张培基 《英译中国现代散文选(4)》
   目录：
 　 生命从八十岁开始
　　中学时代生活的回忆
　　骆驼
　　忆滇缅路
　　一只木屐
　　再寄小读者
　　养成好习惯
　　略谈英文文法
　　杂感集（节录）
　　美国的男女
　　说起香港
　　就像人每天必须吃饭一样
　　从《老黑奴》说起
　　冬阳?童年?骆驼队
　　从《老黑奴》说起
　　我的书斋生活（节录）
　　斯诺精神
　　我和北大图书馆
　　在德国——自己的花是让别人看的
　　上海菜市场
　　容忍
　　论包装
　　白蝴蝶之恋
　　丁香花下
　　太阳
　　毁画
　　哭
　　再说包装
　　鸵鸟?孔雀?老鹰
　　困水记
　　照片上的童年
　　回忆一个历史镜头
　　散书有感
　　妈妈的手
　　过戈壁
　　鸟巢
　　生命从八十岁开始
　　Life Begins at 80
　　冰心
　　Bing Xin
　　Beijing Hospital
　　October 29, 1980
　　背景知识：冰心（1900年10月5日－1999年2月28日），女，原名谢婉莹，福建省长乐市（今福州市长乐区）人 ，中国民主促进会（民进）成员。中国诗人，现代作家、翻译家、儿童文学作家、社会活动家、散文家。笔名冰心取自「一片冰心在玉壶」。冰心1923年夏毕业于燕京大学，同年8月赴美留学，前后共三年，在此期间，她写了散文《再寄小读者》，内有29篇通讯，除8篇写于国内，其余21篇都写于赴美的船上和美国。这些通讯最初陆续发表在《晨报副刊》的「儿童世界」栏内，1026年结集出了出了单行本。新中国成立后，她继续写了两集。本篇通讯发表在《再寄小读者》中，为该集的代序。
　　亲爱的小朋友：
　　我每天在病榻上躺着，面对一幅极好看的画。这是一个满面笑容，穿着红兜肚，背上扛着一对大红桃的孩子，旁边写着“冰心同志八十大寿”，底下落款是“一九八○年十月《儿童文学》敬祝”。
　　Dear Little Friends,
　　Every day I lie facing a lovely picture from my sickbed—the picture of a smiling little child wearing a doudu and carrying two big red peaches on the shoulder. It bears the inscriptions “On the 80th birthday of Comrade Bing Xin”and “With best wishes from the Children’s Literature, October 1980 on the margin and at the bottom, respectively.
　　facing a lovely picture from my sickbed作伴随状语。
　　lie这个不及物动词应该与及物动词lay相区别。问题出在lie「躺下」「躺着」的过去式是lay（过去分词是lain），同lay动词原形重合（lay的过去式和过去分词都是laid），所以容易混淆（lie如果作「说谎」解，则属规则动词，过去式和过去分词都是lied）??「红兜肚」是中国特有，为了便于外国读者理解，除了翻译成doudu外应作适当的注释。
　　「旁边写着」「底下落款」「敬祝」三处的翻译，译入语中选用了It bears the inscription...on the margin and at the bottom, respectively这样的词语和句式结构，准确传达，使西方读者能够较为清楚地明白原文所要表达的概念。其中，it指the picture，bear的选词值得我们学习借鉴。
　　「敬祝」译为with the best wishes，不仅有效地传达了原文概念且符合英文书信体用语习惯，从译入语场景来看也很贴合。
　　原文中用了五个逗号两个句号，句式结构短小而又松散，属于中式散文文体结构。而在译文中，为了使其语义连贯，译者采用了语法衔接中的照应、省略、替代和连接等手段将原文组成了两个英文长句，使其语义概念在译文中流畅地表达了出来。
　　纵观译文，译者多处对原文的句式结构进行了修改，并且灵活运用了语法衔接和词汇衔接手段，使译文文章读起来自然流畅。
　　每天早晨醒来，在灿烂的阳光下看着它，使我快乐，使我鼓舞，但是“八十”这两个字，总不能使我相信我竟然已经八十岁了！
　　Every morning, when I wake up, it gives me great joy and encouragement to see the picture in the bright sunshine. But the birthday gift hasn’t brought me to realize that I am already 80 years old!
　　「灿烂的阳光」译作the bright sunshine，请注意「灿烂的」这个译法。
　　「使我...，使我...」这样的排比句式译文仅用了一个动词gives连接，请注意中英之间这种表达习惯的差异。
　　‘八十’这两个字”译者根据自己对上下文的理解转译为「生日礼物(birthday gift)」，此做法在翻译实践中可参考。
　　「使我相信」这里应理解为「使我明白或意识到...」，所以译作brought me to realize。
　　我病后有许多老朋友来信，又是安慰又是责难，说：“你以后千万不能再不服老了！”
　　Since I fell ill, many old friends have written to express their sympathy for me and meanwhile warn me never again to work so hard without regard for my old age.
　　「安慰」此处译作express one’s sympathy for...（表达对某人的同情之心）??「责难」这里作「善意地责备」之意，译作warn me...
　　「不服老」这里应理解为「不顾年迈而...（做某事）」，译作without regard for my old age。
　　所以，我在复一位朋友的信里说：“孔子说他常觉得‘不知老之将至’，我是‘无知’到了不知老之已至的地步！”
　　So, in reply to a friend’s letter, I said, “While Confucius refers to himself as often being ‘unaware of approaching old age’, I am, however, unaware that I am already old!”
　　「孔子说他常觉得‘不知老之将至’」译作Confucius refers to himself as often being ‘unaware of approaching old age’。其中refer to ... (as…)是固定搭配，表示「谈及、提起」。（as 经常跟「观点」类动词连用，表示「作为......，是......，以......方式」例句The job was seen as being very tough.
　　这活儿被认为很棘手。
　　「不知老之将至」应理解为「没有意识到自己即将步入老年」，译作unaware of approaching old age。
　　梁实秋《学问与趣味》）…不知老之将至。
　　…forgets his approaching old age。
　　while一词含对比意味，however一词的运用，不仅进行了有效的衔接，也是一种为了表达作者不顾年迈积极投身于写作事业顽强而又乐观的积极精神的「突出」形式，准确传达了原文的语气特征。
　　这无知要感谢我的千千万万的小读者！
　　For this unawareness, I owe a debt of gratitude to millions upon millions of my little readers!
　　此处的「无知」是指作者「没有意识到自己已经步入年迈之年」，所以译作unawareness，切勿望字生意译作innocent。
　　「这无知要感谢我的千千万万的小读者」原文中的这句话体现了笔者对小读者由衷的感激之情，而译者抓住了原作者想要表达的语气，在译文中用了a debt of gratitude这样强烈的感激之词，类似于我们常说的「人情债」指「觉得亏欠了对某人的感恩或感激」，准确而又生动地传达了原文的语气。
　　自从我二十三岁起写《寄小读者》以来，断断续续地写了将近六十年。
　　It is about 60 years since I began at the age of 23 to write intermittently Letters to Little Readers.
　　intermittent表示「间歇的、断断续续的」。intermittently是其副词形式。
　　例句
　　The talks went on intermittently for three years.
　　会谈开开停停地进行了 3 年。
　　正是许多小读者们读《寄小读者》后的来信，这热情的回响，使我永远觉得年轻！
　　The warm response expressed by many of my little friends after reading my letters has given me a perpetual feeling of being young!
　　此段中the warm response用了warm这一修饰词来表达热情的意思，体现了原文要表达的温暖情感。
　　A perpetual feeling of being young中的perpetual一词经常会出现在译入语的散文中，此语的使用较为符合文体。
　　我在病中不但得到《中国少年报》编辑部的赠花，并给我拍了照，也得到许多慰问的信，因为这些信的祝福都使我相信我会很快康复起来。
　　During my illness, the editorial department of the China Juvenile Daily sent me flowers and took my picture. I also received many letters of sympathy from my friends and readers, whose good wishes inspired me with confidence in my speedy recovery.
　　请注意报刊名称《中国少年报》的译法China Juvenile Daily，对于知名度较高的专有名词一般都有固定外文翻译平时需注意积累。而非知名的一类，亦可参考借鉴，符合文体及充分考虑场景很重要。
　　「慰问信」译作letters of sympathy，后边常常接介词from表明慰问的发出人。
　　「祝福」此译作good wishes，即「美好的愿望、期盼」??「使我相信」正确的理解应该是「给予我信心或激励我从而使得我充满信心」，所以译作inspired me with confidence。
　　「早日康复」译作speedy recovery，常用语请注意记忆。
　　我的病是在得了“脑血栓”之后，又把右胯骨摔折。
　　My illness started with cerebral thrombosis, and later I suffered a fracture in my right hipbone.
　　此句句式是「...得了...之后，又...」，英文对应译出started with...,and later I suffered...，行文非常流畅，这种衔接的方式值得借鉴。
　　四处走动get around
　　例句
　　She gets around with the help of a stick.
　　她拄着拐杖四处走动。
　　因此行动、写字都很困难。
　　As a result, I had difficulty getting around and writing by hand.
　　译文用 had difficulty名词的形式翻译原文中的形容词「...很困难」，词性转换后更便于连接展述接下来的内容。
　　写这几百字几乎用了半个小时，但我希望在一九八一年我完全康复之后，再努力给小朋友们写些东西。
　　You can imagine how it took me almost half an hour to finish writing this short note of only a few hundred words!
　　「写这几百字几乎用了半个小时」原文属于陈述语气，并没有以感叹句的形式出现，而译文却用了感叹句，那是不是没有达到功能对等的效果呢？其实不然，增译You can imagine how...加强了语气及后边感叹号的使用，都是为了说明作者不顾自己的年老和病痛，为了感谢小朋友读者们的支持，坚持写出了这篇小短文，表现了其顽强的拼搏精神。
　　西谚云“生命从四十岁开始”。我想从一九八一年起，病好后再好好练习写字，练习走路。
　　As a Western saying goes, “Life begins at 40.”I hope that, starting from 1981,I’ll be able to try my hand at writing and moving around after my recovery.
　　「西谚云」偏文言。即「西方国家有一句名言是这样说的」，所以译作As a Western saying goes。又，我们常说的「俗话说」译作As a saying goes…??「好好练字」及「练习走路」分别译作try my hand at writing（锻炼一下我的手写写字），moving around（走动），都是根据上下文病后康复期肢体尚未灵便的情况给出的准确翻译。
　　“生命从八十岁开始”，努力和小朋友们一同前进！
　　Life begins at 80. Let me strive to forge ahead with all my little friends！
　　「努力和小朋友们一同前进」译作Let me strive to forge ahead with all my little friends，译文准确传达了原文的概念意义，尤其要指出的是 strive to forge ahead的翻译，从感情色彩来说译文的表达较原文要更加强烈，表达了一种顽强，努力进取的积极精神。strive to do sth.及 strive for sth.是固定搭配，指「努力追求」「为某事或目标而奋斗」??Forge ahead指「继续推进（某事）」，及「（不断）进步」的意思。
　　祝 你们健康快乐
　　With every good wish,
　　你们的热情的朋友 冰心
　　一九八○年十月二十九日于北京医院
　　Bing Xin, Your loving friend
　　日期和地址信息，已于文章开头译出。
　　必背词汇
　　forge       v.取得进展，稳步推进
　　英义
　　If you forge ahead with something, you continue with it and make a lot of progress with it.
　　例句
　　He again pledged to forge ahead with his plans for reform.
　　他再次承诺会稳步推进自己的改革计划。
　　perpetual       adj.不间断的，不变的，持续的，长久的英义A perpetual feeling, state, or quality is one that never ends or changes.
　　the creation of a perpetual union
　　永久联盟的创立
　　intermittent       adj.间歇的，断断续续的英义Something that is intermittent happens occasionally rather than continuously.
　　例句
　　After three hours of intermittent rain, the game was abandoned.
　　3 个小时断断续续的降雨之后,比赛取消了。
　　debt       cn.(表示感激) 我欠你个人情/我受你的恩惠英义You use debt in expressions such as I owe you a debt or I am in your debt when you are expressing gratitude for something that someone has done for you.
　　例句
　　He was so good to me that I can never repay the debt I owe him.
　　他对我太好了，我永远也还不清这份人情。
　　margin        cn.页边空白，页边，白边
　　英义
　　The margin of a written or printed page is the empty space at the side of the page.
　　例句
　　She added her comments in the margin.
　　她在页边的空白处写下了评语。
　　inscription       cn.题词，题赠
　　英义
　　An inscription is something written by hand in the front of a book or on a photograph.
　　例句
　　The inscription reads: 'To Emma, with love from Harry'.
　　题赠写着：“献给爱玛,爱你的哈里”。
　　重点表达
　　敬祝With the best wishes
　　底下落款It bears the inscriptions at the bottom灿烂的阳光the bright sunshine使我相信brought me to realize安慰express one’s sympathy for...
　　不服老without regard for my old age
　　不知老之将至unaware of approaching old age感谢a debt of gratitude断断续续intermittently永远觉得年轻a perpetual feeling of being young慰问信letters of sympathy祝福good wishes早日康复speedy recovery
　　脑血栓cerebral thrombosis
　　胯骨摔折a fracture in the hipbone
　　西谚云As a Western saying goes
　　为某目标而努力奋斗strive to do sth.
　　不断进步forge ahead
　　复盘测试
　　敬祝
　　底下落款
　　灿烂的阳光
　　使我相信
　　安慰
　　不服老
　　不知老之将至
　　感谢
　　断断续续
　　永远觉得年轻
　　慰问信
　　祝福
　　早日康复
　　脑血栓
　　胯骨摔折
　　西谚云
　　为某目标而努力奋斗
　　不断进步
　　表达对比
　　「努力、奋斗」有几种译法？
　　Let me strive to forge ahead with all my little friends！
　　努力和小朋友们一同前进！
　　We must try to minimize environmental degradation.
　　我们必需（努力）将环境退化最小化。
　　Some people work hard at suppressing their emotions.
　　有些人（努力）压抑自己的情绪。
　　I think I always geared towards that side.
　　也一直朝着这方面（努力）。
　　中学时代生活的回忆
　　Recollections of My High School Days
　　庐隐
　　Lu Yin
　　背景知识：《中学时代生活的回忆》的作者卢隐（1898-1934）原名黄淑仪，又名黄英，福建闽侯人，是「五四」时期著名女作家，早期与冰心齐名。
　　只要一回忆到学生时代的生活，心头便不禁有一种顽皮的跳动，过去的童年，也似乎复活了。
　　Whenever I look back upon my school days, my heart will throb hard and my childhood will seem to come back to life.
　　回忆look back upon
　　学生时代school days
　　「顽皮的跳动」主要想表达作者对那段年少时光的美好激动，译作throb hard（强烈地跳动），throb原意指机械有规律地振动作响或音乐声咚咚作响等。
　　复活、苏醒、复苏come back to life
　　例句
　　Agriculture, trade, and shipbuilding were coming back to life.
　　农业、贸易和造船正在复苏。
　　我正是十三岁的那一年秋天，考进了女子师范的一年级，In the autumn of the year when I was thirteen, I got enrolled by examination to a women's normal school as a first-year student.
　　「通过考试的途径进入了某所学校」译作get enrolled by examination to..., enroll这里指「（学校）招收或录取」。又，normal school指「师范学校」在全级同学的年龄中，我是倒数第一，身材呢，偏偏也是又矮又小，Being the youngest of the class, I was short and small.
　　「年龄倒数第一」这里译作the youngest，当译入语没有完全对等的概念时，应从另外一个角度去切入，这种技巧值得注意。
　　「身材呢」英文略译，因short and small就是指身材，无需赘述，遵循译入语表达习惯。
　　当我拖着两条小辫发，跑进课堂时，同学们都惊奇地望着我，在她们的揣测中，这仅仅是个小学四五年级的孩子，怎么会参加她们的集团呢，As I entered the classroom wearing my hair in two braids, my classmates all stared at me with amazement, wondering how a primary school kid of the 4th or 5th grade could have become one of their clique.
　　as引导时间状从；wearing my hair in two braids作伴随状语。
　　这里的「集团」指校园中要好同学间的「小圈子」，译作clique很贴切，隐含有负面意思指「排斥圈子外的人」而我就在她们的猜疑中，安然地坐在第一排的位子上了。
　　Nevertheless, in the midst of their guesses, I took a seat in the first row with composure.
　　「安然地」即「镇定地（并未受同学猜疑的影响）」，现译作with composure。
　　一个中年妇女，据说是学监曹先生，迈着那小脚放大的特有的八字步，神乎其神的走进教室，登上讲台，A middle-aged woman, known as Miss Cao the proctor, walked into the classroom and mounted the platform with self-important airs. Having been once a woman with bound-feet, she was splayfooted.
　　「先生」并非我们现在说的男士，而是指「老师」，所以这里根据上下文译为Miss。
　　mount是指「爬上，登上（台阶或梯级）」，常用搭配有：mount the stairs/platform 登上台阶/讲台。
　　文中「神乎其神」指「妄自尊大，高傲的」，译为with self-important airs。airs这里指老师走路的「体态及给人的感觉」，例如He has a XX air. 他给人...的感觉。另，其它的搭配还有：put on airs/give themselves airs 装腔作势。又，self-important表示「高傲的，妄自尊大的」??「小脚」是指封建社会上层女性流行的裹脚，译作bound-feet, bound是分词形式其原形是bind（捆，绑或束缚）??Splayfoot就是「八字步」，splay是「向外张开」的意思。
　　我们恭敬的起立，鞠躬，坐下，
　　We all stood up, bowed and sat down with great deference.
　　We all：all为代词，是we的同位语。
　　with great deference指「极恭敬地（尤其对位高者）」学监发给我们一份油印的学校规则，上面罗列着森严可怖的校规，最使我刺心的，是学生必须全体住堂，除星期六例假外，不许外出，即使例假外出时，也必有家长盖章的证明书才行，星期日下午五点以前一定要回学校，如果迟误，下星期就不准回家，The proctor then gave us each a mimeographed sheet with a horrible list of strict regulations, of which the most detestable was that all students must be boarders forbidden to go out of the campus except during weekends with a certificate sealed by parents and that they must return to the campus before 5 o'clock on Sunday afternoons and otherwise they would not be allowed to go home next weekend.
　　「罗列着森严可怖的校规」译作with a horrible list of strict regulations。校规森严（strict），所以可怖（horrible），欣赏此处两个形容词的摆放位置。
　　「住堂」实则指「寄宿在学校里」，这里英译词性转换为名词boarders（寄宿学生）其次就是不许穿制服以外的任何衣服，——而制服偏偏又是那样难看，On top of that, we were allowed to wear no other outer garment than the school uniform, which was so ugly.
　　「制服以外的任何衣服」即「其它外衣」，译作other outer garment。
　　wear no other outer garment than the school uniform ：
　　no other… than…
　　no… other than…
　　两种形式表示同一意思「除了……之外，没有……」例句晚餐除了干面包和水外，他们没有得到其他的食物。
　　They were given no other food than dry bread and water for their evening meal.
　　They were given no food other than dry bread and water for their evening meal.
　　夏季的是灰色布衫，灰色山东绸的裙子，新的时候还好，洗过几次之后，颜色灰黯，活像一窝老鼠精。
　　The summer uniform consisted of a gray cotton shirt and a gray silk skirt, which would discolor with each washing until they looked as pale as gray rats.
　　「洗过几次之后，颜色灰黯」即「每次洗的时候都会掉色」，故译作discolor with each washing??「活像一窝老鼠精」根据上下文应理解为「衣服掉色厉害，简直就像老鼠身上的颜色一样灰白灰白的」，译作until they looked as pale as gray rats至于冬季的呢，那又不如夏季的了，青蛙色的爱国布裙衫，洗得黄不黄绿不绿，谁说不能象征癞蛤蟆的色彩呢?
　　The winter uniform with frog-colored jacket and skirt, was even lousier. They would, after several washings, turn neither yellow nor green, taking on the color of brown-skinned toads.
　　「那又不如夏季的了」并没有照旧对应译出，而是用了lousier一词来表达，原形是lousy指「极糟糕或不喜欢的，劣等的」，更简洁地传达了原文要表达的意思。
　　「青蛙色」译作frog-colored，这种构词方法值得学习。「癞蛤蟆的色彩」更具体化地译为the color of brown-skinned toads（癞蛤蟆皮肤那样的棕色）??take on表示「呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)」同时头上再梳个日本式高搭凉棚式的头，真是呜呼嘻噫，不像鼠精，也像蛙怪了。
　　Meanwhile, we had to wear our hair after the Japanese style, with a hairpiece shaped like a huge canopy. O my, we were thus all transformed into rat spirits and frog monsters!
　　wear our hair after the Japanese style中after是介词，表示「模仿、仿照」。又，表示「发型」常用wear一词例句You ever wear your hair down? - What? Yeah. Sometimes.
　　你把头发放下来过吗？
　　「真是呜呼嘻噫」译为O my，非常口语化充分传达了原文的语言色彩。
　　「鼠精」「蛙怪」译作rat spirits、frog monsters。《西游记》中「各路妖魔鬼怪」的翻译就用到了spirit、demon、monster等词。
　　这虽然似乎是一件小事，而对于我这个还拖着两条辫发的孩子，简直等于是一种滑稽的刑罚呢!
　　Though it was a trivial matter, yet to a little girl like me with two treasured short braids, it was as good as a ludicrous form of punishment!
　　「小事」译作trivial matter（指无关紧要的小事）比small thing更地道。
　　As good as固定用法，相当于「等于」
　　Though…yet…相当于中文里的「虽然…但是…」，但此处yet是副词，并非连词，故不存在语法矛盾，可以与连词though连用。
　　treasured是增益成分，表示「我」对「辫子」的喜欢，从而更烘托出「这是一种滑稽的刑罚」自从学监曹先生颁布校规以后，一些天真活泼的女孩，霎时间都变成了日本婆娘，Upon the announcement of the school regulations by Miss Cao the proctor, the innocent school girls immediately started to behave like Japanese women.
　　「天真活泼的」译作innocent，无需字字对译重在传递感情色彩。
　　「变成了」并未译成have become，而是根据上下文译成behave like。
　　——那时间日本的教育及其他，都正在中国走着极时的红运，In those days, things Japanese, including the educational system, were at the height of their popularity in China.
　　「极时的红运」应理解为「盛行」或者「流行」，指日本文化对教育的影响很普遍且影响很大，所以译作at the height of their popularity。
　　所有的教育当局，也大半是日本留学生，所以为了贯彻他们的取法乎日本的主张，便连装饰也必使其逼似。
　　And most of the Chinese officials in charge of education then were returned students from Japan. Hence the slavish copying of even the Japanese style of ornamentation.
　　「教育当局」译作Chinese officials in charge of education，请注意「当局」的译法，中文是比较笼统的说法而英文则具体化到Chinese officials（中国官员或公职人员）??officer和official的区别official 一般指政府官员，尤指文官（=civil officer），包括行政人员和高级职员。
　　officer 表示「军官」或「警官」
　　注意
　　在使用 officer 表示「政府官员」时，通常有修饰语。
　　例句
　　a public officer [official] 公务员
　　a health officer [official] 卫生官员
　　试想那样庞大笨重的凉棚头，顶在一些尚未全成人形的孩子们身上，究竟类乎不类呢?
　　Imagine how absurd it was to fix a huge cumbersome canopy-like hairpiece on the head of an under-age little girl!
　　「凉棚头」这里是指模仿日本人发型很大且高类似盖下来的样子，所以译作canopy-like hairpiece。Canopy原意是「罩状的或树顶篷」，hairpiece指假发，请注意这种构词方法。
　　「尚未全成人形的」是指「未成年的」，所以译作under-age。又，under-age侧重「生理年龄小」，little则带有感情色彩，可理解为侧重「孩子们的天真可爱等等」尤其在全级比较最小的我更是个要命的勾当，Being the smallest girl of the class, I was worst hit by it.
　　「要命的勾当」应理解为「我最小所以这种发型对我影响最大」，译为worst hit by it（影响最严重）每逢走过整容镜前，由不得掩面急趋，这一副头大身小，畸形发展的尊容，便连自己，也无勇气看。
　　I would quickly shy away from the full-length mirror at school with my face buried in my hands, not daring to look at my own top-heavy bizarre appearance in it.
　　「由不得掩面急趋」呈现了很尴尬、逃避的画面，译文的quickly shy away from...（因羞涩而快速离开...），with my face buried in my hands（双手掩着脸）都很传神地描述了这个场景。又，shy away from 是惯用表达，指(因害怕或信心不足而)回避，躲避，避免做例句We frequently shy away from making decisions.
　　我们常常害怕做出决定。
　　「头大身小」在这里说的是大大的发型在娇小的身体之上，亦可理解为「头重脚轻」，正好与英文中的top-heavy对应。
　　所以仅仅是一个大棚头，和一身蛙色或鼠色的布裙衫，简直像一副全份的刑具，压迫得我无精打采，先天所有的爱美情感，都被摧毁了，The canopy-like hairpiece and the ugly cotton uniform, like a complete set of instruments of torture, depressed me and deprived me of my inborn love for being well groomed.
　　「一副全份的刑具」译作a complete set of instruments of torture，a complete set of...是「一整套的...」也就是「全份」的意思，instruments of torture是「刑具」??deprive someone of sth.是固定搭配，表示「剥夺，使不能有」，这里是指作者对爱美的感情被摧毁了。
　　因此我每个星期六回家时，必作一次欺骗的行为，那就是从学监处领得回家的通知书后，走到门房，放下包裹，先把那大棚头摧毁，仍旧拖两条发辫，这才雇车回家。
　　So I started playing a trick every Saturday before I went home for the weekend. After getting the certificate for leave, I would enter the janitor's room where I put down my knapsack and took off my canopy-like hairpiece. Then I would be on my way home sporting my short braids.
　　「门房」相当于我们平常说的「校门卫室」译作janitor's room，janitor就是「看门人」??…the janitor's room where I put down my knapsack and took off my canopy-like hairpiece: where引导定从，先行词是room。
　　「摧毁」这里是指「把头顶上的假发型脱掉」，所以译为took off。
　　「拖两条发辫」文中隐含了为了自己的做法很得意终于摆脱了极为丑陋造型的束缚，英译中的sporting在这里就是「夸耀」的意思。
　　第二天回学校时，也是偷偷摸摸乘学监看不见的时候，逃到栉沐室，恢复了大棚头，再去交通知书。
　　The next day when I returned to school, I would, before handing in the certificate for leave, sneak into the women's bathroom without the knowledge of the proctor and furtively put on the unwieldy hairpiece again.
　　上交、提交hand in
　　例句
　　You must all hand in your projects by the end of next week.
　　你们都必须在下周末前交出研究报告。
　　在…不知情（的情况下）without the knowledge of…朱德《母亲的回忆》
　　我下决心瞒着慈爱的母亲脱离家乡，远走云南参加了新军和同盟会。So I decided to leave, without my mother’s knowledge, for the faraway province of Yunnan, where I joined the New Army and Tongmenhui.
　　在这个中学时期中，本来是我的黄金时代，谁知我的活泼快乐的童年，竟销灭于这如牢狱似的学校生活中，My high school days would have been my golden age had it not been for the prison-like school life.
　　had it not been for the prison-like school life中 had it not been…是省略if的虚拟条件句的译法，表示「要不是」??prison-like：后缀-like与名词连用构成形容词表示「像…的」「有…特征的」例句a tiny worm-like creature像蠕虫一样的微小生物snake-like undulations蛇形起伏。
　　至今想来，对于当时那种专门以压迫手段的学校教育，犹觉不寒而栗了。
　　Today, I still cannot help shuddering at the thought of the erstwhile coercion-oriented school education.
　　禁不住、忍不住、不禁cannot help doing
　　例句
　　The Shepherd Boy cannot help laughing.
　　牧童不禁放声大笑。
　　一想到……at the thought of
　　「当时」译作erstwhile（往昔），「压迫手段」译作coercion-oriented，其中coercion是「威逼」的意思与文中所说的「压迫」同一意思。
　　对于学校训育法，给我的印象太坏了，至于功课呢，也是不能使人满意，一味的注入，While I loathed the moral education conducted by the school, I was also fed-up with its spoon-fed intellectual education.
　　训育：对学生行为品德的训练和管理教育的活动或体制。故译作the moral education。
　　「一味的注入」即我们常说的「填鸭式教育」贬义色彩很明显，所以用了fed-up这个词表达厌恶的意思。
　　spoon-fed是不顾实际情况，生搬硬套的「填鸭式」教育方式。
　　intellectual是「智力上的，智力方面的」，intellectual education即「智育」不管你能吸收消化与否，他们只管照着老调唱，The teachers then would harp on the same old platitudes regardless of whether the students could comprehend or not.
　　「照着老调唱」即「不断重复陈词滥调」，译作harp on the same old platitudes，其中harp on sth作「唠唠叨叨地说个不停，喋喋不休」解，platitudes是「毫无新意、反复无聊的论调」即「陈词滥调」因此我对于读书，竟视为畏途，As a result, I became bored with studies.
　　「竟视为畏途」并未依照字面翻译，这里想表达的是这种教育方式使得「我」厌恶学习，译为I became bored with...
　　在讲堂里总是想法消遣，不是作打油诗，俏皮先生，便是和同学传递纸条，以为玩笑，只要听见下课铃一响，但没命的逃了。
　　While in class, I would try to divert myself by writing lines of doggerel at the expense of the teachers, or surreptitiously exchanging scribbled notes with my classmates for fun. And at the sound of the class-dismissing bell, we would all scatter in a rush.
　　「作打油诗」即「写打油诗」，译为writing lines of doggerel，doggerel是「打油诗」的意思。
　　「俏皮先生」应理解为「作弄老师」或「拿老师来开玩笑」，at the expense of sb.固定搭配「捉弄某人」??「递纸条」译为exchanging scribbled notes，scribbled是「潦草随意书写的（内容）」??at the sound of the class-dismissing bell作时间状语。其中，「下课」译the sound of the class-dismissing bell，be dismissed是「准予离开或解散」的意思。
　　在这枯燥阴暗的学校生活中，我有时仍然要自寻光明，那就是偷看小说Confronted with the boredom of school life, I often tried to find a way out by reading novels on the sly.
　　「在...中」译作Confronted with（面对威胁或难以处理的情况），表达了「我」对当时教学方式的对抗情绪。
　　On the sly固定搭配，「偷偷地，秘密地（做某事）」——那时候的学生，除了教科书以外，什么都不许看，小说尤其在严禁之列，In those days, students were allowed to read no other books, especially novels, than textbooks.
　　把especially novels插入no other books和than textbooks的中间，起到强调作用「小说尤其是命令禁止」，为下文作铺垫。
　　如被发觉，轻则学监叫去当面训斥一顿，把小说没收，重则挂牌记大过一次，可是这也禁不断我们，仍然不断的偷看书，Acts of disobedience would incur a stern reprimand by the proctor plus confiscation of the novels, or, what was even worse, having a major demerit put on record. But all that proved of little avail.
　　「记大过」译作a major demerit，demerit是指「记录在案的错误行为或过失行为」??having a major demerit put on record是have sth down的结构。
　　「禁不断」译为little avail，「徒劳」固定搭配有：to no avail或to little avail。
　　有时我竟躲在讲堂最后一排的椅子上，把小说藏在国文讲义下面，趁先生讲的唾沫乱溅的时候，我已一页一页的偷看下去，Sometimes, while the teacher was lecturing, I would, seating myself in the last row of the classroom, be absorbed in reading a novel hidden under a copy of lecture notes on Chinese.
　　「唾沫乱溅」是描述老师讲课时的样子，译作lecturing。
　　absorb原意是「吸收（液体、气体等）或使专注」，be absorbed in固定搭配是指「被...深深吸引住」有时看到小说中情节太滑稽的部分，我竟忘其所以的噗哧一笑，这就惹下了大祸，Sometimes, I would be carried away by something funny in the novel and chuckle involuntarily. That brought great trouble on me.
　　be carried away固定搭配，「忘乎所以，沉迷某事而忽略周围」，这里指「我」忘乎所以地在课堂偷看小说。
　　先生瞪起铜铃般的眼睛，恶狠狠地叫我到前排来，The teacher glared at me with eyes wide open like two brass bells and fiercely ordered me to take a front-row seat instead.
　　「瞪起铜铃般的眼睛」这里译作glared at me with eyes wide open like two brass bells，with复合结构with eyes wide open like two brass bells作伴随状语，brass bells指「铜铃」??「恶狠狠地」译作fiercely ordered我连忙把小说往屉子里一塞，垂头丧气的坐到前排位子上，但是心里更急切要想晓得那故事的下文，于是我的精神贯注于那小说的想象中，Thereupon, I quickly thrust the novel into my drawer and took the new seat, looking crestfallen. But, inwardly, I was concerned about the denouement of the novel. I just couldn't take my mind off what the ensuing chapters would be like.
　　「塞」字译作thrust，这个单词表示「猛推、猛地一塞」，准确又生动地描写出了学生课上被抓包后的反应。
　　这里说的「下文」即「故事的结局」，所以译作denouement（小说、戏剧等的）结局，收场。
　　ensuing是「随后发生的」，ensuing chapters这里指「（小说的）下一章节」虽是木然静坐，心早不知飞越到第几世界去了。
　　So, sitting still and quietly in the classroom, I would have my thoughts wandering immeasurably far away.
　　have my thoughts wandering immeasurably far away是have … doing的结构，表示「让…（一直做）…」。have可以用作使役动词，其宾补可以是省略to的不定式、（现在、过去）分词、形容词、介词短语等。
　　有一次，我从一个同学那里，借到林译小说的全部，这使我发狂的想看，于是就想了个绝妙的方法，Once, having borrowed from a classmate a collection of Western fiction translated into Chinese by Lin Shu, I was all eagerness to finish reading all of it. So I thought up a good idea.
　　Lin Shu（1852-1924）, also known as Lin Qinnan, a native of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, was a renowned modern Chinese scholar, writer and translator. He translated into Chinese about 170 Western works of fiction, many of the, classics.
　　translated into Chinese by Lin Shu 作fiction的后置定语。
　　「发狂的」表达的是「我」迫切想看小说的心情，译作was all eagerness to（极渴望地）??想出，想到(主意、计划)think up例句Julian has been thinking up new ways of raising money...
　　朱利安想出了不少筹款的新办法。
　　跑到学监处，皱紧眉头假称肚子疼，
　　I went to the proctor with knitted eyebrows, pretending that I was suffering from a stomach-ache.
　　「皱紧眉头」译作knitted eyebrows，knit原意是「编织交错」这里指眉头紧紧皱在一起。
　　学监叫我到寝室去睡，——平时寝室的门是锁了的，除非生病不到打睡觉铃时，不准到寝室去，She told me to go and get a sleep at the student dorm, which was ordinarily locked and no one could enter unless when in illness or before the lights-out bell rang.
　　told me to go and get a sleep：「去做」可用go to do，也可用go and do，美国英语中还可用go do。
　　when in illness属于英语里的省略现象：当主从句的主谓一致谓语动词是be动词时,或者当从句的主语是it谓语动词是be动词时,从句的谓语动词可省略。补充完整为when one’s in illness。
　　「睡觉铃」译作lights-out bell。
　　——我这时暗暗地高兴，拿着锁打开寝室的门，放下帐子，拿上两三本小说，睡在床上，大看而特看，I felt secretly pleased. And with the key I got from her, I opened the dorm door and then lay in bed reading avidly Lin's translations with the mosquito net hung round me.
　　「大看而特看」表达的是极其迫切的心情，译作reading avidly，avidly是「如饥似渴地，热切地」，热爱阅读方面尤常用。
　　「帐子」即「蚊帐」，译作mosquito net。
　　到吃饭的时候，学监只派校役，送一些稀饭和咸菜给我，这使我有苦说不出，无可奈何，只好把这稀饭咸菜姑且疗饥吧。
　　At meal time, the proctor would send me by a school worker nothing but watery rice gruel and pickles. I felt unutterably miserable and had no alternative but to eat the simple fare to appease my hunger.
　　「校役」即「学校的工作人员」，译为school worker。
　　nothing but=only=merely 仅仅，只有
　　例句
　　There's nothing but woods on the other side of the highway.
　　公路对面只有树林。
　　「无可奈何」这里想要表达的是「我」因装病而有苦说不出的心情，译作unutterably（无法言语，无法表达出来的）。
　　此处fare熟词僻义，指「食物」
　　我这样装病过三四次，是后一次这个秘密被学监发觉了，以欺骗和违法的罪名，记了我一大过。
　　Altogether I malingered three or four times until it was discovered by the proctor. Consequently I got a serious demerit put on my record on the charge of cheating and disobedience.
　　积累新词语：malinger专指「为逃避工作而装病」，可以运用到日常表达中。
　　consequently是增译成分，补充出逻辑关系。
　　「记大过」译作got a serious demerit put on my record，此处put on the record表示记录在案。
　　以……罪名on the charge of
　　例句
　　You are under arrest on the charge of willful murder.
　　我们以故意杀人罪逮捕你。
　　一年复一年的我们这样生活着，混过四年毕业书骗到手，我的中学生活也就告了结束。
　　That was how I managed to muddle through year after year until I got the diploma at the end of four years, thus concluding my high school life.
　　此句重点是如何译好「混」的概念。Muddle through year after year即「一年又一年这么混着」，其中，muddle through是固定搭配，指「胡乱应付过去，勉强蒙混过关」。
　　例句
　　We will muddle through and just play it day by day.
　　我们会应付过关的，就一天一天地演吧。
　　又， managed to是「勉强达到或完成某事」也隐含了「混」的概念。
　　必背词汇
　　throb       v.震动作响，有规律地颤动
　　英义
　　If something throbs, it vibrates and makes a steady noise.
　　例句
　　The music throbbed hypnotically.
　　音乐咚咚作响，叫人昏昏欲睡。
　　composure       un. 冷静，镇定，沉着
　　英义
　　Composure is the appearance or feeling of calm and the ability to control your feelings.
　　例句
　　Stopping only briefly to regain her composure, she described her agonising ordeal.
　　她只停顿了一小会儿让自己恢复平静，然后讲述了她无比痛苦的经历。
　　mount       v.爬上，登上(台阶、梯级)
　　英义
　　If you mount the stairs or a platform, you go up the stairs or go up onto the platform.
　　例句
　　Llewelyn was mounting the stairs up into the keep.
　　卢埃林登上台阶，走进城堡主楼。
　　self-important      adj.妄自尊大的，高傲的，自负的英义If you say that someone is self-important, you disapprove of them because they behave as if they are more important than they really are.
　　例句
　　He was self-important, vain and ignorant.
　　他傲慢自负，虚荣无知。
　　deference        un.尤指对位重者的敬重，尊敬，遵从英义Deference is a polite and respectful attitude towards someone, especially because they have an important position.
　　例句
　　Out of deference to him, I lowered my head as he prayed.
　　出于对他的敬重，在他祈祷时我低下了头。
　　proctor         n.监考人员
　　英义
　　a person who watches people while they are taking an exam to make sure that they have everything they need, that they keep to the rules, etc.
　　例句
　　You will just sit in front of the proctor and take my dictation over bluetooth.
　　你只需要坐在监考面前通过蓝牙耳机记下我的话并抄下来。
　　detestable        adj. 令人厌恶的，讨厌的，可憎的英义If you say that someone or something is detestable, you mean you dislike them very much. [Formal]
　　例句
　　I find their views detestable.
　　我觉得他们的观点十分可憎。
　　重点表达
　　学生时代  school days
　　顽皮的跳动throb hard
　　考入... get enrolled by examination to...
　　（年龄）倒数第一 the youngest
　　小圈子clique
　　神乎其神 with self-important airs
　　小脚bound-feet
　　八字步splayfoot
　　恭敬的 with deference
　　鼠精 rat spirits
　　天真活泼的innocent
　　极时的红运 at the height of their popularity教育当局Chinese officials in charge of education凉棚头canopy-like hairpiece尚未全成人形的under-age头大身小top-heavy
　　掩面急趋quickly shy away from... with my face buried in my hands刑具instruments of torture无精打采depressed拖两条发辫sporting my short braids
　　乘...看不见（的时候）without the knowledge of...
　　压迫（的）coercion-oriented
　　一味的注入（was） also fed-up
　　照着老调唱 harp on the same old platitudes作打油诗writing lines of doggerel俏皮先生at the expense of teachers递纸条exchanging scribbled notes
　　下课铃the sound of the class-dismissing bell禁不断little avail全神贯注地... be absorbed in...
　　忘其所以 be carried away
　　瞪起铜铃般的眼睛glared at me with eyes wide open like two brass bells恶狠狠地 fiercely ordered发狂的be all eagerness to皱紧眉头knitted eyebrows
　　睡觉铃lights-out bell
　　蚊帐 mosquito net
　　大看而特看reading avidly
　　无可奈何unutterably
　　装病 malinger
　　混过 muddle through
　　复盘测试
　　学生时代
　　顽皮的跳动
　　考入...
　　（年龄）倒数第一
　　小圈子
　　神乎其神
　　小脚
　　八字步
　　恭敬的
　　鼠精
　　天真活泼的
　　极时的红运
　　教育当局
　　凉棚头
　　尚未全成人形的
　　头大身小
　　掩面急趋
　　刑具
　　无精打采
　　拖两条发辫
　　乘...看不见（的时候）
　　压迫（的）
　　一味的注入
　　照着老调唱
　　作打油诗
　　俏皮先生
　　递纸条
　　下课铃
　　禁不断
　　全神贯注地...
　　忘其所以
　　瞪起铜铃般的眼睛
　　恶狠狠地
　　发狂的
　　皱紧眉头
　　睡觉铃
　　蚊帐
　　大看而特看
　　无可奈何
　　装病
　　混过
　　表达对比
　　「沉迷」有几种表达？
　　有时我竟躲在讲堂最后一排的椅子上，把小说藏在国文讲义下面，趁先生讲的唾沫乱溅的时候，我已（一页一页的）偷看下去，Sometimes, while the teacher was lecturing, I would, seating myself in the last row of the classroom, be absorbed in reading a novel hidden under a copy of lecture notes on Chinese.
　　有时看到小说中情节太滑稽的部分，我竟（忘其所以）的噗哧一笑，这就惹下了大祸，Sometimes, I would be carried away by something funny in the novel and chuckle involuntarily. That brought great trouble on me.
　　成长过程中我曾一度沉迷时尚。
　　Growing up, I was obsessed with fashion.
　　有些人甚至寻求帮助，希望自己（沉迷其中）的孩子远离电脑游戏。
　　Some even seek help for their teenagers who they say are addicted to them.
　　骆驼
　　The Camel
　　梁实秋
　　Liang Shiqiu
　　背景知识：梁实秋（1902-1987），北京人，原籍浙江杭县（今余杭），著名现代散文家、翻译家、教育家。《骆驼》一文是他的后期散文，写于台北，文章托物遣怀，流露出久居台湾的老一代人叹老感时、怀乡思国的情怀。
　　台北没有什么好去处。我从前常喜欢到动物园走动走动，其中两个地方对我有诱惑。一个是一家茶馆，有高屋建瓴之势，凭窗远眺，一片釉绿的田畴，小川蜿蜒其间，颇可使人目旷神怡。另一值得看的便是那一双骆驼了。
　　Few places in Taipei are of much appeal to me except the zoo which I used to frequent for its two attractions, namely, the teahouse commanding a pleasant distant view from the window over the surrounding farmlands with fresh green vegetation and meandering streams, and the two camels.
　　本段原文共三句话，译文重整为一句，内在逻辑更清晰，衔接更为紧凑。
　　「好去处」译作of much appeal（有吸引力的），词性转换不必拘泥原文字与字。
　　except the zoo which I used to frequent for its two attractions中used to frequent for 是used to do（过去常常）的结构，其中frequent作动词，指「常到、常去、常出入于」??command是动词，表示「俯瞰、居高临下、清楚地看到」，而原文中正是要描述「凭窗远眺」的景色，所以译为commanding a pleasant distant view from the window，作teahouse的后置定语。
　　「一片釉绿的田畴」译作farmlands with fresh green vegetation，「小川蜿蜒其间」译作meandering streams，meander是(小河或山路等)蜿蜒，曲折，这类对景色的描绘值得学习。
　　结构划分：the teahouse [commanding a pleasant distant view /(from the window over the surrounding farmlands) //with fresh green vegetation and meandering streams]。整个看下来，主要成分就是从teahouse这个点展开，把「茶馆」与「窗外景色」连在了一块。其中，over the surrounding farmlands表示地点，比如我们常说over there（在这）。
　　有人喜欢看猴子，看那些乖巧伶俐的动物，略具人形，而生活究竟简陋，于是令人不由得生出优越之感，掏一把花生米掷进去。
　　Some people like to amuse themselves by watching the playfulness of clever monkeys which, though slightly manlike, are after all simple-minded animals. That's why people cannot help feeling a sense of superiority and throwing them handfuls of peanuts.
　　to amuse themselves by（以...作消遣）是根据上下文的增译，原句虽没有这样的字句却隐含了这样的意思：人之所以逗猴，是出于自身优越感。这也是本句的核心意思。
　　「略具人形，而生活究竟简陋」译文添加了连接词though加强了语气同时为下一句are after all simple-minded animals铺垫，逻辑层次很清晰。
　　「而生活究竟简陋」应理解为：猴子虽然外形长得像人，却头脑简单，智商远在人类之下，对此人类有很深的优越感。译文并未照字对译，而是根据这样的理解主要「达意」??禁不住、忍不住cannot help doing有人喜欢看狮子跳火圈，狗作算学，老虎翻筋斗，觉得有趣。
　　Some people enjoy seeing lions jumping through a fiery hoop, dogs doing easy sums, or tigers turning a somersault.
　　马戏团的杂耍集全了
　　跳火圈jumping through a fiery hoop
　　作算学doing easy sums
　　翻筋斗turning a somersault
　　我之看骆驼则是另外一种心情，骆驼扮演的是悲剧的角色。
　　But it was with a different state of mind for me to watch the camels playing a tragic role.
　　此处可译作it’s… for sb to do句式，也可明确译出因果逻辑关系：因为骆驼演悲剧，所以我的心情有所不同。
　　它的槛外是冷清清的，没有游人围绕，所谓槛也只是一根杉木横着拦在门口。
　　They had few onlookers and were separated by a fir log across the entrance instead of a fence.
　　「冷清清的」由原文的形容词转译为名词few onlookers(没几个参观者)，onlookers指观看某活动的观众或旁观者。
　　Instead of a fence（而不是真正的栅栏）是对原文的增译，目的是强调骆驼生活状况与其他动物比起来差很多，也没有多少关注的人。
　　地上是烂糟糟的泥。它卧在那里，老远一看，真像是大块的毛姜。
　　Lying on the muddy ground, they resembled huge artichokes when looked at from afar.
　　「地上是烂糟糟的泥。它卧在那里...」英译把这两句调整了语序合为一句，译为Lying on the muddy ground，更紧凑简洁。
　　从远处 from afar
　　逼近一看，可真吓人！一块块的毛都在脱落，斑驳的皮肤上隐隐地露着血迹。
　　And it gave me quite a shock to take a closer look. Their hair was falling off in patches, faintly revealing blood-stains on the skin.
　　「逼近一看」译作take a closer look，其中close一词才用比较级形式closer，表明了距离的变化。
　　faintly revealing blood-stains on the skin现分短语作伴随状语，表示「毛发脱落」使得「斑驳血迹」暴露。
　　嘴张着，下巴垂着，有上气无下气地在喘。水汪汪的两只大眼睛好像是眼泪扑簌地盼望着能见亲族一面似的。
　　They were gasping for breath, with mouth wide open, chin drooping and watery big eyes seemingly brimming with tears of longing for their beloved ones.
　　「嘴张着，下巴垂着，有上气无下气地在喘」中文通常把重点内容放在句末，而英文则相反，所以英译为They were gasping for breath, with mouth wide open, chin drooping...，把有上气无下气地在喘gasping for breath指「呼吸十分困难、上气不接下气」提到了句首。
　　「见...一面」是中文习惯表达，英文只表达渴望相见的心情没有必要字对字译出「一面」??「亲族」泛指所爱或在乎的人（家人、亲戚朋友等），译作beloved ones腰间的肋骨历历可数，颈子又细又长，尾巴像是一条破扫帚。
　　They were so skinny that their ribs showed through distinctly, their necks thin and long, and their tails like a worn-out broom.
　　原文是一句短语，译文..so...that...（太...以至于...）这样的句式准确译出精髓。
　　「肋骨历历可数」应理解为「骆驼瘦得条条肋骨都清晰可见」，译作They were so skinny that their ribs showed through distinctly。其中，Skinny是「很瘦的，皮包骨的（形容词）」，ribs showed through distinctly（肋骨清晰可见）??worn-out是「破旧不堪」或「疲惫不堪的」，如worn-out sack已磨损的口袋。
　　驼峰只剩下了干皮，像是一只麻袋搭在背上。
　　Nothing remained of their humps but the dried-up skin resting on their backs like a gunnysack.
　　「只剩下了干皮」译作Nothing (of their humps) remained but the dried-up skin，nothing...but…结构起强调作用。
　　resting on their backs like a gunnysack作skin的后置定语。
　　骆驼为什么落到这悲惨地步呢？难道“沙漠之舟”的雄姿即不过如是么？
　　O how did they get into such a pitiful plight? O where was the majestic appearance of the "ships of the desert"?
　　「悲惨地步」理解为「可怜及凄惨的境地」，译作a pitiful plight，plight是「困境」??「雄姿」译作majestic appearance，majestic是指「壮丽的，宏伟的，让人有崇敬感的」，appearance是「外貌或外表」我心目中的骆驼不是这样的。
　　That, however, is not what a camel looks like in my mind's eye.
　　「心目中」这里译作in my mind's eye，是一种惯用表达。
　　儿时在家乡，一听见大铜铃玎玎珰珰就知道送煤的骆驼队来了，往往夺门出视。
　　In my childhood, the jingling of big bronze camel bells in my home town would always send me rushing outdoors to see a caravan arriving with a load of coal.
　　jingling指（金属撞击发出的）叮当声。（某句歌词：叮叮当 叮叮当 铃儿响叮当……Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way ...）??使进入(某种状态) send sb. into…/send sb. V-ing/send sb. adj.
　　一根细绳穿系着好几只骆驼，有时是十只八只的，一顺地立在路边。
　　The camels, sometimes numbering about ten, would stand roped up in a line, one after another, by the road.
　　「有时是十只八只的」译作sometimes numbering about ten，作补充语对camel进一步说明。其中，注意number此处作动词「总计...（多少个）」。又，「十只八只」英文并无这样的习惯表达，所以仅译作about ten??「一顺地立在路边」结合上下文应理解为「这些骆驼由绳子系成一排，有秩序地一个个紧挨着站在路边」，译作stand roped up in a line, one after another, by the road。Roped up in a line这里是分词短语，由绳子系着成一排。
　　满脸煤污的煤商一声吆喝，骆驼便乖乖地跪下来给人卸货，嘴角往往流着白沫，口里不住地嚼——反刍。
　　At the loud call of the coal trader, whose face was smeared all over with coal dust, the camels would submissively kneel down, ready to be unloaded. Foaming at the mouth, they kept chewing the cud.
　　「吆喝」译作loud call，「乖乖地」译作submissively（顺从地）。
　　would + 动词原形可以表过去经常做的事情。
　　巴金《木匠老陈》
　　我还记得我每天到学堂去总要走过的木匠老陈的铺子。
　　I still can recall how every day on my way to school I would invariably walk past Carpenter Lao Chen’s shop.
　　「反刍」是指「牛、羊、鹿、骆驼等动物把粗嚼后咽下去的食物再反回到嘴里细嚼」，译作chewing the cud，cud是反刍的食物。
　　有时还跟着一只小骆驼，几乎用跑步在后面追随着。
　　Sometimes, close at their heels was a calf trying ever so hard to catch up at a quickened pace.
　　Try so hard to(努力地，拼命地)原文中并未出现对应的字眼，但原句隐含有这样的信息或感情色彩，所以译文根据需要增译。
　　面对着这样庞大而温驯的驮兽，我们不能不惊异地欣赏。
　　These heavily-built, docile pack animals were just amazing and adorable.
　　原文的「我们不能不惊异地欣赏」并未单独译出，而是隐含在amazing，adorable这样的表达中。
　　pack animal指驮兽、驮畜（如马、驴等）
　　是亚热带的气候不适于骆驼居住。
　　Camels do not adapt to the climate of subtropical zones.
　　亚热带subtropical zones
　　适应……adapt to…
　　例句
　　Yulan magnolia can adapt to a variety of soils.
　　玉兰花能适应各种土壤。
　　非洲北部的国家有骆驼兵团，在沙漠中驰骋，以骁勇善战著名，不过那骆驼是单峰骆驼， 不是我们所说的双峰骆驼。
　　Northern African countries are known for their brave military camel corps in the deserts, but the camels involved are one-humped dromedaries, not the two-humped Bactrian camels as we are familiar with.
　　「以...著名」译作be known for...
　　「骁勇善战」译作brave，毕竟是两种不同语言中英词汇无法做到语义、语言色彩都完全对等，翻译实践的任务是尽可能缩小两者的距离。
　　「我们所说的」即「我们平常所熟悉的」，译作as we are familiar with。此处as语法功能相当于that。
　　动物园的那一双骆驼不久就不见了，标本室也没有空间容纳它们。我从此也不大常去动物园了。
　　The two camels soon disappeared from the zoo, and the specimen room did not have room enough to exhibit them. So, from then on, I seldom visited the zoo.
　　标本室the specimen room
　　the waiting room of XX station候车厅
　　the changing room更衣室
　　the fitting room试衣间
　　the dining room餐厅
　　the guest room客厅
　　did not have room enough to exhibit them：enough to exhibit them作room的后置定语。当然，此处完全可译作the specimen room did not have enough room to exhibit them。又，第一个room表示房间，可数；第二个room指空间，不可数。
　　So是增译成分，补充出逻辑关系，使上下文更衔接。
　　我常想：公文书里罢黜一个人的时候常用“人地不宜”四字，总算是一个比较体面的下台的借口。
　　I understand "failed acclimatization" is a face-saving excuse commonly used in officialese to refer to someone's removal from a position.
　　「公文书」这里是指公函中常出现的字眼或表达，译作officialese（公函用语）??「罢黜」指「罢免或卸任某官职」，译作removal from a position??「人地不宜」即「无从适应（情况或环境）」，译作failed acclimatization（无法适应环境）??「体面的」下台借口这里译作face-saving（保全面子的）这骆驼之黯然消逝，也许就是类似“人地不宜”之故罢？
　　Now the dismal fadeaway of the two camels must be for some similar reasons.
　　「黯然消逝」译作dismal fadeaway，dismal是「凄凉、惨淡或沉闷的」??此句是反问语气，译时可直接处理为肯定形式，是常用的翻译策略之一。
　　生长在北方大地之上的巨兽，如何能局促在这样的小小圈子里，如何能耐得住这炎方的郁蒸？
　　How could the two big animals born and brought up in the vast northern plains of China long survive confinement in a small place like the zoo? How could they endure the sweltering heat?
　　how could表「岂能……」
　　「生长」译作brought up，bring up固定短语指「养育或抚养」如bring up a child养育一个孩子。
　　「炎方的郁蒸」即「酷热难受的气候」，译作the sweltering heat，sweltering是「酷热难耐的」意思。
　　结构划分：How could the two big animals (born and brought up in the vast northern plains of China） long survive confinement (in a small place like the zoo)。其中，born and brought up in the vast northern plains of China是animals的修饰成分；long作副词，表示「长时间地、长久地」，是增译成分，更加凸显骆驼生活的凄惨；survive是谓语动词。
　　它们当然要憔悴，要悒悒，要萎顿以死。
　　Of course, consequently they pined away with weariness and spent their days moping around until they died.
　　consequently是增译成分，点明「生活之惨」和「悒悒不乐」之间的逻辑关系。
　　「要憔悴，要悒悒，要萎顿以死」英译时本句调整为憔悴(pined away)作谓语动词，悒悒(weariness)及萎顿(moping)作分词，这种处理方式值得学习。又，悒悒的意思是忧郁，愁闷。
　　我想它们看着身上的毛一块块地脱落，真的要变成为“有板无毛”的状态，蕉风椰雨，晨夕对泣，心里多么凄凉！真不知是什么人恶作剧，把它们运到此间，使得它们尝受这一段酸辛，使得我们也感叹！
　　How sad they must have been over their thinning hair! Who is to blame for having mischievously brought them to Taipei to undergo untold sufferings? They certainly deserve our deep sympathies!
　　How sad they must have been over their thinning hair! ：
　　must表示推测，且只用在肯定句中；否定句和疑问句中用can’t/couldn’t和can/could.形式主要有must be/do sth.(对现在的推测)，must be doing sth.(对现在正在进行的推测)，must have done(对过去的推测).
　　over引导原因，即因「毛成块掉落」而伤心。
　　我想它们看着身上的毛一块块地脱落，真的要变成为‘有板无毛’的状态译作thinning hair，「蕉风椰雨，晨夕对泣，心里多么凄凉」则通过感叹句式How sad...来传达。中文看起来像炫技的表达其实都在表达同一层含义，合并译出即可。
　　对……应负责任；应该为某事负责be to blame for…例句Beer is also blamed for yobbish behavior.
　　啤酒会产生暴力事件。
　　「尝受这一段酸辛」译作undergo untold sufferings，untold是「无法言语的（用于强调事情的糟糕状况）」其实，骆驼不仅是在这炎蒸之地难以生存，就是在北方大陆其命运也是在日趋于衰微。
　　In fact, camels find it difficult to subsist not only in this hot region, but also in the northern plains of China.
　　「find sth.+形容词」英语固定搭配是「觉得/感到..」的意思，如本段的find it difficult to...(感到...很困难)。
　　「其命运也是在日趋于衰微」略译，前半句已经传达了类似的意思，所以后半句仅用but also...来表示。
　　在运输事业机械化的时代，谁还肯牵着一串串的骆驼招摇过市？
　　Nowadays, with the introduction of mechanized transportation, nobody will ever drive a drove of camels, all strung together, through the open street.
　　introduction表示「引入」，更为准确地交代时代背景。
　　「一串串（骆驼）」译作a drove of，固定搭配指「一群（动物）」??同前文出现的一样，此处「谁还肯牵着一串串的骆驼招摇过市？」译时处理为陈述句式。
　　all是camel的同位语，此处all strung together对camel的状态进一步补充描述。
　　「招摇过市」译作through the open street。
　　沙漠地带该是骆驼的用武之地了，但现在沙漠里听说也有了现代的交通工具。
　　Camels used to play a useful role as "ships of the desert", but now, I hear, they have been largely replaced by modern means of transport.
　　「用武之地」并未按照字面直译，而是通过概念转换译为play a useful role as...（...的重要角色），值得学习。
　　means是「手段或方式、方法」，这里具体是指现代的交通方式。
　　骆驼是驯兽，自己不复能在野外繁殖谋生。
　　As tame animals, they are unable to live all by themselves in a wild state.
　　「驯兽」译作tame animals，通常是指能够驯服并为人类服务的动物。
　　野生状态in a wild state
　　例句
　　In their wild state, they feed on the leaves of a gum-bearing tree peculiar to warm climates.
　　野生状态的长颈鹿吃含树胶的树叶，这种树是气候温暖的地方特有的。
　　等到为人类服务的机会完全消灭的时候，我不知道它将如何繁衍下去。
　　I wonder if they can still manage to live and breed once they cease to be at man's service.
　　这句英译用I wonder if...表达了对骆驼未来前途的担忧，if这里是「是否」不确定的或疑虑的表达。
　　「等到为人类服务的机会完全消灭的时候」即「不为人类服务、停止为人类服务的时候」，译作cease to be at man's service。
　　最悲惨的是，大家都讥笑它是兽类中最蠢的当中的一个：因为它只会消极地忍耐。
　　Sad to say, people all sneeringly call them one of the most stupid categories of animals because all they can do is submit and endure passively.
　　Submit（屈从）是根据情景有必要的增译，使得意思表达更充分，充分体现了骆驼对自己命运的无奈。
　　「消极地忍耐」译作endure passively，passively是「消极的，被动的」Q: all they can do is submit and endure passively这里是不是漏打了to，不应该是to use或者using吗？
　　句子就是主系表结构 all（主语） is（系动词）submit…（无to不定式作表语）。另外还有句口诀可以概括这个用法：前有do后无to。
　　给它背上驮五磅的重载，它会跪下来承受。
　　They kneel down obediently to be loaded with heavy weights.
　　「五磅」这里并没有直译为five pounds，而是用heavy weights（重载）来表达。
　　它肯食用大多数哺乳动物所拒绝食用的荆棘苦草，它肯饮用带盐味的脏水。
　　They exist on low-grade diets, such as tape grass, thistles and thorns, which most mammals refuse to eat. They drink saltish filthy water.
　　这一句增译了句首总起They exist on low-grade diets（他们的饮食没啥讲究...），然后再用such as进行分述。
　　「脏水」译作filthy water。
　　它奔走三天三夜可以不喝水，并不是因为它的肚子里储藏着水，是因为它在体内由于脂肪氧化而制造出水。
　　They trek for three days and nights without drinking any water, not because they have water stored in their stomachs, but because the fat inside their bodies produce water through oxidation.
　　「奔走」这里并没有简单译为walk，而是根据上下文选择了更精准的trek(艰苦跋涉)。
　　have water stored in their stomachs是have…done结构。
　　脂肪氧化而制造出水：脂肪氧化一般指脂肪酸氧化。脂肪酸氧化，fatty acid oxidation，是指油脂水解产生的甘油和脂肪酸在供氧充足的条件下，可氧化分解生成二氧化碳CO2和水H2O，并释放出大量能量供机体利用。
　　它的驼峰据说是美味，我虽未尝过，可是想想熊掌的味道，大概也不过尔尔。
　　The hump is considered a delicacy. I have never eaten it, but, I think, it must taste no better than a bear's paw.
　　「不过尔尔」即「不过这样罢了」，此处灵活译作no better than。
　　像这样的动物若是从地面上消逝，可能不至于引起多少人惋惜。
　　While probably few people now bemoan the possible extinction of camels.
　　「若是从地面上消逝」译为名词性短语the possible extinction of...，类似这种词性转换很普遍，值得学习。
　　尤其是在如今这个世界，大家所最欢喜豢养的乃是善伺人意的哈巴狗，Pekingese, which are good at playing up to man, have become a pet with all.
　　「善伺人意」译作are good at playing up to man。其中play up to...固定搭配「迎合...，讨好...」??「哈巴狗」是Pekingese。
　　像骆驼这样的“任重而道远”的家伙，恐怕只好由它一声不响地从这世界舞台上退下去罢！
　　O if only we could do something to prevent this useful animal from its silent withdrawal from the world stage!
　　‘任重而道远’的家伙并未照字面直译，而是译为useful animal。
　　withdrawal from是退出（某活动或组织）
　　必背词汇
　　command        v.居高临下，俯瞰，清楚地看到英义If a place commands a view, especially an impressive one, you can see the view clearly from that place. If a person commands a view of something, they can see it clearly from where they are.
　　例句
　　The house commanded some splendid views of Delaware Bay.
　　从这座房子可以俯瞰到特拉华湾壮丽的景致。
　　onlooker       cn.旁观者
　　英义
　　An onlooker is someone who watches an event take place but does not take part in it.
　　例句
　　A handful of onlookers stand in the field watching.
　　少数几个旁观者站在现场观看。
　　meander        v.(河流、道路)蜿蜒而行，迂回曲折英义If a river or road meanders, it has a lot of bends, rather than going in a straight line from one place to another.
　　例句
　　We crossed a small iron bridge over a meandering stream.
　　我们穿过架在蜿蜒小河上的一座小铁桥。
　　somersault       cn.筋斗，跟头
　　英义
　　If someone or something does a somersault, they turn over completely in the air.
　　例句
　　backward somersault
　　倒毛跟斗，倒筋斗跳，后空翻
　　重点表达
　　凭窗远眺commanding a pleasant distant view from the window一片釉绿的田畴farmlands with fresh green vegetation小川蜿蜒其间meandering streams跳火圈jumping through a fiery hoop作算学doing easy sums
　　翻筋斗turning a somersault
　　怀着...的心情 with a...state of mind
　　冷冷清清的 few onlookers
　　（毛发）脱落 falling off
　　喘气gasping for breath
　　下巴垂着chin drooping
　　（泪）汪汪的眼睛 watery eyes
　　肋骨历历可数ribs showed through distinctly破旧的worn-out悲惨地步a pitiful plight雄姿majestic appearance
　　心目中in my mind's eye
　　十只八只numbering about ten
　　吆喝loud call
　　乖乖地submissively
　　庞大heavily-built
　　以...著名be known for...
　　骁勇善战brave
　　我们所说的as we are familiar with
　　罢黜removal from a position
　　人地不宜failed acclimatization
　　黯然消逝dismal fadeaway
　　炎方的郁蒸sweltering heat
　　憔悴pined away
　　悒悒weariness
　　萎顿moping
　　酸辛untold sufferings
　　一群（动物）a drove of...
　　招摇过市 through the open street
　　用武之地 play a useful role as...
　　为人类服务be at man's service
　　消极地忍耐endure passively
　　脏水filthy water
　　艰苦跋涉trek
　　驼峰hump
　　熊掌bear's paw
　　善伺人意（are）good at playing up to man
　　复盘测试
　　凭窗远眺
　　一片釉绿的田畴
　　小川蜿蜒其间
　　跳火圈
　　作算学
　　翻筋斗
　　怀着...的心情
　　冷冷清清的
　　（毛发）脱落
　　喘气
　　下巴垂着
　　（泪）汪汪的眼睛
　　肋骨历历可数
　　破旧的
　　悲惨地步
　　雄姿
　　心目中
　　十只八只
　　吆喝
　　乖乖地
　　庞大
　　以...著名
　　骁勇善战
　　我们所说的
　　罢黜
　　人地不宜
　　黯然消逝
　　炎方的郁蒸
　　憔悴
　　悒悒
　　萎顿
　　酸辛
　　一群（动物）
　　招摇过市
　　用武之地
　　为人类服务
　　消极地忍耐
　　脏水
　　艰苦跋涉
　　驼峰
　　熊掌
　　善伺人意
　　表达对比
　　「景点、好去处」有几种表达？
　　台北没有什么（好去处）。
　　Few places in Taipei are of much appeal to me……我从前常喜欢到动物园走动走动，其中（两个地方对我有诱惑）。
　　…except the zoo which I used to frequent for its two attractions.
　　另一个（著名的景点）就是长城。
　　Another famous attraction is the Great Wall.
　　水疗和健身中心是放松的（好去处）。
　　SPA and fitness centers are the ideal places to relax.
　　我们会给你找个（好去处）落脚。
　　We're gonna find you a nice place to live.
　　忆滇缅路 ——萧乾
　　Recalling the Construction of the Yunnan-Burmese Road ——Xiao Qian??背景知识：《忆滇缅路》是萧乾于1995年根据五十多年前旧作《血肉筑成的滇缅路》写的一段二战史事，追忆当年中国劳工奋勇抢建我国生命线——滇缅路——的英雄事迹，并谴责英国战时政府在日本指使下一度悍然封锁该公路，助纣为虐，为虎作伥。
　　在二次大战的众多深刻教训中，最主要也是最痛心的一条是：
　　Of all the numerous profound lessons we have learned from World War II, the following is the most distressing.
　　Of all the numerous profound lessons：of+…是用于限定某一范围常用的结构。
　　艾青《画鸟的猎人》
　　在许多职业里面，我所选中的是打猎。
　　Of all the different trades, I like hunting best.
　　如果下文要介绍一个故事或者铺开叙述一件事，following是一个很好的词，可以直接说the following is…引导一下??「第二次世界大战」可以说World War II，也可以说the Second World War。
　　国与国之间平时客客气气，谁有点小灾小祸，还会略表支援；A country may be formally polite to another and show willingness to offer it a little help in case of a minor mishap befalling the latter.
　　「平时客客气气」意即「也许表面上彬彬有礼」，可译为may be formally polite。
　　「小灾小祸」可译为a minor mishap或mishap，其中mishap原指「不太严重的灾难」?? 如果、假使 in case of sth例句In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
　　如遇火警，即按警铃。
　　然而一个国家一旦自身遇到麻烦，需要出卖朋友来摆脱困境时，则什么背信弃义的勾当都干得出。
　　But it may stop at nothing to act perfidiously when it seeks to extricate itself from its own predicament at the expense of its friend.
　　「什么背信弃义的勾当都干得出」译为it may stop at nothing to act perfidiously，其中to stop at nothing是成语，作「不顾一切地」「不择手段地」解??「需要出卖朋友来摆脱困境时」译作when it seeks to extricate itself from its own predicament。其中extricate…from…表示「（使…）从…抽身」表达较为亮眼。希望大家借鉴模仿，活学活用。
　　在牺牲（或损害）… 的情况下 at the expense of sb/sth例句He built up the business at the expense of his health.
　　他以自己的健康为代价逐步建立起这个企业。
　　以…为代价 at the cost of…
　　一九四○年七月，正当我国抗战面临紧要关头，丘吉尔就为了讨好日本帝国主义以保全英帝国在远东的殖民地，竟然在当时仍是英属缅甸边界，把抗战中国的这条生命线封锁。
　　In July 1940, at the critical juncture of China’s Anti-Japanese War, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, endeavoring to hold on to the British colonies in the Far East by fawning on the Japanese imperialists, ordered a blockade of our lifeline on the Burmese side of the border with China, Burma then being a British colony.
　　at the critical juncture of 基本是「在…紧要关头」的固定译法，注意记忆。
　　「讨好日本帝国主义」意即「巴结日本侵略者」，可译为fawning on (或pleasing) the Japanese aggressors。
　　「保全英帝国在远东的殖民地」译为to hold on to the British colonies in the Far East，其中to hold on to是成语，作「紧抓不放」「不肯放弃」等解。
　　译文只有一个句子，主体部分是British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered a blockade。剩下的endeavoring to hold on…作伴随状语（也可理解为原因状语），Burma then being a British colony是独立主格结构。
　　当时，除了横越喜马拉雅山的空运外，我国所有进口的军火、汽油、药品、器械以及为换取这些而出口的钨砂、猪鬃、水银和桐油，都要经由这条公路运输。
　　At that time, in addition to the airlift over the Himalayas, it was through the land transport by the Yunnan-Burmese Road that China imported munitions, gasoline, medicines and appliances in exchange for such exports as tungsten ore, hog bristles, mercury and tung oil.
　　「横越喜马拉雅山的空运」译为the airlift over the Himalayas，其中airlift作(紧急情况下的)空运或空中补给线解，意同(emergency) transport by air。
　　it was through the land transport by the Yunnan-Burmese Road that China imported…中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的成分。
　　「出口的钨砂、猪鬃、水银和桐油」按「钨砂、猪鬃、水银和桐油等出口商品」之意译作such exports as tungsten ore, hog bristles, mercury and tung oil。「中国是个出口大国」可以说China is a big exporter.
　　汽车行驶高峰每日达七千余辆，进出口物资达数百万吨。
　　The Road daily witnessed a traffic of over 7,000 motor vehicles during the peak hours and the transport of several million tons of import and export goods.
　　有些情况下，表示某事发生可以套用结构sth witness/see…何为《最后一圈》
　　最后一圈是拼搏的时刻。
　　The last lap always witnesses the runners going all out to win success.
　　中华人民共和国于1949年成立。
　　The year 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.
　　a traffic of：实际情况中，traffic前面很少加a。
　　英国悍然封锁该公路扼住我们的咽喉，无疑是对我国一巨大打击。
　　Britain’s brazen act of blockading the Road meant, as it were, grabbing our throat. It was undoubtedly a serious blow to China.
　　「悍然」指蛮横。现译作brazen（厚颜无耻的/肆无忌惮的），使感情色彩更为浓厚。
　　成语as it were作「似乎」「可以说」「好比」「在一定程度上」等解。邓拓《伟大的空话》
　　嘴里说个不停，真好比悬河之口，滔滔不绝。
　　They talk on and on regardless of the occasion, words pouring out of their mouths incessantly, as it were, in a torrent.
　　一九三九年春间，我曾踏访了这条公路并曾为香港《大公报》写过几篇报道。
　　In the spring of 1939, I wrote several reports for the Hong Kong Dagong Bao after making an on-the-spot investigation of the Road.
　　on-the-spot表示「当场的/现场的」
　　an on-the-spot report现场报道
　　「曾踏访了」按「曾调研过/调查过」之意译作making an on-the-spot investigation of…其中，在《血肉筑成的滇缅路》一文中，我扼要地介绍了这条公路工程之艰巨：
　　In one of them, entitled The Yunnan-Burmese Road — Paved with Flesh and Bloody, I gave as follows a brief account of the formidable Road building project:
　　as follows指「如下」
　　常用搭配
　　①be as follows
　　②go/动词 as follows
　　例句
　　The regulations are as follows.
　　规则如下所述。
　　He wrote as follows.
　　他所写如下。
　　九百七十三公里的汽车路，三百七十座桥梁，一百四十万立方尺的石砌工程，近两千万立方公尺的土方，不曾沾过一架机器的光，不曾动用巨款，只凭二千五百万名民工的抢筑：铺土、铺石，也铺血肉。
　　A 973-kilometer motorway, with 370 bridges, 1,400,000 cubic meters of stone work, and approximately 20,000,000 cubic meters of earth work. With neither machines nor adequate funds, 25 million laborers were engaged in a rush job of road construction. They paved the road with flesh and blood as well as with earth and stone.
　　此段第一句为非主谓句。有的名词性短语带上成句的语调，独立应用时就是非主谓句。
　　积累neither…nor…的用法。
　　血肉之躯flesh and blood
　　下关至畹町那一段一九三七年一月动工，三月分段试车，五月就全面通车了。
　　Work on the Xiaguan-Wanding section of the road started in January 1937 and was entirely opened to traffic in May after a section-by-section trial run in March.
　　全面通车was entirely opened to traffic
　　分段试车a section-by-section trial run（即分段试运行）路是沿着古老的通往印度和缅甸的马帮驿道修成的。
　　The Road was built on the ancient post road leading to India and Burma, on which caravans used to travel.
　　驿道也被称为古驿道，是古代中国设置驿站的通途大道，古代陆地交通主通道，同时也是属于重要的军事设施之一，主要用于转输军用粮草物资、传递军令军情的通道。如著名的丝绸之路，古代的湖广驿道、南阳-襄阳驿道、青蒿驿道、梅关古驿道等。
　　马帮，就是按民间约定俗成的方式组织起来的一群赶马人及其骡马队的称呼。马帮是大西南地区特有的一种交通运输方式，它也是茶马古道主要的运载手段，面对险恶而随时变化的环境、生死与共特殊的生存方式形成马帮自己严格的组织和帮规、有自己帮内的习俗禁忌和行话。
　　过去常常…… used to do
　　习惯于…… be used to doing
　　被用来、将用于 be used to do
　　为了修那条公路三千多人捐了躯。
　　More than 3,000 men laid down their lives for building the Road.
　　「捐了躯」即「牺牲、丧命」等，现译作laid down their lives（舍弃他们的生命）不能忘记的还有陈嘉庚组织的“南洋机工队”三千二百人，其中有一千多人在公路上为国殉难，Of the 3,200 members of the “Nanyang Mechanics Team”, organized by Tan Kah-kee, over 1,000 died on the job.
　　Tan Kah-kee(187-1961), a well-known patriotic leader of overseas Chinese in Singapore dedicated to national salvation, entrepreneurship, philanthropy, social reform and education.
　　died on the job也可写作die of/from the job，表示「因…而死、死于…」除了工程的艰险之外，还有那怕人的瘴气——恶性疟疾。
　　The horrible disease of pernicious malaria was one of the great perils facing the laborers.
　　「除了工程的艰险之外，还有那怕人的瘴气——恶性疟疾」可按「可怕的恶性疟疾是工人面临的诸多险情之一」译为The horrible disease of pernicious malaria was one of the great perils facing the laborers，其中「瘴气」就指「恶性疟疾」，可避而不译。
　　同行的一位头天晚上还有说有笑，第二天一摸，全身凉了。我们当时是席地睡在一座马厩里，他就睡在我身旁。
　　One of my fellow travelers who chatted and laughed merrily one evening and then slept next to me on the ground of a stable was found stiff and cold the next day.
　　fellow travelers中的fellow一词是形容词，表示「同为…的」例句fellow students同学们fellow workers工友们
　　fellow sufferer难友
　　fellow countrymen同胞
　　fellow Democrats民主党党友
　　fellow Socialists社会党党友
　　fellow passenger旅伴
　　这样的结构，前面可以加上主有形容词。
　　例句
　　my fellow countrymen我的本国同胞。
　　又，roll up your sleeves是英文固定词组，意即「大干一场」??「有说有笑」译为chatted and laughed merrily，其中merrily是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　「全身凉了」译作was found stiff and cold。其中stiff是增译成分，是对人死后躯体的详细描述。
　　一九三九年九月，我去了英国，正赶上二次欧战的爆发。
　　In September 1939, World War II broke out on my arrival in England.
　　「我去了英国，正赶上二次欧战的爆发」译作World War II broke out on my arrival in England，大家可以学习此句的译法，主语和衔接处理很出彩。如果译作I arrived in England in September 1939 when World War II broke out也是可以的。
　　没想到次年七月，我亲眼看到修筑的滇缅路被丘吉尔主持的英战时政府悍然封锁了，而且是在日本侵略者指使下这么干的，Unexpectedly, the wartime British government under Churchill, on the instigation of the Japanese aggressors, outrageously blockaded in July 1940 the Yunnan-Burmese Road, whose construction I had just seen with my own eyes.
　　原文中「没想到」后面跟的是句子，有些人会选择处理成 it’s unexpected that…，这种译法是可用的。参考译文直接用一个副词Unexpectedly定了整个句子语气，也可以。大家记得积累。
　　「在日本侵略者指使下」译作了on the instigation of the Japanese aggressors。我们可以看到「指使」一词并未按字面翻译，而是译作了instigation（煽动），选词非常准确。要想想，日本在当时真的已经强大到可以「指使」英国的地步了吗？
　　当时英国民间组织援华委员会就在全英掀起反封锁的运动。
　　Britain’s non-governmental Aid-China Committee then launched a nationwide anti-blockade campaign.
　　非政府组织（NGO）Non-governmental organization??then作副词不止可以表示「然后」，还可以「当时」例句I spent years on the dole trying to get bands together and I never worried about money then.
　　我多年靠救济金过活，一直在努力组建乐队，那时，我从不为钱发愁。
　　由于我是刚从抗战中国来到英国的记者，又曾采访过滇缅路，所以就应邀赴英国各大城市及乡村去演讲。
　　As I was a Chinese correspondent just arrived in England from covering the Yunnan-Burmese Road, I was invited to deliver speeches in various big cities and villages of the country.
　　「由于我是从抗战中国来到英国的记者，又曾采访过滇缅路，所以就应邀赴英国各大城市及乡村去演讲」译为As I was a Chinese correspondent just arrived in England from covering the Yunnan-Burmese Road, I was invited to deliver speeches in big cities and villages of the country，其中arrived是arrive 的过去分词，作形容词用；covering作「采访」「报导」解。
　　有些城市的英国群众还上街游行。
　　In some cities, people even demonstrated in the streets.
　　「有些城市的英国群众」译作In some cities, people…。可以看到，并未出现「英国」一词。这是因为上文刚刚提到过「我是从抗战中国来到英国的记者」，顾无需赘述。（活动因为公众号排版原因，把文章按句断开了，所以大家在学习时要特别留意结合上下文，从整体进行把握。）在伦敦，援华会就曾组织人们到丘吉尔所在的唐宁街首相府门口摇旗呐喊，反对英国助桀为虐，帮助日本侵略者扼杀抗战的中国。
　　In London, the Aid-China Committee organized people to demonstrate in front of Churchill’s official residence on Downing Street, waving flags and shouting slogans decrying the British government aiding Japanese aggression against China.
　　唐宁街（Downing Street）位于英国首都伦敦的西敏内，在过往200年来，都是重要内阁官员、英国首相，以及兼任第二财政大臣的财政大臣的官邸。
　　waving flags and shouting slogans decrying the British government aiding Japanese aggression against China整体做伴随状语。decrying the British government aiding Japanese aggression against China可理解为slogans的修饰成分；aiding Japanese aggression against China作the British government的后置定语。
　　十月，英政府被迫解除了对滇缅路的封锁。
　　In October of the same year, the British government was compelled to lift its blockade of the Road.
　　解除了对……的封锁lift its blockade of
　　脱贫 lift people out of poverty
　　一九四一年十月，中英签订了“共同防御滇缅路协定”。
　　In October 1941, China and Britain signed the “Agreement on the Joint Defence of the Yunnan-Burmese Road.”
　　关于joint一词
　　共同（努力）
　　携起手来 jointly或make joint efforts to
　　联合声明joint declaration
　　“珍珠港事变”后，中国军队就同盟军并肩作战于朱红色的滇缅土地上了。
　　After the Pearl Harbor Incident of December 7, 1941, Chinese troops began to fight shoulder to shoulder with the Allied troops on the red earth field surrounding the Road.
　　珍珠港事变the Pearl Harbor Incident：1941年12月7日，日本帝国海军偷袭美国，轰炸了夏威夷珍珠港的战舰和军事目标。350余架日本飞机对珍珠港海军基地实施了两波攻击，投下穿甲炸弹，并向美国的战列舰和巡洋舰发射鱼雷。美军毫无防备，他们在爆炸的巨响中醒来，仓促进行自卫。整场先发制人的袭击在90分钟内结束，彼时，日本炸沉了四艘战列舰和两艘驱逐舰，炸毁188架飞机，受损的建筑、船只和飞机则更多。攻击中约有2400名美国人丧生；另有1250人受伤，这是对美国一个巨大的震骇。攻击过后，日本正式向美国宣战，次日，美国总统罗斯福发表了著名的“国耻”演讲，他随后签署了对日本帝国的正式宣战声明。几日之内，纳粹德国与意大利向美国宣战，而美国也迅即予以了宣战回应。
　　肩并肩shoulder to shoulder
　　手拉手/携手 hand in hand
　　滇缅路如今只是全国千百条公路中的一条了。
　　Now the Road is but one of the thousands of highways in China.
　　but是副词，表示「仅仅、只、才」
　　例句
　　This is but one of the methods used to try and get alcoholics to give up drink.
　　这只是为让那些酗酒者戒酒所尝试的方法之一。
　　可是当时中华民族的命运曾系在它身上。
　　But back in those days, it had a close bearing on the destiny of the Chinese nation.
　　与…有关；对…有影响have a bearing on…例句My father's achievements really don't have any bearing on what I do.
　　我父亲的成就与我做的事情真的毫无关联。
　　必背词汇
　　airlift        cn.尤指战争期间或陆上交通中断时的空运英义An airlift is an operation to move people, troops, or goods by air, especially in a war or when land routes are closed.
　　例句
　　President Garcia has ordered an airlift of food, medicines and blankets.
　　加西亚总统已经下令空运食品、药物和毛毯。
　　mishap      n.晦气，不幸，小灾难
　　英义
　　A mishap is an unfortunate but not very serious event that happens to someone.
　　例句
　　The plot passed off without mishap.
　　剧情发展波澜不惊。
　　befall       v.不幸或不好的事降临到…头上，发生在…身上英义If something bad or unlucky befalls you, it happens to you.
　　例句
　　the disaster that befell the island of Flores降临到弗洛里斯岛的灾难perfidious      adj.背信弃义的，不可信的，不忠的英义If you describe someone as perfidious, you mean that they have betrayed someone or cannot be trusted.
　　例句
　　Their feet will trample on the dead bodies of their perfidious aggressors.
　　他们将从背信弃义的侵略者的尸体上踏过。
　　predicament       cn.困境，艰难的处境，尴尬的境地英义If you are in a predicament, you are in an unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of.
　　例句
　　Hank explained our predicament.
　　汉克说明了我们的艰难处境。
　　extricate      v.使摆脱，使脱离
　　英义
　　If you extricate yourself or another person from a difficult or serious situation, you free yourself or the other person from it.
　　例句
　　It represents a last ditch attempt by the country to extricate itself from its economic crisis.
　　那是该国摆脱经济危机的最后一搏。
　　blockade       cn.封锁，阻塞
　　英义
　　A blockade of a place is an action that is taken to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving it.
　　例句
　　Striking lorry drivers agreed to lift their blockades of main roads.
　　罢工的卡车司机们同意解除对主干道的封堵。
　　重点表达
　　小灾小祸a minor mishap
　　如果、假使in case of sth
　　需要出卖朋友来摆脱困境seeks to extricate itself from its own predicament at the expense of its friend不顾一切地、不择手段地to stop at nothing在…紧要关头at the critical juncture of紧抓不放、不肯放弃to hold on to
　　抗日战争China’s Anti-Japanese War
　　喜马拉雅山the Himalayas
　　巨大打击a serious blow to…
　　当场的/现场的on-the-spot
　　如下as follows
　　血肉之躯flesh and blood
　　全面通车was entirely opened to traffic
　　分段试车a section-by-section trial run
　　捐了躯laid down their lives
　　唐宁街Downing Street
　　解除了对……的封锁lift its blockade of
　　珍珠港事变the Pearl Harbor Incident
　　肩并肩shoulder to shoulder
　　与…有关；对…有影响have a bearing on…
　　复盘测试
　　小灾小祸
　　如果、假使
　　需要出卖朋友来摆脱困境
　　不顾一切地、不择手段地
　　在…紧要关头
　　紧抓不放、不肯放弃
　　抗日战争
　　喜马拉雅山
　　巨大打击
　　当场的/现场的
　　如下
　　血肉之躯
　　全面通车
　　分段试车
　　捐了躯
　　唐宁街
　　解除了对……的封锁
　　珍珠港事变
　　肩并肩
　　与…有关；对…有影响
　　表达对比
　　「摆脱」有几种表达？
　　然而一个国家一旦自身遇到麻烦，需要出卖朋友来(摆脱)困境时，则什么背信弃义的勾当都干得出。
　　But it may stop at nothing to act perfidiously when it seeks to extricate itself from its own predicament at the expense of its friend.
　　老伴埋怨我不该(捉掉)了蟋蟀！
　　She blamed it on my having got rid of the cricket.
　　他巧妙地(摆脱)那场争吵。
　　He maneuvered himself out of the quarrel.
　　(摆脱)月球引力不想摆脱地球引力那样痛苦。
　　Leaving the moon's gravity was not as painful as leaving the earth's.
　　这个练习将帮助你（摆脱这些）。
　　This exercise will help free you of that.
　　一只木屐
　　A Wooden Clog
　　冰心
　　Bing Xin
　　背景知识：冰心（1900年10月5日－1999年2月28日），女，原名谢婉莹，福建省长乐市（今福州市长乐区）人 ，中国民主促进会（民进）成员。中国诗人，现代作家、翻译家、儿童文学作家、社会活动家、散文家。笔名冰心取自「一片冰心在玉壶」。冰心曾于1946年东渡日本，旅居该国约四年。《一只木屐》是她回国十多年后写的一篇短文，追忆当年离别日本时凄婉动人的情景。一只木屐勾起作者一腔离别愁绪。离别木屐就是离别作业战后在日本所结交的苦难中的朋友。他们是老百姓，不是那些引人憎恨的旧军官、官员、绅士。
　　淡金色的夕阳，像这条轮船一样，懒洋洋地停在这一块长方形的海上。
　　The light gold setting sun, like our steamer, was lingering sluggishly in the harbor.
　　「夕阳」译作setting sun，set本作动词使用指太阳落山的「落下」这个动作，这里用作分词setting与后边的sun构成名词性词组「落山的太阳」??旧时轮船多为水蒸气驱动，故这里的「轮船」译为steamer,由steam（蒸汽）演变而来。
　　这里说夕阳「懒洋洋地停在」是一种拟人化的说法，借助环境表达作者不舍的心情，所以这里「懒」并非lazy，应理解为「非常不舍、极为留恋地」译为lingering sluggishly非常贴切。
　　根据上下文得知「长方形的海上」实则是「港湾或港口」处，所以译为harbor。
　　两边码头上仓库的灰色大门，已经紧紧地关起了。
　　The grey gates of the warehouses on either side of the harbor were securely shut.
　　两边on either side of/on both sides of…??securely可表示「牢牢地」例句Make sure the ropes are securely fastened.
　　务必把绳子拴牢。
　　一下午的嘈杂的人声，已经寂静了下来，只有乍起的晚风，在吹卷着码头上零乱的草绳和尘土。
　　The afternoon hubbub of voices had died down and fitful gusts of evening wind would rise to send the messy piles of straw ropes and dust whirling from the wharves.
　　减弱，逐渐平息 die down
　　例句
　　The controversy is unlikely to die down.
　　争议不大可能平息。
　　send the messy piles of straw ropes and dust whirling from the wharves 是send sth/sb doing sth结构，此时send表示「使（快速或猛然）移动」例句The punch sent him flying.
　　那一拳打得他整个人抛了出去。
　　我默默地倚伏在船栏上，周围是一片的空虚和沉重，Silently leaning on the ship railing, I found myself surrounded by an endless dull void.
　　「周围是一片的空虚和沉重」理解为「我被无尽的空虚与沉闷包围」，现译为I found myself surrounded by an endless dull void。其中，I found myself固定词组表达，并非「发现或看见」的意思，指「自己觉得或感到...」强调的是「感受」，「一片」应理解为「无穷无尽、没有尽头的」，译为endless(无边际的），「空虚和沉重」译为dull void，dull指「沉闷无生气的或（天气、颜色）暗沉的」，void即「空虚感」时间一分一分地过去，苍茫的夜色，笼盖了下来。
　　Time was away minute by minute and darkness was gathering around me.
　　「（夜色）笼盖下来」可采用与上句「周围是一片的空虚和沉重」类似的理解方式，按「我被夜色包围」之意译为darkness was gathering around。其中，「苍茫的夜色」的英译略去了「苍茫的」仅译为darkness（黑暗）??文学性比较强的环境描绘一般都很抽象且修饰成分较多，在处理此类表达时英译需要具化而不必追求字对应，重点应放在呈现类似的感受上。作者多借助环境表达感受，借景抒情，所以应把翻译感受及氛围放在重点。
　　猛抬头，我看见在离船不远的水面上，飘着一只木屐，Raising my head abruptly, I saw a wooden clog floating on the water not far from my ship.
　　「我看见在离船不远的水面上，飘着一只木屐」这一句的主干是「我看见木屐」，请注意英译一般是把重要信息先说出，后补充次要信息，译为I saw a wooden clog floating on the water not far from my ship.
　　它已被海水泡成黑褐色的了。它在摇动的波浪上，摇着、摇着，慢慢地往外移，仿佛要努力地摇到外面大海上去似的！
　　It had turned darkly brown after being soaked in water and kept moving slowly with the rolling waves as if it were laboring out of the harbor toward the vast sea.
