zooflagellate, n. & adj.

zooflagellate
http://www.oed.com/dictionary/zooflagellate_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use
Revised 2017

# zooflagellatenoun & adjective

## Factsheet

### What does the word zooflagellate mean?

There are two meanings listed in OED's entry for the word zooflagellate. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

zooflagellate has developed meanings and uses in subjects including

microbiology (1910s) plant physiology (1910s)

### How common is the word zooflagellate?

Fewer than 0.01occurrences per million words in modern written English

1930 | 0.0046
1940 | 0.0057
1950 | 0.0072
1960 | 0.0074
1970 | 0.008
1980 | 0.0084
1990 | 0.0096
2000 | 0.0088
2010 | 0.0084

### How is the word zooflagellate pronounced?

#### British English

/ˌzuː(ə)ˈfladʒᵻlət/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-luht
/ˌzuː(ə)ˈfladʒl̩ət/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uhl-uht

#### U.S. English

/ˌzu(ə)ˈflædʒələt/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-luht
/ˌzu(ə)ˈflædʒəˌleɪt/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-layt

### Where does the word zooflagellate come from?

Earliest known use

1910s

The earliest known use of the word zooflagellate is in the 1910s.

OED's earliest evidence for zooflagellate is from 1911, in Knowledge: an illustrated magazine of science.

zooflagellate is formed within English, by compounding; partly modelled on a Latin lexical item, and partly modelled on a German lexical item.

Etymons: zoo- comb. form, flagellate n.

### Nearby entries

1. zoocultural, adj. 1899–
2. zooculture, n. 1873–
3. zoocytium, n. 1880–
4. zoodendrium, n. 1880–
5. Zoodikers, int. 1749–98
6. zoodynamic, adj.?1819–
7. zoodynamics, n. 1888–
8. zooecial, adj. 1873–
9. zooecium, n. 1871–
10. zooerythrin, n. 1871–
11. zooflagellate, n. & adj.1911–
12. zooful, n. 1914–
13. zoofulvin, n. 1871–
14. zoogamete, n. 1879–
15. zoogene, n. 1820–69
16. zoogenic, adj. 1842–
17. zoogeny, n. 1826–
18. zoogeographer, n. 1868–
19. zoogeographic, adj. 1875–
20. zoogeographical, adj. 1864–
21. zoogeographically, adv. 1883–

## Etymology

### Summary

Formed within English, by compounding; partly modelled on a Latin lexical item, and partly modelled on a German lexical item.
Etymons: zoo- comb. form, flagellate n.
< zoo- comb. form + flagellate n., after scientific Latin Zooflagellata, plural noun (1908 or earlier) and its probable model German Zooflagellaten, plural noun (1903 or earlier).

## Meaning & use

Biology.

1. noun
   1. 1911–
      A flagellate (protist) belonging to any of several groups of unicellular organisms whose members possess one or more flagella, lack chromatophores, and do not carry out photosynthesis; an animal-like flagellate. Cf. phytoflagellate n.
      The term Zooflagellata has sometimes been used as a class name (e.g. by P.-P. Grassé Traité de zool. (1952) vol. I. 574), but zooflagellates are now rarely treated as a coherent taxonomic group.
      1. 1911

         > The Nannoplankton is composed of bacteria, protophytes.., and protozoa (rhizopods and zoöflagellates).

         Knowledge August 321/
      2. 1940

         > Few zooflagellates..were observed by us.

         Transactions of American Philosophical Society vol. 31 182
      3. 1978

         > The motley assembly of entirely non-photosynthetic flagellates known as the zooflagellates are considered to be derivative of photosynthetic forms and do not appear to be monophyletic.

         Bio Syst. vol. 10 76/2
      4. 2009

         > Trypanosoma gambiense..is the zooflagellate that causes African sleeping sickness.

         G. I. Edwards & C. Pfirrmann, E-Z Biology (ed. 4) 147
      microbiology plant physiology
      1. mastigopod 1875–90
         T. H. Huxley's name for: a protozoan having cilia or flagella.
      2. flagellate 1879–
         A microscopic protozoan organism of the class Mastigophora (or Flagellata), characterized by the possession at some stage of its life of one or…
      3. mastigophore 1890–
         Biology. = mastigophoran, n.
      4. zooflagellate 1911–
         A flagellate (protist) belonging to any of several groups of unicellular organisms whose members possess one or more flagella, lack chromatophores…
      5. mastigophoran 1928–
         A single-celled organism belonging to the group Mastigophora; a flagellate.
      View in Historical Thesaurus
2. adjective
   1. 1956–
      Of or relating to zooflagellates.
      1. 1956

         > Unknown zooflagellate ancestry.

         Systematic Zoology vol. 5 134 (in figure)
      2. 1976

         > Motility..constitutes a relatively reliable indicator of viability among most zooflagellate parasites.

         Journal of Parasitology vol. 62 136/1
      3. 1997

         > Several unidentified zooflagellate taxa also inhabit the gut of surgeonfishes.

         K. D. Clements in R. I. Mackie & B. A. White, Gastrointestinal Microbiology vol. 1 vi. 172
      4. 2011

         > Trichomonads are zooflagellate protozoans that possess three to six flagella.

