand.
　☞ 办事要公正，不要失掉原则。
　☞ Be fair and just in handling affairs. Never depart from the principles.
8．“失”的其他译法。
　☞ 这样做可保万无一失。
　☞ By so doing can we guarantee complete success.
　☞ 你是失礼了。
　☞ You've committed a breach of etiquette.
　☞ 失之毫厘，谬以千里。
　☞ A minimal error results in wide divergence.
　☞ 你是坐失良机。
　☞ You just sat watching a golden chance slip by.
　☞ 言多必失。
　☞ Much talk leads to faults.
失望 失望
1．disappoint，指因未能达到预期的愿望而使人失望。
　☞ 你的考试成绩令我失望。
　☞ Your examination result disappointed me.
　☞ 我答应过给儿子买一辆新的自行车，不过现在我得令他失望了。
　☞ I have promised to buy my son a new bike but I have to disappoint him now。
　☞ 我很抱歉让你失望了，不过我实在来不了。
　☞ I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I can't come at all.
　 ■ 不过，用得最多的还是disappoint的过去分词作表语，应注意的是在disappointed后可接不同的介词，从而产生不同的变义。
1) disappointed at (about)，指人对事的反应。
　☞ 我对她的拒绝感到失望。
　☞ I felt disappointed at (about) her refusal.
　☞ 他们对会谈结果很失望。
　☞ They were very disappointed at the outcome of the talks.
2) disappointed in，指人对人或人对物的内在因素的反应。如对人的思想、性格、情感等，或人对物的质量、设计、式样等的反应。
　☞ 这是她无知的又一表现，我对她感到失望。
　☞ This was another manifestation of her ignorance. I was disappointed in her.
　☞ 她对自己的衣服不合身感到很失望。
　☞ She is disappointed in her dress which doesn't fit her.
3) disappointed with，既不指人对事的反应，也不指人对内在因素的反应，而是表示人与人或人与物的相互关系。
　☞ 她不爱我，我对她很失望。
　☞ She does not love me, I am disappointed with her.
　☞ 我对他有意拖延答复感到失望。
　☞ I felt disappointed with the reply which he delayed on purpose.
4) disappointed of，指没有达到目的的失望。
　☞ 我对在书店里买不到这本书感到很失望。
　☞ I was disappointed of the book which was unavailable in bookstores.
　☞ 我们因没有达到目的而感到失望。
　☞ We were disappointed of the purpose which we failed to achieve.
5) disappointed by，强调由于某种行为引起的失望，因此带有更多的被动意义。
　☞ 我对她不来参加我们的晚会感到很失望。
　☞ I was disappointed by her not coming to our evening party.
　☞ 我对她讨人嫌的态度感到失望。
　☞ I was disappointed by her unloving attitude.
　 ■ 此外，disappointed还可接动词不定式及从句。
　☞ 听到这件事，我们大失所望。
　☞ We were greatly disappointed to hear it.
　☞ 你不能来，我很失望。
　☞ I'm very disappointed that you cannot come.
　 ■ 现在分词disappointing有“令人失望”的意思。
　☞ 选举结果令执政党失望。
　☞ The outcome of the election was disappointing to the ruling party.
　☞ 他的考试成绩令人失望。
　☞ His examination results are disappointing.
2．表示“失望”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们从来没有失望过，援军一定会来的。
　☞ We've never lost hope. The reinforcements are sure to arrive.
　☞ 他们多次失败，但从来没有完全失望。
　☞ They failed time and again, but they never gave up hope.
　☞ 医生都对他的恢复失望了。
　☞ The doctors could hold out no hope of his recovery.
　☞ 他对治愈已经失望。
　☞ He is beyond all hope of cure.
失败 失败
1．defeat，与victory相对，指在斗争、竞争中的失败。
　☞ 入侵之敌遭到了可耻的失败。
　☞ The invading enemy met with ignominious defeat.
　☞ 我们的经验是，分散兵力总是会导致失败的。
　☞ In our experience, the dispersion of force always led to defeat.
　☞ 他在选举中接连遭到失败。
　☞ He suffered successive defeats in elections.
　☞ 不过这样就意味着承认失败。
　☞ But this meant admitting defeat.
　 ■ 此外，defeat用作动词时，除打败、击败之外，也有“失败”的意思。
　☞ 是缺乏资金才使他的计划失败的。
　☞ It was lack of money that defeated his plan.
　☞ 他们是想到达山顶的，不过失败了。
　☞ They were defeated抽their attempt to reach the top of the mountain.
　☞ 小偷想打开保险箱的努力失败了。
　☞ The thief's effort to open the safe defeated itself.
2．failure，与success相对，指由于疏忽、失误而没有达到预定目的所引起的挫折、失败等。
　☞ 同胞们，我们事业的最后成功还是失败与其说是操在我的手中，倒不如说操在你们的手中。
　☞ In your hand, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our cause.
　☞ 在这次尝试失败之后政府才使用武力的。
　☞ It was after the failure of this attempt that the government resorted to force.
　☞ 他的计划以失败告终。
　☞ His plan ended in failure.
　☞ 在找到正确的方法之前，她有过多次失败。
　☞ She had many failures before finding the right method.
　 ■ fail是failure的动词。
　☞ 孙中山领导过旨在推翻满清政府的多次武装起义，但都失败了。
　☞ Dr. Sun Yat-sen had led many armed uprisings aimed at overthrowing the Qing-Dynasty government and had failed.
　☞ 这项试验失败了不止一次。
　☞ The experiment had failed more than once.
　☞ 当时许多民主人士都认为和平动议已经失败。
　☞ At that time many democratic personages supposed that the peace move had failed.
3．loss，与win相对，指输赢中的失败。
　☞ 这次胜利带来的却是一种失败的感觉。
　☞ The win brought a feeling of loss.
　☞ 这场比赛是他们的第一次失败。
　☞ This game is their first loss.
　 ■ lose是loss的动词。
　☞ 延误导致会战失败。
　☞ The delay lost the battle.
　☞ 执政党在选举中失败了。
　☞ The ruling party lost the election.
夸大 夸大
1．exaggerate, exaggeration，指把事情描绘得超过原有的程度。
　☞ 你在夸大困难。
　☞ You are exaggerating difficulties.
　☞ 这可能是夸大了，但其中有不少是真的。
　☞ That may be exaggerated, but there's surely a great deal of truth in it.
　☞ 说那里天天下雨，那是夸大。
　☞ It is an exaggeration to say that it rains there every day.
2．magnify，原义为放大，转意为夸大其词。
　☞ 通过夸大我们的分歧来吸引公众的注意是不可取的。
　☞ It is undesirable to attract public attention by magnifying our differences.
　☞ 他之所以夸大他在那次战斗中的作用是因为浅薄。
　☞ He is so superficial as to magnify the part he played in the battle.
3．overstate，指说过了头。
　☞ 对过去取得的成绩不要夸大。
　☞ We shouldn't overstate our past achievements.
　☞ 大声朗读的好处完全有可能被夸大了。
　☞ It is quite possible to overstate the benefits from reading aloud.
4．overestimate，指估计得过了头。
　☞ 夸大敌情是会犯大错误的。
　☞ It would be a very big mistake to overestimate the enemy.
　☞ 报纸夸大了示威者的人数。
　☞ The newspapers overestimated the number of demonstrators.
夹 夹
1．grip，nip，指用钳子等工具夹紧。
　☞ 铁匠用钳子夹住一块烧红的铁，捶打起来。
　☞ The blacksmith gripped a piece of red-hot iron with a pair of tongs and started to strike it.
　☞ 他夹住钉子，把它拔了出来。
　☞ He gripped the nail and pulled it out.
　☞ 他的手指被老虎钳夹了一下。
　☞ He nipped his finger with the pliers.
　☞ 一个小男孩突然哭了起未，原来一只螃蟹夹住了他的脚趾头。
　☞ A little boy cried all of a sudden. A crab nipped his toe.
2．pick up，指用筷子、镊子等夹取。
　☞ 他用筷子夹了个鱼丸放到她的盘子里。
　☞ He picked up a fish ball with chopsticks and put it on her plate.
　☞ 他用镊子夹起了表簧，检查是不是断了。
　☞ He picked up the watch spring with a pair of tweezers to see whether it was broken.
3．sandwich between，指一个人或物夹在两个同一类别的人或物中间。
　☞ 一位青年男子夹在两个胖女人中间。
　☞ A young man was sandwiched between two fat women.
　☞ 这辆小汽车夹在两部大卡车中间。
　☞ The car was sandwiched between two trucks.
4．between, in between，指夹在相同或不同事物中间。
　☞ 敌军夹着尾巴逃跑了。
　☞ The enemy troops ran away with their tails between their legs.
　☞ 婆媳不和，儿子总是夹在中间受气。
　☞ When the mother quarrels with the daughter-in-law, the son is always caught between two fires.
　☞ 有两幢房子，中间夹着一个院子。
　☞ There are two houses and a yard in between.
　☞ 我们在飞机上只能看见两条无边无际的山脉和夹在中间的幽深的谷地。
　☞ From the plane we could see only the two endless ranges of mountains with a deep valley in between.
5．squeeze，指挤压。
　☞ 我的手指被门夹了一下。
　☞ My finger got squeezed in the door.
　☞ 时间像把钳子似的夹住了我们的身心。
　☞ Time squeezed our bodies and hearts as if they were in a vice.
6．“夹”的其他译法。
　☞ 那学生腋下夹着一本英语词典走了过来。
　☞ The student came along with an English dictionary under his arm.
　☞ 狂风夹着暴雨袭击了我们的村子。
　☞ The violent wind accompanied by a torrential rain hit our village.
　☞ 真理总是夹有谬误的。
　☞ Truth always mingles with falsehood.
　☞ 脱粒机的轰鸣声中夹着年轻人的欢笑声。
　☞ The droning of the threshers intermingled with youthful laughter.
　☞ 劈劈啪啪的步枪声中夹着哒哒哒的机关枪声。
　☞ The crack of rifles was punctuated with the rattle of machine guns.
　☞ 文章里夹着不少含义不清的生造的词语。
　☞ The article is cultured up with unclear coined expressions.
　☞ 他的话略略夹有南方口音。
　☞ He speaks with a slight southern accent.
　☞ 他的游记写成了记叙体，并夹有议论。
　☞ His travel sketch was written as a narrative interspersed with comments.
夺取 夺取
1．capture，指攻占。
　☞ 我军已夺取敌人的一个据点。
　☞ Our troops have captured an enemy stronghold.
　☞ 据说先头部队已夺取了敌占的飞机场。
　☞ It is said that the advancing forces have captured the airfield occupied by the enemy.
2．seize，指攫取。
　☞ 按列宁的教导，工人阶级必须武装夺取政权。
　☞ According to Lenin the working class must seize state power by armed force.
　☞ 因而，给敌人以出其不意的攻击是夺取主动的方法。
　☞ Hence, launching surprise attacks upon the enemy is a way of seizing the initiative.
3．wrest，指经过较量夺走。
　☞ 过去，我们常从蒋介石军队手里夺取武器。
　☞ We used to wrest weapons from Chiang Kai-shek's troops.
　☞ 你需要法院的一纸执行令才能从他父亲手里夺取孩子。
　☞ You will need a court order to wrest the child from his father.
4．strive for，指经过努力争取。
　☞ 我们一定要夺取社会主义建设的新胜利。
　☞ We must strive for new victories in socialist construction.
　☞ 要有信心去夺取一等奖。
　☞ Be confident to strive for the first prize.
奇怪 奇怪
1．strange，指陌生，不熟悉而奇怪。常用词。
　☞ 萤火虫是很奇怪的昆虫，身体能发光。
　☞ The firefly is a strange insect that can give off light.
　☞ 你竟没听见，真是奇怪！
　☞ How strange that you should not have heard!
　☞ 陨石雨是一种自然现象，没有什么可奇怪的。
　☞ A meteorite shower is a natural phenomenon, there is nothing strange about it.
　☞ 我们在学习上会碰到一些困难，这并不奇怪。
　☞ It is not strange that we have come across some difficulties in our studies.
　☞ 这个人就住在我隔壁，但奇怪的是我从来没见过他。
　☞ The man lives right next door, but strangely enough I've never seen him.
2．odd，指不同于正常的、普通的、有规律可循的奇怪，一般可与strange换用。但暗含“不正常”、“有怀疑”等含义。
　☞ 我在奥运会有过一次奇怪的经历。
　☞ I had an odd (strange) experience at the Olympic Games.
　☞ 他看她的时候总有一种奇怪的感觉爬上他的心头。
　☞ As he looks at her, an odd (strange) feeling always creeps over him.
　☞ 我竟会一个人生活，你认为奇怪吗？
　☞ Do you think it odd (strange) that I should live alone?
　☞ 奇怪的是我竟记不得她的地址。
　☞ It is odd (strange) that I cannot remember her address.
　☞ 你听到窗外有奇怪的声音吗？
　☞ Have you heard some odd noise outside the window?
3．queer，与前两词相比，更显得离奇古怪，尤其是指衣物修饰上的奇怪。
　☞ 她奇怪的打扮方式引起路人的注意。
　☞ Her queer way of dressing attracted the stares of passers-by.
　☞ 我发现那老太太的帽子很奇怪。
　☞ I found that the old lady's hat was very queer.
　 ■ 不过，queer也可表示一般的奇怪，这时可与strange换用。
　☞ 我感到奇怪的是他跟他太太有20年没讲话了。
　☞ I think it queer (strange) that he hasn't spoken with his wife for twenty years.
4．unusual, 指因不寻常，异常而奇怪。
　☞ 20年前，女子踢足球是一件奇怪的事情。
　☞ It was an unusual thing for a girl to play football twenty years ago.
　☞ 6月天下雪，你会感到奇怪吗？
　☞ Will you feel unusual when it snows in June?
5．surprising，surprised，指奇怪得令人惊讶。
　☞ 他们至今还蒙在鼓里，真是奇怪。
　☞ It is really surprising that they should still be in the dark.
　☞ 真奇怪，她又结婚了。
　☞ Surprisingly, she has married again.
　☞ 他们都感到奇怪你为什么要辞职。
　☞ They feel surprised at your resignation.
　☞ 如果明天早上下雨，也没有什么好奇怪的。
　☞ There is nothing to be surprised about if it rains tomorrow morning.
6．puzzle，指奇怪得令人迷惑。
　☞ 他最近的举动让我奇怪。
　☞ His recent behavior puzzled me.
　☞ 我感到奇怪的是你干嘛不试试申请大学奖学金。
　☞ I feel puzzled why you didn't try for university scholarship.
　☞ 我发现这事情非常奇怪。
　☞ I find this affair very puzzling.
7．wonder, 指奇怪得令人纳闷儿。
　☞ 我奇怪他怎么不来。
　☞ I wonder why he didn't come.
　☞ 他一天24小时连着睡，我很奇怪。
　☞ I wonder at his sleeping around the clock.
　☞ 一个懒学生考试不及格，有什么奇怪吗？
　☞ Is a lazy student's failure in the examination to be wondered at?
8．not understand，指奇怪得无法理解。常用否定句。
　☞ 我们奇怪为什么这点小事就是办不了。
　☞ We really don't understand why such a small matter is so hard to settle.
　☞ 人们都奇怪像她这么漂亮的姑娘竟会愿意在实验室里度过她的大好时光。
　☞ People could not understand why a beautiful girl like her should desire to spend her finest hours in a laboratory.
奉命 奉命
1．receive orders，指接到命令。
　☞ 第三天拂晓前，部队奉命开拔。
　☞ On the third day the troops received orders to set out 10efore dawn.
　☞ 我们奉命立即开始建设水库工程。
　☞ We have received orders to start at once the construction of the reservoir.
2．be ordered, under orders, by order of, 指受命。
　☞ 全体船员奉命弃船。
　☞ The crew was ordered to abandon the ship.
　☞ 水手奉命各就各位。
　☞ The sailors were ordered to man their posts.
　☞ 我们奉命尽早出发。
　☞ We were under orders to start as early as possible.
　☞ 军队不过是奉命行事而已。
　☞ The troops acted under orders, that's all.
　☞ 我们奉市长之命来此检查工作。
　☞ We came to check up on work by order of the mayor.
3．be instructed, under instruction，指接受指示。
　☞ 中国代表团奉命就这一问题阐明中国政府的立场。
　☞ The Chinese Delegation has been instructed to state the position of the Chinese Government on this question.
　☞ 他奉命把没收的违禁品交给海关。
　☞ He was instructed to deliver the confiscated contraband to the customs.
　☞ 我奉命不准说出逮捕他的罪名。
　☞ I'm under instruction not to say on what charge he was arrested.
4．with a command from, by sb.'s command，指接受指挥。
　☞ 我们奉市长之命而来。
　☞ We came with a command from the mayor.
　☞ 这是奉女王之命而做的。
　☞ It was done by the queen's command.
5．be entrusted with a (the) mission，指托付使命。
　☞ 他奉命于危难之际。
　☞ He was entrusted with a mission at a critical and difficult moment.
　☞ 律师奉命在他死后照顾财产。
　☞ The lawyer was entrusted with the mission to care for the property after his death.
奉承 奉承
1．flatter，flattery，指口头上的奉承。
　☞ 别信他的话，他在奉承你。
　☞ Don't believe him. He was flattering you.
　☞ 在表彰宴会上大家对他百般奉承。
　☞ At the testimonial dinner everyone flattered him sedulously.
　☞ 他好别人奉承。
　☞ He's apt to fall for flattery.
2．fawn on，指巴结奉承。
　☞ 许多人奉承他就因为他有钱。
　☞ Many people fawn on him only because of his wealth.
　☞ 别用那种办法去获得他的支持，他最恨别人奉承。
　☞ Don't try to win his support in that way - he hates to be fawned on.
　☞ 在这样的家庭里，仆人奉承受宠的，而失宠的则要受到欺侮。
　☞ In a household like this. the servants fawned on those in favor, and bullied those who had fallen from grace.
3．toady to，指拍马屁。
　☞ 他是靠奉承老师才获得高分的。
　☞ He gets good grades only because he toadies to the teacher.
　☞ 他反对奉承上司。
　☞ He is objected to toadying to his boss.
4．bow and scrape，指卑躬屈膝。
　☞ 官僚们在他们的上司面前卑躬屈膝地奉承.
　☞ The bureaucrats bowed and scraped in front of their superiors.
　☞ 他卑躬屈膝的奉承令人作呕。
　☞ His bowing and scraping made people sick.
奖励 奖励
1．award，指官方正式授予的奖励。
　☞ 总统授予她金质奖章以资奖励。
　☞ The president awarded her the gold medal.
　☞ 校方向优秀学生提供特别奖学金以资奖励。
　☞ The college authorities awarded the best students special scholarship.
　☞ 成功是对强者的奖励。
　☞ Success is awarded to the better-most.
　☞ 模范工作者由于工作杰出而受到发给奖金的奖励。
　☞ Model workers were given money awards for their distinguished service.
2．reward，指回报式的奖励。
　☞ 我们公司随时都准备给人以应得的奖励。
　☞ Our company is always ready to reward people as they deserve.
　☞ 他帮了忙，我要奖励他。
　☞ I shall reward him for his help.
　☞ 由于这孩子把我丢失的狗送了回来，我奖励他一个玩具。
　☞ I rewarded the boy with a toy for bringing back my lost dog.
　☞ 物质奖励有时能促人奋进。
　☞ Material reward sometimes spurs people to work harder.
3．encourage，指精神上的鼓励，如用于物质上的奖励，则应另行加词。
　☞ 我们厂向来奖励创造发明。
　☞ Our factory always encourages innovations by giving awards.
　☞ 物质奖励应当结合精神奖励。
　☞ Material award must be combined with moral encouragement.
女人 女人
1．woman，指成年女性，与成年男性man相对。
　☞ 要女人进来，但不要男人和姑娘进来。
　☞ Ask the women to come in, but not the men or the girls.
　 ■ 不过woman有时可指总称，这时多用单数。
　☞ 大多数国家的女人都比男人长寿。
　☞ Woman lives longer than man in most countries.
　 ■ woman还可表示女人的特点。
　☞ 他认为她相当女人。
　☞ He thinks she is quite a woman.
2．female，指与男性male相对的女性，指自然性别。
　☞ 中国农村重男轻女，因此女人占人口的少数。
　☞ In the countryside of China people look up to men and down on women. That is why females constitute a minority of the population.
　☞ 她是机要秘书，也是我们机关嘴巴最紧的女人。
　☞ She is a confidential secretary and the most closemouthed female in our office.
3．feminine，与阳性masculine相对的阴性，指特征。
　☞ 温柔一直认为是女人的特性。
　☞ Gentleness is long considered a feminine trait.
　☞ 令他高兴的是他发现她很漂亮，而且相当女人。
　☞ To his delight he found her pretty and rather feminine.
　 ■ 此外，由于feminine是指特征，因此也可用于男人来表示脂粉气。
　☞ 他是个有男子汉气概的伙子，却有着一副女人的嗓子。
　☞ He is a manly lad, but has a feminine voice.
好 好
1．good，表示良好。
　☞ 跟你谈谈真好。
　☞ It'8 so good to talk to you.
　☞ 你气色好，而且胖了。
　☞ You're looking good and you've put on weight 她向来对我好。
　☞ She has been good to me.
　 ■ 由于good一词不带感情色彩，故褒贬均用。
　☞ 她对你的反映好。
　☞ She has a good opinion of you.
　☞ 这一巴掌打得好。
　☞ That is a good slap.
2．nice，表示美好，可与good换用，但带感情色彩。
　☞ 新社会里的好人好事层出不穷。
　☞ Nice (Good) people and nice (good) deeds are emerging one after another in the new society.
　☞ 做个好孩子。
　☞ Be a nice (good) boy.
　☞ 这一枪打得好。
　☞ You fired a nice shot.
　 ■ 正因为nice带有感情色彩，故用于讽刺时不能用good替代。
　☞ 你真是个好朋友，连10块钱都不借。
　☞ You're a nice friend indeed; you won't even lend me ten dollars.
3．friendly，表示友好。
　☞ 我们是好朋友，他对我特好。
　☞ We are good friends. He is especially friendly with me.
　☞ 他殷勒好客，对谁都好。
　☞ He was hospitable and friendly to everyone.
4．fine，表示优秀，卓越。
　☞ 你们都是祖国的好儿女。
　☞ All of you are fine sons and daughters of our country.
　☞ 大家都夸她歌唱得好。
　☞ Everyone praised her fine singing.
5．kind，表示善良、仁慈。
　☞ 我有个好母亲。
　☞ I have a kind mother.
　☞ 帮助盲人是件好事。
　☞ Helping a blind man is a kind act.
6．well，有多种含义，一般用作表语或状语。
1) 表示身体好。
　☞ 她身体好。
　☞ She is well in health.
　☞ 最近我不大好。
　☞ I have not been very well recently.
2) 表示情况好。
　☞ 再有一车砖就全好了。
　☞ All would be well if we have another cartload of bricks.
　☞ 他只要吃好、睡好就一切都好了。
　☞ He had only to eat more and sleep better and all would be well.
3) 表示做得好。
　☞ 他篮球打得好。
　☞ He plays basketball very well.
　☞ 他第一部小说就受到好评。
　☞ His first novel was well received.
4) 表示感叹。
　☞ 好，这下麻烦了。
　☞ Well. we're in trouble now.
　☞ 好吧。要是你想去，我是不会来拦你的。
　☞ Well! If you want to go, I shall never try to stop you.
7．all right，也有多种含义。
1) 表示身体正常。
　☞ 当时我都动弹不得，不过现在好了。
　☞ I was quite incapable of moving. I am all right now.
　☞ 在床上躺一两天就会好的。
　☞ Lie in bed for a day or two and you will be all right.
2) 表示情况正常。
　☞ 到后来一切又都好了。
　☞ In the end. everything was all right again.
　☞ 他的工作向来都好。
　☞ His work is always all right.
3) 表示征询和肯定。
　☞ 明天下午两点好吗？
　☞ Will tomorrow afternoon at two o'clock be all right?
　☞ 好，这本书给你了。
　☞ All right, you can have the book.
8．okay，表示征询和肯定。
　☞ 咱们去那儿，好吗？
　☞ Let's go there，okay?
　☞ 好，就这么办
　☞ OK, it's settled.
9．easy，easily，表示容易。
　☞ 这本书好懂。
　☞ The book is easy to understand.
　☞ 小学生的教科书不好买。
　☞ Textbooks for school pupils are not easily available.
10．be ready，表示准备就绪。
　☞ 早饭好了。
　☞ Breakfast is ready.
　☞ 计划好了。
　☞ The plan is ready.
11．done，表示已干完。
　☞ 好了吗？
　☞ Is it done?
　☞ 谢天谢地，总算好了。
　☞ There, that's done, thank goodness.
12．fall in love with, fond of, become friends，表示情爱、喜爱及友爱。
　☞ 如果他跟她好，她能回报他的感情吗？
　☞ If he is falling in love with her, is she returning his affection?
　☞ 告诉我，是她跟你好吗？
　☞ Tell me, is she fond of you?
　☞ 这两个孩子刚吵过，又好了。
　☞ The two children quarreled just now and become friends again.
13．recover (from)，表示痊愈。
　☞ 阿红姐的伤还没全好。
　☞ Sister Ah-Hong has not fully recovered from her injury.
　☞ 她好了不久就又回到了学校。
　☞ Before long she had recovered and was back again at school.
14．heal, close，表示伤口愈合。
　☞ 伤口好得很慢。
　☞ The wound healed very slowly.
　☞ 不到20天，刀口就好了。
　☞ In less than twenty days the cut has closed.
15．gone，表示伤痛消失。
　☞ 只是胸口有点疼，现在好了。
　☞ Just a pain in my chest, it's gone now.
　☞ 我头痛好了。
　☞ My headache was gone.
16．That's it，表示对所做的事的肯定。
　☞ 再往后一点，好！
　☞ Now go back a bit. That's it.
　☞ 往左，往左，好！
　☞ To your left, to your left. That's it.
17．用感叹句表示程度深。
　☞ 今天好冷！
　☞ How cold it is today!
　☞ 他们干得好快呀！
　☞ How fast they are working!
　☞ 好大的工程！
　☞ What a huge project it is!
　☞ 你问的问题好傻！
　☞ What a silly question you asked!
18．用how提出疑问，表示数量或程度。
　☞ 那么你能做好多？
　☞ And how many do you make?
　☞ 火车站离这儿好远？
　☞ How far is the railway station from here?
19．用虚拟语气表示了强烈的愿望。
　☞ 我要是昨天碰上你父亲就好了。
　☞ I wish I had met your father yesterday.
　☞ 我要是不学历史，学法律就好了。
　☞ I wish that I had studied law instead of history.
　☞ 我要知道就好了。
　☞ If only I knew.
　☞ 他要是及时赶到就好了。
　☞ If only he arrived in time.
20．“好”放在动词之后表示动词的完成。
1) 用过去分词。
　☞ I作做好了。
　☞ The work is done.
　☞ 样样都安排好了。
　☞ Everything is arranged.
2) 用动词过去时。
　☞ 我把他的病治好了。
　☞ I cured his illness.
　☞ 这项工作他已做好了。
　☞ He finished the job.
3) 用完成时态。
　☞ 我饭吃好了。
　☞ I have had my dinner.
　☞ 到中午时刻我已写好了3封信。
　☞ I had written three letters by noon.
4) 用一先一后的动作。
　☞ 请坐好，我们要开会了。
　☞ Please take your seats. We are to begin the meeting 吃好饭请到我这里来。
　☞ Come to me after you have your meal.
21．放在动词之前，表示动作或状态的性质。这时，可用相应的形容词或分词做表语或补语。
　☞ 你戴那顶帽子好看。
　☞ That hat looks nice on you.
　☞ 王大叔好说话，求他准行。
　☞ Uncle Wang is very obliging; he's sure to help if you ask him.
　☞ 这件事弄得我们又好气又好笑。
　☞ It made us annoying and amusing at the same time.
22．放在动词之前，表示”应该”、“可以”、“能够”，可用ought to，can，may等。
　☞ 夜深了，你好去睡了。
　☞ It's late at night. You ought to go to bed.
　☞ 我买了部词典，好随时查阅。
　☞ I bought a dictionary and I can consult it at any time.
　☞ 我好进去看看吗？
　☞ May I go in and have a look?
23．用在复合句里的一个分句里，引出目的或结果，有“这样做就能…”的意思。
1) so that，后接从句。
　☞ 明天请把那本杂志带来，我好还给他。
　☞ Please bring the magazine tomorrow so that I can return it to him.
　☞ 农民都在灌溉茶园，好使茶叶高产。
　☞ The peasants are watering tea plantation fields so that they can get high yield of tea.
2) so as to，后接动词不定式短语表示目的。
　☞ 今儿早点睡，明儿好早起赶火车。
　☞ Let's turn in early so as to get up early tomorrow to catch the train.
　☞ 他借口上厕所好独自离开我们。
　☞ He made an excuse to go to the lavatory so as to leave us alone。
3) in order to，与so as to相同，后接动词不定式短语也表示目的。
　☞ 他尽可能节省，好偿还他欠的钱。
　☞ He was saving as much as possible in order to repay money he had owed.
　☞ 工厂和商家联合举办产品展览好征求顾客意见。
　☞ Factories and stores hold joint exhibition of products in order to get the opinion of the customers.
4) and，前后接前因后果的两个同等成分。
　☞ 今天早点睡，明天好早点起来。
　☞ Go to bed earlier today and you will get up earlier tomorrow.
　☞ 他们轮着班来，好在星期天帮我。
　☞ They took turns to come and help me on Sunday.
24．用在不定数词前，表示数量多或时间长。
　☞ 我们等了好几个小时汽车才来。
　☞ The bus didn't come before we waited for quite a few hours.
　☞ 昨天来了好几百人。
　☞ Several hundred people came yesterday.
　☞ 她今年三十好几了。
　☞ She's well over thirty this year.
　☞ 星期天我家来了好多同学。
　☞ Quite a lot of my classmates came to my house on Sunday.
25．用在“容易”前，有不同的解释，译时要看上下文。
　☞ 这道题我好容易才算出来。（等于好不容易）
　☞ I worked out the problem with difficulty.
　☞ 这道题好容易，谁都会做。（等于很容易）
　☞ The problem is so simple that everyone can do it.
26．用怍叠词，表示十分完美或彻底。
1) good，表示彻底。
　☞ 咱们好好玩一玩吧。
　☞ Let's have a good time.
　☞ 房间要好好打扫打扫了。
　☞ The room wants a good cleaning.
2) well，表示仔细。
　☞ 买车子前该好好看看。
　☞ You must examine the car well before you buy it.
　☞ 服药前好好摇一摇。
　☞ Shake the liquid medicine well before taking it.
3) for no reason，表示无缘无故。
　☞ 他好好的突然辞职不干了。
　☞ He suddenly resigned for no reason.
　☞ 你好好的把一支笔折了，对不？
　☞ You broke a pen for no reason, didn't you?
4) all right，表示没事。
　☞ 电话刚才还好好的，怎么就坏了？
　☞ Why isn't the telephone working now? It was all right a moment ago.
　☞ 房子烧光了，可院里的百年老树到现在还是好好的。
　☞ The house was burnt down, yet the hundred-year-old tree in the courtyard is still all right now.
5) smooth，表示顺利。
　☞ 管得好好的一个图书馆给搞得乱七八糟。
　☞ A smooth-running library is thrown out of gear.
　☞ 样样都好好的怎么就生起气来？
　☞ Why are you angry when everything goes smooth?
好 好
1．love，指热爱某事。
　☞ 她好跳舞，而且逢场必到。
　☞ She loves dancing and attends any place when the occasion arises.
　☞ 人的本性是好逸恶劳。问题是战而胜之还是不战而降。
　☞ It is human nature to love ease and hate work. The question is whether to overcome it or to be overcome by it.
2．be fond of，指生性喜爱。
　☞ 我父亲好喝两盅，但从来不醉。
　☞ My father is fond of drinking a bit, but he has never got drunk once.
　☞ 他好吃懒做，怎能不债台高筑呢？
　☞ How couldn't he be immersed in debt when he was so lazy and fond of food?
3．like，指喜欢。
　☞ 人之患，在好为人师。
　☞ It is human weakness to like lecturing people.
　☞ 好听恭维、不听批评的人，早晚要犯错误。
　☞ Those who like flattery but not criticism are bound to go astray sooner or later.
4．eager，指渴望。
　☞ 人之患，在好为人师。
　☞ The trouble with people is that they are too eager to assume the role of teacher.
　☞ 他生来好学。
　☞ He is eager to learn by nature.
5．delight in，指以此为乐。
　☞ 好读书，不求甚解，每有会意，便欣然忘食。
　☞ He delights in study but does not seek abstruse explanations. Whenever there is something of which he apprehends the meaning, then in his happiness he forgets to eat.
　☞ 她好逗小孩。
　☞ She delights in teasing little children.
6．apt to，指易于产生某种倾向，后接动词不定式。
　☞ 他说话很快，而且好激动。
　☞ He talks rapidly and is apt to become excited.
　☞ 她是个马大哈，好出错。
　☞ She was a careless person and apt to make mistakes.
7．liable to，指经常会，后接动词不定式。
　☞ 粗心大意的司机，好出交通事故。
　☞ Careless drivers are liable to meet with accidents 我们都好出错。
　☞ We are all liable to make mistakes.
　 ■ 但如果是指“好犯病”也可接名词。
　☞ 你们最好不要走水路，她好晕船。
　☞ You'd better avoid traveling by water. She is liable to seasickness.
　☞ 人贪吃，就好得肥胖症。
　☞ Compulsive eaters are liable to obesity.
8．be subject to，指易于受支配，后接名词。
　☞ 日本好闹地震。
　☞ Japan is subject to earthquake.
　☞ 他好发脾气。
　☞ He is subject to fits of temper.
9．“好”与某些动词结合成为性质形容词，表示生性如此。
　☞ 她好说话，因此大家在背后叫她长舌妇。
　☞ She was talkative and people called her Gossipy Lady behind her.
　☞ 他好管闲事，为此吃了不少苦头。
　☞ He is meddlesome and has suffered a lot for what he did.
好像 好像
1．seem，指似乎像。
　☞ 她今天好像不舒服。
　☞ It seems that she is not quite well today.
　☞ 这人以前我好像在哪儿见过。
　☞ I seem to have met this man somewhere before.
2．look like, look as if, 看起来像。后者程度较弱且常用虚拟语气。
　☞ 好像不会下雨。
　☞ It does not look like rain.
　☞ 她正当妙龄，好像一朵含苞欲放的花朵。
　☞ She is in her rosy bloom and looks like a bud ready to burst.
　☞ 你好像并不在乎。
　☞ You look as if you didn't care.
　☞ 问题好像简单，其实不然。
　☞ The question looks as if it were simple, but actually it is not.
3．as…as，指“同…一样”。
　☞ 她们亲得好像姐妹。
　☞ They are as intimate as sisters.
　☞ 他嗓门大得好像打雷。
　☞ His voice is as loud as thunder rumbling.
4．as if, 指虚拟得好像，其后用过去时。
　☞ 你到了这里就好像到了自己家一样。
　☞ You'll feel as if you were at home while here.
　☞ 我记得事情的全过程，好像是昨天发生的一样。
　☞ I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
5．用how much…resemble, what a resemblance的感叹句，表示多么相像。
　☞ 她好像她的母亲呀！
　☞ How much she resembles her mother!
　☞ 这两个孩子好像呀！
　☞ What a resemblance between these two children!
好意思 好意思
1．have the face to do sth. ，指居然有脸做某事。
　☞ 用于反意疑问句。
　☞ 人家请我喝酒，我好意思不喝吗？
　☞ When people offered me a drink, how could I have the face to refuse it?
　☞ 忘了台词，你还好意思上台？
　☞ How could you have the face to go up the stage while forgetting your lines?
2．have the nerve to，指居然有勇气做某事。多用于感叹或反问。
　☞ 做了这种事，亏他还好意思说！
　☞ Fancy his doing that son of thing and then having the nerve to talk about it!
　☞ 考试作弊，你还好意思夸？
　☞ How can you have the nerve to advertise your cheating at the examination?
3．用在“不”后面，表示害羞、发窘、抱歉或难为情等，可用shy，embarrassed，sorry，difficult等词。
　☞ 她在陌生人面前会不好意思的。
　☞ She is shy in the presence of strangers.
　☞ 她被夸得不好意思了。
　☞ She felt embarrassed at so much praise.
　☞ 让你久等了，真不好意思。
　☞ I'm sorry to have kept you waiting long.
　☞ 当时我不好意思拒绝。
　☞ I found it difficult to refuse.
4．“不好意思”有时也用否定＋ shame (the nerve)来表示。
　☞ 我不好意思重复这些话。
　☞ I cannot repeat the words for shame.
　☞ 他当时不好意思再问。
　☞ He didn't have the nerve to ask again.
好感 好感
1．have a good (poor) opinion，指看法上有无好感。
　☞ 接着，他告诉我公众对我的作品颇有好感。
　☞ Then he let me know that the public had a rather good opinion of my works.
　☞ 对胆小鬼，大家都没有好感。
　☞ Everybody has a poor opinion of a coward.
2．well (ill) disposed towards，指倾向上有无好感。
　☞ 重要的是农民对党的政策有好感。
　☞ It is important that the peasants are well disposed toward the Party's policy.
　☞ 许多报纸似乎对新内阁没有好感。
　☞ Many of the newspapers seemed ill disposed towards the new cabinet.
3．take a fancy to, have a fancy for，指感情上有好感。
　☞ 由于某种原因她对你有好感。
　☞ For some reason, she's taken a fancy to you.
　☞ 我不知道为什么对这家小咖啡馆有好感。
　☞ I don't know why I have such a fancy for this little cafe.
　 ■ 但是，take the fancy of与take a fancy to的用法，宾主的位置正好相反。
　☞ 想不到张家小姐对那位穷书生有了好感。
　☞ Who would have thought that the poor scholar had taken the fancy of Miss Zhang? 试比较：Who would have thought that Miss Zhang had taken a fancy to the poor scholar?
4．a good impression，指好印象。
　☞ 他的一举一动都给她以好感。
　☞ His every act and every move made a good impression on her.
　☞ 反动政府的所作所为并未给人以好感。
　☞ What the reactionary government had done didn't give a good impression on people.
好歹 好歹
1．good from bad，指好与坏。
　☞ 人要怎样才能区别好歹？
　☞ How can a man tell good from bad?
　☞ 她不知道好歹。
　☞ She doesn't know good from bad.
2．grateful，指知恩图报。
　☞ 他是个知道好歹的人，一直在设法图报。
　☞ He is a grateful fellow and has been trying a way to recompense.
　☞ 你不但不谢他，反倒埋怨他，真是不知好歹的家伙。
　☞ You're really an ungrateful wretch to complain instead of thanking him.
3．something，指不愿或不能明白说出来的坏事。
　☞ 万一她有个好歹，这可怎么办？
　☞ What if something should happen to her?
　☞ 如果病人有个好歹，请马上打电话给我。
　☞ If something should happen to the patient, please ring me at once.
4．anyway，anyhow，at any rate，均指前面说过的话无关紧要，重要的在后面。
　☞ 我说不准什么时候到；也许7点半，也许8点差一刻。8点以前好歹一定到。
　☞ I'm not sure what time I'll arrive; maybe half past seven or a quarter to eight. Anyway, I'll certainly be there before eight o'clock.
　☞ 好歹先把信发了再说。
　☞ Anyway, have the letter sent and see.
　☞ 多么可怕的经历！好歹你安然无恙，这比什么都重要。
　☞ What a terrible experience! Anyhow, you're back safe and sound, that's the main thing.
　☞ 我们好歹总算搞到了我们想要的东西。
　☞ We managed to get what we wanted, anyhow.
　☞ 她好歹还得再呆上6个月。
　☞ She shall stay for the next six months, at any rate.
　☞ 好歹让我开个头。
　☞ At any rate, let me make a start.
5．whatever，指无论什么。
　☞ 别再做菜了，好歹吃点现成的就得了。
　☞ Don't cook anything more, we'll have whatever there is.
　☞ 好歹有什么事，一定来找我帮忙。
　☞ Whatever happens, come to me for help.
6．in any case, 有whatever happens的意思。
　☞ 你好歹得赶上明天的火车。
　☞ In any case, catch the train tomorrow.
　☞ 我好歹要支持你出国深造。
　☞ In any case, I would insist on your going abroad for advanced study.
7．appreciate favor，偶尔也有好歹的意思。
　☞ 我们应该知道好歹。
　☞ We should know how to appreciate what a favor is.
好看 好看
1．good-(nice-) looking，指人的外貌好看。
　☞ 她是位好看的姑娘。
　☞ She is a good-looking girl.
　☞ 要是有什么不一样的地方，那就是他长得更高、更匀称，自然也更好看。
　☞ If anything different, he was taller, better built, and hence better-looking.
　☞ 他有点好看。
　☞ He is a bit nice-looking.
2．look nice (pretty)，指人的装饰、姿势等好看。
　☞ 那顶帽子你戴着好看。
　☞ That hat looks nice on you.
　☞ 要是你的头发整齐一点，你本来可以更加好看的。
　☞ You could look nicer if you did your hair more neatly.
　☞ 你刚才站在那里的样子，我还从来没见你这么好看。
　☞ I never saw you look as pretty as you did just now standing there.
3．beautiful，指本质好看。
　☞ 这块印花布做裙子一定好看。
　☞ This piece of cotton print would surely make a very beautiful skirt.
　☞ 这景色依然是那么好看。
　☞ The scenery is still so beautiful.
4．pretty，指外表好看。
　☞ 她不过是外表好看罢了。
　☞ She was merely pretty.
　☞ 多好看的一幢房子！
　☞ What a pretty house!
5．delightful, pleasant, enjoyable to see, interesting，指视觉上赏心悦目，或指得到视觉上的享受，或产生兴趣。
　☞ 多么好看的一幅画呀！
　☞ What a delightful (pleasant) picture it is!
　☞ 我欣赏一切好看的东西。
　☞ I appreciate whatever enjoyable to see.
　☞ 这部电影很好看。
　☞ The film is very interesting.
6．honor, share the honor, add luster，均指增添荣耀或光彩。
　☞ 见儿子立了功，我这做娘的也好看。
　☞ It, s an honor for a mother like me to see my son do such a meritorious deed.
　☞ 我的学生拾金不昧，我也好看呀。
　☞ My pupil refused to pocket the money he had found and I shared the honor.
　☞ 他得了奖，我们厂也好看呀。
　☞ His winning of the prize added luster to our factory.
7．put (find) on the spot, make a fool of, feel shame (ashamed)，均指使人难堪。
　☞ 那问题真要了我好看。
　☞ The question really put me on the spot.
　☞ 等着瞧吧，有他好看的。
　☞ Wait and see; he'll soon find himself on the spot.
　☞ 要我上台表演？这不是要我好看吗？
　☞ Mei on the stage? Do you want me to make a fool of myself?
　☞ 他考试不及格，感到脸上不好看。
　☞ He felt shame (ashamed) at having flunked the exam.
好评 好评
1．praise，指表扬。
　☞ 中国茶叶在国外获得好评。
　☞ The Chinese tea received a great deal of praise abroad.
　☞ 他由于谦虚谨慎而获得好评。
　☞ He won praise for his modesty and prudence.
2．credit，指赞扬。
　☞ 她由于处理事务的技巧而获得不少好评。
　☞ She got much credit for the skill with which she handled affairs.
　☞ 我们由于这次探险而博得不少好评。
　☞ We gained a lot of credit from the exploration.
3．critical acclaim，指评论性称赞。
　☞ 该书受到好评。
　☞ The book was greeted with critical acclaim.
　☞ 这部电影得到极大的好评。
　☞ The film received great critical acclaim.
4．commendation，指称赞。
　☞ 受到他的好评，我深感荣幸。
　☞ I am flattered by his commendation.
　☞ 他的工作得到好评。
　☞ His work called forth good commendation.
5．approbation，指满意。
　☞ 该剧受到普遍的好评。
　☞ The play was received with general approbation.
　☞ 我们农场的畜产品获得了消费者的好评。
　☞ The livestock products of our farm have won the approbation of consumers.
6．be well received，指认可性好评。
　☞ 这部小说获得了读者的好评。
　☞ The novel was well received by the readers.
　☞ 他的讲话得到听众的好评。
　☞ His speech was well received by the audience.
7．have a good opinion of，指评论好。
　☞ 大多数市民对他在市长任期内的工作颇有好评。
　☞ The majority of the citizens have a good opinion of the work during his term of office as a mayor.
　☞ 我们对她是有好评的。
　☞ We had a good opinion of her.
好转 好转
1．improve，指改善。
　☞ 他的身体正在好转。
　☞ His health is improving.或He is improving in health.
　☞ 我相信你的情况会很快好转的。
　☞ I'm sure that things will improve with you very soon.
2．take the turn for the better, take a favorable (good) turn，指向好的方面转交。
　☞ 病人的病情已经好转。
　☞ The patient has taken a turn for the better.
　☞ 目前的形势正在好转。
　☞ The present situation is taking a turn for the better.
　☞ 或The present situation is taking a favorable turn.
　☞ 天气已经好转。
　☞ The weather has taken a good turn.
3．on the mend，mend，指在痊愈、改进中。
　☞ 他摔断的腿在好转。
　☞ His broken leg is on the mend.
　☞ 他们之间的关系在好转。
　☞ The relationship between them is on the mend.
　☞ 我认为这里的情况在好转。
　☞ I think things are mending here.
如 如
1．like, 指如同，用作介词。
　☞ 湖面如镜。
　☞ The lake is like a mirror.
　☞ 他人是老人，行为却如孩子。
　☞ He is an old man, yet he is acting like a child.
2．as，也指如同，但用作连词。
　☞ 如上所述，谈判陷入了僵局。
　☞ The negotiations reached a deadlock as described above.
　☞ 正如你所说，他没有来参加会议。
　☞ He didn't attend the meeting, as you have said.
　☞ 唐朝有过许多大诗人，如李白、杜甫、白居易等。
　☞ The Tang Dynasty produced a host of great poets, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Ba Juyi and others.
3．as…as，指犹如，往往指真实的比喻。
　☞ 我侗的意志坚如钢铁。
　☞ Our will is as strong as steel.
　☞ 人情薄如纸。
　☞ Human feelings of sympathy are as thin as paper.
4．as if, 也指犹如，但往往指非真实的比喻，故其后常用虚拟语气。
　☞ 我对你如亲生儿子。
　☞ I treat you as if you were my own son.
　☞ 他坚持研究，十年如一日。
　☞ He persevered in his research for ten years as if it were one day.
5．if, in the event, 相当于“如果”，详见词条“如果”。
　☞ 如处理得当，问题不难解决。
　☞ The problem will not be difficult to solve, if properly handled.
　☞ 如不能来，请打电话告诉我。
　☞ If you can't come, please ring me up.
　☞ 如我队获胜，将举行庆祝。
　☞ In the event that our team wins, there will be a celebration.
6．in case，指万一。
　☞ 如有困难，找我好了。
　☞ In case of difficulty, just call on me.
　☞ 如有火警，将玻璃击碎。
　☞ In case of fire, break the glass.
7．“如”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们的那位向导步伐轻巧，爬起山来矫健得如羚羊。
　☞ Our guide was light-footed and climbed mountains with ease of a chamois.
　☞ 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
　☞ Agues come on horseback, but go away on foot.
　☞ 最易辨认的星座是天蝎星座，形如风筝，并有一个摆动的长尾。
　☞ The easiest constellation to identify is the Scorpion, which is a kite-shaped group, with a long swinging tail.
　☞ 那画画得栩栩如生。
　☞ That picture was drawn to the life.
　☞ 随着风力大小的变化，海洋的变化可由浪涛汹涌到波平如镜。
　☞ The sea changes from violent disturbance to glassy calm with varying strength of wind.
　☞ 党和国家领导人登上主席台时，全场欢声如雷。
　☞ The appearance on the rostrum of the Party and State leaders was greeted with thunderous cheers.
如何 如何
1．how，作“如何”解时有几种情况。
1) 用作疑问副词，引出疑问句。用来询问变化的事物，如暂时的情绪、情况的变化等。
　☞ 老板今天早上的脸色如何？
　☞ How does the boss look this morning?
　☞ 祖母的风湿病如何？
　☞ How is the grandmother's rheumatism?
　 ■ 由此引出how，用来问候别人的健康情况。
　“你的身体如何？”“很好，谢谢，你呢？”
　 "How are you?" "Fine, thank you, and you?"
　 ■ 此外，how 也用来表示人们对所经历的事情的反应。
　☞ 电影如何？
　☞ How is the film?
　☞ 你的新工作如何？
　☞ How is your new job?
2) 用作连接副词，引出从句或动词不定式。
　☞ 这就是我们是如何开始的。
　☞ This is how we started.
　☞ 这东西是如何做成的一直是个谜。
　☞ How it was made has been a mystery.
　☞ 问题是如何把他培养成一个真正的战士。
　☞ The question was how to make a real fighter out of him.
　☞ 讨论集中在如何提高部队的战斗力上。
　☞ The discussion centered on how to increase the combat effectiveness of the troops.
2．what，作“如何”解的场合较少，一般用在无可奈何或请人评论时。
　☞ 除了那么做，我们又能如何？
　☞ What else could we have done except that?
　☞ 他不知如何是好。
　☞ He didn't know what to do.
　☞ 咱们去散会儿步，你看如何？
　☞ Let's go for a walk. What do you say?
　☞ 你对新老师的意见如何？
　☞ What is your opinion of the new teacher?
　 ■ what与like连用，可以提问人或物的性质。
　☞ 你兄弟的为人如何？
　☞ What is your brother like?
　☞ 昆明的天气如何？
　☞ What weather is like in Kunming?
3．how和what的区别。
　☞ 那部电影如何？
　☞ How was the film?（问看了电影后的感觉）
　☞ What was the film like?（请对方对电影加以评论）
　☞ 这本小说你觉得如何？
　☞ How do you like the novel?（问读后的感受）
　☞ What do you think of the novel?（请对方评论）
加入 加入
1．join，指加入某种组织。
　☞ 他在解放前就加入了中国共产党。
　☞ He joined the Communist Party of China before liberation.
　☞ 谁劝你加入登山俱乐部的？
　☞ Who persuaded you to join the Alpine Club?
2．affiliate oneself to，指某种隶属关系。
　☞ 商人都应加入当地的商会。
　☞ Businessmen should affiliate themselves to the local Chamber of Commerce.
　☞ 所有的电视台都加入了同一个广播网吗？
　☞ Are all TV stations affiliated to the same network?
3．accede to，指加入条约或协定。
　☞ 越来越多的国家主张中国加入世贸组织。
　☞ More and more countries favor that China ought to accede to WTO.
　☞ 凡未签署本公约的国家，不论出席布鲁塞尔召开的国际会议与否，均可加入本公约。
　☞ Non-signatory states may accede to the present Convention whether or not they have been represented at the International Conference at Brussels.
4．add, mix，指添加或掺加。
　☞ 硅一般是通过共同蒸发来加入的。
　☞ Silicon is usually added by co-evaporation.
　☞ 面粉里先加入适量的盐，再按比例加入适量的水。
　☞ Mix an appropriate amount of salt into flour, and then add some water in proportion.
如果 如果
1．if，表示假设，但这种假设可以是真实的，也可以是虚拟的。
　☞ 如果那人是玛丽，干嘛她不停下来打招呼？
　☞ If that was Mary, why didn't she stop and say hello?
　☞ 如果发了财，我要去周游世界。
　☞ If I got rich I'd travel round the world.
　☞ 如果你问过我，我会全都告诉你的。
　☞ If you had asked me I would have told you all.
2．should，也表示假定，但只用于虚拟语气。
　☞ 如果有人来访，就说我一会儿就回来。
　☞ Should anyone call, say I shall be back in a minute.
　☞ 如果这个责任落到更能干的人的肩上，他会更加高兴的；
　☞ Should the duty have fallen on abler shoulders he would have been much more pleased.
3．suppose，也指假设，作连词时与if同义。
　☞ 如果没有地心引力，情况会怎么样？
　☞ Suppose there was no such force as gravitation, what would things be like?
　☞ 如果你父亲看见你，他会怎么说？
　☞ Suppose your father saw you, what would he say?
4．provided (that)，表示规定的条件，有“只要”的意思，因此使用范围没有if广。故if 一般都能代替provided，而provided则不一定能代替if。
　☞ 如果有时间，我一定来。
　☞ I will come provided I have time.
　☞ 如果有成年人陪着，孩子们可以游泳。
　☞ The children may swim provided an adult accompanies them.
　☞ 如果一开始向计算机提供的资料是正确的，那么其速度是个优点，准确也是个优点。
　☞ Speed is one advantage, accuracy is another provided that the computer is given accurate data to start with.
5．on condition that，与provided that通用，也表示规定的先决条件。
　☞ 如果你不转借给别人，你可以借这本书。
　☞ You may borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
　☞ 如果你们负担一部分费用，我们可以同意。
　☞ We will consent on condition that you bear part of expense.
6．in case of，有“万一”的意思。
　☞ 如果发生火警，请拨119。
　☞ In case of fire, dial 119.
　☞ 如果我不在那里，请我的兄弟帮你。
　☞ In case of my not being there, ask my brother to help you.
7．in the event of，义同in case of。
　☞ 如果发生火警，请按警铃。
　☞ In the event office, ring the alarm-bell.
　☞ 如果失败，我们还有一次机会。
　☞ We shall have another chance in the event of failure.
8．unless，有“除非”的意思，故可以引申为“如果不”。
　☞ 我们如果不加强学习，就会跟不上发展的形势。
　☞ We can't keep abreast of the developing situation unless we study hard.
　☞ 再好的协定，如果不加以落实也是一纸空文。
　☞ The best agreement is a mere scrap of paper unless it is implemented.
9．when, where，原指时间和地点，但在一定的上下文中有“当时如果”或“如果在某个地方”的意思。
　☞ 如果图画比文字更能说明问题，我们就用图画。
　☞ We use pictures when pictures can illustrate meaning better than words.
　☞ 如果人人都是人物，那就谁也不是人物了。
　☞ When everybody is somebody, then nobody is anybody.
　☞ 如果没有发明，我们至少可以改进。
　☞ Where we cannot invent, we may at least improve.
　☞ 如果可能，所有的部件都应该予以检测。
　☞ Where possible, all parts should be tested.
10．without，用在假设句中，有“如果不”、“如果无”的意思，常与虚拟语气连用。
　☞ 如果没有重力，就不会有空气，不会有水，不会有一切。
　☞ Without gravity there would be no air, no water, no nothing.
　☞ 如果没有血液的凝固，我们就会因一个割开的伤口而流血致死。
　☞ Without the clotting of our blood we would bleed to death from a cut.
如此 如此
1．so，指“这样”。
1) 可以用来修饰动词。
　☞ 既然你希望受人款待，你也应如此待人。
　☞ As you hope to be treated by others, so you must treat them.
　☞ 先告诉我，是什么事使你如此苦恼。
　☞ Tell me first what has upset you so.
　“你明天去踢足球吗？”“我希望如此。”
　"Are you going to play football tomorrow?" "I hope so."
2) 可以用来修饰形容词。
　☞ 天呀，他是如此魁梧、如此英俊、如此孔武有力！
　☞ Alas, he is so big, so handsome, so forceful!
　☞ 他成了如此高消费之地的常客，不由得欣赏起自己来了。
　☞ He could not help admiring himself for being able to frequent so costly a place.
3) 可以用来修饰副词。
　☞ 他来得如此之快，完全出乎我的意料。
　☞ I never expected him to get here so soon.
　☞ 她唱得如此之好，都使我陶醉了。
　☞ She sang so well that it made me feel intoxicated.
4) 可以用来修饰其他，如补语、表语等。
　☞ 这可以想象，至少我认为如此。
　☞ This is conceivable. At least I find it so.
　☞ 他是个懒孩子，而且会永远如此。
　☞ He is a lazy boy and will always be so.
　☞ 我完全信任他，了解他的人都会如此。
　☞ I trust him completely. So would anyone who knew him.
2．thus，书面语，义同so，但使用范围没有so的广。一般只用来修饰动词。
　☞ 加此说来，问题似乎无关宏旨。
　☞ Stated thus, the problem seems trivial.
　☞ 只有如此，他们才能保证大家拥有工作、休息和受教育的权利。
　☞ Only thus can they secure the right of work, rest and education for all.
　☞ 他是如此来描绘这一过程的。
　☞ He pictured the process thus.
　☞ 他们要我在会上发言，如此而已。
　☞ They asked me to speak at the meeting merely thus.
3．such，指这样的，只用来修饰名词。
　☞ 如此聪明的孩子很少见。
　☞ Such an intelligent child is rarely seen.
　☞ 拼写得如此之差，简直无法容忍。
　☞ Such bad spelling is simply intolerable.
　☞ 这件事使他如此震惊，以致脸都变色了。
　☞ It gave him such a shock that his face changed color.
4．this，that, 用在形容词前，等于so的意思。
　☞ 我没想到这个工作如此容易。
　☞ I didn't realize the work was this easy.
　☞ 要是你男朋友如此聪明，怎么还没发起来？
　☞ If your boy-friend is that clever, why isn't he rich?
　 ■ this，that也可作代词单独使用。其区别是this指说话人已介入的场合，that则指说话人未介入的场合。
　☞ 原文如此，未加改动。
　☞ This is a faithful reproduction of the original without any alterations.
　☞ 情况就是如此。
　☞ That's how things stand.
　 ■ 同时，this，that还可与like连用。
　☞ 敌人竟敢如此嚣张，我们不能不予以回击。
　☞ When the enemy is on the rampage like this, we've got to hit back.
　☞ 如此欺骗自己人，那才真是丢脸呢。
　☞ It would be a shame to deceive your own people like that.
　 ■ 此外，this和that还可与no more than, nothing more than连用。
　☞ 最大的幸福莫过于如此。
　☞ There is no greater happiness than this.
　☞ 据我看，他的手艺不过如此。
　☞ In my opinion his craftsmanship is nothing more than that.
5．as it is，表示事实如此。
　☞ 我认为世界就是如此。
　☞ I take the world as it is.
　☞ 工业战线形势大好，其他各条战线也是如此。
　☞ The situation is good on the industrial front, as it is on the other fronts.
6．“如此”在一定的上下文里可以不译。
　☞ 事已如此，后悔也是枉然。
　☞ Now it is done, regrets are of no avail.
　☞ 困难是很多的，虽然如此，也要想办法完成任务。
　☞ We'll try to fulfill our task in spite of the many difficulties.
妨碍 妨碍
1．hinder，强调由于某种障碍而不能顺利进行。
　☞ 他的保守思想妨碍他进步。
　☞ His conservative thinking hinders his progress.
　☞ 现在别跟他讲话，你会妨碍他的。
　☞ Don't talk to him now; you will hinder him.
　☞ 教室拥挤不堪，妨碍了对孩子的教育。
　☞ Overcrowded schoolrooms hinder the education of our children.
　☞ 不要妨碍他的工作。
　☞ Don't hinder him in work.
　☞ 他的固执妨碍了他跟邻居的交往。
　☞ His stubbornness hinders him in association with his neighbors.
　☞ 流言蜚语往往妨碍同志之间的团结。
　☞ Gossip often hinders unity among comrades.
　☞ 恶劣的天气妨碍了新公路的施工。
　☞ Bad weather hindered the construction of the new highway.
　☞ 孩子歇斯底里的哭喊妨碍医生对他的检查。
　☞ The child's hysterical crying hindered the doctor from completing his examination.
2．hamper，强调受到某种因素的限制。
　☞ 大雪妨碍了我的行动。
　☞ Heavy snow hampered my movement.
　☞ 装备缺乏，妨碍了施工。
　☞ Lack of equipment hampered the construction work.
　☞ 陷在雪地里的车辆妨碍了清除积雪。
　☞ Stalled vehicles hampered snow-removal efforts.
　☞ 恶劣的天气妨碍了军队的推进。
　☞ Bad weather hampered the army's advance.
　☞ 原料短缺妨碍了生产的发展。
　☞ Shortage of raw materials hampers the growth of production.
　☞ 长裙妨碍了她的行动自由。
　☞ The long skirt hampered her freedom of movement.
　☞ 韵和韵律妨碍了诗人的自由表达。
　☞ Rhyme and meter hamper the poet's free expression.
3．interfere with，强调受到某种干扰。
　☞ 昨晚的吵闹声妨碍我睡觉。
　☞ The noise interfered with my sleep last night.
　☞ 娱乐不得妨碍正事。
　☞ Pleasure must not interfere with duty.
　☞ 当然，没有东西会妨碍我们的友谊。
　☞ Nothing will interfere with our friendship, of course.
　☞ 我已成人，不会让不顺心的事妨碍我的工作的。
　☞ I'm old enough not to let my troubles interfere with my work.
　☞ 这种做法是会妨碍纪律的。
　☞ Such practice would interfere with discipline.
4．impede，强调某运动的物体受到另一物体的阻挡。
　☞ 事故现场的人群妨碍了救护车的刭来。
　☞ The crowds at the scene of the accident impeded the arrival of the ambulance.
　☞ 泥泞的道路妨碍了我们旅行。
　☞ The muddy roads impeded our journey.
　☞ 他的病妨碍他的进步。
　☞ His sickness impedes his progress.
5．be (present) an obstacle to，强调前进道路上具有某种妨碍物。
　☞ 缺乏想像力会妨碍一个人对事业的进取。
　☞ Lack of imagination is an obstacle to one's advancement.
　☞ 她父母的反对妨碍了他们的婚姻。
　☞ Her parents' opposition was an obstacle to their marriage.
　☞ 他学外语的能力不足，这妨碍了他的外交生涯。
　☞ His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle to his diplomatic career.
　☞ 这不应该妨碍发展我们两国之间的良好关系。
　☞ This should not present an obstacle to the development of good relations between our two countries.
6．obstruct，强调由于某种妨碍而使运动停顿，词义比以上几个词都要强烈。
　☞ 资金缺乏妨碍了工程的施工进度。
　☞ Lack of funds obstructed the progress of the work on the project.
　☞ 这次罢工妨碍了我们公司的工作。
　☞ The strike obstructed the work of our company.
　☞ 过去一周内的开挖妨碍了这条街上的交通。
　☞ The excavation has obstructed all traffic in this street for the last week.
7．block，强调由于某种妨碍物的阻挡而封锁整个通道，因而比obstruct强烈。
　☞ 你在这里停车会妨碍交通的。
　☞ You'll block the traffic by parking your car here.
　☞ 大雪妨碍军队的推进。
　☞ Heavy snow blocked the army's advance.
　☞ 他的病妨碍了他在学业上的提高。
　☞ His illness blocked the progress of his study.
　☞ 无休止的辩论妨碍了提案的通过。
　☞ The endless argument blocked the passage of the bill.
8．stop (from)，强调由于受到阻挡而使运动停顿，词义也十分强烈。
　☞ 大雪妨碍了这次比赛。
　☞ Heavy snow stopped the game.
　☞ 这不会妨碍我们按期动工。
　☞ This won't stop us from starting work on the project on time.
姑且 姑且
1．may (might) as well，表示原来的打算落空，于是退而求其次。may, might意思相同，只是后者比较委婉。
　☞ 这个假日不好玩，姑且回家吧。
　☞ This holiday isn't of much fun, we may as well be back home.
　☞ 今天的票都卖光了，姑且买明天的吧。
　☞ Today's tickets are all sold out, we might as well have them for tomorrow's performance.
2．for the moment (present), temporarily, tentative，表示尽管目前思想上有保留，但暂时还是做了让步。
　☞ 这件事如果不急，姑且拖一拖。
　☞ We can leave this matter aside for the moment if it is not urgent.
　☞ 房间里闷，我们姑且开开窗子。
　☞ The room is stuffy. We can leave the windows open for the moment.
　☞ 你姑且用我的笔。
　☞ You can use my pen for the present.
　☞ 释放政治犯的请求姑且予以批准，以观后效。
　☞ The request for releasing the political prisoners is hereby temporarily approved to see how they behave in the future.
　☞ 任务我们姑且承担下来，但出了事要你负责。
　☞ We can temporarily accept the task but, if anything goes wrong, we'll hold you responsible.
　☞ 为了还债，我们姑且作这样的安排。
　☞ We have to make a tentative arrangement to pay our debts.
　☞ 为了大多数人的利益，我们姑且牺牲我们的个人利益。
　☞ We can make such a tentative sacrifice of our personal interests for the interests of the vast majority of the people.
3．just let (let's just), suppose, anyhow，表示某种让步性的建议或请求。
　☞ 姑且妄言之，姑且妄听之。
　☞ Just let him talk and let's just listen.
　☞ 你姑且试一试。
　☞ Suppose you give it a try.
　☞ 我们姑且去散会儿步。
　☞ Suppose we go for a walk.
　☞ 你姑且留个地址给我。
　☞ Leave me your address, anyhow.
　☞ 既然没人想干，姑且由我来吧。
　☞ Since nobody wants to do it, I'll take it up anyhow.
4．leave… aside，表示姑且后面的事情有实现的可能性，因此带有鼓动或提示的语气。
　☞ 费用问题我们姑且不谈，要在一年内完成这项工程也是不可能的。
　☞ Even if we leave aside the question of cost, it will be impossible to complete the project in a year.
　☞ 我们姑且不说他玩忽职守，光贪污就够他坐牢的了。
　☞ Only the corruption is enough to send him to jail, even we leave his neglect of duty aside.
委托 委托
1．ask sb. to do sth. on one's behalf, 泛指一切非正式的委托。语气比较随便，暗示某种要求。
　☞ 厂长委托我来代表他主持今天的会议。
　☞ The director asked me to chair today's meeting on his behalf.
　☞ 总统在国事访问期间委托副总统代行其职权。
　☞ The president asked the vice-president to function in an acting capacity on his behalf during his state visit.
2．leave sth. in one's hand，也指一切非正式的委托，语气比较随便，但强调需经某人之手来办理。
　☞ 安排外宾参观游览我就委托你了。
　☞ I'll leave the arrangements of visits and sightseeing trips for foreign guests in your hands.
　☞ 你最好委托一个律师事务所来办这件事。
　☞ You had better leave the matter in the hands of a lawyer's office.
3．trust，指由于信任而委托，语气比较正式。强调放心让人去做某事。
　☞ 我能委托王教授的助教带预科班到中学进行教学实习吗？
　☞ Can I trust Professor Wang's assistant to take the candidates' class out practicing teaching at a middle school?
　☞ 你不能委托像他那种人去起草这么重要的文件。
　☞ You can't trust a person like him to make a draft of such an important document.
4．entrust，与trust不同的是trust是委托人办事，而entrust是把事委托给人。
　☞ 我已委托我的代表就此事与你商谈。
　☞ I have entrusted the matter to my representative, who will have a discussion with you.
　☞ 我们该不该把这么重要的机密文件委托给他们呢？
　☞ Ought we to entrust to them such important and confidential documents?
5．mandate，指人民或上级通过授权的正式委托。
　☞ 代表们带着人民的委托，聚集一堂，共商国家大事。
　☞ Mandated by the people, the delegates assembled to discuss state affairs。
　☞ 第一次世界大战以后，德国的海外属地委托英国及其他国家管理。
　☞ After the First World War, Germany's overseas territories were mandated to England and other nations.
威吓 威吓
1．intimidate，intimidation，指通过威逼使人就范。具有强烈的目的性。
　☞ 黑帮威吓入了伙的警察局长，要他惟命是从。
　☞ The sinister gang so intimidated the chief of the police who joined in partnership that he would do whatever he was told。
　☞ 两个窃贼威吓店主，扬言要把他杀了。
　☞ The two thieves intimidated the shopkeeper with threats that they would kill him.
　☞ 证人受到威吓，未能出庭作证。
　☞ The witness was kept from testifying by intimidation.
2．frighten，常用词，强调受到威吓时的恐惧，程度比intimidate弱，目的性也不强。
　☞ 学生中的霸头经常威吓年纪小的孩子，使他们惟命是从。
　☞ The bully among the pupils often so frighten smaller children that they would do whatever he told them.
　☞ 那警察抓住小偷后稍一威吓他就坦白了罪行。
　☞ Having caught the thief, the policeman frightened him a bit into confessing his crime.
3．bully，指以强凌弱、以大欺小式的威吓。
　☞ 我本来是想把一切都告诉警方的，但他威吓我不让讲出来。
　☞ I had wanted to tell everything to the police but he bullied me out of it。
　☞ 大一点的男孩往往会威吓小一点的男孩。
　☞ The older boys often bully younger ones.
4．threaten, 指要进行惩罚、报复的威吓。
　☞ 老板威吓她，如果不就范就开除她。
　☞ The boss threatened her with dismissal if she refused to give m.
　☞ 农庄主威吓那男孩，他若再来果园就要揍他。
　☞ The farmer threatened to beat the boy if he came into the orchard again.
威胁 威胁
1．threaten, threat，日常用语，指用武力威胁或胁迫别人。
　☞ 黑帮威胁要谋杀他的儿子。
　☞ The sinister gang threatened to murder his son.
　☞ 游击队带信给那伪警察局长，威胁要是他再干坏事就要报复。
　☞ The guerrilla force sent a message to the chief of the puppet police by threatening revenge if he kept doing evil deeds.
　☞ 威胁吓不倒我们。
　☞ Threats don't scare us.
　 ■ threaten还可指由于情况的发展而危及人或物。
　☞ 我希望实际的产量不致大到威胁人类和生物圈。
　☞ I hope that the actual production may not be so great as to threaten both man and biosphere.
　☞ 洪水正威胁着该镇。
　☞ Floods are threatening the town.
2．menace，书面用语，所指的威胁、恫吓较弱，但存在着某种威胁的意识却很强。因此只有在确有危险时才使用。
　☞ 这些危险的武器正威胁着世界的各个角落。
　☞ These dangerous weapons are menacing every part of the world.
　☞ 战争的阴影威胁着该国。
　☞ The country is menaced by the shadow of war.
　☞ 恐怖主义的存在现在已成了人类的致命威胁。
　☞ The presence of terrorism has now become a deadly menace to mankind.
3．imperil, 指可以预料的、迫近的威胁。
　☞ 水污染威胁着水生动植物的生命。
　☞ Water pollution imperils all kinds of marine life.
　☞ 美国人知道萨达姆一旦获胜，整个形势就会威胁到他们在西半球的利益。
　☞ The Americans know that the whole situation would imperil their interests in the Western Hemisphere in case Sadam won.
婚姻 婚姻
1．marry，marriage，指通过法律形成的婚姻关系。
　☞ 他婚姻美满幸福，还是位忠实的丈夫、尽责的父亲。
　☞ He married well and happily and was a devoted husband and father.
　☞ 在四十年的婚姻生活里他们共同经历了许许多多。
　☞ They have been through a lot together in their forty years of marriage.
　☞ 这场婚姻持续了40年，却在1954年以不幸告终。
　☞ The marriage lasted forty years and ended unhappily in 1954.
2．matrimony，matrim01ual，指宗教，正式法律用语。
　☞ 我得好好考虑与女方这一门不当户不对的婚姻。
　☞ I have to contemplate the matrimony with the girl from a family unequal in social status.
　☞ 杨家出身低微，无法与这一神圣婚姻连姻。
　☞ The Yangs were too humble to join bonds of this holy matrimony.
　☞ 她是婚姻介绍所里热心的工作人员。
　☞ She is an ardent worker of the matrimonial agency.
3．match，指相互匹配的婚姻。
　☞ 她从家里跑了出来以逃避父母做主的婚姻。
　☞ She ran away from home to escape a match arranged by her parents.
　☞ 从实用的观点来看，这倒是桩蛮理想的婚姻。
　☞ From a practical point of view it would be an ideal match.
嫌 嫌
1．dislike，指由不喜欢而生嫌。
　☞ 大家都嫌他脾气急。
　☞ Everybody dislikes him because of his hot temper.
　☞ 他们俩一个嫌一个。
　☞ The two of them dislike each other.
　☞ 中午他嫌屋里太热，就到屋子外面去了。
　☞ At noon he disliked that it was too hot in the house and went out.
　☞ 他嫌我讲得太快，要我讲慢一点。
　☞ He disliked that I spoke too quick and asked me to speak slower.
　☞ 我嫌脏，就赶快跳开了。
　☞ I disliked the dirtiness and jumped back as quickly as possible.
　☞ 此人在校内人见人嫌。
　☞ This man is disliked by everyone inside the school.
2．detest，指由厌恶而生嫌，语气较dislike强。
　☞ 我最嫌那些骗人、说谎的人。
　☞ I most detest people who deceive and tell lies.
　☞ 我们办公室里没有一个人不嫌他的。
　☞ There is no one in our office who doesn't detest him.
3．mind，指俞意、在乎。常用于疑问或否定。
　☞ 你不嫌我们在这里抽烟吧？
　☞ You don't mind us smoking here, do you?
　☞ 他到哪儿去都骑自行车，也不嫌累。
　☞ Wherever he went, he cycled, and did not mind the exertion.
4．think，仅指思想上生嫌，常与负面词连用。
　☞ 要是你嫌麻烦，就别管了。
　☞ Don't bother if you think it troublesome.
　☞ 她嫌活脏，没接受。
　☞ She didn't accept the job, thinking it dirty.
5．“嫌”的其他译法。
　☞ 这文章的内容不错，只是文字略嫌哕嗦。
　☞ The article is good in content, only it's a bit wordy.
　☞ 老太太很难伺候，但她从来没嫌过。
　☞ The old lady was very hard to please, but she never grew impatient waiting on her.
　☞ 不要嫌犯过错误的同志。
　☞ Don't cold-shoulder comrades who have made mistakes.
　☞ 他们通过批评与自我批评，前嫌尽释。
　☞ All previous ill will has been removed through criticism and self-criticism.
存在 存在
1．表示事物占据的时间或空间，可译exist。
　☞ 中国革命在全国胜利，并且解决了土地问题以后，中国还存在两种基本矛盾。
　☞ After the countrywide victory of the Chinese revolution and the solution of the land problem, two basic contradictions will still exist in China.
　☞ 一个社会，无论何时，总有先进和落后两种人们、 两种意见矛盾地存在着和斗争着。
　☞ In any society and at any time, there are always two kinds of people and views, the advanced and the backward that exist as opposites struggling with each other.
2．表示泛指实际上有，可译be。
　☞ 他认为这样的事情是不可能存在的。
　☞ He thinks that such a thing cannot be.
　☞ 在拿枪的敌人被消灭以后，不拿枪的敌人依然存在。
　☞ After the enemies with guns have been wiped out, there will still be enemies without guns.
3．表示事物存在的延续，可译remain。
　☞ 你决不能让你的学生存在这种错误态度。
　☞ You should never permit any of your students to let such a wrong attitude remain.
　☞ 失业现象还严重存在。
　☞ Unemployment has remained serious.
4．表示继续生存，可译survive。
　☞ 他们不搞战争还可以在地球上多存在一些时候。
　☞ If they desist from war, they can survive a little longer on this earth.
　☞ 应当承认，每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？
　☞ It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can it survive7 How can it progress?
5．表示面对事物的存在，可译confront，be confronted with。
　☞ 两个超级大国存在的另一个争端是如何裁减中程弹道导弹。
　☞ Another dispute confronting the two superpowers is how to reduce intermediate range ballistic missiles.
　☞ 在这次战争中，我们一开始就存在3个问题。
　☞ In this war we were confronted with three problems at the very start.
6．表示性质上与某种事物共同存在，可译be present。
　☞ 矛盾存在于一切事物的发展过程中。
　☞ Contradiction is present in the process of development of all things.
　☞ 氧存在于空气之中。
　☞ Oxygen is present in the air.
7．存在用作名词时，existence与being可以换用。
　☞ 人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。
　☞ Men's social existence determines their consciousness.或It is men's social being that determines their thinking.
存心 存心
1．intention，intentionally，指有意。
　☞ 只有存心不良的人才会在我们之间搬弄是非。
　☞ Only a person with evil intention would make mischief between us.
　☞ 他这样说不知是什么存心。
　☞ It's hard to say what his intentions were in saying that.
　☞ 这个不是我存心干的。
　☞ I did not do it intentionally.
2．purposely，on purpose，指故意。
　☞ 他存心刁难我。
　☞ He purposely made difficulties for me.
　☞ 你是在存心跟我作对吗？
　☞ Are you purposely antagonizing me?
　☞ 她当然是存心这么干的。
　☞ She did it on purpose, of course.
　☞ 要是你跟他开个玩笑，他就会认为你是在存心侮辱他。
　☞ If you joke with him, he'll think you're insulting him on purpose.
3．deliberate，deliberately，指蓄意。
　☞ 这是存心撒谎。
　☞ It was a deliberate lie.
　☞ 他存心不想理会他们的批评。
　☞ He made a deliberate attempt to ignore their criticism.
　☞ 我相信房子是有人存心放的火。
　☞ I believe the house was deliberately set fire to.
　☞ 这种文体我是存心放弃的。
　☞ It was a style that I have deliberately abandoned.
存放 存放
1．为了安全起见而存放，可译deposit... in（用于地点），deposit... 一with（用于人）。
　☞ 如果你钱多，存放在银行里最安全。
　☞ If you have a large sum of money, it is safest to deposit it in the bank.
　☞ 她把珠宝存放在保险箱里才出门远行。
　☞ She deposited her jewelry in the safe before she went on a Journey.
　☞ 我叔父立了遗嘱以后就把它存放在律师那里。
　☞ My uncle made his will and deposited it with his lawyer.
2．一般存放，可译leave... in (at)（用于地点），leave with（用于人）。
　☞ 他把提包都存放在行李房里了。
　☞ He left his bags at the luggage office.
　☞ 你可以把帽子存放在衣帽间里。
　☞ You may leave your hat in the cloakroom.
　☞ 我把箱子存放在朋友那里了。
　☞ I left my suitcase with a friend of mine.
　☞ 她好多书都存在我那里。
　☞ She has left a number of books with me.
　 ■ 但是如果存放的物件需人照管时，可用leave... in the care of。
　☞ 易燃物品都存放在专人那里。
　☞ The inflammable goods are left in the care of the person especially assigned for the task.
　☞ 你捐赠的珍本都已存放在北京图书馆里。
　☞ The rare books you donated are left in the care of the Beijing Library.
3．存放行李、衣帽也可用check(美语)。
　☞ 我还没有存放提包呢。
　☞ I haven't checked my bags yet.
　☞ 你的行李都存放好了吗？
　☞ Have you checked your entire luggage?
学术 学术
1．learning，指通过学习获得的知识，多指人文学科方面的学术。
　☞ 他的著作具有西方学术的一种特征。
　☞ His writings have a tincture of Western learning.
　☞ 王教授的讲座表现了其学术水平和远见卓识。
　☞ Professor Wang's lectures have displayed his learning and insight.
2．science，指通过研究、观察、试验获得的科学知识和自然规律，常指理科方面的学术。
　☞ 这方面的学术使我的事业老有所成。
　☞ Science in this field has crowned my career at old age.
　☞ 他的著作以崭新的发现和确凿的数据丰富了这方面的学术。
　☞ His works have enriched science in this sphere with new discoveries and well-ascertained data.
3．academic，指善于从理论上研究问题的学术。
　☞ 他在学术界是一位具有权威地位的学者。
　☞ He is a scholar of authoritative position in the academic world.
　☞ 一位优秀的科学家应该具有学术头脑。
　☞ A good scientist must have an academic mind.
4．learned，指博学精深，因而学术性强。
　☞ 一般说来，一个人越有学术地位就越是谦虚。
　☞ The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is.
　☞ 杜甫诗社只是个学术协会而已。
　☞ Du Fu's Poets' Club is a learned society only.
学（学习） 学（学习）
1．learn，指通过学习或练习，从实践中学会某种知识或技术。
　☞ 我们村里的老年妇女都在忙着学文化。
　☞ The old women of our village are all busy learning to read and write.
　☞ 她在学骑自行车。
　☞ She is learning how to ride a bicycle.
　☞ 她在那里学习会计和速记。
　☞ There she learns account and shorthand.
　☞ 显然，你上学是来玩的，不是来学习的。
　☞ Evidently you go to school to play, not to learn.
　 ■ 此外，learn还可与一些介词，如from，by，through等连用。指人时为“向…学习”；指物时为“从…中学习”。
　☞ 学习别人先进经验十分重要。
　☞ It is very important to learn from others' advanced experience.
　☞ 从一位好老师那里可以学到好多东西。
　☞ Much can be learned from a good teacher.
　☞ 聪明人从别人的错误里学习。
　☞ Wise men learn by other men's mistakes.
　☞ 我们是在斗争与失败中学习的。
　☞ We learned through struggles and failures.
2．study，指带有研究性的、系统深入的学习。
　☞ 你学的是哪一个学科？
　☞ What subject are you studying?
　☞ 要是我通过函授来学习工程，这个主意行不行？
　☞ Would it be a good idea if I could study engineering by mails?
　☞ 学习我们的历史遗产，应用马克思主义的方法进行批判性的总结，是我们学习的另一任务。
　☞ Another of our tasks is to study our historical heritage and use the Marxist method to sum it up critically.
　 ■ study指为获得知识而学，而learn指为获得技巧而学。请看下面译文。
　☞ 学医和学游泳是完全不同的两码事。
　☞ It is entirely different things to study medicine and to learn how to swim.
　 ■ learn和study虽有区别，但在词义不矛盾时可以换用。
　☞ 我是在昆明师院学的英语。
　☞ I learned (studied) English in Kunming Teachers'
　☞ College.
　 ■ 但有时，study着重在过程，而learn着重在结果。
　☞ 人们可以花很多时间来学习马列主义，却可能什么都没学到。
　☞ People may spend a lot of time in studying Marxism-Leninism, yet they may learn nothing.
3．emulate, 指仿效别人的学习。
　☞ 我们要学先进、赶先进、超先进。
　☞ We must emulate. catch up with and surpass the advanced.
　☞ 那位雄心勃勃的年轻人在偷偷学习老板那办事游刃有余的能力。
　☞ The ambitious young man is emulating secretly his boss' ability to do a job with skill and ease.
4．imitate, imitation，指细节上的模仿学习。
　☞ 这孩子在学他的老师说话的样子。
　☞ The boy is imitating his teacher's way of talking.
　☞ 他会学鸡叫。
　☞ He imitates the cock's crow.
　☞ 他最近做了一件事，值得学习和表扬。
　☞ He has lately done a worthy action, deserving imitation and praising.
5．mimic, 指为了逗乐而学别人的样子，强调模仿得惟妙惟肖。
　☞ 他学着老师一本正经走路的样子，弄得同学们都笑了起来。
　☞ He made all his classmates laugh by mimicking the teacher's solemn way of walking.
　☞ 那演员学着几位著名领导人的样子来逗乐观众。
　☞ The actor amused the audience by mimicking some well-known leaders.
6．follow, 指跟着人学。
　☞ 绝对不要学那些人那样玩弄阴谋。
　☞ We must never follow the example of those people and resort to scheme.
　☞ 看着跟我学。
　☞ Watch and follow me.
宁（宁可、宁教、宁为、宁愿） 宁（宁可、宁教、宁为、宁愿）
　 ■ “宁”除了单独使用以外，还常与“可”、“教”、“为”、“愿”等配合使用，与之相呼应的有“宁…毋…”、“宁…也不…”、“与其…宁可…”等。表示在比较亮方面的情况以后，选取其中的一个方面。英语里与之相应的表达方式有：
1．用more (better)... than... 表示比较。
　☞ 山之险峻，宁有逾此？
　☞ Could there be a mountain more precipitous than this?
　☞ 宁为鸡口，毋为牛后。
　☞ Better be a bird's beak than a bull's tail.
　☞ 宁可无衣，不可无耻。
　☞ It is better to be clothed in rags than to be clothed with shame.
　☞ 宁未雨而绸缪，毋临渴而掘井。
　☞ It would be better to repair the house before it rains than to dig a well before one is parched with thirst.
　☞ 由武汉到重庆，与其坐飞机宁可坐船。
　☞ To go from Wuhan to Chongqing, it is better to go by ship than by plane.
2．用would rather... than... 表示虚拟。
　☞ 万一失败，宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。
　☞ In the event that we fail, we would rather fall into pieces like broken jade than remain intact as a worthless tile.
　☞ 宁叫天下人负我，不叫我负天下人。
　☞ I would rather let the world wrong (betray) me than I wrong (betray) the world.
　☞ 他宁可放弃休假，也要把工作做完。
　☞ He would rather give up holidays than finish his work.
3．用rather than，表示与虚拟相对的实说。
　☞ 我们宁愿干重活，也不愿失业。
　☞ We will take heavy labor rather than be unemployed.
　☞ 我宁愿走路也不愿坐公交车。
　☞ I walk rather than take a bus.
4．用prefer to... (than...)后接动词，prefer... to后接名词，指从个人喜好出发的选择。
　☞ 在那动乱的年代，人们大都宁“左”毋右。
　☞ During those years of turmoil most of people preferred to be "Left" than be Right.
　☞ 宁愿光荣死，不愿屈膝生。
　☞ We prefer to die a glorious death than live on bended knees.
　☞ 他们宁死不降。
　☞ They preferred death to surrender.
5．用preferable to，义同prefer to，但主语常为物。
　☞ 当时都宁“左”毋右。
　☞ At that time being "Left" was preferable to being Right.
　☞ 晚会上宁可穿黑色套装也不要穿淡色套装。
　☞ Wearing a dark suit is preferable to a light one in the evening party.
6．用will before，指甘愿而不屑于。
　☞ 我宁可饿死，也不行窃。
　☞ I will die of hunger before I will steal.
　☞ 我们宁死也不受辱。
　☞ We will choose death before disgrace.
安定 安定
1．stabilize, stable, stability, 指稳定 。
　☞ 美满的婚姻使他们的家庭安定下来。
　☞ The happy marriage stabilized their family.
　☞ 宗教信仰可以安定人的生活。
　☞ Religious faith may stabilize one's life.
　☞ 无可奉告，我过着安定的生活。
　☞ There is nothing to tell. I'm leading a stable life.
　☞ 现在的政局是安定的。
　☞ The current political situation is stable.
　☞ 维护安定团结是人心所向。
　☞ To maintain stability and unity is the common aspiration of people everywhere.
2．settle (down)，指安定下来。
　☞ 我这辈子到处流浪，现在终于安定下来了。
　☞ I was roaming from place to place all my life. Now I've settled down at last.
　☞ 时局已安定下来。
　☞ The current political situation has settled down.
　☞ 他们已过上了安定的生活。
　☞ They have led a settled life.
3．steady，使不稳定的安定下来。
　☞ 婚前她过着放荡的生活，但婚后却安定下来了。
　☞ She led a wild life, but steadied after marriage.
　☞ 由于既无事业又无职业使他安定下来，他走上了追求享乐的堕落之路。
　☞ As he had neither business nor profession to steady him, he traveled down the primrose path.
4．ease，put (set) at ease，使不安的安下心来。
　☞ 好消息大大地安定了村民的心。
　☞ The good news greatly eased the villagers' minds.
　☞ 我们讲了人在遇到危险时该怎么做才使她安定下来。
　☞ We eased her by telling her what to do when in danger.
　☞ 他的几句话就安定了人心。
　☞ A few words of his have set people's minds at ease.
　☞ 他的友好态度很快就使她安定下来。
　☞ His friendly manner soon put her at ease.
安心 安心
1．指心境的宁静、自在，译ease，feel at ease，set one's heart at ease。
　☞ 医生告诉年轻的妈妈，孩子平安无事，让她安心。
　☞ The doctor eased the young mother by telling her that her baby was safe.
　☞ 春播还没完成，大家安不下心来。
　☞ None of us could feel at ease until the spring sowing was finished.
　☞ 这消息使她安心。
　☞ The news set her heart at ease.
2．指做事的专心，译settle down, keep one's mind on。
　☞ 中学毕业后，他回家安心务农去了。
　☞ After graduation from middle school, he went home and settled down to farm work.
　☞ 目前我干什么都不安心。
　☞ I can't settle down to anything at present.
　☞ 我们夫妻分居两地，叫我怎么安心工作？
　☞ How can I keep my mind on my work while my wife and I live in two separate places?
　☞ 她怎么啦？我发现她不安心听讲。
　☞ What's wrong with her? I find she can hardly keep her mind on what I am lecturing.
3．指不安的心境得到某种解脱，译be relieved, feel relieved。
　☞ 她听到这个消息就安心了。
　☞ She was relieved at the news.
　☞ 我听到危险已经过去也就安心了。
　☞ I felt relieved when I heard that the danger was over.
4．从安心的反面“解除顾虑”来译，可用not worry，free... from worry。
　☞ 希望你安心养好病。
　☞ I hope you'll get better and not worry.
　☞ 优待抗日军人家属，使前线官兵安心作战。
　☞ Give preferential treatment to the families of the soldiers fighting in the Anti-Japanese War, so that the officers and men at the front are free from domestic.
安慰 安慰
1．comfort，指给人以鼓励、鼓舞。
　☞ 老师把伤心的孩子紧抱在怀里来安慰他。
　☞ The teacher comforted the grieving child with a tight embrace.
　☞ 我们应该安慰他，犯错误是人之常情。
　☞ We should comfort him, since it is human to make mistakes.
　☞ 她母亲死后，我尽力安慰她。
　☞ I tried to comfort her after her mother's death.
　 ■ 由此引出来的人或动作产生的安慰也可用comfort。
　☞ 他女儿对他是个莫大的安慰。
　☞ His daughter is a great comfort to him.
　☞ 她儿子康复的消息给她带来了安慰。
　☞ The news of her son's recovering brought her comfort.
　☞ 跟别人讲讲自己的痛苦，对她也是一种安慰。
　☞ It is also a comfort for her to share her sorrows with someone.
2．console，在语体上比comfort正式，强调减轻不幸者的痛苦、忧伤等。
　☞ 警察用好言规劝、安慰受害者的妻子。
　☞ The policeman consoled the victim's wife with caring words.
　☞ 如果你真想安慰我，倒不如教我忘掉已经发生的事。
　☞ If you really want to console me, teach me rather how to forget what has happened.
　 ■ 此外，console一词还有几种特殊用法。
1) 自我安慰一般译console oneself。
　☞ 大水冲走了我家房屋，但一家人安然脱险。想到这里，我就以不幸中的万幸来自我安慰。
　☞ My house was washed away by the flood, but my family escaped unscathed. So, I consoled myself with the thought that it was still a good fortune in the midst of bad.
2) 由某种动作产生的安慰，可译consolation。
　☞ 在这样悲痛的时刻，有你在场对我就是一种安慰。
　☞ Your presence was a consolation to me at such a sad time.
　☞ 你的话谈不上是什么安慰。
　☞ Your remarks are no consolation at all.
3) 安慰用作定语时也译consolation.
　☞ 她母亲死后，她收到了许多安慰的信件。
　☞ She got many letters of consolation when her mother died.
　☞ 安慰赛将于5月7日举行。
　☞ The consolation match will take place on the 7th of May.
　☞ 知道他是无辜的，这对我们至少有点安慰作用。
　☞ It is at least some consolation that we know he is innocent.
4) 以某种行动作为补偿以示安慰时，也译console。
　☞ 医生为了安慰病人，告诉他出院的可能性很大。
　☞ The doctor consoled the patient by telling him that his chances of being able to leave the hospital were good.
　☞ 父母为了安慰女儿丧偶，就带她到世界各地旅游。
　☞ The parents consoled their daughter for the loss of her husband by taking her traveling around the world.
3．从某种事物中获得精神上的安慰，译solace。
　☞ 病人在音乐里找到了安慰。
　☞ The patient finds solace in music.
　☞ 他拼命干活以寻找安慰。
　☞ He looked for solace in hard work.
　☞ 与书作伴是他在病榻中惟一的安慰。
　☞ His sole solace in his sick bed is the company of books.
4．对“烦躁”，“哭闹”的安慰可译calm down。
　☞ 突然，伤员睁开眼睛大叫起来，几个护士走过来安慰他。
　☞ Suddenly, the wounded soldier opened his eyes and cried, and several nurses came over to calm him down.
　☞ 警察正安慰哭闹的孩子。
　☞ The policeman is calming the crying child down.
安排 安排
1．强调安排某种内容时，一般用arrange。
　☞ 我们已为这批外宾安排了观光游览。
　☞ We have arranged sightseeing tours for our foreign guests.
　☞ 临行前他已把买卖安排好了。
　☞ Before going away, he arranged his business affairs.
2．强调安排过程时，可用make arrangements。
　☞ 我可以在机场安排她同你见面。
　☞ I can make arrangements for her to meet you at the airport.
　☞ 你为演出做了什么安排？
　☞ What arrangements have you made for the performance?
3．更为口语化的说法，可用fix或fix up。
　☞ 我们为他们下星期来访作了安排。
　☞ We have fixed it up for them to visit us next week.
　☞ 一切都已事先安排好了。
　☞ Everything has been fixed in advance.
4．强调一切由别人安排时，可用be at one's disposal, place (leave, put) something at one's disposal。
　☞ 剩下的时间全由你安排。
　☞ The rest of the day is entirely at your disposal.
　☞ 我们一生都交给党安排。
　☞ We place (put) our whole life at the disposal of the Party.
　☞ 我在出国期间，一切交由你安排。
　☞ I'll leave everything at your disposal during my stay abroad.
5．留待后用的安排时，可用set aside (apart) for。
　☞ 我们已经安排了一笔资金来购买拖拉机。
　☞ We have set aside a sum of money for tractors.
　☞ 按照大家的愿望，学校领导决定在整个游泳季节里为群众练习游泳每周安排一个下午。
　☞ In compliance with popular wishes, the school authorities decided to set apart for the whole swimming season one afternoon each week for mass swimming practice.
6．制定计划进行安排时，用plan。
　☞ 新的一年即将到来，该安排下年度的生产定额了。
　☞ The New Year is coming, it is time to plan the next year's production quotas.
　☞ 国务院正安排总理今年夏季访问巴基斯坦。
　☞ The State Council is planning for the premier to visit Pakistan this summer.
7．安排住处，可用accommodate。
　☞ 我们被安排在三楼一个小房间里。
　☞ We were accommodated in a small room on the third floor.
　☞ 你能给6个人安排两周的住处吗？
　☞ Can you accommodate six people for two weeks?
8．安排职务可用place in the post of或give a post as。
　☞ 公司安排他任经理。
　☞ The company placed him in the post of manager(或 gave him the post as manager).
　☞ 他给安排了编辑的职务。
　☞ He was given a post as an editor.
9．安排河山可用reshape rivers and mountains或repair nature。
　☞ 解放后，中国人民开始兴修水利，重新安排山河。
　☞ After liberation, the Chinese people began to build water conservancy projects, reshaping rivers and mountains.
　☞ 我们家乡的土地水土流失严重，但我们决定不惜一切代价重新安排山河。
　☞ Our native land has suffered greatly from soil erosion, and we are determined to repair nature at all costs.
安插 安插
1．insert，指写作的技巧或情节在小说、剧本里的安插。
　☞ 作家在这里安插了一段倒叙。
　☞ At this point the writer inserts a flashback.
　☞ 再安插一个情节，故事就会好得多。
　☞ The story would be much improved by inserting another episode.
2．assign，指分配人员到单位或岗位。
　☞ 我被安插到五年级。
　☞ I was assigned to Grade Five.
　☞ 把她安插到哪都行。
　☞ She will be happy with any job she's assigned to.
3．find a job (position)，指帮人安插工作或单位。
　☞ 请你把他安插到你们单位工作好吗？
　☞ Will you please find him a job in your unit?
　☞ 这么多人叫我怎么安插？
　☞ Where can I find positions for so many people?
4．place，指把人安插在工作单位。
　☞ 他利用职权，把他没用的儿子安插到他负责的单位。
　☞ Misusing the powers, he placed his good-for-nothing son in the unit he was in charge of.
　☞ 毕业后，他被安插在一所技术学校工作。
　☞ He was placed in a school of technology after graduation.
5．plant，指采用隐蔽手段把坏人塞进重要部门。
　☞ 这伙歹徒通常是无法在该委员会工作人员中安插自己的党羽的。
　☞ Usually the gang was not able to plant its confederates on the committee's staff.
　☞ 在某些重要部门已安插有敌特。
　☞ Enemy agents were already planted inside some important organs.
安装 安装
1．整套设备的安装用install。
　☞ 别忘了今天上午有人来安装电话。
　☞ Don't forget that the men are coming to install the telephone this morning.
　☞ 室内空调已安装好了。
　☞ An air conditioner has been installed in the house.
2．细高设备的直立安装用erect。
　☞ 一座蒸馏塔以创记录的速度安装起来了。
　☞ A distillation column was erected at record speed.
　☞ 缺少的零件运到后，我们就开始安装烟囱。
　☞ We are to erect the chimney as soon as the missing parts arrive.
3．强调固定的安装用fix up。
　☞ 他们忙于安装电灯。
　☞ They are busy fixing up the light.
　☞ 木工把壁柜安装好了。
　☞ The carpenter has fixed up the wall cupboard.
4．口语化的安装用set up。
　☞ 扩音器安装在讲台前面。
　☞ Microphones were set up in front of the speaker's stand.
　☞ 工人正在安装一台印刷机。
　☞ The workers are setting up a printing press.
5．小件对主件的安装用mount。
　☞ 推进器的叶片已安装好了。
　☞ The propeller blades have been mounted.
　☞ 大炮已安装在炮架上了。
　☞ The gun was mounted on the gun carriage.
6．拆散后重新安装用put... together。
　☞ 拆机器比安装机器更容易。
　☞ It is easier to take a machine apart than to put it together.
　☞ 因为是你把发动机拆开的，现在得由你来安装。
　☞ Since you took the engine apart, now you have to put it together.
7．表示装配时用fit。
　☞ 我们所有的门上都安装了新锁。
　☞ We had new locks fitted on the doors.
　☞ 你能把这块搁板安装到那堵墙上吗？
　☞ Can you fit this shelf on to that wall?
安顿 安顿
1．settle，指消除不适感的安顿。
　☞ 他把一家人安顿在新近购置的一幢房子里。
　☞ He settled his family in the new house he had recently bought.
　☞ 她照料小王出了医院，并把他安顿在她家里。
　☞ She helped Wang be discharged from the hospital and settled him at her house.
　☞ 家里一切都安顿好了吗？
　☞ Have you got everything settled at home?
　☞ 他把他母亲安顿在火车车厢的一角。
　☞ He settled his mother in a comer of the train compartment.
2．place，指找一个妥帖的地点安顿。
　☞ 28门大炮安顿在新筑好的3个炮台里。
　☞ The twenty-eight cannons had been placed in the three newly built forts.
　☞ 你能把这两个无家可归的孩子安顿一下吗？
　☞ Can you place these two homeless children?
3．house，只指安排住房。
　☞ 我们能在哪里安顿所有这些孩子？
　☞ Where can we house all these children?
　☞ 先把同志们安顿在二楼。
　☞ First house the comrades on the second floor.
4．put up，指安排食宿。
　☞ 我在上海时安顿在王家。
　☞ I put up at the Wangs during my stay in Shanghai.
　☞ 我们把马匹安顿在镇上惟一的马厩里过夜。
　☞ We put up our horses for the night at the only stable in town.
完 完
1．be over，指某种活动的结束。
　☞ 会完以后，我们都上餐厅吃午饭。
　☞ When the meeting was over, we all went up to the dinning room for lunch.
　☞ 一切都表明这天的工作完了。
　☞ Everything indicates that the day's work is over.
　☞ 是呀，老李，完了的就是完了。
　☞ Well, Li, what is over is over.
　 ■ 但是，be all over with，却指带有绝望情绪的结束。
　☞ 要是这病人再发作一次，恐怕他就完了。
　☞ If the patient has another relapse, I'm afraid it will be all over with him.
　☞ 离比赛结束只有两分钟的时候，对方又进一球，我们知道完了。
　☞ When our opponents scored another goal only two minutes from the end of the match, we knew it was all over with us.
2．be all up with，指到了尽头。
　☞ 当搜索队开始收缩包围圈时，他意识到完了。
　☞ He realized it was all up with him when the search party began to close in.
　☞ 子弹打完以后，他们知道完了。
　☞ With their ammunition gone, they knew that it was all up with them.
　 ■ 此外，all up with 除了接人外，还可接物。
　☞ 当我发现我榜上无名时，我知道我的希望完了。
　☞ When I found that my name didn't appear on the winners' list, I knew it was all up with my hope.
3．be done for，指没救。
　☞ 要是银行坐视不救，我们6个月内准完。
　☞ If the bank doesn't come to rescue, we'll certainly be done for in six months.
　☞ 他这样的年纪得肺炎怕是过不去了，恐怕要完。
　☞ He won't get over pneumonia at his age, I'm afraid he's done for.
　 ■ 但是，be done则指结束。
　☞ 我再问一个问题就完。
　☞ I ask one more question, and I am done.
　☞ 你逗我还有完没完？
　☞ Will you never be done teasing me?
4．finish，也有结束的意思，但指消极性完成。如：
　☞ 完（finish eating），喝完(finish drinking)等。
　☞ 大会一完，我毖须离开北京去上海。
　☞ Immediately after the congress had finished, it was necessary for me to leave Beijing for Shanghai.（等着完，因为要去上海，因此是消极的）
　☞ 演出晚上11点准完。
　☞ The performance will certainly finish at eleven o'clock in the evening.（等着完，因为另外有事）
　 ■ 但finished既可指结束，也可指完蛋。
　☞ 我的学生时代完了，我得自力更生了。
　☞ My student days are finished. I must be dependent on myself for a living.
　☞ 早餐完了以后，他开始跟我们谈了起来。
　☞ Finished with his breakfast, he began to talk to us.
　（以上的均指结束）
　☞ 要是银行不借钱，我们就完了。
　☞ If the bank refuses to lend us the money, we're finished.
　☞ 他的政治生命算是完了。
　☞ His political career is finished at all.（以上均指完蛋）
5．be lost，指不知所措。
　☞ 要是让熟人看见我跟她在一起，那可完了。
　☞ If someone who knows me should see me with her, I am lost.
　☞ 他没眼镜可就完了。
　☞ He is lost without his glasses.
　☞ 她从小娇生惯养，没有女佣肯定完了。
　☞ Having been pampered since childhood, she must be lost without a maid.
6．intact，指完整无损。
　☞ 覆巢之下无完卵。
　☞ When a bird's nest is overturned, no egg can remain intact.
　☞ 你的宝贝疙瘩我可是完璧归赵了。
　☞ Now I've returned your darling intact to you.
7．out，up，off等副词与某些动词搭配可表示动作、行为的结束。
　☞ 我的墨水快用完了。
　☞ I'm running out of ink.
　☞ 听完别人的话再发言。
　☞ Speak after you hear other people out.
　☞ 我们的钱都用完了。
　☞ We have used up our money.
　☞ 你吃完了吗？
　☞ Have you eaten up?
　☞ 他昨天就把工作干完了。
　☞ He finished the work off yesterday.
8．“完”还可作“完成”解，详见词条“完成”。
完全 完全
1．complete, completely，强调完整性的完全。
　☞ 完全隔离大概是不可能的。
　☞ Complete isolation is probably impossible.
　☞ 他训练士兵要求完全服从。
　☞ He trained his men in complete obedience.
　☞ 这种药口服后几乎能完全吸收。
　☞ This medicine is almost completely absorbed following oral administration.
2．full, fully，强调充实性的完全。
　☞ 完全的事实真相永远也无法说清楚了。
　☞ The full truth of the matter can never be told.
　☞ 我们完全能控制花期。
　☞ We're in full control of florescence.
　☞ 她完全同意我们的意见。
　☞ She fully agreed with us.
3．perfect, perfectly，强调完美性的完全。
　☞ 地球成为一个完全的球体大约只差0. 34%。
　☞ The earth is about 0.34 percent away from being a perfect sphere.
　☞ 我完全相信他的判断。
　☞ I have perfect trust in his judgment.
　☞ 她完全满意你的安排。
　☞ She's perfectly satisfied with your arrangement.
4．entire, entirely，强调整体上的完全。
　☞ 在这次战役中，他完全依靠友军的支援。
　☞ In this campaign he placed his entire reliance upon the reinforcement of the friendly forces.
　☞ 你完全错误地判断了当前的形势。
　☞ You have entirely misjudged the present situation.
5．absolute, absolutely, 强调绝对的完全。
　☞ 那完全是胡说。
　☞ That's absolute nonsense.
　☞ 他的说法完全是撒谎。
　☞ His story was an absolute lie.
　☞ 当然，这件事完全不可能。
　☞ Of course, it's absolutely impossible.
6．total，totally，强调总体上的完全。
　☞ 那种充分自由、完全平等的终极目标一定会实现。
　☞ The ultimate goal of complete freedom and total equality will certainly be reached.
　☞ 汽车完全成了一堆废铁。
　☞ The car was a total wreck.
　☞ 你完全错了。
　☞ You were totally mistaken.
7．exact，exactly，强调精确上的完全。
　☞ 这完全是伦勃朗名画的复制品。
　☞ It was an exact replica of the famous painting of Rembrandt.
　☞ 你的话与他说的完全相反。
　☞ Your words were the exact opposite of what he had said.
　☞ 他茫然地看着她，尽管完全明白她的意思。
　☞ He looked at her blankly, though he understood exactly what she meant.
8．altogether，一般用于肯定句；at all，一般用于否定句。
　☞ 这个词完全可以省去。
　☞ This word can be omitted altogether.
　☞ 这个词完全不能省。
　☞ This word cannot be omitted at all.
　☞ 我完全不同意你的意见。
　☞ I don't agree with you at all.
　 ■ 但如果altogether在句中与具有否定意义的词搭配时则又另当别论。
　☞ 你认为他们是完全不负责任吗？
　☞ Do you think that they were altogether irresponsible?
　☞ 这事是完全不可能的。
　☞ The matter is altogether impossible.
　 ■ 另外，如果altogether与not连用，则为部分否定。
　☞ 我不完全同意你的意见。
　☞ I don't altogether agree with you.
9．all, 用作副词时也有“完全”的意思。
　☞ 我完全赞成你的意见。
　☞ I'm all in favor of your suggestion.
　☞ 你的衣服完全打湿了。
　☞ Your clothes are all wet.
　 ■ 同样all与not连用，也表示部分否定。
　☞ 不是所有的决议都完全得到了执行。
　☞ All of its resolutions are not carried out.
10．“完全”的其他译法。
　☞ 完全彻底地为人民服务并不容易。
　☞ It's not easy to serve the people heart and soul.
　☞ 你提意见时难道完全没有考虑个人得失？
　☞ Did you give no thought whatsoever to personal gain and loss while making comments?
完善 完善
1．improve，指原来并不是最好的事物有所改善，因此只是相对地改善。
　☞ 我们的教育制度还有需要完善的地方。
　☞ There is still room to improve our educational system.
　☞ 只有对这个世界的复杂性采取现实的态度，我们才能完善这个世界。
　☞ Only by taking realistic attitude towards its complexities can we improve this world.
　☞ 我认为我们能在任何情况下自我完善。
　☞ I think we can improve ourselves under any circumstances。
　☞ 这个方法简直完善到不能再完善了。
　☞ This method was so improved that it couldn't be improved on any more.
2．perfect，指完美无缺的完善，因此这种完善比improve进了一步。
　☞ 在许多情况下，这些工艺流程是由经验控制的， 而其完善程度令人吃惊。
　☞ In many cases, these technological processes were controlled and perfected to an astonishing degree by empirical methods.
　☞ 制造无线电发射机和接收机的基本原理在第一次世界大战之前已臻于完善。
　☞ The basic principles of the construction of radio transmitters and receivers had been perfected before the First World War.
　☞ 这一新的外科技术还有待于完善。
　☞ This new surgical technique is to be perfected.
　☞ 他在工作的各个方面都在自我完善。
　☞ He is perfecting himself in every facet of his job.
　☞ 科学家们已经完善了一种海水淡化法。
　☞ The scientists have perfected a method of desalting seawater.
3．consummate, 指达到顶点的完善，因此是程度最高的完善。
　☞ 是他最终完善了这一工艺，使产量提高了50%。
　☞ It was he who finally consummated this technological process, which raises the output by 50 percent.
　☞ 这些方法在其他先进国家已高度完善。
　☞ These methods have been highly consummated in other advanced countries.
完成 完成
1．accomplish，强调既定任务的完成，着重点在成功、成就上，相当于succeed in finishing，其后可接名词或动名词，但不接动词不定式。
　☞ 他是有缺点，但我们仍然相信交给他的任务一定能完成。
　☞ He does have shortcomings, yet we still believe that he will certainly accomplish the task set to him.
　☞ 科学家们在3周内横渡太平洋，完成航行，到达南极。
　☞ The scientists accomplished the voyage across the Pacific Ocean to Antarctica in three weeks.
　☞ 我们通过变换练习也能完成词义教学。
　☞ We can also accomplish the teaching of meaning through transformation drills.
2．complete，强调面面俱到的完成，着重点在应完成的已经完成，应具备的已经具备，应有的程序已经做到。相当于make perfect。
　☞ 我命令完成飞行任务的歼击机返回基地。
　☞ I ordered the fighters which had completed the runs to return to our base.
　☞ 我国在所有制方面的社会主义改造已经完成。
　☞ In our country, the socialist transformation has been completed with respect to the system of ownership.
　 ■ 该词除用作动词之外，还可用作形容词。
　☞ 初稿已经完成。
　☞ The first draft is complete.
　☞ 基建似乎已完成大部分。
　☞ The capital construction seemed largely complete.
3．finish，强调消极的完成，着重点不在完成的自豪感。因此常常意味与“开始”相对而言的完成。
　☞ 这家公司刚刚完成其重大改组，现在又得重新开始。
　☞ The company no sooner finishes a major job of reorganizing itself than it starts all over again.
　☞ 他开头的事情不少，但完成收尾的不多。
　☞ He commences many things but finishes few.
　☞ 你何时才能完成大学的学业？
　☞ When do you finish your college courses?
4．carry out，强调在进行过程中完成，着重点在执行、实行的过程。
　☞ 到上月底，我们已胜利完成了今年的生产计划。
　☞ By the end of last month we had successfully carried out our production plan for this year.
　☞ 工作一旦开始，就必须坚决完成。
　☞ Once the work is started, it must be resolutely carried out.
5．perform，强调在履行过程中完成。也着重过程，意思大致与carry out相同，但比较正式。
　☞ 计算机以闪电般的速度完成了计算。
　☞ The computer performed calculations at lightning speed.
　☞ 大部分的任务都是由女孩子完成的。
　☞ Most of the tasks were performed by girls.
6．fulfill，意思大致与perform相同，也强调履行的过程。但更强调某种潜在的可能性。
　☞ 负担还得承担；需要还得提供；痛苦还得忍受；任务还得完成。
　☞ The burden must be carried; the want provided for;
　☞ the suffering endured; the task fulfilled.
　☞ 护士看护病人，有好多的工作要完成。
　☞ A nurse has many duties to fulfill in caring for the sick.
7．hit the target，指完成指标。
　☞ 本厂有些工人已完成了2004年的指标。
　☞ Some workers in the factory have already hit the 2004 targets.
完整 完整
1．complete，指完整无缺。
　☞ 他对数据的表述简明扼要而且完整无缺。
　☞ His formulation of the data was concise and complete.
　☞ 除了一套完整的盗窃工具，房间里没有发现人。
　☞ We found no one in the room except a complete set of burglar tools.
　☞ 没有经济上的独立，一个国家的独立是不完整的。
　☞ Without economic independence, no country can achieve complete independence.
　☞ 这本当代散文集还很不完整。
　☞ This collection of contemporary prose is an incomplete one.
2．comprehensive，指包含很多内容的完整。
　☞ 一套完整的理论并非要包罗万象。
　☞ A comprehensive theory doesn't mean embracing everything.
　☞ 国防部有过一个增加潜艇的完整计划。
　☞ A comprehensive plan existed at the Ministry of Defense for multiplying our submarines.
3．integrated，指综合起来后的完整。
　☞ 发展一套完整的管理体制刻不容缓。
　☞ Developing an integrated system of management is a task which brooks no delay.
　☞ 这样的做法并不是孤立地展示流行病研究所得的见解，而是要求我们有一个完整的课题教学指导。
　☞ Such approach calls for integrated topic teaching rather than the isolated presentation of the findings of epidemiological studies.
4．integrity，指整体的完整性。
　☞ 每个国家都应维护其领土完整。
　☞ Every country must safeguard her territorial integrity.
　☞ 建于公元前2世纪的长城在这一带还有迹可寻， 但已不完整。
　☞ The Great Wall built in the second century B.C. still can be seen around here, but not in its integrity.
5．intact，指完好无损的完整。
　☞ 许多珍贵的历史文物都完整地保存了下来。
　☞ Many precious historical relics have been preserved intact.
　☞ 尽管他病得很重，但记忆力依然完整。
　☞ His memory remained intact though he was critically ill.
定 定
1．decide，指决定，decide on，指“就…作出决定”。
　☞ 现在我们什么也不能定。
　☞ We can't decide anything now.
　☞ 这得由她自己来定。
　☞ She must decide that herself.
　☞ 候选人的名单定了吗？
　☞ Has the list of candidates been decided on?
　☞ 咱们集思广益，一起定个行动计划吧。
　☞ Let's put our heads together and decide on a plan of action.
2．fix，指确定。
　☞ 会议定在明天上午。
　☞ The meeting is fixed for tomorrow morning.
　☞ 如果你愿意，咱们来定个价。
　☞ Let's fix the price if you wish.
3．set，指规定。
　☞ 我讨厌对什么都要定规矩。
　☞ I hate to set rules on everything.
　☞ 会费定为100美元。
　☞ One hundred US dollars is set a8 the membership fee.
4．certainly，sure，指一定。
　☞ 如立刻大量抛售，定可成功。
　☞ We certainly will succeed if we sell it in great quantity right now.
　☞ 乘敌运动之际打击之，定可取胜。
　☞ We are sure to win if we attack the enemy while they are on the move.
5．stability，指稳定。
　☞ 如今已天下大定。
　☞ Now general stability has been achieved in the country.
实施 实施
1．implement，指按预定计划实施。
　☞ 九年义务教育正在逐步实施。
　☞ The system of nine-year compulsory education is being implemented.
　☞ 实施儿童保健计划需要各种捐赠。
　☞ Donations are needed to implement our child-care programs.
　☞ 凡实施改革的地区，经济都迅速发展了。
　☞ All areas where reforms are implemented have their economy growing rapidly.
2．enforce，指带有强制性或加大力度的实施。
　☞ 该委员会对不公平及非法行为实施法律制裁。
　☞ The commission enforces laws against unfair and illegal practices.
　☞ 他是用残酷手段来实施统治的。
　☞ He enforced his rule by cruel methods.
　☞ 对敌人必须实施专政。
　☞ Dictatorship must be enforced over the enemy.
3．carry out，指不带任何感情色彩的实施，因此使用的范围最广，使用的口气也最为随便。
　☞ 生产计划一旦批准，就必须坚决实施。
　☞ Once the production plan is approved, it must be resolutely carried out.
　☞ 我们得做出艰苦的努力以实施大会的决议。
　☞ We have to make strenuous efforts to carry out the resolutions of the congress.
　☞ 据说实施杀戮的是一群黑帮成员。
　☞ The killings were said to have been carried out by members of a sinister gang.
4．put (bring, carry, go) into effect，指使之实施。
　☞ 协定的条款正在付诸实施。
　☞ The provisions of the agreement are being put into effect.
　☞ 他们已开始实施这一计划。
　☞ They have already begun to put (bring) the plan into effect.
　☞ 当时机成熟时，他们的阴谋就会付诸实施。
　☞ When the time is ripe their scheme will be put (carried) into effect.
　☞ 政府的审查制度自昨天开始实施。
　☞ The government censorship went into effect yesterday.
5．effect，指产生效果的实施。
　☞ 政府审查制度昨起实施。
　☞ The government censorship went into effect yesterday.
　☞ 无产阶级专政是通过共产党的领导实施的。
　☞ The dictatorship of the proletariat is effected through the leadership of the Communist Party.
实行 实行
1．practice，指在实践中的实行。
　☞ 党委实行民主集中和集体领导的制度。
　☞ The Party committee practices the principle of democratic centralism and collective leadership.
　☞ 必须加强管理，实行经济核算。
　☞ It is necessary to strengthen management and practice economic accounting.
　☞ 救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。
　☞ Heal the wounded, rescue the dying and practice revolutionary humanitarianism.
　☞ 我告诉我的朋友应当早起，我自己就是这样实行的。
　☞ I tell my friends that they should get up early. I practice it myself that way.
　☞ 我们只在人民内部实行民主。
　☞ We practice democracy only within the ranks of the people.
　 ■ put into practice也有“实行”的意思。
　☞ 这个宪法草案是完全可以实行的。
　☞ It is entirely possible to put this Draft Constitution into practice.
　☞ 我们已做了种种计划，现在必须实行。
　☞ We've made our plans, and now we must put them into practice.
2．effect, 指产生效果的实行。
　☞ 由少数人实行专政并不是防止犯罪的好办法。
　☞ Dictatorship effected by a few is not a good way to control crime.
　☞ 我们始终主张总统的职能就是实行公众的意志。
　☞ We have constantly taken the position that the function of the president is to effect the public will.
　☞ 中国政府在经济管理上实行了几项重大变革。
　☞ The Chinese government effected several significant changes in the economic management.
　☞ 在实行土壤改良方面，他起的作用比任何个人都要大。
　☞ He more than any other single person is instrumental in effecting the improvement of soil.
　 ■ put into effect及in effect 也有实行的意思。
　☞ 既然他们不愿履行协定，那就暂不实行，拖一下再说。
　☞ Since they are unwilling to put the Agreement into effect, well then, we can leave it for the time being and wait.
　☞ 你的建议从书面上看来不错，不过我不相信能够实行。
　☞ Your proposal looks good on paper, but I'm not convinced it can be put into effect.
　☞ 局部宵禁将继续实行。
　☞ A partial curfew will remain in effect.
　☞ 新的规章制度于今日起实行。
　☞ The new rules and regulations are in effect as of today.
3．implement，指按预定计划实行。
　☞ 政府实行政策时过激，人们还不愿接受。
　☞ The government implemented its policy too radically and people wouldn't accept it yet.
　☞ 那些实行国内改革的国家发现很难借到经济增长所需的资金。
　☞ Those countries that implement domestic reforms find it very difficult to borrow the funds required for economic growth.
　☞ 市场经济不仅在资本主义国家，在社会主义国家也可以实行。
　☞ A market economy can be implemented not only in a capitalist country but also in a socialist one.
4．exercise，指权力或权利的实行。
　☞ 对那些盗窃犯、诈骗犯、杀人放火犯、流氓集团以及各种严重破坏社会秩序的人都必须实行专政。
　☞ It is likewise necessary to exercise dictatorship over embezzlers, swindlers, arsonists, murderers, criminal gangs and other scoundrels who seriously disrupt public order.
　☞ 在社会主义国家，民主只在人民内部实行。
　☞ In a socialist country democracy is exercised within the ranks of people.
　☞ 要减肥，就要实行节食。
　☞ To reduce weight, exercise restraint in eating.
5．enforce，指加大力度或强制性实行。
　☞ 立法机构立法，再由行政机构实行。
　☞ The legislative body makes laws and the administrative machinery enforces them.
　☞ 联合国决定派遣维和部队支持其决议并实行停火。
　☞ The United Nations decided to send the peace-keeping troops to back up its resolution and enforce the truce.
　☞ 环保局也实行了卡车和飞机的噪音标准。
　☞ The Environmental Protection Bureau also enforces noise standards for trucks and airplanes.
6．institute，指首次开始实行。
　☞ 诺贝尔经济奖于1969年开始实行。
　☞ Nobel Prize in economics was instituted in 1969.
　☞ 8小时工作制是在1866年提出后很久才实行的。
　☞ An eight-hour working day system was instituted long after it was put forward in 1866.
　☞ 政府拒绝实行由他早先提出来的动员计划。
　☞ The government refused to institute the mobilization plan he had earlier suggested.
7．follow，指依照某个模式实行。
　☞ 要是实行你的路线，结果就会毁掉这个国家。
　☞ If your line were followed, the result would be the ruin of the country.
　☞ 你没有实行你自己的原则。
　☞ You didn't follow your own principles.
　☞ 我们在外交事务上应实行中立政策。
　☞ We should follow a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs.
8．go in for，指支持、赞成后的实行。
　☞ 一个真正的革命者应赞成实行民主改革。
　☞ A true revolutionary should go in for democratic reform.
　☞ 委员会绝大多数成员都赞成实行货币改革。
　☞ An overwhelming majority of the committee members go in for the currency reform.
9．feasible，指可实行的。
　☞ 现在能实行的我们就写进宪法，不能实行的就不写。
　☞ We write into our constitution what is feasible now and exclude what is not.
　☞ 由于大量的人口涌向城市，兴办更多的服务项目是可以实行的。
　☞ More services become feasible when a large number of people are crowded into cities.
10．carry out，这是使用最广、语气随便、不带感情色彩的常用词。因此它可以替换上面的许多词条。
　☞ 一个政党的任何行动都是实行政策。
　☞ A political party is to carry out a policy whenever it takes any action.
　☞ 看来他们是勉强接受协定的，因而不愿意实行。
　☞ Apparently they are reluctant to accept the Agreement and are unwilling to carry it out.
　☞ 如果这一改革得以实行，我们大家都可以发挥自己的才干。
　☞ If this reform is to be carried out everyone of us will do justice to his talent.
实际 实际
1．reality, real, realistic，指与幻想(illusion)相对的实际。
　☞ 实际情况是决不会因为你的幻想而改变的。
　☞ The reality of the situation is in no way changed by your illusions.
　☞ 思想落后于实际是常有的事。
　☞ It often happens that thinking lags behind reality.
　☞ 事实上我们不得不面对阶级差别这样一个实际。
　☞ In fact we have to face the realities of class disparity as it is.
　☞ 他认为她完美无缺，实际上她既自私又虚荣。
　☞ He thought her perfect, in reality she was selfish and vain.
　☞ 他的实际收入要比名义上的收入多得多。
　☞ His real income is much more than his nominal income.
　☞ 他们所谓的裁军实际上是伪装下的扩军。
　☞ What they call disarmament is really arms expansion in disguise.
　☞ 他发表的看法是对首脑会议影响的一种切合实际的估计。
　☞ His remark was realistic assessment of the impact of the summit conference.
　☞ 这一要求不切实际，也难以实现。
　☞ This demand is unrealistic and unworkable.
2．practice, practicality, practical，指与理论(theory)相对的实际。
　☞ 理论与实际不能脱节。
　☞ Theory must not be divorced from practice.
　☞ 你有过护理病人的实际经验吗？
　☞ Have you had any practice in nursing the sick?
　☞ 这想法听起来不错，但在实际中行得通吗？
　☞ The idea sounds good, but will it work in practice?
　☞ 青年人一接触生活实际，理想往往就会破灭。
　☞ Young people's idealism is often destroyed when they get in touch with life's practicalities.
　☞ 革命气概应当与实际精神结合起来。
　☞ Revolutionary sweep must be combined with practicality.
　☞ 我们做工作时总有一些实际困难。
　☞ There are always some practical difficulties when we do our work.
　☞ 我认为问题实际上已经解决。
　☞ I think the problem was practically settled.
3．condition, 指实际情况。
　☞ 他的建议切合当地实际。
　☞ His proposal suited the local conditions.
　☞ 无论做什么，我们都应从实际出发。
　☞ Whatever we do we must proceed from actual condition.
　☞ 我目前的实际情况只可意会，不可言传。
　☞ It is rather to be apprehended than expressed in what is now my condition.
4．in fact, as a matter of fact, in point of fact，作“实际上”解时，都用来纠正前面已经表述过的语义。
　☞ 原子弹看起来可怕，实际上不然。
　☞ The atomic bomb looks terrible, but in fact it isn't.
　☞ 它好像是个目的，实际上只是手段。
　☞ It seems to be an end, but in fact it is only a means.
　☞ 理论上也许是这样，但实际上从来没有发生过这种事情。
　☞ In theory this might be so, as a matter of fact, it has never occurred.
　☞ 我昨天没去，实际上我整整一个星期都没去了。
　☞ I didn't go yesterday, and as a matter of fact, I didn't go all week.
　☞ 他们摆出马克思主义理论家的样子，实际上他们连最起码的马克思主义知识都没有。
　☞ They posed as Marxist theorists, in point of fact they did not know the ABC of Marxism.
　☞ 我们的助教是位优秀教师，实际上在很多方面比教授本人还强。
　☞ Our assistant is an excellent teacher, in point of fact he is in many ways superior to the professor himself.
5．actual, actually，指实际存在的。
　☞ 你不了解实际情况。
　☞ You don't know the actual situation.
　☞ 尽管大家都知道这笔钱的数目很大，但实际数字不详。
　☞ The actual amount of money was not known although everybody knew it was large.
　☞ 人不能事事都有直接经验，实际上大多数知识都是间接经验。
　☞ One cannot have direct experience of every thing.
　☞ Actually, most knowledge comes from indirect experience.
　☞ 实际上这样做你只能达到相反的目的。
　☞ Actually, you can only accomplish the opposite by so doing.
6．indeed，指的的确确。
　☞ 两者没有多少差别，实际上不是两件事，而是一回事。
　☞ There isn't much difference between the two things, which indeed are not two but one.
　☞ 调查问题实际上是在解决问题。
　☞ To investigate a problem is, indeed, to solve it.
7．in truth，指其实。
　☞ 我们的权力实际上也是我们的义务。
　☞ Our rights are, in truth, our duties.
　☞ 实际上，书本知识与实际经验是相辅相成的。
　☞ Book knowledge and practical experience, in truth, assist one another reciprocally.
8．virtual, virtually，有“表面上不是这样，但实际上却是这样”的意思。
　☞ 他送她一打玫瑰花，实际上却表示了爱意。
　☞ His sending her a dozen roses was a virtual declaration of love.
　☞ 由于政府的软弱无能，军队成了该国实际上的统治者。
　☞ Because the government was weak and incompetent, the army became the virtual ruler of the country.
　☞ 这个照会实际上是个最后通谍。
　☞ The note was virtually an ultimatum.
　☞ 由于老板生病不上班，会计实际上在负责。
　☞ With the boss out sick, the bookkeeper is virtually in charge.
9．in effect，指在效果上。
　☞ 实际上我给他帮了倒忙。
　☞ In effect, I've done him a bad turn.
　☞ 实际上他们未经审讯就被判刑了。
　☞ In effect they were already sentenced without trial.
审查 审查
1．investigate，investigation着重于调查的审查。这种审查可以是对事实的调查、人品的考察、课题的研究等。
　☞ 银行通常要审查单据。如单据无误，即支付汇票。
　☞ Usually the bank will investigate the documents and, if they are in order, it will pay the draft.
　☞ 公务员职位申请人在录用前都要受到全面的审查。
　☞ Applicants for government posts are always thoroughly investigated before being employed.
　☞ 专门成立了一个委员会来审查生产成本。
　☞ A special commission was set up to investigate costs of production.
　☞ 至于账目，经过审查事实已经成立。
　☞ As to the accounts, the fact was established after investigation.
2．examine, examination着重于研讨的审查。
　☞ 种研讨可以是事物的真相、特征、性质、质量、功能、真实性等。
　☞ 全国人民代表大会指定了一个委员会来审查国务院已经批准的提案。
　☞ The National People's Congress appointed a committee to examine the bill which the State Council had already passed.
　☞ 外国留学生的证件必须予以仔细审查。
　☞ The credentials of students from foreign countries must be examined carefully.
　☞ 刚解放时，干部的历史问题都受到了严格的审查。
　☞ Right after liberation the cadres' personal histories were examined strictly.
　☞ 预算草案已报全国人民代表大会审查批准。
　☞ The draft budget has been submitted to the National People's Congress for examination and approval.
3．check (up)，着重在检查、核对的审查。
　☞ 各项交易在财务上不仅必须过账，而且还要审查， 以求准确无误。
　☞ All the financial transactions not only must be posted, but also must be checked for accuracy.
　☞ 你要审查这些数字吗？
　☞ Will you check these figures?
　☞ 我们审查以后，发现一切正常。
　☞ We checked up and found everything was right.
　☞ 他们没有原始记录，怎么审查？
　☞ How could there be any checking up when they kept no original record?
客气 客气
1．polite，politeness，指社会活动或言行上的客气；courteous, courtesy, 指友善和尊重他人的客气；civil，指在人际交往中富有教养的客气。
　☞ 你怎么净说客气话？
　☞ What are you making so many polite remarks for?
　☞ 这一次他甚至连装模作样的客气也不要了。
　☞ This time he even broke off with affected politeness.
　☞ 他对手下的工作人员总是很客气，又很坚决。
　☞ He is always courteous and firm to those working under him.
　☞ 双方客气了一番之后转入了正题。
　☞ After a few words of courtesy they got down to business.
　☞ 讲话客气一点。
　☞ Be a bit civil in your speech.
　☞ 要对她客气一点，哪怕是不喜欢。
　☞ Try to be civil to her, even if you don't like her.
2．kind, 指善意。
　☞ 你太客气了。
　☞ You are too kind (modest).
　☞ 你还来送我，真客气。
　☞ It's very kind of you to see me off.
3．“客气”的否定式“不客气”，“别客气”有以下几种表达形式。
　☞ 说句不客气的话，你反正不一定有理。
　☞ To put it bluntly, you won't be able to justify yourself in any way.
　☞ 你再这样，我可要对你不客气了。
　☞ If you go on like this, I won't be easy on you.
　☞ 有人向你道谢时，要说“不客气”。
　☞ Say "You are welcome" when someone thanks you.
　☞ 有人向你道歉时你要说“不客气”或“不要紧”。
　☞ You have to say "Not at all" or "Don't mention it" when someone apologizes to you.
　☞ 我们是老朋友，用不着客气。
　☞ As old friends we don't need to stand on ceremony.
　☞ 他们见了面从来不客气。
　☞ There were no formalities when they met.
　“别客气”是对客人说的客套话。
　"Don't stand on ceremony" is the polite formula said to a guest.
　“别客气”是对主人说的客套话。
　 "Don't bother" is the polite formula said to a host.
宣传 宣传
1．propagate，propaganda，指思想、理论、政策、主张等的宣传。
　☞ 该政党办了这张报纸来宣传其思想。
　☞ The political party started the newspaper to propagate its ideas.
　☞ 不要宣传恶意的报道。
　☞ Don't propagate unkind reports.
　☞ 做宣传要看对象。
　☞ In doing propaganda we must consider our audience.
　☞ 宣传群众，组织群众向来是我党的传统。
　☞ It is our Party's tradition to spread propaganda among the masses and organize the masses.
2．publicize，publicity，指做到人人都知道的宣传。
　☞ 书还没有出版，就在大肆宣传了。
　☞ The book was extravagantly publicized before it ever came out.
　☞ 他们在城里宣传我党的方针政策。
　☞ They are in town to publicize our Party's general and specific policies.
　☞ 音乐会倒是不错，但因宣传不够，所以来的人极少。
　☞ The concert was a good one, but because of bad publicity, very few people came.
　☞ 这些科普书籍的用处应向读者广为宣传。
　☞ The usefulness of these popular science books should be given wide publicity to readers.
3．advertise, advertisement，指带有贬意的宣传。
　☞ 他退出的事无需宣传。
　☞ He needs not be advertised as having withdrawn.
　☞ 你考试作弊，还好意思宣传？
　☞ How can you have the nerve to advertise your cheating at the examination?
　 ■ 有时，也可用于带有广告性质的意味深长的宣传。
　☞ 顾客满意是我们想要的最好宣传。
　☞ A satisfied customer is the best advertisement that we hope to have.
　☞ 中国共产党成立以前有过一段宣传共产主义思想的时期。
　☞ There was a period of time of disseminating communist ideas before the founding of the Communist Party of China.
　☞ 据说有一段时候，有人在乡下到处宣传异端邪说。
　☞ It is said that there was a time when someone went about the country disseminating heretical beliefs.
宣布（宣告） 宣布（宣告）
　 ■ “宣布”与“宣告”是一对同义词。“宣布”的着重点在“布告”，“宣告”的着重点则在“告知”。下列各词在一定的上下文里可以与上述两词对应。
1．declare，正式用语，指正式宣布。因此宣布的往往是最后的决定。
　☞ 第一次世界大战以来，瑞士一直宣布中立。
　☞ Switzerland has declared her neutrality since World War I.
　☞ 英国新国会于1939年宣布与德国处于战争状态。
　☞ The new British Congress declared a state of war with Germany in 1939。
　☞ 矿区已宣布戒严。
　☞ Martial law has been declared in the mining areas.
　☞ 法院宣告该公司破产。
　☞ The court declared bankruptcy of the company.
　☞ 这份合同已宣告无效。
　☞ The contract has been declared null and void.
2．proclaim，一般指宣布国家大事，包括个人心中的大事。故在词义内涵不产生矛盾时可与declare换用。
　☞ 印度于1947年宣布独立。
　☞ India proclaimed (declared) independence in 1947.
　☞ 市政当局宣布该市处于紧急状态。
　☞ The city authorities proclaimed (declared)a state of emergency of the city.
　☞ 草木都在宣告春天的到来。
　☞ The plants and trees are proclaiming the coming of spring.
　☞ 电话的铃声宣告了他儿子的诞生。
　☞ The ringing bells of the telephone call proclaimed the birth of his son.
3．announce, 指首次宣布，尤指人们关注的事件。
　☞ 政府宣布电费将在春季涨价。
　☞ The government has announced that electricity charges will go up in the spring.
　☞ 他们向与会的来宾宣布他们准备结婚。
　☞ They announced to the assembled guests that they were to get married.
　☞ 海洋工程公司已经正式成立，谨此宣告。
　☞ We respectfully announce that the Offshore Engineering Company has officially been established.
　☞ 主席宣告大会胜利闭幕。
　☞ The chairman announced the conference closed successfully.
4．pronounce，指具有权威或法律效力的宣布。
　☞ 医生宣布伤者已经死亡。
　☞ The doctor pronounced the injured dead.
　☞ 婚礼结束时，牧师宣布那对新人结为夫妻。
　☞ At the end of the wedding ceremony the priest pronounced the newly-married couple man and wife.
　☞ 法庭宣告我们无罪。
　☞ The court pronounces us not guilty.
害 害
1．harm，harmful，指利害的害，与benefit相对。
　☞ 要是我有办法，我并不想害她。
　☞ I didn't want to do her any harm if I could help it.
　☞ 这样的书有利无害。
　☞ Such books bring benefits and do no harm.
　☞ 我从来没害过人。
　☞ I have never harmed anybody.
　☞ 早起对你无害。
　☞ Getting up early won't harm you.
　☞ 过去认为麻雀是害鸟，这是不对的。
　☞ It was wrong to regard the sparrow as a harmful bird.
2．evil，指祸害的害，与good相对。
　☞ 黄、赌、毒是社会的三害。
　☞ Pornography, gambling and drug are three evils of the society.
　☞ 俗话说“两害相权务取其轻”。
　☞ As the saying goes: "Of the two evils choose the lesser."
3．disadvantage，指优缺点中的缺点，与advantage相对。
　☞ 这一类电子游戏害多利少。
　☞ Such video games have more disadvantages than advantages.
　☞ 他建议中的利大于害。
　☞ The advantages of his proposal outweigh disadvantages.
4．scourge，指天降的灾害。
　☞ 缺雨是中国西北的一害。
　☞ Lack of rain is a scourge in northwest China.
　☞ 古代勇士周处为民除了三害。
　☞ Ancient warrior Zhou Chu ridded the three scourges.
5．suffer from，指害病。
　☞ 他的小弟弟害了麻疹。
　☞ His little brother is suffering from measles.
　☞ 这里的庄稼常害枯萎病。
　☞ The crops here suffer from frequent blights.
6．make, cause，指造成或引起不愿见到的事情。
　☞ 饭馆里的一碗面，害得我病了整整一星期。
　☞ A bowl of noodle in the restaurant made me sick for a whole week.
　☞ 你给错了地址，害得我白跑一趟。
　☞ You gave me the wrong address and made me go all the way for nothing.
　☞ 是什么害得他茶饭不思？
　☞ What caused him to lose his appetite neither for food nor for drinks?
　☞ 这次手术没有成功，害得他走路一拐一拐的。
　☞ The unsuccessful operation caused him to walk with a limp.
害怕 害怕
1．afraid of，指天性胆小，因此这种害怕的时间长，甚至终身。但此词只表示害怕，而不表示害怕的程度。
　☞ 许多人害怕蛇。
　☞ Many people are afraid of snakes.
　☞ 女同志都害怕打雷。
　☞ Women are afraid of thunder.
　☞ 我害怕伤害她。
　☞ I'm afraid of hurting her.
　☞ 当时他害怕有人会看见他跟我说话。
　☞ He was afraid then to be seen speaking to me.
　☞ 他害怕他父亲不赞成他要做的事。
　☞ He's afraid that his father won't approve of what he is going to do.
2．fearful of，作“害怕”解时可与afraid of换用。
　☞ 我们真的害怕再发生经济危机。
　☞ We are really fearful (afraid) of another economic crisis.
　☞ 我害怕着凉。
　☞ I'm fearful of taking cold.
　 ■ 但fearful还可表示伴随恐惧的害怕，这时不能与afraid换用。
　☞ 洞里阴森森的叫人害怕。
　☞ The cave looks deep, dark and fearful.
3．fear，指程度很重的害怕，即恐惧。
　☞ 害怕世界人民的是帝国主义。
　☞ It is the imperialists who fear the people of the world.
　☞ 她害怕在公共场合讲话。
　☞ She fears to speak in public.
　☞ 他不再害怕他们会误解他。
　☞ He no longer feared that they should misunderstand him.
4．frightened of，指受到一时的惊吓而害怕，故害怕的时间短。
　☞ 我们不那么害怕校长就好了。
　☞ If only we were not so frightened of the headmaster.
　☞ 她害怕从楼顶上往下看。
　☞ She was frightened to look down from the top of the building.
　☞ 他一想到即将来临的考试就感到害怕。
　☞ He felt frightened at the thought of his coming examination。
　 ■ 有时frightened of的意思与afraid of近似，但仍带有或多或少的一时的害怕。
　☞ 她一个人时就害怕。
　☞ She is frightened when she is alone.
　☞ 那时我害怕老鼠。
　☞ I was frightened of rats then.
5．scared of，指突然受惊而产生的害怕，但强调的是受惊吓。afraid of则指长时间的害怕。
　☞ 你害怕什么？
　☞ What are you scared of?
　☞ 那孩子害怕那面目狰狞的斗牛狗。
　☞ The child was scared of that fierce-looking bulldog.
　☞ 他一想到即将到来的战斗就害怕得要死。
　☞ He was scared to death at the thought of the combat to come.
　☞ 我们害怕报警。
　☞ We were scared of telling the police.
　☞ 听到他的威胁，她害怕得赶快服从。
　☞ Having heard his threat, she was scared into obeying him.
6．terrified of，指由于受惊而产生恐惧，但程度更深。有“胆战心惊”的意思。
　☞ 她害怕那只面目狰狞的斗牛狗。
　☞ She was terrified of the fierce-looking bulldog.
　☞ 那老太太害怕过这样交通频繁的马路。
　☞ The old lady was terrified of crossing such a busy road.
家 家
1．family，指家庭及其成员。
　☞ 他一家全是教师。
　☞ They are all teachers in his family，（包括父母）
　☞ 他是我们家老大。
　☞ He is the eldest of our family.（几个兄弟姐妹中最大，因此不包括父母）
2．home，除了住处之外还指家人构成的家庭气氛，故具有强烈的感情色彩。
　☞ 家是心灵所系之地。
　☞ Home is where the heart is.
　☞ 她一直在渴望有一个真正温暖舒适的家。
　☞ She always has had a keen desire for a really warm and comfortable home.
　 ■ home还可表示一个人的出生地。
　☞ 中国是我的家，但我现在住在纽约。
　☞ China is my home' but I'm living in New York now.
　 ■ 注意下面三句译文的区别。
　☞ 他今晚回家。
　☞ He is going back home this evening 他今晚在家。
　☞ He is at home this evening.
　☞ 他已经一个星期没回家了。
　☞ He hasn't been home for a week.
3．house，指不具有home这种感情色彩的建筑。
　☞ 我们在乡间买了一个新家。
　☞ We bought a new house in the country.
　☞ 我们现在的家变得更像一个真正的家了。
　☞ Our house now is beginning to look more like a real home.
　 ■ 不过应注意的是美国人常用home来表示house。如：新房待售（New Homes for Sale）。
4．household，指一家一户的家。
　☞ 她对他合适，把家管理得井井有条。
　☞ She suits him, and runs the household well.
　☞ 她不知道在这样的家里她有什么用处。
　☞ She wondered if she could be any use in such a household.
容忍 容忍
1．tolerate，指宽容、忍耐，着重点在宽容。可从其形容词tolerant，intolerable看出其宽容的性质。
　☞ 我们不能容忍这种浪费。
　☞ We cannot tolerate such waste.
　☞ 你怎么能容忍这么粗暴的家伙？
　☞ How can you tolerate that rude fellow7 .
　☞ 我国政府对所有的宗教信仰都是非常容忍的。
　☞ Our government is very tolerant towards all religious beliefs.
　☞ 任何人都无法容忍武装割据一个国家。
　☞ It is intolerable for anyone to bear a state torn apart by armed forces.
2．stand，着重点已向强迫自己忍受转移，但其词义仍与tolerate相近。
　☞ 我无法容忍受人摆布。
　☞ I can't stand being ordered about.
　☞ 你能容忍这样的胡说八道吗？
　☞ Can you stand such nonsense?
3．bear，强调有忍耐能力的容忍。
　☞ 我们必须面对麻烦，有时还得容忍。
　☞ We must face the trouble and have to bear it sometimes.
　☞ 我无法容忍受人嘲笑。
　☞ I cannot bear to be laughed at.
4．endure，指有意识的容忍。
　☞ 旅行时你得容忍许多不便之处。
　☞ You have to endure many discomforts while traveling.
　☞ 她怎么能容忍这样的侮辱，我真是纳闷。
　☞ I really wonder how she can endure such insults.
5．put up with，义同bear或endure，但更为口语化。
　☞ 有些事情要容忍也不易。
　☞ There are some things that are not easily put up with.
　☞ 我要是你，就不会容忍他那傲慢无礼的样子。
　☞ If I were you, I should not put up with his insolence.
6．condone，指默默无言的忍受。
　☞ 有些国家还在容忍童工现象。
　☞ Child labor is still condoned in some countries.
　☞ 有偷窃行为的人往往会容忍自己朋友的小偷小摸。
　☞ A man who steals tends to condone pilfering of his friends.
容易 容易
1．easy，常用词，也是difficult的反义词。表示不需要太多努力即可完成。
　☞ 考试时，容易的题要先做，难的后做。
　☞ When taking examinations, answer the easy questions first, then the difficult ones.
　☞ 这台机床容易操作。
　☞ This lathe is easy to operate.
　☞ 说起来容易，做起来难。
　☞ It's easier said than done.
　☞ 这种草药很容易弄到。
　☞ This medicinal herb is easy to come by.
　☞ 今天的幸福生活来得不容易。
　☞ The present happy life didn't come about easily.
2．apt，指容易出现的习惯性倾向。
　☞ 这类鞋子在潮湿的地面上容易打滑。
　☞ This kind of shoes is apt to slip on wet ground.
　☞ 铸铁容易断裂。
　☞ Cast iron is apt to break.
3．liable，指容易置于某种危险当中。
　☞ 在街上玩耍的孩子容易受到汽车的伤害。
　☞ Children who play in the street are liable to be injured by automobiles.
　☞ 违反规章制度的人容易受到处分。
　☞ Anyone who disobeys rules is liable to be punished.
4．likely，指预言容易发生的可能性。
　☞ 她要赢不容易。
　☞ She's not likely to win.
　☞ 要我们否决自己的提议容易吗？
　☞ Are we likely to veto our own proposal?
5．soon，指“不要很长时间就…”。
　☞ 春雪容易融化。
　☞ Spring snow soon melts.
　☞ 这种药片在水里是很容易化开的。
　☞ This pill dissolves soon in water.
6．often，指经常如此。
　☞ 我的孩子容易生病。
　☞ My child often gets ill.
　☞ 你也太容易上当了。
　☞ You are taken in once too often.
容纳 容纳
1．hold，指容纳的最大能力。
　☞ 会议室能容纳50人。
　☞ The meeting room can hold 50 people.
　☞ 这个瓶子正好可容纳1公斤酒。
　☞ The bottle holds just a kilo of wine.
2．accommodate，指留有余地的容纳能力。
　☞ 可以容纳40人的公共汽车挤进了50位乘客。
　☞ Fifty passengers were crowded into a bus built to accommodate forty.
　☞ 我们的客人超过10位，我相信你的餐厅总可以多容纳几位的。
　☞ We have guests more than ten. I'm sure your dining room always accommodates a few more.
3．contain，指实际可容纳的人或物。
　☞ 那辆车能舒舒服服的容纳下40位乘客。
　☞ The bus contains comfortably forty passengers.
　☞ 我们村后有个水库，能容纳50万方水。
　☞ We have a reservoir behind our village containing 500,000 cubic meters of water.
4．seat, 指能坐多少人。
　☞ 该剧院大概能容纳1,600人。
　☞ That theater can seat about 1,600 people.
　☞ 首都体育馆能容纳18,000位观众。
　☞ The Capital Stadium has a seating capacity of 18,000.
5．tolerate, 指容忍。
　☞ 我们应当有足够的雅量来容纳各种不同的意见。
　☞ We should be broad-minded enough to tolerate all opinions.
　☞ 他不能容纳不同观点。
　☞ He can't tolerate dissenting views.
容许 容许
1．tolerate, toleration，指容忍，因此这种容许是被动的，不情愿的。
　☞ 政府容许抽烟和喝酒，但不容许吸毒。
　☞ The government tolerates smoking and drinking, but not taking drugs.
　☞ 学校不会容许考试作弊。
　☞ The school cannot tolerate cheating in exams.
　☞ 容许新闻自由意味着民主。
　☞ Toleration of free press means democracy.
2．brook, 也指容忍，常与no连用，所表示的不容许比tolerate更强烈。
　☞ 我们决不容许任何外来干涉。
　☞ We will brook no outside interference.
　☞ 这件事决不容许再耽误了。
　☞ The matter brooks no further delay.
3．allow，指客观上容许，因此这种容许比tolerate进了一步，至少是主动的。
　☞ 事实不容许有其他的解释。
　☞ The facts allow no other explanation.
　☞ 如果法律容许，我们也没办法。
　☞ We can do nothing if it is allowed by the law.
　☞ 既然是自由交换意见就应容许别人把话说完。
　☞ Since it is a free exchange of views you should allow others to finish what they want to say.
　 ■ allow of表示的这种客观上的容许更加明显。
　☞ 这一问题只容许有一种解决办法。
　☞ This problem allows of only one solution.
　☞ 他衰弱的身体不容许他到警察局受审。
　☞ His weakened health would not allow of him being questioned by the police.
4．permit, permissible, impermissible，指主观上容许，因此这种容许比allow又进了一步。
　☞ 我爸是连浪费一滴水都不容许的。
　☞ Papa would not permit the waste of water, even a single drop.
　☞ 你怎么会容许这样的胡言乱语？
　☞ How can you permit such nonsense?
　☞ 在戏院里抽烟是不容许的。
　☞ Smoking is not permissible in the theater.
　☞ 侵犯别国主权是绝对不容许的。
　☞ It is absolutely impermissible to encroach upon the sovereignty of a country.
5．admit of，指容许有某种余地。
　☞ 情况不容许耽误。
　☞ The position admits of no delay.
　☞ 规章制度不容许你那么干。
　☞ The regulations do not admit of you doing that.
6．“容许”的其他译法。
　☞ 情况不容许我们等待下去。
　☞ In such circumstances we can't afford to wait any longer.
　☞ 原则问题不容许有任何让步。
　☞ There should be no concessions whatever on matters of principle.
　☞ 此类事件，10年前容许有之。
　☞ Such things might possibly have happened ten years ago.
宽 宽
1．wide, width，指宽的距离。如a wide river是指河两岸的距离远。
　☞ 这溪水太宽，我跳不过去。
　☞ The stream is too wide for me to jump across.
　☞ 这是条10米宽的公路。
　☞ It is a highway ten meters wide.
　☞ 这料子有多宽？
　☞ What is the width of this material?
2．broad, broaden，指宽的广度。如a broad river是指河面的宽度大。
　☞ 人海处河流越来越宽。
　☞ The river grows broader as it is nearing the sea.
　☞ 他又拖过一把椅子，坐在宽宽的扶手上。
　☞ He drew up another chair and sat down on the broad arm of it.
　☞ 人们的眼界宽了，信心也强了。
　☞ When people's minds are broadened, their confidence is also strengthened.
3．extend，指延长。
　☞ 期限能再宽几天吗？
　☞ Can the deadline be extended a few more days?
　☞ 现在，我们的调查范围宽了。
　☞ Now the field of our investigation is extended.
4．relax，指放松。
　☞ 学校的规章制度近来宽多了。
　☞ The rules of school have recently been relaxed a great deal.
　☞ 对外贸易的限制现在宽了不少。
　☞ Restrictions on foreign trade are considerably relaxed.
5．“宽”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们的住宅比原来的宽多了。
　☞ Our flat is much more spacious than it was.
　☞ 听了他的话我心里宽多了。
　☞ When I heard him say that, I felt greatly relieved.
　☞ 现在他手头比过去宽多了。
　☞ Now he is much better off than before.
　☞ 他受到从宽处理。
　☞ He was dealt with leniently.
寄 寄
1．send，可指寄一切物品及款项。
　☞ 我的一位朋友寄给我几张照片。
　☞ A friend of mine sent me some pictures.
　☞ 我出外度假时会寄给你明信片的。
　☞ I'll send you a postcard while I am away on holiday.
　☞ 在国外工作的70万南斯拉夫人每年都要寄回200万美元。
　☞ Two million U.S. dollars each year is sent home by the 700,000 Yugoslavs who work abroad.
2．post，mail，指邮寄，后者为美国英语。
　☞ 你给我寄封信，不介意吧？
　☞ Do you mind posting a letter for me?
　☞ 我把稿件寄给了各家出版商。
　☞ I posted my manuscript copies to different publishers.
　☞ 你本来是可以从那里寄这封信的。
　☞ You should have sent the letter from there.
　☞ 早上第一件事就是给你寄了张支票。
　☞ The first thing in the morning was to mail you a check.
3．remit，指汇寄款项。
　☞ 你什么时候可以给我寄钱？
　☞ When can you remit me the money?
　☞ 我答应把余款连同利息寄上。
　☞ I promised to remit the balance plus interest.
4．place，指寄托。
　☞ 党寄希望于青年一代。
　☞ The Party places hopes on the youth.
　☞ 人民寄信心于他们的领导人。
　☞ The people place confidence in their leaders.
5．leave with (in)，指寄存。with后接人，in后接地点。
　☞ 我把箱子寄在朋友家里了。
　☞ I left my suitcase with a friend of mine.
　☞ 他把书寄在他哥哥家里保管。
　☞ He left his books in his brother's keeping.
富有 富有
1．rich，wealthy，指有钱。
　☞ 他家非常富有。
　☞ His family is very rich.
　☞ 他继承了家产，现在很富有。
　☞ He inherited the family estate and is now very wealthy.
2．rich in，指具有大量的物质或精神产品。
　☞ 他一家人都富有人情味。
　☞ His family are all rich in human feelings.
　☞ 古老的格子窗、石头门廊、墙壁、屋顶、烟囱都富有蜡笔画的风味。
　☞ The old latticed windows, the stone porch, the walls, the roof, the chimney-stack were rich in crayon touches.
3．full of，指充满。
　☞ 他们都是富有同情心的人。
　☞ They are people full of sympathy.
　☞ 这是张漂亮、生动、活泼的脸，而且富有朝气。
　☞ It was a handsome, lively, vivid face, full of vigor.
4．“富有”与“…性”相结合，经常表示某种性质，这时可选用意义与之相近的形容词。
　☞ 柯桥是个富有代表性的小镇。
　☞ Keqiao is a typical small town.
　☞ 他的政治观点更富有战斗性。
　☞ His political outlook is more militant.
寓 寓
1．live，指长期居住；stay，指临时居住。
　☞ 彼寓此已有多年。
　☞ He has lived here for quite a number of years.
　☞ 余已抵沪，暂寓友人处。
　☞ I have arrived in Shanghai and temporarily stayed with a friend.
2．contain，指包含有。
　☞ 这个故事寓有深意。
　☞ This story contains a profound lesson.
　☞ 他的话里寓有很大的真理。
　☞ His words contain a tremendous truth.
3．reside in，指存在于。
　☞ 矛盾的普遍性即寓于矛盾的特殊性之中。
　☞ It is precisely in the particularity of contradiction that the universality of contradiction resides.
　☞ 艺术创作应寓神似于不似。
　☞ In artistic creation likeness in spirit should reside in unlikeness.
4．make sb. do sth, make sth. a…，指使之成为。
　☞ 和平时期应该寓兵于农。
　☞ We should make soldiers do the work of farmers in time of peace.
　☞ 至于学生，我们应寓教于乐。
　☞ As to the pupils, we should make entertainment a medium of education.
察看 察看
1．watch，指观察某种动向。
　☞ 老农半夜里起来察看风向。
　☞ The old peasant got up at midnight and watched which way the wind was blowing.
　☞ 我们在那里野营以察看火山一天喷发几次。
　☞ We camped there to watch how many times per day the eruption of the volcano would occur.
2．look carefully at (to see)，指仔细观察。
　☞ 他在一幅画前停了下来察看画的构图及线条。
　☞ He stopped before a painting and looked carefully at its composition and line.
　☞ 他蹲下来察看了庄稼生长的情况。
　☞ He squatted himself down and looked carefully to see how the crops were coming along.
3．check，指检查某种结果。
　☞ 昨天有个专家组来察看杀虫药的效果。
　☞ A group of experts came yesterday to check the effectiveness of the insecticide.
　☞ 保安人员在会前分别察看了会场的每个角落。
　☞ The security personnel checked individually every corner of the site before assembly.
4．inspect，指检查某种细节。
　☞ 检查团察看了整幢房屋内回潮的痕迹。
　☞ The inspection party inspected the whole house for traces of damp.
　☞ 警方察看了犯罪现场，却没有找到任何线索。
　☞ The police inspected the scene of crime, but no clues were found.
察觉 察觉
1．表示意识到，可用aware或conscious，前者指通过观察或推断而得的察觉，后者指通过意识而获得的察觉。
　☞ 过了好几分钟他才察觉发生了什么。
　☞ It was several minutes before he was aware of what was happening.
　☞ 他马上察觉有人正在走近屋子。
　☞ Presently he became aware of someone approaching the house.
　☞ 她没察觉他在房间里。
　☞ She was not conscious of his presence in the room.
　☞ 她察觉有人在盯着她看。
　☞ She was conscious of someone staring at her.
2．表示感觉到，可用sense。
　☞ 马匹察觉有危险就止步不前。
　☞ The horses sensed danger and stopped.
　☞ 她察觉她爱人在想些什么。
　☞ She sensed what her husband was thinking.
3．表示不知不觉之中感觉到，可用not realize。
　☞ 我没察觉天已晚了。
　☞ I didn't realize it was late.
　☞ 我们干得十分认真，竟没察觉黄昏的到来。
　☞ We worked so earnestly that we didn't realize the evening had come.
4．表示感官感受到，可用perceive。
　☞ 我察觉到晨风送来一股淡淡的野花香味。
　☞ I perceived a faint scent of wild flowers, carried by the morning breeze.
　☞ 只有艺术家才能察觉画中色彩的细微差别。
　☞ Only an artist could perceive the fine shades of color in the painting.
5．表示某种发现，可用find（日常用语），discover（正式用语）。
　☞ 恐怕你已察觉我很不满意。
　☞ I'm afraid you've found me very unsatisfied.
　☞ 我察觉他是个可疑人物。
　☞ I found him a suspicious character.
　☞ 他察觉整个情节是编出来的。
　☞ He discovered that the whole story was a lie.
　☞ 我们一开始就察觉了他的阴谋。
　☞ At the very beginning we discovered his plot.
对于 对于
1．“对于”强调主语或宾语时，可以不译。
1) 强调主语。
　☞ 如果对于这一点认识不足，那就要犯极大的错误。
　☞ I this is not sufficiently understood, the gravest mistakes will be made.
　☞ 对于诸如此类的东西，如果没有自觉性，那它们就会成为负担或包袱。
　☞ All such things become encumbrances or baggage if there is no critical awareness.
　☞ 即使对于马克思主义已经了解比较多的人，也还要再学习。
　☞ Even those who have a better grasp of Marxism have to go on studying.
2) 强调宾语。
　☞ 对于这种人必须加强教育。
　☞ We must intensify our efforts to educate such people.
　☞ 对于马克思主义的理论，要能够精通它、运用它， 精通的目的在于运用。
　☞ It is necessary to master Marxist theory and apply it, master it for the sole purpose of applying it.
　☞ 对于每个具体问题要进行具体分析。
　☞ We should make a concrete analysis of each special problem.
　☞ 对于红军的这封信，虽然没有更正，俚是后来的指示就没有那些悲观的论调了。
　☞ Although it has not made any correction of the letter to the Red Army, its subsequent directives have not been couched in the same pessimistic tone.
2．强调具有普遍规律的针对性时（只对一般的人或物适用），可用to。
　☞ 承认这种特点，对于我们是有利的。
　☞ It is to our advantage to recognize this characteristic.
　☞ 对于他的建议，你有什么意见？
　☞ What do you say to his suggestion?
　☞ 这种党员对于中国人民有什么好处呢？
　☞ What good will such Party members be to the Chinese people?
3．强调特殊情况的限制性时（只对特殊的人或物适用），可用for。
　☞ 对于我们，失败是犯罪，争取抗日胜利是责无旁贷的。
　☞ For us defeatism is a crime and to strive for victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan is an inescapable duty.
　☞ 革命文化，对于人民大众，是革命的有力武器。
　☞ Revolutionary culture is a powerful revolutionary weapon for the broad masses.
　☞ 对于共产党员来说，也就是要站在党的立场，站在党性和党的政策的立场。
　☞ For members of the Communist Party, this means keeping to the stand of the Party, keeping to Party spirit and Party policy.
　☞ 对于只懂得理论不懂得实际情况的人，这种调查很有必要。
　☞ Such investigation is especially necessary for those who know the theory but do not know the actual conditions.
　☞ 牛奶对孩子有益，但对我儿子有害。（喝牛奶有益是普遍规律，但有害却是特殊情况，可能是指喝了会过敏、拉肚子等）
　☞ Milk is good to children, but bad for my son.
4．表示对抗性时，可用against。
　☞ 这些禁令第一是对于社会恶习的反抗，第二是对于城市商人剥削之自卫。
　☞ First, the prohibitions represent a revolt against bad social customs; second, they are a form of self-defense against exploitation by city merchants.
　☞ 但是党的领导机关对于这些不正确的思想缺乏一致的坚决斗争。
　☞ Yet, the Party's leading bodies failed to wage a concrete and determined struggle against these incorrect ideas.
5．表示受到某种作用或影响时，可用on。
　☞ 我们也承认精神的东西对于物质的东西的反作用、社会意识对于社会存在的反作用、上层建筑对于经济基础的反作用。
　☞ We also recognize the reaction of mental on material things, of social consciousness on social being, and of the superstructure on the economic base.
　☞ 对于红军行动的主张也和我们一致了。
　☞ The views on the Red Army's operations now coincide with ours.
　☞ 歼灭战，则对于任何敌人都会立即起重大影响。
　☞ A battle of annihilation, on the other hand, produces a great and immediate impact on any enemy.
6．表示关系、场所等方面时，可用in。
　☞ 对于后一种情况，因为总的位移为零，所以平均速度应为零。
　☞ The average velocity, in the latter case, would be zero, since the total displacement is zero.
　☞ 对于我们工作的看法，肯定一切或者否定一切，都是片面性的。
　☞ In the appraisal of our work, it is one-sided to regard everything either as all positive or as all negative.
　☞ 她们对于家事的发言权以至于决定权是比较多的。
　☞ They have more say and greater power of decision making in family matters.
7．表示关联时，可用with regard to。
　☞ 根据地的人民条件，具体说来，特别是对于作战来说，就是武装起来的人民。
　☞ In concrete terms, and especially with regard to military operations, when we talk of the people of the base area as a factor, we mean that we have the armed people.
　☞ 她对于你的病一直非常同情。
　☞ She was always in perfect sympathy with you with regard to your illness.
　☞ 对于他的要求，我建议把这事转到总公司去。
　☞ With regard to his request I suggest that the matter be referred to our main office.
对付 对付
1．deal with，指对人对事的方法等。
　☞ 我们知道该怎样对付他。
　☞ We know how to deal with him.
　☞ 对付淘气孩子的最好办法是什么？
　☞ What is the best way of dealing with mischievous children?
　☞ 我们的游击队在地道战中，沉着机智地对付敌人。
　☞ Our guerrilla forces dealt with the enemy calmly and resourcefully in tunnel warfare.
　☞ 你是怎样对付一个喝醉了酒的老公的？
　☞ How did you deal with your drunken husband?
　☞ 对付孩子实在累人。
　☞ Children are rather tiring to deal with.
　☞ 政府得对付灾难性的通货膨胀。
　☞ The government had to deal with the catastrophic inflation.
　☞ 对付敌人可以这样，对付同志、朋友，决不能用这个方法。
　☞ This kind of method is permissible in dealing with the enemy, but absolutely impermissible in dealing with comrades or friends.
　☞ 这个病人很难管，不过护士小黄却能对付。
　☞ The sick man was difficult to manage, but Nurse Huang dealt with him all right.
2．cope with，指成功地对付，等于deal successfully with，故常与easily，certainly，well等词搭配。
　☞ 他大概以为像我这样一个头脑简单的姑娘是很容易对付的。
　☞ He was probably thinking he could easily cope with a simple-minded girl like me.
　☞ 他们在对付自然灾害方面干得很出色。
　☞ They have done remarkably well in coping with natural calamities.
　☞ 我们一定能对付这些敌军，哪怕再多一点也不要紧。
　☞ We can certainly cope with these enemy forces, and even with larger ones.
　☞ 人民团结起来对付他们的共同敌人。
　☞ The people united to cope with their common enemy.
3．make do，指用某种代用品凑合对付。
　☞ 我们要的没有找到，不过总有办法对付的。
　☞ We couldn't find what we wanted, but we would make do somehow.
　☞ 战争时期，我们没有吃的，没有穿的，不过我们对付过来了。
　☞ During the war we had no food or clothes, but we made do.
　☞ 对，这本字典不太好，不过我能对付。
　☞ Yes, the dictionary is not very good, but I'll make it do.
　☞ 你就暂时用这把铁锹对付一阵罢。
　☞ Try to make do with this spade for the time being.
4．manage，指用某种方式、方法，设法勉强对付。
　☞ 他只学了几个月的文化，不过写信倒能对付。
　☞ He had only a few months' schooling, but he can manage to write a letter.
　☞ 这箱子蛮重的，不过我能对付。
　☞ The trunk is rather heavy, but I can manage to carry it.
　☞ 我们的粮食不多了，不过总有办法对付的。
　☞ We have little food, but we can manage.
　☞ 如果我搞不到更多的钱，也只好对付了。
　☞ If I can't get more money, I shall have to manage without it.
　☞ 炉子坏了，我们只好吃点冷的对付一下。
　☞ Because the stove was broken, we had to manage without hot food.
　☞ 单我们两个吃，我看对付不了这么一大条鱼。
　☞ I don't think we can manage a large fish like that just between the two of us.
　☞ 你能对付所有那些又大又重的包袱吗？
　☞ Can you manage all those large and heavy bundles?
5．counter (with)，指与之抗衡的对付办法。
　☞ 我们用人民战争对付侵略战争的办法取得了对日作战的胜利。
　☞ We won the victory over Japan by countering the war of aggression with the people's war.
　☞ 他用他的一个计划来对付我们的计划。
　☞ He countered our plan with one of his own.
　☞ 雇主扬言要开除他们，以此来对付他们增加工资的要求。
　☞ The employer countered their request for more pay by threatening to dismiss them.
6．answer，指用作报复的对付办法。
　☞ 德国用潜艇战来对付英国的封锁。
　☞ Germany answered the British blockade by submarine warfare.
　☞ 我们将用子弹来对付子弹。
　☞ We will answer shot with shot.
对待 对待
1．treat，着重招待上的对待。
　☞ 雷锋对待同志就像春天般的温暖。
　☞ Lei Feng treated his comrades with the warmth of spring.
　☞ 你对待她要多加尊重。
　☞ You must treat her with more consideration.
　☞ 公司对待职工向来很好。
　☞ The firm has always treated its staff and workers well.
　☞ 她对待学业像闹着玩一样。
　☞ She treats school as a joke.
　☞ 他们对待她粗暴得像对待奴隶一样。
　☞ They treated her as roughly as they treated their slaves.
　☞ 他把我当做孩子对待。
　☞ He treated me as if I were a child.
2．deal with，着重处理上的对待。
　☞ 我们对待少年犯要十分小心。
　☞ We must be very cautious to deal with juvenile offenders.
　☞ 气愤可能会成为一种极端有害的情绪，除非你懂得如何对待。
　☞ Anger can be an extremely damaging emotion unless you learn how to deal with it.
　☞ 警察对待闹事分子十分严厉。
　☞ The police dealt harshly with the rioters.
　☞ 护士对待老年病人应表现得十分耐心。
　☞ In dealing with sick old people nurses must practice great patience.
3．如果不强调侧重点，可用没有感情色彩的handle，故一般可与treat, deal with换用。
　☞ 他很生气，所以我们小心对待。
　☞ He was so angry that we handled (treated, dealt with) him carefully.
　☞ 当时我不知道怎样对待这些人。
　☞ I did not know how to handle (treat, deal with) these people.
　☞ 他受到那么粗暴的对待，我很难过。
　☞ I was so sorry that he had been handled (treated, dealt with) so roughly.
4．approach，指着手处理时的对待。
　☞ 对待每个新的工作岗位要有热情。
　☞ Approach each new job with enthusiasm.
　☞ 他对待困难考虑得很周到。
　☞ He approached the difficulty with great thought.
　☞ 你对待问题像个科学家。
　☞ You approached questions as a scientist.
　☞ 我们知道该如何正确对待。
　☞ We know how to approach it correctly.
5．adopt attitude towards，指对待时采取的态度。
　☞ 执行政策时要正确对待群众。
　☞ One must adopt a correct attitude towards the masses while policies are carried out.
　☞ 他尚未决定怎么对待她。
　☞ He has not yet made up his mind what attitude to adopt towards her.
　☞ 我们对待工作中犯错误的人，应该采取规劝的态度。
　☞ We ought to adopt an attitude of persuasion towards any person who has made mistakes in his work.
对得起（对不起） 对得起（对不起）
1．表示问心无愧，可译为act worthily to。
　☞ 只有好好工作，才对得起人民。
　☞ Only by working conscientiously can we act worthily to the people.
　☞ 如果不努力学习，你怎么对得起你母亲？
　☞ How can you act worthily to your mother if you don't study hard?
　☞ 你不守信用，对不起朋友对你的信任。
　☞ You didn't keep your words, so you acted unworthily to the friends' trust.
2．表示不辜负，可译为live up to。
　☞ 显然，他是对得起一家人对他的期望的。
　☞ It was clear that he lived up to his family's expectations.
　☞ 你说的我都做了，我是对得起你对我的信任的。
　☞ I've done what you told me. I've lived up to your trust.
　☞ 你对不起一家人对你的期望。
　☞ You did not live up to what your family expected of you.
3．表示没有使人失望，可译为not let sb. down。
　☞ 整个运动队都感到队员是对得起教练的。
　☞ The whole team didn't feel that they had let the coach down.
　☞ 那家伙对不起我这已是第二次了。
　☞ It is the second time I have been let down by that fellow.
4．“对不起”在对话中作道歉用语时，可译I'm sorry, Excuse me, Pardon, I beg your pardon等。
　☞ 对不起给你添了那么多麻烦。
　☞ I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.（用于事后道歉）
　☞ 对不起，可以让我过去吗？
　☞ Excuse me，could I get past?（用于事前道歉）
　☞ 对不起，是我的错。
　☞ Pardon me, it was my fault.（与Excuse me同义）
　☞ 对不起，请你再讲一遍好吗？
　☞ I beg your pardon, but would you repeat what you said?（比Pardon me更正式）
对手 对手
1．opponent，常用词，强调在争论、竞争等冲突活动中站在对立一方的人，因此可以带有敌意，也可能没有敌意。
　☞ 他们棋盘上是对手，平时是挚友。
　☞ They are fast friends at ordinary times while opponents at a chess board.
　☞ 大多数士兵都认为游击队是很难对付的对手。
　☞ Most of the soldiers considered the guerrilla force to be a formidable opponent.
2．competitor，字义狭于opponent，只指为同一目的而竞争的人，因此不带感情色彩，不怀敌意。
　☞ 有许多竞争对手都希望增进与中国的贸易。
　☞ There are many competitors hoping to increase their trade with China.
　☞ 重量级冠军正与一位名不见经传的对手交手。
　☞ The heavyweight champion is fighting an unknown competitor.
3．rival，也指为同一目标而竞争的人，但此词常带有感情色彩，因此可能怀有敌意。
　☞ 尽管他们在拳坛上是对手，但平时是好友。
　☞ Although they are rivals in the ring, they are good friends when off the ring.
　☞ 本公司向顾客提供比任何对手更好的服务。
　☞ Our company intends to give a better service to its customers than any of its rivals.
　 ■ 但rival带有敌意时常作“敌人”解。
　☞ 李姗跟我是情敌。
　☞ Li Shan and I are rivals in love.
4．match，指可以与之相匹配的人。
　☞ 他乒乓球打得不错，可以成为任何选手的对手。
　☞ He is good at table tennis and he's a match for any player.
　☞ 他心里很清楚，他老婆与丈母娘联手后，他可不是她们的对手。
　☞ He was well aware that he was no match for the bonds between his wife and mother-in-law.
5．equal，指在某方面同一级别的人。
　☞ 拼写方面，她在班上没有对手。
　☞ In spelling she has no equal in the class.
　☞ 你在体力上是他的对手吗？
　☞ Are you his equal in strength?
对比 对比
1．contrast，指对照。
　☞ 你可以把这些进口货与国产货作个对比。
　☞ You can contrast these imported goods with the domestic products.
　☞ 穷人的悲惨生活与富翁的奢侈形成鲜明的对比。
　☞ The wretched life of the poor constitutes a sharp contrast to the luxury of the rich.
2．compare，comparison，指比较。
　☞ 我下一次讲座将对中国的革命和俄国的十月革命作一个对比。
　☞ In my next lecture I shall compare the Chinese Revolution with the October Revolution in Russia.
　☞ 如果你把马克思和黑格尔的著作对比一下，就会发现很多差别。
　☞ If you compare Marx's works with Hegel's, you'll find many differences.
　☞ 两者进行对比总是有益的。
　☞ It is always helpful to make a comparison between two things.
3．relative，指相对而言。
　☞ 对比蚂蚁的身高，一片小草就是一棵大树。
　☞ Relative to the size of an ant, a blade of grass is as tall as a tree.
　☞ 淮海战役以后，敌我力量的对比发生了变化。
　☞ A change had taken place in the relative strength of the enemy force and our own since the Huaihai campaign.
4．balance of forces，仅指力量平衡。
　☞ 这就使力量对比发生了变化。
　☞ This brought about a change in the balance of forces.
　☞ 他的一票使力量对比变得对我方有利。
　☞ His vote tipped the balance of forces in our favor.
对照 对照
1．contrast，指对比。
　☞ 乌黑的头发与雪白的肌肤形成鲜明的对照。
　☞ Black hair and white skin form a sharp contrast.
　☞ 他的中国长衫和流利的英语形成奇特的对照。
　☞ His Chinese robe contrasted oddly with his fluent English.
2．compare，指比较。
　☞ 我把我的答案和老师的对照了一下，发现有个地方错了。
　☞ I compared my answers with the teacher's and found I had made a mistake.
　☞ 请把副本与原件对照一下。
　☞ Please compare the copy with the original.
3．against，指对比关系。
　☞ 你本来应该对照原文来修改译文的。
　☞ You should have checked the translation against the original and made corrections.
　☞ 我对照她的身高量了一下衣服，发现太长了。
　☞ I measured the dress against her height and found it was too long.
4．by，指参照关系。
　☞ 你应当对照共产党员的标准来检查自己。
　☞ You should measure yourself by the standards of a communist.
　☞ 如果对照规章检查，管理上还有不少漏洞。
　☞ There are not a few loopholes in management if checked by rules.
5．bilingual，指两种语言并列对照。
　☞ 这是本英汉对照读本。
　☞ This is an English-Chinese bilingual textbook.
对立 对立
1．set… against，指相互排斥的对立。
　☞ 十年动乱使许多家庭分离，夫妻反目，父子对立。
　☞ The ten-year turmoil set many families divided, husband and wife having fallen out and father against son.
　☞ 把依靠群众和加强领导对立起来是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong to set reliance on the masses against strengthening the leadership.
2．counterpose... to，指作为对立面的对立。
　☞ 你的观点是要把“形式民主”与“真正民主”对立起来。
　☞ Your view is to counterpose "formal democracy" to "real democracy."
　☞ 把一个人的优缺点对立起来，我认为不恰当。
　☞ I don't think it proper to counterpose a person's merits to his demerits.
3．oppose (to)，指处于反对立场的对立。
　☞ 这是两条截然对立的路线。
　☞ These are two diametrically opposed lines.
　☞ 有些同志把军事和政治互相对立起来了。
　☞ Some comrades regard military affairs and politics as opposed to each other.
　☞ 去年的协议是各派对立力量妥协的产物。
　☞ The last year's agreement was a compromise between opposing forces.
4．conflict (with)，指相互冲突的对立。
　☞ 我们的政治观点是对立的。
　☞ Our political views conflict.
　☞ 不要把学习和工作对立起来。
　☞ Don't think of study as conflicting with work.
5．opposite，antithesis，指对立面。
　☞ 对立统一规律是宇宙的基本规律。
　☞ The law of the unity of opposites is fundamental law of the universe。
　☞ 我的观点刚好跟他的对立。
　☞ My view is the very opposite of his.
　☞ 随着经济的发展，消灭城乡对立是自然而然的事情。
　☞ The abolition of antithesis between town and country comes of itself with the development of economy.
　☞ 他的创作是与当时的教条主义对立的。
　☞ His creation was an antithesis to dogmatism of the time.
6．antagonism，指对立情绪。
　☞ 两人的对立已达到了顶点。
　☞ The antagonism between the two men has reached its acme.
　☞ 遗嘱不公引起兄弟间的对立。
　☞ The unfairness of the will caused antagonism between the brothers.
对象 对象
1．target，指打击、讽刺、嘲笑的对象。
　☞ 他曾经是批判斗争的对象。
　☞ He once was the target of criticism and denouncement.
　☞ 他直言不讳使他成了容易遭到攻击的对象。
　☞ His outspoken remarks made him an easy target of opposition.
2．victim，指受害的对象。
　☞ 他们都是纳粹迫害的对象。
　☞ They were among the victims of Nazi persecution.
　☞ 谋害的对象都是妇女。
　☞ The murderer's victims were all women.
3．object，泛指受动对象。
　☞ 这位年轻妇女现在成了他的恋爱对象。
　☞ The young lady has become the object of his affection at present.
　☞ 我成了她关心的对象，为此我感到自豪。
　☞ I felt proud to be the object of her concern.
4．match，partner in marriage，专指婚姻对象。
　☞ 从实用观点来看，他会是个好对象。
　☞ From a practical point of view he would be a good match.
　☞ 那位年轻人是位理想的对象。
　☞ That young man is an ideal match.
　☞ 你也不小了，该找个对象结婚了。
　☞ You're not young any more and it's time for you to look for a partner in marriage.
　☞ 有些人找的对象根本不合适。
　☞ Some people select marriage partners who are totally unsuitable.
5．go steady，指搞对象。
　☞ 他正跟他朋友的妹妹搞对象。
　☞ He is going steady with his friend's sister.
　☞ 我们正在搞对象。
　☞ We are going steady.
6．be intended for (to)，指为读者、观众等对象而准备。
　☞ 这本书的对象是中学生。
　☞ This book is intended for middle school students.
　☞ 该电影的对象是成年人。
　☞ The movie is intended for adults.
7．readers, audience，专指听众或观众。
　☞ 你写文章要看对象。
　☞ You should consider your readers when you write.
　☞ 如果你要发表演说，那么你的对象又在哪儿呢？
　☞ Where is your audience if you are to make an address?
寻常 寻常
1．ordinary，指普通、平常。
　☞ 这本书讲的是寻常百姓家的生活。
　☞ The book describes the life of a family of ordinary people.
　☞ 我是在她家吃的，饭菜寻常，却十分可口。
　☞ I have had my meal at her home. The food was ordinary but tasty.
2．common，指平淡无奇，一般可与ordinary换用。
　☞ 我们都是寻常百姓，因此是人微言轻。
　☞ We are all common (ordinary) people, so our remarks carry little weight.
　☞ 海南岛下雪，的确很不寻常。
　☞ Snowing is much less common (ordinary) in Hainan, indeed.
　☞ 男人干家务现在可是寻常事了。
　☞ It is quite common (ordinary) these days for men to do housework.
　☞ 她的嗓子有点不寻常。
　☞ Her voice is something out of the common (ordinary).
　☞ 在我祖母的那个时代，女人上大学可不寻常呀。
　☞ In my grandmother's time it was quite out of the ordinary (common) for a woman to go to college.
　 ■ 但由于common是那么地平淡无奇，因此有时带有贬义，这时就不能用ordinary替代。
　☞ 旧社会饿死人是寻常事。
　☞ People dying of hunger in the old society were a common sight.
　☞ 这里的汽车事故寻常到了不足为奇的地步。
　☞ The automobile accidents are so common that they are not at all surprising.
3．usual，指由于频繁有规律的重复而变得寻常起来。
　☞ 我不知道这是不是非典型性肺炎的寻常病例。
　☞ I don't know if it is the usual case of SARS.
　☞ 他今天的举动不大寻常。
　☞ He is not quite his usual self in his deeds today.
　 ■ 在usual前加前缀un，可作“不寻常”解。
　☞ 现在的妇女愿意把丈夫的生活当作自己的生活可不寻常。
　☞ It is unusual for a woman to find her life in her husband's.
寻找 寻找
1．look for，常用于口语，指寻找丢失的或需要寻找的人或物。只指用视觉的寻找，而旦说法随便，不带感情色彩。
　☞ 她找到了我这几天一直在寻找的手表。
　☞ She found my watch I had been looking for these days.
　☞ 他正是你所寻找的人。
　☞ He is the right man you are looking for.
　☞ 我要寻找一套两室一厅的房子。
　☞ I want to look for a flat with two bedrooms and a living room.
2．search for，指带有搜索性的寻找，而且这种寻找不仅用目力，也要用脑力。
　☞ 勘探队要寻找一个好地点来搭帐篷。
　☞ The prospecting team wanted to search for a good place to pitch their tents.
　☞ 科学家们在寻找非典型性肺炎的病原体，然后再寻找其特效药。
　☞ The scientists are searching for the causative agents of SARS, and then its specific remedy.
　☞ 侦查员们得从千头万绪中寻找谋杀案的重大线索。
　☞ The detectives have to search for substantial clues from the extremely confused case of murder.
3．seek，义同search for，但说法更为正式、古老，带有“寻求”的意思。
　☞ 我们一到，马上去寻找住处。
　☞ When we arrived, we lost no time to seek a lodging house.
　☞ 船长通过望远镜看着远处，寻找海天相接处的敌舰。
　☞ The captain gazed in distance through telescope to seek enemy ships on the horizon.
　☞ 人人都在寻找幸福，而有些人却在寻找财富。
　☞ Everybody seeks happiness while some people seek wealth.
4．locate, 指通过定位的方法寻找。
　☞ 他要求图书管理员帮他寻找他要的那本书。
　☞ He required help from the librarian to locate the book he wanted.
　☞ 警方在用定位仪寻找敌特的电台。
　☞ The police are locating the radio-station of the enemy's special agents with the help of position indicator.
　☞ 赶来救援的直升机正在寻找遇难船只的位置。
　☞ The helicopter that came to rescue was locating the position of the wreck.
5．trace, 指通过跟踪线索寻找。
　☞ 警方正在竭力寻找失踪的女孩。
　☞ The police are trying every possible way to trace the missing girl.
　☞ 根据现有资料，我们尚不能开始寻找郑国古都的工作。
　☞ Basing ourselves on the existing materials, we are unable to start the work of tracing the seat of the ancient capital of the State of Zhen.
　 ■ 但trace在强调结果时可以有“找到”的意思。
　☞ 我们已经找到你要的文件。
　☞ We have traced the document you want.
导致 导致
1．lead to，lead up to，前者指结果，后者指一连串的事件或行动逐渐导致一个重大的结果。
　☞ 光是一个错误就可能导致灾难性的后果。
　☞ A single mistake would lead to disastrous consequence.
　☞ 生产过剩往往导致经济危机。
　☞ Overproduction often leads to economic crisis.
　☞ 这些事件导致了第二次世界大战。
　☞ These events led up to World War II.
　☞ 会谈导致了两国争端的解决。
　☞ Negotiations led up to the settlement of disputes between the two countries.
2．bring about，指带来。
　☞ 这一不得人心的措施终于导致了政府的倒台。
　☞ That unpopular measure finally brought about the downfall of the government.
　☞ 电子计算机导致了数学计算方面的带有根本性的变革。
　☞ The electronic computer has brought about basic changes in carrying out mathematical computations.
3．cause，指导致的原因。
　☞ 用药量过大会导致死亡。
　☞ Excessive doses may cause death.
　☞ 中风可能导致终身瘫痪。
　☞ A stroke can cause permanent paralysis.
4．result in，指导致的结果，与lead to同义。
　☞ 理论上的错误必然导致实践上的失败。
　☞ Errors in theory inevitably result in (lead to) failures in practice.
　☞ 只有勤奋才能导致成功。
　☞ Only hard work can result in (lead to) success.
将就 将就
1．make do (with)，指凑合。
　☞ 我们能将就，无须额外花钱。
　☞ We can make do without the extra money.
　☞ 这件大衣可能稍微短一点，你将就着穿吧。
　☞ This coat may be a bit too short for you, but perhaps you could make do with it.
2．make the best of，指尽量适应。
　☞ 没有什么更好的工作，你就将就点吧。
　☞ There is no better job, so make the best of it.
　☞ 由于我们找不到大一点的公寓房子，也只好尽现有的将就了。
　☞ Since we can't find a bigger apartment, we'll have to make the best of what we have.
3．bear with, put up with，指忍受。
　☞ 哄着他点儿，就将就他吧。
　☞ Humor him a little and bear with him.
　☞ 我无法将就他的火爆脾气。
　☞ I couldn't bear with his hot temper.
　☞ 这家旅馆不大好，不过我们可以将就。
　☞ This hotel is not good, but we can put up with it.
　☞ 你越是将就他，他就越是了不得。
　☞ The more you put up with him, the more he swells with pride.
尊重（尊敬） 尊重（尊敬）
　 ■ “尊重”跟“轻蔑”相对，尊重的对象可以是人（不论级别、长幼），也可以是抽象事物（如劳动、科学）。“尊敬”着重在敬重，对象往往是人，多用于下对上、幼对长等。
1．respect，指由尊敬产生的尊重，respectful，指表示尊敬、尊重，respectable，指值得尊敬，令人尊敬。
　☞ 革命同志应当互相尊重。
　☞ Revolutionary comrades should respect each other.
　☞ 我们必须尊重少数民族的风俗习惯。
　☞ We must respect the habits and customs of the minority nationalities.
　☞ 他是位人格高尚的学者，学生们都很尊敬他。
　☞ He is a scholar of noble character, and the students respect him very much.
　☞ 我们对严肃作家的作品都是很尊重的。
　☞ We have an enormous respect for the works of the serious writers.
　☞ 你应当对你父亲更加尊重一点。
　☞ You should be a bit more respectful to your father.
　☞ 一个受人尊重的姑娘是不会跟他这样的人交往的。
　☞ A respectable girl would not associate with a man like him.