　　「它已...，它在...，仿佛...」主语都是「木屐」，英译合并为It had turned... and kept moving...as if...一气呵成结构完整，可借鉴此类合并重整句式的方法。
　　「努力地摇到...」译作laboring out of...，labor动词时意为「努力地...」啊！我苦难中的朋友！你怎么知道我要悄悄地离开？
　　O my friend in distress! How did you know that I was leaving on the quiet?
　　「悄悄地离开」译为on the quiet，on the quiet是固定词组，指「暗地或秘密地（做某事）」，这需要结合当时的社会政治环境去理解。
　　你又怎么知道我心里丢不下那些把你穿在脚下的朋友？
　　How did you know that I was reluctant to part with my friends – friends that had once worn on their feet?
　　「心里丢不下」应理解为「很不舍或不情愿地」，译为be reluctant to（不情愿地做某事），遇到此类独有的表达方式切勿因字生义去对照翻译，而应充分抓住其表达核心去转述。
　　你从岸上跳进海中，万里迢迢地在船边护送着我？
　　O now you had leaped into the water to escort me through the long voyage?
　　「万里迢迢」并不需要把这「万里」按距离数字翻译出来，其实重点就在表达「路程远或距离远」，译为long voyage（漫长的航程）郁达夫《故都的秋》
　　不远千里，要从杭州赶上青岛……
　　have made light of travelling a long distance from Hangzhou to Qingdao…过去几年的、在东京的苦闷不眠的夜晚——相伴我的只有瓦檐上的雨声，纸窗外的月色，更多的是空虚而沉重的、黑魆魆的长夜；For several years previously, on those dull, black long nights, as I lay awake with a gloomy feeling of emptiness, the only thing that would keep me company had been the raindrops pattering on the tiled roof and the moonlight outside the paper windows.
　　「苦闷不眠的夜晚」与「黑魆魆的长夜」合译为dull, black long nights（沉闷黑暗的长夜），并非字字对应但dull（枯燥、沉闷的）和 black（漆黑的）充分表达了这种意境及情绪。又，在英语中，修饰同一名词的两个形容词之间不用and的情况非常常见。
　　As I lay awake...及a gloomy feeling of都是行文更流畅而作出的增译，更符合英文表达习惯。
　　而每一个不眠的夜晚，我都听到嘎达嘎达的木屐声音，一阵一阵的从我楼前走过。这声音，踏在石子路上，清空而又坚实；I would hear on every sleepless night wooden clogs clattering past the cobbled road before my building, sounding clear and firm.
　　clattering与上句的Patterning均是拟声词，很贴切原文的情景。
　　I would hear on every sleepless night wooden clogs clattering past the cobbled road before my building, sounding clear and firm简化后剩下的主干是I hear clogs +V-ing。此处clatter作动词，后接介词past，表示「移动发出（像硬物碰撞）的响声」。同样的例子还有：She heard him clattering around downstairs.她听到他在楼下咔哒咔哒地走来走去。又，sounding clear and firm是补充语，对「木屐从楼前走过」发出的声响进行补充。
　　它不像我从前听过的、引人憎恨的、北京东单操场上日本军官的军靴声，也不像北京饭店的大厅上日本官员、绅士的皮鞋声。
　　It was unlike the hateful thudding of Japanese officers’ military boots I had once heard on the Dongdan drill ground in Peking. It was also unlike the clip-clop of leather shoes on the feet of Japanese officials and VIPs in the lobby of Peking Hotel.
　　Thudding是「（重摔的）沉闷声」拟声词，这里指军靴落地的声音，hateful thudding即令人厌恶的沉闷声。
　　「绅士」译为VIPs，应结合上下文去理解，这是一个极高褒奖的词，但作者实际想表达的是「那些因地位而受到特别待遇的人」，所以这种译法更符合作者意图。
　　这是日本劳动人民的、风里雨里寸步不离的、清空而又坚实的声音……It was the clear and firm sound of wooden clogs worn by the working people of Japan, rain or shine.
　　此句英译的句式结构，并非按照原文平行处理，而是根据逻辑层次处理成定于从句，类似这样的例子在翻译实践中很多。
　　我把双手交叉起，枕在脑后，随着一阵一阵的屐声，在想象中从穿着木屐的双脚，慢慢地向上看，我看到悲哀憔悴的穿着外褂、套着白罩衣的老人、老妇的脸；我看到痛苦愤怒的穿着工裤、披着蓑衣的工人、农民的脸；我看到忧郁彷徨的戴着四角帽、穿着短裙的青年、少女的脸……Resting my head on my clasped hands, I visualized, in the midst of the clatters, all those in wooden clogs: sad and haggard elderly men and women wearing short garments under white overalls; aggrieved workers in overalls and peasants in straw rain capes; young men in college caps and girls in short skirts, all looking dejected and perplexed …??「我把双手交叉起，枕在脑后」译作Resting my head on my clasped hands，rest是「放在...，置于（某位置）」，clasp动词时指「双手交叉搂抱状」，这里clasped hands指交叉的双手。这些动词的使用及动作细节的描述值得借鉴，put（放置）及cross（交叉）虽可用，但不及rest和 clasp刻画得生动，翻译实践中词语尤其是动词的选择很重要。
　　「想象」译作visualize要比imagine贴切，紧扣原文，后面描述的都是一幅幅具象的画面及人物细节描述，visualize更强调眼前仿佛看见的一幕幕真实画面。
　　「在想象中从穿着木屐的双脚，慢慢地向上看，我看到…」以人物描写为主，「穿着木屐」是这些人物的共同特征，故译文先总述all those in wooden clogs，再分别译出具体人物描写，将（共同特征除外的）其他特征处理为后置定语。
　　「四角帽」这里指的是「学位帽」，所以译作college caps。
　　come across固定短语，是「偶然遇到或见到」的意思，如come across something（偶遇某事），come across someone（偶遇某人）。
　　这些脸，都是我白天在街头巷尾不断看到的，这时都汇合了起来，从我楼前嘎达嘎达地走过。
　　I had often come across them here and there in town in the daytime. Now they seemed to merge together clattering past my building.
　　「（看到）这些脸」即「见到这些人」，是借代的手法（指的是不直说某人或某事物的名称，而是借和它密切相关的名称去代替，这种辞格也叫做「换名」。其中，用来代替的事物叫做借体，被代替的事物叫做本体）。
　　「街头巷尾」根据上下文译作in town，已充分传达句意，不必拘泥字字对应。
　　“苦难中的朋友！在这里黑魆魆长夜，希望在哪里？你们这样嘎达嘎达地往哪里走呢？”在失眠的辗转反侧之中，我总是这样痛苦地想。
　　“My friends in distress! Where is your hope in this dark long night? Where are you bound for in your clattering clogs?” That was the thought in my gloomy mind as I lay wide awake, tossing and turning restlessly.
　　「黑魆魆」仅译作dark（黑），不同语言的词汇并非完全对等，必要时只能保留核心概念尽可能通过其它方式去呈现类似的感情色彩。
　　「Be bound for+具体地点」固定搭配，「要到...去」或者「驶往...」的意思。
　　「嘎达嘎达地」译文转换为名词短语的形式in your clattering clogs，为了表达的方便此类词性的转换必要时灵活使用。
　　「辗转反侧」英文有对应的短语：tossing and turning，表示辗转反侧、难以入眠。
　　事情过去十多年了，但是我还常常想起那日那时日本横滨码头旁边水上的那只木屐。
　　All that happened over a decade ago, but I always think of the wooden clog floating on water near the Yokohama wharf.
　　「十多年」不一定非得译作more than ten years，此处over a decade也是一种表达方式。
　　floating on water near the Yokohama wharf作clog的后置定语。
　　对于我，它象征着日本劳动人民，也使我回忆起那几年居留日本的一段生活，引起我许多复杂的情感。
　　To me, it symbolizes the working people of Japan. It also reminds me of my several years’ sojourn in Japan and arouses a host of complicated feelings in me.
　　sojourn是在异地的短暂停留，这里指作者留日的几年岁月。
　　arouse是激起（某种情绪或反应），这里指激起作者对留日那段岁月的怀念及思绪。
　　a host of...是英语固定搭配「大量的...，许多的...」例如a host of friends 许多的朋友， a host of problem 许多的问题等。
　　从那日那时离开日本后，我又去了两次。这时候，日本人民不但是我的苦难中的朋友，也是我斗争中的朋友了，我心中的苦乐和十几年前已大不相同。
　　I have since twice re-visited Japan. I realized on both occasions that the Japanese people are not only my friends in distress, but also my comrades-in-arms.
　　「又去了两次」直接以动词re-visit译出，简洁明了。
　　「我心中的苦乐和十几年前已大不相同」这一句译文并没有照字面译出，而是由I realized that...代替并引出后边的从句，「形」虽作了比较大的调整，但「意」已达。
　　但是，当同去的人们，珍重地带回了些与富士山或樱花有关的纪念品的时候，我却收集一些小小的、引人眷恋的玩具木屐……While my co-travelers brought back treasured souvenirs of Mount Fuji or cherry blossoms, I came home with a collection of small, nostalgic toy clogs …??「斗争中的朋友」译作comrades-in-arms，指「战友，老战友们」根据当时的社会环境及结合实际情况做出的准确翻译。
　　「当同去的人们，珍重地带回了些与富士山或樱花有关的纪念品的时候，我却收集一些小小的、引人眷恋的玩具木屐」是在将「别人带回去的东西」和「‘我’带回去的东西」作对比，故增译came home，后接with+n结构，指「我带回去的东西」，其中「收集」由动词转换为名词，藏在了collection一词中。
　　必背词汇
　　clog          cn.厚木底皮鞋，木屐
　　英义
　　Clogs are heavy leather or wooden shoes with thick wooden soles.
　　例句
　　clog dancing
　　木鞋舞，木屐舞
　　linger      v.留恋，不愿离开，继续逗留
　　英义
　　If you linger somewhere, you stay there for a longer time than is necessary, for example because you are enjoying yourself.
　　例句
　　Customers are welcome to linger over coffee until around midnight.
　　客人尽可以喝着咖啡逗留到午夜左右。
　　sluggish       adj.懒洋洋的，缓慢的，有气无力的英义You can describe something as sluggish if it moves, works, or reacts much slower than you would like or is normal.
　　例句
　　The economy remains sluggish.
　　经济的发展仍然非常缓慢。
　　warehouse         cn.仓库，货栈
　　英义
　　A warehouse is a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods are stored until they are exported to other countries or distributed to shops to be sold.
　　例句
　　We canvassed all abandoned buildings and warehouses.
　　我们调查了所有废弃的大楼和仓库。
　　hubbub        n.人群的喧嚷，吵闹声
　　英义
　　A hubbub is a noise made by a lot of people all talking or shouting at the same time.
　　例句
　　There was a hubbub of excited conversation from over a thousand people.
　　有一千多人在兴高采烈地大声谈话,场面无比喧闹。
　　wharf        cn.码头
　　英义
　　A wharf is a platform by a river or the sea where ships can be tied up.
　　例句
　　We fetch up at the wharf exactly on time.
　　我们准时到达码头。
　　gust         cn.一阵强风，一阵狂风
　　英义
　　A gust is a short, strong, sudden rush of wind.
　　例句
　　A gust of wind drove down the valley.
　　一阵狂风刮过山谷。
　　重点表达
　　夕阳setting sun
　　轮船steamer
　　嘈杂的人声hubbub of voices
　　乍起的晚风fitful gusts of evening wind
　　一片空虚和沉重endless dull void
　　苍茫的夜色darkness
　　笼罩gathering
　　（海上）飘着floating on the water
　　努力地laboring
　　悄悄地离开leave on the quiet
　　心里丢不下be reluctant to
　　万里迢迢long （voyage）
　　瓦檐tiled roof
　　月色moonlight
　　嘎达嘎达clattering
　　操场drill ground
　　劳动人民the working people
　　风里雨里rain or shine
　　想象visualize
　　偶遇come across
　　街头巷尾in town
　　苦难中的... ... in distress
　　辗转反侧tossing and turning
　　短暂）居留sojourn
　　激起（情绪等）arouse
　　大量的...，许多的... a host of...
　　斗争中的朋友comrades-in-arms
　　复盘测试
　　夕阳
　　轮船
　　嘈杂的人声
　　乍起的晚风
　　一片空虚和沉重
　　苍茫的夜色
　　笼罩
　　（海上）飘着
　　努力地
　　悄悄地离开
　　心里丢不下
　　万里迢迢
　　瓦檐
　　月色
　　嘎达嘎达
　　操场
　　劳动人民
　　风里雨里
　　想象
　　偶遇
　　街头巷尾
　　苦难中的...
　　辗转反侧
　　（短暂）居留
　　激起（情绪等）
　　大量的...，许多的...
　　斗争中的朋友
　　表达对比
　　「引起」有几种表达？
　　……也使我回忆起那几年居留日本的一段生活，引起我许多复杂的情感。
　　It also reminds me of my several years’ sojourn in Japan and arouses a host of complicated feelings in me.
　　有件东西引起了我的注意，引起我注意的是一句话。
　　And something caught my eye, and what caught my eye was a phrase.
　　激烈的辩论引起了许多不满。
　　The acrimonious debate resulted in much resentment.
　　他激进的言论引起了听众的愤慨。
　　His radical remarks caused great indignation among the audience.
　　再寄小读者
　　Another Letter to Young Readers
　　1958年4月12日夜意大利，威尼斯
　　—Written on the evening of April 12,1958, in Venice, Italy冰心Bing Xin背景知识：冰心（1900年10月5日－1999年2月28日），女，原名谢婉莹，福建省长乐市（今福州市长乐区）人 ，中国民主促进会（民进）成员。中国诗人，现代作家、翻译家、儿童文学作家、社会活动家、散文家。笔名冰心取自「一片冰心在玉壶」。冰心这篇通讯记述她在雨中游访威尼斯的情况。她在走访这座著名水上城市时，身在异邦，情系故乡，不忘给祖国和祖国的儿童寄来一份温馨的报导。
　　亲爱的小朋友：
　　4月12日，我们在微雨中到达意大利东海岸的威尼斯。
　　Dear Little Friends,
　　On April 12, we arrive, amidst a gentle rain, in Venice, a city on the eastern coast of Italy.
　　对于「小朋友」中的「小」，英文中有类似的概念表亲切、可爱例如little James（小詹姆斯），little girl（小女孩）等，所以直接译为Little Friends。
　　「微雨」译作gentle rain, gentle意指「轻微的、柔柔的」??「我们在微雨中到达意大利东海岸的威尼斯」这句的主干是「我们到达了」，译文就先提取了We arrive作为主谓成分，而其它如环境（amidst a gentle rain）、地理位置（in Venice, a city on the eastern coast of Italy）全部处理成副词性的附加描述成分，层次脉络很清晰。
　　威尼斯是世界闻名的水上城市，常有人把它比作中国的苏州。
　　Venice is a world-famous aquatic city, often compared to China’s Suzhou.
　　「世界闻名的」译作world-famous，复合词。
　　「水上城市」并不是water city，而译作aquatic city。Aquatic是「水的，水生的」，例如aquatic resources水资源，aquatic animals水生动物，aquatic plants水生植物等。
　　「常有人把它比作中国的苏州」中的「把...比作」，这里可理解为「（常）被拿来与...相比较」，译作be compared to...。两事物进行比较，英文常用while加强这种对比，如英译中说到苏州是陆上城市，而威尼斯是由小岛做成，为了突出这种对比译文用了while来加强。写景时，中文常常用一系列的短句排比来描述，英文则处理成「主干+with+非主干性描述附加或伴随的内容」，Suzhou is primarily a land-based city with...就是这样的用法。
　　Q:用compare with还是compare to？
　　Compare to可以广义地定义为「估计事物之间的相似性或者是差异」例句Individual schools compared their facilities with those of others in the area.
　　私立学校将其设施与该地区其他学校的设施进行比较。
　　It is difficult to compare our results to studies conducted in the United States.
　　很难将我们的研究成果与在美国进行的研究成果相比较。
　　在这种意义上，使用哪个介词都可以。然而，当compare被用来表示一件事物与另一件事相似，或者在两件不同事情之间进行类比时，必须使用to。
　　但是苏州基本上是陆地上的城市，不过城里有许多河道和桥梁。威尼斯却是由一百多个小岛组成的，一条较宽的曲折的水道，就算是大街，其余许许多多纵横交织的小水道，就算是小巷。
　　But, while Suzhou is primarily a land-based city with many rivers and bridges, Venice is a port composed of more than 100 small islands cut by a broad winding waterway serving as its avenue and numerous small crisscross water courses serving as its alleys.
　　while含对比意味。
　　a land-based city ：-based与表示地点的名词连用表示「以…为生活或工作中心的，以…为基地/基础的，总部设在…的」。
　　land-based missiles
　　陆基导弹
　　cut by这里应理解为「贯穿着...」，指有不同的水道贯穿其中而造成了分割。
　　「就算是...，就算是...」译作serving as（构成其...，成为了其...），在面对较长一系列排比短句的翻译时，应该学会善用这种连接词，具体需要对原句充分理解得出。又，两个serving as…分别做waterway和courses的后置定语。
　　三四百座大大小小的桥，将这些小岛上的一簇一簇的楼屋，穿连了起来。
　　And clusters of buildings on the small islands are linked by some 400 bridges of various sizes.
　　「桥将楼屋穿连起来」中文的「穿连」英译时应转换为被动语态be linked by，注意中英表达习惯的差异。
　　「大大小小的...」，译作...of various sizes这里没有车马，只有往来如织的大小汽艇，代替了公共汽车和小卧车；There are no motor vehicles. In place of buses and motor cars, motorboats of various descriptions speed to and fro on the congested waterways.
　　「车马」这里应理解为「陆路上的交通工具」，根据上下文译为motor vehicles。
　　各式各样的、各种类型的of various descriptions。其中，description表示「类型」，常用搭配为of some/all/every/various, etc. descriptions何为《最后一圈》
　　芸芸众生 human beings of all descriptions??往来如织（来来去去象穿梭一样。形容来去频繁）译作speed to and fro，其中to and fro表示「往返地，来回地」，speed作动词，表示「快速前行（尤指车辆）」此外还有黑色的、两端翘起、轻巧可爱的小游船，叫做Gondola，译作“共渡乐”，也还可以谐音会意。
　　Also on the waterways are lovely black small pleasure boats with curved ends, known as gondola, a term that has been translated into the Chinese homonym gondule meaning “Share the joy of river-crossing”.
　　「两端翘起」译作with curved ends，ends这里指「端部，尾部」，这样的细节描写值得学习。
　　「共渡乐」除了译作gondule，还应解释出内涵Share the joy of river-crossing，这种做法应借鉴。
　　这座小城，是极有趣的！你们想象看：家家户户，面临着水街小巷，一开起门来，就看见荡漾的海水和飞翔的海鸥。
　　The small town of Venice is very interesting. Imagine how every building stands directly facing a waterway instead of a street or lane, and the residents, as soon as they open the door, come face to face with nothing but undulating sea waves and seagulls circling in the air.
　　「家家户户」根据后接的动词sands directly...和open the door，拆分译为every building及the residents，说明了翻译是一门再创作的艺术应在充分且准确理解原文基础上再次加工。
　　Instead of a street or lane是增译，更突出于普通认知的对比及威尼斯的独特。
　　With nothing but这个固定短语使得行为更地道流畅。
　　门口石阶旁边，长满了厚厚的青苔，从石阶上跳上公共汽艇，就上街去了。
　　Walk down a flight of mossy stone steps at their door, and they will be able to get on a public waterboat bound for town.
　　「上街」这里应理解为「到镇上去」，译作bound for town，千万别望文生义译作go to the street。
　　此句前半部分写景，后半部分叙事，译文将其处理为and连接的并列句。其中，they指代上句提到的the residents。
　　这座城里，当然也有教堂，有宫殿，和其他的公共建筑，座座都紧靠着水边。
　　The city also has its own churches, palaces and other public buildings, all situated on the water front.
　　在描述威尼斯各类建筑时，「紧靠着」用了situated一词指「坐落在...，位于...」??另，请注意「这座城里，当然也有教堂，有宫殿，和其他的公共建筑，座座都紧靠着水边」英译时整句句式的变化，..has....（...有...）是主干部分，而各类建筑坐落位置的描述则处理成了次要的分词短语形式situated on（即...which are all situated on...)，层次突出、主次明了，这种句式转换方式值得借鉴学习。
　　夜间一行行一串串的灯火，倒影在颤摇的水光里，真是静美极了！
　　What a wonderful sight it is when strings of their lights are reflected in the quivering water at nights!
　　「真是静美极了！」也并未像原文那样放在文末独立成句，而是处理成了What a wonderful sight it is when...这样的从句形式，把这样的感叹与环境描述联系在了一起，这样的句式转换使得逻辑更严谨不松散。
　　威尼斯是意大利东海岸对东方贸易的三大港口之一，其余的两个是它南边的巴利和北边的特利斯提。
　　Venice is one of the three big ports on Italy’s eastern coast doing trade with Eastern countries, the other two being Bari to its south and Trieste to its north.
　　东海岸eastern coast
　　doing trade with Eastern countries作ports的后置定语。
　　the other two being Bari to its south and Trieste to its north.是独立主格结构。又，to its south表示「在它（威尼斯）的南边」在它的繁盛的时代，就是公元后十三世纪，那时是中国的元朝，有个商人名叫马可波罗曾到过中国，在扬州作过官。
　　In its heyday, that is, during China’s Yuan dynasty in the 13th century AD, an Italian merchant named Marco Polo visited China and became an official in Yangzhou.
　　请注意「就是公元后十三世纪，那时是中国的元朝」这句话的英译语序during China’s Yuan dynasty in the 13th century AD，根据译入语的习惯进行了转换。
　　马可波罗元朝时到访的历史在中国很有名，而外国读者倒不一定熟悉，所以增译了Italian（意大利人）对他身份的说明。
　　「作过官」即「曾经当过政府的官员」，译作became an official in...。
　　他在中国住了二十多年，回到威尼斯之后，写了一本游记，极称中国文物之盛。
　　After 20 years in China, he returned to Venice and wrote Travels of Marco Polo in which he speaks highly of China’s rich cultural relics.
　　「游记」这里根据实际情况，译为更具体的书名Travels of Marco Polo。
　　「极称」即「极高地赞扬」，译作speaks highly，highly是「极为（赞许）或（评价）高的」，除此还可以说think highly of something/someone(对...评价很高，对...极为推崇)。
　　在他的游记里，曾仔细地描写过芦沟桥，因此直到现在，欧洲人还把芦沟桥称作马可波罗桥。
　　He makes a detailed description of Lugouqiao in his travel notes. That is why Europeans today still refer to Lugouqiao as Marco Polo Bridge.
　　「卢沟桥」亦称芦沟桥。
　　「仔细地描述...」译为makes a detailed description of...。
　　对于不是非常有名的地名一类如「卢沟桥」，除直接翻译外还应适当添加注释。
　　将A称作B refer to A as B
　　例句
　　It's referred to as the "lungs of the earth".
　　它被称为“地球之肺”。
　　国际间的贸品，常常是文化交流的开端，精美的商品的互换，促进了两国人民相互的爱慕与了解。
　　International cultural exchange usually begins with international trade. The exchange of top-quality commodities promotes mutual love and understanding between nations.
　　「贸品」这里应理解为「国家间的贸易往来活动」，译作international trade。
　　「国际间的贸品，常常是文化交流的开端」：将「开端」译作名词形式beginning或动词形式begins (with)均可，只要选择与其相搭配的句式即可。
　　「相互的爱慕与了解」译作mutual love and understanding，「有无相通」译作mutual supply of what the other party needs，mutual指「相互的，互相之间的」外交及国际间事务常用到的一个表达，这里的needs传达了积极友好及互助的意味，千万别望文生义译为have。
　　和平劳动的人民，是欢迎这种“有无相通”的。
　　Peace-loving working people welcome “mutual supply of what the other party needs”.
　　Peace-loving是「名词+现在/过去分词」形式的合成形容词，例如epoch-making划时代的、state-owned国有的。
　　party除了最常见的「聚会」之意，还可指「（给定范围中的）一方」近几年来，中意两国间的贸易，由于人为的障碍，大大地减少了。
　　In recent years, due to man-made barriers, Sino-Italian trade has dropped sharply.
　　「近几年来，中意两国间的贸易，由于人为的障碍，大大地减少了。」主干是「贸易大大减少」，所以译为...has dropped sharply，其它处理成附加成分。
　　这几个港口的冷落，使得意大利的工商业者，渴望和中国重建邦交，畅通贸易，这种热切的呼声，是我们到处可以听到的。
　　In the face of the declining business of the above-mentioned ports, Italian industrial and business circles long for re-establishment of relations and smooth development of business with China. The same urgent voice is heard throughout the country.
　　「这几个港口的冷落，使得意大利的工商业者，渴望和中国重建邦交，畅通贸易」主旨是「...渴望...」，所以译为...long for...，其它内容处理成次要枝干。这种提炼原文主旨的能力在翻译实践中很重要，需反复练习。
　　「冷落」在这里应理解为「生意的下滑，贸易量的减少」，译为declining business。
　　建交establish diplomatic relations
　　例句
　　Chile was the first South American country to establish diplomatic ties with China.
　　智利是第一个与中国建交的南美国家。
　　This year marks the 40th anniversary of China-US diplomatic relations.
　　今年是中美建交40周年。
　　Next year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties.
　　明年将迎来两国建交50周年。
　　这几天欧洲的气候，真是反常！
　　These few days, the weather in Europe has been unusually bad indeed.
　　「真是反常」译作unusually bad indeed，这里不能用abnormal(异常、反常的）多用于生理或精神状态方面。
　　昨天在帕都瓦城，遇见大雪，那里本已是桃红似锦，柳碧如茵，而天空中的雪片，却是搓棉扯絮一般，纷纷下落。
　　Yesterday, snow fell in large flakes on Padova when the city was at the height of its beauty with pink peach blossoms and green willows.
　　「昨天在帕都瓦城，遇见大雪，那里本已是桃红似锦，柳碧如茵，而天空中的雪片，却是搓棉扯絮一般，纷纷下落。」这句原文较长且层次并不明显，译文用...when...（当...的时候，下起了大雪）整理出了逻辑层次，符合英文「重形」的特点。
　　「桃红似锦，柳碧如茵」译作at the height of its beauty with pink peach blossoms and green willows，请注意此类文学意味比较浓的景物描写，值得借鉴。
　　在雪光之中，看到融融的春景，在我还是第一次！
　　It was the first time for me to see a warm snow-covered spring scene.
　　「融融」表示「暖和」，故译作warm。
　　原文中的状语「在雪光之中」灵活处理为「春景」的前置定语，译作a …snow-covered spring scene。
　　昨晚起雪化成雨，凉意逼人，现在我的窗外呼啸着呜呜的海风，风声中夹杂着悠扬的钟声；There has been a chill in the air since last night, snow having turned into rain. The sound of howling sea wind outside my window is mingled with the melodious sound of bells.
　　「昨晚起雪化成雨，凉意逼人」根据英译的语法习惯调整了语序，先说a chill in the air（凉意逼人），再说snow having turned into rain（雪化成雨），不必拘泥于原文。
　　和…混合 mingle with
　　例句
　　If we mingle with the crowd, we should not be noticed.
　　如果我们混在人群中, 就不会被注意到。
　　回忆起二十几年前的初春，我也是在阴雨中游了威尼斯，它的明媚的一面，我至今还没有看到！
　　I remember that in an early spring of 20 years ago, it also rained when I first visited Venice. Therefore, I haven’t as yet seen the city in bright sunshine.
　　初/早春an early spring
　　therefore是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　「明媚」译作bright sunshine，可多积累及借鉴此类抽象景物描写的英译方式。（还记得上一篇中（阳光）灿烂用的也是bright一词吗？）今天又是星期六，在寂静的时间中，我极其亲切地想起了你们。
　　Today is Saturday again, and I’m thinking of you warmheartedly.
　　「亲切地」这里应理解为冰心对小读者们的关爱及想念之情，译作warmheartedly。
　　think单独使用时表示「思考」，接that宾语从句时意为「认为、觉得」。think of意为「考虑到、想到」，后常接代词、名词或动词-ing形式。
　　住学校的小朋友们，现在都该回到家里了吧？
　　Little friends, those of you who are boarders must now be back at home for the weekend.
　　「住校的」译者根据表达的需要转换成了名词boarders（内宿生或寄宿生），For the weekend是根据上文「今天又是星期六」而作出的增译使得译文更流畅符合逻辑。
　　灯光之下，不知你们和家里人谈了些什么？是你们学习的情况，还是国家建设？
　　I wonder what you are talking about with your folks at home in the lamplight. Is it about your studies or about your national construction?
　　folks是复数名词，此时专指「亲人，家人，(尤指)双亲」??studies也为复数名词，指「学业、课业、功课」to continue your studies继续学业又有几天没有看到祖国的报纸，消息都非常隔膜了。
　　Having had no access to up-to-date newspapers from China for several days, I’m ill-informed about things at home.
　　「没有看到（报纸）」这里指无法接触到或者获取，译作No access to。Access to something指查阅（或使用）的权力（或机会），例如no access to those secret files 无法查阅那些机密文件（亦指没有权限这么做）。
　　Up-to-date是根据上下文作出的增译，指最新的、新近发生的新闻或资讯。
　　「隔膜」这里应理解为「消息闭塞」，译作ill-informed about...
　　出国真不能走得太久，思想跟不上就使人落后！小朋友一定会笑我又“想家”了吧？
　　It’s probably inadvisable for one to stay abroad for too long, for he may otherwise lag behind ideologically. Little friends, you must be laughing at me for being “homesick” again.
　　It’s probably inadvisable for one是增译成分，指明「……是不明智的」。又，for也是增译成分，补充出因果逻辑关系，使译文更顺畅。
　　「思想跟不上就使人落后」即「思想上落后」，译作lag behind ideologically。
　　因…嘲笑某人laugh at sb for …
　　——同行的人都冒雨出去参观，明天又要赶路，Now my fellow travelers are all gone out visiting places in spite of the rain, for tomorrow they will have to push on with the journey.
　　「冒雨」即「不顾下雨而做某事」，译作in spite of the rain。
　　Push on指继续做某项事情，「赶路」根据上下文译为push on with the journey。
　　我独自留下，抽空再写几行，免得你们盼望，遥祝你们好好地度一个快乐的星期天！
　　I’m the only one left alone, so I manage to find time to write you a few lines so as to keep you from worrying about me. I wish you from afar a happy Sunday!
　　「抽空」直接译成find time即可。
　　「免得你们盼望（keep you from worrying about me）」「遥祝（I wish you from afar）」，这一类书信常用语请注意积累。
　　补充
　　有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？
　　It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.
　　你的朋友 冰心
　　Your friend，
　　Bing Xin
　　必背词汇
　　amidst        prep.在……之中
　　英义
　　Amidst means the same as amid .
　　例句
　　He did his best to retrieve the situation, amidst some laughter.
　　他在哄笑中尽力挽回尴尬的局面。
　　alley       cn.小巷，巷道，胡同
　　英义
　　An alley is a narrow passage or street with buildings or walls on both sides.
　　例句
　　I followed him through a maze of narrow alleys.
　　我紧随他穿过一条条迂迴曲折的窄巷。
　　coast        cn.海岸，海滨
　　英义
　　The coast is an area of land that is next to the sea. [oft adj N]
　　例句
　　Camp sites are usually situated along the coast, close to beaches.
　　野营地一般都位于海滨，靠近沙滩。
　　aquatic        adj.与水相关的，水上的，水中的英义Aquatic means relating to water.
　　例句
　　our aquatic resources
　　我们的水资源
　　crisscross        adj. (图案或设计)纵横交错的，十字交叉的英义A criss-cross pattern or design consists of lines crossing each other.
　　例句
　　Slash the tops of the loaves with a sharp serrated knife in a criss-cross pattern.
　　把烤面包顶部用锋利的锯齿刀交错切开。
　　重点表达
　　微雨gentle rain
　　世界闻名的world-famous
　　水上城市aquatic city
　　曲折的（水道）winding
　　纵横交织的crisscross
　　大大小小的... ...of various sizes
　　来往如织speed to and fro
　　上街bound for town
　　紧靠着水边situated on the water front
　　倒影在... be reflected in...
　　在它的繁盛的时代In its heyday
　　作过官became an official
　　极称speaks highly
　　仔细地描述... makes a detailed description of...
　　游记travel notes
　　相互的爱慕与了解mutual love and understanding有无相通mutual supply of what the other party needs人为的障碍man-made barriers大大地减少dropped sharply渴望... long for...
　　重建邦交reestablishment of relations
　　桃红似锦，柳碧如茵At the height of its beauty with pink peach blossoms and green willows悠扬的钟声 melodious sound of bells凉意逼人a chill in the air雪化成雨snow having turned into rain
　　明媚bright sunshine
　　亲切地 warmheartedly
　　隔膜 ill-informed about...
　　思想上落后lag behind ideologically
　　赶路 push on with the journey
　　免得你们盼望keep you from worrying about me遥祝I wish you from afar复盘测试微雨
　　世界闻名的
　　水上城市
　　曲折的（水道）
　　纵横交织的
　　大大小小的...
　　来往如织
　　上街
　　紧靠着水边
　　倒影在...
　　在它的繁盛的时代
　　作过官
　　极称
　　仔细地描述...
　　游记
　　相互的爱慕与了解
　　有无相通
　　人为的障碍
　　大大地减少
　　渴望...
　　重建邦交
　　桃红似锦，柳碧如茵
　　悠扬的钟声
　　凉意逼人
　　雪化成雨
　　明媚
　　亲切地
　　隔膜
　　思想上落后
　　赶路
　　免得你们盼望
　　遥祝
　　表达对比
　　「组成、构成」有几种表达？
　　威尼斯却是由一百多个小岛（组成）的，一条较宽的曲折的水道，就算是大街，其余许许多多纵横交织的小水道，就算是小巷。
　　Venice is a port composed of more than 100 small islands cut by a broad winding waterway serving as its avenue and numerous small crisscross water courses serving as its alleys.
　　客户端JSP文件（组成）了Web应用程序客户端部分的前端。
　　The client JSP files make up the front end for the client part of the Web application.
　　你的对任何人的反应（组成）了仅有的、决定你和他的关系的因素。
　　Your reactions to any person constitute the only factor that determines your relationship with him.
　　岸上的救援者跳进河水较浅的地方，相互挽着手臂（组成）了一条“人链”。
　　The rescuers on the bank waded into a shallow part of the river and gripped each other's arms to form a human chain.
　　养成好习惯
　　Cultivating Good Habits
　　梁实秋
　　Liang Shiqiu
　　背景知识：梁实秋（1902-1987），北京人，原籍浙江杭县（今余杭），著名现代散文家、翻译家、教育家。《养成好习惯》的内容归根结底是向外国人宣讲为人之道，是青少年值得一读的品德修养篇。
　　人的天性大致是差不多的，但是在习惯方面却各有不同，Men are about the same in human nature, but differ in habit.
　　人的天性human nature
　　differ in habit也可写作are different in habit。
　　习惯是慢慢养成的，在幼小的时候最容易养成，Habit is formed little by little, and most easily in one’s childhood.
　　习惯「慢慢」养成，此处并非指「慢」而应理解为「从日常小事一点一滴做起」，译为formed little by little。请注意动词form的使用，指使(关系、习惯或想法)形成，(使)产生，同时也有「陶冶，培养」的意思如form one’s character/personality塑造某人的性格。
　　一旦养成之后，要想改变过来却还不很容易。
　　Once it is formed, it is difficult to break.
　　习惯的「改变」，这里应理解为「打破」长久固有的习惯，译为break远比change要准确，（使）摆脱，（使）戒除（习惯）所传达的感情更到位。
　　例如说：清晨早起是一个好习惯，这也要从小时候养成，For example, the good habit of early rising also starts from one’s early life.
　　「清晨早起」译作early rising，有两点值得注意，一是省译清晨，既然说了是早起，不在早上起算什么早起，二是rise这个词，可以表示「起床」很多人从小就贪睡懒觉，一遇假日便要睡到日上三竿还高卧不起，平时也是不肯早起，往往蓬首垢面的就往学校跑，结果还是迟到，Many people, however, have been in the habit of sleeping late ever since they were kids. They won’t get up till late morning on holidays and even oversleep on work days. Children are often late for school though they make a rush even without washing up.
　　本段俗语、四字词及涉及中国特色的词汇稍多，对于一些不好翻译的四字词可采取「迂回战术」取其在语境中的意思，翻译的本质就是「传情达意」而并非字面对译。
　　「贪睡懒觉」译为sleeping late，如：Your headache comes from sleeping late（你的头疼是睡懒觉的结果）请注意这个短语是「睡懒觉、睡过头」，并非「熬夜晚睡」??「一遇假日便要睡到日上三竿还高卧不起」直译「三竿」的话会让外国人摸不着头脑，因此采取意译的方式译为They won’t get up till late morning on holidays。Till late已充分表达「日上三竿」即「很晚（起床）」的意思。在翻译实践中，要时刻谨记遵循译入语读者的习惯。
　　「蓬头垢面」意即「没有洗漱和整理」，也是不宜直译的一个词，现按意思译为without washing up（没有洗漱）。
　　「往往蓬首垢面的就往学校跑，结果还是迟到」可理解为一个让步句「尽管他们没有洗漱就往学校跑，仍旧是迟到」译为Children are often late for school though they make a rush even without washing up.请注意though的用法，英译时要懂得整理这样的逻辑关系并找到合适的连接词。
　　这样的人长大了之后也常是不知振作，多半不能有什么成就。
　　Such children, when they grow up, will often lack drive and most probably get nowhere.
　　「这样的人」指上句提到的「很多人」，此处指代明确，译作such children。
　　「不知振作」按「缺乏干劲」之意译为lack drive。
　　「不能有什么成就」译作get nowhere。nowhere一词值得模仿。类似的表达还有：他是个大人物/无名小卒。He is somebody/nobody.
　　祖逖闻鸡起舞，那才是志士奋励的榜样。
　　The story of Zu Ti rising at cockcrow to practise swordplay should be a good example for all men of resolve to learn from.
　　「闻鸡起舞」即「听见鸡叫就起来舞剑」译为rising at cockcrow to practise swordplay，另「祖逖」是带有中国特色的词汇，宜采用释义法或加注法，此处因为释义法会造成句子的冗杂，译者采取了加脚注的方法。
　　「志士」即「意志坚强者」译为men of resolve，resolve也可换为strong will、 determination、 aspiration。
　　我们中国人最重礼，因为礼是行为的规范。
　　We Chinese set great store by propriety because it is the accepted rules of social behavior.
　　「重礼」译作set great store by propriety 。其中， 「礼」译作propriety，即「社会及道德上普遍认同得体的行为做法」，如social propriety社交礼仪 ，a land of propriety礼仪之邦。又，set/put (great) store by sth是英文固定词组指「非常重视...，认为...极有必要」。
　　冯骥才《富人区》
　　他们很看重机会。
　　Americans set great store by an opportunity.
　　礼要从家庭里做起。姑举一例：为子弟者“出必告，反必面”，Propriety begins from the family. For example, children should keep their parents informed of their whereabouts.
　　为子弟者‘出必告，反必面’，在落笔翻译前首先需要对原文理解透彻，否则很难做到准确达意。如本段中的「为子弟者」应理解为「作为父母长辈的孩子」，「出必告，反必面」即「出门或回家必须向家长说一声」或「必须告知家长」。「告知」什么呢？原文没有直接点出，但不难理解，这里指的是「告知自己的去向及行踪（以免父母担忧）」，所以整句译为children should keep their parents informed of their whereabouts. Whereabouts意为「行踪」这一点点对长辈的起码的礼，我们是否已经每日做到了呢?
　　That is the ABC of good manners on the part of children.
　　「起码的礼」即「基本的礼仪」译得很有意思the ABC of good manners。其中ABC作「基础知识」讲，意同basics或fundamentals，是英文的一个日常用法。
　　「我们是否已经每日做到了呢？」表面上是反问，实则是否定，译者将其的意思体现在了下文里，因此没有译出，保持了行文的简洁。
　　on the part of 就……而言；对……而言；由……所作出。例如This bill is not a compromise but a full-fledged capitulation on the part of the legislative branch to executive claims of power. 这个法案，并不是个妥协的产物，而是立法部门对行政部门抓权要求的全面投降。on the part of后的名词如果该名词是不定指的，或是这个所有主或主体在文字上比较长，或者虽然短但需要突出，则可以采取on the part of的形式。
　　我看见有些个孩子们早晨起来对父母视若无睹，晚上回到家来如入无人之境，遇到长辈常常横眉冷目，不屑搭讪。
　　Yet some children just ignore their parents when they get up in the morning or come back from school. They often pull a long face and refuse to converse when they meet their elders.
　　Yet此处是连词，用于引出颇令人惊讶地事实，理解为「可是却、却又」等。
　　例句
　　I don't eat much, yet I am a size 16.
　　我吃得并不多，但是却穿16码的衣服。
　　「视若无睹」和「如入无人之境」都表示「忽视父母」译为ignore their parents即可。另，这里英译时句式的调整也值得学习...ignore when...or...，简洁且流畅。
　　「横眉冷目，不屑搭讪译作pull a long face and refuse to converse（拉长着脸并不愿与之交谈），作为一名职业译员，平时应注意俗语或固定搭配的积累。
　　这样的跋扈乖戾之气如果不早早的纠正过来，将来长大到社会服务，必将处处引起摩擦不受欢迎。
　　If they continue to be so cocky and willful without correcting themselves as soon as possible, they will never get along well with other people some days as members of society.
　　「跋扈乖戾之气」即「狂妄骄傲、任性」的意思，译作cocky and willful??「将来长大到社会服务，必将处处引起摩擦不受欢迎」即「将来在社会上不能与他人和睦相处」，译为they will never get along well with other people some days as members of society. get along well with...英语固定搭配，是「与...和睦相处、相处融洽」的意思。
　　我们不仅对长辈要恭敬有礼，对任何人都应维持相当的礼貌。
　　We should be polite not only to our elders, but also to all people.
　　「恭敬有礼」即「对人有礼貌」，译作be polite to people，原文分开陈述对待「长辈」和「其他人」的态度，译文合并译为be polite to..., also...，适当调整句式译文更符合译入语表达习惯。
　　大声讲话，扰及他人的宁静，是一种不好的习惯。
　　It is a bad habit to talk loudly to the disturbance of others.
　　「大声讲话，扰及他人的宁静，是一种不好的习惯」译为It is a bad habit to talk loudly to the disturbance of others.其中to 表示「导致，致使」，表示引起某种后果。另，请注意「扰及他人」这里用disturbance（干扰，扰乱）名词形式，要比直接用disturb（打扰）动词形式要符合文体。在正式文体的英译时，可考虑多用名词形式，较严谨正式。
　　我们试自检讨一番，在别人读书工作的时候是否有过喧哗的行为?
　　Ask yourself if you ever made a lot of noise while others were at their studies or at work.
　　此处if意为「是否」
　　我们要随时随地为别人着想，维持公共的秩序，顾虑他人的利益，不可放纵自己，We should be considerate of others at all times and places, caring for public order and interests and abstaining from self-indulgence.
　　「为别人着想」千万别望文生义译作thought about others, 根据上下文此句正确的理解应该是「做一个知书达理处处体恤别人的人」，译作be considerate更为贴切。
　　区分形近词
　　considerate 体贴的
　　considerable 相当多/大的
　　「不可放纵自己」译作abstaining from self-indulgence，使用的是一个形式上肯定而语义上否定的动词结构，abstain from sth.是「抑制...去做某事」，self-indulgence（自我放纵的行为）。
　　在公共场所人多的地方，要知道依次排队，不可争先恐后的去乱挤。
　　In crowded public places, you should line up and never push through to get ahead of others.
　　「人多」按「拥挤」之意译作crowded，修饰公共场所（public places）??line up指排成行、列队。
　　get ahead of others此处理解为「挤到别人前面」时间即是生命。我们的生命是一分一秒的在消耗着，我们平常不大觉得，细想起来实在值得警惕。
　　Time is life. Our life is ticking away unnoticed minute by minute and second by second. It is certainly alarming when we come to think of it.
　　时间的「消耗」译作ticking away, tick是「钟表嘀嗒作响」很形象的表达。
　　「我们平常不大觉得」未译作从句，而是灵活处理为minute(和second)的修饰成分，十分简洁。
　　…by…结构表示「一个接一个one by one」。此处minute by minute和second by second就表示时间一分/秒钟一分/秒钟地逝去。
　　「细想起来实在值得警惕」这个短句译文出来成强调句式It is certainly alarming when...，而且独立为一句，充分突出这是值得「警惕」的事儿。
　　我们每天有许多的零碎时间于不知不觉中浪费掉了。
　　Every day we are unconsciously wasting many odd moments.
　　「零碎时间」译作odd moment，odd这里指「零碎的」我们若能养成一种利用闲暇的习惯，一遇空闲，无论其为多么短暂，都利用之做一点有益身心之事，则积少成多终必有成。
　　We should acquire the habit of utilizing leisure time, and snatch every odd moment to do whatever is beneficial to our body and mind. That will enable us to achieve good results little by little.
　　「利用闲暇」译作snatch every odd moment，snatch是抓住(机会)，抓紧时间(吃东西、休息等)，抽空做。如snatch a few minutes’rest 抓紧时间休息几分钟。
　　「有益身心」译作beneficial to our body and mind，be beneficial to sth.是「对...有益/有利」如be beneficial to our health对我们的健康有利。
　　「则积少成多终必有成」译文独立一句，起到总结。
　　常听人讲过“消遣”二字，最是要不得，好像是时间太多无法打发的样子，People often talk most improperly about “seeking relaxation” as if they had more than enough time for them to while away.
　　讲起‘消遣’二字译为talk most improperly about “seeking relaxation”，此处「消遣」译为relaxation，其本意为「休息，娱乐」??「最是要不得」意即「是最不合适的」译为most improperly。
　　「时间太多」译作more than enough time远比too much time有语言色彩。
　　「打发（时间）」译为while away，英文固定短语是「消磨，打发(时间)」的意思。
　　其实人生短促极了，哪里会有多余的时间待人“消遣”?
　　Life is, in fact, extremely short. How can you find so much surplus time for you to fool away?
　　此处「消遣」根据情景译为贬义色彩较明显的fool away（虚度时光，浪费时间），同样的表达根据不同的场景有不同的选词，注意借鉴。
　　陆放翁有句云：“待饭未来还读书。”
　　Lu Fangweng says in one of his poems, “Spend even the pre-meal odd moment in reading.”
　　「有句云」即「曾经说过...」，这里根据具体译为…says in one of his poems。
　　「待饭未来还读书」即「饭前片刻也要用来读书」，译为Spend even the pre-meal odd moment in reading.
　　我知道有人就经常利用这“待饭未来”的时间读了不少的大书。
　　As far as I know, many people did snatch the odd moment before a meal to do a lot of reading.
　　did snatch意同snatched，但在语气上有所加强。
　　古人所谓“三上之功”，枕上、马上、厕上，虽不足为训，其用意是在劝人不要浪费光阴。
　　Our ancients recommended “three on’s”, that is, doing reading even while you are on a pillow, on a horse or on a nightstool. All that, though impracticable, serves the purpose of advising people not to waste time.
　　「三‘上’之功」可直译为 three on’s，因为之后有对这个词的具体解释。
　　「枕上、马上、厕上」根据上下文需要增译了doing reading even while you are ...，充分照顾了译入语读者。
　　「虽不足为训」本作「虽不足效法」，但此处作者的意思是「现在无法实施」，故译为though impracticable。
　　「其用意是在……」译作serves the purpose of doing。
　　吃苦耐劳是我们这个民族的标帜。
　　Ours is a nation known for industry and self-denial.
　　「是...的标帜」即「因...而闻名」，译为be known for...。
　　「吃苦耐劳」译作industry and self-denial，industry除了「工业，产业」，这里是「勤奋，勤劳」的意思，self-denial是指「自我牺牲，克己忘我」古圣先贤总是教训我们要能过得俭朴的生活，Frugality has always been the teaching of our ancient sages and wise men.
　　这一句英译时把重点信息Frugality（俭朴）提前，作为主语展开后面的阐述，Frugality has always been ...更突出「俭朴」的重要性。「古圣先贤」即「古代的圣人和智者」，译作ancient sages and wise men。「教训」词性转换，把原句的动词译成动名词the teaching of...(...的教诲）。
　　所谓“一箪食，一瓢饮”，就是形容生活状态之极端的刻苦，所谓“嚼得菜根”，就是表示一个有志的人之能耐得清寒。
　　A man of strong will should be able to endure Spartan living conditions.
　　「有志的人」译作A man of strong will，will这里是「意志」的意思。又，Spartan表示(生活方式)简朴的，清苦的。
　　大家能看到，此处参考译文和原文相比，内容上有大量「裁剪」。把中文简化一下：A就是B，C就是D，那么译文就是只译出了B和D。在我们面对古文难以下手时，这不失为一种「保命」的处理方式。
　　恶衣恶食，不足为耻，丰衣足食，不足为荣，这在个人之修养上是应有的认识，It should not be regarded as a disgrace to live a simple life. Nor should it be regarded as a glory to live a luxurious life. That should be the correct understanding one needs for self-cultivation.
　　「...为耻，...为荣」译为It should not be regarded as a disgrace to...Nor should it be regarded as a glory to...，分别用disgrace和glory对应「耻」和「荣」??「恶衣恶食」即「勤俭朴实的生活」译作live a simple life，反之「丰衣足食」就是「奢侈的生活方式」译作live a luxurious life。
　　That should be the correct understanding one needs for self-cultivation相当于That should be the correct understanding （that） one needs for self-cultivation。
　　罗马帝国盛时的一位皇帝，Marcus　Aurelius，他从小就摒绝一切享受，从来不参观那当时风靡全国的赛车比武之类的娱乐，Marcus Aurelius, emperor of the Roman Empire in its heyday, refused to enjoy all comforts of life from childhood and always kept away from amusements like the chariot race then in vogue and other fighting-skill competitions.
　　Marcus Aurelius, emperor of the Roman Empire in its heyday互为同位语。
　　此句中出现了两种表示「拒绝、不…」的表达，refused to enjoy…和kept away from…，体现了表达多样性，使译文不会过于单调。
　　then in vogue作race的后置定语。in vogue的意思是「风靡一时、流行」终其身成为一位严肃的苦修派的哲学家，而且也建立了不朽的事功。这是很值得钦佩的，He remained a life-long staunch Stoic philosopher and meanwhile distinguished himself by numerous exploits.
　　Stoic表示「对痛苦或困难能默默承受或泰然处之」??关于distinguish oneself（by）使出名，使受青睐的用法：If you distinguish yourself, you do something that makes you famous or important.
　　例句
　　They distinguished themselves at the Battle of Assaye.
　　他们在阿瑟耶之战中一战成名。
　　这里的「事功」是指「功绩」，译作exploits，这个词除了我们熟知的「开发」还有「英勇行为，功绩」的意思。
　　我们中国是一个穷的国家，所以我们更应该体念艰难，弃绝一切奢侈，尤其是从外国来的奢侈。
　　Ours is a poor country, so it is even more necessary for us to see the tough conditions facing us and renounce all luxuries, especially those coming from abroad.
　　「体念艰难」即「更应看到我们眼前的艰难处境」，译作see the tough conditions facing us 。其中，facing us（我们面临的）作conditions的后置定语。
　　宜从小就养成俭朴的习惯，更要知道物力维艰，竹头木屑，皆宜爱惜。
　　We should build up the habit of leading a thrifty life. We should bear in mind that all material resources are hard to come by and should be treasured, even including their odds and ends.
　　「养成习惯」在本文中共出现了两种译法：form/build up a habit??Leading a thrifty life即「勤俭的生活方式」，lead...life是「以...的方式生活，过...的生活」??「要知道」除了「懂得，明白」这里其实更想表达的是「我们都应铭记于心...」，所以译作We should bear in mind。又，将 … 记在心中；记住；考虑到：bear/keep… in mind或bear/keep in mind that …??「物力维艰」即「所有的资源及物料都得之不易」，译作all material resources are hard to come by，come by是「取得，得到」的意思。
　　这里把原句「更要知道物力维艰，竹头木屑，皆宜爱惜」中的「竹头木屑」放到句末，用even including连接，体现层次突出重点。
　　「竹头木屑」译作odds and ends，odds这里指「零散的，碎的」，ends是「末端，端部」以上数端不过是偶然拈来，好的习惯千头万绪，“勿以善小而不为”。
　　The above points have been picked by me at random. Good habits are too numerous to be dealt with one by one, but none, however, are too small to keep.
　　「以上数端」即「以上的观点」，译为The above points。
　　「偶然拈来」即「随意选取（的一部分）」，译作picked by me at random。
　　千头万绪：也说千端万绪。指头绪很多。形容事物纷繁复杂。现以numerous一词译出。
　　「勿以善小而不为」即「不要认为这些是小事而不去做」，译作none, however, are too small to keep。
　　习惯养成之后，便毫无勉强，临事心平气和，顺理成章。
　　Habit, once formed, will become your natural and spontaneous behaviour.
　　None表示否定「没有任何」，这里说的是保持好的生活习惯所以用的keep（保持）??「毫无勉强，临事心平气和，顺理成章」即「自然，发自内心的行为」，译作natural and spontaneous behaviour，spontaneous（行为）「自然的，内心自发的」如spontaneous applause发自内心的掌声。
　　充满良好习惯的生活，才是合于“自然”的生活。
　　A life full of good habits will be a life conforming with the law of nature.
　　「...才是合于‘自然’的生活」即「...才符合自然规律」，译作conforming with the law of nature，作life的后置定语。其中，conform是「遵从，符合(法律或规则、规律等)」，law of nature是「自然规律」??必背词汇break      v.使摆脱，使戒除习惯英义
　　If you break a habit or if someone breaks you of it, you no longer have that habit.
　　例句
　　If you continue to smoke, keep trying to break the habit.
　　如果你还在吸烟的话，就尽量戒除这个习惯吧。
　　rush      n.仓促，匆忙，急忙
　　英义
　　A rush is a situation in which you need to go somewhere or do something very quickly.
　　例句
　　Then there was the mad rush not to be late for school.
　　然后就是匆忙往学校赶，以免迟到。
　　drive      un.精力，干劲，冲劲，决心
　　英义
　　If you say that someone has drive, you mean they have energy and determination.
　　例句
　　John will be best remembered for his drive and enthusiasm.
　　约翰的魄力和热情最令人难忘。
　　resolve       n.决心，决意
　　英义
　　Resolve is determination to do what you have decided to do.
　　例句
　　This will strengthen the American public's resolve to go to war.
　　这会坚定美国公众诉诸战争的决心。
　　whereabouts      n. (人或物的)行踪，下落，所在之处英义If you refer to the whereabouts of a particular person or thing, you mean the place where that person or thing may be found.
　　例句
　　The police are anxious to hear from anyone who may know the whereabouts of the firearms.
　　警方急盼任何可能知道这批武器下落的人提供线索。
　　重点表达
　　天性human nature
　　养成（习惯）formed little by little
　　改变break
　　睡懒觉 sleeping late
　　日上三竿till late
　　蓬首垢面without washing up
　　闻鸡起舞rising at cockcrow to practise swordplay志士men of resolve非常重视...set great store by sth.
　　起码的礼the ABC of good manners
　　视若无睹/如入无人之境 ignore
　　横眉冷目pull a long face
　　不屑搭讪refuse to converse
　　跋扈乖戾之气 cocky and willful
　　恭敬有礼be polite to people
　　为别人着想   be considerate
　　不可放纵自己 abstaining from self-indulgence消耗ticking away零碎时间odd moment利用闲暇snatch every odd moment
　　有益身心beneficial to our body and mind
　　消遣 seeking relaxation
　　时间太多more than enough time
　　打发（时间）while away
　　消遣fool away
　　不足为训 impracticable
　　其用意是在... serves the purpose of ...
　　是...的标帜be known for...
　　吃苦耐劳industry and self-denial
　　俭朴 frugality
　　古圣先贤ancient sages and wise men
　　教训 the teaching of...
　　有志的人a man of strong will
　　...为耻，...为荣regarded as a disgrace to...，regarded as a glory to...
　　恶衣恶食live a simple life
　　丰衣足食live a luxurious life
　　个人之修养self-cultivation
　　体念艰难see the tough conditions facing us俭朴leading a thrifty life获取come by竹头木屑 odds and ends
　　勿以善小而不为None are too small to keep.
　　毫无勉强natural and spontaneous
　　合于“自然”conforming with the law of nature??复盘测试天性养成（习惯）
　　改变
　　睡懒觉
　　日上三竿
　　蓬首垢面
　　闻鸡起舞
　　志士
　　非常重视...
　　起码的礼
　　视若无睹/如入无人之境
　　横眉冷目
　　不屑搭讪
　　跋扈乖戾之气
　　恭敬有礼
　　为别人着想
　　不可放纵自己
　　消耗
　　零碎时间
　　利用闲暇
　　有益身心
　　消遣
　　时间太多
　　打发（时间）
　　消遣
　　不足为训
　　其用意是在...
　　是...的标帜
　　吃苦耐劳
　　俭朴
　　古圣先贤
　　教训
　　有志的人
　　...为耻，...为荣
　　恶衣恶食
　　丰衣足食
　　个人之修养
　　体念艰难
　　俭朴
　　获取
　　竹头木屑
　　勿以善小而不为
　　毫无勉强
　　合于“自然”
　　表达对比
　　「风靡一时、流行」有几种表达？
　　他从小就摒绝一切享受，从来不参观那当时（风靡全国的）赛车比武之类的娱乐，… always kept away from amusements like the chariot race then in vogue and other fighting-skill competitions.
　　不要只关心现在（流行）什么。
　　Don't concern yourself merely with what's fashionable.
　　此习俗在此地已（流行）多年。
　　This custom has obtained here for many years.
　　因为它想变得（流行）。
　　Well, because it wants to be popular.
　　那个时候，声音是（流行的）主题。
　　At that time, sound was trending ...
　　略谈英文文法
　　A Little Chat about English Grammar
　　梁实秋
　　Liang Shiqiu
　　背景知识：梁实秋（1902-1987），北京人，原籍浙江杭县（今余杭），著名现代散文家、翻译家、教育家。《略谈英文文法》一文言简意赅，老马识途，指出死抠语法书是国人英语学习的一大通病，具参考价值。
　　三百多年前，英国没有讲英文文法的书。
　　Over 300 years ago, there were no English grammars in England.
　　「英文文法的书」即「英语语法书」，译作English grammars。grammar作「语法/文法」讲时是不可数名词，作「语法书」讲时可数。
　　英文没有文法吗？英国人说话不根据文法吗？不。话不是这样说。
　　Was it because at that time the English languages had no grammar or English spoke without following any grammatical rules? No, that was not the case.
　　Was it because是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　had no grammar or English spoke without following any grammatical rules中，简化完便是had no grammar or English。以及，个人建议：spoke改做spoken，作English的后置定语，更符合语法。
　　此处的「文法」是指「语法规则」，译作grammatical rules。
　　情况并非如此that was not the case
　　如果事实果真如此… If that were the case..
　　在这种情况下 in such a case
　　任何文字当然有它一套组成的法则。
　　Any language of course has rules to go by.
　　go by sth.固定搭配，是「遵照...（去做）」，如You should go by what he says. 你应该照他说的去做。
　　大家说话，当然要根据一套公认的法则，否则大家随便乱讲，彼此无从互相了解了。
　　All people speak a language according to a set of generally accepted rules, for otherwise their speech would be all topsy-turvy and unintelligible.
　　「一套公认的法则」即「一套大家都认可或接受的规则」，现译作a set of generally accepted rules。
　　for otherwise（否则），请注意英译时这个连接短语的位置变化。
　　「否则大家随便乱讲，彼此无从互相了解了」这句英译时并未按字面翻译，而是根据上下文选了两个更利于表达意图的形容词：topsy-turvy（乱套的，混乱的）。
　　例句
　　The world has turned topsy-turvy.
　　整个世界都乱套了。
　　Unintelligible（令人费解的）如Some unintelligible words 一些让人费解的言语。
　　不过，我们要知道，所谓文法也者，不是任谁武断订定的，乃是由公认的语言习惯中归纳出来的一个系统。
　　We ought to know, however, that grammar, rather than something arbitrarily created, is a system drawn from common linguistic usage.
　　也者：①语气助词，表提示。②语气助词，表疑问。③语气助词，表拟度（推测、揣测）??「不是任谁武断订定的」译作rather than something arbitrarily created，arbitrarily指「没有事实依据，专横或武断地判断、作出决定等」??「 ...中归纳出来」译作drawn from...，draw是「得出(结论)」如draw a conclusion得出结论。
　　先有语言，后有文字，然后再有文法书。
　　Speech comes first, then the written Language, and then the grammar book.
　　「语言」这里是指「用于日常沟通交流的口头语即口语」，不宜译为language，应译为speech。
　　积累表示先后顺序的表达：A comes first，then B， and then C.
　　三百多年前的时候，英国有一些学者开始感觉到有撰写语法书的需要，于是以拉丁文的文法为蓝本，利用拉丁文法上的各种专门术语，编写英文文法书。
　　Over 300 years ago, some scholars in England, realizing the necessity for an English grammar, began to work on it on the model of Latin grammar, borrowing heavily from its terminology.
　　注意England的翻译：英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。英国历史的源头可追溯到罗马统治时期。英格兰王国（Kingdom of England；927年－1707年5月1日），是位于西欧的一个国家，在大不列颠岛的南方，包含了英格兰与威尔士公国。1541年与爱尔兰王国组成共主邦联，1603年与苏格兰王国组成共主邦联。
　　原句「有撰写语法书的需要」转换为名词短语the necessity for an English grammar，请注意这种词性转换，英译中很普遍。又，realizing the necessity for an English grammar作原因状语。
　　「以...为蓝本」译为on the model of...，model这里是「理论模式」莎士比亚的时代，英国人尚没有研读英文文法的。
　　In Shakespeare’s time, nobody in England studied English grammar.
　　「莎士比亚的时代」译为In Shakespeare’s time，in one’s time固定搭配「...的时代/统治时期」如果他们研读文法，研读的是拉丁文法。
　　What they studied was Latin grammar.
　　what引导主语从句。
　　那时侯英国的中学叫做“文法学校”，那文法是拉丁文法，不是英文文法，那时侯尚无英文文法这样一个名词。
　　Middle schools then were known as "grammar schools", the word "grammar" referring to "Latin grammar" instead of "English grammar", a term then non-existent.
　　the word "grammar" referring to "Latin grammar" instead of "English grammar"是独立主格结构，其中，the word是译文的增译，更明确避免误解。
　　「那时侯尚无英文文法这样一个名词」这样一个长句，英译仅用一个短语a term then non-existent便充分表达，简介明了，也为突出主句内容服务。a term then non-existent是English grammar的同位语，其中，then取「当时、那时」的释义，而非「后来、然后」大体讲来，英文本是一种北方的语言，硬用拉丁文法去分析英文，其结果当然不免要有一些牵强，更随时要遇到例外。
　　As English was largely a northern language, the forced application of Latin grammar to its analysis ended inevitably in inadequacies and frequent exceptions to rules.
　　As引导原因状语从句。
　　「硬用」这里根据句意译作the forced application of...
　　「不免要」译作ended inevitably in。其中，inevitably是「不可避免地」，end in表示「以…结尾/告终」??「牵强」译作inadequacies，指（能力等）不足。
　　语言是活的，随时在变，字义以及句法等等都在变。
　　A living language changes all the time. Its word meanings, sentence structures, etc. all keep changing.
　　「语言是活的」译作living language，请注意这种词性转换的翻译方法，值得学习。
　　「字义」即「词的意思」，译作Its word meanings。
　　「句法」即「句子结构」，译作sentence structures。
　　word meanings, sentence structures, etc.：列举时如果用到了etc，那么所列举的内容之间不加and。
　　我们现代所认为不合文法的词句，往往正是二三百年前大家通用的英文。
　　Phrases and sentences which we today think ungrammatical were often in common use 2-3 centuries ago.
　　「不合文法的」译作ungrammatical，是「不合语法规则的」??「通用」即「大家都在普遍使用」，译作in common use。
　　不用说二三百年，三五十年间就可能有显著的变化。所以“标准的英文”是很难讲的。
　　It might take only 3-5 decades rather than 2-3 centuries for a marked linguistic change to occur. Therefore, it is very difficult to speak "standard English".
　　辨析instead of 和rather than
　　都有「而不是」的意思。
　　instead of：「代替，而不是」，重点词是of，它是介词，所以后接名词，代词和v-ing形式，尤其需注意的是动词该用动名词形式，即v-ing。
　　rather than：（是……）而不是……，它是连词，前后成分在形式上必须保持一致，所以后面的结构应该与前面一样，就有可能出现代词主格，动词的各种形式等，不一而足，但关键是要和与它对比的结构形式一致！
　　例句
　　I’ll go there instead of him.
　　I rather than he（与I一致）will go there.
　　Yesterday he walked here instead of driving here.
　　Yesterday he walked here rather than drove（与walked一致）here.
　　每一时代有其不同的标准，拿五十年前甚至一百年前的文法书来衡量现代的英文，实在是自寻烦恼的事。
　　Each historical period has a different standard of its own. It will really be much ado about nothing to judge of modern English by its grammar of 50 or even 100 years ago.
　　「其」实则「它自身的...」，所以译为of its own。
　　ado是「纷扰，麻烦」。惯用搭配为：much ado about nothing 无事生非，小题大作。
　　会议致辞中，常用固定表达without further ado/ without more ado（闲话少说）??判断、评价… judge of …国人学习英文，喜欢从文法下手，以为一旦文法通晓，英文即可豁然贯通。
　　People of our country tend to overstress the importance of grammar when they begin to study English, thinking that once they have acquired a good knowledge of grammar, they will have thoroughly mastered the language.
　　「国人」即「自己国家的人」，译作People of our country。
　　「喜欢从文法下手」这一句并未按字面直译，而是根据原文表达意图译为overstress the importance of grammar（过分强调文法的重要性)。
　　thinking that…作伴随状语，也可理解为原因状语。具体类型根据其表意判断。
　　「豁然贯通」这里指「（快速地）彻底掌握这门外语」，译thoroughly mastered。
　　这当然不是没有理由。不过这是一个旧法子，
　　The method they pursue is outdated though not a hundred percent wrong.
　　「不是没有理由」双重否定「不是」「没有」来表达肯定，这是中文惯用的一种修辞，译文though not a hundred percent wrong（并非百分之百错误）巧妙地通过not，wrong两词来传达这种对应，而且这句式很地道流畅。
　　较新的法子是不从死板的抽象的文法理论下手，而去直接的学习那活的语言方式。
　　The new method is by learning directly from the living speech instead of by starting with the rigid and abstract theory of grammar.
　　「死板的抽象的文法理论」译the rigid and abstract theory of grammar，rigid是指 (法律、制度或体系)严格的，刻板的，不可变更的，这里是指英文语法理论。
　　我们儿时学语，何尝理会什么文法，一年半载的工夫我们就会说话了。
　　When people learn to speak in childhood, they never study any grammar. And yet they learn to speak in but a year or so.
　　在描述一个普遍性现象或者理论时，中文常用「我们...」作为主语进行陈述，英译时要适当转换成people或根据上下文补充更具体的群体性名词，如Chinese students、Government officials等，如每次出现「我们」均直译为We则很容易出现中式英语，尤其在连续的排比句中。
　　Yet此处是副词，用于表示仍有可能还是，仍然。
　　例句
　　Like the best stories, this one may yet have a happy end...
　　就像最精彩的故事那样，这个故事也许仍会有个美好的结局。
　　speak in but a year or so
　　but是副词，表示「仅仅、只、才」
　　例句
　　This is but one of the methods used to try and get alcoholics to give up drink.
　　这只是为让那些酗酒者戒酒所尝试的方法之一。
　　学习外国语，当然比较难得多，但是道理还是一样。
　　Of course it is much more difficult with the study of a foreign language. But the same reason holds good.
　　it is much more difficult with the study of a foreign language不是it is adj+…的结构，这里it不是形式主语，而是指代「学语言」这件事，后面的with结构对「学语言」补充说明，表伴随，加了限定范围，即「学习外国语」??「道理还是一样」译为the same reason holds good，hold good固定词组表示「情况同样适用」或「仍然有效」，比如The same result doesn’t hold good in all cases. 并非所有情况都是这个结果。Your offer will hold good for a week, right? 你们的报价一周内都有效，对吗?
　　合理的学习语言的方法，那是自然的学习方法。
　　The proper method is by learning naturally.
　　by表示通过，后接方式。「自然的学习方法」由名词词性转化为动词词性，灵活译为learning naturally。
　　这一点粗浅的道理，谁都晓得。
　　The above-mentioned shallow view is common knowledge.
　　「粗浅的道理」译为shallow view，shallow(指人、作品、思想)肤浅的，浅薄的。
　　「谁都晓得」并没有译为Everyone knows，而是is common knowledge（是常识，众所周知的事情），翻译实践过程应适当运用这样的灵活表达。
　　所以我们的课程标准明白规定不许学校单独讲授文法。
　　Therefore our school syllabus has explicitly ruled out the teaching of grammar in the classroom as an independent subject.
　　排除，不予考虑；阻止…发生 rule out
　　例句
　　Local detectives have ruled out foul play.
　　当地的侦探已经排除了他杀的可能性。
　　「单独讲授文法」这里应理解为「把语法当作一门独立的科目来教」，译为the teaching of grammar... as an independent subject.
　　可是事实上，我知道许多学校依然是在讲解文法，学生们依然是在钻研文法。其所以如此，是因为大家都不免有一点惰性，不易接纳新的观点，同时也是因为平时我们没有把英文教好学好，急来抱佛脚，以为研读文法是学习英文的捷径。
　　But, the fact is, as far as I know, many schools are still buried in its study-partly because people are generally inert and reluctant to accept new ideas, and partly because, having failed to teach or learn successfully, they hastily seek help from grammar at the last moment, regarding it as a shortcut to mastering English.
　　Bury oneself in book/newspaper/study etc.是「埋头于看书/报纸/学习等」，译文用are still buried in...（仍然埋头于...）表达「钻研」的意思。
　　「惰性」译作inert。lazy多指「意愿及动作行为上的懒惰」，而inert更强调本身的特性如inert substance惰性物质（指不与其它化学物质发生反应），inert personality呆板的个性。
　　「急来抱佛脚」译作hastily seek help at the last moment（最后一刻急急忙忙地寻求帮助），常用语翻译请注意积累。
　　文法不是不可以讲。句子的构造法最关重要。
　　Nevertheless, we still have to mind our grammar. Sentence structure is of great importance.
　　「文法不是不可以讲」理解为「文法不是不重要」→我们仍需要注意文法，现译为we still have to mind our grammar.
　　这里的「句子的构造法」即「句子结构」，译作Sentence structure。
　　例如说，“我有一本书”，这在中文英文没有什么分别，用不着特别致力的去学习。
　　For instance, the English sentence I have a book and its Chinese equivalent Wo you yi ben shu（我有一本书）are practically the same in structure, and hence can be learned without too much difficultly.
　　I have a book和Wo you yi ben shu（我有一本书）分别是the English sentence和its Chinese equivalent的同位语。
　　请注意文中所举例子「我有一本书」和「你住在那里？」的对比，主要是为了说明中英语法（语序）的差异，应在理解这点的基础上进行翻译且此类情况应给出拼音。
　　“你住在那里？”这句话中英文就不一样了。
　　On the other hand, the English sentence Where do you live? is different in structure from its Chinese equivalent Ni zhu zai na li（你住在那里）?
　　和……不同be different from
　　这就需要反复练习，以养成语言习惯。
　　And hence needs repeated drilling till you get used to it.
　　个人建议：此句改为And hence the need for repeated drilling till you get used to it或And hence后+完整句子（there is the need for…）中文语法和英文语法究竟有多少不同处，需要彻底研究，以这研究的结果来做英语教学的准则，是最合理的学习英文的方法。
　　It requires a thorough study to find out where the languages differ grammatically so as to facilitate the teaching and learning of English.
　　这句的重点是要表达「...才是最合理的学习英文方法」，也就是前半句内容的「目的」。在理解了这样的内在逻辑之后应对句式及主语进行定位，本句用It requires...to..., so as to...整合了全句，逻辑清晰层次分明。
　　死记文法规则，“形容词分几种，”“子句分几种”……是事倍而功半的。
　　The mechanical memorizing of such grammatical details as "classification of adjectives", "classification of clauses", etc. will achieve little result despite great effort.
　　常用短语的译法死记（the mechanical memorizing of）、事倍而功半（achieve little result despite great effort.），请注意积累。
　　必背词汇
　　set       cn.一套，一组，一系列
　　英义
　　A set of things is a number of things that belong together or that are thought of as a group.
　　例句
　　There must be one set of laws for the whole of the country.
　　整个国家必须要有一套统一的法律。
　　topsy-turvy      adj.混乱的，乱七八糟的，颠三倒四的英义Something that is topsy-turvy is in a confused or disorganized state.
　　例句
　　The world has turned topsy-turvy in my lifetime.
　　在我的一生中世界已经变得一团糟。
　　arbitrary      adj.武断的，任意的，任性的，主观的英义If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this.
　　例句
　　Arbitrary arrests and detention without trial were common.
　　随意逮捕和拘留屡见不鲜。
　　重点表达
　　英文文法的书    English grammars
　　文法            grammatical rules
　　遵照...（去做） go by sth.
　　乱套的          topsy-turvy
　　令人费解的      unintelligible
　　武断地       arbitrarily
　　...中归纳出来drawn from
　　以...为蓝本        on the model of...
　　...的时代/统治时期 in one’s time
　　不存在的    non-existent
　　硬用        the forced application of...
　　不可避免地  inevitably
　　牵强        inadequacy
　　语言是活的   living language
　　句子结构    sentence structures
　　不合文法的  ungrammatical
　　通用        in common use
　　国人          People of our country
　　豁然贯通      thoroughly mastered
　　不是没有理由  though not a hundred percent wrong死板的抽象     rigid and abstract道理还是一样  the same reason holds good粗浅的道理     shallow view
　　谁都晓得       ...is common knowledge
　　惰性           inert
　　急来抱佛脚     hastily seek help at the last moment句子结构      sentence structure反复练习     repeated drilling死记...      The mechanical memorizing of...
　　事倍而功半 achieve little result despite great effort??复盘测试英文文法的书文法
　　遵照...（去做）
　　乱套的
　　令人费解的
　　武断地
　　...中归纳出来
　　以...为蓝本
　　...的时代/统治时期
　　不存在的
　　硬用
　　不可避免地
　　牵强
　　语言是活的
　　句子结构
　　不合文法的
　　通用
　　国人
　　豁然贯通
　　不是没有理由
　　死板的抽象
　　道理还是一样
　　粗浅的道理
　　谁都晓得
　　惰性
　　急来抱佛脚
　　句子结构
　　反复练习
　　死记...
　　事倍而功半
　　重点表达
　　「应该」有几种表达？
　　不过，我们（要）知道，所谓文法也者，不是任谁武断订定的，乃是由公认的语言习惯中归纳出来的一个系统。
　　We ought to know, however, that grammar, rather than something arbitrarily created, is a system drawn from common linguistic usage.
　　你（应该）反抗，（应该）斗争。
　　You need to push back. You (need to) challenge.
　　我们（应该）享受同工同酬。
　　We deserve equal pay for equal work.
　　我（应该）节食的。
　　I'm supposed to be on a diet.
　　但是（应该）还有另外一个。
　　But there should be another one for a pair.
　　杂感集（节录）
　　Random Thoughts（Excerpt）
　　黄药眠
　　Huang Yaomian
　　背景知识：黄药眠（1903-1987），作家、教授、文艺批评家。原名黄访、黄恍，广州梅县人。解放前从事教师、编辑、记者等工作，出版有小说、诗歌、散文等专集。解放后任中国文学艺术联合会副秘书长、民盟中央委员、北京师范大学中文系教授等职，著有多种散文集。
　　他写的《杂感集》是一组格言式的杂文，三言两语，寓意深刻，发人深思。
　　拂晓前的灯光，尽管明亮，但怎能同刚出来的磅礴的晨曦争胜呢？
　　Predawn lamplight, bright as it is, can never outshine the majestic rising sun.
　　这是一个反问句，对于反问句通常有三种译法：否定句、一般疑问句或者特殊疑问句。此处的反问句意在表达否定的观点，因此译为否定句。
　　bright as it is：as引导让步状语从句时，必须用倒装结构。这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或者谓语动词放在句首。
　　「争胜」此处译为outshine，他除了有「胜过」的意思外，还具有「比…闪亮」的含义，较outdo更适合。
　　金刚石虽然能发出闪灼的亮光，可是没有热。
　　Diamond glitters but gives off no heat.
　　「没有热」即「不会发出热量」译为give off no heat,其中give off意为「发出放出」时，主要指热量。
　　爱夸耀过去成绩的人，大概对于未来已没有多大的兴趣了吧！
　　He who is given to bragging about his past achievements must have lost interest in his own future.
　　此处he表示泛指。也可用those who…结构。
　　be given to意为「爱好」或「有…的习惯」??常用来表示夸耀的词还有boast, crow, gloat, swagger等等。
　　燃烧着的木柴是决不懊悔它自己之成为灰烬的。
　　Firewood, while burning, never regrets having itself reduced to ashes.
　　while burning：主从句主语一致，且从句有be，则while后可省略主语和be。
　　have itself reduced to=be reduced to，意为「使陷入（更坏的）境地，使沦落或使陷入窘境」，这种用法很普遍请注意。
　　更多的事前考虑，就可以有更少的事后追悔。
　　More thinking beforehand, less after-the-event remorse.
　　after-the-event意为「事后」，如be wise after the event意即「事后聪明，马后炮」，注意本句「事前」「事后」的译法。
　　有的名词性短语带上成句的语调，独立应用时，就是非主谓句。
　　让偏见守着心灵，那么真理的声音就难于流进他的耳朵里了。
　　A prejudiced mind keeps the voice of truth from entering the ear.
　　格言的一大特色便是简洁，因此译者翻译时整合意思，译为一句即「怀有偏见的心灵听不到真理之音」??另外，请注意选词偏见守着心灵（prejudiced mind）、真理的声音（the voice of truth）、流进（entering）谦虚的工作者常易取得热情的支持，浮夸的工作者则常受到冷淡的对待。
　　Modesty will win warm support; boastfulness will be cold shouldered.
　　「谦虚的工作者」译为（谦虚）modesty ，「浮夸的工作者」译为浮夸/吹嘘（boastfulness），请注意这种转换。
　　cold shoulder是英文俚语，单独使用意为「不搭理，看不上，对…冷淡」，如：She cold - shouldered her ex-fiancé. (她看不上她从前的未婚夫.)。我们最常见的就是give sb a cold shoulder，此处的be cold shouldered使用被动语态，意为「遭受冷遇」。这类对照句式，在英译的句式及选词的时候注意呼应。
　　陀螺尽管转得勤，但就是没有前进！
　　A top makes no headway no matter how hard it spins.
　　将两句用no matter how连接，不仅精简了句子，还凸显了两句的逻辑关系。
　　英文习惯把结果及重要信息展示在句首，请注意体会中英语言习惯。
　　你出生入死得来的荣誉，也许会在衣香鬓影的欢乐的华筵中欢笑掉。
　　The honor you have gained by going through fire and water may be lost amidst gay laughter at a joyous grand banquet graced by gorgeously dressed women.
　　「出生入死」译为going through fire and water，此外going through fire and water也常做「赴汤蹈火」讲。
　　「衣香鬓影的欢乐的华筵」中的「衣香鬓影」可理解为「衣着华丽的美女云集」，「华筵」即「华丽的筵席」，因此这个短语译为a joyous grand banquet graced by gorgeously dressed women. 其中，to grace意为「使增色」是译者根据上下文的增译部分。
　　欢笑掉的东西，难道能用眼泪哭得回来么？
　　Can that which is lost in the midst of the gay laughter be regained by tears of regret?
　　Can that which is lost in…：which引导限制性定语从句，先行词是that。且此种情况下，只能用which引导。
　　「欢笑掉的」即「迷失在欢乐中的」，译为is lost in the midst of the gay laughter。
　　tears of regret意为「悔恨的泪水」，of regret为增译成分，起到补充说明的作用。
　　宁可预告少而贡献多，切勿先作许多诺言，而最后只能拿出半杯凉水。
　　Few promises and more contributions, rather than more promises and few contributions.
　　「预告」这里正确的理解是「事前的许诺」，译为promises。切勿不求理解，望文生义译为prediction或foretelling，这是翻译的大忌。
　　「最后只能拿出半杯凉水」这里应该理解为「贡献很少」，所以译为few contributions。
　　同前文一样，有的名词性短语带上成句的语调，独立应用时就是非主谓句。
　　你单纯，因为你除了为无产阶级和劳动人民而奋斗终身以外，便没有任何别的要求和欲望。
　　You are simple because you have no wants apart from dedicating your life to the welfare of the proletariat and the working people.
　　「要求和欲望」译为wants，复数名词，指「想要的东西」，干净利落。
　　献身、把（时间、精力等）用于… dedicate…to…例句But you decide to dedicate your entire day to finish it.
　　但是你决定要花一整天来完成它。
　　你复杂，因为你对于敌人的阴谋诡计、威胁恫吓、利诱和美人计，都能一一予以识破，加以反击，获得胜利。
　　You are complicated because you can defeat your enemy by seeing through one by one his plots, threats, lures and sex-traps.
　　这一句译文通过...because you can defeat...by...by...的结构表达,这样的句式转换值得学习。
　　「一一予以识破，加以反击，获得胜利」本句话有三个动词，主要动词为「反击」译为defeat(既有「反击」又有「战胜」之意)，而「识破」是「反击并取得胜利」的方式，译为by引导的方式状语即可。
　　识破、看穿see through
　　例句
　　I saw through your little ruse from the start.
　　从一开始我就看穿了你的小计谋。
　　逃跑必然会引起追击，让子弹从背后射进去是可耻的。
　　Running away will inevitably result in the pursuit and attack of the enemy; it is disgraceful to be hit in the back by a bullet.
　　of the enemy是译者根据上下文的增译，句意更明确。
　　「可耻的」译作disgraceful
　　嫉妒别人的才能，也许正好说明自己的无能。
　　Showing jealousy of other people’s abilities is clear proof of your own incompetence.
　　「说明」译为be clear proof of，是个比较新颖的译法。除了记住这个表达以外，我们要学会这种以be+名词的结构代替动词的译法，以增强句子的灵活性。
　　面盆里泛起一些涟漪，我们觉得不值一提，但在蚂蚁看来，那简直像是汪洋大海轩然大波了。
　　Ripples on a basin of water mean nothing at all to man, but are like wild waves over a boundless sea to ants.
　　注意「汪洋大海轩然大波」要理解为「汪洋大海中的轩然大波」，译为wild waves over a boundless sea。其中over表示位置，「波浪」要覆于海面之上，才能与海面下的海水有所区分，称为「浪」??「对…来说不值一提」即mean nothing to sb。
　　时间到哪里去了呢？有些人的时间是遗失在拈花弄草的游戏中，有些人是遗失在消散的闲谈和香烟的迷雾中。
　　Where is time gone? Some fool away their time in playing a game of womanizing; some trifle away their time in chit-chat amidst cigarette smoke.
　　「拈花惹草的游戏」即「沉湎于女色」或「玩弄女性」，译为playing a game of womanizing，也可译为indulge in womanizing。其中womanize意即「使柔弱，玩女人; （男人）沉迷女色」??chit-chat意为「闲聊，叽叽喳喳」，美剧中常见， 是比较口语化的表达。
　　此句消散的闲谈和香烟的迷雾中应理解为「边抽烟边闲谈」，用amidst连接。
　　本段出现的trifle away意为「浪费」，与fritter away同义，其它表示「浪费」的还有idle。
　　这些人不知道浪费时间，就等于浪费生命。
　　They don’t know that wasting time means wasting life.
　　此处「浪费」译作waste，与前文出现的表达都不同，体现了表达的多样性。
　　有些人，我认识他很久，但始终陌生；有些人，我同他很熟，但始终没有成为朋友；有些人，我同他做了很久的朋友，但后来才发现彼此还没有真正的认识。
　　Some whom I have known for a long time are strangers yet. Some with whom I am well acquainted have never become friends with me. Some have been friends of mine for a long time, but we still don’t really know each other.
　　whom引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语。
　　「但始终陌生」即「但仍然陌生」译为are strangers yet，yet意为「仍然还是」，后面的still也是此意。
　　（与某人）很熟译为be well acquainted with sb。
　　不过有些人，我同他才第一次见面，一下子就认出他是同志。
　　Some, nevertheless, are immediately found to be real comrades though we meet for the first time.
　　「一下子就认出他是同志」译为are immediately found to be real comrades。其中，real为增译成分，更加突出原文的意思。
　　蜈蚣蛇蝎是毒虫，但用得其当不也能以毒攻毒地治病么？
　　Centipedes, snakes and scorpions are venomous, but, when properly used, they cure disease by combating poison with poison, don’t they?
　　「以毒攻毒」译为combating poison with poison。
　　…,don’t they?是反义疑问句。
　　钉子如果没有锤子在后面不断督促，钉子就钉不进墙里去。
　　A nail will never be driven into a wall without repeated hammering from behind.
　　「锤子在后面不断督促」译为repeated hammering from behind，其中hammering一语双关，兼有「锤子」和「敦促」的意思。
　　不成熟的东西也有值得称赞的地方，因为它虽幼稚，但包含有未来。
　　Things immature also have aspects worthy of our praise, because, though puerile, they embody the future.
　　「值得称赞的地方」应理解为「值得称赞的方面」，译为aspects worthy of our praise。
　　though puerile是though they are puerile的省略。又，puerile可用于指人或物，是「幼稚愚钝」的意思。
　　在交响乐队里工作的人们，绝不会因为轮到别人在弹奏而感到自己受到冷遇。
　　Members of a symphony orchestra never feel left out in the cold when it is others’ turn to play their musical instruments.
　　「受到冷遇」第二次出现，前文译为be cold shouldered。此处译为feel left out in the cold，其实还可以译为feel they are given a cold reception。
　　轮到某人…… it’s one’s turn to…
　　因为交响乐团是一个整体。
　　It is because a symphony orchestra is a whole.
　　「是一个整体」译作is a whole。在某些文本中遇到「从整体来看/作为一个整体…」，我们可将其译作As a whole, …无私的人，总希望从自己手里能给人们散布出更多的幸福。
　　A selfless man always thinks of handing out more happiness to others.
　　「散布」这里更侧重「给予」之意，译为handing out。hand out的意思是「分发，散发，给与」??think单独使用时表示「思考」，接that宾语从句时意为「认为、觉得」。think of意为「考虑到、想到」，后常接代词、名词或动词-ing形式。
　　老头儿不要靠过去的老本，青年人也不要去预支未来的幸福。
　　Old people should not rest on their laurels, nor should young people enjoy in advance their future happiness.
　　「老头儿不要靠过去的老本」即「老年人不要总依靠着过去的辉煌」译为Old people should not rest on their laurels，其中laurels意为「荣誉，胜利，名声; 月桂树( laurel的名词复数 ); （表示荣誉的）桂冠，殊荣」，也可译为live off old/past achievements。
　　「预支」这里应理解为「提前享受或享乐」，译为enjoy in advance你老去计较从人民那里获得了多少东西，你为什么不计算一下，你欠了人民多少东西？
　　You often bother about how much you are getting from the people. Why not figure out how much you owe them?
　　「去计较」译作bother about...（为不必要的事去担忧或积虑），翻译实践中根据上下文语境去选词很重要。
　　计算（数量或成本）figure out
　　例句
　　Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
　　旅行要花多少费用你算出来没有？
　　我不愿做清浅平静的湖水，自我欣赏其清洁。我宁愿跟着洪流，夹着泥沙、石块，滚滚东流，而归于海。
　　I hate to be a calm lake which is limpid and shallow and indulge in admiring myself for being so clean. I would rather follow the mighty torrent and surge eastward along with mud, sand and rocks until I reach the sea.
　　「我不愿...我宁愿...」用I hate to...I would rather...，请注意从整体句式上把握。
　　「浅」译为shallow，除了（水）浅还可以是 （认知）肤浅或空洞，请注意学习这样的用词。
　　「自我欣赏其清洁」意为「孤芳自赏自己的清澈」译为indulge in admiring myself for being so clean。其中，indulge in指「沉湎于，沉溺于」例句Everyone should indulge in fantasy on occasion.
　　每个人都应偶尔沉浸在想象之中。
　　along with表示「与...一道(又), 连同...一起, 随同...一起」。
　　例句
　　A bill came along with the package.
　　清单与包裹一并到达。
　　不要光看到挺拔遒劲的松树的枝杈，更重要的是要看到它插入泥土深处的根系啊！
　　Behold not only the straight and sturdy branches of a pine tree, but, more importantly, its roots deep in the soil.
　　「看」译为behold，与see相比更强烈地暗示对已被看见的某物的意识而非仅肉眼所见。
　　「挺拔遒劲」即「直直的，够力稳固的」，译为straight and sturdy。
　　拉着牛尾巴不能使它向后退，揪着牛耳朵也不能使它向前进。
　　You cannot make a cow move backward by pulling it by the tail, nor can you make it move forward by dragging it by the ear.
　　原文中的「拉」「揪」「牵」，请注意英译的动词选择pulling，dragging，led，作为翻译的准备对词汇深度及广度的掌握都很重要。
　　牵牛就得牵在牛鼻子上。
　　A cow is to be led by the nose.
　　必背词汇
　　outshine       v.比…更优秀，比…更出色，胜过英义If you outshine someone at a particular activity, you are much better at it than they are.
　　例句
　　Jesse has begun to outshine me in sports.
　　杰西在体育方面开始超过我。
　　majestic        sdj. 壮丽的，庄严的，雄伟的英义If you describe something or someone as majestic, you think they are very beautiful, dignified, and impressive.
　　例句
　　a majestic castle/river/view
　　雄伟的城堡；壮丽的河流/景色
　　brag     v.吹嘘，夸耀
　　英义
　　If you brag, you say in a very proud way that you have something or have done something.
　　例句
　　He's always bragging about his prowess as a cricketer.
　　他总是吹嘘自己板球球技的高超。
　　remorse      un.懊悔，自责，悔恨
　　英义
　　Remorse is a strong feeling of sadness and regret about something wrong that you have done.
　　例句
　　He was full of remorse.
　　他充满了悔恨。
　　prejudiced        adj.心怀偏见的，有成见的，偏爱的英义A person who is prejudiced against someone has an unreasonable dislike of them. A person who is prejudiced in favour of someone has an unreasonable preference for them.
　　例句
　　Some landlords and landladies are racially prejudiced.
　　一些房东有种族偏见。
　　top      n.陀螺
　　英义
　　a child's toy that spins on a point when it is turned round very quickly by hand or by a string.
　　例句
　　Inside was what looked like a miniature glass spinning top.