         K. Rogers, Fungi, Algae, & Protists 137
      microbiology
      1. mastigophorous 1890
         Biology. = mastigophoran, adj. rare.
      2. mastigophoric 1902–
         Biology. = mastigophoran, adj.
      3. mastigophoran 1928–
         Of or belonging to the group Mastigophora.
      4. zooflagellate 1956–
         Of or relating to zooflagellates.
      View in Historical Thesaurus

## Pronunciation

### British English

/ˌzuː(ə)ˈfladʒᵻlət/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-luht
/ˌzuː(ə)ˈfladʒl̩ət/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uhl-uht
/ˌzuː(ə)ˈfladʒᵻleɪt/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-layt
/ˌzuː(ə)ˈfladʒl̩eɪt/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uhl-ayt
/ˌzəʊəˈfladʒᵻlət/
zoh-uh-FLAJ-uh-luht
/ˌzəʊəˈfladʒl̩ət/
zoh-uh-FLAJ-uhl-uht
/ˌzəʊəˈfladʒᵻleɪt/
zoh-uh-FLAJ-uh-layt
/ˌzəʊəˈfladʒl̩eɪt/
zoh-uh-FLAJ-uhl-ayt

### U.S. English

/ˌzu(ə)ˈflædʒələt/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-luht
/ˌzu(ə)ˈflædʒəˌleɪt/
zoo-uh-FLAJ-uh-layt
/ˌzoʊəˈflædʒələt/
zoh-uh-FLAJ-uh-luht
/ˌzoʊəˈflædʒəˌleɪt/
zoh-uh-FLAJ-uh-layt

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- ɬrhingyll
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛtl/ but /ˈpɛtl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- iːfleece
- ihappy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- atrap, bath
- ɑːstart, palm, bath
- ɒlot
- ɔːthought, force
- ʌstrut
- ʊfoot
- uːgoose
- əletter
- əːnurse
- ɪənear
- ɛːsquare
- ʊəcure
- eɪface
- ʌɪpride
- aʊmouth
- əʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ãgratin
- ɒ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye*
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

* /d/ also represents a 'tapped' /t/ as in

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛd(ə)l/ but /ˈpɛdl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- ifleece, happy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- ætrap, bath
- ɑlot, palm, cloth, thought
- ɑrstart
- ɔcloth, thought
- ɔrnorth, force
- ʊfoot
- ugoose
- əstrut, comma
- ərnurse, letter
- ɪ(ə)rnear
- ɛ(ə)rsquare
- ʊ(ə)rcure
- eɪface
- aɪpride
- aʊmouth
- oʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ɑ̃gratin
- æ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

Simple text respell breaks words into syllables, separated by a hyphen. The syllable which carries the primary stress is written in capital letters. This key covers both British and U.S. English Simple Text Respell.

##### Consonants

b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w and z have their standard English values

- gguy
- jjay
- yyore
- chchore
- khloch
- shshore
- ththaw
- dhthee
- zhbeige

##### Vowels

- atrap
- ahpalm
- airsquare
- arstart
- arrcarry (British only)
- awthought
- ayface
- a(ng)gratin
- edress
- eefleece
- eerdeer
- errmerry
- ikit
- ighpride
- irrmirror
- olot (British only)
- ohgoat
- oogoose
- oorcure
- orforce
- orrsorry (British only)
- owmouth
- oyvoice
- o(ng)salon
- ustrut
- uhletter
- urnurse
- urrhurry
- uufoot

## Forms

### Variant forms

See zoo- comb. form and flagellate adj.1 & n.

## Frequency

zooflagellate typically occurs fewer than 0.01 times per million words in modern written English.

zooflagellate is in frequency band 2, which contains words occurring between 0.001 and 0.01 times per million words in modern written English. More about OED's frequency bands

Frequency data is computed programmatically, and should be regarded as an estimate.

### Frequency of zooflagellate, n. & adj., 1930–2010

* Occurrences per million words in written English

Historical frequency series are derived from Google Books Ngrams (version 2), a data set based on the Google Books corpus of several million books printed in English between 1500 and 2010.

The overall frequency for a given word is calculated by summing frequencies for the main form of the word, any plural or inflected forms, and any major spelling variations.

For sets of homographs (distinct entries that share the same word-form, e.g. mole, n.¹, mole, n.², mole, n.³, etc.), we have estimated the frequency of each homograph entry as a fraction of the total Ngrams frequency for the word-form. This may result in inaccuracies.

Smoothing has been applied to series for lower-frequency words, using a moving-average algorithm. This reduces short-term fluctuations, which may be produced by variability in the content of the Google Books corpus.

Decade | Frequency per million words
--- | ---
1930 | 0.0046
1940 | 0.0057
1950 | 0.0072
1960 | 0.0074
1970 | 0.008
1980 | 0.0084
1990 | 0.0096
2000 | 0.0088
2010 | 0.0084

zooflagellate, n. & adj. was revised in June 2017.

zooflagellate, n. & adj. was last modified in July 2023.