2．esteem，指在感情、评价上都比respect更高的尊重或尊敬。
　☞ 没有人比得上我更尊敬（重）你父亲了。
　☞ No one can esteem your father more than I do.
　☞ 老教师在我校更受人尊重（敬）。
　☞ Old teachers are much more esteemed in our school.
　☞ 这次不正当的男女关系降低了我们对她的尊敬。
　☞ The illicit sexual relation has lowered our esteem of her.
3．regard，比以上两词更为正式，用作名词时常与修饰语连用。
　☞ 我知道他们对你都很尊重（敬）。
　☞ I know they all regard you highly.
　☞ 他这次救孩子于危难之中，赢得了大家的尊重。
　☞ His rescue of the child in the calamity earned public regard.
　☞ 我们对她都是非常尊重（敬）的。
　☞ We all hold her in the greatest regard.
4．honor，指情感、行为、语言上的尊重或尊敬。
　☞ 我是把他当作我的老师来尊重的。
　☞ I honored him as my teacher.
　☞ 孩子们应当尊敬自己的父母。
　☞ Children should honor their father and mother.
　☞ 我们从小就受到要尊敬父老兄长的教育。
　☞ We have been taught since childhood to show honor to our elders.
　☞ 他们把我当作一位尊敬的客人来接待。
　☞ They received me as an honored (a distinguished) guest.
5．value, 指从价值上尊重。
　☞ 你们作为领导干部应当尊重群众的首创精神。
　☞ As leading cadres you should value the initiative of the masses.
　☞ 我们在那里见到了政府是如何尊重群众意见的。
　☞ There we have seen how the government valued the opinions of the masses.
6．consideration，指为别人着想式的尊重、尊敬。
　☞ 你对她要多加尊重。
　☞ You must treat her with more consideration.
　☞ 她的自我献身精神赢得了人民对她的尊重。
　☞ She earned consideration on the part of the people through her self-devotion.
7．appreciate，指从欣赏，赞赏角度出发的尊重。
　☞ 我们尊重每个人的特殊才能。
　☞ We appreciate the special genius of each individual.
　☞ 尽管他没有多少才气，但作为男性的抽象价值，她还是尊重他的。
　☞ Though she knew the small number of his talents, she appreciated his abstract value as a male.
小 小
1．small，与big，large相对，用来直叙具体的人或物小，因此不带感情色彩。可表示数量、体积、意义、价值等小于正常值。
　☞ 大鱼吃小鱼。
　☞ Large fish devour the smaller ones.
　☞ 我戴这帽子太小。
　☞ The hat is too small for me.
　☞ 他个子小，能从这个洞里钻过去。
　☞ He is small enough to squeeze through the hole.
　 ■ 不过small有时也可用来表示抽象概念。
　☞ 这是件小事，我不在乎。
　☞ It's a small matter and I don't care.
　☞ 今年生意的利润小。
　☞ The business made only a small profit this year.
2．little，也用来指大小的小，但带有感情色彩，这种感情可以是疼爱、取笑、憎恶、鄙视等。
　☞ 可怜的小东西，到这儿来，让我看看你。
　☞ Poor little thing, come here and let me have a look.
　☞ 我发现他是个有趣的小老头。
　☞ I found him a funny little old man.
　☞ 连他老婆都说他是个自私下流的小人。
　☞ Even his wife said he was a selfish, nasty little man.
　☞ 多讨厌的小孩！
　☞ What a nasty little child!
　 ■ 使用little一词要注意以下几点：1) little不表示“程度”，因此一般不与表示程度的副词quite，rather，very，too等连用，因为表示程度时一般不带感情色彩。故要用small。如：这袋子太小。你有没有大一点的。The bag is too small. Have you a larger one? 2) little与large相对时，没有比较级；而small与large相对时，可以有比较级smaller（较小）。但little与much相对时，可以有比较级less（较少）。如：这帽子是小了一点。The hat is a bit smaller.他们现在做的工作比以前少。They now do less work than they did before.不过这是语法规则。从翻译的角度看，又往往会突破这种规则。如：他们来的人数比我们少。They came in smaller number than we did.他的力气比我小。He has less strength than I have.不过这种突破只是翻译时要适应汉语习惯的变通。从词汇意义上讲smaller仍然是较小，而less仍然是较少。3) 与其他事物比较而显得较小时，在某些习惯用法上不用small，如：little finger（小指，与其他手指比较而言）。如：你的小指比我的小。Your little finger is smaller than mine. 4) a small后接名词，意为“小…”；a little后接名词，意为“一些…”。如：There is a small candy on the table.（桌上有一小块糖）；There is a little candy on the table.（桌上有一些糖）。5) little一般只用作定语，不作表语。但表示感情色彩时例外。如：她的个子小，但要坐进童车又太大。She is little, but not little enough to fit on a trickle.
3．minor，与major相对，指在大小、程度、数量、重 要性上居次要地位，因此比较的意味很浓。
　☞ 把你试卷里的大错改掉，小错就不用管了。
　☞ Correct the major errors in your paper, but do not bother with the minor ones.
　☞ 他把大部分钱都留给了儿子，他女儿只得到他财产的一小部分。
　☞ He left most of his money to his son, and his daughter received only a minor share of his wealth.
　☞ 在新剧里只给了她一个小角色。
　☞ She was given a minor part in the new play.
　☞ 这只是个小手术，没有生命危险。
　☞ It's only a minor operation not dangerous to life.
4．petty，也指居于次要地位的小，但往往带有贬意的感情色彩。
　☞ 你不得用这种小事来打扰局长。
　☞ You must not bother the director with such a petty matter.
　☞ 小小的一个政府官员，说话的口气那么大。
　☞ A petty government official talked so big.
　☞ 他爱贪小便宜。
　☞ He is always keeping on gaining petty advantage.
　☞ 小资产阶级总想爬到中产阶级。
　☞ People from the petty bourgeoisie invariably desire to climb up into the middle bourgeoisie.
5．young, 指年龄小。
　☞ 他太小，上不了学。
　☞ He is too young to go to school.
　☞ 你也不小了，该找个对象结婚了。
　☞ You're not young any more and it's the time for you to look for a partner in marriage.
　☞ 我是上有老，下有小，需要负担。
　☞ I have the old above and the young below to support.
6．英语表示动物幼崽的“小”，另有各自的专用词，如：小 鸡chick；小鸭duckling；小狗puppy；小猫kitten；小牛calf;小马pony；小猪piggy；小鹿deerlet；小老虎tiger cub；小象baby elephant。
7．“小”的其他译法。
　☞ 你的声音太小。
　☞ Your voice is too low.
　☞ 风小些了。
　☞ The wind has dropped a little.
　☞ 这鞋小了点。
　☞ These shoes are a bit tight.
　☞ 他从小就聪明伶俐。
　☞ He has been a bright and sensible boy since his early childhood.
　☞ 你这是小病大养。
　☞ You're taking an unduly long rest for a slight illness.
小心 小心
1．care，careful，指小心谨慎，强调小心，常与take，give，have等动词连用。
　☞ 小心别弄断了。
　☞ Take care not to break it，或：Take care you don't break it.
　☞ 你对你做的事要分外小心。
　☞ You should give more care to what you are doing.
　☞ 你说话要小心，要不然你会后悔的。
　☞ Have a care what you say or you may regret it.
　 ■ care 还可与with连用。
　☞ 玻璃制品，小心轻放！
　☞ Glass, handle with care!
　☞ 这活他干得分外小心。
　☞ He did the work with redoubled care.
　 ■ careful，常用作表语，大多用于祈使句。
　☞ 这是你要小心的地方。
　☞ It's what you have to be careful about 过马路要小心。
　☞ Be careful when crossing the street.
　☞ 路滑，小心摔倒。
　☞ The road is slippery. Be careful not to slip and fall.
　☞ 在钱的问题上要小心。
　☞ Be careful in money matters.
2．caution, cautious，指谨慎小心，强调谨慎。常与use, urge, exercise连用。
　☞ 过马路要小心。
　☞ Use caution in crossing streets.
　☞ 他劝我做生意要小心。
　☞ He urged caution on me in business.
　☞ 我们在处理炸药时向来十分小心。
　☞ We have been exercising extreme caution in dealing with explosive.
　☞ 他用剃刀刮脸向来十分小心。
　☞ He has been very cautious with his razor whenever he shaves.
　☞ 我劝他在给病人安排x光时要小心。
　☞ I urged him to be cautious in ordering X-ray for patients.
　 ■ 同样，caution也可与with连用。
　☞ 使用这些词时要小心。
　☞ These words should be used with caution.
　☞ 他告诉我们在结了冰的坡地上行走要十分小心。
　☞ He told us to walk with great caution on the icy slope.
3．mind，指要人小心留意，常用于祈使句。
　☞ 小心油漆！
　☞ Mind the wet paint!
　☞ 你小心别得罪他。
　☞ Mind you don't offend him.
4．guard against，指要人小心防着点。
　☞ 小心火烛！
　☞ Guard against fire!
　☞ 你要小心着凉。
　☞ You must guard against a cold.
5．beware of，指要小心提防，也多用于标语中的祈使句。
　☞ 小心扒手！
　☞ Beware of pickpockets!
　☞ 小心恶犬！
　☞ Beware of dogs!
　 ■ 此外，beware还可与must，should等情态动词连用。
　☞ 你处理危险物资时要小心。
　☞ You must beware of what you do with dangerous sub
　 ■ 由于beware of有“要人提防的意思”，因此有时正好与汉语中的否定式“小心别”重合。
　☞ 你小心别把书丢了。
　☞ You should beware of losing your books.
　☞ 小心，不要太靠近悬崖。
　☞ Beware of going too near the edge of the cliff.
少 少
1．few，little，用作代词。few用来指代可数名词，与many相对；而little则指代不可数名词，与much相对。
　☞ 赤壁之战是个以少胜多的战例。
　☞ The Battle of the Red Cliffs is an instance of the few defeating the many.
　☞ 来的人比我们预期的还要少。
　☞ Fewer have come than we anticipated.
　☞ 你吃得这么少怎么恢复体力呢？
　☞ How can you get your strength back if you eat so little?
　☞ 对这类病的病因，我们知之甚少。
　☞ We know little as yet about the cause of this kind of disease.
　 ■ few和little 也可用作形容词。
　☞ 当时街上的人很少，因此要找车祸的目击证人很难。
　☞ There were few people in the street, so it is difficult to find an eyewitness of the automobile accident.
　☞ 两个学生都做了不少的化学实验。
　☞ Both students have made a good few chemical experiments.
　☞ 他忙得很少有空余时间。
　☞ He is so busy that he has little spare time.
　☞ 医生的建议是少吃多餐。
　☞ The doctor's advice was to have many meals but little food at each.
　 ■ fewer，less是few和little 的比较级。
　☞ 现在受剥削的工人比以前少了。
　☞ There are fewer exploited workers than there used to be.
　☞ 我挣的钱比教授少。
　☞ I earn less money than a professor does.
2．small，指规模小或数量少。
　☞ 办事机构要少而精。
　☞ The executive organs should be smaller but more efficient.(或fewer but better)
　☞ 医生行医这项工作的成本很少，因此这笔钱的大部分是利润。
　☞ A doctor's own costs for such work were small, therefore most of the money was profit.
3．lack，指缺少重要的或想要的东西。
　☞ 我们少一个好的守门员。
　☞ We lack a good goalkeeper.
　☞ 这房子的后面少个楼梯。
　☞ The house lacks a back stairway.
4．short，指短少，语气没有lack强。
　☞ 有些边远地区仍然缺医少药。
　☞ Some outlying areas have still been short of doctors and medicine。
　☞ 我们还少两把椅子。
　☞ We've still two chairs short.
5．missing，指找不到而少了某样东西。
　☞ 我发现他的左手少了个手指。
　☞ I noticed that he had a finger missing from his left hand.
　☞ 这里肯定少了一个字。
　☞ Surely, there is a word missing here.
6．lose，指丢失而少了某样东西。
　☞ 羊群里少了几只羊。
　☞ A few sheep have been lost from the flock.
　☞ 请看管好这些箱子并随身带回来，我希望一件也不要少。
　☞ Please look after these boxes and bring them with you. I hope nothing is lost.
7．avoid，指避免。
　☞ 我们应尽可能少走弯路。
　☞ We should avoid detours as possible as we could.
　☞ 他们尽量少提她的名字。
　☞ They tried to avoid mentioning her name.
8．stop, 指不让做某事。
　☞ 少废话！
　☞ Stop talking rubbish!
　☞ 少给我装蒜！
　☞ Stop pretending!
9．有时祈使句也有不让人做某事的意恩。
　☞ 少来这一套！
　☞ Quit that!或Cut it out!
　☞ 少犯傻！
　☞ Don't be stupid!
尚 尚
1．still，用于肯定句，用来说明情况或动作仍在延续，并暗示因没有停止而感到惊异。常与延续性动词连用。
　☞ 判断谁输谁赢，为时尚早。
　☞ It is still too early to judge who will win.
　☞ 他上学年龄尚小。
　☞ He is still too young to go to school.
　☞ 主席进来时，讨论尚在进行。
　☞ The discussion was still going on when the chairman came in.
　☞ 我祖母98岁了，尚健在。
　☞ My grandmother is 98 years old and is still living.
　☞ 虽然凡事都于他不利，但他尚在坚持。
　☞ Though everything went against him, he still persisted.
　 ■ 但是如果still与终止性动词连用，也可用于否定句。
　☞ 我考虑了好几天，但尚不能决定。
　☞ I've been thinking for days, but I still can't decide.
　☞ 我们尚不懂你的意思。
　☞ We still don't understand what you mean.
　☞ 他尚未露面。
　☞ He still has not appeared.
2．yet，也指状态与动作的延续，不过与still相反，常与终止性动词连用，故一般用于否定句。
　☞ 我已开始学习英语，但尚无多大进展。
　☞ I've started learning English, but I haven't made much progress yet.
　☞ 他们尚无意参加足球赛。
　☞ They have no intention of joining the football game yet.
　☞ 此事尚未解决。
　☞ The problem is not resolved as yet.
　 ■ 同样，如果yet与延续性动词连用，也可用于肯定句。
　☞ 告诉你真相为时尚早。
　☞ It is too early yet to tell you the truth.
　☞ 你们走后，他尚留了她一会儿。
　☞ He detained her for a little while yet after you left.
3．pending，指直到某个时候，为介词。
　☞ 此案尚待进一步调查，暂缓审判。
　☞ The case has been adjourned pending further inquires.
　☞ 两国首脑会晤尚待谈判，故已推迟。
　☞ The meeting of the heads between the two countries was postponed pending negotiation.
4．remain，也可表示状态的延续。
　☞ 此事尚未解决。
　☞ The matter remains to be settled.
　☞ 尽管他受了致命伤，但她尚较镇静。
　☞ She remained comparatively calm though his wound was fatal.
　☞ 他们4个人当中有3个已结了婚，只有他尚是独身。
　☞ Three out of the four were married and only he remained single.
尚且 尚且
1．“尚且”用在第一分句，提出明显的事例做比较，再在第二分句中用“更”等词相呼应，推出结论，表示“当然如此”，在英语中与之相应的应为even... let alone; even... not to mention; even... to say nothing of。
　☞ 她站尚且站不起来，更谈不上走路了。
　☞ She can't even stand on her feet, let alone walk.
　☞ 为了人民的事业，流血尚且不惜，更别说流点汗了。
　☞ For the cause of the people we never spared even bloodshed, not to mention sweat.
　☞ 大人尚且举不起来，何况小孩子。
　☞ Even grown-ups can't lift it, to say nothing of children.
2．“尚且”可以用在反问句里，可用how来表示。
　☞ 这道题你尚且答不出来，何况是我。
　☞ If you didn't give the correct answer, how can I?
　☞ 我们3个尚且搬不动，何况你一个。
　☞ Three of us failed to remove“, how can you alone?
尝 尝
1．指辨别滋味，可用taste，have a taste。
　☞ 我们把能找到的草药都尝过了。
　☞ We have tasted all the herbs we could find.
　☞ 他用手捧了点水尝了尝。
　☞ He scooped up some water with his hands and tasted it.
　☞ 尝尝这咖啡，看喜欢不喜欢。
　☞ Taste this coffee and see if you like it 你就尝尝咸淡。
　☞ You just have a taste and see if it's salty enough.
　☞ 对虾现在是难得的佳肴，我们一有机会就要尝尝新。
　☞ Prawns are rare delicacies nowadays. So we always have a taste of them at the first opportunity.
2．由辨别滋味转义为体验，可用taste, give a taste of, savor the taste of。
　☞ 人们一旦尝到了自由的滋味就再也不愿当奴隶了。
　☞ Once people have tasted freedom they are unwilling to become slaves again.
　☞ 叫敌人尝尝我们刺刀的滋味。
　☞ Give the enemy a taste of our bayonets.
　☞ 我不远千里赶到北京来的惟一理由，也不过是想尝一尝这故都的秋味。
　☞ It was for no other purpose than to savor the taste of autumn in the old capital that I went to the trouble of journeying a thousand li to Beijing.
3．表示某种经历，用experience。
　☞ 这老汉在旧社会备尝人世的艰辛。
　☞ The old man has experienced all the hardships of the earthly world in the old society.
　☞ 他们在穿越酷热的沙漠时，尝到了饥渴和酷热的滋味。
　☞ In the march across the blazing sands they experienced hunger, thirst and heat.
4．尝到某种甜头，可译become aware of the benefits of, come to know the good of。
　☞ 她得了满分才尝到了勤奋学习的甜头。
　☞ She became aware of the benefits of hard study only after she got full marks.
　☞ 人们在火灾之后才尝到了保险的甜头。
　☞ People have come to know the good of insurance after the damage by the fire.
尤其 尤其
1．especially，particularly，尽管两词一般可以通用，但前者表示程度；后者表示特征。
　☞ 这里乡下的棉花长势喜人，尤其在这块地里。
　☞ The cotton is coming along fine in this country, especially (particularly) in this field.
　☞ 北京很美，尤其是在秋天。
　☞ Beijing is beautiful, particularly (especially) in autumn.
　☞ 讲话的第一部分尤其重要。
　☞ The first part of the speech is particularly important.
　☞ 我尤其喜欢古典音乐。
　☞ I love especially classical music.
2．much more，still more，用于肯定句，表示程度上递增；much less, still less, 用于否定句，表示程度上递减。
　☞ 跟他打交道难，尤其是跟他老婆。
　☞ It is difficult to deal with him, much more with his wife.
　☞ 那种不能变为行动的空谈，尤其是妨碍行动的空谈是世界上最恼火的事。
　☞ Empty talk that leads not to action, still more that hinders“.is a nuisance on the earth.
　☞ 在找到永久性解决办法以前，任何一方都不应以单方面行动来谋求改变现状，尤其是不应使用武力。
　☞ Pending a permanent settlement, neither side should seek to change the status quo by unilateral action, much less by force.
　☞ 我们主张真裁军，不是假裁军，尤其不应空谈裁军，实际扩军。
　☞ What we stand for is genuine disarmament, not phony disarmament, still less empty talk about disarmament coupled with actual arms expansion.
3．most of all，用于肯定句，表示程度的递增；least of all，用于否定句，表示程度的递减。
　☞ 他在各方面都帮助新来的同志，尤其是在思想工作方面。
　☞ He helps the new comers in many ways, most of all in ideological work.
　☞ 没有一样东西是永恒的，尤其是一个建立在武力之上的帝国。
　☞ Nothing is forever, least of all an empire built on force.
4．what is more，也指程度上递增，但常用作插入语。
　☞ 好在老板在家，尤其是他有空。
　☞ Happily the boss is at home and, what is more, disengaged.
　☞ 比赛的规则要少，尤其重要的是要有概括性。
　☞ The rules of games must be few and, what is more, they ought to be comprehensive.
5．above all, 从一般中突出个别。
　☞ 什么都不能浪费，尤其不要浪费时间。
　☞ Never waste anything, above all, never waste time.
　☞ 文章要简短，但尤其要有内容。
　☞ We need short articles, but above all we need articles that have substance.
就 就
1．“就”用作副词。
1) only，merely，用在名词、代词、动词、数量词等组成的结构前，表示限制。
　☞ 就剩下这一本了，看完后马上还。
　☞ This is the only copy left. Please return it as soon as you finish reading it.
　☞ 就她还记得那天是我的生日。
　☞ Only she remembered that it was my birthday.
　☞ 这一课就20个生词，比较容易。
　☞ There are only twenty new words in the lesson, so it is rather easy.
　☞ 他就来过这里两三次。
　☞ He has only been here two or three times.
　☞ 我们就等你的决定了。
　☞ We're merely waiting for your decision.
2) just，simply，用在动词、名词，时间、地点等结构前，表示强调。
　☞ 我就不信我们妇女干不了这一行。
　☞ I just wouldn't believe that we women couldn't do this sort of work.
　☞ 见到他真叫可怕，他就剩下皮包骨头了。
　☞ It, s dreadful to see him. He's just skin and bone.
　☞ 就在抗日战争开始那一年，白求恩大夫来到了中国。
　☞ Just in the year when the War of Resistance Against Japan started Dr. Bethune came to China.
　☞ 我们见面就在这地方。
　☞ This is just the place where we met.
　☞ 我就不知道说什么才好。
　☞ I simply did not know what to say.
3) right away, in a minute，用于修饰动作，强调时间的短暂。
　☞ 我这就去。
　☞ I'll be going right away.
　☞ 他们就会搞到票的。
　☞ They would get their tickets right away.
　☞ 茶一会就好。
　☞ The tea will be ready in a minute.
4) as many (much) as，用于数量词之前，表示数量尽量的多。
　☞ 仅在非洲国家就有700种语言。
　☞ In the countries of Africa there are as many as 700 languages.
　☞ 光收废品一项，他们就给国家节约了20万元。
　☞ Just by collecting scrap, they saved as much as two hundred thousand yuan for the state.
　☞ 今天我7点钟就来了。
　☞ I was here as early as 7 o'clock today.
　☞ 这河深达8米。
　☞ The river is as deep as 8 meters.
5) right, precisely，表示时间、地点等，强调直截了当。
　☞ 他就在这里。
　☞ He is right here.
　☞ 咱们现在就去。
　☞ Let's go right now.
　☞ 我就要你做这个。
　☞ That's precisely what I want you to do.
6) not... without，用在“不…就不…”之后，表示肯定时的委婉。
　☞ 不经过艰苦奋斗就不能胜利。
　☞ We cannot be victorious without arduous struggle.
　☞ 没有一定的准备，你考试就不会及格。
　☞ You wouldn't pass the exam without some preparation.
7) 译为thus，用在“这样”之前，表示所叙述的问题就是这样进行的。
　☞ 问题终于就这样解决了。
　☞ Thus the problem was finally settled.
　☞ 就这样房子在5月底完成了。
　☞ The house was thus completed by the end of May.
8) say…，有“就算”、“就说”之意，作插入句表示假设。
　☞ 好了，就算这是真的，那又怎么样呢？
　☞ Well, say it were true, what then?
　☞ 多数学生，就说500吧，要去参加野营。
　☞ Most students, let's say five hundred of them, will go camping.
2．“就”用作介词。
1) by，指凭借。
　☞ 就一般的标准来判断，他倒是可靠的。
　☞ Judged by ordinary standards he is reliable.
　☞ 我发现有两个人就着路灯下棋。
　☞ I noticed that two men were playing chess by the light of the street lamp.
2) over，指就着某物或某事。
　☞ 我们坐下来就着桌子吃西瓜。
　☞ W all sat down to eat watermelon over the table.
　☞ 大会上就这个议题还有过许多讨论。
　☞ There was much discussion over this subject in the assembly.
3) in (with) regard to，指关于。
　☞ 我以后将就此事再给你写信。
　☞ I'll write you later again in regard to this matter.
　☞ 你应就他的问题提个建议。
　☞ You should make a suggestion with regard to his problem.
4) on，指议论的题目。
　☞ 双方就共同关心的问题进行了会谈。
　☞ The two sides held talks on question of common interest.
　☞ 大家请他就中国文学开个讲座。
　☞ He was asked to lecture on Chinese literature.
5) as (so) far as... ，指“据…”。
　☞ 就我所见，你的行为绝对是说不过去的。
　☞ Your conduct, as far as I can see, is absolutely unjustifiable.
　☞ 就我所知，没有一件家具值50块钱的。
　☞ As far as I know, not a single piece of furniture is worth a fifty-yuan note.
　☞ 就我所知，她没有姊妹。
　☞ She has no sisters so far as I know.
　☞ 就我所知，他们的友谊绝对是精神上的。
　☞ So far as I know, their friendship is strictly spiritual.
6) as (so) far as…be concerned，指“就…而论”。
　☞ 就你一家而论，你无需再为他们着急。
　☞ As far as your family is concerned, you won't have to worry about them any more.
　☞ 就他而论，一切顺利。
　☞ As far as he was concerned, everything was going smoothly.
　☞ 就我们而论，这是不可能的。
　☞ It is impossible so far as we are concerned.
　☞ 就委员会而论，那是越早越好。
　☞ The earlier the better, so far as the committee is concerned.
3．“就”用作连词。
1) if，even if，用于假设或让步，表示某种条件。
　☞ 你愿意我就愿意。
　☞ I will if you will.
　☞ 要是真的，这就会给我们造成好多麻烦。
　☞ If true. this will cause us a lot of trouble.
　☞ 你就不说，我也会知道的。
　☞ Even if you won't tell me, I'll know anyway.
　☞ 你就生气也没用。
　☞ Even if you get angry, it won't help.
2) as soon as, no sooner... than, scarcely... when, hardly... when, no more than... when，only just... when，the moment等，用于“刚…就…”，“一…就…”。表示动作一个接着一个。
　☞ 我一见他就生气。
　☞ As soon as I see him, I get angry.
　☞ 我们刚到车站，火车就开了。
　☞ No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
　☞ 我们刚离家，天就下雨了。
　☞ Scarcely had we left the house when it rained.
　☞ 他一到她就开始埋怨起来。
　☞ Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
　☞ 他刚拿起筷子就被叫了出去。
　☞ He had no more than taken up his chopsticks when he was called out.
　☞ 他一到家就有人来找。
　☞ He had only just reached home when a man called to see him.
　☞ 他一见我就跑掉了。
　☞ The moment he saw me he ran off.
3) 省略条件句＋ and，带有警告、威胁、遗憾等意味。
　☞ 再走近一步，你就死定了。
　☞ One step nearer, and you are a dead man.
　☞ 再过半小时，门就要上锁了。
　☞ Another half an hour, and the door would be locked.
　 ■ 为了简略起见，有时and也可省去。如：
　☞ 要再大一点，这些灯就尽善尽美了。
　☞ A little larger, the lamps would be perfect.
4) 祈使句＋ and，常带有劝告、鼓励的意思。
　☞ 多读几遍课文，你就会背了。
　☞ Read the text many times and you'll recite it.
　☞ 再好好想想，你就明白它的意思了。
　☞ Think it over again and you will get its meaning.
　 ■ 有时也可省去and。如：
　☞ 别出去了，这就吃饭。
　☞ Don't go out. We're going to have dinner.
　☞ 你放心，我这就给你办。
　☞ Don't worry. I'll take care of you right off.
4．“就”用作动词。
1) have... to go with，常指吃喝。
　☞ 我们炒鸡蛋就饭。
　☞ We had some scrambled eggs to go with the rice 他常用花生就酒。
　☞ He often has peanuts to go with his wine.
2) take，指接受。
　☞ 我们就这个机会谈谈。
　☞ We'll take this opportunity to have a talk.
　☞ 他们删繁就简编成这本词典。
　☞ They compiled the dictionary by taking the simple in less complicated way.
3) make do with，指将就。
　☞ 我们只好就着这块料子做了。
　☞ We'll have to make do with this piece of material.
　☞ 今年我只好就着旧大衣过冬了。
　☞ I'll have to make do with my old coat this winter.
就…而论（言）就…来讲（说） 就…而论（言）就…来讲（说）
1．as (so) far as…be concerned，连词，引进话题的范围。
　☞ 就养鸡而论，老黄是最有经验的。
　☞ As far as raising chickens is concerned, Huang is the most experienced.
　☞ 就我而论，越快越好。
　☞ As far as I'm concerned, the earlier the better.
　☞ 就诗歌来讲，唐朝的功绩最大。
　☞ So far as poetry is concerned, the achievements of the Tang Dynasty are the greatest.
　☞ 就英语水平来说，这个班不错。
　☞ So far as English level is concerned, this class is not bad.
2．when it comes to，表示涉及的话题。
　☞ 就数学而言，我是一无所知。
　☞ When it comes to mathematics, I'm completely at sea.
　☞ 他运动不行，但就汉语而论他是全班最棒的。
　☞ He is not good at sports, but when it comes to Chinese he is the best in class.
就是 就是
1．“就是”用作副词。
1) just，precisely，用于加强语气。
　☞ 我就是没有勇气再见他。
　☞ I just haven't the courage to see him again 中国菜就是好。
　☞ The Chinese cuisine is just wonderful.
　☞ 我大概就是在这里遇见他的。
　☞ I met him just about here.
　☞ 就是有一件事要做。
　☞ There's just one thing to be done.
　☞ 你就是我要找的那个人。
　☞ You are precisely the person I'm looking for.
　☞ 这就是我的观点。
　☞ That was precisely my own view.
　☞ 就是，我也是这么想的。
　☞ Precisely, that's just what I had in mind.
2) only，merely，表示限制或范围。
　☞ 就是村长还有点怀疑。
　☞ Only the village head remained a little doubtful.
　☞ 他来过这里，就是那么两三次。
　☞ He has been here only two or three times.
　☞ 我倒是很愿意干这件事的，就是太忙。
　☞ I would like to do it with pleasure, only I'm too busy.
　☞ 你就是孩子气。
　☞ You are being merely childish.
　☞ 他认为她就是在戏弄他。
　☞ He believed that she was merely teasing him.
3) even，用在表示惊诧部分之前并提出某种暗示。（括号内为暗示部分。）
　☞ 我就是连信也没打开呀。
　☞ I didn't even open the letter. (so I certainly did not read it)
　☞ 就是小学生也知道这一点。
　☞ Even school children know this. (not to mention adults)
　☞ 那儿的天气就是在6月份也冷着呢。
　☞ It was cold there even in June. (so you may imagine how cold it was in winter)
4) that's all，表示某种归纳。与“了”搭配，常用于句末。
　☞ 他想要点钱就是了。
　☞ He wants some money, that's all.
　☞ 我当时不过是有点累就是了。
　☞ I was only a bit tired, that's all.
5) just as one（says），表示要对方放心。
　☞ 放心吧，我照办就是了。
　☞ Don't worry. I promise to do just as you say.
　☞ 我们执行师部的命令就是啦。
　☞ We'll execute the order just as the division headquarters issued.
6) that's it，用来肯定对方的话。
　“这是不是你说的那个？”“就是。”
　"Is that what you were talking about?" "Yes, that's it."
　☞ 就是，你说的正好是我想的。
　☞ That's it. You've described exactly what I thought of.
7) that is，in other words，插入语，表示进一步诠释。
　☞ 这些都是脊椎动物，也就是有脊椎的动物。
　☞ They are vertebrates, that is, animals that have backbones.
　☞ 他是纽约人，也就是住在纽约。
　☞ He is a New Yorker, that is. he lives in New York.
　☞ 我很快发现我做的研究工作别人早就做过了，也就是在浪费时间。
　☞ I soon found that the research work I was doing had already been done by someone else. In other words, I was wasting my time.
2．“就是”用作连词。
1) even if (though)，表示即将发生的某种极端。
　☞ 我一定要去那里，就是当掉裤子也要搞到坐火车的钱。
　☞ I'll get there even if I have to pawn my trousers to get the railway fare.
　☞ 就是晚饭上了桌，她也不愿离开电视机。
　☞ She won't leave the TV set even though her supper's on the table.
2) none other (than)，表示意外、惊异等，只用于人。
　☞ 那位陌生人原来就是我的老朋友。
　☞ The stranger was none other than my old friend.
　“难道真的是你？”“就是我！”
　 "Can it really be you?" "None other! ”
3) either... or... ，表示非此即彼的选择。“就是”常与前面的“不是”相呼应。
　☞ 这娃娃一天不是唱就是跳。
　☞ The child is restless all day long, either singing or dancing.
　☞ 我们每周都要见一次面，不是他来看我就是我去他家。
　☞ We meet once a week, either he comes to see me or I go to visit him.
4) not only... but also... ，表示递进。话的重点在后一句。
　☞ 不但我生气，就是他也很不高兴。
　☞ Not only was I angry, but also he was very much displeased.
　☞ 不但老百姓谴责官僚主义，就是干部也一样。
　☞ Not only the ordinary people condemn bureaucracy, but the cadres also.
3．“就是”用作动词。
1) be，是just be的弱式。
　☞ 他就是王先生。
　☞ This is Mr. Wang.
　☞ 这种态度就是实事求是的态度。
　☞ To take such an attitude is to seek truth from facts.
　“实事”就是客观存在着的一切事物。
　 "Facts" are all the things that exist objectively.
2) mean，用于对事物做出解释。
　“是”就是客观事物的内在联系，即规律性。
　 "Truth" means the internal relations of objective things, that is, the law governing them.
　“求”就是研究。
　 "To seek" means to study.
3) 用带有it的强调句。
　☞ 他怪的就是我。
　☞ It is me that he blamed.
　☞ 就是在这里，我们昨天举行了一次群众集会。
　☞ It was here that we held a mass meeting yesterday.
尽可能 尽可能
1．as... as possible，指尽量。
　☞ 我国艰巨的社会主义建设事业需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。
　☞ China needs the services of as many intellectuals as possible for the colossal task of building socialism.
　☞ 把你知道的尽可能都告诉他们。
　☞ Tell them as much as you know.
　☞ 今天晚上尽可能早点回来吃饭。
　☞ Please come back to dinner this evening as early as possible.
2．形容词最高级＋ possible，指尽最大可能。
　☞ 剧本创作应尽可能达到革命的政治内容与尽可能完美的艺术形式的统一。
　☞ Play writing should achieve the unity of revolutionary political content and the highest possible perfection of artistic form as much as possible.
　☞ 我们决定使用尽可能简单的办法来解决这一问题。
　☞ We've decided to adopt the simplest possible method to solve the problem.
　☞ 依我看，他们会尽可能广泛地采用先进技术的。
　☞ In my opinion they'll make the widest possible use of advanced technology.
3．to the best of one's ability，指尽个人最大能力。
　☞ 你放心，我尽可能做好。
　☞ Don't worry, I'll do it to the best of my ability.
　☞ 她会尽可能回答你的问题。
　☞ She'll try to answer your question to the best of her ability.
尽管 尽管
1．though，even though，指虽然，后者的语气较前者重些。均表示让步。为连词，接从句。
　☞ 我们尽管穷，仍很快乐。
　☞ Though we are poor, we are still happy.
　☞ 尽管他身体不好，仍然坚持工作。
　☞ Though he's not in good health, he still keeps on working.
　☞ 他们的帮助总是全心全意的，尽管有时帮得不是地方。
　☞ Their help is always whole-hearted even thought it is not always well directed.
　☞ 我喜欢这个工作，尽管报酬很低。
　☞ I like the job, even though it's badly paid.
2．despite，in spite of，指不顾。前者较后者少用，也表示让步，为介词，接名词。
　☞ 尽管哥哥泼了冷水，她还是高高兴兴地上学去了。
　☞ Despite her brother's discouragement, she cheerfully went off to school all the same.
　☞ 尽管有缺点错误，工会还是做了不少的工作。
　☞ Despite mistakes and shortcomings the trade union did a lot of work.
　☞ 你父亲尽管生气，总还是爱你的。
　☞ Your father does love you in spite of his anger.
　☞ 尽管下着大雨，她还是去上班了。
　☞ In spite of the heavy rain she went to work.
3．notwithstanding，为书面用语，可用作介词及连词，语气较前两词都轻。
　☞ 尽管有雨，我们还是继续旅行。
　☞ We traveled on, the rain notwithstanding.
　☞ 尽管他劝我们不要接受这一任务，我们还是要接受的。
　☞ We would take up the task notwithstanding that he advised us not to。
4．for all that，也用作让步，但与前三条不同。前几条都是先退一步承认事实，再来提出正题。而for all that(尽管如此)是在事实清楚的情况下让步，是为了进一步的阐述。
　☞ 战士们都累了，尽管如此，他们还是继续行军。
　☞ The fighters were tired but they continued their march for all that.
　☞ 尽管偶尔有错，但仍不失为该学科的一本好书。
　☞ There may be mistakes occasionally, but for all that, it is a good book on the subject.
5．有时候，“尽管”可以放在两个叠加词语的中间，也作让步，但表示不受这一条件的限制。这时可用下面的句式：名词（形容词、动词等）＋ as＋主语＋谓语。
　☞ 小孩尽管是小孩，她却胜过他这个对手。
　☞ Child as she was, she was more than a match for him.
　☞ 听起来尽管奇怪，不过却是千真万确的。
　☞ Strange as it may sound, it is true.
　☞ 试尽管试，但你决不会成功。
　☞ Try as you may, you will never succeed.
6．“尽管”有时还可表示要别人不必考虑别的而尽可放心去做，这时有较灵活的译法。下面几种处理可供参考。应注意的是一般都用于祈使句。
　☞ 有什么问题尽管问。
　☞ If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask them.
　☞ 你尽管拿，我们有的是。
　☞ Take as much as you like. We have quite a lot.
　☞ 你尽管放心，工作有我们呢。
　☞ Don't worry. We'll attend to the work.
　☞ 你尽管直说，不要有顾虑。
　☞ Just speak out. You needn't have any misgivings whatsoever.
尾巴 尾巴
1．tail，泛指一切动物、昆虫的尾巴。
　☞ 兔子的耳朵长，尾巴短。
　☞ The ears of a rabbit are long, but its tail is short.
　☞ 你能分得清蜻蜓的身子和尾巴吗？
　☞ Can you tell the dragonfly's body from its tail?
　 ■ tail一词还有不少有用的习语。
　☞ 被击伤的敌机尾巴朝上，掉到了海里。
　☞ The damaged enemy plane dropped into the sea with its tail upward.
　☞ 敌军夹着尾巴逃跑了。
　☞ The enemy troops ran away with their tails between their legs.
　☞ 从今以后你要夹着尾巴做人。
　☞ From now on you have to behave yourself and tuck your tail between your legs.
　☞ 你一咬住敌机尾巴就开火。
　☞ Fire as soon as you get on the tail of the enemy plane.
　☞ 设法把你的尾巴甩掉。
　☞ Try to throw off your tail.
　☞ 你后面跟上尾巴了。
　☞ You are tailed by someone.
　☞ 你为什么老做别人的尾巴，难道自己一点主见都没有？
　☞ Why are you always tailing behind others? Don't you have any ideas of your own?
2．leave loose ends, 指工作上尚待处理的尾巴。
　☞ 他做事老留个尾巴让我来为他收拾。
　☞ He always leaves some loose ends for me to clear up for him.
　☞ 解决问题要彻底，不要留尾巴。
　☞ The problem must be solved once for all, without leaving any loose ends.
3．cocky, 指骄傲自大。
　☞ 不要一有成绩就翘尾巴。
　☞ Don't get cocky when you've achieved something.
　☞ 只要你不翘尾巴，他肯定会喜欢你。
　☞ Provided you are not cocky he'll surely like you.
4．“尾巴”的其他译法。
　☞ 这个问题我们不能最后决定，留个尾巴吧。
　☞ Leave the matter open. We can't make a final decision.
　☞ 他排在游行队伍的尾巴上。
　☞ He was the last person in the procession.
　☞ 虽然这是扫尾巴的工程，但也决不能马虎了事。
　☞ Never get the work done in slapdash manner though it is a rounding-off project.
居然 居然
　 ■ 表示惊奇或意外。从这一根本意义出发，翻译时有不同的处理方法。
1．should的第一种用法是主句中使用表示惊奇的感情词，再用that引入带有should，并后接完成时态的从句，以表示惊奇。
　☞ 他们居然会这么愚蠢，真叫人吃惊。
　☞ It is surprising that they should have been so foolish.
　☞ 这样简单的想法居然没有人想过，真是奇怪。
　☞ It is strange that an idea so simple should never have occurred to anyone before.
　 ■ 应该指出，如果主句中没有感情词，或虽有感情词但should后如果不接完成时态时，则失去惊奇、意外的语境，因而也就没有“居然”的意思。如：It is not at all surprising that such a consequence should ensue.
2．should的第二种用法是与who... but，what... but一起搭配，构成惊叹句，表示出人意料。
　☞ 进来的居然是他的第一任妻子！
　☞ Who should come in but his first wife!
　☞ 我居然发现了一只大蜘蛛！
　☞ What should I find but an enormous spider!
3．should的第三种用法是在特殊疑问句中用that引入带有should的从句，表示疑惑不解。
　☞ 你干了什么啦，居然发这么大的脾气？
　☞ What have you done that you should be so angry?
　☞ 你上哪儿啦，居然累成这个样子？
　☞ Where have you been that you should look so tired?
4．should的第四种用法是与dare，venture，see fit，come to等动词连用，表示怀疑、不应该。
　☞ 他居然敢向老师提这样的问题。
　☞ He should dare ask the teacher a question like this.
　☞ 他们居然坐着小船到大河里去冒险。
　☞ They should venture on the big river in such a small boat.
　☞ 你居然认为我跟她结婚蛮合适。
　☞ You should see it fit that I should marry her.
　☞ 事情居然到了这一步。
　☞ It should come to that.
5．should的第五种用法是后接动词完成时态，表示发生了不应该发生的事情。
　☞ 我无法想象你居然会说这样的话。
　☞ I can't imagine that you should have said that.
　☞ 他居然不辞而别。
　☞ He should have gone away without saying good-bye.
6．unexpectedly, contrary to expectation, to think of, to think that, who would have thought，表示没料到、没想到。
　☞ 他居然平安无事地回来了。
　☞ Unexpectedly, he returned safe and sound.
　☞ 这件事当时带来那么多的悲痛，居然成了件变相的好事。
　☞ Contrary to expectation, the thing that had occasioned so much grief at the time turned out to be a blessing in disguise.
　☞ 他们对我们的力量和决心居煞一无所知！
　☞ To think of their not knowing anything about our strength and will!
　☞ 我们两个居然会在监狱里见面
　☞ Only to think that we two should meet in prison!
　☞ 谁想得到他居然会做出这种事来？
　☞ Who would have thought that he could do such a thing?
7．surprisingly, to one's surprise, strange, oddly enough, incredible, unreasonable, actually等，分别表示吃惊、奇怪、难以置信、难以理解、难以理喻等。
　☞ 他居然挣那么低的工资。
　☞ It is surprising that he earned such a low salary.
　☞ 我居然在纽约庸人街碰上了一位同学。
　☞ To my surprise I met one of my school-mates in China Town of New York.
　☞ 她居然看不见自己的缺点。
　☞ It's really strange that she has failed to see her own shortcomings.
　☞ 我心里居然一点也不怀疑。
　☞ Oddly enough, I had no doubt in my mind.
　☞ 他居然那么快就干完了。
　☞ It is incredible that he has finished the work so soon.
　☞ 他在赢得了她的心不久，居然又把她甩了。
　☞ It is unreasonable that he jilted her soon after he won her heart.
　☞ 面对国家财产遭到破坏，你们居然袖手旁观。
　☞ In the face of the state property being damaged you actually stood by with folded arms.
8．so…as to…，表示居然达到了这种程度。
　☞ 敌人居然使用毒气。
　☞ The enemy went so far as to use poison gas.
　☞ 他们居然放肆到公开篡改中央指示。
　☞ They were so audacious as to openly tamper with instructions of the central government.
屈服 屈服
1．yield (to)，指屈服于武力、威胁、争论、恳求等。
　☞ 我们决不屈服！
　☞ We shall never yield!
　☞ 父母想让女儿改变主意，但她不肯屈服。
　☞ Parents tried to make their daughter change her mind. but she wouldn't yield.
　☞ 他们不是那种向威胁屈服的人。
　☞ They are not the kind of people to yield to threat.
　☞ 小国往往屈服于武力。
　☞ Small countries often yield to force.
2．submit to, 指由于不敌而屈服，因此比yield更 强调斗争或冲突的结果。
　☞ 船长被迫向反抗的船员屈服。
　☞ The captain was forced to submit to his mutinous crew.
　☞ 对这样的威胁，我们无意屈服。
　☞ To such threats like these we have no intention of submitting.
　☞ 她有生以来第一次屈服于这种对幸福和痛苦有如此影响的感情。
　☞ For the first time in her life, she submitted to the sentiment which has so much influence on the happiness and misery.
3．bow down to，bow the neck to，指低头屈服。
　☞ 他一生坎坷，但仍不肯向财富与权力屈服。
　☞ He refused to bow down to wealth and power in his lifetime of frustrations.
　☞ 我们绝不向敌人屈服。
　☞ We shall never bow down to our enemies.
　☞ 我们绝不向这伙残暴的入侵者屈服。
　☞ Never will we bow the neck to these cruel invaders.
　☞ 我们绝不向专制政体屈服。
　☞ We can never bow the neck to autocracy.
4．succumb，指一方强大一方弱小的屈服。
　☞ 民主政府屈服于外界的压力，准备做出某些必要的让步。
　☞ The democratic government succumbed to pressure from outside and was prepared to make some necessary concessions.
　☞ 如何避免核战争而又不屈服于核讹诈是我们时代压倒一切的任务 How to avoid nuclear warfare without succumbing to nuclear blackmail is the overwhelming task of our age.
5．cave in, 指竭力支撑，最后因力竭而屈服。常用于口语。
　☞ 政府终于屈服，并同意无条件谈判。
　☞ In the end the government caved in, and unconditionally agreed to negotiation.
　☞ 工会向最后通牒屈服了。
　☞ The trade union caved in to ultimatum.
展开 展开
1．unfold，指把卷合或折叠起来的物体展开。
　☞ 把画卷展开，挂到堂屋中间的墙壁上。
　☞ Unfold the picture scroll and hang it in the middle of the wall of the main room.
　☞ 他展开地图并把它钉到黑板上。
　☞ He unfolded the map and tacked it on the blackboard.
　 ■ unfold还可用于引申。
　☞ 随着电影的放映，故事的情节也慢慢展开。
　☞ The story unfolds slowly as the film goes on.
　☞ 他们又展开了新一轮的宣传攻势。
　☞ They have been unfolding another new propaganda offensive.
2．spread out，指摊开，不管原来是否卷合或折叠。
　☞ 参谋展开卷起来的军用地图，摊在地上，再用石头压住地图的四角。
　☞ The staff officer spread out the rolled-up military map on the ground and put a stone on each comer to hold it down.
　☞ 飞机飞越山区时，我们的眼前展开了一幅雄伟壮观的景象。
　☞ When the plane was flying over the mountain area an imposing and magnificent spectacle spread itself out before our eyes.
　☞ 他展开双臂，想给她一个紧紧的拥抱。
　☞ He spread his arms out to give her a big hug.
3．launch, 指发动。
　☞ 拂晓时分，敌人向我们展开了一场新的攻势。
　☞ The enemy launched a new offensive against us at dawn.
　☞ 厂际之间展开T-场社会主义劳动竞赛。
　☞ A socialist emulation drive has been launched among factories.
4．wage，指进行。
　☞ 该国正在展开要团结，不要分裂；要尊严，不要屈辱；要解放，不要控制的斗争。
　☞ That country is waging the struggle which tends to unity and not to division, to honor and not to humiliation, to liberation and not to domination.
　☞ 展开思想斗争必须自觉自愿。
　☞ It must be of one's own free will to wage an ideological struggle.
5．in full wing，指全面展开。
　☞ 运动会的各项比赛已全面展开。
　☞ The sports meet is now in full wing.
　☞ 建校百年庆典正在全面展开。
　☞ The centennial celebration of the founding of the school is in full swing.
展望 展望
1．look into the distance，指展望远处。
　☞ 在山顶展望远处，全城尽收眼底。
　☞ When we looked into the distance at the top of the hill the whole city came into view.
2．look into the future, 指展望未来。
　☞ 展望未来，我们欢欣鼓舞。
　☞ We are elated and inspired by looking into the future.
3．look ahead，指展望前方。
　☞ 展望前程，我们信心百倍。
　☞ Looking ahead, we are filled with boundless confidence.
4．look forward to, 指怀着某种迫切心情展望。
　☞ 台湾人民都在展望分离50年后的回归。
　☞ The people of Taiwan are looking forward to the reunion after 50 year's separation.
5．get a view，指展望事物。
　☞ 检查团登上山顶，展望遭受水灾的田地。
　☞ The inspection delegation climbed to the top of the mountain to get a view of the fields hit by floods.
6．survey, 指带有评述性的展望。
　☞ 他展望国际形势，认为和平力量还是压倒战争力量。
　☞ Surveying the international situation, he thinks that the force for peace dominates over the force for war.
7．prospect, 指对前景的展望。
　☞ 对21世纪的展望告诉我们，中国人民的未来将会更加美好。
　☞ The prospect of the 2lst century tells us that the future of the Chinese people will be still more brilliant.
展现 展现
1．unfold，指豁然开朗式的展现。
　☞ 峡谷里的小路拐了个弯，一派美丽的景色展现在我们眼前。
　☞ The defile took a turn, and a lovely sight unfolded itself to our eyes.
　☞ 来访者下了汽车，展现在他们面前的是一片精耕细作的农田。
　☞ A panorama of carefully tilled farmlands unfolded before the visitors when they got off the bus.
2．spread out，指由远而近，由短而长，由窄而宽，动态式的展现。
　☞ 飞机飞临山区，崇山峻岭便展现在我们面前。
　☞ Lofty ridges and towering mountains spread themselves out before our eyes when the plane flew over the mountain area。
　☞ 我们爬得越来越高，我们脚下便展现出一派田园风光。
　☞ As we climbed up higher and higher, the country spread out below us.
3．open up，指从无到有，开拓式的展现。
　☞ 海伦·凯勒一生的故事在聋哑人的心目中展现出了一个全新的世界。
　☞ The story of Helen Keller's life opened up a completely new world to the minds of the deaf-mute.
　☞ 改革开放的前景已经展现在中国人民面前。
　☞ The prospects of the reform and opening to the outside world have already opened up before the Chinese people.
4．present，指呈现在眼前的展现。
　☞ 到了工地，一派繁忙景象展现在我们眼前。
　☞ As we reached the construction site, a scene of bustling activity presented itself before our eyes.
　☞ 他的书展现出一幅从根本上歪曲了的画面。
　☞ His book presents a fundamentally distorted picture.
展示 展示
1．show，指把产品展出来让人看。
　☞ 画廊是展示艺术品的地方。
　☞ An art gallery is a place where works of art are shown.
　☞ 许多服装店里的衣服一般不予展览，而只是向有购买力的买主展示。
　☞ In many fashion shops, garments are not exhibited but are shown only to prospective purchasers.
2．display，也指把展品摆出来让人看，但或多或少地暗示有炫耀的味道。
　☞ 她要的就是打扮起来展示自己。
　☞ What she wants is to dress up and display herself.
　☞ 公孔雀见到母孔雀会展示自己尾部美丽的羽毛。
　☞ The peacock displays its fine tail feather, seeing the peahen.
3．parade，指带有贬意的展示，因此炫耀的味道比display更强。
　☞ 她之所以邀请亲朋好友到她家，是要展示她新买的住宅。
　☞ The reason why she invited her relatives and friends to her home was to display her recently bought flat.
　☞ 他的车开得又好又不张扬，而且还不向女友展示他的车技。
　☞ He drives so well, so quietly without parading his skill to his girlfriend.
4．reveal与display，parade相反，指的是无意中的展示。
　☞ 他从小就展示出对科学的才能。
　☞ He has revealed his aptitude for science since childhood.
　☞ 幕布一捣开，展示出来的是一幅伦勃朗的画。
　☞ The curtain was drawn up and revealed a painting by Rembrandt.
5．expose，指展示原来被严密掩盖、隐藏起来的东西。
　☞ 现代时装的倾向是越来越多地展示人体。
　☞ The tendency of modern fashions is to expose more and more of the body.
　☞ 显然，他们在拍卖前都不大愿意展示任何拍卖品。
　☞ Evidently, they were reluctant to expose anything before the auction.
6．lay bare，指通过某种活动展示出来。
　☞ 这场辩论展示了斗争的实质。
　☞ The debate laid bare the essence of the struggle.
　☞ 一旦把情况展示出来，问题也就迎刃而解了。
　☞ Once we lay things bare, all problems can be readily solved.
展览（展出） 展览（展出）
1．exhibition, 指展览会。
　☞ 我市每年都要举办一次国际贸易展览。
　☞ Our city holds an international trade exhibition once a year.
　☞ 商品博览会上会有古董展览。
　☞ There will be an exhibition of antiques at the fair.
　 ■ 有时，exhibition还可用于转义。
　☞ 这真是她的一次性格的展览。
　☞ This is really an exhibition of her character.
2．exhibit, 是exhibition的动词，着重点在展。
　☞ 画廊正在展出一位新画家的作品。
　☞ The art gallery is exhibiting a new painter's works now.
　☞ 花展上展出了各种鲜花。
　☞ Various flowers are exhibited at the flower show.
　☞ 厂商们都在展览新型汽车。
　☞ Manufacturers are exhibiting their new model cars.
3．show, 与exhibit相反，着重点在览。
　☞ 她在为时装展览做模特。
　☞ She is modeling for a fashion show.
　☞ 他的画这个月在北京展览。
　☞ His pictures are on show in Beijing this month.
　 ■ show在用作动词时，着重在“览”的特点与exhibit相比特别明显。请看下列译文：
　☞ 许多时装店的衣服一般不予展览，而只向有购买力的买主展示。
　☞ In many fashion shops, garments usually are not exhibited but are shown only to prospective purchasers.
4．display，指把展品展出来让人看，故既重展，又重览。
　☞ 百货商店一般都在橱窗里展览商品。
　☞ Department stores usually display their goods in the shop windows.
　☞ 这些文物于1996年在北京展览馆展出过。
　☞ These cultural relics were displayed at the Beijing Exhibition Center in 1996.
　☞ 部分新出土的文物正在国外展出。
　☞ Some of the ancient relics recently unearthed are (put) on display abroad.
属于 属于
1．belong to，强调归属，一般有三种用法。
1) 强调财产的归属。
　☞ 在中国，土地属于国家。
　☞ In China land belongs to the state.
　☞ 我的心肝，你是属于我的。
　☞ My sweetheart. you belong to me.
2) 强调组织的归属。
　☞ 你是属于哪个俱乐部的？
　☞ Which club do you belong to?
　☞ 城里有90%的居民属于少数民族。
　☞ Ninety percent of the inhabitants in the city belong to national minorities.
3) 强调时间的归属。
　☞ 他是属于19世纪的作家。
　☞ As a writer, he belongs to the 18th century.
　☞ 他们属于年轻的一代。
　☞ They belong to a younger generation.
2．run (by)，指经营管理上的归属。
　☞ 这些厂属于地方领导。
　☞ These factories are run by the local authorities.
　☞ 该农场过去属于集体。
　☞ The farm used to be run by the collective.
3．come under，强调范畴的归属。
　☞ 该剧属于批判现实主义范畴。
　☞ The play comes under the category of critical realism.
　☞ 控制预算属于管理部门的职责。
　☞ Budget control comes under managerial duties.
4．fall into category，强调类别归属。
　☞ 这位老年妇女当然不属于这一类型。
　☞ The old woman of course did not fall into that category.
　☞ 这些动物属于同类。
　☞ These animals fall into the same category.
5．be，强调两种事物属于同一类，与前几个词的区别是：前者强调归属，而be则肯定两者均属一类。
　☞ 农民获得土地这种事，是属于资产阶级民主革命的性质。
　☞ The procuring of land by the peasants was a bourgeois-democratic revolution in nature.
　☞ 敌人一定会被打败，胜利一定属于我们。
　☞ The enemy shall be defeated. Victory will be ours.
　 ■ be还可与part of连用，表示属于其中一部分。
　☞ 民主属于上层建筑，属于政治这个范畴。
　☞ Democracy is part of the superstructure, and belongs to the realm of politics.
　☞ 五月五日的龙舟赛属于中华民族的传统。
　☞ Dragon boat race on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month is part of the tradition of the Chinese nation.
　 ■ 此外，还可与of连用，表示人或物的属性。
　☞ 小麦和燕麦属于同科，但不同类。
　☞ Wheat and oats are of the same family, but of different genera.
　☞ 这是他的致命伤，他属于意志薄弱那一类。
　☞ This is his fatal defect. He is of feeble will.
6．reside in，指“存在于…之中”。
　☞ 这一权力属于全国人民代表大会。
　☞ This power resides in the National People's Congress.
　☞ 最高审判权属于最高法院。
　☞ The highest judicial authority resides in the Supreme Court.
7．be affiliated to，指从属、附属。
　☞ 全国各地的工会都属于全国总工会。
　☞ Trade unions all over the country are affiliated to All China Federation of Trade Unions.
　☞ 该研究所属于北京大学。
　☞ The research institute is affiliated to Peking University.
8．pertain to，指与某些人或物有关的。
　☞ 属于年轻人的那种热情与闯劲，在这些人身上没有多少表现。
　☞ The fire and dash pertaining to youth are not much in evidence among these people.
　☞ 这是只属于高官们的特权。
　☞ This is the privilege that pertains only to the high-ranking officials.
履行 履行
1．do，最普通用词，强调没有计划的履行，具有自发性和临时性。
　☞ 无论发生什么事情你都要履行自己的职责。
　☞ Do your duty, come what may.
　☞ 他正在履行他说过的话。
　☞ He is doing what he has said.
2．perform，指承担责任的履行，是do的同义词，但更为正式，搭配也广。
　☞ 我决不在履行职责面前退缩。
　☞ I will never shrink back before the performing of my duty.
　☞ 婚前该履行的手续都履行了。
　☞ All due formalities have been performed before the marriage.
　☞ 我们应严格履行合同。
　☞ We should strictly perform contracts.
3．fulfill，强调履行的潜在可能性。
　☞ 作了允诺就要履行。
　☞ If you make a promise you should fulfill it.
　☞ 我会尽我最大的努力来履行义务的。
　☞ I'll fulfill my obligation to the best of my ability.
　☞ 老实人总是会履行承诺的。
　☞ Honest people always fulfill their commitment.
4．execute, execution, 强调履行的实施过程。
　☞ 条约一旦签署就应履行。
　☞ Every treaty must be executed, once signed.
　☞ 乙方由于战争而影响了合同的履行。
　☞ Party B is prevented from executing the contract by the war.
　☞ 双方应通过友好协商尽快继续履行合同。
　☞ Both parties shall settle the further execution of the contract through friendly negotiation as soon as possible.
5．carry out，强调付诸实践的履行。
　☞ 我们期待他来履行诺言。
　☞ We expect him to carry out his promise.
　☞ 法制委员会履行了赋予它的职责。
　☞ The commission for legal affairs carried out the duties entrusted to it.
6．meet，强调满足某种要求的履行。
　☞ 该公司无法履行其债务。
　☞ The firm was not able to meet its obligations.
　☞ 女方一直在催我们履行婚约。
　☞ The bride side has been urging us to meet the engagement.
7．go through，强调履行某种手续。
　☞ 申请入党，人人都应履行入党手续。
　☞ Applicants for Party membership must go through the procedure for admission individually.
　☞ 履行海关手续需要多少时间？
　☞ How long will it take to go through the customs formalities?
8．keep, 强调履行某种诺言。
　☞ 我会履行我说过的话，把一切都告诉他。
　☞ I'll keep my word and tell him everything.
　☞ 显然，此人是履行了诺言的。
　☞ Apparently, the man had kept his promise.
岂 岂
　 ■ “岂”有“哪里”、“怎么”、“难道”的意思，常用反问的形式加强肯定的语气。它一般不单独使用，常与“不”、“非”、“能”、“有”、“敢”、“但”等单音词连用，一般都用于书面。
1．岂不，可译作wouldn't。常用于问句。
　☞ 你能发挥余热岂不更好吗？
　☞ Wouldn't it be better if you could make some contribution in your remaining years?
　☞ 这样做岂不更实际些？
　☞ Wouldn't it be more practical to do it this way?
2．岂非，岂不是，都是同义词，译作wouldn't, 或isn't，后者语气没有前者委婉，但都用于问句。
　☞ 这样的解释岂非自相矛盾？
　☞ Wouldn't it be self-contradictory to put it that way?
　☞ 这岂不是白日做梦？
　☞ Isn't that day-dreaming?
3．岂能，译作how could。也用于问句。
　☞ 你岂能不辞而别？
　☞ How could you leave without saying good-bye?
　☞ 岂能容许这种行为？
　☞ How could such behavior be tolerated?
　 ■ “岂能容许”有时也作“岂容”。如：
　☞ 内政岂容别国干涉？
　☞ How could the internal affairs be interfered in by foreign countries?
4．岂有，常与“此理”搭配，译法要根据上下文来定。
　☞ 他对一个姑娘动手动脚，岂有此理！
　☞ He got fresh with a girl. How that could be allowed!
　☞ 他背着我说坏话，真是岂有此理！
　☞ He spoke ill of me behind my back. This is sheer effrontery!
　☞ 这个破电视机要那么多钱，岂有此理！
　☞ This lousy TV set is so expensive. Outrageous!
　☞ 他们草菅人命，真是岂有此理！
　☞ They trample people like mud and ashes. This is beyond all reason!
5．岂敢，有两层意思。一是“不敢”的委婉语，一是表示客气的委婉语。
　☞ 他岂敢骗你。
　☞ He wouldn't dare to cheat you.
　“你真好！”
　“岂敢，岂敢。”
　 "It's very kind of you."
　 "You flatter me."
6．岂但，岂止，都是“不仅…而且…”的书面语，但带有反问语气，常与“都”、“也”、“更”等副词搭配，表示进一层的意思。
　☞ 这个僻字岂但我们不认识，恐怕连老教授也未必知道。
　☞ Not only don't we know this obsolete character, even the old professors may not know it.
　☞ 他岂止读过这本书，还把所读的内容都记住了。
　☞ He not only read the book but also remembered what he had read.
崩溃 崩溃
1．表示突然崩溃可用collapse。
　☞ 敌军全线崩溃。
　☞ The enemy collapsed all along the line.
　☞ 第三帝国于1945年崩溃。
　☞ The Third Reich collapsed in 1945.
　☞ 他的150万大军遭到第一次打击就崩溃了。
　☞ His huge army of 1,500,000 collapsed at the first blow.
2．表示经受不住，可用give way。
　☞ 帝国主义的基础突然崩溃。
　☞ The imperialist foundations have suddenly given way.
　☞ 水位高得大坝都崩溃了。
　☞ The level of the river was so high that the dam gave way.
　 ■ collapse，give way都可用于转义，指精神崩溃。
　☞ 他的精神状态已处于崩溃的边缘。
　☞ His mental state is on the verge of collapse.
　☞ 妻子死后，他精神崩溃了。
　☞ He gave way to his feelings after his wife died.
　☞ 发大水时，她十分害怕，但精神并没崩溃。
　☞ She didn't give way during the flood but she was much frightened.
3．表示逐步崩溃时，可用crumble。
　☞ 旧世界在逐步崩溃。
　☞ The old world is crumbling.
　☞ 罗马帝国在北方野蛮民族的压迫下，逐渐崩溃。
　☞ The Roman Empire crumbled under the pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.
　☞ 敌人的战线已经崩溃。
　☞ The enemy front has crumbled.
4．表示四分五裂，可译disintegrate（正式用语）， fall apart, fall to pieces（日常用语）。
　☞ 这一军事侵略集团眼看就要崩溃。
　☞ This aggressive military bloc is going to disintegrate.
　☞ 巴格达条约由于伊拉克革命而崩溃。
　☞ The Baghdad Pact disintegrated as a result of the Iraqi revolution.
　☞ 随着生产力的发展，出现了封建制的生产关系，这时，奴隶制开始崩溃。
　☞ As the forces of production developed, feudal relations of production appeared and the slave system began to fall apart.
　☞ 腐朽的伪政权正在崩溃。
　☞ The decadent puppet regime is falling apart.
　☞ 拿破仑去世后，他的帝国开始崩溃。
　☞ After the death of Napoleon, his empire began to fall to pieces.
5．breakdown, break down，表示整个系统的崩溃。
　☞ 过了一阵子以后，她由于顶不住压力，神经崩溃了。
　☞ After a time, unable to stand the pressure, she had a nervous breakdown.
　☞ 她在丈夫死后，精神到了崩溃的边缘。
　☞ She was near the point of breakdown after her husband's death.
　☞ 由于10年内战，国家的经济生活已经崩溃。
　☞ The economic life of the country has broken down owing to a ten years' civil war.
工具 工具
1．tool，泛指手艺人和工匠用的工具。
　☞ 斧头、锯子、推刨都是木工使用的工具。
　☞ An axe, a saw and a plane are all tools a carpenter uses.
　☞ 钉锤是用来在木头上钉钉子的工具。
　☞ A hammer is a tool that is used to knock nails into wood.
　☞ 坏工匠才怨工具差。
　☞ A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
　 ■ 另外，tool一词也可用于引申。
　☞ 书籍是学者的工具。
　☞ Books are a scholar's tools.
　☞ 句型练习在熟练的教师手里可以成为有效的工具。
　☞ Pattern practice can be an effective tool in the hands of a skilled teacher.
　 ■ 这种引申有时也带有贬义。
　☞ 他是秘密警察的工具。
　☞ He is a tool of the secret police.
　☞ 我才不会让他把我当做一件工具使用。
　☞ I'm not going to let him use me as a tool.
2．implement，泛指一切手工用具。
　☞ 扫帚、水桶、铁铲、斧子都是工具。
　☞ A broom, a pail, a shovel and an axe are implements 犁和打谷机都是农业工具。
　☞ Plows and threshing machines are farm implements.
　 ■ 同样，implement也可用于引申。
　☞ 数学仍是驾驭大自然的必要工具。
　☞ Mathematics is still the necessary implement for the manipulation of nature.
　☞ 一支强大的军队可以是保卫和平的工具。
　☞ A strong military establishment can be a peace-maintaining implement.
3．instrument，泛指一切制作精巧的工具。
　☞ 牙钻是牙医用来补牙的工具。
　☞ A drill is an instrument used by a dentist when he fills cavities in your teeth.
　☞ 我厂现在已能生产高质量的工具。
　☞ Our factory is now able to produce instruments of high quality.
　 ■ 同样，instrument也可用于引申。
　☞ 语言是交流的工具。
　☞ Language is an instrument for communication.
　☞ 文学是塑造个性的一种工具。
　☞ Literature is one of the instruments for forming individual character.
　 ■ 有时这种引申也可带有贬义。如：
　☞ 他是头，其余的人只是他的工具。
　☞ He is the leader, the others are merely his instruments.
　☞ 主犯利用不少男女作为他犯罪的工具。
　☞ The principal criminal used many men and women as instruments in his crime.
4．vehicle，泛指一切传播工具。
　☞ 报纸是宣传的有力工具。
　☞ A newspaper is a powerful propaganda vehicle.
　☞ 电视成了传播政治思想的重要工具。
　☞ Television has become an important vehicle for spreading political ideas.
　☞ 语言是人类思维的工具。
　☞ Language is a vehicle of human thought.
5．device，泛指带有某种装置的工具。
　☞ 给汽车卸轮胎，千斤顶是件重要工具。
　☞ A car jack is an important device when a tire must be removed from.
　☞ 电话是我们跟远方的人通话的工具。
　☞ A telephone is a device by which we can speak to people far away.
　 ■ device偶尔也可用来引申。
　☞ 国际音标是标音的有效工具。
　☞ The international phonetic alphabet is used as an effective device for representing sounds.
6．means，泛指一切工具。
　☞ 我国的生产工具归国家所有。
　☞ In our country the state has owned the means of production.
　☞ 我们市里有足够多的运输工具。
　☞ We have adequate means of transport in our city.
　☞ 无线电作为国际通讯工具已在全世界普及。
　☞ The radio as a means of international communication has already been spread all over the world.
巩固 巩固
1．consolidate，使之坚固。
　☞ 阅读和写作可以巩固学习。
　☞ Reading and writing may consolidate our learning.
　☞ 我军巩固了已夺得的阵地。
　☞ Our troops consolidated the position they had captured.
2．strengthen，指加强。
　☞ 随着经济的发展，我国的国防得到了进一步的巩固。
　☞ Our national defense is further strengthened with economic development.
　☞ 文化交流巩固和发展了中国人民与世界各国人民的友谊。
　☞ Cultural exchanges have strengthened and developed the friendship between the Chinese people and the peoples of the world.
3．secure，使有安全保障。
　☞ 我团在等待敌人进攻期间巩固了自己的阵地。
　☞ Our regiment secured its position while awaiting the enemy attack.
　☞ 河堤巩固了该市的防洪。
　☞ The embankments secured the city against floods.
4．strong，指坚强牢固。
　☞ 两国人民的友谊是巩固的。
　☞ The people of the two nations have strong ties of friendship.
　☞ 巩固的防御体系为防止敌人的突然进攻提供了保障。
　☞ A strong defense system offers protection from sudden attack by an enemy.
5．stable，指牢固稳定。
　☞ 由于军民一致，当时我们建了不少巩固的革命根据地。
　☞ We built not a few stable revolutionary base areas with army and people united.
　☞ 暴虐的政权表面看来总是巩固的。
　☞ A despotic regime always appears stable.
差 差
1．表示数量上短缺或标准上欠缺，可用fall (be) short of。
　☞ 我们收到的汇款差了我们应得的那一笔款项。
　☞ The remittance we have received falls short of the amount to which we are entitled.
　☞ 我们离祖国对我们的要求还差得远。
　☞ We still fall far short of what motherland expects of us.
　☞ 我们差的是现金。
　☞ It is the cash that we are short of.
2．表示具体数量上的短缺，偶尔也可用more或less than。
1) 从原数着眼，加上所差的数，用more。
　“大家的行李到齐了吗？”“还差两个箱子”。
　 "Is everybody's luggage here?" "There should be two more cases."
　☞ 还差一道工序才能完成整个制作过程。
　☞ There is still one more step to complete the whole process.
2) 从原数着眼，减去所差的数，用less than。
　☞ 5比7差2。
　☞ Five is two less than seven.
　☞ 一个月还差两天。
　☞ There are two days less than a month.
3．表示时间上的欠缺，可用to或off。
　“现在几点了？”“现在10点差5分”。
　"What time is it now?" "It is five to ten."
　“到10点了吗？”“现在10点差5分”。
　"Is it ten o'clock now?" "It's five minutes off."
4．如果指质量上的欠缺，可用lack in, poor, not up to the mark, bad, no good等。
　☞ 他智力不差。
　☞ He is not lacking in intelligence.
　☞ 他的卫生常识似乎很差。
　☞ He seems to be lacking in elementary knowledge of hygiene and sanitation.
　☞ 成绩决不算差。
　☞ The results are by no means poor.
　☞ 这收音机质量太差，用了不到一年就坏了。
　☞ This radio is poor in quality, it breaks down within less than a year of use.
　☞ 她的技术还差。
　☞ Her technique is not up to the mark.
　☞ 这街道工厂设备差，可产品并不差。
　☞ The neighborhood factory's equipment is not up to the mark' but its products are not at all bad.
　☞ 这条路坑坑洼洼的，太差了。
　☞ The road is no good, it's rough and full of holes.
5．表示对比上的欠缺，可用be inferior to。
　☞ 10年前国产彩电色彩上比进口彩电差，不过现在的情况变了。
　☞ Ten years ago homemade color TV sets were inferior to imported ones in color, yet now things are changed.
　☞ 她总感到自己比姐姐差。
　☞ She always feels inferior to her elder sister.
6．如果指经济上或生理上的欠缺，可用hard (up for, of)。
　☞ 我知道他生活差。
　☞ I know that he has a hard life.
　☞ 他的经济情况差。
　☞ He is hard up for money.
　☞ 说大声点，他的听力差。
　☞ Speak loudly, he is hard of hearing.
7．表示拖欠款项，可用owe。
　☞ 我差你多少钱？
　☞ How much do I owe you?
　☞ 你还差我两美元。
　☞ You still owe me two dollars.
8．表示只缺少某人或某物，可用except (for)。
　☞ 全都去了，就差他一个。
　☞ All went except him.
　☞ 手续都已办好，就差签证了。
　☞ We have gone through all the formalities except getting the visa.
　☞ 这块布质量挺好，就是颜色差。
　☞ The cloth is quite good except for the color.
9．backward，表示落后而产生的差距。
　☞ 他功课差。
　☞ He is backward at his lessons.
　☞ 我恢复前身体差。
　☞ I had been backward before I recovered.
差不多 差不多
1．表示类似，可用similar (to)。
　☞ 这两种观点差不多。
　☞ These two views are similar.
　☞ 昆明的天气与墨西哥城差不多。
　☞ The weather in Kunming is similar to that of Mexico City.
2．表示几乎，可用be nearing, come near, nearly, almost, about, all but。
　☞ 这座大楼差不多完工了。
　☞ The building is nearing completion.
　☞ 我国经济增长差不多每年以7%的水平继续增长。
　☞ The economic growth of our country continues to rise, nearing the seven percent level annually.
　☞ 他差不多掉到坑里。
　☞ He came near falling into the pit.
　☞ 我在旧社会差不多要饿死。
　☞ I came near starving in the old society.
　☞ 我的咳嗽差不多好了。
　☞ My cough is nearly (almost) cured.
　☞ 我们差不多干完了。
　☞ We have nearly (almost) finished.
　☞ 他差不多瞎了。
　☞ He is all but (almost) blind.
　☞ 我们到的时候比赛差不多结束了。
　☞ The match was all but (almost) over when we arrived.
3．表示几乎一样，可用about the same。
　☞ 这两个建议都差不多。
　☞ These two proposals are about the same.
　☞ 这两种颜色都差不多。
　☞ These two colors are about the same.
4．表示达到相当程度，可用quite。
　☞ 孩子在家里自己玩，他差不多习惯这样了。
　☞ The child plays by himself at home, he is quite used to that.
　☞ 天差不多大亮了。都快5点了。
　☞ It was quite light. Nearly five o'clock.
5．表示达到足够或良好程度，可用just about... enough，或almost good enough。
　☞ 麦子熟得差不多了，该割了。
　☞ The wheat is just about ripe enough to be cut.
　☞ 我们应该力争上游，不应该有差不多的思想。
　☞ We should aim high and not think that's just about good enough.
6．表示接近，可用close to。
　☞ 他差不多感到某种绝望。
　☞ He felt something close to despair.
　☞ 她差不多要哭了。
　☞ She is close to tears.
　☞ 该岛早已解放，差不多40年了。
　☞ The island has already been liberated close to 40 years.
7．表示没有多少差别，可用not much (very) different (from)。
　☞ 他的第二本书和第一本差不多。
　☞ His second book is not much different from his first.
　☞ 这两个建议都差不多。
　☞ The two proposals are not very different.
8．“差不多”后加“的”字，可有两种作用：
1) 用作形容词，表示几乎一样，可译nearly (about) the same。
　☞ 我们都有差不多的习惯。
　☞ We have nearly (about) the same habit.
　☞ 姐妹俩具有差不多的性格。
　☞ The two sisters bear nearly (about) the same character.
2) 用作名词，表示一般的人，可译everyone。
　☞ 这包大米100公斤重，一般人还扛不起来。
　☞ This sack of rice weighs 100kg, not everyone can carry it.
　☞ 差不多每个人都知道这件事，你还不知道？
　☞ Practically everyone knows all about it, and you don't?
9．“差不多”与“还”连用有“还说得过去”的意思。
　☞ 这样说还差不多。
　☞ It is justifiable to say so.
差点儿 差点儿
1．not quite up to the mark，指比标准稍次。
　☞ 她的技术还差点儿。
　☞ Her technique is not quite up to the mark.
　☞ 今晚的电视节目还差点儿。
　☞ The TV program was not up to the mark tonight.
2．not quite right，指不怎么正常。
　☞ 布的质量不错，就是颜色差点儿。
　☞ The quality of this cloth is fine, but the color is not quite right.
　☞ 新厂里样样都好，只是劳动条件差点儿。
　☞ Everything is good in the new factory, only the working condition is not quite right.
3．a bit inferior to，指稍差。
　☞ 进口茶叶比国内制造的在香味上差点儿。
　☞ The imported tea is a bit inferior to the homemade in flavor.
　☞ 1995年的庄稼比1996年的差点儿。
　☞ The crops of 1995 were a bit inferior to those of 1996.
4．almost, nearly，指几乎要。
　☞ 路滑得老太太差点儿（没）摔倒。
　☞ The road was so slippery that the old lady almost (nearly) fell over.
　☞ 她念叨着，差点儿（没）哭出来。
　☞ She murmured, almost (nearly) crying.
　 ■ 应该注意的是，凡是说话人不希望实现的事，说“差点儿”和“差点儿没”意思一样，都指事情几乎要实现。（见上例）但是如果说的是说话人希望实现的事，则“差点儿”是对未能实现某事的惋惜，而“差点儿没”则是对总算实现了某个愿望的庆幸。如：
　☞ 我差点儿赶上了那趟火车。（实际未赶上）
　☞ I almost caught the train.
　☞ 我差点儿没赶上那趟火车。（实际赶上了）
　☞ I almost missed the train.
差距 差距
1．表示两个对立物之间相差的距离，可用gap between。
　☞ 现在贫富国家间的差距甚至变得更大了。
　☞ Now the gap between the rich and the poor countries has become even wider.
　☞ 这种做法可以缩短书本知识和直接经验之间的差距。
　☞ Such practice narrows the gap between book learning and direct experience.
2．表示同一事物在不同的人或事之间相差的距离，可用disparity in。
　☞ 你我之间的收入存在着很大的差距。
　☞ There is a great disparity in income between you and me.
　☞ 不同的立场和观点引起了对同一问题看法上的差距。
　☞ The disparities in views on the same question are caused by different stands and viewpoints.
3．表示两物间的差异时，可用difference。
　☞ 工件与设计标准之间的差距必须测定。
　☞ The difference between the work-piece and the designed standard must be measured.
　☞ 你我两国间的生活水平存在着很大的差距。
　☞ There is a world of difference in the living standard between your country and mine.
4．表示落后的一段距离，可用lag behind。
　☞ 比先进，找差距。
　☞ Let's compare ourselves with the advanced and see where we lag behind.
　☞ 他一向乐意帮助学习上有差距的同志。
　☞ He is always ready to help those comrades who have lagged behind in study.
　☞ 依我看，我们的设备并不落后，只是管理上有差距。
　☞ In my opinion we are not lagging behind in our equipment but in our management.
5．表示有待赶上的一大段距离，可用a long way to go。
　☞ 我们和先进单位比还有很大的差距。
　☞ Compared with advanced units, we still have a long way to go。
　☞ 她的作品离尽善尽美还有很大差距。
　☞ Her work is still a long way from perfection.
已经 已经
1．用完成时态表示已经。
　☞ 据报道近几个月来的控制已经不如过去那么严格。
　☞ Controls in recent months are reported to have been less strict than formerly.
　☞ 我们已经不止一次地面对敌人牢狱里的酷刑和死亡。
　☞ We have faced both torture and death in enemy's prisons more than once.
　☞ 商店里拥挤起来，好在我们已经采购完了。
　☞ The shop got crowded. It was lucky that we had finished shopping.
　☞ 他现在恐怕已经在雨里站了两个小时。
　☞ I'm afraid he has been standing in the rain for two hours.
2．用过去分词表示已经。
　☞ 谢天谢地！一切都已经顺利解决。
　☞ Thank heavens! Everything is settled smoothly.
　☞ 人们的思想必须适应已经变化了的情况。
　☞ People must adapt their thinking to the changed conditions.
　☞ 这样，千百万个婴儿，无论是已经出生的还是将要出生的，都将永远不会受到感染。
　☞ Thus, millions of babies, born and yet to be born, will never be infected.
　☞ 他已经去北京了。
　☞ He has gone to Beijing.
3．already，用来谈论已经发生的动作或状态。一般与完成时、进行时连用。
　☞ 这是第二场，他们已经赢了第一场。
　☞ This is the second game. They have already won the first one.
　☞ 我已经去过那里，所以不想再去了。
　☞ I have been there already, so I don't want to go there again.
　☞ 我关心的是我们已经投进去的3,500万美元。
　☞ I was concerned about the 35 million American dollars we had already invested.
　☞ 火车已经开动了。
　☞ The train is already moving.
　☞ 我进去时她已经在摆餐桌了。
　☞ When I came in she was already laying the table.
　 ■ already偶尔也用于一般过去时，但只出现在口语中。
　☞ 这节目我已经看过了。
　☞ I already watched the program.
　 ■ 此外，already可以与动词的一般现在时，一般过去时和一般将来时连用，但只限于表示状态的动词。如：be, have, know, like, believe, belong等。
　☞ 她已经在这里了，你可以来见她。
　☞ She's already here. You can come to see her now.
　☞ 我已经有了一份总理声明的副本。
　☞ I already have a copy of the premier's statement.
　☞ 这本词典已经是我的啦。
　☞ This dictionary belongs to me already.
　☞ 他们之间的权力之争已经人人皆知。
　☞ The power struggle between them was already well known to everybody.
　☞ 只要你停下来想一想，你就会发现你已经知道答案了。
　☞ If you stop to think, you will find you already know the answer.
　 ■ 除此之外，already还可用来表示各种感情色彩。此时already一般都要后置。
　☞ 我的外套已经干了？那么快！
　☞ Is my coat dry already? That's quick! （表示惊讶）
　☞ 你的一举一动好像已经跟她结了婚似的。
　☞ You behave as if you were married to her already.
　（表示反感）
　☞ 他已经不耐烦了。
　☞ He is growing impatient already.（表示警告）
4．since，可以用作介词，副词或连词，都有“已经”的意思。
1) 用作介词时，一般常见于口语中的it is... since... 结构，意为“自…以来已经…”。
　☞ 中华人民共和国成立以来已经整整半个世纪了。
　☞ It is full half a century since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
　☞ 她离家出走以来已经一个多月了。
　☞ It is a month since she left her home.
2) 用作副词时，可以是since或long since，意为“自…以来已经…”。
　☞ 我戒烟一年以来，身体已经大有好转。
　☞ I quitted smoking a year ago, and my health is much improved since.
　☞ 这件事已经解决好久了。
　☞ The matter has been settled long since.
5．by，后接表示时间的名词，意为“到…时候已经…”。
　☞ 红军登上山脊时已经是半夜了。
　☞ By the time the Red Army gained the top of the ridge it was midnight.
　☞ 那时，老远就已经能看见火光了。
　☞ By then the fire could be seen some distance away.
6．before，作“已经”解时，在大多数情况下应从反面着笔。即汉语中的否定转为英语中的肯定。
　☞ 天还没亮，田间已经是人声鼎沸。
　☞ The fields are stirring with a hubbub of voices before daybreak.
　☞ 我们还没到村子，天就已经大亮了。
　☞ It was broad daylight before we arrived at the village.
　☞ 还没几个小时，大家就已经不分彼此。
　☞ It was not many hours before all were on terms of intimacy.
　☞ 一年还没过完，生意就已经做得十分火爆。
　☞ Before the year was out the business was brisk under way.
7．past，表示“已经”有下面两种意思。
1) 表示“已经过了…”。
　☞ 她已经过了60岁，对不对？
　☞ She is past sixty, isn't she?
　☞ 两点都已经过了我们才开始的。
　☞ It was past two when we began.
2) 表示已经无法。
　☞ 这辆老爷车已经无法修了。
　☞ The old car is past mending.
　☞ 他虽然已经无法工作，但对里弄的事仍然热情不减。
　☞ Though past work, he is still enthusiastic about neighborhood affairs.
8．enough，表示已经，往往带有某种感情色彩。
　☞ 像他现在这样已经是蛮不错了。
　☞ It is good enough as he is.（表示羡慕）
　☞ 病人好多了，已经能坐一会儿了。
　☞ The patient is well enough to sit up a little.（表示满意）
　☞ 你已经不年轻了，不宜打扮得那么花哨。
　☞ You are not young enough to dress in that showy way.
　（表示轻微的责备）
　☞ 我儿子虽然只有15岁，可已经是个大人样了。
　☞ Though barely fifteen, my son is a man enough.（表示自豪）
9．no longer，表示已经不再是原来的样子。
　☞ 这产品已经不再是实验室里的奇迹了。
　☞ No longer is the product just a laboratory marvel.
　（已是可以买到的产品）
　☞ 今天的中国已经不再是过去的中国。
　☞ China today is no longer the China of the past.（已经发生了翻天覆地的变化）
　☞ 月球对我们来说已经不再是个神秘的世界。
　☞ The lunar sphere is no longer a mysterious world to us.（知道得越来越多）
10．be加某些副词，可以表示已经实现的事实或状态。
　☞ 麦子已经收割妥当。
　☞ The wheat crop is safely in.
　☞ 好在最坏的情况已经过去。
　☞ Fortunately, the worst of it is over.
　☞ 你已经完了？
　☞ Are you through?
　☞ 现在他已经能起来走动了。
　☞ He is up and about now.
　☞ 整个地区已经没有敌人了。
　☞ The whole area is clear off the enemy.
　☞ 你已经准备好了吗？
　☞ Are you ready?
11．“已经”的其他译法。
　☞ 男人曾经是一家人的脊梁骨，今天已经不一样了.
　☞ 我们女人也能撑起半边天。
　☞ Once men held sway in the family, but not so today, we women can prop up half the sky as well.
　☞ 好在这种垃圾货今天已经没有多少市场了。
　☞ Happily, there isn't much of a market for this sort of rubbish today.
　☞ 中国人早在12世纪就已经懂得使用罗盘。
　☞ The use of the compass was known to the Chinese as early as the twelfth century.
布局 布局
1．lay out，layout，指经过设计后的布局。
　☞ 他请了一家园艺景观公司，对宅第的场地进行布局。
　☞ He employed a firm of landscape gardens to lay out the grounds of the mansion.
　☞ 我们对布局整洁的花坛十分赞叹。
　☞ We admired the neatly laid-out flower-beds very much.
　☞ 我们参观了上海各个地区以便更好地了解全市的布局。
　☞ We visited all the sections of Shanghai to better understand the layout of the city.
　☞ 他们反对这房子的布局。
　☞ They objected to the layout of the house.
2．distribute，distribution，指经过慎重分布后的布局。
　☞ 这些电站分别在平原和山区作了布局。
　☞ These power stations are distributed respectively over plains and mountains.
　☞ 我们一定要建成一个布局合理、相互配套的科研体系。
　☞ We are determined to set up a complete, rationally distributed scientific and technological research system.
　☞ 我市学校的布局一直受到批评。
　☞ The distribution of schools in our city has been criticized.
　☞ 工业的合理布局应根据多种因素而定。
　☞ The decision of rational distribution of industry must be based on many factors.
3．arrange, arrangement，指经过事先安排的布局。
　☞ 这房间全靠家具布局得当。
　☞ The room completely depends on having the furniture properly arranged.
　☞ 火车一开，他就拿出一个棋盘，开始布局。
　☞ As the train started, he produced a chess board and began arranging figures (pieces).
　☞ 全村建筑物简洁的布局说明该村匠心独运。
　☞ The neat arrangement of buildings of the village shows great originality of its own.
　☞ 这说明村民对全村的布局早已成竹在胸。
　☞ This illustrates that the villagers have already had a ready plan in their minds to make the arrangement for the village.
4．composition，常指写作、绘画等文学艺术上的布局。
　☞ 他论据的各部分布局使得他的政论文简洁有力。
　☞ The composition of the parts of his argument made his political essay tidy and forceful.
　☞ 一个电影摄制者应该是运用语言的作家，使用音乐的音乐家，同时又是关心布局、光线和色彩的画家。
　☞ The filmmaker should be a writer using language, a musician using music and also a painter concerning himself about composition, light and color.
　☞ 这幅画的布局与线条使我想起一幅我熟悉的意大利油画。
　☞ The composition and line of the picture reminded me of an Italian painting I knew well.
布满 布满
1．整个面上布满，译be covered with。
　☞ 天空布满了乌云。
　☞ The sky was covered with dark clouds.
　☞ 桌子布满灰尘。
　☞ The table is covered with dust.
　☞ 草上布满了露水。
　☞ The grass was covered with dew.
2．整个面上只是星星点点地布满，译be studded with。
　☞ 天空布满了星星。
　☞ The sky was studded with stars.
　☞ 海湾布满了小岛。
　☞ The bay is studded with isles.
　☞ 皇冠上布满了宝石。
　☞ The crown is studded with precious stones.
3．人为地布置，译be set everywhere。
　☞ 城里到处都布满了岗哨。
　☞ Sentries were set everywhere in the city.
　☞ 森林里布满了陷阱。
　☞ Traps were set everywhere in the forest.
布置 布置
1．表示安排或陈列物件，可用arrange，或fix up。
　☞ 我们花了一天时间才布置好客厅。
　☞ We took a whole day to arrange the living room in order.
　☞ 展品都布置得井井有条。
　☞ All exhibits were arranged in perfect order.
　☞ 我们把教室布置成会场。
　☞ We fixed up our classroom for a meeting.
　☞ 我兄弟把这间房布置成书房。
　☞ My brother fixed the room up as a study.
2．强调装饰时，用be decorated。
　☞ 礼堂布置得很漂亮。
　☞ The auditorium was beautifully decorated.
　☞ 大厅里布置了鲜花。
　☞ The great hall was decorated with fresh flowers.
　☞ 这间房是按路易十四时代的风格布置起来的。
　☞ The room is decorated after the Louis XIV style.
3．表示指派某种任务时，译assign。
　☞ 布置了两个学生打扫教室。
　☞ Two pupils were assigned to sweep the classroom.
　☞ 上尉布置两名士兵守大门。
　☞ The captain assigned two soldiers to guard the gate.
4．指定作业也用assign或set。
　☞ 老师布置学生读几本书。
　☞ The teacher assigned the students a few books to read.
　☞ 老师布置了几章作为家庭作业？
　☞ How many chapters did the teacher assign for homework?
　☞ 老师向全班布置了各种练习。
　☞ The teacher set the class various exercises.
　☞ 经常布置家庭作业吗？
　☞ How often is the homework set?
5．对一些活动作出安排时，可译make arrangements。
　☞ 政治学习和业务学习都作了适当布置。
　☞ Appropriate arrangements for political and vocational study were made.
　☞ 你作了什么布置？
　☞ What arrangements have you made?
6．布置岗哨，可用station。
　☞ 两个便衣布置在马路对面，以监视银行。
　☞ Two plainclothesmen were stationed on the opposite side of the street where they could watch the bank.
　☞ 监狱周围都布置了警卫。
　☞ Guards were stationed around the prison.
7．部署兵力，可用dispose。
　☞ 司令部在沿河一线布置了军队。
　☞ The headquarters disposed troops along the river.
　☞ 布置了两个营的兵力来攻击空军基地。
　☞ Two battalions were disposed for an attack on the air base.
希望 希望
1．expect，指希望得到或希望发生的事或物，因此都指美好事物的希望。
　☞ 她父母都不在乎她和他在一起，这正是他们希望的。
　☞ Her parents don't mind her being with him. It was what they expected.
　☞ 我希望他能通过这场考试。
　☞ I expect that he'll pass the examination.
　☞ 这就是同志们对你的希望。
　☞ This is what the comrades expect of you.
　☞ 你希望在什么时候能结束这事？
　☞ When do you expect to have it finished?
　☞ 吵了这场架，你怎么还能希望我还待在那里？
　☞ How could you expect me to stay there after the quarrel?
2．hope，指多少带有一些疑问或把握不定的希望。
　☞ 他没有受过多少教育，所以他希望他儿子有个好的教育。
　☞ He didn't receive much education, so he hopes to give his son a good education.
　☞ 请接受这个表示我们敬意的小礼物，希望你喜欢。
　☞ Please accept this gift in token of our esteem. I hope you'll like it.
　 ■ 应注意的是hope后虽可接动词不定式，如第一句译例，但不能在接了宾语以后再接动词不定式。如：我希望你再见见她。要译成：I hope that you will see her again.或：I hope for you to see her again.但不是：I hope you to see him again.其次，hope虽然是及物动词，但后面极少接名词的宾语。如：
　☞ 我们过去都希望有个好时代。
　☞ We used to hope for better times.（这个for不能少）
　 ■ 还有，使用hope还要避免使用双重被动语态。如：所有这些计划希望能尽快执行。要译成：It is hoped that all these plans will be carried out as soon as possible.（不是All these plans are hoped to be carried out as soon as possible.）还应注意的是“希望”一般不用进行时，除非强调此刻的情况，故有“盼”的意思。
　☞ 你知道我在盼什么？
　☞ Do you know what I'm hoping now?
　☞ 我们知道他康复的希望不大，但我们还在盼。
　☞ We know there is little hope of his recovery, but we are hoping.
　 ■ hope还可用做可数或不可数名词。
　☞ 民主党人没有希望赢得选举的大多数。
　☞ The Democrats have no hopes of winning a majority in the election.
　☞ 情况明摆着，我们不是完全没有希望。
　☞ As the position stands, we are not without any hope at all.
　 ■ 此外，hope还有不少固定词组。如：in hopes of，in the hope (of)，live in hope (s)，place one's hope等。
　☞ 我们都希望检阅时有个好天气。
　☞ We are all in hopes of having a fine day for parade.
　☞ 他们这么做是希望搞一点适合本地情况的变通。
　☞ They did this in the hope of getting a variety suited to local condition.
　☞ 情况似乎不好，不过我们希望会好起来。
　☞ Things seem bad, but we live in hope.
　☞ 我们寄希望于你们年轻人。
　☞ Our hope is placed on you young people.
3．wish，指说话人当时认为完全没有希望的希望， 接虚拟语气。这种语气在正式文体中用得更为普遍。
　☞ 他希望有一天会成为百万富翁。
　☞ He wished that one day he would be a millionaire.
　☞ 那时候我们是多么希望能把那儿的河水引到这里来啊！
　☞ How we wished then that the water over there could have been diverted to our area!
　☞ 我得说，我希望情况能更明朗些。
　☞ I must say that I wish the situation were a little clearer.
　☞ 她衷心希望她可以做点能安慰他的事。
　☞ She wished sincerely she might have done something to comfort him。
　 ■ 由于wish与hope有上述的区别，故下面的译文就不能用wish。
　☞ 我希望你长寿。
　☞ I hope you will live for a very long time.
　 ■ 由于wish可以表示没有希望的希望，因此把过去时当作现在时来用，可以表示客气、尊敬，并在态度上带有某种试探。
　☞ 你希望现在见我吗？
　☞ Did you wish to see me now?
　☞ 她16岁时就希望独立吗？
　☞ Did she wish to be independent at the age of sixteen?
　 ■ 由于可以表示尊敬或客气，故在正式文体中，wish可以用来代替口语中的want，如：
　☞ 我希望见到你们经理。
　☞ I wish to see your manager.试比较：I want to see your manager.（我要见你们经理）
　☞ 我希望立即通知每一位与会者。
　☞ I wish everybody at the meeting to be informed immediately，试比较：I want everybody at the meeting to be informed immediately.
4．desire，指强烈的希望。
　☞ 大家都清楚，她是希望讨好她婆婆。
　☞ Her desire to please her mother-in-law was clear to all of us.
　☞ 她总是希望有个舒适温暖的家。
　☞ She always has a desire for comfortable and warm home.
　 ■ desire还可用做动词。
　☞ 两国都希望和平，但谁都不肯妥协。
　☞ Both nations desire peace, but neither would accept compromise.
　☞ 他们俩都衷心希望有个孩子。
　☞ They both desire a child with all their hearts.
　 ■ desirous是desire的形容词。
　☞ 如果双方果真希望解决争端，应该没有什么困难。
　☞ There shouldn't be any difficulty if both sides were really desirous to settle the dispute.
　☞ 我们希望和平有望，故做出如下提议。
　☞ Desirous that peace should prevail, we make the following proposals.
席卷 席卷
1．roll up like a mat，席卷是卷席的比喻，因此可以说成“如卷席一般”。
　☞ 如果我们能在敌人的两翼各部署一个营，我们就可以席卷敌军的整个阵地。
　☞ If we can put a battalion on each flank of the enemy, we can roll up his entire position like a mat.
　☞ 当时，政治迫害席卷全国。
　☞ At that time the political persecution rolled up the whole country like a mat.
2．sweep across (down, away, over)，指一扫而过的席卷。
　☞ 暴风雪席卷了大草原。
　☞ A snowstorm swept across the prairie.
　☞ 狂风席卷大西洋海岸。
　☞ A strong gale swept down on the Atlantic Coast.
　☞ 洪水席卷了周围一带的庄稼。
　☞ The floodwaters swept away the crops around here.
　☞ 40年代末期，革命浪潮席卷了整个中国。
　☞ The revolutionary waves swept over China in the late forties.
3．engulf，指吞噬式的席卷。
　☞ 1929年，一场空前规模的经济危机席卷了整个资本主义世界。
　☞ In 1929, an economic crisis of unprecedented dimensions engulfed the entire capitalist world.
　《人民日报》对当时席卷第三世界的草命风暴发表了评论。
　☞ The People's Daily published comments on the revolutionary storms then engulfing the Third World.
　☞ 事实是她没有盔甲和盾牌来抵御向她席卷而来的孤独。
　☞ The fact was that she had neither armor nor shield against the loneliness that engulfed her.
4．make off with, 指携带财物潜逃。
　☞ 他的二奶与情人私奔，席卷细软，逃之天天。
　☞ His mistress eloped with her lover, making off with all the valuables she could lay hands on.
　☞ 谁想得到局长的红人竟会席卷公款潜逃？
　☞ Who would have thought that the favorite with the director should make off with public money?
帮助 帮助
1．表示在别人无能为力时提供的帮助，用help。
　☞ 我想我能帮助你学习英语。
　☞ I think I can help you with your English.
　☞ 我想我能帮助你学数学。
　☞ I think I can help you in your mathematics.
　☞ 我想我能帮助你修自行车。
　☞ I think I can help you repair your bicycle.
2．表示支援性的帮助用aid，语气较轻。
　☞ 她做小姑娘时就帮助过一位地下工作者越狱。
　☞ She aided an underground worker to escape from prison when she was still a little girl.
　☞ 许多科学界前辈都在科研上鼓励我，帮助我。
　☞ Many senior scientists encouraged and aided me in scientific research.
3．表示辅助性帮助用assist。
　☞ 民警正帮助一位老太太穿过街道。
　☞ The policeman is assisting an old lady across the street.
　☞ 我们是来帮助筹备展览的。
　☞ We've come to assist in arranging the exhibition.
4．表示“在…帮助下”用with the help of。
　☞ 在人民的帮助下，驻军很快就平息了叛乱。
　☞ With the help of the people the stationed troops quickly stamped out the rebellion.
　☞ 在工程师的帮助下，他和另外几个青年工人设计了一台新车床。
　☞ With the help of the engineers, he and some other young workers devised a new lathe.
帮忙 帮忙
1．帮忙弱于帮助，故宜用aid，而不用help。
　☞ 我以前在经济上帮过他的忙。
　☞ I had previously aided him with money.
　☞ 她帮他的忙不遗余力。
　☞ She spared no efforts to aid him.
　☞ 有个同谋在帮他的忙。
　☞ He was aided by an accomplice.
2．但在疑问句、否定句和条件句中则可用be of help to，因为help的语气因疑问和条件而减弱了。
　☞ 我能帮忙吗？
　☞ Can I be of any help to you?
　☞ 我认为这封信里没有什么东西能帮你的忙。
　☞ I don't suppose there is anything in this letter that will be of help to you.
　☞ 如果我的证词在你受审时能帮上忙，我随时听候您的召唤。
　☞ If my evidence can be of help to you in your trial, I will be at your disposal.
3．由于help语气较强，故帮大忙就用be a big (great) help, be of tremendous help.
　☞ 你帮了我的大忙。
　☞ You are a big help to me.
　☞ 你出的主意帮了大忙。
　☞ Your advice is a great help.
　☞ 这件事倒会帮我们的大忙。
　☞ This would be of tremendous help to us.
4．“做件好事”，也是一种帮忙，用do sb. a favor。
　☞ 他请我帮忙。
　☞ He asked me to do him a favor.
　☞ 我倒是要你帮忙的。
　☞ I'd like to have you do me a favor.
5．“帮一手”也是帮忙，故用lend (give)a hand。
　☞ 你帮忙给我搬一下钢琴好吗？
　☞ Lend me a hand to shift the piano, will you?
　☞ 请你帮个忙好吗？
　☞ Will you give me a hand?
6．“效劳”自然也是帮忙，故用render (do) sb. service。
　☞ 如果你把这包东西送去，就帮了我的忙啦。
　☞ If you will deliver this parcel, you will render me a service.
　☞ 你能帮我个忙吗？
　☞ Will you do me a service?
7．帮倒忙用render a disservice, be a futile help, be more of a hindrance than a help, do sb. a bad turn。
　☞ 我过于匆忙，结果帮了个倒忙。
　☞ I was in such a hurry that I rendered a disservice.
　☞ 你在帮倒忙。
　☞ You are a futile help.或You are more of a hindrance than a help.
　☞ 结果，我反倒帮了他的倒忙。
　☞ In effect I have done him a bad turn.
帽子 帽子
1．hat, cap，指戴在头上的礼帽或鸭舌帽。
　☞ 他戴上帽子就匆匆地出去了。
　☞ He put on his hat (cap) and went out hurriedly 你拜访人的时候要脱帽子。
　☞ Take off your hat (cap) when you pay a visit.
　☞ 你戴着白色的帽子真可爱。
　☞ It is lovely for you to wear a white cap.
　☞ 风刮走了他的帽子，露出了秃头。
　☞ The wind carried his cap clean off his baldhead.
　 ■ 有时，hat也可用作带有政治标记的帽子。
　“文化大革命”时期，他戴过高帽子，游过街。
　☞ He was paraded through the streets with a tall paper hat on his head during the Cultural Revolution.
2．label，指政治帽子或其他标签式的帽子。
　☞ 国外有那么一些人，他们不但不谴责自己的侵略行为，反而给我们扣上侵略者的帽子。
　☞ There are some people abroad who seek to label us as aggressors instead of accusing themselves of aggression.
　☞ 他曾被戴过“右派”帽子。
　☞ He was labeled as a "Rightist".
　☞ 大庆油田的成功开发使我国甩掉了“贫油”的帽子。
　☞ The successful opening of Daqing oilfield took the "oil-poor" label off China.
　☞ 王家村的老乡终于摘掉了“文盲”的帽子。
　☞ The villagers of Wangjiacun have ridden themselves of the label of "illiterate".
3．brand as, 指加上恶名的帽子。
　☞ 批判会后他被戴上反革命分子的帽子。
　☞ After the condemnation meeting he was branded as a counter-revolutionary.
　☞ 游街以后，她被扣上了“破鞋”的帽子。
　☞ On being paraded through the streets, she was branded as "loose woman".
4．flattery, flatter，指吹捧奉承式的高帽子。
　☞ 爱戴高帽是人的弱点。
　☞ It is a human's weak-point to be fond of flattery.
　☞ 他爱给有钱有势的人戴高帽子。
　☞ He is always ready to flatter rich and influential people.
5．cuckold, 指戴绿帽子。
　☞ 她结婚后就给丈夫戴上了绿帽子。
　☞ Since she married she has cuckolded her husband into a cuckold.
　☞ 他跟她结婚后就戴上了绿帽子。
　☞ He has been a cuckold since he married her.
干净 干净
1．clean，指清洁，作副词时作“完全”解。
　☞ 我把院子打扫干净了。
　☞ I've swept the yard clean.
　☞ 你把这个洗干净了吗？
　☞ Have you washed it clean?
　☞ 吃了不干净的东西就会生病。
　☞ Unclean food can make you ill.
　☞ 他把这事忘得干干净净。
　☞ He clean forgot the whole thing.
2．give a thorough (good)cleaning，指打扫干净。
　☞ 我们把到处都打扫得干干净净过春节。
　☞ We gave every place a thorough cleaning for the Spring Festival.
　☞ 你得把办公室打扫干净。
　☞ You must give the office a good cleaning.
3．neat and tidy，指整洁。
　☞ 他向来都穿得干干净净的。
　☞ He always wears neat and tidy clothes.
　☞ 屋子收拾得干干净净。
　☞ The room is neat and tidy.
4．completely，totally，指完全。
　☞ 我把这一点忘得干干净净。
　☞ I've forgot it completely.
　☞ 想到他会长大成人并把她忘得一干二净，她就受不了。
　☞ She could not bear to think that he would grow up and forget her totally.
5．thoroughly，utterly，指彻底。
　☞ 我们把谷子扬得干干净净。
　☞ We've winnowed the grain thoroughly 他的名字被忘得干干净净。
　☞ His name was forgotten utterly.
干扰 干扰
1．disturb，disturbance，指打扰。
　☞ 把收音机开小一点，别干扰人家。
　☞ Turn down the radio, or you'll disturb people.
　☞ 月球围绕地球的运动会受到太阳的干扰。
　☞ The sun disturbs the motion of the moon around the earth.
　☞ 马路上来往车辆的噪音对我们家庭的平静生活是一种干扰。
　☞ The noise of cars passing along the road is a disturbance to our quiet life at home.
2．interfere，interference，指妨碍。
　☞ 很明显，观测期间不应有任何光线的干扰。
　☞ Obviously, during the observation, no light should interfere.
　☞ 要是没有干扰，她星期六来。
　☞ She will come on Saturday if nothing interferes.
　☞ 许多学生产生的发音错误是因为母语的干扰。
　☞ Many students' error in pronunciation occurs because of mother tongue interference.
3．jam，指广播受到干扰。
　☞ 只有害怕真理的人才会干扰电台的广播节目。
　☞ Only those who are afraid of truth would jam radio programs.
　☞ 电台广播受到干扰这种事并不新奇。
　☞ Radio-jamming is nothing new.
干涉 干涉
1．interfere in, interference，指干预。
　☞ 我们无权干涉别国的内政。
　☞ We have no right to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
　☞ 他已长大成人，我们不便再加以干涉。
　☞ He is grown up; it's no good for us to interfere.
　☞ 我们反对所有这样的外来干涉。
　☞ We're opposed to every such external interference.
2．intervene (in), intervention，指介入。
　☞ 后来国务院在外交方面频加干涉。
　☞ The State Council afterwards intervened frequently on a diplomatic level.
　☞ 武装干涉别国内政应当受到谴责。
　☞ Armed intervention in the internal affairs of other countries must be condemned.
3．intrude, intrusion，指不受欢迎或不合时宜的介人性干涉。
　☞ 不要干涉人家的家务事。
　☞ Don't intrude in a family dispute.
　☞ 她想要对着她先生喊叫，因为他未对他母亲没完没了地干涉她生活的隐私作出反应。
　☞ She felt like screaming at her husband for not reacting against his mother's endless intrusions into the recesses of her life.
4．meddle in，指过问不该过问的事情。
　☞ 不要干涉与你无关的事情。
　☞ Don't meddle in things that do not concern you.
　☞ 我们的事情经常受到外人的干涉。
　☞ Our affairs are constantly being meddled in by outsiders.
干脆 干脆
1．clear-cut，指爽快。
　☞ 他回答得很干脆。
　☞ He gave a clear-cut reply.
　☞ 他干脆的解释消除了一切误会。
　☞ His clear-cut explanation disposed of all misunderstandings.
2．straightforward，指直截了当。
　☞ 你应当给我们一个干脆的答复。
　☞ You should give us a straightforward answer.
　☞ 这工作没有像原先以为的那样干脆易办。
　☞ The job is not as straightforward as it seemed to be.
3．frank，指坦率。
　☞ 不要吞吞吐吐，干脆一点！
　☞ No humming and hawing. Be frank!
　☞ 我干脆跟你说吧。
　☞ I'll be frank with you.
4．simply，指简直。
　☞ 她干脆就不承认有过这回事儿。
　☞ She simply denied that such a thing had ever happened.
　☞ 他们干脆不知羞耻。
　☞ They simply lost all sense of shame.
5．just，指只要或只是。
　☞ 你干脆说“行”还是“不行”。
　☞ Just say yes or no.
　☞ 现在，国会干脆就是一台收税的机器。
　☞ Parliament now is just a taxing machine.
6．altogether，指完全。
　☞ 你干脆就是不负责任。
　☞ You are altogether irresponsible.
　☞ 他干脆是迷糊了。
　☞ He is altogether puzzled.
干预 干预
1．intervene, intervention，指出面过问。
　☞ 政府不得不出面干预这场罢工。
　☞ The government had to intervene in the strike.
　☞ 球员几乎要打起来时，裁判才出面干预。
　☞ The players were about to fight when the referee intervened.
　☞ 两国都不愿接受外界的干预。
　☞ The two countries will not accept outside intervention.
2．interpose (in)，指介入到两者之间。
　☞ 母亲干预了我和哥哥之间的争论。
　☞ Mother interposed in the dispute between my brother and me.
　☞ 他不能干预医生对病人的临床诊断嘛。
　☞ He could not interpose himself between the clinical judgment of the doctor and his patient.
3．meddle in，指过问不该过问的事。
　☞ 没人要他来干预这件事。
　☞ No one asked him to meddle in this affair.
　☞ 不要干预与你无关的事。
　☞ Don't meddle in things that do not concern you.
平 平
1．level，指与水平面一样的平。
　☞ 河水涨得平了河岸。
　☞ The water rose until it was level with the banks 足球应当在平地上踢。
　☞ Football should be played on level ground.
　☞ 蒸汽压路机把路压平了。
　☞ The steamroller made the road level.
　 ■ level还可用做动词。
　☞ 把丘陵地平为梯田可以减缓雨水的流速。
　☞ Leveling hilly land into terraces slows the rate of runoff.
　☞ 路面在铺设以前先要平一平。
　☞ The road must be leveled before paving.
2．even，指展现的平面平得显而易见。
　☞ 台球桌面应当百分之百的平。
　☞ A billiard-table must be perfectly even.
　☞ 他把篱笆树丛顶端剪得平平的。
　☞ He trimmed the top of the hedge to make it even 积雪与窗台平了。
　☞ The snow is even with the windowsill.
　 ■ even (up)也可用做动词。
　☞ 我们得用平路机来平一平路面。
　☞ We have to use a blade machine to even the road surface.
　☞ 日本接力队掉了接力棒，我们才平了比分。
　☞ When the Japanese relay team dropped their baton, we were able to even the score up.
3．flat，指忽略表面凹凸起伏等因素的平。
　☞ 那时候的人都相信地球是平的。
　☞ People at that time believed that the earth was flat.
　☞ 要泥水工把面做平了。
　☞ Ask the plasterer to make the surface flat.
　☞ 平的屋顶排水肯定不畅。
　☞ A flat roof certainly has poor drainage.
　☞ 躺平了，再深呼吸。
　☞ Lie down flat and breathe deeply.
　☞ 把地图展开，捋平。
　☞ Spread the map out flat.
4．redress，指纠正。
　☞ 他做省委书记以来平了不少冤假错案。
　☞ He has redressed a lot of unjust, fabricated and misjudged cases since he served the office of Party secretary of the province.
　☞ 公安机关镇压了黑帮，为民平了愤。
　☞ The public security organs suppressed the sinister gang and redressed the grievances of the people.
5．“平”的其他译法。
　☞ 帮病人躺平了。
　☞ Help the patient to lie stretched out.
　☞ 他平了一项世界纪录。
　☞ He equaled a world record.
　☞ 两队打成2比2平。
　☞ The two teams tied at 2 -2.
　☞ 这场足球赛以平局告终。
　☞ The football game ended in a draw.
　☞ 场上比分是2平。
　☞ The score is two all.
　☞ 经他一解释，老太太的气也就平了。
　☞ His explanation soothed the old lady's anger.
　☞ 解放军平叛成功。
　☞ The PLA succeeded in putting down the rebellion.
　☞ 杜甫与李白在中国诗歌的艺术成就上可以平分秋色。
　☞ Du Fu might go halves with Li Bai in the artistic merits of the Chinese poetry.
平均 平均
1．average，指算术平均数。
　☞ 我们报社一天平均要收到近百篇来稿。
　☞ Our paper receives an average of nearly 100 articles a day.
　☞ 每天平均约有上百个会员到场。
　☞ On an average there are about one hundred members present every day.
　☞ 他这人骨架大，超过平均身高。
　☞ He was a large-framed man, of more than average height.
　☞ 昆明8月份的平均温度是多少？
　☞ What's the average temperature in Kunming during August?
　 ■ average还可用做动词。
　☞ 每班平均有20个学生。
　☞ Each class averages twenty students.
　☞ 男人的平均工资为800元，而妇女的工资平均只有550元。
　☞ The wages of men averaged 800 yuan whereas women's wages averaged but 550 yuan.
2．mean，除指算术平均数外，还指几何平均数。
　☞ 常生活中常用作形容词，但仍与数字搭配。
　☞ 美国家庭的平均收入一年超过15,000美元。
　☞ The mean income of the American families is over $ 15,000 a year.
　☞ 6是3与9的平均数。
　☞ Six is the mean number between 3 and 9.
　☞ 年平均降雨量是200毫米。
　☞ The mean yearly rainfall is 200mm.
3．share and share alike, 指平均分摊。
　☞ 个合伙人同意平均分摊。
　☞ The three partners agreed to share and share alike.
　☞ 我将我的全部财产留给我的儿女们平均分摊。
　☞ I bequeath to my sons and daughters the whole of my effects. share and share alike.
平衡 平衡
1．balance，指众多事物或某一事物各部分之间在数量、重量、价值、力量、生理、心理、重要性等方面的平衡状态。
　☞ 要解决的一个根本问题是要使世界的粮食供应与世界人口保持平衡。
　☞ A basic question is what must be done to bring the world's food supply and its population in balance.
　☞ 我感到在结满冰的小路上难以保持平衡。
　☞ I found it hard to keep my balance on the icy path.
　☞ 她在孤独、漫长的岁月里曾一度失去平衡。
　☞ She temporarily lost her balance during the long years of solitude.
　☞ 这种药会扰乱新陈代谢的平衡。
　☞ This medicine will disturb the metabolic balance.
　 ■ balance还可用做动词。
　☞ 你能用一个脚趾来平衡身体吗？
　☞ Can you balance on one toe?
　☞ 为了做到贸易平衡，我们不得不少购你们国家的货物。
　☞ In order to balance our trade, we have to buy less goods from your country.
2．equilibrium，书面用语，常可与balance换用，但更强调在物质上或精神上受到压力时的平衡状态，尤其指在受到外力干扰后恢复平衡的趋势。
　☞ 那位走钢丝的拼命在钢丝上保持平衡的样子，我们都看得胆战心惊。
　☞ We watched with horror as the tight-rope walker struggled to maintain equilibrium (balance) on the tight-rope.
　☞ 他失去平衡，掉进了湖里。
　☞ He lost equilibrium (balance) and fell into the lake.
　☞ 这一过程会持续到建立新的平衡。
　☞ This process continues until a new equilibrium is established.
3．even out，指使之相等。
　☞ 但是为了平衡工业发展时的布局，内地工业必须大力发展。
　☞ But to even out the distribution of industry as it develops we must strive to promote industry in the interior.
　☞ 政府的收支是平衡的。
　☞ The revenue and expenditure of the government are evened out.
4．fit in, 有时也可作“平衡”解。
　☞ 咱们组的计划还要跟别的组平衡一下。
　☞ We'll have to fit in our plan with those of the other groups.
年代 年代
1．time，指时间。
　☞ 年代久了，碑上的字迹已经模糊不清。
　☞ The inscriptions on the stone tablet have become blurred with the passage of time.
　☞ 到了她的年代，我们的生活会好得多。
　☞ When her time comes our life will be much better.
2．years，指岁月。
　☞ 我们国家经历了漫长的动乱年代。
　☞ Our country went through the long years of turmoil.
　☞ 战争年代，许多人死于饥饿。
　☞ Many people died from hunger during the war years.
3．date，指时期。
　☞ 那个年代还没有飞机。
　☞ At that date there were no airplanes.
　☞ 鉴定文物年代是专家的事情。
　☞ It is a job for experts to determine the date of a cultural relic.
　☞ 展出的古董都已标明了年代。
　☞ The antiques on display are all marked with dates.
4．每一世纪从十到九的十年称为年代，这时可在该世纪的数字后加's。
　☞ 该剧第一次上演时间是19世纪90年代。
　☞ The time when the play was first put on the stage was the 1890's.
　☞ 20世纪60年代中期至70年代中期是中国动乱的年代。
　☞ It was the time of turmoil in China from the middle of the 1960's to the middle of the 1970's.
弄 弄
1．do, 有“做”的意思。因为“弄”是“做”的含糊说法。
　☞ 我来不及了，你帮我弄一弄。
　☞ I haven't enough time. Will you please do it for me?
　☞ 弄得不好，我们会前功尽弃的。
　☞ If we don't do a good job now, all the work we've done will be wasted.
2．get，有“搞”、“搞到”的意思。
　☞ 你儿子把新衣服弄脏了。
　☞ Your son got his new clothes dirty.
　☞ 这台电视机有毛病，我弄不好。
　☞ There is something wrong with the TV set, and I can't get it right.
　☞ 这么好的酒你是从哪弄来的？
　☞ The wine is really good. Where did you get it?
　☞ 你去弄点水来。
　☞ Go and get some water.
3．get a good master, get a thorough grasp, 有“弄懂”、“弄通”的意思。
　☞ 认真看书学习，弄通马克思主义的基本原理。
　☞ Read and study conscientiously and get a good master of the basic principles of Marxism.
　☞ 我们应当弄懂这门课程。
　☞ We must get a thorough grasp of the subject.
4．make，有“弄得人（事）如何如何”的意思。
　☞ 他这一说反而把我弄得更糊涂了。
　☞ His explanation only made me more puzzled than ever.
　☞ 别把孩子弄哭了。
　☞ Don't make the child cry.
5．make a mess of，有“弄糟”、“弄坏”的意思。
　☞ 她一插手就把事情全弄糟了。
　☞ Her meddling made a mess of everything.
　☞ 这场病把我的假期计划弄得一团糟。
　☞ This illness has made a mess of my holiday plan.
6．play with，有“弄着玩”的意思。
　☞ 孩子们都爱弄沙土。
　☞ Children like to play with sand.
　☞ 我们爱弄水。
　☞ We like to play with water.
7．fool (around) with，有“胡乱摆弄”的意思，其后果要么严重，要么毫无结果。
　☞ 你别弄那枝枪！
　☞ Stop fooling with the gun!
　☞ 她有时候也弄弄钢琴。
　☞ She is fooling around with the piano sometimes.
8．clarify, 有“弄清楚”的意思。
　☞ 有些问题还需要弄清楚。
　☞ Certain questions have yet to be clarified.
　☞ 弄清争论的焦点你再发言。
　☞ Don't speak till you clarify the point at issue.
9．“弄”的其他译法。
　☞ 事情是弄假成真了。
　☞ What was make-believe has become reality.
　☞ 你弄巧反成拙。
　☞ You tried to be clever, only to end up with a blunder.
　☞ 他弄虚作假，骗取荣誉。
　☞ He sought honor through fraud and deception.
　☞ 我待在家里弄饭。
　☞ I stayed at home to prepare meals.
　☞ 你装神弄鬼的到底想干什么？
　☞ What on earth do you mean to do by making much ado about gods?
广播 广播
1．broadcast，指播送节目。
　☞ 中央电视台反复广播了这条重要消息。
　☞ CCTV repeatedly broadcast this important piece of news.
　☞ 最好的演出都由电台广播。
　☞ The best performances are broadcast over the radio.
2．on (off) the air，指进行广播或停止广播。
　☞ 有些电台一天24小时都在广播。
　☞ Some radio stations are on the air 24 hours a day.
　☞ 这些节目每天广播。
　☞ These programs come on the air every day.
　☞ 电台为什么停止广播？
　☞ Why has the radio station gone off the air?
3．bring sb. ，指有对象的广播。
　☞ 现在全文广播《人民日报》社论。
　☞ We now bring you the full text of the Renmin Ribao editorial.
　☞ 正在广播的是音乐电视。
　☞ What is being brought to you is MTV.
4．bush (grapevine) telegraph，指传播小道消息。
　☞ 别相信小广播。
　☞ Don't believe the bush telegraph.
　☞ 通过小广播发来了一条消息。
　☞ A message was sent to us through the grapevine telegraph.
5．spread hearsay information，指扩散小道消息。
　☞ 你老爱小广播。
　☞ You're always spreading hearsay information.
　☞ 小广播不但无益，而且有害。
　☞ Spreading hearsay information is not only unprofitable but harmful.
庄严 庄严
1．solemn, solemnly，指充分认识和接受全部事实情况下的庄严。
　☞ 他就任总统时向《圣经》庄严宣誓。
　☞ He swore a solemn oath on the Bible when he took his office as President.
　☞ 赛场上挂着巨幅标语，显得特别庄严。
　☞ The competition court looked extraordinarily solemn, hung with a huge slogan.
　☞ 追悼会会场庄严肃穆。
　☞ The mourning hall was filled with a solemn silence.
　☞ 奥委会主席庄严宣布：“北京胜出。”
　☞ The chairman of the Olympic Committee solemnly declared: "The winner is Beijing."
2．dignify，指使之庄严，故暗示这种庄严是人为的。
　☞ 婚礼由于总裁的参加显得庄严起来。
　☞ The wedding appeared dignified due to the presence of the president.
　☞ 他参加他的死敌的葬礼时态度庄严。
　☞ He looked dignified in manner, attending the funeral of his mortal enemy.
3．sacred，指带有神圣不可侵犯的那种庄严。
　☞ 经过一周的思考，我决定接受这一庄严的托付。
　☞ I decided to accept this sacred trust after a week's consideration.
　☞ 天安门城楼上悬挂着庄严的国徽。
　☞ The sacred national emblem is hung over the rostrum of Tian'anmen.
庄重 庄重
1．serious, 指严肃专注的庄重。
　☞ 你人庄重，又有爱心，我信得过。
　☞ You're serious and affectionate, I trust you.
　☞ 王后看着国王，神态更为庄重，更为坚决。
　☞ The queen looked at the king with a more serious and resolute air.
2．grave，词义进了一步，有extremely serious的意思。
　☞ 在这一庄严隆重的场合，她的声音更显得庄重。
　☞ On this solemn, grand occasion her voice sounded graver.
　☞ 法官宣布我儿子无罪时，神情分外庄重。
　☞ The judge looked especially grave when he pronounced my son not guilty.
3．solemn, 指充分认识全部事实情况下的庄重。
　☞ 他见到矿工妻子们一张张庄重严肃的脸，她们在等待着矿难的结果。
　☞ He saw the solemn. serious faces of the miners7 wives awaiting the results of the mining disaster.
　☞ 所有在场的人听到这一消息都变得庄重，但都抑制着悲痛。
　☞ Everybody present turned solemn at the news but refrained from grief.
4．stately，指带有高贵气息的庄重。
　☞ 女王迈着庄重的步子，经过走廊，进入大厅。
　☞ The queen walked into the hall at a stately pace through the corridor.
　☞ 公爵夫人以极其庄重的方式站起来开门。
　☞ The duchess rose in the stateliest manner to open the door.
5．sedate，指安详得体的庄重。
　☞ 她是个庄重的女孩子，宁愿读书而不愿玩耍。
　☞ She is a sedate girl and would rather read than play.
　☞ 她是位庄重的中年妇女，有着一颗金子般的心。
　☞ She is a sedate middle-aged woman and has a heart of gold.
应付 应付
1．deal with，指对人、对事采取应付的措施。
　☞ 他是这里惟一能应付如此复杂局面的人选。
　☞ He is the only candidate here to deal with complicated situations like this.
　☞ 他去应付新闻界恐怕还嫩了点。
　☞ He is too green to deal with the press, I'm afraid.
2．cope with，其意义等于deal successfully with，因此常与certainly, easily，well等搭配。
　☞ 我们肯定能应付这些敌军，哪怕再多些也不在乎。
　☞ We can certainly cope with these enemy forces, and even with larger ones.
　☞ 他大概以为应付像我这样一个头脑简单的姑娘再容易不过了。
　☞ He was probably thinking that it couldn't be easier to cope with a simple-minded girl like me.
　 ■ 不过，cope with有时也可表示难以应付。但这种“难”也是从deal successfully with这点出发的难。
　☞ 说实话，订单像潮水般地涌来，我们难以应付。
　☞ To tell you the truth, we cannot cope with such a flood of orders.
3．make do (with)，指凑合着应付。
　☞ 这家客栈不是我们想要的那种，不过我们不得不应付一夜了。
　☞ The inn isn't what we wanted, but we have to make do for the night.
　☞ 当时许多的家庭收入微薄，不过总算也应付过来了。
　☞ At that time many families managed to make do on very little income.
　☞ 我这件旧大衣今年冬天还能应付。
　☞ I'll make do with the old coat for this winter.
4．perfunctory，指敷衍了事的应付。
　☞ 他给我们一声“哈罗”，那肯定是在应付。
　☞ That was certainly a perfunctory "hello" he gave us.
　☞ 他干什么总是采取应付态度。
　☞ Whatever he does he always adopts a perfunctory attitude.
应当 应当
1．ought to, should，两者的意思相近，用来表示职责、义务或提出劝告。一般情况下可以换用。
　☞ 我们应当去投票，即使我们不同意那些候选人。
　☞ We ought to (should) vote even if we don't agree with any of the candidates.
　☞ 你应当去看看那电影，是部好片。
　☞ You should (ought to) go and see the film. It's a wonderful one.
　 ■ 但是同时两者又有区别，ought to更多地反映客观要求，如义务、法律、规定等；而should谈的只是个人的主观看法。试比较：
　☞ 我们应当在什么时候去看看她。
　☞ We ought to (should) go and see her some time.
　（ought to指按理应当；should指个人认为应当，故两者均可用）
　☞ 明天我们应当去看看她，但我认为我们不会去。
　☞ We ought to go and see her tomorrow, but I don't think we will.（如果都用should，则表示自己想去又不想去，语义上有矛盾）
　☞ 我放了新电池，因此收音机应当响了。
　☞ I put in new batteries, so the radio ought to work.
　（如果用should表示个人认为应当，故不如用 ought to为好）
2．deserve，指应当受到某种对待。
　☞ 表现不好应当受罚。
　☞ Bad behavior deserves punishment.
　☞ 我感到人人都对我嗤之以鼻。我做了什么了应当受到这样的对待？
　☞ I felt that everybody sneers at me. What have I done to deserve this?
应用 应用
1．use，指作为一种工具、策略、途径等的应用。这种应用可以是具体的，也可以是抽象的。其后一般接物。
　☞ 一个人应用的单词大概只有他认识的1／3。
　☞ A person probably uses only about a third as many words as he recognizes.
　☞ 在直观教学中应用教具对孩子尤为重要。
　☞ It is especially important for children to use aids in object teaching.
　☞ 一个杰出的指挥员应善于应用各种战略战术。
　☞ An outstanding commander should be good at using various strategies and tactics.
　☞ 这样的耕作方法一般应用于地广人稀的地区。
　☞ Methods of cultivation like this are usually used in vast but thinly populated areas.
　☞ 解这道数学题，需要应用微积分。
　☞ To solve the mathematical problem requires the use of calculus.
　☞ 他把他的专业知识很好地应用到了工作中。
　☞ He put his professional knowledge to good use in his job.
2．apply，application，指把一物应用到另一物上面。
　☞ 只有这样他们才能更好地把理论应用于实践。
　☞ Only in this way can they better apply theory to practice.
　☞ 科学上的新发现常常应用于工业生产方法上。
　☞ New scientific discoveries are often applied to industrial production methods.
　☞ 这些技术还可应用于人体器官和组织。
　☞ These techniques might be applied to human organs and tissues as well。
　 ■ 有时即使在上下文里没有明确地指出把一物应用于另一物，但这种内涵仍然十分鲜明。
　☞ 这样的设备体积大，在运输和应用上费用高。
　☞ Such equipment is bulky and expensive both to transport and apply.
　☞ 把法律应用于办案也是一门学问。
　☞ The application of the law to a case is a branch of knowledge as well.
3．employ，指把原来闲置或处于消极状态的事物应用起来。
　☞ 一个作家应善于遣词造句，并且知道在什么样的上下文里应用什么样的词句。
　☞ A writer should be good at choosing words and building sentences and know what ones he might employ in a given context.
　☞ 有些学生有满脑子的知识却不会应用。
　☞ Some students are crammed full of knowledge, which they cannot employ.
4．utilize, utilization, 指在利用中应用。
　☞ 应用宇宙开始论中的新概念来解释一些新发现是有道理的。
　☞ It is justifiable to utilize the new concept of the beginning of the universe in the explanation of the new discoveries.
　☞ 中国革命的确应用了马克思列宁主义原理。
　☞ The Chinese Revolution did utilize the fundamental tenets of Marxism-Leninism.
　☞ 计算机已越来越广泛地应用于各个领域。
　☞ Computers have found an increasingly wide utilization in all fields.
应该 应该
1．should，指个人主观上认为应该。
　☞ 我们一贯主张国家无论大小应该一律平等。
　☞ We have always held that all countries in the world, big or small, should be equal.
　☞ 事情就应该这样。
　☞ This is as it should be.
　☞ 你说这样的话可不应该。
　☞ You shouldn't talk like this.
　☞ 这时候他们应该到了。
　☞ They should have arrived by this time.
2．ought to，指客观上或道义上要求应该，语气强于should。
　☞ 讲座应该讲大家感兴趣，听得懂的东西。
　☞ A lecture ought to be something which all can understand, about something which interests everybody.
　☞ 我这样说了，并且认为应该这样说。
　☞ I said so, and I think I ought to have said so.
　☞ 难道你真的不相信这样的病人应该隔离吗？
　☞ Don't you really believe that such patients ought to be isolated?
3．must, 指义务上和职务上的应该。语气比ought to更强，强调必须如此。
　☞ 每个共产党员都应该懂得这个真理：“枪杆子里面出政权。”
　☞ Every communist must grasp the truth: "Political power grows out of the barrel of the gun."
　☞ 一旦许诺，就不应该违背，有多大的困难也要履行。
　☞ A promise, once given, must not be broken, no matter how difficult it may be to fulfill it.
　☞ 应该怎么样就怎么样！
　☞ What must be，must be!
　 ■ 但是must在表示揣测时，语气则要缓和得多。
　☞ 现在是三点过一刻，这时候他应该在那里了。
　☞ It's a quarter past three. He must be there by now.
　☞ 我是经常碰到她的，她应该就住在这儿附近。
　☞ I'm always running into her. She must live quite near here.
4．shall，用在第二、第三人称时表示某种强烈的感情，如命令、威胁、恐吓等。
　☞ 战俘应该受到人道待遇。
　☞ Prisoners of war shall be given human treatment.
　☞ 谁犯了法都应该受到惩罚。
　☞ Whoever violates the law shall be punished.
　☞ 每位竞争者都应该佩戴号码。
　☞ Each competitor shall wear a number.
5．might，用来向人委婉地提出建议或批评，但不用它的原形may。
　☞ 你应该求你的叔叔给你找个工作。
　☞ You might ask your uncle for a job.
　☞ 你借我的车子应该先问问我。
　☞ You might ask before you borrow my car.
　☞ 她本来就应该告诉我她要在外面过夜。
　☞ She might have told me she was going to stay out for the night.
6．be supposed to，指认为应该，常用于肯定或疑问句里。
　☞ 老天爷是怎么啦？5月份夏天应该来了呀。
　☞ What's wrong with the weather? Summer is supposed to come during May.
　☞ 现在他应该在干什么呢？
　☞ What is he supposed to be doing now?
7．be expected to，指希望应该。
　☞ 你们大一点的应该照顾小一点的。
　☞ You older ones are expected to take care of the younger ones.
　☞ 他给你送来点礼物，你应该喜欢。
　☞ He sent you some sort of gift. You're expected to like it.
8．be bound to, 指由于受到某种义务的约束而应该。
　☞ 干部应该关心群众，群众也一样应该关心干部。
　☞ Cadres are bound to look after the masses, and the masses just as well bound to look after cadres.
　☞ 我认为你应该把这件事告诉他。
　☞ I think you're bound to tell him the matter.
　☞ 这个地区应该有人记得他。
　☞ There's bound to be someone in the district who remembers him.
9．incumbent on, 指道义上、职责上的应该，常与it is连用。
　☞ 这种设备的用户都应该熟悉操作程序。
　☞ It is incumbent on all users of this equipment to familiarize themselves with the operation procedure.
　☞ 做父母的在其子女离家之前都应该有一番嘱咐。
　☞ It is incumbent on parents to give an advice before their children leave home.
　☞ 我们应该支援世界上一切被压迫的人民。
　☞ It is incumbent on us to support all the oppressed peoples of the world.
10．behoove, 指在冥冥之中给了一种应该的责任，故常用作无人称动词，而由it作为主语。
　☞ 强者应该帮助弱者。
　☞ It behooves the strong to help the weak.
　☞ 有关这个问题，我们应该多做了解。
　☞ It behooves us to know as much as possible about this problem.
　☞ 既然要光明正大，我们就不应该背着同志说坏话。
　☞ If we are to be open and aboveboard, it behooves us not to speak ill behind comrades' back.
　 ■ 但如果要直接否定behoove，则一般用ill或hardly，而不用not。
　☞ 你是共青团员，不应该干那种事。
　☞ It ill behooves you as a League member to do that.
　☞ 我们当中最优秀的也有那么多的毛病，因此我们谁都不应该对别人说三道四。
　☞ There is so much bad in the best of us that it hardly behooves any of us to make carping comments on the rest of us.
11．deserve，指照理应该受到某种待遇。
　☞ 她是她们当中最好的，应该赢。
　☞ She was the best among them and deserved to win.
　☞ 在这种情况下，批评是应该的。
　☞ The criticism is deserved in such a case.
　☞ 好多问题在这本书里应该有一席之地，你为什么都略去不谈呢？
　☞ Why have you omitted many questions, which deserve a place in the book?
12．want, 汉语口语中的“应该”在很多情况下只是一种需要，故常用此词。
　☞ 你过马路应该小心。
　☞ You want to be careful crossing streets.
　☞ 你应该先考虑一下再放弃这样的机会。
　☞ You want to think a bit before giving up a chance like this.
　☞ 你不应该这么粗暴无礼。
　☞ You don't want to be rude.
13．belong，指应该归属的地点。
　“同志们，这枚奖章应该挂在这里。”主席说着就把手伸到他胸前。
　 "Comrades, this medal belongs here." And the chairman laid her hand on his chest.
　☞ 这笔开支应该归到办公费这一项里。
　☞ This item of expenditure belongs under the head of office expenses.
　☞ 我拒绝去国外，我应该在这里。
　☞ I refuse to go abroad. I belong here.
废除 废除
1．abolish（书面用语），do away with（口头用语），侧重制度、法令、习俗、做法等的废除。
　☞ 只有废除资本主义制度才有可能消灭贫穷、失业和战争。
　☞ Only when capitalism has been abolished will it be possible to abolish poverty, unemployment and war.
　☞ 世界上的奴隶制度都已彻底废除了吗？
　☞ Has slavery been completely abolished in the world?
　☞ 新西兰于1941年废除了谋杀罪的死刑。
　☞ New Zealand abolished the death penalty for murder in 1941.
　☞ 禁令已于去年废除。
　☞ Prohibition was abolished last year.
　☞ 有不少坏的习俗与坏法律应当予以废除。
　☞ There are many bad customs and laws that ought to be abolished.
　☞ 当务之急是废除注入式教学。
　☞ The task of top priority is to abolish the cramming method of teaching.
　☞ 解放后，我国立法机构废除了不少陈旧不堪的法律。
　☞ After liberation our state legislature has done away with many obsolete laws.
　☞ 他要他们废除这种野蛮的习俗。
　☞ He wanted them to do away with this barbarous custom.
　☞ 不合理的规章制度应该予以废除。
　☞ Unreasonable rules and regulations ought to be done away with.
　☞ 他们都同意废除特权。
　☞ They all agreed that privileges must be done away with.
　☞ 繁琐的礼节都已废除。
　☞ Tedious formalities have been done away with.
　☞ 他们已废除了我校的体罚。
　☞ They have done away with corporal punishment in our school.
2．repeal，侧重立法、执法机构或通过投票方式废除法律、法令等。
　☞ 如果政府废除一条法律，那它就不成其为法律了。
　☞ If the government repeals a law, it ceases to be a law.
　☞ 国会废除了几项反对新教徒的法令。
　☞ Parliament repealed several of the statutes made against Protestants.
　☞ 美国宪法通过了第二十一修正案，也就废除了第十八修正案。
　☞ The eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was repealed when the Twenty-first Amendment was passed.
　☞ 不符合人民利益的法律都应予以废除。
　☞ Laws not in keeping with the interests of the people should be repealed.
3．abrogate，侧重指有权力、地位的主宰所作的废除。
　☞ 中国人民经过长期斗争终于废除了一切不平等条约。
　☞ The Chinese people finally have abrogated all unequal treaties by waging a protracted struggle.
　☞ 我们不准备因此废除已确定的价值标准。
　☞ We are not thereby called upon to abrogate the values that are fixed.
　☞ 这一法律已由议会废除。
　☞ This law has been abrogated by the parliament.
4．annul，常用于法律文献中。
　☞ 这一法令是在10年前通过的，现已废除。
　☞ The act had been passed 10 years before, but it was now annulled.
　☞ 议案是10年前通过的，不过现在已经废除。
　☞ The bill had been passed 10 years before, but it was now annulled.
延续 延续
1．continue，指动作或状态没有停顿或间隔的延续，一般作不及物动词。
　☞ 不能让这种事态延续下去。
　☞ This state of affairs must not be allowed to continue.
　☞ 战斗延续到夜幕降临。
　☞ The battle continued until night fell.
　☞ 等旱象延续到五月，农民就着急起来了。
　☞ When the signs of drought continued into May, peasants became concerned.
2．last，指有效期的延长。
　☞ 地震延续了3天。
　☞ The earthquake lasted for three days.
　☞ 她问护士她的痛苦要延续多久。
　☞ She asked the nurse how long her agony must last.
　☞ 这里没有春天，或者说春季的天气只能延续几天。
　☞ There is no spring here, or the spring weather lasts only a few days.
3．run，指时间上延续。
　☞ 我们与该公司的合同会再延续两年。
　☞ Our contract with that company will run for another two years.
　☞ 合同还要再延续两年。
　☞ The contract has two more years to run.
延缓(延期) 延缓(延期)
　 ■ “延缓”与“延期”是一对同义词，“延缓”是指放慢行动，而“延期”则指推迟日期。
1．delay，指受到延误、耽搁、障碍等的延缓。因此强调的是客观原因。
　☞ 医生是有意延缓给他拔蛀牙的。
　☞ The dentist purposely delayed having his decayed tooth pulled.
　☞ 飞机延期到天气放晴才飞。
　☞ The plane delayed its flight until the weather cleared.
　☞ 如果说延期超过一周，我们就不等了。
　☞ We won't wait if it means delaying more than a week.
2．defer，有意延缓，因此强调的是主观原因。
　☞ 在目前情况下，我们不得不延缓讨论你的提议。
　☞ Under the present circumstances we have to defer discussing your proposal.
　☞ 钙的这种明显作用与某些激素能延缓衰老的方式相类似。
　☞ Calcium apparently acts in a similar manner as some of the hormones that defer senescence.
　☞ 发货照常，不过你付款可以延期。
　☞ The delivery of goods is as usual, however, you may get your payment deferred.
3．postpone，也指延缓一定的时间，但延缓的时间一般是确定的。
　☞ 储蓄的定义是延缓了的消费。
　☞ Savings is defined as postponed consumption.
　☞ 他决定延期到第二天再打电话到派出所。
　☞ He decided to postpone calling the local police station until the next day.
　☞ 音乐会已延期至下星期六。
　☞ The concert has been postponed until next Saturday.
4．put off，没有postpone正式，常用于口语。
　☞ 这个手术可以延绥几天再做。
　☞ The operation can be put off for a few days.
　☞ 他们本来打算上星期天来看我们，可因为那天我们碰巧另外有事，只好打电话要他们延期到下星期六。
　☞ They were to have visited us last Sunday, but as we happened to be otherwise engaged that day, we had to telephone to put them off till next Saturday.
　☞ 比赛因雨延期。
　☞ The game was put off on account of rain.
5．retard，指运动速度延缓，常含贬义。
　☞ 罢工只会延缓我们国家的经济建设。
　☞ Strikes only serve to retard our country's economic construction.
　☞ 孤独常会延缓孩子智力上的发育。
　☞ Solitude often retards children's mental development.
6．extend，指有期限的延长。
　☞ 我们已经办理了签证延期。
　☞ We have had our visas extended.
　☞ 假期本来只限于8月，现在已延期至9月。
　☞ The holiday period was confined to August only. Now it extends into September.
延长 延长
1．lengthen，与shorten相对，指空间或时间上的延长。
　☞ 加了一场戏，这个剧就延长了10分钟。
　☞ Adding a scene lengthened the play by ten minutes.
　☞ 自上个世纪以来，人的平均寿命延长了20多年。
　☞ The average life span has been lengthened by more than twenty years since the last century.
　☞ 铁路由于额外修建了一段而得以延长。
　☞ The railway was lengthened by building an extra section.
2．extend，词义大致与lengthen相同，也指空间或时间上的延长。在这一点上两者可以换用。
　☞ 他又延长了一周的假期。
　☞ He extended (lengthened) his vacation for another week.
　☞ 警方延长了她的签证，于是她又在广州待了一个星期。
　☞ The police extended her visa and she stayed one more week in Guangzhou.
　☞ 由于两位政治家间的会谈已几乎达成协议，故又延长了一天。
　☞ The negotiation between the two politicians was extended by another day as they had nearly reached agreement.
　☞ 今年持续的暖流把生长季节延长了快一个月。
　☞ The lasting warm current this year has extended the growing season almost a month.
　☞ 我军把供应线延长了5公里。
　☞ Our army extended its supply line for 5 kilometers.
　 ■ 与此同时，extend还可用于面的扩大，这时不能用lengthen替代。如：
　☞ We extended the definition so as to include that usage.（扩大）
　☞ A bird extends its wings when soaring.（展开）
3．prolong，也指时间或空间上的延长，但同时却暗示这种延长已超过了一般的常规。
　☞ 有些人想尽法子要找到一个延长生命的办法。
　☞ Some people have tried every possible way to find a means of prolonging life.
　☞ 我不得不把逗留的时间再延长一周。
　☞ I had to prolong my stay for another week.
4．protract，指不必要的、令人厌烦的延挺。
　☞ 由于许多讲话像臭婆娘的裹脚布又臭又长，所以授奖典礼延长了。
　☞ The awards ceremony was protracted by many speeches like slattern's long and smelly foot-bindings.
　☞ 这次讨论咱们还是不延长为好，我们该说的都说了。
　☞ We had better not protract this discussion. What we ought to say has been said.
建立 建立
1．found，仅指建立这一过程。因此强调创建的过程。
　☞ 我们已经筹集了40万美元来建立这个医学院。
　☞ We have raised$400,000 to found the college of medicine.
　☞ 巴浦洛夫的条件反射学是建立在实验基础之上的。
　☞ Pavlov's theory of conditioned reflex was founded on experiments.
　 ■ 此外，be founded on还有“建立在…基础上”的意思。如：
　☞ 这座混凝土坝是建立在基岩上的。
　☞ The concrete dam was founded on bedrock.
2．establish，含义较found广，不仅指创办这一过程，还指创办后的延续。其区别可从下面译文中看出。
　☞ 空想家乔治·里普利创立了“布鲁克农庄”作为公社生活的实验，但他没能建立起来。
　☞ Utopian George Ripley founded Brook Farm as an experiment in community living but he failed to establish it.
　☞ 我们学院是在创办数年之后才建立起来的。
　☞ Our college was not established until some years after the date of its founding.
　 ■ 因此，凡是建立后能长期存在的事物都可与之搭配。
　☞ 世界上大多数国家现在都已同中国建立了外交关系。
　☞ Now most of the countries in the world have established diplomatic relations with China.
　☞ 达尔文建立了进化论。
　☞ Charles Darwin established the theory of evolution.
　☞ 新的社会制度刚刚建立还需要一个巩固的时间。
　☞ The new social system has only just been established and requires time for its consolidation.
3．institute，兼具found和establish的内涵。但建立的往往是机构、制度、法律条款等。
　☞ 我国政府建立了消费者保护协会。
　☞ Our government has instituted a consumer protection agency.
　☞ 从那时开始，所有领导机关都分别建立了党委会议制度。
　☞ From then on, a system of Party committee meetings was respectively instituted in all leading bodies.
　☞ 美国公立学校的午餐制是在1946年建立起来的。
　☞ The National School Lunch Program in the U.S.A.
　☞ was instituted in 1946.
4．build，指建造。作“建立”解时多指引申义。
　☞ 中国必须建立强大的国防，必须建立强大的经济， 这是两件大事。
　☞ China must build a powerful national defense force and a powerful economy. These are two tasks of major importance.
　☞ 经过多年勤奋的工作我们才建立了这一事业。
　☞ We built this business with years of hard work.
　 ■ build后接on，指建立于…之上。
　☞ 我们国家一定要建立在经济平等，政治民主的基础之上。
　☞ Our state must be built on economic equality and political democracy.
　☞ 一个崭新的社会制度已在旧制度的基础上建立起来。
　☞ A brand-new social system has been built on the site of the old.
　 ■ build up，指建立起来。
　☞ 我们努力工作以建立两国人民之间的友谊。
　☞ We worked hard to build up the friendship between the two peoples.
　☞ 威信是逐步建立的。
　☞ Prestige is built up gradually.
5．construct，指结构上的建造，因此较之build需要更多的技术和智慧。
　☞ 现在，我国许多工厂都是由自己的专家自行设计建立的。
　☞ Now many of our factories are constructed from designs made by our own experts.
　☞ 政府在黄河上建立了一系列的水坝以满足灌溉及发电的需要。
　☞ The government has constructed a series of dams on the Yellow River to meet the needs of irrigation and power generation.
6．erect，指立式建筑的建立。
　☞ 在天安门广场建立了宏伟的纪念碑以纪念人民英雄。
　☞ A magnificent monument has been erected in Tian An Men Square in honor of the people's heroes.
　☞ 工地上建立起了一个个新的蒸馏塔。
　☞ On the construction site new distilling columns are erected one after another.
7．set up，此词外延广泛，但内涵笼统，因此一般可与以上各词换用，但却无上述各词的特点。
　☞ 大会建立了一个专门委员会对此事进行调查。
　☞ The congress set up (established)a special committee to investigate the matter.
　☞ 我们一定要建立一个完整的现代工业体系。
　☞ We'll certainly set up (institute)a complete modern industrial system.
8．based on，指“以…为基础”。
　☞ 他的理论是在一个错误的前提下建立起来的。
　☞ His theory is based on a mistaken premise.
　☞ 有关地热条件的实验都是建立在测量原始岩体温度的基础上的。
　☞ Experiments on the geothermal conditions are based on measurements of original rock temperatures.
9．form，指建立有某种形式的组织实体。
　☞ 他们建立工会以便为大多数工人谋利益。
　☞ They formed a trade union to work for the interests of the vast majority of workers.
　☞ 抗日期间为了抗击日本军队而建立了统一战线。
　☞ A united front was formed to fight against the Japanese troops during the Anti Japanese War.
10．create，指创造性的建立。
　☞ 他们正在为建立新的社会秩序而斗争。
　☞ They are struggling to create a new social order.
　☞ 政府建立了一个新的农业机构。
　☞ The government has created a new agency for agriculture.
11．perform，指在完成职责或义务时的表现。
　☞ 我们确信你和你的部下将建立不朽的功勋。
　☞ We are sure that you and your men will perform a deed of lasting fame.
　☞ 细菌系统中的运输活性是通过膜蛋白建立起来的。
　☞ In bacterial systems transport activities are performed by membrane proteins.
建议 建议
1．suggest，指提出可供集体或领导考虑的口头或书面的建议，后可接名词，动名词或从句，但一般不接动词不定式。
　☞ 他的报告建议继续调查。
　☞ His report suggested a further investigation.
　☞ 医生建议我多做点户外活动。
　☞ The doctor suggested I should have more outdoor exercise.
　☞ 我叔叔建议我在银行里找份工作。
　☞ My uncle suggested me getting a job in a bank. 或 My uncle suggested that I should get a job in a bank.
　 ■ 但下面的句子除了在非正式的口语中使用外，至少在目前尚不被认可。
　☞ My uncle suggested me to get a job in a bank.
2．propose，往往指在讨论或争辩中提出的建议，其后除接名词、动名词、从句外，还可接动词不定式。
　☞ 这一问题因在党委会上议而不决，他建议再开一次会。
　☞ He proposed another meeting because the problem was discussed without a decision at the party committee meeting.
　☞ 我们讨论好半天了，我建议休息半小时。
　☞ We have had the discussion for long. Now I propose resting for half an hour.
　☞ 既然有了会议的决议，我建议今晚就开始。
　☞ Now that we have the decision of the meeting, I propose to begin tonight.
　☞ 由于争论不休，我们建议休会。
　☞ We propose that the meeting be adjourned due to endless debate.
　☞ 我决定接受双方都能接受的建议。
　☞ I have decided to accept the proposal which would be accepted by both sides.
3．advise，指忠告性的建议。后接名词、动名词、从句等。
　☞ 我建议由我代表贵公司立即采取行动。
　☞ I advise my immediate action on behalf of your firm.
　☞ 他建议等到她来。
　☞ He advised waiting till she came.
　☞ 我建议他呆在家里。
　☞ I advise that he be at home.
4．recommend，指推荐性建议，后接名词、动名词、从句等。
　☞ 你有什么建议的？
　☞ Have you anything you can recommend?
　☞ 他建议我买辆新自行车。
　☞ He recommend me buying a new bike.
　☞ 工人们建议机器应该大修了。
　☞ The workers recommended that the machine should be overhauled.
5．refer... to... ，指向权威，书本请教的建议。
　☞ 医生建议我去请教眼科专家。
　☞ The doctor referred me to a oculist.
　☞ 我老师建议我去请教词典。
　☞ My teacher referred me to a dictionary.
建设 建设
1．build (up)，指建造性的建设。
　☞ 我们正在建设有中国特色的社会主义。
　☞ We are building socialism with distinct Chinese characteristics.
　☞ 我们在建设我们国家的事业中取得了巨大的成就。
　☞ We have achieved great successes in the cause of building up our country.
2．construct, construction，指构造性的建设。
　☞ 那段时间正在建设南昆铁路。
　☞ The Nanning-Kunming Railway was being constructed in that period.
　☞ 建设这样一座大桥大概需要两年时间。
　☞ It takes about two years to construct a large bridge like that.
　☞ 他建议由我来承担新楼的建设。
　☞ He suggested that I should undertake the construction of the new building.
3．strengthen，指加强性的建设。
　☞ 中国人民解放军的特点之一就是加强连队建设。
　☞ One of the characteristics of PLA is to strengthen the Army at company level.
　☞ 党的思想建设及组织建设都已加强。
　☞ The Party has been strengthened both ideologically and organizationally.
4．“建设”的其他译法。
　☞ 改革开放以后城乡建设竟然统一起来了。
　☞ After the reform and opening to the outside world the urban and rural development has unexpectedly been coordinated.
　☞ 大大加快思想建设是刻不容缓的事。
　☞ Greatly accelerating the ideological education is a task which brooks no delay.
　☞ 作风建设的重要性怎么强调也不会过分。
　☞ You cannot overestimate the importance of cultivation of a fine work style.
开刀 开刀
1．operate (on), have (perform) an operation，指动手术。
　☞ 你越早开刀越安全。
　☞ The sooner we operate the safer you'll be.
　☞ 医生给孩子的喉部开了刀，救了他一命。
　☞ The doctor operated on the boy's throat and saved his life.
　☞ 孩子的一叶病肺刚开过刀。
　☞ The child has just had an operation for a diseased lung.
　☞ 医生给孩子的一叶病肺开了刀。
　☞ The doctor performed an operation on the child for a diseased lung.
2．“开刀”的其他译法。make the first target of attack，指成了下手的对象；make an example of，指惩一儆百。
　☞ 他们先向宣传部长开刀。
　☞ They made the minister of propaganda the first target of attack.
　☞ 那么多学生迟到，因此我们得拿明天迟到的学生开刀。
　☞ So many pupils come late to school that we must make an example of those who come late tomorrow.
开创 开创
1．start，强调开始。
　☞ 我们储蓄，纯粹是为了开创事业。
　☞ We saved simply in order to start our business 这一成功开创了他的记者生涯。
　☞ This success started his career as a newsman.
2．open up，强调打开新局面。
　☞ 中国的改革开创了经济发展新前景。
　☞ The reform in China has opened up new prospects in economic development.
　☞ 爱因斯坦的广义相对论为物理研究开创了新纪元。
　☞ Einstein's general theory of relativity opened up a new era for the study of physics.
3．create，强调创造。
　☞ 这种散文形式是他开创的。
　☞ It was he who created this prose form.
　☞ 经济改革开创了新局面。
　☞ The economic reform has created a new situation.
4．usher in，强调迎来。
　☞ 十月革命开创了人类社会的新纪元。
　☞ The October Revolution ushered in a new epoch in human society.
　☞ 我们希望开创一个更加安全、稳定、和平和公正的国际秩序。
　☞ We hope to usher in a more secure, stable, peaceful and equitable international world order.
5．initiate，强调首先开始。
　☞ 希腊人开创了力学这门科学。
　☞ The Greek initiated the science of mechanics.
　☞ 随着改革开放的进展，开创了社会新风尚。
　☞ With the progress of reform and opening to the outside world a new social custom has been initiated.
6．pioneer，强调开拓。
　☞ 老一代革命者开创的事业将由新一代领导人继承下去。
　☞ The cause pioneered by the revolutionaries of the old generation will be carried on by the leadership of the new generation.
　☞ 他由于进行了一些开创性的实验而闻名世界。
　☞ He became world-known for the pioneering experiment that he performed.
7．inaugurate，强调创始。
　☞ 他开创了双线性对称形式的光谱理论。
　☞ He inaugurated the spectral theory of bilinear symmetric forms.
　☞ 有识之士都认为科学已开创了一个新纪元。
　☞ People with breadth of vision feel that science has inaugurated a new era.
开动 开动
1．start, 指起动、发动。
　☞ 火车开动了。
　☞ The train is starting.
　☞ 我们花了好长时间才把机器开动起来。
　☞ It took a long time before we could start the machine.
2．set in motion，指使之运转。
　☞ 朝你的方向拉把手就可开动电动机。
　☞ Pull the handle towards you to set the motor in motion.
　☞ 这一消息立刻使宣传机器开动起来。
　☞ The news instantly set the propaganda machinery in motion.
3．use，指使用、运用。
　☞ 你们要是有脑子，就该开动起来。
　☞ You have to use your brains if you have them.
　☞ 想想这词的意思，姑娘们。开功你们的想像力。
　☞ Think of the meanings of the word, girls. Use your imaginations.
4．march, move，指行军。
　☞ 希特勒跟拿破仑一模一样，开动军队到了莫斯科， 然后遭到了同样可耻的失败。
　☞ Just like Napoleon, Hitler marched his army to Moscow and met with the same ignominious defeat.
　☞ 队伍休息了一会儿又开动了。
　☞ The troops were on the move again after a short rest.
开发 开发
1．develop，development，指使之得到发展。
　☞ 我厂开发了新产品，打开了新局面。
　☞ Our factory has developed new products, thus opened up a new prospect.
　☞ 为开发山区我们能做点什么？
　☞ What can we do in order to develop mountain areas?
　☞ 我们在开发和推广科技成果方面有了良好的开端。
　☞ We have a good beginning in developing and disseminating research findings.
　☞ 他谈了许多有关儿童智力开发的话。
　☞ He talked about much of children's mental development.
2．exploit, exploitation, tap，指利用自然资源。
　☞ 我们在开发沿海石油方面已初见成效。
　☞ We have achieved initial success in exploiting offshore oil deposits.
　☞ 我国西部有丰富的自然资源有待于开发。
　☞ In west China there are rich natural resources which are to be exploited.
　☞ 我区已知有多种矿产，但相对而言开发得不多。
　☞ Mineral resources are known to exist in our area, but there has been relatively little exploitation.
　☞ 我们正通过人工养殖来开发水产资源。
　☞ We're tapping aquatic resources through artificial aquiculture.
　☞ 许多国家都想尽办法来开发新能源。
　☞ Many countries are seeking every possible way to tap new sources of energy.
3．open up，指开辟。
　☞ 消息传来，我们在塔克拉玛干沙漠又开发了新油田。
　☞ The news came that we opened up another new oilfield in the Taklimakan Desert.
　☞ 我们决定开发当地资源来扶持贫困地区。
　☞ We have decided to open up the local resources to aid the poor areas.
开始 开始
1．begin，与结束(end)相对，强调延续；start，与停止(stop)相对，强调瞬间，如果这种区别并不明显，则两者可以换用。
　☞ 冰开始化了。
　☞ The ice began (started) to melt.
　☞ 我正开始做早点。
　☞ I'm beginning (starting) to cook the breakfast 她是去年冬天开始滑雪的。
　☞ She began (started) skiing last winter.
　 ■ 但是如果在句中上述区别明显时，则不可换用。
　☞ 会议将于星期一开始，并于星期四结束。
　☞ The conference will begin on Monday and end on Thursday.（不用start）
　☞ 谈话开始后中断了，然后在一阵难堪的停顿之后又重新开始。
　☞ The conversation started and stopped, then and after an embarrassing pause, it started again， (不用begin)
　 ■ 由于以上明显的差异，故begin还暗示从开始到结束的整个缓慢的延续过程，而start则强调由静到动后的第一个短暂行动。
　☞ 他开始攻读博士学位的几门课程。
　☞ He began some courses of study leading to doctorate.
　（不用start）
　☞ 我们是在工人体育场开始马拉松赛的。
　☞ We started our Marathon race from the Workers' Stadium.（不用begin）
　 ■ 由于同样的原因，begin还可表示开始后的延续过程，start则表示开始的瞬间行为。
　☞ 经过一年的体力劳动，他的身体开始好转。
　☞ After a year's manual labor his health began to improve。（最好不用start）
　☞ 咱们马上开始收拾房间吧。
　☞ Let's start tidying up the room right now.(最好不用 begin)
　 ■ 正是由于这种差异，我们上面提到可以互换的句子，事实上其含义仍有细微的差别。如：
　☞ 她是去年夏天开始游泳的。
　☞ She began swimming last summer.（强调游泳开始于去年夏天，而现在还游）
　☞ 她去年夏天才开始游泳。
　☞ She started swimming last summer.（强调去年夏天以前她是不游泳的，至于去年夏天以后游不游并不重要）
　 ■ 此外，begin后不接from，但start后则可以。如：
　☞ 比赛是从体育场开始的。
　☞ The race started from the stadium.
　 ■ 下面都是用begin不用from的译例。
　☞ 我今天就从这本书开始。
　☞ I shall begin with this book today.
　☞ 旅行是从上海开始到北京结束。
　☞ The journey begins at Shanghai and ends at Beijing.
　☞ 会议将从星期一开始。
　☞ The conference will begin on Monday.(最好不用 from)
　 ■ 还应注意的一点是begin和start都是瞬间动词，当句中有表示时间延续的状语时，就不能再用begin或start。如：
　☞ 我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始10分钟了。
　☞ When we got to the cinema, the film had already been on for ten minutes.
　☞ 英语课已经开始半小时了。
　☞ The English class has been going on for half an hour.
　☞ 商店已开始营业半小时了。
　☞ The shop has been open for half an hour.
　 ■ 同样道理，如果句中有了表示瞬间时刻的状语，而动词又是延续性的，则翻译时即使没有“开始”两字，仍需用begin或start。如：
　☞ 3点钟开始下的雨。
　☞ It began (started) to rain at three o'clock.(不能说 It rained at three o'clock)
　 ■ at the beginning和in the beginning几乎没有区别。
　☞ 开始的时候，遇到的困难最大。
　☞ It is at the beginning that the greatest difficulty is encountered.
　☞ 开始你会觉得相当困难，但很快就会习惯。
　☞ You will think it rather difficult in the beginning, but you will soon get accustomed.
　 ■ 但谈到世界的开始却一定要用in the beginning。
　☞ 地球开始时，没有人类，没有动物，没有植物。
　☞ In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants on the earth.
　 ■ 除此之外，begin有时还用一般现在时表示将来的事情。如：
　☞ 该剧下周开始上演。
　☞ The play begins next week.
2．commence，与conclude相对，是比较正式的书面用语，往往指有正式程序或一定仪式的开始，而且开始的往往是有意要做的事。
　☞ 选举以后，新政府开始了银行国有化。
　☞ After the election, the new government commenced nationalizing the banks.
　☞ 鲁迅于1918年出版了他的第一部短篇小说《狂人日记》，开始了他的文学生涯。
　☞ Lu Xun commenced his literary career by publishing his first short story A Mad Man's Diary in 1918.
　☞ 典礼将于下午3点开始。
　☞ The ceremony will commence at 3 p.m.
3．initiate，常指有某种原因或动机的开创性开始。
　☞ 开始经济改革的是邓小平。
　☞ It was Deng Xiaoping who initiated the economic reform.
　☞ 我国政府开始了一场要在本世纪末消灭血吸虫病的群众运动。
　☞ The Chinese government has initiated a mass campaign to wipe out snail fever at the end of this century.
4．proceed，指开始着手进行。
　☞ 司机顶起汽车，然后开始更换轮胎。
　☞ The driver jacked up the car and then proceeded to change the tire.
　☞ 大家坐定以后主席开始宣布他的计划。
　☞ After everyone was seated, the chairman proceeded to announce his plan.
5．come into，指开始进人某种状态。
　☞ 新章程什么时候开始实行？
　☞ When does the new regulation come into force?
　☞ 修改过的刑法将于明年开始生效。
　☞ The revised criminal law comes into effect next year.
6．come to, 指开始达到某种程度。
　☞ 许多同志开始懂得基础理论在自然科学研究中的重要意义。
　☞ Many comrades have come to realize the significance of basic theory in the study of natural science.
　☞ 我们到了星期四才开始实质性问题的讨论。
　☞ We didn't come to the discussion of the substantive questions until Thursday.
7．dawn，指开始破晓。
　☞ 由于电子计算机的发明，人类开始了一个新时代。
　☞ With the invention of computers a new age of mankind is dawning.
　☞ 非洲开始了一个新纪元。
　☞ A new era dawned in Africa.
8．launch, 指具有发动性质的开始。
　☞ 在精心策划的反攻开始之前真是度日如年。
　☞ Before the carefully calculated counterattack is launched the days drag on really like years.
　☞ 政府已开始了建造更多住宅的新计划。
　☞ The government has launched a new plan to build more houses.
开导 开导
1．enlighten, 指使之明白。
　☞ 他是个孩子，不懂吃东西前要洗手，我来开导他。
　☞ As a child he doesn't know why we wash before eating. I will enlighten him.
　☞ 我走进房间时，我姑妈显然一直在开导我妻子。
　☞ When I walked into the room, it was obvious that my aunt had been enlightening my wife.
2．straighten out，指理顺错误的思想、做法等。
　☞ 他一时想不通，你能设法开导开导他吗？
　☞ He hasn't come round yet. Could you try and straighten him out?
　☞ 他答应以后又不想去了吗？别着急，我去开导他。
　☞ Is he refusing to go after all promise7 Don't worry. I'll straighten him out.
3．bring along, 指帮助、教育。
　☞ 孩子有缺点，要耐心开导。
　☞ The child has some faults, try to bring him along patiently.
　☞ 既然你在帮他，你就得一点一点地开导他。
　☞ Since you're helping him, you have to bring him along little by little.
开展 开展
1．start (out)，指开始开展。
　☞ 他提议在各班之间开展友谊竞赛。
　☞ He proposed that a friendly emulation drive be started among the different classes.
　☞ 党组织在库区移民中间广泛开展了再安置的政治思想工作。
　☞ The Party organization started out on extensive political and ideological work among the peasants in the reservoir region to be resettled.
2．develop，指发展性开展。
　☞ 在妇女儿童中开展了各种活动。
　☞ Various activities were developed among women and children.
　☞ 我们地区每年都开展城乡贸易。
　☞ In our district rural-urban trade is developed every year.
3．launch，指发动性开展工作。
　☞ 我厂开展了增产节约运动并取得很好的效果。
　☞ Our factory launched a movement for increasing production and practicing economy and achieved good results.
　☞ 我们都是自愿开展劳动竞赛的。
　☞ We all volunteer to launch a labor emulation drive.
4．carry out，指进行性质的开展。
　☞ 在党委内部开展批评与自我批评已成为一种风气。
　☞ It has become the regular practice in the Party committee to carry out criticism and self-criticism.
　☞ 人大与政府各部门应经常开展协商与对话。
　☞ Consultations and dialogues must be often carried out between the National People's Congress and various government departments.
5．unfold，指原来受到压抑现在舒展开来的开展。
　☞ 妇女有充分的权利开展与大男子主义的斗争。
　☞ Women have a full right to unfold the struggle against male chauvinism.
　☞ 现在的党内整风就是开展学习邓小平理论的活动。
　☞ The present rectification within the Party is to unfold a movement of the study of Deng Xiaoping Theory.
6．under way, 指在开展之中。
　☞ 看样子，这场斗争也许可以开展起来。
　☞ It seems that the struggle may now be able to get under way.
　☞ 为希望工程筹款的活动已开展起来了。
　☞ The campaign to raise funds for the Project Hope is already under way.
7．in full swing，指全面展开。
　☞ 期终考试的准备工作已全面开展。
　☞ Preparations for the final examinations are in full swing.
　☞ 似乎一切都在开展之中。
　☞ Everything seemed to be in full swing.
开放 开放
1．open to, open up，指与原来关闭相对的开放。
　☞ 新建港口已向外轮开放。
　☞ The new port has been opened to foreign ships.
　☞ 昆明是一个向外国人开放的城市。
　☞ Kunming is a city open to foreigners.
　☞ 星期日图书馆跟平时一样照常向公众开放。
　☞ The library is open to the public on Sunday as well as on weekdays.
　☞ 我国的政策不是收，而是继续开放，更加开放。
　☞ China will continue its policy of opening to the outside world on a broader scale, rather than back away from it.
　☞ 中国要进一步扩大开放范围。
　☞ China will further expand the scope of its opened-up area.
2．lift, remove，指与原来限制相对的开放。
　☞ 除了武器以外，一切商品的禁运都已开放。
　☞ The embargo on all commodities has been lifted (removed) except weapons.
　☞ 这一价格甚至在阿拉伯国家开放石油禁运以后仍保持不变。
　☞ This price remained unchanged even after the Arab oil embargo was lifted.
3．bloom, blossom，指花朵开放。
　☞ 百花开放，争奇斗艳。
　☞ Flowers of all sorts are blooming in a riot of color.
　☞ 这花要太阳出来才开放。
　☞ The flower blossoms only when the sun comes out.
开朗 开朗
1．clear up, 指脸色或表情开朗。
　☞ 大家听到这个好消息，脸色都开朗起来。
　☞ Everybody's face cleared up as they heard the good news.
　☞ 他一读文件表情就开朗了。
　☞ His expression had cleared up as soon as he read the document.
2．in a cheerful (bright等)mood, 指心情开朗。
　☞ 今晚上她的心情似乎特别开朗。
　☞ Tonight she seems to be in an especially cheerful mood.
　☞ 几小时后，她的心情开朗了一点。
　☞ A few hours later she was in a bit of brighter mood.
3．a cheerful（bright等）disposition，指性格开朗。
　☞ 你以前见过这样性格开朗的人吗？
　☞ Did you ever meet anyone with such a cheerful disposition?
　☞ 她是个性格开朗的姑娘。
　☞ She is a girl of bright disposition.
4．broad-minded（open-minded等），指思想开朗。
　☞ 我始终相信要思想开朗。
　☞ I always believe in being broad-minded.
　☞ 他本人并不坏，但思想不够开朗。
　☞ He is not bad himself, but he is not open-minded enough.
5．“豁然”可以与“开朗”结合成一个词组。可以有不同的译法，大致可分为以下两种情况，但应注意的是要用各种办法译出事情的突然性。
1) 指思想上豁然开朗。
　☞ 他的一席话使我豁然开朗。
　☞ What he said enlightened me suddenly.
　☞ 我是通过学习历史才豁然开朗的。
　☞ I achieved sudden enlightenment through the study of history.
　☞ 这个问题困扰了我多少年，想不到竟豁然开朗。
　☞ The problem has baffled me for years. Who would have thought that I realized what it meant in a moment?
　☞ 正当我感到前途茫然时，他的几本书使我豁然开朗。
　☞ While I was feeling the future was bleak a few of his books brought me to the light in an instant.
2) 指景色上豁然开朗。
　☞ 我们在密林中穿行约数百米后便豁然开朗。
　☞ We pushed ourselves through the thick forest for a few hundred meters and then reached an open space all of a sudden.
　☞ 太阳出来时，四周的景色也豁然开朗。
　☞ The scene around us brightened immediately when the sun broke out.
　☞ 我们走出山谷时才发觉眼前豁然开朗。
　☞ We walked out of the mountain valley only to find a vast panorama suddenly stretching before us.
　☞ 我们登上矗立在山顶上高高的佛塔之后，眼前豁然开朗。
　☞ A glorious sight burst in on the view before us after we had ascended the tall Buddhist pagoda towering aloft on the top of the mountain.
开花 开花
1．bloom，指花朵开花或花树开花。
　☞ 山坡上的花儿到处都在开花。
　☞ The flowers are blooming everywhere on the hillside.
　☞ 木兰要开花了。
　☞ The magnolias are beginning to bloom.
　☞ 玫瑰正在开花。
　☞ The roses are in bloom now.
2．blossom，指果树开花。
　☞ 这些果树都在春天开花。
　☞ The fruit trees blossom in the spring.
　☞ 桃树在开花了。
　☞ The peach trees are in blossom.
3．flower，指结小果子的果树开花。
　☞ 樱桃树下个月开花。
　☞ The cherry trees will flower next month.
　 ■ 这也是英国英语的用法，美国英语的用法则比较随便。
开辟 开辟
1．clear，指清除障碍后开辟。
　☞ 我们组在丛林中开辟了500亩地。
　☞ Our team cleared 500 mu of land in the jungle.
　☞ 他们用斧子开辟出一条穿过森林的小道。
　☞ They used axes to clear a path through the forest.
2．hew，指刀斧开辟。
　☞ 我们得开辟出一条上山的路来。
　☞ We have to hew our way up the hill.
　☞ 他知道他的安全就像开辟在山坡上的藏身之地一样，随时都会滑动。
　☞ He is aware that his safety, like a hiding place hewn in the side of the mountain, will go into a slide at any moment.
3．blaze, 原指在无人走过的地方标出记号以免迷路，后常用于转意“开辟新路”。
　☞ 火箭的制造开辟了一条通向外层空间的道路。
　☞ The building of rockets blazed a trail to outer space.
　☞ 我们正在开辟一条有中国特色的社会主义道路。
　☞ We are blazing a road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.
4．start，指开始。
　☞ 该报新近开辟了一个评论专栏，既能提供信息，又有教育意义。
　☞ Recently the newspaper has started an opinion column which is both informative and instructive.
　☞ 这张唱片为这位青年歌手开辟了一条明星之路。
　☞ The record started the young singer on the road to stardom.
5．open，指打开。
　☞ 这时候，斯大林正在敦促罗斯福开辟第二战场。
　☞ In the meantime Stalin was urging Roosevelt to open the second front.
　☞ 机械化为农业的技术工种开辟了道路。
　☞ Mechanization opens the way for skilled jobs in agriculture.
6．open up，指开拓。
　☞ 航天飞机将开辟多种空间用途。
　☞ The space shuttle will open up many uses of space.
　☞ 政府正在开辟新区以安置库区移民。
　☞ The government is opening up new areas for settlement of peasants from the reservoir region.
7．set up，指建立。
　☞ 八路军奉命开赴敌后，开辟革命根据地。
　☞ The Eighth Route Army received orders to penetrate into the enemy's rear areas to set up revolutionary bases.
　☞ 我们可以专门为你在报上开辟一个专栏。
　☞ We can set up a special column in the newspaper especially for you.
8．explore，指探索性开辟。
　☞ 我们应该开辟多种商品流通渠道，以搞活经济。
　☞ We should explore more avenues for commodity circulation in order to enliven the economy.
　☞ 你们应当用各种办法来开辟财源。
　☞ You ought to try every possible way to explore sources of revenue.
9．usher in, 指带来、迎来。
　☞ 只有推翻旧制度，我们才能开辟新纪元。
　☞ Only by overthrowing the old system can we usher in a new era.
　☞ 是改革开辟了现在的体制。
　☞ It is the reform that has ushered in the present regime.
开采 开采
1．mine，指用人工或机械开矿采掘。
　☞ 开采煤炭就是把地下的煤挖出来。
　☞ To mine coal is to dig out coal below the earth's surface.
　☞ 我国去年开采多少黄金？
　☞ How much gold did China mine last year?
2．extract，指用机械或化学方法取得。
　☞ 冶金工业要求从地下开采越来越多的矿石。
　☞ The metallurgical industry demands that more and more ore be extracted from the earth.
　☞ 我们开发了一种新的工艺流程来开采页岩中的石油。
　☞ We have developed a new technological process to extract oil from shale.
3．tap，指通过某种工序使液体或气体流出。
　☞ 工人们正在橡胶树上开采胶浆。
　☞ The workers are tapping rubber trees for latex.
　☞ 1,000多年前中国人就已学会开采天然气。
　☞ The Chinese people learned to tap natural gas more than one thousand years ago.
4．exploit，泛指开发利用。
　☞ 中国在开采海底石油方面已取得了很大的成效。
　☞ China has achieved great success in exploiting oil under the sea.
　☞ 大理石是为了商业目的才开采的。
　☞ Marble is exploited only for commercial purpose.
开除 开除
1．expel, 指采取某种行政或组织手段使之离开集体，故是语气较重的开除。
　☞ 张国焘投奔国民党以后很快就被开除出党。
　☞ Zhang Guotao was expelled from the Party soon after he ran away to the Kuomintang.
　☞ 他打了老师，校长可能会开除他的学籍。
　☞ The headmaster may expel him from the school for hitting his teacher.
2．discharge，指解雇或免职，暗示带有强制性。
　☞ 他因经常旷工，老板把他开除了。
　☞ The boss discharged him because of habitual absenteeism.
　☞ 恕我直言，你是因为不老实而被开除的。
　☞ Let me be candid about this, you are discharged for being dishonest.
3．dismiss，也指解雇或离职，但语气较轻，不带暗示。
　☞ 如果你再迟到，是会被开除的。
　☞ If you're late again, you'll be dismissed.
　☞ 他是被部队开除的。
　☞ He was dismissed from the army.
4．sack，常指因好争论、过错等原因而遭解雇，比较口语化。
　☞ 你可以把我开除了。
　☞ You can sack me.
　☞ 他因上岗酗酒而被开除。
　☞ He was sacked for being drunk on duty.
5．fire，非正式用语，指突然解雇。
　☞ 老板以玩忽职守为由，把他开除了。
　☞ The boss fired him out for neglect of his duty.
　☞ 他是在那天下午被开除的，当时他喝酒引起了经理的注意。
　☞ He was fired that afternoon when his drinking came to the manager's attention.
引出 引出
1．draw (forth)，指得出，吸引。
　☞ 从这个有教育意义的故事里我们可以引出一条教训，就是人不要贪小便宜。
　☞ We can draw moral from this instructive story that one never goes after petty advantage.
　☞ 温暖的阳光常常会把老人们引出来晒太阳。
　☞ Warm sunshine often draws old people forth into the sun.
2．lead to，指导致。
　☞ 我们欢迎能引出好事的任何变革。
　☞ We welcome any change that will lead to something good.
　☞ 在一定条件下，坏的东西可以引出好的结果，好的东西也可以引出坏的结果。
　☞ In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to good results and a good thing to bad results.
　☞ 总结报告引出一个结论，那就是接受有附带条件的外援是不明智的。
　☞ The summary report led to a conclusion that it would be unwise to accept any foreign aid with strings attached.
引发 引发
1．initiate，指最初的引发。
　☞ 爆发“非典”引发了一场有关生活方式的全国大讨论。
　☞ The breakout of SARS initiated a nationwide discussion on the life style.
　☞ 由于地下爆炸形成的高压气体迅速膨胀，地面会引发冲击波。
　☞ The rapid expansion of high-pressure gases formed in the underground explosion initiates a shock wave in the earth.
2．touch off，指一碰就着的引发。
　☞ 那一事件引发了一场暴乱。
　☞ The incident touched off a riot.
　☞ 他那番话引发了一场激烈的争论。
　☞ His remark touched off a terrible argument.
3．spark off指由一丁点火星引发或类似火星的引发。
　☞ 闪电可能引发了这场森林大火。
　☞ Lightning might spark off the forest fire.
　☞ 他的建议引发了一场激烈的辩论。
　☞ His proposal sparked off a heated debate.
4．trigger off，指犹如扣动扳机似的引发。
　☞ 一次无害的玩笑引发了两村之间的械斗。
　☞ A harmless joke triggered off a fight with weapons between the two villages.
　☞ 每个周期性偏头痛患者都应知道，有些食品会引发头痛或偏头痛。
　☞ Every migraine sufferer should know that there are some foods that trigger off a headache or migraine attack.
5．ignite，指利用某种装置引发。
　☞ 雷管和导火线都是用来引发炸药的。
　☞ The detonator and fuse are both used to ignite an explosive.
　☞ 爆炸是由火花塞点火引发的 The explosion was ignited by the spark plug.
引导 引导
1．guide，guidance，侧重在指明方向或陪同引导。
　☞ 伟大的党引导我们走向胜利。
　☞ Our great Party guides us to victory.
　☞ 他引导客人进了接待室。
　☞ He guided the guests to the reception room.
　☞ 警犬引导着警犬训导员到了隐藏毒品的地方。
　☞ The police dog guided its handler to the hidden drugs.
　☞ 学校应在性事方面给青年人以正确的引导。
　☞ Schools should give correct guidance to young people as to sexual matters.
2．lead (up to)，侧重于带领着引导。
　☞ 导游引导着游客们穿过大厅来到后院。
　☞ The guide led the tourists through the hall into the back yard.
　☞ 我看到一位红领巾引导着盲人穿过马路。
　☞ I saw a young pioneer leading a blind man across the road.
　☞ 最终他把谈话引导到他所热衷的话题上。
　☞ Finally he has led up to his favorite topic.
3．pilot，侧重于指引性引导。
　☞ 要在风高浪急的水域里引导船只并不容易。
　☞ It's not easy to pilot a ship in rough waters.
　☞ 导游引导着游客参观整个工厂并讲解每个生产过程。
　☞ The guide piloted the tourists through the entire factory and explained each process.
4．show around (round)，侧重于引导人们参观。
　☞ 主人引导贵宾们参观了车间。
　☞ The hosts showed the distinguished guests around the workshop.
　☞ 市长亲自引导代表团参观了市容。
　☞ The mayor showed the delegation round the city in person.
引起 引起
1．cause, 指由于某种原因引起某种结果。
　☞ 地震引起了生命财产的巨大损失。
　☞ The earthquake caused tremendous losses of life and property.
　☞ 由于司机对发动机的保养十分马虎才引起了这次事故。
　☞ The careless maintaining of the engine on the part of the driver caused the accident.
　☞ 日益恶化的经济形势引起了政府的严重关注。
　☞ The aggravating economic situation caused serious concern of the government.
2．arouse，指某种原因引起某种感情。
　☞ 这本书一定会引起学生对在校学习的兴趣。
　☞ The book is certain to arouse the students' interest in school studies.
　☞ 他讲的种种事情都引起了孩子们的好奇心。
　☞ Everything he said aroused children's curiosity.
　☞ 持不同政见者的命运引起了全世界的同情。
　☞ The fates of the dissidents aroused sympathy throughout the world.
3．arise, 不及物动词，但与arouse这个及物动词同义。
　☞ 他的举动鬼鬼祟祟，自然要引起居民们的疑心。
　☞ His behavior was so surreptitious that suspicion naturally arose in the dwellers.试比较：His surreptitious behavior naturally aroused suspicion on the part of the dwellers.
　☞ 不负责任的嚼舌头往往会引起很大的危害。
　☞ Great mischief often arises from irresponsible gossip.
　☞ 试比较：Irresponsible gossip often arouses great mischief.
　☞ 他们之间立刻引起了严重的分歧。
　☞ Between them serious disagreement immediately arose.试比较：Between them serious disagreement was aroused immediately.
4．lead to, 指导致某种结果。
　☞ 当时由于妇女是廉价劳力，因此雇主都大量雇用妇女，从而引起大量工伤事故。
　☞ At the time because women were the cheapest labor, the employer employed a lot of women, thus leading to masses of industrial accidents.
　☞ 工作太多，休息太少，往往会引起疾病。
　☞ Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.
　☞ 资本主义国家的“生产过剩”往往会引起经济危机。
　☞ In capitalist countries, "overproduction" often leads to economic crises.
5．give rise to，与lead to同义，但强调引起某种增长。
　☞ 下岗在这个汽车城里引起了不安。
　☞ The laid-off gave rise to unrest in the auto city.
　☞ 不是战争引起革命，就是革命制止战争。
　☞ Either war gives rise to revolution or revolution prevents war.
　☞ 他的一番话引起了不少揣测。
　☞ His remark gave rise to a considerable amount of speculation.
6．bring about (forth，on)，指带来某种结果。
　☞ 我们应该懂得革命引起的阶级关系的变化。
　☞ We ought to understand the changes in class relationships, which the revolution brought about.
　☞ 由于希特勒侵略波兰，引起了第二次世界大战。
　☞ The Second World War was brought about by Hitler's invasion of Poland.
　☞ 受到污染的水可能会引起多种疾病。
　☞ Polluted water might bring forth a host of diseases.
　☞ 他的那番讲话引起了一阵阵的抗议声。
　☞ His speech brought forth cries of protest.
　☞ 你认为这次边境事件会引起全面战争吗？
　☞ Do you think the border incident will bring on a full-scale war?
　☞ 激动往往会引起人们心脏病的发作。
　☞ Excitement often brings on one's heart attack.
7．induce，指受到某种诱发而引起。
　☞ 他的病是由于工作过分劳累引起的。
　☞ His illness was induced by overwork.
　☞ 这种药会引起呕吐。
　☞ This medicine will induce vomiting.
　☞ 一块铁靠近磁铁就会引起磁化。
　☞ You can induce magnetism in a piece of iron by holding it near a magnet.
8．draw，指由于某种吸引而引起。
　☞ 她悲惨的诉说引起了所有听众同情的眼泪。
　☞ Her pitiful story drew sympathetic tears from all who heard it.
　☞ 他的所作所为引起了上级的批评。
　☞ His actions drew criticism from his superiors.
　☞ 对出版商来说，争论可以引起对一本书的注意并增加其销路。
　☞ For a publisher controversy draws attention to a book and can increase its sales.
9．catch one's eye，也指引起注意，但其内涵窄于draw attention，仅限于视力上引起的注意。
　☞ 我在浏览相册时，一张褪色的照片引起了我的注意。
　☞ I was browsing through the album when a faded photo caught my eye.
　☞ 死者在日记第10页上用红铅笔做的记号引起了警方的注意。
　☞ The red pencil mark made by the dead on the tenth page of his diary caught the eye of the police.
　☞ 在橱窗里展出的一件时装引起了她的注意。
　☞ A fashionable dress displayed in the shop window has caught her eye.
10．originate from (in)，指起源于，侧重于引起的来源。
　☞ 中东纠纷是大国间争夺石油引起的。
　☞ The trouble in the Middle East originated from the struggle for oil between the powers.
　☞ 该图形表明空中爆炸时引起的球形爆炸可分成四个阶段向外运动。
　☞ The figures show four stages in the outward motion of the spherical blast originating from an airburst.
　☞ 他们的隔阂是一次为钱争吵而引起的。
　☞ Their estrangement originated in (from)a quarrel over money.
11．engender，指招致，侧重于引起的结果。
　☞ 气话会引起冲突。
　☞ Angry words engender strife.
　☞ 是食物短缺引起了市场供应紧张。
　☞ It is the shortage of food that engenders the tension in market supplies.