　　包裹里面的东西好像是小型的陀螺。
　　grace       v.给…增光，使生辉
　　英义
　　If you say that someone important will grace an event or an organization, you mean that they have agreed to be present at the event or to be part of the organization.
　　例句
　　He had been invited to grace a function at the evening college.
　　他应邀为这所夜校的活动捧场。
　　重点表达
　　拂晓  Predawn
　　磅礴的 majestic
　　争胜   outshine
　　发出（亮光）glitter
　　发出（热量）give off
　　爱好...   be given to...
　　夸耀...   brag about...
　　木柴Firewood
　　灰烬ashes
　　事前 beforehand
　　事后after-the-event
　　偏见守着心灵prejudiced mind
　　真理的声音the voice of truth
　　流进  entering
　　偏见守着心灵prejudiced mind
　　真理的声音the voice of truth
　　流进 entering
　　浮夸 boastfulness
　　受到冷淡的对待 be cold shouldered
　　陀螺      top
　　没有前进  make no headway
　　出生入死   going through fire and water
　　衣香鬓影   gorgeously dressed （women）
　　华筵       joyous grand banquet
　　...为之增色  be graced by...
　　欢笑   the gay laughter
　　哭回来regained by tears of regret
　　诺言 promises
　　贡献contributions.
　　无产阶级    proletariat
　　劳动人民    working people
　　要求和欲望  wants
　　阴谋诡计    plots
　　利诱        lures
　　美人计     sex-traps
　　识破       seeing through
　　可耻的 disgraceful
　　正好说明...   clear proof of...
　　无能        incompetence
　　不值一提          nothing at all to...
　　汪洋大海轩然大波  wild waves over a boundless sea浪费（时间）  fool away拈花惹草      womanize闲谈          chit-chat
　　浪费（时间）  trifle away
　　一下子 immediately
　　以毒攻毒 combating poison with poison
　　不断督促 repeated hammering
　　钉进墙里 be driven into a wall
　　值得称赞的地方  aspects worthy of our praise受到冷遇   feel left out in the cold是一个整体   is a whole靠过去的老本 rest on their laurels
　　预支         enjoy in advance
　　去计较...  bother about...
　　孤芳自赏 indulge in admiring oneself for...
　　滚滚东流 surge eastward
　　看        behold
　　挺拔遒劲  straight and sturdy
　　复盘测试
　　拂晓
　　磅礴的
　　争胜
　　发出（亮光）
　　发出（热量）
　　爱好...
　　夸耀...
　　木柴
　　灰烬
　　事前
　　事后
　　偏见守着心灵
　　真理的声音
　　流进
　　浮夸
　　受到冷淡的对待
　　陀螺
　　没有前进
　　出生入死
　　衣香鬓影
　　华筵
　　...为之增色
　　欢笑
　　哭回来
　　诺言
　　贡献.
　　无产阶级
　　劳动人民
　　要求和欲望
　　阴谋诡计
　　利诱
　　美人计
　　识破
　　可耻的
　　正好说明...
　　无能
　　不值一提
　　汪洋大海轩然大波
　　浪费（时间）
　　拈花惹草
　　闲谈
　　浪费（时间）
　　始终陌生
　　（与某人）很熟
　　一下子
　　以毒攻毒
　　不断督促
　　钉进墙里
　　值得称赞的地方
　　受到冷遇
　　是一个整体
　　靠过去的老本
　　预支
　　去计较...
　　孤芳自赏
　　滚滚东流
　　看
　　挺拔遒劲
　　表达对比
　　「依靠、靠、凭借」有几种表达？
　　老头儿不要（靠）过去的老本，青年人也不要去预支未来的幸福。
　　Old people should not rest on their laurels, nor should young people enjoy in advance their future happiness.
　　清贫，洁白朴素的生活，正是人们革命者（能够）战胜许多困难的地方！
　　To remain honest though poor, to live a clean and simple life—that is what we revolutionaries count on to overcome innumerable difficulties!
　　至少她是我能（依靠）的盟友。
　　At least she's an ally I can rely on.
　　他曾（凭借）经典电影《玫瑰人生》大获成功。
　　You may remember he had a huge hit with La Vie En Rose.
　　美国的男女
　　American Men and Women
　　施蛰存
　　Shi Zhecun
　　背景知识：施蛰存（1905-2003），中国现代著名作家、文学翻译家、学者，生于杭州，长于苏州，辛亥革命后随家迁居江苏松江（现属上海市），1922年考进杭州之江大学，次年入上海大学，开始文学活动和创作，晚年执教于华东师范大学中文系。《美国的男女》是他写于1987年的一篇杂文。
　　近来，各种报纸上都有读者来信，一部分是反映社会情况，更多的是生活上有疑难问题，写信给报社，要求解答。
　　Various newspapers of late carry letters from readers reflecting social conditions or more often requesting solutions to knotty problems in life.
　　of late固定短语，相当于recently、lately??carry letters表示「刊登信件」，carry熟词僻义，此处指(报纸、海报)登载，刊登，印有letter carrier/postman/deliveryman邮递员the litter carriers轿夫「一部分是反映社会情况，更多的是生活上有疑难问题，写信给报社，要求解答」英译时借助两个分词reflecting..., requesting连接，翻译出读者来信的内容，符合英语句子结构，是很地道的译法。
　　我很喜欢看这些通信，从这里可以了解各色市民的生活和思想情况。
　　I am fond of reading them because they mirror the life and thought of people of all descriptions.
　　此句译成英语时，如果主语不作转变，一直以I作为陈述对象，译文就容易有中式英语味道，这里译者把后半句译成了原因（because）从句,主语也进行了转变，表达更流畅地道。
　　各式各样的、各种类型的of various descriptions。其中，description表示「类型」，常用搭配为of some/all/every/various, etc. descriptions何为《最后一圈》
　　芸芸众生human beings of all descriptions
　　外国报纸也有这种通信，有些报纸还特辟专栏，由专人负责答复。
　　The same is true of foreign newspapers. Some of them have set up special columns with special columnists in charge of answering questions.
　　「也有」译作The same is true of（…也是如此/同理），灵活运用表达很重要。
　　「特辟专栏」译作set up special columns
　　take charge of与in charge of区别
　　一、含义不同
　　take charge of 照管，监理，担任
　　in charge of 负责，主管
　　二、侧重不同
　　take charge of 侧重动作
　　in charge of 侧重状态
　　美国有一位署名安澜德（Ann Landers）的女记者，为八百多种报刊答复读者来信，就称为“安澜德专栏”。这个专栏极受读者欢迎，每天至少有三千万人拿到报纸就看这个专栏。
　　An American woman journalist named Ann Landers was once put in charge of such correspondence for over 800 newspapers respectively. Known as "Ann Landers' Column", it became extremely popular with readers. Every day, the first thing that attracted the attention of readers, totaling at least 30 million, would be this special column.
　　be put in charge of 被赋予责任，分管
　　例句
　　Well, that settles it. When this baby's born, I'll be in charge of putting on the socks.
　　那就说定了。孩子出生以后，我负责给他穿袜子。
　　「极受...欢迎」译为popular with，请注意介词的搭配。
　　「拿到报纸就看这个专栏」即「这个专栏是读者拿到报纸后看的第一个栏目」，现译为the first thing that attracted the attention of readers…would be this special column。又，total作动词，表示「总计、总达」。例句The unit's exports will total $85 million this year.
　　该部门今年的出口总额将达8,500 万美元。
　　安澜德通信已出了好几个单行本，都畅销一时。
　　Landers' letters, later appearing in several collections, have been selling like hot cakes.
　　appear熟词僻义，此处指「书籍等作品出版，发表，问世」??「单行本」这里指的是安澜德的「作品集」，译作collections??「畅销一时」译为selling like hot cakes，意同welling well。这是原汁原味的地道英语，平时在写作和翻译中要注意积累。
　　前几天，老友钱歌川从美国寄给我两本《人间信箱》，这是他选择的安澜德通信，供中国人学习英语用的。
　　Several years ago, my old friend Qian Gechuan sent me from the US two collections of Landers' letters that he had selected and translated for the benefit of Chinese learners of English.
　　from the US作状语，位置灵活，可译为sent me from the US two collections…，也可译为sent me two collections… from the US。但此处基于句子整体安排考虑（句子后半部分有that定从修饰two collections of Landers' letters），故将from the US放在sent me之后。
　　「供...用」这里并没有直译为for the use of，而是很灵活地译为for the benefit of ...(为了...的利益，对...有益），体现了译者语言运用能力。
　　因为这些通信所用的英语，都是流行的成语俗字，有许多字还没有编入字典，可以说是最新最活的英语。
　　The letters were originally written in present-day English with up-to-date idioms and colloquialisms, many of which have not yet been compiled into dictionaries.
　　「成语俗字」译为idioms and colloquialisms，colloquialisms是口头日常用语及俗语。
　　「编入字典」译为compiled into dictionaries，compile是「编制,编纂」如compile a book/register...编制一本书/登记册等。
　　两本《人间信箱》，选择了二百来封信和答复。几乎有百分之八十是青年男女写给安澜德的信，要求她解答各种婚姻问题、恋爱问题或处事问题。
　　There were in the two collections altogether 200 letters to and from Landers, of which about 80% were sent by American young men and women asking for her advice on problems of marriage, love, ways of society, etc.
　　letters to and from …表示「来信和回信」??「处事问题」译作ways of society（社交方式、交际方式）??译文将这两句合并，通过of which把后句重整为从句。准确理解原文、梳理逻辑，是句式重整的基础。如句式都不作任何调整对照直译，很多情况会出现译文过于僵硬或过于中式。
　　他们的问题，跟中国青年的问题完全不同，有许多是我们想象不到的。
　　The problems confronting them were entirely different from those of Chinese young people. Many were quite unimaginable to us.
　　「他们的问题」可译作The problems confronting them，也可译作The problems facing them。
　　现在举两件突出的事例给读者，以广见闻，以资谈助，或者还可以资警惕。
　　Now let me cite two striking examples for the information and chit-chat of my readers. Meanwhile, they may also serve to put our youth on the alert.
　　「举例」这里并未译为for example，而是用 cite（引用）这个动词，更体现了客观性。
　　「突出的事例」译为striking examples，意为这些例子都并非我们平常所闻。
　　请注意原文三个排比「以广见闻，以资谈助，...以资警惕」的英译for the information and chit-chat，...put ...on the alert一个三十岁的女人，在二十岁的时候，看见女朋友都结婚了，她怕做老小姐，急急忙忙嫁了一个认识才两个月的男人。
　　Here is the story of a 30-year-old American woman. At the age of 20, seeing all her girl friends already married, she worried about herself some day becoming an old maid and therefore quickly married a man whom she had known for barely two months.
　　Here is the story of 是对原文的增译，使得译文更流畅。
　　此句提取主干即「...怕...，因此嫁了...」she worried...therefore quickly married...。剩下的成分「在二十岁的时候」「看见女朋友都结婚了」分别处理成介词短语At the age of 20及分词短语seeing all her girl friends already married。又，句中的「女朋友」指女性朋友，故译作girl friends，而非girlfriend（女朋友），也可译作female friends。
　　one day和some day的区别
　　one day与some day均可用作状语，表示「有一天」，但两者所连用句子的时态稍有区别。
　　1. one day可指过去或将来，即可用于过去时或将来时。
　　例句
　　One day the temperature was 30℃.
　　有一天温度达到30摄氏度。
　　One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday.
　　总有一天人们可以到月球上去度假。
　　2. some day通常只指将来，即只用于将来时态。
　　例句
　　We’re all going to be old some day.
　　总有一天我们都会老的。
　　注：有时虽然不是将来时态，但句子意思表示的是将来意义。
　　例句
　　You’re sure to regret one day.
　　你准有一天会后悔。
　　另外，在特定语境中，some day有时可指过去将来时。
　　例句
　　I never realized that some day I would be living in China.
　　我从未想到将来有一天会在中国居住。
　　十一个月之后，他们有了孩子，于是开始了吵架。
　　Eleven months later, they had a baby and began to lead a cat-and-dog life.
　　「吵架」译作lead a cat-and-dog life，a cat-and-dog life英语固定表达，常指生活中吵吵闹闹，尤其夫妻之间的日常争吵。
　　丈夫建议和另外一对夫妇交换行乐，她同意了。
　　And when the husband suggested swapping wives with another man for pleasure, she agreed.
　　Swap是「交换」的意思，swapping wives即「换妻」于是两夫妻加入了一个俱乐部，和别的几对夫妇交换睡觉。
　　And they joined a club where male members could have sex with each other's wife.
　　此句译文注意两点：一是用where引导定从，对前后进行衔接；二是“交换睡觉”直接译出其内在含义have sex，而非单纯的sleep。
　　最后，丈夫建议要她和另一个男人的妻子对调，可是她不喜欢那个男子，于是写信给安澜德，问她该怎么办。
　　Then it happened that she refused to go to bed with a man chosen by her husband because he was not to her liking. She then wrote to Landers for advice.
　　to one’s liking是「称某人的心意或合某人的胃口」，根据上下文这个翻译远比仅用like要贴切。
　　一个女人，和一个没有钱的男子结婚，她做工赚钱来供给丈夫读大学。
　　An American girl married a poor man and managed to see him through college with money she earned by manual work.
　　「做工赚钱来供给丈夫读大学」译为managed to see him through college with money she earned by manual work，managed to （勉强能够...，好不容易...）增强了这个女人打工赚钱的不易。See one’s through...固定搭配，指「帮助某人渡过或通过...」。「做工」译作manual work（体力活儿，苦工），更体现了女人的辛苦不易。
　　manual  人力的，体力的，手工的
　　mutual  相互的，彼此的
　　现在，结婚已十八年，有了三个孩子。丈夫有钱了，她为了主持家务，不出去工作了。
　　After 18 years of married life, they had three kids. Now the husband has become better off and she, instead of going out to work, stays home to keep house.
　　「有钱了」译作become better off ，better off固定词组是「生活改善或物质充足富裕」的意思。
　　Instead of是增译，使得译文更加流畅。instead of后面一般接名词、代词、动名词或介词短语作它的宾语。其可以独立构成短语作状语、同位语以及其他平行结构，语义明确例句Instead of abating, the wind is blowing even harder.
　　风不但没停，反而越刮越大了。
　　操持家务keep house
　　于是她出去理发一次，丈夫就三天不和她说话，理由是：她没有工作，所以没有任何权利。
　　Every time, however, when she goes out to have her hair done at a hairdresser's, the man will be glum and silent for three days. The reason is, she is jobless and therefore has no right for a hairdo at his expense.
　　此句原文的「于是」译作however。如果译成therefore，会出现表意错误。结合上一句「女人为了顾家，放弃了工作」，其与此处的「因理发就遭受丈夫冷暴力」很明显不是因果关系。这个例子也给看推送的大家提个醒儿，这种社会现象一直存在，不论男女，做决定前请考虑清楚。
　　「三天不说话」译作be glum and silent for three days，远比don’t talk...要译的饱满，因为原文的这句表达实则想表达丈夫be glum（阴郁）的心情，然后通过silent（沉默）来表达给妻子看，而并非简单「说话」一个动作。
　　她写信给安澜德，问：“作为一个没有工作的妻子和母亲，我有什么权利呢？”
　　So she wrote to Landers with this question, "What right have I as a jobless wife and mother?"??with this question中with表示「附带…」的状态。
　　What right have I as a jobless wife and mother?→（改）What right do I have as a jobless wife and mother?
　　以上是摘录了两件关于男女关系的读者来信，安澜德都作了答复，指导他们应如何处理。
　　Landers wrote back to each of the two women, telling them how to best deal with the situations.
　　「以上是摘录了两件关于男女关系的读者来信」译出反而显得译文啰嗦，读者心里都知道上面提到的是「两件关于男女关系的读者来信」，无需再次译出。
　　telling them…做伴随状语。
　　不过有时安澜德无法从正面回答，只好说几句俏皮话、幽默话，却又引起读者更多的来信。
　　But sometimes, unable to give a direct answer in her reply, she would instead resort to some witty or humorous remarks, thus generating even more letters from readers.
　　「从正面回答」即「直接回答（问题）」，译作give a direct answer??resort to是「借助，诉诸」的意思，这里是指无法正面回答读者问题所以借助开玩笑的方式避开。
　　thus generating even more letters from readers是结果状语。其中，thus是副词。
　　美国青年对于恋爱和结婚的态度，极不严肃。
　　American young people often show a devil-may-care attitude towards problems of love and marriage.
　　「极不严肃」译为a devil-may-care attitude，a devil-may-care attitude英文固定表达指「漫不经心，满不在乎（的态度）」有一封读者来信报道的一个信息：有一个五年级的小学生，作语文练习，老师命题的要求是解释什么叫“单调”。小学生写道：“在美国，一个男人只能有一个妻子，这就叫单调。”
　　A reader wrote to tell the following little story. A fifth-grade pupil wrote in a composition on "monotony", a subject assigned by the teacher, "In America every man is supposed to have only one wife. That's what we mean by monotony."??此处「信息」根据上下文译为story，更符合情景。
　　夏衍《野草》
　　有这样一个故事也可译作
　　there is such a story that…
　　庐隐《恋爱不是游戏》
　　哀哉O what a sad story!
　　吴冠中《绿衣姑娘》
　　我住的是最后院的最后两间平房，后墙外是一条小小的胡同……I live in a one-story two-room house in the rearmost backyard backed by a small lane.
　　柯灵《巷》
　　有自己的一本哀乐帐，一部兴衰史
　　…has its own covered-up story of joys and sorrows, and rise and decline…何为《第二次考试》
　　这就是全部经过。
　　That was the whole story.
　　必背词汇
　　carry       v.(报纸、海报)登载，刊登，印有英义If a newspaper or poster carries a picture or a piece of writing, it contains it or displays it.
　　例句
　　Several papers carry the photograph of Mr Anderson.
　　好几份报纸都刊登了安德森先生的照片。
　　knotty       adj.复杂的，难以解决的，棘手的英义A knotty problem is complicated and difficult to solve.
　　例句
　　The new management team faces some knotty problems.
　　新的管理团队面临一些棘手的问题。
　　mirror        v.反映，再现，与…相似
　　英义
　　If something mirrors something else, it has similar features to it, and therefore seems like a copy or representation of it.
　　例句
　　The book inevitably mirrors my own interests and experiences.
　　这本书不可避免地反映出我个人的喜好与经历。
　　compile      v.汇编，编制，编纂
　　英义
　　When you compile something such as a report, book, or programme, you produce it by collecting and putting together many pieces of information.
　　例句
　　The book took 10 years to compile.
　　编这本书花了10年时间。
　　column      cn. (报纸或杂志的)专栏
　　英义
　　In a newspaper or magazine, a column is a section that is always written by the same person or is always about the same topic.
　　例句
　　She also writes a regular column for the Times Educational Supplement.
　　她也定期为《泰晤士报高等教育增刊》写专栏文章。
　　correspondence        un.往来书信
　　英义
　　Some-one's correspondence is the letters that they receive or send.
　　例句
　　He always replied to his correspondence.
　　来信他总是会回。
　　appear       v.书籍等出版，发表，问世
　　英义
　　When something such as a book appears, it is published or becomes available for people to buy.
　　例句
　　I could hardly wait for 'Boys' World' to appear each month.
　　每个月我都翘首期盼着《男孩世界》的出版。
　　重点表达
　　近来           of late
　　疑难问题       knotty problems
　　喜欢           be fond of...
　　反映了...的生活  mirror the life of...
　　各色市民       people of all descriptions也有         The same is true of特辟专栏     set up special columns极受...欢迎    popular with...
　　畅销一时    selling like hot cakes
　　成语俗字    idioms and colloquialisms
　　编入字典    compiled into dictionaries
　　突出的事例  striking examples
　　以广见闻    for the information
　　以资谈助    for chit-chat
　　以资警惕    put ...on the alert
　　吵架      a cat-and-dog life
　　称...的心意 to one’s liking
　　帮助某人完成/渡过... See one’s through...
　　有钱了  become better off
　　三天不说话  be glum and silent for three days从正面回答 give a direct answer俏皮话    witty remarks极不严肃  a devil-may-care attitude
　　复盘测试
　　近来
　　疑难问题
　　喜欢
　　反映了...的生活
　　各色市民
　　也有
　　特辟专栏
　　极受...欢迎
　　畅销一时
　　成语俗字
　　编入字典
　　突出的事例
　　以广见闻
　　以资谈助
　　以资警惕
　　吵架
　　称...的心意
　　帮助某人完成/渡过...
　　有钱了
　　三天不说话
　　从正面回答
　　俏皮话
　　极不严肃
　　表达对比
　　「吵架」有几种表达？
　　十一个月之后，他们有了孩子，于是开始了（吵架）。
　　Eleven months later, they had a baby and began to lead a cat-and-dog life.
　　（吵架）啦! 唉, 又吵架啦! 天呀, 又吵架啦! 你们吵吧!
　　A row! arrah a row! The Virgin be blessed, a row! Plunge in with ye!
　　如果我跟她谈，那就会（吵架）。
　　If I talked to her about it there would be an argument.
　　我又和妈妈（吵架）了，鲍里斯。
　　Mon and I got in another fight, Boris.
　　说起香港 ——萧乾
　　About Hong Kong ——Xiao Qian
　　背景知识：萧乾（1910-1999），北京人，著名老报人、作家、翻译家，1935年毕业于燕京大学新闻系，先后主编过天津、上海、香港等地《大公报》文艺副刊。所著《说起香港》乃一篇香港回归祖国感言，历数作者在英、日长期结盟的年代身受英国政府种种刁难与歧视。
　　除非是研究近代史的，很少人会知道中俄战争后，从本世纪初英国即与日本结为同盟。
　　Most people, apart from those familiar with modern history, are unaware that as early as the turn of the century (after the Sino-Russian War), Britain entered into alliance with Japan.
　　「很少人会知道」按「大多数人都不知道」之意译作Most people are unaware that。译作Few people are aware that也可。
　　结为同盟A entered into alliance with B
　　这一特殊关系一直延续到一九四一年的“珍珠港事变”。
　　The special relationship lasted until the outbreak of the Pearl Harbor Incident in 1941.
　　outbreak可用于「（战争）爆发、（疾病）发作」等例句the outbreak of the COVI-19 pandemic新冠疫情的爆发。
　　珍珠港事变the Pearl Harbor Incident：1941年12月7日，日本帝国海军偷袭美国，轰炸了夏威夷珍珠港的战舰和军事目标。350余架日本飞机对珍珠港海军基地实施了两波攻击，投下穿甲炸弹，并向美国的战列舰和巡洋舰发射鱼雷。美军毫无防备，他们在爆炸的巨响中醒来，仓促进行自卫。整场先发制人的袭击在90分钟内结束，彼时，日本炸沉了四艘战列舰和两艘驱逐舰，炸毁188架飞机，受损的建筑、船只和飞机则更多。攻击中约有2400名美国人丧生；另有1250人受伤，这是对美国一个巨大的震骇。攻击过后，日本正式向美国宣战，次日，美国总统罗斯福发表了著名的「国耻」演讲，他随后签署了对日本帝国的正式宣战声明。几日之内，纳粹德国与意大利向美国宣战，而美国也迅即予以了宣战回应。
　　这期间，英国老百姓自然始终坚定地站在中国一边。
　　Meanwhile, however, the British people remained firm in siding with China.
　　「始终」以remain一词译出，remain+ in n./V-ing表示某种状态的保持。
　　「站在中国一边」译作siding with China。side with表示「支持、站在…的一边」例句The U.S. government has sided with the pro-Europe Ukrainians.
　　美国政府已经站在了亲欧乌克兰人民的一边。
　　我先是在“七七事变”头一年就有所察觉。
　　It was in the year when the July 7 Incident broke out that I first became aware of the said alliance between Britain and Japan.
　　（七七事变）The July 7 Incident (also known as (he Lugouqiao Incident) of 1937 was an incident staged at Lugouqiao, Beijing on July 7, 1937, by the Japanese imperialists, which marked the beginning of an all-out war of aggression against China by Japan.
　　It was in the year when the July 7 Incident broke out that…：此句为强调句结构（it was…that…），其中，when引导定语从句，先行词是year。
　　「就有所察觉」指「察觉」什么呢？为帮助理解，译文增译the said alliance between Britain and Japan。其中，the said表示「上述的」，said是形容词。
　　董鼎山《美国编辑的基本常识》
　　那位青年编辑的不解此词用意，令我憾惜……
　　The young American editor's failure to understand the said phrase made me lament …当时上海还有租界，而大公报馆无论在津、沪、港，都始终位于洋人管辖的地方。
　　In those days, there were foreign settlements in Shanghai. And The Dagong Bao had its office successively located in the foreign-controlled districts of Tianjin, Shanghai and Hong Kong.
　　当时，在过去的日子里，在那些天 In those days外国人居留区、租界 foreign settlementsThe Dagong Bao (formerly known as L’impartial), a Chinese newspaper first published on June 17, 1902 in Tianjin, later in Beijing on October 1, 1956 and now in Hong Kong known as The Tak Kung Pao.
　　had its office successively located in是have…done结构。其中，successively（接连）对应的是原文中的「都（理解为相继）」事变前的一年——一九三六年，《大公报》就由于我发表的陈白尘一个剧本中多处提到“X洋人”（“X”是编者打的）而三次被英、日控制的工部局传到法院，In 1936, one year before the July 7 Incident, because I had one of Chen Baichen's plays published, in which there appeared several times the expression “X foreigner” (the cross X had been added by the editor), I was summoned to court by the Shanghai Municipal Council under British and Japanese control.
　　Chen Baichen (1908-1994), born in Huaiyin, Jiangsu Province, was a well known playwright and novelist. In the 1960s, he was vice editor-in-chief of the magazine People's Literature.
　　one of Chen Baichen's plays published, in which there appeared…中，published作plays的后置定语，后接which引导的非限制性定从，此处in which也可写作where。
　　「工部局」即the Municipal Council of the International Settlement，「被英、日控制的工部局」应译为the Shanghai Municipal Council under British and Japanese control。
　　最终还是由于事先打了叉叉而没坐牢。
　　Finally, thanks to the cross put into the manuscript, I was exempted from imprisonment.
　　此处「由于」译作thanks to，带有「多亏、幸亏」的含义，比due to、because of等更为准确。
　　免除了我的牢狱之灾was exempted from imprisonment。学习积累exempt（常与from搭配）。同时，推荐大家把这个词与exonerate（使免于罪责，证明…无罪，宣布…无罪）（也常与from搭配）联系在一起记忆，毕竟这两个词长的有点相似，搭配的介词也相似。
　　例句
　　Men in college were exempt from military service.
　　大学在校男生免服兵役。
　　An investigation exonerated the school from any blame.
　　一项调查证明该学校没有任何过失。
　　三八年至三九年间，我在香港《大公报》编文艺副刊时，因所登的稿件而与英国新闻审查官起冲突的事，更是屡见不鲜。说是“冲突”，其实，他是主子。
　　From 1938 to 1939, when I was in charge of editing the Art and Literature Supplement of The Dagong Bao, I often got into disputes with British censors (or rather with my masters) over manuscripts.
　　take charge of与in charge of区别
　　一、含义不同
　　take charge of 照管，监理，担任
　　in charge of 负责，主管二、侧重不同
　　take charge of 是「开始 管理，接管」的意思，侧重动作。
　　in charge of表示「某人负责或照管某人/物」，侧重状态。
　　与……起冲突got into disputes with sb
　　「其实，他是主子」译为or rather with my masters，其中or rather（或rather）作「更确切地说」解。
　　在送审的校样上他随便打个红叉，我就只好抽掉。
　　When a British censor put in a red cross at will, all I could do was withdraw the entire manuscript.
　　把…写进，添上，插入 put in
　　任意，随意at will
　　例句
　　They were able to come and go at will.
　　他们能够来去自由。
　　注意all I could do was withdraw中是withdraw而不是to withdraw，大家只需记住一句口诀：前有do后省to。
　　可临时补稿不方便，我就索性让版面“开天窗”，空白着。
　　Sometimes, being hard pressed to find a replacement for it, I had to leave a blank on the page to show that something had been suppressed by censorship.
　　「可临时补稿不方便」意即「因临时更换稿子有困难」，可译为being hard pressed to find a replacement，在句子中原因状语。其中to be hard pressed to ...（或for…）作「缺少」「找不到」解。
　　to show that something had been suppressed by censorship是译者根据自己的理解所增译的成分，用以反映一种「我不满这种压迫」的心态。
　　如果翻阅那一时期的香港《大公报》，天窗是不少的。
　　Take a look at The Dagong Bao published in Hong Kong in those days, and you'll find lots of blanks.
　　Take a look at The Dagong Bao published in Hong Kong in those days, and you'll find…是「祈使句，+ and + 陈述句」句式。此时祈使句相当于if 引导的条件状语从句（此时去掉and）例句Give me one more hour, and I’ll get the work finished.→ If you give me one more hour, I’ll get the work finished.
　　有一回审查官甚至把半个版面全给枪毙了。
　　Once the British censor even had half a page killed.
　　「有一回审查官甚至把半个版面全给枪毙了」译为Once the British censor even had half a page killed，其中用to kill 表达「删除」「不予刊用」等，是国外新闻出版界常用口语，现与原文中的「枪毙」不谋而合。
　　为什么？因为中日虽在开战，英、日仍在结盟。
　　Why? Because China and Japan were at war, and Britain and Japan were allies.
　　交战、处于交战状态at war/be at war with…?? and Britain…处的and也可译作while，表示一种对比关系。
　　香港殖民当局不许在它管辖的地方对日军的在华暴行进行抗议。
　　The Hong Kong colonial authorities prohibited any protest staged in a region under their jurisdiction against the atrocities of the Japanese troops in China.
　　any protest staged in a region中，staged in a region是后置定语，其中stage是动词，表示「组织(活动或仪式)」例句Russian workers have staged a number of strikes in protest at the republic's declaration of independence.
　　俄罗斯工人已经举行了数次罢工，抗议该共和国宣布独立。
　　统治者说了算，没什么道理可讲！
　　Their word was law. There was no reasoning with them!
　　「统治者说了算」即「统治者的话便是王法」，故译作Their word was law。
　　「没什么道理可讲！」译为There was no reasoning with them!，意同No use reasoning with them!或It was impossible to reason with them!
　　三九年秋，我应伦敦大学东方学院之邀，赴英教书。
　　In the autumn of 1939, I went to England to teach at the invitation of the College of Oriental Studies of the University of London.
　　应……的邀请at the invitation of
　　例句
　　I paid my first State Visit to your country at the invitation of President Eisenhower.
　　当年，应艾森豪威尔总统的邀请，我对贵国进行了首次国事访问。
　　坐的是法国轮船。
　　I sailed on a French steamer.
　　英译中还不明显，而中译英时大家往往会发现：我们读中文时酣畅淋漓，逻辑一气呵成，非常明了，但在译成英文时，却总发现需要增补逻辑、增补主语等。此处便是一个很好的例子。
　　行至西贡，轮船被征调。其他国家的客人均可自觅旅馆，惟独几十名中国旅客，被押往集中营。
　　When the ship arrived at Saigon, it was requisitioned and all passengers were to look for hotels for themselves except the several scores of Chinese who were escorted to concentration camps.
　　「轮船被征调」之后，「其他国家的客人」可以去「自觅旅馆」，这是一个「轮船被征调」时还未发生的动作，故译作were to look for hotels for themselves。
　　集中营concentration camps
　　例句
　　The train took the Wiesel family to the Auschwitz concentration camp.
　　火车把威塞尔一家送到了奥斯威辛集中营。（小声bb：「奥斯威辛集中营」是去年南开MTI基英一篇阅读的主题）幸而我在途中托人给当地总领事（我的燕京同学）送去一名片，才又改为软禁。
　　Luckily, I was instead put under house arrest after I asked somebody to pass on my visiting card to the local Chinese consul general, who happened to be a former schoolmate of mine at Yenching University, Beijing.
　　软禁、幽禁was put under house arrest
　　名片visiting card（尤指旧时访客留下或其他人用以表示到访的名片）??happened to be表示「恰巧」之意，是作者的增译成分。
　　经过多方周折，我于十月最终来到英国港口福克斯通办理登陆手续时，官员发给我的竟是一纸“敌性外侨”的入境证。
　　After going through a lot of trouble, I finally arrived at the port of Folkestone, England. But, while going through entry formalities, the entry certificate issued to me by the British officials turned out to be one for an “enemy national residing abroad.”
　　入港/入境（申报）手续entry formalities
　　例句
　　How exactly should I go through the entry formality?
　　究竟该如何办理入境手续呢？
　　入境证明 the entry certificate
　　（事实证明）是…… turn out to be
　　夏衍《野草》
　　结果，这一切答案完全不对
　　All the answers turned out to be wide of the mark.
　　我向主管人质问，回答得简单：中、日在交战，而英、日是同盟国，因此，只能那样定性。
　　When I asked the official in charge for the reason why, the answer he gave was very simple, “China and Japan are at war while Britain and Japan are allies. So, that's that!”
　　the reason why后不缺从句，可以这样使用，也表示「原因」，是一种惯用表达。
　　例句
　　Let me give you the reasons why.
　　让我来告诉你原因。
　　「因此，只能那样定性」可按「因此，就是这样，没有什么可多讲的」译为So, that's that 或So, that's it。
　　这黑锅我一直背到一九四一年“珍珠港事变”。一天之内，我又成为“伟大盟友”了。
　　I remained a scapegoat until 1941 when I became a “great ally" overnight at the outbreak of the Pearl Harbor Incident.
　　中文中的「背黑锅」「当替罪羊」是类似的意思，此处译为a scapegoat。
　　英、日缔结的盟约，随着太平洋上的烽火自然也就烟消云散了。
　　The alliance between Britain and Japan then vanished into the air with the flames of war raging over the Pacific.
　　烟消云散vanished into the air
　　「随着太平洋上的烽火」即指随着英日在太平洋开战。「烽火」即「战火」，译作the flames of war，raging over the Pacific是后置定语。
　　对香港本身，我当然有许多美好的记忆。
　　As to Hong Kong, I of course cherish many beautiful memories.
　　至于、关于 as to/for
　　「有许多美好的记忆」译作cherish many beautiful memories，积累cherish一词的用法，可以把have换下来了。
　　我在那岛上恋爱过，在浅水滩柔软的沙滩上翻滚过，我曾多次登山看夜景，I had my love affair on that island, I played on the fine sands of its beaches, I many times climbed up its mountains to watch the night scenes.
　　风流韵事；私通love affair（多为贬义）
　　三个小短句之间没有出现连词，常见于文学翻译。但自己翻译时，建议保证基本语法的正确。
　　尤其八六年至八七年我还以访问学人身份在沙田中文大学（世界上最美丽的大学）有过一段难忘的勾留。
　　From 1986 to 1987, in particular, I spent a period of unforgettable days as a visiting scholar at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, which had the most picturesque campus in the world.
　　a period of+时长/n./time，就表示「（多久的）时间/时光/时代」例句The study was conducted over a period of decades.
　　研究进行了数十年。
　　Madeline was living in a period of racism.
　　马德琳生活在种族主义猖獗的时代。
　　My watch was disassembled for a period of time.
　　我的手表在一段时间内被拆分了。
　　New Territories指「新界」（是中国香港三大地理分区之一。新界的名称是于公元1898年6月9日，英国政府与清政府在北京签订《展拓香港界址专条》而来。由于新租借的土地并没有统一名称，可指为「新的租界」之意。）关于译文中的地点描述，大家看个专门描述地点的例句：Please send to "Inter-University Hall, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong".请寄予本院总办事处，邮寄地址为「香港新界沙田香港中文大学博文苑」也正因为如此，我对香港的回归祖国，倍感欣悦。
　　All that accounted for my redoubled joy over the return of Hong Kong to our motherland.
　　导致、解释account for。除此之外，本文还出现了thanks to表原因的表达。
　　「倍感欣悦」译作my redoubled joy over…，积累redoubled的用法。
　　必背词汇
　　alliance        cn.联合，结盟
　　英义
　　An alliance is a relationship in which two countries, political parties, or organizations work together for some purpose.
　　例句
　　They are now in a position to govern the state in alliance with either the Free Democrats or the Green Party.
　　他们现在可以选择与自由民主党人或绿党结盟来执掌国家政权。
　　incident       cn.事件，事故
　　英义
　　An incident is something that happens, often something that is unpleasant.
　　例句
　　These incidents were the latest in a series of disputes between the two nations.
　　这些事件是两国一系列争端中最近发生的几起。
　　side        v.支持/共同反对
　　英义
　　If one person or country sides with another, they support them in an argument or a war. If people or countries side against another person or country, they support each other against them.
　　例句
　　There has been much speculation that America might be siding with the rebels.
　　有很多猜测认为美国会支持叛乱者。
　　settlement       cn.定居点，聚居地
　　英义
　　A settlement is a place where people have come to live and have built homes.
　　例句
　　The village is a settlement of just fifty houses.
　　这个村子里只住了 50户人。
　　censor        cn.(书刊、戏剧或电影)审查官，检查员英义A censor is a person who has been officially appointed to examine plays, films, and books and to cut out any parts that are considered to be immoral.
　　例句
　　the British Board of Film Censors
　　英国电影审查委员会
　　summon       v.召唤，传唤，召见
　　英义
　　If you summon someone, you order them to come to you.
　　例句
　　Howe summoned a doctor and hurried over.
　　豪叫了医生，然后匆忙赶了过来。
　　exempt       v.免除，豁免
　　英义
　　To exempt a person or thing from a particular rule, duty, or obligation means to state officially that they are not bound or affected by it.
　　例句
　　South Carolina claimed the power to exempt its citizens from the obligation to obey federal law.
　　南卡罗来纳州声称有权力免除该州公民遵守联邦法规的义务。
　　重点表达
　　很少人会知道Most people are unaware that
　　中俄战争the Sino-Russian War
　　结为同盟A entered into alliance with B
　　珍珠港事变the Pearl Harbor Incident
　　始终坚定地站在中国一边remained firm in siding with China上述的the said当时；在过去的日子里；在那些天In those days租界foreign settlements工部局the Municipal Council of the International Settlement负责；主管in charge of把…写进；添上；插入put in任意；随意at will
　　缺少、找不到to be hard pressed to ...（或for…）甚至把半个版面全给枪毙了even had half a page killed交战、处于交战状态at war/be at war with………说了算 …’s word was law.
　　没什么道理可讲！There was no reasoning with them!
　　应……的邀请at the invitation of
　　集中营concentration camps
　　软禁、幽禁was put under house arrest
　　名片visiting card
　　入港/入境（申报）手续entry formalities
　　入境证明 the entry certificate
　　烟消云散vanished into the air
　　有许多美好的记忆cherish many beautiful memories新界New Territories导致、解释account for复盘测试
　　很少人会知道
　　中俄战争
　　结为同盟
　　珍珠港事变
　　始终坚定地站在中国一边
　　上述的
　　当时；在过去的日子里；在那些天
　　租界
　　工部局
　　负责；主管
　　把…写进；添上；插入
　　任意；随意
　　缺少、找不到
　　甚至把半个版面全给枪毙了
　　交战、处于交战状态
　　……说了算
　　没什么道理可讲！
　　应……的邀请
　　集中营
　　软禁、幽禁
　　名片
　　入港/入境（申报）手续
　　入境证明
　　烟消云散
　　有许多美好的记忆
　　新界
　　导致、解释
　　表达对比
　　「烟消云散」有几种表达？
　　英、日缔结的盟约，随着太平洋上的烽火自然也就（烟消云散）了。
　　The alliance between Britain and Japan then vanished into the air with the flames of war raging over the Pacific.
　　但她一按下录音键，我的一切窘迫就（烟消云散）了。
　　But as soon as she pressed record, it all drifted away.
　　我的烦恼不会一夜之间（烟消云散），托比。
　　My issues are not gonna go away overnight, Toby.
　　我说有顾虑，现在既然Mike被逮捕，顾虑也就（烟消云散）了。
　　I said I had concerns, concerns that have disappeared now that Mike has been arrested.
　　随着时间的推移，这些宏大的谜团也都会（烟消云散）。
　　These grand mysteries will evaporate over time.
　　就像人每天必须吃饭一样
　　Libraries Are Indispensable Like Food
　　季羡林
　　Ji Xianlin
　　背景知识：《就像人每天必须吃饭一样》是我国著名教授、学者、散文家、翻译家季羡林(1911—2009)写于1996年的一篇散文。
　　题目「就像人每天必须吃饭一样」可译为Libraries Are Indispensable Like Food 或 Libraries Are Essential Like Our Daily Meals。也可考虑译之为 Libraries Are to the Mind What Food Is to the Body，只是用字过多，有些偏离原文。
　　我们念书人都一样，嗜书如命。
　　All intellectuals love books.
　　「我们念书人」按「所有念书人/知识分子」之意译为All intellectuals。又，「嗜书如命」是对爱书程度的描述，如果有人觉得仅用love一词传达的语气不够强烈，可以增添表程度的副词。
　　我小学的时候，当时学校还没有图书馆。
　　The primary school where I studied didn’t have a library.
　　这句话再说直白点就是「我就读的小学没有图书馆」，故译作The primary school where I studied didn’t have a library。其中where引导定语从句，也可写成in which。
　　打念中学开始，一直到出国深造，我几乎一天也没离开过图书馆。
　　But, all the way from middle school to university abroad, I never let a day pass without consulting a library.
　　自始自终、一路上all the way
　　例句
　　He stays all the way in the game.
　　他自始至终参加比赛。
　　「我几乎一天也没离开过图书馆」译作I never let a day pass without consulting a library。其中，大部分人看到「离开」条件反射是leave，很可能直译为I never/hardly leave a library.等。从语法上看没有错误，在不犯词汇语法等低级错误时，翻译没有所谓正确/标准答案，却有优劣之分。leave仅表示空间上的离开，作者要强调的不仅是待在图书馆这个动作，而是待在图书馆里面查询书籍。又，为什么用consult呢？看其第三条英英释义：to look in or at sth to get information. 或者用其它与「查阅」相关的词语也可以，意境上比leave好得多。
　　如离开图书馆，将一事无成，这不是我一个人的意见，I believe I would have achieved nothing without the help of libraries. I am not the one and only one holding such a view.
　　此句话按（我认为）如……将一事无成，（但）这不是我一个人的意见……理解。
　　一事无成achieved nothing
　　without介词短语表示虚拟条件，其虚拟形式与if引导的非真实条件状语从句类似。
　　the one and only指「独一无二的」，用于强调「唯一」的含义。the one and only one就是表示「唯一的一个」大凡搞学问的都有这种体会。
　　Generally speaking, all men of learning would agree with me on this point.
　　此处，「大凡搞学问的」和前文提到的「我们念书人」的处理有相通之处，其实都是指「所有…的人」，故处理为all…。又，of learning（of+抽象名词，可表示对应的形容词含义）是men的后置定语。
　　「都有这种体会」按「都认同此种观点」之意译为agree with me on this point。
　　我大学是在清华念的。清华图书馆，大家都知道，是相当不错的，我与它打了四年交道。
　　I obtained higher education at Tsinghua University, Beijing, where I had four-year dealings with its prestigious library.
　　「……大家都知道，是相当不错的」仅用prestigious(有声望的)一词表达，意思基本一致，取其简洁。
　　后来，我出国到德国哥廷根大学留学，在欧洲待了十年多。
　　Later, I went abroad to study at Gottingen University, Germany, and stayed in Europe for altogether eleven years.
　　出国 go abroad
　　for altogether eleven years也可写作for eleven years in total。
　　哥廷根虽然是个小城，但图书馆的藏书极其丰富。
　　Gottingen is a small town, but Gottingen University Library boasts a rich collection of books.
　　藏书极其丰富boasts a rich collection of books。又见boast一词。
　　中文的「有」很多情况下不直接翻译成have，经济学人中经常用boast，比如说：「深圳有大量高速增长的科技公司」英文可以说：Shenzhen boasts a large number of fast growing technology companies. 根据boast的本意「吹嘘」可以知道，一般情况下这种「有」是好的东西，boast的英英解释有一条是：(a person, place, or thing) possess (a feature that is a source of pride)。政府工作报告中夸中国地大物博、物产丰富之类的也常用boast。
　　我研究的是古代印度语言，应该说这是一门偏僻的学问。
　　I specialized in the ancient language of India, obviously a little-known branch of learning.
　　「一门偏僻的学问」意即「一个冷门」，故译a little-known branch of learning。千万不可直接翻译成「偏僻」的单词remote之类的，读者会一头雾水。
　　在那十年中，我写了不少文章，需要用大量资料，可哥廷根大学图书馆几乎都能满足我，借不到书的时候非常少。
　　During the eleven years, I wrote many articles thanks to the University Library providing me with whatever materials I needed. Seldom did they fail to supply my wants.
　　Q:这个句子中有好几个动词，怎么处理把信息点连接起来呢？
　　涉及到「谓语动词的层次性」。武峰老师的《十二天突破英汉翻译》中将动词分为四个层次，按照重要性排列为：核心谓语、非谓语动词/从句、介词、省略/不译。//这句话里的动词有「写、需要、满足」，显然「写」是核心动词，其他的动词就可以处理为「介词、非谓语动词、从句」等。其中thanks to 是复合介词，后面加名词，在句中充当原因状语。providing是现在分词作后置定语修饰Library，其功能相当于定语从句，但比定从更简洁。完全符合「谓语动词的层次性」处理手法。
　　若借不到，他们会到别的地方去帮你借。
　　Otherwise they would help me out by borrowing from other sources.
　　「若借不到」译作otherwise，简洁明了，值得学习。
　　1946年，在落叶铺满长安街的深秋季节，我回到了北京，到北大工作。
　　In the late autumn of 1946, when Chang’an Street in Beijing was strewn with fallen leaves, I returned to China to work at Peking University.
　　深秋In the late autumn，这几段和上篇文章有很多类似的表达，不过多赘述。
　　北大图书馆藏书甲全国大学。
　　Of all university libraries in China, Peking University Library has the largest collection of books.
　　「藏书甲全国大学」按「藏书量甲全国」理解，译作as the largest collection of books。
　　Of all university libraries in China（of+……）表示限定范围。
　　当时图书馆领导对我格外开恩，在图书馆里给了我一间研究室，并允许我从书库中提一部分必要的书，拿回我的研究室，供我随时查用和研读。
　　The curator was thoughtful enough to assign me a research room in the library building and allow me to equip it with necessary books for ready reference taken direct from the stack rooms.
　　「图书馆领导对我格外开恩，在图书馆里给了我一间研究室」可按「图书馆馆长对我特别照顾，在图书馆里给了我一间研究室」译为The cursor was thoughtful enough to assign me a research room in the library building, 其中把「图书馆领导」按「图书馆馆长」译为curator或the chief librarian；「对我格外开恩」意即「对我照顾有加」，可用thoughtful一词表达。
　　我一有空闲，便潜入我的研究室，“躲进小楼成一统”，潜心默读，坐拥书城。
　　So I would withdraw at the first opportunity to my research room to enjoy the privacy of the small place and sit among my roomful of books reading avidly.
　　这句和上篇文章（季羡林）《我和北大图书馆》里的一句简直是胞兄胞弟: 可是我一有机会，就遁入我的研究室去，“躲进小楼成一统”，这地方是我的天下。In spite of that, I would withdraw at the first opportunity to my research room to enjoy the privacy of having a place all to myself, a place where I was my own master. 其中，at the first（或earliest） opportunity 是成语，意同as soon as possible，用来表达「一有机会」?? a roomful of一屋子的a suitcaseful of一皮箱的a handful of少量的
　　a mouthful of一口
　　「躲进小楼成一统」可按「享受幽然独处小屋的乐趣」译为to enjoy the privacy of the small place。
　　「潜心默读，坐拥书城」可按「坐在书籍满目的小屋里专心读书」译为and sit among my roomful of books reading avidly。
　　在那个动荡的岁月，能觅到一处可以安身立命的清静世界且有书读，简直是太令人兴奋了。
　　How happy I was to have, in time of turmoil, this quiet haven plus books so that I could settle down and get on with my pursuit of learning!
　　How happy I was to have…
　　how引导的感叹句类型：
　　①How＋形容词＋主语＋谓语!
　　②How＋副词＋主语＋谓语!
　　③How＋主语＋动词!
　　④How+ many/much/few/little+ 名词+主语＋谓语!
　　能觅到一处可以安身立命的清静世界且有书读译作so that I could settle down and get on with my pursuit of learning。这里的「有书读」按「搞学问」理解，就是「我」平时的工作。
　　季羡林《我和北大图书馆》
　　安身立命 settle down to a tranquil life and get on with one’s work我与北京图书馆有很深的历史渊源。
　　I’ve long been connected with Beijing Public Library.
　　「有很深的历史渊源」按「早就有所联系」之意译作have long been connected with即可。「历史渊源」一般是形容文明、习俗、古迹等等，这里不宜直译出现history的影子。
　　我回国时，当时的北图馆长是袁同礼。那时，我受袁同礼的聘请，任务是把北图有关梵文的藏书检查一下，看看全不全，这个我工作我做了。
　　At the time when I returned from Europe, Mr. Yuan Tongli, then its curator, engaged me to check up its collection of books on Sanskrit and see if it was incomplete. I fulfilled the job accordingly.
　　以后看到「聘请」，除了employ，也可以用engage，十分地道。
　　解放后，王重民先生代北图馆长。
　　On the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Mr. Wang Chongmin became deputy curator of Beijing Public Library.
　　注意对「解放后」的翻译，对于中国读者而言，「解放」一词指代的时代背景是非常清晰的，但文章翻成了英文，读者群就变成了外国读者，需要考虑到国外读者对中国相关背景知识的缺失。故译作On the founding of the People’s Republic of China。
　　郑振铎是文化部文物局局长。郑先生是我的老师，在清华我曾听过他的课，And, Mr. Zheng Zhenduo, one of my former teachers at Tsinghua University, was Director of the State Bureau for the Preservation of Cultural and Historical Relics.
　　「郑先生是我的老师，在清华我曾听过他的课」按「郑先生是我的老师，在清华大学任教」之意译为one of my former teachers at Tsinghua University。可以看到，「我曾听过他的课」并未翻译出来，但「是我的老师」在某种程度上不正说明「教过我课（即我上过他的课）」吗？故不专门译出。
　　郑先生很有魄力，我当时曾向他建议，若要在中国建立东方学，仅靠当时图书馆的一点点藏书是远远不够的，解决的方法是“腰缠千万贯，骑鹤下欧洲”。
　　He was a man with great drive, so I offered him the following suggestion: Our libraries have too few books on orientalism to initiate its study in China. The only way out is to buy books from Europe.
　　欣赏so的增译处理：「我」折服于郑先生的魄力，愿能对其有所帮助或提醒，所以才向其提出建议。so补充出了逻辑关系。大家可以对比一下，如果把so换做and或者点个句号另起一句，此处读起来是有些突兀费解的。
　　据说，日本明治维新后，很重视文化事业，特意派人到欧洲、美国等地，专找旧书店，不管什么书，也不管当时有没有用，文理法工等什么都买，就这样，日本搜罗了大量的典籍。
　　They say the Japanese paid great attention to cultural undertakings after the Meiji Restoration. They sent people to Europe and America to visit exclusively second-hand bookstores to buy books on any subjects, useful or not, ranging from liberal arts, science, law to engineering. Consequently, they collected a huge number of ancient books and records.
　　几个「着重/重视」的替换表达
　　attach importance to…
　　pay attention to…
　　give priority to…
　　focus on…
　　emphasize…
　　「专门」译作exclusively，注意积累。
　　列举某个东西ABCD，可以用such as A,B,C and D也可以用range from A,B,C to D表达。
　　单就东方学来讲，日本图书馆的藏书比我们强多了。
　　In the matter of orientalism, Japan has now a far greater library collection than China.
　　-ism(用于构成不可数名词)表示…主义，…学说，…信仰，…运动。如：佛教Buddhism、民族主义nationalism。
　　「比我们强多了」中，「比……强」是一个比较级，「…多了」是对比较级程度的修饰，现译作a far greater…than…。far、much、even、still等可修饰比较级，表示程度「…（的）多」郑先生虽有雄才大略，但囿于当时客观条件，最终也没干成。
　　But, talented and far-sighted as he was, Mr. Zheng was nevertheless incapable of bringing the matter to fruition due to the constraint of objective conditions.
　　「囿于」就是「因为」的意思，一般后面跟不好的东西，用 due to, because of 等中性连接词可以，不能用thanks to。
　　此处中文也省略了一部分，我们习惯说成「客观条件的限制」，所以这里的（的限制）在翻译时应该补充上去，更能体现出逻辑关系。
　　be incapable of doing sth.无法胜任某事
　　bring to fruition完成计划，取得成果
　　当然，现在北图的藏书，有些方面还是相当不错的，像善本就堪称世界第一。
　　Of course, Beijing Public Library has merits of its own too. For instance, it is world-famous for its unique collection of rare books.
　　「有些方面还是相当不错的」按「还是有自己的可称道之处的」译作has merits of its own too。
　　像（善本就堪称世界第一）后跟举例的内容，使用for example或for instance均可。
　　善本：精刻、精印、精抄、精校的难得的古书/珍贵的手稿、孤本，罕见的革命文献，也有称之为善本的。现译作rare books。
　　但专从东方学而言，北图的藏书还不如我多。
　　But, as far as orientalism is concerned, its collection is even smaller than mine.
　　就.....而言 as far as ... be concerned
　　表示个人观点的常用表达之一就是As far as I am concerned（就我而言）图书馆是人类知识的宝库，是普及科学文化知识、传播信息的重要基地。
　　Libraries are the treasure-house of knowledge, the important base for popularizing science and culture and transmitting information.
　　treasure-house：将两个或两个以上的单词合在一起而构成新词。合成词的形式有三种：
　　①两个词放在一起合成一个词
　　如class+ room= classroom
　　②形式上是两个词，但是是一个整体意思
　　如waiting room
　　③两个词用连字符连接
　　如pencil-box
　　treasure-house属于第三种情形
　　不仅搞科研的人离不开它，一般的老百姓也离不开。
　　They are indispensable to all common people as well as scientific researchers.
　　as well as、both A and B等等都可以用。
　　随着社会的发展，人们对图书馆的需求会越来越大。
　　Alongside the social development, people’s need for the library is getting bigger and bigger.
　　我一生直到今天，可以说是极少离开过图书馆，就如人每天必须吃饭一样，经常而必须。
　　I personally have seldom been separated from the library all my life. It is as essential to me as my regular daily meals.
　　It is as essential to me as my regular daily meals：as…as…（像…一样…）结构的省略。此句相当于It is as essential to me as my regular daily meals to me，指对我而言，「去图书馆」就像「吃一日三餐」一样必要。
　　第62届国际图联大会能够在中国开是件好事，我们应抓住这一契机，大力发展图书馆事业。
　　It’s good that the 62nd World Conference on Library Science will be held in China. We should seize the good opportunity to develop with great strides our library undertakings.
　　国际图联大会World Conference on Library Science国际图联（IFLA）全称为国际图书馆协会与机构联合会（International federation of Library Associations and Institutions），是一个独立的、非政府性的国际组织，代表了全世界图书馆、情报服务机构、图书馆协会和情报协会的利益，是全世界图书馆与情报服务机构从业人员及读者的喉舌。国际图联的主要目的是推动国际间合作、理解、探讨、研究和发展，在国际事务中代表图书馆界的利益。Strategies，简称ICADS）。到目前为止，国际图联已成功举办过80余次国际图联大会，国际图联大会已成为世界各国图书馆界人士就彼此关心的话题开展交流，增进了解的论坛。国际图联大会通常由大会开幕式、全体会议、分会场、展览会、理事会、文艺晚会、图书馆参观、卫星会议和闭幕式等几部分组成。
　　「大力发展」译作develop with great strides…。这里的stride本意是「大步」，这让我想起了阿姆斯特朗踏上月球说的第一句话：这是我迈出的一小步，却是人类迈出的一大步。One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.。
　　北图的藏书量是世界第五，亚洲第一，
　　The richness of collection in the Beijing Public Library ranks 5th in the world and 1st in Asia.
　　关于「排名顺序」：推荐翻译《二级笔译配套训练》第八单元第二篇《英国教育系统》，全篇多处有关排名的翻译。摘选第一段：根据培生教育公司公布的全球教育排行榜，英国教育系统在发达国家中排第六位。第一名和第二名被芬兰和韩国占据。The UK’s education system is ranked sixth best in the developed world, according to a global league table published by education firm Pearson. The first and second places are taken by Finland and South Korea.
　　若以我国的国际地位及北图的地位而论，大会也许早就该在中国开了。
　　Considering its good standing as well as the international prestige of this country, China should have been a venue for the said Conference earlier.
　　Considering考虑到、鉴于
　　例句
　　He must be hoping, but considering the situation in June he may hoping for too much too soon.
　　他一定心存希望，但是考虑到6月份的情形，他可能期望得过多过快了。
　　should have done或ought to have done意为「本应该……」，表示本应该做某事，而实际没有做。
　　近两年，受商潮的冲击，不少人忽视了自己形而上的精神世界的滋养与丰富，而一味地钻进了孔方兄的网络里难以抽身。
　　In recent years, due to the impact of commercialism, many have gone in for money-making and ignore the development and enrichment of their spiritual world.
　　「钻进了孔方兄的网络里难以抽身」意即「只为赚钱」「一心为财富」等，have gone in for money-making，其中to go in for 作「追求」解。
　　这种现象在学术界也有。如果说我国学术界后继乏人，那是太绝对了，但确实走了好多人，北大也有。
　　The same is true of the academic circles, including Peking University, where many have dropped their occupation to go in for business.
　　the same is true of sth.是固定搭配，表示：某物也是如此。
　　「如果说我国学术界后继乏人，那是太绝对了」省译，这是考虑到这部分表达的意思和下一句有所重复。当然，译出来也是完全正确的，而且考场上译出来是最优解。
　　学术界可译作the academic circles，也可译作the academic community。community除去「社区/团体」之意，还有「界」的意思，比如气象界the meteorological community。
　　不过，仍有一部分人，不为外面的高工资所动，孜孜以求，皓首穷经，进出于图书馆。
　　But, some, however, rather than succumb to the temptation of high pay in business, stick to their academic work. They study hard and frequent libraries though they are getting on in years.
　　「孜孜以求，皓首穷经」的意思就是「多年来一直在不断学习」。《二级笔译实务配套训练》第八单元句子练习有句翻译：学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短。所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还在继续研究。Art is long, but life is short. That is why some of our ancients continued to study even when they were hoary-headed. 这里也一样，可以翻译为：They study hard and frequent libraries even when they were hoary-headed. 我们学习《张培基散文翻译》的目的一是训练翻译技巧，知道如何说人话，处理句子之间的逻辑关系。二就是借鉴学习大师的表达，然后背诵内化为自己的知识储备，别无他法，唯能熟尔。
　　他们才是我国未来的希望与脊梁。
　　They are the hope and backbone of our nation.
　　脊梁backbone
　　nation具有民族性，强调语言、风俗、甚至是宗教的文化性要素；country侧重地理；State侧重政治。
　　只是，这类人并不多，这是颇令人担忧的。
　　But, to our great disturbance, they are in the minority!
　　令人担忧的to our great disturbance
　　举一反三：令我们失望的是to our disappointment??必背词汇consult       v.查阅，查询(书、地图等)英义
　　If you consult a book or a map, you look in it or look at it in order to find some information.
　　例句
　　Consult the chart on page 44 for the correct cooking times.
　　翻到44页的图表，查一下正确的烹饪时间。
　　prestigious      adj.有威望的，有声望的，有威信的，受尊敬的英义A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people.
　　例句
　　It's one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country.
　　这是国内设备最先进、最有威望的学校之一。
　　collection        n. (一批)收藏品，收集物英义A collection of things is a group of similar things that you have deliberately acquired, usually over a period of time.
　　例句
　　Robert's collection of prints and paintings has been bought over the years.
　　这些年来，罗伯特逐渐收藏了一批版画和绘画作品。
　　重点表达
　　与......打交道 have dealing with sth.
　　专攻...... specialize in
　　偏僻的学问  a little-known branch of learning解放后 On the founding of the People’s Republic of China很有魄力 with great drive解决方法是 The only way out is to do sth.
　　重视 pay great attention to
　　文化事业 cultural undertakings
　　明治维新 Meiji Restoration
　　雄才大略 talented and far-sighted
　　无法胜任某事 be incapable of doing sth.
　　完成计划，取得成果 bring to fruition
　　就.....而言 as far as sth. is concerned
　　知识的宝库  treasure-house of knowledge
　　普及科学文化知识 popularize science and culture传播信息 transmit information离不开某物/某物是不可或缺的 sth be indispensable to sb.
　　抓住机遇/契机 seize the good opportunity
　　商潮的冲击  the impact of commercialism
　　追求 go in for
　　抵挡不住诱惑 succumb to the temptation of sth.
　　民族的脊梁 the backbone of our nation
　　颇令人担忧的  to our great disturbance
　　复盘测试
　　与......打交道
　　专攻......
　　偏僻的学问
　　解放后
　　很有魄力
　　解决方法是
　　重视
　　文化事业
　　明治维新
　　雄才大略
　　无法胜任某事
　　完成计划，取得成果
　　就.....而言
　　知识的宝库
　　普及科学文化知识
　　传播信息
　　离不开某物/某物是不可或缺的
　　抓住机遇/契机
　　商潮的冲击
　　追求
　　抵挡不住诱惑
　　民族的脊梁
　　颇令人担忧的
　　表达对比
　　「大力发展」有几种表达？
　　我们应抓住这一契机，（大力发展）图书馆事业。
　　We should seize the good opportunity to develop with great strides our library undertakings.
　　We should vigorously develop our library undertakings.
　　We should strive to develop our library undertakings.
　　We should step up effort to develop our library undertakings.
　　We should work hard on developing our library undertakings.
　　We should take great efforts to develop our library undertakings.
　　从《老黑奴》说起——萧乾
　　Old Black Joe and Other Songs ——Xiao Qian??背景知识：萧乾(1910- 1999)原名箫炳乾，著名老报人、作家、翻译家。所著《从〈老黑奴〉说起》一文原载1992年4月6日《羊城晚报》。
　　题目《从〈老黑奴〉说起》，斟酌文章内容，译为Old Black Joe and Other Songs，简明利落，比直译A Chat Beginning with Old Black Joe可取。
　　《老黑奴》是一首由史蒂芬·柯林斯·福斯特（1826-1864）创作的美国民歌，原名《old black Joe》。作者写作本曲除了寄托对老黑奴的哀思以外，也融进了对自己当时境遇的哀叹。
　　1985年5月，我去武汉参加“黄鹤楼笔会”那次，In May 1985, I went to Wuhan to attend the Huanghelou Writers’ Forum.
　　attend和很多名词都能搭配
　　奔丧 attend one’s funeral
　　参加会议attend a meeting
　　上学，去上学attend school
　　上课attend class
　　听讲座，上课attend a lecture
　　上大学attend university
　　东道主湖北省文联曾邀请来自各地的作家们乘豪华的长江客轮，畅游三峡。
　　The Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles, acting as host for the event, invited us, writers from all over the country, to go on a delightful trip to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River by luxury liner.
　　acting as host for the event作伴随状语，表明「湖北省文联」的「东道主」身份。
　　Q：host是可数名词，那acting as host for the event中host前为什么无冠词？
　　①host虽然为可数名词，但其作为「主人」之意构成的搭配都是不带冠词的，但可有复数：be host at / act as host to例句Fred was host at the Old Boys’ dinner.
　　He acted as host to his father’s friends.
　　Last night we were hosts to some friends.
　　②但是若其前面带定语或本身作定语或不做「主人」之意，则应有冠词例句be a host in oneself能以一当十
　　Don’t worry about the party. He can be a host in himself.
　　别担心晚会（没人筹办），他一人能干几个人的活。
　　He was a perfect/welcoming host.
　　他十分热情好客。
　　The host country said that…
　　主办国说……
　　writers from all over the country是us的同位语。
　　「游轮」译作liner，指客轮，货轮是freighter?? 湖北省文联the Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles长江三峡the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River我曾在秋天去过三峡。春日的三峡风光明媚，更加清丽可人。
　　Having previously visited the autumn scene of the Three Gorges, I now found it even more picturesque and enchanting in spring.
　　我曾在秋天去过三峡。春日的三峡风光明媚，更加清丽可人，两句内容紧密连贯，最好合并起来译为一句：Having previously visited the autumn scene of the Three Gorges, I now found it even more picturesque and enchanting in spring，其中Having previously visited the autumn scene of the Three Gorges是Having previously visited the Three Gorges in autumn的变通。
　　find+宾语+宾语补足语的结构中，宾补可以是：
　　①形容词
　　I found the text difficult to understand.
　　课文很难理解
　　②名词或代词
　　I find it a boring film.
　　是部无聊的片子
　　③副词
　　Mary hurried there, only to find them/all out.
　　发现他们都出去了
　　④介词短语
　　When he woke up, he found him in hospital.
　　在医院里
　　⑤不定式
　　They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.
　　发现中国人很幸福快乐
　　⑥现在分词
　　We found him waiting to receive us.
　　发现他正等着迎接我们
　　⑦过去分词
　　The old man found his hometown much changed.
　　发现故乡变化很大
　　同船的还有个外国旅游团，是由抗战时在滇缅前线同我们并肩作战过的美国名将史迪威的女儿南西率领的。
　　On the same ship was an American tourist group headed by Nancy, daughter of famous US general Joseph Warren Stilwell, who served in China during World War II, fighting side by side with Chinese soldiers against Japan on the Yunnan-Burma front.
　　On the same ship was an American tourist group…：地点状语置于句首，句子要倒装。
　　「在滇缅前线同我们并肩作战过的美国名将史迪威的女儿南西」中，我们能看到「在滇缅前线同我们并肩作战过的」和「美国名将史迪威的女儿」都是修饰成分，前者修饰「美国名将史迪威」，后者修饰「南西」，译文将其处理为了一个who引导的定语从句和作同位语的插入成分，较好地保持了句式平衡与衔接。
　　船航到神女峰脚下时，我们正在甲板上举行着一次联欢会。
　　When the ship arrived at the foot of Mount Goddess, we were in the midst of a get-together on deck.
　　在山顶at the top of the mountain
　　在山麓、山脚at the foot of the mountain
　　在半山腰at the middle of the mountain/be half way up the mountain??「我们正在甲板上举行着一次联欢会」译为we were in the midst of a get-together on deck，其中in the midst of意同in the middle of，两者都是成语，作「正忙于」解。又，get-together意同small social gathering, party, meeting等。
　　他们鼓掌一定要我们也出个节目。
　　The American friends, clapping their hands, persistently called on us for a performance.
　　clapping their hands作伴随状语。
　　要求，呼吁，号召call on/upon sb for sth或call on/upon sb to do sth。此外，call on/upon sb可表示(短暂)拜访，探访，看望冯骥才《富人区》
　　前不久，一位南方朋友来看我
　　……Not long ago, a friend of mine called on me on his arrival from southern China.
　　为了表示友好, 我们几个就凑在一起（记得有宗璞、艾芜、邹荻帆、绿原和黄裳）用英语唱了一首《老黑奴》。
　　So, to be friendly, we, including Zong Pu, Ai Wu, Zou Difan, Lu Yuan and Huang Chang, if I remember correctly, grouped together to sing in English the American folk song Old Black Joe.
　　friendly虽然以-ly结尾，却是实打实的形容词。
　　原文中是「记得有…」，并不是一种十分肯定的语气，故译作if I remember correctly（如果我没记错的话）是恰当的。又，翻译时遇到破折号、小括号等，可灵活处理。
　　the American folk song是增益成分，对《老黑奴》进行了一定的补充说明，帮助读者更好理解。
　　唱得当然十分蹩脚：声音既不洪亮，肯定还常走调。
　　Our vocal performance, as expected, turned out lousy. We sang in a low and unclear voice, and evidently out of tune again and again.
　　「唱得当然十分蹩脚」可译为Our vocal performance, as expected, turned out lousy，其中lousy是俗语，意同poor。又，「当然」意即「意料之中」，故译为as expected，比of course确切。此句也可译为We sang very poorly as expected。又，turn out意为(以某种方式)发生，最后是，结果是，是连系动词短语例句I was positive things were going to turn out fine.
　　我确信事情最终会好起来的。
　　out of有多种含义，下面列出几种：
　　①离开
　　ran out of the office
　　从办公室跑了出去
　　②失去
　　out of control失控
　　out of breath喘不过气
　　out of speech说不出话来
　　③来自
　　She paid for it out of her own pocket.
　　这笔费用是她自掏腰包支付的。
　　④出自、由于
　　out of pity处于怜悯心
　　out of loyalty本着一片忠心
　　这是一支十分凄凉的歌曲，黑人厌倦了尘世，听到已死去的亲人的呼唤，渴望奔向另一世界。所以在叠句歌里就反复唱着：我来啦，我来啦。
　　It was a very sad and plaintive song. The said Black Joe, being sick and tired of the mortal world, longs to go to a better world on hearing the gentle voice of his departed folks calling, “Old Black Joe!” Hence the refrain, “I’m coming, I’m coming!”
　　plaintive表示（sound或voice）悲伤的，哀怨的，常见于文学语言。
　　being sick and tired of the mortal world作原因状语。be sick and tired of表示「对……十分厌倦」，是惯用表达，和单独使用的be sick of或be tired of相比，语气更为强烈。
　　例句
　　I'm sick and tired of people not trusting me.
　　我受够了别人的猜疑。
　　longs to go to a better world on hearing the gentle voice of…中， long to do sth意为「渴望…」。又，on hearing the gentle voice of作时间状语，我们在之前的学习中见过很多次类似的用法老舍《养花》
　　送牛奶的同志，进门就夸“好香”！
　　…whenever the milkman exclaims on entering our gate, “What a sweet smell!”中的on entering our gate也作时间状语。
　　尘世译作the mortal world。「另一世界」可译为the other world、a better world、a better land等。
　　这样充满悲哀情调的歌，与当时甲板上的欢乐气氛，实在很不协调。
　　The song, full of pathos, was completely out of harmony with the joyous atmosphere of the moment on deck.
　　full of pathos作补充语，也可理解为非限制性定语，对the song进一步说明。
　　此刻of the moment
　　可是唱完之后，居然博得了美国旅伴们一阵热烈的掌声。
　　Nevertheless, we won the warm applause of our American fellow travelers.
　　「旅伴们」译作fellow travelers，其中fellow作形容词，表示「同类的、同事的、同伴的、同情况的」等例句fellow members/citizens/workers同一组织的成员，同胞，同事
　　每年的政府工作报告中也能看到fellow这个词的身影，文件开头便是Follow Deputies（各位代表）我们这些平素伏案爬格子的对自己这一番反串，倒也颇有些飘飘然。
　　Writers by profession, we felt quite self-satisfied after acting a role other than our own.
　　「我们这些平素爬格子的」意即「我们这些耍笔杆子的」「我们这些作家们」，故译为 Writers by profession（职业作家）、As writers等。
　　我们得意的不一定是因为那掌声，而是对自己感到既愉快又吃惊：这么多年，竟然还没把它忘掉！
　　But we felt pleased with ourselves not because of the warm applause, but because we were surprised to find ourselves still remembering the words of the song after so many years.
　　「还没把它忘掉」译作still remembering the words of the song。注意两点：一是反话正说手法的运用，二是适当补充，使表意更准确，此处补充出了the words of（歌词）。
　　这首歌的歌词和曲调都同出自19世纪中叶美国作曲家斯蒂芬·福斯特之手。
　　Both the words and tune of the song were written by Stephen C. Foster, famous American composer of the 19th century.
　　斯蒂芬·福斯特（Stephen·Collins·Foster,1826-1864)，美国伟大的作曲家，以歌曲创作为主，自学成才。他出生于宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡。他在匹兹堡的棉花仓库担任工作期间，接触了黑人演唱的歌曲，对他后来的创作产生重要影响。一生他写了近200多首美丽动人的歌曲，其中有160余首已出版，而且几乎全是自己创作歌词。如，《哦，苏珊娜》、《尼德叔叔》、《家园的亲人》、《我的肯塔基故乡》、《金发的珍妮姑娘》、《美丽的梦中人》、《老黑奴》等。
　　他出生于1826年，一共只活了短短的38年。南北战争打响两年后（1864），他就去世了。
　　Born in 1826, he died in 1864, two years after the outbreak of the American Civil War, ending a short life of only 38.
　　「南北战争」指「美国内战」(1861—1865)，应译为the American Civil War。
　　可惜我没读过他的传记，
　　Much to my regret, I haven't read any of his biographies yet.
　　令某人可惜/惋惜/遗憾的是Much to one’s regret?? yet在否定句中常译作「还、尚、迄今、到那时」他肯定十分同情黑人并为他们抱不平的。
　　He must have had every sympathy with Black Americans and championed justice to them.
　　「他肯定十分同情黑人并为之抱不平的」译为He must have had every sympathy with Black Americans and championed justice to them，其中every sympathy意同deep sympathy；又，championed justice to them的意思是「捍卫黑人的正义」我熟悉好几首他编的描述黑人生活的歌曲，像《双亲在家园》（1851）。
　　I’m familiar with quite a few songs of his composition describing the sad plight of Blacks, such as Old Folks at Home (1851).
　　quite a/an（或a quite）+形容词+名词具有积极的修饰效果。
　　describing the sad plight of Blacks是songs的后置定语。
　　我还有幸在伦敦的一次音乐会上，听过著名黑人歌手保罗·罗伯逊唱过《老人河》。那次，他还唱了咱们的《游击队之歌》。
　　I was happy to listen to famous Black singer Paul Robeson sing Old Man River at a concert in London. He then also sang our Song of Guerillas.
　　《游击队之歌》（Song of Guerillas）：是一首进行曲风格的群众歌曲。是中国著名作曲家贺绿汀于1937年所作。《游击队歌》曲调轻快、流畅、生动、活泼，以富于弹性的小军鼓般的节奏贯穿全曲，既给曲调以进行感，又表达了游击战士们巧妙、灵活地与敌人周旋，伺机消灭敌人的典型形象。20世纪90年代初，这首《游击队歌》毫无争议地入选「20世纪华人音乐经典」很奇怪，河的形象时常在黑人的歌曲中出现。像“远远地在斯旺尼河上”。
　　Strangely, Black people often sing of rivers in their songs, as witness “Way down upon the Swanee River, far, far away” in Old Folks at Home.
　　讲述，歌颂，赞美sing of
　　以……为证 as witness…
　　例句
　　My father prospered perceptibly, as witness the garage, the Ford, the trips by train and steamship.
　　我的父亲明显地发达了，有了车库和福特车，坐火车和轮船出差。
　　也许他们在美国南方那一望无际的旱地上干活，受着白人的虐待，心里渴望有一片水。
　　It is perhaps because they were dying for water while toiling under White tyranny on the boundless stretch of arid land in the southern states.
　　It is perhaps because中的 because是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　they were dying for water while toiling under White tyranny：主从句主语一致，且从句谓语中有be动词，从句省略主语和be动词。
　　一大片a vast stretch of
　　天堂也经常在黑人歌曲中出现。
　　Likewise, heaven often appears in their songs.
　　注意表达的多样性。此处「出现」采用了与上句不同的译文，译作appear in。
　　处于绝境的人们就是靠这种幻想来解脱一些痛苦。
　　It is because people in a hopeless situation often indulge in fantasies to free themselves from innermost sufferings.
　　It is because是增译成分，补充逻辑关系，使译文自然不费解。
　　「来解脱一些痛苦」即「摆脱痛苦、让自己从痛苦中解脱出来」，现译作free themselves from innermost sufferings。其中innermost（内心深处的）是作者根据自己理解增添的成分，指（处于绝境的人们）内心的煎熬与痛苦。
　　福斯特也有些歌写得轻快。
　　Some of Foster's songs are nevertheless very lively.
　　「也有些歌写得轻快」中的「也」绝不能译成also。这里「也」是一种转折，将歌曲的「凄凉」与「轻快」进行对比，故译作nevertheless。
　　像他的《苏珊娜》(1848)就描绘出一个歪戴宽沿草帽，无忧无虑的牛仔在追求着他心爱的姑娘。
　　Take Oh! Susanna(1848) for example. It describes how a care-free cowboy, tilting his broad-brimmed straw hat sideways, is paying court to a girl he loves.
　　以……为例 Take… for example
　　「歪戴宽沿草帽」可译为tilting his broad-brimmed straw hat sideways或wearing his wide-brimmed straw hat askew。
　　献殷勤，奉迎，讨好，追求pay ?court to sb例句I assume it's just an excuse so Charles can pay court to Mary.
　　查尔斯大概只是想借机来追求玛丽吧。
　　他在歌中除了抒发黑人在奴役中的痛苦之外，也亲切地描绘了他们的生活。
　　It depicts not only the misery of the enslaved Blacks, but also their way of life.
　　此句在介绍歌曲的内容，故灵活选用主语，直接让「歌（it）」作主语，省去了「他在（歌中）」。这种处理方式值得我们学习。
　　像《我的肯塔基故乡》就富于泥土气息，真切生动地唱出了美国南方黑人的生活情景：“玉米穗成熟。牧场遍地花怒放；小鸟终日歌唱好悠扬，娃娃滚戏小农舍地板上。”
　　My Old Kentucky Home, for example, is a song full of local color. See the following genuine and vivid picture it gives of the life of the Blacks in the southern states: “The corn top’s ripe and the meadow’s in the bloom. While the birds make music all the day, the young folks roll on the little cabin floor.”
　　此小段注意意群划分的位置：…富于泥土气息//真切生动地唱出了美国南方黑人的生活……。很多人会选择按「……生活情景//：玉米穗成熟……」划分，乍一看没大问题，但要继续往下翻的时候会发现不知道如何与具体的「生活情景」衔接。
　　不过歌曲仍是在忧伤中结束的：
　　莫再哭泣，姑娘，今天莫再哀伤，
　　我们唱一支歌，为肯塔基故乡，
　　为那遥远的肯塔基故乡。
　　But the song still ends up with grief:
　　Weep no more, my lady, oh! Weep no more today!
　　We will sing one song for the old Kentucky Home,For the old Kentucky Home, far away.
　　以……结尾/结束end up with
　　例句
　　Strays always end up with someone who needs them.
　　流浪猫总能找到需要它们的人。
　　当然，有些流传到中国的美国歌曲描绘的不一定都是黑人的生活。
　　Of course, not all American songs prevalent in China are about the life of Black people.
　　有些人可能认为「流传到中国的美国歌曲」译文中的prevalent（流行、盛行）一词并不恰当，因为此处原文并未提及这些歌曲在中国的受欢迎程度，只是说「流传到」，而不是「流传在」。译文只是反映了译者自己的理解，而且文章后半部分也提到了这些歌曲「在中国风行」，故prevalent是正确的。大家按自己的理解进行翻译即可。
　　我记得有一支曲子是写铁路建筑工人的。这里也可以看到19世纪美国向西部开发时的艰苦。
　　One of them, I remember, is about American railway workers, showing the great hardship they suffered during the 19th-century westward development of the country.
　　I remember、I think等常作插入语。
　　背景知识补充：the 19th-century westward development指美国的西部大开发——「西进运动」。西进运动（Westward Movement）是指美国东部居民向西部地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动，始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。运动大大促进了美国经济的发展，但是，随着西进运动的进行，大批印第安人遭到屠杀，幸存者被强行赶到更为荒凉的「保留地」。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的「血泪之路」。//西进过程中，大批移民出于不同的原因迁往西部，客观上缓和了社会矛盾，扩大了国内市场。从某种意义上说，没有西进运动，就没有后来美国在资本主义世界举足轻重的地位。//西进运动是美国拓宽疆土，吞并土地的一种侵略行为，它开发了如今的美国西部地区，消灭了众多印第安文明。
　　同样流行于30年代的一首外国歌曲是《伏尔加船夫曲》。
　　Another foreign song popular in China during the thirties was The Song of the Volga Boatmen.
　　the thirties指三十年代。吴冠中的《上海街头》也出现了这一表达：在上海的我的老师和同学仍大都住在拥挤不堪的里弄里，仍可体验产生三十年代文学的环境。
　　Most of my former teachers and schoolmates there are still living in the close quarters of lanes and alleys, experiencing the same environment that had produced literature of the thirties.
　　像咱们的四川号子一样，这里描绘的是在伏尔加河上拉纤的俄罗斯河工的苦状。
　　Like the Sichuan labor chant, it describes the misery of Russian boat-trackers along the Volga River.
　　Q：「号子」是什么？
　　劳动号子简称「号子」，北方常称「吆号子」，南方常称「喊号子」，是一种民间歌曲，其音乐形象粗犷豪迈、坚实有力。号子是直接伴随体力劳动，并和劳动节奏密切配合的民歌。在劳动过程中，尤其是集体协作性较强的劳动，为了统一步伐，调节呼吸，释放身体负重的压力，劳动者常常发出吆喝或呼叫。
　　他们背着纤绳，弯着腰，哎哟嗬，哎哟嗬地吆喝着，呻吟着。
　　They bend their shoulders to the tow-line, chanting in a loud voice, “Yo heave oh! Yo heave oh!”
　　「背着纤绳，弯着腰」译作bend their shoulders to the tow-line。其中，bend shoulders有「弯腰」之意，但要甚于「弯腰」。建议大家自行去网上搜索「拉纤」的图片（拉纤工人们以近乎匍匐的姿态拉着纤绳前进），会对这一场景有更深刻的理解。
　　一把又一把地掬着，吃力地向前踏步。
　　They inch forward laboriously, pulling the line hand over hand.
　　「一把又一把地掬着，吃力地向前踏步」译为They inch forward laboriously, pulling the line hand over hand，其中hand over hand是成语，作「双手交互使用地」解。
　　这些外国歌曲那时在中国那么风行，当然是因为它们歌词朴素，曲调又琅琅上口，The erstwhile popularity of these songs in China was no doubt due to their simple and readable words.
　　「当然是因为」可译作was no doubt due to，也可译作was of course due to。
　　这句话没什么想特别解释的地方。看到readable这个词，突然想起庄绎传先生提过的翻译标准Readability。书上原话这样写道「记得好几年以前，有一次，一位老翻译家交给我一篇短文，让我译成中文。这篇短文译好以后是准备请人在纪念苏格兰诗人彭斯的晚会上朗诵的。他对我说: “我只提出一个字的要求: Readability!"就先说说readability这个词怎样译吧。译作 “可读性” 好不好? 如果这样译，那么这个译文所缺少的正是readability. 我觉得这个词可以译作：读起来上口。若嫌啰嗦，也可以只用一个字: 顺。其实，也不一定是只有拿到纪念会上去朗诵的译文才要求readable, 这个要求应适用于一切译文。」但我认为这还不是主要的。
　　But, I think, that is not the main cause.
　　此句实则意为「但我认为这还不是主要的（原因）」，故而增译cause。
　　这里既包含着中国人民对于美国黑奴以及伏尔加河纤工的深切同情，同时，也抒发了我们自己在生活中的怨艾。
　　In fact, it had much to do with the deep sympathy of the Chinese people for Black Americans and Volga boat-trackers. Meanwhile, it also reflected our own feeling of resentment against foreign aggressors.
　　此段是对「原因」的进一步说明。
　　「在生活中的怨艾」结合时代背景译作our own feeling of resentment against foreign aggressors。
　　当时的中国，也是喘息在列强的重压之下。北京东交民巷的围墙上还有对着市民的黑洞洞的炮眼，In those days, dark portholes trained on Chinese residents were still lurking on top of the walls surrounding the Legation Quarter in Beijing.
　　「对着市民的黑洞洞的炮眼」译为dark portholes trained on Chinese residents，其中trained on作「对准」「瞄准」解。
　　Beijing——The district in Beijing where legations of big powers were located between 1861 and 1959.
　　Legation Quarter指使馆区。
　　上海马路还有红头阿三在巡逻。
　　And turbaned Indian policemen were patrolling the streets of Shanghai.
　　Indian policemen ——Referring to turbaned Sikhs hired by the Municipal Council of the then International Settlement in Shanghai to police the streets.
　　「红头阿三」为沪语，指「戴头巾的印度巡捕」，故译为turbaned Indian police。当时，上海英租界雇用的印度警察大都是头戴各色头巾的印度锡克人。
　　正因为如此，在中国戏剧史上最早上演的外国话剧是《黑奴吁天录》（如今改译为《汤姆叔叔的小木屋》）。
　　That also accounts for why Uncle Tom's Cabin was the first foreign play ever staged in China.
　　在学习时注意积累表原因的各种表达。如此处的account for（导致、解释）??stage作动词时，可表示「组织上演(戏剧、演出等)」「组织(活动或仪式，如罢工)」歌曲的流行，往往是由于引起共鸣。
　　Songs often owe their popularity to the sympathetic response of the public.
　　把A归因/归功于B   owe A to B
　　例句
　　He owed his survival to his strength as a swimmer...
　　他是因为水性好才幸免于难的。
　　必背词汇
　　erstwhile        adj.以往的，往昔的
　　英义
　　You use erstwhile to describe someone that used to be the type of person indicated, but no longer is.
　　例句
　　Erstwhile workers may have become managers.
　　过去的工人可能已经成了经理。
　　tilt       v.使倾斜，使歪斜
　　英义
　　If you tilt an object or if it tilts, it moves into a sloping position with one end or side higher than the other.
　　例句
　　She tilted the mirror and began to comb her hair.
　　她斜过镜子开始梳理头发。
　　tyranny       un.专横，苛刻，严酷
　　英义
　　If you describe someone's behaviour and treatment of others that they have authority over as tyranny, you mean that they are severe with them or unfair to them.
　　例句
　　I'm the sole victim of Mother's tyranny.
　　我是唯一受母亲严加管制的人。
　　enchanting        adj.迷人的，令人陶醉的
　　英义
　　If you describe someone or something as enchanting, you mean that they are very attractive or charming.
　　例句
　　She's an absolutely enchanting child.
　　她是个非常讨人喜欢的孩子。
　　picturesque        adj.风景如画的，有自然美景的英义A picturesque place is attractive and interesting, and has no ugly modern buildings.
　　例句
　　Alte, in the hills northwest of Loule, is the Algarve's most picturesque village.
　　位于洛莱西北部山区的阿尔特，是阿尔加维风景最美丽的村庄。
　　重点表达
　　《老黑奴》Old Black Joe
　　湖北省文联the Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles长江三峡the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River在滇缅前线on the Yunnan-Burma front并肩作战fighting side by side with联欢会a get-together
　　一定要我们也出个节目persistently called on us for a performance走调out of tune厌倦了尘世being sick and tired of the mortal world博得了美国旅伴们一阵热烈的掌声won the warm applause of our American fellow travelers南北战争the American Civil War《游击队之歌》Song of Guerillas以……为证 as witness…
　　三十年代the thirties
　　四川号子the Sichuan labor chant
　　背着纤绳，弯着腰bend their shoulders to the tow-line双手交互使用地hand over hand《汤姆叔叔的小木屋》Uncle Tom's Cabin把A归因/归功于B   owe A to B
　　共鸣the sympathetic response of the public??复盘测试《老黑奴》
　　湖北省文联
　　长江三峡
　　在滇缅前线
　　并肩作战
　　联欢会
　　一定要我们也出个节目
　　走调
　　厌倦了尘世
　　博得了美国旅伴们一阵热烈的掌声
　　南北战争
　　《游击队之歌》
　　以……为证
　　三十年代
　　四川号子
　　背着纤绳，弯着腰
　　双手交互使用地
　　《汤姆叔叔的小木屋》
　　把A归因/归功于B
　　共鸣
　　表达对比
　　「出现」有几种表达？
　　天堂也经常在黑人歌曲中（出现）。
　　Likewise, heaven often appears in their songs.
　　我记得有一支曲子是写铁路建筑工人的。这里也（可以看到）19世纪美国向西部开发时的艰苦。
　　One of them, I remember, is about American railway workers, showing the great hardship they suffered during the 19th-century westward development of the country.
　　很奇怪，河的形象时常在黑人的歌曲中（出现）。像“远远地在斯旺尼河上”。
　　Strangely, Black people often sing of rivers in their songs, as witness “Way down upon the Swanee River, far, far away” in Old Folks at Home.
　　病人因（出现）并发症而死亡。
　　Complications set in, and the patient died.
　　它的（出现）标志着春天的到来。
　　Her emergence marks the beginning of spring.
　　冬阳?童年?骆驼队 ——林海音
　　Winter Sun·Childhood · Caravan ——Lin Haiyin??背景知识：本文作者林海音（1918-2001），女，台湾苗栗人，生于日本大阪，1923年随父母回国，在北京度过了童年与青年时期，大学毕业后任北京《世界日报》记者。1948年到台湾，1955年主编《联合报》副刊，1967年创办和主编《纯文学》月刊。回顾北京城南的历历往事所写的《城南旧事》，是她最受读者喜爱的一本书，后已改编成电影，她的作品洋溢着浓郁的乡愁，具有典雅柔美的风格。
　　骆驼队来了，停在我家门前。
　　The caravan of camels arrived and stopped in front of our home.
　　before和in front of的区别：before作介词时，与介词短语in front of表示位置关系时，都用来表示在某物之前，意思基本是一致的，可以相互替换。但是，两者中in front of意义单纯，before意义较为多样，除表示位置关系外，还可表示时间和逻辑次序上的先后关系。
　　它们排列成一长串，沉默的站着，等候人们的安排。
　　Standing in a long string, they silently awaited their master's bidding.
　　Standing in a long string作伴随状语。
　　「等候人们的安排」意即「等候主人的命令（吩咐）」，未按字面直译为awaited people’s arrangements，现译awaited their master’s bidding或waited to do the bidding of their master。又，await和wait的区别是一个vt，一个vi。
　　天气又干又冷。拉骆驼的摘下了他的毡帽，秃瓢儿上冒着热气，是一股白色的烟，融入干冷的大气中。
　　It was dry and cold. The camel driver took off his felt cap, his sweaty bald pate giving off puffs of whitish steam to blend into the dry and cold air.
　　It was dry and cold：it可表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。
　　「拉骆驼的」译作The camel driver，用driver一词便完美表达出了含义，比处理成定语从句更为贴切。
　　his sweaty bald pate giving off…是独立主格结构。
　　爸爸在和他讲价钱。
　　Father was haggling over prices with him.
　　讲价haggle over prices with sb或bargain with sb双峰的驼背上，每匹都驮着两麻袋煤。
　　The camels had each two sacks of coal on their two-humped backs.
　　two-humped是合成形容词，构词法为「数词+名词+ed」，如ten-storeyed十层的。
　　我在想，麻袋里面是“南山高末”呢？还是“乌金墨玉”？我常常看见顺城街煤栈的白墙上，写着这样几个大黑字。
　　I was curious about the sacks of “top-grade coal dust from Southern Mountain” or “black gold and inky jade”, as I often saw in ads splashed in large black Chinese characters over the white wall of the coal storehouse near the city wall.