　☞ 这种药证明用之有效，也不会引起严重的副作用。
　☞ This medicine proves to be effective with no engendering serious side effects.
12．invite，指自己招引来的，侧重于引起的麻烦。
　☞ 他的行为在左邻右舍中引起了公愤。
　☞ His action invited public indignation in the neighborhood.
　☞ 你的所作所为只会引起麻烦。
　☞ What you have done can only invite trouble.
　☞ 这是开快车引起的危险。
　☞ This is the danger invited by fast driving.
13．provoke，指因挑衅引起或有意引起。
　☞ 边境争端引起了两国间的一场激战。
　☞ The border dispute provoked a hard battle between the two countries.
　☞ 他说的话引起一场捧腹大笑。
　☞ What he said provoked a side-splitting laughter.
　☞ 那无赖的脏话引起了姑娘心中的狂怒。
　☞ The cad's foul language provoked rage in the girl's mind.
张罗 张罗
1．take care of，指料理。
　☞ 打谷场里的活王大叔会张罗的。
　☞ Uncle Wang will take care of the work on the threshing floor.
2．get busy on，指立即动手干。
　☞ 我们应当不失时机地把这件事张罗起来。
　☞ We should get busy on the proposition without loss of time.
3．set about，开始动手干。
　☞ 只要来客人，我8岁的女儿就张罗着沏茶。
　☞ My eight-year-old daughter sets about making tea whenever comes a guest.
4．make arrangements for，指做出安排。
　☞ 他的父母急着为他张罗婚事。
　☞ His parents were anxious to make arrangements for his wedding.
5．go and see about，去查看查看。
　☞ 你们继续把活干完，我去张罗午饭。
　☞ Keep on till the work is finished. I'll go and see about lunch.
6．do sth.…about，指“为…做点事”。
　☞ 他还没结婚对象，你给张罗一个。
　☞ He hasn't got a girl to marry yet. Can't you do something about it?
7．rush, 指忙乱。
　☞ 要带的东西早点收拾好，免得临时张罗。
　☞ Get things ready in good time to avoid a last-minute rush.
8．raise fund, 指筹募资金。
　☞ 我上哪儿去张罗这么一大笔资金？
　☞ Where can I raise such a large amount of fund?
9．find money，指筹钱。
　☞ 你要的那笔钱，我们一定想办法张罗。
　☞ We'll try every means to find the sum of money you want.
10．look after，指照顾。
　☞ 她正忙着张罗客人。
　☞ She's busy looking after the guests.
11．entertain，指招待。
　☞ 今天客人多，你帮我们张罗张罗？
　☞ We are expecting many guests today. Would you please help me entertain them?
12．have sth. served to，指侍候人吃东西。
　☞ 她张罗着孩子们吃水果。
　☞ She had fruit served to the children.
13．bother about, 指麻烦。
　☞ 我们坐一会儿就走，茶就别张罗了。
　☞ We'll only stay for a few minutes. Please don't bother about serving tea.
14．attend to，指接待。
　☞ 顾客很多，一个售货员张罗不过来。
　☞ There were too many customers for one shop assistant to attend to。
弯 弯
1．curve，指不中断而又不断改变方向的弯。即没有角度的弯曲。
　☞ 他的嘴都笑弯了。
　☞ His lips were curved in a smile.
　☞ 他把钢筋弯成了弧形。
　☞ He curved the bars in an arch.
　☞ 她没料到路上突然有个弯道。
　☞ She had not anticipated the sudden curve along the road.
　☞ 相对论认为所有直线实际上都是弯的。
　☞ The theory of relativity has it that all straight lines are really curved.
2．bend, 指有角度的弯曲。
　☞ 这些钢管安装前要弯成所需的角度。
　☞ Bend the pipes at the angle as required before they are installed.
　☞ 护士弯下身子，吻了吻那个病孩。
　☞ The nurse bent down and kissed the sick child.
　☞ 这硬币弯了，塞不进电话的硬币槽里。
　☞ The coin is bent and doesn't 6t into the slot of the telephone.
3．bow，指弯成弓形。
　☞ 她弯身进了汽车。
　☞ She was bowed into the car.
　☞ 这里常刮西风，树都弯向东面。
　☞ The west wind that prevails here bows all trees towards the east.
　☞ 树枝都被雪压弯了。
　☞ The branches were bowed down with the weight of the snow.
4．twist，指扭弯。
　☞ 那男孩把铁丝弯成一个星形。
　☞ The boy twisted the wire into the shape of a star.
　☞ 她的嘴角弯下来，似乎要哭了。
　☞ Her mouth twisted at the comer as though she was going to cry.
　☞ 那条羊肠小道在岩石中弯来弯去。
　☞ The narrow trail twists in and out among the rocks.
5．crook，指弯曲如钩。
　☞ 他朝我弯弯手指，招呼我过去。
　☞ He crooked his finger at me to tell me to come over.
　☞ 小溪弯弯曲曲地流过谷地。
　☞ The stream crooks through the valley.
　☞ 他的家在弯街。
　☞ His house is in Crooked Street.
强加 强加
1．impose, 指通过官方、权威等强加。
　☞ 他们身居高位，但这并未给他们权力可以把自己的意志强加于老百姓。
　☞ High positions do not give them the right to impose their will on ordinary people.
　☞ 对，他是个权威，但他一次也没有把他的想法强加于像我这样的无名小辈身上。
　☞ Yes, he was an authority, yet not once did he attempt to impose his ideas on a nobody like me.
2．force，仅指通过一般强制力量的强加。如果与impose在内涵上没有矛盾，一般可以换用。
　☞ 不要把你的观点强加于人。
　☞ Don't force (impose) your views on others.
　☞ 在英国殖民地，英语强加在了所有公共机关的公职人员的身上。
　☞ In British colonies the English language was forced (imposed) on civil servants in all public institutions.
强化 强化
1．strengthen，指力量上的强化。
　☞ 军队与警察都是用来强化国家机器的工具。
　☞ Both army and police are tools used to strengthen the state apparatus.
　☞ 强化党在农村的领导刻不容缓。
　☞ Strengthening the leadership of the Party in the countryside is a task which brooks no delay.
2．intensify，指强度上的强化。
　☞ 我们必须强化志愿人员的军事训练，使之能在两个月之后投入战斗。
　☞ We must intensify the military training for the volunteers so that they can throw themselves into the battle in two months.
　☞ 做出的种种努力都是要强化2008年奥运会的准备工作。
　☞ Every effort we made is to intensify the preparatory work for the Olympic Games to be held in 2008.
3．reinforce，指通过增加力量或效率而强化。
　☞ 我们一般是通过钢筋来强化混凝土的。
　☞ Usually we reinforce concrete with steel bars.
　☞ 他们希望通过调动军警来强化对该国的统治。
　☞ They hope to reinforce their domination in this country by mustering troops and police.
4．consolidate, 指通过巩固内部而强化。
　☞ 我军由于得到3万人的增援而强化了纵深防御。
　☞ Our troops consolidated the defense in depth when receiving reinforcements of 30,000 men.
　☞ 中国共产党建立了工农联盟后大大强化了其政治地位。
　☞ The CPC has consolidated its political position greatly after establishing alliance of workers and peasants.
强烈 强烈
1．strong，指力度上强烈。
　☞ 他想当医生的愿望十分强烈。
　☞ His desire to become a doctor is very strong.
　☞ 她有强烈的幽默感。
　☞ He has a strong sense of humor.
　☞ 我知道她的感情和他的一样强烈。
　☞ I knew her emotions were as strong as his.
2．intense，指强度上强烈。
　☞ 我感到的幸福强烈得我说不出话来。
　☞ I felt a happiness so intense that I could not speak.
　☞ 他的态度在学生中间引起了强烈的反感。
　☞ His attitude created intense dislike among the students.
3．violent，指程度上强烈，因而往往无法控制并带有暴力倾向。
　☞ 强烈的地震使3,000人无家可归。
　☞ The violent earthquake left 3,000 people homeless.
　☞ 感情的强烈爆发成了一场无法控制的狂暴表演。
　☞ Violent feelings broke out into ungovernable expression.
4．sharp，指可以明显感觉出来的强烈。
　☞ 这张照片黑白分明，造成了强烈的对比。
　☞ The distinction between black and white in this photo creates a sharp contrast.
　☞ 我闻到一股强烈的麝香味。
　☞ I smelled a sharp musky smell.
5．keen，指无法排解的强烈。
　☞ 她谋杀自己的情人是出于强烈的嫉妒。
　☞ She murdered her lover out of keen jealousy 他对摄影有强烈的兴趣。
　☞ He has a keen interest in photographing.
强调 强调
1．emphasize，emphasis，书面语，可指任何事物的强调。
　☞ 我们强调理论的重要性完全是因为理论可以指导实践。
　☞ We emphasize the importance of theory precisely because it can guide practice.
　☞ 关于经济危机有两点必须强调。
　☞ There are two points which must be emphasized in connection with the economic crisis.
　 ■ 在使用emphasis表示“强调”时应注意与之搭配的动词。
　☞ 他的报告特别强调了改善农业生产的必要性。
　☞ His report placed particular emphasis on the necessity to improve agricultural production.
　☞ 主席的讲话强调了这次经济危机。
　☞ The chairman's speech gave emphasis to the economic crisis.
　☞ 这本词典特别强调常用词的用法。
　☞ This dictionary lays (puts) special emphasis on the usage of common words.
2．stress，表示强调时，意义与emphasis接近，故可以换用，但常用于口语。
　☞ 我们强调自力更生，但不反对合作。
　☞ We stress (emphasize) regeneration through our own efforts but we're not opposed to cooperation.
　☞ 他强调了先进的管理技术在管理过程中的决定性作用。
　☞ He stressed (emphasized) the decisive role of advanced managed techniques in the process of management.或He laid (placed, put) stress (emphasis) on the decisive role of advanced managed techniques in the process of management.
　☞ 这本语法书特别强调语法规则在实践中的正确应用。
　☞ This grammar book places special stress (emphasis) on the correct application of grammatical rules in practice.
　☞ 你不应该过分强调特殊情况。
　☞ You shouldn't lay undue stress (emphasis) on special circumstances.
3．underline, 作“强调”解是其引申义，有“着重指出”的意思。
　☞ 他在讲话中强调了我们在基层时应诙注意的几个要点。
　☞ In his speech he underlined some main points to which we have to pay attention during our stay at the grass-roots level.
　☞ 这个例子强调了一个英语老师的责任是要使全班学生生动活泼，积极主动地说英语，用英语。
　☞ This example underlines that the responsibility of a teacher of English is to keep his class lively, active and eager to speak English and use English.
强迫（强制） 强迫（强制）
　 ■ “强迫”与“强制”是一对同义词。“强迫”强调用强力迫使，而“强制”则强调用强力制服。不过前者的语气轻，时间短。
1．force，forcible，指用强制力量迫使或制服，这里的强力往往指武力、暴力等。
　☞ 是他父亲强迫他这么干的。
　☞ It was his father who forced him to do so.
　☞ 过去国民党军队常常强迫农民当兵。
　☞ In the past Kuomintang troops often forced peasants into their army.
　☞ 你总不能强迫他们接受你的意见吧。
　☞ You can't force them into acceptance of your opinion surely.
　☞ 他在劳改农场接受强制劳动。
　☞ He did forced labor in a reform-through-labor farm.
　☞ 对流可分为两种，即自然对流和强制对流。
　☞ Convection can be of two types, natural convection and forced convection＋
　☞ 要强制执行法院的判决并不容易。
　☞ It is not easy to put a court verdict into forcible execution.
2．compel，compulsory，表示更强烈的用强力迫使或制服。这里的强力往往来自法律、政权机关等，当然也包括大自然的强制力量。
　☞ 警方没有强迫他讲，但他自己主动坦白了。
　☞ The police had not compelled him to talk, he confessed of his own accord.
　☞ 没人会强迫他，他是完全自由的。
　☞ Nobody will compel him, he is perfectly free.
　☞ 法院强制他缴纳500元罚款。
　☞ The court compelled him to pay a 500 yuan fine.
　☞ 不能强制人们接受一种特定的艺术风格或一种特定的思想学派。
　☞ People cannot be compelled to accept one particular style of art or school of thought.
　☞ 有那么一个超级大国，动不动就强制性制裁不合它口味的国家。
　☞ There is such a superpower that is always applying compulsory sanction against the countries it doesn't like.
3．coerce，指通过武力、威胁、压制等手段迫使或制服。
　☞ 政府威胁要解散工会来强迫工会接受工资限额。
　☞ The government coerced the trade union into accepting the pay limit by threatening to disband it.
　☞ 我们强制实现了欧洲经济共同体国家之间的统一性。
　☞ We coerced uniformity between the countries in the EEC.
4．mandatory，专指通过命令、授权后的强制。
　☞ 为确保社会稳定，必须对工资和物价实行强制性管制。
　☞ It is necessary to exercise mandatory wage and price control in order to secure the stability of society.
　☞ 强制性命令必须坚决执行。
　☞ Mandatory orders must be carried out resolutely.
归功 归功
1．credit with, credit to，指“相信是…的功劳”，注意两种不同用法的比较。
　☞ 我们不应把所有已取得的成就归功于个人。
　☞ We should not credit an individual person with all the achievements that have been made，试比较：We should not credit all the achievements that have been made to an individual person.
　☞ 火药的发明应归功于中国人。
　☞ The Chinese are credited with the invention of gunpowder.试比较：The invention of gunpowder is credited to the Chinese.
2．owe to，指“归到…的功劳”。
　☞ 如果我有什么进步，应归功于你。
　☞ If I have improved in any way I owe it to you.
　☞ 由此可见，无产阶级文化、艺术的产生、成长及发展都应归功于伟大的革命斗争。
　☞ Hence, it can be seen that proletarian literature and art owed its birth, growth and development to the great revolutionary struggles.
3．ascribe，attribute，指“把…的功劳归属于”。
　☞ 注意的是，凡上述两词的宾语带有褒义，均可译为“归功于”，凡带有贬义的，译为“归咎为”。
　☞ 他谦虚地把一切荣誉归功于他的助手。
　☞ He modestly ascribed all the glory to his assistants.
　☞ 他在语言研究方面的成就都归功于他多年来的艰苦工作。
　☞ His success in language study is ascribed to many years of hard work.
　☞ 老宅的一切都保持着原来的样子，这应归功于保护有方。
　☞ Everything in the old house is kept intact, which should be ascribed to good preservation.试比较：老宅这次起火应归咎于用火不慎。The fire of the old house should be ascribed to careless use of fire.
　☞ 他把身体好归功于生活有规律和医疗条件好。
　☞ He attributes his good health to regular life and better medical service。试比较：他把身体不好归咎于缺少体育锻炼。He attributes his bad health to lack of physical exercise.
归咎 归咎
1．ascribe to，attribute to，指“把…的过失归属于”。如果上述两词的宾语带有贬义，即有“归咎于”的意思。
　☞ 医学研究把肺癌发病率的上升归咎于吸烟。
　☞ Medical researches ascribe the rise in the incidence of lung cancer to the smoking of cigarettes.
　☞ 这场森林火灾归咎于用火不慎。
　☞ The forest fire was ascribed to careless use of fire.
　☞ 不要把你的错误都归咎于客观原因。
　☞ Don't attribute all your mistakes to objective causes.
　☞ 这次车祸归咎于刹车失灵。
　☞ The car accident was attributed to faulty brakes.
2．impute to，指“把…转嫁给别人”，故常带贬义。
　☞ 警方把犯罪增加归咎于给予了年轻人过多的自由。
　☞ The police impute the rise in crime to the greater freedom given to young people.
　☞ 你怎么敢把这样的失败归咎于我呢？
　☞ How dare you impute such failure to me?
3．blame on，指“怪到…头上”。
　☞ 他把煤气管干线的断裂归咎于地震。
　☞ He blamed the breakage of the gas mains on the earthquake.
　☞ 把我们的失败归咎于天气毫无用处。
　☞ It is no use blaming our defeat on the weather.
归纳 归纳
1．sum up，指总结性归纳。
　☞ 请你把这篇文章的大意归纳一下。
　☞ Will you please sum up the main idea of the article?
　☞ 会议结束时，主席归纳了与会者的意见。
　☞ At the end of the meeting the chairman summed up the opinions of the participants.
　☞ 我们可以用3句话，把这课书的要点归纳出来。
　☞ We can sum up the main points of the lesson in three sentences.
2．induce from，指推理性归纳。
　☞ 我们可以从大量偶然性事实中归纳出一个总命题。
　☞ We can induce the general proposition from a multitude of contingent facts.
　☞ 规律是可以从足够数量的结果中归纳出来的。
　☞ From a sufficient number of results a law is induced.
　☞ 怎么会在不同的前提下归纳出同一个结论呢？
　☞ How can the same conclusion be induced from different premises.
3．draw a conclusion from，指结论性归纳。
　☞ 这是他从无数事实中归纳出来的结论。
　☞ This is a conclusion which he has drawn from numerous facts.
　☞ 从同样的观察中他们竟会归纳出不同的结论。
　☞ They should have drawn different conclusions from the same observations.
4．boil down to，指压缩性归纳。
　☞ 总之，他们归纳为10大问题，或10大关系。
　☞ In all, they boiled down to ten major problems, or ten major relationships.
　☞ 空中小姐的录用可归纳为5个因素。
　☞ The employment of air hostesses can be boiled down to five factors.
　☞ 你能把这篇报告归纳为大约200字的提纲吗？
　☞ Can you boil down the report to an outline of about two hundred words?
当中 当中
1．in the middle (of)，指中间。
　☞ 河当中，水流最急。
　☞ The current is swiftest in the middle of the river.
　☞ 他的车突然在路当中停了下来。
　☞ His car came to a sudden halt in the middle of the road.
　☞ 当中有一张圆桌。
　☞ In the middle was a round table.
2．in the center (of)，指中心。
　☞ 他坐在主席台当中。
　☞ He was seated in the center of the rostrum.
　☞ 房间当中站着一位年轻人。
　☞ In the center of the room stood a young man.
　☞ 一个烤火用的火炉支在当中。
　☞ In the center stands a heating stove.
3．among，指在三个或三个以上的人或物中间。
　☞ 工人当中出现了许多技术革新能手。
　☞ Many technical innovators have emerged from among the workers.
　☞ 群山当中散布着一些村落。
　☞ Some villages are scattered among mountains.
4．between，指两个人或物的中间。
　☞ 一条小河在桃红柳绿的两岸当中流过。
　☞ A creek flows between the banks with peach trees blossoming red and willows turning green.
　☞ 她被夹在两个胖子当中。
　☞ She was sandwiched between two fat men.
当初 当初
1．表示事情的开始阶段，可用at first，in the first place, originally等。
　☞ 他当初在班上有点腼腆，不过现在的表现比较正常。
　☞ At first he was a little shy in class, but now he acts more naturally.
　☞ 当初，她母亲没察觉这种异常。
　☞ Her mother had not at first perceived the unusual.
　☞ 当初你就不该这么做。
　☞ You should never have acted the way you did in the first place.
　☞ 当初打算在这儿盖一座大楼。
　☞ It was originally planned to put up a big building here.
　☞ 这不是我们当初打算干的。
　☞ This is not what we originally set out to do.
2．表示对过去事情的回顾，可用used to。
　☞ 当初这儿是一片荒野，如今工厂林立。
　☞ Factories now stand in great number where there used to be a wilderness.
　☞ 胡叔叔当初是留胡子的，不过现在剃掉了。
　☞ Uncle Hu used to have a beard, but now he shaves it off.
3．表示过去和现在的对比或表示轻微的责备、遗憾等感情色彩时，可用过去时虚拟语气。
　☞ 早知今日，何必当初。
　☞ If you had known this day must come you wouldn't have acted as you did.
　☞ 早知产量这么高，当初就该采用这种新技术。
　☞ If we had known the yield would be so high we should have adopted the new technique.
　☞ 当初就该早睡。
　☞ You should have gone to bed early.
　☞ 他们当初就不该入侵阿富汗。
　☞ They should not have invaded Afghanistan.
4．表示对过去事实的回顾，可用一般过去时。
　☞ 我当初对你怎么讲来着？
　☞ What did I tell you?
　☞ 你当初就是自找的！
　☞ You asked for it!
当心 当心
1．look out，要人提防危险，常用于祈使句。
　☞ 当心！汽车来了。
　☞ Look out! There's a car coming.
　☞ 当心你掉下去！
　☞ Look out or you could fall off!
　☞ 过马路要当心。
　☞ Look out when you're crossing the road.
2．careful, take care，have a care，要人注意，使用祈使句的情况没有look out那么紧急，只是一种提醒。
　☞ 当心别踩庄稼。
　☞ Be careful not to step on the crops.
　☞ 过马路要当心。
　☞ Be careful (in) crossing the street.（in可用可不用）
　☞ 当心别掉了。
　☞ Be careful you don't drop it.
　☞ 当心别把杯子打了。
　☞ Take care (Have a care) not to break the cup.（用 take没有冠词a，用have则有冠词a）
3．watch，要人瞧着点。
　☞ 过马路要当心。
　☞ Watch when you cross the street.
　☞ 年纪大了，要当心身体。
　☞ Watch your health, as you grow older.
　☞ 当心别掉下去。
　☞ Watch you don't fall off.
当然 当然
1．of course，表示理所当然。
　☞ 如果你需要，我当然会帮你。
　☞ Of course I'll help you if you need me.
　☞ 大雨倾盆而来，足球赛当然就取消了。
　☞ The rain came pouring down and of course the football game was cancelled.
2．certainly，表示肯定。
　☞ 他当然会站在我们一边。
　☞ Certainly he will be on our side.
　☞ 你当然不会忘记这个日期，对不？
　☞ You certainly won't forget the date, will you?
　“你中学毕业以后还想上大学吗？”“当然想。”
　 "Do you intend to go to college after you graduate from your middle school?" "I certainly do."（如用 "Of course I do" ，言下之意有“连这都不知道，太傻了”的意思）
3．surely，表示相信。
　☞ 一个人当然不能没日没夜的工作，总得有点乐趣吧。
　☞ One can't work day and night; surely, one has to have a little fun.
　☞ 你当然不愿意这么残酷，对不？
　☞ You surely don't wish to be so cruel, do you?
4．to be sure，用来承接上文，肯定前面的事实，并常与but连用，以否定后面的事实。
　☞ 他这个人当然好，就是不那么聪明。
　☞ He is a nice person, to be sure, but not very clever.
　☞ 流浪汉当然是一直流浪，而且没有目的地。
　☞ The hobo is, to be sure, always on the move, but he has no destination.
5．without doubt，表示肯定到不容置疑。
　☞ 别担心，他当然会回来。
　☞ Don't worry, he'll come back without doubt.
　☞ 你当然一直在努力工作。
　☞ Without doubt you have been working very hard.
6．It (that) goes without saying，表示不言而喻，常前置或后置于道理十分明白的说法之前或之后。前置时用it，后置时用that。
　☞ 同志有困难当然要帮助。
　☞ It goes without saying that we should help a comrade in difficulty.
　☞ 视力不好的人当然要戴眼镜。
　☞ A person with weak eyes should wear glasses, that goes without saying.
7．natural，表示自然而然。
　☞ 你取得成功是当然的。
　☞ It is natural that you should succeed.
　☞ 他想见她是当然的。
　☞ That he should wish to see her is natural.
当面 当面
1．face to face, to one's face，表示面对面。
　☞ 你说的事情我们一定当面弄清楚。
　☞ We are determined to straighten out face to face what you have said.
　☞ 他当面指控警官接受贿赂。
　☞ He accused face to face the police officer of accepting the bribery.
　☞ 当面说好话，背后下毒手是两面派的手法。
　☞ It is dual tactics to say nice things to one's face, and then stab one in the back.
　☞ 当面不说，背后乱说；开会不说，会后乱说。
　☞ To say nothing to people to their faces but to gossip behind their backs, or to say nothing at the meeting but to gossip afterwards.
2．personally，表示亲自参与。
　☞ 信是我当面交给主任的。
　☞ I handed the letter to the director personally.
　☞ 钱请当面清点。
　☞ Please check the money personally.
3．barefaced，表示毫不掩饰。
　☞ 你当面撒谎。
　☞ You are telling a barefaced lie.
　☞ 要价这么高，这无异是当面抢劫。
　☞ It's nothing short of barefaced robbery to charge this much.
4．有时“当面”可以拆开来用，这时可译in the face of。
　☞ 现在咱们当着老师的面把话讲清楚。
　☞ Let's make it clear in the face of the teacher.
　☞ 当时他当着老乡的面被日本鬼子活活烧死。
　☞ He was burnt alive by the Japanese in the face of the villagers.
形势 形势
1．situation，指在特定的时间、地点、事件中的形势。
　☞ 我们认清了我们所处的形势，决心战斗到底。
　☞ Realizing the situation we were in, we were determined to fight to the end.
　☞ 21世纪的国际形势正朝着多极化发展。
　☞ The international situation of the 2lst century is moving towards multi-polarization.
　☞ 整个世界都十分关注伊拉克的形势。
　☞ The whole world was watching the situation in Iraq with great concern.
　☞ 改革开放后的形势越来越好。
　☞ The situation has been getting better and better since the reform and opening to the outside world.
　☞ 现在形势逼人，不学习不行。
　☞ The situation is pressing. We can go nowhere without further study.
2．circumstance，指由环境的各个细节组成的彤势，因此一般都用复数。而且circumstance表示的形势没有situation大，往往指发生在个人周围的情况。
　☞ 他18岁时形势变了，他的父亲在一次车祸中死去。
　☞ When he was eighteen years old the circumstance changed. His father was killed in an automobile accident.
　☞ 他的复仇情绪是形势发展的必然结果。
　☞ His desire for revenge was the inevitable result of developing circumstances.
　☞ 形势将最终迫使他们采取这一政策。
　☞ Circumstances will force them finally to adopt this policy.
3．condition，指整个环境或条件造成的形势，但比circumstance更强调对现实的影响，实际上还指环境和状况。也可用复数。
　☞ 他把经济形势说得很严重。
　☞ He described the economic conditions as very serious.
　☞ 我们应当承认业已变化了的形势，以适应改革的时代。
　☞ We should recognize the changed conditions to be adapted to the age of reform.
　☞ 你们所处的形势微妙，行动要十分小心。
　☞ You are in a delicate condition. Be very cautious in action.
4．things，指事情发展后的形势，因此其内涵模糊，外延狭窄。一般只指个人周围的形势。也常用复数。
　☞ 他们一见形势不妙，就开溜了。
　☞ Seeing that things looked black, they sneaked away.
　☞ 自你走后，形势有了变化。
　☞ Things have changed since you were gone.
5．“形势”的其他译法。
　☞ 该处关隘形势险要，易守难攻。
　☞ The mountain pass is a strategically important terrain easy to hold but hard to attack.
形式 形式
1．form，formal，强调具有固定程式或固定词语而必须遵守的形式。
　☞ 乡村派出所的民警在听取村民报告案情时，尽管相互都非常熟悉，在形式上也得问其姓名、性别、 年龄等。
　☞ When the village policeman is taking a report about any case from one of the villagers, he has to ask him his name, sex, age, etc, as a matter of form though he knows him very well.
　☞ 财产转让应该采取一定的形式。
　☞ A transfer of property should be made in due form.
　 ■ 因此扩散开去，凡要表示一切刻板模式的各种形式，一般都可用form。
　☞ 总之，我们要在这次文艺会演中取得内容与形式的统一。
　☞ In a word, we must achieve unity of content and form in the theatrical festival.
　☞ 应当说这次学雷锋的活动，你们拘泥于形式而忽视了精神。
　☞ I should say that you have observed the form but neglected the spirit in learning from Lei Fang.
　☞ 他们只是保持了形式上的独立，而不是真正的独立。
　☞ They maintained only formal, not real independence.
　☞ 英国女王是形式上的国家元首。
　☞ The English queen is the formal head of the state.
2．formality，强调法律、习俗、礼仪上讲究规范的形式。
　☞ 条约的条款一旦敲定，签字就只是个形式了。
　☞ Once the terms had been hammered out, the signing of the treaty was just a formality.
　☞ 尽管只是形式，你也得要老板点头。
　☞ You have to get the 0.K.from the boss though it's a formality.
　☞ 他的工作已得到保证，面试只是个形式。
　☞ He is assured of the job and his interview is a mere formality。
3．shape，强调事物在组织、安排、考虑时的形式。
　☞ 咱们来讨论一下辩论的形式。
　☞ Let's have a discussion about the shape of argument.
　☞ 未来社会将是什么形式？
　☞ What shape will the future society have?
　 ■ in the shape of， 可表示“以…形式”。
　☞ 他是以支票的形式付款的。
　☞ He paid the sum of money in the shape of check.
　 ■ 为强调起见，也可用in any shape or form表示“以任何形式”。
　☞ 他不会容忍任何形式的反抗。
　☞ He will not tolerate disobedience in any shape or form.
4．in a mechanical way，指以机械的方式。
　☞ 我们不能形式地看问题。
　☞ We should not consider a question in a mechanical way.
　☞ 你决不应形式地理解党的政策。
　☞ You must not understand the Party's policy in a mechanical way.
形成 形成
1．form，常用词，指具有确定轮廓、样式或结构的形成，强调内部与外部的形状。
　☞ 两条河形成了一个三角洲，上海市即位于该地。
　☞ Two rivers forma delta where Shanghai is located.
　☞ 人们自动过来围着他形成一个圈子，跳起舞来。
　☞ People came of their own accord to form a circle around him and started to dance.
　☞ 我们头上的花朵密密麻麻的，形成了一个拱道。
　☞ The flowers were so thick and numerous that formed an archway above our heads.
　☞ 石灰岩经过地下水长期的侵蚀后会形成岩洞。
　☞ Caves are formed by the erosion of limestone by groundwater over many thousands of years.
　 ■ 不过，form也用于某种抽象概念的形成。
　☞ 我发现很难形成统一的意见。
　☞ I found it hard to form a unanimous opinion.
　☞ 他们悲惨的生活与富人的穷奢极欲形成了鲜明的对比。
　☞ Their wretched life forms a sharp contrast to the luxury and extravagance of the rich.
　☞ 他的性格是在学校里形成的。
　☞ His character was formed at school.
2．shape，指平面或立体形状的形成，只指外部形状。
　☞ 是积雪逐渐形成了南极的冰川。
　☞ It is the accumulated snow that gradually shapes into glaciers at the South Pole.
　 ■ 如果这一特点与form的特点不发生矛盾时，两者可以换用。
　☞ 在校期间形成了他的性格。
　☞ The time at school shaped (formed) his character.
　 ■ 但是在不注重外形时，一般用form 而不用shape。
　☞ 石油在一定的温度下会形成蒸气。
　☞ Petrol forms vapor above certain temperature.
　☞ 冬天，窗子里面会形成水蒸气。
　☞ Steam is formed on the inside of the windows.
　 ■ 不过，如果在说话人心目中把无形的事物当作有形时，shape也同样 可以用来表示无形的概念。
　☞ 一种切实可行的经济体制正在形成。
　☞ A viable economy is shaping up.
　 ■ take shape可表示“开始形成”，但为书面用语。
　☞ 崭新的师生关系正在我校形成。
　☞ Completely new relations between teachers and students are taking shape in our school.
　☞ 这一想法多年前就在发起人的心中形成了。
　☞ The idea took shape in the minds of the promoters many years ago.
3．come into being，指从无到有的形成。
　☞ 自劳资两个阶级形成以来，一直处于矛盾之中。
　☞ Labor and capital have been in contradiction ever since the two classes came into being.
　☞ 近代自然科学是有了实验科学之后才形成的。
　☞ Modern natural science came into being only after the emergence of experimental science.
4．constitute，指在构建中形成。
　☞ 超级大国在邻国建立军事基地对我国形成了直接威胁。
　☞ The setting up of military bases in the neighbors by the superpower constitutes a direct threat to our country.
　☞ 电荷由一处流动到另一处就形成了电流。
　☞ A flow of charge from one place to another constitutes an electric current.
5．evolve, 指在演变中形成。
　☞ 资本主义的政治制度是经过了几个世纪才形成的。
　☞ The capitalist political system has evolved over several centuries.
　☞ 该艺术团已经形成了自己的独特风格。
　☞ This arts troupe has evolved a distinctive style of its own.
6．become, 指在变化中形成。
　☞ 用国家公款大吃大喝已形成了司空见惯的社会风气。
　☞ Excessive eating and drinking at the cost of state money have become a common practice of the society.
　☞ 青少年犯罪已形成了严重的社会问题。
　☞ Juvenile delinquency has already become a serious problem of the society.
7．give rise to，指形成某种结果。
　☞ 外界事物作用于我们的感官，在我们头脑中形成印象。
　☞ External things act on our sense organs and give rise to impressions in our brains.
　☞ 大家知道，伊拉克的战争给美国的军火工业形成了巨大的商机。
　☞ The war on Iraq, as we all know, has given rise to enormous business for the munitions industry of the United States.
形状 形状
1．shape，指物体的外部形状。
　☞ 意大利从地图上看其形状像一只靴子。
　☞ The shape of Italy resembles a boot when you look at it on the map.
　☞ 熔化的玻璃可塑成任何形状。
　☞ Melted glass can be molded into any shapes.
　☞ 凤梨和苹果的形状不同。
　☞ A pineapple is different in shape from an apple.
2．form，指轮廓、结构、层次分明的形状。
　☞ 汽车的形状已有许多的改进。
　☞ There have been many improvements in the form of cars.
　☞ 黑暗中，我们很难分辨群山的形状。
　☞ It was hard for us to make out the form of the mountains in the dark.
3．appearance，指外表看起来的模样。
　☞ 这种草药形状奇怪，我们都不认识。
　☞ This kind of medicinal herb has a strange appearance and none of us recognizes it.
　☞ 这种水果的形状像樱桃，但比樱桃大。
　☞ The appearance of the fruit resembles cheery, but is larger than it.
形象 形象
1．image，指具体的图象或对事物留下的想像或印象。
　☞ 利用图画进行课堂教学有助于儿童通过形象来认识事物。
　☞ The use of pictures in classroom teaching helps children to understand things through images.
　☞ 我闭上眼睛就能见到人或物的形象。
　☞ I can shut my eyes and see images of things or persons.
　☞ 政府的形象很好，因为它执行了一项人人高兴的政策。
　☞ The government has a very good image because it carries out a policy that everybody likes.
　 ■ 此外，image还可指文学艺术中创造的形象。
　☞ 作者在小说中成功地塑造了一群英雄的形象。
　☞ The author succeeded in creating images of heroes and heroines in his novel.
2．appearance，使人感觉到的外表形象。
　☞ 她的形象平平，却有一颗金子般的心。
　☞ Her appearance is homely, but she has a heart of gold.
　☞ 他是个形象很好的小伙子，不少姑娘都看上他了。
　☞ He is 8 young man of good appearance, and not a few girls take a liking to him.
　☞ 哈，你把这条小溪的形象说得如诗如画。
　☞ Well, you gave the stream a poetic and picturesque appearance.
3．figure，指雕塑或图画中的形象。
　☞ 我正学着用木头雕刻一群舞者的形象。
　☞ I'm learning to carve a figure of dancers out of wood.
　☞ 硬币上的形象是国徽。
　☞ On the coin is the figure of national emblem.
　☞ 屏风上画着花、鸟、虫、鱼的形象。
　☞ The screens were painted with figures of flowers, birds, insects and fishes.
4．“形象”的其他译法。
　☞ 她高高的个子，形象优雅，是个抢眼的女子。
　☞ She is a striking woman with a tall graceful form.
　☞ 在她的心里，他突然变成了一个形象高大的男子汉。
　☞ In her mind he suddenly turned into a man of imposing statue.
　☞ 这个电视剧形象地表现了拓荒者坚韧不拔的精神。
　☞ The teleplay vividly depicts the dauntless spirit of the trailblazers.
影响 影响
1．influence，侧重于不易察觉的、潜移默化的影响，并强调由于这种影响而在进程、性质、性格上发生的变化。
　☞ 当时影响我的理由现在还会对我产生影响。
　☞ The reason which influenced me then will influence me now.
　☞ 父母亲的一举一动都会影响孩子的身心。
　☞ Parents' behaviors influence children's body and mind.
　☞ 由于受中学生物老师的影响，他茌大学里学了医。
　☞ Influenced by the middle school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine at college.
　☞ 法官决不应该由于同情或偏见而影响其判决。
　☞ The judge should never be influenced in his decisions by his sympathies or prejudices.
　☞ 他之所以成为诗人可能是由于他母亲的影响。
　☞ That he became a poet may have been due to his mother's influence.
　☞ 某些特权阶层对政府是很有影响的。
　☞ Some privileged strata have much influence on the government.
2．affect，侧重于负面的影响，并强调某种有力的刺激因素作为先决条件。
　☞ 吸烟影响健康。
　☞ Smoking affects health.
　☞ 躺在床上看书已经影响了他的视力。
　☞ Reading in bed has affected his eyesight.
　☞ 经济危机严重影响了我国的出口。
　☞ The economic crisis seriously affected China's exports.
　☞ 过量的雨水影响了庄稼的生长。
　☞ Excessive amount of rain affects the growth of crops.
3．effect，往往也侧重于负面影响，等于是动词affect的名词。
　☞ 过分劳累对他的健康有严重影响。
　☞ Overwork has a serious effect on his health，试比较：
　☞ Overwork seriously affects his health.
　☞ 大麻毒品和电视暴力都会对青少年产生巨大的心理和道德的影响。
　☞ Marijuana and TV violence exercise great psychological and moral effects on teenagers.
　☞ 化工厂对环境的影响自不待言。
　☞ The effects of chemical plants on the environments are self-evident.
4．sway，意义大致与influence相同，但侧重于影响的摇摆不定，并强调受到某种不可抗拒因素的影响。
　☞ 她一会儿这，一会儿那的，太容易受到情绪的影响。
　☞ She is too easily swayed one way or the other by her emotions。
　☞ 这里周围的环境可以影响儿童学好，也可以学坏。
　☞ The environments here might sway children for good or for evil.
　☞ 有人正企图以贿赂来影响选举。
　☞ Some people are trying to sway the election with bribery.
　☞ 她在丈夫据理力争的影响之下改变了主意。
　☞ She changed her mind under the sway of her husband's argument on just ground.
5．reflect on，reflection on, 也指负面影响，但侧重于指反映出来的影响。
　☞ 这样的谣言影响了我们公司的名誉。
　☞ A rumor like this reflects on the honor of our company.
　☞ 他的行为会严重影响他今后事业的发展。
　☞ His conduct will seriously reflect on his future career.
　☞ 影响本部门声誉的事千万别干。
　☞ Be sure to do nothing that reflects on the reputation of the department.
　☞ 你在这件事情上的做法会严重影响你的信誉。
　☞ Your behavior in this matter is a grave reflection on your credit.
6．impact，侧重于一物冲击另一物时造成的影响。
　☞ 能源涨价影响到家庭预算中每一笔必要的开支。
　☞ The rise in price of energy impacts on every essential in the family budget.
　☞ 战争对大家，无论是男女老少都会有影响。
　☞ War impacts on everyone, men and women or old and young.
　☞ 现代科技对人们的生活方式有很大的影响。
　☞ Modem science and technology have great impact on people's life style.
　☞ 这篇文章造成了很大影响。
　☞ The article is making a strong impact.
7．hold up，指影响某种进程。
　☞ 阴雨连绵影响了工程进度。
　☞ An unbroken spell of wet weather held up the project.
　☞ 太窄的街道影响交通。
　☞ Too narrow streets hold up traffic.
8．interfere with, 指受到干扰的影响。
　☞ 飞机的噪声影响了他的研究工作。
　☞ The noise made by planes interferes with his research work.
　☞ 王老师生病影响了我们的功课。
　☞ The illness of Wang, our teacher, has interfered with our lessons＋
9．“影响”的其他译法。
　☞ 你这样做影响不好。
　☞ What you have done would create a bad impression.
　☞ 施工偷工减料会影响质量。
　☞ Jerry-building impairs quality.
　☞ 你要是说话不算数，那会影响威信的。
　☞ You'll lower your prestige if you go back on your word.
　☞ 领导机关的冷漠已经影响了群众的积极性。
　☞ Indifference of the leading body has chilled the enthusiasm of the masses.
　☞ 别影响他复习功课。
　☞ Don't disturb him while he is reviewing his lessons.
　☞ 灯光不好会影响演出效果。
　☞ Poor lighting will spoil the stage effect.
影子 影子
1．shadow，指光线受阻后形成的影子。
　☞ 地球的影子落到月球上就是月食。
　☞ There is a lunar eclipse when the earth's shadow falls on the moon.
　☞ 随着太阳下山，影子就会变长。
　☞ As the sun sets, the shadows become longer.
2．reflection，指反射出来的影子。
　☞ 她逛大街时喜欢看着橱窗里的影子顾影自怜。
　☞ When she strolls around the streets she likes to look at her reflection in the shop window and admire herself.
　☞ 他看见湖面上有个漂亮姑娘的影子，她正站在他的身后。
　☞ He saw a reflection of a pretty girl in the lake standing behind him.
3．sign，trace，指迹象、痕迹，常用于否定句。
　☞ 谈判已经进行了好久，可谈判的结果至今连个影子都还没有。
　☞ The talks have been going on for a long time, but there is no sign of any result as yet.
　☞ 我们到处找她丢失的金戒指，但没有一点影子。
　☞ We search everywhere for the gold ring she lost, but there is no sign of it.
　☞ 我连丢失的羊羔的影子都没找到。
　☞ I didn't find any trace of the missing lamb.
　☞ 民兵们在山上搜索空投特务，却连影子也没有。
　☞ The militiamen combed the hills for an airdropped agent, but there was no trace of him.
4．glimpse，指看出来的或理解出来的影子。
　☞ 我找了他半天，连个影子也没看见。
　☞ I looked for him a long time but never even caught a glimpse of him.
　☞ 我听得出来他讲的话里有一些事实真相的影子。
　☞ I can make out some glimpses of truth in what he said.
5．recollection, 指回想起来的影子。
　☞ 事情已经过了那么久，我脑子里连点模糊的影子也没有了。
　☞ It happened so long ago that I haven't the least vague recollection of it.
　☞ 你说我来过这地方，可我连一点影子都想不起来。
　☞ You say that I have been to the place, but I have no recollection whatever of it.
征服 征服
1．conquer，指获得控制权的征服。
　☞ 诺曼人在11世纪征服了英格兰。
　☞ The Normans conquered England in the 11th century.
　☞ 人类是要征服自然还是与之和平共处？这是一个有待争论的问题。
　☞ Will man conquer nature or they'll coexist? That is a question to contend about.
2．tame，指使之驯服。
　☞ 中国人民终于征服了放荡不羁的黄河。
　☞ The Chinese people have finally tamed the unrestrained Yellow River.
　☞ 人类终有一天是会征服自然的。
　☞ One day man will tame nature.
3．take by storm, 指“取得…的欢心”。
　☞ 她的歌声征服了听众。
　☞ Her singing took the audience by storm.
　☞ 中国的武术表演征服了美国。
　☞ The performance of martial arts from China has taken America by storm.
征求 征求
1．solicit，书面语，常用于商业上的征求或意见的征求。
　☞ 该杂志正在征求订户。
　☞ The magazine is soliciting subscriptions.
　☞ 我在一件要事上征求过他的意见。
　☞ I solicited his advice on a matter importance.（指忠告性意见）
　☞ 党委书记在会上征求了职工的意见。
　☞ The Party secretary solicited criticism of workers and staff members.（指批评性意见）
　☞ 我们要在广泛征求广大群众意见之后才起草文件。
　☞ We will not draft the document until we solicit opinions of the broad masses.（指评论性意见）
2．ask (for)，常用语，指带有请求性的征求。
　☞ 你本来就应当先征求他的同意。
　☞ You should have asked his consent first.
　☞ 我给他看了我的草图，并征求了他的意见。
　☞ I showed him my draft and asked his suggestion.
　☞ 他已写信给世界各地的朋友征求信息。
　☞ He has written to friends all over the world, asking for information.
　☞ 我是来征求你的意见的。
　☞ I've come to ask you for advice.
3．consult，指咨询，故征求的对象是人不是物。
　☞ 你先去广泛征求群众意见，再作决定。
　☞ G and consult the broad masses before making a decision.
　☞ 她说对此事她得征求主管的意见。
　☞ She said she would have to consult the supervisor about the matter.
4．advertise for，指登广告征求。
　☞ 我听说该公司登报征求程序设计员。
　☞ I heard that the firm was advertising for programmers in a newspaper.
　☞ 他在一家报纸的广告栏上征求住宅。
　☞ He advertised for a house in the advertisement column of a newspaper.
征集 征集
1．collect，指收集。
　☞ 征集和管理税收的费用就是税务局的成本。
　☞ The costs of the tax bureau are those to collect and administer the tax revenue.
　☞ 征集签名的运动遍及全国各地。
　☞ The campaign for collecting signatures can be found all over the country.
　☞ 抗日战争时期，军粮是就地征集的。
　☞ During the Anti-Japanese War the grain for the army was collected on the spot.
2．gather，指搜集。
　☞ 我们在广大农村征集了大量有关民歌的第一手资料。
　☞ We gathered a great deal of information concerning folk songs at first hand in the vast countryside.
　☞ 教务处为教改征集了学生对教学的意见。
　☞ The Dean's office has gathered students' opinions on teaching for the reform in education.
3．call up，指征召。
　☞ 政府宣布要征集复员官兵参与军火工业的建设。
　☞ The government has declared that they will call up demobilized officers and men to engage in the construction of munitions industry.
　☞ 补充兵员的新兵征集已经完成。
　☞ The call-up of new recruits to replenish the ranks has been completed.
4．recruit，指征募。
　☞ 海军的兵员是从商船的水手中征集的。
　☞ Men for the Navy were recruited from sailors from merchant ships.
　☞ 据说文献检索中心在征集助手。
　☞ It is said that the documentary retrieval center is recruiting assistants.
很 很
1．very，作“很”解时，表示程度，常用来修饰形容词和副词。
　☞ 他英语说得很好。
　☞ He speaks very good English，或He speaks English very well.
　 ■ 但very不能修饰形容词和副词的比较级。
2．very，也可以用来修饰已经形容词化的分词。因为这种分词表示的已是状态和性质。
　☞ 他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。
　☞ He told us a very interesting story.
　☞ 今天我感到很累。
　☞ I felt very tired today.
　 ■ 但是如果过去分词后带有by引入的施动者，由于不再表示性质或状态，而是表示动作。这时要用much来代替very。
　☞ 我今天赶任务赶得很累。
　☞ I was much tired by the task today.
3．有些以前缀a开头的形容词不能与very连用。
　☞ 他的两个女儿长得很像。
　☞ His two daughters are (very) much alike.但可以说 He's got two very similar-looking daughters.
　☞ 我很抱歉他不在家。
　☞ I'm very much afraid he's out.
　☞ 他睡得很熟。
　☞ He was fast asleep.
　☞ 我想着这件事，一夜都很清醒。
　☞ I was wide awake all night, thinking of the matter.
4．有些形容词的词义已含有very的意思，故要进一步表示程度时一定要用其他程度更高的词，如absolutely, extremely等。如certain=very sure; boding= very hot; freezing = very cold; convinced=very sure; delighted=very pleased; desperate= very worried; fascinated = very interested等词。
　☞ 她很肯定，她叔叔一定会给她这项工作。
　☞ She was absolutely certain that her uncle would offer her the job.
　☞ 我们试验成功，都很高兴。
　☞ We were extremely delighted that we were successful in our experiment.
5．much，上面已经讲到，当过丢分词不表示性质或状态时，不用very，而要用much。说得更明确一点，当主谓可以还原为动宾关系时，就应用much。
　☞ 我们都很开心。
　☞ We were (very) much amused.(其动宾关系可能是His joke amused us very much)
　☞ 旅游者对里约热内卢可怕的工人住宅区都很吃惊。
　☞ Tourists are very much shocked at the horrible workers' quarters in Rio de Janiero.（其动宾关系可能是The sight of the horrible workers' quarters in Rio de Janiero shock tourists very much）
　 ■ 上面讲的是过去分词作表语时使用much的情况。但是如果过去分词用作定语时，尽管有动宾关系，用much或very都无不可。如a very much amused boy 或very amused boy; a very much damaged car或very damaged car.除此之外，much还可用来修饰动词、形容词、名词、短语等。
　☞ 她很不在乎钱。
　☞ She does not care much for money 他很害怕地震。
　☞ He is much afraid of earthquakes.
　☞ 他的话很有道理。
　☞ His remark contains much truth.
　☞ 她忘掉了我们要开会，很让我吃惊。
　☞ Much to my surprise, she forgot our meeting.
6．quite，也表示程度，但没有very深。例如讲一个人外语说得quite well是还过得去。如果说very well，那就是很好了。但由于汉语中的“很”字很难区分程度的高低，因此当quite译成“很”时，要在后面的被修饰语上下工夫。
　☞ 他的英语很不错。
　☞ His English is quite good.试比较：他的英语很好。
　☞ His English is very good.
　☞ 他现在口袋里很有几个钱了。
　☞ He's made himself quite a nice little pile.（其实没有几个钱）
　 ■ 但是，quite除了可以与表示程度的词（如good有better与worse之分）连用以外，还可与不表示程度的词（如surprising）连用。这时，quite surprising = completely surprising。因此就完全可以作“很”解。如：
　☞ 我很同意。
　☞ I quite agree.
　☞ 我的头发跟你的很不一样。
　☞ My hair is not quite the same color as yours.
得 得
1．表示需要，用need, take。
　☞ 医生，我得透视吗？
　☞ Do I need an X-ray, Doctor?
　☞ 你近来太紧张，得休息一下。
　☞ You've been under great strain, you need a rest.
　☞ 这问题得认真考虑。
　☞ The question needs careful consideration.
　☞ 坐汽车到那里得多久？
　☞ How long does it take to get there by bus?
　☞ 这项工程得3个月才能完成。
　☞ The project will take three months to complete.
　☞ 化验一会就得。
　☞ The test won't take long.
　☞ 做一件大衣得多少布？
　☞ How much cloth will it take to make an overcoat?
　☞ 等那么久得有耐心。
　☞ Such a long wait takes patience.
2．表示必须，用must, have to。
　☞ 你有错误就得批评。
　☞ Wherever mistakes occur, you must be criticized.
　☞ 我得走了，谢谢你的帮忙。
　☞ I must be off. Thank you for your help.
　☞ 做先生得先做学生。
　☞ To be a teacher, one must first be a pupil.
　☞ 你得去看医生。
　☞ You must go and see the doctor.
　☞ 我得承认我们需要进一步训练。
　☞ I have to admit that we need further training.
　☞ 我们得尽量帮助他。
　☞ We have to help him as much as we can.
　☞ 我得早点到那里。
　☞ I have to be there early.
3．表示命令用shall。
　☞ 你得留下。
　☞ You shall stay.
　☞ 你再这么干就得受处分。
　☞ You shall be punished if you do that again.
　☞ 你不得说谎。
　☞ You shall not tell any lie.
4．表示揣测，用will。
　☞ 要不快走，我们就得迟到了。
　☞ We will be late if we don't hurry.
　☞ 他要来晚一点，你恐怕得等一阵子。
　☞ He'll be a bit late. I'm afraid you will wait for some time.
得 得
　 ■ “得”用作实词，可用以下几种方式表示：
1．get，一般用语，表示取得。
　☞ 他退休后每月都得养老金。
　☞ After he retires he gets a monthly pension.
　☞ 土改时我们每人得了1亩3分地。
　☞ During the Land Reform each of us got l.3 mu of land.
　☞ 她在学校里总得高分。
　☞ She always gets high marks in school.
　☞ 7加3得10。
　☞ If you add seven and three, you get ten.
2．gain，表示通过某种努力获得。
　☞ 她在考试中得了满分。
　☞ She gained full marks in the examination.
　☞ 她第一枪就得了8分。
　☞ She gained eight points with her first shot.
　☞ 当时的学生运动正日益得势。
　☞ The student movement was then gaining momentum.
　☞ 每个孩子都得了奖。
　☞ Each of the children has gained a prize.
　☞ 他是一个打扑克的好手，因此而得名。
　☞ He gained a reputation as an expert poker player.
3．win，表示通过某种竞争而赢得。
　☞ 今夭的幸福生活得之不易。
　☞ The happy life we have today was not easily won.
　☞ 有35首新歌得奖。
　☞ There are thirty-five new songs won awards.
　☞ 她在1985年全国女子跳板跳水比赛中得了冠军。
　☞ She won the women's national springboard diving championship in 1985.
　☞ 她在7项比赛中得了两个第一。
　☞ She won two first places in the seven events.
4．have，表示染上某种疾病。
　☞ 他得了感冒，一直在咳嗽。
　☞ He has a cold and has been coughing.
　☞ 我得了流感，浑身不舒服。
　☞ I have the flu and feel uncomfortable all over.
　☞ 她得了神经衰弱，几乎睡不着觉。
　☞ She has nervous trouble and can hardly go to sleep.
5．all right，表示同意。
　☞ 得，就这么办！
　☞ All right! Just go ahead.
　☞ 得，这条披巾就给你了。
　☞ All right, you can have the shawl.
6．That's enough (of)，表示禁止。
　☞ 得，只好这样了。
　☞ That's enough. Let it go at that.
　☞ 得，别胡说了。
　☞ That's enough of your nonsense.
7．“不”与“得”搭配，用于动词前时，表示不允许出现某种情况，常用may，must等情态动词表示。
　☞ 这笔钱非经批准不得动用。
　☞ This fund may not be drawn on without permission.
　☞ 这些命令必须照办不得有误。
　☞ These orders must be followed without fail.
　☞ 他们不得人心，他们的政策大家不喜欢。
　☞ They have no popular support; the people dislike their policies.
　☞ 他讲了半天，我还是不得要领。
　☞ He talked a great length, but I just couldn't get what he was driving at.
　☞ 砸1，表示能力与可能，可用can，able，capable of.
　☞ 在相应的词后加词尾-able, -ible等。
　☞ 桌子不重，他搬得上楼的。
　☞ The table is not heavy. He can carry it upstairs.
　☞ 伤员他自己从楼土走得下来吗？
　☞ Can the wounded walk downstairs by himself?
　☞ 他一个人处理得了这件事。
　☞ He is able to handle this alone.
　☞ 你看得出两者之间的差别吗？
　☞ Are you able to see the difference between the two?
　☞ 他是什么事都干得出来的。
　☞ He is capable of doing anything.
　☞ 他教得了数学吗？
　☞ Is he capable of teaching mathematics?
　☞ 苹果是酸的，不过吃得。
　☞ The apples were sour, but eatable.
　☞ 这点痛还受得住。
　☞ Such pain is rather bearable.
　☞ 这水喝得吗？
　☞ Is the water drinkable?
　☞ 我们都认为此人靠得住。
　☞ We all think the man reliable.
　☞ 这些菌子吃得，还是有毒？
　☞ Are these mushrooms edible, or are they poisonous?
　☞ 证人的说法信得过吗？
　☞ Is the witness' story credible?
　☞ 细菌只有用显微镜才看得见。
　☞ Bacteria are visible only with a microscope.
2．表示结果，可用介词into与某些动词结合，如：frighten, trick, force, talk, persuade, beat, shock等。
　☞ 他们吓得他讲了真话。
　☞ They frightened him into telling the truth.
　☞ 那老头骗得那位姑娘嫁给他。
　☞ The old man tricked the girl into marrying him.
　☞ 他逼得我们向无理要求让步。
　☞ He forced us into yielding to the unreasonable demand.
　☞ 我们说得他接受了礼物。
　☞ We talked him into accepting our gifts.
　☞ 他们揍得敌人嗷嗷直叫。
　☞ They beat the enemy into howling.
3．表示的结果如果是由某种原因引起的，可用某些表示原因的介词from，for，with箨与动词结合。
　☞ 他饿得晕了过去。
　☞ He fainted from hunger.
　☞ 我冷得发抖。
　☞ I shivered from cold.
　☞ 听到这个消息，他高兴得跳了起来。
　☞ He jumped for joy at the news.
　☞ 她哭得说不出话来。
　☞ She could not speak for tears.
　☞ 他气得脸色发紫。
　☞ He went on purple with rage.
　☞ 她游览得高兴极了。
　☞ She was overjoyed with her sightseeing.
4．如果表示的两个动作是因果关系，前者为因，后者为果时，可用连词and连接两个动作。
　“万恶淫为首”这句话像鼓槌一般打得他全身发抖。
　☞ The text "of all the vices, sexual indulgence is the cardinal" drummed on his mind. and he shuddered.
　☞ 他的歌声引起了听众的哄笑，便羞得赶忙离开了赛场。
　☞ His singing made the audience burst into laughing.
　☞ He felt ashamed and left the competition hurriedly.
5．“得”表示某种程度的方法很多，但大致可夯为两类，即用词来表达和用句子结构来表达。
1) 用词表达的有：
①用连词so... that，such... that，till (until)。
　☞ 他激动得几乎睡不着觉。
　☞ He was so excited that he could hardly go to sleep.
　☞ 声音轻得听不见。
　☞ The sound is so weak that you cannot hear it.
　☞ 他吵得大家都醒了。
　☞ He made such a noise that everybody was awakened.
　☞ 他们离家时匆忙得忘了锁门。
　☞ They left in such a hurry that they forgot to lock the door.
　☞ 我们都笑得肚子痛。
　☞ We all laughed till our sides split.
　☞ 孩子被打得青一块紫一块。
　☞ The boy was beaten until he was black and blue.
②用so... as to（只表示某种程度），enough to（表示正好达到某种程度），too... to（表示超过某种程度，故多用于否定句），后面都接动词不定式。
　☞ 她头发长得快拖地了。
　☞ Her hair is so long as to be trailing over the floor.
　☞ 休壮得像头公牛。
　☞ You are so strong as to look like an ox.
　☞ 现在天气暖和得可以游泳了。
　☞ It's warm enough to swim now.
　☞ 他壮得可以干这种活。
　☞ He is strong enough to do the work.
　☞ 例子多得不胜枚举。
　☞ Instances are too numerous to list.
　☞ 他糊涂得不懂这样一个道理。
　☞ He is too stupid to understand such a truth.
③用具有某种演变过程的系词。
　☞ 我们的牛羊长得又肥又壮。
　☞ Our cattle grew fat and strong.
　☞ 天变得特凉，想是要下雨了。
　☞ It turned particularly chilly, and I think it is going to rain.
　☞ 于是他突然变得严肃了。
　☞ Then he suddenly fell grave.
2) 用句子结构来表示。
①谓语＋后置状语口她英语说得很好。
　☞ She speaks English very well.
　☞ 日程安排得很特别。
　☞ The schedule was arranged in a particular way.
②谓语＋定语＋宾语回她英语说得很好。
　☞ She speaks good English.
　☞ 这个规律列宁讲得很清楚。
　☞ Lenin gave a very clear account of this law.
③谓语＋宾语＋补语哼他把孩子打得青一块紫一块。
　☞ He beat the boy black and blue.
　☞ 外祖父每天都把院子扫得干净整洁。
　☞ My grandfather sweeps the courtyard clean and tidy every day.
心 心
1．heart, 指与body相对的内心。
　☞ 心为形之主。
　☞ The heart is the master of the body.
　☞ 心之所思，口则言之。
　☞ What the heart thinks the tongue says 他的话深深地印进了我的心里。
　☞ His words went deep into my heart.
　 ■ 有时，hearted与形容词组成合成词，也有“心”的意思。
　☞ 她人好，心好。
　☞ She is nice and good-hearted.
　☞ 你的心太软了。
　☞ You are too soft-hearted.
　☞ 他是个黑心黑肺的坏蛋。
　☞ He is a black-hearted villain.
　☞ 对这一决定我们表示了全心全意的支持。
　☞ We expressed whole-hearted support for this decision.
2．mind，指与body相对的心灵。
　☞ 老师问他时，他的心里早把问题解了。
　☞ He had settled the question in his own mind when the teacher asked him.
　☞ 心无二用。
　☞ One cannot keep one's mind on two things at the same time.
　☞ 儿子安然无恙的消息宽慰了母亲的心。
　☞ The news that her son was safe and sound eased mother's mind.
　 ■ minded与形容词搭配也可组成复合词。
　☞ 他是怎么啦？在办公室里总是心不在焉的样子。
　☞ What's wrong with him? He is always absent-minded in the office.
　☞ 你的心胸不应如此狭窄。
　☞ You mustn't be so narrow-minded.
3．thought, think，指思想上的心思，前者强调结果，后者强调过程。
　☞ 你人在这里，心却不在。
　☞ You yourself are here, but your thoughts are elsewhere.
　☞ 他这人心口不一。
　☞ He is a man who speaks contrary to his thought.或：
　☞ He is a man who speaks one way and thinks another.
　☞ 我们见面时彼此心照不宣。
　☞ When we meet, we both think it is not necessary to say anything.
4．sense，指内心的意识。
　☞ 爱美之心，人皆有之。
　☞ Sense of beauty is part of human nature.
　☞ 他就是这样被一颗受了伤的虚荣心推动着行事的。
　☞ He was prompted to act that way by a sense of wounded vanity.
　☞ 他忠心的不是自己的国家，而是自己的阶级。
　☞ His sense of loyalty was not to his country, but to his class.
5．spirit，指内心具有的精神气质。
　☞ 我是心有余而力不足。
　☞ My spirit is willing, while the flesh is weak.
　☞ 他连遭失败，已心灰意冷了。
　☞ His spirits sank after he had suffered repeated failures.
　☞ 我每登此楼都感到心旷神怡。
　☞ Whenever I come up to this tower I always feel refreshed in spirit.
6．conscience, 指分辨是非的良心。
　☞ 你把全部责任都推到他身上，能心安理得吗？
　☞ Can you shift the blame onto him alone and yet have a clear conscience?
　☞ 做贼心虚。
　☞ A thief has a guilty conscience.
　☞ 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。
　☞ A quiet conscience sleeps in the midst of thunder.
7．intention，指内心的意图。
　☞ 想不到他竟没安好心。
　☞ Who would have thought that he could have bad intentions?
　☞ 人心不正，其行必恶。
　☞ If one harbors evil intentions, then one's conduct is definitely wicked.
8．mental, 是mind（心灵）的形容词。
　☞ 心病无药治。
　☞ Mental worries cannot be cured by medicine.
　☞ 答案是我心算出来的。
　☞ I got the answer by mental arithmetic.
9．psychological, psychiatric，指心理上、精神上的。
　☞ 心病还要心药治。
　☞ A person's secret concern can be relieved only by giving a psychological treatment.
　☞ 病人不肯吃东西，是心病。
　☞ This is a disease of psychiatric origin in which the patient refuses to eat.
10．have, harbor, nurse, cherish，指内心怀有某种恶意或好意。
　☞ 此人心怀叵测，他的一举一动要严加提防。
　☞ That man has sinister designs. You must guard against his every move.
　☞ 你要是心里没鬼，干嘛那么害怕？
　☞ Why are you so scared if you don't have ulterior motives?
　☞ 她多年来对继母心怀怨恨。
　☞ For years she harbored resentment against her stepmother.
　☞ 自从他俩吹了以来，她对他一直心怀不满。
　☞ From the time the couple broke up, she nursed a grievance against him.
　☞ 她多年来对儿子的归来仍然心存幻想。
　☞ She has still cherished the hope of her son's return for many years.
11．feel, 指内心的某种感觉。
　☞ 大家都说她是个坏女孩，但他心里对她却恨不起来。
　☞ Everybody says she is a bad girl, but he couldn't feel any hatred against her.
　☞ 他被判有罪，心怀不平。
　☞ He felt aggrieved after being pronounced guilty.
　☞ 你伤了她的心了。
　☞ You've hurt her feelings.
12．“心”的其他译法。
　☞ 心宽体胖。
　☞ Absence of worries contributes to physical well-beings.
　☞ 她心比天高，命比纸薄。
　☞ Her aspiration is as high as the sky, whereas her fate is as thin as paper.
　☞ 对他的来意我们心里都有数。
　☞ We all had a clear idea about what he had come for.
　☞ 这姑娘心灵手巧，做什么总是一学就会。
　☞ The girl is quick-witted and nimble-fingered. She is always skilled in doing everything she learns.
　☞ 心急水不开。
　☞ A watched pot is long in boiling.
　☞ 他倒在地上，心痛如绞。
　☞ He fell to the ground, having an excruciating pain in the chest.
　☞ 七擒之后，孟获对诸葛亮心悦诚服。
　☞ After being captured seven times, Ming Hugo submitted to Huge Liang willingly.
　☞ 你干吗那么心急火燎的？
　☞ What are you burning with such impatience for?
　☞ 他的一席话说得我心服口服。
　☞ A table of his talk convinced me sincerely.
必然 必然
1．inevitable, inevitability，强调在主观原因和客观条件下注定要发生某事的必然。
　☞ 凡事一刀切，必然有人受屈。
　☞ When a single solution is prescribed for diverse problems, it is inevitable that some people would be wronged.
　☞ 他们的成就是大量科研的必然结果。
　☞ Their achievements were the inevitable outcome of a tremendous amount of scientific research.
　☞ 中国老百姓宁愿希望民主能逐步渗入到现有体制之中，最后达到民主渐进的必然。
　☞ Ordinary people of China would rather put their hopes in the democracy permeation of the existing institutions and its inevitability gradualness in the end.
2．necessary，necessity，强调本质上或事物发展逻辑上的必然。
　☞ 熙熙攘攘的街道与商店是城市生活的必然部分。
　☞ Crowded streets and shops are a necessary part of big city life.
　☞ 死亡是生命的必然终结。
　☞ Death is the necessary end of life.
　☞ 人类的历史，就是一个不断地从必然王国向自由王国发展的历史。
　☞ The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom.
3．certain, certainty，强调确知的必然。
　☞ 这种病必然有救。
　☞ There is certain cure for this disease.
　☞ 被人抓去必然是死。
　☞ Capture means certain death.
　☞ 这场比赛这匹马必然会赢。
　☞ It's a certainty that this horse will win the race.
　 ■ certain这词更多地用于定语，但多作“肯定”解。如：
　☞ 跟他在一起你肯定高兴。
　☞ You are certain to be happy with him.
4．be bound, 强调注定的必然。
　☞ 新生力量必然要战胜腐朽力量。
　☞ The newly emerging forces are bound to defeat what is corrupt and degenerate.
　☞ 他必然要失败。
　☞ He is bound to fail.
必要 必要
1．necessary，指必要的。
　☞ 没有必要的培训，她们是很难做好护理的。
　☞ They can hardly make good nurses without having the necessary training.
　☞ 你肯定没有必要一路走回来。
　☞ Surely it wasn't necessary for you to walk back the whole way.
2．essential，指必不可少的。
　☞ 这一点对辩论是必要的。
　☞ This point is essential to the argument.
　☞ 土改对中国革命是必要的。
　☞ The Land Reform is essential to the Chinese Revolution.
3．indispensable，指不可或缺的。
　☞ 要除去皂液，有必要用热水冲洗。
　☞ Hot water rinse is indispensable to remove the soap.
　☞ 你的帮助对我们是必要的。
　☞ Your help is indispensable to us.
4．requisite，指所必需的。
　☞ 你得填写必要的表格才能取得护照。
　☞ Before you get a passport you have to fill in the requisite forms.
　☞ 国家为这个国营农场提供了必要的资金。
　☞ The state provided the requisite capital for this state farm.
5．need，指需要。
　☞ 你有必要剖析一下自己。
　☞ You need a perspective on yourself.
　☞ 没有必要再讨论了。
　☞ There is no need to discuss it any more.
必需 必需
1．essential to，指必不可少的。
　☞ 铁路是一个国家经济繁荣所必需的。
　☞ Railways are essential to the economic prosperity of the country.
　☞ 水是农作物生长所必需的。
　☞ Water is essential to the growth of crops.
2．indispensable to，指不可或缺的，可与essential换用。
　☞ 空气是生命所必需的。
　☞ Air is indispensable (essential) to life.
　☞ 饮食平衡是保持身体健康所必需的。
　☞ A balanced diet is indispensable for good health.
3．necessary，指必要的。
　☞ 立即解雇那些不是绝对必需的工作人员。
　☞ Fire at once the workers who aren't absolutely necessary.
　☞ 我们能从外界获得的援助都是必需的。
　☞ All the help we can get from outside is necessary.
4．need，指需要，因此需most，necessarily等修饰语，以表示必需。
　☞ 应该把国家建设资金用在最必需的地方。
　☞ Our national construction funds should be spent where they are most needed.
　☞ 人的大脑晚间必需休息。
　☞ The human brain necessarily needs resting at night.
必须 必须
1．must，指主观上必须。
　☞ 你必须戒烟。
　☞ You must give up smoking.（说话人主观认为“你”必须戒烟）
　☞ 这是个糟透的聚会，可我们还真得去。
　☞ This is an awful party, yet we really must go.（说话人主观上要“我们”大家都去）
　 ■ must没有过去时态，因此谈到过去的事，要用had to。
　☞ 昨天上午我不在家。我必须去拜访一位朋友。
　☞ I wasn't at home yesterday morning. I had to call on a friend.
　 ■ 但在间接引语时，仍用must表示过去。
　☞ 他告诉我，我必须在6点以前赶到那里。
　☞ He told me I must be there before six.
　☞ 协议就是协议，是根据法律签订的，因此他要求其条款必须得到执行。
　☞ The agreement was an agreement made according to the law, and he claimed that its terms must be fulfilled.
　 ■ 此外，虽非间接引语，但类似间接引语的句子里也可用must表示过去。
　☞ 昨天夜里，我考虑过我应如何打发这一天。首先我必须拜访一位朋友。
　☞ Last night I considered how I should spend the day.
　☞ First, I must call on a friend.
　 ■ 从句里也可用must表示过去。
　☞ 昨天来了一位我必须马上拜访的朋友。
　☞ Yesterday came a friend whom I must call on immediately.
　☞ 为测试求婚者的文采，他还附加了一个条件，即每个求婚者在跟他女儿会面时必须即席赋诗一首。
　☞ To test the suitor's literary talent, he had added a condition - each suitor must compose a poem impromptu during his meeting with his daughter.
2．have to，指客观上必须。
　☞ 共产党员必须过党的组织生活。
　☞ A communist must have regular activities of the party.（指党章规定）
　☞ 这个聚会真好，可我们还是必须回去，因为照顾孩子的阿姨要下班了。
　☞ This is a lovely party, but we have to go because of the baby-sitter.（否则孩子无人照管）
　☞ 我还得等一个多钟点，因为火车晚点了。
　☞ I had to wait more than an hour because the train was late.（不愿等也得等）
3．necessary，necessarily，均指必要。
　☞ 这本书今天上午必须还。
　☞ It is necessary to return the book this morning.（但不能说：The book is necessary to be returned this morning.）
　☞ 我们必须在本星期之内完成这项工作。
　☞ It is necessary for us to finish the work within this week.（也不能说We are necessary to finish the work within this week）
　 ■ 当然，也有主语＋be＋necessary＋for的句型，但作“必需”解。如：
　☞ 食物是生命所必需的。
　☞ Food is necessary for life.
　☞ 书籍是学生所必需的。
　☞ Books are necessary for students.
　☞ 这本杂志的方针是必须把大部分版面用在大家感兴趣的问题上。
　☞ The policy of the magazine is necessarily to devote most of its space to subjects of general interest.
4．essential，指必不可少的。
　☞ 他必须准备即将到来的考试。
　☞ It is essential for him to be prepared for the coming examination.
　☞ 我们认为必须改变这个教学大纲。
　☞ We considered it essential to change the teaching program.
忙 忙
1．busy，后可接现在分词，但不接动词不定式。
　☞ 她一整天都忙着打报告。
　☞ She was busy all day typing the reports.
　☞ 我进教室时她正忙着把算术题写在黑板上。
　☞ She was busy writing out sums on the blackboard when I entered the classroom.
　☞ 我儿子正忙着准备考试。
　☞ My son is busy preparing for the examination.
2．busy，后可接介词短语，常用的介词有with，at等。
　☞ 我儿子正忙于考试。
　☞ My son is busy with (about, over) examination.
　☞ 我们都在办公室里忙于工作。
　☞ We are all busy at work in the office.
3．busy oneself, keep busy, keep (sb.) busy，指自己要忙或别人使之忙，而不是客观上忙。
　☞ 听见父亲上楼，他假装忙着做作业。
　☞ Hearing his father coming upstairs, he pretended to be busy himself doing homework.
　☞ 为了忘掉烦心事，他忙着在花园里浇水。
　☞ To forget his trouble, he busied himself watering in the garden.
　☞ 她一天到晚忙，真不知她究竟在忙什么。
　☞ She kept busy all day long, but I've no idea what she was busied herself with.
　☞ 我们得让她忙到没有时间悲伤。
　☞ We have to keep her so busy that she has no time to be grieved.
4．have one's hands full，指手脚不停地忙。
　☞ 她挑水、洗衣、生炉子，忙个不停。
　☞ Fetching water, doing washing, building the fire, she had her hands full.
　☞ 做母亲的有3个小孩要照顾，真是够忙的。
　☞ With three small children to take care of, the mother has her hands full.
5．hurry, haste，指匆忙。
　☞ 我得趁天黑前忙着回家。
　☞ I have to hurry home before it gets dark.
　☞ 别忙，让我好好想一想。
　☞ Don't hurry. Let me think it over.
　☞ 忙中由错。
　☞ Haste causes errors.
　☞ 忙着去结婚，闲时又后悔。
　☞ Marry in haste, and repent at leisure.
　☞ 干吗这么忙？
　☞ Why all this haste?
6．on the run, run round in circles，指奔忙。
　☞ 现代的母亲总是在忙。
　☞ Modern mothers are always on the run.
　☞ 他特殊的工作弄得他日夜在忙。
　☞ His peculiar job keeps him on the run day and night.
　☞ 是什么使你忙得团团转？
　☞ What makes you run round in circles?
　☞ 你为什么不安定下来，而不再忙得团团转呢？
　☞ Why don't you settle down instead of running round in circles?
7．manage，指能对付过来。
　☞ 现在有好多工作要做，够我忙的了。
　☞ There is a lot of work to do at present. It's enough for me to manage.
　☞ 这一切，我一个人忙不过来。
　☞ I can't manage all this by myself.
8．jump to conclusion，指越过应有的程序而忙于下结论。
　☞ 人有时会忙于下结论。
　☞ One sometimes jumps to conclusion.
　☞ 没有推理就不要忙着下结论。
　☞ Don't jump to conclusions without deduction.
9．immerse oneself in, be immersed in，沉浸于某事而忽略另一事。
　☞ 不要忙于小事而忽略了大事。
　☞ Don't immerse yourself in minor matters to the neglect of major ones.
　☞ 全家都忙于科研而不注意休息。
　☞ The entire family is immersed in scientific research to the neglect of rest.
忍(忍耐、忍受) 忍(忍耐、忍受)
　 ■ “忍”、“忍耐”、“忍受”是三个同义词。“忍”的含义最广，可覆盖“忍耐”和“忍受”，常与单音词连用。“忍耐”着重在“忍”的耐力。而“忍受”的着重点则在“忍”的承受能力。
1．bear，一般指忍或忍受，但在具体的上下文里有时也指忍耐。往往用于否定句或疑问句。在无奈的语境里也可用于肯定句。
　☞ 我不忍看你这样。
　☞ I can't bear to see you like this.
　☞ 你怎么能忍受这种虐待？
　☞ How could you bear this ill treatment?
　☞ 他一声不吭地忍着疼痛。
　☞ He bore the pain without a word of complaint.
　☞ 人的忍耐肯定是有限度的。
　☞ Surely there is a limit to what one can bear.
2．stand，强调自己忍受。在这个前提下可与bear换用。
　☞ 这种疼痛，只要我能忍就忍。
　☞ I stand (bear) the pain as long as I can.
　☞ 你能忍受这样的生活吗？
　☞ Can you stand (bear)a life like this?
　☞ 他搬到昆明来养老是因为无法忍受北方的天气。
　☞ He moved to Kunming to live out his life in retirement because he could not stand the climate in the north.
　☞ 我们都有自己的麻烦，不过我们都得怨耐。
　☞ We all have our troubles, and we all have to stand them.
　☞ 他痒得几乎忍不住了。
　☞ The itching was almost more than he could stand.
3．tolerate，义同stand，是比较正式的书面语。
　☞ 是可忍，孰不可忍？
　☞ If this can be tolerated, what cannot?
　☞ 一般的飞行员每月平均飞行85个小时以上就难以忍受。
　☞ The average pilot cannot tolerate an average of over 85 hours in the air per month.
　☞ 你怎么能忍受这样的噪音？
　☞ How can you tolerate such noise?
　☞ 尽管我不喜欢爵士乐，不过我可以忍受。
　☞ I can tolerate Jazz, though I don't like it.
4．endure，指有意识地长期忍受，因此语气较前几个词都要强烈，故肯定句也用得较多。
　☞ 他被捕后一声不吭地忍受了日本兵的酷刑。
　☞ He endured the Japanese soldiers' cruel tortures without a groan after he was arrested.
　☞ 旅客们都得忍受旅途中的许多不便。
　☞ Travelers have to endure many discomforts during their trips.
　☞ 她忍受着在森林中的艰苦跋涉，从不叫苦。
　☞ She endured the strenuous hike through the forest without any complaint.
　 ■ 当然，endure也用于否定句和疑问句。
　☞ 我再也忍受不了啦。
　☞ I could endure it no longer.
　☞ 你能忍受贫困吗？
　☞ Could you endure poverty?
5．put up with，口语化用词，使用范围广，一般可以与上面几个词互换。
　☞ 农民忍受了多年的压迫和剥削，终于造反了。
　☞ Having put up with oppression and exploitation for long years, the peasants at length rebelled.
　☞ 要是她能忍受那儿的条件，我可以接受她。
　☞ If she could put up with the condition there, I could take her.
　☞ 你得忍耐，因为你已经给一般工人做出了榜样。
　☞ You have to put up with it because you've set an example to ordinary workers.
6．hold back, 指经过控制后忍住，故语义较窄。
　☞ 小男生忍着眼泪，开始向老师诉说刚才发生的事情。
　☞ Holding back his tears, the little boy began to tell the teacher what had happened.
　☞ 我们总算忍住了怒火，避免了一场斗殴。
　☞ We managed to hold back our anger and avoid a fight.
　☞ 她忍不住说了她想说的话。
　☞ She couldn't hold back what she wanted to say.
7．refrain from, restrain oneself from，指通过自我克制而忍住。前者为不及物动词，后者为及物动词。
　☞ 他想说的话没有说出来，忍住了。
　☞ He refrained from saying what he thought.
　☞ 他们告别时她几乎忍不住哭了。
　☞ She could hardly refrain from weeping as they said goodbye.
　☞ 你还是忍着点，否则是要吃亏的。
　☞ You'd better restrain yourself a little or you'll come to grief.
　☞ 他一见她几乎忍不住大叫起来。
　☞ He could hardly restrain himself from shouting aloud as soon as he had seen her.
8．check，指通过遏制的方式忍住。
　☞ 她花了好大的劲才忍住了抽泣。
　☞ She checked the sobs with a great effort.
　☞ 他刚想多说一点，但立刻忍住了。
　☞ He was about to say something more. and then checked himself.
9．cannot help，指身不由己地忍不住。
　☞ 他忍不住大笑起来。
　☞ He couldn't help bursting into laughter.
　☞ 在回家的路上我忍不住想到他对我的好处。
　☞ On the way home I couldn't help thinking of the favor he did for me.
10．patience, patient，指忍耐。
　☞ 忍是一种美德。
　☞ Patience is a virtue.
　☞ 该忍耐时就得忍耐。
　☞ You need patience when patience is required.
　☞ 我们的忍耐已到了极点。
　☞ Our patience has been taxed to the limit.
　☞ 忍着点，别为了一点小事发火。
　☞ Be patient. Don't lose your temper over trivial matters.
　☞ 那次挫折之后他变得忍耐和沉默了。
　☞ He became patient and silent after that setback.
11．“忍”的其他译法。
　☞ 他忍着剧痛继续工作。
　☞ He continued to work despite the intense pain.
　☞ 见到他这样的无理取闹，我的脾气再也忍不住了。
　☞ Seeing him deliberately making trouble like that, I simply couldn't keep my temper under control.
　☞ 他们欺人太甚，叫人忍无可忍。
　☞ Their provocations have gone beyond the limits of forbearance.
　☞ 他忍无可忍，狠狠给了那个家伙火辣辣的一巴掌。
　☞ No longer able to contain himself, he gave the scoundrel a stinging slap.
　☞ 她是位可爱的姑娘，我不忍心拒绝。
　☞ She is a lovely girl and I didn't have the heart to refuse.
忘（忘记、忘掉、忘却） 忘（忘记、忘掉、忘却）
　 ■ “忘”、“忘记”、“忘掉”、“忘却”是四个同义词，都指不记得以往的人或事。“忘”用于口语，常与单音词连用；“忘记”着重点在“忘掉了原来记住的东西”；“忘掉”着重点在忘的动作已完成；“忘却”带有强烈的感情色彩，如“难以忘却”。
1．forget，指没记住，是个常用词，用法很多。
1) 后接名词。
　☞ 真是对不起，我忘了你的名字。
　☞ I'm awfully sorry. I've forgot your name.
　☞ 你救了我的命，我是决不会忘记的。
　☞ You saved my life. I shall never forget it.
　☞ 我们怎能忘却那小米加步枪的年代！
　☞ How could we forget the days of millet plus rifle!
2) 后接从句。
　☞ 别忘了我们今晚要去参加晚会。
　☞ Don't forget that we are going to the party this evening.
　☞ 你忘了我跟你说的话了？
　☞ Have you forgot what I told you?
3) 后接动词不定式。
　☞ 我的表停了，我昨天忘了上弦。
　☞ My watch has stopped. I forgot to wind it yesterday.
　☞ 你总是忘了戴校徽。
　☞ You always forget to wear your school badge.
4) 后接动名词。
　☞ 我永远不会忘记周总理来厂视察时会面的情景。
　☞ I shall never forget meeting Premier Zhou during his inspection of our factory.
　☞ 我们不会忘记在林子里找到女儿时的情形。
　☞ We'll never forget finding our daughter in the woods.
5) 要注意forget后接动词不定式和接动名词的区别。
　☞ 我忘了锁门。
　☞ I forgot to lock the door.（忘了要做的事）
　☞ 我忘了门已上锁。
　☞ I forgot locking the door.（忘记了已做的事）
　☞ 她忘了给我钢笔。
　☞ She forgot to give me the pen.
　☞ 她忘了给过我钢笔。
　☞ She forgot giving me the pen.
6) 注意下面的区别：forget（忘的是具体的东西）；forget about等于forget all about，故有“把…全忘了”的意思。因此all是forget的宾语，而about后面的宾语则是省略了的all的定语。
　☞ 他想得那么出神，干脆忘了吃东西。
　☞ He was so absorbed in thought that he simply forgot food.
　☞ 他想得那么出神，干脆忘了炉子上还烧着东西。
　☞ He was so absorbed in thought that he simply forgot about the food cooking in the stove.
　☞ 学生往往只记得分数，却忘记了学习。
　☞ The students often remember their marks and forget about their studies.
　☞ 帮着儿子做物理作业，使她想起了早已忘却了的东西。
　☞ Helping her son with his physics homework reminded her of things she'd long forgot about.
2．leave sth. in (at，on)，指把东西遗忘在某处。
　☞ 我突然想起我把眼镜忘在图书馆里了。
　☞ Suddenly I remembered I had left my glasses in the library.
　☞ 我的钥匙忘在家里，现在拿不到书了。
　☞ I have left my keys at home and can't get my books.
　☞ 他把帽子忘在火车上了，是光着头回家的。
　☞ He left his hat on the train and went home bareheaded.
　 ■ forget与leave sth. in的区别似乎有两点。
1) forget强调记忆上的遗忘，而leave sth. in则强调遗忘在某个地点。
　☞ 我忘了火车票，只好回去拿。
　☞ I had forgot the train ticket and had to go back for it.
　（只强调忘记）
　☞ 我把火车票忘在办公室的桌子上了，只好回去拿。
　☞ I had left the train ticket on the desk in the office and had to go back for it.（一定要指明遗忘的地点）
2) forget，遗忘的可以是具体的事物或动作，也可以是抽象的东西，leave sth. in遗忘的一定是物品。
　☞ 我忘了带我的手杖，叫我儿子去拿了。
　☞ I forgot my stick with me and sent my son for it.
　☞ 她忘了带钱包了。
　☞ She forgot to take her purse with her.
　☞ 你们过上了幸福生活，可不能忘本。
　☞ You must not forget your old sufferings, now that you are living a happy life.
　☞ 他把书忘在了桌子上。
　☞ He left his book on the table.
　☞ 你一定是把伞忘在汽车上了。
　☞ You must have left your umbrella in the bus.
3．“不忘记”强调已记住时，可以从反面着笔来译。这时可用keep in mind，remember，slip one's mind等。
　☞ 我们讨论时不能忘记这些基本观点。
　☞ These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion.
　☞ 我永远也忘不了离家的那一天。
　☞ I'll always remember the day I left home.
　☞ 我把这事给忘了，他很不高兴。
　☞ He was unhappy that it had slipped my mind.
4．neglect，指由于疏忽而忘记。
　☞ 不要只看到事物的一面而忘了另一面。
　☞ Don't look at only one aspect of the thing and neglect the other.
　☞ 你忘了上表了。
　☞ You neglected to wind up the watch.
5．lose sight of，由消失于视线之外转意为消失在记忆之中。
　☞ 无论他多么有名、多么有钱，他从来没忘记他出生在贫民窟里这样一个事实。
　☞ No matter how famous and rich he was, he never lost sight of the fact that he had been born in the slums.
　☞ 他对这种游戏非常感兴趣，以致忘记了时间。
　☞ He was so interested in the game that he lost sight of time。
忠实 忠实
1．loyal to，指本质上的忠实。
　☞ 她是个非常善良的女性，睿智、风趣、对朋友忠实。
　☞ She is an exceedingly kind woman, intelligent, amusing and loyal to her friends.
　☞ 对妻子要忠实，我的朋友。
　☞ Be loyal to your wife, my friend.
2．faithful to，指信仰上的忠实。
　☞ 你的译文一定要忠实于原文。
　☞ Your translation must be faithful to the original.
　☞ 记者应该忠实地报道发生的情况。
　☞ A reporter should give faithful accounts of what happened.
　 ■ 由于faithful的内涵是信仰上的忠实，故有时也可带贬义。
　☞ 汪精卫是日本帝国主义的忠实走狗。
　☞ Wang Jingwei was a faithful running dog of the Japanese imperialists.
3．true to，指符合真实情况的忠实。
　☞ 他历尽磨难，仍忠实于他自己的原则。
　☞ Having undergone through much suffering, he stays true to his principles.
　☞ 他答应要永远忠实于她。
　☞ He promised to be always true to her.
忠诚 忠诚
1．loyal，指对国家、组织、朋友等忠心耿耿的忠诚。
　☞ 雷锋同志对革命无限忠诚。
　☞ Comrade Lei Feng was boundlessly loyal to the revolution.
　☞ 原始人类忠诚于自己的部落而不是国家。
　☞ The primitive man was loyal to his tribe instead of state.
2．be devoted to，指事业上专心致志的忠诫。
　☞ 王老师在我们学校工作了40年，一辈子忠诚于党的教育事业。
　☞ Wang, the Teacher, has worked in our school for 40 years and has devoted to the Party's educational cause all his life.
　☞ 再也没有一个同志比雷锋更忠诚于革命事业的。
　☞ There has never been a comrade more devoted to the revolutionary cause than Lei Feng.
3．faithful, 指信仰上的忠诚。
　☞ 我们必须对人民忠诚老实。
　☞ We must be honest and faithful to the people.
　☞ 白求恩大夫是位国际主义战士，始终忠诚他自己的国际主义义务。
　☞ Doctor Bethune is an international fighter and has always been faithful to his international obligation.
忧虑 忧虑
1．concern，指出于爱护、关心等引起的忧虑。
　☞ 孩子生来就带有残疾，因此孩子的未来是母亲最大的忧虑。
　☞ The baby was born deformed, so its future is the mother's greatest concern.
　☞ 父母对孩子的病感到非常忧虑。
　☞ The child's illness concerns his parents very much.
　☞ 她的儿子是个矿工，她对他的安全很是忧虑。
　☞ Her son is a miner and she is very concerned for his safety.
2．worry，指由于情况不明或存在危险等引起的忧虑。
　☞ 孩子有病，母亲就有许多忧虑。
　☞ A mother of a sick child has many worries.
　☞ 女儿身上的这些变化使她感到忧虑。
　☞ These changes in her daughter worried her.
　☞ 老师和同学对他的伤势都非常忧虑。
　☞ His teacher and classmates were all very much worried over the condition of his wound.
3．anxiety，anxious，指对焦急、痛苦、不幸、危险等引起的忧虑。
　☞ 父母听到他上了战场，都为他的安全感到忧虑。
　☞ His parents felt great anxiety for his safety when they heard he had gone to war.
　☞ 她为丈夫的健康而忧虑。
　☞ She was anxious for the health of her husband.
快 快
1．fast，多指运动物体的快。
　☞ 你的表快了5分钟。
　☞ Your watch is five minutes fast 他是个快手。
　☞ He is a fast worker.
　☞ 我乘快车走。
　☞ I'll take a fast train.
　 ■ 此外，fast也可用作副词。
　☞ 请不要说得那么快。
　☞ Please don't speak so fast.
　☞ 我得走得很快才能赶上你。
　☞ I had to walk very fast to overtake you.
2．rapid，指运动本身的快，并暗含成功之意。
　☞ 他保证见效快。
　☞ He promised rapid results.
　☞ 这次改进倒是蛮快的。
　☞ This time the improvement was rapid.
3．quick，指运动的发生或结束得快，强调动作的突然性及短暂性。
　☞ 快跟我走。
　☞ Quick，come with me.
　☞ 我尽快去那儿。
　☞ I'll be there as quick as I can.
4．make haste，in haste，指匆忙。
　“欲速则不达”不是讲不要快，而是讲不要犯盲动主义。
　☞ The saying "Haste makes waste" does not mean that we should not make haste, but that we should not be impetuous.
　☞ 快把医生带到这里来！
　☞ Bring the doctor here in haste!
5．swift，所指的运动速度最高，并暗含平稳、轻捷、不费力气等意思。
　☞ 鹰见到猎物时的动作是很快的。
　☞ The hawk is swift in action when it sees its prey.
　☞ 我们的方法快而有效。
　☞ Our method is swift and efficient.
6．hurry up, 催人赶快行动。
　☞ 快，否则会赶不上火车的。
　☞ Hurry up, or we shall miss the train.
　☞ 但愿汽车快点来，我已经在这里等了几个小时了。
　☞ I wish the bus would hurry up and come, I've been waiting here for hours.
7．soon，before long，指不久之后。
　☞ 他快回来了。
　☞ He'll be back soon.
　☞ 房间很快就变得拥挤不堪。
　☞ The room soon became crowded.
　☞ 这个学期快结束了。
　☞ The term will be over before long.
　☞ 看起来似乎快要下雪了。
　☞ It looks as though it will snow before long.
8．almost, nearly，指几乎。
　☞ 快到吃午饭的时间了。
　☞ It's almost time for lunch.
　☞ 我来了快两年了。
　☞ I've been here for nearly two years.
　 ■ almost，nearly，一般可以换用，但如果句中有no， none，nothing，never时，只可用almost。
　☞ 都快没人相信她了。
　☞ Almost no one believes her.
9．be going (on)，be about to，指马上要发生的事。
　☞ 他快死了。
　☞ He is dying.
　☞ 快30的人了，还没个对象。
　☞ He is going on thirty, but still doesn't have a girl friend.
　☞ 火车快开了。
　☞ The train is about to leave.
　☞ 天气预报说天气快要转暖了。
　☞ The weather forecast says that it's about to be warm.
10．“快”的其他译法。
　☞ 他的脑子快。
　☞ He is quick-witted.
　☞ 这刀子好快！
　☞ What a sharp knife!
　☞ 她感到心中不快。
　☞ She felt unhappy.
　☞ 这真是快人快语。
　☞ It's really a straight talk from an honest man.
　☞ 这真是大快人心。
　☞ This is really to the great joy of the people.
　☞ 他这人嘴快。
　☞ He is a man who has a loose tongue.
　☞ 应邀参加此次大会为我平生一大快事。
　☞ My being invited to the conference was one of the most delightful experiences in my life.
　☞ 罪犯正法，人人拍手称快。
　☞ The criminal was executed and everybody clapped and cheered.
忽略 忽略
1．neglect，指应该注意而没有注意的忽略。
　☞ 这肯定是一个我们不能忽略的因素。
　☞ That is a fact, which we must certainly not neglect.
　☞ 你最近是否忽略了你的讲座？
　☞ Haven't you been neglecting your lecture of late?
　☞ 我们在注意主要矛盾的同时，不要忽略次要矛盾。
　☞ While paying attention to the main contradiction, we should not neglect the secondary ones.
2．overlook，指粗心大意的忽略。
　☞ 你的计算是错误的，因为忽略了一个重要的细节。
　☞ Your calculation was wrong because you had overlooked an important detail.
　☞ 贼人忽略了装在夹墙里的报警系统。
　☞ The robbers overlooked the alarm system fixed in the double wall.
　☞ 换一种做法就会忽略规划和决策的基本性质。
　☞ To do otherwise is to overlook the basic nature of both planning and decision-making.
3．ignore，指有意的忽略。
　☞ 许多农业学校和农业大学都同样忽略了基础生态学。
　☞ Basic ecology has similarly been ignored in many agricultural schools and universities.
　☞ 他完全忽略了所有的事实，好像根本不存在似的。
　☞ He completely ignores all the facts as though they never existed.
　☞ 该仪器误差可以忽略不计。
　☞ The instrumental error can be ignored.
4．slight，指由轻蔑或傲慢引起的忽略。
　☞ 我认为向检察官建议不要忽略王一夫先生的权利是我应尽的职责。
　☞ I think it my imperative duty to recommend the prosecutor not to slight Mr. Wang Yi-fu's claims.
　☞ 他因忽略群众的创造力而受到批评。
　☞ He was criticized for slighting the creative power of the masses.
5．lose sight，指由于看不到而造成的忽略。
　☞ 我们在争论最激烈的时候不应忽略我们的主要目的。
　☞ In the heat of the argument we must not lose sight of our main purpose.
　☞ 他作为总统从来不忽略人民的痛苦。
　☞ As president he never loses sight of the sufferings of the people.
　☞ 他们支持我们是有条件的，这一事实我们是不会忽略的。
　☞ We didn't lose sight of the fact that they gave us conditioned support.
忽视 忽视
1．neglect，常指不够注意的忽视。
　☞ 过去，农业遭到严重的忽视。
　☞ Agriculture was awfully neglected in the past.
　☞ 校领导忽视了学生的真正需要。
　☞ The school authorities neglected the real needs of the students.
　☞ 生活资料的生产，尤其是粮食生产决不能忽视。
　☞ The production of the means of substances, especially grain, cannot be neglected.
　☞ 不要强调一面，忽视另一面。
　☞ Don't stress one aspect to the neglect of another.
2．ignore，常指有意的忽视。
　☞ 他们忽视我们是很自然的。
　☞ It was quite natural that they should have ignored us.
　☞ 政治家们不管干什么都不会忽视舆论的力量。
　☞ Politicians never ignore the power of public opinions whatever they do.
　☞ 他的建议似乎不错，却遭到上司的忽视。
　☞ His proposal sounded good, but was ignored by his superiors.
3．overlook，常指匆忙大意的忽视。
　☞ 不论怎么忙，你在工作中都不要忽视困难。
　☞ While doing work, you should not overlook difficulties no matter how busy you are.
　☞ 尽管你喜欢尖子学生，但也不能忽视后进学生。
　☞ Never overlook slower students though you like top ones.
　☞ 当时我忽视了这个问题，现在我得着手解决了。
　☞ I overlooked this problem and I shall have to tackle it now.
4．slight，常指轻蔑、傲慢的忽视。
　☞ 如果忽视天命，会遭到报应吗？
　☞ If one slights divine command, will it bring retribution?
　☞ 因为无人请她参加这个社交聚会，她感到受到了忽视。
　☞ She felt slighted because she wasn't invited to the party.
5．disregard，指不理会。
　☞ 他忽视我的警告，结果出了事故。
　☞ He disregarded my warning and met with an accident.
　☞ 要是你忽视警方的指令，他们会逮捕你的。
　☞ If you disregard the instruction of the police, they may arrest you.
怀 怀
1．arms, bosom，指胸部或胸前。
　☞ 小孩在妈妈怀里睡着了。
　☞ The baby fell asleep in its mother's arms.
　☞ 他妻子走下楼来，怀里抱着1岁的儿子。
　☞ His wife came down stairs, with her one-year-old son in her arms.
　☞ 母亲蹲下来让儿子贴在她怀里。
　☞ The mother squatted down so that her son could nestle closely to her bosom.
　☞ 她从怀里取出一本小册子。
　☞ She drew a booklet from her bosom.
2．cherish，指珍藏有，故常与带有褒义的名词搭配。
　☞ 多年来，我们怀着真诚的愿望，希望他们能重归于好。
　☞ For many years, we've cherished sincere hopes that they will be reconciled with each other.
　☞ 他一生都在同泥土打交道中度过，因此对大自然怀有一种执著的爱。
　☞ He has passed his whole life in contact with earth, and thus he has cherished a persistent love for nature.
　 ■ 不过，偶尔也有用于贬义的。如：
　☞ 她对雇主怀恨在心。
　☞ She cherished resentment towards her employer.
3．harbor，指包藏有，故常与带贬义的名词搭配。
　☞ 他早已不怀好意，因此无缘无故地跟我作对。
　☞ Having harbored evil thoughts, he set himself against me for no reason.
　☞ 他心怀鬼胎，一见警车就心惊肉跳。
　☞ Harboring sinister designs, he always feels jumpy at the sight of a police car.
　 ■ 但是，此词偶尔也可用于褒义。如：
　☞ 李时珍少怀大志，后来果然如愿成为有名的药理学家。
　☞ Li Shizhen harbored lofty ambitions when he was young, and later he became a noted pharmacologist as he expected.
4．nurse，指培育有，故后可接带褒、贬义的名词。
　☞ 他生前一直怀有一个不可动摇的信念，那就是统一祖国的神圣事业一定会完成。
　☞ Before his death he had nursed an unshakable belief that the sacred task of unifying the country is certain to be accomplished.
　☞ 她多年来一直怀恨在心。
　☞ For many years she nursed the hatred in her heart.
5．with，指怀有，后常接表示某种心理状态的名词。
　☞ 我们怀着沉重的心情想起了他的死。
　☞ We think of his death with a heavy heart.
　☞ 我怀着矛盾的心情离开了她。
　☞ I left her with conflicting feelings.
　☞ 我们一直怀着强烈的喜悦心情盼望着1997年7月1日零点这一刻。
　☞ We have been looking forward to the moment of zero hour 1st July, 1997 with strong delight.
6．conceive, pregnant, with child，均指怀孩子。
　☞ 我们的第一个孩子是在三月间怀上，十二月出生的。
　☞ Our first child was conceived in March and born in December.
　☞ 马太太怀孩子已经5个月了。
　☞ Mrs. Ma has been pregnant for five months.
　☞ 她婚后3个月就知道怀上了。
　☞ Three months after her marriage she learned that she was with child.
怀疑 怀疑
1．doubt, doubtful，表示怀疑是假。主句是肯定句，从句要用whether或if连接，表示拿不准。
　☞ 医生怀疑他是不是真的得了肺病。
　☞ The doctor doubts whether he is ill with tuberculosis.
　☞ 我怀疑他是否说了真话。
　☞ I doubt if he is telling the truth.
　 ■ 但是，如果主句是否定句或疑问句，则从句要用that连接，因为主句已经否定产生了的疑问。
　☞ 我不怀疑他读过这本书。
　☞ I don't doubt that he has read the book.
　☞ 无人怀疑她是真诚的。
　☞ No one would doubt that she was sincere.
　☞ 你怀疑他会赢得这场选举吗？
　☞ Do you doubt that he will win the election?
　 ■ 但应注意的是，如果肯定句也用了that来连接，则doubt应作“认为不大可能”（consider unlikely）解。请比较：
　☞ I doubt whether it is authentic.（我怀疑这是不是真的）
　☞ I doubt that it is authentic.（我认为这不大可能是真的）
　 ■ 与此同时，doubt后可直接接名词。如：
　☞ 如果你对我的话有怀疑，可以写信给他。
　☞ You can write to him if you doubt my words 我怀疑这一报告的真实性。
　☞ I doubt the truth of this report.
　 ■ 但有时也可与介词about或of连用，不过这时的意思是“对…怀疑”。
　☞ 是什么使他怀疑我的能力？
　☞ What made him doubt about my ability?
　☞ 他说这是真的，但我对此表示怀疑。
　☞ He said it was true. but I doubt of it.
　 ■ 此外，doubt也用作名词，后接介词of，about，如果是接从句也用whether。
　☞ 我对他的诚实可靠从来没有一点怀疑。
　☞ I have never had the least doubt of his honesty.
　☞ 我对词的意思有怀疑时就查词典。
　☞ When in doubt about the meaning of a word, I consult a dictionary.
　☞ 对这件事是不是真的，我们有怀疑。
　☞ We are in doubt whether it is true.
　 ■ doubtful一词作“怀疑”解时，后接介词about或of。
　☞ 我怀疑此事的真实性。
　☞ I'm doubtful about its authenticity 你怀疑马先生吗？
　☞ Are you doubtful of Mr. Ma?
　 ■ 如果不接介词doubtful，应作“令人怀疑”解。
　☞ 我似乎觉得马先生是个令人怀疑的家伙。
　☞ Mr. Ma seems a doubtful fellow to me.
　☞ 此事的真实性令人怀疑。
　☞ Its authenticity seems doubtful.
2．suspect，suspicion，suspicious，这组词的怀疑程度大于前一组词，常怀疑为真，因此接从句时可直接用that连接。
　☞ 有理由怀疑死亡是在昨晚10至12点之间发生的。
　☞ There is reason to suspect that the death occurred between 10 and 12 last night.
　☞ 我怀疑他会遵守诺言。
　☞ I suspect that he will keep his words.
　 ■ suspect还可接名词、代词和复合结构。
　☞ 我们开始怀疑他。
　☞ We began to suspect him.
　☞ 我们开始怀疑这是个陷阱。
　☞ We began to suspect it to be a trap.
　☞ 我们开始怀疑他设了陷阱。
　☞ We began to suspect him of setting the trap 他们怀疑他有偷盗行为。
　☞ They suspected him of theft.
　☞ 警方怀疑他杀了那姑娘。
　☞ The police suspected him of killing the girl.
　 ■ suspicion如果是指笼统的怀疑，应作不可数名词。
　☞ 他们因相互怀疑而分手。
　☞ They were divided by mutual suspicion 他的举动没有引起怀疑。
　☞ His behavior aroused no suspicion.
　 ■ 但是如果怀疑是指具体的，则应为可数名词。
　☞ 我有点怀疑她没有说真话。
　☞ I have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth 我们对他的说法有怀疑。
　☞ We have suspicions about his story.
　 ■ suspicious后可接介词about或of。
　☞ 她对丈夫长期在外产生了怀疑。
　☞ She's getting suspicious about her husband's staying away so long.
　☞ 我对他感到怀疑。
　☞ I feel suspicious of him.
　 ■ 但suspicious（suspect）不接介词宾语时，作“令人怀疑”解。
　☞ 她在令人怀疑的境况中死去。
　☞ She died in suspicious (suspect) circumstances.
　☞ 这一理论的依据令人怀疑。
　☞ The evidence of this theory is suspicious (suspect).
　☞ 他一点都不令人怀疑。
　☞ He is not in the least suspicious.
3．skeptical about (of)，常指持有怀疑态度，因此这种怀疑带有习惯性，不易消除。
　☞ 他说吸烟对健康有利，我对此表示怀疑。
　☞ He says that smoking is good to health, but I'm skeptical about that.
　☞ 无知的人们当时都怀疑哥伦布认为地球是圆的这 一理论。
　☞ Ignorant people were skeptical of Columbus's theory that the earth was round.
4．dispute，disputable，指持有异议的怀疑。
　☞ 专家们都怀疑这一文件的真实性。
　☞ The experts disputed the authenticity of the document.
　《招魂》是屈原写的这一说法现在有人怀疑。
　☞ The assertion that Qu Yuan wrote the Requiem is now disputed.
　☞ 裁判的判决是令人怀疑的。
　☞ The referee's decision was disputable.
　☞ 中国对台湾的主权一直是不容怀疑的。
　☞ China's claim to Taiwan has always been undisputable.
态度 态度
1．attitude to (toward)，指个体或群体的态度，尤其指带有个人或党派色彩的态度，因此这种态度往往是性格、感情的产物。
　☞ 我欣赏他对生活的幽默态度。
　☞ I appreciate his humorous attitude to life.
　☞ 解放初期，中产阶级对新的人民政府采取了观望态度。
　☞ During the initial post-liberation period, the middle class adopted an attitude of wait and see toward the people's new government.
2．stand，指经过深思熟虑，具有进取性、挑战性、立 场鲜明的态度，因此这种态度往往是政治思想的产物。
　☞ 总统对裁军是什么态度？
　☞ What is the president's stand on disarmament?
　☞ 人们期望反对党在会上采取不妥协的态度。
　☞ The Opposition is expected to take an uncompromising stand at the conference.
3．position，与stand同义，也指具有立场的态度，但侧重争论、辩论中的态度。
　☞ 我们在原则问题上要表明我们的态度。
　☞ We must state our position on matters of principle.
　☞ 我能理解你对政府采取的保留态度。
　☞ I can understand the position of reserve which you adopt towards the government.
4．approach，指处理问题的态度。
　☞ 中国读者对美国文学要采取双重态度。
　☞ The Chinese reader needs to make a double approach towards American literature.
　☞ 无论干什么，我们都应把革命精神与科学态度结合起来。
　☞ Whatever we do, we must combine revolutionary spirit with a scientific approach.
5．manner，指人的行为态度。
　☞ 他的态度大变，变得异常冷淡。
　☞ He changed his manner utterly, and became very cold.
　☞ 她的态度有点咄咄逼人，不过你也不要介意。
　☞ Her manner is a bit aggressive, but you mustn't mind.
6．way，与manner同义，也指人的行为态度。但使用范围更广，说法更随便。
　☞ 这就是你所作所为的态度？
　☞ Is this the way you behave?
　☞ 我第一次停下来同她交谈时，她那大方的态度令我惊讶不已。
　☞ The first time I stopped to talk to her, I was astonished at her easy ways.
7．“态度”的其他译法。
　☞ 态度和蔼的人常为别人着想。
　☞ An amiable person is thoughtful of others.
　☞ 他今天态度恶劣。
　☞ He behaved badly today.
　☞ 你今天的态度有点异常。
　☞ You are not your usual self today.
　☞ 这家饭馆的服务态度好。
　☞ The service is good at this restaurant.
　☞ 他耍态度，对着我大叫。
　☞ He lost his temper and shouted at me.
怎么 怎么
1．what，how come，疑问代词，询问具体的事或物。
　☞ 怎么办？
　☞ What's to be done?
　☞ 这是怎么回事？
　☞ What's all this about?
　☞ 你怎么啦？
　☞ What's the matter with you?
　 ■ 但what用作关系代词时，只用于陈述句或感叹句。
　☞ 瞧你怎么搞的！
　☞ See what you've done!
　☞ 该怎么办就怎么办。
　☞ Do what must be done.
　☞ 你不能想怎么样就怎么样。
　☞ You can't just do what you please.
　 ■ no matter what, whatever 都是关系代词，用来连接让步从句。
　☞ 不管你怎么说，我也不会相信。
　☞ No matter what you say, I won't believe you.
　☞ 不管你遇到怎么样的困难，也要坚持原则。
　☞ Adhere to principles no matter what difficulties you meet.
　☞ 你怎么说，我就怎么做。
　☞ I'll do whatever you say.
　☞ 怎么也得把实验进行下去。
　☞ The experiment must be carried on whatever happens.
2．how，疑问副词，询问方式、方法。
　☞ 这件事你怎么解释？
　☞ How do you explain it?
　☞ 这个字怎么写？
　☞ How do you write this character?
　 ■ no matter how， 用来连接让步从句。
　☞ 这本词典怎么贵我也得买。
　☞ I have to buy the dictionary no matter how expensive it is.
　☞ 无论睡眠怎么不好，她也总是老早就起来了。
　☞ No matter how badly she had slept, she was always up early.
　 ■ somehow，有“不知怎么”的意思。
　☞ 我不知怎么就滑倒了。
　☞ Somehow I slipped and fell.
　☞ 不知怎么的，她从来就没喜欢过我。
　☞ She never liked me, somehow.
3．why, how come，疑问副词，询问原因。
　☞ 你怎么不告诉他？
　☞ Why don't you tell him?
　☞ 你怎么不去？
　☞ Why aren't you going?
　☞ 怎么不试着培养培养自己的性格呢？
　☞ Why not try to train your character?
　☞ 怎么要冒这样的险呢？
　☞ Why run this risk?
　 ■ 注意：why带有质问的性质，用how come提问可使问句变得委婉。
　☞ 怎么年纪轻轻的就寻死呢？
　☞ How come you so young should have sought such an end?
　☞ 我怎么从没听说过这件事？
　☞ How come I never heard of it?
4．as, 指原来怎么样，现在也怎么样，用来作比较。
　☞ 我要你把你的经验告诉我的朋友，原来你对我怎么说的现在也怎么说。
　☞ I want you tell my friend your experience as you told it to me.
　☞ 人家怎么做，你也怎么做。
　☞ Do as everybody does.
5．cannot be too，指“怎么…也不过分”。
　☞ 健康的重要性，怎么强调也不过分。
　☞ The importance of good health cannot be emphasized too strongly.
　☞ 对他，你怎么小心也不过分。
　☞ You cannot be too careful with him.
6．not very, not much, not quite, not too, not so, 均用于否定句，表示程度。
　☞ 书不怎么贵。
　☞ The book is not very expensive.
　☞ 他不怎么说话。
　☞ He doesn't talk much.
　☞ 今天我不怎么舒服。
　☞ I'm not quite well today.
　☞ 这个地方我不怎么熟悉。
　☞ I'm not too familiar with the place.
　☞ 我希望在这里不怎么忙。
　☞ I wish I were not so busy here.
7．in—way，指某种不定的方式。
　☞ 他说那地方的风景怎么怎么好，弄得大家都想去看看。
　☞ He described the scenic beauties in such a way that everybody wanted to go there for a visit.
　☞ 我们怎么都能够帮点忙吧？
　☞ Can we be of assistance in any way?
　☞ 病人不怎么好。
　☞ The patient is in a bad way.
怕 怕
1．be afraid of，表示因害怕而担心，接名词、动名词；be afraid to，表示因害怕而不顾，接动词不定式；be afraid that，按从句，指生性害怕，因此不表示害怕的程度，使用最广。
　☞ 现在的女孩大都怕胖。
　☞ Most girls are afraid of being overweight.（指担心胖）或Most girls are afraid to be overweight.（指不愿胖）
　☞ 这里的企鹅不怕人。
　☞ Penguins here are not afraid of people.
　☞ 她害怕跟你说话时被人看见。
　☞ She was afraid to be seen speaking to you.
　☞ 他怕你不来。
　☞ He was afraid that you wouldn't come.
　 ■ 此外，I'm afraid可以表示“担心”， 是一种形式化的委婉说法。
　☞ 事情怕不那么简单。
　☞ I'm afraid, things are not that simple.
　☞ 这生意怕赚不了钱。
　☞ This doesn't seem a profitable business, I'm afraid.
2．fear，指害怕的心理活动，因此是个动词。不过在非正式场合可与be afraid (of)换用。
　☞ 老鼠怕猫。
　☞ Mice fear (are afraid of) cats.
　☞ 我知道她怕什么。
　☞ I know what she fears (is afraid of).
　☞ 他不怕死。
　☞ He does not fear (is not afraid) to die.
　 ■ 但在正式场合一般要用fear。
　☞ 下定决心，不怕牺牲，排除万难，去争取胜利。
　☞ Be resolute, fear no sacrifice and surmount every difficulty to win victory.
　☞ 要充分发扬一不怕苦、二不怕死的战斗精神。
　☞ Give full play to our fighting spirit of fearing neither hardship nor death.
　 ■ 同时，I fear也可以与I'm afraid换用。
　☞ 我怕得走了。
　☞ I fear (I'm afraid)I must go.
　☞ 天怕是要下雨了。
　☞ It's going to rain, I fear (I'm afraid)
　 ■ for fear of用作状语，也表示某种担心。
　☞ 他怕迟到，6点就动身了。
　☞ He started out at six for fear of being late.
　☞ 不少女孩由于怕丢掉工作而没有勇气结婚。
　☞ Not a few girls don't have the courage to get married for fear of losing their jobs.
　 ■ in fear of用作表语时等于afraid of。
　☞ 小偷怕警察。
　☞ The thief is in fear (is afraid) of the police.
　☞ 他怕被发现就躲起来了。
　☞ He was in fear (was afraid) of being discovered, so he hid himself.
　 ■ 但是，如果in fear of用作状语则不能与afraid换用。如上句可改成：
　☞ He hid himself in fear of being discovered.
　 ■ in fear of还可以加表示程度的词语进行修饰。如：
　☞ 他很怕传染艾滋病。
　☞ He was in great fear of AIDS infection.
3．frightened of，scared of，指受到惊吓后所处的精神状态。一般也可与afraid换用，但害怕的时间较afraid短。两词含义基本相同，只是scared的语气较重。
　☞ 做姑娘时我怕老鼠。
　☞ I was frightened (afraid) of mice when I was a young girl.
　☞ 他怕老婆出了名。
　☞ He was well-known for being scared (afraid) of his wife.
　☞ 她怕从高处往下看。
　☞ She is frightened (scared)to look down from the height.
　 ■ 但在表示害怕程度时就只能用frightened或scared，而两者可以换用，只是scared的语气较重。
　☞ 她不得不坐飞机旅行时，每次都害怕得要命。
　☞ She is always frightened (scared) to death on every occasion when she has to travel by air.
　☞ 一想起得在荒郊的一个小客栈里过夜，她就怕得要死。
　☞ She is scared (frightened) to death at the thought that she has to stay for the night in a small inn of the desolate place.
　 ■ frightened和scared仍带有过去分词的痕迹，故其后可接by。
　☞ 女孩大都怕雷电。
　☞ Most girls are frightened (scared) by thunder and lightning.
　☞ 国外有人怕中国高速发展的经济。
　☞ Someone abroad is scared (frightened) by the rapidly developing economy of China.
4．apprehensive，一般指对未来的危险、失败、困难产生的害怕。
　☞ 我怕我要流产了。
　☞ I am apprehensive that I should miscarry.
　☞ 你干吗怕这怕那的？
　☞ Why are you apprehensive of this and that?
5．fearful，指充满恐惧。
　☞ 剧作家怕他的首场演出砸了。
　☞ The playwright was fearful that his first show would be a failure.
　☞ 要是经济在以后的几个月内不迅速改善，我怕会再次萧条。
　☞ I am fearful of another depression if the economy fails to improve radically in the next few months.
6．shy，指害羞产生的害怕。
　☞ 他不讲话是因为怕生。
　☞ He didn't say anything because he was shy with strangers.
　☞ 小孩一般都怕他们不认识的人。
　☞ Small children are often shy of anyone they do not know.
7．nervous，指由紧张而产生的害怕。
　☞ 我怕在人前讲话。
　☞ I feel nervous when speaking in public.
　☞ 她总是怕考试。
　☞ She is always nervous about taking examinations.
8．I should think, 指个人不成熟的、没有把握的想法，有点类似I'm afraid。
　☞ 这瓜怕有十几斤吧。
　☞ This melon weighs more than ten jin, I should think.
　☞ 这事怕是不成吧。
　☞ I should think it can't be done.
9．look like，指某种没有多少把握的看法。
　☞ 怕要下雨，你最好带把伞。
　☞ It looks like rain, so better take your umbrella with you.
　☞ 他们踢得蛮不错的，这场比赛怕要赢。
　☞ They play quite well. It looks like winning the game.
10．can't stand (bear)，指忍受不了某种状态。
　☞ 这种植物怕冻。
　☞ This plant can't stand frost.
　☞ 我已习惯昆明的天气，因此怕这种冷法。
　☞ I can't stand the cold for I have already got used to Kunming's weather.
　☞ 他最怕游手好闲。
　☞ What he can't bear most is idleness.
　☞ 我最怕有人唠叨。
　☞ I can't bear gossiping by anyone.
11．lest, 连词，后接虚拟语气，有“惟恐”的意思，故引申为“怕”。
　☞ 司机怕发动机出问题，故做了仔细的检查。
　☞ The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong.
　☞ 他开始害怕起来，怕会把命丢在海里。
　☞ He began to fear lest he'd lose his life at sea.
12．“怕”的其他译法。
　☞ 这种蓝布怕晒。
　☞ This blue cloth will discolor through exposure to the sun.
　☞ 这种表不怕水。
　☞ This kind of watch is waterproof.
　☞ 山洞里黑得怕人。
　☞ It's frighteningly dark inside the cave.
　☞ 那情形真怕人。
　☞ That was the terrible scene.
　☞ 他们患碍患失，生怕失掉这些东西。
　☞ Swayed by considerations of loss and gain, they are anxious not to lose these possessions.
　☞ 不要怕向我们共产党人提批评建议。
　☞ Don't hesitate to criticize us Communists and give us your suggestions.
　☞ 中国人连死都不怕，还怕困难吗？
　☞ Will the Chinese cower before difficulties when they are not afraid even of death?
思想 思想
1．idea, 是含义最全面、使用最广的词，指经过有意识的思维活动而产生的任何具体想法。
　☞ 我们应当传播社会主义和共产主义思想。
　☞ We must spread socialist and communist ideas.
　☞ 说服人们接受新思想需要很长的时间。
　☞ It takes a long time to persuade people to accept new ideas.
　☞ 思想往往落后于实际。
　☞ Ideas often lag behind actual events.
　☞ 儒家思想在团结中华民族上起过重大作用。
　☞ Confucian ideas played an important role in uniting the Chinese nation.
　☞ 我同他比较熟悉，每次见面没有一次我不批评他的错误思想。
　☞ I know him rather well, and I never meet him without my having to criticize his erroneous ideas.
2．ideology，ideological，与idea正好相反，是抽象出来的、形成体系的思想，尤指社会或政治思想。
　☞ 马克思主义被公认为是共产党的指导思想。
　☞ Marxism is generally recognized as the guiding ideology of the Communist Party.
　☞ 他在医学思想上是超前的。
　☞ He takes the lead in medical ideology.
　☞ 种族偏见是人类剥削思想中不可分割的一部分。
　☞ Race prejudice is an indispensable part of the ideology of human exploitation.
　☞ 思想斗争必须要中肯，就是说要有思想交锋。
　☞ Ideological struggle must hit the mark. In other words, there must be confrontation of ideas.
3．thought，指经过反复思考、深思熟虑后的思想成果。
　☞ 毛泽东思想规范了年轻一代的思想和行为。
　☞ Mao Zedong thought molded the thoughts and actions of the younger generation.
　☞ 思想必须反映客观实际，并且在客观实践中得到检验与证明，这才算是真理，不然就不算。
　☞ Thought must reflect objective reality and must be tested and verified in objective practice before it can be taken as truth, otherwise, it cannot.
　☞ 语言是交流思想的工具。
　☞ Languages are means of communicating thoughts.
　☞ 这篇文章的中心思想是什么？
　☞ What is the central thought of this article?
4．thinking，与thought相反，指产生思想结果的过程。
　☞ 人的社会存在决定人的思想。
　☞ It is man's social being that determines his thinking.
　☞ 毛泽东的军事思想认为只有动员群众、依靠群众才能进行战争。
　☞ The military thinking of Mao Zedong holds that a war can be waged only by mobilizing the masses and relying on them.
　☞ 人的思想作风、恩想方法都与思想意识有关。
　☞ One's Way of thinking and method of thinking are both linked to one's ideology.
5．mind，指与身体body相对的心灵，进而引申为思想。
　☞ 解放思想的巨浪横扫全国。
　☞ The whole country was swept by the surging waves of emancipation of the mind.
　☞ 有健全的体魄才有健全的思想。
　☞ There is a sound mind only in a sound body(或A sound mind is only in a sound body).
　☞ 他年龄不大，思想却已经麻木。
　☞ Though he is not old, his mind is already deadened.
6．mental，与bodily相对，指思想上的。
　☞ 侵略者无法理解中国人民在思想上及精神上的力量。
　☞ The invaders couldn't comprehend the mental and spiritual force of the Chinese people.
　☞ 我们得做好长期战争的思想准备。
　☞ We have to make mental preparations for the protracted war。
　☞ 思想僵化会导致漠不关心和麻木不仁。
　☞ Mental stagnation leads to apathy and indifference.
7．concept，指从思想中抽象出来的概念，在一定的上下文里也可引申为“思想”。
　☞ 毛主席军事思想的一个重要组成部分是关于人民战争的思想。
　☞ An important component of Chairman Mao's military thinking is his concept of people's war.
　☞ 毛主席的这一光辉思想对中国革命的胜利具有决定意义。
　☞ This brilliant concept of Chairman Mao's was of decisive significance to the victory of the Chinese revolution.
　☞ 邓小平的这一根本战略思想已显示出它能改变中国人的行为作风。
　☞ This fundamental strategic concept of Deng Xiaoping has already shown that it can change Chinese behavior.
8．sentiment，指以不健康的情绪为基础的思想、观点。
　☞ 他的排外思想是与开放政策格格不入的。
　☞ His anti-foreign sentiments are incompatible with the policy of opening to the outside world.
　☞ 我倒想知道他的那种落后思想到哪里去找市场。
　☞ I'd like to know where he can find an audience for such backward sentiment.
9．notion，指带有随意性和不确定性的思想观念。
　☞ 要打破“金要足赤，人要完人”的形而上学的错误思想。
　☞ Do away with the mistaken metaphysical notions that "Gold must be pure and man must be perfect".
　☞ 尊师这一思想在中国人的心里是十分牢固的。
　☞ The notion of respecting teachers is firmly entrenched in Chinese mind.
10．consciousness，conscious，指思想意识，但强调意识。
　☞ 他思想上仍在可怜她。
　☞ He is still sorry for her in his consciousness.
　☞ 她微微一笑来表示思想上的优越。
　☞ She smiled to express conscious superiority.
思路 思路
1．idea，指思想活动产生的想法。
　☞ 他政治思想的基本思路是人人平等。
　☞ The cardinal idea of his political thought is that all people should be equal.
　☞ 开始动笔之前先要整理思路。
　☞ Straighten your ideas before beginning to write.
2．think, 指思想活动本身。
　☞ 尽管她已高龄，但思路清晰。
　☞ She thinks clearly in spite of her advanced age.
　☞ 这岗位你合适，你的思路比我快。
　☞ You will fit the post; you think quicker than I do.
3．one's train of thought，指连续不断的思考。
　☞ 一位朋友来访打断了他的思路。
　☞ The visit of a friend interrupted his train of thought.
4．scope of mind，指思维的范围。
　☞ 相互讨论可以打开我们的思路。
　☞ Mutual discussion may broaden our scope of mind.
急 急
1．worried，指着急。
　☞ 为什么你来得这么晚？真把人急死了。
　☞ Why are you so late? We were worried to death about you.
　☞ 爸爸病了，我急得要命。
　☞ I was awfully worried when Daddy was ill.
2．anxious，指焦急。
　☞ 她样子很急，但没有责备的意思。
　☞ She looked anxious, but irreproachful.
　☞ 你要知道，他急得要命。
　☞ He is desperately anxious, you know.
3．impatient，指急得不耐烦。
　☞ 孩子们急着要出发。
　☞ The children were impatient to set out.
　☞ 别跟孩子急。
　☞ Don't be impatient with the child.
4．eager，指急于干某事。
　☞ 干部是人民的公仆，要急人民之所急。
　☞ Cadres are public servants of the people and should be eager to meet their needs.
　☞ 我们都急于工作。
　☞ All of us are eager to work.
5．keen (on)，指出于喜好而急于干某事。
　☞ 她急着出国进修，正在准备“托祸”考试。
　☞ She is preparing for TOEFL, being keen on going abroad for the advanced studies.
　☞ 提亲的事，我国的习惯是女方往往不会马上同意， 以便不致于显得太着急。
　☞ In the Chinese tradition a woman's family often did not give consent to a marriage proposal immediately, as they should not appear too keen.
6．emergency，指紧急。
　☞ 老百姓都贮备了大量粮食以应急。
　☞ The ordinary people stored up a great deal of grain to meet emergency.
　☞ 他马上来了个急刹车。
　☞ He quickly pulled the emergency brakes.
7．urgent，指急迫。
　☞ 事情很急，必须马上处理。
　☞ The matter is urgent and must be dealt with at once.
　☞ 他决定给你拍封急电。
　☞ He decided to send you an urgent telegram.
8．in a hurry，指急匆匆。
　☞ 他走得很急。
　☞ He left in a hurry.
　☞ 你用不着那么急。
　☞ You needn't be in such a hurry.
9．angry，指急得生气。
　☞ 我没想到他会急。
　☞ I didn't expect him to get angry.
　☞ 你说话不算，她当然要跟你急。
　☞ Of course she was angry with you for your having broken the promise.
10．annoyed，指急得气恼。
　☞ 她从来没跟我急过。
　☞ She's never been annoyed with me.
　☞ 他对你所说的话真的急了。
　☞ He was really annoyed at what you said.
11．frantic，指急得发狂。
　☞ 这一切把个赵寡妇在屏风后急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
　☞ All this made Zhao, the widow behind the screen, as frantic as an ant on a hot furnace.
　☞ 他被警察局的提审逼急了。
　☞ He was driven frantic by questioning in the police station.
12．abrupt，指急剧。
　☞ 这条路到处是急转弯。
　☞ The road is full of abrupt turns.
　☞ 火车一个急刹车把好多乘客从座位上摔了下来。
　☞ The train came to an abrupt stop, making many passengers fall off their seats.
13．swift，指湍急。
　☞ 水流很急。
　☞ The current is swift.
　☞ 河水急得不能游泳。
　☞ The river is too swift to swim in.
14．hard，指猛烈。
　☞ 雨下得正急。
　☞ It's raining hard.
　☞ 就在半夜里，风刮得急起来。
　☞ It began to blow hard just at midnight.
15．acute，指急性。
　☞ 阑尾炎是一种急腹症。
　☞ Appendicitis is one of the acute abdominal diseases.
　☞ 他得的是急病。
　☞ It was an acute disease that he had got.
忽而 忽而
1．有“时而…时而…”的意思，表示情况的交替变换。一般用在意义相对的动词或形容词前面。由于变换交替的时间有长有短，因而用词有较大的灵活性。
1) one moment... the next，表示交替变换的时间很短，以瞬间计算。
　☞ 天气变化无常，忽而晴天，忽而下雨。
　☞ The weather is changeable, fine one moment, raining the next.
　☞ 她的情绪忽而高，忽而低。
　☞ She is apt to be in high spirits one moment and in low spirits the next.
2) now…now…，表示交替变化的时间稍长，以一会儿，一会儿来计算。
　☞ 天气每天都要变，忽而热，忽而冷。
　☞ The weather changed every day, it was now hot, now cool.
　☞ 乡村在我面前闪过，忽而高山，忽而平地。
　☞ The countryside swept past before me, now mountains，now plains.
3) today... tomorrow，表示交替变换的时间又长了一点，以今天、明天来计算。
　☞ 你得提防着点，他是个忽而答应，忽而反悔的人。
　☞ You have to be on your guard. He is a man promising today and going back on it tomorrow.
　☞ 你总不能忽而主张这个，忽而主张那个。
　☞ Anyway, you can't advocate one thing today and another tomorrow.
4) sometimes... sometimes... ，也表示交替变换，但时间更长了一点，以“时而，时而”来计算。
　☞ 这很难说，这里的物价忽而涨，忽而跌。
　☞ It's hard to say, the price here sometimes is rising, sometimes is falling.
　☞ 我们忽而忙，忽而闲。
　☞ Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are idle.
2．但是，这种交替变换可以不从时间，而从动作上着眼，这时可以有另一种译法。
1) by turns，表示动作交替发生。
　☞ 她忽而哭，忽而笑，我们不知道她怎么了。
　☞ She cried and laughed by turns, we didn't know what had happened to her.
　☞ 她令人捉摸不定，忽而兴高采烈，忽而垂头丧气。
　☞ She is unpredictable; she goes into rapture and loses her spirits by turns.
2) 茌keep后接表示动作不断变换的现在分词。
　☞ 我们进去时，只见灯光忽而明，忽而暗。
　☞ When we came in we saw the lights kept flickering.
　☞ 信号灯忽明忽暗，告诉我们毒贩正在接近。
　☞ The light signals kept flashing, telling us that the drug trafficker was approaching.
怪 怪
1．strange，指奇怪。
　☞ 她今天看来有点怪。
　☞ She looks a bit strange today.
　☞ 你竟没听说过，好怪！
　☞ How strange that you should not have heard!
2．odd，指古怪。
　☞ 他好像是个怪人。
　☞ He seemed an odd character.
　☞ 我竟还是独身，你不认为怪吗？
　☞ Don't you think it odd that I should remain single?
3．queer，指奇特。
　☞ 这东西有股怪味，先甜后苦。
　☞ It had a queer flavor, sweet at first, then bitter.
　☞ 她样子有点怪，好像知道点什么似的。
　☞ She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something.
4．eccentric，指怪僻。
　☞ 要是你穿着网球鞋去那地方，人家就会认为你怪。
　☞ If you go to the place in tennis shoes, they will think you are eccentric.
　☞ 一个怪人就是在说话、穿衣等方面独特的人。
　☞ An eccentric person is one who is peculiar in speech, dress, etc.
5．funny，指难以理解。
　☞ 他不辞而别，你说怪不怪。
　☞ Do you think it funny that he went without saying good-bye.
　☞ 小李也怪，他干吗不跟我们一块儿来？
　☞ Funny about Li. Why didn't he come with US?
6．be surprised at，指惊奇。
　☞ 他的生活方式相当怪。
　☞ His way of life is rather surprising.
　☞ 那有什么可怪的？
　☞ Is that anything to be surprised at?
7．rather，指颇为。
　☞ 对他自告奋勇来帮忙，她感到怪不好意思的。
　☞ She felt rather embarrassed with his offer of assistance.
　☞ 哦，这箱子怪沉的。
　☞ Oh, the suitcase is rather heavy.
8．blame，指责怪。
　☞ 怪我没讲清楚。
　☞ I'm to blame for not having made it clear.
　☞ 来晚了不怪他，因为开会时间通知错了。
　☞ He's not to blame for arriving late. He was told the wrong time for the meeting.
9．有时，“怪”只是一个感叹用的语气，故可用感叹句表示。
　☞ 这些葡萄怪水灵的！
　☞ How fresh and juicy those grapes are!
　☞ 这房间怪冷的！
　☞ How cold this room is!
总之(总而言之) 总之(总而言之)
　 ■ “总之”与“总而言之”是同义词，可以换用。
1．用来表示下文是概括性的话，可用in short, in a word, in brief.
　☞ 政治、文化、科学和艺术，总之，一切社会上层建筑跟经济基础是分不开的。
　☞ Politics, culture, science and art, in short, all superstructure and economic basis of society are inseparable.
　☞ 对这我是既没功夫也没兴趣，总之，我不干。
　☞ I have neither the time nor the inclination for this. In short, I refuse.
　☞ 总而言之，这电影我是一点也不喜欢。
　☞ In short, I don't like the film at all.
　☞ 总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
　☞ In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
　☞ 总之，情况越来越糟。
　☞ In a word, matters are going from bad to worse.
　☞ 总而言之，朝鲜只能通过联邦制重新统一起来。
　☞ In a word, Korea can be reunified only through the formation of a confederation.
　☞ 总之，这是对那一论点的回答。
　☞ This, in brief, is the answer to the argument.
　☞ 总而言之，奠定他的哲学基础的思想就是这样的。
　☞ Such, in brief, was the thinking that laid the foundation of his philosophy.
2．用来改变原先的谈话，表示已说的话无关紧要，重要的是在后面，可用anyway，anyhow，at any rate.
　☞ 我记不清确切的地址了，总之是在颐和园附近的什么地方。
　☞ I can't remember the exact address. Anyway, it's somewhere near the Summer Palace.
　☞ 我说不准什么时候到，也许7点，也许8点，总而言之，9点以前一定到那里。
　☞ I'm not sure what time I'll arrive. Maybe seven or eight. Anyway I'll certainly be there before nine.
　☞ 我的伤倒不怎么样，就是被吓着了。总之，我是平安无恙地回来了。
　☞ I was more frightened than hurt. Anyhow I was back safe and sound.
　☞ 这次旅行不怎么愉快，但总而言之，我们可以说我们见识了那个国家。
　☞ The trip was not very pleasant. But anyhow we can say we've seen that country.
　☞ 下个月我们这里会有大雨，总之，天气预报是这样说的。
　☞ We are going to have a good deal of rain during the next month. At any rate, so the weather forecasts say.
　☞ 总而言之，可以肯定的是死脑筋不得不变。
　☞ At any rate, it is certain that the diehards will have to change.
总归(终归) 总归(终归)
　 ■ “总归”与“终归”是同义词，一般可以换用。
1．after all，用来提醒被人忽略的事实。
　☞ 我们应该让女儿与同学交往，她总归是个大姑娘了。
　☞ We should let our daughter associate with her classmates. After all she is a big girl already.
　☞ 别说他了，他总归还是来了。
　☞ Don't scold him. He has come after all.
　☞ 困难总归是可以克服的。
　☞ Difficulties can after all be overcome.
　☞ 事实总归是事实。
　☞ After all, facts are facts.
2．at any rate，anyway，anyhow，用来表示前面说过的话无关紧要，重要的是在后面。
　☞ 车是不怎么样，不过总归还是便宜嘛。
　☞ It isn't much of a car, but at any rate it was cheap.
　☞ 我说不定什么时候到，不过总归是要来的。
　☞ I'm not sure what time I arrive. Anyway I'll certainly come.
　☞ 现在不能讲，不过总归有一天我会告诉你的。
　☞ I can't talk now, but anyhow I'll tell it to you some day.
3．eventually，用来表示事情的发展最终一定会如预料的那样。
　☞ 他可能会迟到，来总归会来的。
　☞ He will probably be late but he'll come eventually.
　☞ 我知道你现在下岗了，不过你总归会重新找到工作的。
　☞ I know you are laid off, but you'll find a job eventually.
4．in the long run，意思与eventually有点近似，但强调从长远来看总归会如此。
　☞ 她总归会戍为他的女朋友，咱们等着瞧吧。
　☞ In the long run, she will prove to be his girlfriend.
　☞ Let's wait and see.
　☞ 贼人可以逍遥法外于一时，但总归是要被抓的。
　☞ The knave can be at large for the time being, but he will be caught in the long run.
总算 总算
1．manage, 指经过想方设法实现了某种愿望、打算等。其后往往接动词不定式。
　☞ 我跑了好几家商店，总算搞到了我们所要的东西。
　☞ I ran around to several shops and finally managed to get what we wanted.
　☞ 由于行动及时，中国政府总算遏制住了“非典”。
　☞ By prompt action the Chinese government managed to keep SARS in check.
2．be able to, 一般用过去时，表示经过某些曲折总算做成了某事。
　☞ 他起先不同意我说的话，但我总算把他说服了。
　☞ He didn't agree with what I said at first but I was able to persuade him.
　☞ 第二次世界大战前，他总算离开了德国。
　☞ He was able to leave Germany before World WarⅡ.
3．be supposed to，用被动语态表示对总算做成的事或所处的状态没有多少依据或把握。
　☞ 我们总算吸取了我们不该放松警惕这一教训。
　☞ We are supposed to draw the lesson that we shouldn't let down our vigilance.
　☞ 你总算是个大学毕业生了，但你的英语却狗屁不通。
　☞ You are supposed to be a college graduate but your English is rubbish.
4．finally，at last，指经过长期等候之后，最后总算。
　☞ 经过3次延期之后，我们总算在巴黎度假了。
　☞ After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Paris.
　☞ 他想来想去，总算想出了一个好主意。
　☞ He thought it over and over and finally hit upon a good idea.
　☞ 我儿子总算通过了考试。
　☞ My son has passed the examinations at last (finally).
　 ■ 但如果at last用来表示感叹时，则不能与finally换用。
　☞ 总算找到你了！你到底上哪去了？
　☞ At last! Where the hell have you been?
5．as a whole，on the whole，指从总体来看的“总算”，常用于评价。
　☞ 这种不够格的党员现在总算比以前少了。
　☞ Such unqualified Party members, as a whole, number less than before.
　☞ 这篇作文尽管有些小毛病，总算写得还不错。
　☞ Taken as a whole, this composition is well written, though it has minor faults.
　☞ 工程总算设计得不错，尽管还有改进之处。
　☞ The project is, on the whole, well designed, though there is room for improvement.
6．“总算”的其他译法。
　☞ 小孩子的字能写成这样，总算不错了。
　☞ For a child's handwriting, it is quite good.
　☞ 我们推倒了他家里的炉灶，多少总算出了口气。
　☞ Since we pulled down their kitchen range we have had our revenge more or less.
　☞ 就是天下雨，不过总算是次不错的旅行。
　☞ It was raining, but altogether it was a good trip.
　☞ 该国在今年的外交事务上，总算是相对安静的一年。
　☞ All in all, it was a relatively quiet year in foreign affairs of that country this year.
总结 总结
1．sum up, 指总结要点。
　☞ 这篇文章的内容可以总结为几句话。
　☞ The content of the article may be summed up in a few words.
　☞ 许多同志在会上发了言，最后由主席总结了这次讨论。
　☞ Many comrades spoke at the meeting and finally the chairman summed up the discussion.
2．summarize, summary, summation，指以总结的形式来表示主要内容。因此总结的内容要比sum up详细，程序也比较正式。
　☞ 自然规律的重要性不局限于对事实的总结和归类。
　☞ The importance of laws of nature is not limited to summarizing and cataloguing facts.
　☞ 此外，我们这个宪法草案也总结了解放以来制订宪法的经验和教训。
　☞ Besides, this Draft Constitution of ours has also summarized the experience and lessons in constitution making since liberation.
　☞ 至于这一事件，我们有一个简短的评论性总结。
　☞ As to the event, we have a brief critical summary.
　☞ 哲学是关于自然知识和社会知识的概括和总结。
　☞ Philosophy is the generalization and summation of the knowledge of nature and society.
总计 总计
1．add up to，指加起来总计。
　☞ 账单总计550元。
　☞ The bills add up to five hundred and fifty yuan.
　☞ 他挪用的公款总计为256万元。
　☞ The public funds he embezzled added up to 2.56 million yuan.
2．amount to，指达到的总数。
　☞ 我村的公积金总计为3,800万元。
　☞ Our village's common reserve fund amounts to 38 million yuan.
　☞ 这次旅行消耗的燃料总计为38加仑。
　☞ The fuel consumed in the trip amounted to 38 gallons.
3．total，指总数合计。
　☞ 他前三年的债务激增，总计超过200万元。
　☞ He had in the preceding three years run up debts totaling more than two million yuan.
　☞ 今天参观的人数总计为3,546人。
　☞ The visitors today totaled 3,546.
总（总是） 总（总是）
1．有“一直”、“一向”的意思，表示这种情况是经常性的。这种经常性可以根据频率的多少采用下列词：often, frequently, always, constantly, ever. invariably等。
　☞ 最近他总是找我们玩。
　☞ He often comes to us for play recently.
　☞ 最近两天我的思想总在她身上。
　☞ For the recent two days my thoughts have been frequently on her.
　☞ 她每天总是第一个到车间。
　☞ She is always the first to come to the workshop every day.
　☞ 他总是乱扔东西。
　☞ He is constantly leaving things about.
　☞ 帝国主义总是跟战争连在一起的。
　☞ Imperialism and war have ever gone hand in hand.
　☞ 晚饭后，我们总是要上街散散步。
　☞ We invariably go for a walk in the street after supper.
　 ■ 这种经常性如果出现在否定句里，则要用never，cannot来替代。
　☞ 真正的爱情总不是一帆风顺的。
　☞ The course of true love never runs smooth.
　☞ 要人家服，只能说服，不能压服；压服的结果总是压而不服。
　☞ Persuasion, not compulsion, is the way to convince people; compulsion will never result in convincing them.
　☞ 学习总是不嫌晚的。
　☞ Never too late to learn.
　☞ 你总不能老捧着这东西吧。
　☞ You cannot just go on holding it.
　☞ 我总不能在众目睽睽之下撅起屁股把那张百元大钞捡在手里吧。
　☞ I could not lean forward under the watchful eye of the public and pick the one-hundred-yuan bill in my hand.
　 ■ 要注意never与not always的区别。
　☞ 我哥哥晚上总是不在家。
　☞ My brother is never at home in the evening.（完全否定）
　☞ 我哥哥晚上不总是在家。
　☞ My brother is not always at home in the evening.（部分否定）
2．双重否定在表示永恒真理、客观规律或经常现象时也有总的意思。
　☞ 是东西总有用处。
　☞ Nothing is but good for something.
　☞ 人总有缺点。
　☞ Nobody but has his fault.
　☞ 凡事有生总有死。
　☞ There is nothing born but has to die.
　☞ 他们一见面总要斗智。
　☞ They never meet but there is a skirmish of wit between them.
　☞ 要战胜危险总得冒险。
　☞ Danger is never overcome without risk.
3．如果这种经常性是指习惯性动作，则要用will, would, used to, have a habit of等。
　☞ 他锻炼起来总是三四个小时不休息。
　☞ He will train for three or four hours without stopping.
　☞ 我父亲看书总要打瞌睡。
　☞ My father will fall asleep while reading.
　☞ 他死前不欠，总是一句话也不说地连坐几个小时。
　☞ Shortly before his death he would sit for hours without saying a word.
　☞ 她走路时总爱唠叨。
　☞ She would be always muttering as she went along.
　☞ 我小时候，每天总要游泳。
　☞ I used to swim every day when I was young.
　☞ 他出国前总是星期天到我们这里。
　☞ He used to come to us on Sunday before he went abroad.
　☞ 猫抓住了猎物，总要先嬉戏一番才把它吃掉。
　☞ Cats have a habit of teasing their prey a good while before eating it up.
4．chief, head, main, 有“主要”的意思。
　☞ 总工程师是一项工程中全部工程师中最重要的一个。
　☞ The chief engineer is the most important one of a group engineers on a job.
　☞ 总头目不点头我们是不会干的。
　☞ We won't act without the consent of the chief boss.
　☞ 本公司的总部设在上海。
　☞ The head office of our firm is in Shanghai.
　☞ 总开关控制整幢大楼的灯火。
　☞ The main switch controls the lights all over the building.
5．general, in general, generally, on the whole, by and large，有全面的意思。
　☞ 国民总动员必须在48小时内完成。
　☞ The general mobilization of the nation must be completed in 48 hours.
　☞ 你访美总的印象如何？
　☞ What is your general impression the visit to the United States makes on you?
　☞ 妇女总是喜欢去购买新衣。
　☞ Women in general like to shop for new clothes.
　☞ 总的说来，退休人员也可为社会主义做贡献。
　☞ Generally speaking, those who are retired might make contribution to the socialist construction.
　☞ 好的散文总是简洁明了、直截了当。
　☞ Good prose is generally simple, specific and direct.
　☞ 总的来说，我认为你是比较幸运的。
　☞ On the whole, I think you have been comparatively fortunate.
　☞ 妇女总的来说要比男人能吃苦。
　☞ By and large, women can bear pain better than men.
6．commonly, usually, as a rule，有“一般”的意思。
　☞ 实验总是根据某个假设而设计的，并用来证实或否定该假设。
　☞ Experiments are commonly designed in the light of some hypothesis in order to verify or disapprove it.
　☞ 如果词义上看不出区别，在用法上总有区别。
　☞ Where a difference in meaning cannot be shown, a difference in usage commonly exists.
　☞ 工作努力的人总是诚实的，因为勤奋可使人升华， 而不至于受到外界的诱惑。
　☞ Hard workers are usually honest because industry lifts them above temptation.
　☞ 虽然他可以坐车，却总是走路。
　☞ He usually walks though he might ride.
　☞ 复制品总不如原件。
　☞ Reproduction, as a rule, falls short of their original.
　☞ 清早，我总要洗个冷水澡。
　☞ As a rule I take a cold bath in the morning.
7．must, be bound, sooner or later, be certain, certainly, be sure, surely，可表示动作的必然性。
　☞ 人总是要死的，但死的意义有不同。
　☞ All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.
　☞ 别的问题以后再说，这个问题总得解决。
　☞ Other questions may be put off, but this one must be settled.
　☞ 你总会成功的。
　☞ You're bound to succeed.
　☞ 从长远来看，经济危机总是要加深最后的政治崩溃的。
　☞ In the long run, the economic crisis is bound to deepen the eventual political collapse.
　☞ 问题总是要解决的。
　☞ The problem will be settled sooner or later.
　☞ 你迟早总舍被认识你的人瞧见的。
　☞ You're certain to be seen sooner or later by someone who knows you.
　☞ 你儿子总会回来的。
　☞ Your son is certain to return.
　☞ 做事之前总得有把握吧。
　☞ Be quite sure before you do anything.
　☞ 母亲的碗柜里总是有吃的。
　☞ There is sure to be something eatable in Mother's cupboard.
　☞ 明天他总该回来了。
　☞ He certainly ought to be back tomorrow.
　☞ 你总不会相信她说的吧。
　☞ You don't believe what she said surely.
8．表示让步，可用any与某些词组成的复合词组。
　☞ 无论如何，试试总没害处。
　☞ At any rate, it won't hurt to try.
　☞ 只要是不需要的东西，无论什么价格总嫌贵。
　☞ A thing you don't want is dear at any price.
　☞ 不管怎样，你总是输家。
　☞ In any case, you will be the loser.
　☞ 地球表面的任何一处总是先面对太阳，后背对太阳。
　☞ Any place on the surface of the earth first faces the sun and then turns away from it.
　 ■ 有时，any也可与某些词组成复合词来表示让步。
　☞ 天可能下雨，不过我们总得去吧。
　☞ It may rain, but we shall have to go anyway.
　☞ 不管怎样，我总是不喜欢这东西。
　☞ Anyhow, I don't like it.
　 ■ ever与疑问副词组成复合词组也可表示让步。
　☞ 无论在哪儿，只要有艰苦的工作要干，他总在场。
　☞ Wherever there's hard work to do, he is on hand.
　☞ 无论做什么事情，他总是做得全面、彻底。
　☞ Whatever he did, he did all-sidedly and thoroughly.
　☞ 无论何时我一见到这个纪念品，它似乎总是对我说：“坚持下去”。
　☞ Whenever I looked at the memento, it seems to say to me "go on".
9．after all, all in all, in the long run，有“毕竟”的意思，一般可以表示得出的结论。
　☞ 他总是个孩子，哪能像大人那样有力气？
　☞ After all, he's only a child. How can he possibly be as strong as a grown-up?
　☞ 当然，她的表现差，但她总是你妹妹。
　☞ Of course, she behaves awfully, but after all she is your sister.
　☞ 这本书有些缺点，但总的来说我认为是成功的。
　☞ The book has some weak points, but all in all I consider it a success.
　☞ 他们的经济状况总的说来并不坏。
　☞ All in all, their financial condition is not bad.
　☞ 那些经常改变研究项目的人总是一事无成。
　☞ Those who often change their studies will never succeed in the long run.
　☞ 买优质产品总是合算的。
　☞ It pays in the long run to buy goods of high quality.
　 ■ 是有“毕竟”的意思还可用词或句子的重复来表示得出的结果。
　☞ 事实总是事实，怎么抹杀也没有用的。
　☞ Fact is fact. It's no use obliterating it.
　☞ 法律总是法律，必须加以遵守。
　☞ Law is law, and it must be obeyed.
　☞ 无论他们穿什么衣、说什么话，坏蛋总是坏蛋。
　☞ No matter what clothes they wear, what words they utter, villains are villains.
　 ■ 表示得出结论的“总”有时还可用比较级。
　☞ 有总比没有好。
　☞ Something is better than nothing.
　☞ 迟到总比不来的好。
　☞ Better late than never.
10．keep doing，指总是在重复某个动作。
　☞ 我不知道为什么我的鞋带总是散的。
　☞ I wonder why my shoe-lace keeps coming undone.
　☞ 他写信的时候，总是在搔下巴。
　☞ While he is writing a letter, he keeps scratching his chin.
11．“总”有时可以用作动词，有“归拢”的意思，可以有不同的译法。可用settle together，put together等。
　☞ 你最好把两笔账总到一块算。
　☞ You'd better settle the two accounts together.
　☞ 你把文件总到一起归档。
　☞ Put your papers together in the file.
恐吓 恐吓
1．threaten, threat，指带有威胁性质的恐吓。
　☞ 无论干什么都不要恐吓老百姓。
　☞ Whatever you do, don't threaten ordinary people 恐吓就是进行威胁。
　☞ To threaten is to make a threat.
　☞ 咱们别就范，他们的恐吓只是吓唬人的。
　☞ Let's not give in. Their threats are only a bluff.
2．intimidate, intimidation，指带有吓唬性质的恐吓。
　☞ 黑帮想尽办法来恐吓那位银行经理。
　☞ The sinister gang tried every possible way to intimidate the bank manager.
　☞ 他横行乡里，恐吓村人，要他们做他要求的一切。
　☞ He would ride roughshod over his home village and intimidate the villagers that they should do what he told them.
　☞ 恐吓显然是经过精心策划的。
　☞ The intimidation was obviously carefully planned.
3．frighten sb. into，指使之害怕而就范的恐吓。
　☞ 他恐吓老太太，使她在文件上画了押。
　☞ He frightened the old lady into signing the paper.
　☞ 孩子受到恐吓，不敢出声了。
　☞ The child was frightened into holding his tongue.
恐怕 恐怕
1．be afraid，fear，作担心解，常与第一人称连用，表示语气的委婉。
　☞ 他的话恐怕靠不住。
　☞ His words are unreliable, I'm afraid.
　☞ 恐怕我不懂你的意思。
　☞ I'm afraid I don't understand what you mean.
　☞ 恐怕我得走了。
　☞ I fear I must go.
　☞ 这恐怕起不了多大作用。
　☞ I fear it won't do much.
2．perhaps，probably，表示一种估计。
　☞ 他们恐怕需要我们的帮助。
　☞ Perhaps they are in need of our help.
　☞ 恐怕他们不会喜欢我们来。
　☞ Perhaps they wouldn't like our coming.
　☞ 他走了恐怕有20天了吧。
　☞ He has gone probably for 20 days.
　☞ 恐怕他上月底就到了上海。
　☞ Probably, he had got to Shanghai by the end of last month.
恐惧 恐惧
1．fear，笼统指心理上的恐惧，既可指轻微的也可指极度的。
　☞ 她眼神里有恐惧的神色。
　☞ There was a look of fear in her eyes.
　☞ 我有点发抖，但不是由于恐惧，而是由于气愤。
　☞ I was shaking a little, not with fear, but with indignation.
2．dread，也是心理上的恐惧，但更为具体，往往指意识到某种危险、灾难等而产生的恐惧。
　☞ 现在在东南亚，人人都充满了对经济危机的恐惧。
　☞ Now in Southeast Asia everyone is6lled with the dread of economic crisis.
　☞ 他的确对死亡怀有恐惧，确切一点是对死后的一些事情怀有恐惧。
　☞ He had, indeed, a dread of death, or rather of something after death.
3．fright，指由于受到突如其来的惊吓而产生的恐惧，因而这种恐惧往往是短时间的。
　☞ 孩子们见到大火，充满了恐惧。
　☞ The children were filled with fright when they saw the big fire.
　☞ 我走向证人席时，我有一种怯场的恐惧。
　☞ When I went to the witness stand, I had stage fright.
　 ■ 不过有时fright也可表示长时间的恐惧。
　☞ 老太太由于邻居被人谋杀而整天生活在恐惧之中。
　☞ The old lady lived in a constant fright on account of the murder of her neighbor.
4．terror，指直接威胁个人安危的恐惧。
　☞ 火山的吼叫声在当地人中间引起了恐惧。
　☞ The rumble of the volcano caused terror among the natives.
　☞ 她发现自己的丈夫是个杀人犯，不胜恐惧。
　☞ She found to her terror that her husband was a murderer.
恐慌 恐慌
　 ■ 参见惊慌。
恢复 恢复
1．recover，此词内涵较广，大致可分为：
1) 恢复健康。
　☞ 他病得很重，不大可能恢复了。
　☞ He is very ill and unlikely to recover.
　☞ 她已从病中恢复过来。
　☞ She has recovered from her illness.
2) 恢复失去的某种能力。
　☞ 他的健康（视力、胃口、精神、体力）已经恢复。
　☞ He has recovered his health (sight, appetite, spirits, strength).
　☞ 她事故后恢复了知觉。
　☞ She recovered consciousness after the accident.
3) 恢复某种原来的状态。
　☞ 我们没用多少时间就从自然灾害中恢复过来。
　☞ It didn't take long for us to recover from the effect of the natural disaster.
　☞ 她很快停止哭泣并恢复了原态。
　☞ She soon stopped crying and recovered herself.
2．regain，指通过某种努力而重新获得。
　☞ 战争胜利后我们恢复了失地。
　☞ We regained the lost territory after the war had been won.
　☞ 要坚持锻炼一直到你恢复体力。
　☞ Persist in doing exercise until you regain your strength.
　☞ 由于医务人员的急救，病人恢复了知觉。
　☞ As a result of the emergency treatment of the doctors and nurses, the patient regained consciousness.
3．revive，指复苏。
　☞ 她从休克中慢慢地恢复过来了。
　☞ She slowly revived from the effect of shock.
　☞ 这一传统受到严重破坏，我们应切实地把它恢复过来。
　☞ This tradition was seriously undermined and we must revive it effectively.
　☞ 他生动的讲座恢复了我对英语的兴趣。
　☞ His lively lectures revived my interest in the English language.
4．resume，指停顿后重新开始。
　☞ 地震10天后，开滦马桥沟矿就恢复煤炭生产。
　☞ Within ten days after the earthquake the Maqiaogou Mine of Kailuan resumed coal production.
　☞ 有迹象表明会谈即将恢复。
　☞ There are indications that the talks will be resumed soon.
　☞ 党委落实了政策，恢复了他的职务。
　☞ The Party committee implemented the policy and resumed his post.
5．renew，指重新恢复某种行动。
　☞ 清早，敌人又恢复了攻击。
　☞ In the early morning the enemy renewed their attack.
　☞ 两国政府在38年之后又恢复了外交关系。
　☞ The two governments renewed diplomatic relations after 38 years.
　☞ 数天后，劳资之间又恢复了谈判。
　☞ Negotiations are renewed between the labor and the management after a few days.
6．return to，指通过内因回到原来的状态。
　☞ 运输已恢复正常。
　☞ Transportation has already returned to normal.
　☞ 我们不能也不会恢复资本主义。
　☞ We cannot and will not return to capitalism.
　☞ 很难希望战争狂人恢复理智。
　☞ It would be difficult to hope a war maniac to return to his sense.
7．restore，指回复原样。
　☞ 全市从混乱中恢复了法律和秩序。
　☞ The whole city has restored law and order out of chaos.
　☞ 唐山发电厂不到9个月时间就完全恢复了发电能力。
　☞ In less than nine months the Tangshan Power Plant completely restored its generating capacity.
　☞ 旧的风俗习惯又恢复了。
　☞ The old customs and habits have restored again.
8．bring back，指通过外力回复原样。
　☞ 现在许多美国人都赞成恢复死刑。
　☞ Many of the American people now are in favor of bringing back capital punishment.
　☞ 失败的阶级总想恢复失去的天堂。
　☞ The defeated classes always want to bring back their lost paradise.
　☞ 我相信乡下的空气会恢复你的健康。
　☞ I'm sure that the country air would bring back your health.
9．rehabilitate，指恢复名誉、地位、正常生活等。
　☞ 昔日的“罪犯”恢复了名誉，又受到全体人民的信任和尊敬。
　☞ The former "criminals" were rehabilitated, trusted and respected by all of the people.
　☞ 他突然被释放出狱并恢复副总理的职务。
　☞ He was suddenly let out of prison and rehabilitated as vice-premier.
　☞ 作出了种种努力使战争中失去手脚的士兵都恢复了正常的生活。
　☞ Great efforts have been made to rehabilitate soldiers who lost a limb in the war.
恨 恨
1．hate, hatred，指仇恨。
　☞ 她对你恨之入骨。
　☞ She hates you to the marrow of her bones.
　☞ 那些姑娘从到厂以来一直你恨我，我恨你。
　☞ Those girls have hated each other since they came to the factory.
　☞ 恨海难填。
　☞ The sea of hatred is hard to fill up.
2．regret，指遗憾。
　☞ 我们是相知恨晚呀！
　☞ It is much to be regretted that we have not known each other earlier.
　☞ 他们真是恨不相逢未嫁时。
　☞ It is real regret that they didn't meet before he and she were married.
3．“恨”与“不得”、“不能”连用，有两种意思。
1) one wishes one could, one wished one had been able，表示不能实现的愿望。
　☞ 我恨不得立刻回家。
　☞ I wish I could go home immediately.
　☞ 当时我们恨不能插翅飞过江去。
　☞ We wished we had been able to grow wings and fly across the river.
2) be anxious to，表示急于做某事。
　☞ 我恨不得立刻就认识她。
　☞ I'm anxious to meet her.
　☞ 她恨不能马上见到你。
　☞ She is anxious to see you at once.
恰好（恰恰、恰巧） 恰好（恰恰、恰巧）
　 ■ “恰好”，“恰恰”，“恰巧”均为同义词，可以换用。
1．just，指正好，用作副词。
　☞ 我们恰好有你穿的这种尺码的鞋。
　☞ We have just the size of shoes you wear.
　☞ 8个人一桌，16个人恰好坐两桌。
　☞ One table seats eight people, two tables will just do for sixteen.
　☞ 我们的性格恰好相反。
　☞ We are just the opposite in personality.
　☞ 这棵大树恰恰挡住了我的视线。
　☞ This big tree is just blocking my sight.
　☞ 这件事的效果恰巧相反。
　☞ It would have just the opposite effect.
2．right，也指正好、恰好，但用作形容词。
　☞ 现在恰恰是行动的时候。
　☞ The right time to act is now.
　☞ 他没有意识到银行职员这一职位恰巧适合我工作。
　☞ He did not feel that a bank clerkship was the right job for me.
　☞ 这块布做件衬衣恰好够长。
　☞ This piece of cloth is the right length for a shirt.
3．exactly，义近just，也有“正好”、“刚好”的意思，但语气较强。
　☞ 这恰恰是我想说的话。
　☞ That's exactly (just) what I want to say.
　☞ 医生要他别抽烟，他恰恰是反其道而行之。
　☞ The doctor told him not to smoke, but he did exactly (just) the opposite.
　☞ 发生的事情恰好如你所说的那样。
　☞ It happened exactly as you described it.
4．in the nick of time，表示恰逢其时。
　☞ 警察恰好这时赶到，抓住了小偷。
　☞ The police arrived in the nick of time and caught the thief.
　☞ 恰恰这时我们看见有辆车子经过，就大叫救命。
　☞ We saw the other car passing by in the nick of time when we cried for help.
5．when，表示一件事发生时又突然发生另一件事，强调突然性。
　☞ 我正要出去，恰好王先生来找我。
　☞ I was about to leave when Mr. Wang came to see me.
　☞ 我正为这事着急，恰好铃响了。
　☞ I was worrying about it when the bell rang.
　☞ 她正愁着怎么拿行李，恰巧来了个搬运工人。
　☞ She was worrying about how to carry her baggage when a porter came.
6．happen，指偶然、碰巧。
　☞ 我的老师恰好是位思想进步的人。
　☞ My teacher happened to be a man of progressive views.
　☞ 有一天，他恰好碰上了她。
　☞ One day he happened to run across her.
7．unfortunate, unfortunately，指碰到倒霉的事，自然也是碰巧。
　☞ 李明恰好在放假的第一天就摔断了腿骨，什么好玩的事都没摊上。
　☞ It was unfortunate that Li Ming broke his leg on the first day of the holiday and so missed all the fun.
　☞ 他恰恰没赢那场比赛。
　☞ He was unfortunate not to win the race.
　☞ 我身上带的钱恰巧不够。
　☞ Unfortunately I have not enough money with me.
　☞ 回家路上恰巧碰上大雨，淋得我浑身湿透。
　☞ Unfortunately I was caught in a heavy rain on the way home and got drenched from head to foot.
恰当 恰当
1．fit，指合适、适当。
　☞ 我得说她做这类事不恰当。
　☞ I should say she wasn't fit to do anything of this sort.
　☞ 管理幼儿，她不是恰当的人选。
　☞ She is not a fit person to be in charge of small children.
　☞ 做你认为恰当的事。
　☞ Do what you think fit.
2．suitable，指适合某种事物，多用于工作或目的，一般可与fit换用。
　☞ 要是不恰当，就另外找人对文章作些修改，要不就干脆重写。
　☞ Get someone else to touch up the article or rewrite it if it is not suitable (fit).
　☞ 我们进行了一次英语水平测试来物色这一工作的恰当人选。
　☞ We gave an English proficiency test and tried to find a suitable person for the job.
3．appropriate，inappropriately，指适合某种场合时的某种需要。
　☞ 她不知怎么回答恰当，就只是笑了一笑。
　☞ She was not sure what would be the appropriate reply，so she smiled only.
　☞ 政府采取恰当措施来维持秩序。
　☞ The government has taken appropriate measures to preserve order.
　☞ 这篇文章里有的地方用词不够恰当。
　☞ Words were used inappropriately in some parts of this essay.
4．proper，properly，指妥当，用得较广，可作定语、表语、校语等。
　☞ 那是个恰当的说法。
　☞ That was a proper remark.
　☞ 他不知道这么早就来敲她的门是否恰当。
　☞ He was wondering whether it would be proper to knock at the door of her room so early.
　☞ 这事处理得很恰当。
　☞ This matter was taken care of properly.
5．apt，指贴切。
　☞ 那是句恰当的谚语。
　☞ It was an apt proverb.
　☞ 他对提问做出了恰当的回答，这说明他对问题的理解很快。
　☞ His apt reply to the question showed that he had understood it very quickly.
6．right，指就这个恰当，语气很强，故前面要用定冠词the。
　☞ 要学会在恰当的时间说恰当的话。
　☞ Learn to say the right thing at the right time.
　☞ 他们到底还是决定让一位恰当的人来继承我。
　☞ They've decided after all to let the right man succeed me.
恶劣 恶劣
1．bad，指坏。
　☞ 他对服务态度恶劣感到十分气愤。
　☞ He was very angry at the bad service.
　☞ 这位校长给家长们的印象恶劣。
　☞ The headmaster made a bad impression on the parents.
2．abominable，指可恶。
　☞ 他的恶劣作风激起了公愤。
　☞ His abominable behavior aroused public indignation.
　☞ 她喝了许多香槟酒，变得疯疯颠颠的，还打情卖俏，总之恶劣极了。
　☞ After she drank lots of champagne, she became romped and flirted; in short, "was abominable.
3．disgusting，指令人作呕。
　☞ 我们对他的恶劣行径感到十分气愤。
　☞ We were indignant over his disgusting conduct.
　☞ 她的行为变得越来越恶劣。
　☞ Her behavior was becoming more and more disgusting.
4．mean，指卑鄙。
　☞ 有谁会这么恶劣？
　☞ How could anyone be so mean?
　☞ 欺人的广告是招引顾客的恶劣手段。
　☞ The misleading advertisement is a mean trick to draw customers.
5．adverse，指不利。
　☞ 探险队碰上了恶劣的气候条件。
　☞ The expedition encountered adverse weather condition.
　☞ 他在篝火前坐下来考虑他要面对的恶劣环境。
　☞ He sat down before the fire to think upon the adverse circumstances he had to face.
6．vile，指极坏。
　☞ 他不至于恶劣到为金钱而出卖朋友吧！
　☞ He couldn't be so vile as to betray a friend for money!
　☞ 作案的情节十分恶劣。
　☞ The way in which the crime was committed was absolutely vile.
7．base，指低劣的。
　☞ 出卖朋友是一种恶劣行径。
　☞ To betray a friend is a base action.
　☞ 这画是件恶劣的仿制品。
　☞ The painting is a base imitation.
恶化 恶化
1．deteriorate，书面用语，一般用于较正式的场合。
　☞ 自从1978年两国关系恶化以来，中国外长的访问标志着外交上第一次高层次的交流。
　☞ The visit by the Chinese Foreign Minister has marked the first high-level diplomatic exchange since the relation between the two countries deteriorated in 1978.
　☞ 病人情况手术后就恶化了。
　☞ The patient's condition has deteriorated since the operation.
　☞ 他的健康在日益恶化。
　☞ His health is deteriorating each day.
2．worsen，一般用语，使用的场合比较随便。
　☞ 他的病情恶化了。
　☞ His condition has worsened.
　☞ 该国局势是由于政府的反动政策才恶化的。
　☞ The situation in that country has been worsened as a result of the government's reactionary policy.
　☞ 面对日益恶化的局势，我们十分焦急。
　☞ We are anxious in face of the worsening situation.
　☞ 总统竞选期间，经济情况似乎肯定要恶化。
　☞ The economy seems certain to worsen during the campaign for the presidency.
3．take a turn for the worse, change for the worse，口头用语。
　☞ 他的病情恶化了。
　☞ His illness took a turn for the worse.
　☞ 病人的情况恶化了。
　☞ The sick man took a turn for the worse.
　☞ 局势恶化了。
　☞ The situation changed for the worse.
　☞ 病人的情况恶化了。
　☞ There has been a change for the worse in the patient's condition，或The sick man's condition changed for the worse.
4．aggravate，指加剧恶化某一情况。
　☞ 这些措施旨在缓和局势，想不到反而恶化了。
　☞ The measures were designed to remedy the situation, only to aggravate it.
　☞ 冷天恶化了他的关节炎。
　☞ The cold weather aggravated his rheumatism.
患 患
1．指忧患，可用trouble。
　☞ 如果工程仓促上马，将来会给我们带来无穷后患。
　☞ It will bring us endless trouble in the future if the project starts in haste.
　☞ 最好的办法还是防患于未然。
　☞ The best way still has been to prevent trouble before it happens.
　☞ 显然，他严重的隐患来自内部。
　☞ Evidently, his serious hidden trouble came from his inner circle.
2．指忧虑，可用worry。
　☞ 其未得之也，患得之；既得之，患失之。
　☞ While one has not got one's aim, one's worry is to get it: when one has got it, one's worry is lest one should lose it.
　☞ 何患之有！
　☞ There is no need to worry.
　☞ 患得患失是人的通病。
　☞ It is a common fault for human beings to worry about personal gains and losses.
3．指疾病，可用disease。
　☞ 愈膏肓之患，难。
　☞ It is difficult to cure a fatal disease.
　☞ 官僚主义可以说是我们的心腹之患。
　☞ Bureaucracy may be said as a disease in our very vitals.
4．指得病，可用have(有病)，get（得病），suffer（苦于某种病），contract（得传染病）。
　☞ 我弟弟小时候患过哮喘病。
　☞ My brother had asthmatic attacks in his childhood.
　☞ 她父亲3个月前患过肝炎。
　☞ Her father got hepatitis three months ago.
　☞ 她患有心脏病。
　☞ She suffers from heart disease.
　☞ 病人可能患有急性细菌腹膜炎。
　☞ The patient may contract acute bacterial peritonitis.
情况（情形） 情况（情形）
　 ■ “情况”和“情形”是一对同义词。“情况”可指具体或抽象的情况，而“情形”则只能指具体的情况。
1．state，指处于某种状态下的情况，词义较宽。
　☞ 般均用单数。
　☞ 她母亲的健康情况不好。
　☞ Her mother is in a poor state of health.
　☞ 在那样的情况下离开她，我感到不安。
　☞ I felt uneasy about leaving her in that state.
　☞ 你要求加薪前，先看看国家的情况。
　☞ Look at the state of the country before you ask for salary-raising.
　☞ 大家看到这种情形都非常气愤。
　☞ People felt indignant at this state of affairs.
2．condition与state相比词义较窄，指人或物的内在情况，一般可与state换用。
　☞ 他的情况变得越来越坏。
　☞ His condition (state) became worse and worse.
　☞ 你不能在这种情况下旅行。
　☞ You can't travel in that condition (state).
　 ■ 但condition作“情况”解时还可用作复数，表示综合起来的情况。
　☞ 自我上次访问该厂以来，情况有了很大的改变。
　☞ Conditions have changed greatly since my last visit to that factory.
　☞ 类似情况在非洲其他国家也有所发现。
　☞ Similar conditions were found as well in other African countries.
　☞ 他几乎是在无法想象的情况下完成这些实验的。
　☞ He has done these experiments under almost unimaginable conditions.
　☞ 两地的情形大不相同。
　☞ Conditions in the two places differ greatly.
3．circumstance，指外在周围形成的情况。
　☞ 有一个重要的情况可以帮助我们确定罪犯，那就是他的脸上有个黑色的胎记。
　☞ There is an important circumstance that can help us identify the criminal, that is, he has a black birthmark on his face.
　☞ 警方对每种情况都需要换位思考。
　☞ The police want to consider each circumstance in turn.
　 ■ 同样，circumstance也可用复数表示外围综合起来的情况。
　☞ 现在情况对敌人不利。
　☞ The circumstances are now unfavorable to the enemy.
　☞ 等你了解了情况再做决定。
　☞ Don't make any decision until you know the circumstances.
　☞ 在任何情况下我都不会说假话。
　☞ Under no circumstances would I tell a lie.
　☞ 我把我的情形跟这位老人一讲，他就决定帮我。
　☞ When I explained my circumstances to the old man, he decided to help me.
4．situation，指特定的时间、地点、事件中的情况。
　☞ 必须采取措施来面对这一情况。
　☞ Measures must be taken to meet the situation.
　☞ 过去3年滴雨未下，该地区的情况十分危急。
　☞ With no drop of rain for the last three years, the area is in a desperate situation.
　☞ 他发现自己的经济情况十分困难。
　☞ He found himself in a very difficult financial situation.
　☞ 对这样的情形我们应该有所准备。
　☞ We have to be prepared for such a situation.
5．case，指作为案例提出来进行比较、论证时的情况。
　☞ 医生说这样的伤，在大多数情况下可不治自愈。
　☞ The doctor said that in most cases such a wound would heal itself.
　☞ 在这种情况下，钱就不予考虑了。
　☞ In this case money is not taken into consideration.
　☞ 我收到一位太太的来信，她对你的情况很感兴趣。
　☞ I received a letter from a lady who has become interested in your case.
　☞ 我后来听说情形并非如此。
　☞ I afterward heard that this was not the case.
　☞ 照现在的情形看，你过去说的话是对的。
　☞ As the case stands what you said is correct.
6．things，常用于英语口语，笼统指各种情况。
　☞ 他问我情况如何。
　☞ He asked me how things were getting on.
　☞ 那会使情况更加复杂。
　☞ That will make things more complicated.
　☞ 情况转好，这使她松了一口气。
　☞ It seemed to have relieved her that things were getting better.
　☞ 我想了解有关他的情况。
　☞ I want to know things about him.
　☞ 现在情形不同了。
　☞ Now things are different.
7．something，anything，当说话人不想指明具体事态、进程、结果等具体事件，而只用“情况”这一模糊概念，可用something或anything，不过后者比前者更模糊。
　☞ 我倒是想知道一些有关你的学习情况。
　☞ I'd like to know something about your studies.
　☞ 老民兵赵大叔走进司令部说：“我有情况要报告。”
　 "I have something to report", said Uncle Zhao, old militiaman, as he walked into the headquarters.
　☞ 这是我没有料到的情况，因此我没有准备。
　☞ This is something which I didn't foresee, and therefore I failed to provide for.
　☞ 我听到什么新情况就同你联系。
　☞ I'll contact you when I hear anything new.
　☞ 我星期五见你，除非出现特殊情况。
　☞ I shall meet you on Friday unless anything special turns up.
　☞ 他在战斗中受伤，但情况并不严重。
　☞ He was wounded in the fight, but it wasn't anything serious.
8．this，it，用来指上面已提到的情况。
　☞ 我们不得不与他这号人进行长期斗争，不了解这种情况是错误的。
　☞ We have to wage a protracted struggle against people like his sort. It is wrong not to understand this.
　☞ 你应该把这一情况反映给党支部。
　☞ You should report this to the Party branch.
　☞ 情况可能是你将证明你是最好的。
　☞ It may be that you will prove to be the best.
　☞ 情况如何？
　☞ How is it going?
9．“情况”除了利用模糊概念外，还可以具体化。这时的用词要根据土下文而定（注意划线部分）。
　☞ 前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
　☞ There is enemy active ahead. Prepare for combat.
　（指敌人活动的情况）
　☞ 可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样。
　☞ But the picture outside this place is quite another story.（指身临其境的情况）
　☞ 这是一方面的情况。
　☞ This is one side of the picture.（指身临其境的情况）
　☞ 那得看情况而定。
　☞ That depends.（没有说出来的情况）
情愿 情愿
1．be willing，指甘心情愿。
　☞ 他情愿付这个价钱来买这架钢琴。
　☞ He is willing to pay the price for the piano.
　☞ 只要她做得到，帮什么忙她都情愿。
　☞ She's willing to help in any way she can.
2．would rather... than，prefer，均指选择后情愿，但前者为虚拟，故语气较为委婉，后者则为实指。
　☞ 她情愿粉身碎骨，也不在敌人面前屈服。
　☞ She would rather be cut to pieces than yield to the enemy.
　☞ 我情愿跟你待在一起，不想回家。
　☞ I would rather stay with you than go home.
　☞ 他要开车送她回家，但她情愿走着去。
　☞ He offered to drive her home, but she preferred to walk.
　☞ 她发现读这种书太吃力，因此情愿读个侦探故事。
　☞ She found such books too heavy and preferred a detective story.
3．reluctance，指思想上勉强，因此老大的不情愿。
　☞ 她父亲把她接了回去，但心里老大不情愿。
　☞ Her father took her in, but with considerable reluctance.
　☞ 披红挂绿的花轿来到新郎倌家门前，新娘子是不能自己走进夫家的。这样做会大跌身份，因此她得在众目睽睽之下被背着进去，以此表示她必须表示的不情愿。
　☞ When the sedan chair draped with red and green silk arrived at the bridegroom's house the bride should not just walk into a man's house; this would imply a severe loss of status. She had to be watched to be carried in, to denote her requisite reluctance.
情绪 情绪
1．mood，词义广泛，可指各种心理形成的情绪，并会因此影响人的言行。
　☞ 他一受情绪支配，工作起来就慢吞吞的。
　☞ He works leisurely, as the mood comes over him.
　☞ 他情绪好的时候就会唱他喜爱的那首歌。
　☞ When he was in a good mood, he would sing his favorite song.
　☞ 她的情绪最近有点怪。
　☞ Her mood has been a bit queer recently.
　☞ 士兵们的革命情绪高涨。
　☞ The soldiers' revolutionary mood ran high.
　☞ 足球队的情绪如何？
　☞ What is the mood of the football team?
　☞ 那晚她的情绪坏透了。
　☞ That evening she was in a vile mood.
2．feeling，泛指由各种感觉综合起来产生的情绪，单数表示某种情绪，复数则表示复杂的情绪。
　☞ 不要忘记，个人崇拜也是一种宗教情绪。
　☞ Do not forget that personality cult is a religious feeling as well.
　☞ 他的举动引起她一阵淡淡的厌恶情绪。
　☞ His deed aroused her faint feeling of disgust.
　☞ 我知道你的情绪一上来，不骂人确实也难。
　☞ I knew it was really hard for you to swear when your feelings got working.
　☞ 他的讲话加剧了民族主义情绪。
　☞ His speech intensified the nationalist feelings.
3．sentiment，指由细腻感情产生的情绪，同样也有单复数。
　☞ 这个时候我只希望你做一件事，就是停止挑起公众的情绪来反对我。
　☞ What I do wish you to do at this time is to stop stirring up public sentiment against me.
　☞ 人民的普遍情绪是反对战争。
　☞ The general sentiment of the people is against war.
　☞ 有观察家指出在阿拉伯人中反美情绪激增。
　☞ Observers noted a sharp increase in anti-American sentiments among the Arabs.
　☞ 今天的年轻人对他们未曾经历过的往事是不会有伤感情绪的。
　☞ Young people today have no sick sentiments for things of the past they have not experienced.
4．spirits，常用复数，指由各种精神产生的情绪。
　☞ 晚饭过后她的情绪有了好转，于是她出去转转。
　☞ After supper her spirits improved and she went round.
　☞ 随着假日的临近，他的情绪也高涨起来。
　☞ His spirits rose with the holidays approaching.
　☞ 我们坐了下来，不过我们当中谁也没有情绪低落。
　☞ We both sat down, however, neither of us was in low spirits.
　☞ 我们再次相逢时我希望你的情绪会更好。
　☞ I hope to find you in better spirits when we meet again.
5．“情绪”的其他译法。
　☞ 足球队虽然输了第一场，但依然情绪高涨。
　☞ The football team was high in morale though they lost the first game.
　☞ 全团战斗情绪高昂。
　☞ The whole regiment is in fine fighting fettle.
　☞ 他是由于急躁情绪而犯了错误。
　☞ He committed the error out of rashness.
　☞ 你说的话使大家情绪低落。
　☞ What you said cast a gloom over all of us.
　☞ 只有收容难民才能安定他们的情绪。
　☞ Only by housing refugees can we set them at ease.
　☞ 他在闹情绪。
　☞ He is in a fit of depression.
　☞ 她有点情绪。
　☞ She was rather sulky.
　☞ 我们开始时对他有不满情绪。
　☞ At the beginning we bore a grudge against him.
　☞ 队员的情绪忽高忽低，这很不正常。
　☞ The team members' emotion swells and subsides; it's abnormal.
惊动 惊动
1．startle，指使之吃惊的突然行动，着重点在受惊后有所行动。
　☞ 枪声惊动了林中的鸟兽。
　☞ The report of a gun startled the birds and animals in the forest.
　☞ 消息惊动了全城。
　☞ The whole town was startled by the news.
2．alert，指使之有所警惕，着重点在受到惊动后有所戒备。
　☞ 注意隐蔽好，不要惊动敌人。
　☞ Take good cover and don't alert the enemy.
　☞ 几声犬吠惊动了室内的毒贩，他们在警察赶来以前就撤离了屋子。
　☞ Some barks of the dog alerted the drug traffickers.
　☞ They had deserted the house before the police came.
3．bother，trouble，着重点在打扰、麻烦。
　☞ 不要为这样的小事去惊动他。
　☞ Don't bother him with such trifles.
　☞ 我们没去惊动他，因为他睡着了。
　☞ We didn't trouble him because he was asleep.
惊慌 惊慌
1．frighten，指引起身心震惊的那类惊慌。
　☞ 饥饿的人们出来游行示威一事引起了统治阶级的惊慌。
　☞ The hungry people turned out in a demonstration which frightened the ruling class.
　☞ 她变得激动，还有点惊慌。
　☞ She grew excited and a little frightened.
2．scare，常指突然的惊慌，语气较frighten重些，也更口语化一些。
　☞ 他听到恐吓后显然有点惊慌。
　☞ Hearing the threat, he was evidently a little scared.
　☞ 她面对死亡却没有半点惊慌。
　☞ Facing death, she was not in the least scared.
3．alarm，指某种危险迹象引起的惊慌。
　☞ 猎人脚下一根树枝折断的声音引起鹿群的惊慌。
　☞ The breaking of a branch under the hunter's foot alarmed the deer.
　☞ 他们对殖民地解放运动的高涨自然感到惊慌。
　☞ They were of course alarmed at the rise of the liberation movement in the colonies.
　☞ 不必惊慌。
　☞ There is no cause for alarm.
4．panic，指突然的无法控制的并迅速蔓延的惊慌，常表现为一种歇斯底里的行动。
　☞ 看见鲨鱼靠近，游泳人群一片惊慌。
　☞ Panic swept through the swimmers as they saw the shark approaching。
　☞ 人群一片惊慌，向四面八方逃去。
　☞ The crowd in a panic fled in all directions.
惯 惯
1．get used to, be used to，指习惯，前者强调过程，后者强调状态。
　☞ 这里的空气比较稀薄，到时候惯了就好了。
　☞ The air is rather thin here, but you'll get used to it in time.
　☞ 李大爷劳动惯了，闲着不舒服。
　☞ Grandpa Li is used to physical labor. He'll feel uncomfortable if he's idle.
2．get (fall) into the habit of，指养成习惯。
　☞ 这孩子假话说惯了。
　☞ The child has got into the habit of lying.
　☞ 爷爷早起惯了。
　☞ Grandpa fell into the habit of getting up early.
3．indulge，指放纵。
　☞ 他爷爷奶奶惯着他，要什么就给什么。
　☞ His grandparents indulge him by giving him what he asks for.
　☞ 你太惯你的孩子了。你会把他惯坏的！
　☞ You indulge your child too much. You'll spoil him!
4．spoil，指惯坏。
　☞ 那孩子给惯得不成样子了。
　☞ That child is terribly spoilt.
　☞ 你不该这样惯你的儿子，给他大把大把的零用钱。
　☞ You shouldn't have spoilt your son by giving him plenty of pocket money.
想 想
1．think，作为不及物动词，强调想的过程，不重结果，因此用得最多，但含义最不明确。
　☞ 仔细想想，看记不记得钥匙搁哪儿了。
　☞ Think carefully, and see if you can remember where you put the key.
　☞ 尽量想想你最后见到他是在什么地方。
　☞ Try and think where you last saw him.
　☞ 你想得真周到。
　☞ You have really thought of everything.
　☞ 给我时间好好想想，我现在无法回答你。
　☞ Give me time to think it over. I cannot answer you now.
　☞ 我在想下一步怎么走。
　☞ I'm thinking about what my next move should be.
　 ■ think有时可表示打算做某事。
　☞ 我想去游泳。
　☞ I think I'll go for a swim.
　 ■ 有时又可表示某种看法，并使这种看法听起来不那么武断。
　☞ 我想他是对的。
　☞ I think he is right.
　 ■ 不过用在否定句时，要注意否定的转移。
　☞ 我想我们无需再浪费时间。
　☞ I don't think we need waste time any more.
　 ■ think还可与so连用，来避免重复表达过的想法。
　“那是王教授吗？”“我想是的。”
　 "Is that Professor Wang?" "I think so."
2．conceive (of)，正好与think相反，强调想的结果，因此有“想到过”、“想出来”的意思。
　☞ 他从来没想过这样的事情竟会发生在他自己身上。
　☞ He had never conceived of such a thing that should have happened to him.
　☞ 教练想出了这个战术，我们才赢得了这场比赛。
　☞ The coach conceived such a strategy that won the game for us.
3．ponder (over)，比think想得全面，指全面考虑问题及事物间的相互联系。
　☞ 对这个问题他想了好几天，然后决定迅速行动。
　☞ He pondered the problem for several days and then resolved to act swiftly.
　☞ 你在想什么？
　☞ What are you pondering over?
4．anticipate，指预料将要发生的事以采取相应的行动或措施。
　☞ 我想敌人会设法渡河，因此会抢占大桥。
　☞ I anticipate that the enemy will try to cross the river and so seize the bridge.
　☞ 我们要想想困难，做好一切准备。
　☞ We must anticipate difficulties and get everything ready.
5．wonder, 指在不知道的情况下想知道，其后常接whether, if, what, how，where等连词。
　☞ 过去我们想，国民经济3年是否可以恢复。
　☞ In the past we wondered if the national economy could recover in three years.
　☞ 我在想我身在何处。
　☞ I am wondering where I am.
6．miss，指想念。
　☞ 你走了以后，我们都很想你。
　☞ After you left, we all missed you.
　☞ 李大娘想儿子都想病了。
　☞ Auntie Li missed her son so much that she's got ill.
7．feel like doing sth. ，指感到想做某事的委婉说法；would like, 有委婉地建议的意思；want, 截了当地说想如何如何。
　☞ 我累了，想睡一觉。
　☞ I'm tired. I feel like going to bed.