　　「我常常看见顺城街煤栈的白墙上，写着这样几个大黑字」译为as l often saw in ads splashed in large black Chinese characters over the white wall of the coal storehouse close to the city wall，其中把「顺城街煤栈」译为the coal storehouse close to the city wall，未译the coal storehouse on Shun Cheng Street；又ads（广告）是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意，又「写着」未译为written on，改译splashed over（显眼地展示），更为达意，又「大黑字」译为large black Chinese characters，比large black words精确。
　　但是拉骆驼的说，他们从门头沟来，他们和骆驼，是一步一步走来的。
　　But the camel driver said he had trekked with the camels all the way from Mentougou, step by step.
　　「走」这里并没有简单译为walk，而是根据上下文选择了更精准的trek(艰苦跋涉)??Mentougou—A coal-mining area to the west of erstwhile Beijing.
　　另外一个拉骆驼的，在招呼骆驼们吃草料。它们把前脚一屈，屁股一撅，就跪了下来。
　　The camels knelt down by bending their front legs and sticking up their bottoms while another camel driver was giving out fodder to them.
　　「把前脚一屈，屁股一撅，就跪了下来」处理为knelt down+ by引导的方式状语是可以的，按照动作先后顺序译出来也是可以的。
　　爸爸已经和他们讲好价钱了。人在卸煤，骆驼在吃草。
　　After father had finished bargaining, the camel drivers began unloading the coal while the camels were eating.
　　while是一个超级好用的词，注意运用。
　　unload（卸载）和upload（上传）是一组反义词。
　　我站在骆驼的面前，看它们吃草料咀嚼的样子：那样丑的脸，那样长的牙，那样安静的态度。
　　I stood in front of the camels, lost in watching the way they were chewing the fodder as well as their ugly faces, long teeth and composure.
　　「看它们吃草料咀嚼的样子」译为lost in watching the way they were chewing the fodder，其中lost in作「专注于」解，此句也可译为absorbed in watching how they were chewing the fodder。又，此部分是补充语（有人亦称作主语补足语），也可理解为形容词（组）伴随状语，对主语的状态进行补充说明。
　　它们咀嚼的时候，上牙和下牙交错的磨来磨去，大鼻孔里冒着热气，白沫子沾满在胡须上。
　　They were busy grinding their upper and lower teeth together with steam let out of their nostrils and foam forming all over their beards.
　　忙于做某事be busy doing sth
　　例句
　　He's been busy doing his graduate work.
　　他一直在忙毕业设计。
　　with steam let out of their nostrils and foam forming all over their beards是with复合结构。
　　我看得呆了，自己的牙齿也动起来。
　　I looked blankly and involuntarily started grinding my teeth, too.
　　blankly
　　刘白羽《白蝴蝶之恋》
　　我痴痴望着它。I stared at it blankly, …
　　此句意同「我呆呆地看着它」「我茫然凝视着它」等，可译为 I stared at it blankly (或vacantly)??「自己的牙齿也动起来」可按「也不由自主地磨起牙齿」译为and involuntarily started grinding my teeth, too。
　　老师教给我，要学骆驼，沉得住气的动物。
　　As my teacher told me, I should learn from the camel — an animal so calm and steady and so patient.
　　As my teacher told me：as引导方式状语从句。同样的例句还有：You must do the work as I have told you.
　　an animal so calm and steady and so patient：在英语中，如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置。
　　看它从不肯急，慢慢的走，慢慢的嚼；总会走到的，总会吃饱的。
　　It moves slowly, but never fails to reach the destination of its journey; it chews its food slowly, but never fails to get its fill.
　　注意译文对于语序的调整：慢慢的走，慢慢的嚼；总会走到的，总会吃饱的→慢慢的走，总会走到的；慢慢的嚼，总会吃饱的。
　　也许它天生是该慢慢的，偶然躲避车子跑两步，姿势很难看。
　　Maybe it is slow by nature. Occasionally it will take a few quickened steps to dodge a car, but in a very awkward manner though.
　　生性、天生地by nature
　　例句
　　I'm very lazy by nature.
　　我生性很懒惰。
　　「偶然躲避车子跑两步」译为Occasionally it will take a few quickened steps to dodge a car或Occasionally it will move a bit more quickly to make way for a car。
　　骆驼队伍过来时，你会知道，打头儿的那一匹，长脖子底下总会系着一个铃铛，走起来，“铛、铛、铛”的响。
　　When a caravan was approaching, people would hear the ding-dong of a bell tied under the long neck of the leading animal.
　　「过来时」按「逐渐靠近、向这边走来时」之意译作was approaching??打头儿的那一匹the leading animal扮演领导者的角色/发挥带头作用play a leading role in…带头做…take the lead in doing sth“为什么要一个铃铛?”我不懂的事就要问一问。
　　“What's the use of the bell?” I asked out of childish curiosity.
　　为什么要一个铃铛?→铃铛有什么用？，现译作What's the use of the bell?
　　out of childish curiosity：此处，out of意为「出于」「由于」，后面的名词由具体事物转为某种心态或条件。
　　例句
　　out of fear出于害怕
　　out of habit按照习惯
　　out of pity出于怜悯心
　　爸爸告诉我，骆驼很怕狼，因为狼会咬它们，所以人类给他们带上了铃铛，狼听见铃铛的声音，知道那是有人类在保护着，就不敢侵犯了。
　　Father explained that since camels were in danger of being attacked by wolves, a bell was hung on them to clang a warning to the latter that the former were under human protection.
　　Father explained that：又出现了，之前不止一次提过要积累「说」的表达，根据不同情况和不同情绪，可选用不同的表达，如此处的explain。
　　积累词汇：latter（后者）、former（前者）??「骆驼很怕狼」并未按原意处理，而是译作了were in danger of being attacked by wolves，更符合实际情况。
　　我的幼稚心灵中却充满了和大人不同的想法，
　　However, as a naive little child, I had a lot of ideas of my own, all different from those of grown-ups.
　　However是增译成分，使上下文衔接更紧密。
　　all different from those of grown-ups若为独立主格结构，则因为逻辑主语是代词，being是不可以省略的，也就是要写作all being different from those of grown-ups。故此处把all理解成副词，修饰different。
　　我对爸爸说：“不是的，爸！它们软软的脚掌走在软软的沙漠上，没有一点点声音，你不是说，它们走上三天三夜都不喝一口水，只是不声不响的咀嚼着从胃里倒出来的食物吗？
　　I said, “No, dad! Camels walk noiselessly with the soft soles of their feet on soft sand. Didn’t you tell me that they can keep walking three days and three nights without drinking a single drop of water, and all they do is chew their cud quietly?
　　「没有一点点声音」译作noiselessly，修饰walk，简洁干脆。
　　「都不喝一口水」译作without drinking a single drop of water。其中，a single连用表示强调。再比如，「没有任何一个国家能……」可以译作not a single country can…??all they do is chew…：主系表结构中，前有do，后省to。
　　一定是拉骆驼的人类，耐不住那长途寂寞的旅程，所以才给骆驼带上了铃铛，增加一些行路的情趣。”
　　Camel drivers must be bored with the dull job. So they hang bells on their animals to make the journey more cheerful."??对……感到厌倦be bored with /be tired of??「情趣」就是「更有乐趣」，别那么乏味/死气沉沉，现译作cheerful。
　　爸爸想了想，笑笑说：“也许，你的想法更美些。”
　　Father pondered for a moment and said smilingly, “Your explanation sounds more picturesque.”
　　此处pondered换做thought也是可以的。
　　「你的想法更美些」按「你的想法听起来更美些」译作Your explanation sounds more picturesque。
　　冬天快过完了，春天就要来，太阳特别的暖和，暖得让人想把棉袄脱下来。
　　As winter was drawing to an end and spring coming nearer, the sun became so warm that people felt like taking off their cotton-padded jackets.
　　接近尾声draw to a close/ draw to an end??feel like 感觉，想要，欲例句I sometimes feel like screaming with frustration.
　　我有时苦恼得真想要大喊大叫。
　　可不是么？骆驼也脱掉它的旧驼绒袍子啦！
　　The camels, too, started to cast off their old hairy robes!
　　too位置灵活
　　丢弃，摆脱 cast off
　　例句
　　There was an extraordinary feeling of hope and relief, as if a great burden had been cast off.
　　有种充满希望和解脱的奇妙感觉，好似卸下了一副千斤重担。
　　它的毛皮一大块一大块的从身上掉下来，垂在肚皮底下。我真想拿把剪刀替它们剪一剪，因为太不整齐了。
　　Their hair was coming off in tufts and left dangling scruffily from under their bellies. How I wanted to shear it off!
　　was left dangling scruffily from under their bellies中dangling scruffily from under their bellies是主语补足语。
　　How I wanted to shear it off!是how引导的感叹句。
　　how引导的感叹句类型：
　　①How＋形容词＋主语＋谓语!
　　②How＋副词＋主语＋谓语!
　　③How＋主语＋动词!
　　④How+ many/much/few/little+名词+主语＋谓语!
　　拉骆驼的人也一样，他们身上那件反穿大羊皮，也都脱下来了，搭在骆驼背的小峰上，The camel drivers, too, took off the sheepskin over coats they had been wearing inside out and had them draped over the camels’ backs.
　　「那件反穿大羊皮」译为 the sheepskin overcoats they had been wearing inside out，其中「大羊皮」指「羊皮大衣」，故译sheepskin overcoat；又inside out作「里面朝外」解，是惯用语。
　　had them draped over the camels’ backs是have…done的结构。
　　麻袋空了，“乌金墨玉”都卖了，铃铛在轻松的步伐里响得更清脆。
　　Now that the sacks had been emptied and the “black gold and inky jade” sold out, the caravan resumed its journey with brisk steps, the clanking bell sounding even more crisp and pleasing.
　　这句话有潜在的逻辑关系：（因为）麻袋空了，负重轻了，所以步伐更轻松，铃铛听起来也似乎更清脆，故增译now that。
　　夏天来了，再不见骆驼的影子，我又问妈：“夏天它们到哪里去?”“谁?”“骆驼呀！”
　　Summer came, but the camels were nowhere to be found. I again asked mother, “Where are they gone in summer?” “Who?” “The camels.”
　　the camels were nowhere to be found：the camels是主语，were是系动词， nowhere to be found是表语，其中nowhere可以看作状语修饰to be found。原句也可以是the camels were to be found nowhere.
　　妈妈回答不上来了，她说：“总是问，总是问，你这孩子!”
　　Mother was at a loss for words, then said, “You’re always asking questions…, my child!”
　　「总是问，总是问」语带嗔怪口气，故用always加动词进行式表达：You're always asking questions ...
　　夏天过去，秋天过去，冬天又来了，骆驼队又来了，但是童年却一去不还。
　　Summer went, autumn went, and winter came again with the caravan. But my childhood was gone never to return.
　　一去不复返 was gone never to return
　　胡适《不要抛弃学问》
　　少年是一去不复返的。
　　Youth will soon be gone never to return.
　　朱自清《匆匆》
　　但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？
　　But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return?
　　冬阳底下学骆驼咀嚼的傻事，我也不会再做了。
　　And never again would I commit the folly of mimicking the way a camel would chew under the winter sun.
　　And never again would I…：否定词及含有否定意义的词在句首，句子要部分倒装（只将助动词置于主语前，谓语其余部分置于主语后）。这些词包括：never, no, not, not only, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, nowhere, no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely… when, not until…, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no way, in no case, on no condition, in/under no circumstances等。
　　would chew under the winter sun ：would + 动词原形可以表过去经常做的事情。
　　可是，我是多么想念童年住在北京城南的那些景色和人物啊，I always cherish memories of the scenery and persons I saw in my childhood when I lived in the South End of Peking.
　　I saw in my childhood when I lived in the South End of Peking同that I saw…我对自己说，把它们写下来吧，让实际的童年过去，心灵的童年永存下来。
　　“Why not write about them so that the childhood of my heart will last forever when the childhood of my life is gone?” said I to myself.
　　「让实际的童年过去，心灵的童年永存下来」译为so that the childhood of my heart will last forever when the childhood of my life is gone，其中「实际的童年」与「心灵的童年」不宜按字面分别直译为my actual childhood与my mental childhood。
　　就这样，我写了一本《城南旧事》。
　　Hence my book Old Stories from the South End.
　　hence的用法：
　　①hence后面可以直接放上一个名词成分，形成一个没有谓语动词的特殊句型，表示「因为前面说过的缘故，所以有了…」例句Hence my surprise. 所以我感到惊讶。
　　Hence my letter. 所以我就写这封信。
　　Hence the fact that... 因此…
　　②hence也可以作为一个普通的副词（因此、由此）放在正常的句子中起作用。
　　例句
　　These cars have become cheaper, and hence affordable to more people.
　　这些汽车变得更为便宜，因而为更多的人所买得起。
　　③ hence还有「从现在算起」的副词意义。
　　例句
　　The property must be vacated 12 days hence.
　　该不动产应该自现在起12天内腾出。
　　《城南旧事》译为Old Stories from the South End，其中End作「地区」解，常用来指大城市的边沿地区。
　　我默默的想，慢慢的写。看见冬阳下的骆驼队走过来，听见缓慢悦耳的铃声，童年重临于我的心头。
　　As I wrote contemplatively and slowly, I visualized the caravan approaching in the winter sun and heard the pleasant ding-dong of the camel bell. My childhood days returned to my mind.
　　「想象」译作visualize要比saw贴切，更强调眼前仿佛看见的一幕幕真实画面，saw则有点确确实实看见的意味。
　　必背词汇
　　contemplative       adj.沉思的，冥思的
　　英义
　　Someone who is contemplative thinks deeply, or is thinking in a serious and calm way.
　　例句
　　Martin is a quiet, contemplative sort of chap.
　　马丁是个不爱讲话、喜欢沉思默想的小伙子。
　　sack         n.麻布袋，粗布袋，厚纸袋，大口袋英义A sack is a large bag made of rough woven material. Sacks are used to carry or store things such as vegetables or coal.
　　例句
　　a sack of potatoes
　　一袋土豆
　　trek       v. (通常指徒步)艰难旅行，跋涉，远足英义If you trek somewhere, you go on a journey across difficult country, usually on foot.
　　例句
　　trekking through the jungles.
　　徒步穿过丛林
　　storehouse         n.(通常指储存食物的)仓库，栈房英义A storehouse is a building in which things, usually food, are stored.
　　例句
　　Some of the cottages were still lived in by old folk; others had been turned into barns and storehouses.
　　有些村舍里仍住着老人;有些已经改作粮仓和仓库。
　　haggle        v.尤指就价格争论，讨价还价
　　英义
　　If you haggle, you argue about something before reaching an agreement, especially about the cost of something that you are buying.
　　例句
　　Ella taught her how to haggle with used furniture dealers.
　　埃拉教她如何和旧家具经销商砍价。
　　重点表达
　　排列成一长串Standing in a long string
　　等候人们的安排awaited their master's bidding融入干冷的大气中blend into the dry and cold air讲价haggle over prices with sb或bargain with sb双峰的驼背two-humped backs上牙和下牙交错的磨来磨去grinding their upper and lower teeth together看得呆了looked blankly生性、天生地by nature打头儿的那一匹the leading animal
　　大人grown-ups
　　不喝一口水without drinking a single drop of water对……感到厌倦be bored with /be tired of接近尾声draw to a close/ draw to an end丢弃;摆脱cast off
　　一大块一大块的从身上掉下来was coming off in tufts一去不复返 was gone never to return《城南旧事》Old Stories from the South End??复盘测试排列成一长串等候人们的安排
　　融入干冷的大气中
　　讲价
　　双峰的驼背
　　上牙和下牙交错的磨来磨去
　　看得呆了
　　生性、天生地
　　打头儿的那一匹
　　大人
　　不喝一口水
　　对……感到厌倦
　　接近尾声
　　丢弃;摆脱
　　一大块一大块的从身上掉下来
　　一去不复返
　　《城南旧事》
　　表达对比
　　「对……感到厌倦」有几种表达？
　　一定是拉骆驼的人类，（耐不住）那长途寂寞的旅程……Camel drivers must be bored with the dull job.
　　你是否对一成不变的破旧大峡谷（感到厌倦）？
　　Are you tired of the same old Grand Canyon?
　　（“对… 厌倦”）是英语惯用语。
　　To be 'fed up with' is an English idiom.
　　完全不会（厌倦）。
　　I wasn't even sick of it.
　　从《老黑奴》说起——萧乾
　　Old Black Joe and Other Songs ——Xiao Qian??背景知识：萧乾(1910- 1999)原名箫炳乾，著名老报人、作家、翻译家。所著《从〈老黑奴〉说起》一文原载1992年4月6日《羊城晚报》。
　　题目《从〈老黑奴〉说起》，斟酌文章内容，译为Old Black Joe and Other Songs，简明利落，比直译A Chat Beginning with Old Black Joe可取。
　　《老黑奴》是一首由史蒂芬·柯林斯·福斯特（1826-1864）创作的美国民歌，原名《old black Joe》。作者写作本曲除了寄托对老黑奴的哀思以外，也融进了对自己当时境遇的哀叹。
　　1985年5月，我去武汉参加“黄鹤楼笔会”那次，In May 1985, I went to Wuhan to attend the Huanghelou Writers’ Forum.
　　attend和很多名词都能搭配
　　奔丧 attend one’s funeral
　　参加会议attend a meeting
　　上学，去上学attend school
　　上课attend class
　　听讲座，上课attend a lecture
　　上大学attend university
　　东道主湖北省文联曾邀请来自各地的作家们乘豪华的长江客轮，畅游三峡。
　　The Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles, acting as host for the event, invited us, writers from all over the country, to go on a delightful trip to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River by luxury liner.
　　acting as host for the event作伴随状语，表明「湖北省文联」的「东道主」身份。
　　Q：host是可数名词，那acting as host for the event中host前为什么无冠词？
　　①host虽然为可数名词，但其作为「主人」之意构成的搭配都是不带冠词的，但可有复数：be host at / act as host to例句Fred was host at the Old Boys’ dinner.
　　He acted as host to his father’s friends.
　　Last night we were hosts to some friends.
　　②但是若其前面带定语或本身作定语或不做「主人」之意，则应有冠词例句be a host in oneself能以一当十
　　Don’t worry about the party. He can be a host in himself.
　　别担心晚会（没人筹办），他一人能干几个人的活。
　　He was a perfect/welcoming host.
　　他十分热情好客。
　　The host country said that…
　　主办国说……
　　writers from all over the country是us的同位语。
　　「游轮」译作liner，指客轮，货轮是freighter?? 湖北省文联the Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles长江三峡the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River我曾在秋天去过三峡。春日的三峡风光明媚，更加清丽可人。
　　Having previously visited the autumn scene of the Three Gorges, I now found it even more picturesque and enchanting in spring.
　　我曾在秋天去过三峡。春日的三峡风光明媚，更加清丽可人，两句内容紧密连贯，最好合并起来译为一句：Having previously visited the autumn scene of the Three Gorges, I now found it even more picturesque and enchanting in spring，其中Having previously visited the autumn scene of the Three Gorges是Having previously visited the Three Gorges in autumn的变通。
　　find+宾语+宾语补足语的结构中，宾补可以是：
　　①形容词
　　I found the text difficult to understand.
　　课文很难理解
　　②名词或代词
　　I find it a boring film.
　　是部无聊的片子
　　③副词
　　Mary hurried there, only to find them/all out.
　　发现他们都出去了
　　④介词短语
　　When he woke up, he found him in hospital.
　　在医院里
　　⑤不定式
　　They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.
　　发现中国人很幸福快乐
　　⑥现在分词
　　We found him waiting to receive us.
　　发现他正等着迎接我们
　　⑦过去分词
　　The old man found his hometown much changed.
　　发现故乡变化很大
　　同船的还有个外国旅游团，是由抗战时在滇缅前线同我们并肩作战过的美国名将史迪威的女儿南西率领的。
　　On the same ship was an American tourist group headed by Nancy, daughter of famous US general Joseph Warren Stilwell, who served in China during World War II, fighting side by side with Chinese soldiers against Japan on the Yunnan-Burma front.
　　On the same ship was an American tourist group…：地点状语置于句首，句子要倒装。
　　「在滇缅前线同我们并肩作战过的美国名将史迪威的女儿南西」中，我们能看到「在滇缅前线同我们并肩作战过的」和「美国名将史迪威的女儿」都是修饰成分，前者修饰「美国名将史迪威」，后者修饰「南西」，译文将其处理为了一个who引导的定语从句和作同位语的插入成分，较好地保持了句式平衡与衔接。
　　船航到神女峰脚下时，我们正在甲板上举行着一次联欢会。
　　When the ship arrived at the foot of Mount Goddess, we were in the midst of a get-together on deck.
　　在山顶at the top of the mountain
　　在山麓、山脚at the foot of the mountain
　　在半山腰at the middle of the mountain/be half way up the mountain??「我们正在甲板上举行着一次联欢会」译为we were in the midst of a get-together on deck，其中in the midst of意同in the middle of，两者都是成语，作「正忙于」解。又，get-together意同small social gathering, party, meeting等。
　　他们鼓掌一定要我们也出个节目。
　　The American friends, clapping their hands, persistently called on us for a performance.
　　clapping their hands作伴随状语。
　　要求，呼吁，号召call on/upon sb for sth或call on/upon sb to do sth。此外，call on/upon sb可表示(短暂)拜访，探访，看望冯骥才《富人区》
　　前不久，一位南方朋友来看我
　　……Not long ago, a friend of mine called on me on his arrival from southern China.
　　为了表示友好, 我们几个就凑在一起（记得有宗璞、艾芜、邹荻帆、绿原和黄裳）用英语唱了一首《老黑奴》。
　　So, to be friendly, we, including Zong Pu, Ai Wu, Zou Difan, Lu Yuan and Huang Chang, if I remember correctly, grouped together to sing in English the American folk song Old Black Joe.
　　friendly虽然以-ly结尾，却是实打实的形容词。
　　原文中是「记得有…」，并不是一种十分肯定的语气，故译作if I remember correctly（如果我没记错的话）是恰当的。又，翻译时遇到破折号、小括号等，可灵活处理。
　　the American folk song是增益成分，对《老黑奴》进行了一定的补充说明，帮助读者更好理解。
　　唱得当然十分蹩脚：声音既不洪亮，肯定还常走调。
　　Our vocal performance, as expected, turned out lousy. We sang in a low and unclear voice, and evidently out of tune again and again.
　　「唱得当然十分蹩脚」可译为Our vocal performance, as expected, turned out lousy，其中lousy是俗语，意同poor。又，「当然」意即「意料之中」，故译为as expected，比of course确切。此句也可译为We sang very poorly as expected。又，turn out意为(以某种方式)发生，最后是，结果是，是连系动词短语例句I was positive things were going to turn out fine.
　　我确信事情最终会好起来的。
　　out of有多种含义，下面列出几种：
　　①离开
　　ran out of the office
　　从办公室跑了出去
　　②失去
　　out of control失控
　　out of breath喘不过气
　　out of speech说不出话来
　　③来自
　　She paid for it out of her own pocket.
　　这笔费用是她自掏腰包支付的。
　　④出自、由于
　　out of pity处于怜悯心
　　out of loyalty本着一片忠心
　　这是一支十分凄凉的歌曲，黑人厌倦了尘世，听到已死去的亲人的呼唤，渴望奔向另一世界。所以在叠句歌里就反复唱着：我来啦，我来啦。
　　It was a very sad and plaintive song. The said Black Joe, being sick and tired of the mortal world, longs to go to a better world on hearing the gentle voice of his departed folks calling, “Old Black Joe!” Hence the refrain, “I’m coming, I’m coming!”
　　plaintive表示（sound或voice）悲伤的，哀怨的，常见于文学语言。
　　being sick and tired of the mortal world作原因状语。be sick and tired of表示「对……十分厌倦」，是惯用表达，和单独使用的be sick of或be tired of相比，语气更为强烈。
　　例句
　　I'm sick and tired of people not trusting me.
　　我受够了别人的猜疑。
　　longs to go to a better world on hearing the gentle voice of…中， long to do sth意为「渴望…」。又，on hearing the gentle voice of作时间状语，我们在之前的学习中见过很多次类似的用法老舍《养花》
　　送牛奶的同志，进门就夸“好香”！
　　…whenever the milkman exclaims on entering our gate, “What a sweet smell!”中的on entering our gate也作时间状语。
　　尘世译作the mortal world。「另一世界」可译为the other world、a better world、a better land等。
　　这样充满悲哀情调的歌，与当时甲板上的欢乐气氛，实在很不协调。
　　The song, full of pathos, was completely out of harmony with the joyous atmosphere of the moment on deck.
　　full of pathos作补充语，也可理解为非限制性定语，对the song进一步说明。
　　此刻of the moment
　　可是唱完之后，居然博得了美国旅伴们一阵热烈的掌声。
　　Nevertheless, we won the warm applause of our American fellow travelers.
　　「旅伴们」译作fellow travelers，其中fellow作形容词，表示「同类的、同事的、同伴的、同情况的」等例句fellow members/citizens/workers同一组织的成员，同胞，同事
　　每年的政府工作报告中也能看到fellow这个词的身影，文件开头便是Follow Deputies（各位代表）我们这些平素伏案爬格子的对自己这一番反串，倒也颇有些飘飘然。
　　Writers by profession, we felt quite self-satisfied after acting a role other than our own.
　　「我们这些平素爬格子的」意即「我们这些耍笔杆子的」「我们这些作家们」，故译为 Writers by profession（职业作家）、As writers等。
　　我们得意的不一定是因为那掌声，而是对自己感到既愉快又吃惊：这么多年，竟然还没把它忘掉！
　　But we felt pleased with ourselves not because of the warm applause, but because we were surprised to find ourselves still remembering the words of the song after so many years.
　　「还没把它忘掉」译作still remembering the words of the song。注意两点：一是反话正说手法的运用，二是适当补充，使表意更准确，此处补充出了the words of（歌词）。
　　这首歌的歌词和曲调都同出自19世纪中叶美国作曲家斯蒂芬·福斯特之手。
　　Both the words and tune of the song were written by Stephen C. Foster, famous American composer of the 19th century.
　　斯蒂芬·福斯特（Stephen·Collins·Foster,1826-1864)，美国伟大的作曲家，以歌曲创作为主，自学成才。他出生于宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡。他在匹兹堡的棉花仓库担任工作期间，接触了黑人演唱的歌曲，对他后来的创作产生重要影响。一生他写了近200多首美丽动人的歌曲，其中有160余首已出版，而且几乎全是自己创作歌词。如，《哦，苏珊娜》、《尼德叔叔》、《家园的亲人》、《我的肯塔基故乡》、《金发的珍妮姑娘》、《美丽的梦中人》、《老黑奴》等。
　　他出生于1826年，一共只活了短短的38年。南北战争打响两年后（1864），他就去世了。
　　Born in 1826, he died in 1864, two years after the outbreak of the American Civil War, ending a short life of only 38.
　　「南北战争」指「美国内战」(1861—1865)，应译为the American Civil War。
　　可惜我没读过他的传记，
　　Much to my regret, I haven't read any of his biographies yet.
　　令某人可惜/惋惜/遗憾的是Much to one’s regret?? yet在否定句中常译作「还、尚、迄今、到那时」他肯定十分同情黑人并为他们抱不平的。
　　He must have had every sympathy with Black Americans and championed justice to them.
　　「他肯定十分同情黑人并为之抱不平的」译为He must have had every sympathy with Black Americans and championed justice to them，其中every sympathy意同deep sympathy；又，championed justice to them的意思是「捍卫黑人的正义」我熟悉好几首他编的描述黑人生活的歌曲，像《双亲在家园》（1851）。
　　I’m familiar with quite a few songs of his composition describing the sad plight of Blacks, such as Old Folks at Home (1851).
　　quite a/an（或a quite）+形容词+名词具有积极的修饰效果。
　　describing the sad plight of Blacks是songs的后置定语。
　　我还有幸在伦敦的一次音乐会上，听过著名黑人歌手保罗·罗伯逊唱过《老人河》。那次，他还唱了咱们的《游击队之歌》。
　　I was happy to listen to famous Black singer Paul Robeson sing Old Man River at a concert in London. He then also sang our Song of Guerillas.
　　《游击队之歌》（Song of Guerillas）：是一首进行曲风格的群众歌曲。是中国著名作曲家贺绿汀于1937年所作。《游击队歌》曲调轻快、流畅、生动、活泼，以富于弹性的小军鼓般的节奏贯穿全曲，既给曲调以进行感，又表达了游击战士们巧妙、灵活地与敌人周旋，伺机消灭敌人的典型形象。20世纪90年代初，这首《游击队歌》毫无争议地入选「20世纪华人音乐经典」很奇怪，河的形象时常在黑人的歌曲中出现。像“远远地在斯旺尼河上”。
　　Strangely, Black people often sing of rivers in their songs, as witness “Way down upon the Swanee River, far, far away” in Old Folks at Home.
　　讲述，歌颂，赞美sing of
　　以……为证 as witness…
　　例句
　　My father prospered perceptibly, as witness the garage, the Ford, the trips by train and steamship.
　　我的父亲明显地发达了，有了车库和福特车，坐火车和轮船出差。
　　也许他们在美国南方那一望无际的旱地上干活，受着白人的虐待，心里渴望有一片水。
　　It is perhaps because they were dying for water while toiling under White tyranny on the boundless stretch of arid land in the southern states.
　　It is perhaps because中的 because是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　they were dying for water while toiling under White tyranny：主从句主语一致，且从句谓语中有be动词，从句省略主语和be动词。
　　一大片a vast stretch of
　　天堂也经常在黑人歌曲中出现。
　　Likewise, heaven often appears in their songs.
　　注意表达的多样性。此处「出现」采用了与上句不同的译文，译作appear in。
　　处于绝境的人们就是靠这种幻想来解脱一些痛苦。
　　It is because people in a hopeless situation often indulge in fantasies to free themselves from innermost sufferings.
　　It is because是增译成分，补充逻辑关系，使译文自然不费解。
　　「来解脱一些痛苦」即「摆脱痛苦、让自己从痛苦中解脱出来」，现译作free themselves from innermost sufferings。其中innermost（内心深处的）是作者根据自己理解增添的成分，指（处于绝境的人们）内心的煎熬与痛苦。
　　福斯特也有些歌写得轻快。
　　Some of Foster's songs are nevertheless very lively.
　　「也有些歌写得轻快」中的「也」绝不能译成also。这里「也」是一种转折，将歌曲的「凄凉」与「轻快」进行对比，故译作nevertheless。
　　像他的《苏珊娜》(1848)就描绘出一个歪戴宽沿草帽，无忧无虑的牛仔在追求着他心爱的姑娘。
　　Take Oh! Susanna(1848) for example. It describes how a care-free cowboy, tilting his broad-brimmed straw hat sideways, is paying court to a girl he loves.
　　以……为例 Take… for example
　　「歪戴宽沿草帽」可译为tilting his broad-brimmed straw hat sideways或wearing his wide-brimmed straw hat askew。
　　献殷勤，奉迎，讨好，追求pay ?court to sb例句I assume it's just an excuse so Charles can pay court to Mary.
　　查尔斯大概只是想借机来追求玛丽吧。
　　他在歌中除了抒发黑人在奴役中的痛苦之外，也亲切地描绘了他们的生活。
　　It depicts not only the misery of the enslaved Blacks, but also their way of life.
　　此句在介绍歌曲的内容，故灵活选用主语，直接让「歌（it）」作主语，省去了「他在（歌中）」。这种处理方式值得我们学习。
　　像《我的肯塔基故乡》就富于泥土气息，真切生动地唱出了美国南方黑人的生活情景：“玉米穗成熟。牧场遍地花怒放；小鸟终日歌唱好悠扬，娃娃滚戏小农舍地板上。”
　　My Old Kentucky Home, for example, is a song full of local color. See the following genuine and vivid picture it gives of the life of the Blacks in the southern states: “The corn top’s ripe and the meadow’s in the bloom. While the birds make music all the day, the young folks roll on the little cabin floor.”
　　此小段注意意群划分的位置：…富于泥土气息//真切生动地唱出了美国南方黑人的生活……。很多人会选择按「……生活情景//：玉米穗成熟……」划分，乍一看没大问题，但要继续往下翻的时候会发现不知道如何与具体的「生活情景」衔接。
　　不过歌曲仍是在忧伤中结束的：
　　莫再哭泣，姑娘，今天莫再哀伤，
　　我们唱一支歌，为肯塔基故乡，
　　为那遥远的肯塔基故乡。
　　But the song still ends up with grief:
　　Weep no more, my lady, oh! Weep no more today!
　　We will sing one song for the old Kentucky Home,For the old Kentucky Home, far away.
　　以……结尾/结束end up with
　　例句
　　Strays always end up with someone who needs them.
　　流浪猫总能找到需要它们的人。
　　当然，有些流传到中国的美国歌曲描绘的不一定都是黑人的生活。
　　Of course, not all American songs prevalent in China are about the life of Black people.
　　有些人可能认为「流传到中国的美国歌曲」译文中的prevalent（流行、盛行）一词并不恰当，因为此处原文并未提及这些歌曲在中国的受欢迎程度，只是说「流传到」，而不是「流传在」。译文只是反映了译者自己的理解，而且文章后半部分也提到了这些歌曲「在中国风行」，故prevalent是正确的。大家按自己的理解进行翻译即可。
　　我记得有一支曲子是写铁路建筑工人的。这里也可以看到19世纪美国向西部开发时的艰苦。
　　One of them, I remember, is about American railway workers, showing the great hardship they suffered during the 19th-century westward development of the country.
　　I remember、I think等常作插入语。
　　背景知识补充：the 19th-century westward development指美国的西部大开发——「西进运动」。西进运动（Westward Movement）是指美国东部居民向西部地区迁移和进行开发的群众性运动，始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。运动大大促进了美国经济的发展，但是，随着西进运动的进行，大批印第安人遭到屠杀，幸存者被强行赶到更为荒凉的「保留地」。印第安人被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的「血泪之路」。//西进过程中，大批移民出于不同的原因迁往西部，客观上缓和了社会矛盾，扩大了国内市场。从某种意义上说，没有西进运动，就没有后来美国在资本主义世界举足轻重的地位。//西进运动是美国拓宽疆土，吞并土地的一种侵略行为，它开发了如今的美国西部地区，消灭了众多印第安文明。
　　同样流行于30年代的一首外国歌曲是《伏尔加船夫曲》。
　　Another foreign song popular in China during the thirties was The Song of the Volga Boatmen.
　　the thirties指三十年代。吴冠中的《上海街头》也出现了这一表达：在上海的我的老师和同学仍大都住在拥挤不堪的里弄里，仍可体验产生三十年代文学的环境。
　　Most of my former teachers and schoolmates there are still living in the close quarters of lanes and alleys, experiencing the same environment that had produced literature of the thirties.
　　像咱们的四川号子一样，这里描绘的是在伏尔加河上拉纤的俄罗斯河工的苦状。
　　Like the Sichuan labor chant, it describes the misery of Russian boat-trackers along the Volga River.
　　Q：「号子」是什么？
　　劳动号子简称「号子」，北方常称「吆号子」，南方常称「喊号子」，是一种民间歌曲，其音乐形象粗犷豪迈、坚实有力。号子是直接伴随体力劳动，并和劳动节奏密切配合的民歌。在劳动过程中，尤其是集体协作性较强的劳动，为了统一步伐，调节呼吸，释放身体负重的压力，劳动者常常发出吆喝或呼叫。
　　他们背着纤绳，弯着腰，哎哟嗬，哎哟嗬地吆喝着，呻吟着。
　　They bend their shoulders to the tow-line, chanting in a loud voice, “Yo heave oh! Yo heave oh!”
　　「背着纤绳，弯着腰」译作bend their shoulders to the tow-line。其中，bend shoulders有「弯腰」之意，但要甚于「弯腰」。建议大家自行去网上搜索「拉纤」的图片（拉纤工人们以近乎匍匐的姿态拉着纤绳前进），会对这一场景有更深刻的理解。
　　一把又一把地掬着，吃力地向前踏步。
　　They inch forward laboriously, pulling the line hand over hand.
　　「一把又一把地掬着，吃力地向前踏步」译为They inch forward laboriously, pulling the line hand over hand，其中hand over hand是成语，作「双手交互使用地」解。
　　这些外国歌曲那时在中国那么风行，当然是因为它们歌词朴素，曲调又琅琅上口，The erstwhile popularity of these songs in China was no doubt due to their simple and readable words.
　　「当然是因为」可译作was no doubt due to，也可译作was of course due to。
　　这句话没什么想特别解释的地方。看到readable这个词，突然想起庄绎传先生提过的翻译标准Readability。书上原话这样写道「记得好几年以前，有一次，一位老翻译家交给我一篇短文，让我译成中文。这篇短文译好以后是准备请人在纪念苏格兰诗人彭斯的晚会上朗诵的。他对我说: “我只提出一个字的要求: Readability!"就先说说readability这个词怎样译吧。译作 “可读性” 好不好? 如果这样译，那么这个译文所缺少的正是readability. 我觉得这个词可以译作：读起来上口。若嫌啰嗦，也可以只用一个字: 顺。其实，也不一定是只有拿到纪念会上去朗诵的译文才要求readable, 这个要求应适用于一切译文。」但我认为这还不是主要的。
　　But, I think, that is not the main cause.
　　此句实则意为「但我认为这还不是主要的（原因）」，故而增译cause。
　　这里既包含着中国人民对于美国黑奴以及伏尔加河纤工的深切同情，同时，也抒发了我们自己在生活中的怨艾。
　　In fact, it had much to do with the deep sympathy of the Chinese people for Black Americans and Volga boat-trackers. Meanwhile, it also reflected our own feeling of resentment against foreign aggressors.
　　此段是对「原因」的进一步说明。
　　「在生活中的怨艾」结合时代背景译作our own feeling of resentment against foreign aggressors。
　　当时的中国，也是喘息在列强的重压之下。北京东交民巷的围墙上还有对着市民的黑洞洞的炮眼，In those days, dark portholes trained on Chinese residents were still lurking on top of the walls surrounding the Legation Quarter in Beijing.
　　「对着市民的黑洞洞的炮眼」译为dark portholes trained on Chinese residents，其中trained on作「对准」「瞄准」解。
　　Beijing——The district in Beijing where legations of big powers were located between 1861 and 1959.
　　Legation Quarter指使馆区。
　　上海马路还有红头阿三在巡逻。
　　And turbaned Indian policemen were patrolling the streets of Shanghai.
　　Indian policemen ——Referring to turbaned Sikhs hired by the Municipal Council of the then International Settlement in Shanghai to police the streets.
　　「红头阿三」为沪语，指「戴头巾的印度巡捕」，故译为turbaned Indian police。当时，上海英租界雇用的印度警察大都是头戴各色头巾的印度锡克人。
　　正因为如此，在中国戏剧史上最早上演的外国话剧是《黑奴吁天录》（如今改译为《汤姆叔叔的小木屋》）。
　　That also accounts for why Uncle Tom's Cabin was the first foreign play ever staged in China.
　　在学习时注意积累表原因的各种表达。如此处的account for（导致、解释）??stage作动词时，可表示「组织上演(戏剧、演出等)」「组织(活动或仪式，如罢工)」歌曲的流行，往往是由于引起共鸣。
　　Songs often owe their popularity to the sympathetic response of the public.
　　把A归因/归功于B   owe A to B
　　例句
　　He owed his survival to his strength as a swimmer...
　　他是因为水性好才幸免于难的。
　　必背词汇
　　erstwhile        adj.以往的，往昔的
　　英义
　　You use erstwhile to describe someone that used to be the type of person indicated, but no longer is.
　　例句
　　Erstwhile workers may have become managers.
　　过去的工人可能已经成了经理。
　　tilt       v.使倾斜，使歪斜
　　英义
　　If you tilt an object or if it tilts, it moves into a sloping position with one end or side higher than the other.
　　例句
　　She tilted the mirror and began to comb her hair.
　　她斜过镜子开始梳理头发。
　　tyranny       un.专横，苛刻，严酷
　　英义
　　If you describe someone's behaviour and treatment of others that they have authority over as tyranny, you mean that they are severe with them or unfair to them.
　　例句
　　I'm the sole victim of Mother's tyranny.
　　我是唯一受母亲严加管制的人。
　　enchanting        adj.迷人的，令人陶醉的
　　英义
　　If you describe someone or something as enchanting, you mean that they are very attractive or charming.
　　例句
　　She's an absolutely enchanting child.
　　她是个非常讨人喜欢的孩子。
　　picturesque        adj.风景如画的，有自然美景的英义A picturesque place is attractive and interesting, and has no ugly modern buildings.
　　例句
　　Alte, in the hills northwest of Loule, is the Algarve's most picturesque village.
　　位于洛莱西北部山区的阿尔特，是阿尔加维风景最美丽的村庄。
　　重点表达
　　《老黑奴》Old Black Joe
　　湖北省文联the Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles长江三峡the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River在滇缅前线on the Yunnan-Burma front并肩作战fighting side by side with联欢会a get-together
　　一定要我们也出个节目persistently called on us for a performance走调out of tune厌倦了尘世being sick and tired of the mortal world博得了美国旅伴们一阵热烈的掌声won the warm applause of our American fellow travelers南北战争the American Civil War《游击队之歌》Song of Guerillas以……为证 as witness…
　　三十年代the thirties
　　四川号子the Sichuan labor chant
　　背着纤绳，弯着腰bend their shoulders to the tow-line双手交互使用地hand over hand《汤姆叔叔的小木屋》Uncle Tom's Cabin把A归因/归功于B   owe A to B
　　共鸣the sympathetic response of the public??复盘测试《老黑奴》
　　湖北省文联
　　长江三峡
　　在滇缅前线
　　并肩作战
　　联欢会
　　一定要我们也出个节目
　　走调
　　厌倦了尘世
　　博得了美国旅伴们一阵热烈的掌声
　　南北战争
　　《游击队之歌》
　　以……为证
　　三十年代
　　四川号子
　　背着纤绳，弯着腰
　　双手交互使用地
　　《汤姆叔叔的小木屋》
　　把A归因/归功于B
　　共鸣
　　表达对比
　　「出现」有几种表达？
　　天堂也经常在黑人歌曲中（出现）。
　　Likewise, heaven often appears in their songs.
　　我记得有一支曲子是写铁路建筑工人的。这里也（可以看到）19世纪美国向西部开发时的艰苦。
　　One of them, I remember, is about American railway workers, showing the great hardship they suffered during the 19th-century westward development of the country.
　　很奇怪，河的形象时常在黑人的歌曲中（出现）。像“远远地在斯旺尼河上”。
　　Strangely, Black people often sing of rivers in their songs, as witness “Way down upon the Swanee River, far, far away” in Old Folks at Home.
　　病人因（出现）并发症而死亡。
　　Complications set in, and the patient died.
　　它的（出现）标志着春天的到来。
　　Her emergence marks the beginning of spring.
　　我的书斋生活（节录）
　　My Private Library
　　邵洵美
　　Shao Xunmei
　　背景知识：邵洵美（1906-1968），浙江余姚人，20世纪30年代上海文化界名人，为人热情豪爽，是中国现代文学史上卓有影响的诗人、作家、评论家、翻译家、出版家。1968年，他在“文化大革命”中不幸去世，后虽彻底平反，其名字和作品当今仍知者寥寥。所著《我的书斋生活》一文原载1935年6月20日《时代图书半月刊》第8卷第1期。
　　题目「我的书斋生活」可译为My Study或My Private Library，后者除「我的书斋」外，也可指「我的藏书」你们简直可以说，洵美是生活在书斋里的：会客室里是书，卧房里是书，楼梯边上也是书，连三层楼上的洗澡间里也是书。
　　You may as well call me a bookworm. I have books everywhere in my home – in the drawing room and the bedroom, on either side of the staircase, and even in the bathroom on the third floor.
　　「你们简直可以说，洵美是生活在书斋里的」整句话理解为「你们不妨说，洵美是个书虫」，译为You may as well call me a bookworm。
　　bookworm指「在书斋埋头学习的人」在此意为「生活在书斋的人」工作狂 workaholic「简直可以说」即「不妨说」译为may as well(做…倒也无妨)??bedroom卧室bathroom浴室、洗澡间the waiting room of XX station指候车厅
　　the changing room更衣室
　　the fitting room试衣间
　　the dining room餐厅
　　the guest room客厅
　　所以一定要我指出哪一间是书斋，那可不容易。
　　So it’s next to impossible for me to point out exactly where my study is.
　　it’s next to impossible译为「…简直是不可能的」，其中next to意为「几乎，近乎」，此部分也可译为nearly impossible。
　　「书斋」即「书房」，译作study。
　　也许在我卧房隔壁的一间最像，中间有只书桌，可是书桌上又堆满了书，没有地方摆稿纸，也没有地方摆砚台，Maybe it’s the room next to my bedroom. In the middle of it stands nothing but a desk piled high with lots of books so that there is practically no room for me to place my writing paper and the inkstone.
　　next to my bedroom作room的后置定语。
　　「中间有只书桌」译作In the middle of it stands nothing but a desk…。译文为倒装结构：地点状语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子完全倒装，将整个谓语动词或整个谓语部分放在主语前面。又，「有只书桌」按「只有书桌」之意译作了…stands nothing but a desk，其中nothing but意为「仅仅、只有」，意同only或merely，增强了表达效果，更符合「书虫」的人物设定。
　　a desk piled high with lots of books：piled high with lots of books作desk的后置定语。其中，be piled high with…表示…堆的老高。
　　稿纸/信纸writing paper
　　砚台the inkstone
　　我又不会用钢笔写文章。
　　The inkstone is indispensable to me because I always use a writing brush instead of a pen in doing my writing.
　　「我又不会用钢笔写文章」按「砚台是我必须的，因为我写文章只用毛笔，不会用钢笔」理解，意译为The inkstone is indispensable to me because I always use a writing brush instead of a pen in doing my writing.
　　毛笔a writing brush
　　钢笔 a pen
　　用钢笔写，我总嫌太滑，太快；它几乎不容你思想。
　　I find the pen too slippery and moving a bit too fast, thus leaving little time for me to do more thinking.
　　thus是增译成分，点明逻辑关系，将分号前后的句子紧密衔接起来。
　　find+宾语+宾语补足语的结构中，宾补可以是①形容词I found the text difficult to understand.
　　课文很难理解
　　②名词或代词
　　I find it a boring film.
　　是部无聊的片子
　　③副词
　　Mary hurried there, only to find them/all out.
　　发现他们都出去了
　　④介词短语
　　When he woke up, he found him in hospital.
　　在医院里
　　⑤不定式
　　They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.
　　发现中国人很幸福快乐
　　⑥现在分词
　　We found him waiting to receive us.
　　发现他正等着迎接我们
　　⑦过去分词
　　The old man found his hometown much changed.
　　发现故乡变化很大
　　我喜欢毛笔，它总伴着你，有时也许比你快一步，可是你总追得到。
　　I prefer the writing brush because I can always keep pace with it. Though it sometimes may also move along a bit too fast, yet I can always catch up.
　　「它总伴着你」意即「它总和你思维的步调一致」译为I can always keep pace with it.
　　赶上，追上，跟上catch up
　　例句
　　I stopped and waited for her to catch up.
　　我停住脚步，等她追上来。
　　移动一下，向前移动move along
　　例句
　　Let's move along a bit.
　　让我们稍稍挪一下地方。
　　这个小房间里还有两只安乐椅；一个书架，里面是我最心爱的书籍，不肯借人的。
　　There are only two armchairs in the room plus a bookcase holding my most favorite books, which are not to be borrowed by anybody.
　　安乐椅：外形类似于扶手椅，是带有扶手的一种座椅。其与扶手椅的不同一般体现在组成其靠背与座垫的材质较柔软，同时其落座感和依靠感较优。此处简约概括处理为armchairs。
　　plus此处意为「外加」等于and
　　向某人借……borrow sth from sb
　　借……给某人lent sth to sb
　　墙上只有一张水仙画，浅淡的笔姿给你一种清高的空气；Hanging on the wall is a painting of narcissi done with light touches of ink imparting an air of moral superiority.
　　Hanging on the wall is a painting…是倒装结构：英语中，有些倒装是出于语法上的需要，非用倒装语序不可，具有强制性；有些则是为了达到某种修辞效果，如强调、平衡、衔接等。
　　narcissi是narcissus（水仙花）的复数形式。
　　「浅淡的笔姿」即「淡淡的墨迹」，译为light touches of ink??「清高」即「清白高洁」主要是道德上的操行清高，因此译为moral superiority。
　　偶然在看书的时候想到自己不久要穷得不成个样子，它就会显示给你一个最伟大的希望——Occasionally, while I am reading, I suddenly realize I’ll soon face penury. Then the painting will cheer me up with bright hopes.
　　penury是不可数名词，表示「赤贫（非常贫困）」方志敏《清贫》
　　我今天确实是（一个铜板也没有/身无分文）。
　　I’m really penniless.
　　例句
　　Not a penny to my name.
　　我的名下没有一分钱,即我身无分文。
　　「它就会显示给你一个最伟大的希望」意即「它会让你看到光明的未来并使你振作」，译为Then the painting will cheer me up with bright hopes所以有几个晚上，我简直就呆对着这张画。
　　On several nights, I just sat in this room staring at it blankly.
　　「我简直就呆对着这张画」即「我就只是直直地盯着这幅画」译为I just sat in this room staring at it blankly. 现在分词短语staring at it blankly作伴随状语。
　　这个小房间，长不满十五尺，宽不满十尺，关于现代诗的书籍，我都放在里面：
　　The little room is about 5 meters in length and 3 meters in width. I keep all books on modern poetry there.
　　「不满」可按「大约，左右」来理解，译为about??「长不满十五尺，宽不满十尺」译为The little room is about 5 meters in length and 3 meters in width。三尺等于一米，因此15尺=5米，10尺=3米，单位换算也是翻译的一个必备技能。此外，这个表示「长…宽…」的固定句式也是需要记住的。
　　书架里放不下，便放在桌子上；桌子上放不下，便堆在椅子里；椅子里放不下，便叠在地上。
　　Then the bookcase is full, I put them on the desk. Then the desk is full, I pile them up on the chairs. When the chairs are full, I pile them up on the floor.
　　「书架里放不下，便放在桌子上；桌子上放不下，便堆在椅子里；椅子里放不下，便叠在地上」原文句式相同，两两对仗，译者亦采用结构相同的英文来译，最大限度地体现了原文的风格。又，这三句原文是有逻辑关系在里面的，故译文选用then、when等词对逻辑也进行了相应处理。
　　理由是我从不整理我的书籍，买到了新书就随便放，看过了又随便丢；I never sort them out. I lay aside casually new acquisitions as well as books I’ve just finished reading.
　　把…分类，整理sort out
　　例句
　　Sort out all your bills, receipts, invoices and expenses as quickly as possible and keep detailed accounts.
　　尽快整理好你所有的账单、收据、发票和开支，并记好账目明细。
　　「买到了新书就随便放，看过了又随便丢」译为I lay aside casually new acquisitions as well as books I’ve just finished reading。其中把「随便放」和「随便丢」都译为lay aside casually.此外，将「新书」译为new acquisitions（新获得的事物），此用法在《虎》中也有体现，译者将「后来父亲房内多了一张虎皮椅垫」译为From then on, my father had a new acquisition in his room—namely, the tiger-skin chair cushion,中a new acquisition较something new确切，前者能更加确切地表达「新增添的东西」假使为了写一篇文章，需要参考时，每每费半个一个钟头去寻觅。
　　Consequently, it often takes me couple of hours to hunt down a book for reference when I am writing.
　　Consequently是增译成分，点明逻辑，衔接上下文。
　　hunt down a book for reference即「找某本书作为参考」，译者将原句「需要参考时，每每费半个一个钟头去寻觅（书）」合译为一句。其中，hunt down/out意为「搜寻，寻找（某物）」通常一个人有了这许多放书的房间，他便总会为他们取许多雅致的名字： 什么室，什么斋，什么楼之类。一半当然为了借这个机会可以写些大字，叫做匾的人刻好了挂起来；一半也是为自己或是家人找书的时候容易辨别。
　　Generally speaking, with so many rooms for storing books, one will assign to each an elegant name, to be inscribed on a horizontal board hung above the door, partly for show and partly for convenience.
　　为...取(...)名字即assign to ...an(...)name。
　　「一半当然为了借这个机会可以写些大字，叫做匾的人刻好了挂起来；一半也是为自己或是家人找书的时候容易辨别」即「一半为了装饰，一般为了方便」，意译为partly for show and partly for convenience。
　　我却懒得花这种心思，所以像上面所说的那个房间，我们便叫作“楼上书房”。楼下的叫作“楼下 书房”；三层楼的叫作“三层楼书房”。
　　I, nevertheless, have never been in a mood for doing the same. I just call the above-mentioned room “Upstairs Study”, the room downstairs “Downstairs Study” and the bathroom on the third floor “Third-floor Study”.
　　「我却懒得花这种心思」意为「我却无心这样做」，意译为I, nevertheless, have never been in a mood for doing the same. 其中doing the same代指上文提到的「取雅致的名字」??upstairs和downstairs可作形容词，也可作副词。
　　我平时读书写文章，都在夜间，所以坐在“楼上书房”的机会多，因为它最近我的卧室，Since I usually read and write at night, you’ll often find me sitting in the “Upstairs Study” because it is close to my bedroom.
　　「所以坐在‘楼上书房’的机会多」译为you’ll often find me sitting in the “Upstairs Study”，这种译法我们很难想到，采用第二人称可以拉近与读者之间的距离，更加凸显原作风格。
　　倦了，跨几步便到床上。
　　When I feel drowsy, I can easily reach my bed only a few steps away.
　　「跨几步便到床上」按「到距我只有几步之遥的床上」之意译作can easily reach my bed only a few steps away。
　　但是当我准备要全夜写文章的时候，便只能待在“楼下书房”了。那时候两个大房间里只有我一个人，咳嗽，刮洋火，便不会闹醒人家；But you’ll find me in the spacious “Downstairs Study” instead when I’m to spend the whole night writing. There I can cough or strike a match without disturbing my folks in their sleep.
　　instead和instead of都有「代替，而不是」之意，但用法不同：
　　instead作副词，意为「代替、反而、却」，修饰整个句子，位于句首或句末。
　　例句
　　Why not play football instead?
　　instead of是介词短语，意为「代替，而不是」，后面跟名词、代词、介词短语或动词ing形式。
　　例句
　　He is going to England instead of France.
　　「洋火」即「火柴」，「刮洋火」即「打火柴」，因此译为strike a match。
　　天亮了，自己燉杯牛奶，或是走到对面弄堂里买些油豆腐，谁都不会觉得讨厌。
　　At daybreak, I will heat up milk for myself or walk to an alley on the opposite side of the street to buy some fried bean curd for breakfast – all done without making a nuisance of myself.
　　「谁都不会觉得讨厌」即「也不会碍别人的事」或「也不会使自己成为碍事的人」，译为all done without making a nuisance of myself.其中make A of B意为「使B成为A」。又，all指代破折号之前的「热牛奶」「去弄堂买豆腐」等事情，done without making a nuisance of myself.是后置定语。
　　白天总是不在家的时候多，一回家便得寻了书读；I’m seldom at home in the daytime. But, I’ll start reading soon after I come back.
　　白天in the daytime
　　书拿到手，电话又来了。
　　Then I’ll be suddenly interrupted by phone calls from editor-friends asking for my contributions.
　　from editor-friends asking for my contributions是结合背景或者上下文的增译成分，使表意更准确丰富，帮助读者更好地理解文章。
　　朋友又喜欢要我写文章，因为我最明白编辑的痛苦，要二三千字我总肯为他赶写。
　　They know that I, out of compassion for editors, will never decline to dash off an article of two to three thousand words.
　　「因为我最明白编辑的痛苦，要二三千字我总肯为他赶写」即「出于对编辑的同情，我…」译为They know that I, out of compassion for editors, will never decline to dash off an article of two to three thousand words.其中decline to do表示拒绝做某事，never decline to 双重否定表肯定。又，dash off 意为「匆匆把…写好，匆匆完成」??out of在不同语境中可以有不同的译法。此处，out of意为「出于」「由于」，后面的名词由具体事物转为某种心态或条件。
　　out of fear出于害怕
　　out of habit按照习惯
　　out of pity出于怜悯心
　　out of curiosity出于好奇
　　我是无论如何脱离不了我的书斋的了。
　　At any rate, I’m inseparable from my library.
　　「无论如何」有多种译法，如：in any case; anyhow; as it may; at all events; at any rate; by all possible means; by hook or by crook; however it may be; on all accounts; on every account; under all circumstances; under [in] any circumstances; whatever happens，等，可根据语境选择不同的表达。
　　但是除非在我读书或是写文章到了出神的时候，我总会感觉到这几间书斋没有一间是舒服的。
　　But none of my three studies makes me feel comfortable except when I’m completely absorbed in reading or writing.
　　「读书或是写文章到了出神的时候」译为I’m completely absorbed in reading or writing.
　　我理想的书斋是一个极大的房间，里面要能容下二十个书架，冬天有热水汀；夏天有冷气。
　　My ideal study should be roomy enough for holding twenty bookcases and have air-conditioning.
　　「冬天有热水汀（指增高室内温度的暖气装置），夏天有冷气」 即调温设备或空气调节设备，概括地译作have air-conditioning。
　　我希望有一只最大的书桌，上面可以尽我把书籍纸张乱堆，中间还可以留一些地方安置笔砚稿纸之类。
　　And there should be a large desk there with enough space for books and writing paper to be jumbled up in piles on either side and for writing brush, inkstone, writing paper and so on to be placed in the middle.
　　there should be a large desk there：第一个there与should be构成there be句型，第二个there是地点副词，表示「（在）这里」??jumbled up in piles表示「杂乱地堆在一起」这个当然是我的奢望：我既没有财力去得到那样大的书斋，我也没有才力去写出什么大文章来，This is of course nothing but my wishful thinking. I have neither money to own such a roomy study, nor talent for creating masterpieces.
　　wishful thinking如意算盘，痴心妄想（当然，此处译文并不具贬义色彩）例句His claims to be a millionaire are just wishful thinking.
　　他声称要成为百万富翁的想法不过是一厢情愿。
　　不过希望也是一种安慰，同时还是一种鼓励。
　　Nevertheless, the extravagant hope brings me consolation all the same. It’s sort of encouragement too.
　　此处「奢望（希望）」换取了另一种表达the extravagant hope。
　　即使这样，仍然 all the same。
　　例句
　　All the same, more could be done.
　　即使这样，也并非无可作为。
　　但是，无论如何，我白天是写不出文章的。
　　But, anyway I can’t work efficiently in the daytime.
　　anyway是副词，表示「无论如何、不管怎么说」??「我白天是写不出文章的」这里又是一个「写不出文章」，此处宜理解为「不能有效工作」译为I can’t work efficiently in the daytime.
　　“楼上书房”的光线太大，多待了会头痛，用了太厚的窗帏又会闷气。
　　The “Upstairs Study” is too much lit up by the sun, so that I get a headache after staying there a bit too long. And a thick window curtain would only make the room stuffy.
　　「光线太大」即「光照过于充足」译为 too much lit up by the sun。too much表示程度。
　　“楼下书房”事实上又是会客间，我的客人又多，文章写到一半，来了几个朋友，反而大家不舒服。
　　The “Downstairs Study” is in fact a drawing room-cum-study. I have frequent visitors. When they call, I have to break off writing to the discomfort of both parties.
　　「‘楼下书房’事实上又是会客间」即「楼下书房既是会客间又是书房」译为The “Downstairs Study” is in fact a drawing room-cum-study.其中cum是介词，一般用以构成复合词，作「兼作」解。
　　「我的客人又多」译为I have frequent visitors，络绎不绝的客人。
　　「反而大家不舒服」译为to the discomfort of both parties。其中to 表示「导致，致使」，表示引起某种后果，在《养成好习惯》中也有类似表达：大声讲话，扰及他人的宁静，是一种不好的习惯译为It is a bad habit to talk loudly to the disturbance of others.
　　我写文章还有一个坏习惯，和吃饭一样不能停，一停了就吃不下；I’m in the bad habit of finishing my article at one go like when I eat a meal. Once interrupted, I just can’t resume eating.
　　at one go意为「一口气，一举，一下」
　　例句
　　Modernization of a vast country like China cannot be done at one go.
　　在中国这样一个幅员广大的国家里,要实现四个现代化,不可能一蹴而就.
　　有一次写一篇关于现代诗的文章，中间来了一个朋友，到现在还没有把它续完。
　　Once, while writing an article on modern poetry, I was interrupted by a friend visiting. As a result, the article remains unfinished even today.
　　while writing an article on modern poetry ：while引导时间状语从句，因为主从句主语一致，且从句谓语中有be动词，故从句省略主语和be动词。
　　所以假使有什么副刊编辑要我写那种分期登载的长篇小说，他一定会受累。
　　Therefore, a newspaper editor would inevitably end up in trouble if he should entrust me with the job of writing a serialized novel for his supplement.
　　entrust表示「委托、交付」
　　常用搭配
　　entrust B with A
　　entrust A (to) B
　　例句
　　He entrusted his nephew with the task.
　　He entrusted the task to his nephew.
　　他把这任务托付给了他的侄儿。
　　「分期登载的长篇小说」可以为a serial novel,或 a novel to appear in instalments, a novel to be published in serial form。
　　「他一定会受累」这里的「受累」并不是指「劳累」而是「陷入麻烦」，因此译为end up in trouble。
　　但是夜里写文章，一忽便会天亮；一天不睡，三天都不能使精神恢复，我于是时常头痛。
　　But, when I write at night, the day seems to break sooner than I think. And one sleepless night will make me feel tired for three days on end and often suffer from a headache.
　　「但是夜里写文章，一忽便会天亮」意为「在夜里写作，总会觉得天亮得特别早」或「总觉得不一会儿天就亮了」译为But, when I write at night, the day seems to break sooner than I think。
　　on end表示「连续地、不断地」
　　例句
　　He would disappear for weeks on end.
　　他常常是连续几周不见人影。
　　去找医生，他们总是皱紧了眉头叹口气。
　　When I go to see a doctor, he will just sigh with a frown.
　　原文「皱紧了眉头叹口气」是两个动作皱眉+叹气，而译文运用词性转化的技巧，将「叹气」用一个with结构处理为了with a frown，值得借鉴。
　　“三层楼书房”现在已放了一个床，我的表弟睡在里面，所以我除了寻书便不常去了。
　　As to the “Third-floor Study”, a bed has now been placed there for my younger male cousin. So I seldom go there unless when I need a book.
　　至于，关于 as to/for
　　例句
　　As to tax, that will be deducted from your salary.
　　至于税款，将从你薪水中扣除。
　　事实上，我已不应当对我的书斋发什么牢骚，虽然不大，可是究竟容得下我。况且他们也不算对不起我，In fact, I shouldn’t have complaints about my studies. Small as they are, they are tolerable.
　　「发牢骚」即「抱怨」，译为have complaints about…??Small as they are：as引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。
　　例句
　　Much as I like English, I’m going to choose civil engineering as my major.
　　虽然我很喜欢英语，但我还是打算选土木工
　　「虽然不大，可是究竟容得下我。况且他们也不算对不起我…」中， 「容得下我」即「能容忍我」，「不算对不起我」即「能满足我的基本需求」，意思有所重叠，译文中采用意译法处理，把后两句合二为一，只取一个意思，译为Small as they are, they are tolerable.此句也可译为Though small ,they serve my purpose fairly well.
　　自从去年秋天搬到此地，真名假名的文章，将近十五万字了。
　　Since I moved to the present lodgings in the autumn of last year, I’ve produced writings, under my real name or a pseudonym, totaling about 150,000 words.
　　pseudonym：前缀pseudo- 用于构成形容词和名词表示「假」「伪」「冒牌」，如pseudonym（假名、笔名）；pseudoscience（伪科学）。
　　必背词汇
　　bookworm      cn.书虫，书迷，书呆子
　　英义
　　If you describe someone as a bookworm, you mean they are very fond of reading.
　　例句
　　For bookworms, however, every day may seem like World Book Day.
　　不过对于书虫们来说，天天都是“世界读书日”。
　　armchair        cn.扶手椅
　　英义
　　An armchair is a big comfortable chair which has a support on each side for your arms.
　　例句
　　She was sitting in an armchair with blankets wrapped round her.
　　她坐在扶手椅中，身上裹着毯子。
　　impart      v.传授，告知
　　英义
　　If you impart information to people, you tell it to them.
　　例句
　　I am about to impart knowledge to you that you will never forget.
　　我会向你传授让你终生牢记的知识。
　　重点表达
　　简直可以说  may as well
　　那可不容易  it’s next to impossible
　　稿纸  writing paper
　　砚台  inkstone
　　毛笔  writing brush
　　浅淡的笔姿   light touches of ink
　　清高moral superiority
　　不满about
　　随便放lay aside casually
　　新书new acquisitions
　　为...取...名字   assign to ...an...name
　　懒得花这种心思   have never been in a mood for...
　　楼上书Upstairs Study
　　刮洋火 strike a match
　　谁都不会觉得讨厌all done without making a nuisance of myself无论如何At any rate出神completely absorbed in光线太大 too much lit up by the sun
　　反而大家不舒服 to the discomfort of both parties不能停  at one go受累  end up in trouble分期登载的长篇小说 a serialized novel
　　一忽便会天亮  the day seems to break sooner than I think牢骚  complaints此地  present lodgings假名  pseudonym
　　复盘测试
　　简直可以说
　　那可不容易
　　稿纸
　　砚台
　　毛笔
　　浅淡的笔姿
　　清高
　　不满
　　随便放
　　新书
　　为...取...名字
　　懒得花这种心思
　　楼上书房
　　刮洋火
　　谁都不会觉得讨厌
　　无论如何
　　出神
　　光线太大
　　反而大家不舒服
　　不能停
　　受累
　　分期登载的长篇小说
　　一忽便会天亮
　　牢骚
　　此地
　　假名
　　表达对比
　　「无论如何」有几种表达？
　　我是（无论如何）脱离不了我的书斋的了。
　　At any rate, I’m inseparable from my library.
　　（反正）最终没有进行抽签。
　　But in any case, no lots were drawn.
　　不用说你也知道，能用来把羊群从这个地方赶到那个地方，（不管怎么赶）。
　　Well, you know, you move sheep from point A to point B with it, by hook or by crook.
　　他（无论如何）都要去那儿。
　　He must go there on all accounts.
　　斯诺精神
　　——纪念斯诺逝世二十周年
　　萧乾
　　Spirit of Edgar Snow
　　—Marking the 20th Anniversary of Snow's DeathXiao Qian背景知识：萧乾所著《斯诺精神》一文原载1992年7月3日《人民日报》
　　关于标题，想说下mar的常见用法。
　　①表示纪念、庆祝。比如，“…（比如:今年）是xx的…周年纪念日”可以说This year marks the +序数词 anniversary of xx。
　　②表示「标志、意味着、是……的征兆」。比如：xx marks the end of an extraordinary period（标志着一个伟大时代的终结）我一生有过几次幸运和巧遇，其中之一是三十年代当上了斯诺的学生。
　　I owe several happy events in my life to a lucky chance. One of them was when I became a student of Edgar Snow’s in the 1930s.
　　「我一生有过几次幸运和巧遇」按「我一生中由于幸运和巧遇，有过几件快事」之意译为I owe several happy events in my life to a lucky chance，其中owe A to B是「把A归功于B」的意思，「幸运」和「巧遇」合并起来译为a lucky chance。又，happy events（快事）是译者添加的成分，也可用delightful happenings表达此意。当然，去掉增译成分直接处理为I had several luck and fortuitous events也是可以的。
　　当时他的本职是任英美两家报纸驻北平的记者。
　　He was then a reporter for two foreign newspapers in Peiping, owned respectively by Britons and Americans.
　　then作副词不止可以表示「然后」，还可以「当时」例句I spent years on the dole trying to get bands together and I never worried about money then.
　　我多年靠救济金过活，一直在努力组建乐队，那时，我从不为钱发愁。
　　a reporter for two foreign newspapers中的for也可替换为of，表示所属关系，但for有一层「为之工作、从事」的含义。
　　owned respectively by Britons and Americans是非限制性定语，可以理解为which were owned by …，修饰two foreign newspapers。
　　一九三三至一九三五年间，他应聘在燕京大学新闻系兼了课。
　　From 1933 to 1935, he was concurrently a teacher at the Journalism Department of Yenching University.
　　「兼了课」是指（他）不仅当记者，还在大学任教，参考译文用concurrently（同时）一词表明「兼」之意。
　　「新闻系」译作the Journalism Department。以此类推，「哲学系」就可以说the Philosophy Department。
　　斯诺仅仅在燕大教了这两年书，而我恰好就在那两年由辅仁大学的英文系转到了燕京大学的新闻系。
　　During the two years when he was with this University, I happened to be a student there, having been previously transferred from the English Department of Catholic University in Peiping.
　　During the two years when he was with this University中when引导定语从句，先行词是the two years。又，was with this University表示「在这所大学里」，此时with意为「为…工作、受雇于…」，也可替换为was in this University（在大学教书或做其他工作等），但不可换用介词at（指在大学读书）??「我恰好就在那两年由辅仁大学的英文系转到了燕京大学的新闻系」处理为：先交代「我的学生身份」，后接伴随状语进一步补充「我的转系经历」。又，前半部分直接处理为时间状语，两部分就很自然地衔接成了一句，结构很紧凑。
　　辅仁大学（Fu Jen Catholic University）：辅仁大学简称辅大，由马相伯先生于1927年创立。旧称为辅仁社、北京公教大学、私立北京辅仁大学、私立北平辅仁大学、国立辅仁大学等。辅大曾与20世纪初的北大、清华、燕大并称北平四大名校。
　　我毕业后，他也辞去这个兼差，去了延安并写出他的杰作《红星照耀中国》——即《西行漫记》。
　　Upon my graduation, he resigned the concurrent job and went to Yan’an where he wrote his masterpiece Red Star Over China.
　　「我毕业后，他也辞去这个兼差」译作Upon my graduation, he resigned the concurrent job。其中，upon my graduation作时间状语，表示「一毕业，就…」，从侧面凸显了「斯诺仅仅在燕大教了这两年书，而我恰好就……」的「恰好」??the concurrent job 兼职当时燕大教授多属学院派，In those days, professors at Yenching University were mostly an academic type.
　　「当时燕大教授多属学院派」译为In those days, professors at Yenching University were mostly an academic type。原文「多属学院派」含意应为「大都是学究式人物」，可译为were mostly an academic type或were mostly academically-inclined。
　　不管教什么，都先引经据典，在定义上下功夫。
　　Whatever they taught, they would, first of all, give copious references to the classics and spend very much time on definitions.
　　「引经据典」译作give copious references to the classics，其中copious（大量的）是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意，和「下功夫」一词相呼应，体现「学院派」作风。
　　而且，大都是先生讲，学生听。
　　More often than not, they did all the talking while the students did nothing but listen.
　　通常、往往、一贯、多半 more/as often than not例句As often as not, he's late for work.
　　他上班往往迟到。
　　原文的主语可以看作「真实情况」（是先生讲……），参考译文直接选择「先生」和「学生」作主语，并用while一词将前后连接，是一种可以借鉴的处理方式。又，they一词指上文提到的「燕大教授」，内容衔接较为顺畅。
　　课堂上轻易听不见什么讨论。
　　There was practically no classroom discussion at all.
　　practically除了表示「实际上、实践上」，还可表示「简直、几乎」例句I know people who find it practically impossible to give up smoking.
　　我认识一些人，他们觉得戒烟几乎是不可能的。
　　斯诺则不然。他着重讲实践，鼓励讨论。
　　Snow, however, did otherwise. He gave priority to practice and encouraged discussion.
　　给大家几个「着重/重视」的替换表达
　　attach importance to…
　　pay attention to…
　　give priority to…
　　focus on…
　　emphasize…
　　prioritize…
　　更重要的是，他是通过和同学们交朋友的方式来进行教学。
　　And more importantly, he did teaching by way of making friends with his students.
　　by way of此处意为「通过…的方式」。但有些语境中，by way of表示的是「作为 … 的形式」，比如She rolled her eyes by way of an answer and left.（她转动了一下眼睛作为回答就走了）。意思刚好是反过来的，注意区分。
　　除了课堂，对我们更具吸引力的，是他在海淀住宅的那座客厅。
　　We found the reception room in his Haidian residence more appealing than the classroom.
　　整个句子的主体结构：find sth adj，其中adj.是宾补。
　　the reception room接待室、客房
　　bedroom卧室
　　bathroom浴室、洗澡间
　　the waiting room of XX station指候车厅。
　　the changing room更衣室
　　the fitting room试衣间
　　the dining room餐厅
　　the guest room客厅
　　他和海伦都极好客，他们时常举行茶会或便餐，He and his wife Helen were very hospitable and often entertained us with tea or potluck.
　　entertained sb with sth用某物招待某人
　　区分两个单词：hostile充满敌意的、hospitable热情好客的。
　　平时大门也总是敞着的。
　　They would usually keep open house for us.
　　「平时大门也总是敞着的」不宜按字面直译为They would usually leave the door wide open，现译为They would usually keep open house for us，其中to keep open house是成语，作「随时欢迎来客」解。
　　一九二五年春天，正是在他那客厅里，我第一次见到了史沫特莱。
　　In the spring of 1935, it was in that reception room that I met Agnes Smedley for the first time.
　　it was in that reception room that I met Agnes Smedley for the first time是it was… that…强调句结构。
　　Agnes Smedley(1892-1950), an American woman journalist and writer known for her sympathetic chronicling of the Chinese revolution. During the 1930s, she traveled with the English Route and New Fourth Armies on China’s battlefields.
　　当时，由于怕国民党特务找她的麻烦，她故意隐瞒了自己的真实姓名。
　　At that time, in order to steer clear of harassment by KMT agents, she had changed her name to conceal her true identity.
　　steer clear of 避开，是固定搭配。
　　例句
　　Well, you may wanna steer clear of the word 'dumped'.
　　你应该避免用“甩”这个字眼。
　　「隐瞒了自己的真实姓名」→隐姓埋名→易名/改变名字（以编造假身份），现译作changed her name to conceal her true identity。
　　斯诺约我去吃晚饭时，就介绍她作“布朗太太”。
　　So, the evening when I had dinner at Snow's residence, he introduced her to me as “Mrs. Brown.”
　　So是增译成分，指明因果逻辑关系。
　　introduce A to B 把A介绍给B。这个短语除去表示「介绍人的身份」之外，还可表示「把一种事物引入/引进到…」，例如introduce new technologies to China。
　　那阵子我正在读她的《大地的女儿》。因此，席间我不断谈到那本书给予我的感受。其实我并不知道坐在我旁边的就是那本书的作者。
　　As it happened that I was then reading her novel Daughter of Earth, I kept talking at table about my impressions of it, not knowing that the very lady sitting next to me was its author.
　　As it happened that I was then reading her novel Daughter of Earth是as引导的原因状从。
　　not knowing that…作伴随状语。
　　及至史沫特莱离平返沪后，斯诺才告诉我，那晚我可把史沫特莱窘坏了。她以为我把她认了出来。
　　It was not until Smedley had left Peiping for Shanghai that Snow told me how apprehensive she had been that evening when I chatted about the novel, suspecting that I already knew her true identity.
　　It was not until Smedley had left Peiping for Shanghai that …是not until的强调句型。
　　suspect和doubt区别
　　1、怀疑的结果不同
　　doubt的意思是「疑为非」，suspect的意思是「疑为是」例句I doubt that he is the criminal.
　　我不相信她是罪犯。
　　I suspect that she is the criminal.
　　我怀疑她是罪犯。
　　2、后接从句不同
　　doubt后可接whether或if从句,但suspect则不能。
　　在读新闻系时，我有个思想问题：我并不喜欢新闻系，特别是广告学那样的课，简直听不进去。
　　While at Yenching University, I had a problem weighing on my mind: I found the study of journalism not to my liking and the advertising course particularly boring.
　　「在读新闻系时」译作While at Yenching University，并非错译。前文已经提到「（我）在燕大读新闻系」，故此中处理方式是完全可以的。
　　weighing on my mind表示「压在我心上、在我心里」例句Your name is something weighing on my mind.
　　你的名字，我的心事。
　　我只是为了取得个记者资格才转系的。
　　Frankly, I had transferred myself to the journalism department of Yenching for the sole purpose of obtaining qualifications for a reporter.
　　「我只是为了取得个记者资格才转系的」译为Frankly, I had transferred myself to the journalism department of Yenching for the sole purpose of obtaining qualifications for a reporter，其中Frankly（坦白说）是译文中的添加词。
　　我的心仍在文学系——因此，常旷了新闻系的课去英文系旁听。
　　Now, with my heart in literature, I often cut journalism classes so as to sit in on English literature classes.
　　「我的心仍在文学系——因此，常旷了新闻系的课去英文系旁听」译为Now, with my heart in literature, I often cut journalism classes so as to sit in on English literature classes，其中to cut作「旷（课）」解，to sit in on是成语，作「旁听」解。
　　斯诺帮我解决了这个矛盾。
　　Snow helped me solve this problem.
　　help sb to do sth/ help sb do sth均可
　　他说，文学同新闻并不相悖，而是相辅相成的。他认为一个新闻记者写的是现实生活，但他必须有文学修养——包括古典文学修养。
　　He told me that instead of being contradictory to each other, literature and journalism were mutually complementary and that in order to write stories of real life, a newsman must be cultured in literature, including classical literature.
　　译文简化完的结构一目了然：He told me that … and that…我毕业那天，他和海伦送了我满满一皮箱的世界文学名著，由亚里士多德至狄更斯。
　　On my commencement day, he and Helen gave me a suitcaseful of world literary classics, ranging from Aristotle to Dickens.
　　commencement或者graduation ceremony都表示「毕业典礼」??a suitcaseful of一皮箱的类似的表达还有a handful of 少量的
　　a mouthful of 一口
　　他去世后，我从露易丝·斯诺的书中知道，他临终时，枕边还放着萧伯纳的著作。
　　Later I learned that when he was on his deathbed, a copy of Bernard Shaw‘s work had been found lying by his pillow.
　　deathbed是可数名词，意临终之病榻。弥留之际；垂危；临终on one’s deathbed。
　　鲁彦《父亲》
　　他弥留的时候对我说，一切都满足了。
　　He told me on his deathbed that he had nothing to feel sorry about.
　　斯诺教导我，当的是记者，但写通讯特写时，一定要尽量有点文学味道。
　　I am greatly indebted to Snow for his teachings that literary taste is a must for a reporter’s news dispatches and feature articles.
　　am greatly indebted to Snow for是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意，增补出来也无可厚非。又，因某事感激某人be indebted to sb for sth。
　　例句
　　I am deeply indebted to him for his help.
　　我非常感激他对我的帮助。
　　一九三六年当他晓得我给《大公报》所写的冯玉祥访问记被国民党检査官砍得面目皆非——冯将军的抗日主张全部被砍掉了，他立即要我介绍他去访问这位将军——In 1936, when Snow found in The Dagong Bao that the KMT had heavily censored my article Interview with Feng Yu-xiang, with Feng’s anti-Japanese views completely cut out, he wanted me immediately to introduce him to Feng for a visit.
　　Feng Yu-xiang(1882-1948), renowned Chinese general and patriot.
　　「全部被砍掉了」可译作completely cut out，也可参考萧乾《说起香港》有一回审查官甚至把半个版面全给枪毙了Once the British censor even had half a page killed一句，译作killed。
　　不出几天，我就在报上看到日本政府向南京抗议说，身居军事委员会副委员长的冯玉祥，竟然向美国记者斯诺发表了不友好的谈话。
　　A few days later, I found in the newspapers that the Japanese government had protested to the KMT government about the unfriendly remarks from Military Commission Vice-Chairman Feng Yu-xiang in an interview with the American reporter Snow.
　　军事委员会副委员长Military Commission Vice-Chairman / Vice Chairman of the Military Commission一九四四年，我们又在刚刚解放的巴黎见了面。
　　In 1944, Snow and I met again, this time in Paris shortly after its liberation.
　　「刚刚解放的巴黎」译作in Paris shortly after its liberation，把原文中的定语「刚刚解放的」转换为了时间状语shortly after its liberation。
　　当时他是苏联特许的六名釆访东线的记者之一。
　　He was then one of the six reporters specially permitted by the Soviet Union to cover the east front.
　　「特许」译作specially permitted by。表示「向某人表示特别的谢意」，可以说extend/express special thanks to sb??cover熟词僻义，此处表示「报道」例句The US news media will cover the trial closely.
　　美国新闻媒体将对该审判进行追踪报道。
　　在酒吧间里他对我说，他在中国的岁月是他一生最难忘，也是最重要的一段日子。
　　He told me in a barroom that the days he had spent in China were his most unforgettable experience and also the most important part of his life.
　　the days he had spent in China相当于the days that he had spent in China。
　　他自幸能在上海结识了鲁迅先生和宋庆龄女士。他是在他们的指引下认识中国的。
　　He thought that he was most fortunate in having got acquainted with Lu Xun and Madame Soong Ching Ling in Shanghai and that it was through their guidance that he had come to understand China.
　　结识某人got acquainted with sb
　　点头之交 a nodding acquaintance
　　三十年代上半叶，在西方人中间，斯诺最早判断抗日战争迟早必然爆发，而且胜利最后必然属于中国。
　　In the early 1930s, Snow was the first Westerner to predict that the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression would break out sooner or later and that the final victory would certainly belong to China.
　　（最早）判断译作predict，用词非常准确。因为当时事情还没发生，所以一切都是预测，故选用predict。
　　一九四八年，他又在《星期六评论》上接连写了三篇文章，断言中国战后绝不会当苏联的仆从，必然会走自己的路。
　　In 1948, he wrote three articles at a stretch for The Saturday Review, in which he stated with certainty that the post-war China would follow its own course and never become a Soviet flunkey.
　　at a stretch 一口气地，不休息地
　　一口气，一下子 at a sitting
　　例句：梁实秋《时间即生命》
　　我不长时间看电视，通常只看半个小时。
　　I seldom spend long hours watching TV—usually I watch TV for no more than 30 minutes at a sitting.
　　他这种胆识，这种预见性，是难能可贵的。
　　His courageous foresight was highly commendable.
　　「这种胆识，这种预见性」合并译作courageous foresight。
　　斯诺认为一个记者绝不可光追逐热门新闻，他还必须把人类的正义事业记在心头。不能人云亦云，随波逐流，必须有自己独立的见解观点，必须有良知和正义感。
　　He believed that a journalist should bear in mind the just cause of humanity instead of going after sensational reporting and that he should have independent views, good conscience and sense of justice instead of parroting other people's opinions and following them blindly.
　　将…记在心中、记住、考虑到 bear/keep…in mind或bear/keep in mind that..
　　cause作「事业」讲，如中华民族伟大复兴的事业也是用cause一词。
　　斯诺的骨灰一部分已留在中国了。
　　Part of Snow’s ashes now rest in China.
　　rest in China表示「在中国安息」
　　R.I.P.是一种简短的碑铭，意思是愿死者安息！源自拉丁语requiescat in pace（现英文为rest in peace）。只能用于逝去之人的身上，表示对亡者的尊重、祝福和祈祷。
　　我希望他的这种抱负和精神，也能在中国生根。
　　I hope his aspirations and spirit will also take root in this country.
　　take root in在……扎根/生根
　　例句
　　The seed took root in the teapot and began to grow.
　　并且种子在茶壶里生根发芽了。
　　必背词汇
　　parrot       v.机械地模仿，鹦鹉学舌般地重复英义If you disapprove of the fact that someone is just repeating what someone else has said, often without really understanding it, you can say that they are parroting it.
　　例句
　　Generations of students have learnt to parrot the standard explanations.
　　一代又一代学生学会了机械地重复这些标准解释。
　　mark        v.纪念，庆祝
　　英义
　　If you do something to mark an event or occasion, you do it to show that you are aware of the importance of the event or occasion.
　　例句
　　The four new stamps mark the 100th anniversary of the British Astronomical Association.
　　这四枚新邮票是为了纪念英国天文协会成立100周年而发行的。
　　concurrent       adj.同时发生的
　　英义
　　Concurrent events or situations happen at the same time.
　　例句
　　Galerie St. Etienne is holding three concurrent exhibitions.
　　圣艾蒂安美术馆同时举办3场展览。
　　resign       v.辞职，辞去，放弃
　　英义
　　If you resign from a job or position, you formally announce that you are leaving it.
　　例句
　　Mr Robb resigned his position last month.
　　罗布先生上个月辞职了。
　　重点表达
　　新闻系the Journalism Department
　　辅仁大学Catholic University
　　《红星照耀中国》Red Star Over China
　　多属学院派were mostly an academic type或were mostly academically-inclined在定义上下功夫spend very much time on definitions通常、往往、一贯、多半more/as often than not接待室、客房the reception room随时欢迎来客to keep open house国民党特务KMT agents
　　避开steer clear of
　　压在我心上、在我心里weighing on my mind
　　旁听to sit in on
　　旷课to cut
　　一皮箱的a suitcaseful of
　　毕业典礼commencement
　　弥留之际；垂危；临终on one’s deathbed
　　因某事感激某人be indebted to sb for sth
　　军事委员会副委员长Military Commission Vice-Chairman / Vice Chairman of the Military Commission结识某人got acquainted with sb一口气地，不休息地at a stretch将…记在心中、记住、考虑到bear/keep…in mind或bear/keep in mind that..
　　在……扎根/生根take root in
　　复盘测试
　　新闻系
　　辅仁大学
　　《红星照耀中国》
　　多属学院派
　　在定义上下功夫
　　通常、往往、一贯、多半
　　接待室、客房
　　随时欢迎来客
　　国民党特务
　　避开
　　压在我心上、在我心里
　　旁听
　　旷课
　　一皮箱的
　　毕业典礼
　　弥留之际；垂危；临终
　　因某事感激某人
　　军事委员会副委员长
　　结识某人
　　一口气地，不休息地
　　将…记在心中、记住、考虑到
　　在……扎根/生根
　　表达对比
　　「巧合」有几种表达？
　　我一生有过几次幸运和（巧遇）。
　　I owe several happy events in my life to a lucky chance.
　　斯诺仅仅在燕大教了这两年书，而我（恰好）就在那两年由辅仁大学的英文系转到了燕京大学的新闻系。
　　During the two years when he was with this University, I happened to be a student there, having been previously transferred from the English Department of Catholic University in Peiping.
　　（恰巧）她不是跟我朋友在一起，她是跟别人。
　　It happened that she wasn't with my friend. She was with someone else.
　　那真的是（偶然）。
　　It was just by chance really.
　　我和北大图书馆
　　季羡林
　　Peking University Library and I
　　Ji Xianlin
　　背景知识：《我和北大图书馆》是我国著名教授、学者、散文家、翻译家季羡林(1911—2009)写于1991年的一篇散文。酷爱书籍，乃文人学者本色，作者私人书斋藏书几万册，1946年入北大工作，视藏书甲全国大学的北大图书馆为安身立命的地方，「书城」使他「忘记了尘世的一切不愉快的事情，怡然自得」，得以毕生潜心搞学问，笔耕不辍，他的散文文思畅快，平实自然，言简意赅，真切动人。
　　我对北大图书馆有一种特殊的感情，这种感情潜伏在我的内心深处，从来没有明确地意识到过。
　　I cherish a particular affection for Peking University Library—an affection that has hidden deep in my heart without my knowledge.
　　Q：为什么「有」不翻译为have，而选择cherish呢？
　　「对……抱有感情」汉译英很容易条件反射have a feeling for sth，但实际上have a feeling for sth意思是「对某事有悟性（天分）」，比如说「你似乎对绘画很有天分」可以表达为You seem to have a feeling for drawing。
　　have没有cherish选词准确，看英英解释第二条，to keep an idea, a hope or a pleasant feeling in your mind for a long time，显然cherish比have包含的感情更多。新概念3的第34课《a happy discovery》里面有一句: He must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded. 中文意思是：他必须抱有这样的希望，终有一天，他的努力会取得丰硕的成果。
　　中文的「有」很多情况下不直接翻译成have，经济学人中经常用boast，比如说：「深圳有大量高速增长的科技公司」英文可以说：Shenzhen boasts a large number of fast growing technology companies. 根据boast的本意「吹嘘」可以知道，一般情况下这种「有」是好的东西，boast的英英解释有一条是：(a person, place, or thing) possess (a feature that is a source of pride)。政府工作报告中夸中国地大物博、物产丰富之类的也常用boast。
　　Q：「......感情，这种感情......」重复部分为什么不用定语从句连接，而用破折号，还重复了一遍affection呢？
　　I cherish a particular affection which has hidden deep in my heart without my knowledge. 定语从句一般情况下修饰的是紧跟的那个名词，如果要用定语从句连接，那么北大图书馆这个信息点放哪儿好呢？这里学到一个新的翻译手法：如果有个名词出现了两遍，又因为别的信息干扰，无法处理成简洁的定语从句，那么可以用破折号连接，重复一遍那个名词，起到解释说明的作用。切莫因为追求简洁而没有忠实原文，翻译时遗漏信息点就没有达到「信」最近图书馆的领导同志要我写一篇讲图书馆的文章，我连考虑都没有，立即一口答应。
　　Therefore, recently when the curator asked me to write an article on the library, I readily agreed without any hesitation.
　　「连考虑都没有，立即一口答应」译作readily agreed without any hesitation。「立即一口答应」按「欣然答应」之意译作了readily agreed。
　　但我立刻感到有点吃惊。我现在事情还是非常多的，抽点时间，并非易事。
　　Nevertheless, immediately afterwards, I felt a bit surprised at the rash promise I had made, for, with already too many irons in the fire, I could hardly have time to spare.
　　「但我立刻感到有点吃惊。我现在事情还是非常多的，抽点时间，并非易事」可按「我立刻对自己的轻率允诺感到吃惊，因为我有许多事要办, 很难抽出时间」理解。译文中rash作「仓促作出的」「轻率的」解， 是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。又，too many irons in the fire 是常用英语成语，作「同时有许多事要做」解。又，I could hardly have time to spare作「我几乎抽不出时间」解，意同「抽点时间，并非易事」为什么竟立即答应下来了呢?如果不是心中早就蕴藏着这样一种感情的话，能出现这种情况吗?
　　What had made me give the promise? Could I have done that had it not been for my deep-seated affection for the University library?
　　如果不是心中早就蕴藏着这样一种感情的话，能出现这种情况吗？译为Could I have done that had it not been for my deep-seated affection for the University library。其中 had it not been for 为虚拟条件从句 if it had not been for的倒装(省略if),也可改用but for表达。原文从句也可译为without my deep-seated affection for the University library。
　　翻译是语法正确包括语态和时态，其中时态准确十分重要。比如前面的I felt a bit surprised at the rash promise I had made，匆忙地答应发生在惊讶之前，也就是过去的过去，所以匆忙答应需要用过去完成时。翻译的时候不要忽略这个细节，had done和did含义相差很大。
　　树有根，水有源，我这种感情的根源由来已久了。
　　Every tree has its roots and every river its source. My deep affection for the University library has an origin of long standing.