　☞ 我倒是想让你见见我的一位朋友。
　☞ I would like you to meet a friend of mine.
　☞ 先生，有人想见你。
　☞ Someone wants to see you, sir.
8．have sth. at heart, 强调心里想某事。
　☞ 他的心里总是想着人民的利益。
　☞ He always has the interests of the people at heart.
　☞ 不要再抽烟了，想想你的身体。
　☞ Don't smoke any more. Have your health at heart.
9．mind与heart 一样可以与soul相对，故有时有“想”的意思。
　☞ 我知道你心里是怎么想的。
　☞ I know what is on your mind.
　☞ 我想做什么就做什么。
　☞ I'll do what I've a mind to.
　☞ 你现在应该尽量别想这件事。
　☞ You must try to get that out of your mind.
　☞ 这个问题让我仔细想想。
　☞ Let me turn the question over in my mind.
10．suppose，表示某种猜想的委婉看法，但与think相比，其猜测、揣摸的成分更大。同样，与think 一样，也要注意否定的转移。
　☞ 我想她倒是应该去见见世面。
　☞ I suppose she should see something of the world for herself.
　☞ 我想我不会再麻烦你了。
　☞ I don't suppose I'll trouble you again.
11．reckon, 指经过估量后揣想。
　☞ 我想到会的至少有200人。
　☞ I reckon there are at least two hundred people present at the meeting.
　☞ 我想你会很快出院的。
　☞ I reckon you'll be able to leave hospital soon.
12．contemplate，指由于情况改变而有了新的想法，后接动名词。
　☞ 她在路上就感到肚子更疼了，想折回去，又决定忍一忍。
　☞ On the way, she felt more pain in her abdomen, and contemplated turning back, but decided against it.
　☞ 我正想买些新家具，他却派人送来了桌椅板凳。
　☞ I am contemplating some new furniture when he has sent tables, chairs and benches.
13．intend，intention，指打算想做某事。
　☞ 我想说的都说了。
　☞ I have said what I intended to say.
　☞ 旧中国的政府不想也不能造这样的大桥。
　☞ The government of Old China had neither the intention nor the ability to build such a giant bridge.
想出 想出
1．conceive，指想出某种结果。
　☞ 往气囊里充气做成气球，这种想法是谁第一个想出来的？
　☞ Who first conceived the idea of filling bags with gas to make balloons?
　☞ 囚徒们想出了一个大胆的越狱计划。
　☞ The prisoners conceived a bold plan of escape.
2．think out (up)，义同conceive，常用于口语。
　☞ 办法我是想出来了，但不知道行不行。
　☞ I've thought out a plan, but I'm not sure whether it will work.
　☞ 但愿能想出一个可以使他们相信犯了错误的办法。
　☞ I wish I could think up some way of convincing them of their mistakes.
3．“想出”的其他译法。
　☞ 我使劲想也没想出一个好主意。
　☞ I'm trying hard, but still can't come up with any good ideas.
　☞ 你怎么会凭空想出这么一个计划来？
　☞ How was it that you dreamed up such a plan?
　☞ 我们一起想出了这么一个解决问题的办法。
　☞ Together we doped out a solution to the problem.
　☞ 他想出了一个新主意。
　☞ A new idea entered his mind.
　☞ 我想不出你是怎么干的。
　☞ I can't imagine how you did it.
想到 想到
1．think of，常用语。think作为不及物动词只表示思想的过程，但如果与of连用，则有了思考的对象，因此就有了“想到”的意思。
　☞ 看见了这座宝塔，我就想到了延安。
　☞ I thought of Yana's when I saw the pagoda.
　☞ 他在回家的路上突然想到了一件重要的事情，只好又折回办公室。
　☞ He had to turn back to his office when he thought of something important on his way home.
　 ■ 同样，think作为及物动词，由于有了对象，故也有“想到”的意思。
　☞ 谁想到会出事呢？
　☞ Who would have thought there'd be an accident?
　☞ 我想到了你会让他来接我的。
　☞ I thought that you would allow him to meet me.
　 ■ 此外，think的名词thought也可作“想到”解。
　☞ 在这紧急关头，工人们首先想到的是抢救国家财产。
　☞ At this critical moment, the workers' first thought was to save the state property.
2．have sth. at heart, 强调心里想到，心里装着。
　☞ 无论你做什么，一定要想到人民的利益。
　☞ Be sure to have the interests of the people at heart whatever you do.
　☞ 他心里想到的始终是如何向灾区人民提供救济。
　☞ What he has at heart is always how to provide relief to the people of the disaster area.
3．expect，指料想到要发生的事情。
　☞ 这件事我们谁都没想到。
　☞ None of us expected it.
　☞ 你想到过这次考试可能会不及格吗？
　☞ Have you expected possible failure in this examination?
4．occur to sb. ，指某种意识在不知不觉中进入头脑，因此主语是物，不是人。
　☞ 他们当中有人想到了还可以绝处逢生。
　☞ The possibility of finding rescuer in desperate circumstances had occurred to some of them.
　☞ 他竟会反对，这是我没想到的。
　☞ It didn't occur to me that he should have objected.
想开 想开
1．not take to heart，指不放在心上，故而想得开。注意英、汉语在词义上否定和肯定的区别。
　☞ 消消气，想开点。
　☞ Calm down. Don't take it to heart.（汉语肯定，英语用否定）
　☞ 她这人向来斤斤计较，为点小事就想不开。
　☞ She has been a calculating person, who takes such small things to heart.（汉语否定，英语用肯定）
2．stop worrying，指由于停止烦恼而想开；keep on worrying，指由于一直烦恼而想不开。
　☞ 想开点，医生一定能治好你妈的病。
　☞ Stop worrying. The doctor will certainly cure your mother's illness.
　☞ 她因为迟到了两次，她所在的公司扣了她的一部分工资，就想不开了。
　☞ She keeps on worrying about the fact that the company where she works deducted part of her salary for her being late twice.
3．put sth. out of one's mind，指由于置诸脑后而想开。
　☞ 钱都丢了，尽量想开点。
　☞ Try to put the lost money out of your mind.
　☞ 这种事是气人，不过她得想开点。
　☞ That sort of things is exasperating, but she has to put it out of her mind.
4．“想得开”的译法。
　☞ 这位老太太最想得开了。
　☞ This old lady always looks at the bright side of things.
　☞ 现在还没有比我更想得开的人。
　☞ No one could take things easier than I do.
想像 想像
1．think，一般只指思考的过程，但当思考形成某种意象时，则有“想象”的意思。由于此词原意只强调想的过程，不着重想的结果，因此形成的意象也只是一个轮廓。而且大都用于否定句，表示无法想象。
　☞ 他与她的关系可能要比我们想象的深得多。
　☞ He must have got in deeper with her than we thought.
　☞ 我无法想像粮食的亩产量怎么会提高得那么快。
　☞ I can't think how the yield of grain per mu can be raised so rapidly.
　☞ 你无法想像她见到你会有多高兴。
　☞ You can't think how glad she is to see you.
2．conceive of, 原意指设想，因此可作“想象”解。
　☞ 想象的图像显然要比think形成的明晰得多，但由于该词强调的仍然是想，因此想像的轮廓依然是模糊的，而且一般也多用于否定句或准否定句。
　☞ 古时候，地球被想像成扁乎的。
　☞ In ancient times the earth was conceived of as flat.
　☞ 大多数人都无法想像生活中没有电话。
　☞ Most people couldn't conceive of living without telephone.
　☞ 我无法想像可能的失败。
　☞ I can't conceive of the possibility of failure.
　☞ 我不想想像这样解决问题的办法。
　☞ I refuse to conceive of such a solution to our problem.
　☞ 现代的孩子难以想像没有电视的时代。
　☞ The modern child finds it difficult to conceive of a time when there was no TV.
3．imagine, imagination, imaginary, imaginative，指想像出来的，imaginative，指有想像力的，均指在想像中形成的图像，暗示其图像鲜明、完整。
　☞ 你可以想像他们回家后发现屋子里空空如也后的惊讶。
　☞ You may imagine their astonishment at finding the room empty when they returned to their home.
　☞ 你能想像月球上的生活吗？
　☞ Can you imagine life on the moon?
　☞ 只有在人们的想像里才有完美无缺的人。
　☞ A flawless person exists only in imagination.
　☞ 顷刻间，她想像的全部幸福化为泡影。
　☞ All her imaginary happiness disappeared like a bubble.
　☞ 能想像的作家追求效果；求实的科学家追求真实。
　☞ The imaginative writer is after effects while the realistic scientist is after truth.
4．fancy，常指虚幻、非现实或脱离实际的想象。
　☞ 他把自己想像成了一贯正确的伟大领袖。
　☞ He fancied himself as an infallible great leader.
　☞ 我黑洞洞地蹲在那儿，十分害怕。想象着那块大石头是头蹲着的狼，会随时朝我扑过来。
　☞ I squatted there in the dark with horror. I fancied that the rock was a crouching wolf that would spring on me at any moment.
5．visualize, vision, 也指幻想中产生的想象，但强调见得到的图像。
　☞ 尽量想像你在腾云驾雾，驰过天空。
　☞ Try to visualize your sailing through the sky on a cloud.
　☞ 她想像着上帝似乎来到了她的跟前。
　☞ She had a vision in which God seemed to appear before her.
　☞ 他想像着一个没有压迫，没有战争的世界。
　☞ He has a vision of a world without oppression or war.
　 ■ 但如果用于否定句，则也可指事实上的想象。
　☞ 尽管他已把那地方讲得很仔细，但我还是无法想象。因为那地方与我熟悉的地方完全不同。
　☞ Though he described the place carefully, I couldn't visualize it because it was entirely different from anything I had known.
想起 想起
1．remember，指不由自主地、无意识地回想起。
　☞ 我突然想起有一些文件忘在办公室里，不得不折回去取。
　☞ I suddenly remembered I had left some documents in the office and had to turn back for them.
　☞ 她想不起把钥匙搁到哪里了。
　☞ She couldn't remember where she put the key.
2．recall，指有意识地回想起。
　☞ 我花了好长时间才想起那件小事。
　☞ It took me a long time to recall that incident.
　☞ 我真的一下子想不起你的名字了。
　☞ I really cannot recall your name at this moment.
　 ■ 但如果不强调上面的区别，则以上两个词是可以换用的。
　☞ 你还想得起我们学校着火的那天吗？
　☞ Do you recall (remember) the day our school caught fire?
3．recollect，指点点滴滴地回想起已被遗忘的事。
　☞ 他背靠着扶手椅坐下来，想起了那些他亲眼目睹的战斗。
　☞ He settled back in an armchair and began to recollect the battles he had witnessed.
　☞ 你丢的那件上衣最后是在什么地方穿的，还想得起来吗？
　☞ Can you recollect where you last wore your missing jacket?
4．remind of, 与以上词的区别在于由外界因素提醒而使之回想起来，而不是动作主体主动回想。
　☞ 这部电影使我想起我曾经读过的一本书。
　☞ This film reminds me of a book I once read.
　☞ 你刚才讲的故事使我们想起我们曾经有过的经历。
　☞ The story you have just told reminds us of an experience we once had.
5．call to mind，与remind不同的是，虽经外界提醒，但不是使之想起，而是自然而然地自己想起。
　☞ 你讲的故事使我想起几年前发生在我身上的一件类似的事情。
　☞ Your story calls to mind something similar, which happened to me a few years ago.
　☞ 你一提醒，我想起她的模样来了。
　☞ Now you mention her, I call her feature to mind.
6．bring (back) to (one's) mind，不是经过别人提醒，而是由于某种情节而被带人某种记忆之中。
　☞ 写到有关我读过书的那所学校，使我想起一件往事。
　☞ Writing about the school where I studied brings back a past incident to my mind.
　☞ 就是那个旧信封使他想起了他的童年。
　☞ It was the old envelope that brought his childhood to mind。
7．set sb. thinking，指把某人投入到回想的情境之中。
　☞ 老工人做的报告使我想起了解放前的苦日子。
　☞ The report made by the old worker set me thinking a.
　☞ bout the hard times before liberation.
　☞ 他的忠告使我们大家都想起过去受到的挫折。
　☞ His advice set all of us thinking about the setbacks we had suffered in the past.
想通 想通
1．come round，指转过弯子，改变了想法，因而想通。
　☞ 我原来不以为然，不过现在我对你的批评也想通了。
　☞ I used to think otherwise, but now I've come round to your criticism.
　☞ 把道理对你母亲讲清楚，她一定会想通的。
　☞ Reason things out with your mother, and she will certainly come round.
2．straighten out one's thinking，指把思想理清，因而想通。
　☞ 婚事要等到她想通了才办。
　☞ We won't prepare the wedding till she straightens out her thinking.
　☞ 一旦他想通了，他就会全力以赴的。
　☞ Once he's straightened out his thinking he'll go all out on the job.
3．be convinced，指通过外人的说服而想通，故一般用被动语态。
　☞ 功名利禄都是身外之物，还是德行要紧，这点我也想通了。
　☞ I'm convinced that fame and possessions are external things, it's goodness that really counts.
　☞ 你要是一时还想不通，可以再想想。
　☞ Think the matter over again if you're still not convinced.
4．figure out，指通过思考、理解而想通。
　☞ 这件事该怎幺办，我们自己先得想通了。
　☞ First we must figure out how to do it ourselves.
　☞ 他为什么说那样的话，我想不通。
　☞ I can't figure out why he said that.
惹 惹
1．look for, ask for，指招惹。
　☞ 你不要去惹麻烦。
　☞ You don't go looking (asking) for trouble.
　☞ 干吗你要写这样的信？这是在惹麻烦。
　☞ Why did you write such a letter? It was asking (looking) for trouble.
2．stir up，指引起。
　☞ 你老是在惹麻烦。
　☞ You are always stirring up trouble.
　☞ 他的话惹得王林和李明吵了一架。
　☞ His words stirred up a quarrel between Wang Lin and Li Ming.
3．provoke，指挑衅而激起。
　☞ 要是你去惹他，他是会揍你的。
　☞ If you provoke him, he will beat you.
　☞ 是你惹来了报纸的批评。
　☞ It was you who provoked the criticism from the newspapers.
4．offend，指惹人生气。
　☞ 我惹不起他。
　☞ I cannot afford to offend him.
　☞ 我怎么惹着她了？我什么也没说，什么也没干呀。
　☞ How could I offend her when I said nothing and did nothing?
5．trifle with，指戏弄。
　☞ 中国人民是不好惹的。
　☞ The Chinese people are not to be trifled with.
　☞ 他这个人可是不好惹的。
　☞ He's not a man to be trifled with.
6．“惹”的其他译法。
　☞ 她是个惹人注意的女士。
　☞ She is a striking lady.
　☞ 她的奇特服装很惹路人的注意。
　☞ The attention from passersby was attracted by her peculiar attire.
　☞ 不要惹人讨厌！
　☞ Don't make a nuisance of yourself!
　☞ 他的话惹得大家哈哈大笑。
　☞ His words set everybody roaring with laughter.
　☞ 你所做的事情惹人笑话。
　☞ What you did has laid yourself open to ridicule.
意义 意义
1．meaning，泛指语言文字的意义或作用、价值的意义。
　☞ 请你解释一下这些外来语的意义好吗？
　☞ Would you please explain the meanings of these foreign words?
　☞ 自从妻子逝世后，他说他的生活失去了意义。
　☞ He says his life has lost its meaning since his wife died.
2．sense，指特定的意义或需要领会的意义。
　☞ 从严格意义上，他不能被称之为作家。
　☞ He cannot be called a writer in the strict sense of the word.
　☞ 在这个意义上，文明与否是由人们彼此相处如何。
　☞ 共同工作如何来衡量的。
　☞ In this sense, civilization is measured by how people can get along with each other and work together.
3．significance，指引人注目的意义。
　☞ 十一届三中全会具有极其重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。
　☞ The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was of momentous current significance and far-reaching historical significance.
　☞ 现在大家都承认优生学具有生物学上的意义。
　☞ It is accepted nowadays that eugenics has a biological significance.
4．importance，是这组同义词中最常用的一个，指关系重大或影响深远的意义。
　☞ 这表明他们还没真正理解中俄友好关系的重大意义。
　☞ This shows that they don't understand really the great importance of the relations between China and Russia.
　☞ 这一点的意义重大。
　☞ This point is of great importance.
5．point，指说的话或做的事含有的整体意义，常用于否定或疑问句。
　☞ 这样做没有意义。
　☞ There's no point in doing that.
　☞ 这件事她都知道，再告诉她还有什么意义？
　☞ Is there any point in telling her again when she learned everything about it?
意思 意思
1．mean, meaning，指语言、文字、表情、姿势、符号、作品等表示的意思，范围可广可窄。
　☞ 胡说！我从来就没那个意思。
　☞ Nonsense! I never meant anything of that sort.
　☞ 我懂你的意思。
　☞ I understand what you mean.
　☞ 这个词是什么意思？
　☞ What's the meaning of the word?
　☞ 你得把你的意思讲清楚了。
　☞ You'll have to make your meaning clear.
2．sense，意思比meaning窄，常指词语中的特定意思或需要领会的意思。
　☞ 她是个天使，在措辞上有比喻的意思。
　☞ She is an angel in the figurative sense of the term.
　☞ 这个词用起来有几个意思。
　☞ This word can be used in several senses.
　☞ 他的微笑里含有好多意思。
　☞ There was much sense in his smile.
　☞ 我以为在这儿游来荡去的没多少意思。
　☞ I don't think there's much sense in hanging about here.
3．idea，指主意或想法。
　☞ 如何说服他辞职，别的董事也有同样的意思。
　☞ Other directors have the same idea of how to talk him into resignation.
　☞ 她的意思是在地震后我们应当尽快恢复正常业务。
　☞ Her idea was that we should resume normal business after the earthquake as soon as possible.
4．opinion，指意见或看法。
　☞ 我的意思是走着去。
　☞ In my opinion we should go on foot.
　☞ 我父亲就是那个意思。
　☞ My father is quite of that opinion.
5．wish, desire，指希望或愿望。
　☞ 我的意思是留在这儿不走了。
　☞ I wish to remain here.
　☞ 干类似这样的事，她可从来没有这样的意思。
　☞ She has never desired to do anything like this.
6．suggest, 指不便明言的某种意思。
　☞ 你的意思是我太老了，干不了那工作？
　☞ Are you suggesting that I'm too old for the job?
　☞ 他的意思是你与他心照不宣。
　☞ He suggested that you had a tacit understanding with him.
7．hint，指暗示某种意思。
　☞ 他的意思是他知道得更多。
　☞ He hinted that he knew more.
　☞ 我的意思只是说她的效率低。
　☞ I only hinted at her inefficiency.
8．come to，指得出来的意思是。
　☞ 他说的意思是我们再也别想继续得到他的帮助。
　☞ What he said comes to that we can expect no further help from him any longer.
　☞ 这实际上的意思是一回事。
　☞ It comes to the same thing.
9．look like, look as if, 指看起来有那个意思。
　☞ 看样子，天气没有放晴的意思。
　☞ The weather does not look like clearing up.
　☞ 看样子有罢工的意思。
　☞ It looks as if there will be a strike.
10．as a token of, 指送礼表示意思。
　☞ 这点薄礼不过是学生表示感激的一点意思，请收下吧。
　☞ Please accept this little gift as a token of the students' appreciation.
　☞ 她要走了，咱们送一条丝巾表示友谊，意思意思。
　☞ She is leaving. Let's give her a silk kerchief as a token of our friendship.
11．point，指说的话或做的事所含的整体意义，常用于否定、准否定或疑问句；
　☞ 这样继续下去有什么意思？
　☞ Is there any point in going on like this?
　☞ 我难以判断你提出来的意思。
　☞ I can hardly judge the points you raise.
　☞ 继续争论没有什么意思。
　☞ There is no point in arguing further.
意见 意见
1．idea，指在大脑里形成的意见。侧重点在想法、主意上。
　☞ 相互交换意见后，我们取得了一致。
　☞ We reached unanimity after we exchanged ideas to each other.
　☞ 你不能把自己的意见强加给别人。
　☞ You should not force your ideas on others.
2．view，指受感情或倾向影响的意见，侧重在思想观点上。
　☞ 在决议草案修改前要仔细倾听各方面群众的意见。
　☞ You have to listen carefully to the views of the masses from all sides before the draft resolution is subject to amendment.
　☞ 对这一议题，我们的意见一致。
　☞ We have identical views on the subject.
3．opinion，指没有经过证据推断的意见。
　☞ 双方意见分歧，谈判陷入了僵局。
　☞ Both sides had a difference of opinion. As the result the negotiation came to a deadlock.
　☞ 既然你来了，我倒是想听听你的意见。
　☞ Now that you're here, I would like to hear your opinion.
　☞ 他和我的意见针锋相对。
　☞ He holds an opinion diametrically opposite to mine.
4．suggestion，指供人参考的意见。
　☞ 不少人民代表对宪法草案提出了许多修改意见。
　☞ A number of deputies of the National People's Congress made a lot of suggestions for revision of the draft constitution.
　☞ 有位名叫戴·勃罗里的科学家于1942年首次提出电子可能具有类似波动性能的意见。
　☞ In 1942 a scientist named de Broglie made the first suggestion that electrons might have wavelike properties.
5．complaints，指由于抱怨、不满而要说一说的意见。
　☞ 要是你的隔壁邻居太闹，你就会有意见。
　☞ If your neighbors are too noisy then you have cause for complaints.
　☞ 大家对你有很多意见。
　☞ People have a lot of complaints about you.
　☞ 省市对中央有意见；地、县、区、乡对省市就没有意见吗？
　☞ Since the provinces and municipalities have their own complaints about the central departments; can it be that the prefectures, counties, districts and townships have no complaints about the provinces and municipalities?
6．objection, object，指反对意见。
　☞ 协商以后，他没再提反对意见。
　☞ Consulted, he raised no objection any longer.
　☞ 他们对这样的做法很有意见。
　☞ They strongly object to such practice.
7．differ, disagree, diverge，均指意见分歧。
　☞ 李明和王平是好朋友，最近却在闹意见。
　☞ Li Ming and Wang Ping are good friends but they differ recently.
　☞ 他和我经常闹意见，但我们还是好朋友。
　☞ He and I often disagree but we're good friends all the same.
　☞ 正如她所说的那样，他们之间在闹意见。
　☞ Just as she remarked, he and she diverged.
意识 意识
1．conscious, consciousness，指通过思维而产生的意识。
　☞ 既然他意识到了自己的错误，我想他会改的。
　☞ Now that he is conscious of his mistakes, I think he'll amend his ways.
　☞ 她意识到有人在监视她。
　☞ She was conscious that someone was watching her.
　☞ 当天的事件提高了工人们的阶级意识和政治理解力。
　☞ The day's events have heightened class-consciousness and political understanding of the workers.
　☞ 压迫与贫穷唤醒了农民的政治意识。
　☞ Oppression and poverty awakened political consciousness of the peasants.
2．aware, awareness，指通过所见所闻得到的意识。
　☞ 有人跟她说了以后，她才意识到有危险。
　☞ She was not aware of the presence of danger until she was told.
　☞ 我意识到她一家在对我的态度上有了分歧。
　☞ I became aware that her family were divided in their attitude towards me.
　☞ 只有增强全民族的环境保护意识，才能防止环境污染。
　☞ Only by enhancing the whole nation's awareness of the environmental protection can we prevent environments from pollution.
　☞ 中国人现在的法律意识已大有提高。
　☞ Nowadays the law awareness of the Chinese people has been increased greatly.
3．sense，指感官感受到的意识。
　☞ 检查团来了你才有了质量意识，是不是太迟了？
　☞ Is it too late you're conscious of a sense of quality until the inspection party comes?
　☞ 我一进屋子就本能地意识到了危险。
　☞ The moment I entered the house, I instinctively sensed danger.
4．ideology，指形成了体系的思想意识。
　☞ 种族歧视是人类剥削意识中不可分割的部分。
　☞ Race prejudice is an indispensable part of the ideology of human exploitation.
　☞ 我们的民主意识还有待于提高。
　☞ Our democratic ideology is to be raised yet.
感到 感到
1．feel，常用词，词义较广，可以归纳如下。
1) 通过肌体的接触而引起的感觉。
　☞ 我感到风穿过敞开的窗户吹在我脸上。
　☞ I felt the wind blowing on my face from an open window.
　☞ 她感到有什么东西碰在她脚上。
　☞ She felt something touching her foot.
　☞ 不要害怕，你一点也不会感到痛。
　☞ Don't be afraid. You won't feel the slightest pain.
　☞ 坐在这把椅子上我感到很舒服。
　☞ I feel very comfortable in this chair.
　☞ 我闭上眼睛感到太阳照在脸上的暖意。
　☞ I closed my eyes and felt the warmth of the sun on my face.
2) 通过外界环境而引起的心理变化。
　☞ 我们听到这件事时，自然感到气愤与恐怖。
　☞ When we heard of it we felt a natural indignation and terror.
　☞ 他在进教室的一瞬间，感到一阵激动。
　☞ He felt a thrill the moment he got into the classroom.
　☞ 她在美国感到孤独并想家。
　☞ She felt lonely and homesick in the United States.
　☞ 姑妈走过来时，我感到坐立不安。
　☞ As my aunt approached I felt myself growing restless and uneasy.
3) 通过推理而得到的感觉。
　☞ 我感到有必要讲讲我的缺点。
　☞ I felt it necessary to speak about my shortcomings.
　☞ 他感到自己有责任做点什么事来帮帮她。
　☞ He felt himself called upon to do something to help her.
　☞ 突然我们感到会议室内气氛紧张。
　☞ Suddenly we felt the atmosphere in the conference room grew tense.
　☞ 我感到我不配表扬。
　☞ I felt myself unworthy of the praise.
2．sense，其用法可归纳为：
1) 指通过感官而获得的感觉。
　☞ 走进屋子，我立即感到要出事。
　☞ When I entered the house I immediately sensed that something was going to happen.
　☞ 他一见到她就感到出事了。
　☞ As soon as he saw her he sensed something had happened.
　☞ 他被蒙住双眼，什么都看不见，只感到微风吹拂在他脸上。
　☞ Being blindfolded, he could see nothing, could sense only the breeze blowing on his face.
　☞ 在黑暗中，我感到有人就在我附近。
　☞ In the dark I could sense someone near me.
2) 由推理而得的感觉。
　☞ 我们感到会议室内气氛紧张。
　☞ We sensed the tense atmosphere in the conference room.
　☞ 与会的科学家都感到灾难迫在眉睫。
　☞ All of the scientists participating in the conference sensed the approaching disaster, hanging over their head.
　☞ 她感到她先生有什么事情瞒着她。
　☞ She sensed that her husband was hiding something from her.
　☞ 我感到在这里不受欢迎。
　☞ I sensed that I was not welcomed here.
3．perceive，书面用语，指通过感官的分析而得到的感觉。
　☞ 她进来时我们都感到一阵淡淡的香水味。
　☞ We all perceived a faint scent of perfume when she came in.
　☞ 尽管他蒙住了双眼，但仍感到当时是大白天。
　☞ Though he was blindfolded, he still could perceive it was broad daylight.
　 ■ 由此也可引申出由推理而得的感觉。如：
　☞ 他终于感到他错了。
　☞ He perceived his error at last.
　☞ 他感到妻子的病使他心烦意乱。
　☞ He perceived that his wife's illness was distracting him.
　☞ 她逐渐感到她父母是对的。
　☞ She gradually perceived that her parents had been right.
4．find，指通过某种体验而获得的发现。
　☞ 她对草原上的一切都感到新鲜、迷人。
　☞ She found everything on the grassland new and attractive.
　☞ 我感到她是一个通情达理的女同志。
　☞ I find her a sensible woman.
　☞ 我们感到中国人民是幸福、欢乐的。
　☞ We find the Chinese people happy and cheerful.
　☞ 现在他感到可以放松一下了。
　☞ Now he found that he could relax a little.
5．experience，指由某种经历、体验而获得的感觉，语意要比find强烈。
　☞ 据说一个人在极度幸福之后，会感到深深的悲哀。
　☞ It is said that one in the climax of happiness might experience the deepest sorrow directly afterwards.
　☞ 他感到了一种真正的幸福。
　☞ He experienced a genuine feeling of happiness.
　☞ 我们突然感到一阵沮丧。
　☞ We experienced a sudden sensation of depression.
6．realize，常指通过某种领悟、理解而得到的感受。
　☞ 你没感到要他来这里是违反规定的吗？
　☞ Don't you realize it's against the rules to have him here?
　☞ 他突然感到他俩的变化有多大。
　☞ Suddenly he realized how greatly they had both changed.
　☞ 他似乎没有充分感到这一事件的真正含义。
　☞ He doesn't seem to have fully realized the true significance of the event.
7．be aware of, be conscious of，前者指领悟后的感受，后者指意识到后的感受。
　☞ 我们感到形势的严重。
　☞ We are aware of the gravity of the situation.
　☞ 你应当感到你现在的所作所为都是非法的。
　☞ You must be aware that what you are doing is illegal.
　☞ 他感到做了错事。
　☞ He was aware of having done wrong.
　☞ 他感到输入舶来品会加速危机。
　☞ He was aware that the import of the foreign goods would precipitate a crisis.
　☞ 你可能没感到心跳，但心是一直跳着的。
　☞ You may not be conscious of your heartbeat though it beats all the time.
　☞ 她感到那人在盯着她看。
　☞ She was conscious of the man staring at her.
　☞ 他在惊愕中一动不动地站在那里，模模糊糊地感到有人在跟他说话，却没听懂那话的意思。
　☞ He stood there motionless in wonder, dimly conscious that someone was speaking to him but not catching the meaning of the words.
8．have (get) the impression that，常指由于某种印象而感到。
　☞ 我感到那是个清洁的城市。
　☞ I had the impression that it was a clean city.
　☞ 我感到她用词十分谨慎。
　☞ I had the impression that she chose her words with great care.
　☞ 我感到你并不幸福。
　☞ I got the impression that you were unhappy.
9．sth. gives sb. a sensation of，主语是物，常指某种事物使人感到。
　☞ 农村中采取的新政策使农民感到放心。
　☞ The new policy adopted in the countryside gives the peasants a sensation of security.
　☞ 火使人感到温暖。
　☞ Fire gives a sensation of warmth.
感受 感受
1．experience，指体验的感受。
　☞ 我才来几天，就感受到这个革命集体的温暖。
　☞ I've been here only a few days and I've already experienced the warmth of this revolutionary collective.
　☞ 她第一次感受到了美的意义。
　☞ It was the first time that she had experienced the sense of beauty.
　☞ 他谈了他洗蒸汽浴的感受。
　☞ He narrated his own experience of the Turkish bath.
2．feel, feeling，指经受的感觉。
　☞ 她跟他散步时，她感受到一种无法抑制的快乐。
　☞ As she walked with him she felt a joy she could not restrain.
　☞ 这只是我个人的感受。
　☞ That's only my personal feeling.
3．impress, impression，指给人的印象。
　☞ 他给我的感受是粗暴无理。
　☞ He impressed me as being rude.
　☞ 我这次去东北参观感受很深。
　☞ My visit to the Northeast made a deep impression on me.
4．catch，指感染。
　☞ 老年人易感受风寒。
　☞ Old people are apt to catch cold.
感情 感情
1．feeling，指人的身心感受到某种情绪。
　☞ 他进城生活工作以后，思想和感情都发生了变化。
　☞ He has experienced a change of his thoughts and feelings since he came into the city to live and work.
　☞ 她怀着十分矛盾的感情接受了那笔钱。
　☞ She accepted that sum of money with very conflicting feeling.
2．emotion，指精神上的某种强烈感情。
　☞ 喜、怒、哀、乐、爱、恨都是感情。
　☞ Happiness, anger, grief, joy, love and hatred are emotions.
　☞ 他在谈到死去的妻子时动了感情。
　☞ He spoke of his dead wife with emotion.
　☞ 感情不能代替政策。
　☞ Emotion should never be a substitute for sound policy.
3．sentiment，指由情感而产生的某种美好、细腻的柔情。
　☞ 她在一出戏里充分表现了这种感情。
　☞ She has illustrated this sentiment thoroughly in a drama.
　☞ 商场上没有感情的位置。
　☞ There is no place for sentiment in business.
4．affection，指儿女私情或喜悦之情。
　☞ 他对妻子的感情转移了。
　☞ His affections were turned from his wife.
　☞ 我们对延安的一草一木都怀有深厚的感情。
　☞ We cherished a deep affection for every tree and bush in Yan'an.
5．attachment，指依恋之情。
　☞ 这些年来，她对他产生了感情。
　☞ She formed an attachment for him over the years.
　☞ 你最近对我表示的感情，我感激不尽。
　☞ I'm very grateful for the attachment you have displayed towards me of late.
感染 感染
1．catch，指染病。
　☞ 身体不好容易感染流感。
　☞ If one is feeling physically low, it's easy to catch the flu.
　☞ 有些病，人得过一次就不会再受感染。
　☞ There are some diseases which cannot be caught by a person who has already had it.
2．infect，指传染。
　☞ 几乎全班都感染上了流感病毒。
　☞ The flu virus infected almost the whole class.
　☞ 伤口受到了细菌的感染。
　☞ The wound was infected with germs.
　☞ 她的笑声感染了全班。
　☞ She infected the whole class with her laughter.
3．infectious，指有传染性。
　☞ 从这个意义上说，把受体直接暴露于感染源，即可获得免疫力。
　☞ Immunity in this sense can be acquired by direct exposure of the subject to an infectious organism.
　☞ 他的乐观态度会感染别人。
　☞ His optimism was infectious.
4．affect，指受到影响。
　☞ 她的一叶肺有点感染，因此得休息。
　☞ One of her lungs is affected a little so that she has to rest.
　☞ 诗人的激情感染了每一个读者。
　☞ The poet's passion affected all his readers.
感觉 感觉
1．sense，指视、听、触、味等官能获得的感觉。
　☞ 人有五种感觉，即视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉。
　☞ People have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
　☞ 这孩子的感觉变得十分灵敏。
　☞ The child's senses have become marvelously acute.
2．perception，指人对事物的感知和认识。
　☞ 人对温度的感觉往往是不准确的。
　☞ Human perception of temperature is not always accurate.
　☞ 他对颜色的感觉不怎么样。
　☞ His perception of color is poor.
　 ■ 但如果是sense perception，则指与概念相对的感觉。
　☞ 他要写一篇论概念与感觉区别的论文。
　☞ He is to write an article on the difference between concepts and sense perception.
3．sensation，指人通过感官经历并与思想相对存在的感觉。
　☞ 人通过感官经历的事物就是感觉。
　☞ Whatever one experiences through the sense is a sensation.
　☞ 感觉和思想只是外部世界的反映。
　☞ Sensation and ideas are only reflection of the external world.
　☞ 脑力劳动和体力劳动引起的饥饿感觉完全是一样的。
　☞ Working with head causes a sensation of hunger quite as much as muscular work.
4．feeling，指人的身心感到某种情绪或意识。
　☞ 一种奇怪的感觉开始在他内心翻腾。
　☞ A strange feeling began to stir in him.
　☞ 高高的天花板给人以一种通风、宽敞的感觉。
　☞ A high ceiling gives a feeling of airness and spaciousness.
5．impression，指给人的印象。
　☞ 总的感觉是他人很能干。
　☞ The general impression was that he was an able man.
　☞ 这些只是我个人的感觉，不过我并不真正了解。
　☞ These are only my personal impressions, I don't really know.
6．feel，指感觉到。
　☞ 这场秋雨过后就感觉有点冷了。
　☞ I felt a little bit cold after the autumn rain.
　☞ 你今天感觉怎么样？
　☞ How are you feeling today?
7．become aware of，指意识到。
　☞ 他感觉到了问题的严重性。
　☞ He became aware of the seriousness of the matter 她感觉到他正在向她走来。
　☞ She became aware of him approaching her.
慢 慢
1．slow, slowly，跟fast相对，指走路、做事的速度。
1) slow用作形容词，强调细心或缓慢。
　☞ 慢工出细活。
　☞ Slow work yields fine products.
　☞ 你为什么那么慢？
　☞ Why are you so slow?
　☞ 那钟慢了5分钟。
　☞ That clock is five minutes slow.
　☞ 这是趟慢车。
　☞ This is a slow train.
　☞ 病人恢复得慢。
　☞ The patient is making a slow recovery.
2) slow与slowly都可用作副词。slow 一般用于口语的祈使句，强调细心或缓慢，或用于感叹甸，有“真慢”的意思。而slowly则有“慢慢地”的意思。
　☞ 请尽量读得慢一点。
　☞ Please read as slow as you can.
　☞ 他过去都是慢慢地读着书度过夜晚的。
　☞ He used to spend his evenings reading slowly.
　☞ 开得慢一点。
　☞ Drive slow.
　☞ 他慢慢地开着车。
　☞ He drives his car slowly.
　☞ 时间过得真慢！
　☞ How slow the time passes.
　☞ 我看见几个男孩慢慢地走过。
　☞ I saw some boys passing slowly by.
3) slow用作动词与down或up结合时的意思相同。
　☞ 车子慢了下来。
　☞ The car is slowing down (up).
　☞ 你最好把车子开慢一点。
　☞ You had better slow down (up) your car.
4) slow in后接名词表示生性慢，slow to后接动词表示犹豫不定而慢。
　☞ 他反应慢。
　☞ He is slow in reaction.
　☞ 他反应总是慢腾腾的。
　☞ He is slow to react.
2．at slow (leisurely, a snail's) pace，指缓慢的步伐。
　☞ 那老头只能慢慢地走。
　☞ The old man can walk at a slow pace only.
　☞ 开得这么慢，什么时候才到呀。
　☞ If we drive at this snail's pace when will we ever get there?
3．take (one's) time，指要花一定时间，因而慢。
　☞ 江南当然也有秋天，但草木凋谢得慢。
　☞ There is autumn also in south of the Changjiang River, of course. But there the grass and trees take more time to wither.
　☞ 慢慢来，别着急。
　☞ Take your time. There's no hurry.
4．little by little, by degrees, gradually, 指一点一点地、逐渐地。
　☞ 洪水慢慢退去。
　☞ The floodwater receded little by little.
　☞ 他们的友谊慢慢成了爱情。
　☞ Their friendship grew by degrees into love.
　☞ 他慢慢改变了看法。
　☞ He gradually changed his view.
5．用表达匆忙的动词否定祈使句来表示慢，如not hurry (rush, speed up)等。
　☞ 慢点，我们还不晚。
　☞ Don't hurry; we are not late.
　☞ 你慢点吃。
　☞ Don't rush through your meal.
　☞ 开慢点，我们还有时间。
　☞ Don't speed up; we have enough time.
6．just a moment, just a minute，要人等一会再行动，故有“慢一点”的意思。
　☞ 慢！等我拿定了主意再说。
　☞ Just a moment! Wait till I've made up my mind.
　☞ 慢！等我们搞到票再告诉她。
　☞ Just a minute! Don't let her know until we get the tickets.
7．lose，指钟表慢。
　☞ 我的表一天慢10秒。
　☞ My watch loses 10 seconds a day.
懂得 懂得
1．understand，指了解。
　☞ 我们都懂得革命道理，何须说教！
　☞ What's the need for all this preach while we all understand revolutionary principles?
　☞ 你懂得这句话的意思吗？
　☞ Do you understand the meaning of the sentence?
2．know，指知道。
　☞ 懂得最多的人说得最少。
　☞ Who knows most says least.
　☞ 她懂得如何表达她的所见所闻。
　☞ She knows how to express what she saw and heard.
3．have a good grasp, grasp，指掌握、领会。
　☞ 所有干部都应懂得政策。
　☞ All cadres must have a good grasp of policies.
　☞ 有很多人懂得了正在发生的一切。
　☞ There are many people grasping what is happening.
4．bring home to sb. ，指使之昭然若揭。
　☞ 这一事件使我们懂得了问题的复杂性。
　☞ This incident brought home to us the complex nature of the problem.
　☞ 父母和老师都应使孩子懂得读书的重要性和乐趣。
　☞ Parents and teachers should bring home to children the value and pleasure of reading.
5．intelligible，指明白易懂。
　☞ 做宣传一定要使用群众熟悉和懂得的词句。
　☞ In doing propaganda we must use the words that are familiar and intelligible to the masses.
　☞ 向报刊提供的消息应该是普通人都懂得的。
　☞ The news supplied to the press should be intelligible to ordinary people.
成功 成功
1．表示获得预期的结果，可译be a success, succeed (in)。
　☞ 大会开得很成功。
　☞ The congress was a great success.
　☞ 这项革新一定能够成功。
　☞ The innovation is bound to be a success.
　☞ 如果这项工作成功了，你我可以一起干点事。
　☞ If this work succeeds, you and I can do something together.
　☞ 没有党的领导，我们正在做的事情是决不会成功的。
　☞ We would never have succeeded in what we are doing without the guidance of the Party.
　☞ 不论他干什么总是成功的。
　☞ He always succeeds in whatever he tries.
2．口语中也可用come off。
　☞ 他的计划不完全成功。
　☞ His plan did not quite come off.
　☞ 试验成功了吗？
　☞ Did the experiment come off all right?
3．表示行得通，可用work。
　☞ 这一策略成功了。
　☞ The stratagem worked.
　☞ 空想出来的计划是不会成功的。
　☞ A Utopian plan won't work.
　☞ 你的想法在实践中是不会成功的。
　☞ Your idea won't work in practice.
成熟 成熟
1．指生物完全长成或人体发育完善，可译mature。
　☞ 猴子几岁就成熟了，而人至少要到16岁才成熟。
　☞ A monkey is mature at a few years old, but a human being isn't mature till at least 16.
　☞ 这些苹果正在迅速成熟。
　☞ These apples are maturing fast.
　☞ 你弟弟比你成熟。
　☞ Your brother is more mature than you.
　☞ 女孩子比男孩子成熟得早。
　☞ Girls are mature earlier than boys.
2．强调成熟后可以收割、享用时，应译ripe，ripen。
　☞ 成熟的玉米可以收割了。
　☞ Ripe corn is ready to be harvested.
　☞ 瞧这些梨子，这个似乎完全成熟了。
　☞ Look at these pears. This seems to be a nice ripe one.
　☞ 这些苹果正迅速成熟，我们马上该摘了。
　☞ These apples are ripening quickly, we shall soon be able to pick them.
　☞ 今年我们的番茄尚未成熟。
　☞ This year, our tomatoes have not yet ripened.
3．mature，ripe，用于引申意义时，常指成熟后采取某种行动。一般可以换用。
　☞ 政治上成熟的党不应犯这么多的错误。
　☞ A politically mature party should not commit so many errors.
　☞ 他们在条件成熟时就会开始辩论。
　☞ They will start a debate when conditions are mature.
　☞ 对计划提出某些修正的时机成熟了。
　☞ The time is ripe for introducing certain amendments to the plan.
　☞ 把运动推进到一个新阶段的时机是成熟的。
　☞ The moment is ripe for advancing the movement to a new stage.
　☞ 革命条件已经成熟。
　☞ Conditions have been ripe (have matured) for revolution.
　☞ 我毫不怀疑他的经验是成熟的。
　☞ I have no doubt of the ripeness (maturity) of his experience.
成立 成立
1．表示创立，可译found。
　☞ 1949年10月1日毛主席庄严宣告中华人民共和国成立。
　☞ On October 1st, 1949, Chairman Mao solemnly proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China.
　☞ 中国共产党成立于1921年7月1日。
　☞ The Communist Party of China was founded on July 1st, 1921.
2．表示建立，可译establish（书面语），set up （常用语）。
　☞ 有些地方成立了女子中学。
　☞ Middle Schools for girls are established in some places.
　☞ 昆明师范学院是在对日胜利之后才成立的。
　☞ It was after the victory over Japan that we established the Kunming Teachers' College.
　☞ 我们利用旧校舍成立了一所托儿所。
　☞ We set up a nursery making use of an old school building.
　☞ 大会成立了一个专门委员会对此事进行调查。
　☞ The congress set up a special committee to investigate the matter.
3．表示站得住脚，有根据，大都用于否定，可译hold water, tenable。
　☞ 我似乎觉得他的论点没有一个是成立的。
　☞ None of his arguments seemed to me to hold water.
　☞ 这不成立，因为不近情理。
　☞ That won't hold water, for it doesn't commend itself to reason.
　☞ 你的观点十分荒谬，不成立。
　☞ Your argument is so absurd that it is untenable.
　☞ 你的理论考虑周密，因此是成立的。
　☞ Your theory is well thought out and tenable.
战斗 战斗
1．fight，常用词，指人与人或人与物之间进行的战斗。强调个人的参与。
　☞ 战斗还在进行，这关系到我们每个人。
　☞ The fight is still on and it concerns everyone of us.
　☞ 他的一生都在与贫穷、落后战斗。
　☞ His whole life is a fight against poverty and backwardness.
　 ■ fight也可用做动词。
　☞ 我们的儿女将为我们的祖国去战斗，难道我们能坐视不理吗？
　☞ How could we sit watching and remain indifferent when our sons and daughter will fight for our motherland?
　☞ 我们必须充分发挥农村党支部的战斗堡垒作用。
　☞ We must give full play to the role of the Party branches in the countryside as fighting bastions.
2．combat, 书面用语，强调个人或群体间的战斗。
　☞ 敌战列舰在战斗中沉没。
　☞ The enemy battleship was sunk in combat.
　☞ 保守党人与社会党人对住房新法案进行了一场战斗。
　☞ Conservatives and Socialists are engaged in a combat over the new housing bill.
　☞ 我们的战士有许多实际的战斗经验。
　☞ Our fighters have a lot of practical combat experience.
　 ■ combat还可用做动词。
　☞ 第三世界是一支与霸权主义战斗的重要力量。
　☞ The third world is an important force in combating hegimonism.
3．battle，指战争中一场场的战斗。
　☞ 战士们对敌人投入了一场又一场的战斗。
　☞ The fighters gave battle after battle to the enemy.
　☞ 他在战斗中牺牲了。
　☞ He died in battle.
　 ■ battle也可用做动词。
　☞ 我们同风沙与严寒战斗了整整30年，终于战胜了自然。
　☞ We battled for thirty years with the sandstorm and the cold, and finally conquered nature.
4．engagement，指遭遇的战斗或泛指敌对武装间的战斗，不分时间长短、规模大小。
　☞ 我们在第一次战斗中就击落了3架敌机。
　☞ We shot down three enemy planes in our first engagement.
　☞ 尽管战斗时间不长，但官兵伤亡还是不小。
　☞ Although it was a short engagement, a lot of officers and men were killed and wounded.
5．action，指battle或engagement中的战斗行动。
　☞ 战斗持续了3个小时。
　☞ The action lasted three hours.
　☞ 他是在解放上海的战斗中牺牲的。
　☞ He was killed in action while liberating Shanghai.
6．struggle，指以斗争形式进行的战斗，不一定指武装斗争。
　☞ 每一次胜利都是经过激烈的战斗赢得的。
　☞ Each victory was won through fierce struggle.
　☞ 经过短暂的战斗以后，警察抓住了小偷。
　☞ After short struggle the policeman captured the thief.
7．militant，指随时准备着战斗。
　☞ 当年的知青是满怀着战斗豪情上山下乡的。
　☞ In those years the educated urban youth went to work in the countryside and mountain areas with militant pride.
　☞ 他写的每一页文字都是战斗的诗篇。
　☞ Every page of his writing is a militant poem.
战胜 战胜
1．conquer，着重点在战胜后使之臣服。
　☞ 许多阿位伯人都承认他们不愿意见到美国人战胜萨达姆统治的伊拉克。
　☞ Many Arabs admitted that they did not wish to see Americans conquer Iraq ruled by Sadam Husain.
　 ■ 但conquer更多地用于战胜精神、感情或自然界的障碍。
　☞ 她战胜了对黑夜的恐惧，夜里独自一人在树林里行走。
　☞ She conquered her fear of the dark by walking alone in the woods at night.
　☞ 我们能够，而且必须通过说理和辩论来战胜错误思想。
　☞ We can and must conquer erroneous ideas through debate and reasoning.
　☞ 我们在连续奋战5天5夜之后，战胜了洪水。
　☞ We conquered the flood after a strenuous fight lasting five days and five nights.
2．defeat，指从反面（击败）着笔战胜敌人、对手等，在这一意义上更为常用。两者的区别是defeat 是一时被击败，而conquer则是更具有持久性的臣服。
　☞ 当务之急是要战胜敌人。
　☞ The most pressing matter of the moment is to defeat the enemy.
　☞ 想不到一位名不见经传的年轻人竟战胜了头号种子选手。
　☞ Who would have thought that a little known young man should have defeated the number one seeded player?
3．triumph over，与defeat相反，指带有决定意义的战胜。
　☞ 战胜对手就是击败对手。
　☞ To triumph over an opponent is to defeat him.
　☞ 第二次世界大战，同盟国战胜了轴心国。
　☞ The Allies triumphed over the Axis powers in World War n.
4．overcome，常用于战胜非物质的困难。
　☞ 只有藐视困难才能战胜困难。
　☞ Only by despising difficulty can we overcome it.
　☞ 总有一天美国人也会战胜种族歧视的。
　☞ Someday the Americans will overcome racial discrimination.
　 ■ overcome有时也用于战胜人。
　☞ 是党团结了各种力量，战胜了共同的敌人。
　☞ It is the Party that has united different forces and overcome the common enemy.
5．beat，指在竞赛、比赛中战胜对手。
　☞ 我队以2比1战胜云南大学队。
　☞ Our team beat the team of Yunnan University by a score of two to one.
　☞ 他能战胜全国各地的长跑选手。
　☞ He can beat all runners from the country.
截留 截留
1．intercept and hold on to，着重点在截了以后留住，因此要分两步来译。
　☞ 不准截留国家统购统销物资。
　☞ Intercepting and holding on to materials of state monopoly for purchase and marketing is not allowed.
　☞ 税务局发现部分税款都要被他们截留到第二天。
　☞ The tax bureau found that part of taxation had been intercepted and held on to by them until the following day.
2．withhold，着重点在留，暗示拒绝交出。
　☞ 截留国家收入是违法的。
　☞ It is illegal to withhold state revenue.
　☞ 工资被截留的教师们正在准备一场抗议活动。
　☞ Teachers from whom wages have been withheld are organizing a protest.
3．retain，着重点在冒险截留。
　☞ 你们怎么敢截留应该上交国家的利润？
　☞ How dare you retain the profits which ought to be turned over to the state?
　☞ 把部门的部分收入截留下来作为小金库的做法现在已十分普遍。
　☞ Nowadays it is a very common practice to retain part of the department income for its unauthorized coffer.
4．其他比较灵活的译法。
　☞ 不得截留中师毕业生去做其他工作。
　☞ Graduates from normal schools should not be assigned to other jobs than teaching.
　☞ 这套化妆品本来是给我姐的，我截留下来自己用。
　☞ The set of cosmetics was intended for my sister and I have kept it for my own use.
所以 所以
1．therefore，副词，是表示因果关系(causal consequence)的最为规范的用语，用来翻译汉语中的连词“所以”，而且“所以”常与前一句中的“因为”、“由于”连用，说明原因和理由。要注意用“所以”的是主句，而从句中的“因为”可以不译。
　☞ 因为熊猫是稀有动物，所以要尽一切努力去保护。
　☞ Pandas are a very rare animal and therefore we should do our best to protect them.
　☞ 由于老板不在，所以她把钱交给了我。
　☞ The boss was absent and therefore she gave the money to me.
　 ■ 正因为前一句中的“因为”、“由于”只起呼应作用，可以不译。故在现代汉语中大都很少使用。
　☞ 他的腿断了，所以没有打比赛。
　☞ He broke his leg and therefore he didn't play in the game.
　☞ 瞧窗外那些人！他们都打起了雨伞，所以一定是下雨了。
　☞ Look at those people outside the window! They have their umbrellas up and therefore it must be raining.
　 ■ 但有时为了强调原因，可以译初“因为”（because），而不译“所以”（therefore），这时的because应重读。
　☞ 因为他干活很仔细，所以连续6年不出废品。
　☞ Because he works very carefully, he has not produced a reject in the last six years.
2．so，跟therefore不同，是一个表示因果关系的连词，而且没有那么严密的推理，常用于简洁的日常会话。
　☞ 因为我急着要走，所以来不及通知你了。
　☞ I was in a hurry to leave, so I didn't let you know.
　☞ 因为我突然想起你是要给我出主意的人，所以我急着来找你了。
　☞ It occurred to me that you were the man to advise me, so I have hurried to you now.
　☞ 他要我干，所以我干了。
　☞ He wanted me to do it, so I did it.
　☞ 你不听，所以我不说了。
　☞ You aren't listening, so I'll shut up.
3．accordingly, consequently，与therefore 样，都是表示因果关系的副词，但一般都用在散文、论文、叙述文中，有“顺理成章”的意思。
　☞ 他病得不能再呆在学校了，所以我们把他送回了家。
　☞ He was too sick at school, accordingly we sent him home.
　☞ 我被告知要讲得简短，所以我草草结束了讲话。
　☞ I was told to speak briefly, accordingly I cut short my remarks.
　☞ 雨很大，所以田地都被淹了。
　☞ The rain was heavy, consequently the land was flooded.
　☞ 他是个很受欢迎的候选人，所以肯定会当选。
　☞ He is the popular candidate, consequently he is sure to be elected.
4．the reason why…that，以上几个词都是先说原因，后说结果。但这个词却是先说结果，后说理由以突出原因。可与汉语“…之所以…是因为…”的格式对应，往往用于书面。
　☞ 我们之所以没有去是因为我们得到通知太晚了。
　☞ The reason why we didn't go was that we were notified too late.
　☞ 我之所以对他比较熟悉，是因为我和他在一起工作过两年。
　☞ The reason why I know him pretty well is that he and I have worked together for a couple of years.
　☞ 中国革命之所以取得胜利，主要是因为有正确的理论指导。
　☞ The reason why the Chinese revolution was successful was that it was guided by a correct theory.
5．“之所以”除了先说结果，后说理由之外，还可用来推理。这时一般都用It诫一that，一这样的句型。
　☞ 诗之所以为诗，在乎意境，不在乎辞藻。
　☞ It is the mood and atmosphere, not poetic diction, that makes poetry what it is.
　☞ 大学之所以为大学，不在大楼，而在大师也。
　☞ It is the great masters, not tall buildings, that make a university real.
6．“所以”除了用作虚词外，还可用作实词。
　☞ 所以呀，要不我怎么会这么说呢？
　☞ That's just the point. Otherwise I wouldn't have said it.
　☞ 不要因为胜利而忘乎所以。
　☞ Don't get swollen-headed because of victory.
　☞ 你是忘乎所以了吧？
　☞ Are you forgetting yourself?
　☞ 他高兴得忘乎所以了。
　☞ He became delirious with joy.
　☞ 他被自己的成就弄得忘乎所以了。
　☞ He was carried away by his achievements.
　☞ 收到他的绝命书，我们简直不知所以了。
　☞ Having received his suicide note, we simply did not know why it was so.
手头 手头
1．at hand，指距离近到随手可以取到。
　☞ 他写作时，手头总有一本词典。
　☞ When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary at hand.
　☞ 我手头没有这本书，不过我以后会给你看的。
　☞ I haven't the book at hand, but I'll show it to you later.
2．in hand，指手头上拥有。
　☞ 我付账后手头还有150元。
　☞ I still have 150 yuan in hand after paying the bill.
　☞ 对你手头上的事情要多加注意。
　☞ Keep more attention to the matter in hand.
3．on hand，指手头上积存。
　☞ 我问杂货铺老板他手头有什么样的肉罐头。
　☞ I asked the grocer what kinds of canned meat he had on hand.
　☞ 他总喜欢手头上有点钱以备急用。
　☞ He always likes to keep a certain amount of money on hand in case of an emergency.
4．beside sb. ，指就在身边；with sb. ，指带在身边。
　☞ 我把参考书都放在手头待用。
　☞ I placed all the reference books right beside me in case of need.
　☞ 这本书我倒是有的，可惜不在手头。
　☞ I have a copy of the book, but unfortunately not with me.
5．well off, hard up, 指手头上的宽裕或紧张。
　☞ 近年来农民的手头宽裕了，开始购买农用机具。
　☞ The peasants have been well off these years and they are beginning to purchase farm machinery.
　☞ 自他下岗以来，手头一直很紧。
　☞ He has been hard up since he was laid off.
手段 手段
1．means，指达到目的的手段。
　☞ 他还不至于卑鄙到采取任何手段来达到自己的目的。
　☞ He is not mean enough to resort to any means to achieve his aim.
　☞ 山民的基本运输手段仍然是驴子。
　☞ The essential means of transport for the hill-men remained the donkey.
　☞ 我的工作是我生活的惟一手段。
　☞ My job is my sole means of livelihood.
　 ■ means一词没有单数形式，但一般表示单数概念，也可根据情况表示复数。如：
　☞ 所有的手段都试过了。
　☞ All means have been tried.
2．medium，也指手段，但比means窄，仅指用来表现的手段。
　☞ 油彩和水彩都是创作艺术作品的手段。
　☞ Oil paints and water colors are media for the creation of works of art.
　☞ 文字是交流的手段。
　☞ Writing is a medium of communication.
　☞ 电视可以是教育的绝好手段。
　☞ Television can be an excellent medium for education.
　 ■ medium复数media还可作“传播手段”解。
　☞ 广播、电视、报刊都是已知的大众传播手段。
　☞ Radio, television, newspapers and magazines are known as the mass media.
3．measure，原指措施，但带有贬义时可作“手段”解。
　☞ 采取高压手段是不够明智的。
　☞ It is unwise to take high-handed measures.
　☞ 据说警方准备采用强硬手段来对付那些违反交通规则的司机。
　☞ It is said that the police are going to use strong measures against the drivers who violate traffic regulations.
4．method, 原指方法，但带有贬义时，也可引申为“手段”。
　☞ 行政当局是要让领导干部侧重于说服教育的方法而不是强制的手段。
　☞ The administration allows the leading cadres to be tilted to the method of persuasion and education rather than method of coercion.
　☞ 不少人利用非法手段牟取暴利。
　☞ A number of people have reaped staggering profits by illegal methods.
5．trick，指为欺骗而使用的手段。
　☞ 误导性质的广告是吸引顾客的一种手段。
　☞ The misleading advertisement is a trick to draw customers.
　☞ 假装受伤是许多职业拳击运动员使用的一种手段。
　☞ Pretending to be hurt is a trick many prizefighters use.
6．artifice，义同trick，但这种欺骗手段带有技巧性，故有skillful trick的意思。
　☞ 他剩用种种手段来赢得姑娘的心。
　☞ He used every artifice to win the girl's heart.
　☞ 如果冒充记者可以帮你混进会场，这倒不失为一种可以接受的手段。
　☞ It might after all be accepted as an artifice if posing as a journalist could help you to gate-crash the meeting.
7．skill，指带有技巧性的手段。因此这种手段往往是从正面描述的。
　☞ 金融手段可以加速资本周转。
　☞ Financial skill can accelerate the turnover of capital.
　☞ 有强大的祖国撑腰，我们在使用外交手段时充满了信心。
　☞ Backed up by our powerful motherland, we are full of confidence in using diplomatic skills.
8．finesse，指处理人际关系的手段。
　☞ 这就充分显示了她在与人打交道时的手段。
　☞ That was enough to show her finesse in dealing with people.
　☞ 她处理那种局面很有手段。
　☞ She managed that situation with great finesse.
9．craft，指本领或能耐。
　☞ 他在大学里就有了政治手段。
　☞ He developed in college the political craft.
　☞ 你和他做生意要小心，他是很有手段的。
　☞ Be careful when you do business with him. He is full of craft.
手法 手法
1．technique，指与手有关的技巧。
　☞ 他在学国画的传统手法。
　☞ He is learning traditional technique of Chinese painting.
　☞ 故事蛮精彩，不过要使你的书成功，就应改进你的写作手法。
　☞ The story is very interesting but you must improve your writing technique if you want your book to be a success.
2．skill，指与手有关的技巧。
　☞ 变戏法手法很重要。
　☞ The skill is very important in performing sleight of hand.
　☞ 织毛衣，你要重视手法。
　☞ You have to devote much attention to the skill when knitting a sweater.
3．means，指为达到目的而使用的手法。
　☞ 印象派是他的艺术表现手法。
　☞ The Impressionist school was his means of artistic expression.
　☞ 他在考试时使用了不正当的手法。
　☞ He used unfair means at the examination.
4．trick，指骗人的手法。
　☞ 骗子的手法并不高明。
　☞ The tricks of the swindler were none too clever.
　☞ 我们一眼就看穿了他那“贼喊捉贼”的拙劣手法。
　☞ We saw through all at once his clumsy trick of "thief crying stop thief".
5．gimmick，指引起人们注意的手法。
　☞ 把漂亮的姑娘连同他们要卖的新商品都一起抬出来是一种众所周知的广告手法。
　☞ It is a well-known advertising gimmick to show pretty girls with new goods they want to sell.
　☞ 难道你就以如此天真的盘问来查找他们使用的政治手法吗？
　☞ Did you look for the political gimmick they used in such innocent queries like that?
6．tactics，指达到预期结果的手法。
　☞ 你要想成为政治家，就得不断变换手法。
　☞ If you want to be a politician you have to vary your tactics uninterruptedly.
　☞ 他耍两面派手法是司空见惯的事情。
　☞ It is a common sight for him to resort to dual tactics.
7．practice，指习惯性做法。
　☞ 破门而入是惯偷的惯用手法。
　☞ To force open a door is a habitual practice widely followed by hardened thieves.
　☞ 你弹钢琴的手法与她不同。
　☞ Your practice at the piano is different from that of hers.
才 才
1．表示刚到达某个界限，可译only。
　☞ 他参加长征时才14岁。
　☞ He was only fourteen when he went on the Long March.
　☞ 解放前，中国钢的最高年产量才90多万吨。
　☞ Before liberation, China's highest annual output of steel was only just over 900,000 tons.
2．表示勉强达到某个界限，译hardly，scarcely，barely。
　☞ 你才好，还不能坐起来。
　☞ You are hardly well enough to sit up yet.
　☞ 小王才20岁。
　☞ Wang is hardly twenty.
　☞ 出席的才有100人。
　☞ There were scarcely a hundred people present.
　☞ 他大病一场，一个星期前才能走路。
　☞ He had been seriously ill and was barely able to walk a week ago.
3．表示刚刚发生，译just。
　☞ 怎么才来就要走？
　☞ Why leave so soon? You've just arrived.
　☞ 比赛才开始。
　☞ The match has just started.
4．表示一件事发生得晚于另一件事，译before。
　☞ 火车开了他才到站。
　☞ The train had left before he got to the station.
　☞ 过了半小时，伤兵才苏醒过来。
　☞ Half an hour passed before the wounded soldier came to.
　☞ 他半夜才回来。
　☞ It was midnight before he returned.
5．只表示晚，但不作对比，译so late。
　☞ 你怎么才起床？
　☞ Why do you get up so late?
　☞ 他怎么才来？
　☞ Why is he here so late?
6．表示“直到…才”产生的结果，译not... till (until), not... before。
　☞ 恐怕要到星期五我才能完工。
　☞ I'm afraid I cannot finish the work till Friday.
　☞ 老马总要把办公室打扫干净才走。
　☞ Ma never leaves the office until he has given it a good cleaning.
　☞ 我是在见到她以后才回来的。
　☞ I didn't return before (until)I had seen her.
　☞ 她是在丈夫回来后才去睡觉的。
　☞ She did not go to bed before (till) her husband had come back.
　 ■ “才”也常与“非要”搭配以加强语气，仍可用not... till (until)，或(not)... before。
　☞ 非要到干完了我才离开。
　☞ I shall not leave until I have finished my work.
　☞ 我们非要叫他两三遍他才来吃饭吗？
　☞ Should we call him two or three times before he would come to dinner?
　☞ 灵感非要等你的努力到了极限才会产生。
　☞ Inspiration won't visit you before you exert yourself to the utmost.
　 ■ 关于till (until)的用法应注意下列几点：
1) 如果主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词，应加否定词not，否则就应译成含有反面意义的延续性动词，如：
　☞ 他回来以后我才去睡觉。
　☞ I didn't go to bed till he came back，或：I didn't go to bed before he came back.或：I sat up till he came back，或I stayed up till he came back.或：I was up till he came back.
2) 如果主句的谓语动词是连续性动词，否定肯定都无不可，但意义有了变化。
　☞ 我是他回来以后才开始干的。
　☞ I did not work till he came back.
　☞ 我一直干到他回来才住手。
　☞ I worked till he came back.
　 ■ 关于before的用法，应注意下列几点：
1) not... before可以同not... until (till)换用。
　☞ 火车开了他才到站。
　☞ He did not get to the station before the train left.或 He did not get to the station till the train left.
2) before前不带not时，其区别可以从下面的译文比较中看出：
　☞ 我们非得叫他两三遍他才来吃饭。
　☞ We had to call him two or three times before he would come to dinner.或He wouldn't come to dinner before we called him two or three times.
7．表示某种特定条件下的结果，“才”常常与“只有”搭配以加强语气，这时可译It is only... who（that等），带only when, only的倒装句或only if等。
　☞ 只有浅薄的人才以貌取人。
　☞ It is only shallow people who judge people by appearance.
　☞ 勤才能补拙。
　☞ It is only diligence that makes up for deficiency.
　☞ 只有教育才能克服偏见。
　☞ It is only education that will conquer prejudice.
　☞ 只有这里修了水库，我们才能解决灌溉问题。
　☞ Only when a reservoir is built here can we solve our irrigation problem.
　☞ 只有依靠群众我们才有力量。
　☞ Only by relying on the masses can we become strong.
　☞ 只有参加三大革命运动，我们才能改造世界观。
　☞ Only by taking part in the three great revolutionary movements can we remold our outlook.
　☞ 他只有尽最大努力，才能成功。
　☞ He will only succeed if he does his best.
　☞ 我只有受到邀请才会来。
　☞ I'll come only if I'm invited.
8．表示后一动作为前一动作的结果或目的，用连词and指结果，用so that指目的。
　☞ 是他抓住了绳子才救了我们。
　☞ It was he who held onto the rope and saved us.
　☞ 骑自行车的青年横冲直撞才被一辆卡车撞倒的。
　☞ The young cyclist dashed about madly and was knocked down by a truck.
　☞ 你要她抓紧把这些信件弄完，我才好签字。
　☞ Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them.
　☞ 撑住麻袋口子我才好装。
　☞ Hold the sack so that I can load it.
9．表示“因为…才更”，可译all the more... because (for)。注意：because后接从句，for后接宾语。
　☞ 因为他穷我才更想帮助他。
　☞ I am all the more inclined to help him because he is poor.
　☞ 因为这件事听起来怪，才更加可疑。
　☞ It is all the more suspicious because “ sounds strange.
　☞ 因为一般人都认为没有危险，那才更加危险。
　☞ It is all the more dangerous for not being generally recognized as such.
　☞ 因为他有缺点，我才更喜欢他。
　☞ I like him all the more for his faults.
10．“才”可用于下断语的强调，这时可用 "it is... that (who等)”的强调句表示。
　☞ 你才有罪。
　☞ It is you that are guilty.
　☞ 像爱迪生这样的发明家我们才应当感激。
　☞ It is to inventors like Edison that we should be grateful.
　☞ 笨学生才不会问这样的问题。
　☞ It is not stupid pupils who ask such questions.
11．“才”在感叹句、否定句或疑问句中常与句末的语气词“呢”搭配，表示没有说出来的原因，有很浓的修辞色彩，可译成情态动词will，would。
　☞ 他才不记得我呢！（因为他忘恩负义）
　☞ He won't remember me!
　☞ 我才不跟他争呢！（因为他不讲道理）
　☞ I won't argue with him!
　☞ 我才不敢麻烦你呢！（因为你太忙）
　☞ I wouldn't think of troubling you.
　☞ 他母亲才不知道他已经死了呢！（因为没人告诉她）
　☞ His mother wouldn't know that he had been dead!
　☞ 他不知道才怪呢！（因为我得知他已知道）
　☞ It wouldn't be strange if he didn't know.
　☞ 这本书什么时候才能出版呢？（因为耽误的时间太长了）
　☞ When will this book be published?
　☞ 我怎么办才好呢？（因为我不知道如何是好）
　☞ What will I do?
12．“才”常与“除非”搭配，这时可译unless。但由于“除非”是双重否定，放主句应带有否定词。
　☞ 你除非努力学习才能考试及格。
　☞ Unless you study harder you will never pass the examination.
　☞ 奶孩子除非病了才会哭。
　☞ Babies seldom cry unless they are ill.
　 ■ 但是unless不能用于想像或假设，因此碰到这类句子，可用条件句或虚拟句。
　☞ 她除非是个傻瓜才不明白。
　☞ If she weren't so silly she would understand.
扑 扑
1．throw oneself at (on，into)，都指扑，但意思略有不同。at指扑过去，具有明确的目的性；on指扑的目的是攻击；into则带有某种感情色彩。
　☞ 武士们互相扑向对方。
　☞ The warriors threw themselves at each other.（目的是搏斗）
　☞ 任何一个男人只要瞅她一眼，她就会扑过去。
　☞ She throws herself at any man who will take only a glance at her。（目的是追求）
　☞ 趁敌人在帐篷里吃圣诞大餐，我们猛扑过去。
　☞ We threw ourselves on the enemy while they were having a Christmas feast in their tents.（目的是攻击）
　☞ 儿子扑向妈妈的怀里，妈妈也高兴得哭了起来。
　☞ The son threw himself into his mother while she wept for joy.（由于感情冲动）
2．leap，原指突然有力的跳跃，但如果带有明显的目的性，则有“扑”的意思。
　☞ 武松见老虎朝他扑来就一闪，闪到了老虎背后。
　☞ Seeing the tiger leaping towards him, Wu Song jumped, dodging behind the tiger.
　☞ 他从门背后窜出来向她扑去，一斧头把她杀了。
　☞ From behind the door, he leaped at her and killed her with one blow of the hatch.
3．spring on，指弹跳极好的扑，强调弹跳。
　☞ 老虎向着毫无准备的羊羔扑去。
　☞ The tiger sprang on the unsuspecting lamb.
　☞ 那大个儿巨人向小个儿巨人扑了过去，用拳头打他的头。
　☞ The bigger giant sprang on the smaller one and beat him on the head with his fist.
4．pounce on，指突然袭击。
　☞ 鹰突然向田鼠猛扑过去。
　☞ The hawk pounced on the field mouse.
　☞ 那老虎又饥又渴，从半空中扑下来。
　☞ The tiger, thirsty and hungry, pounced down from midair.
5．swoop down on，指突然扑下来攻击或捕捉。
　☞ 一支小分队直扑匪徒的巢穴。
　☞ A small detachment swooped down on the bandits lair.
　☞ 猫头鹰突然向老鼠猛扑下来。
　☞ The owl swooped down on the mouse.
6．catch，指迅速抓住。
　☞ 守门员扑住了一个点球。
　☞ The goalkeeper caught a penalty ball.
　☞ 小姑娘使劲想扑住那只蝴蝶，但没成功。
　☞ The little girl tried very hard to catch the butterfly but she failed.
7．devote oneself to, 指献身于，可与throw oneself into换用。
　☞ 她整个身心都扑到研究工作上了。
　☞ She devoted herself to (throw herself heart and soul into) research work.
　☞ 老王头一心扑在了集体事业上。
　☞ Old Man Wang devoted himself heart and soul to the cause of the collective.
8．flutter, 指鸟或昆虫拍打翅膀并不飞翔。
　☞ 那只鸟在窠穴里来回扑着翅膀，想把猫从鸟蛋旁吓跑。
　☞ The bird on the nest fluttered her wings up and down, hoping to scare the cat away from her eggs.
　☞ 一只蝴蝶停在一朵花上，翅膀一扑一扑的。
　☞ A butterfly was resting on one of the flowers, fluttering its wings.
9．flap，指发出声响的扑打。
　☞ 那大鸟扑着翅膀，慢慢飞走了。
　☞ The large bird flapped her wings and slowly flew away.
　☞ 她拿张报纸扑苍蝇。
　☞ She flapped at the fly with a newspaper.
10．dab, 指轻敷、轻撩、轻扑，强调动作轻。
　☞ 孩子浑身都扑了爽身粉。
　☞ The baby was dabbed all over with talcum.
　☞ 她在面颊上扑了点香粉。
　☞ She dabbed some cosmetic powder on her cheeks.
　☞ 猫爪子朝蝴蝶扑了一下。
　☞ The cat made a dab at the butterfly with its paw.
11．bend over，指俯身子。
　☞ 他扑在桌上看地图。
　☞ He bent over the desk to study a map.
　☞ 医生扑在病孩身上检查身体。
　☞ The doctor bent over the sick child and gave a health check.
12．greet，指呈现在眼前，有“扑面而来”的意思。
　☞ 我们到达山顶时，大海的壮丽景色扑面而来。
　☞ When we reached the top of the hill, a magnificent view of the sea greeted us.
　☞ 她朝我们走来时，一股香水味扑鼻而来。
　☞ A smell of scent greeted us when she was coming towards us.
扑灭 扑灭
1．put out，口头用语，指灭火，常与fire，flame，blaze, bonfire等词搭配。
　☞ 他用几个灭火器独自一人把火扑灭了。
　☞ Using extinguishers, single handed, he put out the fire.
　☞ 我们扑灭了火势，总算没有造成多大的损失。
　☞ We managed to put out the flames before any real damage was caused.
　☞ 消防队员扑灭了昨晚的那场大火。
　☞ The firemen put out the blaze last night.
　☞ 一场大雨扑灭了孩子点起的篝火。
　☞ A downpour of rain put out the children's bonfire.
2．extinguish，书面用语，也指灭火，与之搭配的宾语有fire，blaze，flame，bonfire等。
　☞ 他在学术报告中介绍了一种扑灭森林火灾的新方法。
　☞ He introduced a new method of extinguishing forest fire in his academic report.
　☞ 建筑物之间的距离越大，扑灭火灾的机会也就越大。
　☞ The larger the spaces between buildings, the greater the chances that the fire can be extinguished.
　☞ 这场森林大火在消防队员和解放军战士奋战了一个星期后才被扑灭。
　☞ The forest blaze was not extinguished until the firemen and PLA men fought it for a week.
3．wipe out，口头用语，指消灭。
　☞ 我侗可以通过扑灭蚊蝇来切断病菌感染的途径。
　☞ We can cut off the routes of infection by disease germs by wiping out mosquitoes and flies.
　☞ 过去一度是蚊子为害的许多地区现在都已扑灭了疟疾。
　☞ In many areas once infested by mosquitoes malaria has been wiped out now.
4．exterminate，书面用语，指灭绝性的消灭。
　☞ 我们一般都使用杀虫剂来扑灭害虫。
　☞ We usually use insecticide to exterminate destructive insects.
　☞ 解放初期我国政府致力于扑灭国民党的残余势力。
　☞ During the initial post-liberation period the Chinese government worked hard for exterminating the Kuomintang's remaining forces.
5．put down, 口头用语，指镇压。
　☞ 俄国叶卡捷琳娜二世扑灭了那次起义，几乎杀死了所有参加起义的农奴。
　☞ CatherineⅡ, the Great of Russia put down the uprising and killed almost all serfs involved.
　☞ 该地区的所有医务工作者都参加了扑灭流行性感冒的工作。
　☞ All the medical workers in the region joined in putting down the influenza epidemic.
6．quell, 书面用语，指镇压。
　☞ 我们没有其他办法，只能调动军队来扑灭叛乱。
　☞ We had no choice but to call the army to quell the rebellion.
　☞ 警察用消防水枪和催泪瓦斯来扑灭这场骚乱。
　☞ The police used fire hose and tear gas to quell the riot.
扒 扒
1．表示抓住依附的东西用hold on to。
　☞ 孩子们扒着窗台看游行的队伍。
　☞ Holding on to the windowsill, the children watched the parade.
　☞ 一个落水的孩子扒着一块木板，大叫救命。
　☞ Holding on to a plank, a drowning child shouted for help.
2．表示脱掉用strip off，take off。
　☞ 他衣服一扒，跳到水里救孩子去了。
　☞ He stripped off his clothes and dived into the water to rescue the child.
　☞ 他把棉袄一扒，就立刻干起活来。
　☞ Taking off his cotton-padded coat, he set to work at once.
3．表示拨动的动作，用rake，表示拨动的声音，用click。
　☞ 我扒着废纸堆，看看能不能找到那东西。
　☞ I raked among the heap of my waste paper in order to see if I could find it.
　☞ 屋子里没人吱声，只有他在嘀嘀嗒嗒地扒着算盘珠子。
　☞ Nobody in the room said a word while he alone was clicking away at an abacus.
4．表示扒开用push aside。
　☞ 公安人员扒着芦苇搜索逃犯。
　☞ The police pushed the reeds aside to search for the runaway criminal.
　☞ 他把人群扒到一边，匆匆走来。
　☞ He came up in a hurry pushing aside the crowds of people.
5．表示剥皮，动物皮用skin，植物皮用peel off。
　☞ 他熟练地把一张一张的兔皮扒了下来。
　☞ He skinned the rabbits one after another with great skill.
　☞ 我可以用手把柚子皮扒了。
　☞ I can peel the skin off a pomelo with my fingers.
6．表示拆除，用pull down。
　☞ 许多农民发家致富以后都扒了旧房盖新房。
　☞ Many peasants, having built up family fortune, pulled down the old houses to build the new ones in their places.
　☞ 已经提出了把这一地区的房屋扒掉重盖的种种计划。
　☞ Plans have been put forward to pull down old buildings and rebuild the area.
7．表示挖洞用make, dig。
　☞ 等他发现小偷，墙上已扒了个大口子。
　☞ A break had been made in the wall before he spotted the thief.
　☞ 扒出来的泥巴几乎到处可见。
　☞ The earth that has been dug out can be seen nearly everywhere.
打乱 打乱
1．throw into confusion，指使之陷入混乱。
　☞ 我军的突然袭击打乱了敌人的阵脚。
　☞ The surprise attack of our army threw the enemy into confusion.
　☞ 他的到来把一切都打乱了。
　☞ His arrival has thrown everything into confusion.
2．disturb，指扰乱。
　☞ 战争打乱了他的全部计划。
　☞ The war disturbed all his plans.
　☞ 这一重要关系由于70年代的美元贬值而被打乱。
　☞ This important relationship was disturbed in the 1970's by the decline of the value of the American dollar.
3．upset，指搅乱。
　☞ 如果这颗地雷爆炸就会打乱我们整个作战计划。
　☞ If the mine goes off, it will upset our whole battle plan.
　☞ 这次进攻完全打乱了敌人的军事部署。
　☞ The attack completely upset the enemy's troop disposition.
4．disrupt，指使之失去某种正常节奏。
　☞ 这次事故打乱了铁路的正常运行。
　☞ The accident disrupted the normal service of the railway.
　☞ 电视专题报道打乱了正常的节目播送。
　☞ The special T.V. report disrupted regular programming.
打击 打击
1．hit，指狠狠一击。
　☞ 经济萧条严重地打击了他的买卖。
　☞ The economic depression hit his business hard.
　☞ 石油费用上升对该国的打击特别严重。
　☞ The increasing cost of oil hit the country especially hard.
　☞ 那年夏天，一场大旱打击了该地区。
　☞ That summer, a terrible drought hit the area.
2．strike (at)，strike a blow at，指一次或多次打击。
　☞ 非法贸易打击了合法政府的根基。
　☞ Contraband trade strikes at the root of legitimate government.
　☞ 生活费用的上涨打击的是穷人。
　☞ The rise in living costs strikes poor people.
　☞ 我们应该给侵略者以沉重的打击。
　☞ We ought to strike a heavy blow at the aggressors.
　☞ 我们最好的回答是狠狠打击敌人。
　☞ The best answer of ours is to strike relentless blows at the enemy.
3．crack down on，指镇压，取缔。
　☞ 市公安局采取措施打击贩毒吸毒。
　☞ The public security bureau of the city took measures to crack down on drug sellers and addicts.
　☞ 打击投机倒把确有必要。
　☞ It is necessary indeed to crack down on speculation and profiteering.
4．puncture，打击的往往是某种意识或情绪。
　☞ 我们以牙还牙，打击了敌人的气焰。
　☞ Answering blows with blows, we punctured the arrogance of the enemy.
　☞ 看到退回的稿子，他的自信心受到了打击。
　☞ His self-confidence was punctured when he saw his manuscripts were sent back.
5．attack，指攻击。
　☞ 看他打击别人抬高自己，真让人恶心。
　☞ It is a disgusting sight to see him attack others so as to build up himself.
　☞ 他在“文化大革命”期间受到打击迫害。
　☞ He was attacked and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.
　☞ 如果我们检举揭发，他就会打击报复。
　☞ If we expose and denounce him, he'll make vindictive attacks on us.
6．retaliate, retaliation，指打击报复，书面语。
　☞ 如果我们检举揭发，他就会打击报复。
　☞ If we expose and denounce him, he'll retaliate.
　☞ 他由于打击报复而被撤职。
　☞ He was dismissed from his post because of retaliation.
打发 打发
1．send，指派遣。
　☞ 我已打发小王去请医生了，不过他现在已感到好一点。
　☞ I have sent Wang for the doctor, but he is feeling better now.
　☞ 他打发服务员去买一包香烟。
　☞ He sent the waiter for a packet of cigarettes.
2．send away，指支走。
　☞ 把他打发了，告诉他不要再来。
　☞ Send him away and tell him not to come back.
　☞ 他打发了孩子就坐下来工作。
　☞ He sent the children away and sat down for work.
3．get rid of，指摆脱掉。
　☞ 你就这样把我打发了？
　☞ Are you going to get rid of me like this?
　☞ 他让你做护士以便把你打发了。
　☞ He'll make you a nurse in order to get rid of you.
4．dismiss，指解雇。
　☞ 炊事员做不好饭菜，我们把他打发了。
　☞ The cook was bad at cooking and we dismissed him.
　☞ 仆人都已打发走了。
　☞ The servants were already dismissed.
5．while away，指消磨时间。
　☞ 他卧床不起，感到时间真难打发。
　☞ Locked in sickbed, he felt it hard to while away the time.
　☞ 我一人坐在海滩，打发了一个下午。
　☞ I whiled away the whole afternoon sitting alone on the beach.
打开 打开
1．打开原来关着或封着的东西，用open。
　☞ 门突然从里面打开了。
　☞ The door was suddenly opened from within.
　☞ 这窗子打不开。
　☞ The window won't open.
　☞ 我母亲用颤抖的手打开了信。
　☞ My mother opened the letter with her nervous fingers.
2．打开包、摺、扎、卷的东西，可在相应的动词前加前缀un-。
　☞ 他慢慢打开包裹。
　☞ He unwrapped the parcel very slowly.
　☞ 画家打开画卷，把它挂在墙上。
　☞ The painter unfolded the picture scroll and hung it on the wall.
　☞ 我打开胶卷看看洗得好不好。
　☞ I unrolled the film to see whether it was developed well.
　☞ 她打开包袱发现里面是一件她母亲做的棉袄。
　☞ She untied the bundle and found in it a padded coat made by her mother.
3．open up，用得较广，前两项的词义都有。
　☞ 打开汽车的行李箱，让我看看里面。
　☞ Open up the boot of the car and let me look inside.
　☞ 我们打开包裹以后，发现里面没有什么要紧的东西。
　☞ After we had opened up the package we found that it had nothing in it of importance.
　 ■ 此外，open up还可引申为“开辟”。
　☞ 他们用这种方法打开新局面。
　☞ In this way they opened up a new situation.
　☞ 这打开了采用现代新技术的广阔前景。
　☞ This opened up broad possibilities for the use of modem technology.
4．打开某种掩盖物，用take off。
　☞ 他打开盖子，一股难闻的气味扑鼻而来。
　☞ He took off the lid and was greeted by an unpleasant smell.
　☞ 医生打开绷带检查伤口。
　☞ Taking off the bandage, the doctor checked the wound.
5．把物件展开，用spread out。
　☞ 将军打开地图看了起来。
　☞ The general spread out the map and began to study it.
　☞ 他打开报纸看看有没有招工的广告。
　☞ He spread out the newspaper to see whether there were any ads for workers.
6．打开某种电器或自来水开关，用turn on。
　☞ 我打开灯后才认出站在窗子前的人是谁。
　☞ I didn't recognize the man who was standing in front of the window until I turned on the light.
　☞ 她打开水龙头，放了一澡盆水。
　☞ She turned on the tap and filled the bathtub with water.
7．打开眼界、视野等，用broaden。
　☞ 他被派去周游参观，以打开眼界。
　☞ He was sent on a round of visit to broaden his horizon.
　☞ 旅行打开了我们的视野。
　☞ The travel has broadened our vision.
　☞ 相互讨论可以打开我们的思路。
　☞ Mutual discussion may broaden our scope of mind.
8．打开锁链、僵局等，用break。
　☞ 西藏百万农奴打开了奴隶制的铁锁链。
　☞ Millions of serfs in Tibet have broken the iron chains of slavery.
　☞ 这次妥协打开了劳资双方的僵局。
　☞ The compromise broke. the deadlock between labor and capital.
9．打开缺口，用make a breach, breach。
　☞ 装甲部队在敌人防线上打开了一个缺口。
　☞ The armored units made a breach in the enemy lines.
　☞ 炮火的轰击终于在城墙上打开了一个缺口。
　☞ The artillery bombardment Finally breached the city wall.
打扮 打扮
1．指用化妆品打扮，译为make up。
　☞ 舶打扮打断打发口现在，姑娘们年轻轻的就开始打扮了。
　☞ Nowadays girls make up when they are still young.
　☞ 她打扮得有多难瞧！
　☞ Isn't she badly made up!
　☞ 这里的妇女不像城里的妇女那么打扮。
　☞ The women here don't make up as those in cities.
2．指衣着打扮，译作dress，dress up，后者常指刻意打扮。
　☞ 她虽然在城里工作多年，但还是那副农村妇女的朴素打扮。
　☞ Although she has worked in the city for years she still dresses in the simple style of a countrywoman.
　☞ 孩子们高高兴兴地打扮得像春天的花朵一样。
　☞ The gaily-dressed children looked like spring flowers.
　☞ 她要的就是打扮了去出风头。
　☞ What she wanted was to dress up and display herself.
　☞ 这是一次非正式的聚会，你不必打扮。
　☞ It's quite an informal gathering; you needn't dress up for it.
　☞ 化打扮成圣诞老人。
　☞ He dressed up as Father Christmas.
　☞ 孩子们打扮成海盗。
　☞ The children dressed themselves up as pirates.
3．为了侦察目的而化装打扮应译为disguise。
　☞ 侦察员打扮成一个老农。
　☞ The scout disguised himself as an old peasant.
　☞ 我们都打扮成茶叶商人。
　☞ We all were disguised as tea traders.
4．指修饰、装饰上的打扮，可译be decked out，既可用于人，也可用于物。
　☞ 孩子们穿上最好的衣服，都是过节的打扮。
　☞ All the children were decked out in their best for the festival.
　☞ 她打扮好了，准备出门。
　☞ She is decked out and ready to go.
　☞ 节日的天坛打扮得格外壮丽。
　☞ The Temple of Heaven was magnificently decked out for the festival occasion.
5．指装出某种样子，可译为pose as。
　☞ 他临阵逃脱，还把自己打扮成英雄。
　☞ He sneaked away at the critical juncture yet he posed as a hero。
　☞ 尽管他的欠债比他拥有的资产还多，却把自己打扮成一个百万富翁。
　☞ He posed as a millionaire though he owed more than he owned.
打断 打断
1．使之折断，用break。
　☞ 我爷爷的腿是被地主打断的。
　☞ It was the landlord who broke my grandfather's leg.
　☞ 她的胳臂被打断，脸也被抓破。
　☞ Her arm was broken and her face scratched.
2．使之中断，用interrupt，接物表示打断某种活动；接人表示打断某人谈话。
　☞ 这一议论打断了他的思路。
　☞ The remark interrupted his flow of thought.
　☞ 他们的到来打断了我的沉思。
　☞ Their arrival interrupted my meditations.
　☞ 喧闹声打断了我对童年的回忆。
　☞ The noise interrupted the recollections of my childhood.
　☞ 我不想打断你，继续讲吧。
　☞ I don't want to interrupt you. Go on with your story.
　☞ 我讲话时请不要打断我。
　☞ Please do not interrupt me when I am talking.
3．cut short，也可表示使之中断，一般只指打断谈话或活动。
　☞ 她正要往下讲，我打断了她。
　☞ She was about to go on talking when I cut her short.
　☞ 他很不耐烦地打断了我告诉他的话。
　☞ Impatiently he cut short what I was telling him.
　☞ 主席晕倒后会议也被打断了。
　☞ The meeting was cut short when the chairman fainted away.
4．punctuate，有不时打断之意。
　☞ 他的讲话不时被热烈的掌声打断。
　☞ His speech was punctuated with warm applause.
　☞ He was frequently interrupted by warm applause.
打破 打破
1．break，指有意无意地使之破碎。
　☞ 她失手打破了一把茶壶。
　☞ She dropped the teapot and it broke.
　☞ 当心，别打破了。
　☞ Take care not to break it.
　☞ 窗子是谁打破的？
　☞ Who broke the window?
2．break，指主动突破某种限制。
　☞ 双方都想竭力打破谈判的僵局。
　☞ Both sides are trying to break the deadlock in negotiations。
　☞ 那天傍晚他打破了两项全国记录。
　☞ He broke two national records that evening.
　☞ 我们发展核武器是为了打破核垄断。
　☞ We are developing nuclear weapons to break the nuclear monopoly.
　☞ 他们打破了行业界限，实现了大协作。
　☞ They have broken the bounds of different trades and gone in for extensive coordination.
　☞ 谁首先打破沉默？
　☞ Who was the first to break the silence?
3．break down，表示主动破坏某种限制。语气比break强烈。
　☞ 我们必须打破本位主义。
　☞ We must break down selfish departmentalism.
　☞ 消防队员打破前门，冲了进去。
　☞ Having broken down the front door the6remen rushed in.
4．break away from，也表示主动破除某种限制，但用于抽象事物。
　☞ 只有打破常规，才能采用先进技术。
　☞ Only by breaking away from conventions can we apply advanced techniques.
　☞ 现代音乐打破了18世纪的条条框框。
　☞ Modern music has broken away from the 18th-century rules.
5．break with，表示主动抛弃某种限制。
　☞ 他们的国民经济发展计划打破了老一套。
　☞ Their plan for developing a national economy broke with the old formula.
　☞ 我们要打破旧框框，走前人没有走过的路。
　☞ We must take paths never trodden before, breaking with old conventions.
6．upset，表示消极被动地突破某种平衡。
　☞ 巨大的军费开支打破了财政收支的平衡。
　☞ The huge military spending upset the balance of revenue and expenditure.
　☞ 他们担心这会打破世界力量的均势。
　☞ They were afraid this would upset the world balance of power.
打算 打算
1．plan，表示计划中的打算。
　☞ 现在你打算怎么办？
　☞ Now what do you plan to do?
　☞ 我们正打算把办事处迁往上海。
　☞ We are planning to move our office to Shanghai 他们打算举行大规模的游行示威。
　☞ They plan a vast demonstration.
　☞ 各有各的打算。
　☞ Each has a plan of his own.
2．intend，表示考虑中的打算。
　☞ 我不能这样做，也不打算这样做。
　☞ I can't do it. and don't intend to.
　☞ 你打算在这儿长呆吗？
　☞ Do you intend a long stay here?
　☞ 今年我们不打算做这件事。
　☞ We don't intend to do it this year.
3．prepare，表示准备中的打算。
　☞ 你得作最坏的打算。
　☞ You have to be prepared for the worst.
　☞ 我们正打算睡觉，忽然听见有人敲门。
　☞ We were preparing for the bed when we heard a knock at the door.
　☞ 经过讨论，他们打算写一篇文章表示自己的看法。
　☞ After the discussion, they prepared to write an article to air their views.
4．be supposed to，表示众人期望中的打算。
　☞ 打算谁来照管这个房间？
　☞ Who is supposed to look after this room?
　☞ 这就是射击训练打算办到的。
　☞ This is what the marksmanship practice is supposed to accomplish.
　☞ 他不打算办这件事。
　☞ He is not supposed to do that.
　☞ 这件事现在还是保密的，我不打算讲。
　☞ It is a secret still; I am not supposed to say.
5．set out，表示打算着手干某事。
　☞ 这不是我们当初打算干的事情。
　☞ This is not what we originally set out to do.
　☞ 他本来打算割园子里的草，结果却隔着篱笆跟邻居闲扯起来。
　☞ He had intended to cut grass in the garden, but finished up by chatting with the neighbor over the bamboo fence。
打通 打通
1．break through，指打破后通过。
　☞ 贼人打通墙壁和钢制夹板，进入银行的保险箱室。
　☞ The thieves broke through the wall and steel partition and got at the safe of the bank.
2．dig through，指挖掘后通过。
　☞ 一条长3公里的隧道已经打通。
　☞ A tunnel 3 km long has been dug through.
3．open up，指开辟通道。
　☞ 一条穿过丛林的新运输线打通了。
　☞ A new transportation line was opened up through the jungle.
4．make an opening，指开口子。
　☞ 两家的院墙打通了。
　☞ An opening has been made between the two courtyards.
5．straighten out one's thinking，指打通思想。
　☞ 我们把他的思想打通了。
　☞ We've got his thinking straightened out.
6．fight a way out along，指通过战争争夺通道。
　☞ 我们应打通平津路，包围天津市。
　☞ We must fight a way out along the Beijing-Tianjin railroad in order to encircle the City of Tianjin.
7．get at，指打通关节。
　☞ 这位厂长的关节已经打通。
　☞ The director of the factory has been got at.
8．get through，指接通。
　☞ 我想打电话给你，但是打不通。
　☞ I tried to telephone you but I couldn't get through.
扔 扔
1．throw，指抛、投、掷、扔等，词义覆盖范围最广，因此是个常用词，常与away，out等词连用。
　☞ 手榴弹我可以扔70多米远。
　☞ I can throw a hand grenade over 70 m.
　☞ 这鱼有味了，扔掉算了。
　☞ The fish smells, throw it away.
　☞ 农民扔下工具，离开农村，成千上万地到城市里找工作。
　☞ The peasants threw down their tools and left the country for jobs in the city by the thousands.
　☞ 这里有几捆旧报纸，我想把它们扔了。
　☞ There are some bundles of old newspapers here and I want to throw them out.
2．fling，指使劲扔。扔时带有某种感情上的冲动。
　☞ 工人们愤怒地把工具扔到一边，不想再干了。
　☞ The workers angrily flung aside their tools and would work no longer.
　☞ 她痛恨自己的美貌，把镜子扔到了地上。
　☞ She loathed her own beauty and flung the mirror on the ground.
3．cast，作“扔”解时，具有明确的目的性。但在现代英语中多用throw替代cast。例如我们说 "throw(不用cast) one's clothes into the laundry basket."（把衣服扔进洗衣篮里），而只有某些固定短语例外，但这些固定短语在译成汉语时大都不作“扔”解。如cast seeds（播种），cast one's net（撒网），cast a shadow（投下一个影子）。由此可见作“扔”解的cast已不多见，但这种“扔”的目的性依然很明显。
　☞ 他朝窗子扔了块石头。
　☞ He cast a stone against the window.（可能是要打碎玻璃或作为一种信号）
　☞ 在这危急关头，他把个人安危扔到一边。
　☞ In the critical moment he cast personal safety to the winds.（要救助别人）
　☞ 杀人犯把凶器扔进了河里。
　☞ The murderer cast his lethal weapon into the river.
　（要消灭证据）
4．toss，指有原因却没有目的的随意扔。
　☞ 他们高兴得把帽子扔到了空中。
　☞ They tossed their hats in the air for joy.
　☞ 我扔给他一支香烟。
　☞ I tossed him a cigarette.
　☞ 希特勒之类已被扔进了历史的垃圾堆。
　☞ Hitler and his like were tossed on to the rubbish heap of history.
5．drop，指有意或无意地由高处扔下。
　☞ 敌机扔了几颗炸弹，但都未击中目标。
　☞ The enemy dropped a few bombs, but all missed the targets.
　☞ 敌人扔下武器逃跑了。
　☞ The enemy dropped their weapons and took to their heels.
6．leave，指扔下不管。
　☞ 这项工作做了一半，我不能扔下不管。
　☞ I can't leave the work half-finished.
　☞ 我想这件事我们也许可以暂时扔下不管。
　☞ I think perhaps we might leave the matter for the moment.
7．discard，指扔掉无用之物。
　☞ 咱们把一些旧期刊扔掉算了。
　☞ Let's discard some old periodicals.
　☞ 父亲把我扔掉的破玩具修好了。
　☞ Father had the broken toy repaired that I had discarded.
8．litter, 指扔得乱糟糟的。
　☞ 不要在地板上扔纸屑。
　☞ Don't litter up the floor with scraps of paper.
　☞ 他的东西到处扔，难怪老是找不着。
　☞ He litters his stuff around, no wonder he can never find anything.
9．forget，指忘却。
　☞ 这件事他早就扔到脑后了。
　☞ He'd clean forgot about it.
　☞ 难道你把我的话都扔到九霄云外了吗？
　☞ Did you forget completely what I had said?
托 托
1．hold，指用手掌托着。
　☞ 爷爷高兴得托着6个月大的孙子，举过头顶。
　☞ Grandfather was so glad that he held his six-month-old grandson in the palm over his head.
　☞ 她手托茶盘走起来如行云流水。
　☞ Holding a tea tray, she walked like floating clouds and flowing water.
　 ■ hold up也可表示支撑。
　☞ 妇女能托半边天。
　☞ Women can hold up half the sky.
　☞ 这6根柱子托着屋顶。
　☞ These six pillars hold up the roof.
2．support，也指支撑，与hold up同义，但较为正式。
　☞ 你托着底，我提着顶。
　☞ You support the bottom while I lift the top.
　☞ 是4堵墙托着屋顶。
　☞ It is the 4 walls that support the roof.
　☞ 她两手托腮，坐在桌旁冥思苦想。
　☞ She racked her brains, sitting at the table with her hands supporting the chin.
3．ask，指托请。
　☞ 我已托人去买你要的那本书。
　☞ I've asked someone to buy the book you want.
　☞ 我想托人办点事。
　☞ I'd like to ask an influential person to arrange something.
4．entrust，指托付。
　☞ 把孩子托给你管我就放心了。
　☞ I can rest assured when I entrust the child to your care.
　☞ 刘皇叔托孤白帝城。
　☞ Emperor Liu Bei entrusted his young son to his prime minister at Town of White King.
5．leave, 智给某人并托他来办。
　☞ 你最好托他经手来办这件事。
　☞ You had better leave the matter to his hands.
　☞ 你死去的母亲已把你托给我了。
　☞ Your dead mother left you in my charge.
扣留 扣留
1．detain，重点在扣。
　☞ 警方扣留了嫌疑犯以做进一步审问。
　☞ The police detained the suspect to make further inquiries.
　☞ 他因被控盗窃而遭到扣留。
　☞ He was detained being accused of theft.
2．hold, 着重点在留。
　☞ 警员攻击了扣留人质的旅馆。
　☞ The policemen stormed the hotel where the hostages were held.
　☞ 他在警察局里被扣留了两天。
　☞ He was held in the police station for two days.
3．custody，着重点在监禁。
　☞ 警方把小偷扣留了。
　☞ The police had the thief in custody.
　☞ 罪犯被带走后予以扣留。
　☞ The criminal was led away in custody.
4．suspend，着重点在暂时扣留。
　☞ 交通警罚了司机50元并扣留了他的驾驶证。
　☞ The traffic police had the driver fined 50 yuan and his driving card suspended.
　☞ 海关工作人员发现护照上的姓名已经过涂改，就扣留了他的护照。
　☞ The customs officer suspended his passport when he found the name in it had been altered.
执意 执意
1．be determined to, 指下了决心的执意。
　☞ 那个固执的家伙执意要坚持己见。
　☞ That stubborn fellow is determined to hold on to his own views.
　☞ 她母亲执意要她嫁给那个老头。她该怎么办？
　☞ Her mother is determined that she shall marry that old man. What will she do?
2．insist on，指坚持己见的执意。
　☞ 他执意要走，留都留不住。
　☞ He insisted on leaving, and we couldn't keep him any longer.
　☞ 她执意要待在北京找工作。
　☞ She insists on staying in Beijing, hunting for a job.
　 ■ 如果insist后跟that从句，要用虚拟语气。
　☞ 他执意要我出席会议。
　☞ He insisted that I be present at the meeting.
　☞ 母亲执意要父亲送我上学。
　☞ Mother insists that Father (should) send me to school.
3．be bent on, 指一心一意的执意。
　☞ 为什么她要执意破坏我们的友谊？
　☞ Why is she bent on undermining our friendship?
　☞ 你似乎是执意要惹恼我。
　☞ You seem to be bent on annoying me.
4．firmly refuse，指执意拒绝。
　☞ 她决定婚事新办，执意不收男方的彩礼。
　☞ She decided to make their marriage in a new way and firmly refused to accept betrothal presents from her fiancé's family.
　☞ 他要她嫁给他，她执意不肯。
　☞ She firmly refused him when he begged her to marry him.
执行 执行
1．carry out，重在行动的执行。
　☞ 执行命令要不折不扣。
　☞ Carry out any orders to the letter.
　☞ 我们要坚决执行党的指示并保证完成任务。
　☞ We'll firmly carry out the Party's instructions and pledge to fulfill the task.
2．execute，重在执行的效果，故往往带有执行程度的修饰语。
　☞ 他由于计划执行得不好而受到了批评。
　☞ He was criticized for poorly executing the plan.
　☞ 命令执行得既好又快。
　☞ The order was well and promptly executed.
　 ■ execute即使不带这类状语，强调执行效果的意思仍能从上下文中体现出来。
　☞ 许多事取决于遗嘱在什么地方执行。
　☞ A lot of things would depend on where the will was executed.
　☞ 在执行这一政策时，源源不断的外国游客访问了中国。
　☞ In executing this policy, a steady stream of foreign tourists visited China.
3．implement，重在按预定计划、协议、诺言等执行。
　☞ 为了执行儿童保护计划，需要公众的捐赠。
　☞ Public donations are needed to implement the Child Care Programs.
　☞ 我国政府正在执行一项帮助下岗工人的政策。
　☞ Our government is implementing its policy of helping the laid-off.
4．enforce，重在加强力度的执行。
　☞ 执行纪律决不能含糊。
　☞ You must not be vague in enforcing discipline.
　☞ 法院关于赡养费和孩子抚养费的判决难以执行， 这已司空见惯。
　☞ It is a common occurrence that court orders for alimony and child support are difficult to enforce.
5．follow, pursue，前者重在遵循原有的原则执行，后者则重在追求寻觅中执行。
　☞ 他不顾一切反对，执行了一条小资产阶级右倾机会主义路线。
　☞ Overriding all opposition, he followed a Right opportunist petty-bourgeois line.
　☞ 我国政府一直执行着独立自主的外交政策。
　☞ Our government has been pursuing an independent foreign policy.
扩充 扩充
1．enlarge，指增大后的扩充。
　☞ 我把20年来的学习心得扩充成札记。
　☞ I enlarged what I had gained from study for 20 years into a sketch.
　☞ 这部词典将扩充到1,500页。
　☞ The dictionary will be enlarged to 1,500 pages.
2．expand，指扩展后的扩充。
　☞ 在邻国扩充军事实力的时候，我们不能坐以待毙。
　☞ We cannot wait passively while the neighboring country is expanding her military forces.
　☞ 商务印书馆将推出一本经过全面修订和扩充的新版本。
　☞ The Commercial Press will be bringing out a totally revised and expanded edition.
3．augment，指增加后的扩充。
　☞ 我厂在扩充设备以扩大生产。
　☞ Our factory is augmenting the equipment to expand production.
　☞ 乳房发育不全，随时都能植入新型软硅胶扩充之。
　☞ The hypoplastic breast can be readily augmented with the newer soft silastic implants.
扩大 扩大
1．enlarge，enlargement，指加大意义上的扩大。
　☞ 我们学校雇用了5位新教师，从而扩大了编制。
　☞ Our school has enlarged the staff by engaging five new teachers.
　☞ 耕地面积由于开垦荒地而扩大。
　☞ The area under cultivation was enlarged by opening up wasteland。
　☞ 政府的作用就是要促使社会在自治、自由及社会福利方面得以扩大。
　☞ The function of the government is to enlarge the areas of self-government, of freedom, and of social welfare.
　☞ 爱克斯光片清楚地显示心脏已经扩大。
　☞ The roentgenogram clearly shows the enlargement of the heart.
2．expand，expansion，指扩张意义上的扩大。
　☞ 我们应扩大双季稻的种植面积。
　☞ We must expand the double cropping rice area.
　☞ 他把短篇小说扩大成了一个长篇。
　☞ He expanded his short story into a novel.
　☞ 超级大国正在利用这一军事优势来扩大其影响。
　☞ The superpower is taking advantage of this military power to expand its influence.
　☞ 曾经有过扩大我校校舍的计划，但很快就放弃了。
　☞ There were plans for the expansion of our school building, but they were soon dropped.
3．extend, extension，指延伸意义上的扩大。
　☞ 古罗马人把其帝国范围扩大到了亚洲。
　☞ The ancient Romans extended their empire into Asia.
　☞ 学生的知识面由于开设这类课程而扩大了。
　☞ The students' knowledge is extended by giving this kind of course.
　☞ 我国以惊人的速度扩大商船队。
　☞ China has extended her merchant fleet phenomenally.
　☞ 这些数据提供了扩大外贸的可能性。
　☞ The data provided the possibility for extension of our foreign trade.
4．add (to)，指增加意义上的扩大。
　☞ 我们应当不断地扩大企业的公共积累来扩大再生产。
　☞ We should steadily add to the accumulation fund of enterprises for expanding reproduction.
　☞ 不进一步增加译码就无法扩大该系统的存储容量。
　☞ We cannot add any other memory to this system without further decoding.
5．augment，指增大意义上的扩大。
　☞ 现在我的业务不断扩大，而处境也日益宽裕。
　☞ My business is now constantly augmenting, and my circumstance growing daily easier.
　☞ 中欧的军事力量不应扩大。
　☞ The military forces in central Europe should not be augmented.
6．grow，指增长意义上的扩大。
　☞ 全世界的革命力量日益扩大。
　☞ The revolutionary forces of the world are growing daily.
　☞ 他对他们的影响，随着孩子年龄的增长也逐渐扩大。
　☞ His influence over the children is gradually growing as they get older.
7．broaden，指拓宽意义上的扩大。
　☞ 我们会尽力扩大销路的。
　☞ We'll do what we can to broaden sales.
　☞ 他们正在考虑扩大政府。
　☞ They are considering broadening the government.
　☞ 他被派到国外去扩大眼界和增长知识。
　☞ He was sent abroad to broaden vision and knowledge.
8．exploit，指拓展意义上的扩大。
　☞ 我军继续追击敌人以扩大战果。
　☞ Our troops continued pursuing and attacking the enemy to exploit the victory.
　☞ 他就是用这种方法才得以扩大其地位的。
　☞ It was in this way that he was able to exploit his position.
9．swell，指膨胀意义上的扩大。
　☞ 经济萧条扩大了失业队伍。
　☞ Financial depression swelled the army of the unemployed.
　☞ 最后，公司投入的资金扩大至1亿美元。
　☞ Eventually, the company funding swelled to 100 million US dollars.
扩展 扩展
1．expand，指扩张意义上的扩展。
　☞ 5年内全省林地将扩展到1000万亩。
　☞ The forest land of the province will be expanded to ten million mu within five years.
　☞ 旅馆连锁店还通过其他的一些方式得到扩展。
　☞ The hotel chains have expanded in a number of other ways.
2．extend，指延伸意义上的扩展。
　☞ 现在他已获准扩展其调查范围。
　☞ Now he has obtained permission to extend the field of his investigation.
　☞ 裂纹扩展至表面时就形成碎片。
　☞ Wear sheets are formed when cracks extend to the surface.
3．spread，指伸展意义上的扩展。
　☞ 该树树冠扩展至20米。
　☞ The top branch of that tree spread for twenty meters.
　☞ 20年来，该市迅速向北扩展。
　☞ In twenty years the city has spread quickly to the north.
4．develop, 指发展意义上的扩展。
　☞ 该书的其余部分只是扩展了第一章的思想。
　☞ The rest of the book merely developed the idea of the first chapter.
　☞ 主任们已有了一个计划，要把俱乐部场地扩展成能容纳4万人的运动场。
　☞ The directors have had a plan to develop the club grounds into a stadium holding 40,000 people.
扩张 扩张
1．expand，expansion，指扩展意义上的扩张。
　☞ 他深深地吸了口气，于是肺部就扩张起来。
　☞ He breathed deeply and expanded his lungs.
　☞ 细胞生长时，细胞壁必然扩张。
　☞ The cell walls must expand as the cells grow.
　☞ 19世纪90年代末与20世纪初，对远东的主要威胁是俄国向满洲与朝鲜的扩张。
　☞ The chief threat to the Far East in the late 1890's and early 1900's was the Russian expansion into Manchuria and Korea.
2．enlarge, enlargement，指扩大意义上的扩张。
　☞ 外周淋巴结可能扩张。
　☞ Peripheral lymph nodes may be enlarged.
　☞ 长时间的高血压会引起心脏扩张。
　☞ Long-term hypertension causes enlargement of the heart.
3．extend, extension，指延伸意义上的扩张。
　☞ 俄国在叶卡特琳娜大帝统治之下凭借征服来扩张其领土。
　☞ Under the reign of Catherine the Great, Russia extended her territory by conquest.
　☞ 兵部的主要职责是帝国的扩张。
　☞ The chief duty of the Board of War was the extension of the Empire.
4．dilate, dilatation，指医学意义上的扩张。
　☞ 为保持肌肉所需的血液，皮肤血管收缩，肌肉血管扩张。
　☞ To conserve blood that will be needed by muscles, skin vessels constrict while vessels of the muscles dilate.
　☞ 急性胃扩张是一种罕见的并发症。
　☞ Acute dilatation of the stomach is a rare complication.
扩散 扩散
1．spread，指向四周散布或传播。
　☞ 谣言很快在全市扩散开来。
　☞ The rumor quickly spread through the city.
　☞ 人类几乎扩散到全球各地。
　☞ Men spread to nearly all parts of the globe.
　☞ 这是个秘密，不要扩散。
　☞ It's a secret. Don't spread it around.
　☞ 激光器L发出的光束经过快门S，再由物镜0扩散。
　☞ The beam from the laser L passes through the shutter S and is spread via the objective lens 0.
2．proliferate，proliferation，指迅速散布开来，因此这种散布比spread快，即rapidly spread。
　☞ 出口核技术的国家都要冒扩散核武器的风险。
　☞ Any country that exports nuclear technology risks proliferating nuclear weapons.
　☞ 股票市场也在中国各大城市迅速扩散开来。
　☞ Stock markets have also proliferated in all large cities of China.
　☞ 癌症扩散后就成了不治之症。
　☞ Cancer becomes an incurable disease when it is proliferated.
　☞ 抗生素可以防止病菌扩散。
　☞ Antibiotics can prevent proliferation of germs.
3．diffuse, diffusion，指分子慢慢地扩散。
　☞ 毒药逐渐扩散到他的全身。
　☞ The poison gradually diffused through his body system.
　☞ 溶解中的气体或液体总是从浓度较大的区域向浓度较小的区域扩散。
　☞ A gas or liquid in solution always diffuses from a region of greater to one less concentration.
　☞ 一滴染料在水中慢慢扩散开来。
　☞ A drop of dye diffused slowly through water.
　☞ 我们应当制止谣言扩散。
　☞ We must check the rumor diffusion.
行 行
1．in line，指排成一行。
　☞ 椅子都顺着墙排在那儿。
　☞ The chairs were set there in line along the wall.
　☞ 学生都排在那里等。
　☞ The pupils stood there in line and waited.
2．line，指排成行，可能是一行或数行。
　☞ 船舷两侧排着全体船员。
　☞ The crew lined either side of the ship.
　☞ 墙壁四周排着书籍。
　☞ The walls were lined with books.
　☞ 汽车沿着道路排成行。
　☞ Cars lined the road.
　☞ 街上排着人群。
　☞ Crowd lined the streets.
3．line up，指排成直排、横排或其他形状。
　☞ 大家面对正前方排成一行。
　☞ Everybody lined up, facing the front.
　☞ 大卡车排成一行准备出发。
　☞ The trucks were lined up, ready to start off.
　☞ 足球队员排成一个T形。
　☞ The football team lined up in a T-formation.
4．queue，指排队等候。
　☞ 别挤！排队上车。
　☞ Don't push! Queue for the bus.
　☞ 票很难搞，我们得排上几个小时。
　☞ It's hard to get tickets. We have to queue for hours.
5．row，指排列成行的东西。
　☞ 一排排的村舍立在海边，清洁而整齐。
　☞ Rows of cottages stood by the sea, neat and in order.
　☞ 我是九号，在前排中间。
　☞ My number is nine, in the middle of the front row.
6．arrange, 指经过整理后排列。
　☞ 图书目录是按作者姓名及科目名称来排的。
　☞ The library catalogue is arranged by author and subject.
　☞ 问题应该按轻重缓急来排。
　☞ The problems should be arranged in order of importance and urgency.
7．discharge, 指排出固体、液体、气体三态物质，故使用面较广。
　☞ 工厂所排的废料污染了河流。
　☞ The waste discharged by the factory has contaminated the river.
　☞ 汽车会排废气。
　☞ Cars discharge fumes.
8．drain away (off)，指用自流的方式排出液体。
　☞ 沼泽地上在挖沟排水。
　☞ Ditches are dug through swampy land to drain away the water.
　☞ 护士挑开疖子排脓。
　☞ A nurse lanced the boil to drain off the pus.
9．pump，指用排水工具排水。
　☞ 由于源源不断地从船舱中排水，船不再下沉。
　☞ The ship was no longer sinking as the water was being pumped out of it in an endless stream.
　☞ 他们把池水排干，捉了好多鱼。
　☞ They pumped the pond dry and caught a lot of fish.
10．rehearse, 指排练戏剧。
　☞ 剧团正在排一出历史剧。
　☞ The troupe is rehearsing a historical play.
　☞ 一个月内他们应当能够排出来。
　☞ They should be able to rehearse in a month.
　☞ 这个剧需要一次彩排。
　☞ This play will need a dress rehearsal.
11．“排”的其他译法。
　☞ 阴风怒号，浊浪排空。
　☞ Louring winds bellow angrily and tumultuous waves hurl themselves against the sky.
　☞ 情急之下，樊哙排闼直入。
　☞ In the moment of desperation Fan Kuai pushed the door open and went straight in.
　☞ 中尉被委任去指挥一个步兵排。
　☞ The lieutenant was put in charge of an infantry platoon.
　☞ 我们乘着木排过河。
　☞ We crossed the river on a timber raft.
　☞ 我们排成四路纵队。
　☞ We formed a column of fours.
　☞ 政府应该为乡镇企业排忧解难。
　☞ The government should help township enterprises allay their worries and tide over their difficulties.
　☞ 解放军以排山倒海之势攻占了敌人多个据点。
　☞ PLA stormed and captured the enemy strongholds with the force of a landslide and the power of a tidal wave.
　☞ 那审判只不过是一场排华闹剧。
　☞ The trial was a mere anti-Chinese farce.
扫除 扫除
1．dean, 指清扫。
　☞ 院子要天天扫除。
　☞ The courtyard should be cleaned every day.
　☞ 节前我们应当进行一次大扫除。
　☞ We must have a thorough cleaning before the holiday.
2．sweep away，指清除，口头用语，语气强于clean，不仅是扫，还可用其他方法清除。
　☞ 我们尚未扫除前进道路上的一切障碍。
　☞ We have not yet swept away all the obstacles in our path.
　☞ 部长保证要扫除教育上的特权。
　☞ The minister promised to sweep away the privilege in education.
3．eliminate，指铲除，语气比sweep away更强，为 正式用语。
　☞ 该计划规定在5年内基本扫除文盲。
　☞ The plan is scheduled to basically eliminate illiteracy within five years.
　☞ 最好是在今年，这个月，或今天扫除一切痛苦的痕迹。
　☞ It would be best if we could eliminate all vestiges of suffering today, this month, or this year.
4．eradicate, 指根除，比eliminate的语气还要强。
　☞ 我们在着手扫除恶势力之前要把人民群众组织起来。
　☞ We have to organize the masses before we start eradicating the vicious power.
　☞ 要扫除一切害人虫，全无敌。
　☞ To eradicate all pests on this small star, mightily invincible we are!
5．remove，指移走。
　☞ 我军挺进敌后时必须扫除前进道路上的这些障碍。
　☞ Our army must remove these obstacles on the road of advance when we drive into the areas behind the enemy lines.
　☞ 有人把这些垃圾都扫除了。
　☞ Someone has removed all this rubbish.
扭 扭
1．turn, 指转动、转身，有时也用于转意。
　☞ 请把时针扭到9点。
　☞ Please turn the hands of the clock until they point to 9 o'clock.
　☞ 你得扭门把，门才会开。
　☞ You have to turn the knob and the door will open.
　☞ 他把锁眼里的钥匙扭了一下，门就开了。
　☞ He turned the key in the lock and the door opened.
　☞ 他二话不说，扭头就走。
　☞ He just turned and walked off without saying a word.
　☞ 她扭过头去不理我。
　☞ She turned away and cut me dead.
　☞ 他扭过身子，向车间走去。
　☞ He turned round and made for the workshop.
　☞ 我们的目的要通过加强企业管理来扭亏为盈。
　☞ It is our aim to turn losses into profits by strengthening the management of enterprises.
2．twist (off)，指扭动、扭下。
　☞ 他扭了一下门把手想开门。
　☞ He twisted the knob to open the door.
　☞ 向右扭把手，盒子就开了。
　☞ Twist the handle to the right and the box will open.
　☞ 你扭一下软木塞，瓶塞就开了。
　☞ If you twist the cork, it will come out of the bottle.
　☞ 他从树上扭了个苹果。
　☞ He twisted an apple off the tree.
　☞ 盖子扭不下来。
　☞ The lid won't twist off.
3．wrench，也指扭动、扭下，但用的劲要比twist大，有“猛扭”的意思，故还可以用于扭伤。
　☞ 厨房里传来怪声，爸猛扭门把手，只发现我家的小猫在舔盘子。
　☞ A strange sound came from the kitchen. Dad wrenched the knob of the door only to find our little cat was licking a dish.
　☞ 盖子卡得紧紧的，我得把它扭下来。
　☞ The lid was stuck tight, I had to wrench it off.
　☞ 足球比赛时他扭了筋。
　☞ He wrenched his tendon in a football match.
4．sprain，也指扭伤。
　☞ 我大哥是排球运动员，他在比赛时扭了腰。
　☞ My eldest brother is a volleyball player and he sprained his back on the play.
　☞ 谁想得到他竟扭了手腕。
　☞ Who would have thought that he could sprain his wrist?
5．sway，swing指摇摆、扭动。
　☞ 她扭着屁股走了过来。
　☞ She walked over swaying (swinging) her hips.
　☞ 她走路的动作总是一扭一扭的。
　☞ She always walks with a swaying (swinging) motion.
6．“扭”的其他译法。
　☞ 他扭过头来看了一下。
　☞ He looked over his shoulder.
　☞ 他走路的姿势一扭一扭的。
　☞ He walked with a rolling gait.
　☞ 两个摔跤手正扭在一起。
　☞ The two wrestlers were grappling with each other.
扯 扯
1．pull，指拉住。
　☞ 她扯住他的袖子以引起他的注意。
　☞ She pulled his sleeve to get his attention.
　☞ 魔术师没完没了地从他的袖管里往外扯彩带。
　☞ The magician kept pulling out of his sleeve the colored ribbons. which seemed to be endless.
2．hold，指握住。
　☞ 父亲扯着小女儿的手怕她掉下去。
　☞ The father held his little daughter's hand lest she should fall off.
　☞ 是他扯住了绳子才救了我们。
　☞ It was he who held onto the rope and saved us.
3．lump together，指牵扯。
　☞ 这是两个问题，不能往一块扯。
　☞ These two questions should not be lumped together.
　☞ 所有这些事各不相同，不能扯在一起。
　☞ We can't lump all these different things together.
4．tear，指扯破，扯下。
　☞ 我早就跟你说过布要用剪子剪，你为什么要扯？
　☞ Why did you tear the cloth when I'd advised you to cut it with scissors?
　☞ 他突然扯开身上的毯子，爬了起来。
　☞ He got up suddenly, tearing the blanket from him.
5．chat，指闲扯。
　☞ 他们走到外面，然后一起扯了起来。
　☞ They went out, and then got chatting together.
　☞ 咱俩好好扯一扯。
　☞ Let's have a good chat.
6．buy，仅指布料、线头的购买。
　☞ 她扯了点布，准备给他缝一件上衣。
　☞ She bought some cloth and intended to make him a coat.
　☞ 爹爹扯了两尺红头绳，我对着镜子扎呀扎起来。
　☞ Dad bought two chi of red yarn and I began to tie my plait with it in front of the mirror.
扰乱 扰乱
1．disturb，指扰乱已建立的秩序或状态。
　☞ 那个年轻的教师无法维持秩序，学生一直在扰乱课堂。
　☞ The young teacher can't keep order and the pupils are continually disturbing the class.
　☞ 有时候，感情会扰乱理智。
　☞ Sometimes emotions disturb reason.
　☞ 他因扰乱治安而受到指控。
　☞ He was charged with disturbing the public peace.
2．disorder，指扰乱已有的最佳效果的秩序或状态。
　☞ 吃得太好会扰乱你的消化功能。
　☞ Too rich a diet will disorder your digestive function.
　☞ 吵吵嚷嚷的示威游行扰乱了这次政治集会。
　☞ Noisy demonstrations disordered the political convention.
　☞ 她的推理能力显然受到了感情的扰乱。
　☞ Obviously her reasoning was disordered by emotion.
3．harass，指带有袭击性的不断扰乱。
　☞ 空军紧紧抓住好转的天气，扰乱敌人的交通线。
　☞ Improving weather was eagerly seized upon by the air forces to harass the enemy's line of communication.
　☞ 一小股敌军在扰乱我国边境。
　☞ A small horde of enemy soldiers was harassing the border of our country.
4．disrupt, 指扰乱正常运行的秩序或状态。
　☞ 由工资要求引起的罢工此起彼伏，扰乱了公共秩序。
　☞ Wage claims had led to one strike after another, disrupting; public order.
　☞ 他因扰乱金融市场而被捕。
　☞ He was arrested for disrupting financial market.
5．interfere with，指干扰正常的秩序或状态。
　☞ 吵闹声扰乱了我的睡眠。
　☞ The noise interfered with my sleep.
　☞ 显然，在观测期间强光扰乱了我们的视线。
　☞ Obviously during the observation the bright light had interfered with our view.
6．“扰乱”的其他译法。
　☞ 这种谣言除了扰乱军心还能有什么。
　☞ This kind of rumor can do nothing but just undermine the morale of the army.
　☞ 宗派活动已经扰乱了我们的队伍。
　☞ Factional activities have created confusion within our ranks.
批准 批准
1．ratify，指经过签署的正式批准。
　☞ 17国政府首脑在上海聚会并批准了该条约。
　☞ The heads of the seven governments met in Shanghai and ratified the treaty.
　☞ 教育部已批准他出国深造。
　☞ The Ministry of Education has ratified his going abroad for advanced study.
　☞ 美国宪法于1787年起草，1788年由11个州批准生效。
　☞ The Constitution of the United States was drafted in 1787 and went into effect in 1788 after it had been ratified by eleven states.
2．confirm，指根据法律或政府首脑批准，但没有ratify正式。
　☞ 部长提议的代表团提名已由国务院批准。
　☞ The nomination of the delegation submitted by the minister was confirmed by the State Council.
　☞ 国会批准他出任政府总理。
　☞ The Parliament confirmed him as Prime Minister.
　☞ 和平友好条约是经过全国人民代表大会批准的。
　☞ The Treaty of Peace and Friendship was confirmed by the National People's Congress.
3．approve，指经过讨论同意后批准，因此没有上面两词正式隆重。
　☞ 大会批准了朱总理的报告。
　☞ The Congress approved the report by Premier Zhu Rongji.
　☞ 党委成员由党员民主选举产生并由上级党组织批准。
　☞ The members of the Party committee were democratically elected by the Party members and approved by the next higher Party organization.
　☞ 学校领导批准了建造新图书馆的计划。
　☞ The school authorities approved the scheme for the erection of a new library.
4．grant，仅表示同意，较approve又次之。
　☞ 党委批准了他们的要求。
　☞ The Party committee granted their request.
　☞ 到目前为止只批准了几份租约，而90%的申请都消失在官僚主义的汪洋大海里。
　☞ Only a few leases have been granted so far, with ninety percent of the applications lost in bureaucratic limbo.
5．sanction，不一定指权力机构的批准。
　☞ 教廷不愿意批准英格兰亨利八世的第二次婚姻。
　☞ The Vatican would not sanction the second marriage of HenryⅧof England.
　☞ 上级党委批准了本学期的工作方案。
　☞ The Party committee at the higher level has sanctioned the scheme for the term's work.
6．endorse，指由认可而批准。
　☞ 他的会员申请已由俱乐部批准。
　☞ His application for membership was endorsed by the club.
　☞ 党中央批准了新的政治纲领。
　☞ The Central Party Committee endorsed a new political program.
找 找
1．look for，指寻找。
　☞ 他在到处找你。
　☞ He's been looking for you all over the place.
　☞ 地质队员们在用地震勘探法找矿。
　☞ The geologists are looking for mineral deposits by seismic prospecting.
　☞ 来到一个新地方只是为了找麻烦，没有意思。
　☞ There is no sense coming into a new place just looking for trouble.
　☞ 你再对我说这样的事，那是在找打。
　☞ You're looking for a fight if you say any things like that to me.
2．try to find，指试图找到，但还在找的过程中。
　☞ 他是在找口实吵架。
　☞ He is trying to find some excuse and start a quarrel.
　☞ 我们在找答案，但至今未找到。
　☞ We're trying to find the answer, but haven't found it so far.
　 ■ 但有时find（找到）也可用“找”表示出来。
　☞ 我的车子后轮快磨平了，给我找两个新的。
　☞ My back tires are almost worn down. Find me two new ones.
　☞ 我们给他找了个住的地方。
　☞ We found him somewhere to live.
　☞ 我觉得我干得蛮不错的，可是他老找茬。
　☞ I think my work is quite satisfactory, but he is finding fault.
3．seek，书面语，与look for相比，这种寻找需要付出更大的努力，其后可接具体的人或物，也可接无形、抽象的事物。
　☞ 我们一到，马上就去找旅馆。
　☞ When we arrived, we lost no time in seeking a hotel.
　☞ 他找各种机会去接近她。
　☞ He seeks every opportunity to be close to her.
　☞ 你应当从世界观上找原因。
　☞ You should seek the cause in your world outlook.
4．want，指因需要而找。
　☞ 有人找你。
　☞ Someone wants to see you.
　☞ 刚才公司有人找她。
　☞ She was wanted on the office.
　☞ 有人电话找你。
　☞ You are wanted on the phone.
5．locate, 指找所处的位置。
　☞ 13天前，我要图书馆为我找本书，但他们到现在也没给我找。
　☞ I asked the library to locate a book for me three days ago, but they didn't start looking for it until now.
　☞ 警方正在找那个失踪的小姑娘。
　☞ The police are trying to locate the missing little girl.
6．approach about，指开口求人。
　☞ 他找我借点钱。
　☞ He approached me about lending him some money.
　☞ 你找过经理请一天假了吗？
　☞ Have you approached the manager about taking a day off?
7．catch，指在紧急情况下的找。
　☞ 事情相当紧急，我得在他到机场前找到他。
　☞ It's rather urgent, and I have to catch him before he goes to the airport.
　☞ 你准能在舞厅里找到你媳妇。
　☞ You can certainly catch your wife in the ballroom.
8．go with，指“随…一起来”。
　☞ 疾病找的就是肮脏邋遢。
　☞ Disease goes with squalor.
　☞ 鲤鱼找鲤鱼，王八找王八。
　☞ Carp goes with carp, and turtle goes with turtle.
9．ask for，指找人帮忙等。
　☞ 干嘛不去找老杨帮忙？
　☞ Why not go and ask Lao Yang for help?
　☞ 有人找过我吗？
　☞ Did anyone ask for me?
承担 承担
1．表示负有责任的承担，可用undertake。
　☞ 他们承担了维护这一地区和平的责任。
　☞ They undertook the responsibility of maintaining peace of this area.
　☞ 这家英国公司要独自承担这一工程。
　☞ The British firm wanted to undertake the project single-handed.
　☞ 他自愿承担这一任务。
　☞ He voluntarily undertook the task.
2．表示担当起来的承担，用take指承担的是直接责任或后果，用take on则指承担某种工作。
　☞ 不论是谁侵犯我国领土、领海、领空都必须承担一切后果。
　☞ Whoever violates our territorial land, sea, or air must take all the consequences.
　☞ 我愿为友谊而承担风险。
　☞ I will take the risk for friendship's sake.
　☞ 你们得把工作承担起来而且要干好。
　☞ You've got to take it on and make a good job of it.
　☞ 一位有经验的工程师承担了这次设计。
　☞ A veteran engineer took on the designing.
　☞ 我们人手少，所以他承担了额外工作。
　☞ We are short of hands and he takes on extra work.
3．表示接受某种现实，因此是消极被动地承担，可用accept。
　☞ 男孩完全承担了打碎窗户的责任。
　☞ The boy accepted full responsibility for breaking the window.
　☞ 是他干的，他就得承担后果。
　☞ It was his act and he must accept the consequences.
　☞ 我愿为友谊而承担风险。
　☞ I will accept the risk for friendship's sake.
4．表示性质上对某事负责，可译be responsible for, be held responsible for。
　☞ 我对错误承担责任。
　☞ I am responsible for the mistake.
　☞ 美国政府必须承担由此产生的一切严重后果。
　☞ The American government must be held responsible for all the serious consequences arising there from.
　☞ 贵公司必须对一切损失承担全部责任。
　☞ Your firm must be held responsible for all costs.
5．表示承担某种义务，可用commit oneself。
　☞ 我已承担了义务，不能说了不算。
　☞ I have committed myself and cannot draw back from what I've promised.
　☞ 他没承担义务，不过他愿意考虑。
　☞ He didn't commit himself, but he would think it over.
　☞ 中国在任何时候、任何情况下，都承担不首先使用核武器的义务。
　☞ At no time and in no circumstances will China commit itself to being the first to use nuclear weapons.
6．表示承担某种费用、责任时，可译bear。
　☞ 我姑妈愿承担我在美学习期间的一切费用。
　☞ My aunt will bear all expenses during my study in the U.S.A.
　☞ 一切修理费用由本公司承担。
　☞ All cost of repairs will be borne by our company.
　 ■ 也可由承担费用转义为承担责任等。
　☞ 美国政府对一切严重后果承担责任。
　☞ The U.S. government will have to bear responsibility for all the serious consequences.
7．assume，表示承担义务，责任等。
　☞ 世界大国都应承担裁军的义务。
　☞ Powers all over the world must assume obligation to disarm.
　☞ 你要对这次事故承担全部责任。
　☞ You must assume full responsibility for the accident.
承认 承认
1．比较客观地痛快地承认某种事实，不管这种事实是公开的还是隐瞒的，正确的还是错误的，可译acknowledge。
　☞ 我们承认他是篮球队中最好的中锋。
　☞ We acknowledge him to be the best center on the basketball team.
　☞ 大家都承认他一向生性幽默、性格开朗。
　☞ All acknowledge him to have been good humored and of a cheerful disposition.
　☞ 这是事实，这一点连我们的敌人都不得不承认。
　☞ This is a fact that even our enemies have to acknowledge.
　☞ 大家都承认他的性格中有一种不可抗拒的魅力。
　☞ Everybody acknowledges the irresistible charm of his personality.
　☞ 他承认他相信上帝。
　☞ He acknowledged his belief in God.
　☞ 无政府主义者不承认政府。
　☞ Anarchists acknowledge no government.
　☞ 将军承认战况并不如预期的那么顺利。
　☞ The general acknowledged that the war had not been going as well as expected.
　☞ 被告承认有罪。
　☞ The accused man acknowledged his guilt.
2．比较勉强被动地承认某种不愿承认的事实，可译admit，admittedly。
　☞ 政府承认了错误，这在政府是很难得的。
　☞ The government admitted its mistake. which governments seldom do.
　☞ 他终于承认报告不是真的。
　☞ After all, he admitted the statement to be false.
　☞ 经过审问，他承认他为某个外国服务。
　☞ He admitted under questioning that he was in the service of a foreign power.
　☞ 男孩承认他偷嘴了。
　☞ The boy admitted taking food on the sly.
　☞ 他承认拿了货物没有付款。
　☞ He admitted taking the goods without paying for them.
　 ■ 但是如果使用admittedly，仍表示客观的承认。
　☞ 应当承认，句型练习与重复练习在外语教学中十分重要。
　☞ Admittedly, drills and repetition are very important in teaching a foreign language.
　☞ 所谓试管婴儿已承认是可能的。
　☞ The so-called test tube baby was admittedly possible.
3．concede，也用于勉强承认某种不愿承认的事实，但不如admit常用，不过常与concede defeat连用。
　☞ 选举结果揭晓后，政府承认失败。
　☞ The government conceded defeat as soon as the election results were known.
　☞ 他别无它法，只好承认他误判有罪。
　☞ He had no other choice but to concede that he had been guilty of bad judgment.
　☞ 我承认大一点的车花钱多，不过我还是认为我们应该买一辆。
　☞ I concede that a larger car would have cost more, but I still think we should have bought one.
4．强调坦白，可用confess (to)。
　☞ 他承认是抢劫案的一个同犯。
　☞ He confessed that he was an accomplice in the robbery.
　☞ 小男孩承认把蛋糕全吃了。
　☞ The little boy confessed he had eaten all the cakes.
　☞ 应当承认，他一开始就不喜欢她。
　☞ It must be confessed that he disliked her from the first.
　☞ 我现在应当承认我是束手无策了。
　☞ Now I must confess that I'm at my wit's end.
　☞ 她承认害怕蜘蛛。
　☞ She confesses to (having)a dread of spiders.
　☞ 我承认憎恨当今的皇上。
　☞ I confess to hating the emperor.
　☞ 我得承认我有抽烟的毛病。
　☞ I must confess to a weakness for cigarette smoking.
5．profess，强调痛痛快快地承认。
　☞ 我承认我不知怎么回答才好。
　☞ I profess myself perplexed for an answer.
　☞ 他承认自己就是那个蒙面大盗。
　☞ He professed that he was, indeed, the masked bandit.
　☞ 她承认没人帮助是什么也干不成的。
　☞ She professed that she could do nothing unaided.
6．强调权威性、合法性的承认，可用recognize。
　☞ 英国是第一个承认人民中国的西方大国。
　☞ Britain was the first western power to recognize People's China.
　☞ 不承认这一事实，就不是唯物主义者。
　☞ Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.
　☞ 我承认你有提出这个问题的权利。
　☞ I recognize your right to ask that question.
7．强调接受某个事实，可译accept。
　☞ 这一新理论得到了普遍的承认。
　☞ The new theory became widely accepted.
　☞ 每个共产党员都应承认党章。
　☞ Every communist must accept Party Constitution.
抑制 抑制
1．keep down，指不使增加或上升的抑制。
　☞ 蜻蜓的食欲有助于抑制飞虫，尤其是蚊子的数量。
　☞ The dragonfly's appetite helps to keep down the number of flying insects, especially mosquitoes.
　☞ 政府采取各种办法来抑制物价上涨。
　☞ The government tried every possible way to keep down the prices.
2．control，指需要加以控制的抑制。
　☞ 她抑制不住感情，当着客人的面哭了起来。
　☞ She failed to control her emotion and burst into tears in front of guests.
　☞ 为了抑制病虫害，喷洒杀虫剂也许是必要的。
　☞ Spraying with insecticides may be necessary to control any insects and diseases.
3．restrain，指强制性的抑制。
　☞ 她想抑制住抽噎并设法使自己平静下来。
　☞ She tried to restrain her sobs and calm herself down.
　☞ 他气得难以抑制自己不还手了。
　☞ He was so angry that he could hardly restrain himself from hitting back.
4．check, 指抑制事物发展的进程。
　☞ 他发现利用辐射可以抑制马铃薯发芽。
　☞ He's discovered that the sprouting of potatoes can be checked by radiation.
　☞ 科学家们正在努力抑制“非典”的传播。
　☞ The scientists are working hard to check the spread of SARS.
抓 抓
1．take，指用手抓、拿，不带感情色彩。
　☞ 他搞到他所需要的东西以后，就抓起帽子走掉了。
　☞ Having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away.
　☞ 我抓起一个馒头，给了那个饥饿的男孩。
　☞ I took a piece of steamed bread and gave it to the hungry boy.
　 ■ take hold在一定的上下文里有“抓住”的意思。
　☞ 她抓住门把手，打开了门。
　☞ She took hold of the knob and opened the door.
2．seize，指用手用力抓，暗示动作的突然性。
　☞ 警察在小偷逃走之际一把抓住了他。
　☞ The policeman seized the thief in the act of escaping 我家的猫从树丛后跳出来，一把抓住一只麻雀。
　☞ Our cat seized a sparrow, leaping from behind the bushes.
　 ■ 有时seize也可用来引申。
　☞ 千万不要抓住一点小事做文章。
　☞ Never seize on a trifle and make an issue of it.
3．snatch，也指突然地抓，但没有seize用力，暗示动作的迅速而鬼祟。
　☞ 小愉抓了她的手提包跑掉了。
　☞ The thief snatched her handbag and ran away.
　☞ 老鹰抓了只小鸡飞走了。
　☞ The hawk snatched a chicken and flew away.
4．grab，动作比snatch更粗鲁，但又与seize 使用暴力，暗示为达到目的可以不择手段。
　☞ 他抓住她的胳膊，把她拉进了汽车。
　☞ He grabbed her arm and pulled her into his car.
　☞ 她的叔叔死后，凡手伸得到的地方她样样都抓。
　☞ After her uncle died, she grabbed everything she could get her hands on.
5．grasp，指紧紧抓住，暗示抓紧。
　☞ 抓住绳子，我把你拉上来。
　☞ Grasp the rope and I'll grasp you up.
　☞ 样样都抓等于不抓。
　☞ Grasp all and lose all.
　☞ 能抓住的机会就要抓。
　☞ Grasp your chances while you can.
6．grip，比grasp抓得更紧。
　☞ 他抓住单杠，做了个引体向上。
　☞ He gripped the horizontal bar to pull himself up.
　☞ 受惊的孩子紧紧抓住了母亲的胳膊。
　☞ The frightened child gripped its mother's arm.
　☞ 这出戏一开场就抓住了观众。
　☞ The play had gripped the attention of the audience as soon as it began.
7．clutch，指急切地抓，暗示惟恐失去的迫切性。
　☞ 落水的人连稻草都要抓。
　☞ A drowning man will clutch even at a straw.
　☞ 我掉下来的时候拼命抓住了树枝。
　☞ I clutched desperately at the twigs as I fell.
8．scratch，指用指甲或爪子抓。
　☞ 我抓着头皮，微微打着呵欠，朝着她笑。
　☞ I smiled at her, scratching my head and yawning a little.
　☞ 妈，我家的猫用爪子抓我的手了。
　☞ Mammy, our cat scratched my hand with its claw 你的话正好抓住了要害。
　☞ What you said simply scratched where it itched.
9．catch，指用武力等手段抓住。
　☞ 警方在小偷逃跑时把他抓住了。
　☞ The police caught the thief as he ran.
　☞ 我们用老鼠夹抓住了一只老鼠。
　☞ We caught a rat with the trap.
　 ■ catch hold也有“抓”的意思，但不作“捉住”解，而作“抓住”解。
　☞ 他抓住一根绳子才救了自己。
　☞ He has caught hold a rope and saved himself.
10．arrest，指逮捕。
　☞ 警方是以什么罪名抓他的？
　☞ On what charge did the police arrest him?
　☞ 当我们知道她被抓时，已经太晚了。
　☞ It was too late when we learned that she had been arrested.
11．stress，指强调或突出重点地抓。
　☞ 无论干什么，都应该抓重点。
　☞ Whatever you do, stress the essentials.
　☞ 抓某事就是要人特别注意这件事。
　☞ To stress something is to call special attention to it.
12．pay special attention to，指要特别注意地抓。
　☞ 抓思想问题是头等大事。
　☞ It is of primary importance to pay special attention to ideological problems.
　☞ 路线确定之后，我们要抓具体细节。
　☞ We must pay special attention to the concrete details when the line is determined.
13．watch out for，指时刻注意抓。
　☞ 我们必须抓不良倾向的苗头以整顿纪律。
　☞ We must watch out for symptoms of unhealthy tendencies to strengthen discipline.
　☞ 不抓习惯用语，你是学不好英语的。
　☞ You can't learn English well without watching out for idiomatic expressions.
14．in charge of, take charge of，指抓管理工作。
　☞ 他是抓工会工作的。
　☞ He is in charge of trade union work.
　☞ 王老师不在期间，请你抓一下这个班好吗？
　☞ Will you please take charge of this class during the absence of Wang?
投 投
1．throw，指由近处向远处投。
　☞ 战士们把手榴弹投向敌人的战壕。
　☞ The soldiers threw grenades into enemy's trenches 他投铁饼总要超过70米。
　☞ He throws the discus always more than 70 meters.
　 ■ throw oneself，指把身子投向某处。
　☞ 她投入了他的怀抱。
　☞ She threw herself in his arms.
　☞ 她投了河，想自杀。
　☞ She threw herself into the river to commit suicide.
　 ■ 此外，throw还可用于转义，表示“投射”。
　☞ 她对我投以不屑的一瞥。
　☞ She threw me a disdainful glance.
　☞ 那树在月光下投下了长长的影子。
　☞ The tree threw a long shadow in the moonlight.
2．drop，指由上向下投。
　☞ 他把信投进了邮筒。
　☞ He dropped the letter into the mail-box.
　☞ 敌机投了几颗炸弹并扫射了我们村子。
　☞ The enemy plane dropped several bombs and strafed our village.
3．cast, 指用力投掷或有目的的投放。
　☞ 那叛徒把匕首投向他那裸露的胸膛。
　☞ The traitor cast his dagger at the naked breast of him.
　☞ 我们的目的是投石问路。
　☞ Our purpose was to cast a stone in order to find out the right path.
　☞ 他投下鱼饵，开始垂钓。
　☞ He cast a fishing lure and began to fish with a hook and line.
　 ■ cast也与throw一样，可以表示“投射”。
　☞ 那灯投下一股昏暗的光。
　☞ The lamp cast a dim light.
　☞ 那些树在路上投下一个个的影子。
　☞ The trees cast their shadows on the road.
4．fling，指极为有力的投掷，并暗示这种力量往往来自某种情绪，如气愤、轻蔑、热情等。
　☞ 他气呼呼地把她写给他的情书全投到火炉里付之一炬。
　☞ With a snort of rage he flung the love letters she wrote to him into the fire and committed them to the flame.
　☞ 情急之下她把一只心爱的高跟鞋投向了那只狗。
　☞ She flung her prized high-heeled shoe at the dog in a moment of desperation.
5．hurl，指用力投；
　☞ 田赛上的最后一名竞争对手把铁饼投了70米。
　☞ The last competitor in the field events hurled the discus 70 meters.
　☞ 捕鱼人把鱼叉投向那条大鱼。
　☞ The fisherman hurled the spear at the big fish.
6．shoot，指投射。
　☞ 他跳起来投篮未中。
　☞ He jumped up to shoot a basket and missed it.
　☞ 探照灯投出长长的一束光线，划过天空。
　☞ The searchlight shot a long ray across the sky.
投入 投入
1．throw (in，into)，指投入人力、物力、兵力等。
　☞ 政府投入了大量劳动力来兴建这一水利工程。
　☞ The government threw the huge labor force to build this water conservancy project.
　☞ 到5月为止，已投入了5个师的正规军。
　☞ up to May five divisions of regulars had been thrown in.
　☞ 大量资金与人工都已投入到基本建设之中。
　☞ Plenty of money and man power have been thrown into capital construction.
　☞ 目前已有3万正规军投入了战斗。
　☞ Thirty thousand regulars have been thrown into battle so far.
2．throw oneself into，指全身心投人。
　☞ 大家都怀着一种拼命的精神投入战斗。
　☞ Everybody threw himself into battle with a death defying spirit.
　☞ 他的身体复原以后又怀着巨大的热情投入了工作。
　☞ He threw himself into the work again with great enthusiasm after he had recovered.
3．fling oneself into, 与throw oneself into同义，但更强调某种带感情色彩的情绪，如热情、气愤等。
　☞ 为报效祖国，他投入到了四个现代化的建设之中。
　☞ He flung himself into the construction of the four modernizations in order to serve his country.
　☞ 尽管她极为反感，但她仍怀着巨大的决心投入到了这一极不愉快的任务中。
　☞ Despite her repugnance, she flung herself into the unpleasant task with great resolve.
4．put into (on)，bring into，均指使之投入。go into则指自动投入。
　☞ 自该厂投入运行以来，我们已经连续3年保证了安全生产。
　☞ We have ensured safety in production for three years in succession since the factory was put (brought) into operation.
　☞ 京杭大运河投入使用已有1,000多年了。
　☞ It is more than one thousand years since the Great Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou was brought (put) into use.
　☞ 他的工作是对新设计的汽车在投入市场之前进行检验。
　☞ His work is to test out new designs of cars before they are put on the market.
　☞ 这个火电厂是去年投入生产的。
　☞ This thermal power plant went into production last year.
5．devote (oneself) to, devotion，指一心一意地投人。
　☞ 他很投入地吃着炖肉。
　☞ He was devoting himself to the stew.
　☞ 她证明自己是个很能干、很投入的护士。
　☞ She proved herself a capable and devoted nurse.
　☞ 投入运动的时间太多，投入学习的时间就太少了。
　☞ The devotion of too much time to sports leaves too little time for studying.
6．plunge into，指猛力投入，故着重点不在深度而在猛力。
　☞ 在国际主义精神的鼓舞下，大家都投入了抢救工作。
　☞ Spurred by the internationalist spirit everybody plunged into the rescue work.
　☞ 作为志愿军的领导，他又一次投入战斗。
　☞ Again, as a leader of volunteers, he plunged himself into the battle.
7．get into，指进入某种状态。
　☞ 他演这个角色很投入。
　☞ He got into the character that he was playing.
　☞ 你父母不想要你投入这场争论。
　☞ Your parents don't want you getting into this dispute.
8．invest，指投资。
　☞ 要是我有资金可以投入，我就投到那片土地上。
　☞ If I had any money to invest, I would invest it in that land.
　☞ 他已在这个工程上投入了大量资金。
　☞ He has invested much capital in this project.
　 ■ 但invest有时也用于引申。
　☞ 他也像许多年轻人一样，把他的生命与信仰都投入到了延安。他决不能轻易地让自己失望。
　☞ Like so many young people, he had invested his life and faith in Yan'an. He could never let himself be easily disappointed.
9．“投人”的其他译法。
　☞ 他在这部作品上投入了5年的劳动。
　☞ He put in five years' labor to the work.
　☞ 这个叛徒投入了侵略者的怀抱。
　☞ The traitor fell into the arms of the aggressors.
投放 投放
1．throw in，所指的投放，着重点在投。
　☞ 钓鱼前要投放鱼饵。
　☞ Throw in the bait before you fish with a hook and line.
　☞ 为了兴建这一灌溉工程，我们已投放了5,000个劳动力。
　☞ We have thrown in the labor force of 5.000 laborers in order to build this irrigation project.
2．put into (on)，所指的投放，着重点在放。
　☞ 她由于在井里投放毒药而被捕。
　☞ She was arrested for putting poison into a well.
　☞ 我厂的新产品已投放市场。
　☞ The new product of our factory has been put on the market.
抖 抖
1．shake，一般用语。可泛指不规律的突然颤动、颤抖。
　☞ 大地似乎在我脚下抖了一下。
　☞ The earth itself seemed to shake beneath my feet.
　☞ 他写字时手有点抖。
　☞ His hand shook a little when he wrote.
　☞ 她的身子笑得直抖。
　☞ Her body shook with laughter.
　☞ 他冷得直抖。
　☞ He shook with cold.
　☞ 她被气得发抖。
　☞ She was shaking with anger.
　☞ 这件事气得他声音都抖了。
　☞ This filled him with such fury that his voice shook 你最好把衣服上的雪抖掉。
　☞ You'd better shake the snow off your clothes 她抖掉了头上的雨水。
　☞ She shook off the rain from her hair.
　☞ 把这条毯子抖一抖。
　☞ Give the blanket a shake.
　☞ 他抖了抖棉被。
　☞ He gave the quilt a shake 他把包里的东西都抖了出来。
　☞ He shook the bag to empty it.
2．tremble，特定用语，专指受到刺激后非人力所能控制的抖动（如因恐惧、激动、困累等）。
　☞ 她气得浑身发抖。
　☞ She was trembling all over with anger.
　☞ 她艳光四射，弄得那位青年的手脚都抖了起来。
　☞ She was so radiant in her pure beauty that the limbs of the young man trembled.
　☞ 她手握门把站着，浑身都在抖。
　☞ She stood with her hand on the doorknob, her whole body trembling.
3．quake，特定用语，一般可与tremble换用，但比tremble强烈。
　☞ 她的家着了火，她吓得直抖。
　☞ She quaked with fear when her house was on fire.
　☞ 男孩病得躺在床上抖了两三个钟头。
　☞ The boy was so sick that he lay in bed quaking for a couple of hours.
4．quiver，特定用语，专指小幅度的快速抖动，即微微颤动。
　☞ 小男孩忍住了哭，嘴唇却抖了起来。
　☞ The little boy's lips quivered as he tried not to cry.
　☞ 她坐在那里哭着、抖着。
　☞ She sat there whimpering and quivering.
　☞ 炸药爆炸时建筑物抖了一下。
　☞ The building quivered as the explosive went off.
5．shiver，特定用语，指由寒冷、恐惧等引起的tremble。
　☞ 她冷得直抖，牙齿都在打战。
　☞ She was so shivering with cold that her teeth were chattering.
　☞ 他一身的雪，索索地抖着走进屋里。
　☞ He came into the house snow-covered and shivering.
6．shudder，特定用语，指瞬间、短暂的tremble，尤指肌肉的颤抖。
　☞ 人因恐惧、寒冷或气愤而发抖。
　☞ People shudder because of fear, cold or anger.
　☞ 孩子冷得直抖。
　☞ The child shuddered with cold.
7．expose，指揭露出来。
　☞ 他扬言要把这场骗局抖出来。
　☞ He threatened to expose the deception.
　☞ 他的政治丑闻在光天化日之下给抖了出来。
　☞ His political scandal was exposed to the light of the day.
8．bring to light，指使之暴露在光天化日之下。
　☞ 他那个小小的秘密很快就被抖了出来。
　☞ His little secret was soon brought to light.
　☞ 他的敌人把他年轻时干的一些蠢事给抖了出来。
　☞ His enemy brought out some foolish things he had done while young.
9．let sb. know, be known to，指揭露出来使人知道。
　☞ 把她干的那些坏事跟大伙抖出来。
　☞ Let everyone know all the wicked things she has done.
　☞ 破坏发电厂的阴谋很快就被抖了出来。
　☞ The conspiracy to destroy the power plant soon became known to the public.
10．make good，特定用语，专指发迹。
　☞ 这下他可抖起来了。
　☞ This time he has made good.
　☞ 他到美国后很快就在那里抖起来了。
　☞ He went to the United States where he soon made good.
折 折
1．fold, 指折叠。
　☞ 这纸要对折起来。
　☞ The paper must be folded in half.
　☞ 他把信纸折起来，放到了信封里。
　☞ He folded up the letter and put it into the envelope.
2．bend，指弯曲，故多用于把无法折叠的东西折叠起来。
　☞ 大路折向东面。
　☞ The road bends towards the east.
　☞ 她那位缠过脚的母亲，把她除了大脚趾以外的脚趾头朝里折到脚底板下面，再用10多尺长的裹脚布缠到她脚上。
　☞ Her mother, who herself had bound feet, wound a piece of cloth about twenty feet long round her feet, bending all the toes except the big toe inward and under the sole.
3．turn, 指转向。
　☞ 边界由此折向西南。
　☞ From here the boundary turns southwestward.
　☞ 纷纷扬扬地下起了鹅毛大雪，这时他由大路折进一条小巷。
　☞ Snowflakes began to flutter like feathers in the air as he turned from the road into a lane.
4．break, 指折断。
　☞ 树枝在积雪重压之下折了。
　☞ Branches broke off under the weight of snow.
　☞ 脆弱者易折。
　☞ Brittle things break easily.
5．change, amount to, 指折算。
　☞ 市斤可以2:1的比率折成公斤。
　☞ Jin can be changed into kilograms in the ratio of 2 to 1.
　☞ 这笔外币折成人民币是多少?
　☞ How much does this sum of foreign money amount to in Renminbi?
折服 折服
1．convince，指使人信服。
　☞ 强词夺理不能使人折服。
　☞ You cannot convince people by sophistry.
　☞ 这一切都显示出他们为你的成就所折服。
　☞ All this shows that they are convinced by your accomplishments.
2．subdue，指通过压制而使人折服。
　☞ 美国人征服了伊拉克，但没有使那儿的人民折服。
　☞ The Americans conquered Iraq but did not subdue people there.
　☞ 她的风度比她的美貌更令人折服。
　☞ People were subdued by her grace more than her beauty.
3．submission, submit，指使之臣服。
　☞ 他的外交思想是要击败对手并使之折服。
　☞ His idea of diplomacy was to beat the adversary and make him into submission.
　☞ 那年轻人望着她，好像在问是反抗还是折服。
　☞ The young man glanced at her, as if to inquire whether to resist or to submit.
4．compel one's admiration，指不由得不佩服。
　☞ 他与群众之间的那种亲和力不由得大家不折服。
　☞ The affinity between him and the masses compels everybody's admiration.
　☞ 他的书法技巧不由得我们不折服。
　☞ His skill in calligraphy compelled our admiration.
折磨 折磨
1．afflict，指伤残、病痛的折磨。
　☞ 白内障折磨着许多老年人。
　☞ Cataract afflicts many aged persons.
　☞ 战争和饥饿还在折磨着人类。
　☞ War and famine still afflict mankind.
　☞ 她得了癌症，受着肉体和精神上的双重折磨。
　☞ She's got a cancer and is afflicted both in body and spirit.
　☞ 意识到低人一等是一种可怕的折磨。
　☞ It's awful to be afflicted with a sense of inferiority.
2．torment，指反复不断地折磨。
　☞ 不断复发的胃痛折磨着他。
　☞ Recurrent stomach pains torment him.
　☞ 学校里的大孩子欺侮、折磨小孩子的事是经常发生的。
　☞ Older boys bullying and tormenting younger ones are a common occurrence in schools.
　☞ 苍蝇、蚊子给了徒步旅行者好多折磨。
　☞ Flies and mosquitoes caused the hikers much torment.
3．torture，指恶意的折磨，而且折磨的程度比torment深。
　☞ 只有残酷的人才折磨动物。
　☞ Only the cruel man tortures animals.
　☞ 受害者在行刑前总要受到日本鬼子的折磨。
　☞ The victims were always tortured by the Japs before being executed.
　☞ 他在狱中受尽了各种折磨。
　☞ He was subjected to various tortures in prison.
4．suffer，动词，故不同于以上各名词，强调承受折磨。
　☞ 他卧床不起，长期受着疾病的折磨。
　☞ He is locked in bed, suffering severely from lingering illness.
　☞ 那里的人们还受着饥寒的折磨。
　☞ People there are still suffering from hunger and cold.
折腾 折腾
1．squander away，指挥霍时间或金钱。
　☞ 每天都折腾这么多的时间，我是折腾不起。
　☞ I could hardly squander away so much time every day this way.
　☞ 没到一年，他就把上百万的家产折腾完了。
　☞ It didn't take a year to squander away a family fortune over a million yuan.
2．suffer from，get down，指受折磨。
　☞ 他让病折腾得只剩下皮包骨头了。
　☞ Having suffered from the illness, he was all skin and bones.
　☞ 牙痛真折腾人。
　☞ A toothache can really get you down.
3．toss about, 指翻来覆去地睡不着。
　☞ 他折腾了好几个小时才睡着。
　☞ He tossed about in bed for hours before he got to sleep.
　☞ 我折腾了整整一个晚上，就是睡不着。
　☞ I tossed about all night, unable to sleep.
4．over and over again, again and again, 指翻来覆去地重复。
　☞ 她吻遍她新生儿的全身，翻来覆去的折腾。
　☞ She kissed her newborn baby all over its body over and over again.
　☞ 学徒工把旧机器拆了装，装了拆，折腾了好几回。
　☞ The apprentice again and again took the old machine apart and then put it together.
抛 抛
1．throw，指投掷。常用词，无任何特殊含义或感情色彩，故使用范围广。
　☞ 她把球抛给了我。
　☞ She threw the ball to me.
　☞ 突然，一阵强烈的震荡把他抛到了地上。
　☞ Suddenly a strong shock threw him to the ground.
　☞ 他们高兴得把帽子抛到了空中。
　☞ They threw up their hats into the air for joy.
2．plunge，fling，指更为有力的抛掷，含有强烈的感情色彩，如气愤、热情、轻蔑等。
　☞ 当时帝国主义企图把中国抛回到1927年至1937年的国内战争的汪洋大海里去。
　☞ At the time imperialism was planning to plunge China once again into the maelstrom of civil war, as in 1927 - 1937.
　☞ 她轻蔑地哼了一声，把手提包抛到了桌子上。
　☞ With a snort of contempt she flung down her handbag on the table.
　 ■ 不过，如果这种感情色彩淡化时，可与throw换用。
　☞ 那马在绝望中把骑手抛到了地上。
　☞ The horse flung (threw) the rider to the ground in a moment of desperation.
　☞ 消防队员把着了火的箱子抛到窗外。
　☞ The fireman flung (threw) the burning suitcase out of the window.
3．toss, 指手掌向上轻松、随便、漫无目标的抛掷，也可以与threw换用。
　☞ 孩子们把球抛到了空中。
　☞ The children tossed (threw) the ball in the air.
　☞ 我抛给他一支烟。
　☞ I tossed (threw) him a cigarette.
　☞ 他随手抛掉一根点燃的火柴，因而引起了一场火灾。
　☞ He tossed (threw) away the lighted match and so caused a fire.
　☞ 你要是不跟上时代就会被时代抛到后面。
　☞ You will be tossed to the rear by the times if you don't keep up with the times.
4．cast (aside)，指迅速、有力，熟练地抛出较轻的东西。
　☞ 水手抛锚过夜。
　☞ Sailors cast anchor for the night.
　☞ 我把鱼线抛进河里。
　☞ I cast a line out into the river.
　☞ 抛开忧虑，唤起希望。
　☞ Cast your care aside and take hope.
　☞ 他一见到她就把所有的嘱咐都抛到了九霄云外。
　☞ As soon as he had seen her he cast all he was told to the winds.
5．leave (far behind)，指撇下。
　☞ 你要把我一个人抛在这里？
　☞ Are you going to leave me here alone?
　☞ 她把其他想法都抛在了脑后。
　☞ Every other thought left her head.
　☞ 跑到第三圈时他已把别的运动员远远地抛在后面了。
　☞ On the third lap he left the other runners far behind.
　☞ 他抛下了妻子和子女。
　☞ He left his wife and children behind.
6．“抛”的其他译法。
　☞ 他在代表大会上抛出了一项欺骗性提案。
　☞ He dished out a phony proposal at the congress.
　☞ 他们抛出了一个似乎蛮有道理的说法，但我们大都持保留态度。
　☞ They trotted out a plausible story, but most of us had reservations.
　☞ 他抛出大量的股份以压低股价。
　☞ He sold shares in great quantity in order to bring about a fall in price.
　☞ 革命先烈们抛头颅、洒热血是为了什么？
　☞ What did the revolutionary martyrs shed their blood and lay down their lives for?
　☞ 当时的日本侵略者把当地政府抛到一边，公开与汉奸卖国贼接触。
　☞ The then Japanese invaders kicked aside the local government and made open contacts with the traitors of China.
　☞ 我认为应该把它抛进历史的垃圾堆。
　☞ I think that should be relegated to the garbage can of history.
抛弃 抛弃
1．throw away, 指丢弃。
　☞ 我相信没有人会在可以保命的时候抛弃生命。
　☞ I believe no one would throw away one's life when it could be saved.
　☞ 他抛弃了妻子，另觅新欢。
　☞ He threw away his wife and took up with another woman.
2．cast aside，指抛到一边。
　☞ 我们要么赶上时代的发展，要么被历史潮流所抛弃。
　☞ Either we can keep abreast with the times, or we are to be cast aside by the current of history.
　☞ 政府抛弃了民主的伪装，开始镇压老百姓。
　☞ The government cast aside democracy camouflage and began to suppress common people.
3．abandon，指最终的抛弃。
　☞ 好母亲绝不会抛弃自己的孩子。
　☞ A good mother will never abandon her child.
　☞ 我认为要不是他们有了麻烦他们是不会抛弃朋友的。
　☞ I don't think they would have abandoned their friends if they had not been in trouble.
4．forsake，指抛弃曾经钟情或珍爱过的人或物。
　☞ 她求她丈夫不要抛弃她。
　☞ She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her.
　☞ 他抛弃了家庭来研究医学。
　☞ He forsook his family to study medicine.
5．desert，指违背原有的誓言、责任而抛弃某种关系。
　☞ 他因半途抛弃受伤的同志而感到内疚。
　☞ He felt guilty at deserting his injured comrade on half way.
　☞ 他一发财就抛弃了患难与共的妻子。
　☞ As soon as he became rich he deserted his wife, who had gone through thick and thin together with him.
6．leave，指由于某种原因，如危险、困境等而撇下不顾。
　☞ 他的本性决定了他把朋友抛弃于危难之中。
　☞ His nature determined him to leave his friends in the lurch.
　☞ 人们抛弃各自的财物，纷纷逃命。
　☞ People ran wildly, leaving all their possessions.
7．reject，指抛弃信仰、观点等。
　☞ 大多数知识分子抛弃了唯心主义的历史观。
　☞ Most intellectuals have rejected the idealistic view of history.
　☞ 要我抛弃我的宗教信仰很难。
　☞ It is difficult for me to reject my religious beliefs.
8．repudiate，指由于不真实、不值得接受、未经证实等原因而抛弃，带有轻蔑之意。
　☞ 他抛弃了财产，参加了革命运动。
　☞ He repudiated his property and joined the revolutionary movement.
　☞ 正是在这个意义上我们抛弃了经验主义。
　☞ It is in this sense that we repudiate empiricism.
9．turn away from，指抛弃原来的追求目标。
　☞ 他终于抛弃了无政府主义。
　☞ Finally he turned away from anarchism.
　☞ 他心灰意冷得抛弃了原来的追求。
　☞ He was so disheartened that he turned away from his former pursuits.
10．discard，指抛弃无价值的信念、思想等精神严物，用于人时带有极大的轻蔑。
　☞ 只有抛弃旧的传统观念，我们才能获得彻底解放。
　☞ Only by discarding the old traditional ideas can we achieve emancipation entirely.
　☞ 任何政党如果跟不上形势的发展就会被历史抛弃。
　☞ Any political party will be discarded by history if it fails to keep up with the changing situation.
抢救 抢救
1．rescue，指在紧急情况下把人或物从死亡、毁灭中抢救过来。
　☞ 王医生成功地抢救了一位危重病人。
　☞ Doctor Wang succeeded in rescuing a patient who was critically ill.
　☞ 他因抢救溺水儿童而受到表扬。
　☞ He was praised for rescuing the child from drowning.
　☞ 我们总算把他的书画从燃烧的屋里抢救了出来。
　☞ We managed to rescue his books and pictures from the burning house.
　☞ 有几位解放军战士受了重伤，医生已赶来抢救。
　☞ There were several PLA men badly wounded and the doctors already came to rescue.
2．salvage，常指在灾难中抢救。
　☞ 我们总算抢救出了沉船中的货物。
　☞ We managed to salvage the cargo of the sinking ship.
　☞ 解放军战士赶来抢救水淹的庄稼。
　☞ The PLA men rushed to salvage the flooded crops.
　☞ 能从灰烬中抢救出来的东西就是一只金属小盒子。
　☞ What could be salvaged from the ashes was a small metal box.
3．save，指最一般性的救援，上面两词只指抢救这一动作，而save却暗示人或物在获救后有生存或保存的希望。
　☞ 他抢救了一个溺水儿童。
　☞ He saved a drowning child.
　☞ 医生抢救了他的生命。
　☞ The doctor saved his life.
　☞ 解放军战士冒着生命危险来抢救国家财产。
　☞ The PLA men saved the state property at the risk of their lives.
抢（抢走、抢劫） 抢（抢走、抢劫）
　 ■ “抢”、“抢劫”、“抢走”是三个同义词。“抢”的词义广，可以涵盖“抢劫”和“抢走”。
1．rob (of)，指用威胁、恐吓、暴力抢劫。
　☞ 谁想得到他们竟在大白天抢（劫）珠宝店？
　☞ Who would have thought that they should rob the jewelry shop in broad daylight?
　☞ 3个劫匪抢了一家银行。
　☞ Three bandits robbed a bank.
　☞ 3个匪徒抢（抢劫）了银行数万美元。
　☞ Three bandits robbed the bank of tens of thousands of US dollars.
2．loot (of)，指乌合之众或没有纪律的军队进行的抢劫。
　☞ 地震时一旦发现有抢劫住宅、商店者就地格杀勿论。
　☞ Anyone found looting houses and shops during earthquake will be shot on the spot with the authority of the law.
　☞ 败兵抢劫了我们的镇子。
　☞ The defeated troops looted our town.
　☞ 该市大部分设备及货物都遭到日本鬼子的抢劫。
　☞ The city was looted of most equipment and merchandise by the Japanese soldiers.
3．plunder (of)，也指军队或有组织的盗匪的抢劫。现代英语中一般指大规模地抢劫财物，尤其指战时或动乱时期的抢劫。
　☞ 抗日战争期间日本军队抢劫我们的财富，焚烧我们的城市。
　☞ The Japanese troops plundered our wealth and burnt our cities during the Anti-Japanese War.
　☞ 有时示威变成动乱，这时候人群就会抢商店里的货物。
　☞ Sometimes demonstrations turned into turmoil when crowds would plunder the shops and their goods.
4．rifle，与plunder同义，但它的宾语往往是装钱物的柜子、保险柜、商店等。
　☞ 他们抢了钱柜，然后携款逃跑了。
　☞ They rifled the money drawer and made off with their booty.
　☞ 他抢（走）了保险柜里价值上百万美元的黄全就溜之大吉了。
　☞ He rifled the gold of one million US dollars in safe cases and disappeared.
　☞ 被抢的好像是一家百货商店。
　☞ It seems that it was a department store that had been rifled.
5．seize，指突然有力的抢夺。
　☞ 挨饿的男孩抢走了给小姑娘的食物。
　☞ The hungry boy seized the food that was offered to the little girl.
　☞ 小偷随时都准备抢她的手提包。
　☞ The thief was ready to seize her handbag at any moment.
　☞ 抗日战争胜利后，蒋介石想抢胜利果实。
　☞ Chiang Kai-shek tried to seize the fruits of victory after the Anti-Japanese War was won.
6．snatch，指突然抢劫小物件，但与seize不同的是不是用力去抢，而含有鬼祟、迅速去抢的意思。
　☞ 小偷抢了手提包就逃走了。
　☞ The thief snatched the handbag and ran away.
　☞ 他从她手里抢走了信。
　☞ He snatched the letter out of her hand.
7．raid，指袭击后抢劫。
　☞ 1947年12月中旬3万饥民抢（劫）了两家存粮充足的粮店。
　☞ In mid-December 1947 a crowd of 30,000 famine victims raided two well-stocked stores.
　 ■ raid有时也用于引申。
　☞ 饥饿的孩子抢劫了厨房，拿走了所有的饼子。
　☞ The hungry children made a raid on the kitchen and took all the cakes.
8．vie with... for (in)，指竞争性争抢，而且争的意思大于抢。
　☞ 孩子们十分可爱，劳动时都抢着干重活。
　☞ The children were lovely. They vied with each other for the hardest job during physical labor.
　☞ 人们围住他抢着出主意。
　☞ People crowded round him and vied with one another in offering advice.
9．scramble for, 后接名词，指为争取某种东西而抢。scramble to，后接动词不定式，指为争取某种行动而抢。
　☞ 他丢了球，现在想抢回来。
　☞ He lost possession of the ball, now he tried to scramble for it.
　☞ 门一开，学生们就冲进大教室抢前面的位子。
　☞ As soon as the door was open all of the students rushed into the lecture hall to scramble for the front seats.
　☞ 3家网站抢着报导这一新闻。
　☞ The three network stations scrambled to report the news.
　☞ 人们抢着躲炸弹。
　☞ People scrambled to dodge bombs.
10．rush，指因情况紧急而快速行动。
　☞ 我们必须抢在洪水前面修好堤坝。
　☞ We must rush to repair the dykes before the flood comes.
　☞ 会议一开始，她就抢着发言。
　☞ As soon as the meeting started, she rushed to speak before everyone else.
11．race，指带有比赛性质的抢。
　☞ 先听清楚我的提问，然后按铃抢答。
　☞ Listen to my question carefully first, then press the button to race to be the first to answer.
　☞ 农活有季节性，必须抢时间。
　☞ Farm work is seasonal, so we must race against time.
12．scrape，指刮去或擦去。
　☞ 把锅底抢一抢。
　☞ Scrape the bottom of the pot.
　☞ 他摔了一跤，膝盖抢去了一块皮。
　☞ He fell and scraped his knee.
13．“抢”的其他译法。
　☞ 孩子们互相抢着排第一。
　☞ The children jostled with each other for the first place in line.
　☞ 马路对面新开的店抢走了老店的不少顾客。
　☞ The new shop opposite the street has taken away a number of customers of the old one.
　☞ 这里只有一个打字员的名额，却有几个人在抢这个位置呢。
　☞ There is only one opening here for a typist, and quite a few people are competing for the position.
　☞ 商店进了一批新款毛衣，一个上午就一抢而空。
　☞ The store received a shipment of new-style sweaters, which were all sold out in one morning.
　☞ 这次考察熊猫生活，他抢了不少珍贵的镜头。
　☞ During this expedition to study the life of the giant panda, he took a lot of valuable snap-shots.
　☞ 她就爱抢镜头，出风头。
　☞ She loves to steal the show and be the center of attention.
　☞ 新娘在婚礼上哭泣是新郎抢新娘的古风所遗留下来的痕迹。
　☞ Pretence of crying by a bride at the wedding is the surviving trace left over by the ancient custom that the bridegroom had to kidnap his bride.
护理 护理
1．tend，指看护。
　☞ 她日夜护理着他直至恢复。
　☞ She tended him day and night until he recovered.
　☞ 士兵的伤口都由一位技术高超的护士护理。
　☞ The soldiers' wounds were tended by a skillful nurse.
2．look after，指照看。
　☞ 早产儿由她精心护理。
　☞ The premature baby is carefully looked after by her.
　☞ 猪仔在产后IO天内要好生护理。
　☞ Piglets must be closely looked after in ten days after their birth.
3．take care of，照顾。
　☞ 现在我们都在精心护理小麦越冬。
　☞ We are taking good care of the wheat through the winter now.
　☞ 他现在由护理人员护理。
　☞ He is taken care of by the nursing staff.
4．nurse，指看护兼治理。
　☞ 我病了几天，而她尽心尽力地护理我。
　☞ I was ill for some days, and she nursed me wholeheartedly.
　☞ 伤病员应日夜护理。
　☞ The sick and the wounded must be nursed day and night.
5．maintain，指养护。
　☞ 美容的护理花了她好多钱。
　☞ Maintaining beauty cost her a lot of money.
　☞ 他一生都在护理这条公路。
　☞ He devoted his whole life to maintaining this highway.
报仇 报仇
1．avenge，指为维护正义而替别人报仇。注意接不同宾语时的不同意思。
　☞ 他全家被谋杀，他承担起了报仇的任务。
　☞ He undertook to avenge the murder of his whole family。
　☞ 我要为我父亲报仇，惩罚凶手。
　☞ I want to avenge my father and punish the murderer.
　☞ 我们决定为我们一个同志的死向敌人报仇。
　☞ We set ourselves to avenge the death of our comrade upon the enemy.
2．revenge，指为自己所受的伤害而报仇，既为别人也包括为自己。
　☞ 他立誓迟早要向你报仇。
　☞ He swears that he will revenge himself on you sooner or later.
　☞ 搞这次暴乱就是为了报仇。
　☞ This riot was designed to revenge.
　☞ 我们没有采用暴力就报了仇。
　☞ We got our revenge without resorting to violence.
　☞ 你是公报私仇。
　☞ You're using the power of state for your own private revenge.
报到 报到
1．report for work (duty)，指到单位工作报到或到部队服役报到。
　☞ 我第二天早上8点就立刻到外交部报到。
　☞ Promptly at eight the next morning, I reported for work at the Foreign Ministry.
　☞ 他得到部队的通知，于10月5日到野战部队报到。
　☞ He was notified by the Army to report for duty at the field army on the fifth of October.
2．check in，指需要验证身份的报到。
　☞ 代表们必须在5月5日前到大会秘书处报到。
　☞ All delegates must check in at the secretariat of the Congress before May fifth.
　☞ 他们是什么时候报到的？
　☞ What time did they check in?
3．register，指实行登记手续的报到。
　☞ 新生已开始报到。
　☞ The new students have started registering.
　☞ 囚犯释放后，回到当地要到派出所报到。
　☞ A prisoner, who is set free and returns to his local town, must have himself registered at the police station.
报复 报复
1．retaliate，retaliation，泛指以牙还牙式的报复。
　☞ 你要是侮辱他，他是会报复的。
　☞ If you insult him, he will retaliate.
　☞ 如果我们提高他们货物的进口税，他们照样会报复我们的。
　☞ If we raise our import duties on their goods, they may retaliate against us in turn.
　☞ 汤姆踢了玛丽一脚，而玛丽咬了汤姆一口作为报复。
　☞ Tom kicked Mary, and Mary bit Tom in retaliation.
2．reprisal，指政治上或军事上以牙还牙式的报复。
　☞ 他们夜袭了敌营作为杀死30名游击队员的报复。
　☞ They attacked the enemy camp at night in reprisal for the killing of thirty guerrillas.
　☞ 他害怕政治报复，要求不要说明其身份。
　☞ He asked not to be identified for fear of political reprisal.
3．avenge，revenge，指惩罚性报复。
　☞ 日本兵为了给他们的指挥官之死进行报复，烧掉了空无一人的村子。
　☞ The Japanese soldiers avenged the death of their commander by burning the empty village.
　☞ 记下我的话，我将为这一侮辱进行报复。
　☞ Mark my words. I shall revenge this insult!
4．vengeance，指为自己或别人遭受的伤害向伤害者进行同样程度的报复。
　☞ 他立誓要伺机向毁灭他农庄的人报复。
　☞ He swore to seek vengeance on those who had ruined his farm.
　☞ 我要对谋杀我父亲的凶手进行报复。
　☞ I shall take vengeance on the murderer of my father.
报酬 报酬
1．pay，payment，均指劳动所得的报酬，但后者为支付行为。
　☞ 这些工种的工作条件和报酬都很差。
　☞ The condition and pay in such jobs were very bad.
　☞ 飞行员要求在开新型飞机时提高报酬。
　☞ The pilots wanted more pay for operating new-type planes.
　☞ 我们应当在发展生产的基础上逐步提高劳动报酬。
　☞ We should gradually increase payment for labor on the basis of increased production.
2．reward，指工作、服务等的回报，也包括金钱的回报。
　☞ 为把丢失的珠宝归还失主而提供了巨额报酬。
　☞ A huge reward is offered for the person who returns the lost jewelry to its owner.
　☞ 他拒绝了所有的报酬和荣誉，驾船回到他岛上的农庄。
　☞ He refused all rewards and honors and sailed away t。
　☞ his farm on the island.
3．remunerate, remuneration, remunerative, 意思与reward相近，但为正式用语。
　☞ 送回丢失珠宝的男孩得到了不菲的报酬。
　☞ The boy who returned the lost jewelry was handsomely remunerated.
　☞ 他收到一笔丰厚的劳务报酬。
　☞ He received a generous remuneration for his service.
　☞ 她找到一个报酬较好的工作。
　☞ She has found a more remunerative job.
披 披
1．drape sth. over one's shoulders，指披在肩上。
　☞ 他披着棉大衣出来接我。
　☞ He went out to meet me, having a padded overcoat draped over his shoulders.
　☞ 披红戴花对他是很大的荣耀。
　☞ It was a great honor for him to have red silk draped over his shoulders and a big red flower pinned on his breast.
2．in，一般指穿衣服，但作“披”解时带有贬义。
　☞ 他是一条披着羊皮的狼。
　☞ He was a wolf in sheep's skin.
　☞ 你充其量不过是披着日军制服的汉奸。
　☞ At most you are a traitor in Japanese uniform.
3．wear，指穿、留。
　☞ 他披麻带孝地跟在棺材后面。
　☞ He followed the coffin, wearing the hemp garments of mourning.
　☞ 他是个男孩，却披着长发。
　☞ He is a boy, but wears his long hair loose.
4．under, 指在某种情况或某种掩护之下。
　☞ 这是一次披星戴月的旅行。
　☞ This is a travel under the moon and stars.
　☞ 他披着合法的外衣，干非法的勾当。
　☞ He carried on illegal activities under the cloak of legality.
5．deck oneself out as, disguise oneself as, 指化装成，两者可以换用。
　☞ 他们是一伙披着马列主义外衣的政治骗子。
　☞ They were a bunch of political swindlers who decked themselves out as Marxist-Leninists.
　☞ 想不到他披着教师的外衣，竞去猥亵女学生。
　☞ Who would have thought that he, disguising himself as a teacher, should act indecently towards girl students?
披露 披露
1．publish，指以公开的形式披露。
　☞ 这一消息已在报上披露。
　☞ The news has been published in the press.
　☞ 披露别人的隐私是不道德的。
　☞ It is immoral to publish privacy of others.
2．announce，常指口头上的披露，尤指引起人们兴趣的事情。
　☞ 他们向聚会来宾披露他们准备结婚。
　☞ They announced to the guests that they were going to get married.
　☞ 她召开记者招待会，披露她的候选人资格。
　☞ She called a press conference to announce her candidacy.
3．reveal，指通过某个过程自然而然的披露，因此主语往往是物。
　☞ 中国人认为书法可以披露一个人的性格。
　☞ The Chinese believe that handwriting reveals one's character.
　☞ 进一步调查披露了事实真相。
　☞ Further investigation revealed the true facts.
4．disclose，指把隐藏、隐瞒的事实披露出来。
　☞ 他披露了他曾被监禁的真相。
　☞ He disclosed the truth that he had been in prison.
　☞ 他宣称要披露永葆青春的秘密时我们都半信半疑。
　☞ We were half-believing, half-doubting when he claimed to disclose the secret of perpetual youth.
5．show, 指以行为、言论、表情等使人看出从而达到披露的目的，因此是本节中最无个性的常用词。
　☞ 她准备要创造一种新文学来披露“事物内幕”。
　☞ She set out to create a new literature to show "things behind the scenes".
　☞ 至于他身上还有什么可取之处，就让他自己来披露吧。
　☞ As to what else he had in him, let him show for himself.
6．“披露”的其他译法。
　☞ 作者要求不披露姓名。
　☞ The author wished to remain anonymous.
　☞ 提议的细节尚未向公众披露。
　☞ Details of the proposal have not yet been made public.
　☞ 他第一次披露了心迹。
　☞ He laid bare his true feelings for the first time.
抬 抬
1．raise，指用力较少的抬起。
　☞ 他抬起手打招呼，但她不予理睬。
　☞ He raised his hand in salutation, but she ignored it.
　☞ 我思考的时候从来不抬头。
　☞ At the time I think I never raise my head.
　☞ 她抬起一根手指头放到嘴唇上，示意不要出声。
　☞ She raised one of her ringers to her lips as a signal for silence.
　☞ 她抬起眼，盯着他看。
　☞ She raised her eyes and stared at him.
　☞ 抬抬腿，我要拖地板。
　☞ Raise your legs. I want to mop the floor.
　☞ 你懒得都不想抬胳膊了。
　☞ You're too lazy to raise your arms.
　☞ 这箱子重得我抬不起来。
　☞ The trunk was so heavy that I couldn't raise it.
2．lift，指把东西抬离地面，用的劲要比raise大。
　☞ 这块大石头要两个人才抬得起来。
　☞ Two men were needed to lift this large stone.
　☞ 这箱子太重，我抬不起来。
　☞ The box is too heavy for me to lift.
　☞ 帮我抬抬桌子。
　☞ Help me to lift up the table.
　☞ 请把这件东西抬到柜台上。
　☞ Please lift the package onto the counter.
　☞ 他们抬起教练，抛到空中以庆祝胜利。
　☞ They lifted their coach and tossed him into the air to celebrate their victory.
3．rear，指马、蛇等动物抬身、抬头等。
　☞ 马抬起身子，把我摔了下来。
　☞ The horse reared itself up and threw me off.
　☞ 眼镜蛇受惊时会抬起头，脖子变粗，使之看起来更大更危险。
　☞ A cobra, when alarmed, rears its head and expands the skin of the neck to make itself look bigger and more dangerous.
　☞ 一头狮子突然从深草丛里抬起头来。
　☞ A lion suddenly reared its head from among the long grass.
4．carry，指两人以上把物体由一地抬到另一地。
　☞ 清朝的时候，高官是坐着8人，甚至是16人抬的大轿上朝的。
　☞ In the Qing Dynasty high-ranking officials went to court by sedan chair carried by eight, even sixteen bearers.
　☞ 伤员由担架抬着送到救护车上。
　☞ The injured man was carried to the ambulance on a stretcher.
　☞ 伤兵都被抬走了。
　☞ The wounded soldiers were carried away.
5．“抬手”、“抬头”、“抬轿子”的引申译法。
　☞ 这件事只要你抬抬手我就过去了。
　☞ I'll get off if you will make an exception in my case.
　☞ 他终于在生意上抬起头来了。
　☞ He finally gained in his business.
　☞ 给这位青年演员抬轿子的人还是不少。
　☞ There are not few people who sing the praise of this young actor.
抬高 抬高
1．raise，指人为或自然抬高。
　☞ 是地壳运动把原来的海底抬高，成为现在的台地。
　☞ It was the crust movement that raised the original seabed into the tableland as it is.
　☞ 这座历史上有名的古塔原来沉陷了，后来是用现代技术抬高的。
　☞ This historical ancient pagoda that had caved in was raised by means of modern technology.
2．enhance，指由于某种客观原因使抬高的力度加大。
　☞ 城市的扩大往往能抬高其周围土地的价值。
　☞ The growth of a city often enhances the value of land close to it.
　☞ 对诗人最近新作的书评抬高了他的声誉。
　☞ The reviews on the poet's most recent works enhanced his reputation.
3．force up，指强行抬高。
　☞ 提高公共汽车乘务员的工资就会抬高车费。
　☞ Increasing the wages of the bus crews will force up fares.
　☞ 最悲观的看法是英国进入欧共体会大大抬高生活费用。
　☞ The gloomiest view was that Britain's entry into the European Economic Community would force up the cost of living considerably.
4．build up，指带有吹捧的抬高。
　☞ 你不要过分地抬高他，他会让你失望的。
　☞ Don't build him up too much. He may disappoint you.
　☞ 他这个人很不道德，以攻击别人来抬高自己。
　☞ He is unprincipled, attacking others so as to build himself up.
抱 抱
1．用双手抱，译bold in one's arms，take in one's arms，embrace，hug等，区别是前两个为普通用词，后两个则指带有感情色彩的拥抱。
　☞ 她抱着她的小儿子。
　☞ She held her little son in her arms.
　☞ 我接过孩子紧紧地抱着。
　☞ I took the child and held him tightly in my arms.