　　Every tree has its roots and every river its source：为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，英语中常常会省略。并列句中，如果后面的句子和前面句子有相同的成分，往往都会省略以避免重复。
　　《二级笔译实务配套训练》第二单元汉译英《汉族人的宗教》使用了大量省略句。原文是：掌管宇宙的玉皇大帝，掌管吃喝和一家祸福的灶神，掌管雨水的龙王，象征长寿的南极寿星。翻译是：the Jade Emperor was in charge of the entire universe, the Kitchen God of food, drinks, happiness and misfortunes, the Dragon King of rain and floods, and the South-Pole Star of Longevity was symbolic of long lives.
　　1946年，我从欧洲回国。去国将近11年，在落叶满长安(长安街也)的深秋季节，又回到了北平。
　　In 1946, I returned to China after staying Europe for about eleven years. When I arrived in Peiping, it was late autumn, with Chang’an Street strewn with fallen leaves.
　　with Chang’an Street strewn with fallen leaves是with复合结构，表示伴随。
　　在北大工作，内心感情的波动是难以形容的，既兴奋，又寂寞；既愉快，又惆怅。
　　My first days at Peking University found me experiencing an indescribable mixed feeling of both elation and loneliness, and both joy and gloom.
　　「在北大工作，内心感情的波动是难以形容的，既兴奋，又寂寞；既愉快，又惆怅」可按「初到北大，内心感情……」译为My first days at Peking University found myself experiencing an indescribable mixed feeling of both elation and loneliness, and both joy and gloom。说「心情复杂」时可借鉴表达mixed feeling然而我立刻就到了一下可以安身立命的地方，这就是北大图书馆。
　　Fortunately, I soon found a place where I could settle down to a tranquil life and get on with my work, that is, Peking University Library.
　　译文中fortunately为增词，指明上下文逻辑关系，起承上启下的作用。汉译英中经常会出现逻辑增词，比如「少年易老学难成，一寸光阴一寸金」这句话的译文是：Growing old is easy for a young person, but scholarship is difficult. Therefore one must treasure every moment of life.这里面的therefore也属于增加逻辑连接词，表因果。
　　安身立命这个四字成语需要靠解释来翻译：安定下来过着平静安宁的生活，继续稳定的工作。现译作settle down to a tranquil life and get on with my work。
　　tranquil在文学翻译中常见。在《韩刚90天突破二级笔译》中有句翻译：都市繁忙的工作和匆忙的生活节奏，使人们向往在节假日远离喧闹的大都市，到郊外度假休闲。译文是：During holidays, people tend to leave their fast-pace urban life behind, getting away from the hustle and bustle for peace and tranquility in a suburban retreat.这里面hustle and bustle表示喧闹繁忙，peace and tranquility表示安静祥和，不仅意境表达到位，而且对仗工整。
　　当时我单身住在红楼，我的办公室(东语系办公室)是在灰楼。图书馆就介乎其中。
　　At that time, I lived alone at the Red Building and my office, the office of the Oriental Languages Department, was in the Gray Building. And the University library was situated in-between.
　　「单身住在红楼」中的「单身」可不是单身狗的单身，而是独自一人，现译作alone。
　　积累原文（）转化成译文中同位语的处理方式，有时也可处理为破折号。
　　其中was situated in-between，译法简洁明了。
　　承当时图书馆的领导特别垂青，在图书馆里给了我一间研究室，在楼下左侧。
　　Thanks to the thoughtfulness of the curator, I was allotted a research room in the library, on the left side of its ground floor.
　　「承当时图书馆的领导特别垂青……」可按「承图书馆馆长（管理人员）的照顾」译为Thanks to the thoughtfulness of the curator ...。「当时」体现在了时态中，不需要字面翻译。至于「垂青」，如果想不到thoughtfulness，也可以处理成「欣赏或者青睐」，也就是appreciation或者favor。但是thoughtfulness多了层褒奖管理员的含义，英英释义：showing that you think about and care for other people. 在欣赏和青睐季羡林的基础上，还体现了馆长本人的优点。
　　窗外是到灰楼去的必由之路。经常有人走过，不能说是很清静。
　　It was a bit noisy out of the window due to a passage alongside the building, which was the only way leading to the Gray Building.
　　注意译文对语句顺序的调整，把「必经之路」这一分句处理为了非限制性定从，和对逻辑关系的补充，增译due to表示因果。
　　但是在图书馆这一面，却是清静异常。
　　But it was very quiet in the library itself though.
　　准确理解「在图书馆这一面」的意思，其实就是在图书馆里，译作in the library itself。
　　我的研究室左右，也都是教授研究室，当然室各有主，但是颇少见人来。
　　Around me were also research rooms belonging to other professors, but I seldom saw them.
　　Around me were also research rooms belonging to other professors是倒装结构。又，belonging to other professors是rooms的后置定语。
　　所以走廊里静如古寺，真是念书写作的好地方。
　　So it was all quiet in the corridor, like in an ancient temple. It was an ideal place for doing studies and writing indeed.
　　「念书写作」按「学习和写作」之意译作doing studies and writing indeed。
　　我能在奔波数万里、扰攘十几年，有时梦想得到一张一尺见方的书桌而渺不可得的情况下，居然有了一间窗明几净的研究室，简直如坐天堂，如享天福了。
　　Imagine how overwhelmed with joy I was to have a bright research room complete with a desk after spending more than a decade rushing about form place to place sometimes with the vain dream of getting a mere small desk of my own!
　　how引导的感叹句类型
　　①How＋形容词＋主语＋谓语!
　　②How＋副词＋主语＋谓语!
　　③How＋主语＋动词!
　　④How+ many/much/few/little+ 名词+主语＋谓语!
　　complete with a desk 作room的后置定语，其中，complete with表示「附带、连同」例句I thought you might like a little treat complete with candy corn.
　　我想你或许喜欢带玉米糖的小礼物。
　　有时梦想得到一张一尺见方的书桌而渺不可得译为sometimes with the vain dream of getting a small desk of my own，其中把「有时梦想……而渺不可得」意即「有时妄想得到」译为sometimes with the vain dream of getting …。又，「一尺见方的」意即「小型的」，故译为small。
　　「简直如坐天堂，如享天福了」不宜直译，可按我多么喜出望外啊！译为 Imagine how overwhelmed with joy I was。
　　研究室的真正要害还不在窗明几净——当然，这也是必要的——而在有没有足够的书。
　　To me, however, what really mattered in a research room were not bright windows and clean desks, which were of course also indispensable, but sufficient books.
　　「真正要害」可按「真正重要」译为What really mattered/counted在这一点上，我也得到了意外的满足。
　　Now I had my wish unexpectedly gratified.
　　my wish即指上句所说的「有足够的书」。又，had my wish unexpectedly gratified是have…done结构。
　　图书馆的领导允许我从书库里提一部分必要的书，放在我的研究室里，供随时查用。
　　I was given permission from the curator to equip my research room with necessary books for easy reference taken direct from the stack rooms.
　　积累equip…with…的表达，非常亮眼。
　　「供随时查用」意即「以便查用」故译为for easy reference我当时是东语系的主任，虽然系非常小，没有多少学生，一些公要办，所以也并不太闲。
　　As head of the Department of Oriental Languages, I was busy with meetings and official duties although the said Department had a relatively small enrollment.
　　「系非常小，没有多少学生」可译为the said Department was relatively small with not too many students, 但不如the said Department had a relatively small enrollment 简洁。
　　可是我一有机会，就遁入我的研究室去，“躲进小楼成一统”，这地方是我的天下。
　　In spite of that, I would withdraw at the first opportunity to my research room to enjoy the privacy of having a place all to myself, a place where I was my own master.
　　「可是我一有机会，就遁入我的研究室，‘躲进小楼成一统’，这地方是我的天下。」译为In spite of that, I would withdraw at the first opportunity to my research room to enjoy the privacy of a place all to myself, a place where I was my own master，其中at the first（或earliest） opportunity 是成语，意同as soon as possible，用来表达「一有机会」我一进屋，就能进入角色，潜心默读，坐拥书城，其乐实在是不足为外人道也。
　　As soon as I entered the room, I began to live my part as an avid reader sitting among a roomful of books. The great pleasure I enjoyed at the moment was beyond description.
　　「我一进入屋，就能进入角色，潜心默读，坐拥书城」译为As soon as I entered the room, I began to live my part as an avid reader sitting among a roomful of books，其中把「进入角色」译为to live my part，此乃英语成语， 其意思是：淋漓尽致地扮演一种角色。
　　我回国以后，由于资料缺乏，在国外时的研究工作，无法进行，Upon my return to China, I had to discontinue, for lack of reference materials, the research I had been doing abroad.
　　Upon my return to China：upon+…结构可作时间状语。
　　老舍《养花》
　　送牛奶的同志，进门就夸“好香”！这使我们全家都感到骄傲。
　　It filled the whole family with pride whenever the milkman exclaims on entering our gate, “What a sweet smell!”
　　只能有多大碗，吃多少饭，找一些可以发挥自己的长处而又有利于国计民生的题目，来进行研究。
　　I had to adapt to the new circumstances by working only on themes most familiar to me and having direct bearing on national economy and the people’s livelihood.
　　「有多大碗，吃多少饭」在文中指「习惯回国后的条件」，故译作adapt to the new circumstances。
　　most familiar to me and having direct bearing on national economy and the people’s livelihood是themes的后置定语。having direct bearing on表示「对……有直接影响」北大图书馆藏书甲全国大学，我需要的资料基本上能找得到，因此还能够写出一些东西来。
　　As Peking University Library boasted the largest collection of books of all university libraries in the country, I was able to write with materials available to me.
　　「北大图书馆藏书甲全国大学」按「北京大学藏书量（在所有大学中）全国第一」译作As Peking University Library boasted the largest collection of books of all university libraries in the country。甲有「最，第一」的意思，比如桂林山水甲天下，他们是一个句型。又，这里的boast用来夸北大「有」很多书，比have地道。
　　如果换一个地方，我必如车辙中的鲋鱼那样，什么书也看不到，什么文章也写不出。
　　Otherwise, with no access to books I needed, I would have accomplished nothing at all, like a fish stranded in a dry rut.
　　「如车辙中的鮒鱼那样」来自典故「涸辙之鮒」，可译为like a fish stranded in a dry rut作为全国最高学府的北京大学，我们有悠久的爱国主义的革命历史传统，有实事求是的学术传统，这些都是难能可贵的，As one of the highest institutes of learning in the country, Peking University has a long history of revolutionary patriotism as well as an academic tradition of seeking truth from facts. All that is praiseworthy.
　　悠久的爱国主义的革命历史传统a long history of revolutionary patriotism实事求是的学术传统an academic tradition of seeking truth from facts原文中虽然「这些都是难能可贵的」前是逗号，但译时另起一句（如参考译文以all that指代所说的传统，译作All that is praiseworthy）也是完全可以的。
　　但是，我认为，一个第一流的大学，必须有第一流的设备、第一流的图书、第一流的教师、第一流的学者和第一流的管理。五个第一流，缺一不可。
　　However, in my opinion, a first-rate university should have facilities, library, teaching staff, scholars and administration of the best quality.
　　first-rate表示「一流的，极好的，高级的」，例如：a first-rate swimmer（优秀游泳运动员）??此句中「第一流」出现了很多次。在修饰大学时，翻作了first-rate；在细数五个「第一流」时，为避免重复使用同一表达，译作了of the best quality，且将其处理为后置定语。
　　我们北大可以说具备这五个第一流的。
　　Peking University certainly meets the requirement in the five respects.
　　「具备这五个第一流」即「满足这五方面的条件/要求」，现译作meets the requirement in the five respects。
　　因此，我们有充分的基础，可以来弘扬祖国的优秀文化，为我国四化建设培养德才兼备的人才，对外为祖国争光，对内为人民立功。
　　We of this University are, therefore, fully qualified for the job of carrying forward the splendid cultural heritage of our nation and training people of ability and virtue for our country’s modernization drive, thereby winning honor for our country and rendering meritorious service to our people.
　　Q：这句话太长了像流水账，怎么翻译？
　　首先分析句子间的逻辑关系。根据韩刚老师的「三步走」：第一步给出理念、指导方针或原则。第二步具体阐述在这种方针下要做什么，也就是措施。第三步给出结果或要实现的目标。这句话可以用「三步走」拆分法。「弘扬文化，培养人才」是措施，「为国争光，为民立功」是结果。措施和结果之间用thereby/therefore +doing表示结果。这种句子就像数学公式，掌握以后灵活套用即可，常出现于政府工作报告中。
　　在这五个第一流中，第一流的图书馆更显得特别突出。北大图书馆是全国大学图书馆的翘楚。这是世人之公言，非我一个之私言。我们为此应该感到骄傲，感到幸福。
　　Our library, in particular, is playing an important role. We are proud and happy that it has been generally acknowledged as the best university library in the country.
　　「是世人之公言，非我一个之私言」所说的「言」指「北大图书馆是全国大学图书馆的翘楚」。译文调整语序，先交代「情绪」，再交代「事实」，体现了英文先评论后事实的特点。
　　但是，我们全校师生员工却不能躺在这个骄傲、这个幸福上睡大觉。
　　Nevertheless, we teachers, students and all employees should not be satisfied with the success we have already won.
　　we 与teachers, students and all employees互为同位语。
　　「躺在这个骄傲、这个幸福上睡大觉」采取了意译法，按「我们全校师生不能满足于现状/不能对已取得的成绩沾沾自喜」之意译作be satisfied with the success we have already won。
　　我们必须努力学习，努力工作，像爱护自己的眼球一样，爱护北大，爱护北大的一草一木、一山一石，爱护我们的图书馆。
　　We should study and work hard and cherish, as we do our eyes, our university and everything in it, including its library.
　　as we do our eyes作方式状语。
　　赏析「爱护北大，爱护北大的一草一木、一山一石，爱护我们的图书馆」的译文。翻译时，我们很容易被原文牵着鼻子走，一板一眼地照原文翻译。但细想，「一草一木、一闪一石」不就是在说整个北大吗？北大图书馆自然也只是北大的一部分，故译文未处理成并列成分，而是用including一词进行连接。
　　我们图书馆的藏书盈架充栋，我们全体北大人必须十分珍惜爱护。这样，我们的图书馆才能有长久的生命，我们的骄傲与幸福才有坚实的基础。
　　We should treasure its rich collection and take good care of each and every copy of the books therein, so that it can long survive intact and forever remain as something for us to be proud of and happy about.
　　上句「爱护」译作cherish，此处「珍惜爱护」译作treasure and take good care of，体现了表达多样性。
　　survive intact表示「完好无恙/毫发无损」例句I would argue that “The Warlock's Hairy Heart” has survived intact through the centuries because it speaks to the dark depths in all of us.
　　我认为，《男巫的毛心脏》之所以历经几个世纪还完好如初，是因为它道出了我们每个人最阴暗的内心世界。
　　愿与全校同仁共勉之。
　　Let us encourage each other in our common endeavors.
　　祈使句的作用是要求、请求或命令、劝告、叮嘱、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号，但是有些祈使句的语气较弱，可以用句号结尾。
　　必背词汇
　　intact       adj.完整无缺的，未受损伤的
　　英义
　　Something that is intact is complete and has not been damaged or changed.
　　例句
　　Most of the cargo was left intact after the explosion.
　　大部分货物在爆炸发生后都完好无损。
　　livelihood       n.营生，生计
　　英义
　　Your livelihood is the job or other source of income that gives you the money to buy the things you need.
　　例句
　　As a result of this conflict he lost both his home and his means of livelihood.
　　这场冲突使他同时失去了住所和生计来源。
　　overwhelm      v.情感、事件等使不知所措，使难以承受英义If you are overwhelmed by a feeling or event, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it.
　　例句
　　He was overwhelmed by a longing for times past.
　　他一心渴望回到从前。
　　allot     v.分配，分派，划拨
　　英义
　　If something is allotted to someone, it is given to them as their share.
　　例句
　　The seats are allotted to the candidates who have won the most votes.
　　席位被分配给了赢得选票最多的候选人。
　　重点表达
　　对A抱有B感情 cherish a B affection for A
　　没有意识到 without one’s knowledge
　　毫不犹豫 without any hesitation
　　事情非常多，有许多事要做 too many irons in the fire我几乎抽不出时间 I could hardly have time to spare......的根源由来已久  sth has an origin of long standing既兴奋，又寂寞 mixed feeling of both elation and loneliness安身立命 settle down to a tranquil life and get on with one’s work扰攘十几年 spend more than a decade奔波数万里 rush about from place to place梦想.....却渺不可得 with the vain dream of真正要害 what really mattered/counted供随时查用 for easy reference坐拥书城 sit among a roomful of books
　　与......有关 have a bearing on sth
　　与......无关 have no bearing on sth
　　国计民生 national economy and the people’s livelihood不足为外人道也/无法描述 beyond description一有机会 at the first/earliest opportunity 或as soon as possible如车辙中的鲋鱼 like a fish stranded in a dry rut最高学府 the highest institute of learning实事求是 seek truth from facts满足条件/要求 meet the requirement弘扬祖国的优秀文化 carry forward the splendid cultural heritage of our nation现代化建设 modernization drive复盘测试对A抱有B感情
　　没有意识到
　　毫不犹豫
　　事情非常多，有许多事要做
　　我几乎抽不出时间
　　......的根源由来已久
　　既兴奋，又寂寞
　　安身立命
　　扰攘十几年
　　奔波数万里
　　梦想.....却渺不可得
　　真正要害
　　供随时查用
　　坐拥书城
　　与......有关
　　与......无关
　　国计民生
　　不足为外人道也/无法描述
　　一有机会
　　如车辙中的鲋鱼
　　最高学府
　　实事求是
　　满足条件/要求
　　弘扬祖国的优秀文化
　　现代化建设
　　表达对比
　　「我认为」有几种表达？
　　但是，（我认为），一个第一流的大学，必须有第一流的设备、第一流的图书、第一流的教师、第一流的学者和第一流的管理。五个第一流，缺一不可。
　　However, in my opinion, a first-rate university should have facilities, library, teaching staff, scholars and administration of the best quality.
　　但是对广大的《红楼梦》的读者呢？（我看）是没有用处。
　　But, to my mind, it is of little use to readers of A Dream of Red Mansions at large.
　　（我认为）今天日本不认罪也就是思想上还没放下屠刀，东条还在阴魂不散，谁敢担保在下个世纪他不会借尸还魂！
　　I think Japan’s refusal to admit its crimes is due to its failure to be mentally prepared to drop the butcher’s knife. So long as the ghost of Tojo lingers on, none can assure you that militarism will never revive in a new guise in the next century.
　　（在我看来），我认为世界上少了一个普普通通的没有工作热情的医生，实在是不值一提的小事。
　　In me, I think the world lost a mediocre doctor who's heart would not be in healing - so it was no great loss.
　　在德国——自己的花是让别人看的
　　Growing Flowers for the Benefit of All
　　季羡林
　　Ji Xianlin
　　背景知识：《在德国——自己的花是让别人看的》是我国著名教育家、印度学家、散文家季羡林1985年8月写于德国斯图加特邮政旅馆的一篇小品。
　　爱美大概也算是人的天性吧。
　　It is perhaps human nature to love things beautiful.
　　things beautiful写作beautiful things即可，无需像参考译文一样后置。形容词作后置定语一般是a-开头的，比如alive等，以及其他规则，这里不展开说明。
　　宇宙间美的东西很多，花在其中占重要的地位。
　　The universe abounds in things of beauty, flowers being the most prominent among them.
　　看到第一句「宇宙间美的东西很多」，很可能会条件反射there be结构。这里介绍一个非常高级的词汇abound，abound不仅可以替换there be 结构，还可以替换be full of这个短语，比如说想表达「大城市机会很多」，可以用Big cities abound with opportunities来替换Big cities are full of opportunities。
　　flowers being the most prominent among them是独立主格结构。
　　爱花的民族也很多，德国在其中占重要的地位。
　　Many peoples, especially the Germans, love flowers.
　　「爱花的民族也很多」译为many peoples ... love flowers，其中peoples （复数）作「许多民族」解。
　　译文中的he Germans作「德国民族」解。
　　四五十年以前我在德国留学的时候，我曾多次对德国人爱花之真切感到吃惊。
　　Upwards of 40 years ago, when I was a student studying in Germany, I was often deeply impressed by the genuine love shown by Germans for flowers.
　　「多次对……感到吃惊」可按「……经常给我留下深刻的印象」译为 I was often deeply impressed by ...
　　家家户户都在养花。
　　All German families raised flowers.
　　养花raise flowers
　　养小孩raise children
　　他们的花不像在中国那样，养在屋子里，他们是把花都栽种在临街窗户的外面。
　　Unlike people in China who kept pot flowers indoors, Germans had their flowers planted outside their windows fronting the street.
　　他们的花不像在中国那样，养在屋子里译为Unlike people in China who kept pot flowers indoors，其中 pot flowers 是按上下文译的，指「盆花」??had their flowers planted outside their windows fronting the street是have…done结构，意同主动结构。其中，fronting the street是windows的后置定语，front作动词，表示「朝向……」。
　　例句
　　real estate, which includes undeveloped land fronting the city convention center包括城市会议中心对面未开发土地的房地产花朵都朝外开，在屋子里只能看到花的脊梁。
　　With the opening flowers exposing their front to the street, residents could only see their back.
　　「花朵朝外开」译作exposing their front to the street。expose.....to，在阅读中看到它大家都知道是什么意思，但在写作和翻译中，大家常常会想不起这个词语，因为它的翻译实在太灵活。比如《二笔实务配套训练》第一单元《孟母三迁》中第一句：孟子幼时家迁居墓地附近，耳濡目染的尽是些丧葬礼仪的事情。翻译为：When Mencius was young, his family lived near a cemetery, fully exposed to funeral ceremonies. 这句话里面的「耳濡目染」也处理为expose......to我曾问过我的女房东：“你这样养花是给别人看的吧?”
　　她莞尔一笑说道：“正是这样!”
　　Once I said to my landlady, "You must be growing your flowers for all to enjoy!”
　　“Exactly!” she replied with a sweet smile.
　　正是这样！译为Exactly!此字常见于口语，意同Completely correct!
　　正是这样，也确实不错。走过任何一条街，抬头向上看，家家的窗子前都是花团锦簇，姹紫嫣红。
　　Yes, exactly. Wherever I went in town, I would raise my head only to see all residents' windows ablaze with flowers.
　　「正是这样，也确实不错」译作Yes, exactly。yes表明认可，exactly再次强调。完美传达原文语气。
　　「家家的窗子前都是花团锦簇，姹紫嫣红」译为all dwellers，windows ablaze with flowers，其中 ablaze with 的意思是 bright and full of color??ablaze常用固定搭配：
　　ablaze with light 灯火通明的
　　ablaze with color 五彩缤纷的
　　set sth. ablaze 点燃某物，放火烧某物
　　ablaze with flowers 花团锦簇，姹紫嫣红
　　许多窗子连接在一起，汇成了一个花的海洋，让我们看的人如入山阴道上，应接不暇。
　　And all windows joined together one after another to form a sea of flowers. So visitors seemed to find themselves in a land of so many lovely scenes that they were kept busy feasting their eyes all the time.
　　「让我们看的人如入山阴道上，应接不暇」中的「山阴道上」指「江南美景」，全句可译为 So visitors seemed to find themselves in a land of so many lovely scenes that they were kept busy feasting their eyes all the time, 其中 feasting their eyes 作「尽情欣赏」解。
　　每一家都是这样，在屋子里的时候，自己的花是让别人看的。走在街上的时候，自己又看别人的花。
　　As was the case with every family in the country, Germans, while at home, were happy to find their flowers pleasing the public eyes, but when they were out in the street, they enjoyed the sight of other people's flowers.
　　As was the case with every family in the country：
　　（张满胜）as is the case句型的基本含义是「这是常见的情形」或「情况往往如此」等，as is the case还经常与often、always等词搭配使用。
　　人人为我，我为人人。我觉得这一种境界是颇耐人寻味的。
　　All for one and one for all. Their noble qualities, I think, provide much food for thought.
　　「我觉得这一种境界是颇耐人寻味的」译为Their noble qualities, I think, provide much food for thought，其中 qualities作「气质」解，意同「境界」，noble是译文中的添加词。又，much food for thought是成语，可以offer/give/provide等搭配，表示「引人深思;发人深省」。
　　例句
　　Developments in your career may give you food for thought.
　　事业上的发展可能会引发你很多的思考。
　　今天我又到了德国，刚一下火车，迎接我们的主人问我：“你离开德国这样久，有什么变化没有?”我说：“变化是有的，但是美丽并没有改变。”
　　Now, I am in Germany again. The German host welcoming me at the railway station asked, "It's a long time since you were here last. Do you see any changes?" "Yes, I do," said I. "But beauty remains unchanged."??参考译文中welcoming me at the railway station作host的后置定语。此处也可写作The German host, welcoming me at the railway station, asked…，此时welcoming me at the railway station可理解为做伴随状语。
　　since you were here last中last是副词，表示「上次、最近一次」。
　　例句
　　When were you there last?
　　你上次去是什么时候？
　　我说“美丽”指的东西很多，其中也包含着美丽的花。
　　I explained that beauty, as I had mentioned, referred to many things, including beautiful flowers.
　　as I had mentioned是插入语。
　　我走在街上，抬头一看，又是家家户户的窗口上都堵满了鲜花。
　　Out on the street, I would look up and see the windows of all homes blocked up with flowers.
　　Out on the street同（Being）Out on the street。系动词be的现在分词作状语时，通常省略being。
　　多么奇丽的景色!多么奇特的民族!
　　What a scene of enchanting beauty! What an unusual nation!
　　what引导的感叹句。
　　我仿佛又回到了四五十年前去，我做了一个花的梦，做了一个思乡的梦。
　　I seemed to have returned to the days of more than 40 years before. I had dreamed a dream of flowers, a nostalgic dream!
　　more than 40 years before
　　before的用法
　　从现在说到若干时间以前，不可用 before，该用 ago，下面两句里的 ago 都不可改作 before：
　　I saw him only a few minutes ago.
　　He visited us five months ago.
　　从过去或未来的某时说到若干时间以前，该用 before。例如：
　　I called at his office yesterday afternoon, but was told that he had gone home half an hour before.
　　When you call at his house tomorrow morning, you will probably be told that he has left for the country some days before.
　　说任何某时（不是现在、过去或将来的某时）的多少时间以前，也该用 before。
　　He often tries to use a word or phrase that he has learnt only an hour or two before.
　　不过从现在说到以前，假使只说“以前”，并不说若干时间以前，便可以用 before。
　　We (have) met them many times before.
　　We (have) never met them before.
　　注意这两句里的动词属于完成时态或属于过去时态都可以。
　　做梦dream a dream
　　…死亡die…death
　　自然死亡die a/his/… natural death
　　必背词汇
　　abound      v.大量存在，盛产，充足
　　英义
　　If things abound, or if a place abounds with things, there are very large numbers of them.
　　例句
　　Stories abound about when he was in charge.
　　关于他在任时的传闻多不胜数。
　　prominent        adj.重要的，杰出的，著名的英义Someone who is prominent is important.
　　例句
　　a prominent member of the Law Society
　　法律协会的重要成员
　　front     v.面对，朝向
　　英义
　　A building or an area of land that fronts a particular place or fronts onto it is next to it and faces it.
　　例句
　　There are some delightful Victorian houses fronting onto the pavement.
　　面对人行道有一些漂亮的维多利亚时代的房子。
　　重点表达
　　连接在一起 join together one after another人人为我，我为人人 All for one and one for all.
　　耐人寻味，令人深思 provide much food for thought灯火通明的ablaze with light五彩缤纷的ablaze with color点燃某物，放火烧某物set sth. ablaze
　　花团锦簇，姹紫嫣红ablaze with flowers
　　复盘测试
　　连接在一起
　　人人为我，我为人人
　　耐人寻味，令人深思
　　灯火通明的
　　五彩缤纷的
　　点燃某物，放火烧某物
　　花团锦簇，姹紫嫣红
　　表达对比
　　「家家户户」有几种表达？
　　（家家户户）都在养花。
　　All German families raised flowers.
　　那音浪在胡同里（家家）庭院的上空久久荡漾。
　　It seems to keep echoing over the courtyard of each and every household in the neighborhood.
　　在北平可和蟋蟀耗子一样，简直像是家家户户都养在家里的家虫。
　　Because of their ubiquitous shrill noise, these insects in Peiping seem to be living off every household like crickets or mice.
　　你们想象看：（家家户户），面临着水街小巷，一开起门来，就看见荡漾的海水和飞翔的海鸥。
　　Imagine how every building stands directly facing a waterway instead of a street or lane, and the residents, as soon as they open the door, come face to face with nothing but undulating sea waves and seagulls circling in the air.
　　上海菜市场
　　The Shanghai Food Market
　　季羡林
　　Ji Xianlin
　　背景知识：《上海菜市场》是季羡林先生写于1963年9月的一篇随笔。作者60 年代从北京南下走访上海，当地丰富多彩的菜市场曾使他惊叹不已。所作描述淋漓酣畅，富于艺术想象。
　　上海尽有看不够数不清的高楼大厦，跑不完走不尽的大街小巷，满目琳琅的玻璃橱窗，车水马龙的繁华闹市;Shanghai has countless eye-catching skyscrapers and innumerable streets and lanes, with beautiful shop windows and busy market quarters.
　　「看不够数不清的高楼大厦」可按「无数引人注目的高楼大厦」译为countless eye-catching skyscrapers。也可译为 numerous spectacular high-rises。
　　「繁华闹市」译作busy market quarters。其中，quarter表示「区、地区」但是，我们的许多外国朋友却偏要去看一看早晨的菜市场。
　　Nevertheless, many foreign friends of mine would rather pay a morning visit to the food markets there.
　　pay a visit to....是固定搭配「参观某地」，这里的morning放在中间比用介词短语作时间状语更加简洁，值得借鉴。
　　这是完全可以理解的。我们刚到上海的时候不是也想到菜市上去看一看吗?
　　That is understandable. Didn't we ourselves choose to go and see a food market there on our first visit to the city?
　　we ourselves：ourselves强调「我们自己」那还是几年前的一个早晨，在太阳刚刚升起来的时候，踏着熹微的晨光，到一个离开旅馆不远的菜市场去。
　　It was on an early morning of several years ago, when the sun was just coming up, that I went at the first light to see a food market near the hotel where I was staying.
　　整句的结构是强调句：It was 时间状语 that…。其中，when the sun was just coming up是定语从句，先行词是morning。
　　「踏着熹微的晨光」可译为I went at the first light或I went at dawn （daybreak）到了邻近菜市场的地方，市场的气氛就逐渐浓了起来。
　　The nearer I went, the more prevalent the atmosphere of the food market.
　　此句按「越到临近菜市场的地方，市场的气氛就越浓」理解，处理为the more…，the more…结构。
　　熙熙攘攘的人群，摩肩擦背，来来往往。
　　The surrounding streets were thronged with shoppers milling around.
　　be thronged with…挤满了。其中throng作动词，其本身也可作名词，表示「一大群人、人群」例句An official pushed through the throng.
　　一名官员费力地挤过人群。
　　mill around/about (一群人)乱兜圈子，乱转例句The Royal Palace shut briefly but four days later it was business as usual, with Norwegians and tourists milling around the forecourt.
　　皇宫建筑短暂关闭，但四天后就恢复营业，前院里尽是挪威人和游客在打转。
　　许多老大娘的菜篮子里装满了蔬菜海味鸡鸭鱼肉。
　　The shopping baskets carried by many elderly women were filled with vegetables, seafood, chickens, ducks, fish and meat.
　　carried by many elderly women作baskets的后置定语。
　　有的篮子里活鱼在摇摆着尾巴，肥鸡在咯咯地叫着。
　　Some fish were wagging their tails and some hens clucking.
　　摇尾巴 wag tails
　　and some hens clucking同and some hens were clucking，此处涉及并列句的省略现象。
　　老大娘带着一脸笑意，满怀愉快，走回家去。
　　The elderly women, with a happy smile spread across their faces, were on their way home.
　　「脸带笑意」也可用wear a smile表达。
　　一走进菜市场，仿佛走进了另一个世界。
　　Once inside the market, I felt like landing in a new world.
　　once作为主从连词，引入一个时间从句，相当于中文的「一…就…」??land in…步入…。此处也可用entering、being in等。
　　这里面五光十色，令人眼花缭乱。
　　The rich assortment of hues and colors were dazzling.
　　「五光十色」可译为 the rich assortment of hues and colors 或 the mixture of various colors。
　　乱花渐欲迷人眼
　　A riot of blooms begin to dazzle the eyes但是，仔细一看，所有的东西却又都摆得整整齐齐，有条不紊。菜摊子、肉摊子、鱼虾摊子、水果摊子，还有其他的许许多多的摊子，分门别类，秩序井然，又各有特点，互相辉映。
　　All goods were kept neat and tidy and arranged in perfect order be they at a vegetable stall, meat stall, seafood stall, fruit stall, etc. And each stall, being specialized, showed a characteristic of its own.
　　Q：译文中be they怎么理解？
　　这是一种因省略而倒装的句式：省略了Whether 之后的让步状语从句。Whether让步状语从句的这种倒装，原则上是系表结构，无论原来何种时态，一旦省略形成倒装，系动词用原形be。还原完整为：whether they are at a vegetable stall…。意思是不管是菜摊子还是肉摊子，都摆得整整齐齐，有条不紊。
　　你就看那蔬菜摊子吧。这里有各种不同的颜色：紫色的茄子、白色的萝卜、红色的西红柿、绿色的小白菜，纷然杂陈，交光互影。
　　Take for example the vegetable stall with its display of colors: purple eggplants, white radishes, red tomatoes, greenish cabbages.
　　Take for example…以…为例
　　例句
　　Take for example public colleges and universities.
　　以公立学院和大学为例。
　　「纷然杂陈，交光互影」是对摊子上蔬菜摆放的描述，此处参考译文省略不译。
　　这里又有各种不同的线条：大冬瓜又圆又粗，豆荚又细又长，白菜的叶子又扁又宽。
　　It also displayed various shapes: round clumsy wax gourds, long narrow bean pods, flat wide cabbage leaves.
　　displayed various shapes和上句（有各种不同的颜色）display of colors对应。
　　两个形容词修饰同一名词，不加and的情况非常常见。
　　多个形容词修饰同一名词时，排序如下
　　①限定词（a/an, the, this, his, one, first, etc.）②表示特征或性质等描述性形容词（good, pretty, etc.）③表示大小、长短、高低的形容词④表示形状的形容词（round, elliptical, square, etc.）⑤表示年龄、新旧的形容词（old, young, new, etc.）⑥表示颜色的形容词⑦表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词（American, southern, Italian, etc.）⑧表示物质材料的形容词（wooden, rocky, tin, etc.）⑨表示用途、类别的形容词（medical, writing, etc.）就这样，不同的颜色、不同的线条，紧密地摆在一起，于纷杂中见统一。
　　Hence, different colors and lines merged into an organic whole showing diversity in unity.
　　hence的用法
　　①hence后面可以直接放上一个名词成分，形成一个没有谓语动词的特殊句型，表示「因为前面说过的缘故，所以有了…」例句Hence my surprise. 所以我感到惊讶。
　　Hence my letter. 所以我就写这封信。
　　Hence the fact that... 因此…
　　②hence也可以作为一个普通的副词（因此、由此）放在正常的句子中起作用。
　　例句
　　These cars have become cheaper, and hence affordable to more people.
　　这些汽车变得更为便宜，因而为更多的人所买得起。
　　③ hence还有「从现在算起」的副词意义。
　　例句
　　The property must be vacated 12 days hence.
　　该不动产应该自现在起12天内腾出。
　　于纷杂中见统一showing diversity in unity求同存异seek common points while reserving difference我的眼一花，我觉得，眼前不是什么菜摊子，而是一幅出自名家手笔的彩色绚丽、线条鲜明的油画或水彩画。
　　I looked here and there until my eyes became blurred, taking the vegetable stall for an oil painting or a watercolor with distinct colors and lines done by a famous painter.
　　looked here and there是增译成分，在逻辑上和「眼花」有较好衔接。
　　taking the vegetable stall for an oil painting or a watercolor…可理解为伴随状语或结果状语。其中take…for…译为「把……（误）认为是…」例句Even the experts took the painting for a genuine Van Gogh.
　　连行家都误以为这幅画是凡 · 高的真迹。
　　不只菜摊子是这样，其他的摊子也莫不如此。
　　The same was true of other stalls.
　　the same is true of sth.是固定搭配，表示「某物也是如此」卖鱼的摊子上，活鱼在水里游泳，十几斤重的大鲤鱼躺在案板上。
　　At fish stalls, live fish were swimming in the water and big carps weighing more than five kilos each were lying on chopping boards.
　　「十几斤重的」译为more than five kilos。「斤」通常译为catty，现改 用kilo（公斤）表达，以便与国际重量单位接轨。
　　卖鸡鸭的摊子上，鸡鸭在笼子里互相召唤。
　　At poultry stalls, caged chickens and ducks were making a lot of noise to greet each other.
　　「鸡鸭互相召唤」就是鸡叫就着鸭叫，声音不断，现译为making a lot of noise to greet each other，其中noise多指「吵闹、噪音」卖肉的摊子上，整片的猪肉、牛肉和羊肉挂在那里。
　　At meat stalls, chunky pieces of pork, beef and mutton were hung up.
　　hung up表示「悬挂」
　　例句
　　Small blue placards featuring new addresses have been hung up on every building around the country.
　　全国所有建筑物上都悬挂着标有新地图的蓝色小型图示。
　　猪肉、牛肉和羊肉（pork, beef and mutton）有专门对应的单词，不要笼统译成meat。
　　还为穆斯林设了卖牛、羊肉的专柜。
　　There were also special counters selling beef and mutton to Moslems.
　　专柜special counters
　　专栏 special column
　　穆斯林：在中国有回、维吾尔、哈萨克、乌孜别克、柯尔克孜、塔吉克、塔塔尔、东乡、撒拉、保安等10个少数民族相当一部分群众信仰伊斯兰教。在我国，信仰伊斯兰教的人统称「中国穆斯林」??There be+名词/名词词组+doing something中的现在分词doing所表示的动作和前面的人或物存在主谓关系，doing是现在分词作后置定语，翻译为「某人/某物（正在）做某事」在其他的摊子上，鸡蛋和鸭蛋堆得像小山，一个个闪着耀眼的白光。咸肉和成排挂在架子上，肥得仿佛就要滴下油来。
　　At some stalls, chicken and duck eggs of a glistening white were piled high up like small hills while rows of bacon and salted duck, seemingly dripping with fat, were hung out on racks.
　　「肥得仿佛就要滴下油来」译为seemingly dripping with fat,其中 seemingly作「仿佛」「貌似」等解。
　　piled （high） up表示高高堆起、堆成小山。
　　郭沫若《墓》
　　堆了一座沙丘 pile up a small sand-hill
　　水果摊子更是琳琅满目。
　　The fruit stalls were even more attractive.
　　琳琅满目：表示美好的事物很多，多得满眼都是。此处按「更夺人眼、引人注意」之意译作were even more attractive。
　　肥大的水蜜桃、大个儿西瓜、又黄又圆的香瓜、白嫩的鲜藕，摆在一起，竞妍斗艳。
　　Arrayed side by side were juicy honey peaches, plump watermelons, yellow round muskmelons, fresh tender lotus roots, vying with each other to be the most beautiful.
　　「竞妍斗艳」译为 vying with each other to be the most beautiful。此语 也可译为 vying with each other for eminence （或 distinction 等），其中 eminence 和distinction作「出众」「卓越地位」等解。
　　我眼前仿佛看到葳蕤的果子园、十里荷香的池塘、翠叶离离的瓜地。
　　It seemed as if I saw unfolding before me luxuriant orchards, fragrant lotus ponds, leafy green melon patches.
　　before me位置灵活，可放在如参考译文所示的位置，也可以放在句末。
　　难道这不是一幅美妙无比的图画吗?
　　Wasn't it a painting of matchless beauty?
　　「美妙无比的」按「美+无比」之意译作of matchless beauty。
　　说是图画，这只是一时的幻象。
　　It was, however, more of a transient illusion than a painting.
　　more of A than B 与其说是B，倒不如说是A。
　　说真的，任何图画也比不上这一些摊子。
　　To tell the truth, no painting could ever compare with these stalls.
　　To tell the truth是独立不定式。
　　所谓独立不定式短语，就是用以修饰句中整个主句，而不修饰句中的主语或动词。这种不定式短语使用时通常置于句首，之后加逗号，再接主句。现将常见的此类不定式短语汇总如下：to be honest——老实说to tell (you) the truth——（跟你）说实话to be frank (with you)=frankly speaking——坦白（跟你）说to make matters worse——更糟的是to begin with——首先to put it simply——简言之
　　to put it differently=in other words——换言之to sum up——总而言之，总的来说Q:用compare with还是compare to？
　　Compare to可以广义地定义为「估计事物之间的相似性或者是差异」例句Individual schools compared their facilities with those of others in the area.
　　私立学校将其设施与该地区其他学校的设施进行比较。
　　It is difficult to compare our results to studies conducted in the United States.
　　很难将我们的研究成果与在美国进行的研究成果相比较。
　　在这种意义上，使用哪个介词都可以。然而，当compare被用来表示一件事物与另一件事相似，或者在两件不同事情之间进行类比时，必须使用to。
　　图画里面的东西是死的、不能动的。这里的东西却随时在流动。
　　Things in a painting were fixed and immovable while goods at a stall were always on the move.
　　「死的」即「固定的」，现译作fixed。
　　on the move（经常）变换地点、在行进中，在移动中例句The firm is on the move to larger offices.
　　公司正在迁往更大的办公楼。
　　原来摆在架子上的东西，一转眼已经到了老大娘的菜篮子里。
　　Things on the display shelf would, before we knew it, soon find their way to the elderly women's shopping baskets.
　　find one’s way to 是一个十分地道的表达，表示「.....到哪儿去」，《新概念英语3》第15课有句话是：very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have gained him found their way there.原文的their指的是「存钱罐」，整句话的意思就是：我给了他不少50便士的硬币，但他很少存到存钱罐里。
　　她们站在摊子前面，眯细了眼睛，左挑右拣，直到选中了自己想买的东西为止。
　　Standing before a stall, the elderly women would narrow their eyes and pick and choose until they decided on what they wanted to buy.
　　Standing before a stall：现在分词短语作伴随状语。
　　「挑拣，精挑细选」pick and choose是固定搭配例句You have to take any job you can get — you can't pick and choose.
　　你只能有什么工作就干什么，没得挑三拣四了。
　　至于价钱，她们是不发愁的，因为东西都不贵。
　　They never worried about the purse because all food was selling at reasonable prices.
　　「至于价钱，她们是不发愁的，因为东西都不贵」中的「价钱」未译为prices，是为了避免句中词的重复，现改用the purse（钱包），作钱、钞 票解。又，reasonable prices是常用语，作售价公道、不贵解。
　　结果是皆大欢喜，在一片闹闹嚷嚷的声中，大家都买到了中意的东西。她们原来的空篮子不久就满了起来。
　　Shopping was done in the hubbub of the market to the satisfaction of all. Everybody got what they needed, their shopping baskets filled to the brim.
　　皆大欢喜（所有人都满意）to the satisfaction of all??hubbub表示「人群的喧嚷，吵闹声」，常用来形容闹市等。
　　their shopping baskets filled to the brim是独立主格结构。其中，filled to the brim表示「满满当当，快要溢出来」当她们转回家去的时候，她们手中的篮子也像是一幅美丽的图画了。
　　While the elderly women were on their way home, the shopping baskets they carried in their hands also looked like beautiful paintings.
　　the shopping baskets they carried in their hands同the shopping baskets that they carried in their hands，是省略that的定语从句。
　　我们的外国朋友是住在旅馆里的，什么东西都不缺少。
　　Our foreign friends, putting up at hotels, were provided with everything they needed.
　　put up有多重含义，现进行拓展：
　　① 举起，抬起，提高
　　Put up your hands if you have any questions.
　　如果有问题请举手。
　　We put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains.
　　下雨时我们撑开伞来遮挡雨水。
　　They have put up the rent by ＄200 a month.
　　他们把每月的租金提高了200美元。
　　② 公布，张贴(布告、相片等)
　　同义词：display
　　Posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.
　　校园中到处张贴着海报，号召我们加入到让地球更环保的行动中来。
　　③ 建造(房屋等)，搭建
　　They have put up a lot of high-rise buildings recently.
　　最近他们盖起了很多高楼大厦。
　　④ 留宿，住宿
　　I was hoping Kenny could put me up for a few days我希望肯尼能让我留宿几天。
　　⑤ put up with 忍受，容忍
　　同义词：tolerate bear
　　I can’t put up with their smoking any longer.
　　我再也无法忍受他们抽烟了。
　　「什么东西都不缺少」译作were provided with everything they needed，采用了「正说反译」的翻译手法。
　　但是他们看到这些美丽诱人的东西，一方面啧啧称赞，一方面又跃跃欲试，也都想买点什么。
　　But, when they saw the captivating food market, they clicked their tongue in admiration and were eager to do a bit of shopping there by themselves.
　　「美丽诱人的」有多种表达，比如captivating、attractive、appealing、tempting等。
　　clicked their tongue表示咂嘴、啧啧等。
　　例句
　　He was unconsciously wagging his whiskered head in pity and clicking his tongue against his teeth when Scarlett caught his eye.
　　他正无意识地摇头慨叹，啧啧不己时，忽然发现思嘉在盯着他。
　　wag one’s tougue喋喋不休
　　I know that his tongue wags.
　　我知道他一说话就喋喋不休。
　　有人买了几个大香瓜，有人买了几斤西红柿，还有人买了一些豆腐干。
　　Some of them bought a couple of big muskmelons, some bought several kilos of tomatoes, some bought some dried bean curds.
　　「几个大香瓜」译为a couple of muskmelons，其中短语a couple of作 几个、三两个解。
　　不用 and 的并列（包括非谓语动词的并列），属于不完整列举，还有想表达的内容被略去，意犹未尽，是典型的文学语言。
　　这样就会使本来已经很丰富的餐桌更加丰富多彩。我们的外国朋友也皆大欢喜了。
　　To the satisfaction of all, the new acquisitions added to the richness and variety of their already abundant table.
　　此外，将「这样（又买了些）」译为new acquisitions（新获得的事物），此用法在《虎》中也有体现，译者将「后来父亲房内多了一张虎皮椅垫」译为From then on, my father had a new acquisition in his room—namely, the tiger-skin chair cushion,中a new acquisition较something new确切，前者能更加确切地表达「新增添的东西」??add to…是固定表达，指「增加、增添…」必背词汇eye-catching       adj.抢眼的，引人注目的英义Something that is eye-catching is very noticeable.
　　例句
　　a series of eye-catching ads
　　一系列抢眼的广告
　　innumerable      adj.无数的，数不清的
　　英义
　　Innumerable means very many, or too many to be counted.
　　例句
　　He has invented innumerable excuses, told endless lies.
　　他编造了数不清的借口和谎话。
　　mill      v.(一群人)乱兜圈子，乱转
　　英义
　　When a crowd of people mill around or mill about, they move around within a particular place or area, so that the movement of the whole crowd looks very confused.
　　例句
　　Quite a few people were milling about, but nothing was happening.
　　有不少人在附近转来转去，可是什么事情也没有发生。
　　throng        v.挤满，群集
　　英义
　　If people throng a place, they are present there in great numbers.
　　例句
　　They throng the beaches between late June and early August.
　　6 月底到 8 月初，他们群聚在海滩上。
　　wag        v.摇动，摇摆(尾巴)
　　英义
　　When a dog wags its tail, it repeatedly waves its tail from side to side.
　　例句
　　The dog was biting, growling and wagging its tail.
　　这条狗撕咬着，咆哮着，摇晃着尾巴。
　　重点表达
　　大街小巷 streets and lanes
　　琳琅满目的玻璃橱窗 beautiful shop windows车水马龙的繁华闹市 busy market quarters五光十色 The rich assortment of hues and colors整整齐齐 keep neat and tidy有条不紊 arrange in perfect order彩色绚丽、线条鲜明 with distinct colors and lines卖鸡鸭的摊子上 At poultry stalls整片的猪肉 chunky pieces of pork堆得像小山 piled high up like small hills肥大的水蜜桃 juicy honey peaches大个儿西瓜 plump watermelons又黄又圆的香瓜 yellow round muskmelons
　　白嫩的鲜藕 fresh tender lotus roots
　　竞妍斗艳 vie with each other to be the most beautiful住旅馆  put up at hotels啧啧称赞  click their tongue in admiration豆腐干 dried bean curds复盘测试大街小巷
　　琳琅满目的玻璃橱窗
　　车水马龙的繁华闹市
　　五光十色
　　整整齐齐
　　有条不紊
　　彩色绚丽、线条鲜明
　　卖鸡鸭的摊子上
　　整片的猪肉
　　堆得像小山
　　肥大的水蜜桃
　　大个儿西瓜
　　又黄又圆的香瓜
　　白嫩的鲜藕
　　竞妍斗艳
　　住旅馆
　　啧啧称赞
　　豆腐干
　　表达对比
　　「住在、居住」有几种表达？
　　我们的外国朋友是（住在）旅馆里的，什么东西都不缺少。
　　Our foreign friends, putting up at hotels, were provided with everything they needed.
　　在人类居住在地球上之前，鲸鱼已经（居住）在海里了。
　　Before humans lived on the earth, whales already lived in the sea.
　　他们为这片森林及（居住）于其中的印第安人的命运而担心。
　　They are concerned for the fate of the forest and the Indians who dwell in it...
　　所有单身的全日制学生都必须（住）大学宿舍。
　　All single full-time students must reside in university residence halls.
　　山谷里（居住）着达尼部落。
　　The valley is inhabited by the Dani tribe.
　　容忍
　　Patience
　　季羡林
　　Ji Xianlin
　　背景知识：《容忍》是季羡林先生写于1966年的一篇随笔。
　　人处在家庭和社会中，有时候恐怕需要讲点容忍。
　　In home and social life one probably needs to be a little bit patient now and then.
　　patient的名词形式为patient
　　有时，偶尔now and then
　　唐朝有一个姓张的大官，家庭和睦，美名远扬，一直传到了皇帝耳中。
　　During the Tang Dynasty, a high official surnamed Zhang was known far and wide for his harmonious home life.
　　「唐朝有一个姓张的大官」译作a high official surnamed Zhang。这里用surnamed作后置定语修饰前面的名词，比用定语从句更加简洁。讲到人物介绍，在《二级笔译实务配套训练》中有一篇关于朱自清的介绍：朱自清，字佩弦，浙江绍兴人。译文是：Zhu Ziqing, courtesy name Peixian, is a native of Shaoxing county, Zhejiang province.
　　surname=family name=last name 姓
　　到处、各处、广泛地far and wide
　　例句
　　They searched far and wide for the missing child.
　　他们四处搜寻失踪的小孩。
　　皇帝赞美他治家有道，问他道在何处，他一气写了一百个“忍”字。
　　When the emperor gave him praise and asked him how he had been running the family to achieve harmony, he wrote down without a break one hundred characters meaning “patience”.
　　「问他道在何处」可按「问他如何治家求和睦」译为and asked him how he had been running the family to achieve harmony。
　　「他一气写了一百个'忍，字」译为he wrote down without a break one hundred characters meaning “patience”，其中「一气」（即一口气）可译为 without a break 或 in one breath等。
　　这说得非常清楚：家庭中要互相容忍，才能和睦。这个故事非常有名。
　　Evidently, the message he tried to bring home to the emperor was that family members must be accommodating to each other for the sake of harmony. That’s a famous story.
　　「这说得非常清楚：家庭中要互相容忍，才能和睦」译为Evidently, the message he tried to bring home to the emperor was that family members must be accommodating to each other for the sake of harmony, 其中 to bring home to …是成语，作「使……深切体会」解。for the sake of 有「为了.....」的意思。
　　在旧社会，中国姓张的全以祖先的容忍为荣了。
　　Consequently, people surnamed Zhang in the old days all felt greatly honored that one of their ancestors had been known for exercising patience.
　　从前、过去的时候、古时候in the old days例句In the old days princes were cold and bored. But Edward is different.
　　以前的王子都态度冷漠而厌烦。但爱德华不同。
　　felt greatly honored that…因…感到光荣/以……为荣例句Some of my friends almost feel honored that people wanna to try and cheat to get into this school.
　　我的一些校友因为那些人宁可作弊也要上这所学校几乎感到光荣了。
　　但是容忍也并不容易。
　　However, it is easier said than done to be tolerant towards others.
　　这里面套用了俗语It is easier said than done使译文更地道。
　　exercise意为「运用、行使」，exercising patience就表示「遇事常容忍」1935年，我乘西伯利亚铁路的火车经苏联赴德国，车过中苏边界上的满洲里，停车四小时，由苏联海关检查行李。
　　In 1935, I traveled to Germany via the Soviet Union over the Siberian railway. At the Sino-Soviet border in Manzhouli, the train stopped for a 4-hour-inspection by the Soviet customs.
　　中苏边界the Sino-Soviet border
　　法德友谊Franco-German friendship。Franco-前缀](与表示国籍的形容词连用，构成形容词)表示「法国与…国的」。同理的还有， Sino-Japanese trade and investment（中日贸易和投资）、Sino-British Joint Declaration（中英联合宣言）??苏联海关the Soviet customs中国海关Chinese customs这是无可厚非的，入国必须检查，这是世界公例。
　　That was all right because entry inspection was an international practice.
　　「这是无可厚非的」意为「没有什么不对」，可译为That was all right 或 That was beyond reproach等。
　　practice熟词僻义，此处作名词，指「惯例、常规」，如It is normal practice to…（…使惯常的做法）但是，当时的苏联大概认为，我们这一帮人，从一个资本主义国家到另一个资本主义国家，恐怕没有好人，必须严查，以防万一。
　　But the then Soviet Union subjected me to a closer-than-usual customs inspection probably on the assumption that I, like all those traveling from one capitalist country to another, must be a dubious character.
　　使经受，使遭受 be subject sb to sth
　　例句
　　The city was subjected to heavy bombing.
　　那座城市遭受猛烈轰炸。
　　a closer-than-usual customs inspection表示「比寻常更为严格的海关检查」??on the assumption that I, like all those traveling from one capitalist country to another, must be a dubious character可理解为「基于/因为……的猜想，所以……」检查其他行李，我决无意见。但是，在哈尔滨买的一把最粗糙的铁皮壶，却成了被检查的首要对象。
　　I had no objection to the check-up of my belongings except when a crudely-made tinplate kettle that I had bought at Harbin became something very fishy to them.
　　对……无异议，不反对…… I had no objection to…。此句可理解为「除了（except）铁皮壶（没什么好查的）我不反对检查行李」??「一把最粗糙的铁皮壶」译为a crudely-made tinplate kettle，其中「铁皮」即「马口铁」，译为tinplate。
　　「…却成了被查的首要对象」可译为…was looked upon with suspicion 或 became something very fishy to them等。
　　这里敲敲，那里敲敲，薄薄的一层铁皮决藏不下一颗炸弹的，然而他们却敲打不止。
　　The kettle was certainly too flimsy for holding a hidden bomb, but they barked up the wrong tree and kept clanking it repeatedly here and there.
　　「薄薄的一层铁皮决藏不了一颗炸弹的，然而他们却敲打不止」译为 The kettle was certainly too flimsy for holding a hidden bomb, but they barked up the wrong tree, and kept clanking it repeatedly here and there, 其中 they barked up the wrong tree（成语，作捕风捉影解）是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。又，「敲打不止」译为and kept clanking it repeatedly here and there，其中clanking是拟声词，作「把…敲得叮当响」解。
　　攻击错了目标bark up the wrong tree
　　例句
　　You're barking up the wrong tree.
　　你们查错人了。
　　我真有点无法容忍，想要发火。我身旁有一位年老的老外，是与我们同车的，看到我的神态，在我耳旁悄悄地说了句：Patience is a great virtue（容忍是很大的美德）。
　　Driven beyond the limit of my patience, I was about to flare up when an elderly foreigner, who was my co-passenger, whispered to me, “Patience is a great virtue.”
　　「无法容忍」即「超出我的忍耐度」，现译为driven beyond the limit of my patience（越过了我忍耐的极限）??我还没有那么大的本事it is far beyond my capacity to不可能beyond the possible力不从心much as I want to, it is now beyond my power to??（怒气、激烈情绪等）爆发flare up例句She flared up at the least thing.
　　她为了小事突然发怒。
　　co前缀 (用于构成动词或名词)表示「和…一起」「共同」「联合」。co-passenger就表示「同车的人」我对他微笑，表示致谢。我立即心平气和，天下太平。
　　That calmed me down, and I turned to him with a smile by way of expressing my thanks.
　　「我对他微笑，表示致谢」译为I turned to him with a smile by way of expressing my thanks，其中 by way of 是成语，意同 for the purpose of。
　　看来容忍确是一件好事，甚至是一种美德。
　　Obviously, patience is a good thing or rather a great virtue.
　　「看来容忍确是一件好事，甚至是一种美德」可按「看来容忍确是一件好事，或确切点说，是一种美德」，译为Obviously, patience is really a good thing, or rather a great virtue。其中，or rather表示「确切地说、说得更准确些」但是，我认为，也必须有一个界限。
　　But I think there should be a demarcation line to be observed.
　　「也必须有一个界限」可理解为「（凡事）都得把握/遵循好一个度」，现译为there should be a demarcation line to be observed。a demarcation line意为「分界线、分水岭」，to be observed是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　我们到了德国以后，就碰到这个问题。旧时欧洲流行决斗之风，谁污辱了谁，特别是谁的女情人，被污辱者一定要提出决斗，或用手枪，或用剑。
　　Fighting a duel was a common practice in old Germany. One who suffered an insult to himself or especially his girlfriend would challenge the offender to a fight in which they used pistols or swords.
　　此句前半部分，「德国」和「旧时欧洲」合并翻译，译作 in old Germany。
　　「谁污辱了谁，特别是谁的女情人，被污辱者一定要提出决斗……」读起来有些拗口，其实就是「谁被侮辱了，谁就会提出决斗」，现用one who…would…句型译出。
　　普希金就是在决斗中被枪打死的。
　　The great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was one of those shot dead in a duel.
　　「普希金就是在决斗中被枪打死的」译为The great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was one of those shot dead in a duel，其中用了一些解释性的添加词，如：The great Russian poet 和 one of those。
　　亚历山大·谢尔盖耶维奇·普希金（Александр Сергеевич Пушкин，1799年6月6日—1837年2月10日），俄国诗人、作家。代表作品有：《自由颂》《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》《黑桃皇后》《假如生活欺骗了你》《上尉的女儿》等。其年轻时风流倜傥、才华横溢，与娜·尼·冈察洛娃相遇后一见钟情，坠入爱河。1831年2月18日，两人结婚。但后来，沙皇禁卫军军官、法国籍纨绔子弟丹特斯在一次舞会上偶然结识冈察洛娃，对她展开猛烈的追求。亚历山大·谢尔盖耶维奇·普希金对此十分气愤，与丹特斯决斗，也因此负伤而死。
　　我们到了的时候，此风已息，但仍发生。
　　At the time when I arrived in Germany together with some other Chinese students, the practice of dueling was still lingering on there though less prevalent.
　　「此风已息，但仍发生」即「这派作风不再盛行，但也未消失」，译作was still lingering there though less prevalent。说明：there/here等词前不加介词，故将参考译文中的on删去。
　　我们几个中国留学生相约：如果外国人污辱了我们自身，我们要揣度形势，主要要容忍，以东方的恕道克制自己。但是，如果他们污辱我们的国家，则无论要同他们玩儿命，决不容忍。
　　We pledged that in case of ourselves being insulted we should weigh the pros and cons and give precedence to patience in line with the Oriental doctrine of magnanimity, but that in case of a humiliating insult directed against our dear country, we should wage a life-and-death struggle against the offender without showing any patience.
　　「揣度形势」意即「权衡利弊」「见机行事」等，可译为we should weigh the pros and cons 或 we should follow our sober judgement等。又，the pros and cons指「事物的利与弊，支持与反对」??如果、假使in case of sth例句In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
　　如遇火警，即按警铃。
　　优先考虑 give precedence to sth
　　in line with the Oriental doctrine of magnanimity修饰patience。又，与……一致、符合be in line with例句This was in line with Marxist teachings. But it was also politically helpful.
　　这同马克思主义的教义相符，但也在政治上有利。
　　这就是我们容忍的界限。
　　That is what I mean by drawing a demarcation line.
　　这就是我所说的……That is what I mean by….。译文中，what I mean by为增译成分，强调‘我’（在上文）提到的界限。
　　幸亏这样的事情没有发生，否则我就活不到今天在这里舞笔弄墨了。
　　Fortunately, nothing of the kind happened; otherwise, I might not have survived to write this article today.
　　nothing of the kind表示没有这样的事情，something of the kind则相反。
　　may/might have done表示「可能已经做过某事」，其否定形式may/might not have done表示「过去可能还没有做某事」现在我们中国人的容忍水平，看了真让人气短。
　　It is disheartening nowadays to see so little patience shown by our compatriots.
　　「真让人气短」理解成「真让人伤心/沮丧…」即可，译为disheartening。
　　在公共汽车上，挤挤碰碰是常见的现象。如果碰了或者踩了别人，连忙说一声：“对不起！”就能够化干戈为玉帛。
　　On a crowded bus, for instance, when you happen to bump into a co-passenger or step on his feet, an immediate word of apology from you will serve to prevent a dispute.
　　「在公共汽车上，挤挤碰碰是常见的现象」概括处理为On a crowded bus，较为合理。假如选择全部译出，那么会产生歧义：在公交上一定会挤挤碰碰吗？显然不是，只有车上挤满乘客时才会这样，况且crowded（拥挤）一词本身就含有「挤碰推搡」的含义。
　　「化干戈为玉帛」若直译，反而容易让人一头雾水，此处不如直接译出其指代的含义即「避免争执」??serve to prevent a dispute：涉及《武峰十二天》中的「谓语动词过渡」：在汉语中，若出现强势动词，翻译为英语时不能直接找强势动词，而要找弱势动词对强势动词进行过渡。比如「我买了一辆车」译为I made a purchase of a car而不是I bought a car. 谓语动词过渡可当做一种处理方法，但过度使用则会与另一派翻译观点简明翻译相冲撞，造成译文累赘不堪。翻保证信息正确的前提下，翻译方法没有对错可言，但会对读者的阅读感受造成很大影响。大家要具体情况具体对待。
　　然而有不少人连“对不起”都不会说了，于是就相吵相骂，甚至于扭打，甚至打得头破血流。
　　But many even grudge saying, “Sorry!” Thereupon a quarrel or a fist-fight will follow until both parties are beaten black and blue.
　　不情愿…、勉强…grudge （doing） sth
　　例句
　　I grudge having to pay so much tax.
　　得付这么多的税我很不情愿。
　　He grudges the time he spends travelling to work.
　　他不情愿上班花这么多时间在路上。
　　「打得头破血流」就是我们常说的「身上/脸上挂彩」，译作are beaten black and blue。(beat sb) black and blue指「把某人打得）青一块紫一块，伤痕斑斑」??fist-fight指「互殴、格斗」我们这个伟大的民族怎么竟成了这个样子！我在自己心中暗暗祝愿：容忍兮，归来！
　　Oh, what has brought our great nation to such a pass? May PATIENCE come back to stay!
　　such a pass指「如此之境地」
　　「我在自己心中暗暗」省译，突出主体信息「愿：容忍兮，归来！」即可，且这样处理更有气势。
　　必背词汇
　　emperor        n.皇帝，君主
　　英义
　　An emperor is a man who rules an empire or is the head of state in an empire.
　　例句
　　the Emperor Napoleon
　　拿破仑皇帝
　　accommodate        v.迎合，迁就
　　英义
　　If you do something to accommodate someone, you do it with the main purpose of pleasing or satisfying them.
　　例句
　　He has never put an arm around his wife to accommodate photographers.
　　他从未为了迎合摄影师而搂住妻子。
　　subject       v.使经受，使遭受
　　英义
　　If you subject someone to something unpleasant, you make them experience it.
　　例句
　　Innocent civilians are being arrested and subjected to inhumane treatment.
　　无辜的平民正被逮捕并遭受非人的虐待。
　　重点表达
　　有时，偶尔now and then
　　某人美名远扬 sb is known far and wide
　　治家有道 run the family to achieve harmony一气，一口气without a break使某人明白 bring home to为了 for the sake of
　　这是无可厚非的 That is all right
　　世界公例，国际惯例 international practice海关检查 customs inspection绝无意见  have no objection to在A与B之间划界限  draw a demarcation line between A and B揣度形式、权衡利弊weigh the pros and cons优先考虑 give precedence to恕道 doctrine of magnanimity发动战争 wage a war against
　　与某人碰撞 bump into sb.
　　踩某人的脚 step on one’s feet
　　头破血流，青一块紫一块 black and blue
　　复盘测试
　　有时，偶尔
　　某人美名远扬
　　治家有道
　　一气，一口气
　　使某人明白
　　为了
　　这是无可厚非的
　　世界公例，国际惯例
　　海关检查
　　绝无意见
　　在A与B之间划界限
　　揣度形式、权衡利弊
　　优先考虑
　　恕道
　　发动战争
　　与某人碰撞
　　踩某人的脚
　　头破血流，青一块紫一块
　　表达对比
　　「惯例」有几种表达？
　　这是无可厚非的，入国必须检查，这是世界（公例）。
　　That was all right because entry inspection was an international practice.
　　由欧洲人出任IMF总裁的（惯例）（它已成为颇具象征意义的一个传统），现在有了更重要的意义。
　　The convention of putting a European in the job, which had become a largely symbolic tradition, has now assumed much greater importance.
　　按照（惯例），一吃完晚饭就马上到城里去，除了留在宿舍里执勤的人。
　　It was the custom after dinner to go immediately to town, unless one was on duty in the dormitories.
　　大臣守在外面，这已经成为（惯例）了，他将第一时间证明并且承认这个作为冈多继承人的婴儿诞生。
　　It was a tradition that the Chancellor would be up waiting so that he could witness and accept the child as heir for the people of Gondor.
　　这也许可以正式地看做是一次约会，或者你（日常惯例生活）的拓展。
　　This might be officially seen as a date, or possibly an extension of your normal routine.
　　论包装
　　On Packaging
　　季羡林
　　Ji Xianlin
　　背景知识：《论包装》是季羡林写于1997年8月的一篇杂文，文章针对社会时弊，亦庄亦谐，信手拈来，皆成妙品。
　　Q:英文标题中的介词
　　on/of +…:书、讨论或观点关于，涉及。如弗朗西斯·培根著作《论学习》，其标题译为Of Studies；老舍的《养花》译为On Growing Flowers。
　　我先提一个问题：人类是变得越来越精呢？还是越来越蠢？答案好像是明摆着的：越来越精。
　　Let me begin with this question. Are human beings getting increasingly intelligent or stupid? The following answer seems beyond dispute: They are getting more and more intelligent.
　　「我先提一个问题」不要译成first之类的，译作「以……开始begin/start with/by…」已经成为较为固定的一种译法，尤常见于礼仪祝辞。虽然现在学习的是散文材料，但很多表达可以用在其他类型的材料或者场合中。
　　此处「精」和「蠢」对应，是一组反义词，现译作intelligent 、 stupid。
　　「答案好像是明摆着的」译为The following answer seems beyond dispute，其中beyond dispute或past all dispute，本作「没有争论余地的」解， 现用以表达原文中的「明摆着的」在几千年有文化的历史上，人类对宇宙，对人世，对生命，对社会，总之对人世间所有的一切，越来越了解得透彻、细致，如犀烛隐，无所不明。
　　In the course of several thousand years of his cultural history, man has acquired a more and more thorough and detailed understanding of the universe, the human world, life and society—in short, everything under heaven.
　　in the course of 是固定搭配，表示「在......期间，在......过程中」??man 单独用通常指全人类。例如：Man will conquer nature.（人定胜天。）和 The garden seemed untouched by the hand of man. 有时指一切男子，跟 woman（一切女子）相对。
　　例句
　　Man is said to be stronger than woman.
　　虽然在指全人类或一切男子的时候，在语法上也被看作单数，它的代词是 he，him，his 等，不是 they，them，their 等。
　　「人类对宇宙，对人世，对生命，对社会，总之对人世间所有的一切，越来越了解得透彻、细致，如犀烛隐，无所不明」译为man has acquired a more and more thorough and detailed understanding of the universe, the human world, life and society—in short, everything under heaven，其中「如犀烛隐，无所不明」已作交代，毋庸另译；everything under heaven 是固定搭配表示「天下万物」例子伸手可得。
　　Examples are legion.
　　「例子伸手可得」译为Examples are legion，其中legion作「多得不知其数」「众多的」解，是形容词。
　　当年中国人对月亮觉得可爱而又神秘，于是就说有一个美女嫦娥奔入月宫。
　　Our ancestors, out of their fondness for the moon and curiosity about it, created the legend of beautiful Chang'e flying to the moon.
　　「可爱和神秘」没有直译为adorable and mysterious，而是说人们喜欢月亮，对其感到好奇，这里要注意介词的搭配一定要准确，而且还套用了out of +n这种用法，不仅更加地道，而且十分有意境，值得背诵学习。又， out of在不同语境中可以有不同的译法。此处，out of意为「由于」，后面的名词由具体事物转为某种心态或条件。
　　例句
　　out of fear出于害怕
　　out of habit按照习惯
　　out of pity出于怜悯心
　　「于是就说有一个美女嫦娥奔入月宫」译为created the legend of beautiful Chang'e flying to the moon，其中 the legend (作「传说」「传说故事」解)是译文中的增添词。
　　连苏东坡这个宋朝伟大的诗人，也不禁要问出：“明月几时有？把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年？”
　　And Su Dongpo, a great poet of the Song Dynasty, wrote the following lines as a matter of course:
　　The Bright Moon, when will she appear?
　　Wine cup in hand, I ask the azure sky.
　　I don't know inside the heavenly palace
　　What time of year it is tonight.
　　「连苏东坡这个宋朝伟大的诗人，也不禁要问出」译为And Su Dongpo, a great poet of the Song Dynasty, wrote the following lines as a matter of course，其中as a matter of course是成语，作「为意料中事」「不用说」「自然」等解。
　　the azure sky青天
　　Q：「碧、绿、蓝、青」等颜色词，请自行根据具体语境翻译，关于中文汉字「碧」的一些搭配??①碧澄 blue and clear 水、天空，碧蓝而明净，河水清湛碧澄②碧海青天 a blue ocean under a blue sky 形容天水一色，无限辽远③碧汉 the blue sky, the azure sky 碧天银汉的合称，即天空。如：起楼侵碧汉，初日照红妆。——江总《和衡阳殿下高楼看妓》
　　④碧海 blue sea 碧蓝色的海。
　　⑤碧空 the azure sky; the blue sky 蔚蓝色的天空。如：孤帆远影碧空尽。——唐·李白《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》诗。
　　⑥碧落 the sky 天空。如：上穷碧落下黄泉，两处茫茫皆不见。——唐·白居易《长恨歌》
　　⑦碧霄 the blue sky 蓝天。
　　⑧碧血 blood shed in a just cause 为正义死难而流的血，烈士的血。
　　⑨碧玉jasper一种不透明隐晶质石英，常见有几种颜色(如红色、褐色、绿色、黄色)。
　　可是到了今天，人类已经登上了月球，连月球上的土块也被带到了地上来。
　　Today, man has managed to land on the moon and even come back bringing with him some of its clods.
　　manage to表示努力达成目标/做成某事，属增译成分，体现了人类多年来的追求与努力。
　　登月land on the moon
　　bringing with him some of its clods作伴随状语??clod指「土块」、plot指「一块土地」哪里有什么嫦娥，有什么广寒宫？
　　Chang'e and her heavenly palace simply don't exist.
　　此处变反问句为陈述句。且simply不是指「简单地」，而是作副词，用于强调，表示「简直、根本」。
　　例句
　　So many of these questions simply don't have answers.
　　这些问题有很多根本就没有答案。
　　那么此句参考译文即为“根本没有所谓的嫦娥和广寒宫”。
　　人类倘不越变越精，能做到这一步吗？可是我又提出了问题，说明适得其反。
　　Could man have achieved that without becoming more and more intelligent? Nevertheless, I also would like to bring forward some facts to show just the opposite.
　　without介词短语有时表示条件，意为「若无」「若非」例句Without water, we cannot live.
　　没有水，我们就活不了。
　　Can you see without your glasses?
　　你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗？
　　这样用时，有时还可引出虚拟语气，相当于 but for。
　　例句
　　Without your advice I would have failed.
　　假若没有你的劝告，我想必已失败了。
　　I never could have done it without your help. 如果没有你的帮助我永远也不会完成这事。
　　「可是我又提出了问题」译为 Nevertheless, I also would like to bring forward some facts，其中「问题」意即「实际情况」，故译facts。
　　「提出」译作put forward或bring forward均可。
　　例子也是伸手即得。
　　Examples are only too numerous.
　　注意表达替换，此处「伸手即得」未重复使用legion，而是用了too numerous。
　　我先举一个包装。
　　Packaging is the first thing I want to deal with.
　　deal with此处不是大家常用的「处理」之意，而是表示「论述，讨论，涉及」。
　　例句
　　the parts of his book which deal with contemporary Paris.
　　他的书中涉及当代巴黎的那些部分。
　　但大体来讲，大家完全可以从「处理」推测到「论述」，虽然含义不同，结合上下文不难猜出。
　　人类活动在社会上，有时候是需要包装的。特别是女士们。
　　People, especially women, sometimes need packaging in their social activities.
　　social activities社交活动
　　注意译文对语句顺序的调整：把「特别是女士们」处理为插入语（也可理解为people的补充语），整合成了一句话。中文形散神不散，英文则反其道而行之。
　　在家中穿得朴朴素素，但是一出门，特别是参加什么“派对”（party，借用香港话），则必须打扮得珠光宝气，花枝招展，浑身洒上法国香水，Women dress casually at home, but when they go out, especially when they attend parties, they have to be gorgeously dressed and sprayed all over the French perfume.
　　「在家中穿得朴朴素素」译为Women dress casually at home,其中dress casually的意思是「穿得随随便便」「穿便服」等。此句也可译为Women dress simply (plainly) at home。
　　attend一词可以与很多名词搭配，表示「出席、参加」等。这里列举出一些供大家背诵：参加聚会attend parties奔丧 attend one’s funeral参加会议attend a meeting上学；去上学attend school
　　上课attend class
　　听讲座；上课attend a lecture
　　上大学attend university
　　走在大街上，高跟鞋跟敲地作金石声，香气直射十步之外，路人为之“侧目”。
　　On the streets, the loud clip-clop of their high-heeled shoes and the strong aroma of their perfume will attract public attention far and wide.
　　「走在大街上，高跟鞋跟敲地作金石声，香气直射十步之外，路人为之‘侧目’」译为On the streets, the loud clip-clop of their high-heeled shoes and the strong aroma of their perfume will attract public attention far and wide。「作金石声」不宜按字面直译，选用拟声词the loud clip-clop表达。「十步之外，路人为之‘侧目’」也未按字面直译，而用意译法处理：will attract public attention far and wide，两处夸张语气，都与原文不相上下??high-heeled是合成形容词，构词法为：形容词词+名词+ed。
　　例句
　　near-sighted近视的
　　good-tempered脾气好的
　　这就是包装，而这种包装，我认为是必要的。
　　That's what we mean by packaging and I call it a kind of necessary packaging.
　　call指「把……说成、认为……是、将……称为」，常用搭配为call+ n +n/adj或call it adj to do。
　　可是还有另外一种包装，就是商品的包装。
　　But there is another kind of packaging — the packaging of commodities.
　　破折号后为同位语成分，起解释说明的作用。
　　这种包装有时也是必要的，不能一概而论。
　　Such packaging is sometimes also necessary and therefore, should not be mentioned in the same breath.
　　Q：「不能一概而论」怎么翻译？
　　sth should not be mentioned in the same breath.
　　in the same breath和at the same time都表达「同时」的意思，前者同时的双方是对立的关系，更多表达否定、不可放在一起比较的意思。下面是来自《经济学人》的例句：He hailed this week's arms agreement but in the same breath expressed suspicion about the motivations of the United States.他为本周达成的武器协议而欢呼，但同时又对美国的动机表示怀疑。
　　in the same breath还有一个意思：主要强调的是在同一个水平，同一个地位，但A和B不能相提并论，不可同日而语。
　　我从前到香港，买国产的商品，比大陆要便宜得多。一问才知道，原因是中国商品有的质量并不次于洋货，正是由于包装不讲究，因而价钱卖不上去。
　　Some time ago, as a visitor to Hong Kong, I found Chinese-made goods there selling at a much lower price than in the mainland and I also learned on inquiry that it was due to plain packaging that they were selling cheap though of equal quality as imported goods.
　　「我从前到香港」译作as a visitor to Hong Kong，进行了词性转换，值得学习。
　　on inquiry经询问、经调查，在句中作状语。
　　例句
　　On inquiry, however, of the constable's wife he learnt that the constable was not at home.
　　不过，他询问了警察的妻子后，他才知道，警察不在家。
　　国产的商品Chinese-made goods
　　国有企业state-owned companies/enterprises中国的跨国公司home-grown multinational companies外资企业foreign-funded companies我当时就满怀疑惑：究竟是使用商品呢？还是使用包装？
　　I was quite puzzled about what the customers actually need. The goods or the package?
　　quite puzzled满怀疑惑，quite表示程度。
　　我因而想到一件事：我们楼上一位老太太到菜市场上去买鸡，说是一定要黄毛的。
　　That reminds me of a little story. An old lady who lived in the upstairs of my building one day went to the food market insisting on buying a chicken with yellowish feathers.
　　「我因而想到」译作remind me of词组，非常巧妙，而且意思完全契合。
　　「一件事」译作a little story，其中little是增译成分，表示只是一件小事。想起乔布斯的演讲中，有一句Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.（今天我只想给你们讲三个我生活中的真实故事。仅此而已，没有什么长篇大论，就是三个故事。
　　卖鸡的小贩问老太太：“你是吃鸡？还是吃鸡毛？”
　　The chicken vendor asked, "What do you eat? Chicken or the feathers?”
　　「你是吃鸡？还是吃鸡毛？」翻译时也可增添on earth/the hell（到底、究竟），以加强语气。
　　到了今天，有一些商品的包裹更达到了匪夷所思的地步。
　　Nowadays, the packaging of some commodities is fantastically overdone.
　　「达到了匪夷所思的地步」未逐字直译为has reached an unimaginable degree，现译is fantastically overdone,灵活达意，其中 fantastically作「荒唐地」「异想天开地」解，overdone作「做得过分」解。
　　外面盒子，或木，或纸，或金属，往往极大。装扮得五彩缤纷、璀璨耀目。
　　The boxes, made of wood, paper or metal, are usually very large and very colorful and dazzling.
　　看到「五彩缤纷、璀璨耀目」，不用费劲巴拉地想什么big words，译出其核心意思dazzling即可。
　　吴冠中《上海街头》
　　「花花世界」译作the dazzling city，常说「花花世界迷人眼」季羡林《上海菜市场》
　　这里面五光十色，令人眼花缭乱。
　　The rich assortment of hues and colors were dazzling.
　　乱花渐欲迷人眼
　　A riot of blooms begin to dazzle the eyes摆在货架上时，是庞然大物；提在手中或放在车中，更是运转不灵，左提，右提，横摆，竖摆，都煞费周折。
　　They take up a lot of space on the goods shelves and are very cumbersome whether carried by car or by hand. Very unwieldy whether carried by left hand or right hand, placed vertically or horizontally.
　　「摆在货架上时，是庞然大物」如译成be something large/huge monsters when placed on the goods shelves，与原意相比有偏差。现将「庞然大物」理解成「占地/空间大」，译作take up a lot of space on the goods shelves。
　　Very unwieldy whether carried by left hand or right hand, placed vertically or horizontally. 句首省略了They are。
　　及至拿到或运到家中，打开时也是煞费周折。
　　And it is also a big headache to have it opened at home.
　　欣赏文章中「煞费周折」的译法
　　①笨重得很very cumbersome/ unwieldy
　　②让人头疼的事情a big headache
　　在庞然大物中，左找，右找，找不到商品究在何处。
　　Search left and right, and you still cannot locate the commodity in the huge box.
　　祈使句，+ and + 陈述句: 在这里祈使句相当于if 引导的条件状语从句（此时去掉and）例句Give me one more hour, and I’ll get the work finished.→ If you give me one more hour, I’ll get the work finished.
　　当然，此句译文理解为「尽管/虽然/哪怕」更为恰当。
　　很希望发现一张纸条上面写着：此处距商品尚有10公里！庶不致使我失去寻找的信心。
　　You will probably wish for a slip of paper therein bearing the written note, "10 more kilometers to the commodity!" so as to retain your confidence in the search.
　　wish for作「盼望」解，往往针对不可能实现的事物。
　　therein意为「从中」，是译文中的添加词。
　　「庶不致使我失去寻找的信心」可按「以便保持寻找的信心」译为so as to retain your confidence in the search。
　　据我粗略的统计，有的商品在大包装中仅占空间十分之一，二十分之一，甚至五十分之一。
　　According to my rough statistics, some commodities take up only one tenth, one twentieth or even one fiftieth of the space in the huge package.
　　英文如何表示分数：通常是借助于基数词和序数词来共同表达的.其中基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母。分子除用one外,也可用a；如果分子大于1,分母要用复数形式.但是,1／2不能说a（one）second,而要说a（one）half。1／4和3／4可以说a（one）fourth和three fourths,但常用a quarter和three quarters表示。
　　应该注意的是,分数修饰名词时,若该名词是不可数名词只能用单数；若是可数名词,用单数或复数均可.但是,若它们在句子中作主语,则谓语动词是用单数还是复数取决于名词,即与分数所修饰的名词保持一致.例如：Only one-fifth of air consists of oxygen．氧气只占空气的1／5。及About two thirds of the students attend the meeting．大约2／3的学生都参加了会议.
　　带分数也是常见的英语数词表达.所谓带分数,实际上是“整数＋分数”,表达时分而述之,只是整数部分与分数部分要用连词 and连接.当带分数修饰名词时,该名词通常是复数,但若名词置于整数one或a之后,则用单数。“带分数＋名词”作主语时,谓语动词根据临近原则要用复数。如：You should finish the work within one and a fourth hours．你应在1．25小时内完成工作。
　　想到那个鸡和鸡毛的故事，我不禁要问：我们使用的是商品，还是包装？
　　Thinking back to the above-mentioned story of chickens and chicken feathers, I cannot but ask, "The commodity or the package, which do you need?"??Thinking back to也可写作At the thought of…??习语cannot but （不禁）有时候被判定为一种双重否定。
　　惯用表达：不得不、不禁
　　cannot but do sth
　　cannot help doing sth
　　cannot help but do sth
　　而负担那些庞大的包装费用，羊毛出在羊身上，还是我们这些顾客，而华美绝伦的包装，商品取出后，不过是一堆垃圾。
　　After all, the wool still comes from the sheep's back as the saying goes. It is customers like us that will have to bear all the heavy expenses for packaging. And the flashy package, when emptied of its contents, will be nothing but a garbage heap.
　　「羊毛出在羊身上」
　　1 After all, the wool still comes from the sheep's back.
　　2 In the long run, whatever you’re given, you pay for.
　　逢年过节，人们高喊「薅羊毛、薅羊毛」，薅的还是自己的毛……所以，明年别薅了，羊会疼。
　　「华美绝伦的包装」译为the flashy package，其中flashy有「华而不实」之意，比 beautiful , gorgeous, exquisite 等更确切。
　　如果我回答我在开头时提出的问题：人类越变越蠢。你怎么反驳？！
　　Here is my answer to the question I raised at the beginning: Man is becoming more and more stupid. What could you say in retort?
　　提出问题raise /propose/present/ask/put forward/bring forward/come up with a question??必背词汇retort      n.反驳，回嘴英义
　　a quick, angry or humorous reply.
　　例句
　　She bit back (= stopped herself from making) a sharp retort.
　　她克制住了自己，没有尖刻地反驳。
　　dazzling      adj.光炫目的，耀眼的
　　英义
　　A dazzling light is very bright and makes you unable to see properly for a short time.
　　例句
　　He shielded his eyes against the dazzling declining sun.
　　他用手遮挡眼前落日耀眼的余晖。
　　cumbersome        adj.大而笨重的，难以携带的英义Something that is cumbersome is large and heavy and therefore difficult to carry, wear, or handle.
　　unwieldy        adj.沉甸甸的，粗笨的，笨重的英义If you describe an object as unwieldy, you mean that it is difficult to move or carry because it is so big or heavy.
　　例句
　　They came panting up to his door with their unwieldy baggage.
　　他们提着笨重的行李气喘吁吁地来到他门口。
　　aroma      n.食物等的香味，芳香
　　英义
　　An aroma is a strong, pleasant smell.
　　例句
　　the aroma of fresh coffee
　　新鲜咖啡的香味
　　simply      adv. (用于强调)简直，根本
　　英义
　　You use simply to emphasize what you are saying.
　　例句
　　This sort of increase simply cannot be justified.
　　这种增长根本就不合理。
　　重点表达
　　明摆着的，无争议的  beyond dispute
　　在......期间，在......过程中 in the course of透彻细致 thorough and detailed天下万物 everything under heaven例子伸手可得 examples are legion
　　提出 bring forward
　　参加聚会 attend party
　　喷香水 spray perfume
　　香水味 the aroma of perfume
　　穿得朴朴素素 dress casually
　　打扮得珠光宝气，花枝招展 be gorgeously dressed一问才知道 learn on inquiry包装不讲究 plain packaging使某人想起某事 remind sb of sth.
　　坚持做某事 insist on doing sth.
　　匪夷所思 fantastically overdone
　　五彩缤纷、璀璨耀目 colorful and dazzling
　　保持信心 retain your confidence
　　羊毛出在羊身上 the wool still comes from the sheep's back负担那些庞大的包装费用 bear all the heavy expenses for packaging华美绝伦的包装flashy package（含贬义）复盘测试明摆着的，无争议的
　　在......期间，在......过程中
　　透彻细致
　　天下万物
　　例子伸手可得
　　提出
　　参加聚会
　　喷香水
　　香水味
　　穿得朴朴素素
　　打扮得珠光宝气，花枝招展
　　一问才知道
　　包装不讲究
　　使某人想起某事
　　坚持做某事
　　匪夷所思
　　五彩缤纷、璀璨耀目
　　保持信心
　　羊毛出在羊身上
　　负担那些庞大的包装费用
　　华美绝伦的包装
　　表达对比
　　「庞然大物」有几种表达？
　　在（庞然大物）中，左找，右找，找不到商品究在何处。
　　Search left and right, and you still cannot locate the commodity in the huge box.
　　银河中心的黑洞是一个有着四百万倍太阳质量的（庞然大物）。
　　The black hole at the center of the Milky Way is a behemoth with a mass four million times that of the Sun.
　　格列佛在利立浦特人的心目中是个（庞然大物），但一到布罗卜丁奈格，他就像田间的鼬鼠一般小了。
　　Gulliver was a giant in the eyes of people in Lilliput. But when he got to Brobdingnag, he would become just the size of a weasel.
　　我没想到它是这样一个（庞然大物）。
　　I didn't consider that it's such a huge monster.
　　白蝴蝶之恋 ——刘白羽
　　A White Butterfly ——Liu Baiyu
　　背景知识：刘白羽（1916-2005),北京人，现代著名小说家、散文家。他幼时当过学徒，14岁上学，1936年毕业于北平民国大学中文系，1938年到延安。整个解放战争期间任新华社随军记者，抗美援朝期间两次奔赴朝鲜成场，以军旅作家著称。新中国成立后，从事文化领导工作，同时仍致力于创作，作品丰硕，所著《芳草集》获全国优秀散文(集)奖。在名篇《白蝴蝶之恋》中，他通过对一只受伤的白蝴蝶的情感倾注，表达了对生命和大自然的热爱与关注。文章笔触委婉细腻，诗意浓郁。
　　文章题目「白蝴蝶之恋」可译为My Attachment to a White Butterfly或My Tender Care for a White Butterfly，现译A White Butterfly，取其简明。
　　春意甚浓了，但在北方还是五风十雨，春寒料峭，Spring was very much in the air. In North China, however, the weather was agreeable but chilly.
　　五风十雨：五天刮一次风，十天下一场雨。形容风调雨顺。
　　春寒料峭：微寒。形容初春的寒冷。
　　现译作was agreeable but chilly（宜人却寒冷）。
　　一阵暖人心意的春风刚刚吹过，又来了一片沁人心脾的冷雨。
　　There was now a heart-warming spring wind, now a refreshing cold rain.
　　时而 … 时而 …now … now …
　　李大钊《艰难的国运与雄健的国民》
　　旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。
　　A traveller on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road.
　　我在草地上走着，忽然，在鲜嫩的春草上看到一只雪白的蝴蝶。
　　As I was walking on a meadow, I suddenly saw a snow-white butterfly lying on the tender green grass.
　　snow-white是合成形容词，构词法为：「名词+形容词」。
　　例句
　　duty-free免税的
　　self-satisfied自满的
　　蝴蝶给雨水打落在地面上。沾湿的翅膀轻微地簌簌颤动着，张不开来。
　　It had been struck down by rain and was now unable to open out its tremulous wet wings.
　　「给雨水打落在地面上」是中文被动语态的一种表现形式。
　　strike down击倒，撞倒
　　一个长的很像但意思不同的表达：crack down on严厉打击、镇压例句Police are cracking down on drug dealers.
　　警方正在严厉打击毒品贩子。
　　它奄奄一息，即将逝去。
　　It was on the point of dying.
　　「即将逝去」译作on the point of dying
　　on the point of 正要…的时候；在…之际
　　例句
　　I was on the point of posting the letter when I saw it didn’t have a stamp on it.
　　我正准备寄信，突然发现上面没贴邮票。
　　但它白得像一片小雪花，轻柔纤细，楚楚动人，多么可怜呀！
　　Soft and slender and white like a snowflake, it looked so lovely and so pitiable.
　　Soft and slender and white like a snowflake：系动词be的现在分词作状语时，通常省略being。
　　它从哪儿来？要飞向哪儿去？
　　Where was it from? And where was it flying to?
　　fly to+地点：表明去向。
　　我痴痴望着它。忽然像有一滴圣洁的水滴落在灵魂深处，我的心灵给一道白闪闪的柔软而又强烈的光照亮了。
　　I stared at it blankly, feeling like a drop of holy water had suddenly fallen into the depth of my soul and a ray of dazzling light, white and soft, had lit up my heart.