　☞ 他伸出双手来抱小黄。
　☞ He stretched out his arms to embrace Huang.
　☞ 她温存地一把抱住儿子。
　☞ She embraced her son tenderly.
　 ■ hug表示的感情最为强烈。
　☞ 父亲把受伤的儿子紧紧地抱着贴在胸前。
　☞ Father hugged his wounded son tightly to his chest.
　☞ 她抱住女儿，失声痛哭起来。
　☞ Hugging her daughter, she broke down completely.
2．指抱有幻想，可译cherish。
　☞ 你爹会一直替你还债？别抱幻想了。
　☞ Don't cherish such illusion that your father will always pay your debts.
　☞ 她对儿子回来这件事，多年来一直抱着希望。
　☞ She has cherished the hope of her son's return for many years.
3．带有贬意的抱有，可译harbor。
　☞ 多年来她对后母抱着一种怨恨。
　☞ She has harbored resentment against her stepmother for years.
　☞ 对人不要抱有歹意
　☞ Don't harbor evil thoughts to other people.
　 ■ 但有时harbor也可指抱有个人的愿望。
　☞ 他是抱着成为一名著名画家的愿望去国外的。
　☞ He went abroad harboring a wish to be a well-known painter.
4．带有信心、怀疑的抱有，可译entertain。
　☞ 全国人民对最终实现四个现代化都抱着坚定的信心。
　☞ The people of the whole country entertain a firm belief in the final achievement of the realization of the four modernizations.
　☞ 我对他为人老实这一点向来不抱一点怀疑。
　☞ I have never entertained the least doubt about his honesty.
5．抱某种态度，可译take (adopt) attitude。
　☞ 我希望你对批评要抱正确态度。
　☞ I hope that you can take a correct attitude towards criticism。
　☞ 她母亲抱不支持态度。
　☞ Her mother adopted a disapproving attitude.
6．但如果抱某种态度指的是一种情绪、性情，则应译成具有相应词义的性质形容词。
　☞ 既得利益集团对一切改革与变化都抱敌对态度。
　☞ Vested interests are hostile to any reform and change.
　☞ 我对获得奖学金抱乐观态度。
　☞ I am optimistic about winning the scholarship.
　☞ 她对翻译课能否及格抱悲观态度。
　☞ She is pessimistic about passing the translation course.
7．坚持某种观点、看法、想法、信仰等，可译stick to或cling to。
　☞ 抱着错误观点不放是愚蠢的。
　☞ It is foolish to stick to one's wrong views.
　☞ 他还是抱着原来的说法不放。
　☞ He is still sticking to his old story.
　☞ 他是个抱着旧思想不放的人。
　☞ He was a person who clung to old ideas.
　☞ 佛教徒抱着一种迷信观点，认为人死后灵魂不死。
　☞ Buddhists cling to a superstitious belief that one's soul is immortal after one's death.
8．抱某种偏见可译prejudiced或biased。
　☞ 你是最爱抱偏见的人。
　☞ You are the most prejudiced (biased) person.
　☞ 她总是对她见到听到的某些东西抱有偏见。
　☞ She is always prejudiced (biased) against certain things she has seen or heard of.
抱怨 抱怨
1．一般用语为complain，后接that从句或of (about)介词宾语。
　☞ 不要总是抱怨别人帮忙不够。
　☞ Don't always complain that you haven't been given enough help.
　☞ 伦敦抱怨共同市场歧视英国货。
　☞ London complained that the Common Market discriminated against British goods.
　☞ 在这件事上，我们没有什么好抱怨的。
　☞ We have nothing to complain of (about)in this matter.
　☞ 她常向我抱怨他为人粗暴。
　☞ She complains to me of (about) his rudeness.
2．具有感情色彩的用语grumble (about, over, at), murmur (about)，表示唠叨个没完。
　☞ 他什么都不干，只会抱怨环境。
　☞ He could do nothing but grumbling over the situation.
　☞ 他不去面对困难，却来抱怨命运。
　☞ He grumbles at his lot instead of facing his difficulties.
　☞ 向我抱怨你在医院的治疗没有用，你要写信给管理委员会。
　☞ It's no good grumbling at me about your treatment in the hospital. Write to the Management Board.
　☞ 他从不抱怨工作的困难。
　☞ He never murmured about the difficulty of the task.
3．有时抱怨有“责怪”的意思，这时译blame。
　☞ 没有出息的工匠才抱怨工具。
　☞ Bad workmen often blame their tools.
　☞ 他抱怨你不负责任。
　☞ He blamed you for neglect of duty.
抵抗 抵抗
1．resist, resistance，指抗拒。
　☞ 我们要继续抵抗侵略，因为暴行必须抵抗。
　☞ We will continue to resist aggression because tyranny must be resisted.
　☞ 抵抗入侵是每个公民应尽的职责。
　☞ It is a bounden duty for every citizen to resist invasion.
　☞ 抗日战争爆友时，全国人民奋起抵抗。
　☞ The people all over the country rose in (put up) resistance when the Anti-Japanese War broke out.
　☞ 每天锻炼可以增强人对疾病的抵抗力。
　☞ Exercises every day can build up one's resistance to disease.
2．withstand，指经受住。
　☞ 现在，由于多年来的水利建设，我们已有了抵抗自然灾害的能力。
　☞ Now we've had capacity to withstand natural calamities by building irrigation works for many years.
　☞ 无人能抵抗她的魅力。
　☞ Nobody can withstand her charm.
3．stand up to，指起来抵抗。
　☞ 全国人民准备抵抗敌人的任何进攻。
　☞ People all over the country are ready to stand up to any attack by the enemy.
　☞ 要是那孩子再打你，你就要抵抗，要反击。
　☞ If that boy hits you again, stand up to him and hit him back.
4．against，指反抗。
　☞ 战士们坚守阵地，抵抗到底。
　☞ The fighters held fast to their position against the enemy to the end.
　☞ 我们地区已建立起防风林带以抵抗风沙的侵袭。
　☞ A shelterbelt has been built in our area against sand storms.
抵触 抵触
1．conflict，指相冲突。
　☞ 个人利益与集体利益抵触时，应服从集体利益。
　☞ When individual and collective interests conflict, those of the collective should prevail.
　☞ 你们的说法有抵触。
　☞ Your accounts conflict.
2．contradict，指相互矛盾。
　☞ 你的行为跟你声称的道德规范是相抵触的。
　☞ Your actions contradict your declared moral principles.
　☞ 他的言行是相互抵触的。
　☞ His words and deeds contradict each other.
3．contravene，指触犯。
　☞ 这一法律是与宪法相抵触的。
　☞ This law contravenes the constitution.
　☞ 独裁政治是与个人自由相抵触的。
　☞ A dictatorship contravenes the liberty of individuals.
4．go against，指相违背。
　☞ 这是跟我的原则相抵触的。
　☞ It goes against my principles.
　☞ 这一举动是同我的良心相抵触的。
　☞ This action goes against my conscience.
抹 抹
1．put on，专指涂脂抹粉。
　☞ 你可以抹点雪花膏来保护皮肤。
　☞ You can protect your skin by putting on a little vanishing cream.
　☞ 她脸上抹粉太多，反而难看。
　☞ She puts on too much face powder to look pretty.
　☞ 脸上先抹点油脂再抹油彩。
　☞ Smear some of the cream on your face before putting on the greasepaint.
2．apply，指一物抹到另一物上，包括涂脂抹粉。
　☞ 护士把药膏抹在我的伤口上。
　☞ The nurse applied the ointment to my wound.
　☞ 刮了胡子后要抹些润肤液。
　☞ Apply some lotion after you're shaved.
　☞ 现在的姑娘年纪轻轻的就在涂脂抹粉。
　☞ These days girls apply rouge and powder when they are still quite young.
3．spread，指摊开来抹匀。
　☞ 先在面包上抹点果酱或是奶油再吃。
　☞ Spread some jam or butter on the piece of bread before you eat it.
　☞ 你可以在木材上抹两层清光漆，既美观又防蛀。
　☞ You can spread two coats of varnish on the wood to make it pleasing to the eyes and mothproof.
4．smear，抹的目的性没有前面几个词那么明确，而抹的方式也没有那么讲究。
　☞ 你在墙上抹浆糊，我来贴广告。
　☞ You smear the wall with paste and I'll stick the notice on it.
　☞ 你看你！抹了满身的油漆。
　☞ Look at yourself! You smeared the paint all over your clothes.
　☞ 我的老天爷，我儿子把果酱抹在椅子上了！
　☞ My goodness, my son smeared jam on the chair!
5．wipe，指抹掉，抹干净。
　☞ 他吃完东西，用手背把嘴一抹就走了。
　☞ Having Finished eating up his food, he went away, wiping his mouth with the back of the hand.
　☞ 大扫除时，我们洗碗盏杯碟、抹桌椅板凳。
　☞ During the thorough cleanup we did washing chinaware and wiping tables and chairs.
　 ■ 有时，也可用于引申。
　☞ 时间把他亡妻的形象从他的记忆中抹去了。
　☞ Time had wiped the image of his late wife from his memory.
6．“抹”的其他译法。
　☞ 他的所作所为简直是给我们集体的脸上抹黑。
　☞ What he did is simply bringing shame on our collective.
　☞ 他们担心要是有人向她抹黑，她会怀疑到他们身上的。
　☞ They were worried that if someone else threw mud at her, she might think it was them.
　☞ 你是抹了良心才说这样的话！
　☞ You are ignoring your conscience by saying things like this!
　☞ 我本想说服他，竟被抹了一鼻子灰。
　☞ I had intended to persuade him only to find that I got an awkward rebuff.
　☞ 她走投无路，抹脖子自杀了。
　☞ In desperation she killed herself by cutting her own throat.
　☞ 把磁带上的录音抹了。
　☞ Erase the recording from the tape.
　☞ 把最后一句抹了，换上这一句。
　☞ Cross out that last sentence and put this in instead.
　☞ 农历十二月二十三日，曾祖母总要我祖母在灶王爷爷和灶王奶奶的嘴上抹些蜂蜜，为让他们向玉皇大帝报告时喜欢说些甜滋滋的美事。
　☞ On the twenty-third day of the twelfth moon my great grandmother would always ask my grandmother to stick some honey on the lips of the Lord and Lady Kitchen God to make them more inclined to say sweet nice things to the Celestial Emperor.
抹杀 抹杀
1．deny，指否认。
　☞ 历史事实是抹杀不了的。
　☞ The facts of history cannot be denied.
　☞ 你无法抹杀这两个词在意义上的区别。
　☞ You cannot deny the difference in meaning between the two words.
2．blot out，指涂抹掉。
　☞ 你不能把反对意见都一笔抹杀。
　☞ You must not blot out all opposition.
　☞ 他的功劳不该被抹杀。
　☞ His contribution should not be blotted out.
3．obliterate，指消除。
　☞ 你用这种方法去抹杀他的成绩对你有什么好处？
　☞ What is the advantage to you when you obliterated his achievements this way?
　☞ 崇拜金钱万能或抹杀金钱的作用都是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong either to worship the omnipotence of money or obliterate its function.
担任 担任
1．assume，指开始担任。
　☞ 你明天来担任地勤。
　☞ You will assume your ground duty tomorrow.
　☞ 他在全国欢庆声中担任了党的总书记职务。
　☞ He assumed office as General Secretary of the Party amid national rejoicing.
　☞ 新司令员将担任东海舰队的指挥。
　☞ The new commander will assume command of the East Sea Fleet.
2．take up，指接任。
　☞ 他担任了云南省省委书记。
　☞ He took up the post of Secretary of Yunnan Province Party Committee.
　☞ 她缺席期间由他担任班长。
　☞ He is to take up the duties of the monitor during her absence.
3．hold，指一段时间以来已经担任。
　☞ 他担任主席已有好多年了。
　☞ He has held the office of Chairman for many years.
　☞ 我担任这一工作已有两年。
　☞ I have held the job for two years.
　☞ 我是选出来的总统，这一职位我将担任到1988年底。
　☞ I am elected President and will hold this position till the end of 1988.
　☞ 他在内阁中担任过许多重要职务。
　☞ He held many important offices in the cabinet.
4．take on，指接受某种任务。
　☞ 队长要双河叔担任这一任务。
　☞ The brigade leader asked Uncle Shuanghe to take on the task.
　☞ 一位老工程师担任这一设计。
　☞ A veteran engineer took on the designing.
　☞ 医生劝我不要担任更多的工作。
　☞ The doctor advised me not to take any more work on.
5．take the chair，指担任主席。
　☞ 会议决定由老王担任主席。
　☞ It was decided at the meeting that Wang should take the chair.
　☞ 下次会议由他来担任主席。
　☞ He will take the chair at the next meeting.
担保 担保
1．assure，ensure，指要人相信而担保，两词可以互换。但前者以承诺的方式担保；后者则以确保的方式担保。
　☞ 我向你担保，这药对你无妨。
　☞ I assure you that this medicine cannot harm you.
　☞ 这担保你舒服。
　☞ This will assure you comfort.
　☞ 这药担保你晚上睡个好觉。
　☞ This medicine will ensure you a good night's sleep.
　☞ 我不能担保他按时到达那里。
　☞ I can't ensure that he will be there in time.
2．vouch for，指说话人本人相信因而担保。
　☞ 我担保这报告没错。
　☞ I can vouch for the correctness of the report.
　☞ 你能担保他是个老实人？
　☞ Can you vouch for it that he is an honest man?
　☞ 我朋友可以为我担保。
　☞ My friends will vouch for me.
3．guarantee，指为实现诺言而作出的担保。
　☞ 我担保他会来。
　☞ I'll guarantee that he will come.
　☞ 下雪天我们不能担保火车会准点。
　☞ We cannot guarantee the punctual arrival of trains in snowy weather.
　☞ 你担保中午前能搞到票？
　☞ Can you guarantee to get tickets before noon?
4．warrant，常指伴随有书面保证的担保。
　☞ 生产商担保他们供应的机器都是经过质量检查的。
　☞ The manufacturers warrant that all machines they supply are tested for quality.
　☞ 该公司担保他们销售的所有汽车。
　☞ The company warrants all the cars it sells.
拆 拆
1．拆了可以重装的机械装置，take apart指拆开，用tear down指拆卸。
　☞ 不少解放军战士能蒙住眼睛拆装机枪。
　☞ Not a few of PLA men can take a machine gun apart and put it together again blindfolded.
　☞ 他拆了机器，让大家看操作的每个细节。
　☞ He took the machine apart to show every detail of its operation.
　☞ 这部发动机应拆了大修。
　☞ The engine must be tom down for an overhaul.
　☞ 机修工人只好把机器拆了修好，再重新装上。
　☞ The mechanics had to tear down the machine, and fix it, and put it together again.
2．拆了可以重装的非机械装置，可用strike (take down)。
　☞ 野营生活结束了，我们拆了帐篷，装上了汽车。
　☞ The camping ended and we struck (took down) our tents with which we loaded the truck.
　☞ 散场后，戏院工作人员还在拆舞台上的布景道具。
　☞ After the show the staff members of the theatre were still striking (taking down) the stage setting.
3．拆除某种建筑结构，可用pull down (take down)，tear down。
　☞ 这里的许多旧房都拆了，并盖了不少新房。
　☞ Many old houses have been pulled down (taken down) here and many new ones have been put up.
　☞ 平儿咬牙道：“没良心的，过了汀就拆桥，明儿还想我替你撒谎呢？”
　 "You beast! "Ping Er cried through clenched teeth.
　 "As soon as the river's crossed you pull down the bridge. Don't ever expect me to lie for you again."
　☞ 房屋一竣工，就把脚手架拆了。
　☞ The scaffolding was taken down as soon as the building was completed.
　☞ 他们正在拆旧房，以便盖一座公寓大楼。
　☞ They are tearing down the old houses in order to build an apartment building.
　 ■ 应该指出，tear down虽可和pull down, take down换用，但带有破坏性的拆除则应该用tear down。
　☞ 侵略军强拆民房。
　☞ The invading troops tore down the people's houses by force.
　☞ 他采用一种拆东墙补西墙的救急办法。
　☞ He resorted to a makeshift resolution, that is, to tear down the east wall to repair the west wall.
4．如果是拆除障碍物，可用remove。
　☞ 北京的城墙全都拆了，只留下几个有纪念意义的城门。
　☞ The city wall of Beijing is completely removed except for several memorable city gates.
　☞ 设置在街上的障碍物都已拆了。
　☞ The obstacles placed in the street have been removed.
5．为了某种目的而拆散时，可用break up。
　☞ 旧船都拆了当作废铜烂铁卖给了商人。
　☞ The old ships were broken up and sold as scrap to dealers.
　☞ 把这个小组拆了合并到你们车间好了。
　☞ Break up the group and merge it into your workshop.
6．表示把连接的东西拆开，可用separate。
　☞ 你卸掉螺丝，把这两条管子拆了。
　☞ You separate the two pipes by unscrewing them.
　☞ 这两个字构成一个单词，所以不能拆。
　☞ The two characters form a single word and therefore they cannot be separated.
7．拆信拆包裹，可用open, tear open。
　☞ 他用颤抖的手把信拆了，读了起来。
　☞ With trembling fingers he opened the letter and started to read.
　☞ 他把包裹拆了，取出一包香烟。
　☞ He tore the parcel open and took out a packet of cigarettes.
8．拆编织物，可用unravel。
　☞ 她把旧毛衣拆了重打。
　☞ Having unraveled it, she started to reknit the old sweater.
拉 拉
1．pull，一般用语，泛指向自己方向的任何拉动，常伴有表示方向的状语。
　☞ 两个火车头拉着火车上了山。
　☞ The two locomotives pulled the train up the hill.
　☞ 他把椅子拉回到窗前。
　☞ He pulled his chair back towards the window.
　☞ 她把我拉到一边，给我讲了她听到的情况。
　☞ She pulled me aside to tell me what she had heard.
　 ■ 由此可以得出，用pull时，即使不带表示方向的状语，方向性仍十分明显。
　☞ 一辆拖拉机在拉犁。
　☞ A tractor is pulling a plow.
　☞ 危机就像中间打结的绳子，两头越拉，绳结越紧。
　☞ The crisis is like a rope with a knot in the middle, the more each side is pulled, the more the knot would tighten.
2．draw，指朝着施力的方向拉，但目的性比pull明确。
　☞ 他把毛毯拉过来盖到头上，这样就听不见了。
　☞ He drew the blanket over his head so that he might not hear.
　☞ 他走到窗前，拉上了窗帘。
　☞ Walking to the window, he drew up the curtain.
　☞ 他把金属加热，拉成一条长长的金属丝。
　☞ He heated the metal and drew it out into a long wire.
　 ■ 由于draw的目的性明确，故用于转义时，有“拉拢”的意思。
　☞ 如果我们能多拉一些人过来，那敌人的队伍就减少了，我们的队伍就扩大了。
　☞ If we can draw a larger number of people over to our side, this will deplete the enemy's ranks and strengthen ours.
　☞ 他拉了一些人，搞起改革来了。
　☞ He drew some people in and began to carry out reforms.
3．drag, 常指缓慢地、费力地拉动重物。
　☞ 我们看见马匹拉着一辆辆满载蔬菜的大车上市场。
　☞ We saw horses dragging full loads of vegetables to the market.
　☞ 我总算把一只重箱子拉出地窖。
　☞ I managed to drag a heavy box out of the cellar.
　 ■ 由于drag有“勉强”、“费力”拉的意思，因此它还有“强人所难”的意思。
　☞ 这么冷的夜晚，为什么你还要拉我上音乐会？
　☞ Why must you drag me to a concert on such a cold night?
　☞ 我要参军，决不让家里的人拉后腿。
　☞ I want to join the army and won't let my family drag me back。
　☞ 这是你自己干的事，为什么要拉上别人？
　☞ It is all your own doing. Why drag in others?
4．haul，较drag更进一层，有“使劲拉动”重物的意思。
　☞ 渔夫把鱼拉上了船。
　☞ The fisherman hauled the fish into the boat.
　☞ 我们拉着大车上山。
　☞ We hauled the cart up the hill.
　 ■ 此外，haul还有“长途拉运”重物的意思。
　☞ 大卡车把一箱箱橘子由黄岩拉到上海。
　☞ The trucks hauled crates of oranges from Huangyan to Shanghai.
　☞ 圆木必须从森林里拉出来。
　☞ Logs must be hauled out of the forest.
5．tug (at)，指一下一下地使劲拉。
　☞ 我们把船拉上了岸。
　☞ We tugged the boat to shore.
　☞ 他使劲拉卡住的门，还是拉不开。
　☞ He tugged at the door that was stuck and it wouldn't open.
6．tow, 指用绳索或链条拉。
　☞ 拖船把轮船拉离了港口。
　☞ The tugboat towed the ship out of harbor.
　☞ 把你的车拴到我们车子后面，我们把你拉到家。
　☞ Tie your car to ours and we'll tow you home.
7．move.指挪动地方。
　☞ 你要立即把伤员拉到后方治疗。
　☞ You must move the wounded immediately to the rear for treatment.
　☞ 大石头都拉走了。
　☞ All large rocks were moved away.
8．“拉”的其他译法。
　☞ 你会拉手风琴（小提琴）吗？
　☞ Can you play the accordion (violin)?
　☞ 他犯了错误，要拉他一把。
　☞ He's made mistakes and we must give him a helping hand.
　☞ 他开车拉货去了。
　☞ He drove a truck to carry cargo.
　☞ 我们坐下来拉家常。
　☞ We sat down and had a chat.
　☞ 昨天我拉肚子了。
　☞ I had loose bowels yesterday.
　☞ 他到处为候选人拉选票。
　☞ He canvassed everywhere for the candidate.
　☞ 他做买卖失败，拉了一屁股债。
　☞ He failed in business and owed a mountain of debts.
　☞ 国民党兵战斗力低，因为都是拉壮丁拉来的。
　☞ The KMT soldiers were low in combat effectiveness, for they were all press-ganged.
　☞ 他拉关系，走后门以便找到一份报酬好的工作。
　☞ He exploited the connections and got in through the back door to find a well-paid job.
　☞ 我手上拉的口子快好了。
　☞ The cut on my hand is nearly healed.
　☞ 大家都认为这几乎等于是把人从阎王老爷那里拉了回来。
　☞ This was considered almost the equivalent of bringing a person back from the grave.
拉开 拉开
1．拉动后使之开启，可用pull open。
　☞ 门被卡住了，我拉不开。
　☞ The door is stuck and I can't pull it open 拉开抽屉，找到你要的东西。
　☞ Pull the drawer open and find what you want.
　 ■ 有时，pull后接某些补语，也有“拉开”的意思，但要注意其意义上的差别。如：
　☞ 他拉开每支枪的枪栓，检查里面是否装有子弹。
　☞ He pulled apart the bolt of every rifle to see whether it was loaded with bullets.
　☞ 他过来时有两个孩子在打架，就把他们拉开了。
　☞ The two children were fighting when he came along, and pulled them away from each other.
2．拉开作“开始”解时，可用start。
　☞ 第十六届世界杯足球赛于1998年6月10日在巴黎拉开战幕。
　☞ The sixteenth Football World Cup started competition on the tenth of June, 1998.
　☞ 只要有人请他，他拉开嗓门就唱，毫不怯场紧张。
　☞ He started singing when asked to, without making a fuss.
3．拉开作“差距扩大”解时，可用widen。
　☞ 下半场，比分逐渐拉开了。
　☞ In the second half of the game the gap between the scores gradually widened.
　☞ 误会拉开了双方的距离。
　☞ Misunderstandings have widened the gulf between the two sides.
4．拉开的其他译法。
　☞ 他一个马步，拉开架势准备战斗。
　☞ Making a horse-riding step, he got into a ready position to fight.
　☞ 同类商品的质量差价没有适当拉开。
　☞ There are inadequate price differentials for a given product with diverse quality.
　☞ 咱们痛快点，拉开来讲。
　☞ Let's be frank and have an open talk.
拍 拍
1．pat, 指用一个手掌拍打别人的身体部位，表示爱护、怜惜等感情色彩。
　☞ 教练拍拍队员的背脊，并说了几句鼓励的话。
　☞ The coach patted the player on the back and said a few encouraging words.
　☞ 我用手拍了拍我家的狗。
　☞ I patted our dog with my hand.
　 ■ 此外，pat还可出于某种目的而连续拍打掉落在身上的某种东西。
　☞ 他拍了拍衣服上的土。
　☞ He patted his clothes to get the dust off.
　☞ 我一进屋子就拍了拍衣服上的雪。
　☞ As soon as I had entered the room I patted the snow off my clothes.
2．clap，指为了某种目的用两个手掌相互拍打。
　☞ 老师拍了拍手以引起全班的注意。
　☞ The teacher clapped to attract the class's attention.
　☞ 观众拍手、喊叫，让她一次次出来谢幕。
　☞ The audience clapped and shouted and made her respond to the curtain call.
　 ■ 同时，clap还可用于表示友好的单掌拍打。
　☞ 球员们赢球后相互拍拍脊背。
　☞ The players clapped each other on the back after they had won the game.
　☞ 他拍拍我的肩膀，请我出去吃点东西。
　☞ He clapped me on the shoulder and invited me to have some food.
3．beat，指不带感情色彩的连续拍打，可与pat换用。
　☞ 我看见一位妇女拍打毛毯清理灰尘。
　☞ I saw a woman beating (patting) the blanket to get the dust off 我进院子时她正在拍打地毯上的灰。
　☞ When I came into the courtyard she was beating the dust out of (patting the dust off) the carpet.
　☞ 我们赶到那里只见惊涛拍岸，而船只不见了踪影。
　☞ There was no trace of the boat when we rushed there.
　☞ only to find mighty waves beating the shore.
4．slap, 指用手掌猛拍别人身体的某一部位。
　☞ 她拍了他一个耳光。
　☞ She slapped his face.
　☞ 他一巴掌拍到我背上，祝贺我得到提升。
　☞ He slapped me on the back and congratulated me on my promotion.
5．strike，指用手掌猛拍或拳头猛打。因此用于人为“击打”，用于物为“拍打”，故做“拍”解时只用于物。
　☞ 他拍着桌子破口大骂。
　☞ He struck the table and poured out a stream of abuse.
　☞ 他敲门没人答应，就狠狠地拍起门来。
　☞ As nobody answered to his knock he began to strike the door heavily.
6．make a film, 指拍电影，make... into a film，指“把…拍成电影”。只表示整部电影的拍摄制作，因此使用面较宽。
　☞ 我们有意要拍部电影。
　☞ We are inclined to make a film.
　☞ 这部小说已拍成了电影。
　☞ This novel has been made into a film.
7．shoot，指相机的拍摄。因此既可指整部电影的摄制（可与make换用），也可指个别镜头的拍摄（不能与make换用）。
　☞ 这部电影是在苏州拍的。
　☞ The film was shot (made) in Suzhou.
　☞ 今天天气不好，外景拍不成了。
　☞ We can't shoot the outdoor scenes in this foul weather.
　☞ 拍特写镜头对演员是个要过的关口。
　☞ It is a barrier to be passed for an actor to shoot a close-up.
8．film，指拍摄或拍成电影。
　☞ 明天一整天我们都要拍电影。
　☞ We'll be filming all day tomorrow.
　☞ 我拍了场足球赛。
　☞ I filmed a football game.
　☞ 他们就要在这里拍一部侦探片。
　☞ They're going to film a detective drama here.
9．take，只指单纯地拍照。
　☞ 他想给我们拍照。
　☞ He wants to take our photograph.
　☞ 我拍了十几张照片。
　☞ I have a dozen pictures taken.
10．flap one's wings，指拍翅膀。
　☞ 他在梦中发现自己正拍着翅膀离开了地面。
　☞ In his dream he found he was flapping his wings and rose off the ground.
　☞ 那鸟拍着翅膀飞走了。
　☞ The bird flapped its wings and flew away.
　☞ 她用报纸拍苍蝇。
　☞ She flapped a newspaper at the fly.
11．lap，指波浪拍打。
　☞ 海水轻轻地拍着海岸。
　☞ The sea was lapping softly on the beach.
　☞ 波浪拍着船舷。
　☞ Waves flapped against the sides of the ship.
12．“拍”的其他译法。
　☞ 我看见一个孩子在拍球。
　☞ I saw a boy bouncing a ball.
　☞ 这首歌是几拍？
　☞ What time is the song in?
　☞ 我离开昆明前给他拍了封电报。
　☞ Before I left Kunming I sent him a telegram.
　☞ 我绝对不会吹拍。
　☞ I will never be given to bragging or toadying.
　☞ 他一怒之下拍案而起。
　☞ He smote the table and rose to his feet in anger.
　☞ 精彩的表演令人拍案叫绝。
　☞ We were overwhelmed with admiration for the superb performance.
　☞ 演员们都在拍外景。
　☞ Actors are on the location.
拒绝 拒绝
1．decline，指婉言拒绝。
　☞ 他们决心自力更生重建家园，拒绝了救济金和救济物资。
　☞ They were determined to rebuild their homeland through self-reliance and declined relief funds and relief supplies.
　☞ 他回到城市后，劳动部门拒绝帮他找工作。
　☞ When he got to the city, the labor department declined to help him find a job.
2．refuse，指正式拒绝。
　☞ 他向她求婚时她拒绝了。
　☞ She refused him when he begged her to marry him.
　☞ 银行拒绝支付现金。
　☞ The bank refused payment in cash.
　☞ 他从不拒绝帮助同志。
　☞ He never refuses to help his comrades.
　 ■ 应该指出，refuse在接宾语后不能接动词不定式。
　☞ 他拒绝我使用他的电脑。不能译成：He refused me to use his computer.而要译做：He refused to let me use his computer.或He refused me permission to use his computer.
　 ■ 由此可见， "He refused his money."意为“他拒绝接受他的钱”。而 "He refused him money."则为“他拒绝给他钱”。故 "She refused her money."就可能产生歧义。当her用做物主代词时有第一种意思，当her用作she的宾语时就可能有第二种意思。因此最好慎用。
3．reject，指断然拒绝，为书面或正式用语。
　☞ 我们明确拒绝对称就是美这样的见解。
　☞ We definitely reject the notion that symmetry is beauty.
　☞ 常识往往拒绝一切可以称之为神秘主义的东西。
　☞ Common sense often rejects all that can be called mysticism.
　☞ 这份外交照会遭到我国政府的断然拒绝。
　☞ The diplomatic note was categorically rejected by our government.
4．turn down，表示拒绝，语气上没有refuse那么正式，也没有reject那么强烈，故常用于口语。
　☞ 他穷而自尊，故提供帮助的建议每次都遭到他的拒绝。
　☞ He was poor but proud, and turned down every offer of help.
　☞ 好多男孩都追过她，但她都拒绝了。
　☞ Many boys courted her, but she turned them all down.
5．deny，指拒绝提供或拒绝要求。
　☞ 档案馆会拒绝你接触那些文件的。
　☞ The archives will deny your access to those documents.
　☞ 你不应拒绝那些需要帮助的人。
　☞ You should not deny assistance to those who need it.
拔 拔
1．表示往外拉，用pull out, extract，后者是正式用语。
　☞ 请把瓶塞拔了。
　☞ Please pull the cork out of the bottle.
　☞ 农民在烈日下拔草。
　☞ The peasants are pulling out weeds under the hot sun.
　☞ 昨天我拔了一颗牙。
　☞ I had one of my teeth pulled out yesterday.
　☞ 牙医把我的一颗牙拔了。
　☞ The dentist extracted one of my teeth.
2．表示连根拔起，用pull up by the root, uproot, remove the root。
　☞ 野草应该连根拔掉。
　☞ Weeds ought to be pulled up by the root.
　☞ 这次飓风连百年大树都连根拔了。
　☞ Even the one-hundred-year-old tree was uprooted by the typhoon.
　☞ 殖民主义不分新旧，都要连根拔。
　☞ Colonialism, old or new, must be uprooted.
　☞ 土改的目的就是要把地主阶级的剥削连根拔掉。
　☞ Land reform was aimed at removing the roots of exploitation by the landlord class.
3．表示拔毛发，用pluck (out)。
　☞ 她拔了头上的几根白头发。
　☞ She plucked out some gray hairs.
　☞ 先拔毛后煮鸡，这是人人皆知的道理。
　☞ To pluck a hen before cooking it is a truth known to everyone.
4．表示抽出，可译draw。
　☞ 他拔枪就打。
　☞ He drew his gun and fired.
　☞ 骑士拔剑而起。
　☞ The knight jumped to his feet drawing his sword.
5．表示夺取，用capture。
　☞ 在这次战役中，我军接连胜利，连拔五城。
　☞ In this campaign our troops went from victory to victory and captured five cities in succession.
6．表示“逃跑”，用take to one's heels。
　☞ 私贩听说警察来了，拔腿就跑。
　☞ The smuggler took to his heels when he heard that the police were coming.
拖 拖
1．pull，常用词，指任何方向、任何方式的拖。
　☞ 火车头拖着12个车皮。
　☞ The locomotive was pulling twelve carriages.
　☞ 那孩子身后拖着一辆送货车。
　☞ The child pulled a wagon behind him.
2．draw，义同pull，一般可以换用。
　☞ 火车头拖着列车离开了车站。
　☞ The locomotive was drawing (pulling) the train from the station.
　☞ 他把我拖到一边，告诉我所发生的一切。
　☞ He drew (pulled) me apart to tell me what had happened.
3．drag，指在粗糙的地面上或斜坡上费力地拖。
　☞ 你提不动就在地上拖着好了。
　☞ You might drag it across the ground if you couldn't lift it逃犯从藏身处被拖了出来。
　☞ The escaped prisoner was dragged out of his hiding place.
4．haul，与drag 一样也指艰难费力地拖笨重之物。
　☞ 渔夫们一起把一条大鱼拖到小船里。
　☞ Together the fishermen hauled a big fish onto the boat.
　☞ 男孩子们不得不把一条绳子拴在那人身上，把他拖上了悬崖。
　☞ The boys had to fasten a rope round the man and hauled him up to the cliff.
5．tug，指用力拖，这种拖可以是断断续续的。
　☞ 那马拖得一阵紧似一阵，那木头终于开始移动。
　☞ The horse tugged harder and harder, and finally the log began to move.
　☞ 我们把小船拖到岸边。
　☞ We tugged the boat to shore.
6．tow，指用绳索、链条拖。
　☞ 拖船正拖着3条驳船。
　☞ The tugboat is towing three barges.
　☞ 大卡车把一辆抛了锚的汽车拖到最近的修理中心。
　☞ The truck towed the broken-down car to the nearest repair center.
7．put off，指拖延。
　☞ 如果你认为病会加重，就不应该拖着不去看医生。
　☞ If you suspect the illness might be serious you should not put off going to see the doctor.
　☞ 不要把今天的工作拖到明天。
　☞ Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
8．reach，指拖人某个空间或时间。
　☞ 她把那又长又亮的黑头发编成一条粗大的辫子， 拖到屁股上。
　☞ Her long, shiny black hair was woven into a thick plait reaching down to her waist.
　☞ 我宁可早点死，也不愿拖到像你这样的年纪去受苦受难。
　☞ I would rather die earlier than reach your age to have your fill of sufferings.
9．stall，指拖延时间不办事。
　☞ 她丈夫多次写信要她去他工作的县城，但每次她都拖了下来。
　☞ Her husband wrote many times asking her to come to the county where he worked, but each time she managed to stall him.
　☞ 村长对建新校的建议一直拖着不办。
　☞ The village head is stalling over the proposals for building a new school.
　☞ 期票到期以前，债权人方面要尽量拖。
　☞ Try to stall off our creditors as possible as you can until the term bills mature.
10．“拖”的其他译法。
　☞ 王老师把一根竹竿拖到学校里做旗杆。
　☞ Wang, the teacher, trailed a bamboo pole to the school to serve as a flagpole.
　☞ 母亲正在拖地板。
　☞ Mother was mopping the floor.
　☞ 我们拖住敌人就是为了消灭来援之敌。
　☞ We pinned down the enemy in order to annihilate his reinforcements.
　☞ 这件工作别再拖，否则就太晚了。
　☞ Don't delay any more, or it'll be too late.
　☞ 你再这样下去，身体会拖垮的。
　☞ lf you go on like that you'll wear yourself down.
　☞ 鉴于孩子已经7岁，教育问题不能再拖了。
　☞ Since the child is seven years old, his education must be no longer postponed.
　☞ 他的大衣拖到了膝盖以下。
　☞ His overcoat came under his knees.
拖延 拖延
1．delay，指有意或无意的拖延，使其进程或行动放慢或暂时停止。
　☞ 他们想拖延到建设资金到了再说。
　☞ They tried to delay until the funds for construction arrived.
　☞ 我们一度采取了拖延战术。
　☞ For a time we adopted delaying tactics.
2．put off，义同delay，但更加口语化。两者可以换用，但delay既可用作自动词（见上例）也可用作它动词；而put off只能用作它动词。
　☞ 我拖延到今天才写信给你是因为我现在可以悠闲自在地来写。
　☞ The reason why I put off (delay) writing to you till today is that I might write at leisure now.
　☞ 一会儿这个原因，一会儿那个原因，她几次三番地在拖延他。
　☞ She continually put him off (delayed him), now for one reason, now for another.
3．procrastinate，指毫无理由地、习惯性地拖延，并暗示这种拖延应受到谴责。
　☞ 他以各种借口拖延不归。
　☞ He procrastinated his return on various pretexts.
　☞ 当时的领导人处理不当、犹豫不决、一味拖延，于是战争就这样毫无知觉地徐徐降临到了苏联人民头上。
　☞ The then leader fumbled, vacillated, procrastinated and so let war come creeping upon the Soviet people unawares.
4．drag on，指使兴趣索然的拖延。
　☞ 要是你不下决心来个彻底决裂，这种合伙关系保证还会无限期地拖延下去。
　☞ The partnership might have dragged on indefinitely if you hadn't decided on a clean break.
　☞ 战争可能会拖延，但胜利一定是我们的。
　☞ The war may drag on, but the victory will certainly be ours.
招 招
1．catch, 指招引。
　☞ 树大招风，名大招谤。
　☞ A tall tree catches the wind; detraction pursues the great.
　☞ 这病招人，故要注意预防。
　☞ This disease is catching, so pay attention to prevention.
2．attract, draw, invite，指吸引、招引。
　☞ 灯光招虫子。
　☞ Lights attract insects.
　☞ 喊叫会招人注意。
　☞ Shouts draw attention.
　☞ 你的所作所为只会招事。
　☞ What you have done can only invite trouble.
3．beckon, wave，指招手。
　☞ 他招手要我跟上。
　☞ He beckoned me to follow.
　☞ 我们向他招手致意。
　☞ We wave him our greetings.
4．recruit, enroll, advise for，指招募、招收。
　☞ 海军新兵是从商船水手当中招的。
　☞ Men for the Navy were recruited from sailors on merchant ships.
　☞ 小学一般是在9月的第一周招新生。
　☞ Usually schools enroll new pupils at the first week in September.
　☞ 你们在登报招工人，对不对？
　☞ You're advising for workers in the newspaper, aren't you?
5．tease, provoke，指招惹。
　☞ 这孩子爱哭，别招他。
　☞ He is a crybaby. Don't tease him.
　☞ 你招他，他会打你的。
　☞ If you provoke him, he will beat you.
6．confess, own up，指招认。
　☞ 犯人招了。
　☞ The prisoner has confessed.
　☞ 他死也不肯招。
　☞ Nothing could make him own up.
7．move, step, stroke，指行动、举措上的办法。
　☞ 这一招真厉害。
　☞ That is a shrewd move.
　☞ 你走错了一招。
　☞ You've taken a wrong step.
　☞ 他这大胆的一招调动了敌人。
　☞ He outmaneuvered the enemy by a bold stroke.
8．“招”的其他译法。
　☞ 这一招真高。
　☞ That was really a brilliant idea.
　☞ 他没招了。
　☞ He is at the end of his tether.
　☞ 多招人喜欢的女孩！
　☞ What a lovely girl!
招呼 招呼
1．call，指呼唤。
　☞ 那边有人在招呼你。
　☞ Someone over there is calling you.
2．greet，指致意。
　☞ 他一见到我就过来热情地打招呼。
　☞ He came to greet me warmly when he saw me.
3．tell, let sb. know，指告知。
　☞ 招呼他赶快来开会。
　☞ Tell him to come to the meeting at once.
　☞ 你要是不去，就先打个招呼。
　☞ Let me know beforehand if you won't be going.
4．notify，指通知。
　☞ 组织游行队伍之前你们要与警方打招呼。
　☞ Before organizing the parading procession you ought to notify the police.
5．take care，指照顾。
　☞ 招呼老人要尽心尽力。
　☞ Do take care of old people with all your heart and all your might.
6．mind, 指当心。
　☞ 路上有冰，招呼别滑倒了。
　☞ The road is icy. Mind you don't slip.
招待 招待
1．receive，仅指接待。
　☞ 她既然来了，你就应当招待。
　☞ Since she is here, you should receive her.
　☞ 他受到了热情的招待。
　☞ He was received with enthusiasm.
2．entertain，指在家里或餐桌上的招待。有使客人舒适愉悦之意。
　☞ 新女婿第一次上门，女方一家把他当作贵宾来招待。
　☞ The wife's family entertained the son-in-law as an honored guest who paid his first visit.
　☞ 他们每年夏天都要在户外聚会上招待左邻右舍。
　☞ Every summer they entertain their neighbors at an outdoor party.
3．serve，指以食物招待。
　☞ 这个菜可以招待5个人。
　☞ The dish will serve 5 people.
　☞ 先招待女士。
　☞ Serve the ladies first.
4．hospitality，指招待客人的行为。
　☞ 谢谢你们的热情招待。
　☞ Thank you for your enthusiastic hospitality.
　☞ 参加了你们的招待，我十分高兴。
　☞ I'm delighted to have partaken of your hospitality.
拟订 拟订
1．draw up, 指吸收性拟订。
　☞ 下次会议，我们将拟订一份全校的发展规划。
　☞ At the next meeting we are going to draw up a plan for the development of the whole university.
　☞ 有人告诉我，市政建设方案正在拟订之中。
　☞ I am told that a program for the municipal construction is being drawn up.
2．work out，指制定性拟订。一般可与draw up换用。
　☞ 计划的细节我们可以交给委员会去拟订。
　☞ We can leave it to the committee to work out (draw up) the details of the plan.
　☞ 你们的主要任务之一是拟订一个较好的办法来拯救大熊猫。
　☞ One of your main tasks is to work out a better method of saving giant pandas.
3．draft，指草拟性拟订。
　☞ 编辑委员会指示我们拟订一个方案。
　☞ The editorial board directed us to draft a program.
　☞ 已经成立了一个小组来拟订两份不同的章程。
　☞ A group has been set up to draft two different constitutions.
4．devise，指设想性的拟订。
　☞ 孩子们正在设法拟订一个挣钱的计划。
　☞ The boys are trying to devise a plan of earning money.
　☞ 有人拟订了一个走私货物的计划。
　☞ Someone has devised a scheme of smuggling goods.
5．map out，指组织安排后再以书面形式拟订。
　☞ 我们在订购设备以前一定要把整个探险计划拟订成文。
　☞ We must get the whole expedition mapped out on paper before we start to order equipment.
　☞ 我们已经拟订了一个竞选计划。
　☞ We have mapped out a plan of campaign for office.
6．write out, 指直书性拟订。
　☞ 各项条款经双方同意后，他拟订了协议全文。
　☞ He wrote out the agreement after its terms had been agreed to by both parties.
　☞ 你应先以草稿的形式把计划拟订出来。
　☞ You should write out the plan in rough draft.
拥护 拥护
1．support, 指支持拥护。
　☞ 真正的铜墙铁壁是什么？是群众，是千百万真心实意地拥护革命的群众。
　☞ What is a true bastion of iron7 It is the masses, the millions upon millions of people who genuinely and sincerely support the revolution.
　☞ 在座的各位和广大积极分子为什么拥护这个宪法草案呢？
　☞ Why do all of you here and the vast number of activists support the Draft Constitution?
2．advocate，指拥护某种主张、主义等。
　☞ 我们拥护职工代表大会制。
　☞ We advocate the system of workers and staff congress.
　☞ 绝大多数中国人都拥护改革开放。
　☞ An overwhelming majority of Chinese advocate the reform and opening to the outside world.
3．endorse，指拥护需要促进、宣扬的人或物。
　☞ 我们拥护他来竞选公职。
　☞ We endorse him for public office.
　☞ 他们拥护该政党的政纲。
　☞ They endorse the platform of the political party.
4．uphold，指道义上和精神上的拥护。
　☞ 教职员工都拥护校长的决定。
　☞ The teaching and administrative staff uphold the principal's decision.
　☞ 我不能肯定是不是每个学生都拥护这一规定。
　☞ I can't be sure whether every student will uphold the rules.
拥抱 拥抱
1．hold in one's arms，强调用胳膊拥抱。
　☞ 我们见面时互相拥抱，并回忆着童年的一切，直到有人叫我。
　☞ When we met we held each other in our arms, recalling everything about our childhood until someone called me.
　 ■ 有时，也有“抱”的意思。
　☞ 她抱着5个月大的儿子走下楼来。
　☞ She came down the stairs, holding her five-month-old son in her arms.
2．clasp in one's arms, 也与hold in one's arms 一样，但强调紧紧拥抱。
　☞ 他赶忙走过来热情地拥抱了她。
　☞ He hurried forward to clasp her passionately in his arms.
　 ■ 不过，clasp也有抱的意思。
　☞ 她梦见死去的女儿，一双小手抱着膝盖。
　☞ She dreamed about her dead daughter. The tiny hands clasped round her knees.
　 ■ 如果clasp后接in one's hand，则有“捏”、“握”等意思。
　☞ 他的手里捏着钱（握着刀）。
　☞ He clasped the money (a knife) in his hand.
3．embrace，专指拥抱，等于hold in one's arms。
　☞ 两兄弟相见时相互拥抱。
　☞ The two brothers embraced when they met.
　☞ 他拥抱、亲吻父母。
　☞ He embraced and kissed his parents.
4．hug，指带有感情色彩的紧紧拥抱。
　☞ 她拥抱着女儿，失声痛哭起来。
　☞ Hugging her daughter, she broke down completely.
　☞ 我们俩热烈地一会儿你拥抱我，一会儿我拥抱你。
　☞ We both exchanged warm hugs.
拥有 拥有
1．own，指拥有所有权，并暗示这种拥有是通过合法手段获得的。
　☞ 美国1%的人拥有50%以上的财富。
　☞ In the United States one percent of the people own more than fifty percent of the wealth.
　☞ 他拥有这幢房子已有40年了。
　☞ He owned this house for forty years.
2．possess，也指拥有所有权，但比own正式，获得的所有权可以是合法的，也可以是非法的。
　☞ 他曾经拥有50亩地，因此在土地改革时他成了地主。
　☞ He had possessed fifty ma of land and for this he was labeled as a landlord during the agrarian reform.
　☞ 当时只有贵族才拥有政治上的权力。
　☞ At the time only nobility alone possessed political power.
　 ■ 除此之外，possess和own还有以下几点区别。
1) possess表示暂时拥有，而own则表示完全拥有。
　☞ 分期付款方式仍允许买主暂时拥有房屋，只有当他付清全部房款后才能说完全拥有。
　☞ The installment payment still allows the buyer to possess the house for the time being. Only by paying in full can he say that he owns the house fully.
2) possess也可表示非法拥有，而own表示合法拥有。
　☞ 法律上夫妻共同拥有的一片土地，往往在事实上可能为丈夫所拥有。
　☞ A piece of land legally owned by a husband and wife, in fact, the husband might possess it.
3) possess可以表示拥有某些带有属性的精神产物，而own 一般不能。
　☞ 该国人民从来没拥有过基本人权。
　☞ The people of that country have never possessed fundamental human rights.
3．hold，含有own和possess都没有的那种“保持”或“控制”的拥有，而不管所有权是否属于本人。
　☞ 尽管法律公告一再要求他交出土地，但他却依然拥有那片土地。
　☞ He was still holding that piece of land though the legal notices demanded him to surrender it again and again.
　☞ 他在公司里拥有500股的股份。
　☞ He holds 500 shares in the company.
4．have，是表示“拥有”这一组词中含义最不具体、关 系最不清楚，说法最为随便的一个词。
　☞ 中国拥有世界上1/4的人口。
　☞ China has one-fourth of the population of the world 你总不能拥有一切吧。
　☞ You couldn't have everything after all.
拦 拦
1．stop，指在某人行动前或行动时阻拦。
　☞ 他刚要说，我就把他拦住了。
　☞ He was just about to speak when I stopped him 别拦着我，我一定得走。
　☞ Don't stop me, I must go.
2．block，指某种障碍物阻挡前进。
　☞ 一道河拦住了我们的去路。
　☞ A river blocked our way.
　☞ 就前面那段路被一条拦路绳拦着。
　☞ The section of the road immediately ahead was blocked off by a rope barrier.
3．bar, 是block的同义词，但常指有意的阻拦。
　☞ 一堵高墙拦住了进入他花园的去路。
　☞ A high wall bars the way into his garden.试比较：A river blocks the way to the city.
　☞ 士兵拦住了去路，我们无法再走。
　☞ Soldiers barred the way and we couldn't go any further.试比较：A mountain blocks the way.
4．obstruct, 与block, bar同义，但为书面语。
　☞ 他的家门南面有两座大山拦住他家的出路，一座叫太行山，一座叫王屋山。
　☞ His house faced south, and beyond his doorway stood the two great peaks, Taihang and Wangwu, obstructing the way.
　☞ 大块大块的砾石拦住了山洞的入口。
　☞ Large boulders obstructed the entrance to the cave.
5．intercept，指拦截运动中的人或物。
　☞ 拦敌于运动之中是运动战的组成部分。
　☞ To intercept the enemy while he is on the move is a component part of mobile warfare.
　☞ 一批非法偷运的武器在机场被拦截。
　☞ An illegal shipment of arms was intercepted at the airport.
拧 拧
1．twist，指搓、捻。
　☞ 他把三条绳拧成一根粗的。
　☞ He twisted the three ropes into a strong one 这绳是由很多线拧成的。
　☞ The rope is twisted from many threads.
　 ■ twist，也作“拧动”或“拧开”解。
　☞ 往右拧把手，门就开了。
　☞ Twist the handle to the right and the door will open.
　☞ 他拧开笔套，开始写起信来。
　☞ He twisted the cap of a fountain pen and began to write a letter.
　 ■ 有时，twist也指拧出水来。
　☞ 她使劲拧湿毛巾，好做热敷。
　☞ She tried very hard to twist the wet towel in order to put a hot compress.
2．wring，指拧出水来或拧干。
　☞ 母亲从洗好的衣物里拧出好多水来。
　☞ Mother wrung much water from the washing.
　☞ 她把衣服拧干，挂到外面晾着。
　☞ She wrung the clothes and hung them out to dry.
3．pinch，指揪、掐。
　☞ 她爱生生地拧了一下小姑娘的脸。
　☞ She pinched a little girl's face affectionately.
　☞ 她狠狠拧了他一把而他也大叫一声。
　☞ She gave him a hard pinch and he gave a loud cry.
4．“拧成一股绳”的译法。
　☞ 只要大伙拧成一股绳，就没有克服不了的困难。
　☞ As long as we are united, there is no difficulty that we cannot overcome.
　☞ 无论发生什么事情，我们都要拧成一股绳。
　☞ Whatever happens, we must stick together.
　☞ 如果他们拧成一股绳，就什么事都能干。
　☞ They can do everything if they make joint efforts.
　☞ 要是我们拧成一股绳，我们就能渡过危机。
　☞ We can come through any crisis if we hang together.
拨 拨
1．调拨的财力、物力是留作备用时，可用set aside, 或allocate, appropriate，后两者是正式用语。
　☞ 我们同时拨了部分资金来购买机动船。
　☞ Meanwhile we set aside part of our funds for the motor boats.
　☞ 已经拨了一笔款项来买新装备。
　☞ A sum was set aside for new equipment.
　☞ 此外，还拨了50公顷地做实验农场。
　☞ Besides, 50 hectares of land were set aside for an experimental farm.
　☞ 厂里拨了两间房给我们。
　☞ The factory has set aside two rooms for us.
　☞ 国家拨了大批资金来发展支农企业。
　☞ The state allocated huge funds for the development of aid-agriculture industries.
　☞ 材料和设备都拨给了新建项目。
　☞ Materials and facilities were allocated for the new construction project.
　☞ 政府拨了大批款项来建造医院。
　☞ The government appropriated a large sum of money for building hospitals.
　☞ 学校每年都得拨款举行运动会。
　☞ The school has to appropriate a fund to hold a sports meet every year.
2．人力的调拨可用assign。
　☞ 他们已拨了20%的人力支援农民。
　☞ They assigned 20% of their manpower to help the peasants.
　☞ 5名青工已拨到我们车间。
　☞ Five young workers have been assigned to our workshop.
3．拨电话号码可用dial。
　☞ 他拨了一个电话号码，另一端传来一个他十分熟悉的声音。
　☞ He dialed a telephone number and from the other end came a voice quite familiar to him.
　☞ 报警可拨110。
　☞ To get the police, dial 110.
4．拨火可用poke。
　☞ 他拨了拨火，火头马上窜得老高。
　☞ He poked the fire and it quickly burst into flames.
　☞ 请你拨拨火盆里的木炭。
　☞ Please poke the charcoal in the brazier.
5．拨钟、拨指针、电台等可用set, tune in。
　☞ 把指针拨到7点半。
　☞ Set the clock to half past seven.
　☞ 请你把指针拨到20。
　☞ Please set the pointer at 20.
　☞ 她把闹钟拨到6点。
　☞ She set the alarm clock at six.
　☞ 咱们拨到一频道，听听新闻。
　☞ Let's tune in to Channel I to hear the news.
拼 拼
1．join (together)，指相同的材料拼在一起。
　☞ 我把5块木板拼起来就成了一张床。
　☞ I joined the five boards together and a bed is ready.
　☞ 她把两块布料拼在一起，然后再缝起来。
　☞ She joined the edges of the two pieces of material and then sewed them together.
2．piece together，指把破碎的物件凑成一个整体。
　☞ 我把打碎的花瓶拼在一起。
　☞ I pieced the broken vase together.
　☞ 我们把出土的碎片拼在一起，发现它可能是一件炊具。
　☞ When we pieced together the unearthed scraps we found it must have been a piece of cooking utensils.
3．knock together，指粗制滥造地拼制。
　☞ 我用几片木头三下两下就拼成了一个木箱。
　☞ I soon knocked a few pieces of wood together to make a box.
　☞ 我不想过分冒充手艺人，不过如果需要我倒是能拼个桌子什么的。
　☞ I don't pretend to be much of a handyman, but if it were needed I could knock together something like a table.
4．fight to the finish，指战斗到底。
　☞ 他们决心拼到底了。
　☞ They were resolved to fight to the finish.
　☞ 如果形势迫使我不得不拼的话，我们是可以拼到底的。
　☞ If circumstances forced us to fight, we can fight to the finish.
5．fight it out，指分出胜负。
　☞ 咱们跟敌人拼了。
　☞ Let's fight it out with the enemy.
　☞ 一个当兵的是无法置身于战斗之外的，他只有拼到底。
　☞ A soldier could not be above the battle, he has to fight it out.
6．stand up to，指勇敢地面对。
　☞ 作为运动员，你们要不畏强手，要敢打敢拼。
　☞ As sportsmen you ought to fear no strong opponents but dare to stand up to them.
　☞ 要是那个大男孩再打你，就要跟他拼，要还手。
　☞ If that big boy hits you again, stand up to him and hit him back.
拼凑 拼凑
1．piece together，指把零碎的东西或细节拼凑成一个整体。
　☞ 她把七零八碎的花布拼凑起来给她女儿做了一条裙子。
　☞ She pieced together odds and ends of colored cloth to make a skirt for her daughter.
　☞ 他把这儿那儿听到的这样那样的事情拼凑起来， 编了一个故事。
　☞ He pieced together this and that things he had heard here and there and cooked up a story.
2．knock together，指粗制滥造地拼凑或匆忙拼凑。
　☞ 这棚屋看来似乎是在匆忙中拼拼凑凑建造起来的。
　☞ The hut looked as if it had been knocked together in a hurry.
　☞ 他拼凑了一个小集团，开始搞宗派活动。
　☞ He knocked together a clique and started its factional activities.
3．rig up，指临时或匆忙拼凑。
　☞ 我们为生病的同志临时拼凑了一张床。
　☞ We rigged up a makeshift bed for a sick comrade.
　☞ 很多国家都无意卷入拼凑军事同盟的活动。
　☞ Many countries have no intention of being involved in the activities of rigging up any military alliance.
4．whip up，指迅速或匆忙拼凑。
　☞ 家里来了位不速之客，我老婆三下两下就拼凑出一顿饭来。
　☞ Came to our house an unexpected guest and my wife whipped up a meal at moment's notice.
　☞ 他必须拼凑足够的选票才能当选。
　☞ He has to whip up enough votes in order to be elected.
5．scrape together，指到处搜集、拼凑。
　☞ 他拼凑起手头所有的各种材料建了栋小屋。
　☞ He scraped together whatever materials he had and built a hut.
　☞ 我们拼凑了一帮捧场的去参加她的音乐会。
　☞ We scraped together a claque to attend her concert.
拼命 拼命
1．risk one's life，指冒生命危险。
　☞ 为了救孩子，拼命也值。
　☞ It is worth risking my life to save the a child.
　☞ 她知道他要拼命了。
　☞ She knew he was going to risk his life.
2．fight，指与自己或别人斗。
　☞ 我拼命忍住了眼泪。
　☞ I fight to keep back my tears.
　☞ 我拼了这条命也要斗。
　☞ I will fight with all my life.
3．go all out，指全力以赴。
　☞ 他们在拼命扩军备战。
　☞ They are going all out to engage in arms expansion and war preparation.
　☞ 战士们拼命杀出了一条血路。
　☞ The soldiers went all out to open up a bloody path.
4．do one's utmost，指尽最大努力。
　☞ 他拼命取悦于她以赢得她的芳心。
　☞ He did his utmost to please her in order to win her heart.
　☞ 我们拼命阻止两村村民发生械斗。
　☞ We did our utmost to prevent the breakout of fight with weapons between the villagers of the two villages.
5．struggle，指拼命努力。
　☞ 人们拼命从着了火的大楼里逃了出来。
　☞ The people were struggling to get out of the burning building.
　☞ 那位走钢丝的拼命在钢丝上保持平衡的样子，我们都看得胆战心惊。
　☞ We watched with horror as the tight-rope walker struggled to maintain balance on the tight-rope.
6．desperately，指绝望时拼命。
　☞ 意大利人拼命抵抗，但丢失了大量的人员和装备。
　☞ The Italians resisted desperately, but lost a large number of men and a great amount of equipment.
　☞ 孩子们拼命从快速下沉的小艇里往外戽水。
　☞ The boys worked desperately, bailing water from the rapidly sinking boat.
7．“拼命”的其他译法。
　☞ 应当培养军人的拼命精神。
　☞ The death-defying spirit must be cultivated among army men.
　☞ 被围困的敌人摆出一幅拼命的架势。
　☞ The encircled enemy seemed to be getting ready for last-ditch stand.
　☞ 他拼命朝我们奔来。
　☞ He ran towards us for all one is worth.
　☞ 她拼命喊救命。
　☞ She cried wildly for help.
拿 拿
1．表示用手或其他方式拿时，可以有几种处理情况。
1) bring，指拿到这里来，动作由远而近。
　☞ 服务员，请给我拿点豆瓣酱。
　☞ Waiter, bring me some soybean paste, please.
　☞ 他忘了拿雨伞，淋成个落汤鸡。
　☞ He had forgotten to bring his umbrella and he was wet through.
2) take，指拿到那边去，动作由近而远。
　☞ 他拿着雨伞出门了。
　☞ He took his umbrella and went out.
　☞ 我父亲戴上眼镜，从我手里拿过那封信。
　☞ My father put on his glasses and took the letter from my hand.
　 ■ bring和take的区别，请看下面两句译文：
　☞ 你上我这里来时，请拿上我的词典。
　☞ When you come to me, please bring my dictionary 你走时，请拿上这束花。
　☞ When you leave, please take the flowers with you.
　 ■ 此外，take也可作“用武力拿下”解。
　☞ 我军在短暂的战斗后拿下了机场。
　☞ Our troops have taken the airport after a short fight.
3) hold，指拿的状态，不强调拿了以后的行动。
　☞ 她乎里拿着什么东西？
　☞ What is she holding in her hands?
　☞ 瞧，我把瓶子倒过来拿着。
　☞ Look, I hold the bottle upside down.
4) help oneself to，指自己拿或擅自拿，而且擅自拿的程度有时接近偷、抢。
　☞ 啤酒你自己拿。
　☞ Help yourself to beer.
　☞ 我的小女儿问都不问就拿了些糖果。
　☞ My little daughter helped herself to some candy without asking.
　☞ 其实，阿Q当时的所谓革命，不过是想跟别人一样拿点东西而已。
　☞ Actually, all Ah Q understands by revolution is helping himself to a few things just like some others.
2．capture, catch，指用武力或其他方式拿下，前一种情况可与take换用。
　☞ 前锋部队已拿下该市。
　☞ The advanced forces have captured (taken) the city.
　☞ 在这次战役中，我军接连胜利，连拿五城。
　☞ In this campaign our troops went from victory to victory and captured (took) five cities in succession.
　 ■ capture表示用其他方式拿下时，有接近“抓”的意思，故不能与take换用，而可与catch换用。
　☞ 警察尚未拿到那个小偷。
　☞ The police have not captured (caught) the thief yet.
　☞ 我们拿住了一只老鼠。
　☞ We captured (caught)a mouse.
3．“拿”可以用作介词，有“用”的意思。
1) with，in，by，都有“用”的意思，用以引进动作所凭借的东西。
　☞ 我总算拿手杖击退了那条狗。
　☞ I managed to beat the dog off with a stick.
　☞ 谁能拿事实证明？
　☞ Who can prove it with facts?
　☞ 杯子不脏，拿水涮一下就行。
　☞ The cup is not dirty, just rinse it with water.
　☞ 看守传进来的条子是拿铅笔写的。
　☞ The message delivered by the guard was written in pencil.
　☞ 坐在我妹妹身旁的老外在拿法语跟她对话。
　☞ The foreigner sitting next to my sister was talking to her in French.
　☞ 他是个聋哑人，你得拿手势跟他讲话。
　☞ He is a deaf mute. You have to talk to him by gestures.
　☞ 拿一般的标准来判断，他倒是蛮可靠的。
　☞ Judged by ordinary standard he is rather reliable.
2) to，of，with，about，有“把”、“对”的意思，可以引进所处置的对象。
　☞ 他说我不拿他当回事。
　☞ He said that I paid no attention to him.
　☞ 别害怕，他能拿你怎么样？
　☞ Don't be afraid. What can he do to you?
　☞ 他简直不拿这点困难放在眼里。
　☞ He simply thinks nothing of this difficulty.
　☞ 别拿我开玩笑。
　☞ Don't make fun of me.
　☞ 我简直拿他没办法。
　☞ I simply can't do anything with him.
　☞ 我喜欢拿工作当回事的年轻人。
　☞ I like a young man to be conscientious with his work.
　☞ 不准拿宗教跟他开玩笑。
　☞ You mustn't joke with him about religion.
　☞ 要是她一定要走，你又能拿她怎么样？
　☞ If she insists on leaving, what can you do about her?
　 ■ 如果这类结构仅为动宾结构，应尽量使用treat as，take等做谓语动词。如：
　☞ 你不能拿工作当儿戏。
　☞ You shouldn't treat your work as a trifling matter.
　☞ 他不拿我当人。
　☞ He doesn't treat me as a human being.
　☞ 别泄气，你要学会拿艰难当顺利。
　☞ Don't be discouraged; you must learn to take the rough with the smooth.
　☞ 他根本不拿这当回事。
　☞ He doesn't take it seriously at all.
3) as to（后接名词），so far as（后接从句），有“至于”的意思，表示提出要说明的事物或情况。常与“来说”、“来讲”、“来看”搭配。
　☞ 拿产品质量来讲，我们厂的最好。
　☞ As to the quality of the products, ours are the best ones.
　☞ 拿他的脾气和性情来说，我叫作无可指责。
　☞ As to his temper and nature, I call them reproachless.
　☞ 拿英语水平来看，她比组里的其他人要强些。
　☞ So far as English proficiency goes, she is better than other members of the group.
　☞ 拿我听到的来讲，实验进行得很顺利。
　☞ The experiment is going on quite smoothly so far as I heard.
4．“拿”的其他译法。
　☞ 这件事你拿得准吗？
　☞ Are you sure of it?
　☞ 别以为你不干这活就能拿住人。
　☞ Don't think that you can make it difficult by not doing the job.
　☞ 他说不干了，想拿我一把。
　☞ He said he wasn't going to do it and tried to put me in an awkward position.
　☞ 我们不能拿原则做交易。
　☞ We cannot barter away our principles.
　☞ 你拿什么谢我？
　☞ How would you show your gratitude to me?
　☞ 我这笔字，实在拿不出去。
　☞ Honestly, my handwriting is not presentable.
　☞ 这样的工作他拿不起来。
　☞ He cannot manage this kind of work.
　☞ 他虽当了主管，可凡事都拿不起来。
　☞ Though he is a boss, he cannot get anything done.
　☞ 样样农活她都拿得起来。
　☞ She can do every kind of farm work.
　☞ 我还没拿定主意。
　☞ I haven't made up my mind.
　☞ 她一直拿不定主意。
　☞ She has been wavering all along.
　☞ 有话快说，拿什么劲？
　☞ Out with it. Why be so shy and hesitant?
　☞ 我就错过那么一次，你就老用它来拿我。
　☞ That's the only mistake I made and you are always u.
　☞ sing it against me.
　☞ 去不去，你自己拿主意。
　☞ You'd better decide for yourself whether to go or not.
　☞ 那东西钉在墙上，我拿不下来。
　☞ It was nailed to the wall and I couldn't get it away.
　☞ 这么多人还拿不住一个毛贼！
　☞ So many people cannot seize even a petty thief!
　☞ 他拿不住钱，一两天就花光。
　☞ He can never keep money but will spend every cent of it in a day or two.
　☞ 你是头头，怎么还拿不住人？
　☞ You are the boss. How can't you keep men under control?
持续 持续
1．continue, go on，强调持续的过程，后者为口语。
　☞ 如果雨水持续到5月份，我们农民就会着急。
　☞ If the rain continues into May, we peasants will become concerned.
　☞ 会议一直持续到深夜。
　☞ The meeting has continued far into the night.
　☞ 两国文化交流已持续了1,000多年。
　☞ Cultural interchange between the two countries has gone on for more than a thousand years.
　☞ 音乐会持续了数小时。
　☞ The concert went on for hours.
2．last，常用语，可替换上面两词。
　☞ 地震持续了大约5秒钟。
　☞ The earthquake lasted (continued) for about 5 seconds.
　☞ 粮食短缺要持续多久？
　☞ How long will the food shortage last (go on)?
3．sustain，强调持续的力度。
　☞ 这样的工作强度能持续多久？
　☞ How long will such working intensity be sustained?
　☞ 当时我们生活在一种无法持续的高度紧张之中。
　☞ We lived at a high tension that could not be sustained.
4．“持续”还可用作定语，常用的有continuous，continued，sustained, lasting等。
　☞ 大脑需要持续供血。
　☞ The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
　☞ 没有持续的空中掩护，这次登陆就不可能成功。
　☞ The landing would not be possible without a continued air cover.
　☞ 经过全体村民的持续努力，我们完成了垦荒任务。
　☞ We have accomplished the land reclamation through the sustained efforts of all the villagers.
　☞ 温和而不易生气的人，一旦生起气来就具有持续性。
　☞ The anger of slow and mild people has a lasting quality.
挂 挂
1．hang，表示悬挂状态。
　☞ 请把地图挂在墙上好吗？
　☞ Will you please hang the map on the wall?
　☞ 天上挂着一轮明月。
　☞ A bright moon hangs in the sky.
　☞ 以前我们的招牌就挂在那里。
　☞ That's where our sign hung on once.
　☞ 大厅里挂着一些红旗和精心制作的装饰物。
　☞ The hall is hung with some flags and elaborated decorations.
2．hang up。
1) 表示挂起来。
　☞ 请把我的大衣挂起来。
　☞ Please hang up my overcoat.
　☞ 壁橱里有衣架，可以挂你的衣服。
　☞ There are hangers in the closet on which you can hang up your clothes.
2) 表示挂断电话。
　☞ 我正要问她别的事，她却把电话挂了。
　☞ I was going to ask her something else but she hung up.
　☞ 我还没来得及回答，他就把话筒挂了。
　☞ Before I could answer him he hung up the receiver.
3．hold on, hold the line，表示不要挂电话。
　☞ 请不要挂电话好吗？我去看看他在不在办公室。
　☞ Could you hold on, please7 I'll see if he is in the office.
　☞ 你别挂，等我查一下。
　☞ Hold the line while I find out.
4．put (get) through to, get, give, ring up, 都表示挂通电话。
　☞ 请给我挂拖拉机站。
　☞ Please put (get) me through to the tractor station.
　☞ 总机，请给我挂5322930好吗？
　☞ Could you get me number 5322930, operator? .
　☞ 请挂新华书店。
　☞ Give me Xinhua Bookstore, please.
　☞ 呆会我再给你挂电话。
　☞ I'll ring you up again.
5．suspend，表示吊挂。
　☞ 有人在脚手架顶上挂了张旧雨布。
　☞ Some one has suspended the old tarpaulin from the top of the scaffolding.
　☞ 一盏灯挂得正好使光线落在桌上。
　☞ A lamp is so suspended that the light falls right on the table.
6．pending，指悬而未决。
　“这是为你好，”他说着还提醒她，她的正式党员申请还挂着呢。
　 "It's for your own good, ”he said, reminding her that her application for full party membership was pending.
　☞ 该案的最后处置至今还挂在那里呢。
　☞ Final disposition of the case has been pending so far.
7．be concerned about, have sth. at heart, 表示牵挂。
　☞ 不要老挂着我的病。
　☞ Don't be concerned about my illness.
　☞ 共产党员应时刻把群众利益挂在心上。
　☞ A communist must always have the interests of the masses at heart.
8．catch (on)，表示钩住。
　☞ 我的衣服挂在钉上了。
　☞ My dress caught on a nail.
　☞ 她的头发挂在树丛里了。
　☞ Her hair caught in a bush.
　☞ 钉子挂住了她的衣服。
　☞ The nail caught her dress.
9．register，表示到医院、邮局挂号。
　☞ 我要挂外科。
　☞ I want to register for surgery.
　☞ 她心脏病发作，于是挂了急诊。
　☞ She had a heart attack and registered for emergency case.
　☞ 你的信最好挂号。
　☞ You'd better register your letter.
10．hitch (up)，表示连接。
　☞ 火车车厢现在已经挂在一起了。
　☞ The railway carriages are now hitched together.
　☞ 把拖车挂上我们就走。
　☞ Hitch up the trailer and we're going.
11．pay (give) lip service，表示只挂在口头上。
　☞ 有些共产党员嘴上挂着党的政策，却在谋取个人私利。
　☞ Paying lip service to Party's policy, some communists are pursuing private ends.
　☞ 有些人嘴上挂着马克思主义，背地里却在搞法西斯主义。
　☞ Some people give lip service to Marxism, but they practice Fascism behind your back.
指使 指使
1．instigate，instigation，instigator，指煽动性的指便。
　☞ 一些不同政见者想指使学生罢课。
　☞ Some dissidents tried to instigate the students to their strike.
　☞ 推翻政府的阴谋是由国外势力指使的。
　☞ The plot to overthrow the government was instigated by the forces abroad.
　☞ 他是受人指使的。
　☞ He acted on someone's instigation.
　☞ 这件事有人在幕后指使。
　☞ There must have been an instigator behind the scenes.
2．incite，与instigate的区别在于除了做坏事时作“指使”解外，在做好事时还作“激励”解。
　☞ 是“法轮功”指使少数坏人在天安门广场闹事。
　☞ It was "Falungong" who incited a handful of bad elements to make trouble in the Tian'anmen Square.
　☞ 你是为了自己的目的才指使孩子们犯法的。
　☞ You incited the children to offend against the law for the purpose of your own.
3．inspire，指带有鼓动或通过授意的指使。
　“法轮功”的头目指使并组织了在中南海周围的静坐示威。
　☞ The heads of "Falungong" inspired and organized sitting around Zhongnanhai.
　☞ 这篇文章是在一名内阁成员的指使下写的。
　☞ The article was inspired by a member of the cabinet.
指定（指派） 指定（指派）
1．appoint，指带有指派、委任性质的指定，暗示为完成某一任务而指派。
　☞ 国家主席亲自指定他为驻美大使。
　☞ The president personally appointed him as ambassador to the United States.
　☞ 两国间的谈判代表都已指定。
　☞ The representatives to the negotiation between the two countries were appointed.
　☞ 她被指派为车间主任。
　☞ She was appointed to be workshop director.
2．assign，也指委任、委派时的指定，常用于给某一集团的成员指定某一任务。
　☞ 联合国大会指定了一位副秘书长主持这项工作。
　☞ The United Nations General Assembly assigned an Under-Secretary-General to direct the work.
　☞ 我校已指定了一名新校长。
　☞ A new headmaster was assigned to our school.
　☞ 已经指派了一名记者来全程报道国际新闻。
　☞ A reporter was assigned to cover international news.
3．name，指提名式的指定。
　☞ 解放不久，周总理指定陈毅为外交部长。
　☞ Premier Zhou Enlai named Chen Yi to be minister of foreign affairs soon after liberation.
　☞ 他被指定为大会发言人。
　☞ He was named as the spokesman of the congress.
　☞ 我厂指派了代表出席党代会。
　☞ Our factory named delegates to the Party congress.
4．designate, 指指定具体的人或物，但比name正式。
　☞ 我在国外期间指定你代我行使职权。
　☞ I am designating you to act for me while I am abroad.
　☞ 我们的会面地点是由他指定的。
　☞ It was he who designated the place where we were to meet.
　☞ 会议决定双方各指派一名大使级的首席伐表。
　☞ The meeting has decided that each side shall designate a senior representative, who shall be of ambassadorial rank.
5．specify，指指定具体的规格。
　☞ 建筑设计师指定栎木作为贴面的木料。
　☞ The architect specified oak for the wood trim.
　☞ 医生指定用药后由护士负责向每个病人发药。
　☞ Nurses are responsible for giving each patient the medication specified by his doctor.
指导 指导
1．guide，指方向上的引导与指导，并暗示指导与被指导双方的亲密关系。
　☞ 指导我们思想的理论基础是马克思列宁主义。
　☞ The theoretical basis guiding our thinking is Marxism-Leninism.
　☞ 工作队一定要指导农民克服前进中的困难。
　☞ The work team must guide the peasants through the difficulties ahead。
2．direct，指为了达到目标的指导，暗示具有明确的针对性。
　☞ 指挥员都应熟悉指导战争的规律。
　☞ All commanding officers must be familiar with laws for directing war.
　☞ 国家的外交政策当时是由毛主席亲自指导的。
　☞ The nation's foreign policy was directed by Chairman Mao personally.
3．instruct，指详细的、细节上的指导。
　☞ 老农指导青年干农活。
　☞ The old peasants instructed the youths in farm work.
　☞ 她对我很和气，亲自指导我如何干好这一工作。
　☞ She was very kind to me and instructed me how to do the job well.
4．supervise，指在管理之下具有监督意味的指导。
　☞ 教师正在指导学生做实验。
　☞ The teacher was supervising his students in doing the experiment.
　☞ 教练在球场上指导足球赛。
　☞ The coach is supervising football games in the playground.
指(指出，指向) 指(指出，指向)
1．point, 着重指方向。
　☞ 他用手指了指门。
　☞ He pointed his Finger to the door 时针指向12点。
　☞ The hour hand pointed to twelve.
　 ■ 但point out也表示指出的是缺点、错误等。
　☞ 会上有人向他指出了他的错误。
　☞ Someone pointed out his errors to him at the meeting.
　☞ 只要你指出他的缺点，他会马上改正的。
　☞ He will correct his shortcomings if you point them out.
2．chart course，着重指航向。
　☞ 党中央给我们指航向。
　☞ The Party Central Committee charts our course.
　☞ 船队按所指的航向驶去。
　☞ The fleet sails forward according to the charted.
3．indicate，着重用姿势、目光等指出。
　☞ 我问他他的妹妹在哪里，他用脑袋指了指对面的商店。
　☞ I asked him where his sister was and he indicated the shop opposite with his head.
　☞ 标志上的箭头指着应去的路。
　☞ The arrow on a sign indicates the way to go.
4．direct to，着重指要达到的方向。
　☞ 会场上的注意力都指向了主席台上的那位电影明星。
　☞ At the meeting the attention was directed to the film star on the rostrum.
　☞ 他的话不是指你。
　☞ His remark was not directed to you.
5．refer to, 着重明确、直接提及。
　☞ 中国文学史上谈到的李、杜，指的是李白、杜甫。
　☞ In the history of Chinese literature, Li and Du refer to Li Bai and Du Fu.
　☞ 我知道校长谈到的那位年轻人是指王亮。
　☞ I know the headmaster was referring to Wang Liang when he spoke of a young lad.
指挥 指挥
1．command, 指必须绝对服从的指挥。常用于部队的指挥。
　☞ 我们的原则是党指挥枪，而不允许枪指挥党。
　☞ Our principle is that the Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party.
　☞ 上尉指挥一个连的士兵。
　☞ A captain commands a company of soldiers.
　☞ 她说她的父亲已被提为上校，不过仍然指挥原来的那个团。
　☞ She said that her father had been promoted to the rank of colonel, however, he was to command the same regiment.
2．direct，非正式用语，因此没有command正式，而且是一种较少涉及细节而强调方向的指挥。
　☞ 警察正在指挥交通。
　☞ The policeman is directing traffic.
　☞ 我们指派了一名工程师指挥这一大桥的建设工程。
　☞ We have appointed an engineer to direct the building of this great bridge.
　☞ 消防队长指挥队员立即从燃烧的大楼里撤出来。
　☞ The fire chief directed his men to get out of the burning building at once.
3．conduct，常指乐队的指挥。
　☞ 他指挥着一支有50种乐器的乐队。
　☞ He conducts an orchestra of fifty instruments.
　☞ 谁来指挥这场歌剧？
　☞ Who will conduct this opera?
指望 指望
1．hope，着重在希望上的指望。
　☞ 我们指望他长大了有出息。
　☞ We hope that he'll grow up to have prospects of success in life.
　☞ 他病得很重，现在我们只能指望医生了。
　☞ He is seriously ill. Now we can only hope the doctors.
　☞ 解放了，我们才有了指望。
　☞ It was liberation that brought us hope.
2．look to，着重点在有某种依靠的指望，后接for 接动词不定式。
　☞ 他在指望我们支持。
　☞ He looks to us for support.
　☞ 在这件事上我指望你能帮我。
　☞ I look to you to help me in this matter.
3．look forward to，着重点在怀着愉快心情指望某件事发生。
　☞ 我们都指望有一天能够实现这一计划。
　☞ We all look forward to the day when this plan will be put into practice.
　☞ 她发现自己越来越迫切地指望儿子能尽早回来。
　☞ She found herself looking forward more and more eagerly to the return of her son as soon as possible.
4．count on，着重点在有某种打算的指望。
　☞ 一家人在经济困难时就指望他了。
　☞ The whole family counts on him in case of financial difficulties.
　☞ 这件事我就指望你了。
　☞ I'll count on you for this matter.
指示 指示
1．indicate，指用手势、姿势、目光等指示。
　☞ 他用手指示前进的方向，命令部队前进。
　☞ Indicating the direction of advance with his finger, he ordered the troops to march forward.
　☞ 老师用教鞭指示着挂图进行逐步讲解。
　☞ The teacher indicated the hanging chart with a pointer and explained it step by step.
2．point (out)，指为了引起注意的指示。
　☞ 只要指南针指示的是南北方向，磁力就一定在同一条作用线上。
　☞ Only when the needle of the compass points in the NS direction, the magnetic forces do have the same line of action.
　☞ 导游向旅游者指示他们准备参观的主要景点。
　☞ The guide pointed out to the tourists the principal sights they were to visit.
3．instruct, instruction，指带有命令或细节的指示。
　☞ 军长指示部队立即出发。
　☞ The army commander instructed the troops to set out at once.
　☞ 总裁指示公司的律师对此事进行咨询。
　☞ The president instructed the lawyer of the corporation to make an inquiry about it.
　☞ 警方已收到监视他的指示。
　☞ The police have received the instructions to watch him.
4．direct, direction, directive，指带有方向性指导的指示。
　☞ 总部指示我回去。
　☞ The headquarters directed me to return.
　☞ 你上当了，我们首长没有作过指示。
　☞ You're taken in. Our chief did not give any directions.
　☞ 工头向工人们下达了干什么，怎么干的指示。
　☞ The foreman gave the workers directives about what to do and how to do it。
指责 指责
1．accuse of，accusation，一般用语，用于非正式场合的指责。如不满、气愤等引起的指责。
　☞ 她指责母亲说话不算数。
　☞ She accused her mother of having broken her words.
　☞ 是谁指责你干了这样的事？
　☞ Who accused you of such a thing?
　☞ 你指责我说谎并不符合事实。
　☞ Your accusation that I lied was untrue.
2．charge，指对违法、犯罪等的指责。
　☞ 声明指责超级大国的行为违反了1954年的日内瓦公约。
　☞ The statement charged that the superpower's actions violated the 1954 Geneva Convention.
　☞ 他受到了行为不端的指责。
　☞ He was charged with misconduct.
　☞ 不要动不动就对同志横加指责。
　☞ Never make unwarranted charges against comrades at every turn.
3．criticize, criticism，指带有批评性的指责。
　☞ 大家指责他玩忽职守。
　☞ He was criticized for neglect of duty.
　☞ 她老是指责丈夫邋里邋遢的。
　☞ She is always criticizing her husband for being sloppy.
4．find fault with，指带有挑毛病性质的指责。
　☞ 他似乎对什么事都要指责。
　☞ He seemed to find fault with everything.
　☞ 我们怎么能指责这种实事求是的态度呢？
　☞ How can we find fault with this realistic approach?
5．censure，指强烈的指责，比criticize严历。
　☞ 一家人都在指责他，因为他做了一件为人所不齿的事情。
　☞ The whole family censured him since he had done a contemptible thing.
　☞ 他因政治丑闻而受到舆论的指责。
　☞ He was subjected to the censure of public opinion for a political scandal.
6．attack，指攻击性的指责。
　☞ 有时候，我们也受到报纸的指责。
　☞ Sometimes we were also attacked by the newspapers.
　☞ 不过，我们准备用事实来回击他们的指责。
　☞ However, we are ready to answer their attacks with facts.
按 按
1．表示按捺，常用于否定，译control。
　☞ 他只要提到他的不肖之子，就按不住心中的怒火。
　☞ He could hardly control his anger at the mere mention of his unworthy son.
　☞ 临行前夕，她按不住心中的激动。
　☞ On the eve of her departure, she could scarcely control her excitement.
2．表示按压，可译为press。
　☞ 武松用两只手抓住老虎的头皮，使劲往地上按。
　☞ Wu Song grabbed the skin of the tiger's forehead with both hands and pressed it to the ground with all the strength.
　☞ 路上我觉得胃痛，便停下来坐在路边一块石头上，用手按住胸口。
　☞ On the way, I got a stomachache, so I stopped and sat on a stone by the roadside, pressing my chest with my hand.
　☞ 他刚按电钮，门就自动开了。
　☞ Hardly had he pressed the button when the door slid open automatically.
3．表示用手压住或握住，译keep a tight grip, hold。
　☞ 尽管他两臂受伤，但仍紧紧按住操纵杆使飞机安全着陆。
　☞ Even though he was wounded in both arms, he kept a tight grip on the control lever and landed the plane safely.
　☞ 他按剑而立。
　☞ He stood there holding his sword.
4．表示盖印，译put。
　☞ 他不识字，只好在合同上按手印。
　☞ He could neither read nor write, so he put his thumbprint on the contract instead.
5．表示诊脉，译feel。
　☞ 医生按了按脉，给她开了一张药方。
　☞ The doctor felt her pulse and wrote her a prescription.
6．表示搁下不提，译put aside。
　☞ 县官得了赃银，按下此案不问。
　☞ The magistrate received the silver as a bribe and put the case aside.
7．“按铃”可用ring the bell。
　☞ 她登上172号的台阶就急忙按铃。
　☞ Mounting the steps of Number 172, she hurriedly rang the bell.
按时 按时
1．表示准时，译on time。
　☞ 我没按时到达，叫她等了15分钟。
　☞ I didn't get there on time; I kept her waiting for fifteen minutes.
　☞ 五点钟的火车按时到达。
　☞ The train, which was due at five o'clock, arrived on time.
2．表示及时，译in time，其后常接介词for，或动词不定式。
　☞ 我们按时到达景洪正好赶上傣族泼水节。
　☞ We got to Jinghong just in time for the Dai nationality Water-Splashing Festival.
　☞ 我希望你按时到达，以参加典礼。
　☞ I hope you will arrive in time to attend the ceremony.
　☞ 如果按时服药，就很有效。
　☞ Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.
3．表示按规定时间，译on schedule。
　☞ 我们预订的英语词典已按时出版了。
　☞ The English dictionary we have subscribed for has come out on schedule.
　☞ 尽管遇到挫折，我认为我们能设法按时完成工作。
　☞ Despite setbacks, I think we shall manage to complete the work on schedule.
按照 按照
1．译成by，常与standard, rule, condition, logic, reckoning, weight，merit, bulk等词搭配。
　☞ 按照我们的标准，你在考生中名列前茅。
　☞ By our standards, you are among the best of successful examinees.
　☞ 我们按照规章制度办事。
　☞ We do everything by rules and regulations.
　☞ 按照商定的条件，我们是理应这样做的。
　☞ By the conditions of our agreement, we are bound to do as we are doing.
　☞ 按照事态发展的逻辑，人民终归是要胜利的。
　☞ By the logic of events, the people will win in the end.
　☞ 按照习惯计算，我今年62岁。
　☞ By traditional reckoning, I'm now sixty-two.
2．译成in，常与manner, difficulty, opinion, direction，order, style，eye，terms of等词搭配。
　☞ 我们很快就学会了按照要求的方式进行练习。
　☞ Very soon, we all learned to perform the exercise in the manner required.
　☞ 课文要按照难易程度编排。
　☞ The texts should be graded in order of difficulty.
　☞ 按照他的观点，物价还要继续上涨。
　☞ In his opinion the commodity prices will keep going up.
　☞ 历史正是按照马克思指出的方向发展的。
　☞ History has developed in the direction pointed out by Marx.
3．译成to，常与scale，specification，plan，thinking，estimate等搭配。
　☞ 这个模型完全是按照比例做成的。
　☞ This model is made exactly to a scale.
　☞ 我厂一向按照规格生产零部件。
　☞ Our factory has been producing parts to specifications.
　☞ 一切都是按照计划进行的。
　☞ Everything went to plan.
　☞ 按照我的想法，这个计划比另一个计划更为可取。
　☞ This plan, to my thinking, has more to recommend than the other.
　☞ 按照我的估计，受灾面积不到1／3。
　☞ To my estimate, the affected area is less than one third.
4．译成at，常与rate，price，value，cost，dictation等搭配。
　☞ 按照这样的行进速度，我们能在天黑前到达目的地吗？
　☞ Can we reach our destination before dark at this rate of progress?
　☞ 虽然花钱多了一点，但按照要价来看，这块表还是便宜的。
　☞ Though a bit expensive, the watch was cheap at the price asked.
　☞ 邮票是按照票面价值出售的。
　☞ Postage stamps are sold at face value.
　☞ 如果你想要，我们可以按照成本价分给你一些。
　☞ We can spare you some at cost price if you want.
　☞ 我是按照老师口授听写下来的。
　☞ I wrote it at the teacher's dictation.
5．译成after，常与pattern，deserts，opinion，plan，fashion等搭配。
　☞ 一定要按照所给的句型造句。
　☞ Do make the sentences after the given patterns.
　☞ 这个运动场是按照北京工人体育馆式样建造的。
　☞ This stadium is modeled after the Beijing Worker's Stadium.
　☞ 每个历史人物都应按照他的功过进行评价。
　☞ Every historical figure ought to be evaluated after his deserts.
　☞ 一味按照世俗的见解过日子，不但愚蠢，而且错误。
　☞ It is not only foolish but also wrong to live solely after the world opinion.
　☞ 在大中学校所受的教育有助于以后按照具体的计划进行自学。
　☞ The education received at school and college facilitates self-education after a definite plan.
6．译成on，常与style, term, merit, showing, model, basis等搭配。
　☞ 既要革命，就必须有一个按照马克思列宁主义的革命理论和马克思列宁主义的革命风格建立起来的革命党。
　☞ If there is to be revolution. there must be a revolutionary party on the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary theory and the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary style.
　☞ 双方都想按照自己的条件结束战争。
　☞ Either side wanted to end the war on its own terms.
　☞ 不同的犯罪分子必须按照案情轻重予以不同的处理。
　☞ It is essential that different criminals should be dealt with differently on the merits of each case.
　☞ 按照你的说法，你在途中不止在一处停留过。
　☞ On your own showing, you stopped over at more places than one.
　☞ 就按照你兄弟的样子做吧。
　☞ Make yours on the model of your brothers.
　☞ 姓名按照字母顺序排列。
　☞ The names are arranged on an alphabetical basis.
7．译成under，常与accord，agreement，rule，dictation，arrangement等搭配。
　☞ 按照协议，双方同意停止相互的敌对宣传。
　☞ Under the accord, both sides agree to stop propaganda activities against each other.
　☞ 按照取得的一致意见，每个会员每月应交纳收入的1%作为会费。
　☞ Under the agreement each member is to pay one percent of his monthly salary as a membership fee.
　☞ 按照选举条例，投票是符合程序的。
　☞ Under the rules of election the vote was in order.
　☞ 我是按照老师口授写下来的。
　☞ I wrote it under the teacher's dictation.
8．译成according to或in accordance with, 常与law, instruction, regulation, rule, order, forecast, outlook, plan, author, ability等搭配，有“使之一致”之意，一般可以相互换用。其区别是前者语气较轻，后者语气较重，属书面体，显得郑重。
　☞ 社会是按照某种法则发展的。
　☞ Society develops according to (in accordance with) certain laws.
　☞ 货物将按照你方要求发送。
　☞ The goods will be sent according to (in accordance with) your instructions.
　☞ 一切都是按照规章制度办事的。
　☞ Everything has been done according to (in accordance with) rules and regulations.
　☞ 按照你的吩咐，我把船卖了。
　☞ According to (In accordance with) your orders, I sold the boat.
　 ■ 但是如果“按照”是与某种学说、报道、说法等搭配，一般用according to。
　☞ 按照辩证唯物主义，物质是第一性的，思维是第二性的。
　☞ According to dialectical materialism matter is primary and thought is secondary.
　☞ 按照天气预报，今晚可能下雪。
　☞ According to the weather forecast we can expect snow tonight.
　☞ 按照马克思的教导，工人阶级不能简单地夺取现成的国家机器并为自己服务。
　☞ According to Marx, the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery and use it for its own purpose.
9．译成in conformity with，常与view，desire，will, interest, principle, notion, custom等搭配，有使之符合之意。
　☞ 计划是按照大多数人的意见制订的。
　☞ The plan is made in conformity with the views of the majority.
　☞ 协议是按照两国人民的愿望和利益签订的。
　☞ The agreement has been signed in conformity with the desire and interests of the two peoples.
　☞ 按照人民的意志和利益来争取国与国之间的关系正常化是件好事。
　☞ It is a good thing to strive to normalize relations between countries in conformity with the will and interests of the people.
　☞ 一切都应该按照这一原则办事。
　☞ Everything should be done in conformity with this principle.
　☞ 按照这一想法我们放宽了进口的限制。
　☞ In conformity with this notion we have relaxed our control on imports.
　 ■ 应该指出，如果in conformity with在句中不作状语，而作表语时，则作“符合”解。例如：
　☞ 签订这一协议符合两国人民的愿望与利益。
　☞ The signing of the agreement is in conformity with the desire and interests of the two peoples.
10．译成in the light of，常与condition，experience, consideration, hypothesis, situation, comprehension等搭配。
　☞ 一切战术都应按照具体的情况灵活运用。
　☞ All tactics should be employed flexibly in the light of specific conditions.
　☞ 所有企业都应按照新近取得的经验力求在组织和经营方面进行一场改革。
　☞ All industrial enterprises are out for a reform in organization and operation in the light of the new-won experience.
　☞ 我们是按照这些考虑来选定标准的。
　☞ We selected criteria in the light of these considerations.
　☞ 实验通常是按照某个假设来设计的。
　☞ Experiments are commonly designed in the light of some hypothesis.
11．译成agreeably to，常与pledge，commission, proposal, request, order等搭配，有欣然遵照之意。
　☞ 按照我们的承诺，我们撤回了在朝鲜的志愿军。
　☞ We withdrew our volunteers from Korea agreeably to our pledge.
　☞ 按照你的委托，我为孩子们带回来各种纪念品。
　☞ Agreeably to your commission I have brought back a variety of souvenirs for the children.
　☞ 按照你的建议，我们大幅度缩减了辞典的篇幅。
　☞ We had the dictionary considerably abridged agreeably to your proposal.
　☞ 按照你的请求，我们又重新调查了这件事。
　☞ Agreeably to your request, we have looked into the matter again.
　☞ 会议按照议事日程讨论了委员会的报告。
　☞ The conference took up the report of the committee agreeably to the order of the day.
12．译成in compliance with，常与suggestion, wish, intention, rule等搭配，有“只好遵照”之意。
　☞ 按照读者的建议，我们对全书作了全面修订。
　☞ In compliance with the readers' suggestion, we have thoroughly revised the book.
　☞ 按照大家的愿望，学校领导决定在整个游泳季节里为群众练习游泳每周安排一个下午。
　☞ In compliance with popular wishes, the school authorities decided to set apart for the whole swimming season one afternoon each week for mass swimming practice.
　☞ 按照作者的意见，有几篇文章已经删去。
　☞ Some articles have been omitted in compliance with the intention of the author.
　☞ 按照上述规则，修饰语应放在被修饰语之后，而不是之前。
　☞ In compliance with the rule mentioned above, the modifier should be put after, rather than before the word it modifies.
13．“按照”有时可以译作动词，这时可用follow。
　☞ 俄国人民的革命曾经按照这条法则；中国人民的革命也按照这条法则。
　☞ The Russian people's revolution followed this law, and so did the Chinese revolution.
　☞ 考虑中的扩建将按照原厂的式样设计。
　☞ The extension under consideration will follow the design of the original plant.
按理 按理
1．as a rule，按规律推理。
　☞ 村子遭了灾，按理是可以免交农业税的，但是村民不干。
　☞ As a rule, when a village was hit by natural calamity, villagers were entitled to exempt from agricultural tax, but they rejected it.
　☞ 隆冬按理是最冷的时节，现在却是摄氏10多度的暖天。
　☞ As a rule the midwinter is the coldest season. but now it has a temperature more than ten degrees centigrade.
2．normally，ordinarily，按正常或普通的情况推理。
　☞ 按理我今天休息，但我加了一天班。
　☞ Normally, today is my day-off, but I worked an extra day.
　☞ 火车到达下一站按理要20分钟。
　☞ Normally the train takes twenty minutes to reach the next station.
　☞ 服这种药，按理不该有并发症。
　☞ Normally, there are no complications with this medicine.
　☞ 按理这时候该下雪了。
　☞ Ordinarily it should be snowing at this time of the year.
3．logically，按逻辑推理。
　☞ 按理他应该知道这一点，因为他学过汉语拼音。
　☞ Logically he should have known it as he once learned Chinese Phonetic Alphabet.
　☞ 按理不应该这么办。
　☞ Logically, it shouldn't be done this way.
4．stand to reason，按常理推理。
　☞ 他是个聪明而又勤奋的学生，按理他是应该考及格的。
　☞ He is an intelligent and diligent student; it stands to reason that he should have passed the examination.
　☞ 如果你有驾驶执照，按理是可以开车的。
　☞ If you have a driver's license, it stands to reason that you can drive.
5．by rights，按权利推理。
　☞ 按理这笔财产应该是我的。
　☞ The property should belong to me by rights.
　☞ 按理我应该负责这个部门。
　☞ By rights, I ought to be in charge of this department.
接连 接连
1．on end，at a stretch，表示某个动作或现象延续了一段时间，故前面只用表示时间的名词。
　☞ 他接连打了两个小时的乒乓球。
　☞ He played table-tennis for two hours on end.
　☞ 我的家乡已接连3个月没有雨了。
　☞ In my native place there has been no rain for three months on end.
　☞ 他接连几周都失眠。
　☞ He suffered from insomnia for weeks at a stretch.
　☞ 这一次他接连讲了30分钟。
　☞ This time he talked for thirty minutes at a stretch.
2．in succession，successive，表示时间上、次数上的延续。
　☞ 他接连3年获得一等奖。
　☞ He has been awarded first prize three years in succession.
　☞ 我接连4次错过了饭局。
　☞ I missed four dinners in succession.
　☞ 我们队接连赢了3场球。
　☞ Our team won three successive matches.
　☞ 他两星期里接连动了两次手术，真要命！
　☞ What an awful nuisance! He underwent two successive operations in two weeks.
3．running，指连续不断。
　☞ 我们村接连3年获得丰收。
　☞ Our village reaped good harvest for three years running.
　☞ 我接连赢了3次。
　☞ I won three times running.
4．in a row，指一连串地接连不断。
　☞ 那电影真叫好，我接连去看了两次。
　☞ The movie is just wonderful, I went to see it twice in a row.
　☞ 我听见那人接连说了3个数字。
　☞ I heard that man call three numbers in a row.
5．one after another，指一个接着一个，因此所指的应为可数名词。
　☞ 竞选期间全国接连发生罢工。
　☞ During the election period strikes broke out all over the country one after another.
　☞ 他接连提出了许多问题。
　☞ He raised many questions one after another.
6．continuously，指接连不断的动作。
　☞ 接连下了3天雨，到今天早晨才放晴。
　☞ It had been raining continuously for three days, and it only cleared up this morning.
　☞ 他身体好，所以才能接连工作10多个小时。
　☞ He is in good shape, so he can work continuously for more than ten hours.
挑剔 挑剔
1．nitpick，指在细节上挑剔。
　☞ 总的说来这个计划是好的，我们不应挑剔。
　☞ On the whole it's a good plan and we should not nitpick.
　☞ 他的报告除了挑剔，什么也没有。
　☞ His report contains nothing but nitpicking.
2．particular about，指因讲究而挑剔。
　☞ 她对吃的东西十分挑剔。
　☞ She is very particular about what she eats.
　☞ 王太太对家务活儿挑剔得连女佣都不想为她干了。
　☞ Mrs. Wang is so particular about her housework that the maidservant will not work for her.
3．hypercritical，指因苛求而挑剔。
　☞ 只有最挑剔的艺术家才会发现他作品中的毛病。
　☞ Only the most hypercritical artists can discover what is wrong in his works.
　☞ 他生性挑剔，总是贬低别人的成绩。
　☞ He is hypercritical, belittling achievements of others all the time.
4．fastidious about，指挑剔得令人难以伺候。
　☞ 她对衣着十分挑剔。
　☞ She is very fastidious about her clothing.
　☞ 他一丝不苟的写作技巧肯定会给最挑剔的读者以最大的满足。
　☞ His scrupulous writing technique must surely give the greatest pleasure to the most fastidious readers.
5．critical，指带有批判眼光的挑剔。
　☞ 我原来以为他任性、挑剔、一股“洋鬼子味儿”。
　☞ I had expected to find him headstrong, critical and "foreign".
　☞ 她对别人的意见总是以一种挑剔的态度对待。
　☞ She always has a critical attitude towards others' opinion.
挑拨 挑拨
1．instigate，指明目张胆挑拨。
　☞ 是某些政客在挑拨士兵违抗命令。
　☞ It was certain politicians who were instigating the soldiers to disobey orders.
　☞ 谁在一直挑拨他呢？
　☞ By whom can he have been instigated?
2．incite，指行动开始前的挑拨。
　☞ 你挑拨他对那不幸的少女施暴是有自己目的的。
　☞ You incite him to outrage the unhappy maid for the purpose of your own.
　☞ 他因挑拨离间别人相互攻讦而受到指控。
　☞ He was charged for inciting people one against the other.
3．foment，指长期不断地挑拨。
　☞ 他一口咬定我在挑拨是非。
　☞ He insisted that I was fomenting discord.
　☞ 种族偏见的理论其实是挑拨冲突的一种手段。
　☞ Theories of race prejudice are indeed a means for fomenting conflicts.
4．sow，指通过散布和传播进行挑拨。
　☞ 他们宣传的目的是要在群众中挑拨是非。
　☞ Their aim of propaganda is to sow discord among the masses.
　☞ 我们决不容许挑拨民族关系。
　☞ By no means can we tolerate sowing dissension among the various nationalities.
5．stir up，指通过挑动情绪进行挑拨。
　☞ 这场口舌是他挑拨的。
　☞ It was he who stirred up the quarrel.
　☞ 警惕背后有人挑拨。
　☞ Beware of people stirring up trouble behind the scenes.
挑选 挑选
1．choose, choice，指在众多选择中挑选满足自己需要的一种判断行为。
　☞ 我之所以挑选你是因为你有白皙的肤色。
　☞ I chose you because you have such a fair complexion.
　☞ 参加这次影展的电影必须仔细挑选。
　☞ Films for this exhibition must be carefully chosen.
　☞ 挑选一个剧本的基础应该是它的娱乐性。
　☞ The choice of a play should be based on entertainment value.
2．select, selection，指从较大范围中有区别地挑选有价值或符合需求的人或物。
　☞ 我们的征聘方针是访问20所重点院枝，每家挑选 1个学生尖子。
　☞ Our recruitment policy is to visit twenty key colleges and select one top student from each.
　☞ 我们的县委书记挑选该村作为他的试验田。
　☞ The Party secretary of our county selected that village as his experimental plot.
　☞ 百货商店有许多童装可供挑选。
　☞ The department store has a large selection of children's clothes.
3．pick，指仔细挑选，尤指从个人判断上的挑选。
　☞ 一位出色的人事部经理要善于挑选恰当的人，放到恰当的岗位上。
　☞ A good personnel manager must be good at picking the right person for the right job.
　☞ 这3件连衣裙我都喜欢，不知挑选哪一件好。
　☞ I like all of the three dresses and don't know which of them to pick.
　☞ 这堆书我要过一遍，挑选我所需要的。
　☞ I'll go through this pile of books and pick out those I want.
4．single out，指从一组人或物中挑选出来，并予以特殊处理。
　☞ 他们都搞错了，为什么单单挑选他给予处分呢？
　☞ They all did wrong, why single him out for punishment?
　☞ 党组织常从群众中挑选积极分子。
　☞ The Party organization often singles out the activists from the masses.
挖 挖
1．dig，常用词，指以任何方式、使用任何工具挖。
　☞ 我们去年挖了两条灌溉渠。
　☞ Last year we dug two irrigation channels.
　☞ 老园丁在挖土。
　☞ The old gardener was digging soil.
　☞ 囚犯挖了条地道逃跑了。
　☞ The prisoner escaped by digging an underground passage.
2．spade，指用铁铲挖，目的往往是种植或收获。
　☞ 我的邻居老早就在挖园子了。
　☞ My neighbor spaded his garden early.
　☞ 昨天我们挖了不少土豆。
　☞ We spaded a lot of potatoes yesterday.
3．grub，指为了某种目的在表层挖。
　☞ 他花了整整一个星期才把他地里的树桩挖了出来。
　☞ It took him a whole week to grub the stumps on his land.
　☞ 他开始用手杖挖着，接着就发出一声欢呼。
　☞ He began grubbing with his walking stick and presently gave a cry of triumph.
4．excavate，指用铲、锹、机械等挖，是规模较大的开控。
　☞ 我们得先挖一个大坑才能打基础。
　☞ We have to excavate a large pit before putting in the foundation.
　☞ 村里的人在挖一条隧道，想与山那边的村子连起来。
　☞ People from the village are excavating a tunnel to connect their village with the village on the other side of the hill.
5．exhume，指挖埋起来的东西。
　☞ 尸体挖出来后就火化了。
　☞ The body was exhumed and burned.
　☞ 挖文物是吃力不讨好的工作。
　☞ It is an ungrateful job to exhume cultural relics.
6．“挖”的其他译法。
　☞ 去年我家挖了一口新井。
　☞ My family sank a new well last year.
　☞ 我家乡的农民农闲时挖塘泥做堆肥。
　☞ The peasants in my home village always scoop up sludge from ponds to make compost during the slack season.
　☞ 煤是从地下深处挖出来的。
　☞ Coal is mined from deep underground.
　☞ 你把最好的老师都弄走了，你这是在挖我们系的墙脚。
　☞ You've taken away our best teachers, so you're undermining the foundation of our department.
　☞ 分析错误就是要挖思想根源。
　☞ You have to analyze your ideological roots if you are to examine your mistakes.
　☞ 你这是挖肉补疮。
　☞ You're robbing Peter to pay Paul.
挖掘 挖掘
1．excavate，指用工具、机械等挖掘。
　☞ 为了建造这一水坝，需挖掘的土方将达500万方。
　☞ In order to build this dam the earthwork we have to excavate will amount to 5 million cubic meters.
　☞ 仅从该矿坑一处就挖掘出百万吨以上的富矿。
　☞ Over a million tons of rich ore were excavated from that one pit alone.
　 ■ excavate有时也指自然力的挖掘。
　☞ 5大湖盆地是由大陆冰川挖掘成的。
　☞ The Five Great Lakes basins were excavated by continental glaciation.
2．unearth，常指珍贵文物宝藏的挖掘。
　☞ 这些废墟是从地下5米深处挖掘出来的。
　☞ These ruins have been unearthed five meters below the surface.
　☞ 考古工作者挖掘出的地下宝藏震惊了世界。
　☞ The buried treasure the archaeologists unearthed startled the world.
　 ■ 有时，即使挖掘出来的不是什么宝物，但也会使人产生这方面的联想。
　☞ 他的几个儿子挖掘出埋在树下的一只箱子，这件事在全村引起了轰动。
　☞ His sons unearthed a box buried under a tree, which caused a sensation throughout the whole village.
　 ■ unearth有时还指“发掘别人没有发掘的东西并公之于世”。
　☞ 这方面的理论还有待挖掘。
　☞ The theory in this field is yet to be unearthed.
　☞ 要解释中国古典诗词就要十分注意挖掘其意境。
　☞ One must pay great attention to unearthing the mood of the Chinese classical poems if one is to explain them.
3．tap，指挖掘某种潜力、潜能。
　☞ 我们应该挖掘生产潜力，增产节约。
　☞ We must tap production potential to increase production and practice economy.
　☞ 不挖掘潜力就意味着停步不前。
　☞ Failure to tap potential means ceasing to advance.
　☞ 我国应发掘新能源。
　☞ China must tap new sources of energy.
挡住 挡住
1．block (up)，指阻挡。
　☞ 泥石流挡住了河道上游的去路。
　☞ The mud-rock flow blocked the upper reaches of the river.
　☞ 入口被一场暴风雪挡住了。
　☞ The entrance was blocked by a severe snowstorm.
　☞ 一块石头掉下来挡住了这条小路。
　☞ A piece of rock has fallen and blocked up the path.
2．bar，指封闭。
　☞ 一堵高墙挡住了去他家花园的通路。
　☞ A high wall bars the way into his garden.
　☞ 军车挡住了所有出城的通路。
　☞ Military vehicles barred all the roads out of the city.
3．obstruct，指设置障碍时，可与block与bar换用。
　☞ 巨石挡住了洞穴的入口。
　☞ Large boulders obstructed the entrance to the cave.
　☞ 道路被倒下来的树挡住了。
　☞ The road was obstructed by fallen trees.
　 ■ 但挡住光线、视线时，不能与block，bar换用。
　☞ 高大的建筑物挡住了西边来的光线。
　☞ Tall buildings obstruct the light from the west.
　☞ 那女人的帽子挡住了我到舞台上的视线。
　☞ The woman's hat obstructed my view of the stage.
　☞ 日蚀时，月亮挡住了太阳。
　☞ During a solar eclipse, the moon obstructs the sun.
4．stop，check，前者指阻止人或物的运动，后者仅指遏止。
　☞ 门卫在门口把我们挡住了。
　☞ The guards stopped us at the gate.
　☞ 我要走了，你是挡不住我的。
　☞ I'm going, you can't stop me.
　☞ 如果我们想走，又有什么挡得住我们呢？
　☞ What can stop our going if we want to go?
　☞ 我军挡住了敌人的前进。
　☞ Our army stopped the enemy's advance.
　☞ 她跑过时，他一把抓住她的胳臂，干脆跟她一起冲进屋里，跑上楼去，一点也没有想挡住她的意思。
　☞ He caught her by the arm as she ran past and, without trying to check her, simply darted in with her and up the stairs.
　☞ 现在大概无法能挡住敌军前进了。
　☞ Perhaps there is nothing now that can check the advance of the enemy army.
　☞ 沙袋会暂时挡住洪水。
　☞ The sandbags will check the floodwaters temporarily.
5．screen (out)，常指以某种物体为屏障。
　☞ 在他与他人之间有一块大石头挡住了他的一举一动。
　☞ His movements were screened by a large rock between him and the others.
　☞ 地球的大气层挡住了太阳的大部分辐射。
　☞ The earth's atmosphere screens out much of the sun's radiation.
　☞ 她打开门来挡住窗户。
　☞ She opened the door to screen the window.
　☞ 他用手挡住了光。
　☞ He screened the light with his hand.
6．hide，常指隐藏在某物之后。
　☞ 在一张快照中，总统的头挡住了国务卿的脸。
　☞ The President's head hid the State Secretary's face in the snapshot.
　☞ 我在观察时，一片匆匆而过的白云一下挡住了太阳。
　☞ A hurrying white cloud hid the sun for a moment as I watched.
　 ■ 但如果screen与hide在不突出上述区别时，两者可以换用。如：
　☞ 她用双手挡住眼睛。
　☞ She screened (hid) her eyes with her hands.
　☞ 她用手挡住了脸。
　☞ She hid f screened) her face with her hands.
7．prevent，含义比较笼统，不像以上几个词那么具体，常指阻止某种行动。
　☞ 雨是挡不住我来的。
　☞ The rain does not prevent me from coming.
　☞ 谁能挡住他打自己的孩子呢？
　☞ Who could prevent him from hitting his own child?
8．be in the way，常指物体挡道的状态。
　☞ 倒下的树挡住了去路，我们只得绕过去。
　☞ The fallen trees were in the way and we had to make a detour.
　☞ 他想到门口去，但桌子挡住了路。
　☞ He tried to get to the door, but the table was in the wav.
9．其他译法。
　☞ 倒下的树挡住了溪水。
　☞ Fallen trees dammed the brook.
　☞ 反动派的任何阴谋诡计都挡不住世界革命的前进。
　☞ No attempt of the reactionaries can arrest the progress of the world revolution.
　☞ 他冲上去用胸膛挡住了敌人的子弹。
　☞ He dashed forward and took the enemy's bullets in his chest.
　☞ 山高挡不住太阳。
　☞ The highest mountain can't shut out the sun.
　☞ 绝不能让私利挡住了眼睛。
　☞ Never be blinded by private interests.
挤 挤
1．squeeze，指挤压，重点在挤。
　☞ 你挤只橘子，弄点橘子汁。
　☞ You squeeze an orange to get the juice out of it.
　☞ 他从牙膏管里挤出最后一点牙膏。
　☞ He squeezed the last bit from the tooth-paste tube.
　☞ 他无法再在厂里继续干下去，他是被厂长挤走的。
　☞ He was unable to continue working in the factory. He was squeezed out by the director.
2．press，指挤压，重点在压。
　☞ 我的一只鞋有点夹脚。
　☞ My shoe presses my toe a bit.
　☞ 孩子们紧紧挤在母亲身边。
　☞ The children pressed close to their mother.
　☞ 听了这些话，人群大声欢呼，纷纷挤向前来。
　☞ The crowd gave a loud cheer at these words and pressed forward one after another.
3．push，指推挤，重点在推。
　☞ 人群把我挤离了人行道。
　☞ The crowd pushed me off the pavement.
　☞ 泪水从紧闭的睫毛中慢慢地挤了出来。
　☞ Tears pushed slowly through the closed lashes.
　☞ 他挤到人群前面想看看发生了什么。
　☞ He pushed himself to the front of the crowd to see what had happened.
4．pack，指挤满，重点在满。
　☞ 他的支持者挤满了大厅。
　☞ His supporters packed the hall.
　☞ 他们尽量往里挤。
　☞ They packed in as tightly as they could.
　☞ 小屋挤不下那么多人。
　☞ It's impossible to pack so many people into the small room.
5．crowd，指人群拥挤。
　☞ 他们总算挤进了火车车厢。
　☞ They managed to crowd into the train.
　☞ 我们挤在他周围，发出欢呼。
　☞ We crowded around him, giving cheers.
　☞ 人们挤出来看表演。
　☞ People crowded out to see the performance.
6．crop up，指意外地出现。
　☞ 几件事挤在一起，弄得我的处境相当困难。
　☞ Things have cropped up, which make my position rather difficult.
　☞ 我没想到几件事情会同时挤在一起。
　☞ I didn't expect that several matters would crop up at the same time.
挨 挨
1．“挨”作“遭受”解时，可以有两种处理方法。
1) 用被动语态表示受到不愿受到的遭遇。
　☞ 她因粗心大意，挨了批评。
　☞ She was criticized for her carelessness.
　☞ 这孩子不听话，挨了打。
　☞ The boy was beaten for disobedience.
　☞ 好呀！你丢下我们不管，让我们在人堆里挨挤。
　☞ Well! you left us being pushed here and there in the large crowd.
　 ■ 用be＋过去分词表示的被动是一种静态，但如果用get＋过去分词则可表示动态的生动画面。
　☞ 谁想得到会在半路上挨浇？
　☞ Who would have thought that I should get caught in a pouring rain on the way?
　☞ 到伊拉克去？你在那里会挨骗、挨抢、挨杀的！
　☞ You're going to Iraq? You may get cheated, robbed and murdered there!
2) 用主动语态客观地表示受到的遭遇，甚至暗示应该遭受这样的待遇，可用get, take, receive等。
　☞ 这孩子不听话，挨了打。
　☞ The boy got a beating for disobedience.试比较：The boy was beaten for disobedience.
　☞ 司机因超速挨批。
　☞ The driver got a telling off for having exceeded the speed limit.试比较：The driver was told off for having exceeded the speed limit.
　 ■ get除了接动名词之外还可接名词。
　☞ 为了说的一句话，他挨了一记耳光。
　☞ He got a box on the ears for what he had said.
　☞ 他想逃跑时腿上挨了一脚。
　☞ He got a kick on the leg when he tried to run away.
　 ■ 如果用take或receive代替get则“愿打愿挨”的意识似乎更强。
　☞ 我知道这一次是混不过去了，准备挨打吧。
　☞ I knew I wouldn't get by this time and was ready to take his licks.
　☞ 我不在乎你怎么想，我是得挨剋。
　☞ I don't care what you think. I have to take the blame.
　☞ 她挨骂受气是家常便饭。
　☞ It is routine for her to receive scolding; and suffer wrong.
　☞ 一个愿打，一个愿挨。
　☞ A flogging was consciously given by one and gladly received by the other.
　 ■ 如果用endure则表示无奈之中“愿打愿挨”。
　☞ 当时我们不知如何才能摆脱这穷日子，只好挨饿受冻。
　☞ We didn't know then how to get rid of the strained circumstances. We had no choice but endure hunger and cold.
　☞ 他在养父家里怎能不挨打受骂呢？
　☞ How couldn't he endure scolding and blowing under his foster father's roof?
　 ■ 如果用suffer则强调所受的苦难。
　☞ 尽管我们挨饿受冻，还得继续干活。
　☞ We had to go on working though we suffered from hunger and cold.
　☞ 要是我们早点知道，他会挨得少一点。
　☞ He would have suffered less if we had known of it earlier.
　 ■ 如果用go hungry表示挨饿，则是一种客观的表述，没有任何感情色彩。
　☞ 他得有个工作，要不会挨饿的。
　☞ He has to have a job or go hungry.
　☞ 要是你不会烧饭，那你只好挨饿了。
　☞ If you can't cook your dinner, then you'll have to go hungry.
2．pull through，指在困难中度过。
　☞ 由于精心护理，病人总算挨过来啦。
　☞ With careful nursing the patient managed to pull through.
　☞ 她相信她丈夫最终会平安无事，这一信心使她挨过了他们分离后的岁月。
　☞ Her faith that her husband would be safe in the end was what pulled her through the years they were separated。
3．put off(口头用语)，postpone（书面用语），均指由于某种客观原因而拖延，而且这种拖延有一定的期限。
　☞ 为什么非要挨到下个月？
　☞ Why should it be put off till next month?
　☞ 她知道她挨不了多少日子了。
　☞ She knew that the last day could not be long postponed.
4．drag on (by)，指在无聊中拖延，而这种拖延是没有期限的。
　☞ 还要挨多少天我才能见到她？
　☞ How many days are to drag on when I could see her?
　☞ 挨上24小时就算一天。
　☞ Let's call it a day if 24 hours have dragged by.
5．dawdle (away)，指磨蹭时间。
　☞ 他到美国不是来学习的，所以在校园里挨了四年。
　☞ He came to the United States not for study, so he dawdled away four years on college campus.
　☞ 别挨时间了，快走吧！
　☞ Stop dawdling and get going.
6．“挨”的其他译法。
　☞ 无论是国法还是党纪，他都逃不了挨板子。
　☞ Whether tried according to the law of the state or the Party discipline, he cannot escape the caning.
　☞ 学生遗失图书馆的书是要挨罚的。
　☞ Students get it in the neck when they lose library books.
　☞ 你打破了花瓶，要挨骂了。
　☞ You will catch it for breaking that vase.
　☞ 别人眼里挨骂的不低，骂人的不高。
　☞ In others' eyes, the abuser can't be high. The abused is not a single peg lower thereby.
挪用 挪用
1．divert，指某一事业的专用款挪作另用。
　☞ 不得挪用建设资金。
　☞ The fund earmarked for capital construction is not to be diverted to any other purpose.
　☞ 挪用教育经费是非法的。
　☞ It is illegal to divert the fund earmarked for education to other purpose.
　☞ 政府已允许把部分储备粮挪作军用。
　☞ The government has allowed to divert part of grain reserves to military uses.
2．misappropriate，指挪作他用或挪作私用。
　☞ 他由于挪用大量的公款而被送进了监狱。
　☞ He was sent to prison for misappropriating a large amount of public money.
　☞ 出纳因挪用协会的基金而被提起公诉。
　☞ The treasurer was indicted for misappropriating the society's funds.
3．appropriate, 占用的意思强于挪用。
　☞ 这位部长终于被发现挪用了大量公款。
　☞ The minister was finally found to have appropriated a great deal of government money.
　☞ 他挪用灾民救济款，真是恬不知耻。
　☞ It was really shameless for him to appropriate the relief fund for the victims of natural calamity.
4．embezzle，专指挪作私用。有贪污、侵吞之嫌，情节最为严重。
　☞ 他挪用的银行基金超过了100万元。
　☞ The fund he embezzled from the bank was more than one million.
　☞ 有谁想得到这姑娘的监护人竟会挪用属于她的遗产？
　☞ Who would have thought that the girl's guardian should have embezzled the money that had been willed to her?
振作 振作
1．rouse，指情绪振作。
　☞ 你应当振作起来，立即行动。
　☞ You must rouse yourself to immediate action.
　☞ 是他最后的那些话使我振作起来的。
　☞ It was his last words that roused me.
2．brace up，指打起精神。
　☞ 振作起来，再试一次。
　☞ Brace up and try once more.
　☞ 尽管我们失败过一次，但是我们还应振作精神完成新任务。
　☞ We should brace ourselves up for the new task though we failed once.
3．summon up，指鼓起精神。
　☞ 他振作起最后的一点精神，向终点线冲去。
　☞ Summoning up his last ounce of strength, he flung himself over the finishing line.
　☞ 她决心振作精神，从头开始。
　☞ She resolved to summon up spirit and start afresh.
振兴 振兴
1．develop vigorously，指朝气蓬勃地发展。
　☞ 直到改革开放，中国的工农业才得到真正意义上的振兴。
　☞ It was not until the reform and opening to the outside world that China's industry and agriculture were developed vigorously in the full sense of the word.
　☞ 只有振兴国民经济才能实现四个现代化。
　☞ Only by vigorously developing our national economy can we realize the four modernizations.
2．rejuvenate，指重新恢复青春。
　☞ 多少志士仁人100年来“振兴中华”的梦想直到今天才得以实现。
　☞ The dream of "rejuvenating the Chinese nation" cherished by so many people with high ideals was not fulfilled until today.
　☞ 振兴我国的国民经济是高于一切的硬任务。
　☞ Rejuvenating our national economy is a definable task above everything.
3．revitalize, revitalization，指使之恢复活力。
　☞ 振兴中华，人人有责。
　☞ Everybody bears his share of the responsibility of revitalizing the Chinese nation.
　☞ 振兴萧条地区的经济刻不容缓。
　☞ Revitalizing the areas hit by the economic depression is a task which brooks no delay.
　☞ 振兴农村教育事业势在必行。
　☞ The revitalization of the education in the countryside must be enforced.
4．振兴的其他译法。
　☞ 我们要开创一个新的经济振兴时期。
　☞ We must start a new period of vigorous economic growth.
　☞ 我们意外地发现改革开放在加速发展经济的同时竟也振兴了民族精神。
　☞ We are surprised to find that the reform and opening to the outside world should re-energize the national spirit while speeding up the development of the eco.
振奋 振奋
1．rouse，指激起某种情绪。
　☞ 他们站了起来，振奋地手拉着手，唱起了“团结就是力量”。
　☞ They rose to their feet, rousing themselves arm in arm, and began to sing "Union is Strength".
　☞ 对日胜利，全国一片振奋。
　☞ The victory over Japan roused a surge of national vitality.
2．full of vigor，指充满活力。
　☞ 消息传来，人人振奋，个个争先。
　☞ Everybody is full of vigor and each one tries to be the first when the news comes.
　☞ 音乐可使人振奋。
　☞ Music can make one full of vigor.
3．boost, 指提高士气、精神等。
　☞ 将军的讲话使部队的士气大为振奋。
　☞ The general's speech greatly boosted the morale of the troops.
　☞ 我们需要休假来振奋精神。
　☞ We need a holiday to boost our spirit.
4．encourage，指使人鼓舞。
　☞ 只有振奋群众的革命精神，才能保持其昂扬的斗志。
　☞ Only by encouraging the revolutionary spirit of the masses can we keep their fighting will high.
　☞ 老人的精神面貌使我的整个身心都感到振奋。
　☞ The mental outlook of the old man encouraged me both in body and in mind.
挽回 挽回
1．retrieve，指经过艰苦努力而挽回。
　☞ 敌人做孤注一掷的努力想挽回败局。
　☞ The enemy made desperate efforts to retrieve the defeat.
　☞ 我部的大部分兵力在桥边集结以挽回劣势。
　☞ We have concentrated most of our forces at the bridge to retrieve ourselves from the inferior position.
　☞ 本公司决定不惜一切代价来挽回声誉。
　☞ Our company is determined to retrieve our reputation at any cost.
　☞ 我们惟有殷切期望能挽回这一局面。
　☞ We have only an earnest desire to retrieve the situation.
2．redeem，指带有补救性的挽回。
　☞ 咱们尽力挽回过去买卖上的损失吧。
　☞ Let's try to redeem our previous losses in business.
　☞ 我只有这样才能挽回我过去的过错。
　☞ Only by so doing can I redeem my error in the past.
　☞ 我们村的干部通过自我批评和改正错误挽回了自己的威信。
　☞ The cadres of our village have redeemed their prestige by criticizing themselves and correcting their mistakes.
3．save，指带有挽救性的挽回。
　☞ 这就是说她的婚姻会给她的家人挽回不少面子。
　☞ This meant that her marriage would have saved for the family a considerable amount of face.
　☞ 他决心挽回父亲的声誉。
　☞ He was determined to save his father's name from dishonor.
　☞ 他们觉得情况一定很严重，已无法挽回了。
　☞ They thought that the situation must be desperate, past saving.
挽救 挽救
1．save，指为保存生命或生存而进行的挽救。
　☞ 说真话，我一度曾经犹豫过，为了挽救这一病人我是否应该作一次最后的尝试。
　☞ To tell you the truth, I once hesitated whether I should make one last attempt to save the patient.
　☞ 法西斯主义挽救不了资本主义，而且还会加速其灭亡。
　☞ Fascism cannot save capitalism, but only hastens its destruction.
　☞ 你愿牺牲自己来挽救公司吗？
　☞ Are you willing to sacrifice yourself to save the company?
2．rescue，指抢救性的挽救。
　☞ 一支警察小分队紧急出动去挽救被恐怖分子劫持的人质。
　☞ A police detachment took immediate action to rescue the hostages hijacked by terrorists.
　☞ 是政府挽救了我们公司不致破产。
　☞ It was the government that rescued our firm from bankruptcy.
3．redeem，指补救性挽救。
　☞ 他不顾党对他的教育和挽救，坚持错误不肯悔改。
　☞ He persisted in his errors and refused to repent, disregarding the Party's efforts to educate and redeem him.
　☞ 我们要挽救尽可能多的失足青少年。
　☞ We must redeem as many juvenile delinquents as possible.
4．remedy, 指挽救的办法。
　☞ 我们得考虑一个有效的挽救办法来应付财政危机。
　☞ We have to think out an effective remedy to meet the financial crisis.
　☞ 谁想得到这个孤注一掷的挽救办法竟决定了这场战斗？
　☞ Who would have thought that this desperate remedy should decide the fight?
捅 捅
1．stab，指用刀捅。
　☞ 日本兵接连用刺刀捅那老乡。
　☞ The Japanese soldier kept stabbing at the villager with his bayonet.
　☞ 凶手在他背后捅了一刀。
　☞ The killer stabbed him in the back.
2．poke，指用钝器或锐器捅。
　☞ 他不断地用棍子捅那青蛙，诖它一次次地跳。
　☞ He kept poking the frog with a stick to make it jump again and again.
　☞ 你的铅笔几乎捅到我的眼睛了。
　☞ You nearly poked me in the eye with your pencil.
3．nudge，指用胳膊捅。
　☞ 他看见一位漂亮的姑娘朝我们走过来，便用胳膊捅了一下我的胳膊。
　☞ He nudged my arm when he saw a pretty girl coming towards us.
　☞ 他用胳膊重重地捅了我一下。
　☞ He gave me a hard nudge.
4．disclose, give away, let out, tell，均指泄露。
　☞ 律师把案子的详情捅了出来。
　☞ The lawyer disclosed the details of the case.（指有意）
　☞ 你要是把这个捅出去，我以后什么都不告诉你。
　☞ I'll never tell you anything if you let this out.（有意无意均可）
　☞ 谁把秘密捅了出去？
　☞ Who gave away the secret?（有意或无意）
　☞ 我儿子不懂事，把听到的都捅出去了。
　☞ My son is not sensible enough, and told everything he had heard.（指无意）
捏 捏
1．hold between the finger and thumb, hold with one's fingers，指用手指拎起来。
　☞ 她有洁癖，因此总是拿两个手指头捏抹布。
　☞ She is obsessed with mysophobia, and she always holds the mop with the finger and thumb.
　☞ 她捏住一支胸针，别在我胸前。
　☞ She held a brooch with her fingers and pinned it on my breast.
2．pinch，用手指掐。
　☞ 那姑娘在我手臂上捏了一下。
　☞ The girl pinched my arm.
　☞ 她捏了他一下作为对他说俏皮话的回答。
　☞ She gave him a pinch as a reply to his sarcastic remark.
3．mould，指捏成某种形状。
　☞ 孩子喜欢捏泥人。
　☞ Children like to mould figures out of clay.
　☞ 他把一小片一小片的面包捏成小球。
　☞ He mould little pieces of bread into balls.
4．“捏一把汗”的译法。
　☞ 看着他往悬崖上爬，大家都捏着一把汗。
　☞ Watching him climbing the precipice, everyone was breathless with anxiety.
　☞ 看着他们表演杂技，我们担着一把汗。
　☞ We were breathless as we watched the acrobats.
　☞ 他在第一次登台之前，着实捏了一把汗。
　☞ He was all keyed up before making his first stage appearance.
　☞ 她捏着一把汗等着发榜。
　☞ She was on edge while waiting for her exam results.
　☞ 看着他从三楼跳下来，我们都捏着一把汗。
　☞ Watching him jumping from the third floor, we were seized with fear.
　☞ 知道了他所干的一切，我们都捏着一把汗。
　☞ When we learned what he had done we were seized with deep concern.
5．“捏”的其他译法。
　☞ 走廊远处的厕所堵得我们进出房间都要捏着鼻子。
　☞ The toilet down the corridor was so blocked that we had to stop our nose with the fingers when coming in or going out of the room.
　☞ 他们俩结婚缺乏感情基础，是双方家长不管他们愿不愿意就捏在了一起。
　☞ Their marriage was not a love match, it was their parents who brought them together against their wish.
　☞ 我们不能由别人捏着。
　☞ We should not allow ourselves to be governed by other people.
　☞ 他把便条捏成一团，扔进了字纸篓里。
　☞ He crushed the note up and threw it into the wastepaper basket.
捏造 捏造
1．make up，指编造，引申为捏造。
　☞ 这里没有你要拜访的名叫李丽的姑娘，她是你捏造的。
　☞ There isn't a girl called Li Li whom you are to visit.
　☞ You've just made her up.
　☞ 他捏造事实，遭人抢劫，其实没有这回事。
　☞ He made up a story about being robbed by people, which didn't exist.
2．invent，指带有贬义的发明创造，引申为捏造。
　☞ 整件事都是捏造的。
　☞ The whole story was invented.
　☞ 我们得动动脑子捏造点什么事来解释我们为什么迟到。
　☞ We have to use our brain and invent something to explain why we are late.
3．fabricate, fabrication, 指粗制滥造，引申为捏造。
　☞ 他捏造案情，陷害同志，情节十分恶劣。
　☞ It was absolutely vile for him to fabricate a case against his comrades.
　☞ 她骑马的绝技听来未必真实，因此很多人都认为她的经历是捏造的。
　☞ Her feat of horsemanship sounded so improbable that many people considered her experiences fabricated.
　☞ 他不在犯罪现场的说法纯属捏造。
　☞ His alibi was a sheer fabrication.
4．trump up, 指有意捏造。
　☞ 不管他们怎么努力都无法捏造出一个令人信服的案情以对他进行指控。
　☞ Try as they might, they were unable to trump up a convincing case against him.
　☞ 向法庭提交的指控凶手的罪名都是捏造的。
　☞ The charges brought before the court against the murderer were all trumped up.
5．concoct, 指有几种混合内容的捏造。
　☞ 他捏造迟到的借口，老师也就相信了。
　☞ He concocted an excuse for being late and the teacher believed him.
　☞ 他为他失踪的儿子捏造不在犯罪现场的证据。
　☞ He concocted an alibi in favor of his missing son.
损坏 损坏
1．damage，指降低价值、功能等的任何形式的损坏。
　☞ 她担心这场雨会损坏她的新鞋。
　☞ Her fear was that the rain would damage her new shoes.
　☞ 不要损坏树木。
　☞ Don't damage the trees and bushes.
　☞ 如有损坏，我们照价赔偿。
　☞ We'll pay the full price for anything damaged.
　☞ 在这次事故中两辆汽车都受到严重的损坏。
　☞ The accident did great damage to both cars.
2．wreck，一般指车船、飞机等碰撞造成的损坏。
　☞ 飞机滑出跑道，损坏了一个机翼。
　☞ The airplane skidded off the runway and wrecked one of its wings.
　☞ 油轮是在驶过台湾海峡时损坏的。
　☞ The oil tanker was wrecked while sailing through the Taiwan Straits.
3．spoil，指带有破坏性的损坏。
　☞ 洪水损坏了庄稼。
　☞ The flood has spoiled the crop.
　☞ 墨迹损坏了她的衣服，真遗憾！
　☞ The ink mark has spoiled her dress. What a pity!
4．ruin，指毁灭性的损坏。
　☞ 手稿由于长期放置在阴冷潮湿的地下室里而损坏了。
　☞ The manuscript was ruined by long exposure in the cold damp cellar.
　☞ 操作不当会损坏相机。
　☞ Abusive handling can ruin the camera.
损害 损害
1．harm，指造成人身或物体的损害，从而使其部分失去价值或功能。
　☞ 医生都说，吸烟损害我们的健康。
　☞ Doctors say smoking harms our health.
　☞ 这种清洁液会损害家具吗？
　☞ Will this cleaning fluid harm the furniture?
　☞ 在昏暗的灯光下读书会损害你的眼睛。
　☞ Reading in dim light harms your eyes.
　☞ 昨晚我们的邻居失火，但我家的房子没有受到损害。
　☞ There was a fire in our neighborhood last night, but our house wasn't harmed.
　☞ 洪灾对人民的生命财产造成了严重的损害。
　☞ The flood did great harm to lives and property of the people.
2．damage，指造成价值、功能、效率、完整性等方面的损害。
　☞ 损害他人利益，我决无此意。
　☞ I had absolutely no such intentions as to damage other's interests.
　☞ 他因过分夸大而损害了自己的利益，这是他自作自受。
　☞ He has damaged his interests by overstating it. He's got what he deserves.
　☞ 他带记者参观了最近的空袭造成的损害。
　☞ He showed the reporter round the damage inflicted by the recent air raid。
　☞ 无人知道到底是什么对胎儿造成了损害并引起生产时的先天畸形。
　☞ No one knows what did damage to those fetuses and cause the deformed births.
3．impair，与damage的意义相近，但为正式用词。
　☞ 车祸损害了他的视力。
　☞ The car accident impaired his vision.
　☞ 他的声誉因愚蠢的错误而受到损害。
　☞ His reputation was impaired by stupid mistakes.
　☞ 长年的野外生活已损害了他的健康。
　☞ The wild living for years has impaired his health.
4．spoil，指带有破坏性的损害，语气和程度都较前几个词强烈。
　☞ 不要吃零食来损害你的食欲。
　☞ Don't eat between meals to spoil your appetite.
　☞ 她的文章由于粗心的错误而受到损害。
　☞ Her essay was spoiled by careless mistakes.
　☞ 由于她克扣材料而损害了工程。
　☞ She spoiled the project by skimping the materials.
5．jeopardize，指面临某种威胁而造成损害。
　☞ 无论发生什么样的分歧，我希望都不要损害我们的双边关系。
　☞ Whatever differences may arise, I hope they will not jeopardize our bilateral relations.
　☞ 偶然的判断失误并没有损害总的进度。
　☞ The occasional error in judgment did not jeopardize overall progress.
　☞ 持续的通货膨胀必然会损害国民经济的增长。
　☞ The continuing currency inflation is bound to jeopardize the growth in national economy.
6．suffer，用做不及物动词时有“受到损害”的意思。
　☞ 加拿大和美国的经济也相应受到了损害。
　☞ In Canada and the United States the economy suffered accordingly as well.
　☞ 自开战以来，两国的贸易受到严重的损害。
　☞ The trade between the two counties has suffered greatly since the war.
　☞ 他的声誉由于家里的丑闻而受到损害。
　☞ His reputation suffers because of his scandal at home.
7．infringe (on，upon)，指违法强行损害。
　☞ 他们这样做损害了自由贸易的非歧视原则。
　☞ By so doing did they infringe the principle of non-discrimination in free trade.
　☞ 决不能损害群众的利益。
　☞ On no account should the interests of the masses be infringed upon.
8．injure，指带有伤害性的损害。
　☞ 艰苦的生活势必损害你的健康。
　☞ The rough life threatens to injure your health.
　☞ 谣言在全城都传开了，那会损害你的声誉。
　☞ The rumor is all over the town, and may injure your reputation.
换 换
1．change，内涵较广，使用较多。可指替换、退换、兑换、掉换等。
　☞ 他换了件衣服走下楼来。（替换）
　☞ He changed his clothes and went downstairs.
　☞ 她买的衣服不合身，所以拿回店里换了一件。（退换）
　☞ The dress she bought didn't fit, so she took it back to the shop and changed it.
　☞ 我有些英镑，想换人民币。（兑换）
　☞ I have some British pounds that I would like to change into Chinese money.
　☞ 你愿意跟我换个座位吗？（交换）
　☞ Will you change seats with me?
　☞ 不要忘了按时给他换药。（掉换）
　☞ Remember to change his dressing in time.
2．for a change，指临时换一换。
　☞ 我们吃饺子来换换口味。
　☞ We are going to have some dumplings for a change.
　☞ 他到青岛工人疗养院去换个环境。
　☞ He has gone to Qingdao Workers' Sanatorium for a change.
　☞ 我坐了老半天，所以起来换一换姿势。
　☞ I sat for a long time, so I stood up for a change.
3．exchange (for)，可指相互间的交换、退换、兑换等，在这些意义上常与change豆换。
　☞ 你们两个换个位置。
　☞ You two exchange (change) places.
　☞ 我们可以用工业品换农产品。
　☞ We can exchange (change) industrial products for farm produce.
　☞ 有些店铺连刚买的东西也不给换。
　☞ Some shops won't let you exchange (change) even what you have just bought.
　☞ 你可以换衬衣，但不退货。
　☞ You may exchange (change) the shirt but not return it for a refund.
　 ■ 但如果exchange作“交流”解时，则不能与change互换。如：
　☞ 在这儿我们可以自由地交换意见和思想。
　☞ We freely exchange opinions and ideas around here.
4．replace，指替换。也可与change互换。
　☞ 车上的蓄电池不管用了，应该换一个。
　☞ The car battery is defective and should be replaced (changed).
　☞ 他说我们如果对电视机不满意，可以换一个。
　☞ He said he would replace (change) the TV set if we are not satisfied.
　 ■ 但如果replace作“代替”解时，也不能与change对换。如：
　☞ 教练决定让3号换下8号。
　☞ The coach decided to replace player No.8 with No.3.
5．shift，指变换。
　☞ 他把箱子从一只手上换到另一只手上。
　☞ He shifted the suitcase from one hand to the other.
　☞ 因为没事可做，我就帮他们换布景。
　☞ As I had nothing to do, I helped them to shift the scenes.
　☞ 为了让敌人摸不着头脑，我们得不断地换住地。
　☞ In order to keep the enemy in the dark we had to keep shifting our lodging quarters.
6．take turns，指轮换。
　☞ 因为我们换着开车，所以这次旅行并不感到太累。
　☞ Since we took turns driving, we did not find the trip too tiring.
　☞ 3兄弟换着看护有病的母亲。
　☞ The three brothers took turns looking after their sick mother.
　☞ 你们大家不要一齐说话，要换着来。
　☞ You should not talk all at the same time, you should take turns.
7．relieve，指换班、换岗、换勤。
　☞ 我们去换值夜班的同志。
　☞ We are going to relieve the comrades on duty.
　☞ 午夜要换岗。
　☞ The guard will be relieved at midnight.
　☞ 隔一定时间就要换一次哨。
　☞ Sentinels are relieved at intervals.
8．renew，指换成新的。
　☞ 我的执照已经换了。
　☞ I have my license renewed.
　☞ 树木每年春天都要换叶子。
　☞ Trees renew their foliage every spring.
　☞ 我们将根据原来的协议按同样的租期换成新的租约。
　☞ We'll renew the lease for the same period of time as the original agreement.
9．pay for，指以某种代价换来。
　☞ 我们要牢记鲜血换来的教训。
　☞ We must keep in mind the lesson paid for in blood.
　☞ 这是一次用高昂的代价换来的胜利。
　☞ This is a victory dearly paid for.
捧 捧
1．hold，强调两手捧住，指状态。
　☞ 他捧着一个西瓜站在那里。
　☞ He stood there, holding a watermelon in both hands.
　☞ 她双手捧着脸不想让人看见她在哭。
　☞ She held her hands in front of her face, she didn't want to be seen crying.
2．scoop up，强调用手捧起，指动态。
　☞ 孩子们用手捧雪，要做雪人。
　☞ The children scooped up the snow with their hands to build a snow-man.
　☞ 他合起双手，捧起点水，喝了一口。
　☞ He cupped his hands, scooped up some water and took a mouthful.
3．cup，强调用双手捧成杯状。
　☞ 他用冰凉的双手捧着一杯热茶。
　☞ He cupped his cold hands round the cup of hot tea.
　☞ 她捧着孩子的脸亲个没完。
　☞ She kept kissing, cupping the child's face in her hands.
4．praise，强调吹嘘、奉承。
　☞ 你本不该无原则地捧他。
　☞ You shouldn't have praised him without any principles.
　☞ 她唱了几支歌，就被捧上了天。
　☞ She had sung a few songs and was praised to the skies.
5．a double handful，强调双手捧了一捧，量词。
　☞ 农妇捧了一大捧枣子来款待我们。
　☞ The peasant woman brought a double handful of dates to entertain us.
掀起 掀起
1．lift，指克服阻力后掀起重物。
　☞ 他掀起锅盖，看到锅里煮的不是米饭而是红薯叶。
　☞ He lifted the lid and looked into the pot where leaves of sweet potatoes were cooked instead of rice.
　☞ 我掀起每块石板，寻找做鱼饵的蚯蚓。
　☞ I lifted every slab-stone to see if there is any earthworm as bait for fishing.
　☞ 要是房间里没其他人，我真想掀起竹帘进去看看她。
　☞ If there had not been any other one in the room, I might have lifted the bamboo screen to have a look at her.
2．raise，指某种自然力量的掀起，在这个意义上可以与lift换用。
　☞ 春风掀起了她的衣襟。
　☞ The spring breeze raised (lifted) the edge of her blouse.
　☞ 一阵狂风掀起了地上的落叶。
　☞ A sudden gust raised (lifted) the fallen leaves from the ground.
　☞ 汽车驶过时掀起一阵尘土。
　☞ The car raised a dust when it went by.
3．surge，指掀起波涛，也可用于比喻。
　☞ 大海掀起了巨浪。
　☞ Big waves surged on the sea.
　☞ 我像块石头似的一动不动地坐着，胸中掀起感情的波涛。
　☞ I sat still as stone and a storm of emotion surged through me.
　☞ 群众运动掀起的波涛正一浪高过一浪。
　☞ The mass movement is surging higher and higher.
4．set off，指由突发事件掀起。
　☞ 那次学生运动掀起了全国一连串的罢工罢课，从而开始了五四运动。
　☞ That student movement set off a series of strikes throughout the country, thus beginning the May 4th Movement of 1919.
　☞ 抗美援朝战争掀起了社会主义劳动竞赛的新高潮。
　☞ The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea set off a new upsurge of socialist labor emulation.
　☞ 这个问题的提出在国会议员中掀起了一场激烈的辩论。
　☞ The question set off a fierce debate among the members of congress.
掉 掉
1．fall，drop，均指突然迅速的落体运动，但前者侧重动作本身，后者则往往或多或少的含有某种原因。
　☞ 石头几乎掉到我头上。
　☞ The stone fell almost on my head.
　☞ 他一头掉到河里，溅起一大阵水花。
　☞ He fell headfirst into the river with great splash.
　☞ 我看见一颗流星掉到地上。
　☞ I saw a meteor falling to the earth.
　☞ 我小弟弟从梯子上掉下来跌伤了。
　☞ My little brother fell off the ladder and hurt himself.
　☞ 书从桌上掉到地上。
　☞ The book fell from the table to the floor.
　☞ 他从屋顶上掉下来跌死了。
　☞ Falling from the roof of a house killed him.
　☞ 正确的思想不是从天上掉下来的。
　☞ Correct ideas don't fall from the skies.
　☞ 她手里拿的茶壶掉了。
　☞ The teapot dropped out of her hand.
　☞ 损坏的敌机掉在海里了。
　☞ The damaged enemy plane dropped into the sea.
　☞ 长在树上的果子掉了。
　☞ The fruit dropped from the tree.
　☞ 树叶枯死时就掉了。
　☞ When the leaves are dead they drop off.
　☞ 这些权利不是天上掉下来的，而是人类用生命争取来的。
　☞ These rights did not drop from heaven. Men died to win them.
2．lose，miss，均作“失落”解，但前者是一般用词，统指物品的丢失。后者却是个特定用词，只用于发现丢失物品的那个时刻，强调物品找不见了。
　☞ 我的钱包掉了。
　☞ I've lost my wallet.
　☞ 他害了一场大病，体重掉了10多斤。
　☞ During his serious illness he lost over ten kilograms.
　☞ 这个错误会使你掉好多分的。
　☞ The mistake will lose you many marks.
　☞ 这本书掉了两页。
　☞ Two pages are missing from the book.
　☞ 你是什么时候掉的钥匙？
　☞ When did you miss your key?
　☞ 要她找找看是否掉了别的东西。
　☞ Ask her to look and see if she has missed anything else.
　 ■ lose和miss的区别可以从下列句子中看出：
　☞ 你说你把信掉了。你是什么时候掉的？
　☞ You said you'd lost the letter; when did you miss it?
3．come off，指物体从固定的地方脱落。
　☞ 镐头掉了。
　☞ The pick-head has come off.
　☞ 他开始掉头发了。
　☞ His hair began to come off.
　☞ 我拿着拿着，把手就掉了。
　☞ While I was holding it, the handle came off 我外衣的纽扣掉了。
　☞ The button on my coat has come off.
　☞ The coat is missing a button.（外衣掉了一颗纽扣）。
4．exchange，change to，swap（口语）均指掉换。但exchange着重在互相调换，change则也可指单方面掉换，swap既指互相掉换，也指用某物掉换另一物。
　☞ 你们两个孩子掉个地方。
　☞ You two boys exchange places.
　☞ 我们两个掉了帽子戴。
　☞ We two have exchanged our hats.
　☞ 请你跟我掉个座位好吗？
　☞ Will you please change seats with me?
　☞ 咱们俩的上班时间掉一下好吗？
　☞ Would you mind changing shifts with me?
　☞ 我喜欢她的外衣，她喜欢我的，我们就掉着穿。
　☞ I liked her coat and she liked mine, so we swapped.
　☞ 我要用6张外国的旧邮票掉3张新的。
　☞ I'll swap 6 old foreign stamps for three of the new ones.
5．shed，指掉泪。
　☞ 对那个坏蛋掉什么泪？
　☞ Don't shed any tears over that scoundrel.
　☞ 她为自己干的事掉了伤心泪。
　☞ She shed tears of sorrow for what she did.
6．lag behind, drop behind, fall behind，指掉队。
　☞ 你总是掉在后面。
　☞ You are always lagging behind.
　☞ 如果我们走得比别人慢，就会掉在他们后面。
　☞ If we walk slower than others we shall lag behind them.
　☞ 他们当中有些人掉在后面了，所以我们就等他们赶上来。
　☞ Some of them are lagging behind so we are waiting for them to catch up with us.
　☞ 这个学生掉在全班后面。
　☞ This student dropped behind the rest of the class.
　☞ 慢慢地他气力不济，掉在其他长跑运动员后面。
　☞ Gradually his strength failed and he fell behind the other long-distance runners.
7．turn around (about)，只指车子掉头。
　☞ 这地方太窄，卡车掉不过来。
　☞ The place is too narrow for the truck to turn around.
　☞ 司机把汽车掉过来就开走了。
　☞ The chauffeur turned the car around and drove it a.
　☞ way.
8．“掉”用于某些动词之后，表示动作完成，可用有关的副词out，away，off等。
　☞ 衬衣上的血迹洗掉了。
　☞ The bloodstain was washed out of the shirt.
　☞ 我们不能丢掉革命传统。
　☞ We can't throw away our revolutionary tradition.
　☞ 趁老师还没有看见，把黑板上的那幅画擦掉。
　☞ Wipe that drawing off the blackboard before the teacher sees it.
　☞ 听说你改掉了坏习惯我很高兴。
　☞ I'm glad to hear that you've corrected your bad habits.
　☞ 我们失掉了一次机会真可惜。
　☞ It's really a pity that we've missed a chance.
掌握 掌握
1．in sb.'s hand, in the hand of, have... in hand, take... into one's own hand, hold in the hand of，或多或少地均指由某人经手掌握。
　☞ 其余的事情你掌握。
　☞ The rest is in your hand.
　☞ 整个城镇的商业差不多都掌握在华侨手中。
　☞ Almost the entire business of the town seems to be in the hands of the overseas Chinese.
　☞ 城里有点乱，但军队牢牢地掌握了局势。
　☞ The city was in bit of disorder, but the army had the situation well in hand.
　☞ 自己的命运自己掌握。
　☞ Take your destiny into your own hand.
　☞ 国家政权必须掌握在人民手里。
　☞ The state power must be held in the hand of the people.
2．grasp，紧紧掌握。
　☞ 我的脑子太迟钝，掌握不了今天的科学理论。
　☞ My mind is too dull to grasp present-day scientific theories.
　☞ 你必须完全掌握这门课。
　☞ You must have a thorough grasp of the subject.
3．grip，抓得比grasp还紧，掌握的程度自然更高。
　☞ 我刚刚开始掌握这门课。
　☞ I'm just beginning to get a grip of the subject.
　☞ 航海者一定要很好地掌握数学。
　☞ A navigator must have a good grip of mathematics.
4．master，指行家里手式的掌握。
　☞ 对一个革命者来说，掌握马列主义的基本原则十分重要。
　☞ It is very important for a revolutionary to master the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism.
　☞ 人人都应掌握自己的命运。
　☞ Everybody should master his own fate.
5．command, 指游刃有余的掌握。
　☞ 他通过讲英语掌握了大量的英语词汇。
　☞ He has commanded a large vocabulary by speaking English.
　☞ 老工人的技术比青工掌握得好。
　☞ The old workers have a better command of techniques than the young workers.
6．possess, 指拥有后的掌握。
　☞ 管理委员会掌握有客观资料并据此作出判断。
　☞ The board of management possesses objective information upon which to base its judgment.
　☞ 据说警方已经掌握了第一手材料。
　☞ It is said that the police have possessed firsthand materials.
7．control，指控制后掌握。
　☞ 他掌握着几家报纸，故能制造舆论。
　☞ He controlled several newspapers and was capable of whipping public opinion.
　☞ 美国I%的人却掌握着国家的经济命脉。
　☞ In the United States one percent of people control the economic lifelines of the country.
8．keep，指保管或保持后掌握。
　☞ 是他掌握着办公室的钥匙。
　☞ It is he who keeps the key to the office.
　☞ 作为党委书记你要掌握基层单位的新进展。
　☞ As a Party secretary you should keep abreast of new developments of the grass-roots units.
9．at one's disposal，指由某人掌握处理。
　☞ 业余活动由你们自己掌握。
　☞ After-hours activities are at your disposal.
　☞ 我的办公时间不由我掌握。
　☞ My office hours are not at my disposal.
10．“掌握”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们轮流掌握会议。
　☞ We presided over the meeting by turns.
　☞ 什么话该说，什么话不该说要掌握分寸。
　☞ Be aware of what to say and what not to say.
掌管 掌管
1．be in (the) charge of，指负责掌管，日常用语。两者的区别在于主、受格不同。
　☞ 厂长出国进修期间，你来掌管工厂。
　☞ You'll be in charge of the factory during the director's going abroad for advanced studies，试比较：厂长出国进修期间，工厂由你来掌管。The factory will be in the charge of you during the director's going abroad for advanced studies.
　☞ 他掌管卫生科。
　☞ He is in charge of the health department，试比较：卫生科由他掌管(…in his charge)。
2．administer，指掌握管理，正式用语。
　☞ 政府部门的首长掌管着拨给该部门的资金。
　☞ The head of a government department administers the fund allotted to his department.
　☞ 掌管一家大的集团公司是件很伤脑筋的事。
　☞ It takes brains to administer a large corporation.
3．take care of，仅指管理，语气最为随便。
　☞ 痛痛快快地玩一次，别担心生意，我会掌管的。
　☞ Have a good time and do not worry about the business. I'll take care of it.
　☞ 各项事务都有专人掌管。
　☞ Everything is taken care of by specially assigned people.
拘留 拘留
1．hold (in custody)，指控制、监护起来。
　☞ 名枪手攻击了拘留黑帮头子的警察局。
　☞ Three gunmen attacked the police station where the head of a reactionary gang was held.
　☞ 他一直被拘留到打赢这场官司为止。
　☞ He had been held in custody till he gained the case.
2．detain，指扣留，语气比bold正式。
　☞ 警方拘留了盗窃嫌疑犯作进一步审问。
　☞ The police detained the suspected thief for further questioning.
　☞ 在我们继续调查期间不得不把你拘留起来。
　☞ We shall be obliged to detain you while we continue the investigation.
3．intern，专指拘留敌国或外国的人员。
　☞ 我们到达日本后就被拘留在一所集中营里。
　☞ We were interned in a concentration camp when we reached Japan.
　 ■ 如果拘留的不是人员，而是物资，则作“扣留”解。
　☞ 海湾战争期间逃避美国火箭袭击的伊拉克飞机刚在伊朗降落就被扣留了。
　☞ During the Gulf War the Iraq's planes fleeing from American rocket attacks were interned by Iranians as soon as they had landed there.
掐 掐
1．nip off，指用两个手指掐掉。
　☞ 你得把西红柿的杈枝掐掉。
　☞ You ought to nip the side shoots off the tomato plants.
　☞ 任何一种植物的主梗都要过了花期才能掐。
　☞ Don't nip any stalks off the plant till it's through blooming.
2．pinch，指用手拧。
　☞ 她掐了我一把，好痛。
　☞ She pinched me and it really hurt.
　☞ 我妈爱掐孩子的脸。
　☞ My mother loves to pinch child's cheek.
　 ■ 但是，若pinch指的是用手指拧掉，则也可与nip换用。
　☞ 他把玉米杈子都掐了。
　☞ He pinched (nipped) off the side shoots of the maize.
3．pick，指搞。但所指的“摘”可以用手指也可用工具。手摘时则可与nip换用。
　☞ 不要掐花。
　☞ Don't pick (nip off) the flower.
　☞ 你掐了个还没成熟的苹果，对不对？
　☞ You picked (nipped off) an apple that was not ripe yet，didn't you?
4．“掐”的其他译法。
　☞ 他很快就把烟头掐了。
　☞ He quickly stubbed out his cigarette.
　☞ 他卡住她的脖子，想把她掐死。
　☞ He grasped her by the neck and tried to choke her.
　☞ 这个供电所是个电霸，动不动就掐农户的电。
　☞ This power supply station is an electricity despot that frequently cuts off power supply to the peasant families.
　☞ 西红柿该掐尖了。
　☞ The tomato plants need topping now.
　☞ 引用他的话不能掐头去尾。
　☞ You shouldn't quote a passage from him by leaving out its beginning and end.
排挤 排挤
1．squeeze (out)，指挤掉、挤出的引申义，多用于人。
　☞ 他排挤潜在的竞争对手是毫不留情的。
　☞ He was implacable in squeezing potential competitors to the sidelines.
　☞ 在机械化与资本化的总倾向中成千上万的小农场主受到了排挤。
　☞ In the general trend to mechanization and capitalization, thousands of small farmers were squeezed out.
　☞ 由于竞争十分激烈，该公司在市场里逐渐受到排挤。
　☞ The company is being squeezed out of the market by very aggressive competition.
　☞ 事实上美国黑人就业是受到排挤的。
　☞ Employment possibilities for Negroes in the United States are actually squeezed out.
　☞ 他们名义上合作，实际上互相排挤。
　☞ They cooperated in appearance but each tried to squeeze the other out in fact.
2．push out (aside)，指推出、推到一边的引申义，多用于人。
　☞ 他们总是拉拢一些人，排挤另一些人。
　☞ They are always drawing some in, pushing others out.
　☞ 只有心胸狭窄的人才排挤工作比他好的人。
　☞ Only the narrow-minded person pushes aside those who work better than he.
3．elbow aside, give sb. the elbow，指用肘子推到一边的引申义，只用于人。
　☞ 某个超级大国总是在利益发生冲突时把其同盟国排挤到一边。
　☞ A certain superpower always elbows its allies aside during the conflict of interests.
　☞ 他是个小人，时不时会排挤我一下。
　☞ He is a vile character and gives me the elbow once in a while.
排斥 排斥
1．repel，专业用语，指物理学上的排斥。
　☞ 磁铁同极会相互排斥。
　☞ Like magnetic poles repel one another.
　☞ 分子相互碰撞时会彼此排斥。
　☞ Molecules repel each other when they collide.
　☞ 同性电荷互相排斥；异性电荷彼此吸引。
　☞ Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract each other.
2．exclude…from，指不让人进入某个地方或组织。
　☞ 美国政府一度排斥某些移民进入美国。
　☞ The American government excluded certain immigrants from the USA at one time.
　☞ 他们当中有些人过去受到排斥，没有入党。
　☞ Some of them were excluded from the Party in the past.
3．reject，指断然拒绝。
　☞ 病人体内会排斥移植的心脏。
　☞ The patient body will reject the heart transplant.
　☞ 地球是圆的这种思想在它提出来时是被排斥的。
　☞ The idea that the earth is round was rejected when it was advocated.
4．discriminate against，指歧视，因丽也是一种排斥。
　☞ 在世界某些地区还在排斥华侨。
　☞ In some parts of the world people still discriminate against overseas Chinese.
　☞ 那些持不同观点的人在会上受到了排斥。
　☞ Those who held different views were discriminated against at the meeting.
排除 排除
1．get rid of，指摆脱缠人的东西，只用于物。
　☞ 这样的飞机得使用特殊的冷却设备以排除热量。
　☞ Such planes have to use special cooling equipment to get rid of heat.
　☞ 只有排除私心杂念你才会不畏强手，敢打敢拼。
　☞ You would not fear a strong opponent but dare to stand up to him only after you could get rid of selfish ideas.
2．clear of，get clear of，clear away，指清除引起麻烦的东西，也用于物。
　☞ 我们首先要做的是排除港湾里的水雷。
　☞ What we have to do above all is to clear the harbor of mines.
　☞ 农民们排除了生产中的一切障碍。
　☞ The peasantry has got clear of all hindrance to production.
　☞ 我们正在做进一步的努力来排除前进道路上的一切障碍。
　☞ We are making further efforts to clear away all obstacles on the road of advance.
3．remove，指去掉或改变原来的位置，可以与clear away换用，但比较正式。
　☞ 只有排除前进中的障碍，我们才能做我们想做的事情。
　☞ Only by removing (clearing away) the obstacles to our advancement can we do what we want.
　☞ 如果荷载不大，那么在荷载排除以后电线就会恢复到原来的长度。
　☞ If the load is not great, the wire will return to its original length when the load is removed (cleared away).
4．eliminate，指消除。
　☞ 我们在排除了“左”的和右的干扰之后取得了比较大的成绩。
　☞ Having eliminated interference from both the "Left" and "Right" , we have achieved comparatively great.
　☞ 一旦排除了明显的死因，你必须考虑到可能有人采取了卑劣的手段。
　☞ Once you have eliminated the obvious causes of death, you must consider the possibility of foul play.
5．exclude，指排除在外。
　☞ 医生排除了食物中毒这样一个病因。
　☞ The doctor excluded food poisoning as the cause of illness.
　☞ 采用除虫菊并不排除使用杀虫剂。
　☞ Application of insect-flower does not exclude the use of pesticides.
6．rule out，一般只与某种可能性搭配，极少与其他宾语连用，除非与can，cannot，chance连用。
　☞ 只有排除了胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡的可能性后才能做出明确的诊断。
　☞ A positive diagnosis can be made only after ruling out gastric and duodenal ulcer.
　☞ 医生给照了X光以排除骨折的可能。
　☞ The doctor took X-rays to rule out the chance of broken bones.
　☞ 不能完全排除故意破坏的可能。
　☞ Sabotage cannot be entirely ruled out.
7．surmount，指克服某些困难、障碍等，是比较正式的书面语。
　☞ 全体人民团结起来，共同努力，一定能够排除万难，达到胜利的目的。
　☞ When the entire people are united in a common effort, they can certainly surmount difficulty and win victory.
　☞ 我们毫不费力就排除了障碍。
　☞ We surmounted the obstacles without any difficulty.
8．drain，指排去积水、污水等。
　☞ 他们在开沟排除污水。
　☞ They are digging trenches to drain waste water.
　☞ 街上的积水已经排除。
　☞ The flooded streets have been drained.
掠夺 掠夺
1．plunder，多指战争、匪患等动乱时的掠夺。
　☞ 侵略军把该市掠夺一空。
　☞ The invading troops plundered the city to the last pln.
　☞ 我国许多珍贵文物都被帝国主义掠夺走了。
　☞ Many of our cultural treasures have been plundered by the imperialists.
2．pillage，也指战争时的掠夺。
　☞ 日本兵乱砍乱杀，还掠夺了港口的船只。
　☞ The Japanese soldiers ran amuck and pillaged ships in the harbor.
　☞ 过去海盗掠夺沿海城镇的财物。
　☞ Pirates used to pillage coastal towns and cities of their property.
3．loot，既指战争动乱时的掠夺，也指非法性的掠夺。
　☞ 战时，港口被焚，大部分设备和货物被掠夺一空。
　☞ The port was burned and looted of most of its equipment and merchandise during the war.
　☞ 掠夺国库的是那些政客。
　☞ It is the politicians who loot the treasury.
4．seize，指暴力占有式的掠夺。
　☞ 殖民军在闪电战中掠夺了大量的财富。
　☞ The colonialist army seized tremendous riches in the swift attacks.
　☞ 俄国在叶卡捷琳娜大帝统治期间通过不断掠夺别国领土而扩大了其版图。
　☞ Russia under the rule of Catherine the Great extended her domain unceasingly by seizing the territory of other countries.
5．rob，指任何方式的抢劫式掠夺。
　☞ 他称自己是绅士，却靠掠夺穷人为生。
　☞ He called himself gentleman but lived by robbing the poor.
　☞ 什么是财富？是从穷人那里掠夺来的劳动成果。
　☞ What is wealth? Labor robbed out of the poor.
6．predatory，指掠夺成性。
　☞ 政府禁止在任何水域的掠夺性捕鱼。
　☞ The government prohibits predatory fishing in any water area.
　☞ 帝国主义掠夺成性。
　☞ Imperialism is predatory by nature.
探听 探听
1．inquire about, make inquiries about, 均指通过询问探听。
　☞ 警方探听了证人的下落。
　☞ The police inquired about the whereabouts of the witness.
　☞ 我得去探听股票的价格。
　☞ I have to go to make inquiries about share prices.
2．find out，指通过调查探听。
　☞ 我们已探听到了真相。
　☞ We've already found out the truth.
　☞ 已派出侦察兵去探听敌人的动静。
　☞ Scouts were sent out to rind out the movements of the enemy.
3．pry into，指以侵犯别人隐私而探听。
　☞ 不要探听别人的私事。
　☞ Don't pry into other people's private affairs.
　☞ 她总是探听她朋友的私生活。
　☞ She always pries into the private life of her friends.
4．spy into，指刺探式的探听。
　☞ 他是反动政府豢养的走狗，到处探听别人的私事。
　☞ He was the running dog kept by the reactionary government and spied everywhere into other people's business.
　☞ 几位老乡向我们谈了他们探听到的敌军虚实。
　☞ Some fellow-villagers told us the enemy's conditions they had spied into.
5．ascertain，指查明情况的探听。
　☞ 我们已经探听到他的儿子还在活着的战俘当中。
　☞ We had ascertained that his son was still among the living prisoners-of-war.
　☞ 警方已探听到在什么地方可以找到凶手。
　☞ The police had ascertained where the murderer was to be found。
6．sound out，指探听口气。
　☞ 我不知道他对这个问题的态度。我得探听一下他的口气。
　☞ I don't know where he stands on this issue. I must sound him out.
　☞ 关于移民加拿大的事，你干吗不探听一下你家里人的口气？
　☞ Why not sound your family out on the move to Canada?
探明 探明
1．ascertain，指通过调查、实验、研究等手段确切探明。
　☞ 警方已经探明谁是凶手。
　☞ The police have ascertained who was the murderer.
　☞ 通过试验钻井探明，油矿在地下延伸的长度达 2,200米。
　☞ It has been ascertained by test borings that oil deposits extend for 2,200 m below the surface.
2．verify，指通过调查、试验、研究并与原有的假设、标准、理论对照从而探明。
　☞ 不太可能在不久的将来会探明其他星球上存在生命的假设。
　☞ It is unlikely to verify the hypothesis of life on other planets in the near future.
　☞ 新油田的含油层结构已经探明。
　☞ The oil-bearing structure of the new oilfield has been verified.
3．prove，指通过调查、研究、试验探明的结果证实。
　☞ 我们通过试验钻孔及探井已探明地下有一个延伸数公里的巨大油气田。
　☞ We have proved by test borings and exploring shafts that a huge oil-gas reservoir extends underground for kilometers.
　☞ 高达120亿吨的煤储量已经探明。
　☞ The coal deposits as high as 12 billion tons have been proved up.
4．find out，指探查明白。
　☞ 警方很快就探明他是个特务。
　☞ The police soon found out that he was a secret agent 你要尽快探明来访者的意图。
　☞ Try to find out what the visitor has come for.
探测 探测
1．survey，指为获得一个概貌而从总体上探测。
　☞ 机组人员打算用高度灵敏的相机探测地形。
　☞ The crew was to survey landscape with highly sensitive cameras.
　☞ 探测人员正在探测埋藏在沙漠里的油矿。
　☞ The surveyors are surveying oil deposits in the desert.
2．explore，指带有研究探索性质的探测。
　☞ 探测电荷及电流分布的最好方法仍然是电子散射。
　☞ The best way to explore the charge and current distributions is again electron scattering.
　☞ 两种形式的试验都在风洞里作过探测。
　☞ Both types of tests have been explored in wind tunnels.
3．probe，指利用探测仪器进行探测，获得的是具体的数字，而不是全貌。
　☞ 勘探队员花了整整一天来探测这个洞穴。
　☞ The explorers spent all day probing the cave.
　☞ 正在发射两艘宇宙飞船来探测金星的大气层。
　☞ Two spacecraft are being launched to probe the atmosphere of Venus.
4．sound，指用探杆或探绳探测深度。
　☞ 他用竹竿探测河流的深度。
　☞ He used a bamboo pole to sound the river.
　☞ 探测水深就是测量水的深度。
　☞ To sound water is to measure its depth.
探索 探索
1．explore，指研究探索。
　☞ 这次流血事件之后，行政当局召集有关专家探索社会动乱的根源。
　☞ The Administration called the experts concerned together to explore the root causes of the social upheaval after the bloody incident.
　☞ 科学家们在长期的观察中探索了熊猫的习性。
　☞ In the long years of observation the scientists have explored the habits and characteristics of the giant panda.
2．probe，指深入广泛地探索。
　☞ 他设计各种测试手段并进行了反复的试验来探索事物的奥秘。
　☞ He devised various tests and performed repeated experiments to probe the mystery of things.
　☞ 天文学家们观察天体，探索宇宙的秘密。
　☞ The astronomers observe all heavenly bodies to probe the secrets of the universe.
3．seek，指寻求探索。
　☞ 理论科学，如数学、物理、化学、哲学等，都是探索真理的。
　☞ The theoretical science, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, philosophy and others, all seeks truth.
　☞ 我们会尽量探索一个解决办法来摆脱困境。
　☞ We'll try to seek a solution to find a way out of our dilemma.
4．study，指竭尽全力的研究探索。
　☞ 对一些具体政策问题，我们应当继续考察和探索。
　☞ We must further investigate and study certain specific policies.
　☞ 清朝时钦天监的工作之一是探索星象对世事的影响。
　☞ One of the jobs of the Imperial Board of Astronomy in the Qing Dynasty was to study the supposed influence of configuration of the stars on human affairs.
探讨 探讨
1．explore，指带有探索性质的探讨。
　☞ 历史学家们对太平天国革命的根源做了探讨。
　☞ The historians explored the root causes of the Taiping Revolution.
　☞ 数学是用来探讨现象、记录结论的工具。
　☞ Mathematics is the instrument used to explore phenomena and record conclusions.
2．probe into，指带有探测性质的探讨。
　☞ 这种多面性将迫使我们对直接投资进行更为深入的探讨。
　☞ This multidimensionality will force us to probe deeper into direct investment.
　☞ 科学家们对这一现象的本质作了探讨。
　☞ Scientists probe into the nature of the phenomenon.
3．approach，指从探索问题的方法上进行的探讨。
　☞ 咱们从另一个观点来探讨一下进化原理。
　☞ Let's approach the principle of evolution from another point of view.
　☞ 你不要抱着先入之见来探讨这门新兴的学科。
　☞ Don't approach this new and developing subject with your prejudice.
4．delve into，指深人钻研式的探讨。
　☞ 为了更好地理解现在，我们应探讨过去。
　☞ We must delve into the past in order to understand the present better.
　☞ 你认为“工作艰苦累不死人”，我愿对此作进一步的探讨。
　☞ I'd like to delve further into your response, "Hard work kills nobody".
接受 接受
1．receive，receptive，强调主体给予受体接受，不表现受体的主观能动性。
　☞ 农村有10%的儿童没接受过正规教育。
　☞ Ten percent of the children in the countryside receive no normal education.
　☞ 爱情包括给予爱和接受爱。
　☞ Love involves both giving and receiving love.
　☞ 她年轻单纯，容易接受新思想。
　☞ She is young and pure, and readily receptive to new ideas.
2．accept，acceptance，强调受体愿意接受，表现了受体的主观能动性。
　☞ 劳资双方都接受了我提的条件。
　☞ Both labor and capital accepted my terms.
　☞ 她接受了她现在的处境。
　☞ She has accepted the situation she is in.
　☞ 爱因斯坦的理论经过多年之后才被接受。
　☞ It took years for Einstein's theory to gain acceptance.
3．take，指接纳，意思接近receive，但take in, take up的意思则接近accept。
　☞ 这样的意见他是不会接受的。
　☞ He won't take advice like this.
　☞ 要是你心平气和地讲他是会接受批评的。
　☞ He would take criticism if you could talk things over without getting excited.
　☞ 公司是为了讨好你叔叔才接受你的。
　☞ The firm took you in just to please your uncle.
　☞ 农民接受迷了路的旅客过夜。
　☞ The peasants took in the lost travelers for the night.
　☞ 我们接受了三年级学生提出的挑战。
　☞ We took up the challenge issued by the third-year students.
　☞ 老板给我加薪200元，我接受了。
　☞ The boss offered me a two-hundred-yuan raise and I took him up.
4．embrace，指欣然接纳，意思接近take willingly。
　☞ 她连忙接受了外出旅行的建议。
　☞ She eagerly embraced the offer of a trip.
　☞ 他马上接受了共产主义学说并成了共产党员。
　☞ He readily embraced the Communist doctrine and became a Communist.
5．absorb，指吸收式的接受。
　☞ 他易于接受新事物。
　☞ He is ready to absorb what is new.
　☞ 她接受了她丈夫的观点。
　☞ She absorbed the point of view of her husband.
6．draw，指吸取式的接受。
　☞ 我们从这个故事里接受点什么教训？
　☞ What moral are we to draw from this story?
　☞ 你应从这次事故中接受教训。
　☞ You should draw a lesson from that accident.
7．learn，指学会。
　☞ 我无法接受我不感兴趣的东西。
　☞ I cannot learn anything that does not interest me.
　☞ 由于他对事物的理解力强，所以接受快。
　☞ He learns easily because he has good grasp of things.
8．face up to，指面对。
　☞ 你得接受这一现实，就是你年纪太大不宜再干这一工作了。
　☞ You have to face up to the fact that you're too old for the job.
　☞ 他们的友谊要接受时间的考验。
　☞ Their friendship will face up to the test of time.
9．subject... to... ，指“使…受到…”。
　☞ 当时的君主迫使周边国家都接受了他的统治。
　☞ The then sovereign subjected the neighboring states to his rule.
　☞ 这一任务使我们接受了一次十分严峻的考验。
　☞ The task subjected us to a very severe test.
接应 接应
1．come (go) to sb.'s aid，指来（去）帮助。
　☞ 他们都会来接应我的。
　☞ They all will come to my aid.
　☞ 友军从四面八方赶去接应他们。
　☞ The friendly forces went from all directions to their aid.
2．reinforce，指增援。
　☞ 正规军赶来接应民兵。
　☞ The regular army rushed to reinforce the militia.
　☞ 我们得到伙伴的接应。
　☞ We were quickly reinforced by some of our mates.
3．coordinate (with)，指配合。
　☞ 据说他是在敌占区接应地下活动的。
　☞ He is said to have coordinated the underground activities in the enemy-occupied area.
　☞ 我军得到两翼的战斗接应。
　☞ Our troops were supported by coordinated actions from the two flanks.
接待 接待
1．receive, reception，指接待来访者、求职者等。
　☞ 总统亲切地接待了她。
　☞ The president received her cordially.
　☞ 外宾受到了热情的接待。
　☞ The foreign guests were received enthusiastically.
　☞ 我们有专用房间接待病人。
　☞ We have a special room for the reception of patients.
2．accommodate，指接待求宿者。
　☞ 这旅馆能接待800位客人。
　☞ This hotel can accommodate 800 guests.
　☞ 代表团由长城饭店接待。
　☞ The delegation will be accommodated at the Great Wall Hotel.
3．open，指开放公共设施接待参观者、游览者等。
　☞ 博物馆从上午9点到下午5点接待观众。
　☞ The museum is open to the visitors from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
　☞ 市内公园每天从天亮到天黑都接待公众。
　☞ Gardens of the city are open to the public from dawn to dark daily.
接替 接替
1．take over，指从别人手里接过工作等。
　☞ 已经派了新人来接替他的工作。
　☞ A new person has been appointed to take over his work.
　☞ 我是来这里接替他的岗位的。
　☞ I'm here to take over his duties.
2．succeed，指继承某人的职务。
　☞ 他接替他父亲任商行经理。
　☞ He succeeded his father as manager of the firm.
　☞ 我立即意识到我是接替他担任大使的合适人选。
　☞ I understood at once that I was the right man to succeed him as ambassador.
3．take the place of (sb.'s place)，指取代某个位置。
　☞ 等他醒来时早晨已接替了黑夜。
　☞ When he awoke the morning had taken the place of the night.
　☞ 我兄弟病了，所以由我来接替他。
　☞ My brother is ill, and I've come to take his place.
4．replace，指替代。
　☞ 我可以接替玛丽在小组里的位置。
　☞ I can replace Mary in the team.
　☞ 史密斯先生接替他当了主席。
　☞ Mr. Smith replaced him as chairman.
　 ■ replace与succeed的区别可以从下面的译例中看出。
　☞ 无人能替代他，但得有人接替他。
　☞ No one could replace him but someone had to succeed him.
接洽 接洽
　 ■ “接洽”的原意为跟人接触后洽谈，故译时可分几个层次。
1．get in touch with，着重点在跟人接触，因为有些事只需接触，无需洽谈。
　☞ 房子需要修理，请你与总务科接洽一下。
　☞ The house wants repairing. Will you please get in touch with the general affairs office?
　☞ 要看电影，请找工会接洽。
　☞ As for movies, please get in touch with the trade union.
2．discuss，着重点在洽谈上，因为有些事需要洽谈。
　☞ 我跟她接洽了业务，甚至还闲扯了一阵。
　☞ I discussed business with her and even gossiped for a while.
　☞ 他是来接洽这件事的。
　☞ He is here to discuss the matter.
3．take up... with... ，联系与洽谈并重。
　☞ 这件事，请与有关部门接洽。
　☞ Please take up the matter with the department concerned.
　☞ 他说他会就这个案子找律师接洽的。
　☞ He said he would take up the case with a lawyer.
4．arrange，着重点在跟人接洽后的安排。
　☞ 明天去参观展览会，我们正在接洽交通工具。
　☞ We are arranging transport for our visit to the exhibition tomorrow.
　☞ 一切都与生产厂家接洽好了。
　☞ Everything has been arranged with the manufacturer.
接着 接着
1．catch，指接住。
　☞ 他接着球以后马上又扔了回来。
　☞ He threw the ball back at once when he caught it.
　☞ 给你个苹果，接着！
　☞ Here's an apple for you. Catch!
2．follow，指随之而来。
　☞ 曲终之后，接着爆发出了一阵掌声。
　☞ A burst of hand-clapping followed the ending of the melody.
　☞ 接着将马上举行正式会谈。
　☞ The formal negotiations will follow shortly.
3．carry on（with），指停顿以后重新开始。
　☞ 我们休息后接着搞。
　☞ We'll carry on after rest.
　☞ 他死后儿子接着干他的事业。
　☞ After he died his son carried on with his business.
4．continue，指停顿后再继续。
　☞ 他读完他那部分后请你接着读。
　☞ Please continue to read when he finishes reading his part.
　☞ 我接着刚才说的讲下去。
　☞ I'll continue from where I left off a moment ago.
5．(and) then, after that，指紧跟着上面的话或前面的动作等。
　☞ 站在我父亲旁边的是我叔叔，接着是我姑妈。
　☞ Standing beside my father is my uncle, then my aunt.
　☞ 前奏结束，接着是幕布徐徐升起。
　☞ The overture ended and then the curtain went up slowly.
　☞ 接着，我们又讨论了下一年的计划。
　☞ After that, we discussed plans for the following year.
6．one after another，指一个接一个。
　☞ 他们站起来，一个接着一个地走了出去。
　☞ They stood up and went out one after another.
　☞ 今天来了那么多客人，一个接着一个。
　☞ Today came so many guests, one after another.
7．add，指补充说话。
　☞ 他讲得对，我也想接着说几句。
　☞ What he said is correct. I would like to add a few words.
　☞ 她接着说了起来，声音比刚才更低。
　☞ She added in a lower voice than before.
接触 接触
1．contact，touch，如果指交往性的接触，两者可以通用。
　☞ 我会跟你保持接触的。
　☞ I'll keep contact (touch) with you.
　☞ 这次罢工使我接触到了许多工人。
　☞ The strike brought me into contact (touch) with a lot of workers.
　☞ 我从来没有接触过这样狂妄的人。
　☞ I have never been in contact (touch) with such arrogant beings.
　 ■ 但是，如果是指触觉上，感情上的接触，一般要用touch。如：
　☞ 她的手似乎是他曾经接触过的那种最叫人舒服的东西。
　☞ Her hand seemed the pleasantest thing he had ever touched.
　☞ 在他接触到她身子的一瞬间，她感到仿佛过了电一样。
　☞ She felt as if she got an electric shock at the moment he touched her body.
　 ■ 不过，come into contact with也可指不带感情色彩的物体之间的接触。如：
　☞ 她的手接触了硫酸，烧伤了。
　☞ Her hand came into contact with sulfuric acid and was burned.
2．meet（with），指会面性的接触。
　☞ 他们接触时非常隐秘，因此无法发现他们是谁。
　☞ They meet so privately that it is impossible to discover who they are.
　☞ 代表团接触了各界人士。
　☞ The delegation met with people from all walks of life.
3．expose，指长期处于某种环境中的接触。
　☞ 外语老师应该让学生多接触外语环境。
　☞ Teachers of a foreign language should expose students to more foreign language environment.
　☞ 你接触资产阶级生活方式而没有被腐蚀值得表扬。
　☞ It's credit to you for being incorruptible when exposed to the bourgeois way of life.
4．engage，disengage，指冲突性接触或脱离接触。
　☞ 拂晓时先头部队已与敌人接触。
　☞ The vanguard engaged the enemy at dawn.
　☞ 双方武装力量已脱离接触。
　☞ The armed forces of the two sides have disengaged.
5．have access，指有通道可以接触一般人无法接触的人或物。
　☞ 我们有可能接触他的私人档案。
　☞ We have access to his private files.
　☞ 只有少数人才能接触该案的全部真相。
　☞ Only a few people have access to the full facts of the case.
接近 接近
1．close (to)，指挨近，如果指“空间”，则几乎要挨在一起，如果指“时间”则几乎是同时，如果指“关系”则几乎亲密无间，如果指“差别”则几乎一样。
　☞ 这是一场比分很接近的比赛。
　☞ It was a close game.
　☞ 经过会谈，双方的立场大大接近了。
　☞ The positions of the two sides become much closer after talks.
　☞ 显然他想接近村子里的人。
　☞ Apparently he wanted to be close to the villagers.
　☞ 我感到我的情绪接近绝望了。
　☞ I felt my mood close to despair.
2．close in (on)，指逼近，是一种动态的接近。
　☞ 我军向敌人接近时他们还一无所知。
　☞ Our troops closed in without the enemy's knowledge.
　☞ 我舰飞速接近敌舰，开炮射击。
　☞ Our warships quickly closed in on the enemy vessel and opened fire.
3．near (to)，指靠近，但没有close近。
　☞ 高层的空气可能比接近地面的空气暖和。
　☞ Air at high levels may remain warmer than that near the ground.
　☞ 她穿着一件接近白色的运动衫。
　☞ She wears a sweater in near white.
　☞ 我们接近北京时，交通变得更加拥挤。
　☞ As we got near to Beijing the traffic grew heavier.
　☞ 这一想法似乎使他跟她接近了一点。
　☞ The thought seemed to draw him nearer to her.
　 ■ near可用做动词。
　☞ 我们接近一个小镇时看见路旁有一大堆篝火。
　☞ We saw a large campfire near the road as we neared a little town.
　☞ 工程接近完成。
　☞ The project is nearing completion.
4．approach，指运动中的接近。
　☞ 除了通过地道，还有什么办法能接近要塞？
　☞ How else could the fortress be approached other than by tunnels?
　☞ 一个18岁的男孩是接近成年了。
　☞ A boy of eighteen is approaching manhood.
　☞ 他很难接近。
　☞ He is difficult to approach.
5．access，指具有可以接近的通道。
　☞ 只有高官才能接近皇上。
　☞ Only high officials had access to the emperor.
　☞ 我看他当时似乎并不能完全接近总统。
　☞ He did not seem to me to have full access to the president.
6．approximate to，指大致上接近。
　☞ 他说的接近事实，不过还有不少遗漏。
　☞ What he said approximated to the facts but still left a great deal out.
　☞ 费用接近500万元。
　☞ The cost approximated to 5 million yuan.
7．similar，指类似。
　☞ 两人的政治观点很接近。
　☞ The two men have similar political views.
　☞ 中国过去也是受帝国主义压迫的国家，我们的情况很接近。
　☞ In the past China was also a country oppressed by imperialism, so our conditions and yours are quite similar.
8．border on，指接近到了某个边缘。
　☞ 他的行为有时候接近疯狂。
　☞ His behavior sometimes borders on madness.
　☞ 人民对他的崇敬之情已接近个人崇拜。
　☞ The admiration the people have for him borders on personality cult.
控制 控制
1．control，常用语，泛指一切控制，最常用词组有：lose control, take control, bring under control, keep under control, lose control over, be in control, be out of control, be beyond control。
　☞ 美国控制了秘鲁80%的石油。
　☞ The United States controls 80 percent of Peru's petroleum.
　☞ 他发起脾气来自己也不能控制。
　☞ He can hardly control himself when he loses his temper.
　☞ 她控制不住自己的感情。
　☞ She lost control of her emotions.
　☞ 他们肯定会控制局势。
　☞ Surely they would take control of the situation.
　☞ 上海已控制住了地面的沉降。
　☞ Shanghai has brought surface subsidence under control.
　☞ 霍乱已经控制住了。
　☞ The cholera was kept under control.
　☞ 我不知道政府会不会对局势失去控制。
　☞ I wonder whether the government would lose control over the situation or not.
　☞ 敌军控制着该山的南坡。
　☞ The enemy troops are in control of the southern side of the mountain.
　☞ 局势已失去了控制。
　☞ The situation has been out of control.
　☞ 形势已无法控制。
　☞ The circumstances are beyond control.
2．hold，指掌握中的控制。
　☞ 我们用了3个人才控制住那个疯子。
　☞ It took three of us to hold the madman.
　☞ 她再也控制不住自己的感情，便痛哭了一场。
　☞ She could no longer hold her emotions in leash and she had a good cry.
3．contain，指控制后恢复原状，故有hold back的意思。
　☞ 突然爆发的肝炎已控制住了。
　☞ The hepatitis outbreak has been contained.
　☞ 见到这样的残暴行径，他再也无法控制愤怒。
　☞ At the sight of such cruelties, he could no longer contain his anger.
4．check，指控制某种进程。
　☞ 话已到了嘴边，但他控制住了提问的冲动。
　☞ The word was on the tip of his tongue, but he checked the impulse to ask.
　☞ 医生常常能用药物来控制疾病的发展。
　☞ Often a doctor can check the course of a disease with medicine.
5．curb，指控制某种自发势力。
　☞ 控制通货膨胀已取得了进展。
　☞ Progress has been made in curbing inflation.
　☞ 固定资产投资必须加以控制。
　☞ The investment in fixed assets must be curbed.
6．dominate，指控制后取得支配地位。
　☞ 你应当控制局面，而不应让局面控制你。
　☞ You should dominate the situation and never permit it to dominate you.
　☞ 她控制着全家，一切都是她说了算。
　☞ She dominates her family and all that she says count.
7．command，指处于居高临下可以控制的地势。
　☞ 这一要塞控制着下面的平原。
　☞ The fortress commands the plain beneath.
　☞ 山两边的碉堡控制着山谷的入口。
　☞ The blockhouses on both sides of the mountain commanded the entrance to the valley.
控告 控告
1．accuse sb. of, bring an accusation against，指控告某人，可用于官方或个人，正式或非正式的场合。
　☞ 检察官控告他谋财害命。
　☞ The procurator accused him of murder for money.
　☞ 我厂党委书记受到营私舞弊的控告。
　☞ The Party secretary of our factory was accused of engaging in malpractices for selfish ends.
　☞ 警方控告他有偷窃行为。
　☞ The police brought an accusation of theft against him.
2．charge sb. with, bring a charge against, 指在法庭上指控某人。
　☞ 有人控告他收受贿赂。
　☞ Someone charged him with taking bribes.
　☞ 有人把他带到派出所并控告他违章行车。
　☞ He was brought to the police substation and charged with driving against traffic regulations.
　☞ 检察院已对杀害证人的凶手提出了控告。
　☞ The procuratorate has brought a charge before a court against the murderer of witnesses.
3．sue sb. for sth., bring a lawsuit against, 指在法庭上起诉。
　☞ 如果你的骨折是由于他们疏忽造成的，你可以控告他们伤害罪。
　☞ If you broke your leg as a result of their negligence, you can sue them for damage.
　☞ 现在普通老百姓可以控告政府了。
　☞ Nowadays ordinary people would sue a government.
　☞ 他控告他们借钱不还。
　☞ He brought a lawsuit against them for refusing to pay back the money they borrowed.
4．complain, lodge a complaint，指投诉，申诉，是程度最轻的控告。
　☞ 他到当地派出所控告孩子们偷了他的苹果。
　☞ He complained to the local police of the boys stealing his apples.
　☞ 如果你不服从命令，他要到总部向将军控告。
　☞ If you don't obey the orders, he will go to the headquarters and complain to the general.
　☞ 告诉你们经理，我要去控告。
　☞ Tell your manager I want to lodge a complaint.
推 推
1．push，指由后往前推。
　☞ 一位妇女沿着人行道推着一辆童车。
　☞ A woman was pushing a baby carriage along the pavement.
　☞ 看见我出了一个错，他把橡皮推给了我。
　☞ Seeing I have made a mistake, he pushed his eraser across to me.
　 ■ push也可用于转义。
　☞ 她被推到了自杀的边缘。
　☞ She was pushed to the verge of suicide.
2．shove，其含义与push相近，但推的力较大。
　☞ 他们一起把临时路障推到一边。
　☞ Together they shoved aside temporary road blocks.
　☞ 帮我把这桌子推得靠近窗子一点。
　☞ Help me shove the table closer to the window.
3．boost，指由下往上推。
　☞ 他想把行李推进大卡车。
　☞ He tried to boost the luggage into the truck.
　☞ 父亲把儿子推过围墙。
　☞ The father boosted his son over the fence.
4．propel，指利用自然界的力量或机械装置来推。
　☞ 人类得靠风力推着帆船走。
　☞ Man has to depend on wind to propel a sailing boat.
　☞ 你可以抓住一根浮在水中的木头，再用两脚打水， 就可以推着走了。
　☞ You can propel a log in the water by holding on to it and kicking your feet.
5．thrust，指猛力一推。
　☞ 他由妒生怒，把妻子推到一边。
　☞ He thrust his wife aside in a jealous rage.
　☞ 狱警把囚犯推进了囚室。
　☞ The prison guard thrust the prisoner into a cell.
6．plunge，指推入、陷入。
　☞ 他上台了，非但不感谢人民，还把人民一巴掌打了下去，把人民推入了10年内战的血海。
　☞ Once in power, he, far from grateful to the people, knocked them down and plunged them into the bloodbath of ten years of civil war.
　☞ 海浪从对岸反弹回来，再次把她推入水中。
　☞ The sea waves rebounded off the other side and plunged her into the water again.
7．put off, postpone，指推迟，前者为口语，后者为书面语。
　☞ 这项工作得抓紧，不能日复一日地老往后推。
　☞ We have to get on with the job. We can't put it off day after day.
　☞ 你能把音乐会往后推一两天吗？
　☞ Can you postpone the concert for a few days?
8．shift，指推诿。
　☞ 别把责怪都推到别人身上。
　☞ Don't try to shift the blame onto others.
　☞ 他把计划弄砸时总想找个人把责任推掉。
　☞ When his plan miscarries, he always looks for someone to shift the responsibility onto.
9．elect, choose, 指推选。
　☞ 我们推她当小组长。
　☞ We all elected her group leader.
　☞ 我们大家推他到大会上代表我们发言。
　☞ We chose him to speak on our behalf at the meeting.
10．“推”的其他译法。
　☞ 她推了点麦面来招待客人。
　☞ She ground some wheat into flour to entertain her guests.
　☞ 战士们把子弹推上膛，做好了战斗准备。
　☞ The soldiers rammed cartridges into the rifle chamber and got ready for action.
　☞ 这封信的口气已讲得明明白白，这一次她是不能再推了。
　☞ The tone of the letter made it clear that this time she should not refuse.
推倒 推倒
1．push over，指推物体使之倒下。
　☞ 暴民推倒了停在广场上的汽车，并点火焚烧。
　☞ The mob pushed over the cars parking in the square and set them on fire.
　☞ 一个小孩被人群推倒在地。
　☞ A child was pushed over to the ground by the crowd.
2．scrap…and start a new one all over again，指推倒后重来。
　☞ 她决定把整个计划推倒后重来。
　☞ She decided to scrap the whole plan and start a new one all over again.
　☞ 两国政府同意把该协议推倒后重来。
　☞ The two governments agreed to scrap the agreement and start a new one all over again.
3．repudiate，指以否定来推翻原有的东西。
　☞ 是秦始皇第一个焚书坑儒，推倒孔夫子的权威。
　☞ It was the First Emperor of Qin who first repudiated the authority of Confucius by burning books and burying literates in pits.
　☞ 一切诬蔑不实之词应予推倒。
　☞ All slanders and libels should be repudiated.
推出 推出
1．introduce，指通过广告、宣传、介绍等推出，而推出的东西往往是以前没有的。
　☞ 该研究所推出了一种新型的数字集成电路。
　☞ The research institute introduced a new type of digital integrated circuit.
　☞ 卫生部最近推出了从消灭蚊子、苍蝇到检查垃圾、 粪便这样一套卫生制度。
　☞ The Ministry of Public Health has recently introduced a system of sanitation, extending from mosquito and fly extermination to trash and stool examination.
2．put out，指生产、出版后的推出。
　☞ 该出版商新近推出一本汉英翻译词典。
　☞ The publisher has recently put out a dictionary of Chinese-English translation.
　☞ 我厂推出了两种新产品。
　☞ Our factory put out two new products.
3．present，指在公开，正式的场合推出。
　☞ 电影发行公司在电影招待会上正式推出一部新片。
　☞ The film distribution corporation officially presented a new film at the film reception.
　☞ 该厂在新闻发布会上推出了一批廉价的塑料制品来替代昂贵的木制品。
　☞ The factory presented a collection of cheap plastic products at the press conference to replace the expensive wooden ones.
推动 推动
1．push, push forward, push into, make a push等均有推动的意思。
　☞ 邓小平是一贯推动政治和经济改革的第一人。
　☞ Deng Xiaoping was the first man who consistently pushed reform in politics and economy.
　☞ 既然问题已经解决，我们就一定能推动我们的计划，完成内环路的建设。
　☞ Now that the problem is solved we'll certainly push forward with our plan to complete the construction of the inner ring road.
　☞ 我们应推动政府立即实行改革。
　☞ We must push the government into making immediate reform.
　☞ 政府正在大力推动修建农村沼气池。
　☞ The government is making an energetic push to build methane-generating pits in the countryside.
2．promote，指以促进来推动。
　☞ 科学的管理可以推动生产。
　☞ Scientific management can promote production.
　☞ 好多议员都想推动议案的通过。
　☞ A lot of congressmen tried to promote the passage of the bill.
　☞ 我们如何才能推动这种产品的销售？
　☞ How can we promote the sale of this product?
3．impetus，指激励一下来推动。
　☞ 引进微机为推动导弹内部最佳联机或真正适应性调控提供了可能性。
　☞ The introduction of the microcomputer has provided an impetus towards the possibility of on-line optimization, or true adaptive control, within the missile it.
　☞ self.
　☞ 最近揭露出来的城市官员贪污受贿大大推动了要求改革的呼声。
　☞ The recent exposure of graft among city officials gave great impetus to raising voices for demands for reform.
4．propel，指以向前推进而推动。
　☞ 当时的中央选中他作为推动全党团结的领袖。
　☞ The then Central Committee chose him as leader who would propel the whole Party towards unity.
　☞ 孙中山、毛泽东都是推动历史前进的杰出人物。
　☞ Sun Yatsen and Mao Zedong both are outstanding figures who propelled history forward.
5．stimulate，指内在兴趣、感觉的推动。
　☞ 这本书可能会推动你进行进一步的研究。
　☞ The book might stimulate you to do further research.
　☞ 政府收购再生纸能推动回收利用。
　☞ Government procurement of recycle paper stimulates recycling.
6．move，词义较广，运动的方向只有在上下文中才能得知。
　☞ 是机械推动着火车头。
　☞ It is the mechanism that moves the locomotive.（向前进或后退）
　☞ 是什么力量推动地球转动的？
　☞ What force moves the rotating earth?（自转及公转）
　☞ 涡轮机可由水力或蒸汽推动。
　☞ Turbines may be moved by water or steam.（旋转运动）
　 ■ move还可指内在动力的推动。
　☞ 在好奇心推动之下，他打开了别人寄给她的信。
　☞ Moved by curiosity, he opened the letter someone sent her.
　☞ 真正的画家只有在激情推动之下才会画画。
　☞ A genuine artist can paint only when he is moved by passion.
推广 推广
1．popularize，指在大众中推广。
　☞ 先试行，后推广。
　☞ First try out, then popularize.
　☞ 推广先进经验是一个复杂的过程。
　☞ To popularize advanced experience is a complicated process.
　☞ 博物馆在准备一个展览以推广新式农具。
　☞ The museum is arranging an exhibition to popularize the new types of farm machines.
　☞ 西山果园的老王同志来这里推广苹果的改良品种。
　☞ Comrade Wang from the Western Hills Orchard is here to popularize the improved varieties of apple.
　☞ 全国都在推广普通话。
　☞ Common spoken Chinese is being popularized throughout the whole nation.
2．spread，指在面上推广。
　☞ 整个地区都在推广先进技术。
　☞ Advanced techniques are being spread out throughout the whole area.
　☞ 针灸疗法也推广到了澳大利亚的其他医院。
　☞ The acupuncture and moxibustion treatment is also spread to other hospitals of Australia.
　☞ 推广经济核算是优化收入的基础。
　☞ The spread of economic calculation is basic to income optimization.
3．extend，指在点、线的延伸上推广。
　☞ 我们准备把这一方法推广到车工车间以外的地方。
　☞ We're going to extend this method beyond the lathe turners' workshop.
　☞ 我们村已决定推广二熟、三熟作物的面积。
　☞ It has been decided in our village that the area of double and triple cropping ought to be extended.
　☞ 这一理论也可推广到地质力学领域。
　☞ This theory can also be extended to the domain of geomechanics.
4．impart，只限于知识、技术等精神产品的推广。
　☞ 是红星厂的工人向我们推广了这项新技术。
　☞ It was the workers of the Red Star Plant who imparted the new technique to us.
　☞ 我们去该厂参观时，那里的工程技术人员向我们推广了许多实用知识和专门技术。
　☞ When we visited the factory, the engineers and technicians there imparted a great deal of practical knowledge and technical skills to us.
5．disseminate，指传播后推广。
　☞ 我们在开发和推广科研成果方面有了良好的开端。
　☞ We have a good beginning in developing and disseminating research findings.
　☞ 协会也收集和推广最新科学发现的信息。
　☞ The association also collects and disseminates information about the latest scientific discoveries.
推断 推断
1．infer, inference，根据事理推断。
　☞ 我从信中推断，他们并不想见到我们。
　☞ I infer from the letter that they do not wish to see us.
　☞ 根据这些事实是完全无法推断出两个完全相反的结论的。
　☞ It is impossible to infer two completely opposed conclusions from the facts.
　☞ 只有经过周密的调查和分析才能做出正确的推断。
　☞ Correct inferences can be drawn only from careful investigation and analysis.
2．deduce, deduction，根据普遍规律演绎后的推断。一般用法与infer大致相同，但推断的理由更为充分。
　☞ 根据美洲土著居民为亚洲人种来看，我们可以推断两大洲一度是联在一起的。
　☞ From the presence of the original inhabitants of Asian stock in America we may deduce that the two continents were at one time linked.
　☞ 我们只要根据分子式就能推断分子中的“不饱和度”。
　☞ From the molecular formula alone, we can deduce "the degrees of unsaturation" in the molecule.
　☞ 许多年龄较大的军官相信情报机关亲眼目睹的发现甚于密码分析员的推断。
　☞ Many of the older officers trusted intelligence agency's sightings more than cryptanalysts' deductions.
3．conclude, conclusion，指通过结论得出的推断。
　☞ 亚里士多德因为没能测出恒星的位移，故推断地球可能是静止的。
　☞ Since he could detect no stars' shift. Aristotle concluded that the earth must be stationary.
　☞ 根据这些观察，化们当时就推断出月球上根本没有大气。
　☞ From these observations they concluded at that time that the moon had no atmosphere at all.
　☞ 这种推断意味着一系列进化中出现了大停顿或大间断，这在我看来是极不可能的。
　☞ This conclusion, which implies great breaks or discontinuity in the series of evolution, appears to me improbable in the highest degree.
4．judge, judgment，指根据判断做出的推断。
　☞ 不经过调查我无法推断这笔投资能否获利。
　☞ I cannot judge whether the investment makes any profit without investigation.
　☞ 根据过去的经验推断，他是不会上当的。
　☞ Judged from previous experience, he will not be taken in.
　☞ 他已经对自己的推断丧失了信心。
　☞ He had entirely lost faith in his own judgment.
推测 推测
1．guess，指在对事实不大清楚的情况下做出的推测，因此猜的成分较多。
　☞ 既然有了小孩，我推测你没时间学习了。
　☞ I guess that you don't have time to study now that you have a young baby.
　☞ 他心里想什么只能靠推测了。
　☞ What went on in his mind could only be guessed at.
　☞ 我们的战略应当考虑的是我们的推测可能有误。
　☞ Our strategy must take into account the possibility that our guesses are wrong.
2．conjecture，正式用语。指从某些信息、证据中做出推测，因此猜的成分要少一些。
　☞ 那老农推测今年冬天会特别冷。
　☞ The old peasant conjectured that it would be an unusually cold winter this year.
　☞ 该报就政策突然改变的原因做了推测。
　☞ The newspaper conjectured as to the reason for the sudden change in policy.
　☞ 这一推测未被任何确切的证据所证实。
　☞ This conjecture is not proved by any real evidence.
3．infer from, inference，指读者、听众或观察者通过对方的语言、行动等做出的推测。
　☞ 我们根据她的来信推测，她生活得并不幸福。
　☞ We infer from her letters that she is not very happy.
　☞ 根据进屋时的举止来看，我推测这次约见对他并不顺利。
　☞ From his demeanor on entering the room I infer that the interview did not go well for him.
　☞ 地震引起的损失程度只能根据推测来估算。
　☞ The extent of the damage caused by the earthquake can be gauged only by inference.
4．surmise，指通过想像或直觉做出推测。
　☞ 这可能不是真的，他只是推测而已。
　☞ It may not be true, he was only surmising.
　☞ 我们推测交通延误是由于某个事故引起的。
　☞ We surmised that the traffic delay was caused by some accident.
　☞ 他说的话纯属推测，却被一些人说成确有其事。
　☞ What he expressed as a mere surmise was transcribed by others as a positive statement.
5．suppose，指设想性的推测。
　☞ 邻居们都推测她是个寡妇。
　☞ All the neighbors supposed her to be a widow.
　☞ 看来人类在努力弄懂一年有四季的时间要比我们推测的早两万年。
　☞ It seemed that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than it has been supposed.
6．gather，也指从别人的言行中推测。
　☞ 据此推测，他是个左撇子。
　☞ From that I gather that he is a left-handed man.
　☞ 从他说的话看，我无法推测他是否满意。
　☞ I could not gather from what he said whether he was.
推翻 推翻
1．overturn, 所指的推翻着重点在“翻”。故可指推翻、碰翻、踢翻、掀翻等。
　☞ 他们推翻讲台，夺回火把，撕碎旗子。
　☞ They overturned the platform, recaptured the torches and tore the banner.
　☞ 我的工作大概只做了一半，计划就被推翻了。
　☞ My plan was overturned when I got through about half the work.
　☞ 陪审团推翻了“有罪”的裁决，该犯获得了自由。
　☞ The jury overturned the verdict of "Guilty" and the man went free.
2．overthrow，词义与overturn相近，但更强调有意识的推翻，而且往往诉诸武力。
　☞ 该国人民一直希望推翻法西斯政府，结束其政权。
　☞ The people of that country had been hoping to overthrow the fascist government and put an end to its regime.
　☞ 反叛分子阴谋推翻社会主义制度。
　☞ The rebels conspired to overthrow the socialist system.
　☞ 有许多法律要法庭加以推翻难免是白费力气，但要证明违反基本人权却轻而易举。
　☞ Many laws, which it would be vain to ask the court to overthrow, could be shown easily enough to transgress basic human rights.
3．topple, 与overthrow同义，有“掀翻”的意思。
　☞ 是孙中山领导辛亥革命，推翻了封建君主制度。
　☞ It was Dr Sun Yatsen who led the Chinese Revolution of 1911 that toppled the feudal monarchy.
　☞ 两次世界大战推翻了6个殖民帝国。
　☞ The two world wars have toppled six colonial empires.
4．repudiate，指通过否认来推翻。
　☞ 未亡人推翻了丈夫的遗嘱，声称那是伪造的。
　☞ The widow repudiated her husband's will by claiming it false.
　☞ 一个超级大国单方推翻了原来的裁军协议。
　☞ One superpower unilaterally repudiated the original disarmament agreement.
5．cancel，指通过取消来推翻。
　☞ 总统未做任何解释就推翻了原定计划。
　☞ The President cancelled his original plan without any explanation.
　☞ 房东推翻了租约，我们只好搬家。
　☞ The landlord cancelled the lease and we had no choice but to move.
推行 推行
1．carry out，从执行、实行的角度推行。
　☞ 你知道当时的“左派”不让我们推行这样的政策。
　☞ You know the then "Leftists" did not allow us to carry out such a policy.
　☞ 我们当时没有资金来推行教育改革。
　☞ At that time we didn't have the funds to carry out the reform in education.
2．pursue，从遵循的角度推行。
　☞ 事实上，从整个20世纪50年代到60年代初中国都推行这种政策。
　☞ In fact, throughout the 1950's and the early 1960's China pursued this kind of policy.
　☞ 推行计划生育，我们向来是积极、慎重的。
　☞ We have been active and prudent in pursuing family planning.
3．practice，从实践的角度推行。
　☞ 水稻的无性杂交已成功地推行了20多年。
　☞ Asexual hybridization of rice has been successfully practiced for over 20 years.
　☞ 他鼓吹他的理论并竭力推行之。
　☞ He preaches his theories and pursues them very hard.
4．introduce，从引进、介绍的角度推行。
　☞ 自从养老金制度推行以后，我村老年人的生活有了依靠。
　☞ The aged of our village have their livelihood assured since the old-aged pension system was introduced.
　☞ 解放后，我国在人们生活中推行了持久的社会和医疗改革。
　☞ After liberation our country introduced permanent social and medical reforms in people's life.
推进 推进
1．push on，指向前推进。
　☞ 我军向海岸线推进以支援在那里的第五军。
　☞ Our troops pushed on towards the coast to help the fifth army there.
　☞ 石达开向安顺场推进，在那里他却遭到了最大的失败。
　☞ Shi Dakai pushed on to Anshunchang, where he met with the greatest defeat.
2．carry forward (to)，使之向前推进。
　☞ 我们的最高纲领是要把中国推进到社会主义和共产主义。
　☞ Our maximum program is to carry China forward to socialism and communism.
　☞ 这次首脑会议把两国之间的友好关系推进到一个新的阶段。
　☞ The summit conference has carried forward the friendly relations between the two countries to a new stage.
3．drive，指连续性的而不是周期性的推进。强调显示出来的结果。
　☞ 我团推进到离敌人只有几公里的地方。
　☞ Our regiment drove to within a few kilometers of the enemy.
　☞ 强大的涡轮喷气发动机推进人造卫星进入轨道。
　☞ The powerful turbojet engine drove the man-made satellite up into orbit.
4．advance，强调推进的有效性。
　☞ 天文学与科学的所有分支一样，也是靠一些检测性理论来推进的。
　☞ Astronomy, like all branches of science, advances by testing theories.
　☞ 我希望本书及类似书籍能推进他的工作。
　☞ I hope that this and similar books may advance his work.
5．give impetus to，强调给予推进的动力。
　☞ 这项发明对纺织工业的发展起到了新的推动作用。
　☞ This invention gave a fresh impetus to the development of the textile industry.
　☞ 灾难与丧生往往会推动工程的研究。
　☞ A catastrophe and the loss of human lives often give an impetus to engineering research.
推迟 推迟
1．put off，口头用语，不带任何感情色彩，可指任何意义的推迟。可以是有意推迟，也可以是无意中的推迟；可以是有确定时间的推迟，也可以是无确定时间的推迟。
　☞ 我们已决定把会议推迟到下个星期天。
　☞ We've decided to put off the meeting until next Sunday.
　☞ 他因病不得不推迟跟我的约会。
　☞ He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness.
　☞ 我们的野餐因为天气不好而推迟了。
　☞ We put off the picnic because of bad weather.
2．postpone，推迟的正式用语，故推迟的时间往往是确定的。
　☞ 我们把音乐会推迟到了总统就职日之后。
　☞ We postponed our concert until after the President's Inaugural Day.
　☞ 比赛本来定在今天，但已往后推迟一星期。
　☞ The game was fixed for today but it has been postponed for a week.
3．defer，指有意推迟。
　☞ 他决定把体检推迟到下一次。
　☞ He decided to defer the physical examination until next time.
　☞ 法官把判决推迟到第二天。
　☞ The judge deferred sentencing until the following day.
4．delay，指暂缓式的推迟。
　☞ 我们决定把假期推迟到下个月。
　☞ We decided to delay our holidays until next month.
　☞ 我们只能推迟衰老，但无法阻止衰老。
　☞ There is no way to stop the process of aging. We can only delay it.
掩护 掩护
1．cover，指作为一种保护而进行掩护。
　☞ 事掩护。
　☞ 我们原来的意图是掩护军部撤退。
　☞ Our original intention was to cover Headquarters' retreat.
　☞ 日军在几艘军舰的掩护下登陆。
　☞ 般用于 A number of warships covered the landing of the Japanese troops.
　☞ 我方坦克在飞机的掩护下攻击敌人。
　☞ Our planes covered the tanks, which were attacking the enemy.
　☞ 堤埂很高，正好做我们的掩护。
　☞ The embankment was high enough to provide cover for us.
2．screen，指作为一种屏障进行掩护。
　☞ 大雾掩护了游击队的行动。
　☞ The dense fog screened the guerrilla's movements.
　☞ 炸弹爆炸时我跳到司令员跟前想掩护他。
　☞ I jumped to the commander trying to screen him when the bomb exploded.
　☞ 他在大使馆的工作不过是他间谍生涯的一种掩护。
　☞ His job at the embassy was just a screen for his life as a spy.
3．shield, 指如盾牌一样的掩护。
　☞ 他这样做实际上是给上司打掩护。
　☞ In so doing, he was actually trying to shield his boss.
　☞ 黄继光舍身堵枪眼，用身体掩护了自己的战友。
　☞ Huang Jigging, defying death, shielded his comrades-in-arms by throwing himself against the embrasure of the enemy's blockhouse.
4．guise, disguise，指用伪装来掩护。
　☞ 他以修鞋为掩护从事党的地下活动。
　☞ He did underground work for the Party under the guise of a cobber.
　☞ 他安详的神态只是一种掩护。
　☞ His serene manner was only a disguise.
掩盖 掩盖
1．cover，泛指掩盖起来，可指具体的实物或抽象的东西。
　☞ 大雪掩盖着田野，鸟雀都无法觅食。
　☞ Snow covered the fields and birds were unable to look for food.
　☞ 在我们对面应当悬挂舞台幕布的地方，有一块大黑板掩盖住了整个墙面。
　☞ Opposite to us, covering the entire wall, where the theater curtain would be, was a gigantic black board.
　 ■ 作“掩盖”解的cover up往往带有贬义。
　☞ 妈妈想给儿子掩盖，但没有成功。
　☞ Mother tried to cover up for her son but without success.
　☞ 我知道你们公司里想掩盖过去几年来的错误的人并不多。
　☞ I know there are not many people in your company who are trying to cover up the mistakes in the past few years.
2．conceal，也指有意识地掩盖，故一般可与cover 换用，但比较正式。
　☞ 谎言掩盖不了事实。
　☞ Lies cannot conceal (cover up) the facts.
　☞ 他彬彬有礼、镇定自若的外貌之下掩盖着痛苦。
　☞ He concealed (covered up) anguish under a mask of courtesy and composure.
　☞ 对，他是帮着家里掩盖家丑来着。
　☞ Yes, he did help the family conceal (cover up) its disgrace。
3．hide，与conceal同义，但少一些蓄谋的意图和巧设的手段，因此缺乏有效性。
　☞ 我看的时候，一片匆匆飘过的浮云有一阵子掩盖住了太阳。
　☞ A hurrying cloud hid the sun for a moment as I watched.
　☞ 迅速的经济增长掩盖了不少的瑕疵。
　☞ Rapid economic growth hides a number of blemishes.
　☞ 糖衣掩盖了药丸的药味。
　☞ Sugar coating hides the taste of pills.
4．paper over，指糟糕的、往往是不成功的掩盖。
　☞ 一些词意含糊的套话往往用来掩盖分歧。
　☞ Some vague formulas are often used to paper over the disagreement.
　☞ 分歧只是被几纸声明掩盖了起来，但却很难调和。
　☞ The differences had only been papered over by declarations that could hardly be reconciled.
掩饰 掩饰
1．cover up, 指带有掩盖性的掩饰。
　☞ 小偷的母亲为他掩饰，说是案发时他在家。
　☞ The thieves mother covered up for him by saying that he was at home when the robbery occurred.
　☞ 他们力图掩饰他们以前支持过极“左”政策。
　☞ They endeavored to cover up their previous support of the ultra-Left policy.
2．hide，指隐瞒性的掩饰。
　☞ 我从来没想要掩饰我的观点。
　☞ I have never sought to hide my point of view.
　☞ 他想用这些安慰人的话来掩饰她的怀疑。
　☞ He tried to hide her doubts with these consoling words.
3．conceal，与hide同义，但多了一点图谋的意图和巧设的机关。
　☞ 尽管她很聪明，但她还是无法掩饰想获得表扬的迫切心情。
　☞ Clever as she was, she could not conceal her eagerness for praise.
　☞ 当公安人员来到他跟前时他还是掩饰不住内心的恐惧。
　☞ He was unable to conceal his fears when the security men came up to him.
4．gloss over，指粉饰性的掩饰。
　☞ 当官的做了坏事应当揭露，而不是掩饰。
　☞ Officials' vices must be exposed instead of being glossed over.
　☞ 尽管大家都知道，近来某些学院有掩饰低水平的倾向，但谁也不想点破。
　☞ No one wants to point out the recent tendency to gloss over the low standards in some colleges though everybody knows it.
5．make no secret of, 指毫不掩饰。
　☞ 他们互相拥抱、接吻，在众目睽睽之下毫不掩饰自己的感情。
　☞ They embraced and kissed each other under the watchful eye of everybody, and made no secret of their feelings.
　☞ 希特勒与拿破仑一样毫不掩饰他不喜欢英国。
　☞ Hitler made no secret of his hatred of England as well as Napoleon.
描绘 描绘
1．describe，description，指用语言和文字描绘，用法较广，指具体的描写，也可指粗略、简短的描述。
　☞ 当时的感受实在难以用语言描绘。
　☞ It's really hard to describe in words how I was feeling at that moment.
　☞ 他是一位能生动描绘风景的小说家。
　☞ He is a novelist who can vividly describe landscape.
　☞ 请详细描绘一下事情的经过。
　☞ Please describe what happened in great detail.
　☞ 简短描绘一下你昨天见过的那个人。
　☞ Describe briefly the man you saw yesterday.
　☞ 漓江美景难以用语言描绘。
　☞ The beauty of the scenery along the Lijiang River defies description.
2．depict，原指以绘画的描绘，现也可指用文字、诗歌等的描绘，但侧重具体细节的描写。
　☞ 这里有一组描绘这位英雄一生的故事画。
　☞ Here is a series of pictures depicting the life story of the hero.
　☞ 故事里的米老鼠描绘得很生动。
　☞ Mickey Mouse is very vividly depicted in the story.
　☞ 当我站在200位学生面前作我的第一次讲座时， 我难以描绘我是多么的激动。
　☞ I can hardly depict how nervous I was when I stood in front of 200 students, giving my first lecture.
　☞ 这部音乐是描绘农庄主们庆丰收的欢乐。
　☞ This piece of music depicts the farmers' jubilation over the harvest.
　☞ 画家和诗人都想描绘落日的壮观景色。
　☞ The artist and the poet both try to depict the splendor of the sunset.
3．portray (as)，原指以画来描绘，引申为文字的描述时，强调描绘的逼真性。
　☞ 这幅画描绘了依凡雷帝之死。
　☞ The painting portrays the death of Ivan IV the Terrible.
　☞ 在《阿Q正传》里，鲁迅成功地描绘了在他那个时代的一个人物典型。
　☞ In the True Story of Ah Q, Lu Xun successfully portrays a typical character of his time.
　☞ 这部小说生动地描绘了青年建设边疆的战斗生活。
　☞ The novel vividly portrays the life and struggle of young people in reconstructing a frontier region.
　☞ 在这本书里，作家把依凡雷帝描绘成了一个暴君。
　☞ In this book the writer portrays Ivan IV the Terrible as a tyrant.
4．picture (as)，指用形象描绘，强调形象的生动性。
　☞ 发言人描绘了灾民的苦难。
　☞ The speaker pictured the sufferings of the victims of the natural calamity.
　☞ 他把美国总统描绘成一个小丑。
　☞ He pictured the president of the United States as a buffoon.
5．represent，指通过绘画、文学呈现出来的描绘。
　☞ 这幅画描绘了依卡洛斯坠海身亡的故事。
　☞ The painting represents the story of Icarus falling into the sea.
　☞ 在报告里他把核扩散描绘成世界和平的最大威胁。
　☞ In his report he represented nuclear proliferation as the greatest threat to world peace.
6．give a view (an account)，指不带感情色彩的、平铺直叙的描绘。
　☞ 这幅画描绘的是西湖的景色。
　☞ The painting gives a view of the West Lake.
　☞ 他详细描绘了事件的全部经过。
　☞ He gave a detailed account of the whole course of the incident.
提交 提交
1．submit，指为供讨论、决定而提交。
　☞ 保险人向保险公司索赔时应提交下列文件。
　☞ The insured shall submit the following documents when presenting a claim to this company.
　☞ 我已把申请提交市委讨论。
　☞ I've submitted my application to the municipal Party committee for its consideration.
　☞ 所有法律在生效以前都要提交人民代表大会批准。
　☞ All laws are to be submitted to the National People's Congress for ratification before being put into force.
2．present，指正式、隆重地提交。
　☞ 这一报告提交到国会时，出现了吵成一片的场面。
　☞ There was an angry scene when the report was presented to Parliament.
　☞ 门卫告诉送信人，他必须到厂长办公室提交信件。
　☞ The guard informed the messenger that he must go to the plant superintendent's office and present the letter there.
　☞ 提交单据不得迟于信用证到期之日。
　☞ Documents must be presented not later than the expiry date of the letter of credit.
3．refer to，指提交上级处理。
　☞ 总裁与副总裁之间的争执已提交到了董事会。
　☞ The dispute between the president and vice-president was referred to the board of directors.
　☞ 地方法院把整个案件提交到了高等法院。
　☞ The local court has referred the whole case to High Court.
　☞ 资方把劳资纠纷提交到了仲裁法庭。
　☞ The management referred the labor dispute to the arbitration tribunal.
提供 提供
1．provide, provide sb. with, provide sth. for，指带有预见性的提供。
　☞ 每逢星期天，我的房东都要提供早餐和晚餐。
　☞ On Sundays my landlord provides supper as well as breakfast.
　☞ 我们旅行社可为野营人士提供帐篷。
　☞ Our travel service can provide tents for campers.
　 ■ provide后可接with，指有针对性的向某人提供某物。
　☞ 他们公司向我们提供了一部车子。
　☞ Their company provided us with a car.
　☞ 红十字会向地震灾民提供食物及住处。
　☞ The Red Cross provided earthquake victims with food and shelters.
　 ■ 不过在英语口语中with a也可以省略，于是provide后就成了双宾语。
　☞ 政府向失业人员提供了新的工作岗位。
　☞ The government provided the unemployed new jobs.
　☞ 工厂一般都要向工人提供劳保用品。
　☞ Factories usually provide workers appliances for labor protection.
　 ■ 此外，provide for是指专为某人预备的提供。
　☞ 这些装备都是专门为探险队提供的。
　☞ The equipment was especially provided for the exploring party.
　☞ 水库移民受到了热烈欢迎和接待，并向他们提供了新建的住宅。
　☞ The immigrants from the reservoir area were received with open arms and newly-built dwelling houses were provided for them.
2．supply，指替换、弥补，以满足所需的提供。在使用supply 一词时要注意其结构形式。
1) supply后接宾语。
　☞ 我们商店可以提供你们所需的一切。
　☞ Our shop can supply what you want.
　☞ 谁来提供香槟酒？
　☞ Who will supply the champagne?
2) supply sth。to sb. ，指把某物提供给某人。
　☞ 有一段时期，英国几乎向世界各国提供制成品。
　☞ For a period of time Britain supplied manufactured goods to almost every country in the world.
　☞ 考试过程中如果需要额外的纸张，可由教师向考生提供。
　☞ Extra paper will be supplied to examinees by the teacher if it is needed in the course of examination.
3) supply sb. with sth. ，指向某人提供某物。
　☞ 猪提供给中国的肉比任何其他家养动物都要多。
　☞ Pigs supply China with more meat than any other domestic animal.
　☞ 是谁向反叛分子提供枪炮弹药？
　☞ Who is supplying the rebels with guns and ammunition?
4) supply for，指因某种目的而提供。
　☞ 我店只为在本店就餐的顾客提供茅台酒及其他酒精饮料。
　☞ Our restaurant supplies Maotai and other alcoholic liquors only for the customers dining here.
　☞ 学校向孩子们提供课本。
　☞ The school supplies textbooks for the children.
3．furnish sb. with, furnish sth. for，指提供正好适合的东西。
　☞ 这场大雨给他们提供了一个有利的借口。
　☞ The heavy rain furnished them with a good pretext.
　☞ 政府将向我们提供必须的资金。
　☞ The government will furnish us with the necessary funds.
　☞ 他的诽谤为诉讼提供了基础。
　☞ His slander furnished grounds for a lawsuit.
　 ■ provide，supply，furnish三词除了上述细微差别之外，一般可以换用，不致有太大的词义差别。如：
　☞ 多年来我一直跟她通信并相互提供信息。
　☞ I have corresponded with her and furnished (supplied, provided) information with each other.
4．offer，指主动提供。
　☞ 他向我们提供了我们所需的一切帮助。
　☞ He offered us all the help we needed.
　☞ 我们一直准备为贵厂提供各种服务。
　☞ We are ready all the time to offer service of one kind or another for your factory.
　☞ 老乡们为只能向我们提供粗茶淡饭而道歉。
　☞ The villagers apologized for only being able to offer homely fare.
5．present，义同offer，但用于更正式的场合。
　《经济日报》的文章回答了这个问题并提供了作者对这一问题的分析。
　☞ The article in Economic Daily answered the question and presented the writer's analysis of n.
　☞ 对1990年以来价格趋势统计数字提供了更为广泛的概括。
　☞ The statistical figures present a broader summary of the price trends since 1990.
　☞ 他的书提供了一幅扭曲的画面。
　☞ His book presents a distorted picture.
提倡 提倡
1．advocate，指带有敦促鼓吹性的提倡。其后可接名词或动名词，但很少接从句，更不接动词不定式。
　☞ 中国提倡晚婚和计划生育作为解决人口问题的办法。
　☞ China advocates late marriage and family planning as a solution to the population problem.
　☞ 他提倡禁酒，自己却不实行。
　☞ He advocated the prohibition of alcohol though he did not practice.
　☞ 我们要提倡顾全大局，反对本位主义。
　☞ We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration and oppose departmentalism.
　☞ 我们都提倡发展山区的教育。
　☞ We all advocate developing education in mountainous areas.
2．encourage，指带有鼓励性的提倡。
　☞ 是他首先提倡警方在破案中使用指纹辨认术。
　☞ He was the first to encourage the police to use fingerprinting identification in cracking criminal cases.
　☞ 要提倡男女分担家务劳动。
　☞ Men and women must be encouraged to share household duties.
　☞ 我们要提倡同地方商量办事的工作作风。
　☞ We should encourage the style of work in which the local authorities are consulted on the matters to be taken up.
3．promote，指带有促进性的提倡。
　☞ 政府会提出计划来提倡更广泛地使用私人医疗设施。
　☞ The government would put forward a plan to promote wider use of private medical facilities.
　☞ 夫妻农场在第三世界的许多国家得到了提倡。
　☞ Farms run by husband and wife are promoted in many countries of the third world.
　☞ 国会应给总统裁决留有余地，而又不提倡寡头政治。
　☞ Congress must give scope for presidential discretion without promoting the oligarchy.
4．recommend，指带有推荐性的提倡。
　☞ 中国政府提倡“五一”和“十一”放长假。
　☞ The Chinese government recommends a long holiday on May Day and National Day.
　☞ 我们提倡这种变革，因为这种变革会给发展中国家带来好处。
　☞ We recommend such changes which will benefit developing countries.
　☞ 此药不宜提倡用于由其他原因引起的恶心及呕吐。
　☞ This drug is not recommended for nausea and vomiting due to other causes.
5．spread，指带有传播性的提倡。
　☞ 我们应当提倡勤俭建国的思想。
　☞ We must spread the idea of building, the country through diligence and thrift.
　☞ 提倡平民教育越多，民主力量就越强。
　☞ The more mass education is spread, the stronger become forces for democracy.
6．call for，指带有呼吁性的提倡。
　☞ 现在有许多人提倡民主化、科学化、大众化。
　☞ Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a democratic, scientific and mass style.
　☞ 我们的政策提倡自由贸易。
　☞ Our policy calls for free trade.
提出 提出
1．put... before (forward)，这种“提出”的说法比较随便，不带感情色彩。
　☞ 这个庞大的世界向我们提出了各种各样的课题， 并以各种各样的方式考验我们。
　☞ This huge world puts all sorts of questions before us and test us in all sorts of ways.
　☞ 代表们向大会提出了一项动议。
　☞ The delegates put a motion before the congress.
　 ■ put forward作“提出”解时，用得更普遍。
　☞ 你提出这样一个观点是认真的吗？
　☞ Are you serious in putting forward such a view?
　☞ 该理论首次提出时遭到人们的嘲笑。
　☞ The theory was scoffed at when it was first put forward.
　☞ 其中一位成员提出建议，要求年度教育基金翻番。
　☞ One of the members put forward the suggestion that the annual education fund should be doubled.
2．bring forward (forth, up)，与put forward同义，前者指“带到面前”，后者则指“放到面前”。
　☞ 为了充分讨论，黄医生又提出一个病例以做比较。
　☞ For more discussion Doctor Huang brought forward another case for comparison.
　☞ 我们提出了改革我系课程设置的计划。
　☞ We have brought forward a plan to reform the curricula of our department.
　☞ 他提出各种观点为自己的行为辩护。
　☞ He brought forth various arguments to justify his conduct.
　☞ 我认为他不可能提出建议来改进我们的产品。
　☞ I suppose he is unlikely to bring forth any suggestion for improving our products.
　☞ 现在提出这一问题请你考虑。
　☞ Now this problem is brought forth for your consideration.
　☞ 那天下午，他在委员会的会议上提出了这件事。
　☞ He brought the matter up in the committee meeting that afternoon.
　☞ 他的意见提出了一个新课题。
　☞ His remark brought up a new subject.
　☞ 证人提出了新证据。
　☞ The witness brought up fresh evidence.
3．advance，指提出本身还存在争论的理论、建议、要求、论据等。
　☞ 我之所以选择这一例子是因为科学家提出的解释在这里是不适用的。
　☞ The reason why I have chosen this. example is that the explanation which scientists would advance is not applicable here.
　☞ 既然这样的建议不是认真的，为什么还要提出来讨论？
　☞ If such a proposal was not seriously meant, why was it advanced for discussion?
　☞ 我们当然决不会同意他提出来的大笔损害索赔。
　☞ Of course we will never agree to the large claim for damages he advanced.
4．adduce，正式用语。指提出带有引证性质的证据、事例等。
　☞ 我们可以提出更多的数据来充实这一论点。
　☞ We can adduce more data to reinforce the argument.
　☞ 他提出种种理由说明美国为什么要对伊拉克开战。
　☞ He adduced reasons why the United States should make war on Iraq.
　☞ 证据是由检察官提出来的。
　☞ Evidence was adduced by the public procurator.
5．raise，指提出来以供讨论、回答等。
　☞ 我发现你提出来的一些分歧很难判断。
　☞ I find it difficult to judge some of the differences you raise.
　☞ 与之商量后，李教授没有再提出反对意见。
　☞ Consulted. Professor Li did not raise any more objections.
　☞ 这些新发现提出了有关早期哺乳动物的起源与分布问题。
　☞ These new discoveries have raised questions concerning the origin and distribution of early mammals.
6．pose，指提出来以供考虑、研究等。
　☞ 扩大招生以后，学生人数的增加向各大学提出了很多问题。
　☞ The increase in student numbers has posed many problems for the universities after the expanding of enrolment.
　☞ 他的若干论点是以不能令人满意的方式提出来的。
　☞ A number of his points were posed in an unsatisfactory way.
　☞ 你提出了一个令人尴尬的问题。
　☞ You've posed an awkward question.
7．propose，指在争论或讨论中提出建议。
　☞ 动议由我系学生提出，并由老师附议。
　☞ The motion was proposed by the students of our department and seconded by the teachers.
　☞ 他提出再见一次面，但她没有同意。
　☞ He proposed another meeting but she gave no consent.
　☞ 医生提出不付清欠款，我妻子不得立即出院。
　☞ The doctor proposed that my wife should not leave hospital at once unless we paid off the money we owed.
8．offer，指主动提出。
　☞ 他提出来要借给我几本书。
　☞ He offered to lend me some books.
　☞ 她提出要建立一项希望工程。
　☞ She offered to set up a Project Hope.
　☞ 虽然他脸上的表情有点惊奇，但没有提出反对意见。
　☞ Though his face expressed some surprise he offered no objection.
9．suggest，指提出某种设想性的想法、考虑等。
　☞ 有人能提出解释吗？
　☞ Can anyone suggest an explanation?
　☞ 我提出换一种方法来干。
　☞ I suggest doing it another way.
　☞ 警方提出犯罪的动机是妒忌。
　☞ The police suggested that the motive of crime was jealousy.
10．address, 指针对某人、某机构提出。
　☞ 我该向谁提出请求。
　☞ Whom ought I to address my request to?
　☞ 记者们纷纷向新闻处提出质问。
　☞ The reporters addressed queries one after another to the information service.
11．submit，指提交出来。
　☞ 秘书处提出了上次会议的报告。
　☞ The secretariat has submitted a report of the last meeting.
　☞ 大家都要求委员会成员就此事提出建议。
　☞ The committee members were asked to submit proposals on this matter.
　☞ 果然，她在3周后提出了学期论文。
　☞ Sure enough, she submitted her term paper three weeks later.
12．present，指正式地、隆重地提出。
　☞ 我们将向这次年会提出一个详尽的报告。
　☞ We shall present an exhaustive report to the Annual Conference.
　☞ 作者在这篇前言里提出了科学实验的分析。
　☞ The author presented the analysis of scientific experiments in this forward.
　☞ 中国代表团提出几项能缓和两国紧张局势的建议。
　☞ The Chinese delegation presented some suggestions which would lessen the tension existing between the two countries.
提到 提到
1．mention，指口头或书面提到。
　☞ 你去见经理时不要提到这一问题。
　☞ Don't mention the subject when you go to see the manager.
　☞ 总统有许多立法职能和活动是宪法中没有提到的。
　☞ Many of the president's legislative functions and activities are not mentioned in the Constitution.
　☞ 他提到他叔叔同样也受到了警察的盘问。
　☞ He mentioned that his uncle likewise had been questioned by the police.
2．say，也指口头或书面提到，但说法比较随便。
　☞ 他在死前提到过他的财产吗？
　☞ Did he say anything about his property before his death?
　☞ 我们看到的许多文章就没有或者很少提到这方面的情况。
　☞ A lot of articles we've come across say little or nothing on this score.
3．bring up，指提请注意或考虑。
　☞ 新问题是经常提到议事日程上来的。
　☞ New questions are constantly being brought up on the agenda.
　☞ 我们必须把这件事提到代表大会上来。
　☞ We must bring the matter up in the congress.
　☞ 为什么还要提到那件事？
　☞ Why bring that up again?
4．put to (on，forth)，指提出来放到面前，没有明确的目的，故说法比较随便。
　☞ 我们可以把这件事提到会议上去讨论。
　☞ We can put the matter to the meeting for discussion.
　☞ 你们必须把计划生育提到议事日程上来。
　☞ You must put family planning on the agenda.
　☞ 凯恩斯的确在《就业、利息、货币通论》一书中提到过他的观点。
　☞ Indeed, Keynes himself put forth his idea in a book called The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.
5．promote，指提升到某个岗位。
　☞ 2,000多人被提到了各级领导岗位。
　☞ More than 2,000 people have been promoted to leading posts at all levels.
　☞ 我们营长把这位下士提到中士。
　☞ Our battalion commander promoted the corporal to sergeant.
　☞ 他在两年内由部门负责人提到了总经理。
　☞ Within two years he was promoted from department director to general manager.
提前 提前
1．move up，指把预定时间提前。
　☞ 总攻时间提前了。
　☞ The time for the general offensive has been moved up.
　☞ 婚礼提前了。
　☞ The wedding was moved up.
2．bring forward, 与move up同义。
　☞ 他们决定把下次会议的日期提前。
　☞ They decided to bring forward the date of the next meeting.
　☞ 选举提前至6月举行，因为很多人会在7月份休假。
　☞ The election will be brought forward to June, as so many people are on holiday in July.
3．advance，也指把时间提前，但往往暗示在有效推动下的提前。
　☞ 在此期间，点火装置会提前点火。
　☞ In the meantime the ignition device advances the spark.
　☞ 我们的会议日期得提前一个星期。
　☞ The date of our meeting has to be advanced one week.
　 ■ 此外，in advance可作状语使用。
　☞ 请旅客们提前半小时到达机场。
　☞ Passengers are requested to get to the airport half an hour in advance.
　☞ 铁矿提前1个月完成国家的生产计划。
　☞ The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.
4．ahead of time (schedule)，指把安排的时间提前。
　☞ 工人们对设备做了6项重要革新，从而使所有指标提前两个月完成。
　☞ The workers made six important innovations on the equipment so that all targets were hit two months ahead of time.
　☞ 我们只能提前，决不能拖后。
　☞ We can be ahead of schedule but certainly not behind.
5．before, 指在规定时间之前行动。
　☞ 由于泄密，党决定提前召开大会。
　☞ The Party decided to convene the congress before due time because of leakage of secret.
　☞ 不少战犯都已提前释放。
　☞ A number of war criminals were released before their sentences expired.
提取 提取
1．draw, withdraw, 指提取钱财，是一对同义词，等于汉语中的“提”和“取”，可以换用。
　☞ 我们度假之前提取了银行存款。
　☞ We drew money from the bank before we went on holiday.
　☞ 他从自己的账户上提取了5,000元。
　☞ He's withdrawn 5,000 yuan from his account.
2．collect, pick, 均指提取物品，前者指收集后提取；后者指装车后提取。
　☞ 到达该地后，我们到火车站提取了行李。
　☞ On arriving at the spot we collected our luggage at the railway station.
　☞ 他们在仓库提取了一批新到的货物。
　☞ They picked up a new consignment of goods at the warehouse.
3．extract, 指利用物理，化学等手段提取某种物质。
　☞ 这种新工艺可以从页岩中提取石油。
　☞ The new technology can extract oil from shale.
　☞ 矿工们是从河沙中提取金子的。
　☞ The miners extract gold from the river sand.
4．recover，指从废料中回收。
　☞ 污水处理厂从污水中提取的有用物质每天多达 5吨。
　☞ The sewage treatment plant recovers from polluted water useful materials amounting to 5 tons daily.
　☞ 该厂是专门建来从废料中提取金属的。
　☞ The plant is built specially for recovering metal from scrap.
提法 提法
1．put sth. in a way，指随便说出来的提法。
　☞ 他们不同意你对这个问题的提法。
　☞ They take exception to the way you put the question.
　☞ 咱们换一种提法。
　☞ Let's put it in another way.
2．formulation，指经过规范、思考后的提法。说法比较正式。
　“一国两制”的提法引起了全世界的注意。
　☞ The formulation of "one country, two systems" attracted world-wide attention.
　☞ 这一准则有多种提法。
　☞ There are variant formulations of this maxim.
3．wording，指在措词上经过推敲的提法。
　☞ 提法有点含糊，换一种也许会更清楚。
　☞ The wording is a bit ambiguous, another one might be clearer.
　☞ 这只是个提法问题。
　☞ This is just a matter of wording.
提议 提议
1．propose，proposal，指就某一具体问题提出供大家考虑的提议。但应注意特殊用法，即其后不能接宾语＋动词不定式这样的结构。如果其后接从句，应用带should的that clause。
　☞ 他提议举行一系列非正式会议。
　☞ He proposed a series of informal meetings.
　☞ 视察回来后，他提议在那里建一所学校。
　☞ Back from the inspection tour, he proposed to found a school there.
　☞ 李工程师提议对我们的设计作一些变动。
　☞ Li, the engineer, proposed making some changes in our design.
　☞ 主席提议与会者求同存异，停止争论。
　☞ The chairman proposed that the participants should stop disputing by seeking common ground while reserving differences.
　☞ 他的提议以多数赞成而通过。
　☞ His proposal was carried by a considerable majority.
2．suggest，suggestion，指具体建议性的提议，语气比propose正式。但其特殊用法与propose相同。
　☞ 据说他的报告提议进一步调查。
　☞ It is said that his report would suggest a further investigation.
　☞ 我提议换一种做法。
　☞ I suggest doing it another way.
　☞ 他提议我们现在吃午饭。
　☞ He suggests that we should have lunch now.
　☞ 我有个提议要提出来。
　☞ I have a suggestion to make.
3．move.指临时表决的提议，语气较强，故从句的谓语要用虚拟语气。
　☞ 我提议现在休会。
　☞ I move that the meeting be adjourned.
　☞ 主席提议饭后继续开会。
　☞ The chairman moved that the meeting be continued after dinner.
4．motion，也指临时表决的动议，语气也较强，故从句谓语也可用虚拟语气。
　☞ 大家都累了，于是主席起来提议会议休会。
　☞ Everyone was tired, so the chairman got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjoined.
　☞ 该提议以32票对23票被否决。
　☞ The motion was rejected by 32 votes to 23.
提起 提起
1．speak of，指随便提起，不强调提起的目的。
　☞ 他昨天还提起你来着。
　☞ He spoke of you only yesterday.
　☞ 罗斯福夫人经常提起他。
　☞ Mrs. Roosevelt often speaks of him.
2．mention，指有目的地正式提起。
　☞ 他认为向总统提起事实真相是他的责任。
　☞ He thought it his duty to mention the truth to the president.
　☞ 顺便说一下，不要向我夫人提起她。
　☞ By the way, don't mention her to my wife.
3．refer to，指通过提起来引起注意或问题的解决。
　☞ 声明提起了他那政治对手的讲话。
　☞ The statement refers to the remarks by his political opponent.
　☞ 他们今天见面时谁都没有提起昨天的争吵。
　☞ No one referred to yesterday's quarrel when they met today.
4．lift, 指提起重物。
　☞ 那男人提起行李走了。
　☞ The man lifted his baggage and went away.
　☞ 这箱子太重，我提不起来。
　☞ The box is too heavy for me to lift.
5．raise，指情绪的提高或话题的提起。
　☞ 现在咱们提起精神，准备跳舞罢。
　☞ Now let's raise our spirits and get ready for dance.
　☞ 每当提起这一话题他仍感到尴尬。
　☞ He still feels embarrassed whenever the subject is raised.
6．bring up，指提出。
　☞ 他们明天来时我希望不再提起这个问题。
　☞ I wish they would not bring up the problem again when they come tomorrow.
　☞ 我们打算在会上提起这一点。
　☞ We have it in mind to bring up this point at the meeting.
7．call attention to，指提起人们的注意。
　☞ 对这一事实，有必要提起人们的注意。
　☞ It is necessary to call attention to this fact.
　☞ 最近的地震提起了人们对危房的注意。
　☞ The recent earthquake called attention to the unsafe buildings.
提醒 提醒
1．remind sb. of sth. ，指主动向某人提醒某事，主语是人。
　☞ 如果我忘了，请提醒我一下。
　☞ Please remind me in case I should forget.
　☞ 我妻子曾提醒过我早点回来。
　☞ My wife had reminded me to come back early.
　☞ 幸亏你提醒我要跟琼斯先生会晤。
　☞ Fortunately, you reminded me of my meeting with Mr. Jones.
　☞ 我得提醒你，上课铃马上要响了。
　☞ I must remind you that the bell will ring presently for the beginning of school.
2．recall to sb. sth. ，指情景提醒某人某事，因此主语是情景。
　☞ 看到紧挤在河里的渔船，提醒了我此行的目的。
　☞ The sight of the river packed with fishing vessels recalled to me the purpose of my journey.
　☞ 这件小事在时刻提醒我，君子应该慎交。
　☞ The incident always recalls to me that a gentleman should be selective in making friends.
　 ■ 不过有时需要刻意提醒时，也可由人作主语。如：
　☞ 在翻动这页之前，我们要提醒读者，马列经典贡献甚大。
　☞ Before turning the page let us recall the readers that Marxist-Leninist classics contribute much.
3．warn，指带有告诫或警告的提醒，故语气较remind强。
　☞ 我得提醒你，你得做最坏的打算。
　☞ I have to warn you, you must be prepared for the worst.
　☞ 他提醒过我们所面临的严峻形势。
　☞ He warned us about the serious situation that confronted us.
　☞ 我得事先提醒你，她会把一切都告诉她妈的。
　☞ I must warn you in advance that she will tell her mother everything.
提高 提高
1．raise，指数量、程度、规模上提高。
　☞ 要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。
　☞ We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.
　☞ 伊朗和利比亚把石油价格提高了10%。
　☞ Iran and Libya raised oil prices by more than 10 percent.
　☞ 老李激动起来，提高嗓门以示抗议。
　☞ Li got excited and raised his voice in protest.
2．elevate，在一般情况下可以与raise换用，但比较正式。
　☞ 她稍稍提高了嗓音，使我们都能听到。
　☞ She elevated (raised) her voice slightly so that we could hear her.
　☞ 只有在社会主义社会，妇女的地位才能稳步提高。
　☞ Only in socialist society can the social status of women be elevated (raised).
　☞ 我们应把技术革新运动提高到一个新水平。
　☞ We must elevate (raise) the movement of technical innovation to a new level.
　 ■ 但在谈到人的思想、品质提高时，一般都用elevate。
　☞ 提高一个人的思想需要很长的时间。
　☞ It takes a long time to elevate one's thoughts.
　☞ 从现在起，你要守规矩以提高你的品行标准。
　☞ Behave yourself well from now on so that you can elevate your standard of good conduct.
3．heighten, 一般指程度上提高。
　☞ 他在阅读上的不懈努力提高了他的文学欣赏力。
　☞ The unremitting efforts he made in reading have heightened his literary appreciation.
　☞ 党号召我们要提高革命警惕性。
　☞ The Party calls on us to heighten our revolutionary vigilance.
　☞ 短距离赛跑一般都在最后10米时提高速度。
　☞ In a short distance race, one usually heightens one's speed in the last 10 meters.
4．increase，指数量的提高。
　☞ 从1980年至2000年，中国的工人和雇员的平均工资提高了20倍。
　☞ From 1980 to 2000 the average wages of workers and employees in China increased twenty times 成本是随着速度的提高而提高的。
　☞ Cost increases with speed.
　 ■ 但有时也用于程度的提高。
　☞ 应用气象卫星的资料，使我们提高了天气预报的准确性。
　☞ By applying the data from the meteorological satellites we have increased the accuracy of our weather forecast.
5．enhance，指力度、强度的提高。
　☞ 城市的扩大常常会提高其周围地区土地的价值。
　☞ The growth of a city often enhances the value of land close to it.
　☞ 对音乐家最近新作的评论提高了他的声誉。
　☞ The reviews on the musician's most recent works enhanced his reputation.
　☞ 月光往往会提高夜色朦胧的美感。
　☞ The moonlight often enhances the beauty of the dim light of night.
6．improve，指改善性的提高。
　☞ 他上夜校以提高自己。
　☞ He went to night school to improve himself.
　☞ 我们学习了会计、速记，还提高了英语。
　☞ We learned accounting and shorthand, and improved our English.
　☞ 各级干部要提高领导水平。
　☞ Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.
7．step up，指一步步地提高。
　☞ 政府可能提高所得税。
　☞ The government may step up income tax.
　☞ 今后三四年内，大幅度提高生产应当是可能的。
　☞ It should be possible for production to be stepped up considerably over the next three or four years.
　☞ 让我把汽轮机转速提高到每分钟500转。
　☞ Let me step up the speed of the steam turbine to 500 r.p.m.
8．advance, 指推进式的提高。
　☞ 过去10年的发现使有关动植物细胞的蛋白合成的知识有了很大的提高。
　☞ Discoveries during the past decade have remarkably advanced knowledge concerning the synthesis of protein by cells of plants and animals.
　☞ 南非新政府取消了种族隔离制度，并提高了非白人的政治地位。
　☞ The new government of South Africa removed apartheid and advanced nonwhites politically.
　☞ 自工人罢工以来，店主提高了物价。
　☞ The shopkeepers have advanced their prices since the workers were on strike.
9．rise, go up，指上升式的提高，两者可以换用，后者常用于口语。
　☞ 化肥消费量由1966年的76万吨提高到1972年的238万吨。
　☞ Fertilizer consumption rose from 0.76 million tons in 1966 to 2. 38 million tons in 1972.
　☞ 随着生活水平的提高，人们的政治觉悟水平也在提高。
　☞ With the elevating of the standard of living the level of political consciousness of people is rising.
　☞ 这些产品说明了我国的轻工业生产水平和人民生活水平不断提高。
　☞ These products show that the level of China's light industrial production and the people's living standard keep going up (rising)。
10．grow，指发展式的提高。
　☞ 中国的国际地位及国际威信在日益提高。
　☞ China's international status and prestige are growing daily.
　☞ 他作为一个小说家，其声誉在稳步提高。
　☞ He's a novelist whose reputation has grown steadily.
插 插
1．表示某种配件插入专门的装置时，可译insert。
　☞ 没插上插头，仪器怎么工作？
　☞ How can an instrument work without inserting the plug in the socket?
　☞ 哦，爸，原来钥匙就插在锁里！
　☞ Why, Dad, the key is inserted right in the lock!
　 ■ insert用于转意时可指“插话”。
　☞ 让我插几句话。
　☞ Let me insert a few words.
　 ■ 当然，插话也可译作get a word in edgeways。
　☞ 他说个没完，别人半句话也插不上。
　☞ He talked on and on, and nobody else could get a word in edgeways.
2．表示某种锋利的工具或武器刺入物体或人体，可译thrust。
　☞ 我把铲子插到冻土里，翻起一块泥土，扔到箩筐里。
　☞ I thrust my spade into the frozen earth, turned up a lump of soil, and flung it into the basket.
　☞ 她把一枚针插到针扎里。
　☞ She thrust a needle into the cushion.
　☞ 就在他快撑不住的时候，一把匕首插进了敌人的胸膛。
　☞ A dagger was thrust into the enemy's heart the moment he was about to give in.
　 ■ thrust用于转义时，可指“迅速挺进”。
　☞ 先头部队向敌人阵地的纵深猛插。
　☞ The vanguard made a deep thrust into the enemy position.
3．表示某物插到某种工具或其他物体上时，可用stick。
　☞ 他把苹果插在叉上，开始吃起来。
　☞ He stuck an apple on a fork and began to eat.
　☞ 姑娘的头上插着一朵鲜花。
　☞ The girl stuck a fresh flower in her hair.
　☞ 他把手插在口袋里。
　☞ He stuck (put) his hands in his pockets.
　 ■ stick转义时可指“刺入”。
　☞ 他们像一把尖刀直插敌人心脏。
　☞ They, like a dagger, stuck into the enemy's heart.
4．如果“插”是指插上门窗的插销，可译bolt。
　☞ 她插上了门。
　☞ She bolted the door.
　☞ 窗户从里面插上了。
　☞ The window bolts on the inside.
5．“插旗”的插，应译plant。
　☞ 我国登山队员征服珠穆朗玛峰后把国旗插上了顶峰。
　☞ On conquering Mount Qomolangma, our mountaineers planted the national flag on the summit.
插手 插手
1．表示“参加”，可用join in。
　☞ 工作人员已经够多了，你就不用插手了。
　☞ You don't have to join in, there are more than enough people on the job already.
　☞ 即使你插手也帮不了多少忙。
　☞ It isn't much help even if you join in.
　 ■ 如果“插手”是专指前面已出现的动作，也可省去不译，如：
　☞ 她想帮忙，又不知如何插手。
　☞ She was ready to help but didn't know how to (join in).
2．表示参与与己无关的事，可用have a finger in the pie。
　☞ 无论他干什么，他老婆都要插手。
　☞ Whatever he does, his wife always has a finger in the pie.
　☞ 只要左邻右舍准备什么红白喜事，她总巴不得插上一手。
　☞ As long as her neighbors plan any weddings or funerals, she is always eager to have a finger in the pie.
3．表示参与不该参与的事，可用meddle in, poke one's nose into。
　☞ 他插手我的家庭纠纷，我十分恼火。
　☞ I'm furious with him for meddling in our family disputes.
　☞ 解放前，美国大使就曾插手干预过中国的劳资纠纷。
　☞ The U.S. ambassador meddled in the dispute between labor and capital in China before liberation.
　☞ 想不到她会插手这件事。
　☞ We never thought she would poke her nose into this.
　☞ 你胆敢插手我的家事！
　☞ How dare you poke your nose into my family affairs?
4．表示干预，可用step in。
　☞ 两个超级大国都想插手该国选举。
　☞ The two superpowers tried to step in the elections of that country.
　☞ 公司和工会都不愿政府插手。
　☞ Neither the company nor the labor union wanted the government to step in.
5．表示干涉，可用intervene in。
　☞ 非洲人民不会让帝国主义插手非洲事务。
　☞ The people of Africa will never let the imperialists intervene in African affairs.
　☞ 他从不插手别人的事务。
　☞ He never intervenes in the affairs of other people.
6．表示操纵，可用take a hand in。
　☞ 一个超级大国插手以前，会谈一直进行得很顺利。
　☞ The negotiations were going smoothly till a superpower took a hand in them.
　☞ 里根政府派兵登陆，插手该岛局势。
　☞ The Reagan's administration took a hand in the situation of the island by landing the troops on it.
揭发 揭发
1．expose，指揭露。
　☞ 我们揭发自己工作中的错误，目的是为了改正。
　☞ We expose mistakes in our work in order to correct them.
　☞ 凡典型的违法乱纪案例都应在报纸上广为揭发。
　☞ Typical cases of violations of laws and disciplines should be widely exposed in the press.
2．reveal，指暴露。
　☞ 根据已经揭发的材料，我们没有冤枉他。
　☞ We did not wrong him, according to the facts already revealed。
　☞ 他们的阴谋已经揭发出来了。
　☞ Their plot now stood revealed.
3．bring to light，指公诸于众。
　☞ 他的仇敌揭发了他在年轻时干的一些蠢事，但他还是当选了。
　☞ His enemies brought to light some foolish things he had done while young, but he was elected anyway.
　☞ 这一罪行在多年以后才被揭发出来。
　☞ The crime was brought to light only years later.
4．lay open，指使之公开。
　☞ 他们向警察局揭发了阴谋分子的整个阴谋。
　☞ They laid open the whole scheme of the conspirators to the police.
　☞ 我们要揭发他们的秘密计划。
　☞ We shall lay open their secret plan.
5．unmask，指揭去假面具。
　☞ 她在临终时的忏悔戏剧性地揭发了她自己。
　☞ She dramatically unmasked herself on her deathbed confession.
　☞ 他被揭发出来是个核情报间谍。
　☞ He was unmasked as a nuclear spy.
揭示 揭示
1．bring to light，指使之看见原来看不见的东西。
　☞ 马克思主义揭示了人类社会发展的客观规律。
　☞ Marxism brought to light the objective laws governing the development of human society.
　☞ 科学研究揭示了许多宇宙的奥秘。
　☞ Scientific research has brought to light the mysteries of the universe.
2．reveal，指显示。
　☞ 他的科研成果揭示了细胞结构的复杂性。
　☞ His achievements in scientific research revealed the complexity of cell structure.
　☞ 对女毛孩的进一步研究揭示了她血液中含有雄性激素。
　☞ Further study of the hairy girl has revealed that male sex hormone is found in her blood.
3．delineate，指刻画。
　☞ 小说作者深刻地揭示了人物的内心世界。
　☞ The novelist subtly delineates the inner world of his characters.
　☞ 此书揭示了战争的本质。
　☞ The book delineates the nature of war.
揭穿 揭穿
1．expose，指揭露。
　☞ 别担心，这封信肯定会揭穿他的谎言。
　☞ Don't worry. The letter is sure to expose his lies.
　☞ 她看清了这场骗局并加以揭穿。
　☞ She saw the deception and exposed it.
2．show up，指使之原形毕露。
　☞ 没有一个造谣生事者喜欢被人当众揭穿。
　☞ No rumor-monger likes to be shown up in public.
　☞ 我们揭穿了他的本来面目。
　☞ We showed him up for what he really was，或We showed him up in true colors.
3．lay bare，使之暴露。
　☞ 记者在报告中揭穿了这个罪恶的阴谋。
　☞ In his report the journalist laid bare the evil plot.
　☞ 这一声明完全揭穿了他们称霸世界的野心。
　☞ The statement completely laid bare their ambition for world conquest.
4．unmask，指揭去假面具。
　☞ 叛徒的面目终于被揭穿。
　☞ The traitor was at last unmasked.
　☞ 进一步调查揭穿了一个反政府的阴谋。
　☞ The further investigation has unmasked a plot against the government.
5．give the lie to，指揭穿谎言。
　☞ 我们的成绩揭穿了他们散布的谣言。
　☞ Our achievements have given the lie to the rumor they spread.
　☞ 罪犯说劫案发生时他一直在家，警方却揭穿了他的谎言。
　☞ The police gave the lie to the culprit, who said that he had been at home during the robbery.
6．uncover，指揭去掩盖物而暴露。
　☞ 是这两位记者揭穿了整个阴谋。
　☞ It was the two reporters who uncovered the whole plot.
　☞ 绑架大使的密谋终于被揭穿了。
　☞ The conspiracy to kidnap the ambassador was finally uncovered.
揭露 揭露
1．expose，指揭发披露。
　☞ 这本书揭露了这场战争的真正目的。
　☞ The book exposed the true aims of the war.
　☞ 没有多少必要去当众揭露别人。
　☞ There is little need to expose others in public.
2．uncover，指揭开掩盖物使之暴露。
　☞ 问题的关键是揭露事物的本质。
　☞ The key to the question is to uncover the essence of things.
　☞ 他的敌意被一层层地揭露出来。
　☞ Layer upon layer of his hostility was uncovered.
3．unmask，指揭去假面具。
　☞ 揭露钻进党内的野心家、阴谋家是件很得人心的事。
　☞ It is a very popular move to unmask the careerists and conspirators who have sneaked into the Party.
　☞ 仅仅为揭露一个伪君子何必大动干戈。
　☞ There is no need to get into a fight only for unmasking a hypocrite.
4．reveal，指透露。
　☞ 这篇报道揭露了竞选活动的内幕。
　☞ The report revealed the inside story of electioneering.
　☞ 美国新闻界能揭露像水门事件这样的政治丑闻， 真是了不起。
　☞ It is really amazing that the American press can reveal political scandals like the Watergate Scandal.
援助 援助
1．help，泛指一切援助，这种援助往往出于好意，并帮助对方解决困难、麻烦等。说话的语气比较随便。
　☞ 要是贵国不能援助我们，那么就没有国家能救我们了。
　☞ If your country can't help us, then no countries can save us.
　☞ 他启动了一项援助贫困盲人的工程。
　☞ He started a project for helping poor blind people.
2．aid, 往往指物质上的援助，并暗示富的援助穷的，强的援助弱的。语气比help正式。
　☞ 我们将尽全力向贵国提供一切道义上和物质上的援助。
　☞ We will give your country all moral and material aid as possible as we can.
　☞ 美国插手干涉并提供军事援助之后，起义才被镇压下去。
　☞ The rise in revolt was put down only after the United States stepped in with military aid.
3．support，主要指支持性的精神援助。
　☞ 我们的确需要国际援助，但主要还靠自力更生。
　☞ We do need international support, but depend mainly on self-reliance.
　☞ 我们是来给你们一点道义上的援助。
　☞ We've come to give you a little moral support.
搀 搀
1．表示搀扶，一般译support或take one's arm。
　☞ 她痛得站不起来了，快搀着点她。
　☞ Give her some support quickly as she feels too much pain to stand.
　☞ 巡警见到老人步履艰难，就搀着他过马路。
　☞ Seeing that the old man was difficult to walk, the policeman supported him with his hand to cross the street.
　☞ 接着就有一只手伸过来搀着她。
　☞ Then a hand reached out and took her arm.
　☞ 她听见一个女孩子的声音：“阿姨，您早！”说完就用手去搀着她要送她到医院去。
　☞ She heard a girl's voice. "Good morning, Auntie!”.
　☞ Then the girl took her arm to lead her to the hospital.
2．表示帮助，可用help或assist in doing sth。
　☞ 老大娘脸色都白了，快搀她进屋。
　☞ The old lady looks pale. Help her into the room.
　☞ 他还很虚弱，所以我把他搀起来。
　☞ He was still weak. so I assisted him in getting up.
3．表示混合，可译mix (up, with)，mingle （with），一般可以换用。
　☞ 油和水搀不到一块。
　☞ Oil will not mix (mingle) with water.
　☞ 别把两种菜子搀在一起。
　☞ Don't mix up the two kinds of vegetable seeds.
　☞ 这颜料得用油搀稀。
　☞ This paint has to be weakened (thinned) by mixing it with oil.
4．表示搀假，可用adulterate或add。
　☞ 这牛奶搀水了。
　☞ The milk has been adulterated with water.
　☞ 不法商人在酒里搀水卖。
　☞ Law-breaking merchants sell spirituous liquors by adding water.
搁 搁
1．put，指放置。
　☞ 把箱子搁在行李架上。
　☞ Put the suitcase on the luggage-rack.
　☞ 汤太淡，我们搁了点盐。
　☞ The soup was too bland and we put some salt in it.
2．hold，指搁得下。
　☞ 箱子大，搁得下所有的东西。
　☞ This suitcase is big enough to hold all the things.
　☞ 这抽屉可以搁我所有的内衣。
　☞ This drawer can hold all my underclothes.
3．keep，指保存。
　☞ 这屋子太热，种子搁不住。
　☞ The room is too hot. and the seeds won't keep.
　☞ 我们把食物搁在冰箱里。
　☞ We keep food in a refrigerator.
4．put aside，指搁在一边不予理会。
　☞ 我们得暂时把这件事搁一搁。
　☞ We have to put the matter aside for the time being.
　☞ 这种时候我们应尽量把所有的分歧搁到一边。
　☞ At such a time we must try to put aside all differences.
5．shelve，指搁置不办。
　☞ 他要出国留学，婚事只好搁下了。
　☞ Since he was going aboard to study, he had to shelve his marriage plan.
　☞ 我们呼吁两国把争论暂时搁下。
　☞ We called on both countries to shelve their disputes for the time being.
6．leave over，指留到以后解决。
　☞ 我们不得不把这项工作搁到下个星期。
　☞ We'll have to leave the job over till next week.
　☞ 这些事情只好搁到下次会议再说了。
　☞ These matters have to be left over till our next meeting.
搁浅 搁浅
1．run aground，指进入浅水无法行驶。
　☞ 船在一处沙岸上搁浅了。
　☞ The ship ran aground on a sandbank.
　☞ 不要偏离水流的中心线，否则会搁浅的。
　☞ Keeps us out into the center of the stream or you'll run us aground.
2．strand，指陷于困境的搁浅。
　☞ 飓风把帆船刮到沙滩上搁了浅。
　☞ The hurricane stranded the sailboat on the sand beach.
　☞ 人们想尽办法来拯救在岸上搁浅的鲸鱼。
　☞ People tried every possible way to save the whale stranded on the shore.
3．reach (come to)a deadlock，指陷入僵局的搁浅。
　☞ 两小时后谈判搁浅了。
　☞ The negotiations reached a deadlock after two hours.
　☞ 工会与管理当局在附加补助费上搁了浅。
　☞ The union and the management came to a deadlock over fringe benefits.
4．shelve，指搁置不办。
　☞ 我们正以为这次春游要搁浅的时候，突然又通知我们去春游了。
　☞ We were thinking that the spring trip shelved when we were told to make it。
　☞ 住宅建设计划搁浅了。
　☞ The plan for housing construction was shelved.
搜查 搜查
1．search，强调搜查做出的努力及彻底性，并暗示这种搜查带有调查、研究的性质。
　☞ 警方搜查了屋子的每个房间，但什么也没发现。
　☞ The police searched every room of the house, but nothing was found.
　☞ 警卫搜查了他的口袋，发现他带着一把上了膛的手枪。
　☞ The guards searched his pocket and found he was carrying a loaded revolver.
　 ■ search后还可接for，表示搜查是为了找人或物。
　☞ 警员及警犬搜查了林子，寻找失踪的男孩。
　☞ The police and tracker dogs searched the woods for the missing boy.
　☞ 海关官员搜查了他的行李，寻找走私货。
　☞ The customs officials searched his luggage for smuggled goods.
2．rummage，指翻动物件仔细搜查。
　☞ 海关工作人员仔细搜查了一艘有走私货物嫌疑的海轮。
　☞ The customs officers rummaged the ocean-going ship suspected of having contraband goods.
　☞ 边防部队的军官搜查了卡车，寻找毒品。
　☞ The officers of the frontier guards rummaged the truck in search of drug.
3．ransack，也指仔细搜查一个地方，但不像rummage那样翻动物件。
　☞ 那些人搜查了茅屋，而且在坛坛罐罐中乱翻。
　☞ The men ransacked the thatched huts and rummaged among the pots.
　☞ 进口货物卸货后，检查官员仔细搜查船只。
　☞ When the import cargo was discharged, the examining officers ransacked the ship.
搜索 搜索
1．search for，指到处搜索，目的是要找到要找的人或物。
　☞ 警察仍在搜索飞机失事的幸存者。
　☞ The policemen are still searching for survivors of the plane crash.
　☞ 我知道这个名字，但当时显然不是从记忆中搜索此人细节的时候。
　☞ I know the name, but now it is obviously not the time to search my memory for details.
　 ■ in search of是search for的名词片语。
　☞ 有关当局出动军舰和飞机来搜索失踪船只。
　☞ The authorities concerned dispatched warships and flied planes in search of the missing ship.
2．scout (around)，指侦察搜索。
　☞ 已派出一支小分队进行搜索。
　☞ A small detachment was sent to scout.
　☞ 飞机搜索到了几处林火。
　☞ The airplane has scouted around a few bits of fire wood.
3．reconnoiter，常用于军事上的侦察搜索。
　☞ 野战部队往前方派出数名侦察员去搜索敌人。
　☞ The field army unit sent a few scouts ahead to reconnoiter the enemy.
　☞ 小分队小心地搜索前进。
　☞ The small detachment advanced and reconnoitered carefully.
4．comb，指如篦子般篦上一遍的搜索。
　☞ 解放军和民兵都上山搜索空投特务。
　☞ The PLA men and militiamen were combing the hills for air-dropped agents.
　☞ 村民们都在林子里搜索失事飞机。
　☞ The villagers are combing the woods for the crashed plane.
搞 搞
1．表示搞的静态，可译为：
1) be (in)，着重点在某种状态。
　☞ 他的朋友是专搞出版工作的。
　☞ His friend is a professional publisher.
　☞ 国民党专政22年，一年只搞到几万吨钢。
　☞ Under the despotic rule of Change Kai-shek's Kuomintang, which lasted twenty two years, the yearly steel output was only some tens of thousands of tons.
　☞ 他是搞建筑的。
　☞ He is in building.
　☞ 我们的同志无论搞哪一行，都要学一点技术和业务。
　☞ Whatever line our comrades are in, they should all acquire some technical and professional knowledge.
2) be engaged in，着重点在从事。
　☞ 我们搞的是一场艰苦的长期的斗争。
　☞ It is a hard and long struggle we are engaged in.
　☞ 狭义地说，间谍就是搞谍报工作。
　☞ In a narrow sense, a spy is one engaged in espionage.
2．表示搞的动态，可译为：
1) do，着重点在做，与be in相对。
　☞ 为了挣钱，他们什么都搞。
　☞ They are doing everything they can to make money.
　☞ 近来搞得怎么样？
　☞ How have you been doing lately?
　☞ 今年我们要坚持像以前那样搞。
　☞ This year we must persist in doing what we have done before.
　☞ 过去有些外国同志怀疑，究竟我们在搞些什么。
　☞ In the past, some foreign comrades had doubts about what we were actually doing.
2) engage in，着重点在从事，与be engaged in相对。
　☞ 现在搞农业不掌握技术不行了。
　☞ Now it is no longer possible to engage in agricultural work without acquiring techniques.
　☞ 要搞公安工作就别想有多少时间顾家。
　☞ If you engage in public security work, you cannot expect to have much time for your family.
　☞ 过去他搞所谓“乡村建设”。
　☞ He used to engage in what he called "rural construction".
3) go in for，着重点在致力于。
　☞ 我想你总有一天会认认真真地搞工程的。
　☞ I suppose you will go in seriously for engineering some day.
　☞ 我们组织战士搞生产劳动。
　☞ We organized the fighters to go in for productive labor.
　☞ 搞阴谋诡计的人是注定要失败的。
　☞ Those who go in for intrigues and conspiracies are doomed to failure.
4) carry on，着重点在进行。
　☞ 他在解放前搞什么行当？
　☞ What business did he carry on before liberation?
　☞ 因而我们有机会就国际问题搞了多次讨论。
　☞ So we had an opportunity to carry on many discussions about international affairs.
　☞ 传单上说，他们今后要搞地下斗争。
　☞ The handbills said that they would carry on the underground struggle.
5) go on，着重点在继续进行。
　☞ 这场斗争一直搞到邓小平再次当政。
　☞ The struggle went on until Deng Xiao-ping came to power again.
　☞ 那边在搞什么？
　☞ What's going on out there?
　☞ 你再这样搞下去，是会招麻烦的。
　☞ If you go on like that, you must expect trouble.
6) carry out，重点在实行。
　☞ 我们过去只搞过民主革命。
　☞ The revolution we carried out in the past was only a democratic revolution.
　☞ 他们在全世界到处搞颠覆、破坏、干涉和侵略。
　☞ They are carrying out subversion, sabotage, intervention and aggression everywhere in the world.
　☞ 那儿的土改是1952年搞的。
　☞ The Land Reform was carried out there in 1952.
7) practice，重点在实践。
　☞ 这是一个搞不搞社会主义的问题。
　☞ It's a question of whether or not one practices socialism.
　☞ 我逢人就说要早起早睡，我自己就是这么搞的。
　☞ I tell everybody I meet that he should go to bed early and get up early. I practice it myself.
　☞ 他们无须搞节约。
　☞ They have no need to practice economy.
8) push，着重点在推行。
　☞ 在社会主义国家搞所谓的大民主是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong to push so-called great democracy in socialist countries.
　☞ 历史上许多坚持搞改革的入大都没有好下场。
　☞ In history most of the people who persist in pushing reform came to no good end.
　☞ 在形势的压迫下，那些顽固分子还要搞大国沙文主义那一套行不通了。
　☞ The force of circumstances will make it impossible for those die-hard elements to get anywhere if they push their great-nation chauvinism.
9) go all out，着重点在全力以赴，故有“大搞”之意。
　☞ 去年大搞一年，粮食不但没有减产，反而增产了。
　☞ We went all out last year, yet, far from falling, our grain production increased.
　☞ 发达国家在国外大搞经济扩张。
　☞ The developed countries are going all out for economic expansion abroad.
　☞ 在原子能发展方面，我们应该大搞特搞。
　☞ We should go all out in the development of atomic energy.
10) arrange，着重点在安排。
　☞ 现在应搞些娱乐，因此要有时间、有装备。
　☞ Now it is necessary to arrange some recreation for which there must be time and facilities.
　☞ 青年团要搞些适合青年特点的活动。
　☞ The Youth League should arrange activities that suit the characteristics of youth.
　☞ 如果再加把劲，我本来可以把本职工作搞得更好。
　☞ With more effort I could have arranged my duties better.
11) play，着重点在玩弄，故带贬义。
　☞ 他又在搞花样。
　☞ He is again playing one of his tricks.
　☞ 他为了当选，不得不对工会和老板双方搞政治手腕。
　☞ In order to be elected, he had to play politics with both the unions and the bosses.
　☞ 他们希望我们搞“清一色”。
　☞ They want us to play "a one-party game".
　☞ 你们到底搞什么鬼？
　☞ What tricks are you playing after all?
12) get up to，着重点在做蠢事、坏事。
　☞ 他爱搞恶作剧。
　☞ He is apt to get up to practical jokes.
　☞ 我不知道他下一步会搞什么。
　☞ I wonder what he'll get up to next.
　☞ 你在搞什么鬼？
　☞ What mischief do you get up to?
13) have，着重点在应该有。
　☞ 青年就是青年，不然何必搞青年团呢？
　☞ After all, youth is youth, or else why bother to have a youth league?
　☞ 我们当然要搞点庆祝。
　☞ Surely we'll have some sort of celebration.
　☞ 我们搞统一战线，他们也不赞成。
　☞ Also, they won't like China having a united front.
14) get，着重点在获得。
　☞ 照相机是哪儿搞来的？
　☞ Where did you get the camera?
　☞ 我的胃病就是这么搞出来的。
　☞ That was how I got my gastric trouble.
　☞ 他们会有武器，或者说知道到哪儿搞武器。
　☞ They would have weapons or know where to get them.
15) make，着重点在做成。
　☞ 这些模型是我们自己搞的。
　☞ We have made these models ourselves.
　☞ 文件的初稿是谁搞的？
　☞ Who made the first draft of the document?
　☞ 你们要到基层搞调查研究，然后才能对情况做到心中有数。
　☞ You should visit grass-roots units to make investigation and study and thus get a clear picture of the situation.
　☞ 兄弟俩很像，别把他们俩搞错了。
　☞ The two brothers are very much alike. Don't make the one for the other.
16) produce，着重点在制造。
　☞ 我们搞一点核武器完全是为了自卫。
　☞ It is purely for self-defense that we have produced some nuclear weapons.
　☞ 他们讨论了30多次，还没搞出一项具体计划。
　☞ They held more than thirty discussions without producing a definite plan.
　☞ 我想搞点玻璃纤维，这东西现在市场上缺货。
　☞ I'm thinking of producing glass fiber that is in short supply in the market.
17) work out，着重点在设计、制订。
　☞ 他搞了好几项技术革新。
　☞ He worked out several technical innovations.
　☞ 我们一起搞了个除草的办法。
　☞ We worked out together ways to get rid of weeds.
　☞ 这个提纲要仔细搞。
　☞ This outline must be worked out carefully.
18) set up，着重点在建立。
　☞ 在城市郊区搞些互助组，保证蔬菜的生产，供应问题不难解决。
　☞ It is possible to ensure the production and supply of vegetables by setting up mutual-aid teams in the suburban areas.
　☞ 我们的一般做法是搞实验田。
　☞ Our general practice is to set up experimental plots.
　☞ 他们搞了个小实验室，全部业余时间都放在这项工作上了。
　☞ They set up a small laboratory and devoted every spare moment to this work.
19) put up，着重点在修建。
　☞ 我们打算在这里搞个电站。
　☞ We're thinking of putting up a power station here.
　☞ 厂房、机器、设备都搞起来了。
　☞ Factory buildings have been put up, and machinery and other equipment installed.
　☞ 我们搞了几个塑料薄膜苗圃。
　☞ We have put up a few of plastic film nursery gardens.
20) draw up，着重点在草拟。
　☞ 请你们注意抓紧搞个农业规划。
　☞ Please take heed and lose no time in drawing up an agricultural plan.
　☞ 我们搞了一系列的增产措施。
　☞ We drew up a list of measures for increasing output.
　☞ 议事日程还没有搞出来。
　☞ The agenda has not yet been drawn up.
21) start，着重点在开始，故有“搞起来”的意思。
　☞ 这家小工厂是由几个家庭妇女搞起来的。
　☞ This small factory was started by a few housewives.
　☞ 然后，他们搞起了扫盲运动。
　☞ Then they started a movement to wipe out illiteracy.
　☞ 我们又从头搞起，直到取得成功。
　☞ We started all over again until we succeeded.
22) initiate，着重点在首创，故有“首先搞”的意思。
　☞ 解放后，政府搞了一场消灭血吸虫病的群众运动。
　☞ After liberation the government initiated a mass campaign to wipe out trematodiasis.
　☞ 我们党搞的改革一定能成功。
　☞ The reform initiated by our Party is bound to be a success.
　☞ 希望工程的特点是搞一个教育的第二战线。
　☞ The feature of the Project Hope is to initiate a second front of education.
　☞ 如果你真想要，你就得降低军政费月，多搞经济建设。
　☞ If your desire is genuine, then you will reduce the proportion of military and administrative expenditures and spend more on economic construction.
　☞ 无非是少数人这里闹一下，那里闹一下，要搞大民主。
　☞ At most a small number of people may create trouble here and there and clamor for so-called great democracy.
　☞ 对这一斗争我们准备搞3个5年计划。
　☞ We intend to devote a period of three five-year plans to the struggle.
　☞ 城市的蔬菜供应主要是搞计划供应。
　☞ To provide the cities with vegetables depends chiefly on planned supply.
3．汉语里的“搞”除了跟宾语（如搞工作，搞调查）之外，还可跟补语（如搞好，搞坏），译成英语时，有以下几种结构。
1) 译成英语宾语前的定语。
　☞ 党应在农村把农业搞好，在城市把工业搞好，在学校把敦育搞好。
　☞ The Party must do a good job in agriculture in the countryside, in industry in cities, in education at school.
　☞ 工厂怎么办，合作社怎么办，商店怎么办，在机关里是搞不清楚的。
　☞ If you stay in your office, you will never get a clear idea of how factories, co-operatives and shops are run.
2) 译成带有系词的表语。
　☞ 规划究竟什么时候搞好？
　☞ When will the plan be ready?
　☞ 这两个国家的关系现在搞得很紧张。
　☞ At present the relations between the two countries are very strained.
3) 译成补语。
　☞ 这消息搞得人心不安。
　☞ The news has made people jittery.
　☞ 我们搞不好还得重来。
　☞ If things go wrong we have to start all over again.
4) 译成状语。
　☞ 社会主义改造搞猛了也不行。
　☞ To push socialist transformation too hard won't do either.
　☞ 这块地搞好了，每亩可收1,000公斤。
　☞ If this plot of land is handled well, it can yield 1,000 kg per mu.
5) 译作谓语或主语。
　☞ 什么都叫你们搞乱了。
　☞ You have disrupted everything.
　☞ 把这个问题搞清楚，对我们都有好处。
　☞ To clarify this question will be good for us.
搬 搬
1．表示水平方向的搬，用move或remove。
　☞ 我家已搬到北京。
　☞ My family has moved to Beijing.
　☞ 请帮我把这张桌子搬到那个角落里。
　☞ Please help me to remove the table to that corner.
　☞ 同学们都来帮忙搬石头。
　☞ All students came to help remove the stones.
　☞ 去年我们从上海搬到了昆明。
　☞ We removed from Shanghai to Kunming last year.
2．表示向上搬，可译lift。
　☞ 他好不容易才把这个大包裹搬到柜台上。
　☞ He lifted the huge package with difficulty onto the counter.
　“搬起石头打自己的脚”，这就是张伯伦政策的必然结果。
　 "Lifting a rock only to have his own toes squashed "this was the inevitable result of Chamberlain's policy.
3．表示任何方向的变换，用shift。
　☞ 这个口袋在这里挡路，请搬一下。
　☞ Shift the bag, it's in the way here.
　☞ 我们搬了一下沙发，让它对着火炉。
　☞ We have shifted the sofa so that it faces the fireplace.
　☞ 他把行李搬到楼上的住所。
　☞ He shifted his luggage up to his flat.
4．表示携带，可译carry。
　☞ 黄河搬入大海的黄土每年以亿吨计。
　☞ Every year hundreds of millions of tons of loess are carried down to sea by the Yellow River.
　☞ 说完这些话，他搬着大箱子上楼去了。
　☞ With these words he carried a trunk up the stairs.
5．表示转运，可译transfer。
　☞ 不能把行李搬到另一辆卡车上吗？
　☞ Can't we transfer the luggage to another truck?
　☞ 所有的货物已由海轮搬到驳船上去了。
　☞ All goods have been transferred from the ocean-going ship to the barges.
6．表示移植，可译transplant。
　☞ 这些花，我们先在暖房里培植，后来才搬到园子里的。
　☞ We started these flowers in the greenhouse and then transplanted them to the garden.
　☞ 我奉劝诸位，切记不要硬搬中国的经验。
　☞ I beg to advise you not to transplant Chinese experience mechanically.
7．表示模仿，可译copy。
　☞ 这种恶劣的先例是不能再搬的。
　☞ Such a bad precedent must not be copied again.
　☞ 他们的经验不能生搬硬套。
　☞ Their experience should not be copied mechanically and applied indiscriminately.
摆出 摆出
1．表示陈列出来使人理解，用present，指在公开正式的场合摆出。
　☞ 只有摆出事实才能讲清楚道理。
　☞ Only by presenting the facts can we reason things out.
　☞ 那穷汉摆出一副可怜相。
　☞ The poor fellow presented a wretched appearance.
　☞ 那女人摆出一副冷冰冰的面孔，我们都觉得这顿饭难以下咽，更不用说吃出味道来了。
　☞ The woman presented such a cold face that we found it difficult to finish our meal, much less enjoy it.
　☞ 只要我祖母在家，姨太太们都会摆出一副讨好的笑脸。
　☞ As long as my grandmother was in the house, the concubines would present a toadying smile.
2．set forth，意同present，但为口头用语。
　☞ 我们可以把有利条件和不利条件摆出来一起讨论嘛。
　☞ We can set forth the advantages and disadvantages and have a talk together.
　☞ 他的观点都在声明里摆出来了。
　☞ His views were fully set forth in his statement.
3．lay bare，指把不明的真相摆出来。
　☞ 只要把事情摆出来，一切问题都能迎刃而解。
　☞ Once we lay things bare, all problems can be readily solved.
　☞ 他摆出想法以后，她就跟他言归于好了。
　☞ She made it up with him after he laid bare what he thought.
4．display，指摆出来展示。
　☞ 商店的橱窗里摆出女式时装，琳琅满目。
　☞ Shops have displayed in their windows women's clothing of the latest fashion which is a feast for the eyes.
　☞ 几乎家家户户都摆出祭品祭神。
　☞ Almost every household displayed food聃offerings to deity.
5．表示显示和炫耀，用put on air, assume airs (manner), show a bearing, behave as if。
　☞ 他不论跟谁讲话都爱摆出一副官僚主义的架子。
　☞ Whoever he talks to, he always puts on bureaucratic airs.
　☞ 见他摆出一副老资格的样子，我们都感到恶心。
　☞ We feel sick seeing that he puts on the airs of a veteran.
　☞ 我们受不了他摆出的那副架子。
　☞ We can hardly stand the airs he assumes.
　☞ 他摆出一副漠不关心的样子。
　☞ He assumed an air of indifference.
　☞ 你摆出消息灵通的样子，其实什么都不知道。
　☞ You assumed a well-informed manner but in fact you know nothing.
　☞ 他升了官，便摆出了不起的样子。
　☞ He has shown a proud bearing since his promotion.
　☞ 年轻人爱摆出什么都懂的样子。
　☞ Young people are anxious to behave as if they know everything.
摆脱 摆脱
1．表示解脱、解除、解放，用rid oneself of, get rid of, free oneself from。
　☞ 我们应该摆脱形而上学的束缚。
　☞ We should rid ourselves of the shackles of metaphysics.
　☞ 我们做这一切都是为了摆脱旧中国遗留下来的贫困落后状况。
　☞ We did all this in order to rid ourselves completely of the poverty and backwardness left over from Old China.
　☞ 我想尽早摆脱这件事。
　☞ I should like to get rid of this business as soon as possible.
　☞ 他终于摆脱了困境。
　☞ He has got rid of this trouble at last.
　☞ 男女平等有助于妇女摆脱繁重的家务劳动。
　☞ Equality between the sexes helps to free women from strenuous household chores.
　☞ 他摆脱了其他一切事务，把整个身心都献给了民族解放事业。
　☞ He freed himself from all other duties to dedicate himself to the cause of national liberation.
2．表示抛弃、丢弃、甩掉，用cast off (away)，shake off。
　☞ 我们必须摆脱我国的贫困落后状况。
　☞ We must cast off poverty and backwardness in our country.
　☞ 现在，亚非拉人民大都已摆脱了殖民主义的枷锁。
　☞ The people in Asia, Africa and Latin America now mostly have cast off the yoke of colonialism.
　☞ 西藏人民已经摆脱了农奴制的束缚。
　☞ The Tibetan people have cast off their chains of the serf system.
　☞ 他已摆脱了恶习。
　☞ He has cast away his bad habits.
　☞ 土地改革帮助我国农民摆脱了封建主义的枷锁。
　☞ The Land Reform helped the peasants of China shake off the shackles of feudalism.
　☞ 我方飞行员钻入云层，摆脱了多架敌方歼击机的追击。
　☞ Our pilot dived into a bank of clouds and shook off the enemy fighters.
3．表示提高到另一水平，可译raise from。
　☞ 十一届三中全会以来，我们地区已摆脱贫困落后状况。
　☞ Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, our area has been raised from poverty and backwardness.
　☞ 他通过自学摆脱了无知。
　☞ He was raised from ignorance through self-study.
4．表示摆脱难以摆脱的困境，可译extricate oneself from。
　☞ 他们策动一次又一次的反华浪潮，其目的是为了摆脱他们在国内外的困境。
　☞ They have whipped up one anti-China wave after another to extricate themselves from its dilemmas at home and abroad.
　☞ 我们来看看她如何从这一难堪的局面里摆脱出来。
　☞ Let's see how she can extricate herself from this embarrassing situation.
摇摆 摇摆
1．swing，指有规律地来回左右摇摆，而且摇摆的支点是在上面。
　☞ 房间里没人，我只看见一只大钟的钟摆在慢慢地来回摇摆。
　☞ There was no one in the room and I saw only the pendulum of a large clock swinging slowly to and fro.
　☞ 吊灯在风中摇摆，似乎眼看随时都要掉下来似的。
　☞ The chandelier was swinging in the wind that seemed to drop at any moment.
2．sway，指无规律地上下起伏摇摆，而且这种摇摆的物体往往是直立的。
　☞ 柳枝迎风摇摆。
　☞ The branches of the willow trees swayed in the breeze.
　☞ 他奔跑时手中的水桶在摇摆。
　☞ The pail swayed in his hand as he ran.
3．waver, 指不稳定地摇摆。
　☞ 棕榈树在风中摇摆。
　☞ The palm trees wavered in the wind.
　☞ 他骑着他那摇摇摆摆的自行车上工厂去了。
　☞ He rode his wavering bicycle to the factory.
　 ■ 但waver还可用于转义。
　☞ 他在两种意见之间摇摆不定。
　☞ He wavered between the two opinions.
　☞ 你总是摇摆不定，做不了决断。
　☞ You always waver instead of making a decision.
4．rock，指有节奏地前后摇摆。
　☞ 波浪摇摆着船身。
　☞ The waves rocked the ship.
　☞ 乐队放肆地演奏着摇滚乐，每个人都以自己的方式摇摆着身子，开始跳起舞来。
　☞ The band rocked away with abandon and each began to dance, rocking his holly in his own way.
5．vacillate，只指意见、主意等的摇摆。
　☞ 我们执行具体工作路线和具体政策时，有时会迷失方向，左右摇摆。
　☞ When we carry out a specific line for work and specific policy sometimes we may lose our bearings and vacillate now to the left and now to the right.
　☞ 这孩子的性格反复无常、对立抵触、摇摆不定。
　☞ The boy's character is inconstant, divided and vacillating.
摇晃 摇晃
1．shake, shaky，常用词，可指任何不稳定的摇晃，可以是有意的也可是无意的。
　☞ 服药前先摇晃瓶子。
　☞ Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.
　☞ 地震时大楼都摇晃了。
　☞ The tall buildings shook during the earthquake.
　☞ 他愤怒地摇晃着拳头。
　☞ He shook his fist in rage.
　☞ 树枝在风中摇晃。
　☞ The branches are shaking in the wind.
　☞ 这椅子有点摇晃。
　☞ The chair is a bit shaky.
2．rock, 指有节奏地摇晃，可轻可重。
　☞ 年轻的妈妈把孩子抱在怀里，摇晃着哄他入睡。
　☞ The young mother rocked the baby to sleep in her arms.
　☞ 我在学习，请不要摇晃椅子，而且声音弄得那么大。
　☞ I'm studying, please stop rocking the chair, and you're making so much noise.
　☞ 爆炸使整个山谷都在摇晃。
　☞ The explosion rocked the entire valley.
3．sway，指直立物体的摇晃。
　☞ 晕船的乘客头晕目眩地摇晃着。
　☞ The seasick passengers swayed with dizziness.
　☞ 她走起路来屁股左右摇晃。
　☞ She swayed her hips from side to side as she walked.
　☞ 大家都知道，烟囱若无足够的强度就会在起风时摇晃。
　☞ Smokestacks are known to sway in the wind if they are not rigid enough.
4．falter，指走路时身不由己地摇晃。
　☞ 他病了好久，走起路来脚步摇摇晃晃的。
　☞ He walked with faltering steps after a long illness.
　☞ 老太太摇摇晃晃地摸黑走向门口。
　☞ The old lady faltered toward the door in the dark.
摧残 摧残
1．ruin，指毁坏。
　☞ 酷刑摧残了他的身体。
　☞ The cruel torture ruined his health.
　☞ 十年的社会动乱摧残了我国的经济。
　☞ The ten-year social upheaval ruined China's economy.
2．trample on，指践踏。
　☞ 摧残民主在旧中国是司空见惯的事情。
　☞ Democracy being trampled on was a common sight in Old China.
　☞ 他们采取种种措施的目的都是为了摧残人性。
　☞ The measures they took aimed at trampling on human nature.
3．suppress，指取缔镇压。
　☞ 他们生活在一个警察国家里，所有的言论自由都受到摧残。
　☞ They live in a police state, where all free speech is suppressed.
　☞ 他们之所以要摧残舆论是因为缺乏自信。
　☞ The reason why they suppress public opinion is that they are lacking in self-confidence.
摧毁 摧毁
1．destroy，着重点在彻底破坏。
　☞ 一颗原子弹就能摧毁一个城市。
　☞ An atom bomb could destroy a city.
　☞ 我们发起全面进攻之前先用炮火摧毁了敌人的据点。
　☞ The gunfire destroyed the enemy strongholds before we launched our all-out attack.
2．smash，着重点在粉碎。
　☞ 我部坦克很快就摧毁了敌人的步兵。
　☞ Our tanks quickly smashed the enemy infantry.
　☞ 工人阶级在建立新的国家机器之前应摧毁旧的国家机器。
　☞ The working class must smash the old state machine before building a new one.
3．knock out，着重点在打掉。
　☞ 他用火箭筒接连摧毁敌人的3辆坦克。
　☞ He knocked out three enemy tanks in succession with his bazooka.
　☞ 轰炸摧毁了敌人的炮兵。
　☞ Bombing raids knocked out the enemy's artillery.
摸 摸
1．feel，有下列几种用法。
1) 用作及物动词，强调摸产生的感觉。
　☞ 医生摸了摸我的前额和脉搏。
　☞ The doctor felt my forehead and pulse.
　☞ 你摸摸这口刀，看快不快。
　☞ You feel the edge of the knife and see whether it is sharp.
2) 用做不及物动词，强调摸取。
　☞ 她在口袋里摸了一阵才摸出一张纸片。
　☞ She felt in her pocket for a while and finally produced a slip of paper.
　☞ 他在工具箱里摸出把游标卡尺给了我，并说它对误差检验非常有用。
　☞ He felt for a vernier caliper in his tool box and gave it to me by saying that it would be of great use for verifying errors.
3) 用作带有被动意义的自动词，强词手指触摸感。
　☞ 这料子摸起来像丝绒。
　☞ The material feels like velvet.
　☞ 这布料摸起来很软。
　☞ This cloth feels soft.
2．feel sth. out, 指摸清对方的态度、意见、性格等。
　☞ 你最好摸一摸其他同志对这一问题的意见。
　☞ You had better feel out other comrades' opinions on the subject.
　☞ 在采取具体步骤以前，我们先摸摸情况。
　☞ Let's feel out the situation first before we take any definite steps.
3．sound sth. out，指试探性摸清。
　☞ 我们摸了摸他对那项计划的接受态度。
　☞ We sounded out his receptiveness to the plan.
　☞ 他说他的访华之行是想摸摸中国人对世界的看法。
　☞ He says his trip to China is an attempt to sound out the Chinese world views.
4．find out, 指通过调查、研究、侦察等手段摸清。
　☞ 请问你能告诉我处理这事的办法吗？我还摸不着门呢。
　☞ Could you please let me know the way of dealing with it? I cannot find out the proper way.
　☞ 一支小分队被派去摸敌情。
　☞ A small detachment was sent to find the enemy situation out.
5．find one's way to，指由于视力缺失或光线缺乏等原因而摸索。
　☞ 盲童用手摸着墙才摸到门口。
　☞ Groping with his hand along the wall, the blind boy found his way to the door.
　☞ 有好几个晚上，小光发现她每天下车后总是一个人摸着走，就决定帮助她。
　☞ For several nights, Xiaoguang had noticed that she always had to find her way by herself after getting off the bus, so he decided to help her.
6．grope，也指视力缺失或光线缺乏的摸，但为书面用语。
1) grope for，可与feel for换用。
　☞ 我在暗处摸手电，我记得它一定在虏间的什么地方。
　☞ I groped (felt) in the dark for the hand torch, which I remembered must be somewhere in the room.
　☞ 他在漆黑的房间里摸电灯开关。
　☞ He was groping (feeling) about in the dark for the electric switch.
2) grope one's way，指摸着走，可与find one's way换用。
　☞ 她吹灭了蜡烛摸到床上。
　☞ She blew out the candle and groped (found) her way into bed.
　☞ 我们在漆黑的隧道里摸着走。
　☞ We groped our way along the dark tunnel.
7．stroke, 指抚摸。
　☞ 他停了一会，然后摸着我的头说：“现在去睡一会吧，你的眼睛都睁不开了。”
　☞ He paused for a minute and then stroked my head and said: "Now go and get some sleep, you can hardly keep your eyes open."
　☞ 他轻轻地摸着胡子问道：“我老了吗？”
　☞ Stroking his beard gently, he said: "Am I getting old?"
8．fumble，原指做事笨手笨脚，但引申为乱摸时，可与grope换用。
　☞ 他在口袋里摸火车票。
　☞ He fumbled (groped) in his pocket for the railway ticket.
　☞ 我们在漆黑的走廊里摸着走。
　☞ We fumbled along the corridor.
9．fish out, 指从看不见的地方摸出。
　☞ 他从床底下摸出一双鞋来，并要我穿上。
　☞ He fished out a pair of shoes from under the bed and had me put them on.
　☞ 她从口袋里摸出个硬币，给了那个男孩。
　☞ She fished out a coin from her pocket and gave it to the boy.
10．“摸”的其他译法。
　☞ 勿摸展品。
　☞ Please do not touch the exhibits.
　☞ 一支游击队趁黑，摸了敌人的岗哨。
　☞ A guerrilla detachment stole up to an enemy sentinel in the dark and got rid of him.
　☞ 你最好先摸摸事情的原因。
　☞ First of all you'd better get at the reason.
　☞ 这就是我佃说的浑水摸鱼。
　☞ That is what we say: "Fish in the troubled water."
　☞ 这事初看起来不容易，可过不了几星期就能摸着门道了。
　☞ It seems difficult at first, but you'll get the hang of it after a few weeks.
　☞ 他在我们村蹲点3年，摸出一套种水稻的好经验。
　☞ He has stayed in our village for three years and gained good experience in growing rice.
摸底 摸底
1．know, know much about，指清楚。
　☞ 我们要摸农业技术的底。
　☞ We must get to know farming techniques.
　☞ 大家的想法他都摸底。
　☞ He knows quite well what is in everybody's mind.
　☞ 这事你摸底吗？
　☞ Do you know much about the matter?
　☞ 这事我不摸底，你可以问问别人。
　☞ I don't know much about this business. Please ask someone else.
2．have an idea, 指了解。
　☞ 恐怕你们这些负责人也不大摸底。
　☞ I'm afraid you, who are in responsible positions, haven't a very clear idea.
　☞ 他对此事的看法，你摸底吗？
　☞ Have you any idea of his view on the matter?
3．feel out, 指摸清对方的想法、情况等。
　☞ 一开始，两个拳手都在摸对方的底。
　☞ At first the boxers felt each other out.
　☞ 我们得摸摸父母的底，看看他们让不让我们去。
　☞ We have to feel out our parents' attitude and see if they'll let us go.
4．sound out，指试探性摸清。
　☞ 如果你想摸底，这又是一个底，这是一个带根本性质的底。
　☞ If you want to sound us out, then this is one thing you will learn, a thing which is fundamental in nature.
　☞ 他对这件事的态度如何我不摸底，所以我得摸摸他的底。
　☞ I don't know where he stands on this issue. So I must sound him out.
5．get at，指搞清楚。
　☞ 我正在摸的底是她为什么要嫁给他。
　☞ What I'm trying to get at is why she wants to marry him.
　☞ 咱们来摸摸这些事情的底吧。
　☞ Let's get at the bottom of things.
6．size up，指做出判断。
　☞ 查不清情况，摸不清底的结果是又收购了70 亿斤。
　☞ Inadequate investigation and failure to size up the situation resulted in the purchase of 7 billion more catties.
　☞ 我们队的教练到首尔去摸韩国队的底。
　☞ Our coach went to Seoul to size up the team of South Korea.
7．probe into，指刺探式的调查。
　☞ 我觉得他想摸我思想的底。
　☞ I could feel he wanted to probe into my thoughts.
　☞ 不要来摸我的底，我在想些什么是不会告诉你的。
　☞ Don't probe into my mind. I won't tell what I'm thinking.
8．“摸底”的其他译法。
　☞ 这次，我们摸了一下美国军队的底。
　☞ This time we have taken measure of the U.S. armed forces.
　☞ 请同志们摸一下农民用粮的底。
　☞ Please investigate how much grain the peasants actually consume.
　☞ 他并不爱她，他只是对她的财富感兴趣，不过她也很快摸清了他的底。
　☞ He did not love her. He was only interested in her fortune, but she got his number fast.
撇下 撇下
1．leave behind，指遗留下来。
　☞ 他调到了北京，撇下一连串的问题和困难。
　☞ He was transferred to Beijing, leaving behind a long train of problems and difficulties.
　☞ 他们撤退时撇下了许多重型装备。
　☞ In their withdrawal much of heavy equipment was left behind.
　☞ 他身后撇下了1妻3子。
　☞ He left one wife and three children behind him.
2．neglect，指无意识地撇下不管。
　☞ 我不会撇下她不管，这个你是知道的。
　☞ I won't neglect her, you know that.
　☞ 那男孩是很关心狗的，从来没有撇下不管过。
　☞ The boy was careful never to neglect his dog.
　☞ 我们不能只抓一头，把别的事情撇下不管。
　☞ We should not just concentrate on one thing to the neglect of others.
3．ignore，指故意撇下不管。
　☞ 对犯错误的同志要帮助，不能撇下不管。
　☞ We should help comrades who have committed mistakes, and not ignore them.
　☞ 这不是一个可以撇下不管的问题。
　☞ It is not a question that can be ignored.
撇开 撇开
1．leave aside，指撇到一边不予考虑。
　☞ 撇开纸张缺乏不说，就是时间也还得从别的印刷工作里挤出来。
　☞ Leaving the shortage of paper aside, we still have to find the time off from other work for printing.
　☞ 我建议撇开与这一设计无关的问题，而集中精力讨论如何提高经济效益。
　☞ I suggest that all the problems not connected with this design be left aside. We must focus our energy on the discussion about how to increase economic efficiency.
　☞ 咱们先撇开成本一事不说。
　☞ Let's leave the matter of cost aside.
2．bypass，指绕道而行。
　☞ 尼克松总统有时候撇开国务院而喜欢使用非正式渠道。
　☞ President Nixon sometimes bypassed the Department of State in favor of unorthodox channels.
　☞ 什么事都叫别人把我们撇开了。
　☞ We were bypassed on everything.
　☞ 这些问题是不能撇开的。
　☞ These questions cannot be bypassed.
撒 撒
1．scatter，指撒得到处都是，而撒的目的性不一定明确。
　☞ 她把衣服撒得房间里到处都是，我得整理一下。
　☞ She scattered her clothes all over the room and I have to put them in order.
　☞ 我看到文件撒了一地。
　☞ I saw the papers scattered about the ground.
　☞ 春天，农民把种子撒到地里。
　☞ In spring the peasants scatter seeds over the field.
　☞ 妈把老鼠药撒到地窖里。
　☞ Mother scattered the rat poison around the cellar.
2．sprinkle，只指撒粒状的物体，但目的性比较明确。故scatter的词义一般可覆盖sprinkle。
　☞ 他把灰撒到结冰的路面上。
　☞ He sprinkled (scattered) ash along the icy path.
　☞ 在饼子上撒些砂糖。
　☞ Sprinkle (scatter) some granulated sugar on the cake.
3．spill，指泼出、倾出。
　☞ 她把撒在地上的麦粒扫到一块儿。
　☞ She swept up the grains of wheat that had spilled on the ground.
　☞ 他们分金砂时，他把一半撒在了地上。
　☞ He spilt half of the gold sand on the ground when they were dividing it among them.
4．spread，也指四处撒，与scatter的区别是前者指撒满整个面，而scatter仅指零零散散地到处撒。
　☞ 农民常在酸性土壤中撒石灰。
　☞ Peasants often spread lime where the soil is sour.
　☞ 使雪融化的传统做法是在路面上撒盐。
　☞ The traditional way of melting the snow is spreading salt about the road.
5．dust，指撒满粉尘状的物质。
　☞ 飞机给庄稼撒农药。
　☞ The airplane dusted an insecticide onto the crop.
　☞ 在饼子上撒些糖。
　☞ Dust some sugar on the cake.
撞 撞
1．bump（against，into），强调有力度的撞击。
　☞ 屋子里黑，我的头撞到了墙上。
　☞ The room was dark and I bumped my head against the wall.
　☞ 小男孩一滑，撞到了年轻姑娘的怀里。
　☞ The little boy slipped and bumped into a young girl.
　☞ 两辆车撞到了一起。
　☞ The two cars bumped together.
　☞ 他从门里冲出来，把一位女孩从自行车上撞了下来。
　☞ He rushed out of the door and bumped a girl off the bicycle.
　 ■ bump into还可作“无意中撞上某人”解。
　☞ 想不到他逃学逛街时竟撞上了他的老师。
　☞ Who would have thought that he should bump into his teacher while he was roaming round the town, playing truant?
2．crash, 指猛撞，力度上比bump又进一步。
　☞ 公共汽车撞穿了墙壁，死了司机和两个乘客。
　☞ The bus crashed through the wall, killing its driver and 2 passengers.
　☞ 两架飞机相撞，炸成了火球。
　☞ The two planes crashed and burst into flames.
3．clash，指两物相撞时发出声响。
　☞ 母亲把两个平底锅撞得乒乓响，好让我们起床。
　☞ Mother clashed two pans together to get us up.
　☞ 他一滑，哐啷一声身子撞到了窗玻璃上。
　☞ He slipped and his body clashed the windowpane.
　 ■ clash有时也指发生冲突。
　☞ 两个会撞到了一起，我该参加哪一个？
　☞ Which one am I to attend when the two meetings clash?
4．run into, 指车辆的相撞。
　☞ 一辆卡车撞坏了我们的汽车。
　☞ A truck ran into our car and damaged it.
　☞ 公共汽车失去了控制，一头撞进墙里。
　☞ The bus got out of control and ran into the wall.
　☞ 开起大会来，不知道会撞上谁？
　☞ You'll never know whom you'll run into at a big meeting.
5．strike，强调的是沉重一击的相撞，hit则是strike的非正式用语。
　☞ 他倒下来，头撞到了桌子上。
　☞ His head struck the table as he fell.
　☞ 他的车当时撞到一棵树上，树上的痕迹还看得清楚。
　☞ His car struck a tree, and you can still see the mark on the tree.
　☞ 面包车在交会处撞了小汽车。
　☞ The van hit the car at the junction.
　☞ 我摔倒时头撞在墙上。
　☞ I hit my head against the wall when I fell.
6．collide (with)．collision，强调毁灭性的猛烈相撞，为书面用语。
　☞ 油船与货船相撞后沉没了。
　☞ The tanker sank after it collided with the freighter.
　☞ 他跑到拐角时与另一个男孩撞到了一起。
　☞ In running around the comer, he collided with another boy.
　☞ 两车相撞，碎成了好几块。
　☞ The two cars were broken to pieces in the collision.
7．“撞”的其他译法。
　☞ 他想在股市上撞运气，果然捞了一把。
　☞ He tried his luck at the stock market and, sure enough, made a lot of money.
　☞ 我认为我谋不到那个职位，但我还是愿意去撞撞运气。
　☞ I don't think I'll get the job but I'm willing to take my chance.
　☞ 我是当一天和尚撞一天钟。
　☞ I'm going on tolling the bell as long as I'm a monk.
　☞ 选日不如撞日。
　☞ Any day arranged at random would be rather better than the date fixed.
撤 撤
1．retreat，指失败后撤退。
　☞ 敌人遭到严重损失后，撤了。
　☞ The enemy retreated after heavy losses.
　☞ 部队从被摧毁的要塞撤离。
　☞ The troops retreated from the ruined fortress.
2．withdraw，指有计划的撤回。
　☞ 我军在受到攻击之后就撤了。
　☞ After being attacked, our army withdrew.
　☞ 他答应从圣地撤军。
　☞ He promised to withdraw his army from the Holly Land.
　☞ 原告已经撤诉。
　☞ The plaintiff has withdrawn his accusation.
3．evacuate，指撤出人员。
　☞ 妇女儿童必须撤往后方。
　☞ Women and children must be evacuated to the rear.
　☞ 伤员已撤至医院治疗。
　☞ The wounded have been evacuated to the hospital for treatment.
4．remove，指撤换或撤除。
　☞ 他因此从岗位上撤了下来。
　☞ Therefore he was removed from his position.
　☞ 警察把障碍物撤了，交通又恢复了正常。
　☞ The policemen removed the obstacles and the traffic returned to normal again.
5．clear (away)，指撤席或撤去杯盘。
　☞ 撤席之后，端上了水果。
　☞ Fruits were served after the table was cleared.
　☞ 我们吃完以后，母亲很快就撤去杯盘。
　☞ Mother cleared away cups and dishes quickly when we finished eating.
撑 撑
1．support，prop up，均指支撑，但前者着重静态支撑，后者则着重支撑起来。在不强调这种细微区别时，可以换用。
　☞ 她撑着椅子的扶手站了起来。
　☞ She stood up, supporting herself on the arms of the chair.
　☞ 几根木料撑住了那堵倾圮的墙。
　☞ Some pieces of lumber supported the damaged wall.
　☞ 他用一块厚木板撑着那棵苹果树。
　☞ He propped up the apple tree with a thick plank.
　☞ 他一手撑起身子，一手投弹。
　☞ He propped himself up on one hand and threw a grenade with the other.
2．rest on，指依托。
　☞ 她两手撑着下巴，而胳膊又撑在桌子上。
　☞ She rested her chin in both hands while her elbows were resting on the table.
　☞ 78根圆柱撑着屋顶。
　☞ The roof rests on eight columns.
3．hold，应用较广，主要有两种用法。
1) 指支撑、依托，故可与前两节的词换用。
　☞ 一堆沙袋撑着那座桥。
　☞ A pile of sand bags held (supported) the bridge.
　☞ 78根圆柱撑着屋顶。
　☞ Eight columns hold the roof，试比较：The roof rests on eight columns.
2) 用手擎、提等。
　☞ 他撑着一把伞，在雨里站着。
　☞ He stood in the rain, holding an umbrella.
　☞ 把麻袋撑开，我才好装。
　☞ Hold the sack open so that I can load it.
4．keep it up，指坚持，维持。
　☞ 他工作太艰苦，决不可能这样撑下去。
　☞ He works too hard, he will never be able to keep it up this way.
　☞ 他勉强领先，并且一直撑到比赛结束。
　☞ He managed to take the lead, and kept it up till the end of the race.
5．cannot help，指不由得。
　☞ 听了他说的话，她撑不住破涕为笑。
　☞ Hearing his words, she could not help turning tears into smile.
　☞ 往事涌上心头，她撑不住哭了起来。
　☞ She could not help weeping as past events rushed into her mind.
6．fill, full，指过饱。
　☞ 他一直吃到肚子都要撑破了。
　☞ He went on eating till he was filled to the point of bursting.
　☞ 我已经有点撑，不能再吃了。
　☞ I'm rather full and can't eat any more.
7．pole，指用竹篙在水中撑船或撑木筏。
　☞ 我们看见他撑一条小船来了。
　☞ We saw him coming, poling a boat.
　☞ 在波涛滚滚的河里撑木筏实在太危险。
　☞ It's too dangerous to pole a raft in the river with rolling waves.
擦 擦
1．强调用布擦，用wipe (away)。
　☞ 姑娘用手帕擦眼泪。
　☞ The girl wiped the tears away with a handkerchief.
　☞ 他用袖口擦脸上的汗。
　☞ He wiped the sweat on his face with his sleeve.
2．强调来回地擦，用rub (away)。
　☞ 他把错字擦了重写。
　☞ He rubbed away the wrong words and rewrote them.
　☞ 她在用肥皂擦手。
　☞ She is rubbing her hands with the soap.
3．强调擦净，用clean。
　☞ 士兵都在擦枪。
　☞ The soldiers were cleaning their guns.
　☞ 把黑板擦了，写上布置给你们的作业。
　☞ Clean the blackboard and copy the homework assigned to you.
4．强调用某种工具或材料擦，用mop。
　☞ 她一天至少得擦一次地板。
　☞ She has to mop the floor at least once a day.
　☞ 护士用一块纱布轻轻地擦伤口上的血。
　☞ The nurse gently mopped the blood from the wound with a piece of gauze.
5．强调使劲擦，用scrub。
　☞ 她使劲擦盆，想把污垢去掉。
　☞ She scrubbed the basin to remove the dirt.
　☞ 他用湿毛巾使劲擦背。
　☞ He scrubbed his back with a wet towel.
6．强调擦亮，用polish。
　☞ 客人来以前要把银制餐具擦好。
　☞ Have the table silver polished before the guests arrive.
　☞ 你的皮鞋每天至少得擦一次。
　☞ Your shoes ought to be polished at least once a day.
7．强调表面擦过，可用scrape。
　☞ 我一滑，擦着了一条胳膊。
　☞ I slipped and scraped an elbow.
　☞ 小艇的龙骨擦着湖底了。
　☞ The boat's keel scraped the bottom of the lake.
8．graze，强调运动物体经过时擦着。
　☞ 子弹擦着他的肩膀而过。
　☞ The bullet grazed his shoulder.
　☞ 汽车擦着车库的门。
　☞ The car grazed the garage door.
9．scratch，强调物件擦过表面。
　☞ 他在皮靴的后跟上擦了一根火柴。
　☞ He scratched a match on his boot heel.
　☞ 汽车在事故中只是擦了一下。
　☞ The car was only scratched in the accident.
10．强调物与物之间没有接触的擦过，用shave。
　☞ 敌机擦着屋顶呼啸而过。
　☞ The enemy plane shaved the roof roaring over.
　☞ 我们发现暗处有一辆汽车擦墙而过。
　☞ We found that a car had shaved the wall in the dark.
11．强调擦感，用brush against。
　☞ 他感到她走过时绸衫擦着他身子。
　☞ He felt the brush of her silk dress against him as she passed.
　☞ 我感到一个醉汉擦肩而过。
　☞ I was brushed against a drunkard.
12．强调擦药，用apply。
　☞ 护士在给那个病人的伤口擦碘酒。
　☞ The nurse was applying iodine to a wound of the patient.
　☞ 这种油膏只能擦在皮肤上。
　☞ This kind of ointment can be applied to the skin only.
13．强调擦上一层化妆品，用put on，wear。
　☞ 你喜欢擦雪花膏吗?
　☞ Do you like to put on vanishing cream?
　☞ 姑娘大都爱擦口红。
　☞ Most girls are in favor of wearing lipstick.
支持 支持
1．support，泛指物质和精神上的支持。
　☞ 我们既从物质上也从精神上支持非洲人民的解放斗争。
　☞ We supported the African people in their struggle for liberation both materially and spiritually.
　☞ 我国在国际上得到了越来越广泛的支持。
　☞ China enjoys wider and wider international support.
　☞ 我想我们可以给你一些道义上的支持。
　☞ I think we can give you a little moral support.
2．back, backing，指作为后盾的支持，因此是比support更为形象的说法。
　☞ 工会领袖决定支持工人要求加薪的斗争。
　☞ The trade union leaders decided to back the workers in their struggle for higher pay.
　☞ 集会得到了共产党和社会党强有力的支持。
　☞ The meeting was strongly backed by the Communist and Social Parties.
　☞ 新闻界将给我们坚决的支持。
　☞ The press will give us a resolute backing.
3．for，指赞成而支持，是较为随便的说法。
　☞ 我完全支持这个建议。
　☞ I am all for this proposal.
　☞ 你是支持还是反对这个决议草案？
　☞ Are you for the draft resolution or against it?
4．sustain, hold up, prop up, hold out，均指带有支撑性的支持（详见“支撑”条）。
　☞ 再次与儿子相见的念头一直支持着她经历这场磨难。
　☞ The thought of seeing her son again has been sustaining her throughout her ordeal.
　☞ 是母爱支持着她把孩子养大成人。
　☞ It was the mother love that held her up to bring up her children.
　☞ 他冻得支持不住了。
　☞ It was so cold that he couldn't hold up any longer.
　☞ 那家公司是由几个垄断资本家支持的。
　☞ The company is propped up by some monopoly capitalists.
支援 支援
1．help，指以帮助来支援，说法比较随便，暗示被支援的一方需要帮助。
　☞ 已出动医务人员支援地震灾区。
　☞ The medical personnel has been sent to help the area hit by the earthquake.
　☞ 有时相互支援也十分重要。
　☞ Sometimes it is also very important to help each other.
2．aid, 比help正式，并暗示较强的一方支援较弱的一方。
　☞ 已筹集到一笔特别资金来支援科研。
　☞ A special fund has been raised to aid scientific studies.
　☞ 中国红十字会向灾区提供了食物及医疗支援。
　☞ The Red Cross Society of China offered food and medical aid to the disaster area.
3．assist, assistance，指辅助性的支援。
　☞ 弟兄们都赶来支援父亲建房。
　☞ The brothers rushed to assist their father in building a house.
　☞ 救治灾区的伤病贯需要公众的支援。
　☞ The public assistance is needed to give treatment to the sick and wounded of the disaster area.
4．support，指支持性的支援。
　☞ 各行各业都要大力支援农业。
　☞ All trades and professions must do their best to support agriculture.
　☞ 我们需要你们的支援。
　☞ We need your support.
支撑 支撑
1．sustain，指承受重量的支撑。
　☞ 柱子支撑着坑道的顶板。
　☞ The pillars sustain the roof of the pit.
　☞ 该拱形结构支撑着桥梁的全部重量。
　☞ The arch sustains the entire weight of the bridge.
2．support，泛指支持，包括物质的和精神的支撑，故词义较sustain广。
　☞ 她站了起来，用拐杖支撑着身子。
　☞ She stood up, supporting herself with a stick.
　☞ 这么低的工薪，我无法支撑整个家庭的生活。
　☞ I cannot support the whole family on such a small salary。
　☞ 儿子是她惟一的支撑。
　☞ Her son is her only support.
3．prop up，义同support，但更具动感，有“支撑住”，“支撑起”的意思。
　☞ 园丁用厚木板支撑苹果树。
　☞ The gardener propped up the apple trees with stout planks.
　☞ 她把手放到婴儿的脖子后，支撑着它的脑袋。
　☞ She propped up the baby's head by putting her hand behind its neck.
　☞ 病人支撑着坐了起来。
　☞ The patient propped himself up into a sitting position.
　☞ 伪政权是由日本军队支撑着。
　☞ The puppet regime was propped up by the Japanese troops.
4．hold up, 与prop up相反，不具有动感，只表示支撑的状态。
　☞ 地基支撑不了房屋的重量。
　☞ The foundation was not adequate to hold up the weight of the house.
　☞ 以墙面支撑屋顶的房屋在地震时容易倒塌。
　☞ The house is apt to collapse if its walls hold up the roof.
　☞ 他连遭挫折，我不知道他是怎么支撑过来的。
　☞ He suffered repeated setbacks and I don't know what was holding him up.
支配 支配
1．allocate，allocation，强调拥有某种权力来支配。
　☞ 工程资金是由国家计委支配的。
　☞ It is the State Planning Commission that allocates funds for projects.
　☞ 在企业内我可以自由支配50万元以内的资金。
　☞ I have a free hand in allocating the money less than 500 thousand yuan within the enterprise.
　☞ 一定要学会合理支配劳动力。
　☞ Be sure to learn to make a proper allocation of the labor force.
2．budget, 强调作计划来支配。
　☞ 你应当善于支配自己的时间。
　☞ You should be good at budgeting your time.
　☞ 现在的劳动力市场紧张，对人力的支配要分外仔细。
　☞ In the present tight labor market manpower must be budgeted very carefully.
3．dispose of，at disposal，指一般事物的支配。
　☞ 你丈夫死后你有权支配他的财产。
　☞ You have the right to dispose of your husband's property after his death.
　☞ 老板认为雇员的工作时间是由他支配的。
　☞ The boss assumes that the employees' working hours are at his disposal.
4．be controlled, under control，在控制中受到支配。
　☞ 尽管你嫁给了他，但你的生活不能由他来支配。
　☞ Though you married him, yet your life can't be controlled by him.
　☞ 要支配他并不容易。
　☞ It's not easy to keep him under control.
5．be governed，指在被统治中受到支配。
　☞ 人的行动受到思想的支配。
　☞ People's actions are governed by their ideology.
　☞ 潮汐的起落是受到月球运动支配的。
　☞ The rise and fall of the sea are governed by the movement of the moon.
6．subject, subjection，指在性质上受到支配。
　☞ 世上万物都受自然规律的支配。
　☞ Everything in the world is subjected to the laws of nature.
　☞ 过去妇女的生活往往受到男人的支配。
　☞ Women used to live in subjection to men.
收入 收入
1．income，指在一定时间内以货币计算的、来自劳动或资本的收入。但不包括未实现的价值增长。
　☞ 在多数工作中，收入的多少是衡量成功与否的标准。
　☞ In most work success is measured by income.
　☞ 现在家庭的收入增加了30%。
　☞ Now the income of the family has been increased more than 30%.
2．revenue，一般指国家收入，如税收等。
　☞ 国家财政收入主要是人民所交的税。
　☞ The state revenue is made up chiefly of the money the people pay in taxes.
　☞ 有那么一个所谓的文明国家把1／3的收入花在扩军备战上。
　☞ There is a so-called civilized state that spends one third of its revenue on arms expansion and war preparations.
3．receipts，常用复数，指与支出expenditures相对的收入。
　☞ 去年收入超过了支出。
　☞ The receipts exceeded the expenditures last year.
　☞ 我们的花费低于收入。
　☞ Our expenses were less than our receipts.
4．earning，常用复数，指挣得的收入。
　☞ 他一年的收入从未超过万元。
　☞ His earnings never amounted to more than 10,000 yuan.
　☞ 所得税的计算根据是个人的收入。
　☞ Income taxes are based on one's earnings.
5．contain, include，均指收录。
　☞ 这本歌集收入了冼星海的两首歌。
　☞ This song book contains two songs of Xian Xinghai.
　☞ 他的建议也收入在今天发表的备忘录里。
　☞ His suggestion was also contained in the memorandum published today.
　☞ 修订版收入了许多新词语。
　☞ Many new words and phrases have been included in the revised edition.
　☞ 我把我所有的短篇故事都收入在这本选集里。
　☞ I have included all my short stories in the selected works.
收到 收到
1．receive，指收到别人给予、赠送的东西的过程。
　☞ 你收到我要他寄给你的书了吗？
　☞ Have you received the book I asked him to send to you?
　☞ 我收到了他的请柬，但我还不知是否能接受。
　☞ I've received his invitation, but I don't know yet whether I will be able to accept it.
　☞ 今收到史密斯先生5月1日至12月31日的房租7,000元。
　☞ I've received of Mr. Smith the sum of 7,000 yuan for house rent from the first of May to the last of December.
2．get，指收到的结果，强调的是结果而不是过程。
　☞ 他决定一收到答复就立即动身。
　☞ He made up his mind to set out as soon as he got a reply.
　☞ 有好几天都没有答复，不过我终于收到了一张小纸条。
　☞ I had no answer for several days, but at last I've got a little note.
　☞ 她昨天收到朋友的一个答复，要她到春城饭店见面。
　☞ She got a reply from a friend yesterday, asking her to meet him at the Spring City Hotel.
3．achieve，指通过某种努力收到效果。
　☞ 每天开工前5分钟的信息交流会收到了很好的效果。
　☞ The five-minute meeting to exchange information before we start our work has achieved good results.
　☞ 把这种药水涂于患部收到了很好的疗效。
　☞ The solution applied to the affected part has achieved good curative effect.
收割 收割
1．reap，指收庄稼中割与收两个过程。
　☞ 收割庄稼就是把它砍倒，然后再收集起来。
　☞ To reap crop is to cut it for gathering in.
　☞ 村子里的男女老少都去收割庄稼了。
　☞ The villagers, men and women, old and young, were all out reaping crop.
2．gather in，强调把庄稼收集起来。
　☞ 联合收割机使农民能及时收割夏季作物。
　☞ The combine enabled the peasants to gather in the summer crops in time.
　☞ 暴风雨到来之前，稻谷已经收割。
　☞ The rice crop had been safely gathered in before the storm came.
3．harvest，指收获。
　☞ 我省的冬小麦收割已经完成。
　☞ The harvesting of the winter wheat in our province has been completed.
　☞ 水稻春天播种，秋季收割。
　☞ Rice is sown in spring and harvested in autumn.
收回 收回
1．take back，指自愿或强制性收回已说出的话或售出的货。
　☞ 他收回了刚才说过的话。
　☞ He took back what he had just said.
　☞ 如果对产品有什么不满意，我们可以收回。
　☞ If the product proves unsatisfactory in any way we could take it back.
　☞ 要是你不收回对他的侮辱，他威胁要把你打个半死。
　☞ He threatens to beat you half-dead unless you take back the insult to him.
2．call in，指按命令或通告的要求收回。
　☞ 政府收回了所有3元面额的旧钞。
　☞ The government called in all old three-yuan notes.
　☞ 债券在发行5年后开始分期收回。
　☞ The bonds began to be called in at intervals five years after issue.
　☞ 图书馆正在收回过期未还的书籍。
　☞ The library is calling in all books that are overdue.
3．recall，一般出于某种原因而收回。
　☞ 生产厂家出于安全因素而收回了所有的汽车。
　☞ The maker has recalled all the cars that are unsafe.
　☞ 采取什么措施来收回这些药品？
　☞ What measures have been taken to recall the drugs?
　☞ 我要收回新大衣的定单，因为已有人给了我一件。
　☞ I shall recall my order for my new overcoat because I have had one given to me.
4．regain，指收回属于自己的东西；recoup，与regain同义，但为法律用语。
　☞ 要是你现在不起诉，就永远也收不回你的财产。
　☞ If you don't sue now, you'll never regain your property.
　☞ 第二次世界大战之后从日本人手里收回了台湾。
　☞ Taiwan was regained from the Japanese after World WarⅡ.
　☞ 如果能收回贷款，说不定你会成为英雄。
　☞ If the loan money was regained, you might become a hero.
　☞ 分析家们对本公司能否在短期内收回投资表示怀疑。
　☞ Analysts doubt that our company will recoup the investment soon.
　☞ 你可在一年内收回你的投资。
　☞ You may recoup your investment within a year.
5．withdraw，指当事人自以为有理由或有别人能接受的理由而收回。
　☞ 后来，他收回了他对她进行的攻击。
　☞ He later withdrew the charges he made against her 你必须收回你愚蠢的声明。
　☞ You must withdraw your stupid statement.
　☞ 我并不想收回我刚才说过的话。
　☞ I don't incline to withdraw what I've just said.
收成 收成
1．harvest，指一年一次的收戍。强调收获量，有较重的书面气息。
　☞ 今年可望有个好收成。
　☞ A good harvest is anticipated this year.
　☞ 我们从来没有过这样好的收成。
　☞ We have never had such a recorded harvest 1988年由于大水收成不好。
　☞ The harvest was bad in 1988 0wing to flood.
　 ■ 一般来说，harvest是指谷物的收成，但有时也可指水产品的收成。
　☞ 今年牡蛎的收成不好。
　☞ The oyster harvest is not good this year.
2．crop，指一季或一地的收成。不仅指谷物，也指水果、蔬菜等的收成。
　☞ 今年冬麦的收成不好。
　☞ The winter wheat crop was not good this year.
　☞ 1998年的棉花收成次于1997年。
　☞ The cotton crop of 1998 was inferior to that of 1997.
　☞ 只要天气能这样继续下去，农民就不用愁今年的收成了。
　☞ Provided the weather keeps like this, the peasants have no need to worry about the crop.
3．catch，指鱼虾的捕获量。
　☞ 在这次鱼汛中，带鱼的收成好不好？
　☞ Have you got a good catch of hairtail in this season?
　☞ 一天的收成是两条鲤鱼。
　☞ A day's catch was two carps.
收拾 收拾
1．put in order，指收拾整齐。
　☞ 尽管他的书房乱七八糟，他还是不让妻子收拾。
　☞ He wouldn't let his wife put his study in order though it is chaos.
　☞ 我们把工具收拾好，准备第二天用。
　☞ We put our tools in order for next day's work.
2．gather up, 指把零散的东西收拾到一起。
　☞ 中午，同学们正在收拾仪器，准备休息，突然发现实验室着火了。
　☞ At noon the students were gathering up their instruments and preparing to take a rest when they found the laboratory was on fire.
　☞ 我收拾好东西就离开了。
　☞ I gathered up my things and left.
3．tidy up, 与put in order同义，但是更进了一步，有put in proper order的意思。
　☞ 做完工作后，她开始收拾办公桌。
　☞ Having finished off the work she began to tidy up her desk.
　☞ 得把样板房清理出来，并在本周内收拾好。
　☞ The sample room will have to be cleared up and tidied up this week.
4．clear away，指收拾掉。
　☞ 我马上来收拾饭菜。
　☞ I'll clear away all the food and dishes in a moment.
　☞ 你能收拾一下这些文件吗？
　☞ Could you clear away these papers?
5．get sth. (ready)，指收拾好准备行动。
　☞ 你把咱们的药箱收拾好准备下乡。
　☞ You get our medical kit ready for going to the countryside.
　☞ 咱们赶紧收拾东西走吧。
　☞ Let's get our things together at once and be off.
6．settle with, 指报复性的收拾。
　☞ 我们早晚要收拾这个坏蛋。
　☞ We'll settle with the scoundrel sooner or later.
　☞ 我们以后再收拾你。
　☞ We will settle with you later.
7．“收拾”的其他译法。
　☞ 她在收拾床铺。
　☞ She is making the bed.
　☞ 他进来时我们正在收拾行李。
　☞ We were packing our luggage when he came in.
收效 收效
1．produce effect，指产生效果。
　☞ 我没想到贴在肚脐上的一张膏药竟会收效。
　☞ I never expected that a piece of medicated plaster applied to the belly button should have produced effect.
　☞ 我们都劝她要节哀，但收效甚微。
　☞ We all advised her to restrain her grief, which produced very little effect.
2．bear fruit，指产生结果。
　☞ 这些努力似乎收效甚微。
　☞ These efforts seemed to bear little fruit.
　☞ 贵公司的投资有望收效。
　☞ The investment of your company is expected to bear fruit.
3．bring results，指带来成果。
　☞ 3个月的武术辅导收效显著。
　☞ Three months' coaching in Wushu has brought notable results.
　☞ 治疗肠胃病的收效尚可。
　☞ The treatment for gastrointestinal troubles brought fair results.
4．return，指利润回报。
　☞ 这些轻工项目具有投资少、收效快的特点。
　☞ These light industry projects are characterized by small investments and quick returns.
　☞ 我们这一行的利润小，但收效快。
　☞ In our business the profits are small but the returns are quick.
收敛 收敛
1．weaken，指减弱，故着重收敛的过程。
　☞ 整风期间，宗派主义有所收敛。
　☞ Sectarianism weakened to some extent during the rectification movement.
2．disappear，指消失，故着重收敛的结果。
　☞ 她听到这消息，笑容突然收敛了。
　☞ Her smile disappeared suddenly when she heard the news.
3．restrain, restraint指抑止，故着重程度。
　☞ 只要她在家，姨太太不得不有所收敛。
　☞ As long as she was in the house, the concubine had to restrain herself to some extent.
　☞ 他没有得手，故有点收敛。
　☞ As he has not been able to have his way, he has shown some restraint.
4．pull in one's horn，指退缩，故也着重结果。
　☞ 那次碰了钉子以后，他就收敛了。
　☞ He has pulled in his horn since that setback.
5．relent，指施暴的一方态度有所缓和。
　☞ 当你听到遭你残酷虐待的囚犯的呻吟声，你不能收敛点吗？
　☞ Can't you relent when you hear the groan of the prisoner you're cruelly treating?
　☞ 他继续为非作歹，毫不收敛。
　☞ Unrelentingly he pursued his course of evil.
收缩 收缩
1．contract，学术用语，指物体通过自身的物理性能收缩。
　☞ 空气受热膨胀，遇冷收缩。
　☞ When air is heated, it expands and when air is cooled, it contracts.
　☞ 心脏是通过有节奏的收缩和扩张来保持血液循环的。
　☞ The heart, by contracting and dilating rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
　☞ 寒冷的天气使大桥桥身收缩了五厘米。
　☞ Cold weather caused a contraction of 5 cm. in the bridge.
2．shrink，非学术用语，一般指缩小、缩减。但在一定的上下文里也指收缩。
　☞ 这已说明当木材含水量下降时就会收缩。
　☞ It has already explained that wood shrinks when moisture content is reduced.
　☞ 肉类在烹调时由于部分脂肪流失而收缩。
　☞ Meat shrinks by losing some of its fat in cooking.
3．constrict, 指有机体组织的收缩。
　☞ 人体毛孔在遇冷时会收缩。
　☞ The pores of human body are constricted under the influence of cold.
　☞ 壁虎在紧急关头会收缩肌肉，切断尾部逃生。
　☞ In critical moment the lizard saves its life by constricting certain muscles and thus breaking off the tail.
收获 收获
1．harvest，收获农作物、心得或果实等。
　☞ 大片的土地可以用机器迅速耕种、集体收获。
　☞ Great areas could be quickly planted and harvested collectively by using machines.
　☞ 收获水果应尽量在第一次霜冻以前。
　☞ Try to harvest the fruit before the first frost.
　☞ 收获时的天气变了。
　☞ The weather changed at the harvest.
　 ■ 有时harvest有“成果”的意思。
　☞ 这种新药是30年研究得到的收获。
　☞ The new medicine is the harvest of thirty years' research.
2．reap，指收割，因此比harvest的动作更具体。
　☞ 农民春天播种，秋天收获。
　☞ The peasants sow in spring and reap in autumn.
　☞ 罪恶的果实已经成熟，上帝将用剑来收获。
　☞ The harvest of sin is ripe, and God will reap it with a sword.
3．gather in，强调收获的收。
　☞ 农民们在收获玉米。
　☞ The peasants are gathering in the com.
　☞ 下了一个星期的雨，毁坏了原本可以收获的小麦。
　☞ There was a week of rain which ruined the wheat crop before it could be gathered in.
4．reward，指获得的好处。
　☞ 我们的艰苦劳动应会得到应有的收获。
　☞ Our hard work will be duly rewarded.
　☞ 这是一次很有收获的访问。
　☞ It was a most rewarding visit.
5．gains，指收获到的利益。
　☞ 没有辛苦，何来收获。
　☞ No pains，no gains.
　☞ 这次胜利的收获，意义的确重大。
　☞ The gains from this victory were significant indeed.
收集 收集
1．gather，指收集一切可以收集的东西。
　☞ 他在苦心收集材料，为下一本书做准备。
　☞ He is painstakingly gathering materials for his next book.
　☞ 我们都忙于收集工业情报。
　☞ We were all busy gathering industrial information.
　 ■ gather还可与up连用，表示收集散置于各处的东西。
　☞ 我们把工具收集起来放好，准备第二天再用。
　☞ We gathered up our tools and put them in a safe place for the next day.
　☞ 他们从各处收集了大量的第一手数据。
　☞ They gathered up from various sources a great amount of firsthand data.
2．collect，也指收集，可与gather换用，但区别是collect所指的收集具有选择性，而gather却没有。
　☞ 他出于爱好而收集邮票，但也不排除以后为了出售获利。
　☞ He collects stamps as a hobby but with the idea of reselling them later at a profit.
　☞ 警方正在收集对他不利的证据。
　☞ The police are collecting evidence against him.
　☞ 我喜欢收集古玩。
　☞ I enjoy collecting antiques.
改动 改动
1．change, alter, make alteration，指变动。
　☞ 这个题目你最好改动一下。
　☞ You'd better change the subject.
　☞ 这学期的课程没有大的改动。
　☞ There are no big changes in this term's curriculum.
　☞ 要是你的上衣太大，她可以给你改动一下。
　☞ If your coat is too large she can alter it to fit you.
　☞ 你爱怎么改动就怎么改动。
　☞ Make any alterations as you like.
2．make a few changes，指修改。
　☞ 我在文字上作了一些改动。
　☞ I made a few changes in wording.
　☞ 他写完这篇文章以后，又改动了几次。
　☞ After he finished writing the essay he made a few more changes in it.
3．polish，指润色。
　☞ 这篇文章我只改动了一些词句。
　☞ I just polished a few sentences in this essay.
　☞ 他花了几天时间来改动讲稿。
　☞ He spent several days polishing his lecture.
4．revise，指修正。
　☞ 老师告诉我们莎士比亚从来不改动手稿。
　☞ The teacher tells us that Shakespeare never revised a manuscript.
　☞ 这个戏已经改动了好多次了。
　☞ The play has been revised many times.
5．modify，指稍作改动。
　☞ 这些协议条款如果要付诸实施必须加以改动。
　☞ The provisions of the agreement must be modified if they are to be put into effect.
　☞ 他改动了他原来的设计以增强机器的效率。
　☞ He modified his original design to increase the machine's efficiency.
改变 改变
1．change，指本质性的改变或指改变后失去了原有的特征。
　☞ 所谓的“文化大革命”改变了她对生活的态度。
　☞ The so-called "Great Cultural Revolution" has changed her attitude towards life.
　☞ 新生活改变了她的精神面貌。
　☞ The new life changed her mental outlook.
　☞ 她改变了她的发型。
　☞ She has changed the way she wore her hair.
　☞ 那件事改变了我的想法。
　☞ That has changed my idea.
　☞ 因此，无论加热还是冷却都能改变水的形态。
　☞ Therefore the state of water can be changed either by heating or cooling.
2．alter，指局部或某个方面的改变，如形式、体积、进程、程度、安排等改变。
　☞ 要是下雨，我得改变一下计划。
　☞ If it rains we'll have to alter our plan.
　☞ 他改变了对计划生育的立场。
　☞ He altered his stand on birth control.
　☞ 你应该改变生活方式以保持健康。
　☞ You must alter your way of living in order to keep your health in good condition.
　☞ 船上的电脑会自动改变航线。
　☞ The shipboard computer would automatically alter course.
　☞ 每件新的发明都会改变原来的习惯。
　☞ Every new invention alters original customs.
　☞ 我们宣布，改变这一事态的时刻已经到来。
　☞ We declare the time has come to alter this state of affairs.
　☞ 我们纵有三寸不烂之舌也改变不了事实。
　☞ With all our eloquence we could not alter the fact.
3．modify，指细小的变动。
　☞ 你应当多少改变一下方法以符合每个孩子的心态。
　☞ You must more or less modify your method to suit the disposition of each child.
　☞ 调解人竭力使双方改变立场。
　☞ The mediator tried hard to get both sides to modify their positions.
　☞ 他被迫改变颇为偏激的观点。
　☞ He was forced to modify his rather extreme views.
　☞ 要使这张桌子合用，你得改变它的高度。
　☞ You'll have to modify the height of the table to make it fit.
4．vary，指事物组成部分的变动。
　☞ 习俗随着时代而改变。
　☞ Customs vary with the times.
　☞ 日用品的供应是随着需求而改变的。
　☞ The supply of daily necessities varies with demands.
　☞ 收紧琴弦可以改变吉他的音高。
　☞ It is possible to vary the pitch of a guitar string by tightening it.
　☞ 老人都不喜欢改变他们的习惯。
　☞ Old people don't like to vary their habits.
　☞ 一个好的艺术家会根据主题与材料来改变方法。
　☞ A good artist varies his methods according to his subject and material.
5．revise，指修改后的改变。
　☞ 于是我在短短的一个早晨就改变了对美国人的看法。
　☞ As a result I revised my ideas of Americans in one short morning.
　☞ 我想她一定已改变了她对我的初步印象。
　☞ She must, I thought, have revised her first impression of me.
　☞ 我明白我得改变对形势的估计。
　☞ I can see I'll have to revise my estimate of the situation.
　☞ 他已改变了对这一问题的看法。
　☞ He has already revised his opinion on the subject.
6．shift，指来回的双向改变。
　☞ 这些因素正在改变世界的均势。
　☞ These factors are shifting the world balance of power.
　☞ 对有争议的问题，政治家们总在改变他们的立场。
　☞ Politicians are constantly shifting their positions on issues.
　☞ 风向突然改变，刮翻了帆船。
　☞ The wind shifted suddenly and caused the sailboat to capsize.
7．transform，指经过改造后的改变。
　☞ 原子弹和弹道导弹改变了战争技术。
　☞ Atom-bombs and ballistic missiles have transformed war technique.
　☞ 任何不适合广大群众斗争要求的艺术都应改变为适合广大群众斗争要求的艺术。
　☞ Any an which does not meet the demands of the struggle of the broad masses must be transformed into that which does.
　☞ 成功与财富改变了他的性格。
　☞ Success and wealth transformed his character.
　☞ 体力劳动完全把他改变了。
　☞ Manual labor has transformed him completely.
8．reverse，指逆转性的改变，故有彻底改变之意。
　☞ 兵力的分散与集中之所以必要，是为了改变敌我形势。
　☞ Dispersion and concentration of forces are necessary for the purpose of reversing the situation between the enemy and ourselves.
　☞ 他把他执行了6年之久的政策作了彻底改变。
　☞ He reversed the policy he had pursued for six years.
改善 改善
1．improve，improvement，常用语，泛指具体事物及状况的改善。
　☞ 他们的工资及劳动条件都应该改善。
　☞ Their wages and working conditions must be improved.
　☞ 自新市府管事以来，我市的清洁卫生已大有改善。
　☞ Our city has been considerably improved in sanitation and hygiene since the new city government took charge.
　☞ 我确信你的情况一个月后会大大改善。
　☞ I feel certain that things will greatly improve with you in a month.
　☞ 解放以来，他们的生活有了很大的改善。
　☞ Their life has been much improved since liberation.
　☞ 两国关系已表现出某些改善。
　☞ The relations between the two countries have shown some improvement.
　☞ 改革已给我国劳动人民的状况带来改善。
　☞ The reform has brought about an improvement of the conditions of the working people in our country.
2．better，一般可与improve换用，但不如后者常用。
　☞ 政府一直在努力改善人民的居住条件。
　☞ The government has been striving towards bettering living conditions of the people.
　☞ 这一政策改善了佃农总的情况。
　☞ This policy bettered the general conditions of the tenant peasants.
　☞ 政府的救济改善了灾民的遭遇。
　☞ The government relief bettered the lot of the victims of the natural calamity.
3．ameliorate，书面用语，一般只用于情况的改善，而不用于具体事物。
　☞ 他们的劳动条件已逐步得到改善。
　☞ Their working conditions have gradually been ameliorated.
　☞ 厂长正在尽力改善工人的住房条件。
　☞ The director is trying his best to ameliorate housing conditions of the workers.
　☞ 政府的救济改善了灾民的遭遇。
　☞ The government relief ameliorated the lot of the victims of the natural calamity.
4．prepare (have) sth. special to eat，指改善伙食。
　☞ 我们在星期天通常要改善生活。
　☞ On Sundays we usually prepare something special to eat.
　☞ 他们一星期改善两次伙食。
　☞ They have something special to eat twice a week.
改编 改编
1．adapt，着重指修改后使之适应某种用途。
　☞ 他的书难懂，要改编后才能在学校使用。
　☞ His books are difficult and need to be adapted for use in school.
　☞ 作者打算把他的小说改编成电视剧。
　☞ The author is going to adapt his novel for television.
　☞ 本剧是由原作改编而成的。
　☞ This play is adapted from the original.
　☞ 小说常被改编成舞台剧。
　☞ Stories are often adapted for the stage.
2．revise，着重指修订错误或不妥之处。
　☞ 经过改编，戏的主题现在更突出了。
　☞ The theme of the play stands out even more clearly now that it's been revised.
　☞ 他发现经过改编后的歌剧比原剧更优秀了。
　☞ He found that the opera which had been revised was superior to the original.
3．rearrange，着重指内容、次序等的重新安排。
　☞ 这首歌曲已改编成小提琴曲。
　☞ The music of the song has been rearranged for the violin.
　☞ 他已把莫扎特的小夜曲改编成管弦乐。
　☞ He has rearranged Mozart's serenade for the orchestra.
　☞ 他的小说正在改编成舞台剧。
　☞ His novel is being rearranged for the stage.
4．reorganize，着重指改编原来的编制。
　☞ 经过那场战斗，我们7个师改编成了5个。
　☞ Our seven divisions were reorganized into rive after that battle.
　☞ 要提高战斗力，这个团一定要改编。
　☞ This regiment must be reorganized to raise its combat effectiveness.
5．redesignate, designation，指改编部队的番号。
　☞ 抗日战争期间，红军改编为八路军、新四军。
　☞ During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Red Army was redesignated as the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.
　☞ 赵友臣借口统一，把我的部队改编了。
　☞ Under the pretext of unification Zhao Youchen changed the designation of my forces.
改观 改观
1．change，仅指改变。
　☞ 昔日的荒山已大为改观。
　☞ The barren hills of yesterday have changed considerably.
　☞ 如果他当时不是后撤而是继续前进，整个历史进程也许就此发生改观。
　☞ If he had gone on, instead of going back, the whole course of history might have been changed.
2．change the face，指改变面貌。
　☞ 铁路使国家的面貌为之改观。
　☞ Railways have changed the face of the country.
　☞ 城市的面貌已大为改观。
　☞ The face of the city has changed greatly.
3．change the complexion，指改变外观。
　☞ 两次大的胜利使战争形势为之改观。
　☞ The complexion of the war was changed by two great victories.
　☞ 免去外长的职务使政府面貌为之改观。
　☞ The dismissal of the minister of foreign affairs has changed the whole complexion of the government.
改造 改造
1．remold，指思想意识上的改造。
　☞ 我们总是在改造客观世界的同时改造自己的主观世界。
　☞ We always remold our subjective world while changing the objective world.
　☞ 他们表示了要改造自己的决心。
　☞ They expressed their determination to remold themselves.
　☞ 当时我们都急于改造思想。
　☞ Then all of us desired eagerly to remold our thought.
2．reform，指以改正不良倾向为目的的改造。
　☞ 所有二流子都要参加生产，受到改造，变成好人。
　☞ All loafers must be reformed into good citizens through participation in production.
　☞ 监狱应尽力改造犯人。
　☞ Prisons should try to reform wrong-doers.
　☞ 我们应尽力通过劳动来改造罪犯。
　☞ We should try to reform criminals through labor.
　☞ 我主张改造我们目前的教育制度。
　☞ I propose that we should reform our present educational system.
3．transform，指外观或性质、功能的基本改造。
　☞ 他们正在大规模地进行改造自然的斗争。
　☞ They are carrying on a large-scale struggle to transform nature.
　☞ 水能把沙漠改造成良田。
　☞ Water can transform a desert into fertile farmland.
　☞ 村民们正在开沟排水，改造盐碱地。
　☞ Villagers are transforming alkaline land by digging trenches for drainage.
　☞ 10年后，我家乡的旱地奇迹般地改造成了水浇地。
　☞ Ten years later the arid land in my home village was transformed miraculously into irrigated fields.
　☞ 彻底改造世界观谈何容易。
　☞ It is no easy thing to transform (reform) one's world outlook thoroughly.
4．change，指无意识的或有意识带来的变化的同时，也带来了改造。
　☞ 人类改造物质世界，在改造物质世界的同时也改造了自己。
　☞ Man changes the material world, and in so doing he changes himself.
　☞ 铁路改造了乡村的面貌。
　☞ Railways have changed the face of the countryside.
　☞ 人们利用科学去了解自然、改造自然。
　☞ People use science to understand and change nature.
改道 改道
1．change one's route，指改变路线。
　☞ 他们决定改道先去延安。
　☞ They decided to change their route and go to Yan'an first.
　☞ 第二天的行军路线已经改道。
　☞ The route for the next day's march has been changed.
2．change (alter) course，指改变河道或航道。
　☞ 多少个世纪以来黄河曾多次改道。
　☞ The Yellow River has changed its course many times over the centuries.
　☞ 种种迹象表明美国舰队正在改道。
　☞ Indications show that the American fleet is changing course.
　☞ 船上配备的计算机会自动改道。
　☞ The shipboard computer would automatically alter course.
攻击 攻击
1．attack，可指武力，口头或文字的攻击。
　☞ 整整一个晚上，敌人攻击了我们的前沿阵地。
　☞ The enemy attacked our foremost positions all night.
　☞ 报纸对市长的攻击引起了公愤。
　☞ The newspaper's attack on the mayor aroused public indignation.
2．assault，原指带有犯罪性质的攻击，如打人等，现在也用于进攻性攻击，也用于转义。
　☞ 这一地段的流氓经常会在光天化日之下攻击行人。
　☞ Hooligans in this neighborhood often assault passersby in broad daylight.
　☞ 外交部长遭到了鸡蛋和石块的攻击。
　☞ The foreign minister was assaulted with eggs and stones.
　☞ 这是一次怀有杀害意图的攻击。
　☞ It was an assault with intent to kill.
　☞ 他们提议进行一次水陆两栖攻击。
　☞ They proposed an amphibious assault.
　☞ 有些音乐是对耳朵的攻击。
　☞ Some music is an assault on the ear.
3．assail，指口头攻击，但也用于进攻性攻击。
　☞ 他受到政敌的攻击。
　☞ He was assailed by his political opponents.
　☞ 她在一次集会上受到脏话的攻击。
　☞ She was assailed with dirty words at the assembly.
　☞ 昨日敌人3次攻击了我们的阵地。
　☞ The enemy assailed our position three times yesterday.
4．offensive，指攻势。
　☞ 总攻击真的就要开始了。
　☞ It is true that the general offensive is to begin.
　☞ 我们都目睹过蒋介石的军队对上海工人的攻击。
　☞ We all witnessed the Chiang Kai-shek's troops' offensive against the workers of Shanghai.
5．charge，accusation，指指责性的攻击。
　☞ 你的攻击是毫无根据的。
　☞ Your charges were groundless.
　☞ 他们进行攻击是别有用心的。
　☞ Their accusation is made with ulterior motives.
放 放
1．lie（不及物动词），lay（及物动词），强调平放。
　☞ 我身边桌子上点着一盏灯，灯旁放着一只小盒子。
　☞ On the table beside me, a lamp was burning and near it lay a little box.
　☞ 你的帽子和手套都放在书架上，而且放了好几天了。
　☞ Your hat and gloves lie on the bookshelf and they have lain there for several days.
　☞ 镀金的福建漆盘子里还放着当天的晨报。
　☞ On the gilded Fujian lacquer tray also lay the morning newspaper of that very day.
　☞ 他们把伤员放到床上。
　☞ They laid the injured man on the bed.
　☞ 这些木板要直放，不要横放。
　☞ Lay these planks along, not across.
　☞ 纸板要一张摞一张地放。
　☞ Lay the cartons one on top of the other.
2．stand，强调竖放。
　☞ 房间中央放着一张桌子，桌子上有一盏油灯。
　☞ In the center of the room stands a table with an oil lamp on it.
　☞ 那些书都放在书架上。
　☞ These books stand on the bookshelf.
　☞ 桌上放着两个玻璃杯、一只空的白兰地酒瓶和吃剩的饭菜。
　☞ On the table stood two glasses, an empty brandy bottle and the remains of a meal.
　☞ 她把玫瑰插到花瓶里，再把花瓶放到桌上。
　☞ She put the roses in the vase and stood it on the table.
　☞ 他脱掉皮靴，并排放好。
　☞ He pulled off his boots and stood them side by side.
3．put，不强调平放竖放，而是泛指，因而没有明确的特殊含义。
　☞ 他把书放在书架上。
　☞ He put his book on the bookshelf.
　☞ 请把工具放到工具箱里。
　☞ Put the tools into the tool box please.
　☞ 她把脏碟子放在水槽里，把干净的放在搁板上。
　☞ She put dirty dishes in the sink and clean ones on the shelf.
　☞ 菜里多放点酱油。
　☞ Put a bit more soy sauce in the food.
　☞ 你把我的衣服放哪里啦？
　☞ Where have you put my clothes?
　☞ 他又往火里放了一块木头。
　☞ He put another log on the fire.
　☞ 我把钉子放在手提包里。
　☞ I put the nails into my handbag.
4．place，强调放在应放置的位置上。
　☞ 他把毛主席的青铜像放到大理石的基座上。
　☞ He placed the bronze statue of Chairman Mao on the marble base.
　☞ 等到连指导员把一套军装和一顶军帽放到我手里时，我浑身都感到热呼呼的。
　☞ When the political instructor of the company placed an army uniform and a cap in my hand, I felt warm all over.
　☞ 把展品放成一排。
　☞ Place the exhibits in a row.
　☞ 请把脚放到地板上，不要搁在椅子横档上。
　☞ Please place your feet on the floor and not on the rung of the chair.
　☞ 他一生兢兢业业，总是把人民利益放在个人利益之上。
　☞ He was cautious and conscientious all his life and always placed the interests of the people above personal interests.
　☞ 他在餐桌上放上了银制的餐具，准备吃饭。
　☞ He placed the silver ware on the table for dinner.
　☞ 她把床单一张张摞起来仔细放好。
　☞ She placed one sheet carefully on top of the other.
　 ■ put和place的区别可以从下面的译文里看出来。
　☞ 她把玫瑰放到花瓶里，再把花瓶放到桌子的中间。
　☞ She put the roses in the vase and placed it in the center of the table.
5．set，强调为了某种目的而放。
　☞ 晚饭烧好后，她把孩子放在高脚椅子上。
　☞ She set her baby in the highchair when her supper was ready.
　☞ 咱们放几朵红花在白花里把颜色搭配好。
　☞ Let's set some red flowers among the white ones to match the color blend well.
　☞ 她把酒菜放到客人面前。
　☞ She set the food and drink before the guests.
　☞ 为了方便起见，参考书都放在书桌旁边。
　☞ Reference books are set near the desk for convenience.
　☞ 一张圆桌放在房间中间，使透过天窗投进来的光线正好照在桌上。
　☞ A round table was set in the middle of the room in such a way that the light through the skylight is cast directly on it.
6．set free, release，强调释放。
　☞ 我打开鸟笼门，把鸟放了。
　☞ I opened the cage door, and set the bird free.
　☞ 照他们说的办，你就会获得释放。
　☞ Do as you are told, and you will be set free.
　☞ 把狗放了吧，它给拴了好几个钟头了。
　☞ Release the dog. He has been chained up for hours.
　☞ 我们把所有愿意回家的国民党俘虏都放了。
　☞ We released all of the captives from the Kuomintang army who wished to go home.
　☞ 绑匪要拿赎金才肯放人。
　☞ The kidnappers will not release their victim unless they receive the ransom.
7．let off，强调不受惩罚的释放。
　☞ 你答应再也不干这种事情，我们就把你放了。
　☞ We'll let you off if you promise never to do it again.
　☞ 我以为警官要罚我的款，可他把我放了。
　☞ I thought the police officer was going to fine me, but he let me off.
　☞ 你们就这样给放了，实在幸运。
　☞ You were really lucky to be let off like that.
8．let off, set off，强调燃放。
　☞ 在辞旧岁迎新春之际，孩子们白天放鞭炮，晚上放焰火。
　☞ The children let off (set off) firecrackers in the daytime and fireworks at night to see the Old Year out and to let the New Year in.
　☞ 他们今晚要在校园里放焰火。
　☞ They are letting off fireworks on the campus tonight.
　☞ 中国人凡是要庆祝什么事，都放鞭炮。
　☞ The Chinese set off firecrackers to mark many occasions.
9．let go (of)，强调放开、放手等。
　☞ 他把男孩放了。
　☞ He let go the boy.
　☞ 抓紧，别放了。
　☞ Hold it tight and don't let go.
　☞ 她拿到那副耳环就看中了，而且再也不肯放下了。
　☞ The moment she got those earrings, she took a fancy to them and wouldn't let go of them.
　☞ 她抓住我的上衣不放。
　☞ She grabbed my coat and wouldn't let go.
　☞ 这些鱼儿咬钩就不肯放。
　☞ Having got hold the fish never let go of its hold.
　☞ 我们一直等到他发出信号要我们停时才放绳子。
　☞ We didn't let go of the rope until he sent a signal that he wanted to stop.
　☞ 孩子一放开她母亲的手就跌倒了。
　☞ When the child let go of her mother's hand she fell down.
10．let out，强调放宽、放长衣服。
　☞ 这件衣服我得放一放才能穿。
　☞ I have to let out the coat before I can wear it.
　☞ 我胖得要放上半寸腰身。
　☞ I've got so fat that I'll have to let the waistband out half an inch.
　☞ 女儿长高了，她的衣服得放一放了。
　☞ Our daughter is growing so tall that you will have to let out her dress.
11．show，强调放映。
　☞ 上星期剧院里放电影。
　☞ The theater showed the movie last week.
　☞ 这星期影院里放什么片子？
　☞ What films are being shown in the cinema this week?
　☞ 这部电视连续剧在上海、北束、南京、昆明都放过了。
　☞ The TV series was shown in Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing and Kunming.
　☞ 一般都是为了教学才放幻灯片。
　☞ Slides are usually shown for teaching purposes.
12．play，强调演放。
　☞ 我给你放几张新唱片好吗？
　☞ Shall I play you some new records?
　☞ 晚会上他放了几支流行歌曲。
　☞ He played some popular songs at the evening party.
　☞ 收音机放得太大了。
　☞ The radio was playing too loudly.
　☞ 在放留声机吗？
　☞ Is the phonograph playing?
13．fire，强调发射。
　☞ 是谁放的第一枪？
　☞ Who fired the first shot?
　☞ 警察放了大约50发催泪弹才把人驱散。
　☞ The police didn't disperse the crowd until they fired about fifty tear gas grenades.
　☞ 他放了5枪，向在战斗中牺牲的战友致敬。
　☞ He fired his gun five times to salute his comrades-in-arms who fell in the battle.
14．rest on，强调某种依托、支点。
　☞ 花瓶放在基座上。
　☞ The vase rests on a pedestal.
　☞ 她双手放在腿上。
　☞ Her hands rested on her lap.
　☞ 我们的方针要放在什么基点上？放在自己力量的基点上，叫做自力更生。
　☞ On what basis should our policy rest? It should rest on our own strength and that means regeneration through one's own efforts.
15．leave，强调无意识的放。
　☞ 不要到处乱放你的东西。
　☞ Don't leave your things about.
　☞ 他的文件总是乱放。
　☞ He is always leaving his papers about.
　☞ 请把书放在桌上。
　☞ Please leave your book on the desk.
16．lay aside，强调搁置一阵。
　☞ 这事不急，先放一阵子再说。
　☞ It's not an urgent matter. Let's lay it aside for the moment.
　☞ 干吗不把问题放一放，等你头脑清醒一点时再干？
　☞ Why don't you lay that problem aside for a while and work at it later when your mind is fresher?
　☞ 现在先把这些想法放一放，看看将来再说。
　☞ Now lay aside all those thoughts and look to the future.
17．open wide, blossom，强调开放。
　“放”，就是放手讧大家讲意见。
　☞ To "open wide" means to let all the people express their opinions freely.
　☞ 我们准备用“放”的方针来团结几百万知识分子， 改变他们现在的面貌。
　☞ We intend to use the policy of "opening wide" to unite with the several million intellectuals and change their present outlook.
　☞ 百花齐放，我看还要放。
　☞ Let a hundred flowers blossom -I think we should go on doing that.
18．fly，强调放飞。
　☞ 中国放风筝已有1,000多年的历史。
　☞ Kites have been flown in China for more than a thousand years.
　☞ 中国的孩子都爱做风筝、放风筝。
　☞ The children of China love to make and fly their own kites.
19．祈使句结构，强调控制自己的行动，使之有分寸，常与“点”连用。
　☞ 放老实点！
　☞ You behave yourself!
　☞ 脚步放轻点。
　☞ Tread softly.
　☞ 把速度放慢一点。
　☞ Slow down a little.
20．not keep，指时间上放不住。
　☞ 鲜牛奶不能放得太久。
　☞ Fresh milk won't keep long.
　☞ 这鱼，怕放不住。
　☞ This fish won't keep, I'm afraid.
放大 放大
1．enlarge, make larger, make an enlargement，指一般事物的放大。
　☞ 这个放大镜能把图像放大50倍。
　☞ The magnifying glass enlarges the image fifty times.
　☞ 这张地图的比例尺太小，再绘制时，比例尺得放大。
　☞ This is a small-scale map, when it is drawn again, the scale ought to be enlarged.
　☞ 这照片太小，请给我放大一下。
　☞ This photograph is too small; please enlarge it for me.
　☞ 我想我得把照片放大。
　☞ I think I'll have the picture enlarged.
　☞ 这是张好照片，我建议你把它放大。
　☞ This is a good photo. I suggest you make an enlargement of it.
2．magnify，指光学上的放大。
　☞ 这架显微镜能把物体放大100倍。
　☞ The microscope magnifies the object 100 diameters.
　☞ 这架显微镜把幻灯片上的试样放大了1,000倍。
　☞ The microscope magnifies 1,000 times the sample on the slides.
　☞ 放大镜把物体放大了，因此我们见到的物体要比原来的大。
　☞ The glass magnified the object so that we saw it bigger than its proper size.
3．amplify，技术用语，指电学上的放大。
　☞ 收音机里的真空管能放大电流的变量。
　☞ The vacuum-tubes in a radio set amplify the variation in the current.
　☞ 我们可以利用扩音器来放大音量。
　☞ We can amplify the volume of sound with the use of megaphone.
4．expand，指扩大。
　☞ 你眼睛的瞳孔在暗处会放大。
　☞ The pupil of your eye expands in the dark.
放宽 放宽
1．enlarge，make larger，指放大尺寸。
　☞ 我最近胖了，衣服要放宽一点才能穿。
　☞ Having got fatter lately, I have to enlarge my clothes.
　☞ 谁把我的裤腿放宽了？
　☞ Who is it that has made my trouser legs larger?
2．ease，指放大尺寸后的宽松。
　☞ 我的上衣太紧，胳肢窝下面得放宽一点。
　☞ My coat is too tight and must be eased under the arms.
　 ■ 正由于这一特点，故ease常用于引申。
　☞ 一些企业已把这看成是放宽对外贸易的一个机会。
　☞ Some enterprises see this as an opportunity to ease foreign trade.
3．extend，指延长期限。
　☞ 他竭力劝我放宽期限。
　☞ He tried to induce me to extend the time limit.
　☞ 高级知识分子的退休年龄可适当放宽以充分发挥其特长。
　☞ The age limit of higher intellectuals set for retirement may be properly extended in order to give full play to their professional knowledge.
4．soften，指放温和。
　☞ 我们绝对不放宽信贷条件。
　☞ On no account must we soften the credit terms.
　☞ 对农民的政策已经放宽以鼓励其生产积极性。
　☞ The policy toward peasants has been softened to encourage their initiatives in production.
5．loosen (up)，指放松。
　☞ 我国已放宽了有关在国外投资的规定以鼓励资本输出。
　☞ China has loosened the regulations governing investment in foreign countries to encourage export of capital.
　☞ 官员们接到指示要求放宽入境条件。
　☞ The officials are instructed to loosen up on rules for admitting people into the country.
6．relax，指放开。
　☞ 银行原来对短期贷款所作的种种限制，现已开始放宽。
　☞ Banks began to relax the restrictions they had imposed on the short-term credits.
　☞ 日本在美国的压力下已放宽了对农产品进口的禁令。
　☞ Japan has relaxed the embargo on the import of farm products under the pressure of the U.S.A.
放弃 放弃
1．give up，常用语，泛指自动或被迫放弃某种打算、行动、权利。
　☞ 他决定放弃代数和几何。
　☞ He decided to give up algebra and geometry.
　☞ 只要对我说声“留下”，我是会放弃这次旅行的。
　☞ Only say to me "stay" and I will give up this journey.
　☞ 她已放弃再次见到我的希望。
　☞ She has given up all hopes of seeing me again.
　☞ 我早已放弃了那种想法。
　☞ I gave up that idea long ago.
　☞ 这个谜太难了，我放弃。
　☞ The puzzle is too difficult; I shall give it up.
　☞ 他只好放弃横渡长江的企图。
　☞ He had to give up his attempt to swim across the Changjiang River.
　☞ 除了两位中途放弃外，所有的女孩子都游过了滇池。
　☞ All the girls swam the Dianchi Lake except two who gave up halfway.
　☞ 她放弃了工作来照顾残废的母亲。
　☞ She gave up her job to look after her disabled mother.
　☞ 许多青年工人放弃了休息日去参加义务劳动。
　☞ Many young workers gave up their days off to do voluntary labor.
　☞ 不了解这种情况就放弃思想斗争，那是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong not to understand this and to give up the ideological struggle.
2．relinquish，书面语，指遗憾地放弃权利、地位、希望、要求等。
　☞ 他放弃了获得财产的一切权利。
　☞ He relinquished all rights to the property.
　☞ 爱德华八世为了娶辛普逊太太而放弃了王位。
　☞ Edward VIII relinquished his throne to marry Mrs.
　☞ Simpson.
　☞ 她放弃了今年去欧洲的一切希望。
　☞ She has relinquished all hopes of going to Europe this year.
　☞ 他放弃了对土地的所有权。
　☞ He relinquished his claim to the land.
　☞ 独裁者被迫放弃了对全国的控制。
　☞ The dictator was forced to relinquish control of the country.
　☞ 要他放弃到了手的东西可不是件易事。
　☞ It is no easy matter to make him relinquish his prey.
　☞ 拳王一旦被击败就得放弃称号。
　☞ A champion boxer has to relinquish his title when he gets beaten.
3．abandon，专指永久或绝对放弃。
　☞ 他是否会放弃错误观点还得走着瞧。
　☞ Whether he will abandon his mistaken point of view remains to be seen.
　☞ 科学家们由于缺乏资金而放弃了研究工作。
　☞ The scientists abandoned their research for lack of funds.
　☞ 由于原材料短缺，他被迫放弃了原来的计划。
　☞ He was forced to abandon his original plan due to the shortage of raw materials.
　☞ 他的旅行还没好好开始就不得不放弃了。
　☞ He had to abandon his journey before it was well begun.
　☞ 他只好放弃那种想法。
　☞ He was obliged to abandon that idea.
　☞ 但这次比赛是不能放弃的。
　☞ But the contest could not be abandoned.
4．surrender，yield，专指被迫放弃。前者强调无条件放弃，而后者则侧重通过让步、妥协等手段放弃某些东西。
　☞ 土改后地主被迫放弃特权。
　☞ The landlords were compelled to surrender their privileges after the Land Reform.
　☞ 我们是绝不会放弃自由的。
　☞ We shall never surrender our liberty.
　☞ 他放弃了继承王位的要求。
　☞ He surrendered all claim to the throne.
　☞ 她逐渐放弃了成为一个演员的梦想。
　☞ She gradually surrendered her dream of becoming an actress.
　☞ 他由于董事会的反对而放弃了对公司的控制。
　☞ He surrendered control of the company due to the opposition of the board of directors.
　☞ 他放弃了获得财产的一切权利。
　☞ He surrendered all rights to the property.
　☞ 当时我们力量还小，不得不放弃城市。
　☞ We were not strong enough at that time and had to yield cities.
　☞ 他在辩论中放弃了自己的观点。
　☞ He yielded his point of view in the argument.
　☞ 敌人害怕被包围，就放弃了阵地。
　☞ The enemy was afraid of being surrounded and yielded its position.
5．abdicate，专指王位、职责、权利等的放弃。
　☞ 乔治三世扬言要放弃王位。
　☞ George III threatened to abdicate his throne.
　☞ 你是孩子的父亲，却放弃了关心他们的责任。
　☞ You are the father of your children, yet you abdicated all responsibility for the care of them.
6．forsake，专指放弃说话人心目中的重大问题。
　☞ 我们准备作出某些必要的让步，但决不放弃原则。
　☞ We are prepared to make some necessary concessions, but can never forsake our principles.
　☞ 他是宁愿不要命也不会放弃钱财的。
　☞ He would die rather than forsake his money.
7．abstain from，专指从克制的态度放弃某种行动。
　☞ 在联大辩论时，3个中立国家放弃了表决权。
　☞ Three neutral countries abstained from voting in the UN debate.
　☞ 我们决不放弃批评。
　☞ We will never abstain from criticism.
　☞ 他夫人死后，他就放弃了各种娱乐活动。
　☞ He abstained from all kinds of pleasure after his wife's death.
放心 放心
1．set one's mind (heart) at ease, feel at ease, ease one's mind, set one's mind at rest, be at rest, rest，指心境的平静安宁。
　☞ 既然你的孩子安然无恙地回来了，你就可以放心了。
　☞ Now that your children have arrived safe and sound, you can set your mind at ease (at rest).
　☞ 做父亲的把孩子留给一个脾气温和的老太太来照顾，感到很放心。
　☞ The father felt quite at ease when he left his child to (in) the good-natured old lady's care.
　☞ 春播没完成，大家放心不下。
　☞ None of us could feel at ease until the spring sowing was finished.
　☞ 好消息使他放心了。
　☞ The good news set her heart at ease.
　☞ 她知道他不放心。
　☞ She knew that he was not at ease.
　☞ 我告诉她孩子都平安无事她才放心了。
　☞ I eased her mind by telling her that the children were safe.
　☞ 如果我能肯定他们都平安无恙，我也就放心了。
　☞ It would set my mind at rest if I could be sure that they were all safe.
　☞ 你可以放心，火车只要再停一站我们就到了。
　☞ You can set your mind at rest; the train makes only one more stop before our destination.
　☞ 我儿子答应要努力学习，我就放心了。
　☞ My son set my mind at rest when he promised to study hard.
　☞ 我想我一生中从来没有像现在这一刻这么放心过。
　☞ I think I have never been more at rest in my life than at this moment.
　☞ 他是要到知道了事实真相才会放心的。
　☞ He will not rest till he knows the truth.
　☞ 现在我们到家了，你也可以放心了。
　☞ You can rest now, we're home.
2．be assured, rest assured，指得到某种保证而放心。
　☞ 文件都保管好了，你可以放心。
　☞ You may be assured that the documents have been safely kept.
　☞ 不过我们现在放心了，大家机会均等。
　☞ But now we are assured, everybody has an equal chance.
　☞ 他们有了工作的权利，就放心了。
　☞ They were assured that they would have the right to work.
　☞ 你可以放心，我会尽力做好的。
　☞ You can rest assured that I will do my best.
　☞ 放心吧，我们会尽力帮助你的。
　☞ Rest assured that we will do all we can to help you.
　☞ 你放心，一切都会安排好的。
　☞ You can rest assured that everything will be all right.
3．be relieved, relieve (one's mind)，指不安的心情得到解脱。
　☞ 我收到她的信就放心了。
　☞ I was relieved when I got her letter.
　☞ 她听说你一切顺利就放心了。
　☞ She was relieved to hear you were all right.
　☞ 我们一直很焦急，这个好消息才使我们放心了。
　☞ The good news relieved us, for we had been very anxious.
　☞ 如果我们之间能达成某种谅解，我就放心了。
　☞ It would relieve my mind if some sort of understanding were reached between us.
4．trust，指由信任而放心。
　☞ 他是个连托付10块钱我都不放心的人。
　☞ He is a person I wouldn't trust with ten dollars.
　☞ 这孩子不瞧着点，我们不放心。
　☞ We can't trust that boy out of our sight.
　☞ 他干什么我都放心。
　☞ I can trust him to do everything right.
　☞ 你女儿跟一些不三不四的人上流行歌曲音乐会， 你放心吗？
　☞ Do you trust your daughter to go to pop concern with any sort of dubious characters?
放手 放手
1．let go (one's hold)，指松手。
　☞ 你抓紧，我要放手了。
　☞ Hold tight. I'm going to let go.
　☞ 他一放手，笔记本就掉到地上。
　☞ He let go his hold and the notebook dropped to the ground.
2．cling to，指紧握不放。
　☞ 老太太紧抓着她最后留下的几件财物不肯放手。
　☞ The old lady clung tightly to her last remaining possessions.
　☞ 孩子们看着猴子抓着树枝不肯放手。
　☞ The children watched the monkey clinging to the branch.
3．give a free hand in，指“让…全权处理”。
　☞ 让他们去放手工作。
　☞ Give them a free hand in their work.
　☞ 她让我去放手安排这场音乐会。
　☞ She gave me a free hand in arranging the concert.
4．go all out，指全力以赴。
　☞ 这件事的确解释了我国当时为什么要放手发展原子能。
　☞ It does explain why China went all out in the development of atomic energy.
　☞ 当时我们放手发动群众搞土改。
　☞ We went all out to mobilize the masses for land reform.
5．hand over，指移交。
　☞ 你不能玩枪！赶快放手。
　☞ You can't play with the gun! Hand it over at once.
　☞ 我告诉他工作由小张接手，可他就是不放手。
　☞ I told him to let Zhang take over the job, but he refused to hand it over。
放松 放松
1．relax，指人体的放松，进而转义为精神的放松。
　☞ 你太紧张了，肌肉要放松。
　☞ You are all tensed up. Relax your muscles.
　☞ 我需要一本书来放松自己。
　☞ I need a book to relax me.
　☞ 跳舞时要放松。
　☞ Relax when you dance.
　☞ 睡眠时肌肉是放松的。
　☞ Muscles relax in sleep.
　☞ 我们不应该因为取得了巨大成就而放松努力。
　☞ We must not relax our efforts because of the big successes already achieved.
　☞ 我们决不能放松警惕。
　☞ Under no circumstances can we relax our vigilance.
　☞ 他对工作的献身精神无话可说，甚至连晚上也很少放松。
　☞ His devotion to his work was exemplary; even at night he seldom relaxed.
　☞ 看部好喜剧可使人的思想放松。
　☞ Seeing a good comedy relaxes one's mind.
　☞ 忘掉你的忧虑，放松一下。
　☞ Forget your worries and relax.
2．slacken，指由力度、紧度的放松，进而转义为精神上的放松。
　☞ 打结子前先要放松绳子。
　☞ Slacken the rope before trying to tie the knot.
　☞ 别放松缰绳，不然马会脱缰而奔的。
　☞ Don't slacken the reins or the horse may bolt.
　☞ 她感到他抓着她胳膊的手放松了。
　☞ She felt his grip on her arm slacken.
　☞ 下雨前得放松帐篷的拉绳。
　☞ You have to slacken the tent ropes before it rains.
　☞ 活没干完前别放松。
　☞ Don't slacken your efforts till the work is done.
　☞ 我们要努力学习，不能放松。
　☞ We mustn't slacken our efforts to study hard.
3．release，指从束缚中放松。
　☞ 即使骨头断了以后，两只脚还得日日夜夜的缠在厚厚的裹脚布里，因为只要一放松脚就会恢复原状。
　☞ Even after the bones had been broken. the feet had to be bound day and night in thick binding cloth because the moment they were released they would restore to the former state.
　☞ 拉满的弓一放松，箭就射了出去。
　☞ As soon as a bow bent to the full is released, the arrow is shot.
4．loosen，指由紧到松的具体转变过程。
　☞ 要是你皮带太紧，就放松点。
　☞ If your belt is too tight, loosen it.
　☞ 她放松了拉着的绳子，就几乎跌了一跤。
　☞ She loosened her grasp on the rope and nearly fell down.
　☞ 我必须活动一下来放松肌肉。
　☞ I must exercise and loosen up my muscles.
　☞ 孩子长大后他对孩子的管束也就放松了。
　☞ His hold on his children loosened as they got older.
　☞ 他拒绝放松对慈善基金的控制。
　☞ He refused to loosen his control of the charity funds.