　　「我痴痴望着它」意同「我呆呆地看着它」「我茫然凝视着它」等，可译为 I stared at it blankly 或vacantly。
　　feel like是短语动词，作「如同」解。
　　white and soft 作light的后置定语，属补充语范畴。非限制性定语、非限制性同位语、分词作状语等都囊括在补充语的项下。其特征是有逗号与句子隔开，其功能是对句子中的某个词、短语或整个句子做补充解释。补充语本身可以是名词词组、形容词词组，也可以是一个分句。
　　Lit is a past tense and past participle of lightlight up表示「照亮」巴金《做一个战士》
　　我如果是一盏灯，这灯的用处便是照彻那多量的黑暗。
　　If I were a lamp, it would be my duty to light up thick darkness.
　　我弯下身，小心翼翼地把白蝴蝶捏起来，放在手心里。
　　I bent down to gingerly pick it up with my fingers and placed it in the palm of my hand.
　　「我弯下身，小心翼翼地把白蝴蝶捏起来」译为I bent down to gingerly pick it up with my fingers。「捏起来」不能译为to pick it up with my hand，因「捏」的意思是「用手指夹」。又「小心翼翼」译为gingerly，意同very carefully或very cautiously。
　　这已经冷僵了的小生灵发驀了，它的细细的脚动弹了一下，就歪倒在我的手中。
　　The little creature, stiff with cold, looked shriveled up and, twitching its thin legs slightly, fell on its side in my palm.
　　冷僵了(be) stiff with cold
　　冷得发抖quiver with cold
　　枯萎、皱缩shriveled up
　　翻倒、歪倒（在一边）fell on its side
　　我用口呵着气，送给它一丝温暖，蝴蝶渐渐甦醒过来。
　　As I breathed on it to warm it up a bit, it came to gradually.
　　恢复知觉，苏醒 come to
　　例句
　　When he came to and raised his head he saw Barney.
　　他苏醒过来，抬起头，看见了巴尼。
　　它是给刚才那强暴的风雨吓懵了吧？
　　It might have been scared stiff and out of its senses by the violent storm of a moment ago.
　　might have been是对过去情况的一种推测。
　　我们之前多次见过out of表示「出于、由于」的情况，但此处out of its senses并非这种用法，而是表示「状态的转变」，指「意识离体、失去意识」不过，它确实太纤细了，你看，那白茸茸的像透明的薄纱的翅膀，两根黑色的须向前伸展着，两点黑漆似的眼睛，几只像丝一样细的脚。
　　It was very slim. Its gossamer-like wings were white, downy and transparent. Its two black feelers were stretched ahead. Its two eyes were pitch-black. Its legs were thin like thread.
　　「薄纱的翅膀」可译为gauzy wings，现译为gossamer-like wings，其中gossamer作「薄纱」解，是英国文学经典中常见用语。
　　朱自清《匆匆》
　　像游丝样的痕迹gossamer-like traces
　　冰心《笑》
　　好似游丝一般drifting in the air towards each other like gossamer??antenna, feeler, tentacleantenna：昆虫和甲壳类动物的触角，起感知作用，类似于猫的胡须feeler：同antenna，英语母语人士通常用antenna指代昆虫的触角，用feeler指代螃蟹等的触角tentacle：海洋动物的触角，起握住东西或感知的作用。（章鱼、螃蟹、蜗牛）??pitch-black是形容词，表示「漆黑的、乌黑的」A in pitch darkness/be pitch dark，惯用搭配，指「一片漆黑」可是，这纤细的小生灵，它飞翔出来是为了寻觅什么呢？
　　What had led the feeble little creature to venture out on the wing.
　　venture是增译成分，表示「这小生灵构造如此脆弱，为何要冒险外出呢」，十分巧妙。
　　venture capital风险资本，风险投资，创投
　　venture capital exit mechanism创投退出机制在这阴晴不定的天气里，它表现出寻求者何等非凡的勇气。
　　What unusual courage it had displayed in battling against the treacherous weather as a seeker!
　　此句为what引导的感叹句。
　　它活过来了，我竟感到无限的喜悦。
　　Its regained consciousness had brought me immeasurable joy.
　　「活过来」按「恢复意识」之意译作regained consciousness。其中，过去分词regained具有形容词性质。过去分词做形容词用，可以作定语、表语、宾补、状语等。
　　例句
　　作定语
　　a broken window 一个破窗户
　　the exploited class被剥削阶级
　　作表语
　　He was very excited他很激动
　　The window is broken. 那个窗户是破的
　　作宾补
　　What he said made me excited.
　　他说的话使我很激动
　　作状语
　　Determined to be famous ,he worked hard.
　　因为决心要出名，他努力工作
　　这时，风过去了，雨也过去了。
　　By now, the wind and rain had both left off.
　　现在；到目前为止；到如今by now
　　「风过去了，雨也过去了」合并译作「风和雨过去了」即可。
　　停止、中断leave off
　　太阳用明亮的光辉照满宇宙，照满人间，一切都那样晶莹，那样明媚，The whole universe was basking in brilliant sunlight. Everything was bright and beautiful.
　　欣赏前半句对于主语的选择。又，bask in沐浴着（…的光辉）表达很亮眼。
　　树叶由嫩绿变成深绿了，草地上开满小米粒那样黄的小花朵。
　　The leaves had turned from light green to dark green. The meadow was studded all over with small yellow flowers as tiny as grains of millet.
　　turn from…to…表示一种状态的转变。说「小脸煞白」也可以用turn这个词，译作turn pale。
　　到处点缀着 was studded all over with。其中，studded也可换做bedecked。
　　张晓风《我喜欢》
　　我喜欢在春风中踏过窄窄的山径，草莓像个精致的红灯笼，一路殷勤地张结着。
　　I love to saunter in the spring breeze on a narrow mountain path bedecked with strawberries growing graciously like delicate red lanterns.
　　我把蝴蝶放在盛满阳光的一片嫩叶上。我向草地上漫步而去了。
　　After placing the butterfly on a sun-bathed leaf, I turned to stroll down the meadow.
　　sun-bathed是合成形容词，构词法为「名词+过去分词」。例如state-owned/backed（国有的）。
　　但我的灵魂里在呐喊——开始像很遥远、很遥远……，我还以为天空中又来了风、来了雨，后来我才知道就在我的心灵深处：你为什么把一个生灵弃置不顾？……Then I heard a very, very distant call and took it for the sound of wind and rain, but soon I realized it had come from the depth of my heart — a call demanding to know why I had recklessly cast away the poor little creature.
　　take…for…译为「把……（误）认为是…」例句Even the experts took the painting for a genuine Van Gogh.
　　连行家都误以为这幅画是凡 · 高的真迹。
　　from the depth of my heart写作from the depth of my soul也是可以的。
　　于是我折转身又走回去，又走到那株古老婆娑的大树那儿。
　　Thereupon, I turned back and came to an ancient big tree swaying gently in the breeze.
　　此处come to不是前文提到的「苏醒」之意，后接成分，表示去向。
　　婆娑：盘旋舞动的样子。先处理为tree的后置定语swaying gently in the breeze。
　　谁知那只白蝴蝶缓缓地、缓缓地在树叶上蠕动呢！
　　To my great surprise, the butterfly was wriggling slightly on the leaf.
　　「谁知」蕴含（我）「居然、竟然」的惊喜之意，故译作To my great surprise。
　　我不惊动它，只静静地看着。
　　I watched silently, refraining from alarming it.
　　refraining from alarming it作伴随状语。其中refrain from doing sth表示「不去做某事、避免做某事」例句Please refrain from smoking during the performance.
　　演出时请勿吸烟。
　　阳光闪发着一种淡红色，在那叶片上颤悸、燃烧，于是带来了火、热、光明、生命，The sun was shining on the leaf with its reddish light, quivering and burning. It had brought fire, heat, light and life.
　　后缀-ish (加在形容词之后构成形容词)表示「稍带…的」「有点儿…的」「近乎……的」。
　　例句
　　childish孩子气的
　　reddish略呈红色的
　　thirtyish三十左右的
　　雨珠给它晒干了，风沙给它扫净了，
　　It had dried up the raindrops and swept away dust.
　　清除、一扫而空 sweep away
　　例句
　　Nahum's smile swept away the air of apprehensive gloom.
　　内厄姆的微笑一下子驱散了忐忑不安的忧伤气氛。
　　那树叶像一片绿玻璃片一样透明、清亮。
　　And the tree leaf looked like a piece of green glass, transparent and crystal-clear.
　　transparent and crystal-clear修饰green glass，表示一种伴随的状态。
　　crystal-clear指「(水等)清澈透明的」
　　君子之交淡如水。
　　The relationship between us is as pure as crystal.
　　我那美丽的白蝴蝶呀！我那勇敢的白蝴蝶呀！它试了几次，终于一跃而起，展翅飞翔，O my beautiful white butterfly! O my courageous white butterfly! After trying several times, it finally managed to rise abruptly to its feet and spread its wings to fly.
　　manage to do sth表示「设法、努力（完成某事）」活泼伶俐地在我周围翩翩飞舞了好一阵，又向清明如洗的空中冉冉飞去，像一片小小的雪花，愈飞愈远，消失不见了。
　　It circled agilely around me for quite a long time and then flew high into the cloudless skies like a tiny snowflake until it was out of sight.
　　「活泼伶俐地」按「灵活、灵巧」之意译作agilely。
　　out of sight消失在视野中
　　这时，一江春水在我心头轻轻地荡漾了一下。
　　Meanwhile, I got a bit sentimental.
　　「这时，一江春水在我心头轻轻地荡漾了一下」不宜直译，现结合上下文，按「这时，我忽然有些感伤」之意译为Meanwhile, I got a bit sentimental。
　　在白蝴蝶危难时我怜悯它，
　　I had taken pity on the white butterfly when it was in adversity.
　　take pity on +n.不忍心、怜悯、同情……
　　逆境中 in adversity
　　例句
　　the flower that blooms in adversity
　　逆境中盛开的花朵
　　可是当它真的自由翱翔而去时我又感到如此失落、怅惘，“唉！人啊人……”
　　But now, as it was soaring freely way up into the sky, I experienced a feeling of loss and sadness. “Oh, how mentally fragile man is!…” I sighed.
　　「自由翱翔而去」译作soaring freely way up。其中，way up词性为作副词，表示「向上」例句But your stock went way up today.
　　但是今天你身价见涨了。
　　‘唉！人啊人……’可参照上下文，按我叹息道，‘唉！人的情感是多么脆弱！……’译为Oh, how mentally fragile man is! ... I sighed。
　　我默默伫望了一阵，转身向青草地走去。
　　I stood watching numbly for a long time, and then turned to stroll away on the meadow.
　　「伫望」即「伫+望」，现译作stood watching。
　　必背词汇
　　stroll       v.散步，溜达，闲逛
　　英义
　　If you stroll somewhere, you walk there in a slow, relaxed way.
　　例句
　　Afterwards, we strolled back, put the kettle on and settled down with the newspapers.
　　然后，我们溜达回来，烧上水，又坐下看报纸。
　　refreshing        adj.沐浴或饮料使人精神焕发的，提神的，清凉的英义A refreshing bath or drink makes you feel energetic or cool again after you have been tired or hot.
　　Herbs have been used for centuries to make refreshing drinks.
　　草药用于调制提神饮品已有好几个世纪了。
　　meadow        n.草地，牧场
　　英义
　　A meadow is a field which has grass and flowers growing in it.
　　例句
　　water meadows (= near a river)
　　岸边的草地
　　bask      v. 沉浸，沐浴（在赞美、关注等中）英义bask in sth to enjoy the good feelings that you have when other people praise or admire you, or when they give you a lot of attention例句He had always basked in his parents' attention.
　　他一直沉浸在父母的呵护中。
　　snowflake       n.雪花
　　英义
　　A snowflake is one of the soft, white bits of frozen water that fall as snow.
　　例句
　　Snowflakes are loose aggregates of ice crystals.
　　雪花是冰晶的松散凝结。
　　重点表达
　　一阵暖人心意的春风a heart-warming spring wind一片沁人心脾的冷雨a refreshing cold rain时而 … 时而 …now … now …一只雪白的蝴蝶a snow-white butterfly
　　鲜嫩的春草the tender green grass
　　即将逝去on the point of dying
　　痴痴望着它stared at it blankly
　　照亮light up
　　弯下身bent down to
　　冷僵了(be) stiff with cold
　　冷得发抖quiver with cold
　　枯萎、皱缩shriveled up
　　翻倒、歪倒（在一边）fell on its side
　　恢复知觉;苏醒 come to
　　薄纱的翅膀gossamer-like wings
　　阴晴不定的天气the treacherous weather
　　无限的喜悦immeasurable joy
　　停止、中断leave off
　　草地上开满小米粒那样黄的小花朵The meadow was studded all over with small yellow flowers as tiny as grains of millet盛满阳光的一片嫩叶a sun-bathed leaf把……（误）认为是…take…for…清除、一扫而空 sweep away
　　不忍心、怜悯、同情……take pity on +n.
　　复盘测试
　　一阵暖人心意的春风
　　一片沁人心脾的冷雨
　　时而 … 时而 …
　　一只雪白的蝴蝶
　　鲜嫩的春草
　　即将逝去
　　痴痴望着它
　　照亮
　　弯下身
　　冷僵了
　　冷得发抖
　　枯萎、皱缩
　　翻倒、歪倒（在一边）
　　恢复知觉;苏醒
　　薄纱的翅膀
　　阴晴不定的天气
　　无限的喜悦
　　停止、中断
　　草地上开满小米粒那样黄的小花朵
　　盛满阳光的一片嫩叶
　　把……（误）认为是…
　　清除、一扫而空
　　不忍心、怜悯、同情……
　　表达对比
　　「濒临、即将」有几种表达？
　　它奄奄一息，（即将）逝去。
　　It was on the point of dying.
　　她（恨不得）哭出来，但在人们个个向秋宝祝颂的日子，她又怎么好跟在人们底声音后面叫哭呢？
　　She was on the verge of bursting into tears, but on such an occasion when everybody was celebrating Qiu bao’s birthday she knew she had to keep her emotions under control.
　　罗马帝国（濒临）内爆。
　　And the empire came very close to imploding.
　　“我们濒临险境，”她警示道。
　　“We are on the edge of a dangerous precipice, ” she warned.
　　The business was collapsing due to $5 billion of debt.
　　该公司由于50亿美元的债务而(濒临倒闭)。
　　丁香花下
　　——黄秋耘
　　Under a Lilac Bush
　　——Huang Qiuyun
　　背景知识：黄秋耘(1918-2001)，原名黄超显，祖籍广东顺德，生于香港，著名散文家、文学评论家。1935-1937年在北平清华大学中文系学习期间， 热情参加了一二?九抗日救国运动，并加入中国共产党。1943年毕业于广州中山大学。1949年后历任《文艺报》编辑部副主任、广东省出版局副局长、中国作家协会理事、中国作协广东分会副主席等职。主要作品有：散文集《浮沉》、《丁香花下》、《往事并不如烟》；文学评论集《苔花集》；回忆录《风雨年华》等。所著《丁香花下》一文以讲故事的形式叙述了作者青年时候的一段难忘的经历，是一篇脍炙人口的抒情叙事散文，选自作者的散文集《丁香花下》。
　　今年的暮春和初夏，我是在北京度过的。
　　This year I was in Beijing from late spring to early summer.
　　今年的暮春和初夏，我是在北京度过的可译为This year I was in Beijing from late spring to early summer，或This year I spent late spring and early summer in Beijing，或I was in Beijing during the late spring and early summer of this year。
　　除了刮风天和阴雨天，我吃过晚饭后就溜达到中山公园去，去紫丁香花丛中消磨掉整个黄昏。
　　Except on windy or rainy days, I would daily walk to Zhongshan Park after supper to idle away the evening hours amidst the purple lilacs.
　　daily是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　消磨(时光) idle away
　　例句
　　Residents were mowing their lawns, washing their cars and otherwise idling away a pleasant, sunny day.
　　居民们有的在刈草,有的在洗车,还有的在悠闲地享受阳光灿烂的怡人时光。
　　一个人安静地坐在公园的长椅子上，让那浓郁的花香弥漫在包围着我的气氛里，沉思着四十多年来像云烟一般的前尘往事。
　　Sitting quietly by myself on a park bench, with the sweet fragrance of lilacs permeating the air around me, I was absorbed in reviewing the transient events of the past 40 years or so.
　　现在分词短语Sitting quietly by myself on a park bench和with复合结构with the sweet fragrance of lilacs permeating the air around me均表伴随。
　　专心…、全神贯注于…be absorbed in
　　「四十多年来像云烟一般的前尘往事」意即「四十多年来如过眼云烟的往事」或「四十多年来转瞬即逝的往事」，故译为transient (fleeting) events of the past 40 years or so。其中，or so表示「大约、左右」对于一个性情孤僻而心境寂寞的老年人来说，这恐怕是最难得的享受了。
　　To a lonely and introvert old man like me, the moment of contemplation seemed a rare treat indeed.
　　「性情孤僻」可译为introvert或unsociable。
　　「最难得的享受」译作rare treat。rare表示「稀有、不常有、出现频率低」等。
　　一个熟悉而亲切的面孔突然出现在我的面前，他的年纪和我差不多，是一家有名的出版社的老编辑：
　　Suddenly, a familiar and amiable face appeared before me. He was about my age, and a senior editor with a well-known publishing house.
　　amiable形容人和蔼、亲切等。
　　大约是某人的年纪、和某人年纪差不多大be about one’s age??有名的famous/renowned/well-known“怎么，老王，又是在这儿碰到你，你好像对紫丁香花有点特殊的感情似的。”
　　“Hey, Lao Wang,” he addressed me. “Fancy meeting you here again! You seem to have a special liking for purple lilacs.”
　　address不仅可以作名词表示「地址」，作动词表示「发表讲话」，还可以指「向…说话」，常见搭配为address sb或address one’s remark to sb.
　　「又是在这儿碰到你」意即「真想不到又在这儿碰到你」，故译为Fancy meeting you here again!，其中Fancy作「想不到」解。
　　对…有点特殊的感情have a special liking for非常喜欢 have a great liking for……liking和living、thinking在一些情况下是名词“唔，也许，紫丁香花这种淡雅而又有点忧郁的情调适合我的气质。”
　　“Well, maybe. Their quiet elegance plus a slight touch of melancholy suits my disposition.”
　　「淡雅」译作quiet elegance，其中quiet表示「素净的、朴素大方的」。「有点忧郁」译作a slight touch of melancholy，其中a slight touch of指「轻微的、些许的、略带」“这恐怕不见得是惟一的原因吧！”他狡黠地眨着眼睛：
　　“That perhaps isn’t the only reason!” he added, giving a sly wink.
　　giving a sly wink作伴随状语。
　　“在你的一生中，说不定有一件不寻常的事情和紫丁香花有点什么关系。比方说，在年轻时候，你是不是认识过一个像紫丁香花一般忧郁的姑娘？”
　　“Something unusual in your past life may have to do with lilacs. For example, when you were young, didn’t you meet a girl as melancholy as a purple lilac?”
　　与…有关have to do with
　　例句
　　Why? What does this have to do with Peter?
　　怎么了，这和彼得的死有关吗？
　　as melancholy as a purple lilac作girl的后置定语。
　　像我这么一大把年纪，距离“灰飞烟灭”的日子已经不很远，似乎再也没有什么事情需要“保密”了。
　　Being an old man already with one foot in the grave, I felt I no longer had anything to hold back at all.
　　「像我这么一大把年纪，距离‘灰飞烟灭’的日子已经不很远」不宜逐字直译，可按「我年老，行将就木」之意译为Being an old man already with one foot in the grave，其中with one foot in the grave或to have one foot in the grave是习语，作「离死不远」解。
　　「似乎再也没有什么事情需要‘保密’了」译为I felt l no longer had anything to hold back at all，其中to hold back 是习语，作「隐瞒」解。此句也可译为 I felt I no longer had anything to keep secret at all。
　　而且，像这样美好而纯洁的回忆，多让一个朋友知道也未尝不是好事。
　　Besides, it might be a good idea to let in one more friend on my sweet and pure memories.
　　「而且，像这样美好而纯洁的回忆，多让一个朋友知道也未尝不是好事」译为Besides, it might be a good idea to let in one more friend on my sweet and pure memories，其中one more指「再多一个」，短语动词to let in ... on ...作「让某人成为某事的知情人」解。
　　我们并肩坐在长椅子上。我稍微沉默了一会儿，就开了腔，那位老先生居然全神贯注地在倾听着。
　　So, as we sat side by side on the park bench, I started talking after a moment of silence. The old man listened attentively.
　　as we sat side by side on the park bench：as引导时间状语从句。
　　并肩、并排 side by side
　　一个接一个地；陆续地；络绎不绝地one after another一个接一个one by one一步一步地step by step一年一年地/每年/年复一年year by year
　　一天天/逐日day by day
　　携手go hand in hand with
　　肩并肩、齐心协力shoulder to shoulder
　　“说起来，这是四十四年前的事了。和我同时代的人也许还会记得，1936年3月31日，北平的大、中学生在沙滩北大三院开过一个追悼在狱中受刑病死的战友郭清的大会，“It was 44 years ago. As people of about my age may still remember, on March 31, 1936, university and high school students in Peiping held a memorial meeting to mourn their comrade-in-arms Guo Qing, who had died of torture in prison.
　　It was 44 years ago ：
　　it可表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。
　　As people of about my age…：of about my age是people的后置定语。
　　举行追悼会（以纪念…）hold a memorial meeting （to mourn…）??comrade-in-arms专指「共患难的同志，战友」例句Mr. Meridor's father was a comrade-in-arms of the party's founder.
　　梅里多先生的父亲是该党创始人的战友。
　　看中文「在狱中受刑病死的战友郭清」：在狱中受刑病死的、战友均为郭清的前置定语，在翻译时，考虑到句式平衡，我们将“在狱中受刑病死的”处理为定语从句是一种可取的做法。
　　会后举行抬棺游行。
　　They then staged a protest march holding aloft the coffined martyr.
　　「游行」译作a protest march，其中protest是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。stage作动词时，可表示组织上演(戏剧、演出等)、组织(活动或仪式，如罢工)。
　　holding aloft the coffined martyr作伴随状语。其中aloft是副词，表示「高处」修饰hold。
　　我和六七百个同学参加了这次游行。
　　I too joined about 700 fellow students in the march.
　　和某人一起…join sb in （doing） sth
　　too 在句中可以有多种位置：
　　1. 放在句末：
　　Many of them work over the weekends, too.
　　他们中有很多人也在周末上班。
　　2. 放在主语后和动词前：
　　He, too, had a lot of paperwork to get through.
　　他也有很多文书工作要处理。
　　3. 放在动词后和宾语前：
　　I noticed, too, the length of her fingers.
　　我也注意到她的手指很长。
　　4. 放在主语前面：此时主语前面通常还有其他词。
　　Physically, too, the peoples of the world are incredibly mixed.
　　再从体质上看，世界各地的人都是混血的。这一点令人难以置信。
　　我们的队伍从北池子走到南池子，就跟上千名反动军警碰上了，On our way from Bei-chi-zi to Nan-chi-zi, we ran into thousands of reactionary soldiers and cops.
　　run into sb遇上/撞上某人；run into sth陷入（困境）、遇上（难题）??「军警」分「军」+「警」，故译为soldiers and cops。
　　他们挥舞着警棍、皮鞭和大刀片向游行队伍冲击；They fell on us brandishing truncheons, leather-thonged whips and swords.
　　fall on/upon sb/sth指「袭击；向 … 进攻；扑向；抓住」例句They fell on him with sticks.
　　他们用棍棒袭击他。
　　此外，fall on还可以表示（责任）落在 … 身上，由 … 负担例句The full cost of the wedding fell on us.
　　整个婚礼费用由我们负担了。
　　leather-thonged是合成形容词，构词法为：名词+名词+ed，如honey-mouthed嘴甜的、甜言蜜语的。
　　而我们却赤手空拳，只能用几根竹竿招架着。
　　We fought barehanded, trying to ward off attacks with only a few bamboo poles.
　　积累词汇：barehanded（赤手空拳、手无寸铁）??ward off表示避开，躲开，防止(危险、疾病等)经过一场剧烈的搏斗，我们终于被冲散了。
　　We were scattered after a violent struggle and more than 50 students were arrested on the spot.
　　「被冲散」译作scatter，用词非常准确。
　　当场on the spot
　　例句
　　He answered the question on the spot.
　　他当场就回答了那个问题。
　　当场逮捕了五十多个同学之后，反动军警还穷追着我们，几乎是两三个撵一个。
　　In the hot chase that followed, there were two or three cops for each fleeing student.
　　积累词汇搭配：上句的「剧烈的搏斗a violent struggle」、此处的穷追the hot chase??「几乎是两三个撵一个」译作there were two or three cops for each fleeing student，for一词用得相当妙，比chasing要生动很多。
　　我在前面跑，两个警察在后面追，我后脑勺挨了一下警棍，鲜血渗出了便帽，滴在天蓝色的大褂儿上，前后都有斑斑点点的血迹。
　　As I ran like crazy with two cops chasing after me, my head was hit by a cop’s baton in the back, causing blood to ooze from my cap and drip all over my sky-blue gown.
　　run like crazy也可用短语on the run替代，意思是「奔跑中的」??causing blood to ooze from…作结果状语。其中ooze常用于表示「流血」??「流」的不同表达手腕上的伤口还在<渗血>。
　　From the cut on his wrist the blood was still oozing.
　　小溪和沟渠<流水潺潺>。
　　The streams and ditches bubbled and chattered with rushing water.
　　地上<横流>着一大滩秽水。
　　The floor was wet with a pool of dirty water.
　　幸亏我在大学里是个运动员，终归跑得比他们快些，一眨眼就把他们落下了一百多米。
　　Fortunately, as a university athlete, I was able to outrun the pursuers and leave them behind in a twinkling by more than 100 meters.
　　outrun：前缀out-常表示」超常、超过』等。如：使相形见绌，表现胜过…outshine、outperform等。
　　瞬间、眨眼间in a twinkling
　　我蹿过几条七枝八叉的胡同，跑进北池子南口的一条小巷里，眼看着有一户人家虚掩着门，我推开门一闪身躲了进去，反手就关上了门。
　　After passing through a number of zigzagging lanes, I came to the southern end of Bei-chi-zi where I found a house with its gate left ajar, so, pushing it open, I slipped in sideways and pulled it to behind me.
　　「我推开门一闪身躲了进去，反手就关上了门」译为so, pushing it open, I slipped in sideways and pulled it to behind me，其中slipped in sideways作「侧身溜进」解，又，pulled it to中的to是副词，作「关上」解。
　　当时我浑身都是污泥和血迹，脸上也是红一块花一块的，不像个人样。
　　I was then smeared all over with dirt and bloodstains and my face looked ghastly with lots of smudges.
　　all over意即「全身」或「浑身」，作状语短语用。
　　院子里收拾得挺干净，静悄悄的，没有一个人影。过了半晌，门帘子一掀开，走出来一个很文静的姑娘，The courtyard was clean and quiet without a single soul. It was quite a while before the door curtain was lifted and a gentle girl came out.
　　几个关于soul的表达：
　　没有一个人影without a single soul
　　不见一个人影without a soul in sight
　　勉强维持生活to make both ends meet/to keep my own body and soul together全心全意地 heart and soul孤独的人a lonely soul乐天派 a jolly soul
　　灵魂深处from the depth of my soul
　　小个子，大眼睛，年纪看来还比我小一两岁，大概是个高中学生吧。
　　She was of small stature and had big eyes. She looked my junior by one or two years and was most probably a senior middle school student.
　　of +great+抽象名词=very +adj
　　looked my junior by one or two years也可写作looked junior to me by one or two years。
　　她看到我这个模样，吓了一跳，但还是很镇定地问我：‘您怎么啦？哪儿受的伤？’
　　She was taken aback by my wretched condition and asked me calmly, ‘What’s the matter? Why, is there anything wrong?’
　　吃惊 be taken aback
　　例句
　　But leaders here in South Korea were taken aback.
　　但是最近韩国领导人感到震惊.
　　“‘我是个学生，刚才去参加游行，被警察打伤了。他们要抓我。借您这儿躲一躲，行不行？假如您不同意。我马上就出去。’
　　“I’m a student. I was with a student demonstration just now, and got beaten up by cops. They're hunting about for me. May I hide myself here? If you don't agree, I go out right away.’
　　was with a student demonstration指「参加学生游行（示威活动）」??「他们要抓我」译作They're hunting about for me。时态处理很到位，描写了「警察正在四处搜寻学生」的情景。
　　“‘您不能出去。这个样子出去，岂不是自投罗网！来！让我先给 您包扎一下。’
　　“‘No, you can't. That would mean throwing yourself into a trap. Now, let me dress your wound first.’
　　自投罗网throw oneself into a trap
　　包扎伤口 dress wound
　　绷带，伤口敷料，创伤敷料wound dressing
　　接着，她把我领进屋里，拿出绷带和药棉，上了药，迅速地用熟练而轻快的手指给我包扎好伤口，用酒精擦干净我的脸孔。关切地问道：‘弄痛了您没有？不难受吗？’
　　Then she led me into the room. She took out sterilized cotton and ointment, and quickly bandaged my wound with her nimble fingers. Then she cleaned my face with alcohol and said with concern, ‘Does it hurt? Are you all right?’
　　「拿出绷带和药棉」译作took out sterilized cotton and ointment。其中，「绷带」在这里并未译出，而是把意思融在了后面译文出现的动词bandaged里，这个单词本身便指「用绷带包扎」。至于ointment，应该是译者还原真实场景或根据卫生知识增译的成分。
　　“我整理整理衣服，站起来；‘不怎么痛啦！我可以走了。’
　　“I rose and tidied up my clothes, and said, ‘It doesn’t hurt any more. I should be going now.’
　　「整理整理」译作tie up（系牢），符合「因包扎伤口导致衣服有些松散，需要整理一下」的情形。
　　“她拦住我：‘不行，您身上有血迹，警察会认出来的，得换上衣服，戴上呢帽！’
　　“She stopped me, saying, ‘No, you can't. The police will recognize you. You have to change clothes and put on a felt hat!’
　　recognize也可替换为spot。
　　felt表示「毛毡，毡制品」
　　茅盾《白杨礼赞》
　　黄绿错综的一条大毡子
　　a huge yellow-and-green felt blanket
　　她从衣柜里拿出一件蓝布大褂儿和一顶旧呢帽：‘是我大哥的，您穿戴上大概还合适，他个子和您差不多。’
　　She then took out from the wardrobe a blue long gown and an old felt hat and said, ‘They belong to my eldest brother and will fit you nicely because he's about the same height as you?’
　　adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
　　adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
　　conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
　　accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
　　suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
　　fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
　　“我一再推辞，她有点生气了：‘唉，您这个人呀，真是个书呆子！生死关头，逃命要紧嘛，还顾得上那么多礼数？’
　　“As I declined the offer repeatedly, she became a little put out and said, ‘Oh, what a bookworm you are! The important thing at this critical moment is to flee for your life, not to stand on ceremony like that.’
　　「我一再推辞，她有点生气了」译为As I declined the offer repeatedly, she became a little put out，其中to be put out 是习语，作「生气」解。
　　读书狂/书呆子 bookworm
　　工作狂 workaholic
　　紧要关头at this critical moment
　　「生死关头」可译作at a life-and/or-death moment??此处stand on指「坚持」“我走出这户人家，回头望一眼门牌号码。
　　“On stepping out of the house, I turned my head to take a look at the house number.
　　On stepping out of the house：作时间状语。
　　老舍《养花》
　　送牛奶的同志，<进门>就夸“好香”！这使我们全家都感到骄傲。
　　It filled the whole family with pride whenever the milkman exclaims on entering our gate, What a sweet smell!中介词短语on entering our gate也是作时间状语。
　　靠着蓝布大褂和呢帽的掩护，谁也看不出我是个被打伤的‘逃犯’，Now, under cover of the blue long gown and the felt hat, nobody could recognize me as the injured ‘criminal’ at large.
　　在 … 的掩护（或保护）下under (the) cover of sth例句Later, under cover of darkness, they crept into the house.
　　后来他们在夜幕的掩护下溜进了房子。
　　at large有两层含义，一是「整个，全部，总地，一般地」，如the opinion of the public at large普通大众的意见；二是「未被捕获的，自由的，在逃的」，如A Puma at large逃遁的美洲狮。（新概念3第一篇）拐了个弯，到了骑河楼清华同学会，坐上直开清华园的校车，After turning a corner, I arrived at Tsinghua University Alumni Association on Qihelou Street where a school bus took me straight back to the University campus.
　　Alumni是校友的统称。alumni association指校友会。
　　Harvard Alumni Association哈佛大学校友会。
　　本篇参考译文在连接句子时用where引导从句还是挺常见的，注意积累。
　　我就这样安然无恙地脱险了。
　　So I was at last safe and sound.
　　safe and sound 安然无恙，平平安安。
　　例句
　　Here we are, safe and sound!
　　我平安地回来了！
　　“我养好伤以后，总想着要把蓝布大褂和呢帽还给人家。
　　“Then, after I recovered from my wound, I pondered over returning the blue long gown and the felt hat to the young girl.
　　沉思、深思、考虑ponder over
　　例句
　　The more I pondered over this harpooneer, the more I abominated the thought of sleeping with him.
　　我越想到这个标枪手, 越厌恨要跟他一起睡的念头。
　　return…to…把……归还给……。如见到「退耕还林」，实在想不出最官方的表达，译成return farmland to forest也能凑活顶一阵。
　　直接送到她家里去吗？万一出来应门的不是她而是别人，那我该怎么说才好呢？
　　Should I call on her again? What if it was somebody else than herself that answered the door?
　　应门 answer the door
　　「不是她而是别人」译作somebody else than herself，其中else than表示「除……之外」我只好写了一封短信，请她在下一个星期六的傍晚亲自到中山公园来今雨轩旁边的紫丁香花丛附近，取回我借去的大褂和呢帽。
　　So I decided to write her a letter telling her to meet me next Saturday evening under a lilac bush next to Jin-yu-zhai Teahouse in Zhongshan Park so that she could take back the things that I had borrowed from her.
　　结构划分：So I decided to write her a letter //telling her to meet me next Saturday evening under a lilac bush (next to Jin-yu-zhai Teahouse in Zhongshan Park) /so that she could take back the things (that I had borrowed from her).其中，telling her to…可以理解成伴随状语，也可以理解成letter的后置定语。
　　收信人的姓名只写着“大小姐”收，落款我没有写，因为那天在匆忙中我们谁都没有请教过彼此的尊姓大名。
　　I addressed her as ‘Dear Lady’ in the letter without adding my signature because we had failed to ask each other’s name on the previous day owing to the hurry of the moment.
　　be addressed as 被称作。address有「给…冠以某种称呼」之意，常用搭配为address sb. as …??fail to表否定意义。之前见过很多次了。
　　表「因为」的短语很多，可以把because of放在一边，换换口味。此处的owing to就是选择之一。
　　“我们终于在紫丁香花下见面了。她很大方地走到我面前，稍微点点头示意。
　　“We at last met under the lilac bush. She came up to me with ease and greeted me with a slight nod.
　　come up走近，走到跟前。came up to me则表示「走到我跟前」“当时我还是一个十分腼腆的小伙子，我总觉得，随便询问一个不认识的姑娘的姓名或者介绍自己的姓名都是不太庄重的、太唐突的。
　　“I was then a very bashful young chap. I thought it improper to conduct self-introduction between myself and a young girl that was a stranger to me.
　　then作副词不止可以表示「然后」，还可以「当时」I spent years on the dole trying to get bands together and I never worried about money then.
　　我多年靠救济金过活，一直在努力组建乐队，<那时>，我从不为钱发愁。
　　thought it improper to conduct self-introduction…：It做形式宾语：当it做形式宾语时，常替代动词不定式短语或宾语从句，其结构为：主语+谓语动词+it+ adj /n+ to do sth/that……，It偶尔也替代动名词。常用于此结构的及物动词有believe /feel /find /make /consider /think /suppose /regard等。例如：He thinks it important that we try to do some housework after school.他们认为放学后试着做一些家务是重要的。
　　我只是激动地对她说：‘非常感谢您的帮忙，那一天，要不是换了衣服，我一出门就会被捕的。胡同口有两只穿黑制服的狗在守着呢！’
　　I said in an agitated tone, ‘Thank you very much for your help. I would have been arrested right outside your gate had it not been for the long gown and hat. I discovered two dark-uniformed bastards keeping watch at your gate.’
　　I would have been arrested right outside your gate had it not been for the long gown and hat.中， had it not been for 为虚拟条件从句 if it had not been for的倒装(省略if),也可改用but for表达。原文从句也可译为without my deep-seated affection for the University library。
　　「两只穿黑制服的狗在守着」译作discovered two dark-uniformed bastards keeping watch。「狗」蕴含着作者对于「警察」的憎恶，故翻译时也要译出相应的情感色彩，现译作bastard，语气和情感上都较为符合。
　　“‘别客气！这些都是我应该做的。其实这些旧东西您大可不必还给我。’
　　“‘Don’t mention it! I’ve only done my bit. You really need not return the junk to me.’
　　「这些都是我应该做的」译为I've only done my bit，其中to do one's bit是习语，作「尽本分」或「做自己应当做的一份工作」解。此句也可译为I’ve only done what I can to help。
　　need not return写作don’t need return…“‘我怕您不好向您的大哥交代！’
　　“‘But they belong to your eldest brother.’
　　此处译出「核心意」即可，不用字对字。
　　“‘不要紧。他不是经常穿戴的。再说，他和您一样，也是个大学生。他是爱国的，不过，没有您那么勇敢。’
　　“‘Never mind. He seldom wears them. Besides, he, like you, is a patriot, but not as courageous as you.’
　　never mind：
　　①（用于安慰）没关系
　　②（表示并不重要）没关系，无所谓
　　③更不用说（意同let alone）。
　　例句
　　I never thought she'd win once, never mind twice!
　　我还以为她一次都赢不了，更别说两次了！
　　“她将手上的纸包送给我：‘给，这是您那天换下来的布大褂和便帽，上面的血迹我给洗掉了。多可惜，这是志士的鲜血啊！’她半开玩笑半认真地说。
　　“She then handed me a paper-wrapped parcel and said half jokingly, ‘Take this — your cotton gown and cap. I've washed off all the bloodstains. What a pity I’ve destroyed the evidence of a hero's blood!’
　　hand作动词讲，
　　hand sb sth/hand sth to sb把某物递给某人
　　hand sth. sp. 把某物放在某处
　　从语法角度讲，建议What a pity ……改为What a pity that…，that引导同位语从句，不能省略。
　　“‘其实，您也大可不必还给我。这件血衣，留下来作纪念不是很好吗？’
　　“‘In fact you don't have to return them to me. Isn’t it a good idea for you to have my bloodstained garment as a keepsake?’
　　idea for you是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　have my bloodstained garment as a keepsake: have…as…让…成为…、把…当作…“她稚气地笑着说：‘您叫我搁在哪儿呢？假如家里的人问起来，我又该怎么说才好呢？
　　“She went on with a naive smile, ‘Where could I keep them? What could I say in case my folks should ask?
　　之前不止一次提过要积累「说」的表达，根据不同情况和不同情绪，可选用不同的表达，如此处的went on。
　　这件事，除了咱俩，现在还没有第三个人知道！我爹是个好人，在中学里教书，他胆子小得要命！假如让他知道了……’
　　Now, this is something between you and me! My dad is an honest guy. He teaches at a middle school. He’s timid and overcautious. Suppose he should know of it ...’
　　「除了咱俩，现在还没有第三个人知道」译作this is something between you and me。其中between you and me表示「你我之间的事」，值得积累。又，「只是你我之间的事」和「没有第三个人知道」意思重复，译一次即可。
　　Suppose he should know of it：suppose/supposing有时可用作连词，引导条件状语从句，其意为「假若」「如果」等。这里的should可以省略。
　　“她默默地望了我一眼，好像要记住我的容貌似的。
　　“She gave me a silent stare like she wanted to bear in mind my facial features.
　　本文的「默默地望了我一眼」和「朝我眨了下眼」分别译为gave me a silent stare、gave me a wink，均涉及词性转换，处理方式相同。
　　将…记在心中、记住、考虑到bear/keep…in mind或bear/keep in mind that..
　　但很快就说：‘假如没有什么事，我该走了！’
　　Then she said, ‘If that’s all, I must say goodbye now.’
　　「假如没有什么事」译作If that’s all，采用了反话正说的策略。
　　临别时我们轻轻地握了握手，手指尖仅仅接触到对方的手指尖。
　　We parted by touching each other's fingertips casually instead of with a handshake.
　　此处part熟词僻义，作动词，表示「分别」
　　她走到离开我约莫十多步的地方，迅速地回过头来望了我一眼，好像有点依依惜别的样子。
　　When she was a few steps away, she abruptly turned round to give me a look like she was reluctant to leave me.
　　「依依惜别」译作was reluctant to leave…。其中，be reluctant to do表示不情愿、勉强做某事。
　　她那轻盈而苗条的身影，很快就消失在苍茫的暮色和茂密的紫丁香花丛里面了。
　　Soon her slender and graceful figure was lost in the deepening dusk and among the flourishing lilacs.
　　「轻盈」形容文中女子的体态美好，现译为graceful。
　　我猛地想跑上前去跟她多说几句话，至少问清楚她的姓名，I suddenly felt like rushing ahead to have a few more words with her, at least to find out her name.
　　feel like 感觉，想要，欲
　　例句
　　I sometimes feel like screaming with frustration.
　　我有时苦恼得真想要大喊大叫。
　　at least to find out her name是补充语，对「多说几句话」进一步补充说明。
　　但我终于痛苦地克制住自己，我不愿意株连她，因为我还随时有被捕的危险。
　　But I restrained myself painfully because I didn’t want to get her involved. I was still in danger of being arrested at any moment.
　　「株连她」即「让她也卷入到这件事情中来」，现译为get her involved。
　　随时at any moment
　　“这就是全部事情的经过，要说是‘爱情’吧，恐怕算不上；要说是友谊呢，又和普通的、寻常的友谊不太一样，好像多了一点什么东西——“That’s all there’s to it. Strictly, it wasn't love, nor was it ordinary friendship. There was a bit more to it.
　　That’s all (that)there is to it是固定用法，不宜逐字翻译。句中all是先行词，that是关系代词，引导定语从句there is to it修饰all，在定语从句中that作表语，即为there is (that) to it.这个短语表示「就这样、就是这些、这就是全部/一切、情况就是这样」等。
　　例句
　　That's all there is to it—it's the only way.
　　那是生命的全部，是唯一的方式。
　　革命的情谊，一种患难与共、信守不渝的革命情谊，这是人世间最值得珍贵的东西。
　　It was revolutionary friendship, or a bond of comradeship forged by common suffering and unswerving faith. In short, it was something of the greatest value in the world.
　　坚持……不动摇follow…unswervingly
　　something of the greatest value：of+抽象名词=形容词，即of+ value =valuable不知怎的，虽然事情已经过去四十多年了，每当我一看到紫丁香花，一闻到紫丁香花的香味，我就情不自禁地想起了这么一件事，这么一个人，Now, after more than 40 years, the sight of sweet-smelling lilacs still always reminds me of the said event and person.
　　the said表示「上述的」，said是形容词。
　　仿佛又看到她那消逝在紫丁香花丛中的身影，仿佛又听到她离去时轻轻的脚步声。”
　　And I will feel as if I saw her figure disappearing among the lilac bushes and hear the light footsteps she made at the moment when she was leaving me.”
　　as if从句的两种用法：
　　一、 as if 从句用陈述语气（相对于虚拟语气而言）,即你所表达的句子是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。设想语境:比方说你现在屋里看不到外面的情况,却听到了雨滴声,表达如下:It sounds as if it is raining． 听起来像是在下雨。二、as if 从句用虚拟语气，当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：
　　（1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。
　　（2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。
　　（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形。
　　听完了我的故事，那位老先生无限感慨地说：“在我们一生中，生活有时会像河流一样，和另一条河流遇合了，又分开了，带来了某一种情绪的波流，永远萦绕着我们的心灵……淡淡的，却难忘！
　　After hearing out my story, the old gentleman said with strong feeling, “Our life, like a river, sometimes joins another river only to separate again, thus leaving certain emotional ripples lingering in our mind ... faint and unforgettable!
　　听…把话说完hear out
　　例句
　　Perhaps, when you've heard me out, you'll appreciate the reason for secrecy.
　　也许当你听我把话讲完后，你就会明白为什么要保密了。
　　only to do sth.是一个比较特殊的不定式结构，常用于表示一种意想不到的结果。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。（表结果）。参考译文中「遇合而又分开」同理。
　　唉！怪不得你那样喜欢紫丁香花。
　　Oh, no wonder you've a special liking for purplish lilacs.
　　无怪乎、也难怪…… it’s no wonder that……或no wonder巴金《木匠老陈》
　　过惯了这种单调的生活以后，<无怪乎>我特别喜欢老陈了。
　　Because of this monotonous life, it was no wonder that I developed a particular liking for Carpenter Lao Chen.
　　不过，你真是个古怪的老头儿，在斑白的头发底下还保持着一个二十岁小伙子般强烈的感情，But you’re really an eccentric old man. You still keep under your graying hair an emotion as intense as that of a 20-year-old young chap.
　　keep under your graying hair an emotion as intense as that of a 20-year-old young chap或keep an emotion as intense as that of a 20-year-old young chap under your graying hair中的结构：keep +宾语+宾语补足语。as intense as that of a 20-year-old young chap是宾补。
　　这样的人是不会幸福的。”
　　Such a man as you can never be happy.”
　　「这样的人」译作Such a man as you。such a/an…的表达积累下。as you是增译成分。此处为两位老人之间的对话，也是听者对讲话人经历的感慨，补充出as you更为合理。
　　必背词汇
　　eccentric       adj.古怪的，怪异的
　　英义
　　If you say that someone is eccentric, you mean that they behave in a strange way, and have habits or opinions that are different from those of most people.
　　例句
　　He is an eccentric character who likes wearing a beret and dark glasses.
　　他人很怪，喜欢戴贝雷帽和墨镜。
　　lilacs       n.丁香
　　英义
　　a bush or small tree with purple or white flowers with a sweet smell that grow closely together in the shape of a cone例句Pretty soon the lilacs would be in bloom.
　　紫丁香不久就要开花。
　　amidst      prep.同amid，在……过程中；在……中英义Amidst means the same as amid .
　　例句
　　He finished his speech amid tremendous applause.
　　他在雷鸣般的掌声中结束了演讲。
　　transient       adj.短暂的，倏忽的，无常的英义Transient is used to describe a situation that lasts only a short time or is constantly changing.
　　例句
　　In most cases, pain is transient.
　　大多数情况下，疼痛是短暂的。
　　permeate      v.渗透，弥漫，扩散
　　英义
　　If something permeates a place, it spreads throughout it.
　　例句
　　The smell of roast beef permeated the air.
　　空气中弥漫着烤牛肉的香味。
　　重点表达
　　暮春late spring
　　初夏early summer
　　消磨掉整个黄昏idle away the evening hours专心…、全神贯注于…be absorbed in大约是某人的年纪、和某人年纪差不多大be about one’s age对紫丁香花有点特殊的感情似的have a special liking for purple lilacs适合我的气质suit my disposition轻微的、些许的、略带a slight touch of与…有关have to do with
　　离死不远with one foot in the grave或to have one foot in the grave隐瞒to hold back让某人成为某事的知情人to let in ... on ..
　　并肩、并排 side by side
　　举行追悼会（以纪念…）hold a memorial meeting （to mourn…）赤手空拳barehanded几乎是两三个撵一个there were two or three cops for each fleeing student瞬间、眨眼间in a twinkling侧身溜进slipped in sideways没有一个人影without a single soul
　　吃惊 be taken aback
　　自投罗网throw oneself into a trap
　　包扎伤口 dress wound
　　紧要关头at this critical moment
　　读书狂/书呆子 bookworm
　　在 … 的掩护（或保护）下under (the) cover of sth安然无恙，平平安安safe and sound沉思、深思、考虑ponder over应门 answer the door
　　走到我跟前came up to me
　　将…记在心中、记住、考虑到bear/keep…in mind或bear/keep in mind that..
　　一种患难与共、信守不渝的革命情谊a bond of comradeship forged by common suffering and unswerving faith上述的the said听…把话说完hear out无怪乎、也难怪…… it’s no wonder that……或no wonder??复盘测试暮春初夏r
　　消磨掉整个黄昏
　　专心…、全神贯注于…
　　大约是某人的年纪、和某人年纪差不多大
　　对紫丁香花有点特殊的感情似的
　　适合我的气质
　　轻微的、些许的、略带
　　与…有关
　　离死不远
　　隐瞒
　　让某人成为某事的知情人
　　并肩、并排
　　举行追悼会（以纪念…）
　　赤手空拳
　　几乎是两三个撵一个
　　瞬间、眨眼间
　　侧身溜进
　　没有一个人影
　　吃惊
　　自投罗网
　　包扎伤口
　　紧要关头
　　读书狂/书呆子
　　在 … 的掩护（或保护）下
　　安然无恙，平平安安
　　沉思、深思、考虑
　　应门
　　走到我跟前
　　将…记在心中、记住、考虑到
　　一种患难与共、信守不渝的革命情谊
　　上述的
　　听…把话说完
　　无怪乎、也难怪……
　　表达对比
　　「瞬间」有几种表达？
　　幸亏我在大学里是个运动员，终归跑得比他们快些，（一眨眼）就把他们落下了一百多米。
　　Fortunately, as a university athlete, I was able to outrun the pursuers and leave them behind in a twinkling by more than 100 meters.
　　（一瞬间），他们的餐厅就轰动全国，得到了各地的关注。
　　In an instant, their restaurant became a sensation, drawing in attention from across the country.
　　在这（一瞬间）我坠入了爱河。
　　I had fallen in love in a second.
　　最后，它们在（一瞬间）融合在了一起。
　　Finally, they merge in a flash — literally.
　　他（一眨眼）就从房间那头奔了过来。
　　In one swift moment, he had crossed the room.
　　太阳
　　The Sun
　　吴冠中
　　Wu Guanzhong
　　背景知识：吴冠中(1919—2010),中国当代著名画家兼散文家，1919年生于江 苏宜兴，1942年毕业于杭州国立艺专，1947—1950年在法国巴黎国立高等艺术学院进修，曾任中央工艺美术学院教授。他自幼喜爱文学，作画之余，写了大量情真意切的散文，得到文艺界高度赞誉，并受广大读者喜爱。《太阳》是他写的一篇随笔。
　　昨天，小公园里撒满了阳光，孩子们、老人们，喜洋洋一大群。
　　Yesterday, the small park was bathed in sunshine and lots of kids and elderly folks there enjoyed themselves very much.
　　「昨天，小公园里撒满了阳光，孩子们、老人们，喜洋洋一大群」译为 Yesterday, the small park was bathed in sunshine and lots of kids and elderly folks there enjoyed themselves very much, 其中 was bathed in sunshine 意同 was covered with sunshine。又，此句也可译为Yesterday, lots of kids and elderly folks enjoyed themselves very much in the sun-drenched small park。
　　folk和people：一般可以换用，但某些情况下 folk 不是指人群、人们，而指亲人（父母、乡亲）在强调有这层亲缘关系的时候是不可以换的。比如说 my old folks一般是说我的老父母...换了就不对了。
　　今天，太阳不见了，阴冷阴冷的冬天，像要下雪了。
　　Today, the sun has disappeared. It is a cold and gloomy winter day and looks like snow.
　　「像要下雪了」也可译作looks as if might snow.
　　公园里消失了人群，只有一个人裹着大衣低头独自行走，太阳的消失没有影响他独自行走，似乎他心中本来就没有太阳。
　　The park is deserted except for a solitary walker wrapped in an overcoat with his head bent low. The disappearance of the sun does affect his solitary walk at all. It seems that there is no sun in his heart.
　　「行走」翻译为walker。此种译法涉及到词性转换，这与「中文多用动词，英文多用名词」有关。《韩刚30天突破三级笔译》中有句翻译：中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。译文是：China represents the world’s second largest energy producer and consumer. 「生产国和消费国」的处理方法简单精炼，值得学习。
　　太阳与大家有关，人们跟着太阳起床，随着太阳的沉没而沉睡，等待明天的太阳。
　　We are all closely related to the sun. We get up at sunrise and fall into a heavy slumber after sunset until the sun reappears the next day.
　　「等待」的翻译十分灵活，「等待明天的太阳」可以理解为「直到第二天太阳再次升起」大家喜欢太阳，等着看日出，We all love the sun and long for sunrise.
　　long for表示「渴望……」
　　I long for you to see him.
　　《日出的印象》是举世绘画名作，“夕阳无限好”是千古名句。
　　The Impressive Sunrise is a world-famous painting. “The setting sun shines with unrivalled splendor” is a celebrated line from an ancient Chinese poem.
　　《日出的印象》（英语：Impression Sunrise）是法国印象派画家克劳德·莫奈于1872年在勒阿弗尔港口创作的一幅油画。该画描绘了晨雾笼罩中的日出港口景象，用美妙的光的变幻与运动展现了迷人景色，以及画家用轻快跳跃的笔触刻画了光在宽阔的海面上反射与颤动的生动景象。现藏于巴黎马尔莫丹艺术馆。该幅作品突破了传统题材和构图的限制，完全以视觉经验的感知为出发点，侧重表现光线氛围中变幻无穷的外观，是莫奈画作中最典型的一幅，也是日后最具声誉的经典画作，是印象画派的开山之作。
　　「'夕阳无限好'是千古名句」译为The setting sun shines with unrivalled splendor" is a celebrated line from an ancient Chinese poem,其中把「千古」from an ancient Chinese poem，带有解释性，交代此名句来自一句中国古诗。
　　太阳赋大自然色彩，太阳在人间创造了阴影。
　　The sun endows Mother Nature with color and creates shadows for men.
　　大自然Mother Nature
　　endow sb/sth with sth
　　认为 … 具有某种品质
　　例句
　　She had endowed Marcus with the qualities she wanted him to possess.
　　她认为马库斯具有她所期望的品质。
　　给予，赋予
　　例句
　　to endow sb with a responsibility
　　赋予某人以责任
　　没有了阴影，也就看不清光明，有了阴影才认识世界原来是立体的。
　　Without shadows, we could be unable to see light. It is by means of shadows that we find the world to be three-dimensional.
　　Without shadows作条件状语。
　　It is by means of shadows that we find the world to be three-dimensional是it’s…that…强调句结构。
　　「立体的」也就是「三维的」，现译作three-dimensional3D打印机three-dimensional printer总是生活在阴影里不健康，生活中没有阴影也不健康，It is unhealthy to confine ourselves to shadows, nor is it healthy to have no shadows in life.
　　「总是生活在阴影里」按「让自己困在阴影里」之意译作confine ourselves to shadows，增强意境的感染力。
　　注意nor is it…的倒装。否定词及含有否定意义的词在句首，句子要部分倒装。nor后面的倒装句的结构为：nor+ be动词du/助动词/情态动词+主语＋谓语动词＋其他部分。以及，nor不是必须要和neither连用，只要前面有对应的否定含义即可。
　　太阳控制着人们的健康，生死存亡。
　　The sun has much to do with our health and determines our life or death, survival or extinction.
　　「太阳控制着人们的健康，生死存亡」可按「太阳与人们的健康息息相关，决定人们的生死存亡」译为The sun has much to do with our health and determines our life or death, survival or extinction。其中，A has much to do with B 是固定搭配，表示A与B有关。A has nothing to do with B表示 A与B无关。
　　人们看太阳，观赏其红、光、亮。
　　People look at the sun and admire its glow, light and brilliance.
　　「观赏」译作admire。「观赏、欣赏」是admire的含义之一。
　　例句
　　We took time to stop and admire the view.
　　我们特意驻足欣赏风景。
　　「红」译作glow，指「红光」
　　参照太阳，人创造了灯笼。有了电灯，还爱灯笼，因为太阳永远令人膜拜，儿童画中出现最多的也就是太阳。
　　Men invented the lantern in imitation of the sun and continue to love the lantern when they have the electric lamp because the sun will always have the worship of all. It also appears most often in drawings done by children.
　　模仿in imitation of…
　　Men invented the lantern in imitation of the sun and continue to…中的and可换做but。
　　「儿童画中出现最多的也就是太阳」按「孩子们画太阳画的最多」之意译作It also appears most often in drawings done by children。
　　地球上只能看到一个太阳，太阳是惟一，惟一往往被尊为最伟大，We see one and only one sun from the earth. The sun is the sole ball of fire in the sky. Anything that is the only one of its kind is often held up as great.
　　「太阳是惟一」译时应采用增词法：The sun is the sole ball of fire in the sky 或 The sun is the only fiery celestial body。
　　「惟一往往被尊为最伟大」译为Anything that is the only one of its kind is often held up as great，其中把「惟一」译为 the only one of its kind，也采用增词法；to hold up是成语，作「提岀」「推举」等解。
　　路易十四自称是太阳王，但路易十四还是死了，让别人去争太阳王的宝座。
　　Louis XIV styled himself Solar King. But he nevertheless died, leaving his potential successors to contend for the Solar-King throne.
　　此处style熟词僻义，指「称呼」。
　　常用搭配为 style sb/sth/yourself + noun
　　例句
　　He styled himself Major Carter.
　　他自称卡特少校。
　　nevertheless的位置很灵活，可以Nevertheless，+主句，也可以主语+，nevertheless，/ nevertheless +其他成分。
　　太阳是热之源，是温暖的象征，悽怆之人常说失去了心中的太阳。
　　The sun is the source of heat and the symbol of warmth. Sorrowful people often complain that they have no sun in their hearts.
　　resource资源 source源头
　　赤日炎炎的酷暑，人们怕太阳，太阳并不总赐予幸福，它可能是伪君子，它令禾苗枯萎，荼毒生灵。
　　People dread the sun in sweltering summer days. The sun does not always give us blessings. It may be a hypocrite, causing seedlings to wither and plunging people into the depth of misery.
　　causing seedlings to wither and plunging people into the depth of misery作伴随状语，也可理解为原因状语：因为它令禾苗枯萎，荼毒生灵，所以是伪君子。
　　当它被人畏惧时，夏夜的月色倒赢得了人们的青睐，其实月亮那点迷人的光，只是太阳的反照。
　　While people dread the sun, they admire the moon on summer evenings though, in fact, its enchanting pale light is a reflection from the sun.
　　「那点迷人的光」可按「迷人的暗淡光芒」译为its enchanting pale light。
　　太阳我行我素，永远这样放光芒，它一样对待野草、鲜花、蛆虫、蝙蝠、高楼大厦与沙漠洪荒……The sun goes on doing whatever it pleases, always shining on all alike, be they wild grass, fresh flowers, worms, bats, skyscrapers, deserts, wild country….
　　「太阳我行我素，永远这样放光芒，它一样对待……」译为The sun goes on doing whatever it pleases, always shining on all alike，其中alike 意同equally。
　　Q：译文中的be they怎么理解？
　　这是一种因省略而倒装的句式：省略了Whether 之后的让步状语从句。Whether让步状语从句的这种倒装，原则上是系表结构，无论原来何种时态，一旦省略形成倒装，系动词用原形be。还原完整为：whether they are wild grass…人们终于还是离不开无比强烈的太阳。
　　All in all, people can’t go without the all-powerful sun.
　　总而言之All in all
　　例句
　　All in all it was a pleasant trip.
　　总的来说，旅途还算愉快。
　　必背词汇
　　endow       v.赋予，给予品质等
　　英义
　　If you endow something with a particular feature or quality, you provide it with that feature or quality.
　　例句
　　Herbs have been used for centuries to endow a whole range of foods with subtle flavours.
　　数个世纪以来，香草一直被用于给各种食物增添淡淡的香味。
　　folk       n.人们，大家
　　英义
　　You can refer to people as folk or folks .
　　例句
　　Country folk can tell you that there are certain places which animals avoid.
　　老乡会告诉你有些地方动物是不会去的。
　　solitary       adj.(行动)单独的，独自的
　　英义
　　A solitary activity is one that you do alone.
　　例句
　　His evenings were spent in solitary drinking.
　　他晚上的时间都是靠独自喝闷酒打发。
　　overcoat       n.大衣，厚外套
　　英义
　　An overcoat is a thick warm coat that you wear in winter.
　　例句
　　He loosened his collar of his overcoat.
　　他解开了大衣领口。
　　slumber       n.睡眠
　　英义
　　Slumber is sleep.
　　例句
　　He had fallen into exhausted slumber.
　　他累得睡着了。
　　unrivalled      adj.无与伦比的，无可匹敌的，无双的英义If you describe something as unrivalled, you are emphasizing that it is better than anything else of the same kind.
　　例句
　　He had an unrivalled knowledge of south Arabian society, religion, law and customs.
　　他对南阿拉伯社会、宗教、法律和风俗的了解无人可比。
　　重点表达
　　小公园里撒满了阳光the small park was bathed in sunshine阴冷阴冷的冬天a cold and gloomy winter day跟着太阳起床，随着太阳的沉没而沉睡get up at sunrise and fall into a heavy slumber after sunset渴望long for《日出的印象》Impression Sunrise千古名句a celebrated line from an ancient Chinese poem夕阳无限好The setting sun shines with unrivalled splendor大自然Mother Nature立体的three-dimensional总是生活在阴影里confine ourselves to shadowsA与B有关A has much to do with B观赏其红、光、亮admire its glow, light and brilliance电灯the electric lamp太阳永远令人膜拜the sun will always have the worship of all热之源the source of heat我行我素doing whatever it pleases复盘测试
　　小公园里撒满了阳光
　　阴冷阴冷的冬天
　　跟着太阳起床，随着太阳的沉没而沉睡
　　渴望
　　《日出的印象》
　　千古名句
　　夕阳无限好
　　大自然
　　立体的
　　总是生活在阴影里
　　A与B有关
　　观赏其红、光、亮
　　电灯
　　太阳永远令人膜拜
　　热之源
　　我行我素
　　表达对比
　　「天气炎热」有几种表达？
　　（赤日炎炎）的酷暑，人们怕太阳，太阳并不总赐予幸福，它可能是伪君子，它令禾苗枯萎，荼毒生灵。
　　People dread the sun in sweltering summer days. The sun does not always give us blessings. It may be a hypocrite, causing seedlings to wither and plunging people into the depth of misery.
　　在超过 90 华氏度的高温下，乘客（热得要命）。
　　Passengers sweltered in temperatures of over 90°F.
　　尽管（高温）酷暑，但大部分游客都能从容接受。
　　But despite the searing temperatures, tourists largely seemed to take it in stride.
　　那是一个（大热天）。
　　It was a scorching hot day.
　　来自阿富汗的民众在（酷热）中排着长队等候。
　　Those coming over from Afghanistan described long lines in the blistering heat.
　　毁画
　　Scrapping My Paintings
　　吴冠中
　　Wu Guanzhong
　　背景知识：散文《毁画》是著名画家兼散文家吴冠中(1919—2010)的佳作，选自1955年5月出版的《吴冠中散文选》(由国际文化出版公司发行)。
　　二十年前我住在前海北沿时，附近邻居生了一个瞎子婴儿，我看着这双目失明的孩子一天天成长，为他感到悲哀，他将度过怎样的一生！
　　Twenty years ago, when I was living on the northern side of the Qianhai Lake, Beijing, one of my neighbors gave birth to a blind baby. That made me sad. What would become of it for life?
　　「前海北沿」意即「前海北岸」，可译为on the northern side of the Qianhai Lake或on the north of the Qianhai Lake。
　　生孩子give birth to babies/children
　　「他将度过怎样的一生」可译为What would become of it for life?或 How was it to drag out this existence?其中 it 均指「婴儿」我想，如果这孩子是我自己，我决不愿来到人间，Personally, I would have refused to come into this world disabled.
　　此句并未完全按照原文翻译，但整体看是「达意」的，无需纠结。
　　但父母总是珍惜自己的小生命，千方百计养育残疾的后代。
　　Nevertheless, all parents love their own babies and will do whatever they can to rear them even though they are born disabled.
　　rear有多重含义，此处取「抚养，养育，养大」之意。
　　例句
　　I was reared in east Texas.
　　我在得克萨斯州东部长大。
　　作者对自己的作品，当会体会到父母对孩子的心情。
　　A work of art is to the creator what a baby is to its parents.
　　「作者对自己的作品，当会体会到父母对孩子的心情」可按「作品对于作者，犹孩子对于父母一般」译为A work of art is to the creator what a baby is to its parents。又，A is to B what C is to D 表示「A之于B就好像C之于D一样」。其中的连词what可以用来表示比较两种事物相同或相似的关系。
　　学生时代撕毁过大量习作，那是寻常情况，未必总触动心弦。
　　When I was a schoolboy, I used to tear up a lot of the exercises I did. That was a common practice, and I never regretted it.
　　「那是寻常情况，未必总触动心弦」译作That was a common practice, and I never regretted it.。「未比总触动心弦」理解成了「从不后悔」，当然这是译者的理解。如果是自己翻译的话，处理成「不伤心、不后悔」等都可以，不要直译字面意思「触动心弦」创作中也经常撕毁作品，用调色刀戳向画布，气愤，痛苦，发泄。
　　Now I am doing the same thing with my paintings. I will often use a palette knife to cut into a canvas so as to let off my pent-up anger or anguish.
　　doing the same thing即指「撕毁」
　　pent-up指「情感、力量等被压抑的，被抑制的」，是增译成分，但也更好地说明了「我」的「（积压已久的负面）情绪」有时毁掉了不满意的画反而感到舒畅些，因那无可救药的“成品”不断在啮咬作者的心魂。
　　Sometimes, it will bring me ease of mind to scrap my own substandard works.
　　「反而感到舒畅些」当然可以译作make sb adj结构，也可灵活变通，处理为此处的bring sb n结构。
　　那无可救药的「成品」不断在啮咬作者的心魂→「对画作不满意」的paraphase，故译文没有全单译出。又，「成品」加了引号，说明并不是真正的成品，实际上指「残次品」，现译作substandard works。
　　当我在深山老林或边远地处十分艰难的条件下画出了次、废品，真是颓丧之极，Sometimes, I will feel extremely dejected when a painting I have done under hard conditions in remote mountains and dense forests turns out to be inferior.
　　I have done under hard conditions in remote mountains and dense forests是省略that的定语从句。
　　事实证明是…… turn out to be
　　但仍用油布小心翼翼保护着丑陋的画面背回宿处，是病儿啊，即使是瞎子婴儿也不肯遗弃。
　　But I will nevertheless carry it home on my shoulder after wrapping it up carefully in a tarpaulin. It’s my sick baby, my blind baby. I shouldn’t abandon it.
　　「病儿」不是儿化音，而是病+儿，现译作sick baby。
　　数十年风风雨雨中作了大批画，有心爱的、有带缺陷的、有很不满意但浸透苦劳的……I produced a great many paintings during the scores of difficult years. Some of them were my favorites; some were defective; some, though unsatisfactory, were fruits of my painstaking labor…??许多，大量，几十个 scores of苦劳→辛苦劳作、大量心血，现译作painstaking labor任何一个探索者都走过弯路和歧途，都会留下许多失败之作，All art explorers are liable to take roundabout courses or lead themselves astray, thus ending up in fiascoes.
　　「任何一不探索者都走过弯路和歧途，都会留下许多失败之作」译为 All art explorers are liable to take roundabout courses or lead themselves astray, thus ending up in fiascoes。「探索者」应指「艺术探索」，因此译为art explorers。又，「走过歧途」用lead themselves astray，如果是表示「误入歧途」，可以用go astray。
　　liable与likely相近，表示「很可能如何」。但是likely可以指很可能发生的正面和负面的事。liable则偏向于负面。A boy is liable to get run over if he darts out from between parked cars. 男孩子如果从停着的车子之间冲出去，就很可能被汽车压了蹩脚货，暴露真实吧，何必遮丑，Defective works should be exposed rather than covered up.
　　「蹩脚货」也是指「残次品」，上一处译作substandard works，此处译作defective works。
　　然而，换了人间，金钱控制了人，进而摧毁了良知和人性。
　　But things on earth have changed and men are so much under the sway of money that they have become conscienceless and unfeeling.
　　「换了人间」实际上是「人间换了（世风变了）」，现译作things on earth have changed。
　　在……控制下；受……支配under the sway of??「摧毁了良知和人性」并未译作动宾结构，而是译作了形容词conscienceless and unfeeling。
　　作品于今有了市价，我以往送朋友、同学、学生、甚至报刊等等的画不少进入了市场，出现于拍卖行。
　　Paintings, nowadays, have market prices. Many of my paintings given as presents to friends, schoolmates, students and newspapers and periodicals have found their way to the market or auction house.
　　市场价格、市场定价、市价market prices
　　given as presents to friends, schoolmates, students and newspapers and periodicals作paintings的后置定语。
　　find one’s way to 是一个十分地道的表达，表示「.....到哪儿去」，《新概念英语3》第15课有句话是：very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have gained him found their way there.原文的their指的是「存钱罐」，整句话的意思就是：我给了他不少50便士的硬币，但他很少存到存钱罐里。
　　五十年代我作了一组井冈山风景画，当时应井冈山管理处的要求复制了一套赠送作为藏品陈列，In the 1950s, after I finished a set of Jinggang Mountain landscape paintings, I donated a replica of it to the Jinggang Mountain Administrative Office at its request for permanent museum display.
　　一组、一系列、一套a set of
　　应其…要求at its request for…
　　后来我翻看手头原作，感到不满意，便连续烧毁，那都属于探索油画民族化的幼稚阶段，Later, when I looked over the original set of the paintings, which represented the immature stage of my attempts at nationalizing oil painting, I felt dissatisfied and had it all destroyed by fire.
　　查看，检查，浏览look over
　　例句
　　We looked over the house again before we decided we would rent it.
　　那房子我们再看了一次才决定租下来。
　　油画an oil painting
　　水墨画an inkwash/ink-and-wash painting
　　水彩画a watercolor
　　但赠管理处的那套复制品近来却一件接一件在佳士得拍卖行出现。
　　Unexpectedly, however, the replicated paintings recently showed up one after another in an auction house.
　　复制品 the replicated paintings
　　关于「复制」
　　copy: 普通用词，含义广泛，指精确的或不精确的复制品。
　　duplicate: 常指完全一模一样，可代替原件的复制品。
　　model: 可指按某物式样制造、按比例缩小的模型，也可指某物未制成之前做出的模型。
　　reproduction: 批按原物复制的产品，着重复制品与原物相似。
　　facsimile: 含义与copy大体相同，但较文雅。
　　auction house拍卖行
　　书画赠友人，这本是我国传统人际关系的美德，往往不看金钱重友情。
　　Making a gift of painting or calligraphy to friends has been a traditional virtue of ours related to interpersonal relationship, which values affection above material gains.
　　Making a gift of painting：使B成为A   make A of B??related作virtue的后置定语，可理解为……which is related to…??人际关系interpersonal relationshipvalue A above B 与B相比，更看重A艺术作品最终成为商品，这是客观规律，无可非议。
　　It is natural and beyond reproach for works of art to end up becoming commodities.
　　beyond reproach
　　beyond可以是介词，也可以是副词。它的含义可以是正面的，也可以是反面的。
　　1. 正面的意义，指的是「超出某一范围但并不脱离或否定这个范围」，也就是「既保持原有的，还外加」例句The plan was beyond ingenious. 此计妙极。
　　Beyond flooding, villagers worry that more tree cutting could put an end to the mushroom bonanza.
　　除了水涝，村民们还担心，树木再继续砍伐下去，蘑菇盛长的局面就会告终。在这个意义上，beyond后面可以接名词，也可以接形容词。
　　例句
　　This has gone beyond ridiculous.
　　这已经不光是可笑了。
　　He was beyond exhausted.
　　他已经过度筋疲力尽了。
　　2. 反面的意义，指的是「超出某一范围，不再属于这个范围」。
　　例句
　　beyond repair坏到无法修理
　　beyond his wildest dreams他无论如何也梦想不到的beyond his means他力所不及的a prize beyond value无价的奖赏The social situation has changed beyond recognition.
　　社会状况已经变得面目全非了。
　　Phenomena like this are beyond human understanding.
　　这样的现象是人类无法理解的。
　　注意：在这个带有反面意义的用法上，above与beyond常常可以互用（但以beyond更为多用），见above条。
　　但在一时盛名之下，往往不够艺术价值的劣画也都招摇过市，欺蒙喜爱的收藏者，被市场上来回倒卖，互相欺骗。
　　The problem is that inferior paintings of low artistic value, often, under cover of high reputation, openly beguile avid art collectors and people rush for speculative buying and reselling of them, cheating each other.
　　「劣画（残次品）」译作inferior paintings??在……的掩护下 under （the）cover of叶紫《长江轮上》
　　在夜色的掩护下
　　under cover of night
　　黄秋耘《丁香花下》
　　靠着蓝布大褂和呢帽的掩护
　　under cover of the blue long gown and the felt hat我早下决心要毁掉所有不满意的作品，不愿谬种流传。
　　I made up my mind long ago to scrap all of my unsatisfactory paintings so as to prevent the circulation of low-grade products.
　　下定决心 Determined; make up one’s mind; be determined to; bite the bullet例句I'm going to bite the bullet and quit my job.
　　我要咬牙辞职。
　　「谬种」（残次品）译作low-grade products。
　　开始屠杀生灵了，屠杀自己的孩子。
　　So I began to butcher my own babies.
　　原文中「屠杀生灵」和「屠杀自己的孩子」一个意思，都是对「屠杀对象」的说明，译出最具体的含义即可。
　　将有遗憾的次品一批批，一次次张挂起来审查，一次次淘汰，一次次刀下留人，一次次重新定案。
　　I would hang up on the wall my problematic paintings batch by batch and time and time again for rigorous screening.
　　「有遗憾的次品」可按「成问题的画作」译为problematic paintings。
　　Q：「不好的画」文中有多少种表达？
　　substandard works/ unsatisfactory paintings/  low-grade products/ problematic paintings /scrapped paintings英语不喜重复，汉译英遇到相同的字眼，最好用近义词替换，做到「千变万化」汉译英则要将近义词的表达找出来，因为他们指代同一事物，做到「九九归一」这是翻译中一个十分重要的技巧。翻译理论都懂，却还是翻译不好的原因在于汉译英没有积累足够的近义词，而英译汉又看不出来这是一个事物。这就不是翻译不好，而是基础不扎实，需要勤加练习，复盘总结，记忆背诵，才能灵活运用。
　　一次次，一批批毁，画在纸上的，无论墨彩、水彩、水粉，可撕得粉碎。
　　Substandard paintings were eliminated and demolished. Poor paintings on paper, be they ink-and-wash, watercolor or gouache, were torn to pieces.
　　Q：译文中的be they怎么理解？
　　这是一种因省略而倒装的句式：省略了Whether 之后的让步状语从句。Whether让步状语从句的这种倒装，原则上是系表结构，无论原来何种时态，一旦省略形成倒装，系动词用原形be。还原完整为：whether they are…作在布上的油画只能用剪刀剪，剪成片片。
　　Poor oil paintings on canvas had to be cut to shreds with a pair of scissors.
　　poor是增译成分，因为上句和此句说的都是「毁掉不满意的画作」，故增添poor使表意更明确。
　　一把剪刀 a pair of scissors
　　一条裤子a pair of pants
　　作在三合板上的最不好办，需用油画颜料涂盖。
　　Poor paintings on three-ply boards were a hard nut to crack, and had to be blotted out with oils.
　　三合板three-ply boards：是最常见的一种胶合板,是将三层薄木板按不同纹理方向粘在一起制成的。三合板的发明是1810年，英国科学家用三合板制作轻型飞机，接着 工业广泛应用。三合板在中国1910年就开始使用，主要做钟表盒和工艺品，多为三层。
　　a hard nut指「棘手的事、难对付的人或事」，是英语习语。
　　儿媳和小孙孙陪我整理，他们帮我展开六尺以上的巨幅一同撕裂时也满怀惋惜之情，但惋惜不得啊！
　　My daughter-in-law and grandchild would lend me a helping hand. But they sighed regretfully while joining me in unrolling and tearing up gigantic painting scrolls of over six feet in length.
　　儿媳妇 daughter-in-law
　　冰心《祖父和灯火管制》
　　各自有自己的亲戚朋友，比如说，我们就各自有自己的「外婆家」！
　　They each had their own relatives and friends, for example, their own in-laws.这句话中，「外婆家」指由婚姻而结成的亲戚，类似「妈妈这边的亲戚」，如岳父母、妻子的兄弟姐妹等等，所以这里以in-laws一词概括。
　　我往往教儿媳替我撕，自己确乎也有不忍下手的隐痛。
　　I too could not help feeling soft-hearted and silently endured anguish in my heart.
　　「不忍下手」四字成语不好翻译，按「自己确实也忍不住感觉到痛苦」译为I too could not help feeling anguish in my heart.能翻译到这个程度已经正确。在张培基老师添加的soft-hearted、silently endured是大师级别翻译，可以鉴赏，模仿有困难，先学到最基础的忠实原文的表达，水平到了一定境界再考虑自由发挥。
　　画室里废纸成堆了，于是儿媳和阿姨抱下楼去用火烧，As my studio was piled high with the scrapped paintings, my daughters-in-law, together with our housemaid, would take the scrapheap downstairs to make a bonfire of it in the yard.
　　As引导原因状语从句
　　……堆的老高be piled high with…
　　「阿姨」指家中的佣人，译作housemaid。
　　我在画室窗口俯视院里熊熊之火中飞起的作品的纸灰，也看到许多围观的孩子和邻居们在交谈，不知他们说些什么。
　　I looked out of my studio window and saw paper ashes flying up from the raging flames. And I also saw children and neighbors crowd around watching and chatting. I didn’t know what they were chatting about.
　　crowd around表示「聚集在一起」
　　例句
　　Photographers were crowding around outside.
　　摄影师聚集在外面。
　　画室里尚有一批覆盖了五颜六色的三合板，只能暂时堆到阳台上去，还不知能派什么用场，Left in the studio were some three-ply boards covered with multicolored oil paints. I had all of them temporarily stored in the balcony without knowing what I could ever do with them in the future.
　　Left in the studio were some three-ply boards covered with multicolored oil paints：英语中，有些倒装是出于语法上的需要，非用倒装语序不可，具有强制性；有些则是为了达到某种修辞效果，如强调、平衡、衔接等。
　　had all of them temporarily stored in the balcony是have…done的结构。
　　记得困难时期我的次品油画是用来盖鸡窝的。
　　I remember that back in the famine years I even used my unsatisfactory oil paintings for building chicken coops.
　　「困难时期」根据时代背景，具体译出，译作in the famine years（饥荒年代）生命末日之前，还将大量创作，大量毁灭，愿创作多于毁灭！
　　I’ll, before the end of my life journey, continue to do a lot of creating as well as destroying, but, hopefully, more creating than destroying！
　　生命末日之前、有生之年before the end of my life journey??集中记忆一类词语：liking和living、thinking、creating可以作名词。
　　必背词汇
　　scrap        v.除掉，取消，废弃
　　英义
　　If you scrap something, you get rid of it or cancel it.
　　例句
　　President Hussein called on all countries in the Middle East to scrap nuclear or chemical weapons.
　　侯赛因总统号召中东所有国家放弃核武器和化学武器。
　　rear        v.抚养，养育，养大
　　英义
　　If you rear children, you look after them until they are old enough to look after themselves.
　　例句
　　She reared sixteen children, six her own and ten her husband's.
　　她养大了16个孩子，其中6个是她亲生的，10个是她丈夫带来的。
　　palette        n.调色板
　　英义
　　A palette is a flat piece of wood or plastic on which an artist mixes paints.
　　例句
　　color palette 调色板
　　palette knife 调色刀
　　dejected        adj.沮丧的，失意的，泄气的英义If you are dejected, you feel miserable or unhappy, especially because you have just been disappointed by something.
　　例句
　　Everyone has days when they feel dejected or down.
　　每个人都有沮丧失意或情绪低落的时候。
　　tarpaulin       un.防水帆布，油布
　　英义
　　Tarpaulin is a fabric made of canvas or similar material coated with tar, wax, paint, or some other waterproof substance.
　　例句
　　a piece of tarpaulin
　　一块油布
　　重点表达
　　生孩子 give birth to a baby
　　来到人间 come into this world
　　撕毁 tear up
　　寻常情况 common practice
　　发泄气愤和痛苦 let off my pent-up anger or anguish让我感到心情舒畅 bring me ease of mind不满意的画/不合格的作品 substandard works十分艰难的条件下under hard conditions深山老林或边远地处 in remote mountains and dense forests证明是/原来是 turn out to be数十年 the scores of years走过弯路和歧途  take roundabout courses or lead themselves astray掩盖，掩饰 cover up受到影响under the sway of市价 market prices
　　拍卖行 auction house
　　出现show up
　　一件接一件 one after another
　　人际关系 interpersonal relationship
　　客观规律，无可非议 It is natural and beyond reproach下定决心 make up my mind挂起来 hang up on the wall一批批 batch by batch
　　一次次 time and time again
　　撕得粉碎 tear to pieces
　　不好办/棘手的问题 a hard nut to crack
　　伸出援助之手 lend sb a helping hand
　　满怀惋惜之情 sigh regretfully
　　用火烧 make a bonfire
　　熊熊之火中飞起的作品的纸灰paper ashes flying up from the raging flames三合板three-ply boards鸡窝chicken coops.
　　生命末日之前before the end of my life journey??复盘测试生孩子来到人间
　　撕毁
　　寻常情况
　　发泄气愤和痛苦
　　让我感到心情舒畅
　　不满意的画/不合格的作品
　　十分艰难的条件下
　　深山老林或边远地处
　　证明是/原来是
　　数十年
　　走过弯路和歧途
　　掩盖，掩饰
　　受到影响
　　市价
　　拍卖行
　　出现
　　一件接一件
　　人际关系
　　客观规律，无可非议
　　下定决心
　　挂起来
　　一批批
　　一次次
　　撕得粉碎
　　不好办/棘手的问题
　　伸出援助之手
　　满怀惋惜之情
　　用火烧
　　熊熊之火中飞起的作品的纸灰
　　三合板
　　鸡窝
　　生命末日之前
　　表达对比
　　「千方百计」有几种表达？
　　但父母总是珍惜自己的小生命，（千方百计）养育残疾的后代。
　　Nevertheless, all parents love their own babies and will do whatever they can to rear them even though they are born disabled.
　　他（竭尽所能）寻找他的生母。
　　He left no stone unturned in his search for his natural mother.
　　奇怪的是，其他男孩竟然从未觉察到他是如何拿我开玩笑，如何(千方百计)地模仿我。
　　Strangely, the other boys never noticed how he made fun of me, and copied me in every way.
　　每逢一个船长用到一名名声特别高的掌舵者，他必须(千方百计)把他留住。
　　When a captain got hold of a pilot of particularly high reputation, he took pains to keep him.
　　狐狸，用了他的种种计策（千方百计），结果还是没有机会逃脱，成了这群猎狗的食物。
　　The fox, with all his thousand tricks, had not been able to get out of sight, and fell a prey to the dogs.
　　哭
　　On the Verge of Tears
　　吴冠中
　　Wu Guanzhong
　　背景知识：《哭》是吴冠中于2000年写的一篇随笔，文章笔墨寥寥，气势不凡，细腻真切，充满真挚的爱国热忱与民族自豪感。
　　题目「哭」译为On the Verge of Tears，意即「几乎流泪」，是斟酌文章内容而译的。
　　那年，我坐夜车去朝拜圣地——到茂陵瞻仰霍去病墓前的雕刻。
　　Years ago, I went by night train to Mao Ling, a sacred place in Shaanxi Province, to pay homage to the sculptures standing before Huo Qubing's tomb.
　　「那年」意即「几年前」或「有一年」，不宜译为That year，现译Years ago。
　　学习把「朝拜圣地——到茂陵」译为to Mao Ling, a sacred place in Shaanxi Province（同位语）的处理方式。
　　向……表示敬意 pay homage to
　　例句
　　Kim visited a war cemetery to pay homage to the soldiers killed in the War.
　　金正恩参观了一处战争公墓，悼念在战争中阵亡的士兵。
　　before和in front of的区别
　　before作介词时，与介词短语in front of表示位置关系时，都用来表示在某物之前，意思基本是一致的，可以相互替换。但是，两者中in front of意义单纯，before意义较为多样，除表示位置关系外，还可表示时间和逻辑次序上的先后关系。
　　夜车到了终点站，霍去病墓还老远。在那满天星斗的西北原野上，我时而顺着大车道，时而踏着羊肠小径往前赶路，As it was a long way from the terminal station to Huo's tomb, I had to hurry on with my journey on foot under the starry sky of Northwest China, sometimes along a broad road, sometimes on a narrow footpath.
　　「夜车到了终点站，离霍去病墓还老远」译为As it was a long way from the terminal station to Huo's tomb …，如直译 When the night train arrived at its terminal, Huo's tomb was still a long way off...则欠通顺。
　　「我往前赶路」译为 I had to hurry on with my journey，其中to hurry on with…是成语，作「匆忙（做某事）」解。
　　sometimes along a broad road, sometimes on a narrow footpath中sometimes…sometimes…可以换为now…now…（时而…时而…）李大钊《艰难的国运与雄健的国民》
　　旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。
　　A traveller on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road.
　　及至霍去病墓地，天色才开始曙明。
　　The day was just dawning when I arrived at Huo's tomb.
　　刚刚黎明The day is/was just dawning。
　　余光中《西欧的夏天》中也出现了此表达。
　　附近没有行人，
　　Not a pedestrian in sight.
　　「附近没有行人」译为Not a pedestrian in sight，其中省略了动词was。此句也可译为Not a soul in sight，意即「见不到任何人」没有一个人影without a single soul不见一个人影without a soul in sight我迫不及待地扑向墓前那几座庞然巨物的伟大雕刻作品。
　　I lost no time in presenting myself before the majestic carved works of great magnitude before the tomb.
　　「我迫不及待地扑向」可译为I lost no time in presenting myself before...或 I hurriedly came up to...
　　我十分激动，它们永远是活着的，并一直是我精神上的支柱。
　　I was beside myself with agitation. The immortal art treasures will be my permanent spiritual prop.
　　学习描写「情绪」的新表达：be beside myself with …例句I was beside myself with joyous excitement.
　　我独自一人狂喜着。
　　「它们永远是活着的，并一直是我精神上的支柱」译为The immortal art treasures will be my permanent spiritual prop, 其中 art treasures 是增添词，用来满足译文造句需要。又，「永远」和「一直」用immortal和permanent表示，从中文里的副词处理为英文里的形容词放在名词前面构成偏正短语，符合句意，简洁明了，值得学习。
　　当我在异国遭到歧视的时候，当世界上其他国家的杰出艺术品令我敬仰的时候，当我气馁的时候，痛苦的时候……这几座气势磅礴的永恒的石头雕刻便总会呈现于我眼前。
　　Whenever I am discriminated against in a foreign country, whenever I stand in awe before a foreign outstanding work of art, whenever I am disheartened, whenever I suffer agony…, these imperishable stone carvings of amazing grandeur will inevitably appear in my mind's eye.
　　歧视……discriminate against…
　　例句
　　You should not discriminate against any race.
　　你不该歧视任何种族。
　　whenever引导时间状语从句时，表示「每当，一……就……」，与when用法相似，但whenever语气更强烈；whenever引导让步状语从句时，表示「无论何时」，相当于at whatever time, no matter when。
　　「心目中、眼前」译作in my mind's eye，是一种惯用表达，可以积累下。
　　我久久徘徊于霍墓雕刻间，远看，浑然一体；近看，耐人寻味，在粗犷的斧凿中行走着蜿蜒的线。
　　I loitered for quite a long while among the sculptures, which were an integrated mass when viewed from afar and very intriguing when scrutinized close by. Traceable among the rough marks of hatchet and chisel were delicate lines zigzagging.
　　from afar：
　　有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？
　　It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.
　　「在粗犷的斧凿中行走着蜿蜒的线」译为Traceable among the rough marks of hatchet and chisel were delicate lines zigzagging, 其中 delicate 是译文中的添加词，作「精细的」解，用以强调「粗中有细」的内涵。Zigzag也是形容词，所以这句话也可以译为Traceable among the rough marks of hatchet and chisel were zigzag lines.
　　斯是顽石，却生意盎然，
　　Insensate as they were, the carved stones were brimming with life and vigor.
　　Insensate as they were ：as引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。
　　例句
　　Much as I like English, I’m going to choose civil engineering as my major.
　　虽然我很喜欢英语，但我还是打算选土木工程作为自己的专业。
　　充满、洋溢着be brimming with
　　例句
　　The hairs entwined in it will be brimming with her DNA.
　　上面缠着的头发里全都是她的DNA。
　　全世界的艺术家到此不能不肃然起敬！"我们的祖先比你强得多！"Artists from all over the world cannot help feeling awed when they visit this place. "Our forefathers did much better than you!"??cannot help doing something 忍不住做…still、far、even、much等可以修饰比较级，意为「还要、更加」例句Tom's handwriting is far better than yours.
　　汤姆的字比你的好得多。
　　It is still colder today than yesterday.
　　今天比昨天还冷。
　　我也许是继承了阿Q精神胜利的一面吧，但有了这样矗立在世界艺术史上的先祖爷爷，确是得天独厚。
　　I declared, maybe affected by Ah Q's philosophy of "spiritual victory". We are indeed very lucky to have our forefathers standing tall and upright in the world history of art.
　　我也许还继承了阿Q精神胜利的一面吧！可按「我也许受阿Q‘精神胜利’哲学的影响」译为 maybe affected by Ah Q，s philosophy of spiritual victory，其中 affected意同 influenced。be affected/influenced by sth.表示受某物影响。又，philosophy 作「人生哲学」「观点」等解。
　　阿Q是鲁迅创作的中篇小说《阿Q正传》中的主人公。阿Q是贫苦农民，受尽剥削压迫。他原以为革命就是造反，痛恨它，但当看到统治者在革命面前惊慌失措时，便要求参加革命，最终被杀。
　　阿Q精神是一种自我安慰的精神，学者概括为：就是阿Q的自嘲、自解，自我陶醉等种种表现。简言之，是使用精神胜利法进行自我安慰，或者即刻忘却。出自《阿Q正传》
　　standing tall and upright in the world history of art作forefathers的后置定语。
　　这总是值得欣慰的！
　　This is certainly a matter for rejoicing.
　　rejoicing表示「欣喜、高兴」
　　1989年我重返巴黎，感慨万千。
　　In 1989, while revisiting Paris, I felt all sorts of emotion surging up within me.
　　while revisiting Paris：while引导时间状语从句时，主从句主语一致，且从句谓语中有be动词时，从句省略主语和be动词。又，「重返」译作revisit（故地重游），用词非常准确巧妙。
　　「感慨万千」即「各种各样的情绪涌上心头」，现译作felt all sorts of emotion surging up within me。
　　返回后，我怀着一种极其复杂的心情又一次去了西安，再一次瞻仰霍墓雕刻。在霍去病墓前，在秦俑坑前，在碑林博物馆的汉唐石雕前，我只想嚎啕痛哭。
　　Back in China, when I paid another visited to Xi'an and the sculptures before Huo Qubing's tomb. I was seized with mixed feelings. I just felt like crying with abandon as I stood once more before Huo's tomb, before the Chin Dynasty terra cotta warriors and horses and before the Han Tang upright stone tablets bearing ancient inscriptions.
　　心情复杂was seized with mixed feelings
　　「我只想号啕痛哭」译为I just felt like crying with abandon，其中 with abandon 作「放任」「纵情」解。全句意同 I just felt like having a good cry。
　　秦俑坑、兵马俑（the Chin Dynasty） terra cotta warriors??bearing ancient inscriptions是tablets的后置定语。又，学习bear一词在此处的用法。
　　老伴跟随我，还有那么多观众，我不敢哭。
　　But I refrained from tears because I was then accompanied by my wife and surrounded by numerous spectators.
　　refrain from (doing) sth表示「不去做某事、避免做某事」例句Please refrain from smoking during the performance.
　　演出时请勿吸烟。
　　老伴跟随我，还有那么多观众（在旁边）译作was then accompanied by my wife and surrounded by numerous spectators。欣赏译者选用的两个动词，「老伴」用的是accompany（陪），「一群观众」用的则是surround（围着），细节处理到位。
　　哭什么？哭它太伟大了，哭老鹰的后代不会变成麻雀吧？
　　Why did I feel like having a good cry? Because my motherland is so great and because of my fears about the descendants of the eagle turning out to be sparrows.
　　feel like 感觉，想要，欲
　　例句
　　I sometimes feel like screaming with frustration.
　　我有时苦恼得真想要大喊大叫。
　　「哭老鹰的后代不会变成麻雀吧？」的含意是「因担忧老鹰的后代会变成麻雀而哭」可译为and because of my fears about the descendants of the eagle turning out to be sparrows 或 and because I am worried that the eagle might have sparrows as its descendants，其中my fears about 与 I am worried that 都是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　必背词汇
　　sacred        adj.神圣的，上帝的，神的
　　英义
　　Something that is sacred is believed to be holy and to have a special connection with God.
　　例句
　　The owl is sacred for many Californian Indian people.
　　对于很多加利福尼亚的印第安人而言，猫头鹰是圣物。
　　homage        un.尊敬，崇敬，敬意
　　英义
　　Homage is respect shown towards someone or something you admire, or to a person in authority.
　　例句
　　At his coronation he received the homage of kings from Wales, Northumbria and Scotland.
　　在他的加冕典礼上，威尔士、诺森布里亚和苏格兰的国王向他宣誓效忠。
　　重点表达
　　对....表达敬意pay homage to
　　终点站 terminal station
　　往前赶路 hurry on with my journey
　　羊肠小径 a narrow footpath
　　迫不及待做某事 lose no time in doing sth.
　　我十分激动 I was beside myself with agitation.
　　精神支柱 spiritual prop
　　遭遇歧视 be discriminated against
　　对.....敬畏/敬仰 stand in awe
　　艺术品 work of art
　　从远处看 view from afar
　　从近处看 scrutinize close by
　　斧凿hatchet and chisel
　　生意盎然 be brimming with life and vigor
　　矗立 stand tall and upright
　　各种各样的 all sorts of
　　我感慨万千 I feel all sorts of emotion surging up within me再一次去某地 pay another visited to sp.
　　我只想嚎啕大哭I just feel like crying with abandon/I just feel like having a good cry放任，放纵 with abandon秦俑坑terra cotta warriors and horses复盘测试
　　对....表达敬意
　　终点站
　　往前赶路
　　羊肠小径
　　迫不及待做某事
　　我十分激动
　　精神支柱
　　遭遇歧视
　　对.....敬畏/敬仰
　　艺术品
　　从远处看
　　从近处看
　　斧凿
　　生意盎然
　　矗立
　　各种各样的
　　我感慨万千
　　再一次去某地
　　我只想嚎啕大哭
　　放任，放纵
　　秦俑坑
　　表达对比
　　「满是」有几种表达？
　　斯是顽石，却生意（盎然）…
　　Insensate as they were, the carved stones were brimming with life and vigor.
　　他（充满了）悔恨。
　　He was full of remorse.
　　河岸上（充满生机），超乎我的想象。
　　The banks teem with more life than I thought possible.
　　他（满怀）嫉妒和仇恨，他会进行慷慨激昂的长篇谴责性讲话，这些讲话总是要求弹劾凯普莱斯行为下流。
　　Imbued with jealousy and hatred, he would launch into impassioned tirades that invariably called for caprese to be impeached for reasons of impropriety.
　　再说包装（节录）
　　More on Packaging (Excerpt)
　　吴冠中
　　Wu Guanzhong
　　背景知识：吴冠中的《再论包装》写于2003年，似为季羡林(1911—2009) 1997年写的《论包装》的后续，两者异曲同工，相映生辉，对社会时弊作了 不约而同的鞭挞讽刺。
　　题目「再说包装」译作More on Packaging。「再说」即交代更多的信息，译作more（on）很巧妙。
　　包装的本质是伪装。
　　Basically, packaging means false embellishment.
　　「是」不是只有be动词一种译法，如此处译作means。
　　「包装的本质是伪装」译为Basically, packaging means false embellishment，其中 basically意同 fundamentally 和 essentially，都可用来表 达「本质上」，但basically较简短通俗，故选用之。
　　为了美观，略施装饰，无可厚非，斥之伪，有点刻薄。
　　Nevertheless, a little embellishment for the sake of nice appearance is not altogether inadvisable, and it is a bit harsh to denounce it as falsehood.
　　为了……for the sake of
　　形式主义 the practice of formalities for formalities’ sake??「略施装饰，无可厚非」本可译为a little embellishment…is beyond reproach等，但is beyond reproach的语气嫌重，与「无可厚非」略有出入，故改译 is not altogether (或completely) inadvisable。
　　商品离不开包装，离谱的包装，岂止伪，存心欺蒙顾客。
　　Merchandise can never do without packaging, but going too far with it means something worse than falsehood—it is deliberate cheating.
　　「离谱的包装」意即「过分的包装」，故译going too far with it或 overdoing it, too much of it。
　　口语中表达「你太过分了！」You are way too far日本人很讲究包装，一个漂亮的大匣里面藏着精致的小匣，小匣里还有更小的匣，Japanese are very particular about packaging. Hidden inside one beautiful big box will be a number of gradually smaller delicate ones placed one inside another.
　　对…非常讲究/挑剔be very particular about/over…例句She's very particular about her clothes.
　　她对衣着特别挑剔。
　　Hidden inside one beautiful big box will be a number of…是地点状语位于句首的倒装结构。
　　…smaller delicate ones placed one inside another：placed one inside another是ones的后置定语，描述「套娃」般的包装方式。
　　一层层的包装待你剥到底，最后裸露的往往只是一块小小的糖果。
　　You have to tear them off one by one until you finally hit on nothing but a tiny piece of candy.
　　撕下、扯下 tear off
　　多数情况下，one by one可与one after another替换。不过one by one通常强调的是一次一个，而one after another则强调连续性。
　　我们进入了包装的时代，这恰好提醒我们进入了伪劣假冒的时代。
　　We have entered the age of packaging, or rather the age of counterfeit and shoddy merchandise.
　　「我们进入了包装的时代，这恰好提醒我们进入了伪劣假冒的时代」可按「我们进入了包装的时代，不如说进入了伪劣假冒的时代」译为We have entered the age of packaging, or rather the age of counterfeit and shoddy merchandise。
　　“豪华精美”包装的礼品满天飞，
　　Attractively-packaged gifts can be found everywhere.
　　说人话：「豪华精美包装的礼品满天飞」就是豪华精美包装的礼品到处都有（can be found everywhere）送这种豪华礼品的人与被送者之间绝无真诚的友情，聪明的包装者是明悟这一实际的，所以工夫用在礼品之外，包装之上。
　　Aware of the complete absence of real friendship between sender and receiver of a gift, shrewd businessmen have been racking their brains trying to beautify the packing design rather than improve the commodity itself.
　　Aware of the complete absence of real friendship between sender and receiver of a gift可以理解为原因状语或伴随状语。此处同（Being）aware of…。系动词be的现在分词作状语时，通常省略being。
　　「聪明的包装者」可按「精明的商人」译为shrewd businessmen??racking their brains trying to beautify…：trying to …是伴随状语。又，rack one’s brain是英语习语，指「绞尽脑汁」柔石《为奴隶的母亲》
　　关于孩子底名字，秀才是煞费苦心地想着，但总想不出一个相当的字来。As to the baby’s name, the scholar racked his brain, but just could not hit upon a suitable one.
　　beautify是动词，指「美化」，我们平时用惯了beautiful，甚至有点嫌弃beautiful这个词太庸俗，但是词性一变，译文一下子有了逼格。
　　外国也包装，也走人情，也行贿，但以包装作欺蒙则我们传统中早有提示：金玉其外，败絮其中。
　　People in foreign countries are also particular about packaging, and also bribe with gifts, but we have a longer tradition of hoodwinking customers by means of packaging, as witness the ancient Chinese saying, "Gold and jade without, rubbish within."??以包装作欺蒙则我们传统中早有提示：金玉其外，败絮其中可按「以包装欺骗，我们很早就有这传统，以’金玉其外，败絮其中’一语为证」译之：we have a longer tradition of hoodwinking customers by means of packaging, as witness the ancient Chinese saying, “Gold and jade without, rubbish within??以……为证 as witness…例句My father prospered perceptibly, as witness the garage, the Ford, the trips by train and steamship.
　　我的父亲明显地发达了，有了车库和福特车，坐火车和轮船出差。
　　包装歌星、包装书画家、包装著作……包装早已是堂而皇之的事业，不怕社会讥讽了。
　　Star singers, painters and calligraphers, authors… all go in for self-packaging overtly in disregard of public ridicule.
　　「堂而皇之」意即「公开」，故译overtly或openly??致力于、从事、追求go in for叶梦《今夜，我是你的新娘》
　　「我不需要显摆不需要张扬」译为I don't want to go in for pomp and celebrate our nuptials in a big way.
　　不顾、无视in disregard of
　　例句
　　They are in flagrant disregard of the life, property and well-being of civilians.
　　他们公然无视民众的生命财产和福祉。
　　书籍装帧应让人一目了然著作的内涵与品位，是极深奥的艺术创作工作，Binding and layout, which provide clear insights into the content and quality of a book, call for profound artistic work.
　　「是极深奥的艺术创作工作」中「是」按「需要、要求」之意理解，译作call for但今日书店书摊上琳琅满目，一片花里胡哨，连书名都认不出来。
　　But, today, bookstores and bookstalls are a riot of loud glaring color, so much so that the book titles are overshadowed and become hardly recognizable.
　　「但今日书店书摊上琳琅满目，一片花里胡哨」译为But, today, bookstores and bookstalls are a riot of loud glaring color，其中riot作「极度丰富」或「一片」解，loud glaring color作「艳丽夺目的色彩」解。
　　「连书名都认不出来」，可以理解为「跟那些花里胡哨的东西相比，书名黯然失色/相形见绌」。注意积累表达「与....相比，相形见绌，黯然失色」??so much…that和so much so that比so…that和so that在语气上更强。
　　例句
　　I was so much tired that I couldn’t walk on.
　　我极度疲倦，走不动了。
　　She is hungry, so much so that she had to go begging.
　　她很饿，饿到不得不去乞讨。
　　印一张白底黑字的封面吧。
　　Why not have book covers printed just in black and white instead?
　　此句译为处理为了why not表示建议的问句。处理方法和徐地山《落花生》中的一句完全一样：「就辟来做花生园罢」译为why not plant some here？（也可译为why not have them planted here？或why not make a peanut plot of it？）?? instead的位置非常灵活，可位于句首、句中和句尾。又，instead和instead of都有「代替，而不是」之意，但用法不同：
　　instead作副词，意为「代替、反而、却」，修饰整个句子，位于句首或句末。
　　例句
　　Why not play football instead?
　　instead of是介词短语，意为「代替，而不是」，后面跟名词、代词、介词短语或动词ing形式。
　　例句
　　He is going to England instead of France.
　　伪装是个人的野心，也适应社会的需求。
　　Packaging serves to satisfy social needs as well as personal ambition.
　　积累翻译「是」的第三种处理方法：serve toserve to +V，意同V：涉及《武峰十二天》中的「谓语动词过渡」：在汉语中，若出现强势动词，翻译为英语时不能直接找强势动词，而要找弱势动词对强势动词进行过渡。比如「我买了一辆车」译为I made a purchase of a car而不是I bought a car.
　　谓语动词过渡可当做一种处理方法，但过度使用则会与另一派翻译观点简明翻译相冲撞，造成译文累赘不堪。翻保证信息正确的前提下，翻译方法没有对错可言，但会对读者的阅读感受造成很大影响。大家要具体情况具体对待。
　　官吏的乌纱、皇帝的蟒袍用以吓唬老百姓，
　　Imperial officials and emperors used to wear black gauze hats and boa-design robes respectively to frighten common people into submission.
　　官吏Imperial officials
　　皇帝emperors
　　老百姓common people
　　into submission是增译成分。「蟒袍用以吓唬老百姓」，如果仅仅是为了吓唬人，那这官位上的人怕是幼稚极了，此处的「吓唬」是有目的性的：使老百姓听话/臣服。
　　他们退堂退朝后便恢复本来面目，毋须衣冠沐猴了。
　　After a court session or imperial court session was adjourned, they would respectively cease to dress up as such and become their usual selves.
　　停止做某事cease to do
　　停下来做某事stop to do（停下来去做另一件事情）停止做某事stop doing sth.（停止手上正在做的事情）??「衣冠沐猴」意即「人装打扮的猴子」，比喻虚有其表，形同傀儡。常用来讽刺投靠恶势力窃据权位的人。按字面直译为monkeys in human attire，这里按照「乔装打扮」译为dress up as such??「本来面目」按「日常模样」理解，译作usual selves。
　　were no longer her old self前后判若两人
　　old self以前的自己
　　西装、革履、领带，这种包装在西方已定型几百年，并早已成为全世界公认的正式服饰，而且居然在不断更新的时装流变中岿然不动。
　　The Western-style suit with leather shoes and necktie to go with it is a kind of packaging that has taken shape in the West ever since several hundred years ago. It has long become universally accepted formal wear and even survived the vicissitudes of garment style intact.
　　「西装、革履、领带，这种包装在西方已定型几百年」译为The Western-style suit with leather shoes and necktie to go with it is a kind of packaging that has taken shape in the West ever since several hundred years ago，其中 to go with it作「与…相配」解，也可改用to match it。又，take shape是固定搭配，表示「形成，定型」??积累词汇：vicissitudes表示「更新迭代」但休闲服的兴起，不知是否会冲垮这端着架子的西装传统，Nevertheless, nobody can tell if the tradition of wearing the stiff and formal Western-style suit will end up being broken down by the upsurge of popular casual wear.
　　「不知是否会冲垮这端着架子的西装传统」译作nobody can tell if…。运用了补充主语的翻译策略。这种策略在政府工作报告中尤为常见，通常会是一堆动宾结构堆在一起，中文读起来酣畅淋漓，一气呵成，但要译成英文，就得添东西以符合英文习惯了。
　　因人们最终要追求自在与舒适，一切架子与伪装都将被抛弃。
　　In the final analysis, people prefer ease and comfort to any form of affectation and pretence.
　　归根结底In the final analysis
　　例句
　　In the final analysis, it's a matter of personal choice.
　　归根结底，这是个人的选择。
　　prefer A to B 表示「比起B来，更喜欢A」，在这里前后都用名词形式，对仗工整。
　　必背词汇
　　pretence       un.假象，伪装，虚伪的表现
　　英义
　　the act of behaving in a particular way, in order to make other people believe sth that is not true例句Their friendliness was only pretence.
　　他们的友善态度只不过是装出来的。
　　falsehood       un.虚伪性，虚假性，谬误
　　英义
　　Falsehood is the quality or fact of being untrue or of being a lie.
　　例句
　　She called the verdict a victory of truth over falsehood.
　　她将这一判决称为真理对谬误的胜利。
　　embellishment       n.装饰，修饰
　　英义
　　An embellishment is a decoration added to something to make it seem more attractive or interesting例句Renaissance embellishments.
　　文艺复兴时期的装饰
　　denounce       n.谴责，痛斥
　　英义
　　If you denounce a person or an action, you criticize them severely and publicly because you feel strongly that they are wrong or evil.
　　例句
　　Some 25,000 demonstrators denounced him as a traitor.
　　大约 2.5万名示威者痛斥他是叛徒。
　　harsh       adj.言行严厉的，无情的
　　英义
　　Harsh actions or speech are unkind and show no understanding or sympathy.
　　例句
　　He said many harsh and unkind things about his opponents.
　　他以尖刻恶毒的语言大肆抨击自己的对手。
　　重点表达
　　为了 for the sake of
　　无可厚非 is not altogether inadvisable
　　讲究，挑剔 are particular about
　　剥落，撕掉 tear sth. off
　　进入......的时代 enter the age of +n
　　假冒伪劣产品 counterfeit and shoddy merchandise走人情，行贿 bribe with gifts金玉其外，败絮其中 Gold and jade without, rubbish within爱好，从事，参加，追求go in for不怕，不顾 in disregard of装帧和布局 Binding and layout
　　白底黑字/白纸黑字 in black and white
　　停止做某事 cease to do sth.
　　衣冠沐猴 dress up as such
　　西装 Western-style suit
　　形成，定型 take shape
　　正式服饰 formal wear
　　......的兴起 the upsurge of
　　复盘测试
　　为了
　　无可厚非
　　讲究，挑剔
　　剥落，撕掉
　　进入......的时代
　　假冒伪劣产品
　　走人情，行贿
　　金玉其外，败絮其中
　　爱好，从事，参加，追求
　　不怕，不顾
　　装帧和布局
　　白底黑字/白纸黑字
　　停止做某事
　　衣冠沐猴
　　西装
　　形成，定型
　　正式服饰
　　......的兴起
　　表达对比
　　「相形见绌、黯然失色」有几种表达？
　　书店书摊上琳琅满目，一片花里胡哨，连书名都认不出来Bookstores and bookstalls are a riot of loud glaring color, so much so that the book titles are overshadowed and become hardly recognizable.
　　这些旧房子在新建的高楼大厦的映衬下（显得十分矮小）The old houses were dwarfed by the huge new tower blocks.
　　他虽是一个天才的运动员，但与他的兄弟相比就（黯然失色）了。
　　Though a talented player, he was completely eclipsed by his brother.
　　他们的演出（使我们的相形见绌）
　　Their presentation put ours to shame.
　　鸵鸟?孔雀?老鹰
　　Ostrich·Peacock·Eagle
　　吴冠中
　　Wu Guanzhong
　　背景知识：《鸵鸟?孔雀?老鹰》是中国当代著名画家兼散文家吴冠中于2000年写的一篇随笔。
　　鸵鸟
　　The Ostrich
　　鸵鸟踌珊地走着，一身的肉真馋人，它之生似乎为了供人食用。
　　The ostrich hobbles with its tantalizing fleshy body. The bird seems destined to be human food.
　　「鸵鸟蹒跚地走着，一身的肉真馋人」译为The ostrich hobbles with its tantalizing fleshy body，其中tantalizing 作「吊胃口的」「令人馋涎欲滴的」解。此句也可译为The ostrich staggers along, its fleshy body looking so tempting to the human palate，但不如前译简约。
　　生来、注定be destined to
　　例句
　　Maybe we were destined to meet.
　　也许命中注定我俩就要相遇。
　　它没有防卫的手段，敌人来了就跑，跑得特别快。
　　It has no self-defense means. In the face of an enemy, it just runs away, and that very quickly.
　　「敌人来了就跑，跑得特别快」译为In the face of an enemy, it just runs away, and that very quickly，其中 In the face of 作「面临」解，又后面and that very quickly中的that作「而且」解，用来加强语气。
　　当跑不脱的紧急时刻，它将头钻进沙堆，它看不见敌人了，以为已安全，At the critical moment when it is hard-pressed, it buries its head in the sand, thinking itself safe simply because it can’t see the enemy.
　　hard-pressed指时间紧张的，也就是此处的「跑不脱」（来不及跑）??thinking itself safe simply because it can’t see the enemy.做伴随状语。
　　人笑这是鸵鸟心态。
　　People, therefore, refer to it in ridicule as ostrichism.
　　therefore属于逻辑连词的增词，根据上下文的逻辑所做出的判断，当跑不脱的紧急时刻，它将头钻进沙堆，它看不见敌人了，以为已安全，（所以）人笑这是鸵鸟心态。
　　鸵鸟心态未译ostrich mentality，今用英语中现有的ostrichism（鸵鸟政策、自我陶醉、逃避行为）一词表达。
　　refer to A as B 是固定搭配，表示「称A为B」。新概念第三册第4课有句话：坐办公室的人之所以常常被称作白领工人，就是因为他们通常是穿着硬领白衬衫、系着领带去上班。英文版本是：People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
　　是鸵鸟学了阿Q，还是阿Q学了鸵鸟，无从考证，也不必考证了。
　　It is impossible and also unnecessary to find out if Ah Q is the teacher of the ostrich or vice versa.
　　反之or vice versa
　　例句
　　In other words, you can't take money from defense and put it in domestic or vice versa.
　　也就是说，不能将缩减的国防开支用于国内项目上，反之亦然。
　　阿Q是鲁迅创作的中篇小说《阿Q正传》中的主人公。阿Q是贫苦农民，受尽剥削压迫他原以为革命就是造反，痛恨它，但当看到统治者在革命面前惊慌失措时，便要求参加革命，最终被杀。
　　孔雀
　　The Peacock
　　孔雀陶醉在自己的美丽中，
　　The peacock is intoxicated with its own beauty.
　　陶醉于、沉醉于be intoxicated with
　　她施施然地散步，侧目看行人，希望人们欣赏它的美，它估计人们都拜倒于它的艳丽。
　　It struts around with a sidelong glance at the pedestrians, hoping that they will stop to view and admire itself and believing that all people will be infatuated with its gorgeousness.
　　「她施施然地散步」作「她大摇大摆地走动」或「她高视阔步地走动」解，译为It struts around 即可。
　　hoping that…and believing that作伴随状语。
　　被……迷住、沉迷于、为……所着迷be infatuated with例句She was completely infatuated with him.
　　她完全迷恋上了他。
　　一个穿红衣服的孩子走了过来，她怕是与它媲美的，于是赶紧张屏，并左右摇摆，使出浑身解数。
　　When a little kid in red happens to come near, the peacock, taking her for a potential strong rival, immediately erects and spreads out its tail feathers and sways now to the left and now to the right as best it can.
　　a little kid in red 中in red 是介词短语作后置定语，比定语从句和分词短语都更加简洁。武峰十二天里有一个理论是：中文里的动词可以翻译为英文中的介词，这里的in red就是「穿」着红衣服，今后看到动词转介词的用法注意留心积累，简洁地道。
　　她怕是与她媲美的可按害怕（认为）她是潜在的竞争对手分别译为 fearing that she might be a potential rival 或 taking her for a potential rival。
　　韩刚《90天突破二笔》有句话：虽然上海的文化遗迹不能与北京媲美……Shanghai may not rival Beijing/ be on par with Beijing in cultural heritage…。on (a) par with 有「与.......相媲美」「与......势均力敌，不相上下，相提并论」之意。
　　「张屏」又作「开屏」，可译为 erects and spreads out its fail feathers 或 spreads its tail to display its fine feathers。
　　「左右摇摆」可译为 sways now to the left and now to the right 或 sways from side to side,但前者较生动。
　　「使出浑身解数」译为 as best it can，比 doing all it is capable of利落。
　　开屏后确乎引来大群观赏的人们，人们赞美，欢笑。
　　That succeeds in attracting a large group of spectators. They marvel at its beauty and cheer.
　　succeed in doing sth成功做某事
　　一大群a large group/number of…。还有很多替换表达，平时注意积累。
　　对…惊奇、惊叹于marvel at sth
　　例句
　　We all marveled at his success.
　　我们对他的成功感到惊奇。
　　它似乎听懂了歌颂的语言，自己十分开心；
　　The big bird looks very happy with all the words of praise, which it seems to understand fully.
　　「歌颂的语言」也就是「赞美之词」，现译作all the words of praise。
　　「它似乎听懂了」译作which it seems to understand fully，作all the words of praise的非限制性修饰成分。
　　只一句，它永远没听懂：你是一个可怜的女人。
　　Nevertheless, there is one sentence it can never understand, that is, “You’re a miserable woman.”
　　Nevertheless是增译成分，表明转折的逻辑关系。
　　鹰
　　The Eagle
　　灰褐色的老鹰从未意识到打扮自己的羽毛，
　　The grayish brown eagle never thinks of preening itself.
　　think单独使用时表示「思考」，接that宾语从句时意为「认为、觉得」。think of意为「考虑到、想到」，后常接代词、名词或动词-ing形式。
　　而且它总离人群远远的，常盘旋于高空，远看它只是短短的线之一划。
　　It keeps off from man and often wheels high up in the sky, only to disappear way up like a flash.
　　远离…keep off from…
　　wheel作名词表示「方向盘、轮子」，作动词表示「(动物、鸟禽等)转圈，旋转，盘旋」。又，还记得之前见过的一个表达吗？此处wheels high up in the sky和wheels way up in the sky意思类似，但因本句后半部分也出现了同样的意思，故为避免重复使用同一个表达，前面这一处译作high up更为恰当。
　　它目力好敏锐，遥远处一只奔跑的兔或鼠，一旦落人它的视线，它飞速降落，猛地一扑，便获取了生命的粮食。
　　As soon as it spots a distant hare or rat on the run, the sharp-eyed bird will swoop down on its prey for life-sustaining food.
　　「遥远处一只奔跑的兔或鼠，一旦落入她的视线……」译为As soon as it spots a distant hare or rat on the run ...，其中spots作「发现」解，意同 discovers, catches sight of等，又on the run是成语，意思是「奔跑中的」，也可用短语running like crazy替代。
　　它那如钩的爪和嘴，令人恐惧，也令人欣赏，是强力之美，是尖锐之美，引无数画家尽折腰。
　　Its hooked claws and beak are scary but admirable. They embody the beauty of strength and sharpness and have been the favorite theme of innumerable painters.
　　「她那如钩的爪和嘴，令人恐惧，也令人欣赏」可译为Its hooked claws and beak are both scary and admirable, 但不如 Its hooked claws and beak are scary but admirable确切，因后者稍许侧重了「令人欣赏」的意思。
　　「是」不一定译作be，embody也是很好的选择，大家可根据具体语境选用。
　　必背词汇
　　swoop         v.(鸟或飞机)向下猛冲，俯冲
　　英义
　　When a bird or aeroplane swoops, it suddenly moves downwards through the air in a smooth curving movement.
　　例句
　　More than 20 helicopters began swooping in low over the ocean.
　　20 多架直升机开始下降向海面俯冲。
　　hare         n.野兔
　　英义
　　A hare is an animal like a rabbit but larger with long ears, long legs, and a small tail.
　　例句
　　First catch your hare then cook him.
　　先捕兔后烹调。
　　peacock         cn.孔雀
　　英义
　　A peacock is a large bird. The male has a very large tail covered with blue and green spots, which it can spread out like a fan.
　　例句
　　peacocks strutting slowly across the garden园中趾高气扬地慢步走过的孔雀preen          v.鸟用喙整理羽毛英义
　　When birds preen their feathers, they clean them and arrange them neatly using their beaks.
　　例句
　　Rare birds preen themselves right in front of your camera.
　　很少有鸟类会在镜头面前梳理自己的羽毛。
　　flash        cn.闪耀，闪光
　　英义
　　A flash is a sudden burst of light or of something shiny or bright.
　　例句
　　A jay emerged from the juniper bush in a flash of blue feathers.
　　只见亮闪闪的蓝色羽毛一闪，一只松鸦从刺柏丛中钻了出来。
　　infatuated        adj.热恋的，着迷的，迷恋的英义If you are infatuated with a person or thing, you have strong feelings of love or passion for them which make you unable to think clearly or sensibly about them.
　　例句
　　He was utterly infatuated with her.
　　他完全被她迷住了。
　　spectator         cn. (尤指体育比赛的)观众英义A spectator is someone who watches something, especially a sporting event.
　　例句
　　Thirty thousand spectators watched the final game.
　　3 万名观众观看了决赛。
　　重点表达
　　自我防卫 self-defense means
　　面临 In the face of
　　紧急时刻 at the critical moment
　　逃跑 run away
　　反之亦然 or vice versa
　　称A为B refer to A as B
　　陶醉 be intoxicated with
　　拜倒于/迷恋 be infatuated with
　　张屏/开屏erect and spread out its tail feathers左右摇摆sway now to the left and now to the right使出浑身解数 as best it can感到惊奇，大为赞叹 marvel at sth.
　　目力敏锐 sharp-eyed
　　生命的粮食 life-sustaining food
　　打扮羽毛/整理羽毛 preen itself
　　远离某物 keep off sth.
　　飞速下降，向下俯冲 swoop down
　　奔跑中的 on the run
　　复盘测试
　　自我防卫
　　面临
　　紧急时刻
　　逃跑
　　反之亦然
　　称A为B
　　陶醉
　　拜倒于/迷恋
　　张屏/开屏
　　左右摇摆
　　使出浑身解数
　　感到惊奇，大为赞叹
　　目力敏锐
　　生命的粮食
　　打扮羽毛/整理羽毛
　　远离某物
　　飞速下降，向下俯冲
　　奔跑中的
　　表达对比
　　「大群、无数」you有几种表达？
　　开屏后确乎引来（大群）观赏的人们。
　　That succeeds in attracting a large group of spectators.
　　……是强力之美，是尖锐之美，引（无数）画家尽折腰。
　　……embody the beauty of strength and sharpness and have been the favorite theme of innumerable painters.
　　十九世纪有（大批的）穷人迁移。
　　In the nineteenth century you have waves of poor people.
　　我们必须从等着看球星的（大群）球迷中挤过去。
　　We had to rake through a throng of ball fans waiting to see the star.
　　目击者称他们看见（一大群）青年人头戴头盔，身穿警服、身配警棍。
　　Witnesses said they observed packs of young men armed with batons and wearing helmets and army fatigues.
　　困水记——何为
　　Stranded in a Flood ——He Wei
　　背景知识：《困水记》是散文家何为写于2001年8月的一篇小品。作者年老多病，孤居闹市，住房累累水淹，倾诉苦楚，并鼓励广大老龄人加强自我保护意识，坚强生活下去。
　　题目「困水记」可译为Stranded in a Flood或Stuck in a Flood。
　　本月上旬，相隔仅一天，我家老房子先后遭逢两次水灾。
　　Early last month, my old house was twice flooded within three days.
　　欣赏本句是如何巧妙地把「本月上旬Early last month」、「相隔仅一天within three days」、「逢两次twice」放置在一个句子中的。
　　在英语中，有不少表示时间的状语前是不加介词的：
　　①在today, tomorrow, yesterday, the day before yesterday等表示时间概念的名词前一般不用介词例句We have had six lessons today.
　　我们今天上了六节课。
　　②由this, that ,these, those 等用于表示时间概念的名词前，前面往往不加介词例句What are you busy with these days?
　　这几天你在忙些什么?
　　③由next, last, the next, the last 等用于表示时间概念的名词前时，前面不用介词修饰例句We planted many trees last spring.
　　去年春天我们栽了许多树。
　　④在each, any, every, some, all 等用于表示时间概念的名词前，一般不用介词来修饰例句We have to get up very early every day.
　　每天我们都必须早早起来。（有时候加on等，是因为是具体的某天上午或下午前）旧筑地处繁华市区的低洼地，多年来常为积水所困，Situated in a low-lying part of the busy downtown area, it has for years been subject to floods.
　　「多年来常为积水所困」可按「多年来常被水淹」译为has for years been subject to floods或has been flooded time and again in recent years。
　　但水漫厨房乃至客厅，登堂入室，以今年这两次最为严重，尤其是第二次。
　　But the worst flood occurred this year, especially after the second rain, with our kitchen, sitting room and even bedrooms all covered with water.
　　「尤其是第二次」译作after the second rain。译成especially the second one/flood是可以的。参考译文的处理方法是添加了一点并不改变原文意思的信息：下大雨发洪水。
　　是日，上午十点许，出门上街到对马路的医院治眼疾。
　　On the morning of that day, I went to the hospital on the other side of the street at about 10 o’clock to see an eye-doctor.
　　「对马路的医院」即马路对面的医院，译作the hospital on the other side of the street。
　　不久就听到雨声雷声，顷刻间窗外白茫茫的雨水混沌一片。
　　Soon a fierce thunderstorm broke out and I saw a vast expanse of foamy floodwater outside the window.
　　爆发、突如其来break out
　　一片a vast expanse of
　　郑振铎《离别》
　　一片的金光
　　was a vast expanse of gold
　　郭沫若《水墨画》
　　天空一片灰暗
　　The sky was a sheet of murky grey.
　　百年罕见的特大暴雨，狂泻如瀑布，如山洪暴发。雨水的急骤猛烈，雨量之大，真是惊心动魄。
　　It was an exceptionally serious rainstorm, dashing down like a cataract or mountain torrents. What a scary scene!
　　「百年罕见」实则从侧面烘托洪水来势凶猛，现译作exceptionally serious。
　　百年难得一遇可译为is hard to come by even once in a century或once-in-a-lifetime。又，千载难逢为a blue moon.
　　「真是惊心动魄」处理为what引导的感叹句。其中scary是「惊心动魄」所表现出来的核心：吓人。
　　治病购药完毕，只能在候诊大厅呆等，病人都被突如其来的狂风暴雨困住了。
　　The patients were stranded by the sudden downpour. All we could do was sit in the big hospital waiting room after having the prescriptions filled.
　　「购药完毕」可按「配完药」译为after having the prescriptions filled (或made up)??All we could do was sit…：之前见过好几次，口诀是前有do，后省to。
　　bedroom卧室
　　the reception room接待室、客房
　　bathroom浴室、洗澡间
　　the waiting room of XX station指候车厅。
　　the changing room更衣室
　　the fitting room试衣间
　　the dining room餐厅
　　the guest room客厅
　　坐在我旁边的一位七十多岁病者，为坐困水城频频叹气。
　　Sitting by my side was a patient in his seventies. He kept sighing over the nasty weather.
　　Sitting by my side was a patient：
　　英语中，有些倒装是出于语法上的需要，非用倒装语序不可，具有强制性；有些则是为了达到某种修辞效果，如强调、平衡、衔接等。
　　老舍《想北平》
　　面向着积水滩，背后是城墙……
　　while facing me lies Ji Shui Tan Pond and right behind me rises the high city wall同理。
　　在其七十多岁的时候in his seventies
　　sigh over…后接叹气的原因。
　　此公听说多年前我住过的羁旅之地，顿时眉飞色舞提高嗓门，大说其福州话，原来他是福州人。
　　Learning that I had been a dweller of Fuzhou many years ago, he brightened up at once and began to speak the Fuzhou dialect loudly. He turned out to be a native of Fuzhou.
　　羁旅
　　1、指的是长久寄居他乡
　　2、指客居异乡的人
　　积累brighten up在此句语境中的用法。其英义为to start to look happy again（高兴）例句Oh, I know the answer!’ she said, brightening up.
　　冯骥才《富人区》
　　嫉妒？”他眉毛一扬，笑道，“何止嫉妒，恨不得把那小子宰了！
　　“Jealous?” he brightened up and said with a smile. "Not only jealous. We're dying to finish off these rich guys.”
　　证明是/原来是 turn out to be
　　说起当地的一连串风味小吃，两人都如数家，谈得津津有味。
　　We began to chat with relish about the typical local delicacies of Fuzhou like we were enumerating our family treasures.
　　「如数家珍」可译为like we were enumerating our family treasures或as if we were examining one by one our family treasures with delight，或as if we were naming with delight each of our family valuables。
　　话一停，发现外面的陆地成了海洋，于是只能坐下来再谈榕城风情，借以消磨时间。
　　Then, during a break in the conversation, we found the streets submerged by water, so we had to sit down and resume chatting about Fuzhou so as to while away the time.
　　found the streets submerged by water是find +宾语 +宾补结构??「再谈榕城风情」指「继续刚刚的对话」，故选用resume一词。
　　消磨时间while away the time
　　梁实秋《养成好习惯》
　　常听人讲过“消遣”二字，最是要不得，好像是时间太多无法打发的样子…People often talk most improperly about “seeking relaxation” as if they had more than enough time for them to while away.
　　暴雨来势虽猛，其实时间并不太长，由于苦等心焦，感到这场雨像是没完没了。
　　The violent storm did not last long at all. But it seemed interminable due to my impatience.
　　「暴雨来势虽猛，其实时间并不太长」译作The violent storm did not last long at all，讲「来势虽猛」处理为了storm的前置定语。此外，也可以译作the storm is violent but not lasting终于有人试探地撑着伞向雨街走去，我也跟着起步踏上归程。
　　At last, as I saw someone venture into the wet street under an umbrella, I just followed suit.
　　「试探地撑着」按「壮着胆子」之意译作venture into…??「我也跟着起步踏上归程」可按「我也跟着这样做」译为I just followed suit，取其简洁。其中，follow suit是惯用搭配，指「跟着某人做，仿效某人，照着做」医院的边门距我家不过一箭之遥，过马路不远就是我家的弄堂口。
　　It’s only a stone’s throw from the hospital to my home, which is situated at the entrance of a lane across the street.
　　一箭之遥 a stone’s throw away
　　与……离得不远 are situated within a stone’s throw of这一段路历年来不知翻修过多少次，无奈下大雨积水为患，始终没有解决。
　　The section of the street here has undergone repair I don’t know how many times, yet it still floods whenever there is a rain.
　　「历年来不知翻修过多少次」译为has undergone repair I don’t know how many times in recent years，其中I don’t know how是英语常用插入语，作状语用。此句也可译为has in recent years been repeatedly repaired。
　　whenever引导时间状语从句时，表示「每当，一……就……」，与when用法相似，但whenever语气更强烈；whenever引导让步状语从句时，表示「无论何时」，相当于at whatever time, no matter when。
　　这一天路面更是大水泛滥，水深及膝，
　　Now, on that day, it was flooded knee-deep because of an especially heavy rain.
　　注意本文中对flood用法的变化，同一个词，不同的用法，相似的意思。
　　我别无选择，只能穿着皮鞋在泽国中小心翼翼地蹒跚而行。
　　All I could do was stagger along cautiously in the deep water in my leather shoes.
　　「我别无选择」即「我只能」，译作All I could do was。反话正说。
　　偏偏最近又在修路，通行的只是一半马路，路上坑坑洼洼高高低低，It happened that the street was under repair with only half of it for free passage, but full of bumps and hollows.
　　正在维修中be under repair
　　坑坑洼洼bumps and hollows（颠簸和凹陷）??欣赏译者对于句子的理解，尤其是对but的选用：but前表示「好歹有一半路能走」，but后则是「能走却坑洼的要命」过马路又必须从丁字路口绕道过去。
　　One had to make a detour at a T-juncture.
　　绕道make a detour
　　「丁字路口」译作a T-juncture，是因为汉字「丁」和字母T外观相似。同理，工业领域中的「工型钢」译作I steel，是因为汉字「工」和大写的i长得很像。
　　行人很少。
　　There were few pedestrians.
　　如果有人在这里增益了so也是可以的，体现了自己理的逻辑。
　　我颤巍巍地涉水步行，忽然想起自己的年龄。
　　As I tottered through the water, I suddenly thought of my age.
　　本文中：
　　颤巍巍地tottered through
　　蹒跚 staggered
　　遇到这类形容不同种类的「走」的词语，记得积累。
　　think单独使用时表示「思考」，接that宾语从句时意为「认为、觉得」。think of意为「考虑到、想到」，后常接代词、名词或动词-ing形式。
　　小时候，总感到年龄属于七老八十的长辈们，与自己无关。
　　When I was a kid, I used to think that age had nothing to do with me and associated it instead only with my elders in their sixties or eighties.
　　过去常常…… used to do
　　习惯于…… be used to doing
　　被用来、将用于 be used to do
　　has nothing to do with与……无关，表示否定意义。
　　把A和B联系起来 associate A with B
　　associate有「联想」之意，即associate是在脑海中主动将物体之间建立connection，体现主观性（区分connect）我的祖父六十岁时早已蓄须，不免显得老态，那时我只有十岁。
　　When I was ten, my grandpa, at sixty, looked quite old for his age because of the beard he was wearing.
　　「不免显得老态」译作looked quite old for his age，即「对他的年纪来说，外形显得老态」??wear的直接宾语包括的范围比「衣服」要大得多，可以包括头发发式、胡须、佩戴收拾、眼镜、助听器、耳机、临时脸上带上的小物件等等。还可以后接「表情、神态」现在我年已八十，在浑浊的水中，有如滚滚浪潮中的一叶孤舟。
　　Now, as an octogenarian, I was like a solitary small boat drifting at the mercy of a large flow of muddy water.
　　其中drifting at the mercy of是译文中的增译词，意为「在……(浊浪)支配下漂泊」??任…处置、对…无能为力、任由…摆布、受…支配at the mercy of例句We were at the mercy of the weather.
　　我们受制于天气。
　　我闪避汽车开过的泥水飞溅，艰难地过马路，
　　I barely managed to cross the street, taking care to dodge the muddy water splashed over by cars.
　　barely managed to指「堪堪（闪过）」，更凸显「过马路的艰难」??splashed over by cars作muddy water的后置定语。
　　进弄堂，推入家门，厨房里满地积水，过道上也是积水，甚至地面较高的客堂后间也浸满大水。
　　At last I entered the lane and, pushing open the door of my house, I found the kitchen, the passageway and even the place behind the drawing room all flooded.
　　pushing open the door of my house：push the door open或push open the door，均可。意为「推开门」除了冰箱已提前移开，家具都被水淹，我只有望洋兴叹。
　　All furniture, except the fridge that had been previously moved elsewhere, was soaking wet. I felt simply helpless.
　　「我只有望洋兴叹」可按「我只感无可奈何」译为I felt simply helpless，其中simply意同completely。
　　这次去医院不足三小时，大部分时间都在归途上荡漾的水中度过。
　　Altogether, it took me less than three hours to see the doctor, but a greater part of the time was spent in wading through the floodwater on my way home.
　　文中：去医院/看病（眼疾）/看医生等译作see the doctor。
　　上了年纪，老年性疾病相继袭来，生活中不少时光都消耗在医院里。
　　People advanced in age are liable to various kinds of senile diseases. That’s why they spend a lot of time in going to hospital.
　　上了年纪、上了岁数的advanced in age
　　易于，容易…… be liable to (do) sth.
　　liable与likely相近，表示「很可能如何」。但是likely可以指很可能发生的正面和负面的事。liable则偏向于负面。A boy is liable to get run over if he darts out from between parked cars. 男孩子如果从停着的车子之间冲出去，就很可能被汽车压了两个月前不慎伤脚，竟缠上石膏。
　　Two weeks ago, I had one of my legs in plaster after injuring it through carelessness.
　　「缠上石膏」意即「上了石膏」，译为in plaster。
　　“石膏长靴”刚除去，现在又遇水灾。
　　Now, with the plaster cast removed, I was harassed by a flood.
　　「石膏长靴」指「石膏绷带」可译为plaster cast或plaster bandage。
　　一个目力不济的八十老翁，无人扶持，不用拐杖，摇摇晃晃在大水中跋涉，似乎有几分勇敢，也有几分悲壮。
　　It seemed a bit of an act of bravery for me, an 80-year-old man with impaired eyesight, to totter through the floodwater without a helping hand or a walking stick. And it’s something of a stirring tragedy too.
　　a bit of+n 表示「有点…」
　　援手a helping hand/a favor
　　「也有几分悲壮」译为Yet, it’s something of a stirring tragedy too，其中something of作「有点儿」「有几分」解。
　　被无情的岁月推入老龄社会的众多老者，过着凡夫俗子的生活，Many who have been forced into the ageing society by inexorable time are now living the life of common people.
　　「被无情的岁月推入」译作been forced into the ageing society by inexorable time。其中，be forced和inexorable（不容改变的、不可阻挡的）相呼应，表现了「岁月的无情和自己的无可奈何」??「凡夫俗子」按「普通人」之意理解译作common people。
　　惟有自勉自励，加强自我保护意识，坚强地在人生道路上向前走去，否则又如何？
　　They need more self-encouragement and more awareness of self-protection, and should live on with a strong will. What else can they do?
　　self-
　　自勉自励self-encouragement
　　自我防卫 self-defense means
　　自暴自弃had no urge for self-improvement
　　沾沾自喜feel very self-satisfied （或smug）??「否则又如何？」可译为What else can they do? What can they do otherwise?（不然还能干什么？）??必背词汇inexorable       adj.不可阻挡的，不容变更的英义You use inexorable to describe a process which cannot be prevented from continuing or progressing.
　　例句
　　Facts are inexorable.
　　事实是无情的。
　　plaster       v.打着石膏，上着筒形石膏夹
　　英义
　　If you have a leg or arm in plaster, you have a cover made of plaster of Paris around your leg or arm, in order to protect a broken bone and allow it to mend.
　　harass       v.骚扰，烦扰
　　英义
　　If someone harasses you, they trouble or annoy you, for example by attacking you repeatedly or by causing you as many problems as they can.
　　例句
　　We are almost routinely harassed by the police.
　　警方几乎隔三差五地就找我们的麻烦。
　　wade        v. (艰难地)涉，蹚，跋涉
　　英义
　　If you wade through something that makes it difficult to walk, usually water or mud, you walk through it.
　　例句
　　Rescuers had to wade across a river to reach them.
　　救援者必须蹚过一条河才能靠近他们。
　　dodge         v.闪开，躲开，避开
　　英义
　　If you dodge, you move suddenly, often to avoid being hit, caught, or seen.
　　例句
　　He dodged amongst the seething crowds of men.
　　他在川流不息的人群中东躲西闪。
　　octogenarian         cn.80至89岁的人，八旬老人英义An octogenarian is a person who is between eighty and eighty-nine years old.
　　重点表达
　　先后遭逢两次水灾was twice flooded within three days繁华市区the busy downtown area多年来常为积水所困has for years been subject to floods一片a vast expanse of被突如其来的狂风暴雨困住了were stranded by the sudden downpour候诊大厅the hospital waiting room在其七十多岁的时候in his seventies眉飞色舞brighten up
　　证明是/原来是 turn out to be
　　如数家珍like we were enumerating our family treasures或as if we were examining one by one our family treasures with delight，或as if we were naming with delight each of our family valuables消磨时间while away the time没完没了interminable跟着某人做；仿效某人；照着做follow suit
　　一箭之遥 a stone’s throw away
　　及膝knee-deep
　　我别无选择All I could do was
　　正在维修中be under repair
　　坑坑洼洼bumps and hollows
　　从丁字路口绕道过去make a detour at a T-juncture过去常常…… used to do把A和B联系起来 associate A with B任…处置、对…无能为力、任由…摆布、受…支配at the mercy of推开门push the door open或push open the door易于，容易…… be liable to (do) sth上了石膏in plaster援手a helping hand/a favor
　　过着凡夫俗子的生活are living the life of common people自勉自励self-encouragement复盘测试先后遭逢两次水灾
　　繁华市区
　　多年来常为积水所困
　　一片
　　被突如其来的狂风暴雨困住了
　　候诊大厅
　　在其七十多岁的时候
　　眉飞色舞
　　证明是/原来是
　　如数家珍
　　消磨时间
　　没完没了
　　跟着某人做；仿效某人；照着做
　　一箭之遥
　　及膝
　　我别无选择
　　正在维修中
　　坑坑洼洼
　　从丁字路口绕道过去
　　过去常常……
　　把A和B联系起来
　　任…处置、对…无能为力、任由…摆布、受…支配推开门易于，容易……上了石膏
　　援手
　　过着凡夫俗子的生活
　　自勉自励
　　表达对比
　　「消磨时间」有几种表达？
　　话一停，发现外面的陆地成了海洋，于是只能坐下来再谈榕城风情，借以（消磨时间）。
　　Then, during a break in the conversation, we found the streets submerged by water, so we had to sit down and resume chatting about Fuzhou so as to while away the time.
　　此外，越来越多的学生忽视他们的学业，（消磨时间），甚至犯下罪行的感谢协商小组。
　　In addition, the growing number of students neglect their studies, idle away their time and even commit crimes thanks to CG.
　　我们如何（消磨）掉这个星期天？
　　How can we wear out this Sunday?
　　他们决定在等火车时去吃东西以（消磨时间）
　　While they were waiting for the train they decided to kill some time by going to eat.
　　照片上的童年 ——何为
　　The Photographic Record of My Childhood ——He Wei??背景知识：何为(1922-2011)，当代著名作家，原名何敬业，祖籍浙江定海，20世纪40年代初先后就读于上海大同大学和圣约翰大学，1937年开始发表文学作品，在上海历任报纸记者、刊物编辑和电影文学编辑。1959 年调至福建电影制片厂任故事片编辑负责人，1964年转任福建省作家协会专业作家，后为中国作家协会全国委员会名誉会员。《照片上的童年》是他写于1980年10月的一篇佳作，深情追怀他在故乡度过的童年时代。
　　文章题目「照片上的童年」译为The Photographic Record of My Childhood，比Photos Taken in My Childhood和What I Photographed Like as a Child确切。
　　前些日子，为了寻找四十年前的旧作剪报，在箧底的隐蔽角落里，竟把一些远年陈迹也翻了出来。其中年代最久的是一本既厚且大的古老影集。
　　The other day, in rummaging a suitcase for newspaper clippings of my essays written over forty years ago, I came upon some old objects, among them an enormously bulky old album.
　　「前些日子」意即「不久前」，可译为The other day或Recently。
　　「寻找」在此有「翻找」之意，最好译为rummaging (for)，比looking for确切。
　　come upon有两个意思
　　①sb.作主语，表示「偶然碰到(或发现)」
　　例句
　　I came upon an irresistible item at a yard sale.
　　在一次庭院拍卖会上，我偶然发现了一个忍不住想买的东西。
　　②sth.（an attitude/sense）作主语，表示「产生(某种态度或感觉)」例句A sense of impending doom came upon all of us.
　　我们所有人都有一种大难临头的感觉。among them an enormously bulky old album→ an enormously bulky old album was among them。同including an enormously bulky old album。
　　在那本布满虫蛀的影集里，贴着我出世后最早的几张照片。
　　The moth-eaten album contained several photos of myself taken in early childhood.
　　moth-eaten是合成形容词，构词法为「名词+过去分词」。例如state-owned/backed（国有的）??taken in early childhood作photos的后置定语。
　　我漠然看着褪了色的童年面容，似乎找到了童年的梦，I stared blankly at my little face in the faded photos, feeling as if I were reliving my childhood.
　　刘白羽《白蝴蝶之恋》
　　我痴痴望着它。I stared at it blankly, …
　　此句意同“我呆呆地看着它”、“我茫然凝视着它”等，可译为 I stared at it blankly (或vacantly)林海音《冬阳·童年·骆驼队》
　　我看得呆了……
　　I looked blankly...
　　「似乎找到了童年的梦」意即「似乎重温童年旧梦」，故译feeling as if I were reliving my childhood。reliving的原型是relive。
　　却又觉得它早已远远地离开我，再也不属于我自己，仅仅是一种无可奈何的存在而已。
　　But I also felt that my childhood had long been irretrievably gone and no longer belonged to me.
　　「仅仅是一种无可奈何的存在而已」此句参考译文省译。相比之下，「再也不属于我自己」和「早已远远地离开我」意思上有重复的地方，个人觉得，可以省译「再也不属于我自己」，而不是省译「仅仅是一种无可奈何的存在而已」。后者其实可以译出来，比如按理解可译成had long been irretrievably gone and become just/mere memories。
　　照片上的童年是真实的，又是虚幻的。
　　My childhood, as recorded in the old photos, was at once real and unreal.
　　as recorded in the old photos：as引导非限定性定语从句时可放在主句之前，也可位于主句之后，当然也可放在句中。此时修饰的是整个主句，并对其进行说明。通常在as之前有逗号。
　　A. Thanksgiving day has been a international festival, as we know.
　　正如我们所知道的那样，感恩节已经成为了一个国际性的节日。（as引导的从句修饰前面的主句，放在句后）B. As is a successful man, he makes a brilliant speech.
　　他正如一个成功男士发表精彩的讲话。（as引导的句子放在句前，作主语）??was at once real and unreal意同both real and illusory。
　　一张照片上，有一个稚气可掬的孩子，大概是刚满周岁，In one of the photos, I was very little, probably just one year old.
　　「稚气可掬」指「非常幼小」，译作very little。
　　按照家乡的习俗，在胸前悬垂着一块很大的“锁片”。
　　As was the custom of my native place, I had a big ornament hung on my chest as a lucky charm.
　　「在胸前悬垂着一块很大的‘锁片’」可按「胸前挂着一个大型饰物，以表吉祥」译为a big ornament hung on my chest as a lucky charm或a big piece of jewelry hung on my chest as an amulet to protect me against bad luck。
　　半个多世纪前的一幅留影。
　　The photo had been taken over half a century ago.
　　半个多世纪前over half a century ago
　　这就是我自己吗？萌芽状态的人生，一无所知地面对着陌生的世界。
　　Was it I myself in the embryonic stage of life, with my ignorant eyes on the strange world?
　　「这就是我自己吗？」正常问句是Was it me?哈。其中it指代照片上的幼儿。
　　另一张站着的全身照，记得是摄于三岁那年，也可能是四岁。
　　Another photo, in which I stood full-length, had been taken, I remember, when I was three or four.
　　in which I stood full-length是非限制性定语从句，I remember是插入语，when引导时间状语从句。
　　冬天，穿着又厚又臃肿的棉袍，显得蹒跚可笑。
　　It was winter, and I was dressed cumbersomely in a cotton-padded thick gown, staggering ridiculously.
　　「显得蹒跚可笑」→穿太肿，所以显得站不稳，有点滑稽。先处理为伴随状语（也可理解为结果状语）staggering ridiculously。
　　又一张，看上去是同一时刻拍摄的。那是我和祖母的合影。我紧紧拉着祖母的手。
　　In still another photo, probably taken at the same time, I was holding grandma by the hand.
　　In still another photo ：still 有时可以修饰带有「递进意义」的词，如比较级等，可以看作「强调副词」??拉着手、牵着手hold/take sb by the hand我从幼小时就在祖母抚育下，祖孙俩形影不离。
　　As she had been looking after me ever since I was in the cradle, we had become inseparable from each other.
　　ever since I was in the cradle意同ever since I was a little baby或 ever since my babyhood。小孩子刚开始都是在学步车或者摇篮里，联系生活理解即可。
　　那一年祖母不过五十三四岁。
　　In the photo, she looked in her early fifties.
　　in her early fifties在其五十多岁的时候在照片上，她微微侧着脸，仿佛叮嘱我向前注视，又像在给我讲孟姜女万里寻夫的悲壮故事。
　　She was turning her head slightly, as if trying to make me look ahead or telling me the tragic and moving story of Meng Jiang Nu making a long, difficult journey in search of her husband.
　　as if trying to make me look ahead or telling me…：将as if to do, as if doing看作状语从句省略了与主句相同的主语和be,更能看出从句中的虚拟语气。
　　例句
　　He opened his mouth as if (he were) to say something. were to do表示将来。
　　He stood there as if (he were) waiting for someone. were doing表示进行体。
　　Meng Jiang Nu — The name of a heroine in Chinese folklore, who trekked over a long way to look for her husband only to find him already dead from forced labor on the construction site of the Great Wall. Her bitter cries over her husband’s death was said to have caused a section of the Wall to crumble down.
　　我的祖母有讲不完的民间故事。
　　She had an unlimited stock of folk tales to tell.
　　讲不完的：pointless、unlimited、numerous、uncountable…我总觉得她有一本无字的书，书上写满了令人神往的故事，I always thought her in possession of a wordless book full of fascinating stories.
　　thought her in possession of: her是宾语，in possession of理解成宾补。full of fascinating stories是book的后置定语。
　　fascinating有很多替换词，amazing、attractive、appealing等等。
　　那也是我最早接触到的文学作品。
　　They became, as it were, the first literary works that I ever came into contact with in my life.
　　「那也是我最早接触到的文学作品」译为They became, as it were, the first literary works I ever came into contact with in my life，其中as it were是成语，作「可以说」「似乎」等解，为译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　照片上的背景部分，经过漫长岁月，留下泛黄的时间痕迹，还有一些幻影似的模糊斑点。
　　The background of the photos was yellowed with age and dotted with fuzzy specks.
　　此处yellow作动词，with age是原因状语，表示「照片上有了岁月的痕迹：变黄老化」衬托着人像背后的斑驳墙垣上，一个很大的圆圈，轮廓分明。
　　There was distinctly a big round hole in the mottled wall.
　　斑驳：指一种颜色中杂有别种颜色。现译作mottled。
　　墙上大圆圈是一扇圆形的大门吗？我问自己。是一扇门。
　　Wasn’t the round hole a fan-shaped gate? I asked myself. Yes, it was.
　　fan-shaped：构词法在上一处说过了。
　　正是我童年时代熟悉的月洞门，童话般的门。
　　It was the moon gate so familiar to me in my childhood — a fairy-tale gate!
　　— a fairy-tale gate：英文中，破折号可用于连接两个描述对象一致的断句，起补充解释说明的作用。
　　我出生的老屋里，厅堂前有一个石面铺砌的院子，足供我嬉戏奔跑。
　　I used to play on the flagstones of the courtyard in front of the hall of the old house where I had been born.
　　过去常常…… used to do
　　习惯于…… be used to doing
　　被用来、将用于 be used to do
　　花砖墙跟前，并列着几只大水缸，用以承接檐下的雨落水。
　　Standing side by side before the tiled wall were several water vats for receiving rain water dripping from the eaves.
　　Standing side by side before the tiled wall were：倒装结构。
　　老舍《想北平》
　　面向着积水滩，背后是城墙……while facing me lies Ji Shui Tan Pond and right behind me rises the high city wall同理。
　　每一只水缸都比我高得多。我躲在水缸后面，与小伙伴捉迷藏。
　　In playing hide-and-seek with my little playmates, I would conceal myself behind one of the vats, which were taller than I was.
　　捉迷藏play hide-and-seek
　　玩跷跷板play on the see-saw
　　mate可用于构成复合词，表示「一起……的人」小伙伴 playmates同学classmate舍友roommate
　　院子两侧，东西相对，各有一个月洞门。
　　On either side of the courtyard there was a moon gate.
　　两边on either side of/on both sides of…为什么我总是记得那两扇大圆门呢？
　　Why did the two big moon gates always remain in my memory?
　　记得：remain in my memory，remain换成exist也行。
　　处于并仍处于社会主义初级阶段remain in the primary stage of socialism是因为它不同于普通的长方形门框，圆圆的像天上月宫吗？
　　Was it because they differed from ordinary rectangular gates in resembling the big round gate of the legendary palace on the moon?
　　differed from同were different from
　　三角形的triangular
　　长方形的rectangular
　　五边形的pentagonal（五角大楼The Pentagon）抑或是，两扇大门之间，有一块小小的天地，曾经是我骑竹马驰骋的所在？
　　Or was it because of the little world between the two big gates where I used to play happily?
　　骑竹马是一种儿童游戏，模糊处理为“玩play”即可。
　　我常常想起故乡的老屋，它充满了我童年的回忆。
　　I often think of the old house in my hometown. It brings back many, many memories of my childhood.
　　think of意为「考虑到、想到」，后常接代词、名词或动词-ing形式。
　　它充满了我童年的回忆→它使我想起童年生活。此处也可译为puts me in mind of my childhood。
　　一九六○年仲夏，我回到了阔别三十多年的故乡，回到定海城内。
　　In the midsummer of 1960, I returned to my old home in the city of Dinghai for a short visit after a long absence of more than thirty years.
　　midsummer：古语中有：孟、仲、季，代指第一、第二、最后。旧称阴历四月为孟夏,五月为仲夏,六月为季夏,合称三夏。
　　「阔别三十多年的故乡」译作after a long absence of more than thirty years，absence（缺席）用的很妙，值得积累。
　　一天，我踏着暮色，悄悄踅入横塘弄。一条幽深寂寥的长巷，一条两旁厚墙夹峙的石板道。
　　One day, in the deepening twilight, I quietly stepped into Heng Tang Alley, a long flagstone alley between two towering walls.
　　twilight换做dusk也可。
　　「石板道」指「用石板铺的小巷」，故译flagstone alley。
　　日影西斜，照着长巷石板道上一幢老屋。
　　The setting sun was casting its last rays on an old house down the alley.
　　「夕阳」译作setting sun, set本作动词使用指太阳落山的「落下」这个动作，这里用作分词setting与后边的sun构成名词性词组「落山的太阳」??积累cast用词，表示将光亮「投」向……down the alley中down是介词，表示「沿，循，顺」例句They set off at a jog up one street and down another...
　　他们开始沿着一条又一条的街道慢跑。
　　经人指引，我登上石阶，推开虚掩的门扉。
　　At the direction of someone, I found my way to the house and ascended its stone steps. Its gate was left unlatched, so I pushed it open.
　　「经人指引，我登上石阶，推开虚掩的门扉」译为At the direction of someone, I found my way to the house, ascended its stone steps, and pushed the unlatched door open。也可处理为伴随状语。
　　四下寂然无声。
　　Inside it was all quiet.
　　inside指在…里面;在…内侧(或内部)
　　例句
　　Inside the passport was a folded slip of paper...
　　护照里面有张折起的纸片。
　　all quiet：all用作副词的三种用法
　　1、表示「完全、全部」，其后可接形容词、副词、介词短语。
　　I’m all for your plan.
　　我完全赞成你的计划。
　　She lives all by herself.
　　她一个人生活。
　　The coffee went all over my trousers.
　　咖啡全洒我裤子上了。
　　I’m all for pubs being open all day.
　　我完全赞成酒馆整日营业。
　　2、在口语中修饰形容词或副词，可表示「很、非常」He was all excited.
　　他兴奋极了。
　　Now don’t get all upset about it.
　　别过于为那件事烦恼了。
　　3、用于the+比较级之前，表示「更加」
　　If that is the case, all the better.
　　如果事实是那样，那就更好了。
　　I feel all the better for that swim.
　　游泳之后，我感觉更舒服了。
　　蓦地，院子两头的月洞门呈现在我眼前。
　　My eyes suddenly fell on the moon gate on either side of the courtyard.
　　目光落在...eyes fall on
　　fall on/upon sb/sth指「袭击，向 … 进攻，扑向，抓住」例句They fell on him with sticks.
　　他们用棍棒袭击他。
　　此外，fall on还可以表示「（责任）落在 … 身上，由 … 负担」例句The full cost of the wedding fell on us.
　　整个婚礼费用由我们负担了。
　　依然是那两个大圆圈。只是比我回忆中小了许多，而且显得很陈旧。
　　Yes, the same two old big round holes. Only they looked much smaller than they were in my memory, and very shabby too.
　　much smaller：much可修饰比较级，表示「…得多」儿时，我与小游伴互相追逐过的院子和厅堂，都堆满了层叠的货包。
　　The courtyard and the hall where I had used to play around with my little playmates in my childhood were now heaped with sacks of goods.
　　「堆满了层叠的货包」译作were now heaped with sacks of goods。其中heap是动词。此外，其还可作名词。
　　heap 通常指杂乱的、呈小山状的一堆东西
　　例句
　　Now, the house is a heap of rubble
　　现在，房子成了一堆瓦砾
　　stack通常是整齐的一叠，指扁平物体叠放起来例句a neat stack of dishes整齐的一叠盘子
　　pile 既可指整齐的一叠，也可指杂乱的一堆
　　例句
　　a neat pile of clothes
　　整齐的一叠衣服
　　原来多年以前，老家旧宅早已改成了百货店的商品堆栈。
　　So my old house had long been transformed into the warehouse of a department store!
　　had long been ：long是副词，意为「长久地、长期地」，其位置在助动词、情态动词后，行为动词或主要动词之前。
　　我踌躇不前，不由感到一阵迷惑和惆怅。
　　I hesitated to move ahead, feeling perplexed and melancholy.
　　feeling perplexed and melancholy作伴随状语。另，积累参考译文中的三个词：hesitate、perplexed、melancholy。
　　也许我最好是不要还乡，不要重返家园，不要寻求那逝去的旧梦。
　　Perhaps I should not have returned to my hometown to see my old house and to relive my past experience.
　　此处又见relive。回顾上一处：重温童年旧梦译作were reliving my childhood。
　　我不知道是有所得抑或是有所失。
　　I wondered whether it had been worthwhile or not for me to revisit my old home.
　　「我不知道是有所得抑或有所失」未按字面直译为I wondered whether my visit had ended up in gains or losses，现按「我不知道此行是否值得」之意译为I wondered whether it had been worthwhile or not for me to revisit my old house。
　　一切都已过去，一切都已变样。
　　Everything’s gone. Everything’s changed.
　　译文保持了形式上的对等：一切都已…… Everything’s…只有照片上的童年，至今还留驻下来。
　　The only thing that still remained was my photographic childhood.
　　「照片上的童年」译作my photographic childhood，也可译作my childhood recorded in the old photos.
　　当我从箱筐内找到旧作的若干剪报后，便把那一本比我生活过的年代更长久的影集，重又放入书箱里。
　　Having found some newspaper clippings of my old writings, I replaced in the suitcase the album that had seen many more winters than I.
　　那一本比我生活过的年代更长久的影集译the album that had seen many more winters than I，其winters作年代、岁月解。
　　然后轻轻合上了箱盖。
　　Then I carefully put back the lid on the suitcase.
　　lid指「盖子」，可以是箱盖，也可以是壶盖等。
　　我的童年回忆于是随同影集一起又沉入箱底。
　　Memories of my childhood, together with the album, sank again to the bottom of the suitcase.
　　sink的时态变化：sink-sank-sunk
　　必背词汇
　　lid        cn.容器的盖，盖子
　　英义
　　A lid is the top of a box or other container which can be removed or raised when you want to open the container.
　　例句
　　a dustbin lid
　　垃圾箱盖
　　clipping       cn.剪报
　　英义
　　A clipping is an article, picture, or advertisement that has been cut from a newspaper or magazine. .bulletin boards crowded with例句newspaper clippings.
　　贴满报纸剪报的布告栏
　　rummage        V.搜寻，翻找，乱翻
　　英义
　　If you rummage through something, you search for something you want by moving things around in a careless or hurried way.
　　例句
　　They rummage through piles of second-hand clothes for something that fits.
　　他们在一堆堆的二手衣服里翻找着合身的衣服。
　　bulky        adj.庞大的，笨重的
　　英义
　　Something that is bulky is large and heavy. Bulky things are often difficult to move or deal with.
　　例句
　　bulky items like lawn mowers
　　割草机之类的庞大物件
　　album         cn.用于保存照片、邮票等的专册，专辑簿英义An album is a book in which you keep things such as photographs or stamps that you have collected.
　　例句
　　Theresa showed me her photo album.
　　特雷莎给我看她的相册。
　　moth        cn.蛾，飞蛾
　　英义
　　A moth is an insect like a butterfly which usually flies about at night.
　　ornament          cn.首饰，饰物
　　英义
　　Pieces of jewellery are sometimes referred to as ornaments .
　　例句
　　I guessed he was the chief because he wore more gold ornaments than the others.
　　我估计他是酋长，因为他戴的金饰最多。
　　inseparable         adj.形影不离的
　　英义
　　If you say that two people are inseparable, you are emphasizing that they are very good friends and spend a great deal of time together.
　　例句
　　She and Kristin were inseparable.
　　她和克里斯廷形影不离。
　　重点表达
　　一本既厚且大的古老影集an enormously bulky old album虫蛀的moth-eaten褪了色的faded似乎找到了童年的梦feeling as if I were reliving my childhood早已远远地离开我had long been irretrievably gone半个多世纪前over half a century ago萌芽状态的人生in the embryonic stage of life穿着又厚又臃肿的棉袍was dressed cumbersomely in a cotton-padded thick gown拉着手、牵着手hold/take sb by the hand形影不离inseparable在其五十多岁的时候in her early fifties
　　孟姜女万里寻夫的悲壮故事the tragic and moving story of Meng Jiang Nu making a long, difficult journey in search of her husband有讲不完的民间故事had an unlimited stock of folk tales to tell斑驳mottled过去常常…… used to do捉迷藏play hide-and-seek
　　两边on either side of/on both sides of…
　　记得……remain in my memory
　　长方形的rectangular
　　石板道flagstone alley
　　夕阳setting sun
　　目光落在...eyes fall on
　　堆满了层叠的货包were heaped with sacks of goods迷惑和惆怅perplexed and melancholy那一本比我生活过的年代更长久的影集the album that had seen many more winters than I沉入箱底sank to the bottom of the suitcase??复盘测试一本既厚且大的古老影集虫蛀的
　　褪了色的
　　似乎找到了童年的梦
　　早已远远地离开我
　　半个多世纪前
　　萌芽状态的人生
　　穿着又厚又臃肿的棉袍
　　拉着手、牵着手
　　形影不离
　　在其五十多岁的时候
　　孟姜女万里寻夫的悲壮故事
　　有讲不完的民间故事
　　斑驳
　　过去常常……
　　捉迷藏
　　两边
　　记得……
　　长方形的
　　石板道
　　夕阳
　　目光落在...
　　堆满了层叠的货包
　　迷惑和惆怅
　　那一本比我生活过的年代更长久的影集
　　沉入箱底
　　表达对比
　　「寻找」有几种表达？
　　前些日子，为了（寻找）四十年前的旧作剪报，在箧底的隐蔽角落里，竟把一些远年陈迹也翻了出来。其中年代最久的是一本既厚且大的古老影集。
　　The other day, in rummaging a suitcase for newspaper clippings of my essays written over forty years ago, I came upon some old objects, among them an enormously bulky old album.
　　她一直在（寻找）遗失的小狗。
　　She was persistent in her search for her lost puppy.
　　雌蚊繁殖时，都会（寻找）合适的水域放置产出的虫卵。
　　When female mosquitoes are ready to reproduce, they seek out suitable water in which to deposit their eggs.
　　他马上开始（寻找）另一个职位。
　　He began to look for another position immediately.
　　因此，研究医学的科学家们都正努力（寻找）治愈效果更好的抗癌方法。
　　Therefore, finding a better therapeutic approach to cancer treatment has always been a goal of medical scientists.
　　回忆一个历史镜头
　　——记四十年前日军在南京投降仪式
　　何为
　　Memories of a Historic Scene
　　—On the Nanjing ceremony of Japanese surrender 40 years agoHe Wei背景知识：《回忆一个历史镜头》是当代著名作家何为写于1985年9月的一篇回忆录。
　　在中国抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争胜利四十周年的纪念日子里，我想起四十年前的一个历史镜头。
　　On the 40th anniversary of the victory of China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the world war against fascism, a historic scene of 40 years ago came back to my mind.
　　「中国抗日战争」通常译为China’s war of resistance against Japanese aggression，也有人把它译为China's anti-Japanese war，虽较简短，但欠周全，未能充分传递原意。
　　historical指历史上的；historic指具有重大历史意义的。
　　那是一九四五年九月九日，日军对华投降仪式的一次采访。
　　It was on September 9, 1945 that I was sent to cover the Japanese surrender ceremony at Nanjing.
　　译文整体结构为it’s…that…的强调句。
　　I was sent to（我被派去）是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　cover the Japanese surrender ceremony：cover熟词僻义，此处表示「报道」例句The US news media will cover the trial closely.
　　美国新闻媒体将对该审判进行追踪报道。
　　抗战刚刚结束，一个炎夏日子，柯灵同志介绍我在复刊后的上海文汇报工作。
　　On a hot summer day at the end of the anti-Japanese war, I got a job through Ke Ling as a staff member of the Shanghai Wen Hui Bao, a newspaper that had just resumed publication.
　　the anti-Japanese war：此处并非文中首次出现「抗日战争」，故后面可以选择简单译法。
　　「柯灵同志介绍我在……上海文汇报工作」译为I got a job through Ke Ling as a staff member of the Shanghai Wen Hui Bao，其中through一词作「经……介绍」解，意同on the recommendation of。
　　Ke Ling (1909-2000), renowned contemporary Chinese essayist, playwright and literary critic.
　　Wen Hui Bao, Chinese daily newspaper first published in 1938 in Shanghai.
　　工作人员、职员、员工a staff member
　　我很幸运，到职后约一个月，便以该报特派记者身份，去南京采访那个历史时刻的现场实景，Luckily, I was sent to Nanjing about a month later to report on the historic event in my capacity as special correspondent.
　　Luckily也可换做Fortunately。
　　capacity不指能力，而是作「身份、职位」讲。
　　例句
　　Ms Halliwell visited the Philippines in her capacity as a Special Representative of Unicef...
　　哈利韦尔女士以联合国儿童基金会特别代表的身份访问了菲律宾。
　　特派记者special correspondent，其前不加冠词。
　　同行的是摄影记者穆一龙。
　　I was accompanied by press photographer Mu Yilong.
　　「同行的是摄影记者穆一龙」即「与我同行的是……」，欣赏译者译时对主语的选择。
　　摄影记者 press photographer
　　车抵南京，费了一番周折，办妥了入场采访的各项手续，终于在日军投降签字仪式举行前及时赶到，得以目击这一历史性的场面。
　　After arriving in Nanjing by train, with elaborate formalities gone through, we came just in time for the opening of the surrender ceremony.
　　「办妥了入场采访的各项手续」译作with elaborate formalities gone through。该结构为with复合结构。其在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。常见形式有七种，with+名词/代词+介词短语（形容词/副词/名词/done/-ing分词/to do）??形式主义 the practice of formalities for formalities’ sake是日，南京黄埔路“中国陆军司令部”大门外的广场上，来往军人骤增。
　　The day witnessed a sudden increase of armymen hurrying to and fro on the square in front of the gate of the Chinese Army Headquarters on Huangpu Road, Nanjing.
　　注意句式The day witnessed……，非常高级：未俗套地选用「来往军人」作主语，而是灵活处理为The day witnessed……。我们在翻译类似xx时间/xx地点（发生了什么事）就可套用此表达，译作：时间/地点+witness/see等……。例如：传统产业加快升级可译作traditional industrials saw faster upgrading??往返地；来回地 to and fro冰心《再寄小读者》
　　这里没有车马，只有往来如织的大小汽艇，代替了公共汽车和小卧车……There are no motor vehicles. In place of buses and motor cars, motorboats of various descriptions speed to and fro on the congested waterways.
　　到处可见大写V字，即英文Victory (胜利)的第一个字母也。
　　The capital letter V, signifying Victory, was in sight here and there.
　　大写字母capital letter
　　到处可见was in sight here and there
　　消失在视野中/看不见out of sight
　　即英文Victory (胜利)的第一个字母也未按字母意思译作the first letter of…，而是译出其真正想说明的含义：V=victory，故译作signifying Victory。
　　通向大礼堂的甬道两侧，全部美式配备的岗哨林立，吉普车往来不绝。
　　Lining the paved path leading to the assembly hall were numerous sentries fully armed with US-made equipment and jeeps kept zooming up and down.
　　Lining the paved path （leading to the assembly hall作path的后置定语）were…: 英语中，有些倒装是出于语法上的需要，非用倒装语序不可，具有强制性；有些则是为了达到某种修辞效果，如强调、平衡、衔接等。
　　「往来不绝」译作zooming up and down，其中zoom意为「快速移动」zoom in放大zoom out缩小zoom off迅速离开
　　间或可见三三两两的美国宪兵协助警戒。
　　Occasionally, US MPs were seen assisting in keeping watch in twos and threes.
　　间或、偶尔、有时Occasionally
　　看守；值班；放哨keep watch
　　宪兵（英文military policeman，简称MP，军事警察），与装甲兵、航空兵一样，是世界上多数国家军队的正规常设兵种。主要负责维持军队纪律，保障军队命令的执行，组织军事法庭。是名副其实的军队中的警察。
　　三三两两、零零星星in twos and threes
　　柔石《为奴隶的母亲》
　　……（互祝着好话），从两两三三的灯笼光影中，走散了。
　　…… bidding one another farewell, they dispersed in twos and threes, carrying lighted lanterns in their hands.
　　景象森严，气氛肃穆，确是一个不同寻常的日子。
　　It was indeed an unusual day characterized by utmost vigilance and solemn atmosphere.
　　characterized by也可换作featuring。
　　按照印发的时间表，仪式于上午九时举行，“投降代表务必于八时五十二分到会场”，实际上是八时五十五分到场的，迟了三分钟。
　　According to the printed timetable distributed to the public, the surrender ceremony was to begin at 9:00 a.m. and the Japanese surrender delegation had to show up by 8:52 a.m., but they arrived at 8:55 a.m., that is, 3 minutes late.
　　「印发的时间表」→印+发，故译作the printed timetable distributed to the public。
　　如约赶到、出现、露面show up
　　例句
　　It was getting late when she finally showed up.
　　天色已晚，她终于赶到了。
　　代表投降一方的是驻华日军最高指挥官陆军大将冈村宁次，偕同其高级幕僚共七人，The Japanese delegation consisted of General Yasuji Okamura, supreme commander of the Japanese invading forces in China, and six of his senior aides.
　　consist of ：「组成、构成」有很多表达，平时注意积累。
　　Venice is a port composed of more than 100 small islands cut by a broad winding waterway serving as its avenue and numerous small crisscross water courses serving as its alleys.
　　威尼斯却是由一百多个小岛（组成）的，一条较宽的曲折的水道，就算是大街，其余许许多多纵横交织的小水道，就算是小巷。
　　驻华日军最高指挥官陆军大将冈村宁次本可译Yasuji Okamura, commanding general of the Japanese ground forces on the China mainland或General Yasuji Okamura, commander-in-chief of the Japanese army in China等，均欠妥切，现译 General Yasuji Okamura, supreme commander of the Japanese invading forces in China(或the Japanese forces of aggression in China)。
　　在一名国民党上校军官带领下，乘车到达。聚集在门前的上百名中外记者，纷纷摄取这一情景。
　　As they arrived by car under the guidance of a KMT colonel, over a hundred Chinese and foreign newsmen gathered at the gate hastened to click their cameras.
　　欣赏译文中as的选用，将中文中以句号分割的两个句子连接了起来，且并不违和。
　　over … newsmen gathered at the gate hastened to click their cameras：个人建议将gathered改为gathering，此时，gathered at the gate就作newsmen的后置定语。
　　此时在大礼堂内，一片凝固的沉默。
　　There was a sustained utter silence in the hall.
　　「一片凝固的沉默」译作a sustained utter silence。其中sustained和utter都修饰silence，强调「静默」的程度。
　　礼堂中央的一侧，设一较小的长条案，为日军投降代表席，其后站立十二名全副武装的士兵。
　　In the center of it, there was on one side a smaller long table for seating the Japanese delegates, with 12 fully-armed Chinese soldiers lining up behind.
　　In the center of it：英文善用代词，如此句中的「礼堂」并未再次译作hall，而是用it代指。
　　on one side是地点状语，位置灵活，可放在句中，也可放在句尾。
　　line up指排成行、列队。lining up behind的描述符合军队作风。
　　与投降席相对，另一侧的条桌宽长得多，这边是国民党高级将领及中国记者席。
　　On the other side, there was another table, much longer and wider, for seating the KMT high-ranking officers and Chinese newsmen.
　　much longer and wider是table的修饰成分。
　　补充语包括插入语在内，但不限于插入语。非限制性定语、非限制性同位语、分词作状语等都囊括在补充语的项下。其特征是有逗号与句子隔开，其功能是对句子中的某个词、短语或整个句子做补充解释。补充语本身可以是名次词组、形容词词组，也可以是一个分句。
　　国民党陆军一级上将何应钦代表中国接受降书。
　　KMT General He Ying-qin was to accept the surrender on behalf of China.
　　代表中国on behalf of China。其中on behalf of（代表）是献花词中的常用语。
　　介乎两桌之间的边侧置有一长桌，乃盟国代表和外国记者坐席。
　　Still another long table stood in between for Allied representatives and foreign correspondents.
　　「介乎两桌之间」译作in between，简洁准确。我们不是第一次见这个表达。
　　郑振铎《离别》
　　与岸间的水面渐渐的阔了
　　leaving a widening expanse of water in between朱自清《匆匆》
　　去来的中间，又怎样地匆匆呢？
　　How swift is the transition in between!
　　桌上都铺着白桌布。
　　The tables were all covered with a white cloth.
　　列举cover的部分用法。
　　1、覆盖。如：都铺着白桌布were all covered with a white cloth2、掩护。如：在夜色的掩护下under cover of night3、报道。如：采访过滇缅路covering the Yunnan-Burmese Road4、封面。如：我少有全体读完的大部的书I seldom read a thick book from cover to cover所有参与其盛的人员均依次坐定，默默等待着那庄严时刻的到来，等待着日军降将进入大厅。
　　All personnel then took their seats one after another, quietly awaiting the solemn hour and the appearance of the Japanese delegation.
　　就座；坐下take one's seat
　　一个接一个地；陆续地one after another
　　quietly awaiting…作伴随状语。
　　在这一瞬间，我的思潮翻腾。
　　At this very moment, my mind was occupied with teeming thoughts.
　　「在这一瞬间」译作At this very moment，其中very是形容词，与名词连用，起强调作用。例如：History is taking place before your very eyes.历史就在你的眼前发生。
　　八年抗战的灾难日子，任人宰割的中华民族，国土沦丧的屈辱生活，从此一去不复返了。
　　The disastrous days of the 8-year war of resistance were gone for ever. The Chinese people would never again be subjected to the humiliation of being annexed and subjugated.
　　for ever意同forever。
　　受到，经受，面临be subjected to
　　使经受；使遭受subject sb to sth
　　例句
　　The city was subjected to heavy bombing.
　　那座城市遭受猛烈轰炸。
　　然而内战的乌云笼罩着中国疆土之上，中国人民真正站起来的日子还有所待。
　　However, since the country was then enveloped in the dark clouds of civil war, it would be quite some time before the Chinese people could really rise to their feet.
　　since the country was then enveloped in the dark clouds of civil war：since引导原因状语从句。
　　大量；众多quite some
　　很久quite some time
　　例句
　　She hasn't been seen for quite some time.
　　好久没人看见她了。
　　to one's feet站起来(常与 bound, dart, jump, start 等连用)rise to one's feet站起来drop to one's knee跪下不过我深信，这个日子将不是很远了。
　　Nevertheless, I firmly believed that such a day would not be far off.
　　我深信/我坚信 I firmly/deeply/strongly believed that…??积累such的用法。
　　这个日子（这样的日子）such a day
　　如此之境地such a pass
　　这时我注意到，日军代表的投降席条案上摆着一台小时钟，还有一套纸墨笔砚。
　　I noticed that there was on the table of the Japanese delegates a little clock in addition to paper, ink, writing brush and inkstone.
　　纸墨笔砚paper, ink, writing brush and inkstone文具当然是签降书用的，至于小时钟的用意则就不得而知了。
　　The stationery was of course to be used for signing the surrender documents, but what about the little clock?
　　stationery n.[U]文具
　　stationary a.静止的
　　至于小时钟的用意则就不得而知了译作what about the little clock?简洁明了。
　　What about，是用来询问与前一个事物相关的另一个事物的状态；How about，多数是用来征求别人的意见，问别人是否能够接受另一个选择。
　　八时五十八分，礼堂内灯光闪亮，摄影机纷纷开动。
　　At 8:58 a.m., the hall was ablaze with lights and cameras started clicking.
　　灯光闪亮was ablaze with lights
　　冰心《祖父和灯火管制》
　　第一夜亮起来时，真是（灯火辉煌）
　　……The first evening when they were turned on, the whole house was suddenly ablaze with lights.
　　众目睽睽下，日军投降代表被引导入场，先站在规定的地位，立正，然后向何总司令鞠躬。
　　The Japanese delegates were led in under the gaze of watchful eyes. They walked on until they reached the prescribed place, then stood at attention and bowed to General He.
　　众目睽睽下under the gaze of watchful eyes在…的引导下under the guidance of立正stand at attention敬礼salute
　　几个军事操练口令(Drill commands)
　　1、Attention!(喊成a-ttennnn-tion!)立正！
　　2、(Stand) at ease!（左脚前出）稍息！
　　3、Dress right/left, Dress!向右/左看齐！
　　4、Ready, Front！向前看!
　　5、About, Face!向后-转！
　　6、Forward, March!起步走！
　　7、Squad, Halt!立定！
　　8、Left, left, left right left.左，左，左右左（一，一，一二一）！
　　何矜持地示意他们可入席坐下，便转向中外记者宣布，距签字式只有“最后五分钟”了。
　　General He reservedly motioned them to their seats, and then turned to the newsmen with the announcement that the surrender ceremony was to begin in five minutes.
　　was to begin in five minutes ：
　　in+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。
　　①现在时。The plane takes off in 10 minutes.
　　飞机在十分钟内起飞。表示在10分钟之内，飞机就会起飞，用现在时态。
　　②过去时。He learned to drive in three weeks.
　　他用了三个星期学会了开车。学会开车这件事发生在过去的时间段，所以本句中用了过去时。
　　③将来时。He will arrive in Beijing in 3 days.
　　他将在3天后到北京。到达北京这件事还没有发生，所以就用了将来时。
　　于是中外记者一阵忙乱，场子里一阵响动。
　　Thereupon, there was a sudden flurry among the newsmen plus the sound of something astir throughout the hall.
　　场子里（大厅里）throughout the hall
　　全市throughout the city
　　something astir：something的定语全部后置。又，astir指骚动的九时零四分，何总司令站在盟国国旗下主持受降式，令冈村宁次大将递上证明文件。
　　At 9:04 a.m., General He, standing under the Allied flags to accept the surrender, ordered Yasuji Okamura to submit his certificates.
　　命令某人做某事order sb to do sth
　　上交证明文件submit his certificates
　　冈村一身戎装，脸色铁青，毫无表情，
　　The latter, in full military attire, looked ghastly pale and expressionless.
　　The latter即指上句话中出现的「后者」，也就是冈村。
　　坐在其旁的驻华日军总参谋长陆军中将小林浅三郎，持证明文件走过来，经何应钦验阅后将文件留下。
　　Lieutenant-General Asasaburo Kobayashi, Chief of General Staff of the Japanese forces of aggression in China, who had been sitting next to Okamura, came up to hand over the certificates to General He, who kept them after looking them over.
　　虽然这句话很长，但主干很简单：Asasaburo Kobayashi came up to hand over the certificates to General He。又，注意英文中表某人称谓、职位的词语的位置。
　　紧接着，两份日军降书中文本，交由小林参谋长转给位于投降席居中的冈村宁次。冈村起立，双手接过降书，取用案上的毛笔签字盖章。
　　Then Kobayashi was given two copies of the instrument of surrender, both in Chinese, to be passed on to Okamura, who rose to take them with both hands and then picked up the writing brush from the table to sign his name and affix his seal on either copy.
　　instrument可指「法律文件」
　　中文本copies in Chinese。同理，英文本可以说copies in English。
　　其中一份命小林参谋长交于冈村。
　　Kobayashi was then ordered to hand over one copy to Okamura.
　　交给，递给hand over sth to sb
　　投降签字的过程约五分钟。仪式历时二十分钟，日军投降代表随即被引导退出。
　　Altogether it took about five minutes to finish signing the surrender and twenty minutes for the ceremony to last until the Japanese were led out of the hall.
　　这句没什么好说的。it took about five minutes to finish signing the surrender and （it took） twenty minutes for the ceremony to last until the Japanese were led out of the hall.
　　有一个细节不妨一记：我从旁观察何应钦向其僚属低语，原来他要那支有历史意义的毛笔留作纪念。
　　There is a titbit I would like to share with you, that is, I noticed General He whispering to his subordinates that he personally would like to keep the writing brush as a memento.
　　有一个细节不妨一记可按不妨谈谈一个花絮译为There is a titbit I would like to share with you，其中titbit作小趣闻、花絮等解。
　　风云变幻数十年，当年的日军投降书早已存入历史的档案，Now, the surrender documents have long since been consigned to the historical archives.
　　很久以前long since
　　例句
　　This kind of textile machines has long since been out of use.
　　这种纺织机械早已不用了。
　　用于投降书上签署的那支毛笔大概也不知去向。
　　And no one knows what has become of the writing brush that was used to sign the documents.
　　使遭遇…，…降临于；发生…情况become of之前见过多次的固定句型：如果…，……会变成怎样？What would/will become of…if…？
　　聂绀弩《我若为王》
　　我想，自己如果作了王，这世界会成为一种怎样的光景呢？I wonder what would become of this world if I myself were king.
　　此句也可译为And nobody knows the whereabouts of the writing brush (that was) used to sign the documents.
　　历史是无情的，有它自己的轨迹和方向，
　　History is inexorable, moving ahead according to its own course and direction.
　　无情的译作inexorable。
　　何为《困水记》
　　被无情的岁月推入老龄社会的众多老者，过着凡夫俗子的生活，Many who have been forced into the ageing society by inexorable time are now living the life of common people.
　　伟大的中国人民抗日民族自卫战争终于胜利了。
　　The great people of China have won the victory of the war of resistance against Japanese aggression and self-defence.
　　胜利win the victory
　　自卫self-defence
　　self-
　　自勉自励self-encouragement
　　自我防卫 self-defense means
　　自暴自弃had no urge for self-improvement
　　沾沾自喜feel very self-satisfied （或smug）舍己为公self-sacrifice自我反省self-examining日本军国主义者以战败而告终。
　　Japanese militarism has ended in total defeat.
　　end in sth
　　①以 … 结尾；末端是
　　例句
　　The word I'm thinking of ends in ‘-ous’.
　　我想到的这个词以 ous 结尾。
　　②以 … 为结果；以 … 告终
　　例句
　　Their long struggle ended in failure.
　　他们的长期努力以失败告终。
　　侵略者在中国大地上留下的那一段血腥的罪恶历史，任何人都无法篡改，更不容抹煞。
　　The history of bloody crimes committed by the aggressors on Chinese soil shall never be falsified, let alone blotted out.
　　犯罪 commit a crime
　　let alone是成语，作「更不必说」解，意同成语much less。
　　历史只能还它本来的面目。
　　History should be shown in its true colors.
　　显示本来面目be shown in its true colors四年前我在日本旅行的时候，广泛接触到日本各阶层的人民，Four years ago, while traveling in Japan, I came into wide contact with Japanese people of various strata.
　　广泛接触到came into wide contact with
　　何为《照片上的童年》
　　那也是我最早（接触到）的文学作品。
　　They became, as it were, the first literary works that I ever came into contact with in my life.