5．let up，指松懈下来。
　☞ 我们的确做了点事，但这不等于说我们现在可以放松了。
　☞ It's true that we have accomplished something, but this doesn't mean we can let up now.
　☞ 我们进展很快，但我们不达目的决不放松。
　☞ We are making good progress, but we must not let up until we have achieved our object.
故意 故意
1．purposely，on purpose，侧重在有目的的故意。
　☞ 他说这是一次事故，但我们都知道他是故意干的。
　☞ He said it was an accident, but we all know he did it purposely.
　☞ 我是故意不回答他的。
　☞ I purposely did not give him a reply.
　☞ 他故意咳嗽以引起注意。
　☞ He coughed on purpose to attract attention.
　☞ 你是故意把她派到这里来的。
　☞ You sent her here on purpose.
2．deliberately，侧重在处心积虑的故意。
　☞ 无论我干什么，他对我总是故意刁难。
　☞ Whatever I do, he deliberately places obstacles in my way.
　☞ 我相信房子是有人故意纵火的。
　☞ I believe the house was deliberately set fire to.
3．intentionally，侧重在有某种意图的故意。
　☞ 他在故意侮辱你，他要伤害你的感情。
　☞ He was intentionally insulting you; he wanted to hurt your feelings.
　☞ 为了使你生气，她是故意晚来的。
　☞ To make you angry, she was intentionally coming late.
4．willful，侧重在蓄意的故意。
　☞ 报道故意歪曲事实。
　☞ The report willfully distorted the facts.
　☞ 他们故意没有向有关部门登记。
　☞ They willfully failed to register with the proper authorities.
5．mean，常用于否定句，表示不是故意的。
　☞ 请原谅我说的话，我不是故意要侮辱你。
　☞ I'm sorry for what I said, I didn't mean to insult you.
　☞ 对不起，我不是故意想粗暴无礼的。
　☞ I'm sorry, I didn't mean to be rude.
　☞ 请原谅，这事我不是故意的。
　☞ Forgive me please. I didn't mean it.
效力 效力
1．force，强调可以运用或发挥的力，但如果这种力与某种效果相结合，则有效力的意思。
　☞ 你作为律师应该掂量我们用在合同里的每个词的效力。
　☞ As a lawyer you must weigh the force of each word we use in the contract.
　☞ 被迫做出的承诺是不会产生效力的。
　☞ A promise made under compulsion is of no force.
2．effect，强调因某种原因产生的效果，但如果这种结果与某种力结合起来，则有效力的意思。
　☞ 果然，你的话对他的思想立刻产生了效力。
　☞ Sure enough, your words had an immediate effect on his thinking.
　☞ 长期使用一种农药，其效力就会降低。
　☞ The effect of a pesticide wears off if it is applied over a long period of time.
3．efficacious，一般用来指药物或医疗产生的效力。
　☞ 奎宁用来控制疟疾仍然是一种很有效力的药物。
　☞ Quinine is still one of the efficacious drugs for the control of malaria.
　☞ 种牛痘预防天花很有效力。
　☞ Vaccination is efficacious in preventing smallpox.
4．serve，指效劳出力。
　☞ 为国效力是每个公民的天职。
　☞ Serving the country is a bounden duty of every citizen.
　☞ 我能为你效力吗？
　☞ Can I serve you in any way?
效果 效果
1．effect，与原因(cause)相对，是原因直接引起的效果。
　☞ 采取的措施未产生预期的效果。
　☞ The measures adopted failed to bring about the desired effect。
　☞ 报纸为了增强新闻效果，有时会歪曲事实。
　☞ Newspapers sometimes tamper with the realities to enhance the effect of news.
　☞ 你几年来断断续续的吸烟抵消了药物的效果。
　☞ Years of your smoking off and on have counteracted the effects of the medicine.
2．effective，指能力或方法产生的某种效果。
　☞ 他的教学很有效果。
　☞ His teaching was very effective.
　☞ 你为改进学校所做的努力效果一直很好。
　☞ The efforts you made to improve the school have been very effective.
　 ■ effective与effect的区别请看下面译例。
　☞ 该药效果不大。
　☞ The medicine is not very effective.（指药本身没有多少效果）
　☞ The medicine produces little effect.（排除药物本身的原因，还可能有其他的原因，如病人体质等）
3．effectiveness，指有效性，因此是强调概念而不是事实本身。
　☞ 我对医生的信心也许有助于治疔的效果。
　☞ The faith I placed in my doctor's treatment perhaps helped in its effectiveness.
　☞ 我认为我们试验除虫剂的花费可以更少，效果更好。
　☞ I think we can test the insecticide less expensively and with greater effectiveness.
4．result，指事物发展的结果。
　☞ 好教师就能取得好效果。
　☞ A good teacher gets good results.
　☞ 根据我的判断，影响效果的某些因素被忽略了。
　☞ In my judgment certain factors affecting the result have been overlooked.
　☞ 他的努力取得了良好的效果。
　☞ His efforts achieved good results.
　 ■ result与effect的区别，请看下面的译例。
　☞ 该药对病人的效果很好。
　☞ The medicine has a very good effect on the patient.
　（指由于药物的原因而效果好，强调原因）
　☞ 病人经过一段时间的药物治疗，效果很好。
　☞ The patient has undergone a period of medical treatment, and the result is very good.（指经过治疗而取得好效果，强调事物发展的结果）
敏感 敏感
1．sensitive to，指感官因感受而做出反应的敏感，故常用于人或动物。
　☞ 眼睛对光敏感。
　☞ The eye is sensitive to light.
　☞ 作为画家，你应对美敏感。
　☞ As an artist, you ought to be sensitive to beauty.
　☞ 他耳朵对机器里不正常的声音非常敏感。
　☞ His ears are highly sensitive to any unusual noise抽 the machine.
　☞ 盲人的手指尖特别敏感。
　☞ Finger tips of the blind are particularly sensitive.
　 ■ 但有时sensitive也可用于物，这时似乎已把物当作有声、色、味等有感觉的东西。
　☞ 胶卷对光敏感。
　☞ The film is sensitive to light.
　☞ 证券市场对谣言是很敏感的。
　☞ The stock markets are highly sensitive to rumors.
2．responsive，指对外界事物做出反应的敏感性。
　☞ 她在面试时没有我们想的那样敏感。
　☞ At the interview she was not so responsive as we had expected.
　☞ 制造业对顾客的要求是十分敏感的。
　☞ Manufacturing industry is highly responsive to consumer demands.
　☞ 如果我们对美不够敏感，就会在生活中失去许多美好的东西。
　☞ If we are not responsive enough to beauty, we will miss a lot of beautiful things in life.
　☞ 这孩子天性敏感，因此会很快喜欢上你的。
　☞ The child has responsive nature and will soon be fond of you.
3．susceptible，指易受外部影响的敏感。
　☞ 她对感冒相当敏感。
　☞ She is rather susceptible to colds.
　☞ 她天性敏感，容易激动。
　☞ She had highly susceptible nature and was apt to become excited.
　☞ 鲁迅作为一个有天分的作家，对讽刺很敏感。
　☞ As a gifted writer, Lu Xun was very susceptible to satire.
4．touchy，指触动后产生的敏感。
　☞ 这一话题，特别敏感，因为在场的大多数人都是烈士的家属。
　☞ This issue was particularly touchy as most of the people present were families of martyrs.
　☞ 美国对中国海军军力的壮大十分敏感。
　☞ The United States is very touchy about the growth in strength of the Chinese navy.
5．“敏感”的其他译法。
　☞ 记者应对政治气氛敏感。
　☞ A correspondent should have a keen feeling of the political atmosphere.
　☞ 你是什么时候敏感到有危险的？
　☞ When did you have a sharp sense of danger?
敏捷 敏捷
1．quick，既可指动作快速，也可指思想灵敏，故使用范围较广。
　☞ 她的动作准确而敏捷。
　☞ She is precise and quick in movement.
　☞ 有了敏捷的手指，她的钢琴弹得十分出色。
　☞ With her quick fingers she plays the piano beautifully.
　☞ 他那些尖锐而寻根究底的问题表明他的思想敏捷。
　☞ His sharp and probing questions showed that he had a quick mind.
　☞ 我老师说，她对他的反应敏捷感到既高兴又惊讶。
　☞ My teacher said that she felt pleased and surprised with his quick response.
2．nimble，指动作轻盈、头脑灵活，一般可与quick换用。
　☞ 老师都喜欢答题敏捷的学生。
　☞ All teachers are pleased with students nimble (quick) in answer.
　☞ 他爬树的时候，像猴子一样敏捷。
　☞ Climbing a tree, he was as nimble as a monkey.
　☞ 守门员敏捷地跃向右方，救出了险球。
　☞ The goalkeeper gave a nimble leap to the right and saved the goal.
　☞ 我们班上的每个同学都称赞他思维敏捷。
　☞ Everybody in our class spoke approvingly of his nimble mind.
3．agile，指动作轻快。
　☞ 他敏捷地一跳，得了第一名。
　☞ He took an agile (nimble) leap and won the championship.
　☞ 他逃跑时敏捷得如同兔子。
　☞ He was as agile as a hare when he ran away.
　☞ 他口才敏捷，在辩论中占了便宜。
　☞ His agile (nimble) tongue had an advantage in argument.
　☞ 大家都喜欢他才思敏捷。
　☞ Everybody likes him for his agile (quick) wit.
4．keen，专指思维或感觉灵敏。
　☞ 他是个智力敏捷的人，凡有求于他，他都给出主意。
　☞ He is a man of keen intelligence. He always works out ideas when he is asked.
　☞ 他那敏捷的头脑，在生意上帮了他不少忙。
　☞ His keen wit helped him a lot in his business.
5．sharp，指反应敏捷。
　☞ 他虽老迈，但思维敏捷。
　☞ Though he is old yet his mind is still sharp.
　☞ 我的小女儿对数字的反应敏捷。
　☞ My little daughter is sharp in reaction to figures.
敏锐 敏锐
1．sharp, 主要指感官上的敏锐。
　☞ 她总是用她的鼻子来发现我们发现不了的东西。
　☞ 这需要敏锐的嗅觉。
　☞ It takes sharp sense of smell, and she always uses her nose to find out hidden things we fail to find.
　☞ 我虽然老，但听觉还算敏锐，我听到了他们所讲的一切。
　☞ Though I'm old yet my ears are still sharp. I've heard everything they had talked about.
　 ■ 但有的时候也指思想上的敏锐。如：
　☞ 他相当敏锐，马上猜到这些仪式是为了纪念某个神灵而举行的。
　☞ He was sharp enough to guess at once that these rites were in honor of some god.
2．keen，也指感官上的敏锐，可与sharp换用。
　☞ 我的听觉不如以前敏锐了。
　☞ My hearing is not as keen (sharp) as it used to be.
　☞ 他对周围发生的一切总是保持敏锐的目光。
　☞ He has always kept a keen (sharp) eye on what is happening around.
　 ■ 同sharp一样，有时也指思想上的敏锐。
　☞ 记者对政治局势应该具有敏锐的感觉。
　☞ A correspondent should have a keen feeling of political situation.
3．acute，也指感官的敏锐，但更强调发现细微差别的能力。
　☞ 她的听觉敏锐到可以听到针掉到地上的声音。
　☞ Her ears are so acute as to hear a needle dropping to the ground.
　☞ 狗的嗅觉敏锐。
　☞ Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
　 ■ 有时，也用于意识的敏锐。
　☞ 我们高度评价他分辨合同中任何细微含混之处的敏锐意识。
　☞ We spoke highly of his acute awareness of any slight ambiguity in the contract.
教育 教育
1．teach，指传授知识、道理及技能等基本教育。
　☞ 她教育孩子要有礼貌。
　☞ She teaches her children to have good manners.
　☞ 孩子都应当受到识字教育。
　☞ All children should be taught how to read and write.
　☞ 要教育人们，在街上倒垃圾是不对的。
　☞ People must be taught that it is wrong to drop litter in the street.
　☞ 由于母亲的教育，她从不浪费粮食。
　☞ As a result of her mother's teaching, she never wastes any food.
2．educate，education，泛指不带具体色彩的教育。
　☞ 她受到过高等教育，当然能挣钱。
　☞ She is highly educated and surely could make money.
　☞ 他是在美国受的教育。
　☞ He was educated in the United States.
　☞ 我国教育孩子的费用已大大增加。
　☞ The cost of educating children in our country has risen greatly.
　☞ 我受的教育是断断续续的，不完整的。
　☞ What education I have is fragmentary and sketchy.
3．discipline，带有管教性的教育。
　☞ 孩子不教育，长大了就会自私自利。
　☞ Unless you discipline a child, he may grow up to be a selfish adult.
　☞ 她从不教育她儿子，现在是无法无天了。
　☞ She never disciplines her son and he is uncontrollable now.
　☞ 父母对子女应当承担坚定不移的引导及始终如一的教育。
　☞ Parents should owe their children firm guidance and consistent discipline.
散 散
1．loose, loosen，指从某种束缚中摆脱出来。
　☞ 这本书有几页要散了。
　☞ There are several loose pages in the book.
　☞ 她的头发散披在肩上。
　☞ Her hair hung loose to her shoulders.
　☞ 把这些信捆好，别散了。
　☞ Tie up these letters and see that they don't come loose.
　☞ 你的行李散了。
　☞ Your luggage has got loosened.
2．fall apart，指原本连在一起的物件散架。
　☞ 木箱散了。
　☞ The wooden box fell apart.
　☞ 我感到我的胳膊腿都要散了。
　☞ I feel as if my limbs are falling apart.
3．not hold together，指不再连在一起。
　☞ 这本书旧得要散了。
　☞ The book is so old that it will not hold together.
　☞ 我是用绳子把包裹捆好的，不过怕是要散了。
　☞ I've tied up the parcel with string, but I am afraid it won't hold together.
4．scattered, 指分散。
　☞ 书籍和报纸散了一地。
　☞ Books and newspapers were scattered about on the floor.
　☞ 当时的领导干部都散居在老乡家里。
　☞ The then leading cadres lived scattered among the villagers.
散 散
1．scatter，指由于某种原因而分散。强调“散”的行为。
　☞ 谷地里为数不多的房屋分得很散。
　☞ The few houses in the valley are very scattered.
　☞ 警察到达时人群已经散了。
　☞ The crowd had already scattered when the police arrived.
2．disperse，比scatter分散得更开，而且强调“散”的结果，表示分散到看不见的程度。
　☞ 激动的人群到半夜才散。
　☞ The excited crowd did not disperse until midnight.
　☞ 云散之后，天又晴了。
　☞ When the clouds had dispersed it was fine again.
3．break up，指结束。强调动作的结果。
　☞ 他们合伙经营的铺子不久就散了。
　☞ Their partnership soon broke up.
　☞ 警察到达时集会已经散了。
　☞ The meeting had broken up when the police arrived.
4．over，也指结束，但强调状态。
　☞ 会还没有散。
　☞ The meeting is not over yet.
　☞ 散学后，孩子们总会来跟他玩。
　☞ When school was over, the children would come and play with him.
5．“散”的其他译法。
　☞ 你准备给我们做事吗？写标语还是散传单？
　☞ Are you prepared to do things for us? Write posters or distribute leaflets?
　☞ 大家别走散了。
　☞ Let's not get separated.
　☞ 今天星期五，咱们早点散吧。
　☞ It's Friday today. Let's stop a bit earlier.
　☞ 请打开门窗散散烟。
　☞ Please open the door and windows to let the smoke out.
散发 散发
1．send forth，指散发光、热、气息等。
　☞ 花儿散发出清香。
　☞ The flowers sent forth a delicate fragrance.
　☞ 太阳散发出光和热。
　☞ The sun sends forth light and heat.
2．give forth，指散发气息等。
　☞ 田野散发出春天的气息。
　☞ The field gives forth an odor of spring.
　☞ 土地散发出一阵令人眩晕的暖意。
　☞ The earth gave forth a fainting warmth.
3．distribute，指夯发。
　☞ 他在散发传单。
　☞ He is distributing leaflets.
　☞ 散发餐券要细心。
　☞ Be careful in distributing meal tickets.
4．circulate，指发下去传阅。
　☞ 主席的指示应作为正式文件散发。
　☞ The instruction of the president must be circulated as an official document.
　☞ 我在散发文件时引起了一阵欢呼。
　☞ When I circulated the paper, it was greeted with ovation.
散布 散布
1．spread，指全面地散布，着重点在覆盖面上。
　☞ 有人在散布我们公司的谣言。
　☞ Someone is spreading rumors about our firm.
　☞ 华侨散布在世界各地。
　☞ The Overseas Chinese are spread all over the world.
　☞ 你们得查清是谁在我市散布恐怖情绪。
　☞ You have to find out who spread terror through our city.
　☞ 散布流言蜚语是十分恶劣的行为。
　☞ It is wicked to spread gossips.
2．scattered，指零星散布，着重点在各个点上。
　☞ 在一望无际的原野上到处散布着一座座井架。
　☞ Derricks are scattered here and there on the boundless plain.
　☞ 几幢房屋散布在山谷中。
　☞ A few houses are scattered in the valley.
　☞ 犹太人散布在世界各地。
　☞ The Jews are scattered all over the world.
3．distribute，也指一定数量的人或物的散布，但着重点在整体的布局上。
　☞ 大多数的少数民族散布在边疆或山区。
　☞ Most minority nationalities are distributed over border or mountain areas.
　☞ 气象站散布于全国各地。
　☞ Weather stations are distributed all over the country.
数 数
1．figure，指由0至9组成的任何一个数字。
　“五”这个数是5。
　☞ The figure "five" is 5.
　☞ 她有钱，年收入达到了6位数。
　☞ She is rich, her yearly income runs into 6 figures.
2．number，所指数的范围要比figure广得多，可以表示用来计算的数字系统。
　☞ 7和4这两个数是28的因数。
　☞ The number of 7 and 4 are factors of 28.
　☞ 设X为1至10中的任何数。
　☞ Let X be a number from I to 10.
　 ■ number也用来表示统计的数字系统。
　☞ 根据汽车数来判断，会场里的人还不多。
　☞ Judging from the number of cars, there were not many people at the conference yet.
　☞ 学生缺席人数为3人。
　☞ The number of students absent is 3.
　 ■ 此外，number可用做动词，表示以下几种意思。
1) 达到某个数目。
　☞ 伤亡者数以万计。
　☞ Casualties numbered tens of thousands.
2) 按顺序计数。
　☞ 谁能数得清天上的星星。
　☞ Who can number the stars in the sky?
3) 为数有限。
　☞ 老太太的日子屈指可数。
　☞ The old lady's days are numbered.
3．count，指按顺序挨个计数。
　☞ 选票数过了吗？
　☞ Have the votes been counted yet?
　☞ 她在一个个地数鸡蛋，这时候他告诉她一五一十地数会快些。
　☞ She was counting the eggs one by one when he told her it would be quicker to count them by five.
4．a few, several, 指不确定的数目。
　☞ 金殿离昆明只有数公里。
　☞ The Colden Temple is only a few kilometers from Kunming.
　☞ 数百人参加了他的葬礼。
　☞ Several hundred people were present at his funeral.
5．“数”在古文中作“命运”解，尚有一些成语沿用至今，一般用be predestined或destined表示由命运安徘。
　☞ 冥冥之中，事有定数。
　☞ Everything is predestined in the unseen world.
　☞ 劫数难逃。
　☞ What is destined cannot be avoided.
6．“数”与“得着”连用，可用作修饰语，一般用outstanding，famous等表示杰出、著名。
　☞ 两者都是国内数得着的球队。
　☞ Both are among the outstanding teams of the country.
　☞ 他是全国数得着的运动员。
　☞ He's one of the outstanding athletes in the country.
　☞ 北京大学是国内数得着的名牌大学。
　☞ Peking University is one of the most famous universities in China.
7．“就”、“要”放在“数”之前搭配，可用最高级表示。
　☞ 我们班上就数他的成绩好。
　☞ He is the best student in our class.
　☞ 动物中要数熊猫最可爱。
　☞ Panda is the most charming pet of all.
　☞ 学生当中就数他坏。
　☞ He ranked the worst among the pupils.
8．“心中有数”的译法。
　☞ 对计划的执行情况我们心中有数。
　☞ We have a pretty good idea of how the plan is being carried out.
　☞ 进行调查研究，要做到心中有数。
　☞ Make investigations to find out how things stand.
　☞ 摸到了这样的底，我们心中就有数了。
　☞ With this stock-taking we know where we are.
敲 敲
1．beat, 指连续不断地敲打，重点在连续性。
　☞ 中国人的风俗是敲锣打鼓迎新年。
　☞ It is a custom for the Chinese to meet a new year by beating drums and gongs.
　☞ 雨敲绮窗生离愁。
　☞ The rain beating the gorgeous window produced sorrow of parting.
2．strike，指一次次地敲打，重点在每一次。
　☞ 他在门上敲了3次。
　☞ He struck on the door three times.
　☞ 时钟刚敲4点。
　☞ The clock has just struck four.
3．hit，指猛敲，重点在敲打的猛烈性。
　☞ 他用钉锤猛敲钉子。
　☞ He hit the nail with the hammer.
　☞ 什么东西重重地敲在他背上。
　☞ Something hit him on the back very hard.
4．knock，指为引起人们注意的敲打。
　☞ 进来前请敲门。
　☞ Please knock at the door before entering.
　☞ 我听到有人在敲窗子。
　☞ I heard someone knocking at the window.
5．tap，也指为引起人们或自己的注意的敲抒，但比knock敲得轻。
　☞ 我敲了敲门，好让他们知道我已经来了。
　☞ I tapped the door to let them know that I arrived.
　☞ 那盲人走路时用手杖敲着人行道。
　☞ The blind man walked tapping the sidewalk with his cane.
6．rap，也指敲打，但其目的性似乎比knock或tap多，除了引起人们的注意，还可要求恢复秩序、给予惩罚等。
　☞ 他敲了敲门，但无人应门。
　☞ He rapped at the door, but there was no answer.
　☞ 王老师用教鞭敲敲黑板，要求全班坐好。
　☞ Wang, the teacher, rapped on the blackboard with his pointer to call the students to order.
　☞ 他用指关节在我的头上敲了个爆栗。
　☞ He gave me a rap on the head with his knuckles.
7．sound，指敲响。
　☞ 这次事故给我们敲了警钟，今后必须严格制度。
　☞ The accident sounded a warning against a relaxation of the rules.
　☞ 民族独立运动敲响了殖民主义的丧钟。
　☞ The national independence movement sounded the death knell of the colonialism.
8．sting for，指带有敲竹杠性质的索要。
　☞ 他们知道他的隐私，故敲了他5,000块钱。
　☞ They knew his privacy and stung him for 5,000 yuan.
　☞ 他在机场由于行李超重而被敲了30美元。
　☞ At the airport he was stung for 30 US dollars for having excess luggage.
9．“敲”的其他译法。
　☞ 他加了工资，我们敲了他一顿饭。
　☞ His pay has been raised, so we made him treat us to a dinner.
　☞ 我们买东西时被那家铺子敲了。
　☞ We were overcharged for the goods by the store.
　☞ 这孩子总得大人敲着点，不然就不好好做功课。
　☞ The boy needs constant prodding from his parents, otherwise he won't get his homework done.
整治 整治
1．renovate, 指翻新整治。
　☞ 我们整治了老果园，生产果然增加了。
　☞ We have renovated the old orchard and sure enough the production increased.
　☞ 你的老屋该整治整治了。
　☞ You have to renovate your old house.
2．repair，指翻修整治。
　☞ 整治一下车子，修理厂要价5,000元。
　☞ The garage charged 5,000 yuan for repairing the car.
　☞ 你会整治电脑吗？
　☞ Can you repair a computer?
3．dredge, 指疏浚河道。
　☞ 工人们正用挖泥船吸走水下的泥沙以整治河道。
　☞ The workers were dredging the waterway, using a dredger for sucking up mud and sand from below water.
　☞ 河流要经常整治以备洪水时泄洪。
　☞ Rivers must be dredged time and again to release floodwater in case of floods.
4．improve，指改善。
　☞ 我们要下大力气来综合整治生态环境。
　☞ We must make great efforts to improve the comprehensive ecological environments.
　☞ 应该整治工人的工作条件。
　☞ The working conditions of the workers ought to be improved.
5．prepare, do, work at，泛指搞、做、致力于。
　☞ 整治饭菜，他是把好手。
　☞ He is good at preparing food.
　☞ 你今天有空，干嘛不整治整治你的头发？
　☞ You are free today. Why don't you have your hair done now?
　☞ 他在整治一桩新发明。
　☞ He is working at a new invention.
6．punish, fix，泛指处罚、收拾。
　☞ 这坏蛋得整治一下。
　☞ That scoundrel needs to be punished.
　☞ 放心，我会整治他的！
　☞ Don't worry. I'll fix him!
整理 整理
1．put in order，强调整理整齐。
　☞ 他的书房乱糟糟的，因为他不让人整理。
　☞ His study is a chaos for he keeps anyone from putting it in order.
　☞ 文件整理后已由党务秘书妥当保管。
　☞ The documents are held in a safe place by the secretary of the Party's affairs after they are put in order.
2．straighten out (up)，强调对混乱状态的整理。
　☞ 会后会议室里乱糟糟的，是她整理出来的。
　☞ The meeting room was a mess after the meeting. It was she who straightened it out.
　☞ 动笔前先整理思路。
　☞ Straighten up your ideas before beginning to write.
3．rearrange，指重新安排整理。
　☞ 我把书架上的书重新整理了一下，使每本书都放在应该放的位置上。
　☞ I have rearranged the books on the shelves so that each one of them is on its place.
　☞ 要是你不喜欢花瓶里花的插法，可以自己再整理整理。
　☞ If you don't like the way the flowers are arranged in the vase, you can rearrange them yourself.
4．systematize, 指条理化、系统化的整理。
　☞ 通过名医们的整理，中医、中药正日趋完善。
　☞ The Chinese medicine and pharmacology are being perfected after they are systematized by the famous doctors.
　☞ 我应当把数据加以整理，否则将一事无成。
　☞ We must systematize our data or nothing will ever get done.
5．collate, 指装订整理。
　☞ 他收集、整理了大量的民歌，准备新的创作。
　☞ Having collected and collated a lot of folk songs, he is making preparation for new creative work.
　☞ 这些数据经过整理已装订成册。
　☞ These data, having been collated, are bound into book form.
6．“整理”的其他译法。
　☞ 我们已整理好行装准备出发。
　☞ We're ready to start, having packed our things for the Journey.
　☞ 整理化石的工作并不容易。
　☞ It is not an easy job to dress fossils.
　☞ 整理文化遗产需要知识和耐心。
　☞ Knowledge and patience are needed to sift cultural heritage.
　☞ 他是整理财政的能手。
　☞ He is a master in regulating finances.
整顿 整顿
1．rectify，指经过深思熟虑做出调整、纠正后的彻底整顿。
　☞ 反对主观主义以整顿学风，反对宗派主义以整顿党风，反对党八股以整顿文风，这就是我们的任务。
　☞ Fight subjectivism in order to rectify the style of study, fight sectarianism in order to rectify the style in Party relations, and fight Party stereotypes in order to rectify the style of writing - such is the task before us.
　☞ 人们一定会问这样的问题，就是空气污染的代价有多大？进行整顿要多少花费才算合理？
　☞ People would ask such questions, that is, how much does air pollution cost? And what expense is justified in rectifying it?
2．straighten out, 指把糊涂、混乱的状态整顿过来。
　☞ 已经建立了一套会计制度来整顿财务。
　☞ A system of account has been set up to straighten out financial affairs.
　☞ 我们应当把新内阁面临的各项工作整顿好。
　☞ We must straighten things out in every field of work confronting the new cabinet.
　☞ 我们接手的形势非常混乱，现正着手整顿。
　☞ We have inherited a very confused situation, which we are now trying to straighten out.
3．consolidate, strengthen，指通过巩固或加强进行整顿。
　☞ 整顿农村的党组织刻不容缓。
　☞ Consolidating the Party organizations in the country is a task which brooks no delay.
　☞ 当务之急是整顿领导班子。
　☞ It is the most pressing matter of the moment to consolidate the leading body.
　☞ 只有整顿纪律，才能严格训练、严格要求。
　☞ Only by strengthening discipline can we go in for rigorous training and set strict demands.
4．“整顿”的其他译法。
　☞ 要加强企业管理必须先整顿规章制度。
　☞ Rules and regulations must be reestablished before strengthening the management of enterprises.
　☞ 作为一个先进城市，整顿治安十分重要。
　☞ As an advanced city it is very important to improve public order.
　☞ 我们的足球队要好好地整顿一下。
　☞ Our football team needs a good shake-up.
　☞ 代表大会建议工会应整顿其内务。
　☞ The congress has suggested that the trade union should put its affairs in order.
整齐 整齐
1．in good order，指次序、秩序的整齐。
　☞ 部队在雨中行进，依然保持着队伍的整齐。
　☞ The troops were marching in the rain, still keeping its ranks in good order.
　☞ 仪仗队整整齐齐地站着，等待着检阅。
　☞ The guard of honor stood in good order, ready to be reviewed.
2．neat, 指干净整洁的整齐。
　☞ 你是老师，字要写得清楚整齐。
　☞ As a teacher, your handwriting must be clear and neat.
　☞ 这位女同志的衣着黑白相间，打扮整齐。
　☞ The woman is neatly dressed in black and white.
3．tidy，指有条理的整齐。
　☞ 这些书你读过之后，请堆放整齐。
　☞ Please leave the books in a tidy pile after you read them.
　☞ 军营里的被子都是叠得整整齐齐的。
　☞ In barracks quilts are rolled up tidily.
　 ■ tidy还可用做动词。
　☞ 我在走以前开始把桌子整理整齐。
　☞ I began to tidy up my desk before leaving.
　☞ 她先生上班以后，她每天都要把房间整理整齐。
　☞ She tidies the room out every day while her husband goes to work.
4．even, 指具有同一性的整齐。
　☞ 我们在农场见到的是耕作精细、出苗整齐。
　☞ What we saw in the farm is intensive cultivation and even emergence of seedlings.
　☞ 她一笑起来就露出雪白整齐的牙齿。
　☞ She shows her even white teeth when she smiles.
5．regular，指有规律的整齐。
　☞ 她洁白的面颊，鲜红的嘴唇，因而使牙齿看起来更加整齐。
　☞ She has lily-white cheeks, bright-red lips, thus making her teeth look more regular.
　☞ 种树的间隔要整齐。
　☞ Plant trees at regular intervals.
　☞ 游行队伍迈着整齐的步伐在行进。
　☞ The procession marched in regular step.
6．well与一些过去分词组成合成词，有时可以表示整齐。
　☞ 汽车往左一拐，一排排整齐的工人住宅就映入眼帘。
　☞ The well-laid-out blocks of workers greeted the eye when the bus turned left.
　☞ 我们的足球队阵容整齐。
　☞ Our football team has a well-balanced lineup.
　☞ 这是个修剪整齐的草坪。
　☞ It was a well-groomed lawn.
　☞ 他嘴唇上的胡须修得很整齐。
　☞ His moustache was well-kept.
敷衍 敷衍
1．perfunctory, perfunctorily, in a perfunctory manner，指马虎。
　☞ 干这种活儿可敷衍不得。
　☞ You mustn't be perfunctory in doing this kind of work.
　☞ 他对我们说的“哈罗”，肯定是敷衍。
　☞ That was certainly a perfunctory "hello" he gave us.
　☞ 他敷衍几句就走了。
　☞ He replied perfunctorily in a few words and left.
　☞ 他做事习惯采取敷衍的态度，很不认真。
　☞ He's in the habit working perfunctorily and halfheartedly.
　☞ 你怎么能敷衍行事呢！
　☞ How you could have done it in a perfunctory manner!
　☞ 敷衍塞责的是你。
　☞ It is you who perform your duty in a perfunctory way.
2．get by，指维持下去或凑合过去。
　☞ 这几个钱只够我敷衍几天的。
　☞ This money is barely enough for me to get by a few days.
　☞ 尽管不易，我们怎么也能敷衍过去。
　☞ We can get by somehow though it is not easy.
　☞ 他没有宴会服，不过有人告诉他穿深色西服也能敷衍过去。
　☞ He didn't possess a dinner jacket, but he was told that he could get by in a dark suit.
3．“敷衍”的其他译法。
　☞ 他敷衍了几句就走了。
　☞ He made a few casual remarks and left.
　☞ 他那些话分明是敷衍你的。
　☞ Obviously, he said that just to satisfy you.
　☞ 她办事认真，从不敷衍了事。
　☞ She is very conscientious and never skimps her work.
　☞ 真想不到你做事会采取敷衍手段。
　☞ Fancy your resorting to a slovenly manner of attending to business.
文字 文字
1．writing，泛指书写出来的文字。
　☞ 语言和文字是人类最重要的交流工具。
　☞ Speech and writing are man's most important tools of communication.
　☞ 中国人使用与我们英国不同的文字。
　☞ The Chinese use a different kind of writing from ours in Britain.
　☞ 史前人类的另一个成就就是发明了文字。
　☞ Still another achievement of prehistoric man was the invention of writing.
　☞ 咱们把这一协定写成文字吧。
　☞ Let's put this agreement in writing.
　☞ 我不见文字是不会相信的。
　☞ I won't believe it until I see it in writing.
2．word，实指一个一个的词构成的文字。
　☞ 你炽热的文字配上他壮丽的音乐就成为一支激动人心的歌曲。
　☞ Your burning words set to his splendid music turn into a sensational song.
　☞ 不少笑话在其效果上靠的是玩文字游戏。
　☞ Many jokes for their effect depend on a play of words.
　☞ 计算机可以处理文字。
　☞ A computer can process words.
3．literary，指文学上的。
　☞ 我们是文字之交。
　☞ We are literary friends.
　☞ 想不到一篇短文竟兴起了一场文字狱。
　☞ Who would have thought that a short essay should have caused a literary inquisition?
文明 文明
1．civilization，指人类取得进步后，物质和精神的总和。
　☞ 中国是历史悠久的文明古国。
　☞ China is an ancient country with a long civilization and history.
　☞ 我们应当为改变世界、抢救文明而斗争。
　☞ We must fight to change the world, and to rescue civilization.
　☞ 人类的文明已经历了数千年。
　☞ The civilization of mankind has taken thousands of years.
　☞ 再要发生一次世界大战，文明就要遭到毁灭。
　☞ Civilization may be destroyed if there is another world war.
2．civilize, 指使之文明起来。
　☞ 只有教育才能帮助野蛮人走向文明。
　☞ Only schools can help to civilize the barbarians.
　☞ 罗马人的入侵使北欧许多部落走向文明。
　☞ The incursion of Romans civilized many of the tribes of northern Europe.
　 ■ civilized可以用作定语，有“经过文明洗礼”的意思。
　☞ 文明商店信誉度高。
　☞ Civilized shops have higher credit.
　☞ 不少文明古国都是由于自然环境恶化而遭到毁灭的。
　☞ A number of civilized ancient countries met their destruction because of deterioration of natural environments.
3．civil, civility，指人类在交往中表现出来的教养、礼貌等文明行为。
　☞ 即使你不喜欢她，对她也要文明一点。
　☞ Try to be a bit civil to her, even if you don't like her.
　☞ 说话文明点。
　☞ Keep a civil language a little.
　☞ 钱可以赚，但一定要文明经商。
　☞ You may make a profit, but be sure to do business with civility.
　☞ 对待妇女的态度是一个民族文明的尺度。
　☞ The attitude towards women is the measure of a nation's civility.
　☞ 我们把村子建成了一个文明村。
　☞ We have our village created, where civility reigns.
4．modern，指现代。
　☞ 民国以后，越来越多的人兴文明结婚。
　☞ More and more people have gone in for modem wedding since the founding of the Republic of China.
　☞ 20世纪30年代的话剧叫做文明戏。
　☞ Stage dramas were called modem plays in the 1930's.
5．“文明”的其他译法。
　☞ 文阴社会里应当文明经商、文明办厂。
　☞ Commercial transactions and factory management must be conducted honorably in a civilized society.
　☞ 全国文明礼貌月会促进文明礼貌。
　☞ National Courtesy Month will promote decorum and manners.
文章 文章
1．essay，指专题性文章，篇幅不会很长，内容可以是学术性的、评论性的、幽默性的。
　☞ 我得写一篇论荷马的文章。
　☞ I have to write an essay on Homer.
　☞ 文章写得怎么样啦？
　☞ How is the essay going?
2．article，指报刊、杂志或学校刊物上的文章。
　《人民日报》上的重要文章我都读。
　☞ I always read the leading articles in People's Daily.
　☞ 他为杂志写了一篇有关宇宙空间的文章。
　☞ He wrote an article on space for the magazine.
3．writing，泛指一切写作的文章，内涵广，上述两词都包含其中。
　☞ 阅览室里有许多关于英语阅读教学方面的文章。
　☞ In the reading room there are a lot of writings dealing with the teaching of English reading.
　☞ 他的文章包含有社会主义的因素。
　☞ His writings contained socialist elements.
4．insinuation，sly hint，均指含沙射影的暗示。
　☞ 他的话里有文章。
　☞ There is an insinuation in his remark.
　☞ 这话里头有文章。
　☞ This statement contains some sly hints.
5．make much of，make an issue of, 指小题大做。
　☞ 在西方，执政党每犯一点错误，反对党都要大做文章。
　☞ In the West whenever the party in power makes the slightest mistake, the opposition makes much of it.
　☞ 为什么你老是咬住他的小错不放，大做文章？
　☞ Why are you nagging him about the slightest mistake and making much of it?
　☞ 他们往往抓住一点小事大做文章。
　☞ They often seized on a trifle and made an issue of it.
6．development，指可能发展的情况。
　☞ 下面有好文章可看啦。
　☞ Some exciting development may follow.
7．behind，指幕后背景。
　☞ 别问我！你知道背后大有文章。
　☞ Don't ask me! You know there is a lot behind all this.
斗争 斗争
1．struggle，指争斗。
　☞ 我们每个人都应善于同一切错误思想和行为作不疲倦的斗争。
　☞ Everyone of us should be good at waging a tireless struggle against all incorrect ideas and actions.
　☞ 他们为了把自己的国家从敌人手里解放出来已斗争了多年。
　☞ They have struggled for years to free their country from the enemy.
2．fight，指战斗。
　☞ 你将不得不与困难作斗争。
　☞ You will have to fight against difficulties.
　☞ 他告诉工人应为自己的权利而斗争。
　☞ He told the workers to fight for their rights.
3．combat，指搏斗。
　☞ 善与恶的斗争将永远继续下去。
　☞ The combat between good and evil will continue forever.
　☞ 王医生在与疾病斗争中度过了一生。
　☞ Doctor Wang spent his life combating diseases.
4．strive，指奋斗。
　☞ 一个国家只要为自由而斗争就不能使之屈服。
　☞ It is impossible to keep a country in subjection if she is striving for freedom.
　☞ 他为人民的利益而斗争了一生。
　☞ He strived all his life for the good of the people.
5．denounce，指谴责。
　☞ 群众大会上，农民们斗争了恶霸地主。
　☞ At the mass rally the peasants denounced the despotic landlord.
　☞ 他无缘无故地受到批判和斗争。
　☞ He was criticized and denounced for no reason at all.
料到 料到
1．anticipate，指预料。
　☞ 我料到他会在4点钟到。
　☞ I had anticipated his arrival at four o'clock 他们没料到会碰上反对意见。
　☞ They didn't anticipate meeting any opposition.
　☞ 他们派兵侵略朝鲜，没料到我们会派志愿军援助。
　☞ They did not anticipate that we would send volunteers to aid Korea when they dispatched forces to invade it.
2．foresee，指预见。
　☞ 我们本来就应当料到其后果。
　☞ We should have foreseen its consequences.
　☞ 母亲装了一大包野外用午餐，因为她料到我们会挨饿。
　☞ Mother put up a big picnic lunch, because she foresaw how hungry we would be.
　☞ 我们克服了许多没有料到的困难。
　☞ We overcame many unforeseen difficulties.
3．expect，指揣想，作“料到”解时常用于否定句。
　☞ 我们没料到他会来。
　☞ We didn't expect him to come.
　☞ 小偷没料到便衣警察会跟在后面，因而从店里拿起了一个手表。
　☞ The thief did not expect to be followed by a policeman in plain clothes and lifted a watch from the shop.
　☞ 我们没到目的地就碰上大雨，这是原来未料到的。
　☞ Unexpectedly, a rainstorm overtook us before we reached our destination.
新 新
1．new, 有几种意思。
1) 指新产生的，与old相对。
　☞ 我要卖了旧车买新车。
　☞ I'll sell my old car to buy a new one.
　☞ 要结交新朋友，但不要忘了老伙伴。
　☞ Do make new friends, but don't forget your old fellows.
2) 指未用过的，与used相财，等于unused。
　☞ 我把新旧家具都卖了。
　☞ I've sold new and used furniture.
　☞ 这个电炉不是新的，是用过的。
　☞ This is not a new electric stove. It's a used one.
3) 指未为人知或从未经历过的，与original相对。
　☞ 这个新设计与旧设计相比可减少投资10%。
　☞ The new design reduces 10 percent of the investment, compared with the original one.
　☞ 土地在原来的主人手里荒芜着，而新主人却把一切管理得井井有条。
　☞ The land was allowed to lie waste in the hands of the original owner while the new owner has kept everything in perfect order.
2．fresh，指虽经历过一段时间，但仍保持新的状态。
　☞ 这本书改编时我补写了几个新章节。
　☞ I have inserted several fresh chapters in the book when it was revised.
　☞ 你的一席话给了我新的希望和勇气。
　☞ What you said has given me fresh hope and courage.
　 ■ new与fresh的区别可从下列译文中看出。
　☞ 正因为我是新人，所以对事物有新看法。
　☞ It is because I'm new that I get a fresh look at things.
3．novel，指给人以新鲜感或怪异感的那种新。
　☞ 新思想是以前没有人想到过的想法。
　☞ A novel idea is one that no one has thought of before.
　☞ 年薪百万聘请总经理给人以新的轰动效应。
　☞ Engaging a general manager with yearly pay of one million yuan gives people a novel sensation.
4．up-to-date，指到目前为止是最新的。因此是具有动态的新。
　☞ 你厂的生产进步要靠新技术。
　☞ The production improvement of your factory depends on the up-to-date technology.
　☞ 这种最新的耕作方法应该加以推广。
　☞ The most up-to-date method of cultivation must be spread.
5．latest, 指在时间上最新。
　☞ 我们需要这场战争的最新消息。
　☞ We wanted the latest news about the war.
　☞ 这是最新发明，刚从上海运到。
　☞ It is the latest invention, and has just arrived from Shanghai.
6．newly, just，指新近、刚刚，用作状语，修饰动词。
　☞ 他们是新婚夫妇。
　☞ They are a newly-married couple.
　☞ 这衣服是新烫的。
　☞ The clothes were newly ironed.
　☞ 这是我新买的手表。
　☞ This is the watch I have just bought.
方便 方便
1．convenience, convenient, conveniently, 指便利。
　☞ 购物袋是为顾客方便提供的。
　☞ Shopping bags are provided for the customers' convenience.
　☞ 为了方便起见，我把参考书都放在桌子旁边。
　☞ I keep my reference books near my desk for convenience.
　☞ 什么时候方便就什么时候来。
　☞ Drop in whenever it's convenient.
　☞ 你什么时候开始比较方便？
　☞ When would it be convenient for you to begin?
　☞ 我店为方便顾客，可送货上门。
　☞ To make things convenient for the customers our shop delivers goods to their door.
　☞ 北京与全国各地相通，交通方便。
　☞ Beijing has convenient communications with all the other parts of China.
　☞ 上海地处长江口，又有两条铁路交会于此，交通十分方便。
　☞ Shanghai is conveniently located at the mouth of the Changjiang River and two railways cross here.
2．facilitate，facility，提供便利的条件。
　☞ 现代的许多发明方便了家务劳动。
　☞ Modern inventions facilitate housework.
　☞ 运用邮政编码可以方便邮递服务。
　☞ Zip codes are used to facilitate mail service.
　☞ 水库建成后，大大方便了农田灌溉。
　☞ The completion of the reservoir greatly facilitated irrigation.
　☞ 铁路建设将大大方便城乡之间的交通。
　☞ The construction of the railway will greatly facilitate communications between city and countryside.
　☞ 电炉用起来比柴灶方便。
　☞ Electric stoves are used with greater facility than wood-burners.
　☞ 我市交通方便。
　☞ Our city has good transport facilities (service).
　☞ 两国都为对方建立使馆提供方便。
　☞ The two countries provided the other side with facilities for the establishment of its embassy.
3．easy，指使事情容易办。
　☞ 他总是把方便让给别人，把困难留给自己。
　☞ He always takes the difficulties on himself and makes things easy for others.
　☞ 欺骗自己倒是很方便的。
　☞ To deceive oneself is very easy.
4．handy，指在附近。
　☞ 学校离这儿只有100米，因此孩子上学很方便。
　☞ The school is only one hundred meters from here, so it is quite handy for children.
　☞ 阅览室里词典多，去那儿学习很方便。
　☞ There are lots of dictionaries in the reading room.
　☞ You'll find them very handy if you go there to study.
5．wash one's hands, use the lavatory，指上厕所的委婉语。
　☞ 你要不要方便一下。
　☞ Do you want to wash your hands (use the lavatory)?
　☞ 请稍候，我去方便一下。
　☞ Please wait a few minutes. I'm just going to wash my hands.
方向 方向
1．direction，指已明确的方向。
　☞ 飞机的方向由正北改为东北。
　☞ The direction of the airplane changed from north to northeast.
　☞ 他朝学校的方向走去。
　☞ He went in the direction of the school.
2．bearings，指方位，故没有direction那么明确的方向感。
　☞ 他迎风站在那里，想辨认方向。
　☞ He stood there against the wind to get his bearings.
　☞ 我们行军时迷失了方向。
　☞ We lost our bearings during the march.
3．way，指要走的路。
　☞ 党为全国人民指明了前进的方向。
　☞ The Party has pointed out the way forward for the whole nation.
　☞ 我们在森林里迷失了方向。
　☞ We lost our way in the forest.
4．orientation，指确定的方位或行动的方向。
　☞ 迂回曲折的小道使我们迷失了方向。
　☞ The winding trail caused us to lose our orientation.
　☞ 我们坚持为人民服务的方向。
　☞ We adhere to the orientation of serving the people.
5．course，指进程或道路。
　☞ 十月革命改变了整个世界历史的方向。
　☞ The October Revolution has changed the course of the world history.
　☞ 他在树林里走了整整一天，全凭太阳来确定方向。
　☞ All day he traveled through the forest, setting his course by the sun.
方式 方式
1．way，指行为举止的方式。
　☞ 我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
　☞ I don't like his way of talking.
　☞ 对有些人来说，犯罪是谋生的另一种方式。
　☞ For some people, crime is just another way of making a living.
　 ■ 注意：the way前的in和the way后的in which或that常常省略。
　☞ 我们都钦佩他面对困难的方式。
　☞ We all admire him for the way (in which) he faces his difficulties。
　☞ 他们过去干这事的方式跟我们现在的不一样。
　☞ They didn't do it (in) the way (that) we do now.
2．mode，指行动的具体方式，常可与way换用。
　☞ 他突然发了财，从而改变了他的整个生活方式。
　☞ He suddenly became wealthy, which changed his whole mode (way) of life.
　☞ 袋鼠带幼崽有其特殊的方式。
　☞ Kangaroos have a peculiar mode (way) of carrying their young.
3．fashion，指办事的方式，也可与mode, way等换用。
　☞ 这些短篇小说是以相同的方式写成的。
　☞ These short stories were written in similar fashion (mode，way).
　☞ 他这人脾气少有，爱国的方式也特别。
　☞ He was a man of rare temper and loved his country in his peculiar fashion (mode, way).
4．style，指作风。
　☞ 做工作应注意方式方法。
　☞ In doing our work, we must pay attention to style and method.
　☞ 他建立起了一种独特的领导方式。
　☞ He established a unique style of leadership.
5．pattern，指模式。
　☞ 这种方式随着工业革命而得到充分发展。
　☞ This pattern reached full development with the industrial revolution.
　☞ 她逐渐适应了在美国的生活方式。
　☞ She's fitting into the pattern of life in the U.S.A.
6．means，指手段。
　☞ 他们希望用和平的方式来达到目的。
　☞ They hope to achieve their goal by peaceful means.
　☞ 在19世纪，出现了一种新的交通运输方式—铁路。
　☞ In the nineteenth century a new means of communication was developed - the railway.
方面 方面
1．phase，指在观察者观点不变的情况下，事物相对的方面。
　☞ 这份报告包括了计划的各个方面。
　☞ The report covers all phases of the program.
　☞ 输入、处理和输出这3个基本概念几乎出现在人类生活的方方面面。
　☞ These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output appear in almost every phase of human life.
2．aspect，指在观察者观点变化的情况下，事物相对的方面。
　☞ 她被说服以后继续考虑问题的其他方面。
　☞ When persuaded she went on to consider other aspects of the problem.
　☞ 列宁发展了马克思主义学说的各个方面。
　☞ Lenin developed every aspect of Marxist teaching.
3．side，暗示存在的相反方面。
　☞ 咱们现在该听听被告方面的说法。
　☞ Now let's hear the defendant's side of the story.
　☞ 我们应从各个方面来研究这个问题。
　☞ We must study the question from every side.
4．facet与side的区别在于，facet除了指出的一面以外，还含有多面性。
　☞ 他的讲话显示出他异常个性的方方面面，如他的机智、他的学识、他机敏而深刻的才智等。
　☞ His talk revealed every facet of his unusual personality, such as his wit, his scholarship, his quick, penetrating intellect, etc.
　☞ 铁路主要部门官员会议定期举行，包括铁路运行中可以想到的方方面面，如财务、广告、工程、运输、存储等。
　☞ Conferences of the chief department officers of the railway are regularly held, including accounting, advertising, engineering, transporting, storing - in fact every conceivable facet of railway operation.
5．in this (one, no) respect, in several (many, some) respects，指某个或几个细节方面。
　☞ 这方面，黑人甚至比印第安人更糟。
　☞ In this respect the Negroes were even worse off than the Indians.
　☞ 这两首诗在某些方面有点类似。
　☞ These two poems are a bit similar in some respects.
6．field，指某个领域。
　☞ 他们在科学、艺术、文艺各个方面都做出了杰出的贡献。
　☞ In every field of science, art, literature they have made out-standing contribution.
　☞ 我们的地质学家都对他在这方面的研究评价甚高。
　☞ Our geologists think highly of his researches in this field.
7．quarter，指四方八面。
　☞ 我们必须考虑不同方面的意见。
　☞ We must consider opinions from different quarters.
　☞ 这一消息见报以来他们获得来自多方面的经济援助。
　☞ They have got financial help from many quarters since the news appeared in the newspaper.
施展 施展
1．put to good use，着重点在实施。
　☞ 你有了专业对口的工作，可以施展你的本领了。
　☞ Having a job suited to your training, you can put your ability to good use.
　☞ 尽量施展你的才华以达到完美的境界。
　☞ Try to put your talent to good use in order to achieve perfection.
2．give full play to, play to the full，着重点在展现。
　☞ 在技能比赛大会上，把你的技术都施展出来。
　☞ Give full play to your technical competence in the skill contest.
　☞ 大家都佩服毛泽东同志在中国革命中施展到了极致的雄才大略。
　☞ Everybody admires the great talent and bold vision played to the full by Comrade Mao Zedong in the Chinese Revolution.
3．resort to, 着重点在施展某种带有贬义的手段。
　☞ 敌人施展了威逼利诱的手段，但他不为所动。
　☞ The enemy resorted to all kinds of threats and inducements, but he was not swayed.
　☞ 只有像你这样的人，才会施展这样的卑鄙手段。
　☞ Only a man like you could resort to such contemptible means.
4．carry out，着重点在执行。
　☞ 要施展计划，我们还有点困难。
　☞ We have some difficulty in carrying out the plan.
　☞ 施展阴谋诡计的人绝不会有好下场。
　☞ Those who carry out plots and schemes will certainly come to no good end.
5．deploy，着重点在调动某种才能加以施展。
　☞ 尽管她受到了骚扰，但她还得施展外交手腕设法加以拒绝，而又不致引起报复。
　☞ Although she was harassed, she had to deploy diplomacy to find ways of saying no without unleashing reprisals.
　☞ 你在那里能施展你的全部才华，应该感到高兴。
　☞ You should be happy that you can deploy all the forces of your genius there.
施行 施行
1．enforce，往往指权力机构加强力度来施行法律、条例等。
　☞ 我国政府自申请加入世贸组织以来发布并施行了一整套新的关税法则。
　☞ Our government has promulgated and enforced a series of new tariff laws since it applied for the membership of WTO.
　☞ 罗马教廷为了使其官僚机构受到纪律的约束，曾对其教士施行过禁欲的规定。
　☞ The papacy enforced the rule of celibacy upon its clergy in order to make its bureaucracy disciplined.
　☞ 中国曾一度施行过夏令时。
　☞ Summer time was once enforced in China.
2．implement，指需要采取一些必要的行动以施行已同意的计划、措施等。
　☞ 我国政府正在施行帮助下岗工人的计划。
　☞ Our government is implementing its program of helping the unemployed.
　☞ 据估计，施行这项议案的实际费用约为政府预计的1倍。
　☞ It is estimated that the actual cost of implementing the bill would be about double the amount the government forecast.
3．administer，常指施行医疗、实物的救助。
　☞ 医务人员赶到灾区对伤员施行急救。
　☞ The medical personnel rushed to the disaster area to administer first aid to the injured.
　☞ 红十字会对遭受水灾的居民施行救济。
　☞ The Red Cross administered relief to people who were suffering from floods.
4．“施行”的其他译法。
　☞ 6月5日施行了一次探查性手术，情况不是太好。
　☞ On the fifth of June, an exploratory operation was performed and the condition was not very good.
　☞ 罗斯福施行新政是希望政治上的冲突会消融于经济进步之中。
　☞ Franklin Roosevelt applied his New Deal, hoping that political conflict would dissolve in economic progress.
旅行 旅行
1．travel, 指一地至另一地的旅行，不强调目的地。泛指抽象概念的旅行。
　☞ 现在旅行比过去便宜多了。
　☞ Travel is much cheaper than it used to be.
　☞ 我的爱好就是旅行。
　☞ My hobby is travel.
　☞ 这对夫妻每年都要到世界各地旅行。
　☞ The couple travel all over the world every year.
2．journey，指在距离、时间及交通工具上没有特殊含义的旅行，但目的地明确。
　☞ 我们在计划去加利福尼亚旅行。
　☞ We're planning a journey to California.
　☞ 这次去意大利旅行不会超过两个月。
　☞ The journey to Italy will not take more than two months.
　☞ 我们坐着汽车一路由上海旅行到了南京。
　☞ We made the journey from Shanghai to Nanjing by car.
3．trip，指相对较短的旅行，尤其是指事业性及娱乐性的旅行。
　☞ 我想我得到国外什么地方作一次旅行。
　☞ I think I'll take a trip abroad somewhere.
　☞ 她到美国作了一次旅行来进行她的调查研究。
　☞ She has made a trip to USA to pursue her investigation and studies.
4．tour，指周游式的最终回到原出发地的旅行。
　☞ 我的下一个设想是作一次环岛旅行。
　☞ My next design is to make a tour round the island.
　☞ 2000年5月1日我出发作一次徒步旅行。
　☞ I set out a walking tour on 1st of May, 2000.
旋转 旋转
1．turn，常用词，指围着轴心或中心一圈圈地旋转。
　☞ 地球围着地轴旋转。
　☞ The earth turns on its axis.
　☞ 车轮围着轮轴旋转。
　☞ The wheels of a car turn on their axles.
　☞ 螺旋桨旋转时推着船只前进。
　☞ When the propeller turns, it pushes the ship forward.
　 ■ 但是，如果turn表示的旋转不到一圈，则不作“旋转”解。如：
　☞ She turned the key in the lock.（转动）
　☞ He turned and faced her.（转身）
2．revolve, revolution，科技用语，指沿着轨道旋转或围绕一个中心旋转。
　☞ 月球围绕地球旋转，而地球围绕太阳旋转。
　☞ The moon revolves around the earth while the earth revolves round the sun.
　☞ 轮子运动时就会旋转。
　☞ Wheels revolve when in motion.
　☞ 这门是围着门轴旋转的。
　☞ The door revolves on its axles.
　☞ 现在我市有了一个旋转舞台的戏院。
　☞ Now our city has a theater with a revolving stage.
　☞ 这轮子每分钟旋转四圈。
　☞ The wheel makes four revolutions a minute.
　☞ 地球围着太阳旋转一圈就是一年。
　☞ It is a year when the earth makes one revolution around the sun.
3．rotate, rotation，科技用语，指物体围绕其内部轴心或中心旋转。
　☞ 轮子和陀螺都会旋转。
　☞ Wheels and tops rotate.
　☞ 地球每24小时就旋转一圈。
　☞ The earth rotates once every 24 hours.
4．spin，指体积较小的物体在较小的范围内高速旋转，故速度要比revolve，rotate都快。
　☞ 陀螺旋转，而轮子转动。
　☞ A top spins while a wheel revolves.
　☞ 一位芭蕾舞女演员用脚尖立着旋转。
　☞ A ballerina is spinning on her toes.
　 ■ 但有时也指较大物体在较大范围内的旋转。
　☞ 我们通过一架大功率望远镜可以看到一团星云在绕着一个中心旋转。
　☞ Through a powerful telescope we can see a cloud of stars spinning around a center.
5．twirl，指在spin的基础上轻快自如地旋转。
　☞ 所有的舞者都能用一个脚尖旋转。
　☞ All dancers can twirl round on one toe.
　☞ 我们站着观看一位溜冰者在冰面上旋转。
　☞ We stood watching a skater twirling on the ice.
6．whirl，指形成涡流或类似涡流的高速旋转。
　☞ 落叶在风中旋转。
　☞ The fallen leaves whirled in the wind.
　☞ 河水泛滥的涡流在凶险地旋转。
　☞ The eddies of the flooding river whirled menacingly.
　☞ 围绕质子高速旋转的粒子叫电子。
　☞ The particle, which is whirling about the proton, is called an electron.
7．gyrate about, 指螺旋式上升的旋转。
　☞ 被卷入龙卷风旋涡的一切都在疯狂地旋转。
　☞ Everything drawn into the whirlpool of the tornado was gyrating madly about.
　☞ 我看到低低的一团尘土在到处旋转。
　☞ I saw a low cloud of dust gyrating about.
无从 无从
　 ■ “无从”有“不知从哪儿”、“没法”的意思，表示行为、动作缺乏依据或找不到门径。
1．cannot, 指不可能。
　☞ 一个盲人是无从分辨颜色的。
　☞ A blind man cannot judge colors.
　☞ 我在见到儿子以前，无从知道任何细节。
　☞ I cannot know any details until I see my son.
2．unable，指没有能力。
　☞ 警方宣布火车站戒严，搜捕逃犯。我们无法进入。
　☞ The police cordoned off the railway station to search for the escaped prisoner. We were unable to have access to it.
　☞ 记者被挡在外面，他们无从打听事实真相。
　☞ The journalists were kept outside and were unable to rind out the truth of the matter.
3．not know where (how)，指无从知道。
　☞ 我们分别时心中有千言万语，却一时无从说起。
　☞ When parting, we had a thousand things to say but didn't know where to begin.
　☞ 刺猬缩成一团，老虎无从下口。
　☞ The hedgehog rolled itself into a ball and the tiger did not know how to set about snapping at it.
4．there is no way，指无法，是说话人的客观评价。
　☞ 这件事无从解释。
　☞ There is no way to explain it.
　“医疗以预防为主”只是个政策，没有资金就无从预防。
　 "Put prevention first in medical work" is only a policy. There is no way to prevent diseases without funds.
5．have no way, 也指无法，但为说话人的主观评价。
　☞ 这玩意又圆又滑，我们简直无从下手。
　☞ The stuff is both round and smooth. We simply have no way to lay hold of it.
　☞ 我们当时相隔万里，我当然无从知道他在干什么。
　☞ At the time we were ten thousand of如apart, of course I had no way to know what he was doing.
6．not in a position to，指由于处在某种处境而没有可能。
　☞ 我不了解情况，无从回答这类问题。
　☞ As I do not know the facts, I am in no position to answer such questions.
　☞ 由于我的处境困难，这件事我无从打听。
　☞ As I'm in a predicament, I'm not in a position to inquire about it.
无奈（无可奈何） 无奈（无可奈何）
　 ■ “无奈”是“无可奈何”的同义变体。英语中没有与之对应的词。大致有以下几种处理方法。
1．cannot help (but), cannot help doing, 指情不自禁的无奈。
　☞ 常在河边走，无奈会湿鞋。
　☞ When you often walk along the stream, you can't help but get your shoes wet.
　☞ 他要是不来我们也无可奈何。
　☞ We can't help it if he doesn't come.
　 ■ but或it有时可以不要，但这是要接动名词。
　☞ 她是个很自私的女人，无奈你会喜欢她。
　☞ She's a very selfish woman, but you can't help liking her.
2．unable to do anything with, can do nothing，指想帮帮不上或想干干不上的无奈。
　☞ 他整天就是游手好闲，他母亲对此也奈何他不得。
　☞ He just fools around all day long, and his mother can do nothing about it.
　☞ 他说完了叹口气，如同说他对此也无可奈何。
　☞ Having said this, he sighed as much as to say there was nothing he could do about it.
　☞ 她与情人私奔到了一个大城市，她的父母对此也无可奈何。
　☞ Since she eloped to a big city together with her lover, her parents have become unable to do anything with them.
3．but，表示原来的设想落空时的转折，也有“无奈”的意思。
　☞ 他原本是想来的，无奈临时有会，来不了啦。
　☞ He had meant to come, but was prevented by an unexpected meeting.
　☞ 他们本应帮我的，无奈当时资金短缺。
　☞ They would have helped me but that they were short of money at the time.
4．helpless，helplessness，指无能为力。
　☞ 她无可奈何地站在那里，不知怎么办了。
　☞ She stood there helpless, not knowing what to do.
　☞ 无奈之下，我决定离开家乡。
　☞ Helpless, I decided to leave my hometown.
　☞ 这是他无可奈何的供状。
　☞ It was his confession of helplessness.
5．have no choice but, 指别无选择。
　☞ 他出于无奈，只得表示同意。
　☞ He had no choice but to agree.
　☞ 我们无可奈何，只好屈服了。
　☞ We had no choice but to give in.
6．“无奈”的另一种用法不同于“无可奈何”，常用于转折句的开头，表示由于某种原因而不能实现上文所说的意图，有“可惜”的意思。这时可用pity一词。
　☞ 我正想写点东西，无奈有人来访。
　☞ What a pity I was to take a pen up when someone came to see me.
　☞ 他写的东西不少，无奈大都丢失了。
　☞ He wrote quite a lot of works, but it was a pity that most of them were lost.
7．“无奈”、“无可奈何”的其他译法。
　☞ 他尽管整天抱怨，但也无可奈何了。
　☞ Grumble as he might, he had to put up with it.
　☞ 无可奈何花落去，似曾相识燕归来。
　☞ Flowers fall, do what one may; swallows return, no strangers they.
　☞ 无奈他不听话。
　☞ Unfortunately he would not listen.
无形 无形
1．invisible，指无法看见的无形。
　☞ 旧的传统观念是人们心灵上的无形枷锁。
　☞ Outdated traditional modes of thought are invisible shackles on people's mind.
　☞ 反间谍行动是无形战线上的一场持久的斗争。
　☞ Counterespionage is a lasting struggle at the invisible front.
2．intangible，指非物质的，但又确实存在的无形。
　☞ 物质因素是需要无形的信念和献身精神推动的。
　☞ Material elements need the impetus of intangible faith and dedication.
　☞ 无形中我有一种灾难即将来临的感觉。
　☞ I have an intangible feeling that a disaster is impending.
3．imperceptible, imperceptibly，指在不知不觉中形成的无形。
　☞ 皇权神授这种观念无形中统治了整个东方世界数百年。
　☞ The idea that an emperor is empowered by God dominated the whole Oriental world by imperceptible degree for centuries.
　☞ 这无形中成了风气。
　☞ This has imperceptibly become a common practice.
4．virtual, virtually, 指表面上看起来不是，但无形中却是。
　☞ 他送给她一打玫瑰，无形中是向她示爱。
　☞ His sending a dozen of roses was a virtual declaration of love.
　☞ 总理无形中是该国的统治者。
　☞ The prime minister is virtually the ruler of that country.
无心（无意） 无心（无意）
1．have no heart，指没有心思做某事。
　☞ 既然你无心帮助别人，那就免开尊口。
　☞ As you have no heart to help others, then you'd better keep your honorable mouth shut.
　☞ 大雨倾盆，双方都无心继续比赛。
　☞ Both teams had no heart for further competition when it was raining cats and dogs.
2．have no will，指没有意志做某事。
　☞ 要是他无心学习，我们也毫无办法。
　☞ We're at our wit's end if he has no will to learn.
　☞ 你自己无心克服困难，那叫我怎么帮你呢？
　☞ How can I help you if you have no will to overcome difficulties ?
3．have no patience，指没有耐心做某事。
　☞ 我已等了他近4个小时，我无心再等他回来。
　☞ I've waited for him for almost four hours. I have no patience for his return.
　☞ 他醉心于山水，无心于功名。
　☞ His delight resides in mountains and waters and he has no patience with the pedantic learning required to pass the imperial examinations for government officials.
4．have no desire，指没有愿望做某事。
　☞ 不要跟我说下海经商的事，我无心发财致富。
　☞ Don't talk to me about anything of engaging in commercial activities. I have no desire to enrich myself.
　☞ 得知后方吃紧，他再也无心恋战。
　☞ He had no desire any more for further fighting when he had learned that they were hard pressed at in the rear.
5．have no intention, not intentional, not intentionally，指没有意图做某事。
　☞ 我们无意参加罢工，我们要求解决吃饭间题。
　☞ We have no intention of joining the strike, but we demand to solve the problem of feeding ourselves.
　☞ 战后他无意再留在军队里了。
　☞ He had no intention of remaining in the army after the war.
　☞ 对不起，踩到你脚了，我是无心的。
　☞ Sorry for stepping on your toe! It was not intentional.
　☞ 他说这话是无心的，你可别见怪。
　☞ Don't take offence. He didn't say it intentionally.
6．be in no mood，指没有情绪做某事。
　☞ 他的工作还没有做完，无心去看电影。
　☞ He was in no mood to go to the film as he hadn't finished his work.
　☞ 她考试不及格，无心开玩笑。
　☞ She was in no mood for jokes as she failed in the examination.
7．accidentally，指意外。
　☞ 他们在挖井时，无意中挖出一些古代文物。
　☞ While digging a well they accidentally unearthed some ancient relics.
　☞ 我正要离开时，无意中听到了有人叫她的名字。
　☞ I was about to leave when I accidentally heard someone calling her name.
无所谓 无所谓
1．can't be said，指说不上。
　☞ 这些材料无所谓有多少史料价值。
　☞ These materials can't be said to have much value as historical records.
　☞ 开卷有益，因此书无所谓好坏。
　☞ Reading is always profitable, so books can't be said to be good or bad.
2．do not mean sth. as，指意思不是。
　☞ 这是随便说说的，无所谓什么批评。
　☞ It was a passing remark. I didn't mean it as a criticism.
　☞ 这是一笔生病期间的补助，无所谓加薪。
　☞ It is a sick-time allowance and isn't meant as a raise in wages.
3．indifferent，指漠不关心。
　☞ 他对同志们对他的批评采取了无所谓的态度。
　☞ He adopted an indifferent attitude toward the criticism on the part of his comrades.
　☞ 他对表扬无所谓那是假的。
　☞ He pretended he was indifferent to praise.
4．make no difference，指没有区别。
　☞ 反正我们明天早晨一起动身，至于一天还是两天无所谓。
　☞ As a day or two it makes no difference, we'll start together tomorrow morning any way.
　☞ 我去不去那儿无所谓。
　☞ It makes no difference whether I go there or not.
5．not care, 指不关心。
　☞ 你替他着急，可他自己却好像无所谓似的。
　☞ You're worried about him, but he himself doesn't seem to care.
　☞ 我对他们怎么说都无所谓，我还是老样子。
　☞ I don't care what they say. I shall remain the same.
无效 无效
1．nullify，null，指一般法律意义上的无效，强调宣布无效后其效果可以化为乌有。
　☞ 如买方违反本条规定的任一条件，卖方都有权宣布合同无效。
　☞ The supplier shall be entitled to nullify the contract in the event of failure by the purchaser to comply with any of the conditions stated in this Article.
　☞ 选举由于执政党的舞弊而宣布无效。
　☞ The election has been nullified by the irregularities of the party in office.
　 ■ null是nullify的形容词，指性质上的无效。
　☞ 以武力或威胁取得的契约在法律上是无效的。
　☞ A contract obtained by force or threat is legally null.
　 ■ 有时为了强调，可用null and void。
　☞ 这一条约已由美国单方面宣布无效。
　☞ The treaty has been declared null and void unilaterally by the United States.
2．annul，指通过官方的合法的行为使之无效。强调取消。
　☞ 中央政府有权对各省违反中央法律和政令的种种做法宣布无效。
　☞ The central government has the power to annul the actions of the provinces which contravene its laws and decrees.
　☞ 任何法庭都有权宣布未成年人的婚姻无效。
　☞ Any court is entitled to annul any marriage of minors.
3．invalidate，invalid，指依据不够的无效，强调依据站不住脚。
　☞ 签字有误，支票就会无效。
　☞ A faulty signature may invalidate a check.
　☞ 如显示的证据有假，你在法庭上的要求会自动无效。
　☞ Evidence, if shown to be false, may invalidate your claim in court of its accord.
　☞ 如果合同只是一方签字，那是无效合同。
　☞ A contract is invalidated if only one party signs.
　 ■ invalid可用作定语，指性质上无效。
　☞ 过期护照是无效的。
　☞ A passport that is out of date is invalid.
　☞ 支票不签字是无效的。
　☞ A check is invalid unless it is signed.
4．of no avail，指没有达到目的的无效，常用作表语。
　☞ 他们试用了人工呼吸，但是无效。
　☞ They tried artificial respiration, but it was of no avail.
　☞ 我们软硬兼施，但一切都似乎无效。
　☞ We used both hard and soft tactics, but all seemed of no avail.
5．fail to respond to，not respond to，指药物、医 疗方面的无效。
　☞ 由于医治无效，病人于午夜时分死去。
　☞ The patient died at midnight, failing to respond to medical treatment.
　☞ 你要知道，这种药物的一个疗程对你是无效的。
　☞ You should know that you will not respond to one course of the drug.
无论 无论
　 ■ “无论”可在后面带任指性疑问代词或选择性词语，表示在任何条件下结果或结论都一样。常与“都”、“也”、“总”、“始终”、“一直”等词连用。
1．no matter who (what, where, how)和whoever, wherever，however等都可用作连词，用法和意义大致相同，都是要给人一种印象，即无论在什么条件下结果都一样。两者一般可以换用。
　☞ 无论谁来电话，就说我出去了。
　☞ No matter who (Whoever) telephones, say I'm out.
　☞ 无论你对她说什么，她却老是在笑。
　☞ No matter what (Whatever) you say to her, she keeps smiling.
2．但是用no matter的从句不能用作主语或宾语，而用whoever等的从句则可以。
　☞ 无论谁告诉你这话，都是在说谎。
　☞ Whoever told you that was lying.(不说No matter who told you that was lying)
　☞ 无论你给我什么我都吃。
　☞ I'll eat whatever you give me.(但不能说I'll eat no matter what you give me)
3．whatever还可用作定语，同样也不能用no matter what。
　☞ 无论你有什么样的问题，总是可以来找我帮忙的。
　☞ Whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.
　☞ 无论天气如何，我们9点出发。
　☞ Whatever weather it is, we shall start at 9 o'clock.
4．另外要注意no matter与not matter的区别。
　☞ 无论你上哪儿，我都要和你一起去。
　☞ No matter where you go, I'll go with you.
　☞ 你无论上哪儿都没关系。
　☞ It doesn't matter where you go.
　☞ 无论你说什么我都不信。
　☞ No matter what you say, I don't believe.
　☞ 无论你说什么都不要紧。
　☞ It doesn't matter what you say.
5．同时还要注意用怍连词的whoever，whatever，however和用作疑问词的who ever，whatever，how ever等的区别。
　☞ 无论你跟谁在一起，我都得知道。
　☞ I must know whoever you're with，试比较：Who ever is that girl with him?跟他在一起的那位姑娘到底是谁？
　☞ 无论你在干什么，都得让我知道。
　☞ You must let me know whatever you're doing.{式比较：What ever do you think you're doing?你到底认为你在干什么？
　☞ 无论你发动汽车有多难，都得告诉我。
　☞ You must tell me however hard you got the car started，试比较：How ever did you manage to get the car started?你到底是怎么把汽车发动起来的？
　 ■ 此外，还要注意用作连词的however与用作副词的however的区别。如：
　☞ 无论我怎么累，我也要继续旅行。
　☞ However tired I am, I'll continue my travel.试比较我是相当累了，不过我还是要继续旅行的。
　☞ I'm rather tired. However, I'll continue my travel.
无论如何 无论如何
　 ■ “无论如何”是“无论”的一个固定词组，有“一定”、“不管怎么样”的意思。表示在任何条件下都必须这样。
1．no matter what (happens), whatever happens，表示在任何情况下都会。
　☞ 无论如何我会永远爱你。
　☞ I'll always love you, no matter what.(happens可以省掉)
　☞ 你无论如何得来一趟。
　☞ You've got to come, whatever happens.（这个happens不能省）
2．come what may，等于whatever may happen，但比较书卷气。
　☞ 我已决定无论如何要获得大专教育。
　☞ I have decided to get a college education, come what may.
　☞ 无论如何我们得保持乐观。
　☞ Come what may, we must remain optimistic.
3．in any case，指在任何情况下部要，与whatever happens的区别是前者是介词短语，后者是状语从句。
　☞ 我无论如何要在一两天内回来。
　☞ I'll return in a day or two in any case (whatever happens).
　☞ 我无论如何会坚持欠债还钱。
　☞ In any case, I would insist upon every debtor repaying his debt.
4．regardless，指不管前提如何也要做到某事。
　☞ 每个人无论其肤色如何，都有权在他们愿意居住的地方居住。
　☞ Every man has the right to live where he wants to, regardless of the color of his skin.
　☞ 无论我们如何叫他回来，他还是继续逃跑。
　☞ He continued to run away, regardless of our shouts to him that he should return.
5．at all costs，at any cost，指不惜任何代价。
　☞ 无论如何我们得把丢失的文件找回来。
　☞ At all costs, we have to find the missing document.
　☞ 我欠的债无论如何都要还。
　☞ I owe the debt which I'll repay at any cost.
6．at any rate，指不管何种程度。
　☞ 我无论如何要做到我能做的一切，把儿子养大。
　☞ At any rate, I'll do all I can to bring up my son.
　☞ 无论如何她在今后的6个月内得留在这里。
　☞ For the next six months, at any rate, she must stay here.
7．on no account, not on any account，指无论如何都不。
　☞ 我们无论如何都不能急躁。
　☞ On no account must we be impetuous.
　☞ 无论如何不能放弃这个。
　☞ Don't give it up on any account.
8．not possibly any more，指再也不能，语气比on no account弱。
　☞ 我们无论如何不能再吃了。
　☞ We can't possibly eat any more.
　☞ 我们无论如何再也不能闭着眼睛不看事实。
　☞ We cannot possibly close our eyes to the facts any more.
无限 无限
1．no limit，指没有限度；unlimited，指不受限制；limitless，指性质上没有限制。由于limit原指界限，而且是自然界或物质构成时固有的界限。因此尽管表示无限，但实际上仍有数的界限。
　☞ 人的生命是有限的，但为人民服务是无限的。
　☞ There is a limit to one's life, but no limit to serving the people.
　☞ 一个人的精力是有限的，但想像力是无限的。
　☞ One's energy has limit, but one's imagination has no limit.
　☞ 他似乎有无限的时间来陪她。
　☞ He seemed to have unlimited time to accompany her.
　☞ 人民群众有无限的创造力。
　☞ The masses have unlimited creative power.
　☞ 国家的自然资源不是无限的。
　☞ The country's natural resources are not limitless.
　☞ 现在艺术家们享有描绘自然的无限自由。
　☞ Now artists enjoy limitless freedom to depict nature.
2．boundless，指无限度地超出某一界限到了令人惊愕的程度。
　☞ 母亲对孩子的爱是无限的。
　☞ A mother's love for her children is boundless.
　☞ 10多岁的娃娃似乎有无限的精力。
　☞ Teenagers seem to have boundless energy.
3．infinite，指没有开始，没有结束，永恒存在，因而无限。
　☞ 宇宙的时间和空间是无限的。
　☞ The space and time of the universe are infinite.
　☞ 即使是那些反对宇宙无限延伸说的人士也不得不认为星球的总数大约达到数十亿个。
　☞ The total number of stars is supposed, even by those who reject the theory of infinite extension, to run into thousands of millions.
4．absolute，指没有任何条件，不受任何限制的绝对。
　☞ 孩子对母亲是无限信任的，因此你的一言一行都要十分小心。
　☞ A child has absolute trust in his mother. So you have to be very careful as to what you say or do.
　☞ 只有对革命无限忠诚，他才会为此献出自己的生命。
　☞ Only by being absolutely loyal to the revolution could he give his life for its course.
5．unrestrained，指不受约束。
　☞ 她先生回来了，这给她带来了巨大的欢乐，分担了她的无限忧伤。
　☞ The return of her husband has brought her great joys and shared her unrestrained grief.
　☞ 王教授瞄着她，目光无限惊奇。
　☞ Professor Wang was eyeing her with unrestrained wonder.
6．endless，指没完没了，因而无限。
　☞ 她迅速成名的事实引起了许多少女的无限羡慕。
　☞ The fact that she made quick name for herself aroused endless admiration on the part of many young girls.
　☞ 死亡是随着无限的白天到来的短暂黑夜。
　☞ Death is a short night followed by an endless day.
既 既
1．表示两种情况同时并存，常与“又”、“也”、“且”搭配。
1) both... and... ，指两者并重，它的否定形式为neither... nor... 。
　☞ 这间屋子既宽敞又明亮。
　☞ The room is both light and spacious.
　☞ 我们既应在政治上自觉，也应在业务上胜任。
　☞ We should be both politically conscious and professionally competent.
　☞ 他们既醉且饱。
　☞ They have had enough of both wine and food.
　☞ 需要奢侈品的既不是你也不是我。
　☞ Neither you nor I want luxury goods.
　☞ 我们现在是既无水又无电。
　☞ We have neither water nor electricity now.
2) not only... but also... ，重点在but also之后，这与汉语的“既…又…”的重点相同。
　☞ 今晚的演出非常热闹，因为上台演出的既有老师和同学，也有东方歌舞团的演员。
　☞ It was a lively performance tonight, because on the stage were not only our teachers and fellow students but also the actors from the Oriental Singing and Dancing Troupe.
　☞ 我们的产品既要求数量，也要求质量。
　☞ In production, we demand not only quantity but also quality.
　☞ 他的英语说得既正确又流利。
　☞ Not only does he speak English correctly but also fluently.
3) as well as，重点在as well as之前，这与汉语的“既…又…”的重点相反。
　☞ 这既是个经济问题，也是个政治问题。
　☞ This is a political as well as economic problem.
　☞ 我们的女房东既供早点，也供正餐。
　☞ Our landlady provides dinner as well as breakfast.
　☞ 这孩子既健康又活泼。
　☞ The child is lively as well as healthy.
　 ■ 请注意下面译文的区别。
　☞ 她既会弹琴，也会唱歌。
　☞ She sings as well as she plays the piano，试比较：She not only plays the piano, but also sings.
4) neither... nor... ，只用于否定句。
　☞ 那玩意儿既不实用又不美观。
　☞ That stuff is neither useful nor attractive.
　☞ 我既没时间，也没钱财。
　☞ I have neither time nor money.
　☞ 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
　☞ He neither smokes nor drinks.
5) while，表示两种情况同时发生。
　☞ 你们既要当官，又要当老百姓。
　☞ You should remain one of the common people while serving as an official.
　☞ 我们既是学生，又是先生。
　☞ We are pupils while working as teachers.
　☞ 他们既要当婊子，又要立牌坊。
　☞ They try to lead the life of a whore while expecting a monument to their chastity.
2．用完成时或过去分词表示动作的完成或发生。
　☞ 她梳洗既毕，下楼就餐。
　☞ Having finished washing and dressing, she went downstairs for dinner.
　☞ 你过去的事我们既往不咎，不过以后你得注意。
　☞ We'll overlook what you have done in the past but you'd better watch out in the future.
　☞ 难道他们会放弃既得利益？
　☞ Can they give up their vested interest?
　☞ 我们不达既定目标决不罢休。
　☞ We'll never stop till we reach our fixed goal.
3．if, since，用来引入假设、原因等前提。有“既然”的意思。
　☞ 既要革命，就要有一个革命党。
　☞ If there is to be revolution, there must be a revolutionary party.
　☞ 他既自愿，还能说什么呢？
　☞ What would you say if he is voluntary?
　☞ 既来之，则安之。
　☞ Since you are here, you may as well stay and make best of it.
　☞ 人既已去，劝说也就晚了。
　☞ Since he has gone, it is too late to persuade him.
既然 既然
1．since，as，表示原因，两者意思相同。since较as正式一些。
　☞ 既然你不愿去，我们也不想勉强你。
　☞ Since you don't want to go, we won't force you to.
　☞ 你既然那么小气，就别指望别人帮你办事。
　☞ Since you act so meanly, you can't expect anybody to do anything for you.
　☞ 既然敌人在磨刀，我们也要磨刀。
　☞ As the enemy is sharpening his sword, we must sharpen ours too.
　☞ 既然你后悔了，那就可以原谅。
　☞ As you are sorry, you may be forgiven.
2．since或as后加it is so，表示彼此心照不宣的原因。
　☞ 既然事已如此，这件事就得由老王来定。
　☞ Since it is so, it has to be left to Wang to decide.
　☞ 既然如此，他们除了投降别无选择。
　☞ As it is so, they have no other choice but surrender.
　☞ 既然如此，他必须离家出走。
　☞ A8 it is so, he must run away from home.
3．as…so…，表示互为因果。
　☞ 既然有生，必然有死。
　☞ As there is life. so there must be death.
　☞ 既然锈能蚀铁，那么忧能伤心。
　☞ As rust eats iron, so care eats heart.
　☞ 既然烈火可以炼真金，逆境也同样可以练勇气。
　☞ As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.
4．now that，表示产生的结果。
　☞ 既然我们获得了自由，我们就能做我们喜欢做的事。
　☞ Now that we have got liberty, we may do whatever we like.
　☞ 你既然表了决心，就应见诸行动。
　☞ Now that you have expressed your determination, you should act.
　☞ 既然庄稼已收割完毕，我们就可以开始为春耕做准备了。
　☞ Now that the crops are in, we can start to make preparations for spring sowing.
5．seeing that，表示见到的结果。
　☞ 既然大家都到齐了，就不妨上车吧。
　☞ Seeing that everyone is here, we may as well get into the bus.
　☞ 既然他病了，我们就替他干吧。
　☞ Seeing that he is ill, we'll do the work for him.
6．considering that，表示考虑到的结果。
　☞ 既然她还只是个孩子，让她独自旅行就不够安全。
　☞ Considering that she is a mere child, it is not safe to let her travel alone.
　☞ 既然我已对你讲了3遍，你该懂了。
　☞ Considering that I have told you three times, you must know it.
7．if, 表示假设的结果。
　☞ 既然你知道学习的重要性，为什么不坚持学下去呢？
　☞ Why don't you persist in the study if you know its importance?
　☞ 既然他自己愿意，难道我们能阻止他吗？
　☞ Can we stop him from doing it if he wishes to?
日子 日子
1．day，特指某一天。
　☞ 这个日子好不容易终于盼到了。
　☞ The day we have been looking forward to has come at long last.
　☞ 9月1日是我们要结婚的日子。
　☞ September the first is the day when we are to get married.
2．time，泛指时间，days，实指一天一天的日子。
　☞ 他走了有些日子了。
　☞ He has gone for some time.
　☞ 我练长跑已有不少日子了。
　☞ I've been doing long distance running exercise for a long time now.
　☞ 这些日子你在忙什么？
　☞ What have you been busy with these days?
　☞ 在那艰难的日子里，我们也没动摇。
　☞ In those hard days we stood rock-firm.
3．life，指生活。
　☞ 解放前的日子真不好过。
　☞ What a hard life we had before liberation.
　☞ 新婚夫妇应该勤俭过日子。
　☞ A newly-married couple should lead an industrious and frugal life.
4．date，指日期。
　☞ 你走的日子定了没有？
　☞ Have you decided the date for your departure?
　☞ 他答应晚些日子来看我们。
　☞ He promised to see us at a later date.
5．going，指进展的情况。
　☞ 他们的日子越来越不好过。
　☞ The going for them is getting tougher and tougher.
　☞ 他的日子混不下去了。
　☞ It was difficult for him to keep on going.
6．“日子”的其他译法。
　☞ 他们夫妇每年到他们结婚的日子都要庆祝一下。
　☞ That couple always holds a little celebration every year on their wedding anniversary.
　☞ 这些日子我校的师生在农场劳动。
　☞ The teachers and students of our school have been doing field work at a farm recently.
　☞ 老太太现在跟女儿一块过日子。
　☞ The old woman is now living with her daughter.
　☞ 日子越来越不好过。
　☞ Things are getting harder and harder.
早 早
1．early, 与late相对的早，可用作形容词或副词。
　☞ 他早年喜欢集邮。
　☞ In his early years he liked collecting stamps.
　☞ 现在太早，商店要到9点才开门。
　☞ It's too early. The shop doesn't open until nine o'clock.
　☞ 早在9世纪中国人就已熟悉印刷术了。
　☞ The Chinese knew the technique of printing as early as the 9th century.
　☞ 火车早到了10分钟。
　☞ The train was ten minutes early.
　 ■ 由于late与early相对，因此late也有“不早”的意思。
　☞ 时间不早了，咱们回家吧。
　☞ It's getting late. Let's go home.
2．morning，指早晨。
　☞ 我们从早干到晚，挣的钱却很少。
　☞ We were paid little though working from morning to night.
　☞ 他上早班。
　☞ He is on the morning shift.
3．ago，表示由现在回算到过去的某个点，故谓语用过去时。如果说话人不想说出准确时间，则用long ago，否则就要说出准确的时间来替代long。
　☞ 这事我早知道了。
　☞ I knew that long ago.
　☞ 早两天我还看见他。
　☞ I saw him two days ago.
4．long since，与long ago相反。表示由过去到现在的延续，故谓语用完成时。
　☞ 我早就忘了我们是为什么吵架的。
　☞ I have long since forgotten what our quarrel was about.
　☞ 弓箭早已不用了。
　☞ Bows and arrows have long since been out of use.
5．before，与long since有点相似，但不一定表示时间的延续，故既可用完成时也可用过去时。
　☞ 我早就爱上她了。
　☞ I have loved her before.
　☞ 我们早就认识他了。
　☞ We have known him before.
　☞ 她早就见过我多次了。
　☞ She met me many times before.
　 ■ 此外，before还可用作连词或介词。
　☞ 离电影开演还早呢。
　☞ It's still quite a while before the film starts.
　☞ 她随身带着书稿，早早地到了编辑部。
　☞ She went to the editorial department before time, taking the manuscript with her.
　☞ 对不起，我来早了。
　☞ I am before my time, I am sorry.
6．timely，指及时。
　☞ 你结婚要早做准备。
　☞ You have to make timely preparations for your marriage.
　☞ 我在考虑早点改变生活。
　☞ I'm thinking of coming to a timely alteration of life.
7．beforehand, in advance（后者为美国英语），均指事先。
　☞ 早知如此，我就不回去了。
　☞ If I'd known this beforehand I would not have gone back.
　☞ 我早就希望你帮她了。
　☞ I had beforehand expected you to help her.
　☞ 一切早已都定下来了。
　☞ Everything has been fixed in advance.
　☞ 你没有理由不早告诉他。
　☞ There's no reason why you shouldn't tell him in advance.
8．ahead（副词）．ahead of(介词)，均指提前。
　☞ 你应该早做打算。
　☞ You should plan ahead.
　☞ 她是早他一天走的。
　☞ She left one day ahead of him.
时代 时代
1．era，指历史上以某种新秩序、新事物为特征的时代。
　☞ 工业革命开创了一个新时代。
　☞ The Industrial Revolution inaugurated a new era.
　☞ 要了解宇航时代的全貌，我们得追溯到第二次世界大战末期。
　☞ To get a complete picture of the era of space travel we have to go back to the last stage of World WarⅡ.
　☞ 早在我们11世纪的时代，中国人就已经知道了活字印刷术。
　☞ As early as the eleventh century of our era the Chinese knew the art of movable-type printing.
2．age，与era同义，一般可以换用，但时代意义更为明确，常用来表示以一个中心人物或具有显著特征的时代。
　☞ 伊丽莎白时代是进行扩张并取得成功的时代。
　☞ The Elizabethan age (era) was a time of expansion and achievement.
　☞ 我们生活在一个高度文明的时代。
　☞ We live in a highly civilized age.
　☞ 这些男男女女好像一下子又回到了石器时代。
　☞ It was as if these men and women had suddenly dived into the Stone Age.
3．epoch，指一个时代的开端，尤指引人注意的或不平常的变革时代的开端。
　☞ 文艺复兴是一个文化上取得空前成就的时代。
　☞ The Renaissance was an epoch of unparalleled cultural achievement.
　☞ 爱因斯坦的相对论标志着物理史上的一个新时代。
　☞ Einstein's theory of relativity marks a new epoch in the history of physics.
　☞ 所有科学，包括逻辑学与数学在内，都是有关时代的函数。
　☞ All science, logic and mathematics included, is a function of the epoch.
　 ■ 此外，epoch还可用来构成合成词。
　☞ 他们决定召开一次群众大会向市民解释这一划时代的大事。
　☞ They decided to hold a mass-meeting to explain this epoch-making event to the people of the city.
4．time，作“时代”解，可以是复数，也可以是单数。
　☞ 莎士比亚时代的英国舞台上没有女演员。
　☞ In Shakespeare's time there were no actresses on the English stage.
　☞ 她不懂得时代的精神。
　☞ She did not understand the spirit of the times.
　☞ 时代变了，先生。
　☞ Times have changed, sir.
5．day，与time同义，单复数均可。
　☞ 马克思主义是我们这个时代人类进步的哲学。
　☞ Marxism is the philosophy of human progress in our day.
　☞ 改革是时代的潮流。
　☞ Reform is the trend of the day.
　☞ 报告中，他讲到了自己在美国的学生时代。
　☞ In his lecture he spoke of his student days in the USA.
时候 时候
1．time，泛指任何时间。
1) 用作不可数名词。
　☞ 该我们说话的时候了。
　☞ The time has come for us to speak out.
　☞ 你一般是在什么时候睡觉？
　☞ At what time do you usually go to bed?
2) 用作可数名词。
　☞ 我认为，她父亲可能喜欢她来和他住上一段时候。
　☞ I suppose that her father might like to have her live with him for a time.
　☞ 有段时候他弄得我对成功失去了希望。
　☞ There was a time when he made me despair of success.
3) it's time＋动词不定式，表示某人该做某事的时候了。
　☞ 现在是该买汽车的时候了。
　☞ It's time to buy a car。
　☞ 他的讲话已经结束，现在该是他离开的时候了。
　☞ His talk was over. It was time for him to be off.
4) it's time＋主语＋动词过去时，但表示的含义是现在或将来。
　☞ 该到你睡觉的时候了。
　☞ It's time you went to bed.
　☞ 我累了，该是回家的时候了。
　☞ I'm getting tired. It's time we went home.
2．moment, 指某个时刻。
　☞ 我无法向你讲述那时候我是什么感觉。
　☞ I can't describe to you what I felt at that moment.
　☞ 我们正处于民族危亡的紧急关头，现在不是我们吵架的时候。
　☞ We are now in a national crisis. This isn't the moment to quarrel among ourselves.
　☞ 有段时候，我把她全忘了。
　☞ There were some moments when I forgot all about her.
3．season, 指季节。
　☞ 春节是合家大团圆的时候。
　☞ Spring Festival is a season for reunion of all family members.
　☞ 农忙的时候，我们需要更多的劳动力。
　☞ We need more labor force during busy farming season.
时机 时机
　 ■ “时机”是时间和机会的和谐结合，翻译时可根据具体情况把重点放在时间或机会上。
1．time, moment，着重点在时间上，前者指时间，后者指时刻。
　☞ 他似乎什么也没干，其实他是在等待时机。
　☞ He seems to be doing nothing, but actually he is just biding his time.
　☞ 时机已经成熟，可以行动了。
　☞ The time is ripe for action.
　 ■ opportune可以作定语，与time结合，表示大好时机。
　☞ 现在，在利率调高以前，购买新房是个大好时机。
　☞ Now, before interest rates increase, it would be an opportune time to buy a new house.
　☞ 看来现在是通过谈判来停止军备竞赛的大好时机。
　☞ The time would seem to be opportune to negotiate a halt to the arms race.
　☞ 如果你想要雇主提高工资，就要选好时机。
　☞ Choose your moment well if you want to ask your employer for higher wages.
　☞ 你得抓住正确时机，提出修改和补充意见。
　☞ You have to seize the right moment to propose amendments and addenda.
　☞ 时机一到我们就发起总攻。
　☞ We'll launch the general offensive at the opportune moment.
2．opportunity，chance，前者指恰当的时机，后者指偶然的时机。
　☞ 我的飞机延误了，因此这是买东西的好时机。
　☞ My flight was delayed so it was a good opportunity for doing shopping.
　☞ 你要抓住每个可以利用的时机来亲近她。
　☞ You should take every opportunity available to be on intimate terms with her.
　☞ 结识像他这样的大人物，对你来说是个多么好的时机！
　☞ What a wonderful opportunity for you to get acquainted with a VIP like him!
　☞ 时机要是错过了就不会再来。
　☞ The chance will never come again if you let it slip by.
　☞ 那样我们就会丧失跟踪间谍的时机，以便抓住更重要的角色。
　☞ That way we'll lose the chance of following the spy to catch somebody more important.
时而 时而
1．sometimes，指有时候，是频率副词，可以暗示任何时候（过去、现在、将来）的重复，但这种重复不太频繁。
　☞ 我们住在乡下时，时而出去钓钓鱼。
　☞ We sometimes went fishing when we lived in the country.
　☞ 我时而有他的信。
　☞ I sometimes have letters from him.
　☞ 我们时而相互打打招呼。
　☞ We sometimes greet each other.
2．from time to time，指时不时，也是频率副词，表示在两个时段之间有一定的间隔，重复的频率要比sometimes大，间隔的时间比sometimes短。
　☞ 我时而在图书馆里见到她。
　☞ I see her at the library from time to time.
　☞ 她时而停下来环顾四周。
　☞ From time to time she stopped and looked round.
3．now and then，指每隔些时候，与from time to time同义。
　☞ 天上时而飘过几片薄薄的白云。
　☞ Every now and then fleecy clouds floated across the sky.
　☞ 乡下不太安全，夜里时而会听到枪声。
　☞ It was not very safe in the countryside, we heard shots now and then at night.
4．“时而”可以重叠使用，表示在一定时间里情况交替发生或不断改变。有“一会儿…，一会儿…”的意思。
1) sometimes... sometimes...
　☞ 我们时而忙，时而不忙。
　☞ Sometimes we're busy and sometimes we're not.
　☞ 她时而喜欢这个，时而喜欢那个。
　☞ She likes sometimes the one and sometimes the other.
2) now... now...
　☞ 天气每天都在变，时而热，时而凉。
　☞ The weather changed every day, it was now hot, now cool.
　☞ 火车向前奔驰，乡村一掠而过，时而高山，时而平原。
　☞ The train sped on, and the countryside swept past, now mountains, now plains.
3) one moment... the next...
　☞ 天气变化无常，时而晴，时而雨。
　☞ What changeable weather, fine one moment, raining the next.
　☞ 乐队演奏着不同的乐曲，时而柔和、时而高亢。
　☞ The band played different songs, soft one moment, loud the next.
时间 时间
1．time，与空间(space)相对的时间。
　☞ 时间永远不会停止。
　☞ Time never stands still.
　☞ 时间紧，任务重。
　☞ Time is pressing and task heavy.
　☞ 时间过得真快！
　☞ How quickly time passed!
　☞ 起初我对那地方不怎么样，但过了一段时间就喜欢上了。
　☞ J didn't care for the place at first, but after a time I got to like it.
2．hour，指固定的一段时问，一般可与time换用，但hour为可数名词。
　☞ 清晨是一天中最愉快的时间。
　☞ The early morning is the pleasant hour (time) of a day.
　☞ 我们什么时间走？
　☞ At what hour (time) should we leave?
　 ■ 但是表示特殊用途的时间不能与time换用，如office hours（办公时间）；rest hours（休息时间）；off-duty hours（下班时间）；visiting hours（探访时间）等。
　☞ 除医院探访时间外，护士是不会让探访人员留院的。
　☞ The nurse allows no visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours.
3．space，也指一段时间，可与不可数名词time换用。
　☞ 好长一段时间，我们保持着沉默。
　☞ For a long space (time) we kept silence.
　☞ 在两年的时间里我没见我弟弟。
　☞ I haven't seen my brother for the space (time) of two years.
　☞ 我们不会给对手喘息的时间。
　☞ We will give our opponents no breathing space.
4．timing，指掌握时间。
　☞ 昨晚的表演时间掌握得非常好。
　☞ The timing of last night's performance was excellent.
　☞ 你的时间掌握得好。
　☞ Your timing was good.
5．how long, 用于询问多长时间。
　☞ 这项工程需要多少时间完工？
　☞ How long will it take to finish this project?
　☞ 你要在那儿呆多长时间？
　☞ How long are you going to stay there?
明 明
1．to the light, in a light，指有光线的地方。
　☞ 把照片拿到明处，让大家看个清楚。
　☞ Bring the photo to the light so everybody can see it better.
　☞ 这画一向是挂在明处的。
　☞ The picture has been hung in a good light.
2．bright，指明亮。
　☞ 那是值得称道的一夜，一轮明月在空中照耀。
　☞ It was a glorious night, with a bright moon shining in the sky.
　☞ 进来一位明眸皓齿的姑娘，她使我陶醉不已。
　☞ Came in a girl with bright eyes and snow-white teeth, who intoxicated me.
3．clear，指明白。
　☞ 我们都没明说，却都心知肚明。
　☞ We didn't say anything definitely, but were clear in our minds.
　☞ 真理越辩越明。
　☞ The more truth is debated, the clearer it becomes.
4．know well，指明知道。
　☞ 这就是我们说的：“明知山有虎，偏向虎山行。”
　☞ That is what we say: "Go deep into mountains knowing well that there are tigers."
　☞ 明知征途有艰险，越是艰险越向前。
　☞ Well I know that there's danger ahead, but I'm all the more set on driving forward.
5．lay bare，指讲明。
　☞ 今天我向你讲了一切，以明心迹。
　☞ Today I've told you everything to lay bare my true feelings.
　☞ 在这一报告中，一切事实都已讲明。
　☞ All the facts are laid bare in this report.
6．in the open, openly, open，指公开。
　☞ 敌人在明里，我们在暗处。
　☞ We were acting under cover while the enemy troops were in the open.
　☞ 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
　☞ It is easy to dodge a thrust spear in the open, but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hidden.
　☞ 有不同意见明着说。
　☞ Those who differ should air their views openly.
　☞ 他们之间的明争暗斗已有了年月。
　☞ Both open strife and veiled struggle between them have lasted for years.
7．“明”的其他译法。
　☞ 妻子在问明来宾意图之后说他先生不在家。
　☞ Having asked what the visitor had come for, the wife said that her husband wasn't in.
　☞ 我对你明说了吧。
　☞ I'll be frank with you.
　☞ 这事不便明说。
　☞ We'd better not state it so explicitly.
　☞ 著名的京剧大师梅兰芳在抗日期间蓄髯明志。
　☞ Mei Lanfang, the famous master of Beijing opera, grew a beard to show his big ideals during the AntiJapanese War.
　☞ 明升暗降在争权夺利者之间是司空见惯的做法。
　☞ Promotion in appearance but demotion in fact is a common practice among those who struggle for power.
　☞ 他眼明手快抓住绳子才救了我们。
　☞ Being quick of eye and deft of hand, he held onto the rope and saved us.
明显 明显
1．clear, 指明显清楚。
　☞ 这显然是与断层作用有关的最为明显的地震实例之一。
　☞ This appears to be one of the clearest cases of earthquakes related to faulting.
　☞ 在智力方面，他比别人具有明显的优势。
　☞ He possesses a clear intellectual superiority over others.
2．distinct, 指明显可辨。
　☞ 他的发音有了明显的改进。
　☞ There is a distinct improvement in his pronunciation.
　☞ 私营企业在贷款竞争中将处于明显的不利地位。
　☞ The private enterprises will be at a distinct disadvantage in competing for loans.
3．evident，指明显可感。
　☞ 她说话带有明显的讽刺。
　☞ She spoke with evident sarcasm.
　☞ 明显的是，目前推行的政策是失败的。
　☞ It is evident that the policy being carried out now is a failure.
4．apparent，指外观上明显可见。
　☞ 这汽车有时候没有明显的原因也会出问题。
　☞ Sometimes the car will go wrong as well without any apparent cause.
　☞ 我们看得出我队正在赢得这场比赛，这很明显。
　☞ We can see that our team is winning the match. That is apparent.
5．obvious，指明显到可辨认识别。
　☞ 错误明显，无法否认。
　☞ The error is too obvious to deny it.
　☞ 很明显，我们得用其他方法来解决这一争端。
　☞ It is quite obvious that we have to apply other methods of settling the dispute.
6．plain，指明显到不会有偏差含混。
　☞ 他有罪是明显的，偷走的钱是在他的皮包里找到的。
　☞ His guilt is plain - the stolen money was found in his briefcase.
　☞ 这件事明显到就像鼻子长在脸上。
　☞ It's as plain as the nose on your face.
7．manifest，指通过外在征兆而揭示内在特点的明显。
　☞ 这两种产品在质量上的差别明显到可以立即分辨出来。
　☞ The difference in quality between the two products is so manifest that it can be detected immediately.
　☞ 他罪恶的企图是明显的，不过我们是能够制止他的。
　☞ His evil intentions are manifest, yet we can stop him.
明白 明白
1．clear, clearly，指清楚而明白。
　☞ 我想我已经把我的打算都给你们讲明白了。
　☞ I think I've made my intention clear to all of you.
　☞ 没有比他的讲解更明白的了。
　☞ Nothing is more clearer than his explanation.
　☞ 他明白表示不赞成这个提议。
　☞ He stated clearly that he didn't agree to the proposal 他讲得明白易懂。
　☞ He spoke clearly and simply.
2．frank，指直率坦白。
　☞ 最好还是跟她讲明白了。
　☞ It would be best to be frank with her.
　☞ 我对你说个明白吧。
　☞ I'll be frank with you.
3．explicit，指清晰明了。
　☞ 要是情况允许，我真想把事情讲个明白。
　☞ I would have explained the matter in explicit terms if the situation had permitted.
　☞ 租约上讲得明白，每月10号必须交租金。
　☞ The lease is explicit in saying that the rent must be paid by the 1Oth of every month.
4．openly，指公开。
　☞ 有意见还是讲明白的好。
　☞ It would be better to air your views openly.
　☞ 我希望我知道有一天我可以明明白白地告诉她我是多么爱她。
　☞ I wish I knew the day when I could openly tell her how much I love her.
5．know，see，指了解、懂得。
　☞ 他是个明白事理的人。
　☞ He is a man who knows what's what.
　☞ 什么都明白，其实是什么都不明白。
　☞ To know everything is to know nothing.
　☞ 我能明白她的意思。
　☞ I can see what she meant.
6．dawn on，指在头脑里想明白。
　☞ 她突然明白过来他对她所说的一切。
　☞ All that he had been saying suddenly dawned on her.
　☞ 我们慢慢明白过来他可是不会帮上一手的。
　☞ It has slowly dawned on us that he will not help.
7．“明白”的其他译法。
　☞ 他是个明白事理的人。
　☞ He is a man of good sense.
　☞ 他是个明白人，不会干傻事的。
　☞ He is too sensible to do anything foolish.
　☞ 这是大家都明白的。
　☞ This is plain to everybody.
明确 明确
1．clear，clearly，指由清楚而明确。
　☞ 对于做一个什么样的教师，他是有明确看法的。
　☞ He has a clear view of what kind of teacher he wants to be.
　☞ 说到去国外进修，我们每人都有一个明确的目标。
　☞ As to going abroad for advanced studies everyone of us has a clear aim.
　☞ 宪法明确规定了公民的权利和义务。
　☞ The Constitution clearly defines the rights and duties of citizens.
2．clear-cut，指由确切而明确。
　☞ 地质和地球物理这两个地球科学的分支，其差别并不明确。
　☞ The distinction between geological and geophysical branches of earth science is not clear-cut.
　☞ 措辞明确是本文的优点之一。
　☞ Clear-cut wording is one of the virtues of this essay.
3．definite，指由限定而明确。
　☞ 对我们的许多产品都应确定明确的标准。
　☞ Definite standards should be set for our products.
　☞ 我们要求有一个明确的答复。
　☞ We demand a definite answer.
4．specific，指由具体而明确。
　☞ 你明确的目的是什么？
　☞ What are your specific aims?
　☞ 对如何烧菜，这本书可以给你明确的指点。
　☞ The book gives you specific instructions on how to cook.
5．explicit，指由清晰而明确。
　☞ 他下的指令明确无误。
　☞ He gave an instruction which was explicit and errorless.
　☞ 你能把你离职的原因说得更明确一点吗？
　☞ Can you be more explicit about your reasons for leaving office?
6．define，指由确定而明确。
　☞ 这篇社论进一步明确了当前的中心任务。
　☞ The editorial further defines the key task for the present duties.
　☞ 我给你们明确职责的时候请听仔细了。
　☞ Please listen carefully while I define your duties.
7．clarify，指由澄清而明确。
　☞ 需要明确几个基本概念。
　☞ Several basic conceptions need to be clarified.
　☞ 这本书有助于明确粒子的基本概念。
　☞ The book will help to clarify basic particle concepts.
是 是
1．对事物进行判断或说明其种类、属性时，一般用be。
　☞ 中国是社会主义国家。
　☞ China is a socialist country.
　☞ 他是上海来的。
　☞ He is from Shanghai.
　☞ 这些书是他们的，不是我的。
　☞ These books are theirs, not mine.
　☞ 麻烦的是他生病不能来了。
　☞ The trouble is he's taken ill and can't come at all.
　 ■ 在用be作判断时还可用it is的强调结构来加强判断的语气，有“就是”、“还是”的意思。
　☞ 是我弟弟打碎了杯子。
　☞ It was my brother who broke the glass.
　☞ 我们说的是你。
　☞ It's you who we are talking about.
　☞ 他是昨天去的北京。
　☞ It was yesterday that he went to Beijing.
　 ■ 但这种强调结构不能用于特殊疑问句。
　☞ 是谁告诉你的？
　☞ Who told you?
　☞ 是什么事情使你这样想的？
　☞ What makes you think so?
　 ■ be supposed to be表示委婉的判断语气。
　☞ 干部应该是社会的公仆。
　☞ The cadres are supposed to be public servants.
　“今天是你主讲吗？”“我恕是的。”
　 "Are you the speaker today?" "I'm supposed to be."
2．但是当“是”的判断或说明在句中处于次要地位时，则应根据上文做出相应的处理。
　☞ 她还是一身家庭主妇的打扮。（“是”说明打扮）
　☞ She still dresses simply like a housewife.
　☞ 他回来时满身是汗。（“是”说明汗）
　☞ He was sweating all over when he came back.
　☞ 我是专程去开会的。（“是”说明专程）
　☞ I made a special trip to attend the conference.
　 ■ 有时“是”在句中无明确的说明对象，但从逻辑推断“是”是另有所指。
　☞ 那汽车是我叔父的。（指归属）
　☞ That car belongs to my uncle.
　☞ 那里的房屋是木头的。（指建筑）
　☞ The houses there are built of wood.
　☞ 马路上全是看热闹的。（指全是人）
　☞ The street was crowded with people watching the excitement.
　☞ 今天刮北风，他是北风派；明天刮西风，他是西风派。（指参加、转向）
　☞ Today, when the north wind is blowing, he joins the "north wind" school; tomorrow, when there is a west wind, he switches to the "west wind" school.
　☞ 对外国的东西不加分析而一概排斥或一概照搬， 都不是马克思列宁主义的态度。（指无共同点）
　☞ Neither the indiscriminate rejection of everything foreign, nor the indiscriminate imitation of everything foreign has anything in common with the Marxist attitude.
　☞ 前面是一片树林。（指存在）
　☞ There is a stretch of woods ahead.
　☞ 远远看去，广场上都是鲜花。（指铺满）
　☞ The square was strewn with flowers when we looked from afar.
3．“是”可以强调所说的事一点不假，表示肯定的语气。有“的确”、“实在”的意思，可用英语中的对应词indeed，really，do等。
1) indeed可用来修饰very＋副词或very＋形容词。
　☞ 我是很喜欢她的。
　☞ I like her very much indeed.
　☞ 他的表现是裉不好。
　☞ He behaved very badly indeed.
　☞ 见到你我是非常高兴。
　☞ I was very pleased indeed to have seen you.
　 ■ 试比较：我很高兴（I am very pleased.），一般不用“是”。故这里的“是”用作强调。又如：
　☞ 这个苹果是很大。
　☞ This apple is very big indeed，试比较：这个苹果大。
　☞ This apple is big.
2) indeed也可前置用来修饰形容词或动词。
　☞ 这花园是漂亮。
　☞ The garden is indeed beautiful.
　☞ 这字条是令我失望。
　☞ Indeed the note has disappointed me.
3) indeed也可用来修饰名词。
　☞ 他是我们需要的老师。
　☞ He is indeed the teacher we want，试比较：他是老师o He is a teacher.
　☞ 患难时的朋友是真朋友。
　☞ A friend in need is a friend indeed.试比较：他是我的一位朋友。He is a friend of mine.
4) indeed还可用于简短的肯定，表示同意。
　“天很冷。”“是很冷。”
　 "It's cold." "It is indeed."
　“他出够了洋相。”“是出了洋相。”
　 "He made a fool of himself." "He did indeed."
　 ■ really一般只修饰动词及形容词，而do只修饰动词。
　☞ 我是来看你的。
　☞ I really come to see you.
　☞ 他的工作效率是高。
　☞ He is really efficient.
　☞ 我们是希望你留下来再呆上一天。
　☞ We do hope you'll stay for another day.
　☞ 他是讲得好！
　☞ He did speak well!
4．“是”可强调所说的事恰到好处，表示正合适。一般用对应词right（“是”也要重读）。
　☞ 这场雨下得是时候。
　☞ This rain has come at the right time.
　☞ 工具放得不是地方。
　☞ The tools are not put in the right place.
　☞ 球是打在他的鼻子上。
　☞ The ball hit him right on the nose.
　☞ 当时他是站在我旁边。
　☞ He was standing right beside me.
5．“是”可以用在主语前面，表示统括，常与“就”、“都”、“总”等词相呼应。有“凡是”的意思。这时应根据上下文灵活处理。
　☞ 是什么种子就开什么花。
　☞ Each kind of seed produces its own flowers.
　☞ 是公众的事，大家都要关心。
　☞ Whatever concerns the public concerns all of us.
　☞ 是重活，他总是抢着干。
　☞ When there is a tough job, he always rushes to do it.
6．“是”用在两个相同的形容词或动词之间表示让步，再与后面分句中的“但”、“却”、“可”等相呼应表示转折。这时要加相应强调的用语，如句中的yes, sure, certainly等。
　☞ 这东西旧是旧了，但还能用。
　☞ Yes, it's old, but it can still be used.
　☞ 工作忙是忙，但大家很愉快。
　☞ We are busy, to be sure, but everyone of us is very happy.
　☞ 我去是去的，可是得晚一点。
　☞ I'm certainly going, but I'll be a little late.
7．“是”用在两个相同的代词或名词之间，表示划清界限。
　☞ 他是他，我是我，我们毫不相干。
　☞ He is he, I am I; we have nothing to do with each other.
　☞ 敌是敌，友是友，必须分得清清楚楚。
　☞ A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe; one must be clearly distinguished from the other.
8．“是”表示是非的“是”时，可用right。
　☞ 你母亲说的是。
　☞ Your mother was right in what she said.
　☞ 应早做准备才是。
　☞ T make early preparation is the right thing to do.
　☞ 为了大是，不拘小非。
　☞ To do a great right, do a little wrong.
9．“是”用作代词，可用this或that。
　☞ 是可忍，孰不可忍。
　☞ If this can be tolerated, what can not?
　☞ 是日天气晴朗。
　☞ It was fine that day.
显出（显露） 显出（显露）
1．show，常用语，指有意无意地显出，不带任何感情色彩。
　☞ 他在待人接物上显出他的老练之处。
　☞ He showed his experience and capability in the way he gets along with people.
　☞ 她在跟我们交谈时，她的矛盾心情一点也没显露出来。
　☞ In conversation with us she showed nothing of her conflicting feelings.
　☞ 她脸上显出失望的样子。
　☞ Her face showed her disappointment.
2．display，指显露，往往暗示显露的内容引人注意或显露的动机煞费苦心。
　☞ 中央领导同志在视察时对污染问题显出了极大的关注。
　☞ The leading comrade of the central authorities displayed his great concern about pollution during his inspection.
　☞ 他在少年时代就已显露出了离经叛道的迹象。
　☞ He was already beginning to display signs of heterodoxy in the juvenile years of his life.
　☞ 她知道时装表演给她提供了一个显露自己的机会。
　☞ She was aware that the fashion show would provide her an opportunity to display herself.
3．reveal，指显露出原本掩盖起来的东西。
　☞ 一下子，乐善好施的假面具掉了下来，显露出了真人真面目。
　☞ For a moment the mask of benevolence fell and the real man was revealed.
　☞ 他在协调几件涉外的活动中显露出了他的外交才能。
　☞ He revealed his gift of diplomacy in the coordination of activities involving foreign countries.
　☞ 只要一涉及到钱的问题，他就显出了原形。
　☞ As soon as the matter touches upon money he is revealed for what he is.
4．present，指显露出某种外貌。
　☞ 一家人穷得显出一副寒酸相。
　☞ The family were so poor that they presented a shabby and miserable appearance.
　☞ 尽管他忧心忡忡，仍然显出一副笑脸。
　☞ Though he was heavy-hearted, he always presented a smiling face.
　☞ 分析某些发展中国家的统计资料，显露出来的问题甚至更大。
　☞ Analyzing the statistical data of some developing countries presents even greater problems.
5．manifest，指准确无误地显露。
　☞ 她没有显出多少要嫁给他的愿望。
　☞ She doesn't manifest much desire to marry him.
　☞ 通过这次技术革新，他的才智显露出来了。
　☞ His ability manifested itself through this technical innovation.
　☞ 致命打击的后果是会慢慢显露出来的。
　☞ The effects of mortal blow will manifest themselves slowly.
6．appear，所指的显露不强调有形的背景，仅指可以看到或变得明显。
　☞ 她的脸上慢慢地显出了笑容。
　☞ Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
　☞ 她显露出来的一个缺陷是太孤僻。
　☞ Her one fault appeared to be that she was too withdrawn.
7．“显出”、“显露”的其他译法。
　☞ 他来时显出一脸的不耐烦。
　☞ He came with impatience written on his face.
　☞ 东方刚刚显出了鱼肚白。
　☞ Day was just breaking.
　☞ 随着乌云的消散，月亮渐渐地显露出来了。
　☞ As the dark clouds dispersed, the moon gradually came into view.
显(显得) 显(显得)
1．show，指有意或无意地显示。
　☞ 深色衣服不显脏。
　☞ Dark clothes do not show the dirt.
　☞ 她两边脸上有酒窝，笑起来显得非常迷人。
　☞ The dimples in her cheeks show great charm when she smiles.
　☞ 孩子被带进来时显得没有表情。
　☞ The child showed no expression when he was brought in.
　 ■ show off有“炫耀”的意思。
　☞ 在行家面前，你显什么能？
　☞ What have you to show off before those experts?
　☞ 他留下了一张名片，显一下自己的身份。
　☞ He left his visiting card to show off his status.
2．display，指显现，暗示显示的手段煞费苦心，内容引人注目。
　☞ 她们需要的就是打扮起来，显显自己。
　☞ What they wanted was to dress up and display themselves.
　☞ 同志们，现在正是你们显本领的时候了。
　☞ Comrades, it is quite time for you to display your skill.
3．reveal，指显露原本被掩盖起来昀东西。
　☞ 他一点一点地显得野心勃勃。
　☞ Little by little he revealed his ambitions.
　☞ 位于树木茂密的山谷里的山庄显得别有一番天地。
　☞ The mountain villa situated in the richly wooded valley revealed another world.
4．manifest，指准确无误地显露。
　☞ 他显得迫不及待，要去看看大海。
　☞ He manifested the greatest eagerness to watch the sea.
　☞ 老板皱着眉头，显得十分厌恶。
　☞ The boss manifested his great disgust with a scowl.
5．appear，指外观上显露出来的印象。
　☞ 她为什么显得那么悲伤？
　☞ Why does she appear so sad?
　☞ 他对此显得并不怨恨。
　☞ He did not appear to resent it.
6．“显”的其他译法。
　☞ 药的效果还不显。
　☞ The effect of the medicine is not yet noticeable.
　☞ 他显得一脸的不耐烦。
　☞ Impatience was written on his face.
　☞ 他显得有点紧张。
　☞ He seems a bit nervous.
　☞ 屋子现在这么一布置，显得宽敞多了。
　☞ Arranged the way it is, the room looks much more spacious.
显示 显示
1．show，常用语，指有意无意地显示，不带任何感情色彩。
　☞ 大家都惊异地发现她婚后不久，身孕就开始显示出来。
　☞ Everybody was surprised to find that her pregnancy was beginning to show soon after her marriage.
　☞ 在生死关头他显示了战胜惊慌的理智力。
　☞ He showed the power of reason over panic in peril of death.
　☞ 邓小平在改革开放中显示出过人的胆略，不由得我们不信服。
　☞ We cannot help being convinced by the unusual courage and resourcefulness Deng Xiao-ping showed in the reform and opening to the outside world.
2．display，指带有展示性的显示。
　☞ 电脑终端屏幕上显示出他所需要的资料。
　☞ The information he needed was displayed on the computer terminal screen.
　☞ 构成自然生态系统的物种通常显示出较大范围的遗传变异性。
　☞ The species that make up natural ecosystems usually display a wide range of genetic variability.
　☞ 我们把一年一度国民生产总值的公布看作是国家经济实力的显示。
　☞ We look upon yearly publication of GDP as a display of national economic strength.
3．exhibit，指不偏不倚地显示，暗示其结果可由他人评说，因此一切客观的显示均用此词。如：科学实验、自然现象、客观事实等。
　☞ 所有的液体都会显示张力，而且这种张力可用实验手段测得。
　☞ All liquids exhibit surface tension, and the force may be measured by experimental means.
　☞ 这幢古色古香的建筑已显示出倾倒的迹象。
　☞ The antique building already exhibited signs of dilapidation.
　☞ 他是个复员军人，直到现在都显示出高度的自觉性。
　☞ Being an ex-serviceman, he has always exhibited a high degree of self-consciousness until now.
4．expose，reveal，指无意中显示本应掩饰的东西。
　☞ 她说的话显示了她的无知。
　☞ What she said exposed her ignorance.
　☞ 他平时的所作所为显示了他的本性。
　☞ His usual behavior has exposed him in his true nature.
　☞ 艾伦·坡的情况有点特殊，不过也跟他人一样显示了作为一个美国人的某些复杂性。
　☞ The case of Allan Poe is somewhat special, yet he, like the others, reveals some of complexities of being an American.
　☞ 他的门诊记录显示，他通过听诊器听到了肺部的罗音。
　☞ His clinical notes revealed that he heard lung rales through his stethoscope.
5．manifest, 指准确无误地显示。
　☞ 人民群众在战胜自然灾害中显示了巨大的威力。
　☞ The masses have manifested their tremendous strength in conquering the natural calamities.
　☞ 这次两国元首会议的意义不久就显示出来了。
　☞ The significance of this conference of heads between the two countries was not long manifesting itself.
6．demonstrate，指用实际行劝、事实等显示。
　☞ 这些文物显示了中国古代劳动人民的高度智慧。
　☞ These cultural relics demonstrate the great intelligence of the laboring people of ancient China.
　☞ 最近的事件显示了我们的政策需要改变。
　☞ Recent events demonstrate the need for a change in our policy.
晒 晒
1．sun，指出于各种目的的晒太阳，用作动词。
　☞ 她坐在园子里晒太阳。
　☞ She sat sunning herself in the garden.
　☞ 秋收后农民都要翻土晒垡。
　☞ Peasants upturn the soil to sun it after the autumn harvest.
　☞ 把柴火翻过来晒晒。
　☞ Turn the firewood over and sun it.
　 ■ sun也可用作名词来表示“晒”。
　☞ 这里晒得历害。
　☞ There is too much sun here.
　☞ 要让小孩子尽量多晒太阳。
　☞ Take the children out to get as much sun as possible.
　☞ 猫爱晒太阳。
　☞ The cat likes to sit in the sun.
　☞ 这桌子日晒雨淋的，都变形了。
　☞ The table is deformed, being sun-scorched and rain drenched.
2．dry in the sun，指在太阳下晒干。
　☞ 把你的被子放在太阳底下晒晒。
　☞ Leave your quilt to dry in the sun.
　☞ 把洗过的东西晾出去晒着。
　☞ Hang the wash out to dry in the sun.
　☞ 她在太阳底下晒谷子。
　☞ She is drying grain in the sun.
3．bask (oneself) in the sunshine，指享受太阳的光和热。
　☞ 旅游者都喜欢在这里晒太阳。
　☞ Tourists love to be here to bask in the sunshine.
　☞ 我喜欢躺在沙子上晒太阳。
　☞ I like to lie on the sand, basking in the sunshine.
　☞ 我们在海滩上晒太阳。
　☞ We basked ourselves on the sunny beach.
4．air，指晾干，因此不一定在太阳底下。
　☞ 你的床单需要晒一晒了。
　☞ The sheets of your bed will want airing.
　☞ 毯子都晒在绳子上了。
　☞ The blankets were aired on the line.
　☞ 床垫要晒一晒了。
　☞ The mattress needs to be aired.
5．tan，指晒红、晒黑。
　☞ 她从度假地回来，胳膊和脸都晒得红红的。
　☞ She came back from her vacation with tan arms and face.
　☞ 我一晒就黑。
　☞ I always tan quickly.
晕 晕
1．dizzy，指晕的感觉。
　☞ 他一坐汽车就晕。
　☞ He feels dizzy whenever he travels by car.
　☞ 孩子们转圈转到发晕。
　☞ The children turned in a circle until they were dizzy.
2．faint，指大脑因一时供血不足或惊吓引起的眩晕。
　☞ 她由于饥寒交迫而晕了过去。
　☞ She was faint with hunger and cold.
　☞ 她一见血就晕。
　☞ She faints only at the sight of blood.
　☞ 一般晕过去的症状是脸色灰白，皮肤冰凉。
　☞ The signs of the ordinary faint are marked with facial pallor and icy cold skin.
3．pass out，意思与faint用作动词相近，但更为口语化。
　☞ 我祖母疼得大叫，而且一次次的晕了过去。
　☞ My grandmother screamed in agony and passed out repeatedly from the pain.
　☞ 熙熙攘攘的大厅里的空气闷得两个女同志晕了过去。
　☞ The air in the crowded hall became so stifling that two of the women passed out.
4．black out，指眼睛发黑失去知觉的眩晕。
　☞ 车祸之后，他晕了过去，以后发生什么他都记不清楚了。
　☞ After the automobile accident he blacked out and couldn't remember what happened.
　☞ 看到她丈夫额上深深的伤口里涌出来的血，她都几乎要晕倒了。
　☞ The sight of blood oozing from the deep gash in her husband's forehead nearly blacked her out.
普及 普及
1．popular，指为普通民众所接受。
　☞ 说来奇怪，他拍的电影在国内没有国外普及。
　☞ It is strange that his films are less popular at home than abroad.
　☞ 我有一本这部小说的普及本。
　☞ I have a popular edition of this novel.
2．popularize，指普及性推广。
　☞ 在公民中间普及法律常识非常重要。
　☞ It is very important to popularize an elementary knowledge of law among citizens.
　☞ 他们对普及农村义务教育十分积极。
　☞ They are very active in popularizing compulsory education in the countryside.
3．universal，指无一例外的普及，因此比popular 普及更为严格。
　☞ 普及中等教育是我们要走的第二步。
　☞ The second step we have to make is to make secondary education universal.
　☞ 从理论上讲，医疗服务应当是免费的，普及的。
　☞ Medical service, in theory, should be free and universal.
4．universalize，比popularize的普及更为严格，是一种无一例外的普及。
　☞ 你作为教育家要观察各校的优良之处并努力加以普及。
　☞ As an educationist you ought to observe what are the best in the schools and to strive to universalize these qualities.
　☞ 教育不是一般意义上的普及，而是严格意义上的普及。
　☞ Education must be universalized rather than popularized.
5．spread，指传播意义上的普及。
　☞ 学者与科学家都应向人民普及科学文化知识。
　☞ Scholars and scientists should devote themselves to spreading cultural and scientific knowledge among the people.
　☞ 针刺疗法在澳大利亚普及得很快。
　☞ The acupuncture therapy spreads quickly in Australia.
普通 普通
1．common，指很平常，强调不稀奇。
　☞ 他只是个普通人，不是英雄。
　☞ He isn't a hero, but just a common man.
　☞ 一个普通读者中肯的意见有时也能一针见血。
　☞ Sometimes a common reader can pierce to the truth with a single pertinent remark.
2．ordinary，指同类的人或物，具有相同的标准或质量，强调很普遍。
　☞ 我有一辆普通型的汽车，没有什么特别的。
　☞ I've got an ordinary sort of car, nothing special.
　☞ 他们都是普通工人，但他们创造了奇迹。
　☞ They are ordinary workers, but they have created miracles.
3．average，指以平均水平为标准的普通，故有非优非劣、非异常、非杰出之意。
　☞ 她的反应就像一个普通的家庭妇女。
　☞ She reacts just like an average housewife.
　☞ 这是6月里普通的一天。
　☞ This is an average June day.
普遍 普遍
1．universal, 指普遍到全体成员，无一例外。
　☞ 饮食男女是人类的普遍需求。
　☞ Food. drink and sex are universal needs of the human being.
　☞ 尽管地心引力是已知引力中最弱的，但却是惟一普遍存在的。
　☞ Gravity, although the weakest known force, is the only universal force.
2．general，指几乎普遍到全体成员，词义比较笼统，用法比较松散，缺少严格的准确性，故从词义上可从“普遍”、“普通”、“笼统”看出与universal的区别。
　☞ 减轻农民负担就是保护农民的普遍利益。
　☞ To lighten the burden on the peasants is to protect their general interests.
　☞ 普遍的爱国主义教育正在学生中进行。
　☞ A general education in patriotism is being carried on among students.
3．common，指普遍得不稀奇、很平常，并且还有“参与”、“共用”、“分享”等内涵。
　☞ 电子计算机已在世界各地普遍使用。
　☞ Electronic computers are now in common use all over the world.
　☞ 矽肺是矿工中很普遍的职业病。
　☞ Silicosis is a professional disease, very common among miners.
4．widespread，指传播很广。
　☞ 国会议员的普遍反对阻止了该法案的通过。
　☞ Widespread opposition of the members of parliament obstructed passage of the bill.
　☞ 流感的普遍传播影响了云贵两省。
　☞ A widespread flu epidemic affected Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces.
暂时 暂时
1．temporary，指短时间延续的暂时。
　☞ 银根紧只是暂时现象。
　☞ Tight money is only a temporary phenomenon.
　☞ 在我等待出国的期间，我找了个暂时性的工作。
　☞ I have got temporary work while I'm waiting to go abroad.
2．transient，指短时间内会消失的暂时。
　☞ 年轻美貌是暂时的，内在美才是永恒的。
　☞ Youthful beauty is transient, only inner beauty is permanent.
　☞ 别担心，她感到压抑是暂时的，很快就会过去的。
　☞ Don't worry. Her feeling of depression is transient and will soon be over.
3．tentative，指以后还可以变动的暂时。
　☞ 我们已做了暂时的安排，以满足你们的需要。
　☞ We have made a tentative arrangement to meet your need.
　☞ 这事咱们就暂时这么定了。
　☞ Let's make it a tentative decision.
4．for the time being，用作状语，而以上三个用语均为定语。
　☞ 我暂时住在家里。
　☞ I'm staying at home for the time being.
　☞ 你只好暂时与我共用一个房间了。
　☞ You will have to share the room with me for the time being.
5．suspend，动词，指暂时停止。
　☞ 罢工期间我们暂时停止运送货物。
　☞ We suspend the delivery of the goods during the strike.
　☞ 禁运期间，世界各国都暂时停止购买伊拉克石油。
　☞ During the embargo the countries all over the world suspended purchases of Iraqi oil.
暗 暗
1．dark，指黑暗。
　☞ 天色渐渐暗了下来。
　☞ It's getting dark.
　☞ 这屋子太暗。
　☞ This room is too dark.
　 ■ 不过，dark也用于转义。
　☞ 是警方在暗中保护她。
　☞ It was the police who protected her in the dark.
　☞ 阴谋是在暗中策划的。
　☞ The scheme was plotted in the dark.
2．dim，指昏暗。
　☞ 灯光很暗。
　☞ The light is rather dim.
　☞ 有云的夜晚，月亮是暗的。
　☞ The moon is dim on a cloudy night.
3．secret, secretly，指暗中。
　☞ 你暗中跟那些外国人接触有什么目的？
　☞ What were your purposes when you made secret contacts with the foreigners?
　☞ 暗中交易是不合法的。
　☞ It is illegal to make secret deals.
　☞ 他的鼓励使我暗暗下了决心。
　☞ His encouragement has made me make up my mind secretly.
　☞ 我们暗中会面时她说的话是老老实实的。
　☞ What she said were honest as we met secretly.
4．to oneself，指自己暗中要做的事。
　☞ 我暗暗嘱咐自己要好好学习。
　☞ I said to myself that I must study well.
　☞ 他暗中发誓要为牺牲的同志报仇。
　☞ He vowed to himself to avenge his martyred comrades.
5．“暗”常与“明”结合做明暗的对比，可以有不同的译法。
　☞ 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
　☞ It is easy to dodge a thrust spear, but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hidden.
　☞ 他们之间的明争暗斗已有了年月。
　☞ Both open strife and veiled struggle have lasted for years.
　☞ 明升暗降在争权夺利者之间是司空见惯的做法。
　☞ Promotion in appearance but deduction in fact is a common practice among those who struggle for power.
　☞ 明人不做暗事。
　☞ An honest man does not do anything underhand.
暴露 暴露
1．expose，指暴露隐蔽起来的事物。
　☞ 我们要继续隐蔽，不要暴露。
　☞ We must remain hidden and not expose ourselves.
　☞ 调查的事实剥去了她是“20世纪30年代进步演员”的外衣，把她的真面目暴露在光天化日之下。
　☞ The facts investigated have stripped her of the cloak of progressive artist of the 1930s, and exposed her true feature to the light of day.
　☞ 他盗窃机密的罪行当众暴露。
　☞ His crime of stealing secrets has been exposed in public.
2．reveal，指有意无意的暴露。
　☞ 矛盾还没有充分暴露。
　☞ The contradictions have not yet been fully revealed.
　☞ 他的身份已经暴露，应立即转入地下。
　☞ His identity has been revealed; he must go underground immediately.
3．give away，lay bare，betray均指自然而然的暴露。
　☞ 他表面竭力保持镇静，但颤抖的声音却暴露了他的心情。
　☞ He tried to keep up a calm appearance but his trembling voice gave him away(或betrayed him).
　☞ 在前线，甚至连吸烟都会暴露阵地。
　☞ At the front, even smoking a cigarette can give away our position.
　☞ 这一声明完全暴露了他们称霸世界的野心。
　☞ The statement completely laid bare (revealed) their ambition for world conquest.
　☞ 他的话暴露了他的想法。
　☞ What he said laid bare (revealed) his thoughts.
4．自动暴露，可译come to light。
　☞ 最近苏联方面暴露了他们在建设社会主义过程中的一些缺点和错误。
　☞ In the Soviet Union certain defects and errors that occurred in the course of their socialist construction have lately come to light.
　☞ 这一阴谋直到“四人帮”倒台才暴露出来。
　☞ The plot did not come to light until the downfall of the "Gang of Four".
曲折 曲折
1．winding, 指蜿蜒曲折。
　☞ 沿着河流有一条曲折的小路。
　☞ There is a winding path along the river.
　☞ 由于河道曲折，水流不畅。
　☞ The current was not smooth because of the winding course of the river.
2．meander，指弯弯曲曲。
　☞ 这条大河曲折地流经峡谷。
　☞ The large river meanders through the gorges.
　☞ 我们沿着曲折的河岸散步。
　☞ We strolled along the meandered bank.
3．tortuous，指多次重复的弯曲。
　☞ 我们进行了一次迂回曲折的攀登。
　☞ We made a roundabout and tortuous climb.
　☞ 航道曲折、危险，而且经常淤塞。
　☞ The channel is tortuous and dangerous and constantly silted up.
　 ■ 此外，tortuous还经常用于转义。
　☞ 道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。
　☞ The road is tortuous, but the prospects are bright.
　☞ 谈判是漫长而曲折的。
　☞ The negotiations were long and tortuous.
4．complicated, complication，指曲折复杂。
　☞ 这个剧本的情节很曲折。
　☞ The play has a very complicated plot.
　☞ 我迟早会把这些曲折的过程全告诉你的。
　☞ I will tell you sooner or later all the complicated processes.
　☞ 这件事情里面有不少曲折。
　☞ There are many complications in this matter.
　☞ 这件事情，内部很有些曲折。
　☞ There are still quite a few complications in this matter.
曲解 曲解
1．misinterpret, misinterpretation，指有意或无意的曲解。
　☞ 他对本段的注释曲解了作者的原意。
　☞ His note on this passage misinterprets the author's meaning.
　☞ 她竟把我的恭维曲解成了侮辱，真是天大的冤枉。
　☞ It was a colossal wrong that she should have misinterpreted my compliment into insult.
　☞ 这话的意思很明白，不可能曲解。
　☞ These remarks are so clear that there can be no room for misinterpretation.
2．twist，专指故意歪曲别人说的话。
　☞ 律师曲解证人的原话，逼得他茫然不知所措。
　☞ The lawyer drove the witness into being at a complete loss by twisting his words.
　☞ 不要把我说的话曲解成我没有的意思。
　☞ Don't twist what I say into something I don't mean.
3．distort, distortion，指对真实情况、事实的曲解。
　☞ 机会主义者往往曲解马克思的观点。
　☞ Opportunists often distort the views of Marx.
　☞ 不要曲解我说的话。
　☞ Stop distorting what I've said.
　☞ 这是对真理彻头彻尾的曲解。
　☞ It is a downright distortion of the truth.
4．torture, pervert，指对原意的曲解。
　☞ 你曲解了这个词的含义。
　☞ You tortured the meaning of the word.
　☞ 阐述时不应有任何曲解。
　☞ No torture in interpretation would be required.
　☞ 曲解一个人说过的话就是误解原话。
　☞ To pervert what a person has said is to give a wrong meaning to it.
　☞ 他们曲解了他的意思。
　☞ They perverted his meaning.
更 更
1．副词，“更”后面如果接形容词或副词，一般可用比较级来表示。
　☞ 我有一件更重要的事要说。
　☞ I have a more important thing to say.
　☞ 现在我看得更清楚了。
　☞ Now I see more clearly.
　☞ 虽然天津更偏南更靠海，但天津比北京冷。
　☞ It's colder in Tianjin than in Beijing, though Tianjin is farther to the south and nearer to the sea.
2．如果在“更”前接加强语气的副词“就”或“则”，会使语气更加强烈，这时可在比较级前加much，far，still, even等词。
　☞ 了解他难，要了解他妻子就更难。
　☞ It is difficult to understand him, much more his wife.
　☞ 我喜欢音乐，舞蹈就更喜欢了。
　☞ I like music, much more dancing.
　☞ 你就比我更具有想像力。
　☞ You have far more imagination than I have.
　☞ 他作文出的错就比你更少。
　☞ He made far fewer mistakes in his composition than you did.
　☞ 人人都有权享受自由，生命则更是如此。
　☞ Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberty, still more his life.
　☞ 玛丽年轻，简则更年轻。
　☞ Mary is young, but Jean is still younger.
　☞ 留下的任务就更困难、更危险啦。
　☞ There remained a still more difficult and dangerous task.
　☞ 他是个高个子，他弟弟则更高。
　☞ He is tall, but his brother is still taller.
　☞ 他的发言更有力地证明你是对的。
　☞ His remark confirmed in an even more powerful manner that you were right.
　☞ 问题变得更复杂了。
　☞ The problem became even more complicated.
　☞ 你使把劲则能读得更好。
　☞ You can read even better if you try hard.
3．如果“更”用于否定句中，情况则和上一节相反，可用much less, far less, still less, even less表示递减。
　☞ 她不喜欢孩子，更不喜欢婴儿。
　☞ She doesn't like a child, much less a baby.
　☞ 今天只有一小批人参加会议，比上星期天更少。
　☞ There were only a small number of people present at the meeting today, far less than last Sunday.
　☞ 没有人接受这项建议，更没有人照此办理。
　☞ Nobody accepted the proposal, much less acted upon it.
　☞ 这件事你知道得就更少了。
　☞ You know even less about it.
4．有时，“更”表示“进了一层”的意思，这时可用further, furthermore, moreover.
　☞ 演出取得了极大的成功，但还要更上一层楼。
　☞ The performance was a great success, but we must strive for further improvement.
　☞ 房间早挤满了人，再进入情况会更糟。
　☞ The situation will further worsen when more people enter the already crowded room.
　☞ 你学习语言已有了进步，但还要更上一层楼。
　☞ You've made some progress in language learning, but you have to go a step further.
　☞ 他没有多少脑子，更缺乏才气。
　☞ He hasn't much brains and furthermore he's devoid of talents.
　☞ 骑自行车是一种很好的锻炼，更不会污染空气。
　☞ Bicycling is good exercise, furthermore, it doesn't pollute the air.
　☞ 别人对我的反映不错，我更要尽力把我的工作做好。
　☞ I'm quite well thought by others, I try moreover to do my work to the best of my ability.
5．如果用all the more等比较级，语气会更强。
　☞ 没人能或者说也没人肯告诉他，这使他更加生气。
　☞ No one could or would tell him, and that vexed him all the more.
　☞ 如果有支援，任务会完成得更快。
　☞ If we get help, the task will get completed all the sooner。
　☞ 我更喜欢他沉默寡言。
　☞ I like him all the more for his reticence.
　☞ 开了窗，屋里反而更热。
　☞ Opening the window will make the room all the hotter.
　☞ 结果，穷的反而更穷，富的反而更富。
　☞ As a result, the poor became all the poorer, the rich all the richer.
6．“更有甚者”是个固定用语，表示一件坏事尚未结束，而另一件坏事又接踵而来。这时可用what is more, more than that。
　☞ 走到半路天就黑了下来，更有甚者，天又下起雨来。
　☞ We had got only halfway when it began to get dark, and what was more, it began to rain.
　☞ 他拒绝同她结婚，更有甚者，还要讨回送她的礼物。
　☞ He refused to marry her, and more than that, asked for his presents back.
更不用说 更不用说
1．to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention，可以换用，其后接名词、动名词。
　☞ 我们连法语课都上，更不要说英语课了。
　☞ We take even French lessons, to say nothing of English lessons.
　☞ 我连这台机器的工作原理都不知道，更不用说设计了。
　☞ I do not know the principles of work of the machine, not to speak of designing it.
　☞ 他可以说几种外语，更不用说他的母语英语了。
　☞ He can speak several foreign languages, not to mention English, his mother tongue.
2．let alone，后接名词、动名词、动词不定式或句子。
　☞ 他连本国语都说不好，更不用说英语了。
　☞ He can't even speak his own native language well, let alone English.
　☞ 我租不起那样的房子，更不用说买了。
　☞ I can't afford to rent a house like that, let alone buying it.
　☞ 他们连谢你都不愿意，更不用说付钱了。
　☞ They won't even thank you, let alone pay you.
　☞ 我连第一章都还没有看，更不用说读完全书了。
　☞ I've not even read the first chapter, let alone finished the book.
3．still (much)more（用于肯定句）．still (much) less（用于否定句）。如果后接分句，主谓应颠倒。
　☞ 他对我很和气，更不用说对我哥哥了。
　☞ He is kind to me, still (much) more to my elder brother.
　☞ 他连机器都会修，更不用说拆开来了。
　☞ He can repair the machine, much (still) more does he take it apart.
　☞ 我从来没跟她说过话，更不用说侮辱她了。
　☞ I never even spoke to her, still (much) less insulted her.
　☞ 他英语都不会读，更不用说教了。
　☞ He can't read English, much (still) less can he teach it.
更换 更换
1．change，指掉换。
　☞ 她的衣服不合身就拿到店里更换了一件。
　☞ Her dress didn't m so she took it back to the shop and changed it.
　☞ 哪儿可以更换外币？
　☞ Where can I change foreign money?
　☞ 农展馆的展品常常要更换。
　☞ The exhibits in the Agricultural Exhibition Center keep changing.
2．replace，指替换。
　☞ 磨损的零件要经常更换。
　☞ Worn parts should be replaced from time to time.
　☞ 指挥官不能执行纪律就应更换。
　☞ A commander must be replaced if he fails to enforce proper discipline.
3．alter，指改换。
　☞ 图案已有所更换。
　☞ The design has been altered.
　☞ 他更换前几章的次序使文章读起来更为流畅。
　☞ He has altered the order of the earlier chapters so that the essay reads more smooth.
更新 更新
1．renew，指弃旧换新。
　☞ 更新工厂的设备要花一年的时间。
　☞ It will take a year to renew the equipment of the factory.
　☞ 我们应当跟上科学界的最新发展以更新我们的知识。
　☞ We ought to keep abreast of all latest developments in the world of science to renew our knowledge.
2．replace by new ones，指用新的更换。
　☞ 渔船在不断更新。
　☞ Old fishing vessels are continually being replaced by new ones.
　☞ 我厂的产品已经更新了几代。
　☞ In our factory, a few old generations of products have been replaced by newer ones.
3．update，使之更现代更新式的更新。
　☞ 改写一个记录就叫更新记录。
　☞ Whenever a record is rewritten is called updating the record.
　☞ 更新武器要花费大量的钱财。
　☞ It will involve great expense to update weaponry.
4．refresh，使之更新鲜的更新。
　☞ 他做过许多旅行，这就扩大、更新了他的阅历。
　☞ He did a lot of traveling which widened and refreshed his experience.
　☞ 我们应不断更新测试以获得更为准确的数据。
　☞ We should continually refresh our test to obtain more accurate data.
5．rejuvenate，rejuvenation，使之再生的更新。
　☞ 他们采用科学方法更新草场。
　☞ They have adopted scientific methods to rejuvenate the pastures.
　☞ 长时间的饥饿可使胚胎形成的潜能得到更新。
　☞ Prolonged starvation might lead to rejuvenation of embryogenic potential.
6．“更新”的其他译法。
　☞ 岁序更新。
　☞ Seasons alternate by turns.
　☞ 万象更新。
　☞ Everything is fresh again.
替换（替代） 替换（替代）
1．replace，指替换那些损坏或不能再用的人或物。使用时应注意此词的常用结构。
1) A替换B。
　☞ 他们用煤气替代煤油。
　☞ They used gas to replace kerosene.
　☞ 我们队的李勇替换了王明。
　☞ L Yong replaced Wang Ming in our team.
2) 用A替换B。
　☞ 教练决定用李勇替换王明。
　☞ The coach decided to replace Wang Ming with Li Yong.
　☞ 现在人们都用煤气来替代煤油。
　☞ Nowadays people replace kerosene with gas.
2．substitute, 所指的替换，在用法上正好与replace相反。
　☞ 火电厂正在用煤气替代煤炭。
　☞ Thermal power stations are substituting gas for coal.
　☞ 试比较：Thermal power stations are replacing coal with gas.
　☞ 系主任用苏珊来替换打字员。
　☞ The dean substituted Susan for the typist，试比较：
　☞ The dean replaced the typist with Susan.
3．relieve，指交接班时的替换。
　☞ 我们去替换值夜班的同志。
　☞ We are going to relieve the comrades on night duty.
　☞ 每天下午6点夜班守卫替换日班守卫。
　☞ The night watch relieves the day watch at 6 p.m.
　☞ every day.
4．change of clothes (clothing)，指替换的衣服。
　☞ 随身带上一套替换的衣服。
　☞ Take a change of clothes with you.
　☞ 她备有好多套替换的衣服。
　☞ She has provided herself with many changes of clothing.
最 最
1．用形容词的最高级可以表示某种属性超过所有同类的人或物。
　☞ 青年是人类社会中最为积极、最有生气的力量。
　☞ The young people are the most active and vital force in society.
　☞ 进攻是最好的防御。
　☞ Offense is the best defense.
　☞ 要做最坏的打算，争取最好的结果。
　☞ Prepare for the worst to win the best.
　☞ 哪些国家属于最不发达的国家？
　☞ Which countries are among the least developing countries?
2．不过有些形容词和名词不需要最高级就有“最” 意思。如supreme，sovereign，ultimate，eventual, up-to-date, maximum, minimum, top，bottom等。
　☞ 这是指导我们的外交政策的最高原则。
　☞ It is the supreme principle guiding our foreign policy.
　☞ 我们国家的最高权力属于人民。
　☞ The sovereign power of our state resides in the people.
　☞ 我们的最终目标是实现共产主义。
　☞ Our ultimate aim is the realization of communism.
　☞ 所有的这些恶行使他们一步步地走向最终的灭亡。
　☞ All these evil doings were many steps towards their eventual ruin.
　☞ 船上装有最现代化的设备。
　☞ The ship is fitted with up-to-date equipment.
　☞ 人体功能总是在最高与最低水平之间波动。
　☞ Human functions oscillate between maximum and minimum levels.
　☞ 这种火车行驶的最高时速为185公里。
　☞ Such a train will cruise at a top speed of 185 kilometers per hour.
　☞ 把书放到书架最下面的一格。
　☞ Put the book on the bottom shelf.
3．all, everything, above all, above everything, all in all, of all things, of all others, 表示事物的极致，因此有“最”的意思。
　☞ 他以他所能用的最激烈最挖苦的语言抨击了种族隔离政策。
　☞ He attacked apartheid with all the vehemence and bitterness he was capable of.
　☞ 无论生什么病，乐观是最重要的。
　☞ In any disease, an optimistic outlook is everything.
　☞ 你知道我们最需要的是批评与自我批评。
　☞ What we need, you know, above all, is criticism and self-criticism.
　☞ 他最希望能和她单独待在一起。
　☞ He longs, above everything, to be alone with her.
　☞ 正确的思想在任何工作中都是最重要的。
　☞ Correct ideology is all in all in any work.
　☞ 这是我最最希望的。
　☞ It is what I desire of all things.
　☞ 我最恨的事情就是说谎。
　☞ The one thing of all others I detest is lying.
4．not more than, never more than, nothing more than，否定比较级可以表示程度，也都有“最”的意思。
　☞ 火车还有10分钟才开，我买本书最多5分钟。
　☞ The train doesn't leave for another ten minutes, and it won't take me more than five minutes to buy a book.
　☞ 这种窗子最多能开一半。
　☞ Such window can never be more than half opened.
　☞ 谦卑的外表最易使人上当。
　☞ Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility.
5．nothing…so…as（后接名词），nothing…so…as to（后接动词不定式），never…so，…as（后接从句），nothing like（后接名词）…no…like（后接名词），可以表示比喻，故也有“最”的意思。
　☞ 我最怕无所事事。
　☞ I dread nothing so much as inactivity.
　☞ 做决定最难。
　☞ Nothing is so difficult as to decide.
　☞ 美和真一样，最平常时最灿烂。
　☞ Beauty like truth never is so glorious as when it goes plainest.
　☞ 最能给人以经验的，莫过于多碰钉子。
　☞ There is nothing like frequent rebuff for teaching one experience.
　☞ 哪儿夹脚，穿鞋的最清楚。
　☞ No one knows where the shoes pinch like the wearer.
6．“最多”的其他译法。
　☞ 谁摘的苹果最多？
　☞ Who picked the most apples?
　☞ 我最多给你500元。
　☞ I can give you five hundred yuan at most.
　☞ 这个会议室最多能容纳50人。
　☞ This conference room can hold a maximum of fifty people.
　☞ 这所学校招生最多的时候有5,000人。
　☞ The college's enrollment at its height reached 5,000.
　☞ 我最多能符一天。
　☞ I can stay a day at the longest.
7．“最少”的其他译法。
　☞ 讲得最多的往往是干得最少的。
　☞ The greatest talkers are always the least doers.
　☞ 出席会议的最少有500人。
　☞ There were at least five hundred people present at the meeting.
　☞ 这只钻戒最少也值5,000元。
　☞ The diamond ring costs a minimum of five thousand yuan.
8．“最好”的其他译法。
　☞ 这产品的质量最好。
　☞ The product is best in quality.
　☞ 你们都是最好的干部。
　☞ You are all first-rate cadres.
　☞ 你最好别打扰他。
　☞ You had better not disturb him.
　☞ 我们最好在天黑以前赶到目的地。
　☞ It would be best if we could reach our destination before dark.
最后 最后
1．last, 指一系列事物的最后。
　☞ 他最后一个到。
　☞ He was the last to arrive.
　☞ 这是我最后的100元钱。
　☞ This is my last one hundred yuan.
　 ■ 但at last 则用来表示“经过等候、耽误、周折后终于…”，因此语气比较强烈。
　☞ 等我们最后找到他时，他几乎要死了。
　☞ When at last we found him he was almost dead.
2．final, 与last表示的不同，它往往暗示与最后阶段或最后决定等有关的“最后”，因而不可改变。
　☞ 我们在做最后离开的准备。
　☞ We're making our final preparation to depart.
　☞ 我们认为此事已经结束，我们现在可以给你最后的答复了。
　☞ We think the matter is over and we can give you a final answer.
　 ■ final的同根副词finally有两个意思。
1) 表示列举一系列动作以后，最后才…。
　☞ 他脱下帽子站了起来，向听众致意，清了清嗓子， 最后才开始讲话。
　☞ He took off his hat, rose to his feet, bowed to the audience, cleared his throat, and finally began to speak.
　☞ 我们需要提高生产率，我们需要降低失业率，最后我们还需要使我们的出口商品在国际市场上有竞争力。
　☞ We need to increase productivity. We need to reduce unemployment. And finally, we need to make our exports competitive on world markets.
2) 表示经过耽搁、周折后“最后才…”。
　☞ 他最后还是使她相信阅读也是一种乐趣。
　☞ He finally convinced her that reading was a pleasure.
　☞ 你最后得出了什么结论？
　☞ What conclusion did you finally arrive at?
3．in the end，表示经过某种周折之后最终结局，强调最后的结果。
　☞ 开始他反对这桩婚姻，不过最后还是同意了。
　☞ At first he opposed the marriage but in the end he gave his consent.
　☞ 无论小偷躲到哪里，最后还是要被抓的。
　☞ The thief will be arrested in the end wherever he is hiding.
　 ■ 由于in the end强调最终的结果，故也可用于将来时。
　☞ 我希望最后一切都圆满顺利。
　☞ I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
4．in conclusion，演讲、谈话结束时的用语。
　☞ 最后，让我趁此机会向你们伟大的党表示崇高的敬意。
　☞ In conclusion, let me take this opportunity to pay tribute to your great Party.
　☞ 最后，我要向那些如此努力工作并带来这些改革成果的同志表示感谢。
　☞ In conclusion, I should like to thank those comrades who have worked so hard to bring about these successes scored in reform.
5．end up，动词，指最后“以…告终”。
　☞ 她几个月都不付我们房租，我们最后把他告上了法庭。
　☞ For months she refused to pay us any rent, so we ended up taking her to court.
　☞ 要是这样开车，你最后是要进医院的。
　☞ If you drive your car like that, you'll end up in hospital.
最近 最近
1．recently，lately，副词，表示的“最近”均指不久前的一个时段，但前者常用于肯定句，而后者用于否定句或疑问句。
　☞ 她最近才开始学英语。
　☞ She's begun recently to learn English.
　☞ 她最近建议我应常来辅导娟娟的数学。
　☞ She has recently suggested that I should come regularly to coach Juanjuan in mathematics.
　☞ 我的父母最近庆祝了他们的金婚纪念日。
　☞ My parents recently celebrated their golden wedding anniversary.
　 ■ 但在下列情况下，一般用lately，而不用recently。
　☞ 我最近不去戏院看戏。
　☞ I haven't been to the theater lately.（百分之百的否定）
　☞ 你最近见到王老师了吗？
　☞ Have you seen Wang，our teacher，lately?（答案可能是或不是，因此50%是否定）
　☞ 她想到最近很少见到母亲，心里很难受。
　☞ She was grieved to think she had lately seen so little of her mother.（little 一词是准否定）
　 ■ 对带有隐形否定的肯定句也用lately。
　☞ 我最近才干这工作。
　☞ I did the work until lately.（说明前一段时间没干）
　☞ 他最近难以与之理论。
　☞ He has been difficult to reason with lately.（指不可能与之理论）
2．last, latest，形容词，均指到目前为止的最近，最新，但last往往着重在一系列事物的最近，而latest则着重在一系列事物的最新。
　☞ 最近几天他一直在忙着准备考试。
　☞ He has been busy preparing for the examination in the last few days.
　☞ 最近校长发下话来要订购新课桌。
　☞ The headmaster has the last word in ordering new desks.
　☞ 他给经理们详细讲了董事会最近的活动。
　☞ He detailed for the managers the latest activities of the Board.
　☞ 我们需要他最近的消息。
　☞ We want the latest news about him.
3．“最近”的其他译法。
　☞ 这是最近的一期《中国翻译》。
　☞ This is a current issue of Chinese Translators Journal.
　☞ 他最近要出国了。
　☞ He'll be going abroad soon.
　☞ 几条新线路正在建设，最近就要完工了。
　☞ Several new lines are being built now and will be completed in the near future.
　☞ 我最近的一家邻居是姓王。
　☞ My nearest neighbor is the Wangs.
有 有
1．have，指木带感情色彩的拥有，常有几种用法。
1) 表示物质上有。
　☞ 中国至少有1／5的世界人口。
　☞ China has at least one-fifth of the population of the world.
　☞ 我有一些钱，不知用来干什么好。
　☞ I have some money, and don't know what to do with it.
2) 表示感觉上有。
　☞ 我以前从来没有那种感觉。
　☞ I have never before had that feeling.
　☞ 我有一种印象，他的身体正在好起来。
　☞ I have an impression that he's been improving.
3) 表示生来就有。
　☞ 他有个圆圆的嘴巴，宽宽的鼻子，黑黑的眼睛。
　☞ He has a round mouth, a broad nose and dark eyes.
　☞ 他的北方官话里有点上海腔。
　☞ His mandarin had sort of a Shanghai accent.
4) 表示构成上有。
　☞ 一年有12个月。
　☞ A year has twelve months.
　☞ 一把椅子有4条腿。
　☞ A chair has four legs.
　 ■ 在表示构成上有时应注意是整体还是附加。如上例：一年少了一个月就不是一年；椅子少了一条腿就不成其为椅子。故用have时不带介词，但如果是在整体上附加，则应加相应的介词短语。
　☞ 解放军的军帽上有一颗红星。
　☞ The PLA men's cap has a red star on it.（没有红星还是帽子】
　☞ 我丢的钱袋里有些钱。
　☞ The purse I lost had some money in it.（没有钱还是钱袋）
　☞ 每层楼上都有个阅览室，里面有许多报纸和杂志。
　☞ Every floor has a reading room, with many newspapers and magazines in it.（with以后都是附加，没有它句子也成立）
2．there be, 指存在的有，也有几种用法。
1) 表示具体实物的存在。
　☞ 我们学院现有3,000学生。
　☞ There are three thousand students in our college.（注意不可说：Our college has three thousand students.
　☞ 因为学生不是学院的所有物。但可以说：We have three thousand students in our college，因为这时的主语是we，而不是college）
　☞ 这间屋子里没有孩子。
　☞ There are no children in this house. （不说This house has no children，但可以说We have no children in this house)
　☞ 一个星期有7天。
　☞ There are seven days in a week.（注意：可以说：A week has seven days，因为have表示构成的“有”与there be表示存在的“有”没有矛盾）类似的例子还有：
　☞ 今年2月份有多少天？
　☞ How many days are there in February this year?或 How many days has February this year?
2) 表示行为动作的有无用处或有无必要，或有无意义，常用于否定句或疑问句中。常用的句型有there is no use doing, what's the use of, there is no need to do, there is no point in, there is no sense in doing等。
　☞ 我们现在再讨论这事没有用。
　☞ There is no use our discussing it any further now.
　☞ 干得那么卖劲有什么用？
　☞ What's the use of doing so hard?
　☞ 没有必要着急，我们的时间够了。
　☞ There is no need to hurry. We have got plenty of time.
　☞ 你认为有必要试一试吗？
　☞ Do you think there's any point in trying?
　☞ 惹他生气没有意思。
　☞ There is no sense in making him angry.
3) 表示猜测、预料、希望等，常用there might be，there could be, I'd like there to be或there加appear，seem等与表示没有把握的系动词连用。
　☞ 要是你等一会儿，可能就会有酒喝。
　☞ There might be drinks if you wait a bit.
　☞ 要不是警方反应迅速，本来是会有一场车祸的。
　☞ If the police hadn't reacted quickly, there could have been an automobile accident.
　☞ 我倒是希望花园里有个游泳池。
　☞ I'd like there to be a swimming-pool in the garden.
　☞ 看来，改变我们的计划有几个理由。
　☞ There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans.
　☞ 现在似乎没有必要去了。
　☞ There seems no need to go now.
4) 当句子主语为some，any，no，somebody，anybody, nobody, something, anything或nothing时，常用there be引导。
　☞ 外面有几个人。
　☞ There are some people outside.
　☞ 家里有人吗？
　☞ Is there anybody at home?
　☞ 有些事让我着急。
　☞ There's something worrying me.
　☞ 冰箱里有吃的东西吗？
　☞ Is there anything to eat in the fridge?
3．exist，正式用语，指客观事物（包括精神和物质）
　☞ 存在，由于此词的强烈的内涵，只有在弱化时才作“有”解，而且说法比there be正式。
　☞ 我们不相信有鬼。
　☞ We do not believe ghosts exist.
　☞ 火星上有生命吗？
　☞ Does life exist on Mars?
4．possess，指拥有的“有”，与exist 一样，只有在词义弱化时才作“有”解。
　☞ 我只有一间房，一张床，要是你和我住，就得合着用。
　☞ I possess only one room, and one bed. If you stay with me, we have to share all of them.
　☞ 中国有丰富的矿产资源。
　☞ China possesses rich mineral deposits.
5．contain, 指含有、装有。
　☞ 这本书里有许多著名作家写的故事。
　☞ The book contains many stories written by famous writers.
　☞ 盒子里有旧照片和纪念品。
　☞ The box contains old photographs and souvenirs.
6．include，指包括有。
　☞ 急救药箱里除了药物和绷带之外还有夹板。
　☞ The first-aid kit includes splints in addition to medicines and bandages.
　☞ 一本好的教科书应当有该科目的文献目录。
　☞ A good textbook ought to include a bibliography of the subject.
7．be found，指发现有。
　☞ 这种人在政治界、工商界、文化教育界、科技界、宗教界里都有。
　☞ Such people are to be found in political circles and in industrial and commercial, cultural and educational, scientific and technological and religious circles.
　☞ 虫草只有在青藏高原的某些地方才有。
　☞ Chinese caterpillar fungus can be found only somewhere in the Qinhai-Tibet Plateau.
8．suppose，指推测有。
　☞ 凡果均有因。
　☞ Every effect supposes a cause.
　☞ 发明都有发明人。
　☞ An invention supposes an inventor.
9．with，指随之带有。
　☞ 有了机器，人就增加了手脚、眼耳甚至头脑的能力。
　☞ With machines man has increased the power of his arms and legs, of his eyes and ears and even of his brain.
　☞ 有了显微镜，我们就能研究病毒的微生物世界。
　☞ With telescopes we can study the world of very tiny living things known as viruses.
10．happen, occur，指发生有。
　☞ 这在卫生条件差的国家是常有的事。
　☞ It happens frequently in countries where sanitation is poor.
　☞ 印刷错误每页都有。
　☞ Misprints occur on every page.
11．given，指实际或可能给予的有。
　☞ 她有过到巴黎学习一年的机会，她竟然放弃了，真令人费解。
　☞ It was puzzling that when given a chance to study in Paris for a year, she should have given it up.
　☞ 再有一次同样的治疗，他一定会好起来。
　☞ Given the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.
12．as soon as，指“一有…就…”。
　☞ 一有问题，我们就会去解决。
　☞ We'll deal with the problem as soon as it crops up.
　☞ 我一有消息就告诉你。
　☞ I'll tell you as soon as I receive the news.
13．“有”与某些不定代词如one，some, certain，sometimes等结合，表示“有一”，“有些”，“有的”，可以不译。
　☞ 有一天，我在街上碰到他。
　☞ One day, I ran into him in the street.
　☞ 有人说可以，有人说不可以。
　☞ Some say yes, some say no.
　☞ 有些事还要商量。
　☞ Certain things are still open to discussion.
　☞ 这里有时候能热到40度。
　☞ The temperature here sometimes goes up to forty degrees centigrade.
14．“有”与数量词结合表示估计或比较时，可以不译。
　☞ 水有3米多深。
　☞ The water is more than 3meters deep.
　☞ 这条鱼约有5公斤重。
　☞ This fish weighs about five kilos.
　☞ 我想他大概有10岁了吧。
　☞ He is about ten, I guess.
　☞ 她有你这么高。
　☞ She is as tall as you.
　☞ 我不知道这东西有这么贵。
　☞ I didn't know it was so expensive.
　☞ 问题有那么严重吗？
　☞ Is the problem that serious?
15．“有”的其他译法。
　☞ 她有热情、有朝气。
　☞ She is full of vigor and enthusiasm.
　☞ 这座位有人吗？
　☞ Is the seat taken (occupied)?
　☞ 还有许多事要做。
　☞ Much still remains to be done.
　☞ 他有病。
　☞ He is ill.
　☞ 北京有了很大的变化。
　☞ Beijing has changed a lot.
　☞ 在同志们的帮助下，化有了很大进步。
　☞ With the help of his comrades, he has made great progress.
　☞ 我们面前有两类社会矛盾。
　☞ We are confronted with two types of social contradictions.
　☞ 房间里有股霉味，可能是好久没人住了。
　☞ The room smells of stale air. It must have been vacant for a long time.
有事 有事
1．have got a job，指有了工作。
　☞ 她现在有事做了，待遇也不错。
　☞ She's got a job now, and is pretty well paid, too.
2．be occupied，指有事缠身。
　☞ 他有事，我来替他。
　☞ He is occupied and I've come instead.
3．be engaged，指有事脱不开身。
　☞ 今天下午我有事，不能去开会了。
　☞ I'm engaged this afternoon, so I can't go to the meeting.
4．be busy，指有事在忙。
　☞ 我今天有事，咱们改天再商量吧。
　☞ I'm busy today. Let's talk it over another day.
5．a problem crops up，指有了问题。
　☞ 有事可找我商量。
　☞ Consult me when problems crop up.
6．there is trouble，指有了麻烦。
　☞ 你放心，我看不会有事。
　☞ Don't worry. I don't think there'll be any trouble.
7．something happens，指出了事。
　☞ 做好准备，一旦有事好马上出动。
　☞ Get prepared so that you can set off immediately if something happens.
8．something weighs on one's mind，指心里有事。
　☞ 看他这几天一直愁眉苦脸的，心里准有事。
　☞ Just look at the worried look he's been wearing all these days. There must be something weighing on his mind.
有关 有关
1．have something to do with，指与某事有一定关系，但又不便明言，故用something这样模棱两可的词。
　☞ 他的生意与石油有关。
　☞ His business has something to do with oil.
　☞ 我认为她与这次事故有关。
　☞ I think she has something to do with the accident.
2．have a bearing on，直接指与某事有关，语气比较明确。
　☞ 这些政策跟他们对西方的态度有关。
　☞ These policies have a bearing on their attitude towards the West.
　☞ 这一次战役将与战争的全局有关。
　☞ The campaign will have a bearing on the situation of the war as a whole。
3．relate to，指与涉及到的关系有关。
　☞ 这些问题都跟哲学有关。
　☞ All these questions relate to philosophy.
　☞ 这些规定只与抽烟的人有关。
　☞ These regulations relate only to people who smoke.
4．concern，指与利害关系有关。
　☞ 任何涉及工厂福利的事情都跟我们有关。
　☞ Anything relating to the welfare of the factory concerns us.
　☞ 这次会议大都与工农业有关。
　☞ The meeting mostly concerned industry and agriculture.
　 ■ 此外，concerned还可用作定语。
　☞ 我们将不得不与有关方面进行磋商。
　☞ We shall have to consult the other parties concerned.
　☞ 亚洲有关国家将参加这次会议。
　☞ The Asian countries concerned will attend the meeting.
5．be affected，指与受到某种负面影响有关。
　☞ 我们必须保证可能受到影响的有关国家的合法权利。
　☞ We must safeguard the legitimate rights of such countries as may be affected.
　☞ 今年的歉收与干旱有关。
　☞ The crop failure this year was affected by the drought.
6．pertinent，指直接有关。
　☞ 他有关爱国主义的发言与庆祝独立纪念日有关。
　☞ His remarks on patriotism were pertinent to the Independence Day celebration.
　☞ 律师要求了解一切有关的细节。
　☞ The lawyer wanted to know all the pertinent details.
7．relevant to，指与主题有关。
　☞ 该电影与课堂讨论的内容有关。
　☞ The film was relevant to what was being discussed in class.
　☞ 任何有关信息都应报告警方。
　☞ Any relevant information should be reported to the police.
有利 有利
1．benefit, beneficial to, 指物质上有利。
　☞ 新广开工将大大有利于我市经济。
　☞ The going into operation of the new factory will be a great benefit to the economy of our city.
　☞ 这一新发现对所有患者有利。
　☞ This new discovery will confer a benefit on all patients.
　☞ 经济增长有利于全国人民。
　☞ The economic growth has benefited the people all over the country.
　☞ 这次结构调整有利于国计民生。
　☞ The structural readjustment is beneficial to the national economy and the people's livelihood.
2．advantage, advantageous to，指在对比中显示出来的有利。
　☞ 这笔交易有百利而无一弊。
　☞ The deal has every advantage and not a single disadvantage.
　☞ 形势对我们有利。
　☞ The situation is to our advantage.
　☞ 这件事用什么办法才对他们有利？
　☞ In what way will it advantage them?
　☞ 我很怀疑所提的方案是否对我们有利。
　☞ am very doubtful whether the proposed scheme would be advantageous to us.
3．favor，favorable to，由于好感、偏爱等而获得的有利。
　☞ 他们希望能在政治上取得有利地位作为财政支持的回报。
　☞ They expected political favors in return for their financial help.
　☞ 这一兑换率对我们有利。
　☞ The exchange rate is in our favor.
　☞ 温暖的气候、丰沛的雨量都有利于植物的生长。
　☞ Warm weather and a plentiful rainfall favor the growth of plants.
　☞ 情况向着有利于人民的方向发展。
　☞ Things developed in the direction favorable to the people.
4．profit，profitable，gain，均指在金钱物质上的有利。
　☞ 他说他的写作有利可图，但也从中得到了不少乐趣。
　☞ He says he writes for profit, but also derives much pleasure from it.
　☞ 这笔交易有利可图。
　☞ The deal was profitable.
　☞ 他往铺子里投了不少钱，希望将来有利可图。
　☞ He put a lot of money into the firm with the hope of gain in the future.
有助于 有助于
1．help，指有帮助。
　☞ 大规模生产有助于降低成本。
　☞ Mass production can help to keep cost down.
　☞ 义务教育有助于提高人民的文化水平。
　☞ Compulsory education helps to raise the educational level of the people.
2．contribute to，指有助于形成某种后果。
　☞ 这次访问有助于增进我们两国人民更好的了解。
　☞ The visit has contributed to a better understanding between the peoples of our two countries.
　☞ 我们希望你的建议有助于这个问题的解决。
　☞ We hope that your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem.
3．conducive to，指性质上有助于。
　☞ 体育锻炼有助于增强体质。
　☞ Exercise is conducive to good health.
　☞ 友爱和信任的气氛有助于教育。
　☞ An atmosphere of love and trust is conducive to education.
4．conduce to, 指有助于产生。
　☞ 作为推销员，他的亲和力有助于他取得成功。
　☞ His affability conduces to success as a salesman.
　☞ 这样的话不会有助于问题的解决。
　☞ Such words will not conduce to the settlement of the question.
有害 有害
1．harm, harmful to，指对身心有害。
　☞ 天天熬夜，对你有害。
　☞ Staying up late night after night will do you harm.
　☞ 在昏暗的灯光下阅读对眼睛有害。
　☞ Reading in dim light harms your eyes.
　☞ 吸烟有害健康。
　☞ Smoking is harmful to health.
　☞ 我们应该尽快消除邪教在人们中间的有害影响。
　☞ We ought to efface the harmful influence of heresy among the people as soon as possible.
2．detriment, detrimental to，也指有害，与harm基本同义，但使用面窄，一般只用于to the detriment of(有害)等短语。
　☞ 吸烟有害健康。
　☞ Smoking is a detriment of health.或：Smoking is detrimental to health.
　☞ 损害国家利益的话我是不会说的。
　☞ I will say nothing to the detriment of the interests of the state.
　☞ 土壤里的石灰对某些作物有害。
　☞ Lime in the soil is detrimental to some plants.
　☞ 我们不做任何有害于我们两国友好关系的事。
　☞ We will do nothing detrimental to the friendly relations between our two countries.
3．pernicious，指极其有害，等于very harmful。
　☞ 他们由于自己的私利，当然要对有害影响保持沉默。
　☞ Of course, they remain silent with regard to the pernicious effects owing to their own private gain.
　☞ 吸烟对肺癌患者尤其有害。
　☞ Smoking is especially pernicious to those who suffer from lung cancer.
有意 有意
1．have a mind，指有心。
　☞ 我有意想拜访他，但又不想打扰他。
　☞ I have a mind to call on him, but I don't want to disturb him.
2．be disposed，指愿意。
　☞ 要是他有意帮你他就能帮。
　☞ He can help you if he is disposed to.
3．be inclined，指倾向性的有意。
　☞ 要是可能，我倒是有意助他一臂之力。
　☞ I am inclined to lend him a hand if I could.
4．especially，指特意。
　☞ 这书是他有意留在这里给我们看的。
　☞ He has left this book here especially for us to read.
5．pine to love，指渴望情意。
　☞ 谈到单相思，我们中国人常说：“落花有意，流水无情。”
　☞ Of unrequired love we Chinese often say: "While the drooping flowers pine for love, the heartless brook babbles on."
6．on purpose, purposely，指怀有某种目的的有意。
　☞ 她当然是有意这么干的。
　☞ She did it on purpose, of course.
　☞ 她在晚会上是有意不理我的。
　☞ She purposely ignored me at the evening party.
7．intentionally，指有意图的有意。
　☞ 让老虎逃走决不是事故，他是有意这么干的。
　☞ Letting the tiger escape was no accident. He did it intentionally.
8．deliberately, 指蓄意的有意。
　☞ 房子是有意放火烧掉的。
　☞ The house was deliberately set fire to.
有效 有效
1．effective，泛指达到一切预期效果。
　☞ 我们号召男女老少动员起来，使我们的防御更加有效。
　☞ We are calling on men and women, old and young to join in making our defense more effective.
　☞ 母亲还是责怪了儿子，尽管她的指责要比父亲轻， 但却更为有效。
　☞ Mother has scolded her son after all, though her scolding was less hurtful than father's, yet has been more effective.
2．efficacious，只指药物或治疗上的有效，是个范围用词。
　☞ 这药治哮喘病很有效。
　☞ This is an efficacious drug for asthma.
　☞ 种牛痘对预防天花很有效。
　☞ Vaccination is efficacious in preventing smallpox.
3．valid，指在规定期限或范围内有效。
　☞ 这张火车票3日内有效。
　☞ This train ticket is valid for three days.
　☞ 你的护照在美国旅行有效吗？
　☞ Is your passport valid for travel in the USA?
　 ■ validate是valid 的动词。
　☞ 为了使你与雇主间的协议有效，你们俩人都得签字。
　☞ In order to validate the agreement between you and your employer, you must both sign it.
4．hold，指继续有效。
　☞ 这个指令仍然有效。
　☞ The directive still holds good.
　☞ 我的提议依然有效。
　☞ My offer still holds.
有益 有益
1．beneficial，指有益于精神或精力。
　☞ 部队严格的纪律会对年轻人的行为举止产生有益的影响。
　☞ The strict discipline of the army unit has a beneficial effect on the conduct of youth.
　☞ 一切有益的东西我们都应该吸收。
　☞ We must assimilate whatever is beneficial.
2．good，指有益于健康。
　☞ 牛奶对孩子有益。
　☞ Milk is good to children.
　☞ 阳光有益于你的健康。
　☞ Sunshine is good for your health.
3．valuable，of value，指在实现价值上产生的有益之处。
　☞ 他在中国文学研究上做出了有益的贡献。
　☞ He has made valuable contributions to the study of Chinese literature.
　☞ 一定要做一个有益于人民的人。
　☞ Be sure to be a person who is of value to the people.
4．useful，指由于有用而产生的有益之处。
　☞ 这次事故给我们上了有益的一课。
　☞ We learned a useful lesson from the accident.
　☞ 学生们花了整整一个星期来实习技术，这对他们今后修理机器有益。
　☞ The students spent a whole week on exercising their skill, which will be useful for them in repairing machines。
有缘 有缘
1．it's fate, 指命中注定的事。
　☞ 我们有缘，又碰上了。
　☞ It's fate for us. We meet again.
2．be predetermined by fate，指命中预先注定。
　☞ 这似乎是有缘吧，一个妙龄女郎竟会嫁给比她大 40岁的男士。
　☞ It seemed to be predetermined by fate that a young lady should have married a gentleman forty years older than she was.
3．be predestined from a previous incarnation，指前世注定。
　☞ 你们俩结为夫妻也是前世有缘。
　☞ Your union was predestined from a previous incarnation.
4．there is a bond，指有某种姻缘。
　☞ 有缘千里来相会，无缘对面不相逢。
　☞ If there is a bond between them, the two will meet across a thousand庇；without a bond, they will not meet though face to face.
5．have an affinity with，指有着某种亲密关系。
　☞ 余平生与梅有缘，既画之，又赋之。
　☞ All my life I have had an affinity with plum blossoms. Having painted them, I also versify them.
6．as luck would have it, 指仿佛是命运的安排。
　☞ 也算是有缘吧，她在晚会上碰上了我，后来又成了我的妻子。
　☞ As luck would have it, she ran across me at the evening party and became my wife later.
7．it is decreed from above，指上天注定。
　☞ 要是有缘，千里姻缘也可一线牵。
　☞ People a thousand li apart might be linked by marriage as well if it is decreed from above.
有限 有限
1．limited, 与unlimited相对，指时空、数量、能量上的限制。
　☞ 由于时间有限，我只简短地谈一谈争论的主要方面。
　☞ As time is limited I shall touch on the major aspects of the controversy only very briefly.
　☞ 篇幅有限，无法详细讨论发展中国家的贸易政策。
　☞ The limited space does not permit a detailed discussion of commercial policy in developing countries.
　☞ 我这个人能力有限，所以不要对我期望过高。
　☞ I'm a man of limited ability so don't place too high hopes on me.
　 ■ 此外，limit还可用作名词。
　☞ 人的生命是有限的，但为人民服务是无限的。
　☞ There is a limit to one's life, but no limit to serving the people.
　☞ 你的时间和精力都是有限的，应当珍惜。
　☞ You should value your energy and time, which have their limit.
2．finite，与infinite相对，指万物都有其已确定的或可确定的界限，因此是有限的。
　☞ 我们都认为宇宙是无限的，而我们的星系是有限的。
　☞ We hold that the universe is infinite while our galaxy is finite.
　☞ 像癌症、艾滋病等不治之症永远是有限生命所特有的特征。
　☞ Incurable ills such as cancer and AIDS are always characteristic of finite life.
3．little（用于不可数名词），a few（用于可数名词），指数量上少得有限。
　☞ 她的文化水平有限。
　☞ She has had little schooling.
　☞ 我认识的汉字有限。
　☞ I know a few Chinese characters.
服从 服从
1．obey，常指自觉或理应如此的服从。
　☞ 服从命令是军人的天职。
　☞ It is a bounden duty for a soldier to obey orders.
　☞ 局部应该服从全局。
　☞ The part should obey the whole.
　☞ 你应当服从父母。
　☞ You ought to obey your parents.
　☞ 你不服从是会被开除的。
　☞ You'll be dismissed if you refuse to obey.
　☞ 他服从医生的指导。
　☞ He obeyed the doctor's direction.
　☞ 你知道我是怎么使我的狗服从我的吗？
　☞ Do you know how I make my dog obey me?
　☞ 我是由于害怕才服从的。
　☞ I obeyed from fear.
2．submit to，常指由于某种外界的因素和压力、习俗、惯例等，而不得不作出让步，侧重在让步的服从。
　☞ 中国人民决不会服从这种不公正的决议。
　☞ The Chinese people will never submit to such an unjust decision.
　☞ 少数应该服从多数。
　☞ The minority should submit to the majority.
　☞ 我服从革命斗争的需要。
　☞ I submit to the necessity of the revolutionary struggle.
　☞ 学生应当服从校长的命令。
　☞ Children at school must submit to the orders of the headmaster.
　☞ 他拒不服从医生的指导。
　☞ He refused to submit to the doctor's direction.
3．give way to，指让出路来服从。侧重这种服从要有一定牺牲。
　☞ 在局部看来是不可行的，而在全局的情况看来是可行的，也应该局部服从全局。
　☞ If the proposal is not feasible for the part but is feasible in the light of the situation as a whole, again the part must give way to the whole.
　☞ 尽管党的决议是错误的，我们当时也只好服从。
　☞ We had to give way to the Party's decision though it was wrong.
4．subordinate to, be subordinate to，侧重从属式的服从，区别在于前者指动态，后者指静态。
　☞ 他总把个人需要服从政治利益。
　☞ He always subordinates his personal needs to his political interests.
　☞ 我们的其他一切都服从我们的主要目的。
　☞ We have subordinated everything else to our main aim.
　☞ 个人利益应服从集体利益。
　☞ Individual interests must be subordinate to collective interests.
　☞ 我们大家只有一个目标，就是尽可能译好，因而一切都应服从这一目标。
　☞ We all had only one objective, which was to make the translation as good as possible, and everything was subordinate to that.
5．be in accord with，侧重要求一致而带出的服从。
　☞ 一切服从建设四个现代化的战略决策。
　☞ Everything must be in accord with the strategic decision to build four modernizations.
　☞ 我们无论做什么事情都应服从人民的利益。
　☞ Whatever we do ought to be in accord with the interests of the people.
　☞ 你的行动应该服从公司的想法。
　☞ Your action should be in accord with the wishes of the company.
6．comply with，侧重遵守某项法令、要求等的服从。
　☞ 拒不服从这一法令的人将受到惩治。
　☞ People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished.
　☞ 他知道如果他不服从国家的要求，他就得承担后果。
　☞ He knows if he does not comply with the requirements of the state he must take the consequences.
7．serve the needs of，仅指服从需要。
　☞ 组织形式应当服从革命斗争的需要。
　☞ Organizational forms should serve the needs of the revolutionary struggle.
　☞ 水电站的设计应服从远距离供电的需要。
　☞ The design of hydro-electric stations must serve the needs of long-distance power supply.
期待 期待
1．expect，指期待预料中要发生的好人好事。其后除可接人或物的名词外，还可接动词不定式或从句。
　☞ 她一直期待着儿子的到来。
　☞ She expected her son's arrival at any moment.
　☞ 你不可能期待每个人都赞成建造新教学大楼的计划。
　☞ You can't expect everyone to approve of the plan for a new teaching building.
　 ■ expect有时也可用于期待注定要发生的坏事。
　☞ 她期待着她深深爱着的丈夫会在黎明前死去。
　☞ She expected her husband, whom she loved deeply, to die before dawn.
2．await, 指被动地等待事情的发生。因此与expect同义，故可以与之换用。但其后一般接物，很少接人。
　☞ 我期待着你早日答复。
　☞ I'm awaiting (expecting) your early reply.
　☞ 高考过后，同学们都焦急地期待着发榜。
　☞ After the college entrance examinations, the students were awaiting anxiously the result to be published.
3．look forward to，指急切盼望好事的发生。
　☞ 我们一直都在期待这一天。
　☞ We've been looking forward to this day for a long time.
　☞ 她发现自己愈来愈期待着与他再次会面。
　☞ She found herself looking forward more and more to another meeting with him.
期望 期望
1．expect，指期望好事。
　☞ 如果你不工作又如何期望取得进展呢？
　☞ How can you expect to make headway if you don't work?
　☞ 我并不期望任何人由于我的善意而感恩戴德。
　☞ I don't expect any gratitude from anyone for my kindness.
2．count on，指指望好事，与expect同义，可换用，但比expect强烈，有“一心期待”的意思。
　☞ 老人期望儿子能获得博士学位。
　☞ The old man counts on (expects) his son to receive a doctor's degree.
　☞ 我们总是期望李先生能为我们的科研提供方便条件。
　☞ We always count on (expect) Mr. Li to offer convenient conditions for our research.
3．look forward to，指急切地盼望。
　☞ 我期望着不久会收到你的来信。
　☞ I look forward to hearing from you in the near time.
　☞ 她期望着和家人团聚。
　☞ She was looking forward to her family reunion.
4．await，指等待。
　☞ 我们个个都期望有个好成绩。
　☞ Everyone of us awaited the good result.
　☞ 她早就期望这一天了。
　☞ She had long awaited this day.
5．place hopes on, pin hopes on, have hopes，均指希望、期望、指望。
　☞ 党和人民对我们期望很高。
　☞ The Party and the people place high hopes on us.
　☞ 我们期望明年有一个较长的假期。
　☞ We are pinning hopes on having a long holiday next year.
　☞ 父母一般对子女的期望都很高。
　☞ Parents have high hopes for their children.
6．“不辜负…期望“的译法。
　☞ 找们决不辜负祖国对我们的期望。
　☞ We will never disappoint our motherland in her expectation of us.
　☞ 我们决不辜负党的期望。
　☞ We'll certainly live up to the expectations of the Party，或We'll never let the Party down.
期满 期满
1．run out，指到期，口头用语。
　☞ 合同期满后可望做出停产的决定。
　☞ A decision to stop production after the contract runs out is expected.
　☞ 也许你打算在租期期满前搬迁。
　☞ Maybe you will want to move before your lease runs out.
2．expire，也指过期、到期，但为正式的书面用语。
　☞ 两国贸易协定明年期满。
　☞ The trade agreement between the two countries will expire next year.
　☞ 我们的驾驶证下周期满后要换个新的。
　☞ Our driving license will expire next week, so we shall then need a new one.
3．come to an end, 指结束，常用语。
　☞ 他的总统任职今年期满。
　☞ His term of office as president comes to an end this year.
　☞ 你的租约今年9月30日期满。
　☞ Your lease comes to an end on September 30th of this year.
4．complete，强调最后阶段的期满，常用语。
　☞ 他服役期满。
　☞ He completed his term of military service.
　☞ 这个学年期满时我就退休了。
　☞ I shall be retired when this school year is completed.