　　各阶层的of various strata
　　形形色色的、各式各样的、各种类型的of various descriptions他们对过去日本军国主义者侵占中国领土，都抱有沉重的赎罪心情。
　　They all felt deeply sorry for the Japanese militarists’ aggressive acts against China.
　　felt deeply sorry for如译作apologized for…也可以，只是程度轻重有所不同。
　　有一回，北海道的一户牧场主看见我们伏地便拜。这是我亲眼目睹的事实。
　　Once, I saw with my own eyes how the owner of a livestock farm in Hokkaido threw himself on the ground before us to show his remorse for the Japanese invasion of China.
　　亲眼目睹saw with my own eyes
　　一户牧场主the owner of a livestock farm
　　跪地伏拜throw oneself on the ground（扑倒在地）??to show his remorse for the Japanese invasion of China是增益成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　我能够理解日本人民的感情。
　　I well understood the feelings of the Japanese people.
　　well是增译成分。
　　他们也是军国主义的受害者。
　　They, too, were victims of Japanese militarism.
　　-ism： (用于构成不可数名词)表示…主义，…学说，…信仰，…运动。如：佛教Buddhism、民族主义nationalism、军国主义militarism。
　　从一九四五年九月九日到一九八五年九月九日，整整四十年过去了。
　　It is now forty years to a day from September 9, 1945 to September 9, 1985.
　　「四十年」可译作forty years，也可译作four decades。
　　恰好，一天也不差to a day （有时也说 to the day）例句It is five years to a day since they parted.
　　他们分手整整5年了。
　　回忆四十年前的那次釆访，使我得以重温历史的一页，也促使我进一步对历史的回忆和思考。
　　Recalling my news-gathering of forty years ago has enabled me to review the past. It has also deepened my thoughts on history.
　　news-gathering：（尤指电视或报纸的）新闻采集??重温历史review the past何为《照片上的童年》
　　重温童年旧梦译作reliving my childhood
　　必背词汇
　　fascism         un.法西斯主义，军事独裁主义英义Fascism is a set of right-wing political beliefs that includes strong control of society and the economy by the state, a powerful role for the armed forces, and the stopping of political opposition.
　　例句
　　And they supported artists fighting against fascism in Europe.
　　他们还支持艺术家在欧洲抗击法西斯主义。
　　resume        v.使重新开始，使继续进行
　　英义
　　If you resume an activity or if it resumes, it begins again.
　　例句
　　The search is expected to resume early today.
　　预计搜寻工作会于今天早些时候重新开始。
　　correspondent       cn.(尤指专门报道某一类新闻的)记者，通讯员英义A correspondent is a newspaper or television journalist, especially one who specializes in a particular type of news.
　　例句
　　our Diplomatic Correspondent Mark Brayne.
　　我们的外交通讯员马克·布雷恩
　　capacity         cn.身份，职责，职位
　　英义
　　If you do something in a particular capacity, you do it as part of a particular job or duty, or because you are representing a particular organization例句This article is written in a personal capacity.
　　本文是以个人名义所写。
　　重点表达
　　中国抗日战争China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression/ the anti-Japanese war世界反法西斯战争the world war against fascism胜利四十周年the 40th anniversary of the victory of…我想起… …came back to my mind投降仪式surrender ceremony工作人员、职员、员工a staff member
　　特派记者special correspondent
　　摄影记者 press photographer
　　大写字母capital letter
　　到处可见was in sight here and there
　　往返地；来回地 to and fro
　　…往来不绝…kept zooming up and down
　　间或、偶尔、有时Occasionally
　　看守；值班；放哨keep watch
　　三三两两、零零星星in twos and threes
　　如约赶到、出现、露面show up
　　上校colonel
　　国民党KMT
　　中外记者Chinese and foreign newsmen
　　排成行、列队line up
　　介乎（二者）之间in between
　　就座；坐下take one's seat
　　一个接一个地；陆续地one after another
　　受到，经受，面临be subjected to
　　很久quite some time
　　站起来rise to one's feet
　　我深信/我坚信 I firmly/deeply/strongly believed that…纸墨笔砚paper, ink, writing brush and inkstone众目睽睽下under the gaze of watchful eyes在…的引导下under the guidance of立正stand at attention命令某人做某事order sb to do sth
　　上交证明文件submit his certificates
　　一身戎装in full military attire
　　全副武装
　　中文本copies in Chinese
　　交给;递给hand over sth to sb
　　很久以前long since
　　胜利win the victory
　　自卫self-defence
　　以 … 为结果；以 … 告终end in sth
　　犯罪 commit a crime
　　更不必说let alone
　　显示本来面目be shown in its true colors
　　广泛接触到came into wide contact with
　　各阶层的of various strata
　　亲眼目睹saw with my own eyes
　　一户牧场主the owner of a livestock farm
　　跪地伏拜throw oneself on the ground
　　恰好，一天也不差to a day
　　重温历史review the past
　　复盘测试
　　中国抗日战争
　　世界反法西斯战争
　　胜利四十周年
　　我想起… …
　　投降仪式
　　工作人员、职员、员工
　　特派记者
　　摄影记者
　　大写字母
　　到处可见
　　往返地；来回地
　　…往来不绝…
　　间或、偶尔、有时
　　看守；值班；放哨
　　三三两两、零零星星
　　如约赶到、出现、露面
　　上校
　　国民党
　　中外记者
　　排成行、列队
　　介乎（二者）之间
　　就座；坐下
　　一个接一个地；陆续地
　　受到，经受，面临
　　很久
　　站起来
　　我深信/我坚信
　　纸墨笔砚
　　众目睽睽下
　　在…的引导下
　　立正
　　命令某人做某事
　　上交证明文件
　　一身戎装
　　全副武装
　　中文本
　　交给;递给
　　很久以前
　　胜利
　　自卫
　　以 … 为结果；以 … 告终
　　犯罪
　　更不必说
　　显示本来面目
　　广泛接触到
　　各阶层的
　　亲眼目睹
　　一户牧场主
　　跪地伏拜
　　恰好，一天也不差
　　重温历史
　　表达对比
　　「到处、处处」有几种译法？
　　（到处）可见大写V字，即英文Victory (胜利)的第一个字母也。
　　The capital letter V, signifying Victory, was in sight here and there.
　　可是，如果把它普遍化起来，（到处）搬弄，甚至于以此为专长，那就相当可怕了。
　　But it would be extremely terrible to popularize it, flaunt it everywhere, or even regard it as one's special skill.
　　在夏天，婴儿底头上生了一个疮，有时身体稍稍发些热，于是这位老妇人就（到处地）问菩萨，求佛药，给婴儿敷在疮上，或灌下肚里，Every time Qiu Bao had a pimple on his head or a slight fever, the scholar’s wife would go around praying to Buddha and bring back Buddha’s medicine in the form of incense ash which she applied to the baby’s pimple or dissolved in water for him to drink.
　　他的名誉越传（越远），越久越大。
　　His name has spread far and wide and become more and more celebrated with the passing of time.
　　我们（到处）找那枚戒指。
　　We looked all over for the ring.
　　散书有感
　　Random Thoughts on Giving Away Books
　　何为
　　He Wei
　　背景知识：《散书偶感》是当代著名作家何为写于2000年12月的一篇佳作。英译时略有删节。
　　乍一听来，“散书”的说法很费解。
　　The idea of giving away one’s books sounds rather puzzling at first.
　　「乍一听来」译作at first。
　　at first thought 初一想，乍一想
　　at first blush 乍一看，一瞥
　　at first sight 乍一看，初看之下
　　那天京华老友在长话中说，他们有些上年纪的同行，正在散书或考虑散书。他就是其中的一个。
　　The other day, my friend Jing Hua told me over the long-distance that some of his elderly colleagues were giving away or considering giving away the books they owned and that he himself was doing the same.
　　「在长话中说」译为 told me over the long-distance，其中the long-distance，即the long-distance phone call。
　　told后跟了两个that从句：told me that… and that…??he himself was doing the same: himself表示强调，其他自己，他本人等等。又，do the same替代「散书」一事，值得学习。
　　原来“散书”之说，出自一位德高望重的世纪老人、前辈作家，大意谓少年是集书的时候，老年是散书的时候。
　　The idea originated with a venerable old veteran writer, who said something to the effect that youth is the time for collecting books and old age for giving away books.
　　「大意谓」译为 something to the effect that，其中 to the effect 作大意是、意思是解。
　　是啊，人到老年，有些事不能不考虑该如何处理了。
　　Yes, getting on in years, one needs to ponder over the question of how to deal with certain things in life.
　　getting on in years最伴随状语。
　　沉思、深思、考虑ponder over
　　例句
　　The more I pondered over this harpooneer, the more I abominated the thought of sleeping with him.
　　我越想到这个标枪手, 越厌恨要跟他一起睡的念头。
　　散书也是近年来我常常想到的问题。我的所谓藏书，实在并不足道，In recent years, I, too, have often turned over in my mind the question of books though, in fact, my so-called private library is not worth mentioning.
　　too位置灵活。
　　turn over in my mind… 意为「…在我脑海里翻转」，此处表示「常常想到」，值得借鉴。
　　is not worth mentioning：worth是形容词，意为「值得……的，有……价值（的）」1、在be worth +n结构中，当名词为表示「金钱」的词时，译为「值…」例句This dictionary is worth ten dollars.
　　这本词典值十美元。
　　2、sth be worth doing某事值得被做。
　　例句
　　The question is worth discussing again and again.
　　这个问题值得被反复讨论。
　　不过从幼时学文开始，数十年文学生涯中，相偕而来的书日益增多。
　　Nevertheless, it has kept accumulating in the scores of years of my literary career.
　　数十年 the scores of years
　　吴冠中《毁画》
　　数十年风风雨雨中作了大批画……
　　I produced a great many paintings during the scores of difficult years.
　　现在只能将书刊杂乱地到处堆置，倘若集中起来，也是一个小小的书城。
　　Now, piled up in a jumble here and there in my house, they add up to quite a large number though.
　　piled up in a jumble here and there in my house 对they（书）的状态进行补充说明。
　　「也是一个小小的书城」可按「加起来也为数可观」之意译为add up to quite a number，其中add up是成语，作「加起来共计」解。
　　though 可用作副词,放在句末(不放在句首)，意为「可是」「不过」那年我的工作调到福州，搬家最苦最累的是搬书。
　　Years ago, when I was transferred to a new post in Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian Province, the removal of my books gave me a big headache.
　　the capital city of Fujian Province是增译成分，以辅助外国读者对文章的理解。
　　让人头疼的事情 a big headache
　　季羡林《论包装》
　　及至拿到或运到家中，打开时也是煞费周折。
　　And it is also a big headache to have it opened at home.
　　到福州数年，“文革”期间我的书幸而未遭劫，During the several years when I was in that city, my books were lucky enough to survive the disaster of the so-called “Cultural Revolution”.
　　During the several years when I was in that city: when引导定从，先行词是years。
　　「未遭劫」反话正说，译作survive the disaster。
　　及至下放到偏僻的闽北山区，全部书籍都随卡车装去，那真是一种磨难。
　　But, when I was sent to do manual labour in the remote mountains of northern Fujian, all the books had to go with me by truck, which plunged me into a world of trouble.
　　此处「下放」是在特殊年代具有特殊含义的词汇，需要解释为be sent to do manual labour，外国人才知道「下放」是指去偏远山区「从事体力劳动」??把脑力劳动与体力劳动结合到一起 combine mental with manual labour??使某人陷入…… plunge sb into…萧乾《假如我是一个日本人》
　　「生灵涂炭」就是「老百姓遭殃」，现译作plunge into the abyss of untold suffering（让老百姓置身无尽苦难的深渊、将老百姓置于水深火热之中）两年后忽又调回省城，于是所有的书又装车回到福州。长途漫漫，车上驮着沉重的书，山一程，水一程，书上沾着山野的露水，带着青草的香味。
　　Two years later, when I was suddenly transferred back to Fuzhou, the books had to be loaded on a truck again for a long ride over mountains and rivers, exposing themselves to the dew drops of the mountain area and inhaling the aroma of green grass.
　　「长途漫漫，车上驮着沉重的书，山一程，水一程」，即路长，书重，跨过山和水。路长：a long ride。load这个单词已经包含了书重的意味。山和水出现具体意象mountains and rivers即可。将几个信息点整合成一句话即可。现译为the books had to be loaded on a truck again for a long ride over mountains and rivers long ride over mountains and rivers。
　　直至数年后，那整箱整箱的书又运回上海，重返我离去的地方。
　　It was not until many years later that the books, then packed in boxes, were at last transported back to Shanghai, the place where I had originally come from.
　　It was not until many years later that the books…是not until的强调句式。
　　then packed in boxes中then表示「当时」，而非「然后」??the place where I had originally come from是Shanghai的同位语。
　　全靠我家老二的强劳力和灵巧聪慧，才能保全颠沛流离中的旧书。
　　I owe the safety of my books to the efforts of my second son, who is physically strong and bright and clever.
　　把A归因/归功于B   owe A to B
　　例句
　　He owed his survival to his strength as a swimmer...
　　他是因为水性好才幸免于难的。
　　在焚书的年代，保存旧书无异是一笔小财富。
　　Books that have survived the age of obscurantism are without doubt an invaluable asset.
　　「焚书的年代」可译为the age of book-burning,现译为the age of obscurantism，意思相同，obscurantism 原意是「蒙昧」??without doubt也可换作no doubt、absolutely等。
　　这些旧书伴随我一生。
　　All my books are my life-long companions.
　　「伴随我一生」译作are my life-long companions，涉及词性转化。
　　在我的人生道路上相伴愈久，依恋之情也愈深。
　　The longer the companionship, the more profound my attachment for them.
　　译文是the+比较级，the+比较级结构
　　「特别喜欢」可译作like…very much或have a special attachment to…一般说来，私人藏书大致可分三类：待读又不可不读的书，可读可不读的书，不读的书。
　　Generally speaking, there are three kinds of books in my private collection, namely, books for required reading that have not yet been read, books for optional reading and books unworthy of reading.
　　「待读又不可不读的书」译为books for required reading that have not yet been read，其中 required 作「必须的」解。
　　最后一类最简单，论斤卖掉当纸浆即可。
　　Books of the last kind can be disposed of easily, that is, by selling them off cheap as waster paper bound for the pulp mill.
　　「论斤卖掉当纸浆」未按字面直译为by selling them off by the jin as paper pulp, 现译为 by selling them off cheap as waste paper bound for the pulp mill,其中用cheap 替代 by the jin，用as waste paper bound for the pulp mill 替代as paper pulp，有助理解。
　　第二类最难处理，大体上总要过目一遍，常常为一本书的去留煞费踌躇。
　　The second kind of books are most difficult to handle. I generally give a glance into them before making a difficult decision on whether to keep them or not.
　　「大体上总要过目一遍，常常为一本书的去留煞费踌躇」即指「判断此类书是否留下需要花费一些力气」。至于要花费什么力气？答案很明显是「要过目一遍」。故译作I generally give a glance into them before making a difficult decision on whether to keep them or not.
　　书是有感情的，总是藕断丝连地依依不舍，恨起来快刀斩乱麻统统散掉。
　　Books are emotional and always reluctant to part from me. And sometimes, in a fit of impatience, I will even feel like resolutely doing away them all at once.
　　依依不舍be reluctant to
　　何为《生命》
　　依依不舍地转身离去reluctantly turned round and left??「恨起来快刀斩乱麻统统散掉」即「有时一阵心烦，就想立刻把它们都散掉」，现译为And sometimes, in a fit of impatience, I will even feel like resolutely doing away them all at once。其中，in a fit of +表示情绪的词语，是固定搭配，表示情绪，比如in a fit of anger表示「一怒之下」??例如暨南大学MTI考试汉译英中有句话是：他情不自禁地对陪同他的藏族副县长说：“你真幸福啊！你是世界上最美丽的县的县长。”He then turned to his escort, the Tibetan deputy head of a county, and said in a fit of admiration, “How lucky you are to govern the most beautiful place in the world!”
　　我年轻时曾说过，书是最忠实的，只要你不离弃，它永不背叛你。啊，我的书！
　　As I said in my young days, books are most faithful and will never betray you so long as you don’t abandon them. Oh, my books!
　　faithful也可换作loyal
　　只要 as/so long as
　　巴金《做一个战士》
　　每个人都可以做战士，只要他有决心。
　　Anyone can be a fighter so long as he has the determination.
　　夏衍《野草》
　　只要生命存在，这种力就要显现
　　It will display itself so long as there is life.
　　说到第一类书，古典文学名著的精品以外，有许多文友们著作的签名本，也有自己喜欢的杂书，都是非保留不可的，Books of the first kind consist of many autographed copies of works by my literary friends and miscellaneous favorite books of mine as well as deluxe editions of literary classics. They are to be kept intact by all means.
　　consist of ：「组成、构成」有很多表达，平时注意积累。
　　Venice is a port composed of more than 100 small islands cut by a broad winding waterway serving as its avenue and numerous small crisscross water courses serving as its alleys.
　　威尼斯却是由一百多个小岛（组成）的，一条较宽的曲折的水道，就算是大街，其余许许多多纵横交织的小水道，就算是小巷。
　　签名本autographed copies
　　精品、豪华版deluxe edition
　　「都是非保留不可的」译作They are to be kept intact by all means。注意be to do的结构，及by all means指千万百计，对应「非（保留）不可」之意。
　　生也有涯，将来不得而知。
　　But, as there is a limit to human life, the future of these books is unknown.
　　as there is a limit to human life：as引导原因状语从句。
　　散书的年纪到了。
　　It is high time for me to give away my collected books.
　　是时候……It is high time for sb to do
　　「散书的年纪到了」是作者「年岁愈久」所发出的感慨，意同「我到了该散书的年纪了」我也想有所行动，然而那些山积的旧书，倘若分门别类，分批分散出去，从包扎装箱到邮寄，如此繁杂的体力劳动，现在我是无能为力了。
　　But it is beyond my power to do the toilsome labour of sorting out piles upon piles of books and then doing all the wrapping, packing and mailing.
　　「不能」译作beyond
　　我还没有那么大的本事
　　it is far beyond my capacity to 老舍《养花》
　　不可能beyond the possible 聂绀弩《我若为王》
　　不可描述beyond words
　　无能为力beyond my power
　　翻译时先找句子主干，可以使句子更加有逻辑，避免行文松散。本句主干为：现在我是无能为力做.....。中文先分后总，英文先总后分。这里的「如此繁杂的体力劳动」属于总，所以翻译的时候先说the toilsome labour，后面再详细举例。武峰12天里的举例是这样的：中国选手在跳水、乒乓球、羽毛球等项目上都获得了金牌。译文：The Chinese athletes won gold medals in these events, such as diving, table tennis and badminton.
　　幸而我故纸堆里有价值的东西不多，姑且等一等再说。
　　Fortunately, there are few things of much worth among piles of my musty old books. So I might as well take it easy.
　　做…倒也无妨might as well
　　别着急take it easy ，是口语中的常用表达。
　　例句
　　Take it easy! Don't panic.
　　沉住气！不要惊慌。
　　必背词汇
　　musty         adj. 有霉味的，发霉的
　　英义
　　Something that is musty smells old and damp.
　　例句
　　There are racks of musty clothing and piles of junk.
　　有几架子发霉的衣物和成堆的废旧杂物。
　　score        数量词.许多，大量
　　英义
　　If you refer to scores of things or people, you are emphasizing that there are very many of them.
　　例句
　　Campaigners lit scores of bonfires in ceremonies to mark the anniversary.
　　参加运动的人们在各种仪式上点起一垛垛篝火以纪念周年庆典。
　　veteran        cn.有经验的人，老手
　　英义
　　You use veteran to refer to someone who has been involved in a particular activity for a long time.
　　例句
　　We often asked the veteran workers for advice.
　　我们常常向老工人求教。
　　venerable         adj.因年高睿智德高望重的，令人崇敬的英义A venerable person deserves respect because they are old and wise.
　　例句
　　Her Chinese friends referred to the Empress as their venerable ancestor.
　　她的中国朋友们说这位女皇是他们值得敬仰的祖先。
　　jumble        cn.杂乱的一堆，混乱的一团
　　英义
　　A jumble of things is a lot of different things that are all mixed together in a disorganized or confused way.
　　例句
　　The shoreline was made up of a jumble of huge boulders.
　　海岸线上堆着一大堆杂乱的巨石。
　　headache         cn.使人头痛的事，棘手的事，难题英义If you say that something is a headache, you mean that it causes you difficulty or worry.
　　例句
　　The airline's biggest headache is the increase in the price of aviation fuel.
　　令航空公司最头痛的事就是航空燃料价格的上涨。
　　重点表达
　　偶感 random thoughts
　　散书give away one’s books
　　那天，前几天 the other day
　　大意谓 something to the effect that
　　人到老年 get on in years
　　常常想到 turn over in one’s mind
　　堆置 pile up
　　到处 here and there
　　加起来共计 add up to
　　未遭劫 survive the disaster
　　文革 Cultural Revolution
　　使经历/使陷入（不快的事情）plunge sb into sth.
　　露水 dew drops
　　青草的香味 the aroma of green grass
　　把A归功于B  own A to B
　　由......构成 consist of
　　一定，务必，尽一切办法 by all means
　　是时候做某事 It is high time for sb to do sth.
　　某人无能为力做某事 it is beyond one’s power to do sth.
　　分门别类 sort out
　　不妨做某事 might as well do sth.
　　复盘测试
　　偶感
　　散书
　　那天，前几天
　　大意谓
　　人到老年
　　常常想到
　　堆置
　　到处
　　加起来共计
　　未遭劫
　　文革
　　使经历/使陷入（不快的事情）
　　露水
　　青草的香味
　　把A归功于B
　　由......构成
　　一定，务必，尽一切办法
　　是时候做某事
　　某人无能为力做某事
　　分门别类
　　不妨做某事
　　表达对比
　　「处理」you有几种表达？
　　是啊，人到老年，有些事不能不考虑该如何（处理）了。
　　Yes, getting on in years, one needs to ponder over the question of how to deal with certain things in life.
　　我不认为我现在这个年纪还能应（付这）些了。
　　I don't think I could cope with all the long slogs now at my age.
　　他说道，如果企业要（应对）本世纪的挑战，这些创新思想举足轻重。
　　And these ideas are important, he said, if businesses are going to tackle the challenges of this century.
　　通常来说，员工们需要（处理）安全性问题，或者由管理员，或者审计员，或者经理来强化安全防御机制。
　　Often, staff is simply asked to address security issues or to increase their security posture by a manager, or an auditor, or an executive.
　　妈妈的手
　　Mother’s Hands
　　高莽
　　Gao Mang
　　背景知识：高莽，1926年生，哈尔滨人，笔名乌兰汗，是我国著名翻译家、作家、画家，终生从事俄罗斯文学翻译工作，曾任中国作家协会《世界文学》杂志总编辑，著有多部散文集。《妈妈的手》是他写于1992年的一篇讴歌亲情的佳作。
　　妈妈太老了，不过头发没有全白，脸上也没有出现几颗老人斑，只是腰背微驼。
　　Mother is a bit stooped with age, but her hair is only partially gray and her face has few old age speckles.
　　stooped adj.驼背的
　　「妈妈太老了，不过头发没有全白，脸上也没出现几颗老人斑，只是腰背微驼」如按原文次序直译为 Mother is very old, but her hair is only partially gray and her face has few old age speckles. She is a bit stooped, 前后两句缺乏连贯性。现把两句合译为 Mother is a bit stooped with age, but her hair is only partially gray and her face has few old age speckles,条理就较清楚。又「没有 全白」可译为 only partially gray 或only partly gray。
　　纤瘦的身体比30年前大约缩了一头。
　　Her small and thin stature, however, is shorter than thirty years ago by a head.
　　「纤瘦」译作small and thin。其中small是增译成分，补充出之后能和句子后半部分的「缩了一头」相呼应，更显出岁月在母亲身上留下的痕迹。
　　她的两只手，似乎只剩下几条青筋和一把骨头，And nothing seems to remain of her two hands but a few blue veins and bones.
　　nothing seems to remain of her two hands也可写作nothing of her two hands seems to remain。
　　「青筋」译作blue veins。不要纠结「青」为什么译作了blue，毕竟汉语中有「青天」，亦有「蓝天」手指也弯曲了，好像折弯而没有断的树枝。
　　The fingers looked quite out of shape like broken twigs still hanging on to trees.
　　「手指也弯曲了」如直译为The fingers were twisted （或crooked），似言过其实。应按「手指也变形了（或变了样）」译为The fingers looked quite out of shape（或 shapeless），较为确切??out of有多种含义，下面列出几种①离开ran out of the office
　　从办公室跑了出去
　　②失去
　　out of control失控
　　out of breath喘不过气
　　out of speech说不出话来
　　③来自
　　She paid for it out of her own pocket.
　　这笔费用是她自掏腰包支付的。
　　④出自、由于
　　out of pity处于怜悯心
　　out of loyalty本着一片忠心
　　hanging on过去分词作后置定语，修饰前面的twigs，本着翻译简洁原则，能用分词表达的就不用定语从句，越短越精炼。
　　妈妈有时望着自己的手，自嘲地说：“这哪是手指头啊，简直是鸡爪子……”
　　Sometimes, looking at her own hands, she will say in self-ridicule, “How can I still call them my fingers? They’re chicken claws …”
　　自嘲 self-ridicule
　　self-
　　自勉自励self-encouragement
　　自我防卫 self-defense means
　　自暴自弃had no urge for self-improvement
　　沾沾自喜feel very self-satisfied （或smug）舍己为公self-sacrifice自我反省self-examining形近词辨析：finger手指、figure数字
　　鸡爪子chicken claws。鹰爪也用claw一词。
　　每次我听到妈妈这种含有辛酸的话，就心疼不已。
　　At this, my heart invariably aches.
　　听到这些 at this, …
　　萧乾《枣核》
　　他劈头就问我：“……？”经他指点，我留意到台阶两旁是他手栽的两株垂杨柳，草坪中央有个睡莲池。
　　…he asked me, “…?” At this, I noticed a weeping willow, planted by himself, on either side of a flight of steps as well as a water-lily pond in the middle of the garden.
　　「每次……就/总」的含义处理为了invariably（不变地、总是）我还记得小的时候，妈妈怎样用一双细嫩的手为我洗头，洗身，洗脚。
　　When I was a child, I remember, mother used to wash my hair, my body and my feet with her delicate soft hands.
　　I remember是插入语。
　　过去常常…… used to do
　　习惯于…… be used to doing
　　被用来、将用于 be used to do
　　她的手轻轻摸抚着我的皮肤，好惬意，好温柔哟！
　　As her hands ran over me gently, what a feeling of comfort and warmth came over me!
　　感叹句
　　What修饰名词或名词短语
　　What a +adj +单数可数名词+主语+谓语！
　　What + adj +可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语！
　　How修饰adj/adv/v
　　How + adj/adv+主语+谓语!
　　How clever the boy is!
　　以who开头，表示惊奇
　　Who else will read such a book! 谁还会读这样的书！
　　以May开头，表示愿望
　　May you both be happy! 祝二位幸福
　　以here/there开头的感叹句
　　Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！
　　我还记得上学时，有一次老师让我在一个儿童剧里扮演松鼠的角色。
　　Once, when I was a schoolboy, my teacher wanted me to play the part of a squirrel in a children’s play.
　　schoolboy：如果「我」是女生，则要用schoolgirl??扮演……的角色play the part of…。此时，play是动词。又，in a children’s play中的play是名词，表示话剧等。
　　可服装要自己解决，我急得不知如何是好。
　　I worried very much about the stage costume that, according to the teacher, had to be provided by myself.
　　according to the teacher是增译成分，表明「老师告诉大家（服装要自己解决）」妈妈安慰我：“你放心好了！我给你做……”
　　Mother set my heart at ease by saying, “Don’t worry! I’ll make one for you all right …”
　　「我给你做」译为I’ll make one for you all right，其中短语all right用来加重语气，作「无疑」「确实」等解。
　　「安慰我」译作set my heart。其中，at ease是「放松的」。set也可换做made、put等词。
　　妈妈买来一块灰绒布，剪裁、缝纫。
　　Thereupon, she bought a piece of gray cotton flannel and started cutting it out and sewing.
　　剪裁cutting …out
　　缝纫sewing
　　裁缝tailor
　　订做的，合身的tailored
　　第三天清早，我醒来时，发现妈妈依然坐在缝纫机前，On the early morning of the third day, when I woke up, I was surprised to find her still sitting at the sewing machine.
　　「发现妈妈依然坐在缝纫机前」译为I was surprised to find her still sitting at the sewing machine，其中surprised作「意外」解，是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　她微微一笑，拿起一件带大尾巴的松鼠式戏装让我看。试了一下，好极了。
　　She smilingly showed me the stage costume for a squirrel with a bushy tail. I tried it on. It was perfect.
　　「微微一笑」没有译作谓语部分，而是处理为了副词smilingly，对「让我看show me」的动作进行修饰，较为简洁。
　　「一件带大尾巴的松鼠式戏装」译为the stage costume for a squirrel with a bushy tail，其中把「大尾巴」译为 a bushy tail，比a big tail更确切， bushy的原意是「毛茸茸的」「毛密的」??试穿try on例句Try on clothing and shoes to make sure they fit.
　　试穿一下衣服和鞋子，看看是否合适。
　　那时，我根本没有想过：妈妈为了让自己的儿子高兴，连夜不睡辛劳了几天。
　　At that time, nevertheless, little did I ponder about mother having spent quite a few sleepless nights toiling for her son’s sake.
　　那时At that time
　　nevertheless是增译成分，能更好地凸显「我」的情绪：但我却从未想过……稍长，我喜欢伏在妈妈身边，看她在布头上缝绣彩色花条，When I was older, I would nestle by mother’s side and watch her embroidering brilliant flowers on a piece of cloth.
　　「稍长」用older比较级的形式译出
　　依偎/围在妈妈身边nestle by mother’s side她那么专注，那么细心，缝了拆，拆了缝，稍有欠妥的地方，一定返工。
　　She worked attentively and meticulously, unstitching what she had sewn or re-sewing what she had unstitched, always doing all over again whatever she considered inadequate.
　　「缝了拆，拆了缝」译为unstitching what she had sewn or re-sewing what she had unstitched,也可简化为 unstitching or re-sewing。
　　「缝了拆，拆了缝」译作unstitching what she had sewn or re-sewing what she had unstitched，将语意进行了转化：拆缝好的地方，缝拆开的地方。
　　后来，我看到布头上绽开了鲜花，长出了绿叶，飞来了小鸟，似乎还能闻到花草的清香，听到鸟儿啼鸣。
　　When fresh flowers, green leaves and flying birds eventually appeared on the cloth, I seemed to smell the faint scent of flowers and plants and hear the tweeting of birds.
　　似乎seem to do/seem that
　　例句
　　The arguments seem to be never-ending.
　　争论似乎永远不会停止。
　　这是妈妈为我缝制的枕头套。我喜爱极了。
　　Mother had made an embroidered pillowcase for me. I was overjoyed.
　　欣喜若狂，太开心了 overjoyed
　　前缀over-常表示「过火、过度」，如overachieve超额完成、overrate高估。
　　我睡在这个枕头上，感受到妈妈的手爱抚着我的脸，温暖着我的心，连夜里的梦也不太苦涩了。
　　When I lay with my head pillowed on it, I felt as if her hand were fondly caressing my face and warming my heart, and I were no longer disturbed by bad dreams.
　　with my head pillowed on it是with复合结构。
　　with复合结构在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。常见形式有七种，with+名词/代词+介词短语（形容词/副词/名词/done/-ing分词/to do）I felt as if her hand were fondly caressing my face…??as if从句的两种用法：
　　一、 as if 从句用陈述语气（相对于虚拟语气而言）,即你所表达的句子是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。设想语境:比方说你现在屋里看不到外面的情况,却听到了雨滴声,表达如下:It sounds as if it is raining． 听起来像是在下雨。
　　二、as if 从句用虚拟语气，当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：
　　（1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。
　　（2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。
　　（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形。
　　妈妈手中产生的每件东西，都精致，都漂亮。她总是精益求精。
　　Everything that mother makes by hand is delicate and nice-looking, and she keeps trying to do better.
　　精益求精try to do better。又，努力做try to do ;尝试做try doing。
　　“文革”期间，五七干校的军宣队禁止我们外国文学工作者阅读中外文学作品，我便利用这个机会学习缝纫。
　　During the so-called “Cultural Revolution”, when I was sent to a farm school, I, like all other scholars in the field of foreign literature, was denied access to foreign literary books. So I took the opportunity to learn sewing instead.
　　文革/文化大革命Cultural Revolution
　　文化大革命全称「无产阶级文化大革命」，是一场由毛泽东发动，被反革命集团利用，给党、国家和各族人民带来严重灾难的内乱。1966年5月至1976年10月的「文化大革命」，使党、国家和人民遭到建国以来最严重的挫折和损失。
　　被派去be sent to
　　a farm school ——Referring to the "May Seventh Cadre School9” set up in the countryside across China in accordance with Mao Zedong's "May 7th Directive" issued during the so-called “Cultural Revolution”(1966—1976), to which innumerable intellectuals, government officials, etc. were sent to do physical labour.
　　积累access to的用法。
　　梁实秋《学问与趣味》
　　「走进学问的大门」也可直译为to enter the gate of learning。现译为to gain access to scholarship，其中to gain access to是惯用搭配，作「进入」「到达」或「接触，拿到」解。
　　这时我才感念妈妈几十年来为我和哥哥们缝制衣服付出了多少精力与心血。妈妈的手是什么时候变得粗糙了呢？
　　Only then did I fully realize how for scores of years mother had toiled away at making clothes for my elder brothers and me. When did her hands start to become so rough?
　　Only then did I fully realize：
　　only位于句首修饰状语要倒装。在句首的only如果后面跟了副词、介词短语或从句等状语，则主句用倒装结构.如only后跟的是主语,就不用倒装结构了。例如：
　　Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get back to work．Only in this way can you learn English well．Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved．Only the teachers are allowed to use the room．（不倒装）Only five men were hurt in the accident．（不倒装）注意,only和所修饰的状语如果不在句首，则不倒装。如：
　　The boy was helped out only when his father arrived in a hurry．Only then did he realize the importance of English.
　　only then，是过一小会儿的意思，一般用在句首,引导倒装句。如：Only then did he realize the importance of English．??数十年 scores of years吴冠中《毁画》
　　数十年风风雨雨中作了大批画……
　　I produced a great many paintings during the scores of difficult years.
　　辛苦劳作toil away
　　例句
　　When the sun was up, people would toil away, but when the sun set, the work day was pretty much done.
　　当太阳初升, 人们会辛苦劳作, 而太阳落山时, 一天的工作宣告完成。
　　妈妈老了，她的手已经拿不住针线，也不能做饭了，甚至走路时也要手扶墙壁。
　　She is old. Her hands are now too enfeebled to do even needlework or cooking. When she walks, she has to move along with a groping hand on the wall for support.
　　too enfeebled to do…是too…to…（太……以至于不能……）的结构。也可换用so that等结构。
　　「要手扶墙壁」译为 with a groping hand on the wall for support,其中groping是译文中的添加词，作「触摸」解。
　　墙壁上留下被她的手磨损的痕迹。
　　Consequently, the wall now bears traces of the wear and tear of the continual touching of her hand.
　　Consequently是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意，补充出了「因母亲总是扶墙导致……」的逻辑关系。
　　积累bear一词的用法。此处换做is cover with也可以。
　　冰心《生命从八十岁开始》
　　……旁边写着“冰心同志八十大寿”……
　　It bears the inscriptions “On the 80th birthday of Comrade Bing Xin”…??磨损、损耗wear and tear。英文中有很多这样押尾韵的表达。
　　前几年，妈妈90岁生日，我决定亲手给她做一套便服衣裤。自认为这是儿子最好的一件礼物，她一定会高兴。
　　Several years ago, to celebrate her 90th birthday, I decided to make her by myself a suit of clothes for everyday wear, consisting of a short coat and a pair of trousers, thinking that it would be the best gift possible from her son and that it would surely delight her much.
　　「我决定亲手给她做一套便服衣裤」译作I decided to make her by myself a suit of clothes for everyday wear, consisting of a short coat and a pair of trousers. 其中，consist of后面部分属于增译部分，欣赏即可，如果在考场上，能翻译出前半部分就算忠实原文。又，便衣裤是everyday wear，其中everyday是形容词，作“日常的”讲。区分every day，这个词可不能作形容词。
　　那天，妈妈接过我缝制的衣服，脸上闪着光亮，眼睛在微笑。
　　As she received the clothes on her birthday, her face brightened up with smiles.
　　积累brighten up在此句语境中的用法。其英义为to start to look happy again（高兴）例句Oh, I know the answer!’ she said, brightening up.
　　冯骥才《富人区》
　　他眉毛一扬，笑道…
　　he brightened up and said with a smile…
　　何为《困水记》
　　顿时眉飞色舞…
　　he brightened up at once…
　　那天，我满怀幸福地睡了。
　　That night, I had blissful hours of sleep.
　　「满怀幸福地睡了」按「睡梦中很幸福」之意译作had blissful hours of sleep。其中blissful也替换为happy。
　　半夜醒来，我发现了一条灯光从妈妈的门缝里泄出来。
　　Around midnight, I woke up to find lamplight coming in through the crack of her door.
　　午夜时分、半夜Around midnight
　　例句
　　It wasn't discreet of you to call him around midnight.
　　你半夜打电话给他是不妥的行为。
　　「门窗的缝隙」可用crack一词。
　　是妈妈没有睡？是妈妈忘了熄灯？
　　I wondered if she was staying up late or had gone to bed forgetting to put out the lamplight.
　　对于问句的处理，有三种办法:1仍以问句译出；2用I wonder…；3若为反问句类型，可用陈述句译出其真正含义。
　　熬夜、睡的很晚stay up late
　　熄灭、扑灭put out
　　例句
　　to put out a candle/cigarette/light
　　熄灭蜡烛/香烟/灯火
　　Firefighters soon put the fire out.
　　消防人员很快把火扑灭了。
　　我下床走向门缝，往她的屋里观望。她正坐在床上，围着被，戴着老花镜，手中拿着我缝制的衣裤，在细细地观看。
　　I got out of bed and peeping into her room through the crack, I saw her sitting on the bed with a quilt draped over her shoulders. With a pair of presbyopic glasses on, she was holding in her hands the suit of clothes I had made and examining it closely.
　　「围着被」意即「肩上披着被」，应译with a quilt draped over her shoulders，不应按字面直译为 covered by a quilt, with a quilt around her等。
　　结合上下文，此处「细细地观看」更侧重于「检查（针脚等）」，故译作examining it closely。
　　「看」的辨析：look、glance、 gaze、stare、glimpse、glarelookan act of looking at sb/sth 指看、瞧：
　　例如：Here, have a look at this. 来，看一看这个。
　　glance
　　a quick look 指匆匆一看、一瞥、扫视：
　　例如：She stole a glance at her watch. 她偷偷看了看表。
　　gaze
　　a long steady look at sb/sth 指凝视、注视：
　　例如：She felt embarrassed under his steady gaze. 她在他凝视的目光下感到很尴尬。
　　stare
　　a long look at sb/sth, especially in a way that is unfriendly or that shows surprise 尤指不友善或吃惊的盯、凝视、注视：
　　例如：She gave the officer a blank stare and shrugged her shoulders.她面无表情地盯着那个军官，耸了耸肩。
　　glimpse
　　a look at sb/sth for a very short time, when you do not see the person or thing completely 指一瞥、一看：
　　例如：He caught a glimpse of her in the crowd. 他在人群里一眼瞥见了她。
　　glare
　　a long angry look at sb/sth 指长久的怒视、瞪眼：
　　例如：She fixed her questioner with a hostile glare. 她带着敌意瞪着向她提问的人。
　　她慢慢地摸来一把小剪子。她要干什么？我屏住呼吸。
　　Then she slowly fished out from somewhere a pair of small scissors. What was she up to? I held my breath.
　　fish out (of sth) 表示「(从…中)取出，拿出，拖出」例句She fished a piece of paper out of the pile on her desk.
　　她从桌上一大堆纸中抽出了一张。
　　屏住呼吸hold one’s breath
　　倒抽一口冷气draw a cold breath
　　咽气，断气breathe one's last
　　喘不过气out of breath
　　天哪！原来……原来她用颤颤抖抖的手开始拆卸我为她特意缝制的新衣服。我的心顿时凉了！
　　Good Heavens! So she was going to unstitch with her trembling hands the new clothes I had specially made for her. My heart sank.
　　（表示惊奇或气恼）天哪，我的天Good Heavens!是常用口语表达。
　　表示「开始着手做某事」的多种表达：begin/ start / open / embark on sth / take sth up / set about sth / go about sth/ commence??中文中常说「我的心顿时凉了！」「我的心沉到了谷底」，可译为My heart sank。
　　妈妈，这是您60岁的儿子亲手给您缝制的衣服呀！为什么不穿，反而拆成片呢？
　　O mother, that was the suit your 60-year-old son had made for you! Why were you going to unstitch it rather than wear it?
　　instead of 和rather than的区别
　　都有「而不是」的意思。
　　instead of：「代替，而不是」，重点词是of，它是介词，所以后接名词，代词和v-ing形式，尤其需注意的是动词该用动名词形式，即v-ingrather than：「（是……）而不是……」，它是连词，前后成分在形式上必须保持一致，所以后面的结构应该与前面一样，就有可能出现代词主格，动词的各种形式等，不一而足，但关键是要和与它对比的结构形式一致！
　　例句
　　I’ll go there instead of him.
　　I rather than he（与I一致）will go there.
　　Yesterday he walked here instead of driving here.
　　Yesterday he walked here rather than drove（与walked一致）here.
　　过了几天，我实在憋不住了，才问妈妈。
　　Several days later, I couldn’t hold back the question in my mind any more.
　　隐瞒hold back
　　例句
　　You seem to be holding something back.
　　你好像隐瞒了点什么。
　　妈妈盯着我的眼睛，过了半晌，开口说：“你缝的不合格啊！线——扎得不直、不匀，有些粗糙……干活儿可不能这样！”
　　She stared into my eyes for quite a while and then said, “Your needlework isn’t up to standard. The stitches are untidy and uneven. The whole thing is crude … That’s not the way to go about your work.”
　　半晌for quite a while
　　达到标准、合乎标准up to standard
　　从事、进行go about
　　例句
　　We were simply going about our business when we were pounced upon by these police officers.
　　我们像往常一样正干得好好的，却遭到这些警察的突然袭击。
　　她把衣裤都拆了，想背着我重缝起来，可是手不听使唤，缝不成了，She had the whole suit unstitched and wanted to re-sew it behind my back, but she just couldn’t make it, her fingers being all thumbs with age.
　　had the whole suit unstitched是have…done的结构。
　　「可是手不听使唤，缝不成了」译为but she couldn’t make it, her fingers being all thumbs with age, 其中 her fingers being all thumbs 源于成语one's fingers are all thumbs，作「手指笨拙」「手指不灵巧」解。此句也可译为but, being all thumbs with age, she just couldn't make it。又，make it泛指「成功做成某事」妈妈看着自己那双哆哆嗦嗦的枯手，叹了一口气。
　　Looking at her tremulous wizened hand, she sighed.
　　Looking at her tremulous wizened hand作伴随状语。
　　妈妈劳动一生，我回想了一下，她无论干什么事，的确从不曾让人有些许挑剔。
　　Mother has been diligent with her hands all her life. She always saw to it that she was faultless in whatever she did.
　　「妈妈劳动了一生，我回想了一下」译为Mother has been diligent with her hands all her life即可，第二句可不译。又，第一句的意思是「妈妈一生爱用双手劳动」，如按字面直译为Mother has been working all her life，内涵不尽相同。
　　( She always saw to it that…
　　to see to it that…与to make sure that..同义，作「确保」解。
　　如今，她不能劳动了，可是对儿子的劳动成果，也决不放松一针一线。
　　Now she is too old to work, but she is very strict with my performance.
　　「对儿子的劳动成果，也决不放松一针一线」旨在说明母亲的「精益求精」「对儿子要求严格」，不用非得按字面意思译出「一针一线」。译作is very strict with my performance即可。
　　我望着妈妈的双手，心想：妈妈教给我的，岂只是不应该缝制不合格的衣服？！
　　The sight of mother’s hands always plunges me into deep thought: Her teaching goes far beyond the making of good clothes.
　　使陷入plunge sb into sth
　　使我陷入沉思plunges me into deep thought
　　「岂止是」译作goes far beyond（不仅仅是）《韩刚90天突破二笔》
　　中国不仅致力于自身发展和造福本国人民……
　　The gains of China’s development go far beyond its borders...
　　必背词汇
　　squirrel        cn.松鼠
　　英义
　　A squirrel is a small animal with a long furry tail. Squirrels live mainly in trees.
　　例句
　　Red squirrels are now very rare in Britain.
　　红色松鼠在英国已十分罕见了。
　　stature      un.身高，个子
　　英义
　　Someone's stature is their height.
　　例句
　　She was a little short in stature.
　　她个子较矮。
　　vein        cn.静脉
　　英义
　　Your veins are the thin tubes in your body through which your blood flows towards your heart.
　　例句
　　Many veins are found just under the skin.
　　许多静脉血管就在皮肤下面。
　　claw        cn. (鸟兽的)爪，脚爪
　　英义
　　The claws of a bird or animal are the thin, hard, curved nails at the end of its feet.
　　例句
　　The cat tried to cling to the edge by its claws.
　　猫试图用爪子抓住边缘。
　　重点表达
　　变形/走样  out of shape
　　自嘲 self-ridicule
　　一块灰绒布 a piece of gray cotton flannel花草的清香 the faint scent of flowers and plants鸟儿啼鸣 the tweeting of birds精益求精 try to do better文革 Cultural Revolution
　　利用机会做某事 take the opportunity to do sth.
　　门缝  the crack of her door
　　熬夜 stay up late
　　熄灯 put out the lamplight
　　老花镜 presbyopic glasses
　　她要干什么？What was she up to?
　　屏住呼吸 hold one’s breath
　　天哪！Good Heavens!
　　合格 up to standard
　　成功 make it
　　哆哆嗦嗦的枯手 tremulous wizened hand
　　复盘测试
　　变形/走样
　　自嘲
　　一块灰绒布
　　花草的清香
　　鸟儿啼鸣
　　精益求精
　　文革
　　利用机会做某事
　　门缝
　　熬夜
　　熄灯
　　老花镜
　　她要干什么？
　　屏住呼吸
　　天哪！
　　合格
　　成功
　　哆哆嗦嗦的枯手
　　表达对比
　　「开始做某事」有几种表达？
　　…她用颤颤抖抖的手（开始）拆卸我为她特意缝制的新衣服。
　　…she was going to unstitch with her trembling hands the new clothes I had specially made for her.
　　一两个评论家已经（开始）把这两个名字弄混了。
　　Already, one or two critics have begun to muddle the two names...
　　他（开始）追求自己的艺术爱好。
　　He set out to follow his artistic inclinations.
　　她即将（开始）外交生涯。
　　She is about to embark on a diplomatic career.
　　学年于10月初（开始）
　　The academic year commences at the beginning of October.
　　过戈壁 ——哲中
　　Crossing the Gobi Desert ——Zhe Zhong
　　背景知识：哲中(1933- )，安徽省肥东县人，当代作家，1959年于中国人民大学法律系毕业后，志愿赴新疆工作。著有小说散文集《天山的阳光》、长篇游记《一个神秘世界的见闻》、散文集《大漠的歌》等。所著《过戈壁》一文选自1986年10月14日《人民日报》。
　　茫茫的戈壁望不到边，黄羊不落脚，马儿不敢走。
　　The Gobi Desert was boundless, so even Mongolian gazelles and horses dared not venture into it.
　　「黄羊不落脚，马儿不敢走」可按「黄羊和马儿都不敢冒险进入」之意译为even Mongolian gazelles and horses dared not venture into it，其中venture into作「冒险涉足」解。
　　dare（敢）的两种用法：
　　其一，dare用作情态动词，后跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。
　　例句
　　Dare you catch the mouse?
　　你敢抓这只老鼠吗？
　　其二，dare用作实义动词，有人称和数及时态变化。其后的动词不定式可带to也可不带，一般肯定句中要有to，否定句和疑问句中可有可无。
　　例句
　　I dare to jump down from the top of the wall.
　　我敢从墙头跳下来。
　　She doesn’t dare (to) face her mother.
　　她不敢面对母亲。
　　遍地铺着尖利的石头，步行更是困难。
　　The desert plain, covered with sharp-edged rock fragments, was even more difficult for foot travelers to negotiate.
　　列举cover的部分用法。
　　1、覆盖
　　遍地铺着尖利的石头
　　covered with sharp-edged rock fragments
　　2、掩护
　　在夜色的掩护下
　　under cover of night
　　3、报道
　　采访过滇缅路
　　covering the Yunnan-Burmese Road
　　4、封面
　　我少有全体读完的大部的书
　　I seldom read a thick book from cover to cover??「步行更是困难」译为was even more difficult for foot travelers to negotiate，其中foot travelers作「徒步旅行者」解，to negotiate的意思是「胜利通过」「越过」等。
　　我呆呆地望着前方。
　　I stood gazing blankly into the distance.
　　blankly
　　刘白羽《白蝴蝶之恋》
　　我痴痴望着它。
　　I stared at it blankly, …
　　此句意同「我呆呆地看着它」「我茫然凝视着它」等，可译为 I stared at it blankly (或vacantly)林海音《冬阳·童年·骆驼队》
　　我看得呆了……
　　I looked blankly...
　　何为《照片上的童年》
　　我漠然看着……
　　I stared blankly …
　　stood gazing…：可把gazing…理解为伴随状语，或者主补。
　　傍晚时分，戈壁上传来悠扬的驼铃。
　　Towards evening, the sweet jingling of camel bells was heard from across the desert.
　　傍晚时分Towards evening
　　1999年底 Towards the end of 1999
　　悠扬的驼铃the sweet jingling of camel bells冰心《再寄小读者》
　　悠扬的钟声
　　melodious sound of bells
　　一峰骆驼（身后还有一峰小骆驼），兴冲冲地向我走来。
　　A camel, followed by a baby camel, came towards me sprightly.
　　came towards me也可替换为walked up to me。
　　驼背上没有骑手，旁边也不见人影。骆驼主人呢？难道它是野骆驼吗？
　　No one was sitting astride the animal, nor any one standing beside it. Who was its master? Was it a wild camel?
　　astride是介词，指「跨坐/骑在…上」
　　nor any one standing beside it：nor是并列连词，此处为省略结构（若并列句中左右两个分句出现重复的部分，则后一个分句可以省略重复的部分）。补充完整为nor any one was standing beside it。
　　它走向前来，拿粉红色的舌头舔我手背，用鼻头拱我口袋。
　　As it moved closer to me, it stuck out its pink tongue to lick the back of my hand and dug its snout into my pocket.
　　伸出，探出stick out
　　吐舌头 stick out one’s tongue
　　我拿出干粮招待它。
　　I gave it a feed of the food I had brought with me for the journey.
　　干粮 a feed of the food。
　　其中，a feed of是数量的描述词。
　　它吃完干粮，转身卧到地上，示意请我骑到背上。
　　After eating, it turned to lie on the ground, motioning me to ride on it.
　　motioning me to ride on it作伴随状语。
　　卧到地上lie on the ground
　　从地上飘起drift from the ground
　　夷为平地been raged to the ground
　　跪地伏拜throw oneself on the ground
　　我犹豫了一下，终于骑上去。
　　I did accordingly after some hesitation.
　　did accordingly表示「照（骆驼示意的）做」此时夕阳西去，夜幕缓缓升起。
　　The sun was setting in the west and night was falling.
　　补充几个表达
　　夕阳setting sun
　　破晓，黎明 dawn arrives；the day is breaking…刚刚黎明The day is just dawning在破晓时分at the crack of dawn整日from dawn till dusk
　　晨昏时节at dawn or dusk
　　我忐忑不安，不知是悲是喜？
　　I felt uneasy, not knowing if I was sad or happy.
　　not knowing if I was sad or happy作伴随状语。
　　戈壁之夜，繁星在头上闪烁，月华如银，我仿佛走进梦中。
　　It was a starry moonlit night on the Gobi. I felt like in a dream.
　　「戈壁之夜，繁星在头上闪烁，月华如银」合并译为It was a starry moonlit night on the Gobi，涉及转化。又，繁星stars、繁星点点的star-studded、星空the starry sky。
　　在驼背上，我甚至产生怀疑，怕它对我怀着歹意。
　　Sitting astride on the camel’s back, I even became suspicious, fearing that the camel might have malicious intent against me.
　　「歹意」即「恶意」，现译作malicious intent (against)。
　　一夜就这么提心吊胆地过去了。
　　I was nervous the whole night.
　　「一夜」译作the whole night，也可译作all night。
　　第二天，太阳从东方升起，我的神经才稍稍松弛了一些。
　　It was not until the next dawn that I became somewhat relaxed.
　　译文为not until的强调举行。
　　somewhat作副词，表示「有点儿，有些，有几分，稍微」骆驼仍然驮着我缓缓地由东向西行进。
　　The camel, carrying me on its back, continued to move slowly from east to west.
　　「仍然」按「继续」之意译作continued to。
　　过了戈壁，就是我此行的目的地了，但我仍然揣摩不透它的心意。
　　I was to reach my destination after getting out of the Gobi, but I still couldn’t figure out the earners intention.
　　弄懂，弄清楚，弄明白 figure out
　　戈壁上突然刮起龙卷风，我们置身风暴当中。
　　A tornado suddenly whirled over the Gobi and we were caught in a violent storm.
　　「我们置身风暴当中」中的「置身」有「陷入困境」(to get trapped)的含义，全句可译为We were caught in a violent storm。
　　天昏地暗，飞沙走石。
　　It turned dark all round and the fierce wind sent sands flying about and pebbles hurtling through the air.
　　彻底地、全面地 all round
　　例句
　　a good performance all round
　　从各方面看来都精彩的演出
　　「飞沙走石」译为the fierce wind sent sands flying about and pebbles hurtling through the air，其中sand本是不可数的物质名词，用复数形式，是为了加强语气。又，使进入(某种状态) send sb. into…/send sb. V-ing/ send sb adj骆驼站立着，稳如泰山，让我藏到它身子下面，我才免遭风沙伤害。
　　The camel, however, stood rock-firm. I hid myself under its belly so as to protect myself from the sand storm.
　　however是增译成分，将「我」的狼狈与骆驼的「稳如泰山」进行对比。
　　rock-firm 副词，指「坚如磐石、屹立不动」风沙过去了，它又驮着我继续前行。
　　After the sand storm passed off, the camel, with me on its back, started to move forward again.
　　（以某方式）发生并完成pass off
　　例句
　　The demonstration passed off peacefully.
　　示威游行始终和平地进行。
　　「又驮着我继续前行」译作started to move forward again。也可以用resume一词。
　　我的心便从怀疑而至感激了。
　　A sense of gratitude had then replaced suspicion in my heart.
　　…感 a sense of
　　责任感a sense of responsibility
　　感激a sense of gratitude
　　成就感 a sense of accomplishment
　　走了一天一夜，已经很疲乏了，骆驼也得休息一下。
　　A day and night passed and I felt tired out. And the camel was in need of a rest too.
　　筋疲力尽be tired/worn out
　　例句
　　He returned home as wet as a rag, and tired out from weariness and hunger.
　　皮诺乔像只落汤鸡似地回家里，他又累又饿，一点力气也没有了。
　　我找到了一块洼地住下，让骆驼到戈壁滩上去吃草。
　　I found a low-lying place for a stopover. Then the camel went grazing at a sandy beach.
　　洼地a low-lying place
　　盆地basin
　　平原basin
　　「找到了一块洼地住下」就是「找块洼地休息一下」，现译作for a stopover。stopover意为「中途停留」??戈壁沙漠是世界上巨大的荒漠与半荒漠地区之一，绵亘在中亚浩瀚的大地，跨越蒙古和中国广袤的空间。戈壁多数地区不是沙漠而是裸岩。戈壁，在蒙古语中有沙漠、砾石荒漠、干旱的地方等意思。
　　是夜云头很低，睡梦中觉得谁在拽我裤腿。
　　It was a night with clouds hanging low. I was roused from sleep by somebody pulling me by the trouser legs.
　　I was roused from sleep（被从睡梦中叫醒）是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　才翻身，眼前闪动着一双双绿幽幽的眼睛。
　　I turned over in bed and saw pairs of eerie green eyes glistening.
　　「眼前闪动着一双双绿幽幽的眼睛」译为I ... saw pairs of eerie green eyes glistening，其中eerie的意思是「令人害怕的」「怪异的」，是译文中的增添词，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　我一骨碌从地上坐起，狼知道我没有死，一起向我裂开大嘴。
　　So I sat up from the ground abruptly. Seeing that I was alive, the wolves bared their fangs ferociously.
　　「一起向我裂开大嘴」如按字面the wolves opened their mouths wide (或opened their big mouths)，未能充分传神达意，现译为the wolves bared their fangs ferociously (露出一付利牙尖齿的凶相)，似较可取。
　　这时远处一声怒吼，在那边吃草的骆驼冲过来，和狼厮打到一块。
　　At this very moment, the camel rushed with an angry roar from its grazing land to fight the wolves.
　　「这时」译作At this very moment，其中very是形容词，与名词连用，起强调作用。例如：History is taking place before your very eyes.历史就在你的眼前发生。原文中虽写的是「这时」，其实蕴含「千钧一发」的含义，毕竟是生死关头。
　　三头狼，一头被咬死，一头受伤，一头吓跑了。
　　Consequently, one of the three wolves was bitten to death, another was injured and still another fled through fear.
　　…to death表示「……而亡」，例如：饿死starve to death；流血而亡is bleeding to death；被打死be beaten to death；被咬死be bitten to death。
　　骆驼将我揽到身边，像是怕狼再来吃我。
　　The camel then took care to keep me close to itself for fear that the wolves might come again to attack me.
　　小心做某事take care to do
　　例句
　　But they took care to prevent me from learning their name.
　　可他们提防着不让我知道他们的名字。
　　我扑到它身上，一个劲地亲。
　　I threw myself on it and kissed it vigorously.
　　扑到它身上threw myself on it
　　何为《回忆一个历史镜头》
　　跪地伏拜throw oneself on the ground（扑倒在地）经过五天五夜，我们走出了戈壁。
　　We were out of the Gobi five days and nights later.
　　「走出了戈壁」译作were out of the Gobi，也可译作went out of…和骆驼分别时，我有许多话要说，但它不懂，只好摆摆手走了。
　　At parting, there were many things I could have said to the camel, but I refrained because it could never understand human speech. All I did was walk away waving my hand.
　　介词短语At parting作时间状语。
　　refrain from (doing) sth表示「不去做某事、避免做某事」例句Please refrain from smoking during the performance.
　　演出时请勿吸烟。
　　我走了很远，它还站在原地向我凝望。
　　After walking a long way off, I still saw it stand fixing its eyes on me.
　　很长一段路 a long way off
　　例句
　　But that goal is a long way off.
　　不过，要实现这一目标还有很长的一段路要走。
　　盯着，凝视，凝望 feast/fix one’s eyes on sth.
　　到了目的地，友人说，驮我过戈壁的骆驼的主人，是塔吉克的牧驼人。
　　On reaching my destination, a friend of mine there told me the camel that had carried me across the Gobi belonged to a Tajik trainer of camels.
　　「是」不只有be一种翻法，比如这里的belong to。而且，中文的「是」很多情况下包含了其他的意思。
　　“牧驼人呢？我没有见到他呀！”我很诧异。
　　“老牧驼人要是活着，也该有几百上千岁了。”
　　“Where is he? I haven't seen him yet,” I asked in astonishment.
　　“If the old herdsman were still alive, he should be several hundred or even more than a thousand years old.”
　　yet在否定句中常译作「还、尚、迄今、到那时」“他有后代吗？”
　　“他有儿子、孙子、重孙，子子孙孙，都在戈壁上牧驼。”
　　“How about his descendants?”
　　“He had sons, grandsons and grand grandsons — all of them looking after camels on the Gobi.”
　　「他有后代吗？」未直译，而是意译为「那他的后代呢？」，较为礼貌。
　　— all of them looking after camels on the Gobi：独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开(有时也用破折号)。
　　“老人家怎么把骆驼驯养得这么听话？”
　　“这话奇怪。老人家没有驯养出来这样的骆驼，你能走过戈壁吗？”
　　“How did the old man manage to raise and train the camels until they were so tame and gentle?”
　　“Well, had it not been for the old herdsman, you wouldn't be able to cross the Gobi, would you?”
　　had it not been for 为虚拟条件从句 if it had not been for的倒装(省略if),也可改用but for表达。
　　you wouldn't be able to cross the Gobi, would you?是反义疑问句。
　　回来的路上，我又骑上那峰骆驼。
　　On my return trip over the Gobi, I rode on the same camel.
　　回程return trip
　　单程票a one-way ticket
　　往返票a round-trip ticket/a return ticket到了戈壁才发现，随身带的水壶忘了装水。没有饮水，这长长的戈壁怎么过去？
　　I realized on my arrival at the Gobi that I had forgotten to replenish my canteen with water, which was indispensable for travelers on the Gobi.
　　「没有饮水，这长长的戈壁怎么过去？」译作which was indispensable for travelers on the Gobi。对于问句的处理，有三种办法:1仍以问句译出；2用I wonder…；3若为反问句类型，可用陈述句译出其真正含义。
　　这里的太阳火炉一样，烤得我浑身冒汗，口干得张不开。
　　Under the scorching sun, I was sweating all over and my mouth was parched.
　　表达「天气炎热」
　　1、（赤日炎炎）的酷暑，人们怕太阳，太阳并不总赐予幸福，它可能是伪君子，它令禾苗枯萎，荼毒生灵。
　　People dread the sun in （sweltering） summer days. The sun does not always give us blessings. It may be a hypocrite, causing seedlings to wither and plunging people into the depth of misery.
　　2、在超过 90 华氏度的高温下，乘客（热得要命）。
　　Passengers （sweltered） in temperatures of over 90°F.
　　3、尽管（高温）酷暑，但大部分游客都能从容接受。
　　But despite （the searing temperatures）, tourists largely seemed to take it in stride.
　　4、那是一个（大热天）。
　　It was （a scorching hot day）.
　　5、来自阿富汗的民众在（酷热）中排着长队等候。
　　Those coming over from Afghanistan described long lines （in the blistering heat）.
　　头一天熬过去了，第二天处于半昏迷状态，第三天一头栽倒在戈壁上。
　　I managed to pull through on the first day, I had fainting fits on the second day, and I fell onto the ground on the third day.
　　渡过难关、艰难度过或完成（某件困难的事）pull through例句It's going to be tough but we'll pull through it together.
　　这件事会很棘手，但我们将协力把它完成。
　　昏睡中我感到嘴唇湿润湿润的，有一股泉水往嘴里流。
　　I fell into a lethargic state. My lips became moistened through water being poured into my mouth.
　　陷入昏睡的状态fell into a lethargic state??through water being poured into my mouth中through换作with也可以。being poured into强调动作正在进行。
　　我贪婪地喝着，体内的血液迅速奔涌起来。
　　As I was gulping it down greedily, blood flowed rapidly through my body.
　　「喝着」没有译作drink，更没有译作sip（嘬），而是译为gulping it down（狼吞虎咽），以此说明我的身体处在极度缺水的状态，也更符合缺水情况下人的行为表现。
　　好容易，我半睁开眼睛，看到跟前坐着一个汉子。
　　It was with difficulty that I managed to have my eyes half opened. Then I saw a man sitting in front of me.
　　「好容易」=「好不容易」，译作It was with difficulty that…。又，managed to（竭力做……）和difficult相呼应，manage to也可换做strive to。
　　看出那是年轻的牧驼人。
　　I could tell that he was a herdsman.
　　译时要补充出主语i。
　　他身后卧着一片黑压压的骆驼。
　　Behind him was a dark mass of camels lying on the ground.
　　Behind him was…是倒装结构。当句子是主系表结构时且表语置于句首时，后面的句子需要使用全部倒装。
　　英语中，有些倒装是出于语法上的需要，非用倒装语序不可，具有强制性；有些则是为了达到某种修辞效果，如强调、平衡、衔接等。
　　我想站起来，腿不听使唤，激动之后，我又昏迷了过去。
　　I wanted to rise to my feet, but my legs gave way. At the end of my excitement, I turned lethargic again.
　　「我想站起来，腿不听使唤」不宜直译为I wanted to get up, but my legs would not obey me，现译为I wanted to rise to my feet, but my legs gave way，其中gave way作「(腿)发软」解。此句也可译为I felt like getting up, but my legs would not hold me up。
　　to one's feet站起来(常与 bound, dart, jump, start 等连用)rise to one's feet站起来drop to one's knee跪下第二天，牧驼人和骆驼不见了，
　　The next day, the herdsman and his camels were nowhere to be found.
　　were nowhere to be found
　　be to do的常见用法之一：表示「可以，可能」，相当于may, can。
　　例句
　　The news is to be found in the evening paper.
　　这条消息可以在晚报上见到。
　　Such people are to be found everywhere.
　　这种人到处都有。
　　She is nowhere to be found.
　　在哪里也找不着她。
　　唯有驮我的骆驼仍站在身旁守候。
　　Only the camel that had carried me across the Gobi was standing beside me, keeping watch.
　　「守候」译作了keeping watch（警戒）。结合被狼群袭击的经历，keep watch比accompany更合适。
　　由于饮了水，体力恢复了许多，水壶里也灌满了水，我又能骑着骆驼上路了。
　　After drinking the water, I felt very much recovered physically. And the canteen had also been filled with water. So I resumed my journey astride the camel.
　　「由于饮了水」中的「由于」未处理为因果关系，而是处理为了时间上的逻辑关系，此处是完全可以的，不会引发歧义。
　　驼铃声声，在广袤的戈壁上空回荡。
　　The jingling bells of my camel echoed through the boundless Gobi.
　　boundless可以说已经成了形容「无边无际、一望无际」的专用词。
　　茅盾《白杨礼赞》
　　望不到边际的高原 boundless plateau
　　李大钊《艰难的国运与雄健的国民》
　　平原无际plains lying boundless on either side黄药眠《杂感集》
　　汪洋大海a boundless sea
　　那是经人饲驯的专门载着旅客走戈壁的“沙漠之舟”呀，可不是野骆驼。
　　It was not a wild camel, but a camel known as the “ship of the desert” that had been raised and trained specifically to carry travelers across the Gobi.
　　a camel known as the “ship of the desert”也可写为a camel called the “ship of the desert”
　　（骆驼）沙漠之舟ship of the desert
　　（雨林）地球之肺lungs of the earth
　　必背词汇
　　lethargic         adj.慵懒的，没精打采的，懒洋洋的英义If you are lethargic, you do not have much energy or enthusiasm.
　　例句
　　He felt too miserable and lethargic to get dressed.
　　他心情低落，无精打采，完全没有心思穿衣整装。
　　parched          adj.嘴、喉咙或嘴唇干燥的英义If your mouth, throat, or lips are parched, they are unpleasantly dry.
　　例句
　　His lips were parched and cracked.
　　他的嘴唇干裂。
　　tame         adj.(动物)驯化的，驯服的
　　英义
　　A tame animal or bird is one that is not afraid of humans.
　　例句
　　The deer never became tame; they would run away if you approached them.
　　那些鹿一直没有被驯服：你一靠近，它们就跑开。
　　eerie         adj.怪异的，可怕的
　　英义
　　If you describe something as eerie, you mean that it seems strange and frightening, and makes you feel nervous.
　　例句
　　I walked down the eerie dark path.
　　我走在那条漆黑恐怖的小路上。
　　fangs       n.尖牙，犬齿，（蛇的）毒牙
　　英义
　　either of two long sharp teeth at the front of the mouths of some animals, such as a snake or dog例句Dogs came lunging forward with their fangs bared.
　　狗龇牙咧嘴地扑过来。
　　重点表达
　　徒步旅行者foot travelers
　　胜利通过、越过negotiate
　　呆呆地望着前方gazing blankly into the distance悠扬的驼铃the sweet jingling of camel bells野骆驼a wild camel吐舌头stick out one’s tongue示意请我骑到背上motioning me to ride on it忐忑不安felt uneasy不知是悲是喜not knowing if I was sad or happy歹意malicious intent揣摩不透它的心意couldn’t figure out the earners intention彻底地、全面地 all round（以某方式）发生并完成pass off感激a sense of gratitude
　　筋疲力尽be tired/worn out
　　被咬死be bitten to death
　　扑到它身上threw myself on it
　　很长一段路 a long way off
　　盯着，凝视，凝望 feast/fix one’s eyes on sth.
　　回程return trip
　　渡过难关、艰难度过或完成（某件困难的事）pull through陷入昏睡的状态fell into a lethargic state站起来rise to one's feet沙漠之舟ship of the desert复盘测试
　　徒步旅行者
　　胜利通过、越过
　　呆呆地望着前方
　　悠扬的驼铃
　　野骆驼
　　吐舌头
　　示意请我骑到背上
　　忐忑不安
　　不知是悲是喜
　　歹意
　　揣摩不透它的心意
　　彻底地、全面地
　　（以某方式）发生并完成
　　感激
　　筋疲力尽
　　被咬死
　　扑到它身上
　　很长一段路
　　盯着，凝视，凝望
　　回程
　　渡过难关、艰难度过或完成（某件困难的事）
　　陷入昏睡的状态
　　站起来
　　沙漠之舟
　　表达对比
　　「感激」有几种表达？
　　我的心便从怀疑而至（感激）了。
　　A sense of gratitude had then replaced suspicion in my heart.
　　我应该（感谢）母亲，她教给我与困难作斗争的经验，我在家庭生活中已经饱尝艰苦，这使我在三十多年的军事生活和革命生活中，再没有感到困难和被困难吓倒。
　　I owe mother a debt of gratitude because she taught me how to cope with the numerous difficulties that I ran into at home so that later during my over 30 years of military and revolutionary life I have never bowed down to any difficulty.
　　我们都提醒女儿，她应该（感激）班主任老师。
　　We all reminded our daughter that she should feel grateful to her head teacher.
　　你能做些什么来给某人展现你是多么（感激）他或她吗？
　　What could you do to show someone how much you appreciate him or her?
　　不要期盼有多安逸的生活，我们有床可以睡觉，有屋顶可以为我们挡风遮雨，你应该对此（心存感激）。
　　Don't expect comfort. You've just got to be thankful if we get a bed to sleep on and a roof over our heads.
　　鸟巢 ——肖凤
　　The Bird’s Nest ——Xiao Feng
　　背景知识：《鸟巢》的作者是女作家肖凤（1937- ），北京人，原名赵凤翔。1959年毕业于北京师范大学中国语言文学系，现为北京广播学院电视系教授。著有《萧红传》、《庐隐传》、《冰心传》以及散文集《韩国之旅》、《肖凤散文选》等。
　　水泥浇筑成的塔楼和板楼，鳞次栉比，远远望去，仿佛是陡峭垂直的群山，构成了大城市的独特风景线。
　　Rows of cement tower buildings and prefabs, looking from afar like groups of steep mountains, are a unique sight in big cities.
　　水泥浇成的塔楼和板楼，鳞次栉比译为Rows of cement tower buildings and prefabs，其中用rows或row upon row表达「鳞次栉比」（其意思是一个挨着一个地排列着）。「水泥浇成的」可译为cement或cement-poured。此外，因「水泥」和「混凝土」基本相同，也可用concrete或concrete-poured代替之。又，「板楼」指「预制板房屋」，应译为prefabs，即prefabricated buildings。
　　远远望去looking from afar
　　有朋自远方来friends coming from afar
　　然而它们的造型，僵硬呆板，不像大自然的山峦，鬼斧神工，有着美妙的线条，蕴含着迷人的神韵。
　　They are stiff and stereotyped in form, unlike real mountains which are a masterwork of nature with beautiful lines and implicit enchanting grace.
　　「它们的造型…」译作They are…in form。有时我们也会用in terms of…??巧夺天工强调人工事物；而鬼斧神工强调大自然的力量。此处将「鬼斧神工」译作a masterwork of nature（大自然的杰作）不过，生活在北京市的平民百姓，如果能够在这灰色的或者绿色的，或者别的什么颜色的高楼里，拥有一个属于自己的空间，不论是大是小，只要它是独立的，能够无拘无束地生活着，也就满足了。
　　Nevertheless, the common people of Beijing will be content with housing accommodation, big or small, in a high-rise of gray, green or any other color, where they can enjoy the ease and privacy of their own home.
　　对……（感到）满足be content with
　　住房housing accommodation
　　高楼high-rise
　　「独立的，能够无拘无束地生活着」可按「不受干扰地，自由自在地生活」译为can enjoy the ease and privacy of…，其中privacy作「不受干扰」或「独处」解，ease作「自由自在」解。
　　有时走在马路上，仰首遥望居住的那座楼宇，
　　Sometimes, while strolling in the street, I raise my head to gaze far ahead at the building where I live.
　　while strolling in the street ：while引导时间状语从句，因为主从句主语一致，且从句谓语中有be动词，故从句省略主语和be动词。
　　找到第17层那几扇属于自己和自己亲人的窗户，就觉得那个叫做“家”的地方，其实更像一个“鸟巢”。
　　As I identify my window on the 17th floor, I realize what we call our “home” is in fact more like a “bird’s nest.”
　　所谓的what we call、so-called（个人觉得前者在情感色彩上更为褒义）??我们的地球家园 the planet what we call home因为它方方正正，像一个匣子，虽然它被夹在第 16层与第18层之间，却总是觉得它好像是被高高地吊在半空中，上不着天，下不着地。
　　It's cubical like a box. Sandwiched in between the 16th and the 18th floor, it’s like something hanging high up in mid-air, touching neither the sky nor the earth.
　　「被夹在第 16层与第18层之间」译作Sandwiched in between the 16th and the 18th floor。sandwich简直太形象了。
　　something的定语都要后置。
　　作为人类的家园，它似乎是太高了一点儿。
　　Apparently, it’s a bit too high for a human domicile.
　　「家园」按「住所」之意译作domicile即可。
　　「它似乎是太高了一点儿」中的「似乎」并非字面意思，而是「显然」之意，译作Apparently。
　　因此常常羡慕鸟儿，它们能够自由自在地飞翔，Therefore, I often envy birds their ability to fly freely.
　　jealous和envy
　　这里只从「褒贬色彩」的角度简单说下。envy相当于中文的羡慕、钦羡，通常是一种良好的心态；jealous则有时是良好的羡慕、钦羡，有时则相当于中文的妒忌，此时就是一种不好的心态。
　　如果它们把巢筑在第17层上面，也能舒展开自己的双翼，款款地飞回去。而且还能站自己的巢里，优哉游哉地鸟瞰人群。
　　If they had a nest built on the 17th floor of our building, they could also fly back to it light-heartedly and then stand enjoying a leisurely view of crowds milling about in the streets.
　　「也能舒展开自己的双翼，款款地飞回去」意即「也能轻松愉快地飞回去」，可译为they could also fly back to it light-heartedly。
　　「还能站在自己的巢里，优哉游哉地鸟瞰人群」译为and then stand enjoying a leisurely view of crowds milling about in the streets，其中milling about in the streets是译文中的添加词，意同strolling in the streets，原文虽无其词而有其意。
　　可是我没有翅膀，如果我要回到自己的“鸟巢”，必须借助楼里的电梯。
　　But, unfortunately, I have no wings. So I have to use the elevator in the building to get back to my “nest.”
　　unfortunately和so是增译成分，前者提现作者的心情，后者使句子间衔接更自然。
　　而电梯又受制于电的有无，或有没有故障（它常有故障），以及开电梯的小姐是否坐在岗位上。
　　And, mind you, that depends upon the uninterrupted supply of electric power, the trouble-free condition of the elevator (which often has troubles) and the presence of the girl elevator operator on duty.
　　插入语mind you意为（对刚说过的话加以补充，尤使语气减弱）请注意，说实话，是增译成分，强调作者想表达的观点，同时增强与读者的对话感。
　　后缀-free (与名词连用构成形容词)表示「无…的」「不含…的」没有故障trouble-free免税duty-free不含盐的salt-free
　　「开电梯的小姐」译作the girl elevator operator，girl意为「女性的」??duty相关表达：
　　①应尽的义务bounden duty
　　萧红《当铺》
　　本来手就应该给我服务。
　　It was their bounden duty to wait on me.
　　②当作…用、用作…的代用品、充当…do duty for顾均正《耳闻不如一见》
　　以耳代目。
　　Let the ear do duty for the eye.
　　③尽职、尽本分do one's duty
　　④值班，当班on duty
　　不像鸟儿那般自由，一切由它自己做主，想要出门就出门，想要归巢就归巢。
　　Unlike birds, I can’t always act as I think fit, leaving or coming back to my “nest” freely as I please.
　　积累「我行我素」类含义的两个惯用表达：(do) as I think fit、do as I please。
　　坐在窗前的写字台前伏案工作，会忽然听见“咕，咕，咕”的悦耳声音，抬头一望，原来是两只白色的鸽子站在窗外的窗沿上，正在亲昵地对话。
　　Sometimes, sitting at my desk before the window, I will suddenly hear a soft cooing sound and, looking up, I find a pair of white doves billing and cooing on the outer windowsill.
　　sitting at my desk…和looking up均为伴随状语。
　　「正在亲昵地对话」未按字面直译为talking together softly（或affectionately），而釆用成语billing and cooing（谈情说爱），取其简洁利落。
　　我不愿惊扰它们，便静静地坐在那里，欣赏它们的漂亮形体与温柔姿态。
　　Unwilling to alarm them, I will sit quietly admiring their elegant shape and gentle carriage.
　　此处carriage熟词僻义，并非指马车，而是作不可数名词，指「仪态、姿态」，常用作文学语言。
　　例句
　　Her legs were long and fine, her hips slender, her carriage erect.
　　她长腿细臀，身姿笔直。
　　待它们亲热地谈得够了，就会转过小巧的头颅，用它们那双明亮的小眼睛，与我对视。
　　At the end of their rendezvous, they will turn their heads and exchange stares with me, their tiny eyes glistening.
　　「待它们亲热地谈得够了」译为At the end of their rendezvous（或 tryst），取其简洁。未译为After they had finished talking together softly或After they had finished demonstrating their affection等。
　　their tiny eyes glistening是独立主格结构。
　　每逢这时，我就很想告诉它们，我是多么地喜欢鸽子，毕加索笔下的那只名鸽，其实远不如真实的鸽子美丽。
　　I will, on such occasions, be very eager to let them know how I love doves and that the famous dove painted by Picasso is far less beautiful than real doves.
　　「每逢这时」译作on such occasions，积累such的用法。在表示「这样的…、如此…」就可以根据具体语境，选择是否使用such。
　　is far less beautiful than：far可以修饰比较级，强调程度之甚。也可与其他词语搭配，也是强调程度，表示「远……」，如far beyond my power（远远超出我的能力范围）。
　　我还会产生错觉，不知是这对鸽子还是自己，正住在“鸟巢”里，也不知我与它们是否同类。
　　I will feel confused as to who should be the real dweller of the “nest” — the pair of doves or me, and whether we are of the same kind.
　　「产生错觉」按「感到困惑」之意理解译为feel confused。
　　它们的小脑袋里想些什么，我一无所知，
　　I don't know what thoughts they have in their tiny brains.
　　考虑，想到 have in mind/brains
　　反正是等到它们流连得够了，就展翅飞翔，飞回到属于它们自己的巢里，Anyway, after enjoying themselves to their heart’s content, they will fly back to the nest of their own.
　　anyway是副词，表示「无论如何、不管怎么说」??玩的开心、过的快乐 enjoy oneself尽情的、心满意足的(do) to one's heart content那个鸟巢比我的“鸟巢”平方米略少，不过也是悬在半空，悬在对面那座塔楼的一家住户的阳台上。
　　It is somewhat smaller than mine by several square meters, but is also hanging in midair, over the balcony of a residence in the opposite tower building.
　　somewhat作副词，表示「有点儿，有些，有几分」萧乾《枣核》
　　有点不好意思looked somewhat ill at ease
　　夏衍《野草》
　　也许特殊了一点be somewhat too unusual
　　除了鸽子之外，也有麻雀造访我的窗台。
　　In addition to doves, sparrows also frequent my windowsill.
　　frequent my windowsill中frequent作动词，指「常到、常去、常出入于」。并注意，frequent作动词和形容词时的发音不同：The adjective is pronounced /'fri?kw?nt/. The verb is pronounced /fr?'kwent/.。
　　或者一只，或者两只，或者更多。它们叽叽喳喳，跳跳蹦蹦，全然不顾有人正从窗户的另一面望着它们，很像一群喜爱游玩的活泼孩子。
　　They will come singly, in pairs or groups, chirping and hopping about like playful kids, totally impervious to any peeper behind the window.
　　一只，或者两只，或者更多singly, in pairs or groups??「全然不顾有人正从窗户的另一面望着它们」可译为totally impervious to any onlooker on the other side of the window，现，为了简洁，改译为 totally impervious to any peeper behind the window。积累onlooker和peeper，表示有「在旁观察、窥探的人」它们的家不知筑在何处，好像比鸽子的家距离远些。
　　The whereabouts of their home is unknown, but apparently it is farther than that of doves.
　　farther是far的比较级，别眼抽抽看成father（父亲）这些客人光顾我的“鸟巢”，让第17层的高空有了魅力。
　　The visit of these guests to my “nest” has lent great charm to the 17th floor.
　　lend…to…
　　①把…借给
　　例句
　　Will you lend me your jacket for a little while?...
　　你能把上衣借给我穿一会儿吗？
　　②提供，给予支持
　　例句
　　Stipe attended yesterday's news conference to lend his support.
　　斯蒂普出席了昨天的新闻发布会以示支持。
　　③平添，增添，赋予
　　例句
　　Enthusiastic applause lent a sense of occasion to the proceedings...
　　热烈的掌声给活动平添了几分隆重的色彩。
　　有时站在窗户里面向外望去，常常看见鸟儿们在窗外飞翔，这种景象使自己几乎忘记了是被围困在水泥筑成的方格子里。
　　Often, when I see birds flying beyond my window, I will forget I am living in the prison cell of a cement-poured home.
　　「这种景象使自己几乎忘记了是被围困在水泥筑成的方格子里」译为I will forget I am living in the prison cell of a cement-poured home，其中the prison cell of a cement-poured home作「像牢房一般的水泥筑成的屋子」可是，只要俯首下望，大城市的单调景色就会一目了然——But, if I stoop to look down, I’ll see immediately how insipid the city is.
　　此处stoop为动词，表示「弯腰、俯身」。此外，stoop还可表示「驼背」。
　　柔石《为奴隶的母亲》
　　……因为读了书，背有些偻偻的，斯文的模样。
　　He stoops a little as well-educated men generally do, and he is quite gentlemanly.
　　马路很像一条灰色的带子，
　　The streets stretch like grey ribbons.
　　stretch是增译成分，如直接译为look like gray ribbons也可以。
　　冰心《从重庆到箱根》
　　嘉陵江犹如银白色的绢带。
　　The Jialing River looked like a silvery white ribbon.
　　形形色色的汽车和无轨电车像大大小小的甲壳虫，慢慢地向前蠕动，很久才能走到视线之外。
　　It takes quite a while for cars of all descriptions and trolleybuses to move along slowly like beetles of various sizes until they are out of sight.
　　形形色色的汽车cars of all descriptions
　　各式各样的、各种类型的of various descriptions。
　　其中，description表示「类型」，常用搭配为of some/all/every/various, etc. descriptions何为《最后一圈》
　　芸芸众生human beings of all descriptions
　　施蛰存《美国的男女》
　　各色市民people of all descriptions
　　甲壳虫beetles。
　　The Beatles（甲壳虫乐队），英国摇滚乐队，由约翰·列侬（John Lennon）、林戈·斯塔尔（Ringo Starr）、保罗·麦卡特尼（Paul McCartney）和乔治·哈里森（George Harrison）四名成员组成。1960年，乐队于英格兰利物浦市成立，其音乐风格源自20世纪50年代的摇滚乐，并开拓了迷幻摇滚、流行摇滚等曲风。
　　消失在视野中(be/vanish) out of sight
　　近处是深灰色的屋顶。 远处是层层叠叠的楼群。
　　Nearer in sight are dull grey rooftops, and farther on stand row upon row of buildings.
　　译文是倒装结构。其中farther on表示「更远处」??英语中，有些倒装是出于语法上的需要，非用倒装语序不可，具有强制性；有些则是为了达到某种修辞效果，如强调、平衡、衔接等。
　　一排排、层层叠叠row upon row
　　绿色的树木像珍宝，令人爱不释“目”，使人更加向往大自然。
　　Green trees are so lovely that we can scarcely take our eyes off them.
　　so lovely that we can scarcely take our eyes off them是so…that的结构。
　　自己译时，可以选择译出「使人更加向往大自然」。此处省译是译者结合下文所选择的翻译策略。
　　很想变成一只鸟，从这座“鸟巢”中飞出去，飞到森林中去，飞到大海边去，飞到崇山峻岭中去，飞到一切有花有草有树有水，惟独没有水泥和汽车尾气的地方去。
　　I wish I could become a bird so that I could fly off from this “nest” to the forest, the sea, the mountain, or to any place with flowers, grass, trees and water, but without cement and tail exhaust.
　　I wish I could和I wish I can意思均为「我希望我能」。但也有所区别：前者指一般无法实现的愿望；后者指可以实现的愿望。
　　汽车尾气tail exhaust
　　去享受一下没有污染的清新空气，去享受一下没有噪音的宁静氛围，去享受一下没有撒过漂白粉的清澈溪水，It would be a place where I could enjoy unpolluted fresh air, quiet atmosphere free from noise-pollution, pure water from a limpid brook.
　　「没有撒过漂白粉的清澈溪水」可按「未被污染的清澈溪水」译为pure water from a limpid brook。
　　此句译文：不用 and 的并列，属于不完整列举，还有想表达的内容被略去，意犹未尽，是典型的文学语言。
　　去寻找一个没有是非，没有烦扰，没有摩擦，没有争权夺利，没有勾心斗角，没有尔虞我诈的干净去处。
　　It would be a clean place without discord, disturbance, friction, scramble for power and gain, intrigue and mutual deception.
　　短短一句话中出现了好几个有点眼熟但自己绝对想不起来的词汇：discord、 disturbance、 friction、 scramble、 intrigue、deception。一个字，背。
　　必背词汇
　　discord        un.不一致，不和，纷争
　　英义
　　Discord is disagreement and argument between people例句A note of discord surfaced during the proceedings.
　　事件进程中出现了意见分歧。
　　friction        un.矛盾，不和，争执
　　英义
　　If there is friction between people, there is disagreement and argument between them.
　　例句
　　The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.
　　这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。
　　deception       n.欺骗，受骗
　　英义
　　Deception is the act of deceiving someone or the state of being deceived by someone.
　　例句
　　He admitted conspiring to obtain property by deception...
　　他承认曾与人合谋骗取财产。
　　whereabouts      n.(人或物的)行踪，下落，所在之处英义If you refer to the whereabouts of a particular person or thing, you mean the place where that person or thing may be found.
　　例句
　　The police are anxious to hear from anyone who may know the whereabouts of the firearms.
　　警方急盼任何可能知道这批武器下落的人提供线索。
　　impervious        adj.无动于衷的，不受影响的英义If you are impervious to someone's actions, you are not affected or influenced by them.
　　例句
　　She seems almost impervious to the criticism from all sides.
　　对于来自各方的指责,她似乎无动于衷。
　　重点表达
　　远远望去looking from afar
　　独特风景线a unique sight
　　鳞次栉比rows或row upon row
　　造型僵硬呆板are stiff and stereotyped in form鬼斧神工a masterwork of nature对……（感到）满足be content with住房housing accommodation
　　高楼high-rise
　　所谓的what we call、so-called
　　上不着天，下不着地touching neither the sky nor the earth被高高地吊在半空中hanging high up in mid-air被夹在第 16层与第18层之间Sandwiched in between the 16th and the 18th floor没有故障trouble-free开电梯的小姐the girl elevator operator值班，当班on duty
　　谈情说爱billing and cooing
　　至于，关于 as to/for
　　考虑；想到 have in mind/brains
　　玩的开心、过的快乐 enjoy oneself
　　尽情的、心满意足的(do) to one's heart content常到、常去、常出入于frequent一只，或者两只，或者更多singly, in pairs or groups全然不顾totally impervious to平添；增添；赋予lend…to…俯首下望stoop to look down
　　形形色色的汽车cars of all descriptions
　　爱不释“目”can scarcely take our eyes off them汽车尾气tail exhaust是非discord烦扰disturbance
　　摩擦friction
　　争权夺利scramble for power and gain
　　勾心斗角intrigue
　　尔虞我诈mutual deception
　　复盘测试
　　远远望去
　　独特风景线
　　鳞次栉比
　　造型僵硬呆板
　　鬼斧神工
　　对……（感到）满足
　　住房
　　高楼
　　所谓的
　　上不着天，下不着地
　　被高高地吊在半空中
　　被夹在第 16层与第18层之间
　　没有故障
　　开电梯的小姐
　　值班，当班
　　谈情说爱
　　至于，关于
　　考虑；想到
　　玩的开心、过的快乐
　　尽情的、心满意足的
　　常到、常去、常出入于
　　一只，或者两只，或者更多
　　全然不顾
　　平添；增添；赋予
　　俯首下望
　　形形色色的汽车
　　爱不释“目”
　　汽车尾气
　　是非
　　烦扰
　　摩擦
　　争权夺利
　　勾心斗角
　　尔虞我诈
　　表达对比
　　「迷人、有吸引力的」有几种表达？
　　绿色的树木（像珍宝），令人爱不释“目”，使人更加向往大自然。
　　Green trees are so lovely that we can scarcely take our eyes off them.
　　然而它们的造型，僵硬呆板，不像大自然的山峦，鬼斧神工，有着美妙的线条，蕴含着（迷人）的神韵。
　　They are stiff and stereotyped in form, unlike real mountains which are a masterwork of nature with beautiful lines and implicit enchanting grace.
　　它没有婆娑的姿态，没有屈曲盘旋的虬枝，也许你要说它（不美丽），——如果美是专指“婆娑”或“横斜逸出”之类而言，那么白杨树算不得树中的好女子；You may call them unattractive because they have neither the graceful carriage of a dancer, nor such branches as can twine and climb.
　　我总觉得她有一本无字的书，书上写满了（令人神往的）故事…I always thought her in possession of a wordless book full of fascinating stories.
　　面对着这样庞大而温驯的驮兽，我们不能（不惊异地欣赏）。
　　These heavily-built, docile pack animals were just amazing and adorable.
　　还有秋雨哩，北方的秋雨，也似乎比南方的下得奇，下得（有味），下得更像样。
　　As for autumn rains in the North, they also seem to differ from those in the South, being more appealing, more temperate.
　　除了课堂，对我们更（具吸引力）的，是他在海淀住宅的那座客厅。
　　We found the reception room in his Haidian residence more appealing than the classroom.