期间 期间
1．during，in，在使用时要注意以下几点：
1) 在during，in后接表示时间的名词，表示事情发生在从头到尾的某段时间，这时两者可以换用。
　☞ 在此期间她卧病在床。
　☞ She was confined to bed during (in) this period.
　☞ 在此期间他一直情绪低落。
　☞ During (in) the very time he had been in low spirits.
2) during后接表示活动的名词，则不能与in替换。
　☞ 他对在访问期间的所见所闻印象深刻。
　☞ He was deeply impressed by what he had seen and heard during his visit.
　☞ 我在服役期间有过丰富的战斗经历。
　☞ I had rich combat experiences during military service。
　 ■ 有时有些名词与其说是动词，倒不如说是状态，这时也可与in换用。
　☞ 总经理不在期间由你代理他的工作。
　☞ You act for the general manager during (in) his absence.(等于in the period of his absence)
3) during (in) the course of后接表示活动的名词，表示一个过程，可互相换用。
　☞ 战斗期间，我们赢得了胜利。
　☞ During (in) the course of the fight we have won the victory.
　☞ 在旅行期间，我把一切都告诉了他。
　☞ During (In) the course of journey I told him everything.
2．while，当一个动作或事情发生以后另一个动作或事情也随之发生时，我们可以用“在…期间”来描述前一动作或事情。
　☞ 在讨论进行期间，老板进来了。
　☞ While the discussion was going on, the boss came in.
　☞ 我在国外逗留期间，公司出现了亏损。
　☞ Loss was incurred in the company while I was staying abroad.
　 ■ 不过有时while引导的从句中的某些成分可以省略。
　☞ 他在住院期间读了不少的小说。。
　☞ While in hospital, he read a lot of novels 他在隐匿期间从未中断过革命工作。
　☞ While in hiding, he never discontinued his revolutionary work.
期限 期限
1．deadline，指最后期限，强调截止的界限。
　☞ 我们老师规定星期五下午为交读书笔记的最后期限。
　☞ Our teacher made Friday afternoon the deadline for handing in reading notes.
　☞ 申请期限下星期五截止。
　☞ The deadline for making application is next Friday.
2．allotted time，指规定期限，强调规定的时段。
　☞ 必须在规定的期限内完成这项工作。
　☞ The work must be finished within the allotted time.
　☞ 这项任务规定了多长期限？
　☞ How much time has been allotted to this task?
3．time limit，指限定的期限，强调限定的时段。
　☞ 工程规定的期限是3年。
　☞ The project set a time limit of three years.
　☞ 我们可以申请延长还款的期限。
　☞ We can apply for extending the time limit for the repayment.
未必 未必
1．may not，指不一定，是“必定”的反义词，带有委婉的语气，强调可能性。
　☞ 他未必会同意你的意见。
　☞ He may not agree with your advice.
　☞ 我认为这未必是新的物种。
　☞ In my opinion it may not be a new species.
　 ■ may not和cannot比较，口气要缓和得多。
　☞ 她未必在家。
　☞ She may not be at home，试比较：她不可能在家。
　☞ She can't be at home.
2．not necessarily，指不必，是“必须”的反义词。
　☞ 带有委婉的语气，强调必然牲。
　☞ 他未必知道。
　☞ He doesn't necessarily know.（由于不让知道，所以才不知道）试比较：He may not know.（由于不可能知道，所以才不知道）
　 ■ 由此可见not necessarily的语气比may not强烈。
　☞ 富人未必幸福。
　☞ Rich people are not necessarily happy.
　☞ 食物色佳未必味佳。
　☞ Good-looking food doesn't necessarily taste good 魁梧的人未必是强壮的人。
　☞ Big men are not necessarily strong men.
本来 本来
1．用语法意义表示“本来”。
1) 用hope, expect, intend, mean, plan, want, think，suppose的过去完成时，表示没完成的希望、打算、意图、想法、计划等。
　☞ 我们本来希望赶9点半的火车，但发现已经晚了。
　☞ We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found we were late.
　☞ 唉，我那篇论19世纪英国文学的论文只得了个 B，我本来想得个A的。
　☞ Oh, I only got a B level for my paper on the 19th century English literature! I had expected to get A.
　☞ 昨晚，我本来打算来看你，但有人来找我，脱不开身。
　☞ I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away.
　☞ 他们本来想告诉你的，但发现你已经睡了。
　☞ They had meant to tell you, but found you had gone to bed.
　☞ 她本来打算给孩子买个洋娃娃，可后来发现钱不够。
　☞ She had planned to buy her baby a doll but then she found there was not enough money.
　☞ 他本来是要准时到会的，只是太心不在焉才弄成这样。
　☞ He had wanted to be on time for the meeting only that he was too absent-minded.
　☞ 我本来以为节目会成功。
　☞ I had thought that the program would be successful.
　☞ 本来以为天会下雨。
　☞ It had been supposed to rain.
2) 在be的过去时后面接不定式的完成时表示要做而未做的事。
　☞ 我们本来定于5月结婚。
　☞ We were to have been married in May.
　☞ 宴会本来拟在昨晚举行。
　☞ The dinner was to have taken place last night.
　☞ 他本来第一个发言，但来晚了。
　☞ He was to have given the first talk, but he came late.
　☞ 飞机本来打算6点起飞，但出了点故障。
　☞ The plane was to have taken off at six, but something went wrong.
3) 在should, would, could, might, ought to后接不定式的完成时可表示一种轻微的责备或惋惜，表示本来该做却没有做的事（用肯定句）或表示本来不该做的事却做了（用否定句）。
　☞ 我本来应该制止你做这件事的。
　☞ I should have stopped you from doing this.
　☞ 你本来不该睡得那么晚。
　☞ You shouldn't have gone to bed so late.
　☞ 如果你当时向我要，我本来是会给你的。
　☞ I would have given it to you if you had asked for it.
　☞ 你要是多穿点衣服，本来是不会着凉的。
　☞ You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
　☞ 你本来是能够帮助你弟弟摆脱困境的。
　☞ You could have helped your brother out of his difficulty.
　☞ 要不是你们来帮忙，我们本来是不可能开那么多荒地的。
　☞ We couldn't have opened up so much wasteland if you had not come to help.
　☞ 你本来是可以早一点完成这一工作的。
　☞ You might have finished the work earlier.
　☞ 要不是先派你请医生，他本来是不会来的。
　☞ The doctor might not have come if you hadn't been sent for him in advance.
　☞ 如果多用一点时间，你本来应当把工作做得更好。
　☞ You ought to have done the job better if you had put more time into it.
　☞ 他本来不该参加那些活动的。
　☞ He ought not to have taken part in those activities.
2．用词汇或词组表示“本来”。
1) 用original，originally，表示“原先”，“先前”。
　☞ 他本来想成为一个工程师。
　☞ His original intention was to become an engineer.
　☞ 他本来估计这幢房屋的建筑费用为10万美元。
　☞ His original estimate for the cost of the house was a hundred thousand dollars.
　☞ 大会本来定在星期五举行。
　☞ The meeting was originally fixed for Friday.
2) 用of course表示理所当然，答问时慎用。
　☞ 本来就该这么办。
　☞ Of course it should be handled that way.
　☞ 你本来就认识那姑娘，她在过你班上。
　☞ Of course you know the girl. She was in your class.
3) 用true，truth，actually等表示事实如此。
　☞ 在长期的革命斗争过程中，我们认清了他的本来面目。
　☞ In the course of the revolutionary struggle, we have seen his true colors.
　☞ 只有把颠倒了的历史再颠倒过来，我们才能恢复历史的本来面目。
　☞ Only by reversing the reversal of history can we restore historical truth.
　☞ 我们应当按照历史的本来面目来认识世界。
　☞ We ought to understand the world according to what actually occurred in history.
本着 本着
1．从坚持某种准则出发，可译做adhere to。
　☞ 双方本着平等互利的原则，达成了一项贸易协定。
　☞ Both sides have reached a trade agreement adhering to the principles of equality and mutual benefit.
　☞ 他无论干什么都本着说过的话去做。
　☞ Whatever he does. he always adheres to what he has said.
2．从遵守某种准则出发，可译observe。
　☞ 办一切事业都要本着节约的原则。
　☞ In running all enterprises we should observe the principle of frugality.
　☞ 本着规章制度办事总是对的。
　☞ It is always right to do everything observing rules and regulations.
3．从受到某种准则的驱使和促使出发，可译be actuated by, be motivated by。
　☞ 我国外长本着增进两国之间友好关系的愿望同日本外长交换了意见。
　☞ Our foreign minister exchanged views with his colleague of Japan, actuated by a desire to promote friendly relations between our two countries.
　☞ 大学生本着为人民服务的愿望，上街宣传法制。
　☞ Motivated by the desire to serve the people, the college students go on to the streets to propagate legal institutions.
4．从某种准则一致出发，可译in line with。
　☞ 我国政府本着维护和平的一贯立场，强烈谴责了大小霸权主义的武装干涉。
　☞ In line with its consistent stand of upholding peace, our government strongly condemned the big and small hegemonism for their armed interventions.
　☞ 本着事先的决定，全国人民代表大会将于5月1日举行。
　☞ The National People's Congress will be convened on the first of May in line with an earlier decision.
5．本着某种精神，可译为in the spirit of。
　☞ 中国政府本着五项原则的精神，同许多国家建立了外交关系。
　☞ In the spirit of the five principles, the Chinese government has established diplomatic relations with many other countries.
　☞ 任何翻译都应本着忠实于原文的精神去做。
　☞ Any translation must be done in the spirit of being faithful to the original.
机会 机会
1．chance，指侥幸偶然的机会，强调的只是一种可能性。
　☞ 是第一次世界大战给了中国一次发展轻工业的机会。
　☞ It was World War I that gave China a chance to develop her light industry.
　☞ 你资历学历越高，你就业的机会就越大。
　☞ The higher your qualifications, the better your chances of finding a job.
2．opportunity，指恰当的机会，强调机会有利。
　☞ 10年以后，我终于有了一个赴美进修的机会。
　☞ After ten years I finally had an opportunity to go to the United States for advanced study.
　☞ 1999年，我获得了能全职投入历史文物研究的机会。
　☞ In 1999, I was given the opportunity to pursue historical and antiquarian research full time.
3．occasion，指可以采取行动的机会。强调时机。
　☞ 我们应抓住机会，邀请企业家代表团来我市访问。
　☞ We must seize the occasion to invite the delegation of big businessmen to our city for a visit.
　☞ 只要出现更为合适的机会，我要再次查阅此事。
　☞ I shall refer to the matter again only when a more suitable occasion arises.
杀 杀
1．kill, 指杀的事实，不带感情色彩，不讲方式方法。
　☞ 昨天晚上她开着煤气自杀了。
　☞ She turned on the gas and killed herself last night.
　☞ 这就是我们说的“杀鸡取蛋”。
　☞ That is what we call "To kill the goose that lays the golden eggs".
　 ■ 如果要说明白杀的方式方法，则要加词。
　☞ 日本兵把全村的村民都杀光了。
　☞ The Japanese soldiers killed off all the villagers.
　☞ 卫兵是被枪杀的。
　☞ The guard was killed with a rifle.
2．murder, 指带有某种目的的谋杀。
　☞ 他毒杀了他的妻子。
　☞ He murdered his wife with poison.
　☞ 你是为了钱杀人的。
　☞ You murdered the man for his money.
3．assassinate，指为了钱财或政治目的而暗杀、刺杀。
　☞ 肯尼迪总统于1963年11月22日在竞选途中的达拉斯被杀。
　☞ President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22. 1963 in Dallas on a campaign tour.
　☞ 也许他们想杀我。
　☞ Perhaps they intended to assassinate me.
4．dispatch，指出于人道主义为减少痛苦而杀掉。
　☞ 兽医杀了受了重伤的马。
　☞ The vet dispatched the badly injured horse.
　☞ 我求你一枪把我杀了。
　☞ I ask you to dispatch me at your first shot.
5．execute, 指按上级的指令进行处决。
　☞ 少校以上的军官一律要杀掉。
　☞ All officers of rank of major and above must be executed.
　☞ 什么样的人我们不杀呢？
　☞ What kind of people are those we don't execute?
6．slaughter，指屠杀。
　☞ 凶手把全家人都杀了。
　☞ The killer slaughtered the entire family.
　☞ 他们是一伙沾满鲜血、杀人不眨眼的刽子手。
　☞ They are a gang of blood-stained executioners, who slaughter people without blinking.
7．deflate，指使之泄气。
　☞ 这次失败似乎杀了那家伙的傲气。
　☞ The failure seemed to deflate that fellow.
　☞ 狠狠打他一顿，杀杀他的傲气。
　☞ Give him a good beating to deflate his arrogance.
束缚 束缚
1．tie, 所指的束缚仍暗示能保持相对的独立，故这种束缚比较松散。
　☞ 家庭的束缚使她无法出国深造。
　☞ Family ties have kept her from going abroad for advanced study.
　☞ 他决心做个画家仅仅是为了挣脱令人讨厌的束缚。
　☞ He has determined to be a painter merely to break with irksome ties.
　☞ 国家的命运垂危时，人民的双手不该受到束缚。
　☞ The people's hands must not be tied when the nation's life is in danger.
　☞ 作为一个有夫之妇，她的荣誉感在束缚着她。
　☞ Her sense of honor has tied her down as a married woman.
2．bond, bind (down)，所指的束缚强于tie，有tie tightly的意思，从而使这种束缚形成一个整体。
　☞ 一直有一种说法，就是只有将死之人才是自由的， 因为死亡挣脱了一切束缚。
　☞ It has been said that only the dying man is free, for death breaks every bond.
　☞ 我所向往的不朽必须是摆脱了尘世间的精神束缚的不朽。
　☞ The immortality, to which I look forward, shall be the immortality free from the spiritual bonds of this world.
　☞ 年轻一代的科学家们都感到了许多规章制度的束缚。
　☞ Young scientists feel bound down by a lot of rules and regulations.
　☞ 老年人习惯上往往受到陈规陋习的束缚。
　☞ Old people are used to being bound by old conventions and bad customs.
3．fetter，指由镣铐引申出来的束缚。
　☞ 世界自由贸易往往感受到政治的束缚。
　☞ World free trade often feels bound by political fetters.
　☞ 艺术家总是首先起来造反，反对习俗和传统的束缚。
　☞ Artists are always the first to rebel against the fetters of convention and tradition.
　☞ 我们尊崇传统，但不会受传统的束缚。
　☞ We revere the tradition but will not be fettered by it.
　☞ 很多人都受到自信心缺乏的束缚。
　☞ Many people are fettered by lack of self-confidence.
4．shackle，也指镣铐的束缚，义同fetter，但语气强于前者。
　☞ 非洲人民已经觉醒，为挣脱过去的束缚而斗争。
　☞ The African people have awakened to struggle for shaking off shackles of the past.
　☞ 是改革开放使人们冲破了旧框框的束缚。
　☞ It is the reform and opening to the outside world that make people throw old convention to the winds.
　☞ 人们常常受到无知和迷信的束缚。
　☞ People are often shackled by ignorance and superstition.
　☞ 宗教会束缚一个人的心灵。
　☞ Religion can shackle a person's mind.
5．trammel, 指网罗的束缚。
　☞ 诗人的想像力必须是自由的，他得摆脱传统习俗的束缚。
　☞ The poet's imagination must be free. He has to throw off the trammels of tradition and convention.
　☞ 我们村的妇女冲破旧思想的束缚，走上了自力更生的道路。
　☞ Having smashed the trammels of old ideas, the women of our village have taken the road of self-reliance.
　☞ 她是个言行都受到社会习俗束缚的淑女。
　☞ She was a fair lady whose speech and behavior were trammeled by the usages of the society.
　☞ 海员的生活既束缚得要命，又自由得无边。
　☞ A sailor's life is dangerously trammeled and dangerously free.
6．yoke，指如同上了牛轭般的束缚。
　☞ 你想结婚，就得准备接受婚姻的束缚。
　☞ You must be ready for the yoke of marriage if you are going to get married.
　☞ 要挣脱束缚，获得自由。
　☞ Shake off your yoke and be free.
条件 条件
1．condition，指事物具有进行工作或完成任务所需的条件。
　☞ 他得不断地写作，因为写作是他生存下去的条件。
　☞ He had to keep writing, for writing was a condition of his survival.
　☞ 工会一直在争取改善我们的工作条件。
　☞ The trade union has been striving to improve our working conditions.
　☞ 如果3项先决条件得不到满足，我们将拒绝谈判。
　☞ We'll refuse to negotiate unless three preliminary conditions are met.
　 ■ on condition that可用作连词，意为“条件是”。
　☞ 你们完全可以自由地发运供应品，条件是没有外国军舰护航。
　☞ You will be fully free to ship off supplies on condition that there must be no foreign escort.
　☞ 她可以出院，条件是要注意饮食。
　☞ She can leave hospital on condition that she will feed herself sensibly.
　 ■ 此外，condition还用作动词。
　☞ 她接受了他的邀请，条件是他第二天晚上得来聚餐。
　☞ She conditioned her acceptance of his invitation on his coming to dinner next evening.
　☞ 给我儿子自行车的条件是他得考上大学。
　☞ The gift of a bicycle to my son was conditioned on his being admitted to the university.
2．term，指合同、协议等双方达成的具体条件。
　☞ 根据协议的条件，中国渔船获准每年可以捕捞一定限量的鱼。
　☞ According to the terms of the agreement, Chinese ships will be allowed to take a limited amount of fish each year.
　☞ 告诉他们必须按我们的条件投降，不能谈判。
　☞ Tell them they must surrender on our terms, there will be no negotiation.
　 ■ 不过，term有时也可用来表示价格、费用方面的条件。其实广义上也是一种协议的条件。
　☞ 我们出售的货物，条件非常优惠。
　☞ We sell goods at very favorable terms.
3．strings，指承诺、计划、建议等的附带条件。
　☞ 中国政府向我们贷款5,000万美元，并不附带任何条件。
　☞ The government of China granted to us a loan amounting to fifty million American dollars with no strings attached.
　☞ 他们提供的援助总是要提条件的。
　☞ They always make strings when any aid is provided.
4．factor，指构成某种条件的因素。
　☞ 健康、才能、勤奋都是一个人事业成功的条件。
　☞ Health, ability and industry are all factors of success in one's career.
　☞ 这是一个跟他们谈判时一定不能忽视的条件。
　☞ This is a factor which we must certainly not neglect when we negotiate with them.
5．on a…basis，常用来指某种方式的条件。
　☞ 我们可以在对等的条件下给予优惠待遇。
　☞ We can give preferential treatment on a reciprocal basis.
　☞ 你准备以什么条件来按期支付。
　☞ On what basis are you going to make payment on time?
6．requisite，指由事物本质决定而不是由人提出的必要条件。
　☞ 神经坚强是高空作业的必要条件。
　☞ Strong nerves are a requisite for the work high above the ground.
　☞ 他的父母为他的高考提供了一切必要条件。
　☞ His parents provided every requisite for his taking college entrance examination.
7．prerequisite，指先决条件。
　☞ 高考成绩优良是进入大学的先决条件。
　☞ A good pass in the college entrance examination is a prerequisite for university.
　☞ 在许多第三世界国家中，土地改革仍然是经济发展的一个先决条件。
　☞ In many Third World countries land reform remains a prerequisite for economic development.
8．requirement，指人为规定的必要条件。
　☞ 成功的水资源管理至少要满足3项基本条件。
　☞ Successful water resources management must satisfy at least three basic requirements.
　☞ 耐心是教学的必要条件。
　☞ Patience is a requirement in teaching.
9．qualification, qualify，指适应某项工作所需要的条件。
　☞ 做这项工作需要什么条件？
　☞ What qualifications do you need for this job?
　☞ 熟悉道路是做向导的一个条件。
　☞ To know the way is one qualification for a guide.
　☞ 他在争取条件入党。
　☞ He is striving to qualify for Party membership.
10．“条件”的其他译法。
　☞ 十月革命为中国共产党的诞生准备了条件。
　☞ The October Revolution has prepared the ground for the founding of the CPC.
　☞ 没有群众支持这个条件就不要进行任何带群众性的改革工作。
　☞ Without popular support, no reform of a mass character should be attempted.
　☞ 此区地形险要，群众条件好，回旋余地大，安全方面有保障。
　☞ It is an area where we have a favorable mountainous terrain, a good mass base, plenty of room for maneuver, and full guarantee for security.
来 来
1．come，指来到说话人所处的地方。
　☞ 他今天来了两次。
　☞ He came twice today.
　☞ 爸爸明天来昆明。
　☞ Dad is coming to Kunming tomorrow.
　 ■ come后可接动词不定式，可表示来的目的。
　☞ 他是来告别的。
　☞ He came to say good-bye.
　☞ 我打算明天来看你，但现在发现来不了了。
　☞ I am coming to see you tomorrow, but now I find I can't.
　☞ 我们支援你们来了。
　☞ We've come to help you out.
　☞ 他们是来汇报调查结果的。
　☞ They've come to report the findings of the investigation.
　 ■ come后接表示方向的副词可指运动的方向。如：
　☞ 两小时后，他回来了。
　☞ He came back two hours later.
　☞ 我马上就下来。
　☞ I'll come down in a minute.
　☞ 外面在下雨，进来吧。
　☞ Come in! It's raining outside.
　☞ 你出来一下好吗？我想跟你说句话。
　☞ Come out, will you? I'd like to have a word with you.
　 ■ 此外，come about (up)可以表示“发生”。
　☞ 这事故是怎么来的？
　☞ How did the accident come about?
　☞ 问题又来了。
　☞ A problem has come up again.
2．be here，强调来后的状态或目的。
　☞ 客人是来向你道喜的。
　☞ Guests are here to congratulate you.
　☞ 原来你已来啦。
　☞ So you're here already.
　☞ 他看你来了。
　☞ He is here to see you.
3．have作“来”解时，内涵较广，有“有”、“吃”、“喝”，“玩”等意思。
　☞ 今天我家来客人了。
　☞ We have guests today.
　☞ 我们没吃肉，来了条鱼。
　☞ We had fish instead of meat.
　☞ 那么来点咖啡吧，好不好？
　☞ Then have some coffee, will you?
　☞ 你想来盘棋吗？
　☞ Will you have a game of chess?
4．send作“来”解时，也有较广的内涵，有“寄”、“派”、“送”等意思。
　☞ 他给我来过两封信。
　☞ He sent me two letters.
　☞ 我们可以来几个人帮忙。
　☞ We can send some people over to help.
　☞ 我们正顶不住的时候，增援部队来了。
　☞ Reinforcements were sent when we were losing ground.
5．let me或let's后接不带to的动词不定式，也作“来”解，都带有“自我建议”的意思。
　☞ 大家来想办法解决。
　☞ Let's think of a way to solve the problem.
　☞ 咱们来点冷饮。
　☞ Let's have something iced to drink.
　☞ 你歇一会，我来干。
　☞ You take a rest and let me do it.
　☞ 你去打水，我来生炉子。
　☞ You go and get some water and let me light the stove.
　 ■ 不过上面的let me也可用I'll来替代。如上面两句也可译成：You take a rest and I'll do it. You go and get some water and I'll light the stove.
6．“得”或“不”与“来”搭配，用在动词之后，指某种可能或不可能。一般用can，cannot，able, unable表示。
　☞ 这个歌我唱得来。
　☞ I can sing this song.
　☞ 我做不来这道题。
　☞ I can't do the problem.
　☞ 尽管坡陡，这种汽车上得来。
　☞ This kind of car is able to come up though the slope is steep.
　☞ 他是大事做不来，小事看不起。
　☞ He is unable to do big jobs and looks down on small ones.
7．“来”用在表示时间的词语之前，表示将来的时段，可用coming，next等，或干脆只用一般将来时。
　☞ 我们来年的日子会好过一点。
　☞ Our time will be easier in the coming year.
　☞ 据说，来年春天的雨水多。
　☞ It is said that there will be plenty of rain next spring.
　☞ 别着急，来日方长。
　☞ Don't worry! There will be time for that.
8．“来”用在表示时间的词语之后，表示由过去时段的某一点直至现在，可用表示持续时间的相应介词。
　☞ 两个月来他一直独自生活。
　☞ For two months he has lived alone.
　☞ 过去10年来，我区已有了很大的进步。
　☞ Our region has made great advance over the last ten years.
来不及 来不及
1．there's no time, don't have time, can't find time，指没有足够的时间，因而来不及。
　☞ 今天我们来不及去看他了。
　☞ There's no time for us to go and see him today.
　☞ 我来不及写信给他了。
　☞ There's no time for me to write a letter to him.
　☞ 我马上要走，来不及吃饭了。
　☞ I'm leaving now, I don't have time to have dinner.
　☞ 我来不及向刘先生当面辞行，十分抱歉。
　☞ I'm sorry I couldn't find time to say good-bye to Mr.
　☞ Liu.
2．it's too late, 指太晚、太迟，因而来不及。
　☞ 赶头班车，恐怕是来不及了。
　☞ I'm afraid it's too late to catch the first train.
　☞ 观在写信是来不及了，还是给他发个电报吧。
　☞ It's too late to reach him by letter. Better send him a telegram.
3．before，指一个动作来不及发生，另一个动作已发生了。
　☞ 那位解放军说声“再见”就骑车走了，我连他姓名都来不及问。
　☞ The PLA man called out a "good-bye" and rode off before I could ask his name.
　☞ 我来不及说声“谢谢”，他就消失在拐角处了。
　☞ Before I could say "Thank you" , he had disappeared around the comer.
来得及 来得及
1．there's still time, have enough time，指还有时间因而来得及。
　☞ 赶快去，还来得及。
　☞ Co at once while there's still time.
　☞ 你赶末班车还来得及。
　☞ There's still time for you to catch the last bus.
　☞ 现在7点，我们赶到火车站还来得及。
　☞ It's seven now, we have enough time to get to the railway station.
　☞ 你来得及做完吗？
　☞ Do you have enough time to finish it?
2．in time，指由于及时还来得及。
　☞ 春耕前把拖拉机修好，来得及吗？
　☞ Can you get the tractor repaired in time for the spring ploughing?
　☞ 我们来得及赶火车。
　☞ We'll be in time for the train.
3．can make it, 指能按时到达目的地，因而来得及。
　☞ 我们把车开快点，还来得及。
　☞ We can make it if we drive a bit faster.
　☞ 我希望能在1点钟赶到聚会地点，你来得及吗？
　☞ I hope to get to the meeting place at one o'clock. Can you make it?
4．“没来得及”是“来得及”的否定式，和“来不及”
　☞ 同义词。其区别是前者着重在结果的陈述而后者着重在推测、预料。
1) before，指一个动作没来得及发生而另一个动作已发生了。
　☞ 他没来得及爬起来，男孩已经跑得老远了。
　☞ The boy was already far away before he got up.
　☞ 事情没来得及充分讨论就付诸表决了。
　☞ Before it was fully discussed the matter was put to the vote.
2) not quick enough，指动作不够快，因而没来得及。
　☞ 她想来抢信，但没来得及。
　☞ She attempted to snatch at the letter but was not quick enough.
　☞ 我没来得及看清楚。
　☞ I was not quick enough to see it clearly.
极 极
1．very，指非常，很。
　☞ 这件事极能说明问题的争论点。
　☞ This incident is very illustrative of the issue in question.
　☞ 这本书有意思极了。
　☞ The book is very interesting.
2．extremely，指极端。
　☞ 我最近忙极了。
　☞ I've been extremely busy lately.
　☞ 她把家管得好极了。
　☞ She runs the house extremely well.
3．exceedingly，指极度。
　☞ 我们发现他极爱钓鱼。
　☞ We found out he was exceedingly fond of fishing.
　☞ 孩子们表现极好。
　☞ The children were exceedingly well behaved.
4．badly，指极为迫切。
　☞ 我厂极需这种钢材。
　☞ Our factory is badly in need of this kind of steel.
　☞ 他儿子极想要一辆新自行车。
　☞ His son badly wants a new bicycle.
5．absolutely，指绝对。
　☞ 这样操作机器极不安全。
　☞ It's absolutely unsafe if you operate the machine this way.
　☞ 他对这个问题的看法荒唐极了。
　☞ His view on this subject is absolutely ridiculous.
6．thoroughly，指彻底。
　☞ 干了一天的工作，我感到累极了。
　☞ After a day's work I feel thoroughly tired.
　☞ 他对你的工作满意极了。
　☞ He's thoroughly satisfied with your work.
7．be the height of，指到了极点。
　☞ 她的发言粗暴之极。
　☞ Her remark was the height of rudeness.
　☞ 你不会游泳却去驾船，疯狂之极。
　☞ It's the height of madness to sail when you can't swim.
极端 极端
1．extreme，指极限。
　☞ 她凡事走极端。
　☞ She goes to extremes in everything.
　☞ 爱与恨是感情的两个极端。
　☞ Love and hate are two extremes of feelings.
　☞ 她对压死了她孩子的司机极端仇恨。
　☞ She showed extreme hatred for the driver who killed her child.
2．dire，指极度。
　☞ 灾区极端需要食品。
　☞ The disaster area was in dire need of food.
　☞ 有些地区的人们仍生活在极端贫困之中。
　☞ People in some areas still live in dire poverty.
3．exceedingly，指极其。
　☞ 我们公司在极端困难的条件下度过了这次危机。
　☞ Our firm tided over the crisis under the exceedingly difficult circumstances.
　☞ 你的忠告对我极端宝贵。
　☞ Your advice would be exceedingly valuable to me.
4．boundless，指无限。
　☞ 他在追求新的学识上表现出了极端的热忱。
　☞ He showed boundless enthusiasm in pursuing the new learning.
　☞ 她对工作极端负责。
　☞ She has a boundless sense of responsibility in her work.
5．utmost，指最大限度。
　☞ 这项工作是在极端秘密的情况下完成的，因此不会有人知道。
　☞ The work was done with utmost secrecy so that no one would know about it.
　☞ 她是极端信任我的。
　☞ She trusted me to the utmost.
6．to the core，指彻底。
　☞ 该国政府极端腐败。
　☞ The government of that country was rotten to the core.
　☞ 无论他做什么，都是极端诚实的。
　☞ He is honest to the core in whatever he does.
7．前缀ultra，指超级。
　☞ 世界上没有一个国家实行过极端民主。
　☞ Ultra-democracy has never been practiced in any country of the world.
　☞ 她开车时极端小心。
　☞ She's ultra-cautious when she drives.
构思 构思
1．work out，着重在构想出来。
　☞ 他正在构思一部长篇小说的情节。
　☞ He is working out the plot of a novel.
　☞ 科学如此发达的今天，宗教哲学家们可能会构思出对生命的新解释。
　☞ With science so advanced today, religious philosophers may work out a new interpretation of life.
2．meditate on，着重在沉思。
　☞ 他在构思剧本的情节。
　☞ He is meditating on the plot of a play.
　☞ 画家坐在明澈的月光下，构思一幅画的布局。
　☞ Sitting in the clear moonlight, the painter was meditating on the composition of a painting.
3．construct，着重在结构。
　☞ 作者根据自己对童年的回忆构思了这个故事。
　☞ The writer constructed the story from memories of her childhood.
　☞ 对所描述的存在方式，哲学家们总是要构思种种复杂的体系。
　☞ Philosophers always construct complicated systems for describing existence.
4．conceive，着重在考虑。
　☞ 故事情节的构思相当巧妙。
　☞ The plot of the story is ingeniously conceived.
　☞ 教练为我们赢得这场球赛构思了这个战略。
　☞ The coach conceived the strategy that won the game for us.
5．conception，着重指受到概念影响的构思。
　☞ 该设计构思新颖。
　☞ The design was original in conception.
　☞ 一件伟大音乐作品的每个细节在其构思时，在莫扎特的头脑里总是清清楚楚的。
　☞ At the moment of its conception, every detail of great musical work would become clear in Mozart's mind.
构想 构想
1．idea，指思想。
　☞ 我有个经济体制改革的构想。
　☞ I have an idea for economical structural reform.
　☞ 用微生物来控制作物病虫害的构想并不新鲜。
　☞ The idea of using microorganisms to control plant pests is not new.
2．concept，指观念。
　☞ 按照“一国两制”的构想，促进祖国的和平统一！
　☞ Promote the peaceful unification of the motherland according to the concept of "one country, two systems"!
　☞ 天文学家们对宇宙的产生提出了一个新的构想。
　☞ Astronomers presented a new concept of the beginning of the universe.
3．conception, 同concept可以换用，但更着重观念形成的过程。
　☞ 这部小说的构想和手法都不高明。
　☞ This novel is none too satisfactory, either in conception or in execution.
　☞ 这个设计简直是个好得不能再好的构想。
　☞ The design simply is a splendid conception.
构成 构成
1．constitute，构成的只是某种概念，而非实体。
　☞ 沙漠构成了对人类的威胁。
　☞ Desert constitutes a threat to mankind.
　☞ 光是通敌这一事实就构成了叛国罪。
　☞ The only fact that he collaborated with the enemy has constituted treason.
　☞ 亚非拉及其他地区的发展中国家构成了第三世界。
　☞ The developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America and elsewhere constitute the third world.
2．form, be formed (of)，构成的是实体，而非概念。
　☞ 构成这一化合物的基本成分是什么？
　☞ What forms the basis of this compound?
　☞ 铜与锡合金，构成各种青铜。
　☞ Alloyed with tin, copper forms a series of bronzes.
　☞ 西沙群岛是由珊瑚礁构成的。
　☞ The Xisha Archipelago is formed of coral reefs.
　☞ 同样，疑问句可由陈述句构成。
　☞ Similarly, questions can be formed from statements.
3．make up, be made up of，使用范围广于前两者，泛指一切实体与概念的构成。
　☞ 什么是构成一个人理想性格的品质？
　☞ What are the qualities that ideally should make up a man's character?
　☞ 这些河渠构成了一个完整的排灌系统。
　☞ These rivers and canals make up a complete irrigation-drainage network.
　☞ 新国会的构成是保守党73席，自由党38席，共产党9席。
　☞ The new Parliament is made up of conservatives, 73; liberals, 38; communists, 9.
　☞ 13个邦国构成马来西亚联邦。
　☞ The Federation of Malaysia is made up of thirteen states.
4．compose, be composed of，指物理或化学结构上的构成。
　☞ 钢是由铁及一系列其他成分构成的。
　☞ Steel is composed of iron and a number of other elements.
　☞ 原子核是由质子和中子构成的。
　☞ Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons.
　☞ 氢氧化合构成水。
　☞ Hydrogen combines with oxygen to compose water.
　 ■ 但有时也用于实体或概念的构成。
　☞ 我们9人构成了陪审团。
　☞ Nine of us composed a jury.
　☞ 部分构成整体。
　☞ The parts compose the whole.
果然 果然
1．really，indeed，表示情况确实或果真是这样。
　☞ 味道不错！果然名不虚传。
　☞ How delicious it is! It really lives up to its reputation.
　☞ 她果然是位优秀的艺术家。
　☞ She is really a fine artist.
　☞ 展览果然不错。
　☞ The show was really good.
　☞ 果然，百兽看见狐狸后面紧跟着一只老虎，都争相逃命。
　☞ Indeed, every animal fled nose to heels seeing the fox followed by a tiger.
　☞ 她的小故事果然极其动人。
　☞ Her little stories are very charming indeed.
　☞ 他说他要来，而且果然来了。
　☞ He said he would come and he came indeed.
2．just as... expected (predicted, said)，表示情况与预料的一样。
　☞ 果然不出所料，事故就发生在太阳下山以后。
　☞ Just as we had expected, the accident happened after sunset.
　☞ 果然不出将军所料，敌人中了我们的埋伏。
　☞ Just as the general had predicted, the enemy were caught in our ambush.
　☞ 天气预报说今天有雨，现在果然下雨了。
　☞ Just as the weather forest said, it's raining now.
3．sure (right) enough, it is true，强调情况在出现之前已经说过、谈过、预测过，常与“就”连用，带有较强的感情色彩。
　☞ 我说过会出事，果然就出事了。
　☞ I said that accident would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
　☞ 他答应做这件事，果然就做了。
　☞ He promised to do it, and sure enough he did.
　☞ 店老板果然就在那地方坐下了。
　☞ And sure enough, it was in that very place where the storekeeper sat down.
　☞ 我叫他来，他果然在第二天早晨就到了。
　☞ I told him to come, and right enough he arrived the next morning.
　☞ 到了大草原一看，果然是“天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊。”
　☞ Upon arriving at the grassland, it was true that "Blue, blue the sky, vast, vast the fields; the grasses are blown. the cattle are shown".
4．有时可以用带否定的反问语气表示情况确实是这样。
　☞ 我知道早晚会出岔，果然不错吧？
　☞ I knew something would happen sooner or later, wasn't I right?
　☞ 我跟你说过她口齿伶俐，果然厉害吧？
　☞ I have told you that she is fluent and eloquent.
　☞ Hasn't she a sharp tongue?
染 染
1．dye，指染色的染。
　☞ 她把一块布染成红色。
　☞ She dyed a piece of cloth red.
　 ■ 有时，dye也用于引申。
　☞ 我们的军旗是由烈士的鲜血染红的。
　☞ Our army flag is dyed with the blood of our martyrs.
　☞ 夕阳染红了天空。
　☞ The setting sun dyed the sky red.
2．paint，指装饰性的染。
　☞ 许多姑娘认为染红指甲是一种美。
　☞ Many girls think it a beauty to paint their fingernails red.
　☞ 摩登女性喜欢把眼睑染蓝了。
　☞ Modern women love to paint their eyelids blue.
　 ■ paint也可用于引申。
　☞ 浓霜把树木都染成银色。
　☞ The heavy frost painted all the trees silver.
3．tint，也指染色，但色彩要淡于dye。
　☞ 她把头发染成淡棕色。
　☞ She tinted her hair light-brown.
　☞ 阳光强烈时人们戴上染色镜。
　☞ When the sun is bright, people wear tinted glasses 晚霞染红了天空。
　☞ The sunset glow tinted the sky red.
4．stain，强调客观原因留下的斑痕。
　☞ 他抽了好多年的烟，尼古丁把牙齿都染黄了。
　☞ His teeth were stained yellow with nicotine from years of smoking.
　☞ 番茄酱把桌布染了。
　☞ The tomato sauce stained the tablecloth.
　☞ 荷花出污泥而不染。
　☞ The lotus emerges unstained from filthy mud.
5．catch，指染上病。
　☞ 我是从你那里染上这种病的。
　☞ I caught the disease from you.
　☞ 这个学期快结束时，有两三个男生染上了猩红热。
　☞ Towards the end of the term two or three boys caught scarlet fever.
6．contract，指染上病或坏习惯。
　☞ 他染上了痢疾。
　☞ He has contracted dysentery.
　☞ 她的儿子染上了赌博的恶习。
　☞ Her son has contracted the bad habit of gambling.
查 查
1．表示调查，可用look into（日常用语），investigate（正式用语）。
　☞ 他要求一定要查事故的原因。
　☞ He demanded that the cause of the accident be looked into.
　☞ 查水情就能预测洪水。
　☞ Floods can be predicted by looking into the water conservancy regimen.
　☞ 谋杀案子要查个水落石出。
　☞ The case of the murder ought to be investigated thoroughly.
2．表示检查，可用check (on)（日常用语）．inspect（正式用语）。
　☞ 警察局突然以查户口为名要求搜查房子。
　☞ The police suddenly demanded to search the house on the pretext of checking on the residents.
　☞ 一开始，我们并不完全相信他，所以经常查账。
　☞ At first we did not entirely trust him and frequently checked the accounts.
　☞ 为了避免错误，你最好查查原件。
　☞ In order to avoid mistakes you'd better check it against the original.
　☞ 兽医正在查牛群有无扁虱。
　☞ The vet is inspecting the herd for ticks.
3．表示查阅，可用look up（日常用语），consult（正式用语）。
　☞ 我已去查了到北京的所有火车的车次时间。
　☞ I have looked up all the train numbers to Beijing.
　☞ 你在电话簿里查了电话号码了吗？
　☞ Did you look up the phone number in the directory?
　☞ 我们查了技术资料，证明施肥量是合理的。
　☞ We consulted technical data and made sure that fertilizer had been applied rationally.
　☞ 他查了笔记本，然后说：“星期四我能来”。
　☞ He consulted his notebook and said, "I could come on Thursday."
　 ■ 但要注意这两个词在用法上的区别：
　☞ 我读英语小说时坚持查词典。
　☞ I persist in consulting the dictionary while reading English novels.
　☞ 如果你有不认识的词，可以查词典。
　☞ If there are words you do not understand, look them up in the dictionary.
　 ■ 因为look up意为to find information in a book，因此查的是词不是书。相反consult意为to go to a book for information，故查的是书不是词。再如：
　☞ 你想获得更多的情况，可以查参考书。
　☞ If you want to have more information, look it up in the reference books.或If you want to have more information, consult the reference books.
4．表示查询，可用inquire (about), inquiry。
　☞ 你寄的行李至今未到，你得查一查下落。
　☞ The luggage you sent has not reached us so far, you have to inquire about its whereabouts.
　☞ 耽搁的原因，她写信去查了吗？
　☞ Did she write to inquire the cause of the delay?
　☞ 你查的结果如何？
　☞ What is the result of your inquiry?
5．查无实据，可用no evidence is found。
　☞ 事出有因，查无实据。
　☞ An investigation was called for, but no evidence was found.
　☞ 此案至今查无实据，恐怕是诬告。
　☞ No evidence has been found in the case so far and therefore it is probably a libelous suit.
树立 树立
1．set (up)，常用语，指不带任何感情色彩的树立起来。其行为可以是永久性的，也可以是临时的；
　☞ 以是物质的，也可以是精神的。
　☞ 我们在操场一端树立了一根旗杆。
　☞ We have set up a flagpole at one of the ends of the sports ground.
　☞ 想不到竟树立她做标兵！
　☞ Who would have thought that she should be set up as a pacemaker?
　☞ 雷锋同志为我们树立了一个光辉榜样。
　☞ Comrade Lei Feng has set a brilliant example to us.
2．establish，build up，指精神、思想上的树立。
　☞ 集体办婚礼树立了节约的新风尚。
　☞ The collective wedding establishes a new habit of frugality.
　☞ 那次战役胜利之后，他的威信就树立起来了。
　☞ His prestige was established after the victory of that battle.
　☞ 这部作品对树立他的作家声望起了重大作用。
　☞ This work has played an important role in establishing his fame as a writer.
　☞ 这本所谓的回忆录实际上是他为自己树立形象所做的一种尝试。
　☞ These so-called memories are, in fact, an attempt on his part to build up his own image.
　☞ 该厂以诚信树立声誉。
　☞ This factory has built up reputation for honesty and credit.
3．foster，指通过抚育、培养后树立内心的某种品质。
　☞ 同志间的相互信任和尊重逐渐树立起了他对工作的信心。
　☞ The mutual trust and respect among comrades have gradually fostered his confidence in work.
　☞ 你不树立远大理想，人还有什么出息？
　☞ What future will a man ever have if you don't foster a lofty ideal?
　☞ 家长总是千方百计地想树立孩子对学习的兴趣。
　☞ Parents always try every possible way to foster their children's interest in study.
4．acquire，指逐步地、一点一滴地树立。
　☞ 树立正确的世界观可不是件易事。
　☞ It's not an easy job to acquire a correct world outlook.
　☞ 你的话动摇了她刚刚树立起来的信心。
　☞ Your words have shaken her confidence she has just acquired.
样子 样子
1．shape，指形状。
　☞ 将来的社会是什么样子？
　☞ What shape will the future society have?
　☞ 这箱子给压得不成样子。
　☞ The box was crushed out of shape.
2．appearance，指外貌。
　☞ 她的样子平常，却有一颗金子般的心。
　☞ Her appearance is homely, but she has a heart of gold.
　☞ 屋子漆过之后，完全是另外一个样子。
　☞ After the house was painted the appearance was quite different.
3．way，指方式。
　☞ 我不喜欢她说话的样子。
　☞ I don't like the way she speaks.
　☞ 我们当时没有按我们现在的样子去做。
　☞ We didn't do it in the way we do now.
4．air，指神情。
　☞ 她走路时摆出一副瞧不起人的样子。
　☞ She walked with an air of disdain.
　☞ 他到处大摇大摆，一副了不起的样子，好像他是个人物似的。
　☞ He struts about with an air of importance as if he were somebody.
5．manner，既可指方式，也可指举止。
　☞ 她问着各种各样的问题，一副好奇的样子。
　☞ She asked various questions in a curious manner.
　☞ 他干什么都是一副不慌不忙的样子。
　☞ She does everything in a leisurely manner.
　☞ 她笑起来很和气，样子很自然。
　☞ She had a kindly smile and a manner wholly natural.
　☞ 他一副心不在焉的样子。
　☞ He had an absent-minded manner.
6．posture，既可指神情，也可指态度。
　☞ 这个两面派装出一副公正的样子。
　☞ The double-dealer assumed a righteous posture.
　☞ 他讲话以后，会议的样子就不一样了。
　☞ The meeting took on different posture after his speech.
7．“样子”的其他译法。
　☞ 给我个照着做的样子。
　☞ Give me a model to follow.
　☞ 照着这衣服的样子画一个。
　☞ Draw after this dress pattern.
　☞ 这些草图只是她艺术作品的几个样子。
　☞ The sketches were merely samples of her artwork.
根据 根据
1．in accordance with，介词，原义为“与…相协调”，常与法则、章程、规则、惯例等词搭配，用法较为正式。
　☞ 社会是根据某些固定的法则发展的。
　☞ Society develops in accordance with certain regular laws.
　☞ 根据你的要求，现寄上词典的样张。
　☞ In accordance with your request I am sending you sample pages of the dictionary.
　☞ 根据公司的指示，我们乘早班飞机去了上海。
　☞ In accordance with the instructions of the company we took an early plane for Shanghai.
　☞ 我们必须根据规则进行。
　☞ We must proceed in accordance with the rules.
2．according to，词义与前者相同，故可以互换，但前者的语气较为庄重。如：
　☞ 社会是根据某些法则发展的。
　☞ Society develops in accordance with (according to) certain regular laws.
　 ■ 但如果依据的是某种学说、著作、报告、书本、说法等，一般都用according to。如：
　☞ 根据文章作者的意见，新装置可节约数百万元。
　☞ According to the author of the article, the new device would save millions of yuan.
　☞ 根据天气预报，今晚要下雪。
　☞ According to the weather forecast it's going to snow tonight.
　☞ 根据辩证唯物主义，物质是第一性的，而思想是第二性的。
　☞ According to dialectical materialism matter is primary and thought is secondary.
3．according as，连词，强调根据要随事物的发展而定。
　☞ 他们是否升级要根据考试及格不及格而定。
　☞ They move into next class according as they pass or fail in the examination.
　☞ 你受表扬还是挨批评要根据工作好坏而定。
　☞ You will be praised or criticized according as your work is good or bad.
　☞ 你的所得要根据你的付出而定。
　☞ You'll receive according as you give.
4．on the basis of，介词，原义为“在…基础上“，常与一些可以作为依据的名词搭配，是一个常用的积极词组。
　☞ 我们是根据多次实验的结果推导出这一公式的。
　☞ We deducted this formula on the basis of many experiments.
　☞ 工厂的集体福利事业必须根据已获利润逐步扩大。
　☞ The collective welfare undertakings of the factory must be extended gradually on the basis of the profits already made.
　☞ 我们是根据工作表现来评价工作人员的。
　☞ We judge a worker on the basis of his performance.
5．in the light of，原义为“凭…见解”，常与情况、环境，条件等词搭配。
　☞ 我们根据具体条件作了这个计划。
　☞ We made the plan in the light of specific conditions.
　☞ 他们是在特殊环境下制定这些政策的。
　☞ They formulated the policies in the light of the special circumstances.
　☞ 我们必须根据不同情况确定责任。
　☞ We must ascertain the responsibility in the light of different situations.
6．in line with，介词，原义为“跟…一致”，常与政策、方针、理论、规定等名词搭配。
　☞ 根据党的政策，少量雇工是允许的。
　☞ In line with the Party's policy employment of workers in small numbers is permitted.
　☞ 根据党的文艺方针，各文艺团体都要尽快改革经济管理体制。
　☞ In line with the Party's principles of literature and art all organizations must reform the economic management system as soon as possible.
　☞ 根据他的理论邓小平实现了中国的改革开放。
　☞ Deng Xiaoping carried through, in line with his theory, the reform and opening to the outside world in China.
7．in conformity with，介词，原义为“遵照”，常与法律、观点、指示等词搭配。
　☞ 根据法律他是无罪的。
　☞ In conformity with the law he is innocent.
　☞ 计划是根据大多数人的意见制定的。
　☞ The plan was made in conformity with the views of the majority.
　☞ 我是根据你的指示立即动身去上海的。
　☞ In conformity with your instructions I left for Shanghai at once.
8．in terms of，介词，原义为“根据…而论”。
　☞ 新生是根据考试成绩录取的。
　☞ New students are enrolled in terms of their performance in examination.
　☞ 资本主义社会一般都是根据金钱来考虑一个人的社会地位。
　☞ In capitalist society a man's social position is usually considered in terms of money.
　☞ 我国的石油产量根据目前的需要已自给有余。
　☞ The oil output in China has been more than enough in terms of present needs.
9．judging by (from)，介词，原义为“根据…判断”。
　☞ 根据他脸上的表情，他可能没考好。
　☞ Judging by the look on his face, he might have failed in the exam.
　☞ 根据听众的反映，演出一定十分成功。
　☞ Judging by the response of the audience the performances must be a great success.
　☞ 根据你所说，他蛮可以把这项工作做得更好。
　☞ Judging from what you said, he could have done this work still better.
　☞ 根据专家提供的证据，死者3点钟时还活着。
　☞ Judging from the evidence of the experts, the deceased was still alive at three o'clock.
10．acting on，介词，原义为“根据…行事”。
　☞ 他根据医生的劝告，在上星期做了肺部手术。
　☞ Acting on the advice of the doctor, he had his lungs operated on last week.
　☞ 他们会毫不犹豫地根据你的建议去参加探险队。
　☞ They won't hesitate a moment to join the expedition acting on your suggestion.
11．by，介词，原义为依据，常与标准、尺度、计量、条件等词搭配。
　☞ 什么事都得根据规章来办。
　☞ Everything must be done by rules.
　☞ 货运一般根据重量或体积收费。
　☞ Usually freight is charged either by weight or by bulk.
　☞ 我国过去15年的发展根据任何标准来看都是惊人的。
　☞ By any standard China's development in the past 15 years has been spectacular.
　☞ 根据我们协议的条款和条件，我方将对所有损失向你方提出索赔。
　☞ By the terms and conditions of our agreement we shall lodge our claim against you for all the losses.
12．in，介词，常与精神、意见等词搭配。
　☞ 根据公报精神，双方将很快达成一项协议。
　☞ In the spirit of the communiqué both sides will soon reach an agreement.
　☞ 根据他的意见，我们在掌握更多事实以前应暂缓作出决定。
　☞ In his opinion we should defer a decision until we know more of the facts.
13．on，介词，原义为“基于…”
　☞ 根据什么理由你认为这样做比较好？
　☞ On what grounds do you think it would be better to do so?
　☞ 各方都坚持要根据各自的条件来做这笔交易。
　☞ Either side insisted on making the deal on its own terms.
　☞ 他这个消息有可靠的根据。
　☞ He has the news on good authority.
14．to，介词，原义为“按照”。
　☞ 根据考古学家估计，花瓶已有3,500年历史。
　☞ To the estimate of the archaeologists the vase was 3,500 years old.
　☞ 根据我的想法，第一个设计比第二个更可取。
　☞ To my thinking the first design is preferable to the second.
15．base on，动词，原义为“以…为基础”。
　☞ 你是根据什么做出你的计算的？
　☞ On what do you base your calculation?
　☞ 我们是根据过去5年的资料做出预报的。
　☞ We based our forecast on the data of the past five years.
　☞ 这支歌是根据民间古调编写成的。
　☞ The song is based on an old folk tune.
　☞ 影片是根据同名小说摄制的。
　☞ The film was based on the novel of the same title.
16．found on，动词，原义为“奠基于”。
　☞ 故事是根据真人真事写成的。
　☞ The story was founded on actual person and events.
　☞ 我的结论是根据事实得出的。
　☞ My conclusion is founded on facts.
17．follow the authority of，动词，原义为“遵循…依据”。
　☞ 我们是根据马克思主义来阐明我们的观点的。
　☞ We follow the authority of Marxism in clarifying our views.
　☞ 教师是根据《现代牛津英语词典》来解释这一习语的。
　☞ The teacher followed the authority of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English in explaining the meaning of the idiom.
18．basis，名词，原义指抽象事物的基础。
　☞ 这样的假设成了决定的根据，我无法接受。
　☞ I can't accept that such hypothesis becomes a basis for decision。
　☞ 你根据什么提议达成这样的妥协？
　☞ On what basis do you propose to reach such a compromise?
　☞ 谣言是没有根据的。
　☞ The rumor has no basis.
19．foundation，名词，原义为“根基”。
　☞ 实际上这一理论没有事实根据。
　☞ This theory has no foundation in fact.
　☞ 对本公司的指控是没有根据的。
　☞ The charge against our corporation is without foundation.
　☞ 当时要地震的谣言有根据没有？
　☞ Was there any foundation for rumors of earthquake?
20．grounds，名词，原义为“根据的理由”。
　☞ 说话要有根据。
　☞ One should avoid making assertions without good grounds.
　☞ 我有充分根据相信这个消息。
　☞ I have many grounds for believing the information.
　☞ 我看不出这次军事演习的根据。
　☞ I see no grounds for the military maneuver.
21．baseless，groundless，形容词，原义为“没有依据”。
　☞ 警察对他的指控没有根据，他也因而获释。
　☞ The charge against him by the police was proved to be baseless (groundless), so he was freed.
　☞ 起诉是没有根据的，因为没有事实依据。
　☞ The accusation is groundless because it can't be backed up by facts.
根本 根本
1．fundamental，强调事物的根本，语气较强，常与抽象名词搭配。
　☞ 宪法是我们国家的根本大法。
　☞ The constitution is the fundamental law of our country.
　☞ 到那时，我们就可见到国家整个经济状况的根本好转了。
　☞ BV that time, we shall be able to witness a fundamental turn for the better in the entire financial and economic situation of our country.
　☞ 解放后中国社会经历了一场带根本性质的变化。
　☞ Chinese society has undergone a change of fundamental character after liberation.
　☞ 他们的目标有着根本的区别。
　☞ There is a fundamental difference between their aims.
　☞ 社会的罪恶现象从根本上说是由经济上的不平等引起的。
　☞ Social evils are fundamentally caused by economic inequality.
　☞ 她根本不适合干机关工作。
　☞ She is fundamentally unsuited to office work.
2．basic，强调事物的基础，故语气较前者弱。
　☞ 上学的根本原因是求知。
　☞ The basic reason for going to school is to learn.
　☞ 我们企业的根本问题是开源节流。
　☞ The basic problem in our enterprise is to tap new resources and reduce expenditures.
　☞ 我们承认阅读是高等教育学习中的根本手段。
　☞ We recognize that reading is the basic tool of learning in higher education.
　☞ 仅凭个人在个别情况下的行动是无法从根本上纠正社会上的不公平现象的。
　☞ Social injustice could not be basically corrected by action in individual cases alone.
　☞ 这件事根本不对。
　☞ The thing is basically wrong.
3．essential，强调事物的本质，语气也较强。
　☞ 你说的和他说的没有根本区别。
　☞ There was no essential difference between what you and he said。
　☞ 善良是她最根本的品性。
　☞ Her most essential quality is kindness.
　☞ 基督教的根本教义是上帝创造人。
　☞ The essential doctrine of Christianity is that God create man.
　☞ 人的基本感情从根本上说是一样的。
　☞ The basic emotions of all people are essentially the same.
4．ultimate，强调事物的终极。
　☞ 我们应当为大多数人的根本利益而工作。
　☞ We ought to work for the ultimate interests of the vast majority of people.
　☞ 太阳是能源的根本来源。
　☞ The sun is the ultimate store of energy.
　☞ 我们的目的从根本上是与你们一样的。
　☞ Ultimately, our aims are the same as yours.
　☞ 一切财富从根本上讲来自人的劳动。
　☞ All wealth comes ultimately from human labor.
5．diametrical，强调事物的截然相反，因此常与contradiction, oppose, opposite等连用。
　☞ 资本主义社会的无产阶级和资产阶级这两个矛盾的力量构成了根本的矛盾。
　☞ In capitalist society the two forces in contradiction, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie form the diametrical contradiction.
　☞ 你的结论和他的说法是根本对立的。
　☞ Your conclusion was in diametrical contradiction to his claims.
　☞ 他们的世界观是根本对立的。
　☞ Their world outlooks are diametrically opposed.
　☞ 不少科学家指出两种根本相反的解释有时候是可能的。
　☞ Not a few scientists pointed out that two diametrically opposite explanations sometimes are possible.
6．at all，用于否定，强调完全不。
　☞ 这根本无济于事。
　☞ That won't help things at all.
　☞ 我根本不赞成你的主张。
　☞ I don't agree with your proposition at all.
　☞ 根本没啥好担心的。
　☞ There is nothing to worry about at all.
　☞ 我根本就不满意现在这种情况。
　☞ I'm not at all satisfied with the present situation.
7．anything but，用于先肯定后否定，强调“根本不”。
　☞ 这座小桥根本不安全。
　☞ The little bridge is anything but safe.
　☞ 他根本不是个搞学问的。
　☞ He is anything but a scholar.
　☞ 我根本不会干那种事。
　☞ I will do anything but that.
8．simply... not，用于否定句，强调“简直不”。
　☞ 你昨天一整天根本没吃东西。
　☞ You simply ate nothing all day yesterday.
　☞ 他根本不知道说什么。
　☞ He simply did not know what to say.
　☞ 奴隶主根本不把奴隶当人。
　☞ The slave owners simply did not treat the slaves as human beings.
9．thoroughly，用于肯定句，强调“彻底”。
　☞ 必须根本改变我们这里的落后面貌。
　☞ We must thoroughly put an end to our backwardness here.
　☞ 如果改进设计，质量问题可以根本解决。
　☞ The problem of quality can be thoroughly resolved if the design is improved.
10．once and for all，用于肯定句，强调“一劳永逸”。
　☞ 问题已得到根本解决。
　☞ The problem has been settled once and for all.
　☞ 农村缺医少药的现象要通过医疗保险从根本上解决。
　☞ The lack of doctors and medicines in the rural areas is to be put an end to once and for all through medical insurance service.
根源 根源
1．source，指源泉。
　☞ 实际经验是一切科学知识的根源。
　☞ Practical experience is the source of the scientific knowledge.
　☞ 这口井是感染这些伤寒病例的根源吗？
　☞ Is that well the source of infection for these cases of typhoid?
2．root，指根子。
　☞ 中国农村问题的根源在于地主阶级掠夺了土地。
　☞ The root of the question of rural areas in China lay in the seizure of the land by the landlord class.
　☞ 难道钱是一切罪恶的根源？
　☞ Can money be the root of all evils?
3．origin, originate in，指起源。
　☞ 谣言的根源是什么？
　☞ What is the origin of the rumor?
　☞ 记者在追溯这一说法的根源。
　☞ The reporter is tracing the story back to its origin.
　☞ 经济危机根源于资本主义制度。
　☞ Economic crisis originates in the capitalist system.
　☞ 他们的疏远根源在于对金钱的争执。
　☞ Their estrangement originated in their quarrel over money.
根除 根除
1．root out, uproot，指连根拔掉或拔除。
　☞ 要根除迷信与无知并不容易。
　☞ It is not easy to root out superstitions and ignorance.
　☞ 他决心根除恶习。
　☞ He is determined to uproot his bad habits.
2．eradicate，指杜绝。
　☞ 根除一切形式的殖民主义尚须努力。
　☞ More efforts must be made to eradicate all forms of colonialism.
　☞ 据我们目前的了解，癌症尚不能根除。
　☞ Cancer is not to be eradicated as we know it today.
3．eliminate，指消灭。
　☞ 没有一个国家可以说她已根除了水患。
　☞ No country can claim that she has eliminated the scourge of floods.
　☞ 横跨铁路的新桥根除了越过铁轨时的事故。
　☞ The new bridge over the railroad tracks has eliminated accidents in crossing.
格局 格局
1．pattern，指模式。
　☞ 这出新戏背离了喜剧的一般格局。
　☞ The new show departs from the normal pattern of the comedy.
　☞ 这场足球赛我队始终保持“四三三”的格局。
　☞ Throughout the football match our team kept to the 4-3-3 pattern.
2．set-up，指体制。
　☞ 这几家菜市场差不多是一个格局。
　☞ These food markets have more or less the same setup.
　☞ 他是新来的，不大了解这里的格局。
　☞ He is new and knows little about set-up here.
3．structure，指结构。
　☞ 世界的新格局已经形成。
　☞ The new structure of the world has already been formed.
　☞ 这篇文章写得很乱，不成格局。
　☞ The article is badly written without any structure.
4．arrangement，指安排。
　☞ 一个意想不到的结果把已有的格局打乱了。
　☞ An unexpected result dislocated the existing arrangements.
　☞ 我对文章杂乱无章的格局感到吃惊。
　☞ I was shocked at the helter-skelter arrangement of the article.
栽 栽
1．grow，指栽种。
　☞ 她爱栽花。
　☞ She is fond of growing flowers.
　☞ 你给他们一两寸土地，他们都会栽上蔬菜的。
　☞ Give them an inch or two of land, and they will grow vegetables in it.
2．plant，指种植。
　☞ 新婚夫妇栽树是我们的规矩。
　☞ It is our rule for the newly married couple to plant trees.
　☞ 我们在园子里栽了些玫瑰。
　☞ We have planted some rose bushes in our garden.
　 ■ plant on，还有“把…栽到别人头上”的意思。
　☞ 他把赃物栽给了自己的室友。
　☞ He planted the stolen goods on his roommate.
　 ■ transplant，有栽插的意思。
　☞ 村里的男女老少都忙着栽秧。
　☞ Men and women, old and young of the village are busy transplanting rice seedlings.
3．erect，指竖立细长的物体。
　☞ 工人们在栽电线杆子。
　☞ The workers are erecting wire poles.
　☞ 要栽旗杆得用起重机。
　☞ A crane has to be used in order to erect a flagpole.
4．“栽”的其他译法。
　☞ 他被栽上了贪污的罪名。
　☞ A charge of corruption was fabricated against him.
　☞ 他非常自负，到头来忘乎所以，栽了跟斗。
　☞ He was very proud of himself until he swell-headed himself and came a cropper.
检查 检查
1．check (up, on)，check up on，指核对性检查。
　☞ 我们检查了一下，发现一切正常。
　☞ We checked up and found everything was right.
　☞ 爷爷请医生检查身体去了。
　☞ Grandfather went to have the doctor check on his health.
　☞ 上级派人下来检查工作并帮助解决问题。
　☞ The leadership sent people down to check up on the work and help to solve problems.
　☞ 船只停在上海以检查损坏情况。
　☞ The ship stopped in Shanghai to check damage.
　☞ 医生每天到他家来给他检查、送药。
　☞ Every day the doctor goes to his home to give him a check-up and bring him medicine.
2．inspect, inspection，指找出错误、缺陷、毛病、不足等的检查。
　☞ 你应立即检查实验结果，以发现调整不当或功能失常。
　☞ You should inspect the test results immediately in order to reveal improper adjustments or malfunctions.
　☞ 新摘的葡萄在交货前要进行检查并收拾干净。
　☞ Freshly picked grapes are inspected and cleansed before delivery.
　☞ 检查屋顶未发现漏雨。
　☞ An inspection of the roof showed no leaks.
3．examine，examination，指确定事实、性质等的检查。
　☞ 那位海关人员检查了我的护照才放行。
　☞ The customs officer didn't let me pass till he examined my passport.
　☞ 我当然不会干像检查你行李那样的事。
　☞ Of course, I shall do no such things as examine your luggage.
　☞ 我检查了身体。
　☞ I had a physical examination.
4．scan，指扫描式的检查。
　☞ 他根据需要弓着身子走着，眼睛检查着每一尺地面。
　☞ He was stooping over as he wanted, his eyes scanning every foot of the ground.
　☞ 我们曾经非常仔细地检查了我们的潜在资源。
　☞ Narrowly did we scan our potential resources.
5．scrutinize，指仔细检查。
　☞ 各部门的领导经常受到上层管理机构的检查。
　☞ The head of each division is constantly scrutinized by top management.
　☞ 医生给病人的肺部作了透视检查。
　☞ The doctor scrutinized the patient's lungs by fluoroscope.
　☞ 他的工作经不起检查。
　☞ His work does not bear scrutinizing.
6．test，指检验性的检查。
　☞ 他在检查汽车刹车。
　☞ He is testing the brakes of his car.
　☞ 你需要一副眼镜，最好去检查一下视力。
　☞ You need a pair of glasses. You'd better have your eyesight tested.
7．survey，指评估性的检查。
　☞ 代表团检查了工厂的设备，并向会议提交了报告。
　☞ The delegation surveyed the equipment of the factory and submitted a report to the meeting.
　☞ 校长检查了学校全年的工作。
　☞ The headmaster surveyed the work of the school for the whole year.
8．review，指回顾性的检查。
　☞ 财务部门检查了必须提交给董事会审批的规划。
　☞ The financial department reviewed the projects to be submitted for the board of directors' approval.
　☞ 事故不断迫使政府检查煤矿的工作条件。
　☞ Constant accidents forced the government to review working conditions of the coal mines.
9．criticize, self-criticism，指批评或自我批评式的检查。
　☞ 他赶快检查错误才算过了关。
　☞ He hurried to criticize his mistakes and managed to get by.
　☞ 这件事最后以写自我检查了事。
　☞ Finally, it ended in writing a self-criticism.
10．censor，指官方对政治言论的检查。
　☞ 当时两国没有通邮关系，因此所有邮件肯定要受到检查。
　☞ There was no postal service between the two countries and all mail was sure to be censored.
　☞ 在新闻受到严格检查时，你怎么敢写这样的文章？
　☞ How dare you write such an article while all the news was rigorously censored?
检验 检验
1．test (out)，指测试性检验。
　☞ 他的工作是对新设计的汽车在投入市场之前进行检验。
　☞ His work is to test out new designs of cars before they are put on the market.
　☞ 实践是检验真理的惟一标准。
　☞ Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.
2．examine，指确定事实和性质的检验。
　☞ 买方应在最短时间内检验货物或责成他人检验货物。
　☞ The buyer must examine the goods or cause them to be examined within a period as short as possible.
　☞ 产品质量必须严格检验。
　☞ The quality of the products must be strictly examined.
3．inspect，指找出毛病、缺陷、不足的检验。
　☞ 他突然停车以检验刹车。
　☞ He stopped the car suddenly to inspect its brakes.
　☞ 进口商品检验特别重要。
　☞ It is especially important to inspect imported commodity.
4．judge，指判断性的检验。
　☞ 社会实践及其效果是检验主观愿望或动机的标准。
　☞ The criterion for judging subjective intention or motive is social practice and its effect.
　☞ 水库能否提供效益有待于运行的检验。
　☞ Whether the reservoir can provide benefits is to be judged through its operation.
概念 概念
1．concept，指概括、抽象出来的概念，不强调构思过程。
　☞ 婴儿没有是非的概念。
　☞ A baby has no concept of right and wrong.
　☞ 相互理解是个高度相对的概念。
　☞ Mutual understanding is a highly relative concept.
　☞ 经过反复的实践，人们的头脑里就产生了概念。
　☞ As a result of repeated practical experience, concepts are formed in men's minds.
2．conception，指构思过程中形成的概念，一般可与concept互换，但强调构思的过程。
　☞ 对所指的事物，不同的人有不同的概念。
　☞ Different people have different conceptions of what they mean.
　☞ 他们后来告诉过我那装置的名字，但在我头脑里还是没有形成明确的概念。
　☞ They later told me the name of the device, but no exact conception was formed in my mind.
3．idea，指个人理解的概念。
　☞ 这至少是我对友谊的概念。
　☞ That at least is my idea about friendship.
　☞ 我们都思索过四维的概念。
　☞ We pondered the idea of the fourth dimension.
　☞ 一个生来就双目失明的人对颜色会有什么概念呢？
　☞ What idea can a man who is blind from birth have of color?
4．notion，指带有随意性的概念。
　☞ 此外，价值的概念被歪曲了。
　☞ In addition. notions of value become distorted 这位外来户对怎么办还是有点概念的。
　☞ The new comer had some notion of what to do.
概括 概括
1．cover，指由点到面的概括。
　☞ 医生的一席话概括了从罗马时代直至今日的医学史。
　☞ The doctor's talk covered the history of medicine from Roman times to the present day.
　☞ 该书概括了全年的数学成果。
　☞ The book covers all of the year's work in mathematics.
　☞ 他的演说并没有概括这几年来物理学方面的进展。
　☞ His speech does not cover the progress made these few years in physics.
2．sum up, summarize, summary，指由事实到归纳的概括。
　☞ 他把我们当时的想法概括为几个字。
　☞ He has summed up the way we were thinking in a few words.
　☞ 文章的内容可用3句话来概括。
　☞ The contents of the article may be summed up in three sentences.
　☞ 我们把秘书长的报告概括为10点。
　☞ We summarized the report of the Secretary General in ten points.
　☞ 这部小说的优点可以概括如下。
　☞ The good points of the novel may be summarized as follows.
　☞ 书中最后一段的概括性很强。
　☞ The last paragraph in the book is a succinct summary.
3．generalize, generalization, generality，指由个别到一般的概括。
　☞ 根据我们收集到的情况，从个别概括为一般是可能的。
　☞ On the basis of the information we have collected it is possible to generalize from particulars.
　☞ 要对现在的青年做一个概括，你充分了解他们吗？
　☞ Do you know enough about today's youth to generalize about them?
　☞ 弱肉强食是一种概括的说法。
　☞ It is a generalization to say that the weak are the prey of the strong.
　“事出有因”是一种概括。
　 "Nothing happens without a cause" is a generality.
4．outline，指提纲挈领的概括。
　☞ 我把我们要提的建议作了概括。
　☞ I outline the proposal we have to make.
　☞ 我不想在这里概括你的哲学。
　☞ I don't wish to outline here your philosophy.
　☞ 这些报告只提出概括，没有提出细节。
　☞ These reports give an outline rather than detail.
　☞ 请把你的看法概括地讲一讲。
　☞ Please give your views in broad outline.
5．abstract，指由具体到抽象的概括。
　☞ 从一个个的个人概括出人类的共性是完全可能的。
　☞ It is quite possible to abstract the common qualities of mankind from a group of individuals.
　☞ 红的概念是从所有的红色物体中概括出来的。
　☞ The idea of redness is abstracted from the color of all red objects.
　☞ 他通读了文件并对内容作了概括。
　☞ He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.
6．condense, condensation，指删繁就简的概括。
　☞ 有时候，一个长篇故事可以概括为几句话。
　☞ A long story can sometimes be condensed into a few sentences.
　☞ 这段短文是根据他的《论莎士比亚》一文概括而成的。
　☞ This passage is condensed from his paper On Shakespeare.
　☞ 他画笔下的一山一水都成了高度的艺术概括。
　☞ Every hill and river he paints becomes a highly artistic condensation.
7．briefly，指简明扼要的概括。
　☞ 概括地说，他的理论站不住脚。
　☞ To put it briefly, his theory does not hold water.
　☞ 概括起来，要点如下。
　☞ Tb sum up briefly, the chief points are as follows.
模仿 模仿
1．copy，指一模一样的模仿。
　☞ 美国某些建筑物是模仿古希腊的古典风格建造的。
　☞ Some American buildings have copied the classical style of ancient Greece.
　☞ 她总是模仿我穿衣服的样子，我今天穿什么，她明天就穿什么。
　☞ She always copies the way I dress. What I wear today she wears tomorrow.
2．imitate，指模仿核心部分，不计较细节。
　☞ 你能模仿动物的叫声吗？
　☞ Can you imitate the cries of animals?
　☞ 你应当模仿她工作的方式而不是说话的样子。
　☞ You should imitate the way she works, not the manner she talks.
3．mimic，主要指模仿言谈举止，目的往往是为了逗乐。
　☞ 李明模仿老师说话时一本正经的样子逗得全班捧腹大笑。
　☞ Li Ming made the whole class convulsed with laughter by mimicking his teacher's solemn way of talking.
　☞ 小丑模仿几位名人的样子把观众都逗乐了。
　☞ The clown amused the audience by mimicking some well-known people.
4．mock，也指模仿言谈举止，但目的是为了讽刺、嘲弄。
　☞ 模仿跛子走路是错误的。
　☞ It is wrong to mock the way cripples walk.
　☞ 他模仿校长说话、走路的样子，逗得同学们都大笑起来。
　☞ He made his classmates laugh by mocking the way his headmaster spoke and walked.
5．ape，暗含模仿自己羡慕的行为举止，结果却是“东施效颦”，以失败告终。
　☞ 有些成年人拼命想模仿年轻人跳舞的疯狂劲。
　☞ Some adults desperately try to ape the dance crazes of the young.
　☞ 此后，很多拉丁美洲的文学不过是模仿欧洲模式而已。
　☞ After that, a lot of Latin American literature merely aped the European models.
6．model oneself on，指按照模型仿制。
　☞ 这部机器是模仿上海的一种新产品制造的。
　☞ This machine is modeled on the one recently made in Shanghai.
　☞ 图书馆是模仿北京图书馆的式样建造的。
　☞ The library was modeled on Beijing Library.
模糊 模糊
1．blur，指由于某种原因使轮廓或特性不清的模糊。
　☞ 她的眼睛由于泪水而模糊了。
　☞ Her eyes blurred with tears. 或Tears blurred her eyes.
　☞ 大雾模糊了我的视线。
　☞ Heavy fog blurred my vision.
　☞ 交往的需要，模糊了丹麦人、瑞典人和挪威人之间的独特之处。
　☞ The needs of association blurred the peculiarities among the Danes, the Swedes and the Norwegians.
　☞ 在我回家的路上下起了雨，挡风玻璃变得模糊起来。
　☞ On my way home, it began to rain and the windscreen became blurred.
　☞ 房屋在薄雾中显得一片模糊。
　☞ The houses appeared as a blur in the mist.
2．obscure，指视觉引起的模糊或理解不了引起的模糊。一般可与blur换用。
　☞ 由于年代久远，字迹已经模糊了。
　☞ The writing has obscured (blurred) by age.
　☞ 你的论点模糊了两者之间的界限。
　☞ Your argument obscured the distinction between the two things.
　☞ 我对这个句子的意思还是模糊的。
　☞ The meaning of the sentence is still obscure to me.
　☞ 那次失败以后，要下海经商的模糊想法开始在他心里形成。
　☞ An obscure idea on engaging in commercial activities began to take shape in his mind after that failure.
3．hazy，foggy，原指雾蒙蒙，引申为模糊，是比obscure更为形象的说法。
　☞ 我们到达山顶后只发现模糊的景物。
　☞ We arrived at the top of the mountain only to find hazy (obscure) scenes.
　☞ 这里的村民对时间概念很模糊。
　☞ The villagers here have a hazy (obscure) notion of time.
　☞ 下一步怎么办，我是模模糊糊的。
　☞ I am hazy about what to do next.
　☞ 他摘下模糊的眼镜把它擦干。
　☞ He took off his foggy glasses and dried them.
　☞ 他对我们要他按照我们指出的方向走仍然有点模模糊糊的。
　☞ He was still a little foggy about following the direction we gave him.
4．vague，指语言、定义笼统或视线被挡等造成的模糊。
　☞ 协议条款是有意含糊其辞的。
　☞ The terms of the agreement were left deliberately vague.
　☞ 摩天大楼在雾中只有一个模糊的轮廓。
　☞ The skyscraper was a vague shape in the fog.
　☞ 正义是一个相当模糊而不确定的概念。
　☞ Justice is a rather vague and indeterminate concept.
　☞ 我对有机化学只有一点模糊的概念。
　☞ I have only a vague idea on organic chemistry.
5．dim，指某种外因引起的视力、听力、辨别力、理解力、记忆力的模糊。
　☞ 泪水模糊了她的眼睛。
　☞ Her eyes were dimmed with tears.
　☞ 她闭上了模糊的泪眼。
　☞ She closed her dim eyes with tears.
　☞ 他听到远处有模糊的声音。
　☞ He heard dim sounds in distance.
　☞ 对童年时代模糊的记忆似乎又回到了老人身上。
　☞ Dim memories of his childhood seemed to return to the old man again.
6．unclear，指由于不清楚而模糊。
　☞ 他们在宗教思想方面是很模糊的。
　☞ They are very unclear in their religious thinking.
　☞ 印得很模糊。
　☞ The print is unclear.
7．indistinct，指分辨不出的模糊。
　☞ 我们只看到远处有模糊的人影在跑动。
　☞ We only saw indistinct figures running in the distance.
　☞ 我们能听到的就是模模糊糊的嘶嘶声。
　☞ All we can hear is an indistinct hissing.
8．confused，指混淆的模糊。
　☞ 她对问题还有些模糊认识。
　☞ She still has some confused ideas about the question.
　☞ 发现他的时候他的意识已轻度模糊。
　☞ He was found slightly consciousness-confused.
9．faint, 指由于暗淡而模糊。
　☞ 远处山岳模糊的轮廓说明他们正在驶近海岸。
　☞ The faint outline of the mountains in the distance told them that they were nearing the shore.
　☞ 照片已模糊得不可辨认。
　☞ The photo was faint beyond recognition.
10．mess与bloody结合，有“血肉模糊”之意。
　☞ 警方发现打工女郎的尸体遭到轮奸，阴道已血肉模糊。
　☞ The police found that the dead working girl had ever been gang-raped, and her vagina was a bloody mess.
欢呼 欢呼
1．hail，指欢迎场合的欢呼。
　☞ 人们在街道两旁列队，向归来的英雄欢呼。
　☞ The people lined the streets to hail the returning heroes.
　☞ 他笑着向那些对着他欢呼的人招手致意。
　☞ He smiled and waved his greetings to those who hailed him.
　☞ 他听到了一阵欢呼，并在呼叫他的名字。
　☞ He heard a hail and his own name called.
2．acclaim, acclamation，指表扬式的欢呼。
　☞ 人群向这位诺贝尔奖获得者欢呼。
　☞ The crowd acclaimed the Nobel Prize winner.
　☞ 戏剧评论家都欢呼这一新剧。
　☞ Dramatic critics acclaimed the new play.
　☞ 他在听众的欢呼声中开始讲话。
　☞ He began to speak amidst the acclamation of the audience.
3．cheer，指从鼓气角度的欢呼。
　☞ 他接近终点线时我们欢呼起来。
　☞ We cheered as he neared the finish line.
　☞ 球迷为自己的足球队欢呼。
　☞ The football fans cheered their team.
　☞ 他在一片欢呼声中走上讲台。
　☞ He stepped on the platform amidst loud cheers.
4．jubilate，jubilation，指从狂欢角度的欢呼。
　☞ 战争尚未正式结束，但人民已在欢呼。
　☞ The war was not officially ended but the people were already jubilating.
　☞ 推翻独裁，举国欢呼。
　☞ The whole nation exploded in jubilation at the overthrow of the dictator.
欢迎 欢迎
1．welcome，指具有一定仪式的迎接。
　☞ 市长在机场欢迎了来访的代表团。
　☞ The mayor welcomed the visiting delegation at the airport.
　☞ 总统一下飞机就受到女王的欢迎。
　☞ The President was welcomed by the Queen as soon as he got off the plane.
　☞ 我们受到了非常热烈的欢迎。
　☞ We received a very warm welcome.
　 ■ 此外，welcome还可表示乐于接受。
　☞ 欢迎来北京。
　☞ Welcome to Beijing.
　☞ 欢迎大家批评。
　☞ Criticisms are welcome.
　☞ 我们欢迎任何能发展经济的改革。
　☞ We welcome any reform that will develop the economy.
2．meet，指一般性的迎接。
　☞ 我们去车站欢迎他是不是更好一点？
　☞ Hadn't we better go to the station to meet him?
　☞ 他在机场受到我方代表的欢迎。
　☞ He was met by our representatives at the airport.
3．greet，指带有问候性质的迎接。
　☞ 全镇都到车站去欢迎他了。
　☞ The whole town appeared at the station to greet him.
　☞ 他飞抵北京并受到英雄般的欢迎。
　☞ He was flown to Beijing where he was greeted as a hero.
4．applaud，指受到大部分人赞扬的欢迎。
　☞ 邓小平的“一国两制”受到世界各国的普遍欢迎。
　☞ Deng Xiaoping's "one country and two systems" is universally applauded by every country in the world.
　☞ 我们欢迎审判的结果。
　☞ We applauded the outcome of the trial.
5．popular，指得人心。
　☞ 王老师在学生中颇受欢迎。
　☞ Mr. Wang is rather popular among students.
　☞ 中国的西北民歌很受欢迎。
　☞ Folk songs of northwest China are very popular.
6．let，指建议别人做事的委婉语。
　☞ 欢迎老王给我们唱支歌。
　☞ Let's ask Wang to sing us a song.
　☞ 门外是方先生，欢迎他进来。
　☞ There is Mr. Fang at the door. Let him in.
7．be well received，指颇有好评。
　☞ 这部电影向来受到群众的欢迎。
　☞ The film has been well received by the masses.
　☞ 你的书很受读者的欢迎。
　☞ Your books are very well received by readers.
8．be encouraged，指受到鼓励。
　☞ 欢迎各界人士提意见。
　☞ Personages of various circles are encouraged to voice their opinions.
　☞ 审判是公开的，欢迎同志们参加。
　☞ The trial is public, and comrades are encouraged to come.
9．in honor of，指庆祝、招待式的欢迎。
　☞ 旧金山华侨举行聚会欢迎我们。
　☞ The overseas Chinese of San Francisco gave a party in our honor.
　☞ 昨晚我国政府设宴欢迎美国客人。
　☞ Yesterday evening, a dinner was given in honor of the American guests by our government.
欣赏 欣赏
1．appreciate，appreciation，指带有判断、鉴赏态度的欣赏，尤指对美的欣赏。
　☞ 中国大学生当中能欣赏西洋古典音乐的并不多。
　☞ Not many among Chinese college students can appreciate Western classical music.
　☞ 你只有了解了英文诗的韵律才能欣赏。
　☞ You can't appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
　☞ 我们走了以后，恐怕无人能欣赏你的幽默了。
　☞ I'm afraid there will be nobody to appreciate your humor after we are gone。
　☞ 他们对这场演出表现出来的欣赏是大声叫好。
　☞ Their appreciation of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.
2．admire, admiration，指带有赞叹、钦佩的欣赏，故有时指自我欣赏。
　☞ 我们的确非常欣赏他的坦率。
　☞ We really admire him all for his frankness.
　☞ 如果你连丈夫对你的欣赏都受不了，我不知你将怎么办。
　☞ If you cannot bear your husband's admiration, I wonder what will become of you.
　☞ 她踢掉套裙和衬裙，扯去紧身裤，开始在镜中欣赏自己的身体。
　☞ She kicked off her skirt and petticoats, drew off a tight and began to admire herself in the looking glass.
　☞ 她总是非常欣赏她那十分苗条的身材。
　☞ She is always admiring the extraordinary slimness of her figure.
3．enjoy，enjoyment，指带有感官或精神满足的欣赏。
　☞ 观众肯定一直很高兴，我都几乎开始欣赏我们的表演了。
　☞ Sure that the audience must have been much pleased, I was almost beginning to enjoy our performance.
　☞ 多么好的一个晚会！我是每一分钟都很欣赏。
　☞ What a wonderful evening party it's been! I've enjoyed every minute of it.
　☞ 他似乎意识到自己具有比别人更加敏锐的欣赏力。
　☞ He seemed to be conscious of possessing a keener power of enjoyment than other people.
4．like，指带有喜欢的欣赏，语气比enjoy弱，但更为随便。
　☞ 我很欣赏关于长征的这部小说。
　☞ I like very much this novel about the Long March.
　☞ 我不欣赏王教授的讲座。
　☞ I don't like Professor Wang's lecture.
欺侮 欺侮
1．bully，指恃强凌弱的欺侮，强调的是欺。
　☞ 他不是好欺侮的。
　☞ He is not a man to be bullied.
　☞ 他欺侮她的方式很高明，不让她明显地感到自己受到了欺侮。
　☞ He bullied her with great skill in ways that did not make it exactly plain to her that she was being bullied.
　☞ 她让他们欺侮得直哭。
　☞ She was driven into tears by their bullying.
2．insult，指侮辱，强调的是辱。
　☞ 书评作者没有必要这样欺侮人。
　☞ The reviewer's criticism was unnecessarily insulting this way.
　☞ 如果你说他说谎，你就是欺侮一个老实人。
　☞ You would insult an honest man if you call him a liar.
欺负 欺负
1．bully，指以强凌弱式的欺负。
　☞ 大国不应欺负小国。
　☞ Big nations should not bully small ones.
　☞ 他老爱欺负弟弟。
　☞ He is always bullying his younger brother.
2．take advantage of sb. ，指利用别人的困境、弱点等欺负。
　☞ 他们欺负他年幼无知，引他上了钩。
　☞ They took advantage of his youth and ignorance, and got him hooked.
　☞ 他欺负妻子老实，老在家里拍桌子打板凳的。
　☞ He takes advantage of his wife's good nature and is always pounding on tables and knocking over stools at home.
3．treat sb. high-handedly，指专横，压制式的欺负。
　☞ 我们都叫他魔鬼，因为他用一种特别的方式欺负他老婆。
　☞ We all call him a devil as he treats his wife highhandedly in a particular way.
　☞ 我能明白你是怎么欺负你的继女的。
　☞ I can make out how you treat your stepdaughter highhandedly.
欺骗 欺骗
1．deceive, deception, 指以假乱真式的欺骗。
　☞ 有些店主常常造假账来欺骗税务人员。
　☞ Some shopkeepers often deceive tax collectors by manipulating the accounts.
　☞ 这只能欺骗那些不明真相的人。
　☞ This can only deceive those who do not know the truth.
　☞ 这是一种欺骗。
　☞ This is a kind of deception.
　 ■ 由于deceive可以把假的当作真的，因此这种欺骗有时只是一种误导，并无恶意。如与反身代词连用就是一例。
　☞ 你这是在欺骗自己。
　☞ You're deceiving yourself.
　☞ 她怎么能在这件事情上欺骗自己呢？
　☞ How could she have deceived herself about it?
2．cheat，指用不正当的手段进行欺骗，尤指以骗取钱财为目的的欺骗。
　☞ 别去那家商店，他们会欺骗顾客。
　☞ Don't go to that shop, they will cheat their customers.
　☞ 在生意上互相欺骗是司空见惯的事。
　☞ It is a common occurrence to cheat each other in business.
　☞ 他的财务活动原来是一场见不得人的欺骗。
　☞ His financial activity turned out to be a shameful cheat.
3．dupe，duplicity，指在不知不觉中进入圈套的欺骗。
　☞ 公众由于受到广告的过分渲染是很容易受到欺骗的。
　☞ The public is easily duped by extravagant claims in advertising.
　☞ 老太太受了他的欺骗。
　☞ The old lady was duped by him.
　☞ 我们得揭露两面派的欺骗性。
　☞ We have to expose the duplicity of the double-dealers.
4．fraud，fraudulent，指歪曲真相、颠倒是非的欺骗。
　☞ 他多次欺骗那些借钱给他的人。
　☞ He carried out a number of frauds on those who lent him money.
　☞ 长子用欺骗手段取得了财产的控制权。
　☞ The eldest son gained control of the property by fraud.
　☞ 她是用欺骗的手段获得数学老师这个职位的。
　☞ She got the post of mathematics teacher by fraudulent means.
　☞ 戳穿资产阶级议会民主的欺骗性是必要的。
　☞ It is necessary to expose the fraudulent nature of bourgeois parliament democracy.
5．befuddle，指使之糊涂而达到欺骗的目的。
　☞ 他们这样做的确是欺骗了世界舆论。
　☞ They did befuddle world opinion by so doing.
　☞ 西方的政客往往用竞选时的种种许诺来欺骗公众。
　☞ Politicians in the West often befuddle the public with campaign promises.
6．delude，指难辨真伪的欺骗。
　☞ 任何聪明的政客都会用竞选诺言来欺骗选民。
　☞ Any clever politician can delude the voters with election promises.
　☞ 我开始怀疑我是否受到了欺骗。
　☞ I began to doubt whether I had been deluded.
　 ■ 但如果delude与反身代词结合，则这种欺骗并无恶意。
　☞ 不要用梦想来欺骗自己。
　☞ Don't delude yourself with dreams.
　☞ 如果我们老以为这些聪明人会愿意一直呆在种植园里，那是在欺骗自己。
　☞ We are deluding ourselves if we persist in the belief that these intelligent people will long be content to stay upon the plantations.
正 正
1．straight，指端正的正。
　☞ 尽管他的眼睛盯着正前方，但似乎什么也没看见。
　☞ It seemed that he saw nothing though his eyes stared straight ahead.
　☞ 站要站正，坐要坐正。
　☞ Stand up straight when you stand and sit up straight when you sit.
　☞ 把帽子戴正了。
　☞ Put your hat straight.
2．upright，指垂直的正。
　☞ 把测杆扶正了，我好测地形。
　☞ Set the station pole upright so that I can survey the topography.
　☞ 他变得醉醺醺的，几乎看也看不清，坐也坐不正。
　☞ He grew maudlin, could hardly see anything and sit upright.
　☞ 他人正，做生意规矩。
　☞ He is upright in his business dealing.
3．right，用作副词，意为正好的正；用作形容词，意为正反的正。
　☞ 请把餐桌放在房间的正中间。
　☞ Please put the dinning table right in the middle of the room.
　☞ 想不到那雪球正打在他的鼻子上。
　☞ Who would have thought that the snowball should hit him right on the nose?
　☞ 这火腿的味不正。
　☞ The ham has not the right flavor.
　☞ 这是布的正面吗？
　☞ Is this the right side of the cloth?
4．very，用作形容词，意为正是的正，正好与用作副词的right相对。
　☞ 该市正位于英格兰的中部。
　☞ The city is situated in the very center of England.试比较：The city is situated right in the center of England.
　☞ 正是这些人创造了这样的奇迹。
　☞ They are the very people who worked such wonders.
　☞ 这正是我们上学期使用的教科书。
　☞ That's the very textbook we used last term.
5．just，指正要的正或正是的正。
　☞ 我正要谈这一点，他却走了。
　☞ I was just coming to that point when he left.
　☞ 这正是你需要的。
　☞ It's just what you need.
6．just as，指正像的正或正当的正。
　☞ 这正如你说的那样。
　☞ It is just as you said.
　☞ 我到剧场时正赶上开演。
　☞ I got to the theater just as the performance was starting.
7．correct，指正确的正。
　☞ 做人的根本是走正遒。
　☞ Following a correct path is the foundation of conducting oneself in society.
　☞ 这么做是正路。
　☞ That's the correct thing to do.
　 ■ 用作动词时，correct作“纠正”、“改正”解。
　☞ 他在给我正音。
　☞ He is correcting my pronunciation.
8．proper，指正当的正。
　☞ 省了这笔钱，做正用有多好？
　☞ Wouldn't it be better to save this money for more proper uses?
　☞ 他的行为不正。
　☞ His behavior is not proper.
9．positive，指正反的正。
　☞ 要吸取教训，就要总结正反两方面的经验。
　☞ We must sum up both positive and negative experience in order to draw lessons.
　☞ 正电荷吸引负电荷。
　☞ Positive charges attract negative ones.
10．用进行时态表示动作正在进行。
　☞ 他正在吃饭。
　☞ He is eating just now.
　☞ 当时正下着大雨。
　☞ It was raining hard.
11．“正”的其他译法。
　☞ 告诉他我9点正到那儿。
　☞ Tell him I'll be there at nine sharp.
　☞ 这件茄克正反都可以穿。
　☞ You can wear this jacket inside out.
　☞ 他们两位是正副驾驶员。
　☞ They are first pilot and co-pilot.
　☞ 这是中国书法中的正楷。
　☞ This is the regular script in Chinese calligraphy.
正好 正好
1．just, 指恰好，强调时机。
　☞ 这正好是我想知道的。
　☞ That is just what I want to know.
　☞ 天气不冷不热，正好出去玩玩。
　☞ It's neither too hot nor too cold—just the right weather for an outing.
　☞ 这双鞋正好合我昀尺寸。
　☞ This pair of shoes is just my size.
2．exactly，也指恰好，但强调对比。
　☞ 兄弟两个的脾气正好相反，一个爱动、一个好静。
　☞ The two brothers have exactly opposite temperaments:
　☞ one likes to be active while the other tends to be quiet.
　☞ 医生要他别吸烟，但他正好相反。
　☞ The doctor told him not to smoke, but he did exactly the opposite.
3．just in time, just the time of, just the period of, just in good time，均指正好是某个时候。
　☞ 你来得正好是时候。
　☞ You've come just in time.
　☞ 青年时期正好是学习的时候。
　☞ The days of one's youth are just the time of studying.
　☞ 每年的11月初，正好是到西山看红叶的时节。
　☞ Early November every year is just the time of viewing the red leaves in the Western Hills.
　☞ 每年的三四月正好是春暖花开的时节。
　☞ March and April every year are just the period of warm spring when flowers come into bloom.
　☞ 我们赶到海边正好是看日出的时候。
　☞ We hurried to the seaside just in good time to see the sun rising.
4．admirably, perfectly, nicely，均表示极好，放在一定的上下文里也有“正好”的意思。
　☞ 这帽子正好合你戴。
　☞ This hat suites you admirably.
　☞ 这件上衣我穿正好。
　☞ This coat fit me perfectly (nicely).
5．happen, chance，指正好碰巧。
　☞ 我身上正好有500元钱。
　☞ As it happens I have 500 yuan with me.
　☞ 小王正好从那里路过。
　☞ Wang happened (chanced) to be passing by.
　☞ 他来访时我正好睡醒。
　☞ I chanced to wake up when he called on me.
正常 正常
1．normal, 指在允许或规定范围内的正常。
　☞ 我们测量了他的体温，现在几乎恢复了正常。
　☞ We have taken his temperature, which is now almost back to normal.
　☞ 在白天的这个时候交通拥挤是正常的。
　☞ This heavy traffic is normal for this time of day.
　☞ 我们应当有正常的党内民主生活。
　☞ We should have normal practice of democracy in the Party.
2．regular，指在允许的规律或规则之内的正常。
　☞ 火灾发生前一切都很正常。
　☞ Everything was quite regular before the fire broke out.（指有规律的正常）试比较：Everything was quite normal before the fire broke out.（泛指一般情况的正常）
　☞ 你的大便正常吗？
　☞ Is your bowel movement regular?
　☞ 她的月经不大正常。
　☞ Her periods are not very regular.
正当 正当
1．proper, 指做法上正当。
　☞ 这恐怕不是接近她的正当方式。
　☞ That, I'm afraid, was not the proper way to approach her.
　☞ 我们是通过正当途径向有关部门登记的。
　☞ We registered with the authorities concerned through proper channels.
2．legitimate, 指法律上正当。
　☞ 如果你是正当防卫，就无需躲避警方。
　☞ If your defense is legitimate you need not hide yourself from the police.
　☞ 法官裁定他继承财产的要求正当。
　☞ The judge ruled that his claim to the property was legitimate.
3．just，指符合道德规范的正当。
　☞ 国家保护华侨和侨眷的正当权利和利益。
　☞ The state protects the just rights and interests of overseas Chinese and their relatives.
　☞ 我认为他的获奖是正当的。
　☞ I think it just that he has been awarded a prize.
正确 正确
1．correct，泛指一切正确无误，与incorrect相对。
　☞ 毛泽东坚持以农村包围城市，最后夺取城市的路线证明是正确的。
　☞ Mao Zedong proved the line correct in insisting on encircling the cities from the rural areas and then capturing them.
　☞ 对这种罢工，比较正确的说法是“自发性罢工”。
　☞ The more correct term for such a strike is "spontaneous strike".
2．right，与correct同义，但同时还含有“道义上”、“道德上”的正确，故与wrong相对。
　☞ 这场流血斗争在本质上是绝对正确的。
　☞ The bloody struggle was absolutely right about its essentials.
　☞ 永远做正确的事，不做错误的事。
　☞ Always do what is right and never do what is wrong.
　 ■ 但right在一般情况下可与correct换用。
　☞ 你现在这样做是正确的。
　☞ What you are doing is right (correct).
3．accurate, accurately, 指准确无误。
　☞ 我相信他对事故所做的说明是正确的。
　☞ I believe that his account of the accident is accurate.
　☞ 我们要正确地评价客观形势。
　☞ We must accurately appraise the objective situation.
4．proper，指恰到好处的正确。
　☞ 政府要正确处理国家、集体、个人三者之间的关系。
　☞ The government has to maintain a proper balance in the relationship between the state, the collective and the individual.
　☞ 把康德定为先验论的唯心主义是完全正确的。
　☞ It is entirely proper to classify Kant as a transcendental idealist.
5．“正确”的其他译法。
　☞ 这是正确的批评。
　☞ It was well-founded criticism.
　☞ 直到我党采取了正确的政策，矛盾才有了缓和。
　☞ The contradiction was not alleviated until our Party adopted a sound policy.
正经 正经
1．serious，seriously，指严肃。
　☞ 我知道你的话都是正经话，不是说着玩的。
　☞ I know your words are serious, not said in fun.
　☞ 说正经的，你得注意身体。
　☞ Seriously now, you ought to take more care of your health.
2．respectable，respectability，受人尊敬的正派。
　☞ 没有一个正经姑娘是会愿意跟他这样的人交往的。
　☞ No respectable girl would associate with a man like him.
　☞ 见他摆出一副假正经的样子，我很恶心。
　☞ I feel sick seeing that he puts on airs of feigning respectability.
3．decent, 指具有伦理道德的正派。
　☞ 对这样的人，正经人是瞧不起的。
　☞ All decent people look down upon such a person.
　☞ 他干的是正经工作。
　☞ He did a decent job.
4．“正经”的其他译法。
　☞ 这是正经货，不是仿制品。
　☞ This is the real article. not imitation.
　☞ 你老了还不正经。
　☞ You're old but still licentious.
　☞ 咱们坐下来谈点正经事。
　☞ Let's sit down and talk a bit of business 钱要用在正经之处。
　☞ Money must be put to right uses.
正面 正面
1．front, frontal, 强调与后面back相对的正面。
　☞ 屋子正面都挂着国旗。
　☞ The fronts of the houses are all hung with national flags.
　☞ 我们又一次顶住了敌人的正面进攻。
　☞ We withstood another frontal attack from the enemy.
2．obverse，强调与反面reverse相对的正面。
　☞ 我们要从正反两面去看问题。
　☞ We must look at problems from their obverse and reverse sides.
　☞ 我们既要看到事物的正面，也要看到事物的反面。
　☞ We must see the reverse as well as the obverse side of things。
3．positive，强调与反面negative相对的正面，一般为政治或哲学用语。
　☞ 正反两面的历史经验都应吸取。
　☞ Positive and negative historical lessons must be drawn.
　☞ 如果光明是正面，那么黑暗就是反面。
　☞ If light is positive, then darkness is negative.
4．“正面”的其他译法。
　☞ 这面是牛皮纸的正面。
　☞ This is the right side of kraft paper.
　☞ 有问题请正面提出来。
　☞ Please ask your question directly.
武器 武器
1．weapon，泛指一切武器，如石头、棍棒、刀剑、枪炮，包括原子弹、氢弹等。甚至于传统意义之外的东西都可用来作为武器。
　☞ 于是他们用随手抄起的武器开始与压迫者斗争起来。
　☞ So they began to fight their oppressors with any weapon they could lay hands on.
　☞ 原子弹是现代战争的武器。
　☞ The atomic bomb is the modem weapon of war.
　☞ 枪炮是进攻性武器还是防御性武器要看你的目的。
　☞ Whether guns are weapons of offence or weapons of defense depends upon which end of them you are at.
　☞ 削减开支是防止通货膨胀的最好武器。
　☞ Reduced spending is the best weapon against inflation.
　☞ 他的武器是有一个好使的脑袋和一副伶牙俐齿。
　☞ His weapons are a good brain and a quick tongue.
2．arms，指刀枪棍棒等一切能用胳膊(arms)挥动的武器。在这个意义上可以与weapon换用。
　☞ 弓箭、刀枪、枪炮等都是武器。
　☞ A bow-and-arrow, sward and spear, rifle and gun are all arms (weapons).
　☞ 红军建立初期缺的不是人，而是武器。
　☞ During the initial stage after the founding of the Red Army it was not the men that were lacking, but arms.
　☞ 蒋介石的嫡系部队当时装备有清一色的美国武器。
　☞ The troops under Chiang Kai-Shek's direct control were equipped with all of the same American arms at the time.
　 ■ 但是arms还可指一个国家的全部军事武器。
　☞ 冷战时期，两个超级大国在愚蠢的军备竞赛中不惜国家破产来生产武器。
　☞ During the Cold War both superpowers never hesitated to bankrupt themselves in their foolish armament race to manufacture arms.
武装 武装
1．take up arms, under arms，指拿起武器。
　☞ 人们很快就武装起来保卫自己的国家。
　☞ People were quick to take up arms to defend their country.
　☞ 大家都相信当时解放区武装起来的民兵有100 多万。
　☞ It was believed that more than one million militiamen in the liberated areas were under arms.
2．arm，指武装起来，用作动词。
　☞ 中华儿女多奇志，不爱红装爱武装。
　☞ In China how unique and lofty are the ideals of the young, who love being armed rather than being adorned in red.
　☞ 我们得与武装到牙齿的敌人较量一番了。
　☞ We have to contend with a foe armed to the teeth.
3．equip with，指装备。
　☞ 我们已用大炮把堡垒武装起来了。
　☞ We have equipped the fort with guns.
　☞ 士兵们都是用最新的武器武装起来的。
　☞ The soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons.
歪 歪
1．tilt (slant, incline) to one side，均指歪到一边。
　☞ 小姑娘歪着头在聚精会神地听故事。
　☞ The little girl was listening attentively to the story with her head tilted to one side.
　☞ 她头上的帽子歪到了一边。
　☞ Her hat is tilted to one side of her head.
　☞ 大风把那棵树刮歪了。
　☞ The tree slanted to one side because of the strong wind.
　☞ 他的听觉不大好，所以把身子歪到她那边以便听得更清楚些。
　☞ He was hard of hearing, so he inclined to her side to hear the conversation more clearly.
2．awry, askew, crooked, twisted，指歪斜、扭曲。
　☞ 他歪着头，给人的印象是他的脖子在夜间受凉了。
　☞ He held his head awry, giving the impression that he had caught cold in his neck during the night.
　☞ 你把画挂歪了。
　☞ You've hung the picture askew.
　☞ 她想酷一点，把帽子歪戴着。
　☞ She has her hat on crooked to be cool.
　☞ 他的嘴有点歪。
　☞ His mouth is a little twisted.
3．evil, 指不正派。
　☞ 他的歪点子多。
　☞ He is full of evil ideas.
　☞ 打击歪风，发扬正气刻不容缓。
　☞ Combating evil trends and fostering a spirit of uprightness are tasks which brook no delay.
歪曲 歪曲
1．distort，distortion，指歪曲事实、真相、面貌等。
　☞ 别歪曲我说的话。
　☞ Stop distorting what I've said.
　☞ 有时，报纸会歪曲新闻以造成轰动。
　☞ Sometimes, newspapers would distort news to make it sensational.
　☞ 他在改编时把剧本歪曲得面目全非。
　☞ In adapting, he distorted the play out of all recognition.
　☞ 不要为了迎合任何团体和个人的偏见而歪曲他的著作。
　☞ Never distort his writings in order to conform to the prejudices of group or individual.
　☞ 事实不容歪曲。
　☞ The facts brook no distortion.
2．twist，指扭曲。
　☞ 律师把被告的话歪曲成了承认错误。
　☞ The lawyer twisted the words of the accused into an admission of error.
　☞ 你以为你可以歪曲毛主席语录，想怎么解释就怎么解释吗？
　☞ Do you think you can twist Chairman Mao's quotations to interpret whatever you want them to?
　☞ 他把事情的真相夸大，歪曲得不成样子。
　☞ He exaggerated and twisted the truth of the matter out of proportion.
3．misrepresent，指在书面或口头阐述中歪曲。
　☞ 这是一本完全歪曲了这位伟人真实性格的传记。
　☞ This is a biography completely misrepresenting the true character of this great man.
　☞ 你说他是因为害怕不去打仗，那是歪曲。
　☞ You misrepresent his refusal to fight when you say it was because he was afraid.
4．pervert，指曲解。
　☞ 歪曲别人原话就是曲解原意。
　☞ To pervert what a person has said is to give a wrong meaning to it.
　☞ 有些旅游景点把中国传统结婚仪式歪曲成了无谓的俗套。
　☞ At some tourist spots the traditional wedding ceremonies of China are perverted into meaningless rituals.
5．“歪曲”的其他译法。
　☞ 懒于思考的人往往会脱离上下文来歪曲伟大作家的原话并进而修改一番，使之适合自己的口味。
　☞ Lazy minds wrench a great writer's words out of context and then further amend them to suit their own taste.
　☞ 报纸为了增强新闻效果，有时会歪曲事实。
　☞ Newspapers sometimes tamper with the realities to enhance the effect of news.
死 死
1．die, death，指生命结束的瞬间，不带任何感情色彩的直言陈述。
　☞ 列夫·托尔斯泰死于1910年11月20日。
　☞ Lev Tolstoy died on November 20,1910.
　☞ 人不吃东西就会死。
　☞ Man will die if he doesn't eat.
　☞ 花无水则死。
　☞ Flowers die if they are left without water.
　 ■ die在说到死因时，其后可接of（指人体内部原因造成的死亡），from（指由外部环境造成的死亡），in（指在某种突然事故发生过程中的死亡）。
　☞ 他死于肺结核（心脏病）。
　☞ He died of tuberculosis (heart trouble).
　☞ 那老太太死于缺乏适当的护理。
　☞ The old lady died from lack of adequate care.
　☞ 母子俩都死于地震（车祸）。
　☞ Both mother and son died in earthquake (car accident)。
　☞ 她是饿死的。
　☞ She died of (from) starvation.
　 ■ die还可接形容词、分词或形容词＋death构成的补语。
　☞ 她幸福地死去。
　☞ She died happy.
　☞ 我们可以笑着去死。
　☞ We could have died laughing.
　☞ 他老死于家乡。
　☞ He died a natural death at his hometown.
　☞ 父亲自母亲死后再也没去过那个地方。
　☞ Father has not visited the place since Mother's death 我们为人民而死是死得其所。
　☞ When we die for the people it is a worthy death.
2．dead，与die相反，不指死的瞬间，而指死后延续的状态，暗示“曾经活过，现已死去”。
　☞ 5天后，他听说她死了。
　☞ Five days later he heard that she was dead.
　☞ 他是病死的。
　☞ He is dead of illness.
　☞ 他们当中的好多人都是饿死的。
　☞ Many of them were dead from starvation.
　 ■ 请看下面译文中die与dead 的区别。
　☞ 他死了3年了。
　☞ He died three years ago.（指死于3年前）
　☞ He has been dead for three years.（指死的状态延续了3年）
3．deceased，法律用语，常用于正式文件、表格中。
　☞ 他死后没有继承人。
　☞ He deceased without leaving an heir.
　☞ 她一提起死去的丈夫就不免掉泪。
　☞ She couldn't' help weeping as she spoke of her deceased husband.
4．perish, 指突然大量死去。
　☞ 他的部下大都死于饥渴。
　☞ Most of his men perished from hunger and thirst.
　☞ 数百只绵羊因干旱而死去。
　☞ Hundred of sheep perished because of drought.
5．be killed, 指由于各种原因而被杀。
　☞ 据可靠调查，有25,000人死于工伤。
　☞ According to a reliable survey 25,000 workers were killed on their jobs.
　☞ 他死于交通事故。
　☞ He was killed in a traffic accident.
6．“死”的其他译法。
　☞ 她被派到国外进修，高兴死了。
　☞ She was extremely happy about being sent abroad for advanced study.
　☞ 这汤咸死了。
　☞ The soup is terribly salty.
　☞ 她死不要脸，我们也没办法。
　☞ We were helpless against her utter shamelessness.
　☞ 父亲病了，母亲担心得要死。
　☞ Father is ill and Mother is awfully worried.
　☞ 爬山回来，大家都累得要死。
　☞ Everybody was dog-tired, back from mountaineering.
　☞ 他有好多死敌，因此很难说是谁杀了他。
　☞ He has many deadly enemies, so it is hard to say who murdered him.
　☞ 他和他的死党决不会有好下场。
　☞ He and his diehard followers certainly come to no good end.
　☞ 给我们指定的作业没有像给新生的那么死。
　☞ The homework assigned to us was not limited as rigidly as that of the freshmen.
　☞ 我们不应当把马克思主义的理论当成死的教条。
　☞ We should not regard Marxist theory as lifeless dogma.
　☞ 现在我们不要说死，大概用3个5年计划，即15 年左右，可以打下一个基础。
　☞ We won't set a rigid time-limit now. It will probably take a period of three five-year plans, or fifteen years, to lay the foundation.
　☞ 无论是哪种情况，都不能把下级抠得太死。
　☞ In neither case should the lower levels be put in a strait-jacket.
　☞ 我们进不去，窗户是钉死的。
　☞ We couldn't get in. The window is nailed fast.
　☞ 制度应当严格，漏洞必须堵死。
　☞ The rules should be tightened and the loopholes must be stopped up.
　☞ 他死不认错。
　☞ He stubbornly refused to admit his mistake.
　☞ 政客们往往死抓权力不放。
　☞ Politicians always cling to their power tightly.
　☞ 你要再这样下去就是死不悔改了。
　☞ You're absolutely unrepentant if you keep going on like that.
　☞ 我们不能在这里死等，应该派人去打听一下，看出了什么事。
　☞ We can't wait here indefinitely. We should send someone to find out what's happened.
　☞ 他们是要置她于死地而后快。
　☞ They wouldn't be satisfied with nothing less than her destruction.
　☞ 你想通过考试，不下死工夫不行。
　☞ You won't pass the exam unless you put in some real hard work.
　☞ 我奉劝诸位不要兀搬中国的经验。
　☞ I beg to advise you not to transplant Chinese experience mechanically.
　☞ 这样的推理方法只会把你带到另一条死胡同里。
　☞ Such a way of reasoning will only lead you up to another blind alley.
　☞ 我们连队死守阵地3天3夜。
　☞ Our company defended the position to the last for three days and three nights.
　☞ 你还是死了这条心吧。
　☞ You'd better give up the idea altogether.
　☞ 他是个死心眼。
　☞ He was a person with a one-track mind.
毁 毁
1．destroy，指彻底毁坏，可用于人也可用于物。
　☞ 她想把我们一个个给毁了。
　☞ She wants to destroy us one by one.
　☞ 森林为大火所毁。
　☞ The forest was destroyed by fire.
　☞ 1O年心血，毁于一旦！
　☞ The fruits of ten years' labor were destroyed in one day!
2．damage，指部分毁坏，故仍可修复。只用于物。
　☞ 庄稼为山洪所毁。
　☞ The crops were damaged by mountain torrents.
　☞ 在动乱年代许多古代建筑遭到毁坏。
　☞ Many ancient buildings were damaged in years of upheaval.
3．ruin，也指彻底毁坏，但destroy是指粉碎性的毁坏，而rum则指功能性的毁坏，因此所毁的人或物表面上可能依然完好，故也用于借喻。
　☞ 她的一生给毁了。
　☞ She was ruined for life.
　☞ 这份合同把他毁了。
　☞ The contract has ruined him.
　☞ 这场冰雹把庄稼毁了。
　☞ The hailstorm ruined the crops.
4．fail, 指从不成功的角度派生出来的损毁。
　☞ 现在的庄稼由于得病而全毁了。
　☞ Now the crops completely failed owing to a disease that had set in.
　☞ 行成于思毁于随。
　☞ A deed is accomplished through taking thought and fails through lack of thought.
　☞ 车祸之后，他的身体算是毁了。
　☞ At last his health failed after the road accident.
5．blame，指诋毁。
　☞ 他生前毁誉参半。
　☞ He got both praise and blame before his death.
　☞ 我们会不计毁誉，努力去捍卫我们的原则。
　☞ We will spare no efforts to defend our principle in spite of people's praise or blame.
6．“毁”的其他译法。
　☞ 在抗日战争期间他曾毁家纾难。
　☞ He offered all he had to help the country during the Anti-Japanese War.
　☞ 毁誉图利，不足为训。
　☞ It is not an example to prostitute one's own honor for personal gains.
　☞ 毁尸灭迹，其罪令人发指。
　☞ His crime of chopping up the corpse and obliterating all trace made our blood boil.
每 每
1．every，each，都有“每”的意思，但二者并不相同。
1) every，用来概括事物的总体，each则表示个别，见下面译例的差别。
　☞ 每位运动员一天要练习好几个小时。
　☞ Every sportsman practices for several hours a day.
　（无人例外，是总体）
　☞ 每位运动员都有各自的练习方式。
　☞ Each sportsman has his own way of practicing. （练习方式无人相同，是个体）
　☞ 我们希望每个孩子都能成功。
　☞ We want every child to succeed.（要求成功，无人例外）
　☞ 每个孩子都会找到个人的成功之路。
　☞ Each child will find his own personal road to success.
　（找到成功之路无人相同）
2) 正是由于这个原因，each可以和other结合而成为互相有别的个体。而every可和二以上的任何数字及other搭配，表示“每隔一个”。
　☞ 我们每隔一天碰一次头。
　☞ We meet every two days.（注意是每隔一天或每两天碰一次头）
　☞ 每隔一人举着点燃的火炬。
　☞ Every other man carried a lighted torch.
　☞ 我们每隔一天就有英语课。
　☞ We have English lessons every other day.
3) 如果指两个人或物中的每一个用each；指三个以上的人或物中的每一个，用every。
　☞ 双胞胎中的每一个都很健康。
　☞ Each one of the twins is well.
　☞ 三胞胎中的每一个都很健康。
　☞ Every one of the triplets is well.
4) 有时each可以和every连用，提出个别的和总体的综合要求。
　☞ 上尉要求每位战士8点钟在这里集合。
　☞ The captain wants each and every man to be here at eight o'clock.
5) 在上下文不要求each和every的上述差别时，两者可以换用。如：
　☞ 我每次见到他时他都穿着那件旧上衣。
　☞ He always wears his old coat every (each) time I meet him.
6) every前加not表示部分否定。
　☞ 不是每个人都像你那么聪明。
　☞ Not everyone is as clever as you are.
7) every由于以上所述的特点，可以与almost，practically, nearly, without exception搭配，但each则不能。如：
　☞ 他几乎每个月都来看我。
　☞ He comes to see me almost (nearly) every month.
　☞ 现在我几乎把我认识的每一个姑娘都对你讲了。
　☞ Now I've told you practically every girl I know.
　☞ 每个18至20岁的男人都毫无例外地要求参军。
　☞ Every man between 18 and 20 without exception are expected to join the army.
8) every day，状语，everyday，定语；every thing，指每一件东西，everything，指一切。everyone指人人，every one指每个人或物。
　☞ 烧饭是我每天都要做的日常工作。
　☞ Cooking meals is an everyday job I have to do every day.
　☞ 样样东西看起来都很新奇，但我买的每样东西都是旧货。
　☞ Everything looked new but every thing I bought turned out to be second-hand.
　☞ 每人都有缺点。
　☞ Everyone has his weak points.
　☞ 你们每人都去睡觉。
　☞ G to bed, every one of you.
　☞ 每间房都住了人。
　☞ Every one of the rooms is occupied.
2．per，a，也有“每”的意思，per源自拉丁语，主要为书面用语，口语时常用a代替。但per常含有“平均每”的意思。
　☞ 我认为有偿的病假应限制在每月一天。
　☞ I think paid sick leave should be limited to one day per (a) month.
　☞ 美国人每天看电视的时间超过7小时。
　☞ Americans watch over seven hours of television per (a) day.
　 ■ 但是在固定词组中的per不能用a代替，如per annum每年，per capita每人，per head每人。
　☞ 这屋子的房租每年为5,000元。
　☞ The rent of this house is rive thousand yuan per annum.
　☞ 中国每人的平均工资是多少？
　☞ What is the average per capita wage in China.
　☞ 每人的实际收入在过去的3年中上升了大约 16qo。
　☞ Real income per head rose by about 16 per cent in the past three years.
3．whenever, 指“每当…的时候”。
　☞ 每当我们遇到困难，他总是来相帮的。
　☞ Whenever we meet with difficulties he always comes to help us.
　☞ 每当家里有人生病，他总是自告奋勇当起了看护士。
　☞ Whenever anyone in the family was ill he always offered to serve as a sick-nurse.
4．“每逢”的译法比较灵活，大致可分为以下几种：
1)“每逢”等于“每当”时，可用whenever或when。
　☞ 每逢我见到这位满头白发的老人，我就想起我的父亲。
　☞ Whenever I see this old white-haired man, I think of my father.
　☞ 每逢我到上海，总要逛一下城隍庙。
　☞ I invariably visit the Town God's Temple when I go to Shanghai.
2)“每逢”用在某个节日或某一天时，则用on。
　☞ 每逢佳节倍思亲。
　☞ On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.
　☞ 每逢春秋佳日，均作郊游。
　☞ We often go for an outing in the country on fine days in spring and autumn.
3)“每逢”用在“在…期间”时，可用during。
　☞ 每逢放假我们都去旅行。
　☞ We always take a trip during holidays.
　☞ 每逢春节，我总去看看老师们。
　☞ I always go to see my teachers during the Spring Festival.
5．“每”重叠使用作“每每”讲，常指经常发生的事情，可用often。
　☞ 他们都喜欢在一起下棋，每每一下就是半天。
　☞ They like to play chess together and often go on for hours every time.
　☞ 夫妻俩每每谈到深夜。
　☞ The couple often talk late into the night.
　 ■ 如果“每每”指的是过去经常发生的事情，也可用would代替often。
　☞ 他每逢星期天都去钓鱼，每每一去就是一天。
　☞ He went fishing on Sundays and would go (often went) for a whole day.
比 比
1．译作带more than的形容词戎副词比较级。
　☞ 那东西比条船小，比一个人大。
　☞ It was smaller than a boat and larger than a man.
　☞ 他们跟我们比亲戚还要亲。
　☞ They are closer to us than our own relatives.
　☞ 他们来得比我们早。
　☞ They came earlier than we.
　☞ 没有什么比听到别人说她这样的话更令我吃惊的了。
　☞ Nothing would have surprised me more than to hear this said of her.
　 ■ 比较级是一人一物与另一人或另一物的比较。如果要与一群人或物进行比较则用any other加以限制，然后再接单数名词。如：
　☞ 马丽比家里任何一位姐妹都高。
　☞ Mary is taller than any other sister in the family.（限制马丽，使之不包括在姐妹当中）
　☞ 上海人口比中国任何一个城市都要多。
　☞ Shanghai is more populous than any other city in China.（如果没有any other则可能会有人认为上海不在中国）
　 ■ 下面都是这样类似的例子。
　☞ 铁比任何金属都有用。
　☞ Iron is more useful than any other metal.
　☞ 我比任何水果都喜欢橘子。
　☞ I like oranges more than any other fruit.
2．译作与to搭配的某些带有对比意义的形容词原级，如superior to, inferior to, senior to, junior to, preferable to, prior to, paramount to, second to等。
　☞ 他的法国文学知识比我多。
　☞ His knowledge of French literature is superior to mine.
　☞ 他比我小（大）几岁。
　☞ He is junior (senior) to me by several years.
　☞ 黑人绝对不比白人差。
　☞ Black people are by no means inferior to white people.
　☞ 这一任务比所有其他任务更重要。
　☞ This duty is paramount to all others.
　☞ 晚上穿深色衣服比穿浅色衣服更合适。
　☞ A dark suit is preferable to a light one for evening wear.
3．表示对比，可用compare，comparison，contrast, match。
　☞ 不比不知道，一比吓一跳。
　☞ If you don't compare them, you're in the dark. The moment you do, you get a start.
　☞ 你比上学期大有进步了。
　☞ You have made good progress, compared with last term.
　☞ 我今年比去年干得少。
　☞ I have done little this year in comparison with what I did last year.
　☞ 我们应想想过去的苦，比比今天的甜。
　☞ We ought to recall the past bitterness and contrast it with present happiness.
　☞ 看来这个比那个小多了。
　☞ This appears far too small in contrast with that.
　☞ 论唱歌谁比得上他？
　☞ Who can match him in singing?
4．可用介词或连词表示各种“对比”，如before, against, besides, behind, below, under, over, beyond, twice等。
　☞ 我们虽然到得早，可他比我们还早。
　☞ Even though we arrived very early, he was there before us.
　☞ 他是我们一族的，不过比我长一辈。
　☞ He is a member of our clan and belongs to the generation before mine.
　☞ 蔬菜的价钱比上月略低。
　☞ Prices of vegetables have shown a slight fall against last month.
　☞ 过去我们党内，所有的反党集团都比“四人帮”逊色。
　☞ All previous anti-Party cliques within the Party were pale besides the "Gang of Four".
　☞ 她回到原单位才发现远比别人落后了。
　☞ Back in her unit she found that she had fallen way behind the others.
　☞ 旧货的价格一般总要比实价低得多。
　☞ Second-hand goods, as a rule, are priced way below their real value.
　☞ 总数比估计的低。
　☞ The total falls under what was estimated.
　☞ 今年的工农业生产总值比去年增长10%。
　☞ The total value of industrial and agricultural output this year increased by ten percent over last.
　☞ 我们国家肯定要比其他国家兴旺发达。
　☞ Our country is bound to prosper beyond other countries.
　☞ 我不想跟一个年龄比我大一倍的男人一起出去。
　☞ I'm not going out with a man who's twice as old as I.
5．译成进行时，再加用单位时间递增并具有对比意义的时间状语。
　☞ 生活一年比一年有所改善。
　☞ Life is improving with each passing year.
　☞ 形势一天比一天好。
　☞ Every day the situation is growing better.
6．译作带有对比意义前缀的动词，如anticipate，antedate, excel, exceed, outlast, outrace, outsell, outshine, outstay, precede, surpass, undersell等。
　☞ 我军比敌人抢先一步，占领了这一战略要地。
　☞ Our troops anticipated the enemy in seizing this strategic point.
　☞ 中国具有的文明比世界上现有其他国家都早。
　☞ China has a civilization that antedates that of any other existing country in the world.
　☞ 上海人口比杭州多。
　☞ Shanghai exceeds Hangzhou in population.
　☞ 比如说，“毛泽东比梅兰芳先生还会做戏，比志愿军还会挖坑道，或者说比空军英雄赵宝桐还会驾飞机”，这岂不是不知羞耻到了极点吗？
　☞ If, for instance, it should be said that, "Mao Zedong excels Mr. Mei Lan-fang in acting, or the volunteers in digging tunnels, or the air force hero Chao Pao-tung in flying", wouldn't that be the acme of shamelessness?
　☞ 他比马跑得远，比狗跑得快。
　☞ He could outlast a horse and outrace a hound.
　☞ 夏天，冰淇淋比巧克力好卖。
　☞ Ice cream outsells chocolate in summer.
　☞ 而你却把自己描写成了不起的天下第一美人：比西施还美，比王昭君还美，还比得上杨贵妃。
　☞ Nevertheless, you describe yourself an incomparable beauty, outshining Hsi Shih, and Wang Chao-chun and rivaling Yang Kuei Fei.
　☞ 客人当中他比哪个都呆得久。
　☞ He outstayed any other of the guests.
　☞ 部长的声明比总统的先发表，你能肯定吗？
　☞ Are you certain the minister's statement preceded that of the president?
　☞ 她比她丈夫多活了10年。
　☞ She survived her husband for ten years.
　☞ 恋爱时眼神比讲话还能传达真情。
　☞ In love the eye speaks with a truthfulness surpassing speech.
　☞ 在国际市场上，我们销售的价格必须比我们的对手低。
　☞ We must undersell our competitors on the international market.
7．有时还可利用专有名词加上out-这个前缀创造新词。
　☞ 他比暴君还暴君。
　☞ He was out-Heroding Herod.
　☞ 他比希特勒还希特勒。
　☞ He was "out-Hitlering" Hitler.
毕竟 毕竟
1．通过综合所有事物得出结论时，译after all, all in all。
　☞ 难怪你累了，毕竟到凌晨3点你才睡觉。
　☞ It's not surprising that you are tired. After all, you were up until three this morning.
　☞ 当然，她表现太差。不过她毕竟是你妹妹。
　☞ Of course, she behaves awfully, but after all, she is your sister.
　☞ 她的缺点同她的成绩相比，毕竟是第二位的。
　☞ Compared with her achievements, her shortcomings are, after all, only secondary.
　☞ 他对医生治疗的反映毕竟是满意的。
　☞ His reaction to the doctor's treatment was, all in all, satisfactory.
　☞ 他有缺点，但他毕竟是个认真负责的人。
　☞ He has his faults, but, all in all, he is a conscientious man.
　☞ 我们的经济情况毕竟不坏。
　☞ All in all, our economic condition is not bad.
2．通过分析得出结论时，译in the final analysis。
　☞ 决定战争胜利的毕竟是人。
　☞ In the final analysis, it is man that decides the outcome of all wars.
　☞ 政治独立与经济独立毕竟是分不开的。
　☞ In the final analysis, political independence and economic independence are inseparable.
3．通过长期发展的眼光得出结论，译in the long run。
　☞ 购买优质商品毕竟是合算的。
　☞ It pays in the long run to buy goods of high quality.
　☞ 真才实学毕竟是要胜利的。
　☞ Real ability and learning will win in the long run.
4．通过未来的发展，表示某种必然的规律，译will。
　☞ 革命毕竟是要发生的，迟早而已。
　☞ Revolution will take place, sooner or later.
　☞ 孩子毕竟是孩子，不会像成人那样专心。
　☞ Children will be children. They cannot concentrate their attention as grown-ups.
毛病 毛病
1．disease, ailment, trouble, malady，指大大小小的疾病。
　☞ 从此我落下了一个叫风湿的老毛病。
　☞ Since then I have contracted an inveterate disease called rheumatism.
　☞ 我只是一点小毛病。
　☞ I have just a slight ailment.
　☞ 他胃有毛病。
　☞ He has stomach trouble.
　☞ 我得的毛病没药治。
　☞ I suffer a malady that no medicine can cure.
　 ■ 但同时malady也可用来引申，作“弊病”解。
　☞ 对中国的怀疑是一种恶性肿瘤，也是一种精神上的毛病。
　☞ Suspicion in China is a sort of malignant tumor, a mental malady.
　☞ 美国社会的毛病值得分析和借鉴。
　☞ The maladies of the American society are worth analyzing and using for reference.
2．go wrong (with), something wrong with, break down, out of order，均指故障产生的毛病。
　☞ 出了什么毛病？
　☞ What is gone wrong?
　☞ 电视机出了毛病。
　☞ Something has gone wrong with the TV set.
　☞ 汽车出了毛病。
　☞ There is something wrong with the car.
　☞ 发动机出毛病了。
　☞ The engine has broken down.
　☞ 机器有毛病。
　☞ The machine is out of order.
3．defect，指缺陷。
　☞ 车子有毛病，不安全。
　☞ The car is unsafe because of the defects in it.
　☞ 对西方社会的毛病，我们不会睁着眼睛看不见的。
　☞ We are not blind to the defects of the Western society.
4．fault，指缺点。
　☞ 许多人都善于看到别人身上的毛病，而看不见自己的。
　☞ Many people are good at discerning the faults of the others instead of their own.
　☞ 她惟一的毛病是缺乏雄心壮志。
　☞ Her only fault is that she lacks ambition.
5．shortcoming, 指短处。
　☞ 她一发现自己的毛病就坚决改正了。
　☞ As soon as she had realized her shortcomings she resolutely overcame them.
　☞ 心胸狭隘可是个大毛病。
　☞ Narrow-mindedness is a serious shortcoming.
6．error，指错误。
　☞ 没有调查就发言，你是犯了主观主义的毛病。
　☞ You've committed the error of subjectivism by speaking without investigation.
　☞ 我看了一遍你的作文，发现只有两三处有毛病。
　☞ I went over your composition and found only two or three errors.
气 气
1．air, 指空气。
　☞ 我打开窗子换换气。
　☞ I opened the window to have a change of air.
　☞ 这球气挺足。
　☞ There's sufficient air in the ball.
2．breath，名词，指呼吸；breathe，动词，指呼吸空气，breathless，形容词，指喘不过气。
　☞ 他走到草地上，深深地吸了口气。
　☞ When he stepped out on the grass, he drew a deep breath.
　☞ 登山运动员停下来歇口气。
　☞ The mountaineers stopped to catch their breath.
　☞ 赶快送老太太上医院，她还有气。
　☞ Be quick to take the old lady to hospital. She is still breathing.
　☞ 这猫没气了。
　☞ The cat has stopped breathing.
　☞ 她碰到终点线时几乎没气了。
　☞ She was nearly breathless when she touched the finishing line.
3．annoy，指气恼，重点在恼。
　☞ 她气哭了。
　☞ She was annoyed into tears.
　☞ 我是气他说的话。
　☞ I'm annoyed at what he said.
4．anger, angry, get angry，指气愤，重点在愤。因此比annoy强烈。
　☞ 我爸气得心脏病发作。
　☞ My father had an attack of heart trouble caused by anger.
　☞ 我气他工作太马虎。
　☞ I'm angry with him for being careless in his work.
　☞ 我故意气他一下。
　☞ I got him angry on purpose.
5．rage, enrage，指失去控制的气愤。
　☞ 我们见到敌人逃跑都气得要命。
　☞ When we saw the enemy escaping we were beside ourselves with rage.
　☞ 我是气警察的粗暴态度。
　☞ I was enraged by the policeman's rude attitude.
6．fury, furious，指狂怒，是“气愤”这个词组中情绪最强烈的词。
　☞ 他气疯了，用拳头打墙壁。
　☞ Mad with fury, he pounded his fists on the wall.
　☞ 他听了这种不三不四的话气得不得了。
　☞ On hearing these frivolous remarks he became furious.
7．“气”的其他译法。
　☞ 自行车前胎没气了。
　☞ The front tire of the bike is flat.
　☞ 长跑运动员的气要长。
　☞ Long-distance runners require plenty of stamina.
　☞ 我实在气不过，狠狠打了他一顿。
　☞ I got mad and gave him a good beating.
　☞ 气可鼓不可泄。
　☞ Morale should be boosted, not dampened.
　☞ 这种事是很气人。
　☞ That sort of thing can be very exasperating.
　☞ 他正在气头上，谁的话都听不进去。
　☞ He is in a temper right now, and won't listen to anyone.
　☞ 她气性大。
　☞ She is quick to take offence.
　☞ 他们表面上气壮如牛，实际上胆小如鼠。
　☞ They were outwardly fierce as a bull, but inwardly timid as a mouse.
气力 气力
1．strength，指尚未发挥出来的体力。
　☞ 我有你的气力就好了。
　☞ I wish I had your strength.
　☞ 举这样的重量，他气力够吗？
　☞ Does he have enough strength to lift these weights?
　☞ 他用全身的气力向对手猛扑过去。
　☞ He pounced on the adversary with all his strength.
2．force，指发挥出来的体力。
　☞ 他没用多少气力就制服了敌兵。
　☞ He didn't use much force and overcame the enemy soldier.
　☞ 我们用尽所有的气力来推车，还是推不动。
　☞ We pushed the car with as much force as we could, but in vain.
3．might，指全部体力。
　☞ 他用全部气力想把石头从路上搬走。
　☞ He tried all his might to move the rock from the road.
　☞ 气力大的总有理。
　☞ Might is right.
4．effort，指努力，因此可以是体力，也可以是精力。
　☞ 学好一门外国语要花很大的气力。
　☞ It takes a lot of effort to learn a foreign language well.
　☞ 我们得花很大的气力去完成这项工作。
　☞ We'll have to exert great efforts to accomplish the task.
5．“气力”的其他译法。
　☞ 他不费什么气力就办成了这事。
　☞ He got it done easily.
　☞ 他们为那台发动机忙得团团转，而我不费什么气力就发动起来了。
　☞ They were running round in circle with the engine while I started it with ease.
　☞ 这事要花气力。
　☞ This will take a lot of doing.
气息 气息
1．fragrance，多指好闻的气息，尤指花香。
　☞ 一阵芳香的气息从花丛中吹来。
　☞ A waft of sweet-smelling fragrance blew over from the flower bush.
　☞ 你还记得雨后丁香花的气息吗？
　☞ Did you remember the fragrance of lilacs after a rain?
　☞ 她的欢笑，她风情万种的秋波，还有她呼出来的气息都使他感到陶醉不已。
　☞ Her joyful laughter, her flirtatious glances and the fragrance of her breath have made him feel intoxicated.
　☞ 她走过时我闻到一股香水发出的气息。
　☞ I smell the fragrance emitted by perfume when she passed.
2．perfume，指好闻的犹如香水般的气息。
　☞ 站在这里，我们可以闻到玫瑰的气息。
　☞ Standing here, we can smell of perfume of the roses.
　☞ 我爱闻她衣服上散发出来的香水气息。
　☞ I love the perfume emitted from her dress.
　 ■ 有时候perfume也可用于引申。
　☞ 我们都喜欢弥漫在沙龙里的那种文学气息。
　☞ We all like the literary perfume pervading the saloon.
3．scent，可指多种气息，如花草、泥土、动物等的气息。
　☞ 那是腐叶和新翻土地的气息。
　☞ That was the scent of decomposed leaves and turned earth.
　☞ 随风带来的是野草、野花的气息。
　☞ The wind came down with the scent of the grass and wild flowers.
　☞ 警犬会跟踪罪犯的气息。
　☞ The police dog can follow the scent of a convict.
4．odor，指好闻或难闻的气息。
　☞ 微风吹来松林里怡人的气息。
　☞ The breeze blew delightful odors from the pine forests.
　☞ 新漆的气息几乎要把他逼疯了。
　☞ The odor of newly applied paint drove him almost mad.
5．smack, 指吃或闻到的味道。
　☞ 我喜欢咖啡的气息。
　☞ I like the smack of coffee.
　☞ 那老水手身上带有大海的气息。
　☞ The old sailor still has a smack of the sea about him.
6．flavor，一般用于引申时才作“气息”解。
　☞ 该剧具有丰富的生活气息。
　☞ The play has the rich flavor of life.
　☞ 他的歌有相当一部分富有民歌气息。
　☞ Quite a number of his songs were imbued with folk flavor.
水平 水平
1．level，指精神、物质、技艺上达到的水平。
　☞ 去年皖北的小麦平均产量超过了历史上的最高水平。
　☞ The average yield of wheat last year in northern Anhui topped the highest level in history.
　☞ 紧要关头，不同的人表现出不同的政治觉悟水平。
　☞ At the critical moment different people displayed different levels of political consciousness.
　☞ 对技术水平比他高一点的人，他都叫人家师傅。
　☞ Those whose technical level was higher than his own he addressed as "Masters".
　☞ 我们得把开支削减到最低水平。
　☞ We have to cut our expenses down to the lowest level.
　☞ 我们的目标是提高工人的文化水平。
　☞ Our goal is to raise the cultural level of workers.
　☞ 他的认识水平总的来说是很高的。
　☞ The level of his understanding is generally very high.
　☞ 赶超世界先进水平是刻不容缓的任务。
　☞ Attaining and surpassing advanced world levels is a task which brooks no delay.
2．standard，由于level 一词无法覆盖汉语中“水平”的所有含义，故standard（标准、水准）可与下列译文中的“水平”对应。
　☞ 他这个星期的工作没有达到他平时的水平。
　☞ His work this week hasn't been up to his usual standard.
　☞ 美国人民的生活水平很高。
　☞ The people of the USA have a high standard of living.
　☞ 我校有较高的学术水平。
　☞ Our university has a higher academic standard.
　☞ 十年动乱降低了社会的道德水平。
　☞ The ten years' upheaval reduced moral standards of the society.
3．即使如此，上两个词仍不能完全覆盖汉语“水平”的 全部含义，碰到这种情况应具体情况具体处理。
　☞ 各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。
　☞ Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.（即领导艺术）
　☞ 要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。
　☞ We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.（即新的高度）
　☞ 就英语水平看，她比组里的其他人要强。
　☞ So far as English proficiency goes, she is better than any of the other members of the group.（即英语熟练程度）
4．horizontal，指与vertical（垂直）相对的水平。
　☞ 两村的水平距离不到500米，但人从一个村子出发到达另一个村子却要半天。
　☞ The horizontal distance between the two villages is less than 500 meters, but one has to take half a day to staff from one village to reach the other.
　☞ 垂直线与水平线相交构成90度角。
　☞ A vertical line and a horizontal line form an angle of 900 when intersecting each other.
永远 永远
1．always，作“永远”解时有几种用法。
1) 用于第一人称的一般将来时，表示“将来永远”。
　☞ 我们会永远爱你的。
　☞ We will always love you.
　☞ 我将永远记住你的大恩大德。
　☞ I will always keep in mind your great kindness.
2) 用于第二人称一般现在时的祈使句，这时的always放在句首。
　☞ 永远记住我的忠告。
　☞ Always remember my advice.
　☞ 开车时永远把安全带系好。
　☞ Always put on your safety belt when you drive.
3) 用在任何人称的进行时，表示某种感情色彩，如不满、厌烦等。
　☞ 她永远在埋怨丈夫的马大哈脾气。
　☞ She is always complaining of her husband's carelessness。
　☞ 你永远在借我的钱，永远忘了还。
　☞ You are always borrowing my money and forgetting to pay me back.
4) 通常放在主要动词的前面或系词be的后面。
　☞ 我永远尊敬她。
　☞ I always have respect for her.
　☞ 晚上他几乎是永远在家。
　☞ He's nearly always at home in the evening.
2．never，指“永远不”，是always的否定式。其用法大致与always相应。
1) 用在第一人称将来时，表示“将来永远不”。
　☞ 我永远不会忘记她脸上的表情。
　☞ I shall never forget the expression on her face，试比较：I will always remember the expression on her face.
　☞ 我们永远不会向敌人屈膝。
　☞ We will never bow the knee to the enemy，试比较：
　☞ We will always have the enemy bow the knee to us.
2) 用于第二人称的祈使句。never也要放在句首。
　☞ 永远不要同时吃大蒜和草莓。
　☞ Never eat garlic with strawberries at the same time.
　☞ 在麻烦事麻烦你以前，永远不要去麻烦麻烦事。
　☞ Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.
3．forever，表示“永远”，与always不同，它可以用在任何时态。
　☞ 我们许诺永远相爱。
　☞ We promise to love forever.
　☞ 我们永远是朋友。
　☞ We'll remain friends forever.
　☞ 她儿子去打仗时她感到似乎在跟他永别。
　☞ When her son went to fight in the war, she felt as if she were saying goodbye to him forever.
　 ■ 此外，forever还可用于否定句，而not always则表示部分否定。
　☞ 我不打算永远住在中国。
　☞ I don't plan to live in China forever.试比较：I don't always live in China.（我不总是住在中国。）
4．ever，用一般现在时或简单将来时来表示将来发生的动作。与always同义。
　☞ 我们有许多朋友，也有不少敌人，因此我们必须永远警惕。
　☞ We have a lot of friends but also have a few of enemies, so we must ever be on the alert.
　☞ 她永远也不想谈起这件事。
　☞ She doesn't want ever to speak of it.
　☞ 中国现在不做超级大国，将来也永远不做超级大国。
　☞ China is not a superpower, nor will she ever become one.
　☞ 我的意见永远是诚信不吃亏。
　☞ I have ever been of opinion that honesty and credit pay.
5．for good，表示的永远是指永不恢复原来的状态，而forever却指要永远保持已有的状态。
　☞ 中国终于永远摆脱了封建主义和帝国主义。
　☞ China at length got rid of feudalism and imperialism for good.
　☞ 我们在村子里住了几个月之后，喜欢得决定永远在那里定居。
　☞ After we had been in the village a few months we so liked it that we decided to settle there for good.
　☞ 他从中学毕业时就决定要跟学习一刀两断。
　☞ When he graduated from middle school, he decided he was done with study for good.
污染 污染
1．pollute，pollution，指现代意识中大片地区的环境污染，如河流、田野、空气等。
　☞ 沿岸堆积如山的垃圾污染了我们的母亲河。
　☞ The garbage piled up mountain high along the banks has polluted our mother river.
　☞ 该厂的废水过去污染了这一带的农田。
　☞ The waste water of the factory used to pollute the farmland here.
　☞ 我家门前的清水河被污染成了臭气熏天的臭水沟。
　☞ The pure stream in front of our house has changed into a polluted ditch stinking to high heaven.
　☞ 环境污染如不遏制，贻害无穷。
　☞ Environmental pollution involves endless trouble if not checked.
2．contaminate，指外来物的进入、接触等造成的污染，强调污染的原因。其污染的范围一般说来比pollute要小得多。
　☞ 你要做到让通过空调进入室内的新鲜空气不致受到废气或油烟的污染。
　☞ You'll see to it that the fresh air coming into the room through the air conditioner will not be contaminated with exhaust or oil fumes.
　☞ 杂质已进入水库，污染了饮用水。
　☞ The drinking water was contaminated with impurities that had got into the reservoir.
　☞ 牛奶应保持清洁，避免污染。
　☞ Milk should be kept clean to avoid contamination.
3．taint，与contaminate同义，但强调的是结果而不是原因，而且污染程度上只是部分，不是全部。
　☞ 油把水污染了。
　☞ Oil has tainted the water.
　☞ 各种轻松文学都受到了当时流行的放荡不羁的风气污染。
　☞ All the lighter kinds of literature were tainted by the prevailing licentiousness.
沟通 沟通
1．connect, link (up)，均指接通。
　☞ 两市由一条铁路沟通。
　☞ The two cities are connected (linked) by a railway.
　☞ 湖泊与河流、运河沟通之后已对大船开放。
　☞ Connected by rivers and canals, the lakes are open to navigation by large steamers.
　☞ 京九铁路是一条沟通南北各省的新铁路。
　☞ Beijing-Kowloon Railway is a new railway that links up the northern and southern provinces.
　☞ 中日交往沟通了两国的文化。
　☞ Contacts between China and Japan have linked the cultures of the two countries.
2．communicate，指交流。
　☞ 我们学外语是为了沟通。
　☞ We learn a foreign language in order to communicate.
　☞ 与聋哑人沟通是比较困难的。
　☞ It is rather difficult to communicate with the deaf.
3．promote，指促进。
　☞ 国际贸易可以沟通国与国之间的友情。
　☞ International trade can promote friendly relations among countries.
　☞ 访问、体育、旅游都是沟通文化交流的手段。
　☞ Visits, sports, tourism all are means for promoting cultural exchanges.
4．facilitate，指提供方便。
　☞ 早在两千年前，著名的“丝绸之路”就沟通了中国和西亚各国间的文化交流。
　☞ As far back as 2,000 years ago, the famous Silk Road facilitated the flow of culture between China and the countries of West Asia.
　☞ 这条石油管道沟通了伊朗石油至土耳其的通道。
　☞ This petroleum pipeline facilitates the passage of oil from Iran to Turkey.
5．inter-，前缀，与某些名词组成复合词可以有“相互沟通”的意思。
　☞ 苏伊士运河是沟通两大洋的运河。
　☞ The Suez Canal is an inter-oceanic canal.
　☞ 穿越土耳其和保加利亚的铁路是沟通两大洲的铁路。
　☞ The railway passing through Turkey and Bulgaria is an inter-continental railway.
没 没
1．sink, 指沉没。
　☞ 等我们赶到出事地点，船已没入水下。
　☞ The ship had sunk below the water before we rushed to the site of the accident.
　☞ 我们到达那里，见他两脚没在淤泥里挖沟不止。
　☞ We saw him keeping on digging the ditch, with his feet sinking in the mud, when we got there.
2．submerge，指潜下。
　☞ 没多久，潜水艇就没入水中。
　☞ It was not long before the submarine submerged.
　☞ 鳄鱼没入水下以前也只露出两个鼻孔。
　☞ The alligator showed only snout before submerging.
3．overflow，指淹没后溢过。
　☞ 洪水几乎没过了大坝。
　☞ The flood nearly overflowed the dam.
　☞ 河水没过了河堤。
　☞ The river overflowed its bank.
4．above，指高过。
　☞ 铁人王进喜跳进泥浆没过膝盖的池子里，开始用手搅拌起来。
　☞ Iron Man, Wang Jinxi, jumped into the pond, where slurry was above his knees, and began to stir it with his hands.
　☞ 你会游泳吗？这儿的河水深可没顶。
　☞ Can you swim? The water here goes above a man's head.
5．deep，指深及。
　☞ 我们几乎无法像平时那么走路了，山谷里的雪没过膝盖。
　☞ We could hardly walk as usual. The snow in the valley was knee-deep.
　☞ 河很浅，里画的水只没过脚背。
　☞ The river is quite shallow and the water is only ankle-deep.
没收 没收
1．confiscate，泛指带有强制性的没收。
　☞ 海关官员没收了走私物品。
　☞ The customs officer confiscated the smuggling goods.
　☞ 解放初期我国政府没收了大量的官僚资本。
　☞ During the initial post-liberation period a great deal of bureaucrat capital was confiscated by our government.
　☞ 我在教室里玩喷水手枪，被老师没收了。
　☞ The teacher confiscated my water pistol while I was playing it in the classroom.
2．expropriate，指为了公用而带有征用性质的没收。
　☞ 政府有权没收私家花园以供公众使用吗？
　☞ Has the government the right to expropriate private gardens for public use?
　☞ 该条款要求美国在国外的财产遭到没收而没有合理的赔偿时应立即停止美援。
　☞ That clause requires an immediate cut-off of American aid if American property is expropriated without fair compensation.
3．alienate，指带有让渡性质的没收，因此在条件具备时仍有收回的可能。
　☞ 战争期间，敌产都应予以没收。
　☞ The property of the enemy ought to be alienated during the war.
治 治
1．treat，着重在医治的过程，即治疗。
　☞ 你是怎么治风湿病的？
　☞ How would you treat a case of rheumatism?
　☞ 我要到牙医那儿去治牙。
　☞ I'm to go to the dentist to treat my tooth.
2．cure，着重于治疗的结果，即治好。
　☞ 想不到这药竟能治我的癌症。
　☞ Who would have thought that the drug should cure my cancer?
　☞ 抗生素可以治许多以前曾经认为是致命的疾病。
　☞ Antibiotics can cure many diseases that were formerly fatal.
3．heal，指医治外伤，结果与过程并重。
　☞ 这种膏药能治伤口。
　☞ The salve can heal the wound.
　☞ 治好战争的创伤并不容易。
　☞ It's not an easy job to heal the wounds of war.
4．bring….under control，tame，指经治理后加以控制；transform，指经治理后成为。以上两词均指治理自然环境。
　☞ 治黄河是百年大计，要求质量第一。
　☞ Bringing the Yellow River under control, which is to last for generations, calls above all for good quality.
　☞ 我村经过治山治水，把昔日的穷山沟变成了今天的米粮川。
　☞ Our village has turned the barren gully of yesterday into a granary of today by transforming mountains and taming rivers.
5．rule，指带有统治意味的治理；govern，指有系统、有组织的治理；run, 指管理上的治理。以上三词均指治理国家。
　☞ 英国的君主只统不治。
　☞ The British monarchs reign but not rule.
　☞ 治大国如烹小鲜。
　☞ You can govern a large country as you would cook a pot of small fish.
　☞ 治国理当安民。
　☞ If one runs the country one must run it well and give the people peace and security.
6．wipe out，指消灭；eliminate，指彻底消灭。以上两词均指治理病虫害。
　☞ 一般说来，我们一年得治3次病虫害。
　☞ Generally speaking, we have to wipe out plant diseases and pests three times a year.
　☞ 治蝗于萌芽状态最为有效。
　☞ It is most effective to eliminate locusts in the embryonic stage.
7．punishment, 指整治。
　☞ 他老是违反监规，非好好治治他不可。
　☞ He always violates the prison regulations and should be given a good punishment.
　☞ 治乱要用重典。
　☞ It is necessary to impose severe punishment on offenders who gravely harm the social order.
沾 沾
1．wet，指沾湿。
　☞ 妈先把头发沾湿了才梳理。
　☞ Mother wet her hair before setting it.
　☞ 擦肥皂前手要沾水。
　☞ Wet your hands before soaping them.
2．moisten，指沾水气。
　☞ 早晨草上沾有露珠。
　☞ Grasses are moistened with dew in the morning.
　☞ 锅炉房里的蒸汽使墙壁都沾满水汽。
　☞ The steam in the boiler room has moistened walls.
3．stain，指沾满污渍。
　☞ 你的靴子上沾满了泥。
　☞ Your boots were stained with mud.
　☞ 他是双手沾满了人民鲜血的刽子手。
　☞ He was a butcher stained with the blood of the people.
4．touch，指接触。
　☞ 他跑得真快，就像脚不沾地似的。
　☞ He ran so fast that his feet seemed hardly touch the ground.
　☞ 我一沾枕头就睡着。
　☞ I can fall asleep as soon as my head touches the pillow.
5．“沾”的其他译法。
　☞ 出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪沾襟。
　☞ Death took him before his armies went on to victory.
　☞ This makes heroes drench their robes in tears.
　☞ 帝国主义分子对当时的清政府要求在华利益均沾。
　☞ The imperialists demanded the then government of the Qing Dynasty that they should benefit from anything in China.
　☞ 我们工厂每周放电影，附近的孩子都沾光。
　☞ Kids in the neighborhood enjoy the chance of seeing our factory's weekly film.
　☞ 不要沾沾自喜于一得之功。
　☞ Don't be complacent over an occasional success.
　☞ 那些人都是沾亲带故的，我怎么拒绝？
　☞ How can I refuse all those who have ties of kinship or friendship?
沾染 沾染
1．infect (with)，指感染。
　☞ 伤口沾染了细菌。
　☞ The wound was infected with germs.
　☞ 政治制度腐败不堪，连军队也受到了沾染。
　☞ The political system was rotten to the core, and it even infected the army.
2．contaminate，指污染。
　☞ 核电站爆炸后，整个地区都沾染了放射性物质。
　☞ The whole area was contaminated with the radioactive substances after the nuclear power plant blew up.
　☞ 做生意，千万别沾染上市侩作风。
　☞ Never be contaminated with philistine ways while doing business.
3．taint，也指沾染，但常用于引申。
　☞ 他由于接触犯罪分子而沾染了坏思想。
　☞ He was tainted with evil thoughts by his contact with criminals.
　☞ 有些学生对外国货多少沾染上一些洋奴思想。
　☞ Some students are tainted by slavish mentality towards all things foreign to more or less degree.
沾边 沾边
1．touch，指接触。
　☞ 烟酒他是从来不沾边的。
　☞ He touches neither tobacco nor alcohol.
2．involve，指卷入。
　☞ 这个案子他是沾了边的。
　☞ He was involved in the case.
3．irrelevant，指不相干。
　☞ 你讲的事一点也不沾边。
　☞ What you said is completely irrelevant.
4．tie-up，指联系。
　☞ 这两件事不沾边。
　☞ There is no tie-up between these two events.
5．have nothing to do with，指无关。
　☞ 这事他不沾边。
　☞ He has nothing to do with the matter.
6．wide of the mark，指没在点子上。
　☞ 你们的猜测都不沾边。
　☞ Your guesses were all wide of the mark.
7．sound anything like the way，指听起来有点在理。
　☞ 他说了半天，就是这几句话还沾点边。
　☞ He talked for a long time and those were the only lines that sound anything like the way they should.
8．what, 与riot连用，指前后没有关系。
　☞ 他讲的那些话和他的真实想法根本不沾边。
　☞ What he said wasn't at all what he was really thinking.
泛滥 泛滥
1．flood，指洪水泛滥。
　☞ 在过去3,000年里，黄河泛滥成灾达1,500次。
　☞ In the past 3,000 years the Yellow River flooded 1,500 times.
　☞ 春雨期间，河水就会泛滥。
　☞ During spring rains the river floods.
2．flood，用作名词时指某些坏事的泛滥。
　☞ 统计表格多得泛滥成灾。
　☞ There is such a flood of statistical forms that they become a scourge.
　☞ 尽管黄色小说泛滥，但好书也不少。
　☞ There are not a few good books despite the flood of pornographic novels.
3．spread unchecked，指由于没有限制地传播而泛滥。
　☞ 我们能让歪风邪气到处泛滥吗？
　☞ Can we let the evil trends spread unchecked everywhere?
　☞ 决不能让错误思想自由泛滥。
　☞ Under no circumstances should erroneous ideas be allowed to spread unchecked.
4．overflow，指溢出。
　☞ 去年河水泛滥，淹没了周围的农村。
　☞ The river overflowed its banks last year, flooding the surrounding countryside.
　☞ 湖水正在泛滥。
　☞ The lake is overflowing.
5．inundate，指大面积淹没。
　☞ 人口稠密的省份大都洪水泛滥成灾。
　☞ Most populous provinces were seriously inundated with flood.
　☞ 低俗文学作品在全国泛滥。
　☞ The whole nation is inundated with cheap literature.
泡 泡
1．steep，指浸泡在液体里。
　☞ 茶要在开水里泡上5分钟才能喝。
　☞ Steep the tea in boiling water for five minutes before you drink.
　☞ 妈妈把黄瓜泡在盐水里做腌黄瓜。
　☞ Mother steeped the cucumbers in brine to pickle them.
　☞ 先把衣服泡在水里，洗起来容易。
　☞ Clothes will wash better if you steep them first in water.
2．soak，指泡透、泡软。
　☞ 睡觉前把脚放在热水里泡一泡对你身体有好处。
　☞ It is good for your health to soak your feet in hot water before you go to bed.
　☞ 我喜欢泡热水浴。
　☞ I like to soak myself in warm bath.
　☞ 要去掉血迹，先要把衣服泡在冷水里。
　☞ If you want to take out the blood stain, soak the clothes first in cold water.
3．immerse，指全部淹没在液体里。
　☞ 把布放在染料里泡上20分钟。
　☞ Immerse the cloth in the dye for 20 minutes.
　☞ 人泡在水里显然会失去体重。
　☞ When a body is immersed in water it apparently loses weight.
　 ■ immerse有时也可用于引申义。
　☞ 他整天把自己泡在工作中免得去想她。
　☞ He immersed himself in work all day so as to stop thinking about her.
　☞ 住在英国人中间英语学得快。我们叫做泡在英语环境里学英语。
　☞ One can pick up the English language quickly by living among its people-learning English in immersion, as we call it.
4．“泡”的其他译法。
　☞ 他是在苦水里泡大的。
　☞ He was brought up in bitter misery.
　☞ 别泡时间，快把工作做完！
　☞ Stop dawdling and finish your work!
　☞ 她一不高兴就泡病号不出工。
　☞ She often shuns work on pretence of illness whenever she is unhappy.
　☞ 这个月的计划肯定泡汤了。
　☞ This month's plan is bound to fall through.
　☞ 别泡蘑菇，咱们赶紧干吧。
　☞ No more dilly-dallying. Let's get going.
　☞ 水渗过泥沙直冒泡。
　☞ The water kept bubbling through the sand.
　☞ 火山泥浆正在冒泡。
　☞ The volcano pulp is rising in bubbles.
　☞ 我手上打起了泡。
　☞ I got blisters on my palms.
　☞ 泡一会，茶味就出来了。
　☞ Let the tea draw for a while and the flavor will come out.
　☞ 中国人喜欢泡茶招待客人。
　☞ The Chinese are used to making tea to entertain guests.
注定 注定
1．be doomed，指不可更改的注定，带有强烈的感情色彩。
　☞ 这个计划从一开始就注定要失败。
　☞ Form the start the plan was doomed to failure (to fail).
　☞ 越来越多的物种随着科学的发达而注定灭绝。
　☞ With the development of science more and more species will be doomed to extinction f to become extinct).
2．be destined (predestined)，指命中注定。住往暗示天意如此。
　☞ 我从来没想过要娶她，但我娶了她，我想这是命中注定的。
　☞ I never thought I would marry her, but I did. It was destined, I suppose.
　☞ 他的信没到她的手里，他们注定不能再见面。
　☞ His letter failed to reach her. They were destined never to meet again.
　 ■ be predestined也有此意，只是更强调预先注定。
　☞ 他认为无论发生什么都是命中注定的，他无论做什么都无法改变其结果。
　☞ He thought that whatever happened was predestined and nothing he did could have changed the result.
3．be sealed, 常与doom，fate搭配，指注定不会有好下场。
　☞ 尽管当时还很少有人认识到这一事实，但蒋介石政府的倒台却已经注定。
　☞ Though few people realized the fact, the doom of the Chiang Kai-shek government had been sealed.
　☞ 不管战争有多少反复，侵略者的命运却是注定了的。
　☞ No matter how many ups and downs there are in the war, the fate of the aggressors is sealed.
4．be decreed，指冥冥之中的注定。
　☞ 天意注定我们要在这里相见。
　☞ It was decreed that we should meet here.
　☞ 我们注定要受穷。
　☞ It was decreed that we should suffer poverty.
注意 注意
1．attention，指注意力或注意这一行动。
　☞ 大街上传来的喧闹声分散了学生的注意。
　☞ The noise from the street has distracted the pupils' attention.
　☞ 遗憾的是当时我们没有注意到这些细节。
　☞ The pity was that we didn't pay any attention to the details.
2．care.指由关心而引起的注意。
　☞ 你干工作时要多加注意。
　☞ Do your work with more care.
　☞ 必须注意团结一切可以团结的人。
　☞ Care must be taken to unite with all those that can be united.
3．notice，指视觉上的注意，强调短暂和偶然。
　☞ 我没注意他是什么时候走的。
　☞ I didn't notice when he left.
　☞ 你在会议上注意到有什么异常没有？
　☞ Didn't you notice anything unusual in the meeting?
　 ■ 但take notice of则不仅仅限于视觉上的注意。如：
　☞ 开车时要特别注意路标。
　☞ Take particular notice of road signs when driving.
　（与视觉有关）
　☞ 对他说的话，我们一向都是很注意的。
　☞ We have been taking notice of what he says. （与视觉无关）
4．look out，mind，均用于祈使句，指要人小心、当心。
　☞ 注意！马上要点炮了。
　☞ Look out! We're ready to blast 注意，别摔倒了。
　☞ Mind you don't fall.
注视 注视
1．gaze，指目不转睛地看。
　☞ 她一动不动地站在那里，注视着窗外的广场。
　☞ She stood there motionless, gazing out of the window at the square.
　☞ 我的小女儿久久地注视着来访的一位陌生人。
　☞ My little daughter gazed at the stranger who came to see me.
　 ■ gaze等于look fixedly，因此上句也可译成：
　☞ My little daughter looked fixedly at the stranger who came to see me.
2．watch*指注意地看运动着的物体。
　☞ 我们注视着满载新式武器的列车离开车站。
　☞ We watched the departure of the train from the station, fully loaded with the new weapons.
　☞ 千万只眼睛注视着她跳水时压水花的动作。
　☞ Thousands of people were watching when she plunged into the water with a rip.
3．follow，指目光紧随着移动目标看。
　☞ 雷达兵目不转睛地注视着荧光屏上的移动目标。
　☞ The radar-men's eyes were following the moving target on the screen.
　☞ 那只猫注视着老鼠的一举一动。
　☞ The cat followed every movement of the mouse.
　 ■ follow还可用于转义。
　☞ 我们都密切注视着人民代表大会的进展。
　☞ All of us are following the progress of the National People's Congress.
4．glue，指眼睛盯着不放地看。
　☞ 他两眼爱慕地注视着那位女演员的脸。
　☞ His eyes were glued to the face of the actress admiringly.
　☞ 雷达兵目不转睛地注视着荧光屏。
　☞ The radar-men's eyes were glued onto the screen.
注重 注重
1．attach importance to, 指对重要性的注重。
　☞ 该校注重爱国主义教育。
　☞ The school attaches importance to education in patriotism.
　☞ 他似乎不注重身体。
　☞ He does not seem to attach any importance to his health.
2．pay attention to，指注意力上的注重。
　☞ 她很注重穿着。
　☞ She pays very much attention to dress.
　☞ 理论固然重要，但我们更应注重操作。
　☞ No doubt, theory is important, but we ought to pay more attention to operation.
3．lay stress on，指强调上的注重。
　☞ 你们要注重运动员的基本训练。
　☞ You must lay stress on basic training of the sportsmen.
　☞ 我们既注重经济效益，也注重社会效益。
　☞ We lay stress on both economic and social results.
泼 泼
1．sprinkle，用手或器皿洒水或喷洒别的液体。
　☞ 先泼点水再扫。
　☞ Sprinkle some water before you sweep.
　☞ 他把硝镪水泼到她的脸上，她的鼻子马上掉了，一只耳朵也同样如此。
　☞ He sprinkled her face with nitric acid, and immediately her nose came off, and one of her ears likewise.
2．spill，指汤、水等从器皿中意外泼出。
　☞ 我的手一滑，把一些汤泼到了地上。
　☞ My hand slipped and spilt some soup on to the floor.
　☞ 你真是不小心，刚才把那么多牛奶泼到了桌上。
　☞ You are careless enough. You spilt so much milk on the table just now.
3．splash，指使水等液体向四周飞溅。
　☞ 孩子们爱在游泳池里互相泼水玩。
　☞ Children love to splash water over each other in the swimming pool.
　☞ 谁把墨水泼到了我的书上？
　☞ Who splashed ink over my book?
4．throw，指丢弃废水。
　☞ 别把脏水泼在院子里。
　☞ Don't throw the slops in the yard.
　☞ 不要把娃娃连同洗澡水一起泼掉。
　☞ Don't throw the baby out with the bath water.
　 ■ 不过，throw也可用于相互泼水庆祝。
　☞ 在西双版纳，人们互相泼水来庆祝泼水节。
　☞ People in Xishuangbana celebrate the Water Splashing Festival by throwing water on each other.
　 ■ 此外，throw cold water有“泼冷水”的意思。
　☞ 他对我的想法泼了桶冷水，我感到非常失望。
　☞ I felt very disappointed when he threw cold water on my idea.
活跃 活跃
1．lively，指有生气，liven up，指使之有生气，enliven，则更强调热烈欢快。
　☞ 他的思想活跃。
　☞ He has a lively mind.
　☞ 讨论会由于辩论而开得很活跃。
　☞ Because of the arguments the discussion was a lively one.
　☞ 名演员一登台，观众立即活跃起来。
　☞ The audience immediately livened up as soon as the famous actor appeared on the stage 剧团的汇演大大活跃了首都的文娱生活。
　☞ The joint performances by a number of theatrical troupes greatly livened up the cultural and recreational activities of the capital.
　☞ 为了活跃晚会，我们能做些什么？
　☞ What can we do to enliven the evening party?
　☞ 咱们唱支歌，活跃会场气氛。
　☞ Let's sing a song to enliven the atmosphere of the meeting.
2．active, activate，指有活力或使之有活力。
　☞ 他的想象力（思想）活跃。
　☞ He has an active imagination (mind).
　☞ 人是生产力中最活跃的因素。
　☞ Man is the most active factor among the productive forces.
　☞ 这会使追求真理的精神兴奋、活跃起来。
　☞ This warms and activates the spirit in the search for truth.
　☞ 上级不干预就可以活跃社会舆论。
　☞ The absence of interference from above will activate public opinion.
3．brisk，brisk (up)，指活泼或使之活泼。
　☞ 生意做得很活跃，挣钱自可预料。
　☞ When trade is brisk, money is more in view.
　☞ 经济繁荣，供求活跃。
　☞ Economy is prosperous while supply and demand are brisk。
　☞ 市场又活跃起来了。
　☞ The market brisked up again.
　☞ 我倒喜欢来一杯，活跃心情。
　☞ I would like to have a cup to brisk the mood.
4．stimulate，指促进。
　☞ 大理三月街活跃了城乡物资交流。
　☞ The March Fair in Dali stimulates the interchange of urban and rural products.
　☞ 党的新政策活跃了农村经济。
　☞ The new policy of the Party stimulates the rural economy.
5．animate，指使之具有活力。
　☞ 气功具有神奇的生命力，能活跃人体的细胞。
　☞ Qigong has mysterious vital force that animates the cells of the human body.
　☞ 深入探讨的精神活跃了逻辑学的研究。
　☞ The forward-reaching spirit of inquiry animated the study of logic.
6．“活跃”还有以下几种译法可供参考。
　☞ 自从那次事故以后他就不那么活跃了。
　☞ He has not been so mobile since that accident.
　☞ 听到这消息，大家顿时活跃起来。
　☞ Everybody got excited at the news.
　☞ 我们有游击队活跃在敌后。
　☞ We have guerilla forces operating behind the enemy lines.
　☞ 每逢节假日，队员都活跃在足球场上。
　☞ On days off our footballers always exhibit their skill in the football field.
　☞ 自从推行改革以来，领导干部一直活跃在生产第一线。
　☞ Since the reform was introduced the leading body has been fighting in the forefront of production.
　☞ 曾经于20世纪七八十年代在美国学习过的中国留学生，今天正活跃着我国的学术生活。
　☞ The Chinese students who studied in the USA in the 1970's and 80's are invigorating today the academic life of our country.
　☞ 近30年来由于一些重要的发现，光学又活跃起来了。
　☞ In the last three decades optics has been revitalized by several important discoveries.
洒 洒
1．spray，指喷洒雾状液体。
　☞ 她在头发上洒了点香水。
　☞ She sprayed some perfume on her hair.
　☞ 驱虫剂要洒到皮肤上才能防蚊。
　☞ Insect repellent should be sprayed onto the skin to discourage mosquitoes.
2．sprinkle，指洒水或洒粒状的固体。
　☞ 一辆洒水车在尘土飞扬的街道上洒水。
　☞ A sprinkler went by sprinkling water onto the dusty street.
　☞ 我们在结冰的路面上洒砂。
　☞ We sprinkled sand on the icy road.
3．spill，指泼出。
　☞ 你儿子把牛奶洒到桌子上了。
　☞ Your son spilt milk over the table.
　☞ 别把汤洒了。
　☞ Don't spill the soup.
4．shed，指流血，流泪。
　☞ 我们甘洒热血为人民。
　☞ We willingly shed our blood for the people.
　☞ 她向他洒泪告别。
　☞ She bade him goodbye, shedding tears.
洗 洗
1．wash, 常用词，指任何洗涤，不带任何修辞色彩。
　☞ 她洗脸、洗手，然后下楼来吃饭。
　☞ She washed her face and hands, and then went downstairs for dinner.
　☞ 我烧饭、洗碗，忙着呢。
　☞ I'm busy cooking meals and washing dishes.
　☞ 袜子没洗干净。
　☞ The socks have not been washed clean.
　 ■ 但wash也可用于转义。
　☞ 从那时开始他就洗手不干了。
　☞ From then on he washed his hands of it once and for all.
　☞ 他否认在监狱里洗过脑子。
　☞ He denied that he had been brainwashed in jail.
2．bathe，也指洗涤，但强调在某种特定的液体里洗，而洗涤的目的也不是去污，而是治疗或保健。
　☞ 医生告诉我每天洗两次眼睛。
　☞ The doctor told me to bathe my eyes twice a day.
　☞ 你得把伤口洗了才能包扎。
　☞ You have to bathe the wound before you bind it up.
　☞ 老年人在睡觉前用热姜汤洗脚有好处。
　☞ It is good for old people to bathe their feet in warm water boiled with ginger before they go to bed.
3．cleanse，指用化学物去污或用消毒剂消毒。
　☞ 房间是用去垢剂兑水洗过的。
　☞ The room was cleansed with detergent mixed with water.
　☞ 伤口是在护士洗过后缝上的。
　☞ The nurse cleansed the wound before stitching it.
　 ■ 此外，cleanse还可用来清洗精神思想上的污垢。
　☞ 但愿上帝洗去你心中的一切杂念。
　☞ May God cleanse your soul of every impure thought!
　☞ 希望今后你要洗心革面。
　☞ We hope from now on you'll cleanse your heart and order your behavior.
4．“洗”的其他译法。
　☞ 胶卷洗得很好。
　☞ The film is well developed.
　☞ 照片洗出来了。
　☞ The photo has been processed.
　☞ 那段讲话录音已经洗掉了。
　☞ The recording of the talk has been erased.
　☞ 该你洗牌了。
　☞ It's your turn to make the pack.
　☞ 他吃的安眠药过多，医生给他洗了胃。
　☞ He took too many sleeping tablets. The doctor had him have gastric lavage.
活 活
1．live，用作动词，die的反义词，有以下几种用法。
1) 拥有生命。
　☞ 我的祖母活到85岁。
　☞ My grandmother lived to the age of 85.
　☞ 花放在水里活的时间要长一点。
　☞ The flowers will live longer if you put them in water.
2) 在某种条件下生存。
　☞ 动物没有氧气就活不下去。
　☞ Animals cannot live without oxygen.
　☞ 万物活着都得有营养。
　☞ Whatever lives must have sustenance.
3) 精神的永生。
　☞ 这些英雄的名字将永远活着。
　☞ The names of these heroes will live forever.
　☞ 他将永远活在我们心中。
　☞ He will always live in our hearts.
2．live，用作定语，不作表语，dead的反义词，一般只修饰动物或植物，不用于人。如用于人时，带有诙谐调侃的意味，有“活生生”的意思。
　☞ 试验室要用活猴子做实验。
　☞ The laboratory conducts experiments with live monkeys.
　☞ 我买了条活鱼。
　☞ I bought a live fish.
　☞ 猫在玩一只活老鼠。
　☞ The cat is playing with a live mouse.
　☞ 他是个货真价实、活蹦乱跳的牛仔。
　☞ He was a real live cowboy.
3．alive，只用作表语或补语，指活的状态，dead的反义词，指大难不死而活下来。
1) 用作表语，可修饰人或物。
　☞ 重伤员失去了知觉，但送医院时还活着。
　☞ The mortally wounded was unconscious but still alive when taken to hospital.
　☞ 尽管冬季严寒，苹果树还活着。
　☞ Despite the hard winter the apple trees are still alive.
2) 用作补语。
　☞ 有个敌兵被活捉了。
　☞ One of the enemy soldiers was caught alive.
　☞ 他父亲在抗日战争中被日军活埋。
　☞ His father was buried alive by the Japanese troops in the Anti-Japanese War.
4．living，non-living的反义词，有以下几种用法。
1) 用作定语或表语，可修饰人或物。
　☞ 大家相信他是还活着的、最优秀的作家中的一位。
　☞ He is believed to be one of the best living writers.
　☞ 老鼠还活着。
　☞ The mouse is still living.
2) 用作比喻。
　☞ 他是她父亲的活偶像。
　☞ He is the living image of her father.
　☞ 他是位西藏活佛。
　☞ He is a living Buddha from Tibet.
3) 用作名词。
　☞ 他病得活腻了。
　☞ He was so sick that he was tired of living.
　☞ 好死不如赖活。
　☞ Natural death is not as good as living on in degradation.
5．exist，指在某种条件下生存，可与live 2) 换用。
　☞ 植物没有水活不了。
　☞ Plants cannot exist without water.
　☞ 他们在这种恶劣条件下是怎么活下去的？
　☞ How did they exist in such wretched conditions?
6．survive，有以下几种用法。
1) 经过某种劫难而存活。
　☞ 村民经过这么多的兵燹战火，活着的人很少了。
　☞ Few villagers survived after they had gone through so many wars and fires.
　☞ 这场战斗中的那些伤员，只有3个还活着。
　☞ Of those wounded in the battle, only three survived.
2) 多活一段时间。
　☞ 统计资料表明妇女比男人活得长。
　☞ Statistics show that women survive men.
　☞ 他比妻子多活了10年。
　☞ He survived his wife by ten years.
7．last out，指熬过某个时期或病痛。
　☞ 我们认为那老头活不过冬天。
　☞ We don't think the old man will last out the winter.
　☞ 他心脏病发作，不过还是活了过来。
　☞ He lasted out the heart attack.
8．in (during) one's lifetime，指在活着的时候。
　☞ 他活着的时候被塑造成神。
　☞ He was portrayed to be a god in his lifetime.
　☞ 她活着的时候影响过不少人。
　☞ During her lifetime she influenced many people.
9．save，指救活。
　☞ 李时珍免费行医，活人无数。
　☞ Li Shizhen saved a great many people, rendering free medical service.
　☞ 这剂中药总算活了他的命。
　☞ This dose of Chinese herbal medicine managed to save his life.
10．active，指积极的戎仍在活动的。
　☞ 阅读过程是死的，而写作过程则是活的。
　☞ Reading is a passive process while writing is active.
　☞ 维苏威火山是一座活火山。
　☞ Mount Vesuvius is an active volcano.
11．vivid，指逼真。
　☞ 你三言两语就把他的一副叛徒嘴脸画活了。
　☞ In a few words you gave him a vivid picture of a renegade.
　☞ 这位著名演员把发疯的国王演活了。
　☞ The well-known actor gave a vivid performance as the mad king.
12．lively，指生动。
　☞ 戏剧是生活的活的写照。
　☞ The drama is the lively image of life.
　☞ 我们能不能把会开得活一点？
　☞ Can't we make the meeting more lively?
13．flexible，指灵活。
　☞ 我们需要更活的对外政策。
　☞ We need a foreign policy that is more flexible.
　☞ 规章制度是死的，但在执行经济计划时我们人是活的。
　☞ Rules and regulations are rigid, but we could be flexible in applying our economic program.
14．noncommittal，指观点态度不明朗。
　☞ 他的话很活。
　☞ His words were rather noncommittal.
　☞ 她的回答“我会考虑的”相当活。
　☞ Her answer "I will think it over" is quite noncommittal.
15．quick，指敏捷。
　☞ 他的脑筋活。
　☞ He has a quick wit.
　☞ 他是我见过的人当中脑子最活的一个。
　☞ He is the quickest-minded man I've ever seen.
活动 活动
1．move，指动弹，move about，指走动。
　☞ 我患风湿的四肢几乎不会活动。
　☞ I can hardly move my rheumatic limbs.
　☞ 刚想活动一下，她的断臂就疼得她叫起来。
　☞ She groaned as soon as she tried to move her broken arm.
　☞ 你坐了半天，站起来活动活动。
　☞ You've sat for a long time. Now stand up and move about。
2．exercise，指锻炼。
　☞ 你每天早晨活动不活动？
　☞ Do you exercise every morning?
　☞ 你发胖了，应该多活动。
　☞ You are getting fat, you should exercise more.
　☞ 老头睡前总要活动活动筋骨。
　☞ The old man would exercise his muscles before going to bed.
3．limber up，指为准备某事而活动身子。
　☞ 在晨练之前我们活动活动怎么样？
　☞ How about limbering up before our morning exercise?
　☞ 运动员在赛前都要做准备活动。
　☞ The sportsmen limber up before the competition.
4．loose，指松动。
　☞ 这颗牙活动了。
　☞ This tooth is loose.
　☞ 紧一下这颗活动的螺丝。
　☞ Tighten the loose crew.
5．flexible，指变动。
　☞ 一直在争论的是到底是固定汇率还是活动汇率更能起调节作用。
　☞ It has been debated whether fixed or flexible exchange rate would be more likely to play the regulating role.
　☞ 他的口气有点活动了。
　☞ His tone shows that he has become a bit more flexible.
6．operate，指展开活动。
　☞ 游击队在敌后活动。
　☞ The guerilla forces were operating behind the enemy lines.
　☞ 我们的业务在全国各地都有活动。
　☞ Our business operates all over the country.
7．“活动”还有下列各种译法可供参考。
　☞ 有机会替他活动活动。
　☞ Put in a good word for him when comes any chance.
　☞ 他四处活动，总算谋了个一官半职。
　☞ At last he has got an official post by running about.
　☞ 新俱乐部已开始活动。
　☞ The new club has started its activity.
　☞ 不要坐那把椅子！它已经活动了。
　☞ Don't sit on that chair! It's already shaky.
　☞ 这桌子直活动。
　☞ The table is rickety.
　☞ 玩具士兵的手脚都是活动的。
　☞ The toy soldiers have moveable arms and legs.
洽谈 洽谈
1．discuss, discussion，指讨论性洽谈。
　☞ 他们公司不想洽谈这项业务。
　☞ Their company refused to discuss the business.
　☞ 双方洽谈了如何促进两国之间合作的问题。
　☞ Both sides discussed the problem of how to promote cooperation between the two countries.
　☞ 一些引进项目正在洽谈之中。
　☞ Several programs for importation are under discussion.
2．talk, 指会谈性洽谈。
　☞ 这件事，你们得跟他们洽谈。
　☞ You will have to talk this over with them.
　☞ 工人们决定成立一个3人代表团就工资问题与总经理洽谈。
　☞ The workers decided to set up a three-member delegation to talk their wages over with the general manager.
　☞ 双方洽谈了贸易事宜。
　☞ Both sides held trade talks.
3．consult, consultation，指磋商性洽谈。
　☞ 这件事得经过洽谈我才能最终决定。
　☞ I cannot decide finally until I have consulted about the matter.
　☞ 咱们上我的房间去洽谈。
　☞ Let's go up to my room to consult.
　☞ 雇主们进行了洽谈来决定是否增加工人的报酬。
　☞ The employers held a consultation to decide whether to increase their workers' pay.
派 派
1．send，指派遣，常用词，不带感情色彩。
　☞ 我国政府派了以外交部长为首的代表团参加这次国际会议。
　☞ Our government sent a delegation headed by the minister of foreign affairs to the international conference.
　☞ 公司派他出公差了。
　☞ The company has sent him on public errand.
　☞ 应当立即派人去处理这件事。
　☞ Someone ought to be sent at once to deal with the matter.
　☞ 援军趁着夜色的掩护被派到了河对岸。
　☞ Reinforcement was sent across the river under cover of darkness.
　 ■ send 还可与一些介词或副词连用，表示不同的意思。
　☞ 王经理把皮包忘在了我的办公室，因此我派一位练习生去追他。
　☞ Wang, the manager, left his bag in my office, so I sent one of the boys after him.
　☞ 装甲车派到了我师主力部队前面以发现敌军的动向。
　☞ Armored cars were sent ahead of the main body of our division to spot enemy troop movement.
　☞ 我们派他去请医生了。
　☞ We have sent him for the doctor.
2．dispatch，指为了某一明确的目的而派遣。
　☞ 我知道每个能去的摄影记者都会被派往现场。
　☞ I knew that the every available photographer would be dispatched to the scene.
　☞ 美国派了一艘巡洋舰到该岛恢复秩序。
　☞ The United States dispatched a cruiser to the island to restore order.
　☞ 已派了5台消防车去扑灭这场大火。
　☞ Five fire engines have been dispatched to combat the blaze.
3．assign，指给某一集团的成员分配任务，而不强调对人的选择。这种分派往往带有某种义不容辞的责任。
　☞ 上尉派了两名士兵守大门。
　☞ The captain assigned two soldiers to guard the gate.
　☞ 石油储备设施的保卫工作派给了我们团。
　☞ The defense of the oil installation has been assigned to our regiment.
　☞ 讨论结果是派我去管伙食，派你去搞保卫。
　☞ As the result of discussion I was assigned to mess duty and you were assigned to guard duty.
4．appoint，指上级指派。
　☞ 党中央派他任云南省党委书记。
　☞ The Central Committee of the Party appointed him to be Patty secretary of Yunnan Province.
　☞ 派他担任车间主任。
　☞ He was appointed head of the workshop.
5．accredit，指授权并给予正式委派。
　☞ 国家主席派他出任驻美大使。
　☞ The Chinese president accredited him as an ambassador to the United States.
　☞ 他派任为驻联合国代表。
　☞ He was accredited as a representative to the United Nations.
6．group，指派别。
　☞ 与会代表来自不同党派。
　☞ The representatives participating in the conference were from different parties and groups.
　☞ 国会议员在这个问题上分成对立的两派。
　☞ The congressmen were divided into two opposing groups over the issue.
7．sect, 指宗教派别。
　☞ 清教徒是十六七世纪英国新教徒中的一派。
　☞ Puritans were a sect of English protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries.
　☞ 基督教各派都对耶稣的话有不同的理解。
　☞ The Christian sects have a varying interpretation of the words of Christ.
8．faction，指大派中的宗派。
　☞ 你是哪一派？
　☞ To what faction do you belong?
　☞ 一个社会之所以变得崇高，不是靠一派胜过另一派，而是靠各派互相协调。
　☞ A society becomes great not by the victories of its factions over each other but by their reconciliation.
9．school, 指学派。
　☞ 很多学者都是这一派的。
　☞ Many scholars belong to this school.
　☞ 客厅墙上挂着印象派的油画。
　☞ On the wall of the drawing room were hung oil paintings of the impressionist school.
10．station，指派驻、布置。
　☞ 边境派有重兵。
　☞ A large number of troops are stationed along the border.
　☞ 警方会派一名警员到马路对面监视银行。
　☞ The police will station a man on the opposite side of the road to keep watch on the bank.
11．“派”的其他译法。
　☞ 他的唱腔自成一派。
　☞ He was unique in his style of singing.
　☞ 他是个乐天派。
　☞ He is an optimist.
　☞ 火车在急速行驶，窗外是一派深秋景色。
　☞ The train was running at high speed, and outside its window was a late autumn scene.
　☞ 一派北国风光投入跟帘。
　☞ An expanse of typical northern scenery greeted the eye.
　☞ 我们的形势一派大好。
　☞ We have an all-prevailing excellent situation.
　☞ 他所说的纯属一派谎言。
　☞ What he said was a pack of absolute lies.
　☞ 你什么时候给我们派任务？
　☞ When will you set us a task?
　☞ 他自己不认错，还派别人不是。
　☞ Instead of admitting his mistakes he shifted the blame onto others.
　☞ 我们在农民家里吃派饭。
　☞ We boarded with different peasant families by arrangement.
　☞ 粮食是由国家派购的。
　☞ Purchases of grain are prescribed by the state.
　☞ 要严禁向农户派款。
　☞ We must strictly forbid imposing levies of money on peasant families.
　☞ 这东西我派不上用场。
　☞ I have no use for it.
　☞ 这东西将来会派上大用场。
　☞ It can be turned to good account in future.
流 流
1．flow, 指流体不间断的流动。
　☞ 长江流入东海。
　☞ The Changjiang River flows into the East Sea.
　☞ 她泪流满面。
　☞ Tears flowed down her cheeks.
　☞ 他手指割了个口子，血流出来了。
　☞ He cut his finger and the blood flowed out.
　 ■ 但用作比喻时，也可指固体的流动。
　☞ 黄金流到了国外。
　☞ Gold flowed out of the country.
　☞ 改革以来，数以千万计的农村人口流入了城市。
　☞ The rural population, numbering tens of millions, has flowed into urban areas since the reform.
2．stream, 指一股一股的流动。
　☞ 水从地下室的墙上流了下来。
　☞ In the basement, water streamed down the walls.
　☞ 血从伤口流了出来。
　☞ Blood streamed from the wound.
　☞ 她泪流满面。
　☞ Tears streamed down her face.
　☞ 车流穿过大桥。
　☞ A stream of traffic crossed the bridge.
　☞ 人流从火车站内涌了出来。
　☞ A stream of people were coming out of the railway station.
　☞ 他通过意识流来刻画人物。
　☞ He portrays his characters through the stream of consciousness.
3．current与stream相比更强调力度及速度。
　☞ 两个方向的人流经过他身边，不过他终于被向南涌动的人流带走了。
　☞ Streams of people passed him in either direction, but he was finally caught by the current of those moving south.
　☞ 水流速度在每秒1. 26-2. 73米之间。
　☞ The water current's speed is between l.26 and 2.73 meters per second.
　☞ 这里的气候很受太平洋暖流的影响。
　☞ The climate here is much affected by the warm current in the Pacific Ocean.
　☞ 一股电流正通过导线。
　☞ An electric current is passing through a wire.
4．run, 指流体的运动。
　☞ 江河都流人大海。
　☞ Rivers run to the sea.
　☞ 水从水管流到桶里。
　☞ The water runs out of the pipe into the bucket.
　☞ 血从伤口流出来。
　☞ Blood ran from a cut.
　☞ 她泪流满面。
　☞ Tears were running down her face.
　☞ 他咳嗽松了点，不过还在流鼻涕。
　☞ His cough has slackened, but his nose was still running.
5．