zygophore, n.

zygophore
http://www.oed.com/dictionary/zygophore_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use
First published 1921; not fully revised

# zygophorenoun

## Factsheet

### What does the noun zygophore mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun zygophore. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

#### Entry status

OED is undergoing a continuous programme of revision to modernize and improve definitions. This entry has not yet been fully revised.

### How common is the noun zygophore?

Fewer than 0.01occurrences per million words in modern written English

1900 | 0.0012
1910 | 0.001
1920 | 0.0019
1930 | 0.0037
1940 | 0.0053
1950 | 0.006
1960 | 0.0064
1970 | 0.0062
1980 | 0.0064
1990 | 0.0064
2000 | 0.0049
2010 | 0.0031

### How is the noun zygophore pronounced?

#### British English

/ˈzʌɪɡəfɔː/
ZIGH-guh-for
/ˈzɪɡəfɔː/
ZIG-uh-for

#### U.S. English

/ˈzaɪɡəˌfɔr/
ZIGH-guh-for
/ˈzɪɡəˌfɔr/
ZIG-uh-for

### Where does the noun zygophore come from?

Earliest known use

1900s

The earliest known use of the noun zygophore is in the 1900s.

OED's earliest evidence for zygophore is from 1904, in the writing of A. F. Blakeslee.

### Nearby entries

1. zygomere, n. 1966–
2. zygomorphic, adj. 1875–
3. zygomorphism, n. 1875–
4. zygomorphous, adj. 1879–
5. Zygomycetes, n. 1887–
6. zygomycetous, adj. 1928–
7. zygon, n. 1886–
8. zygonema, n. 1911–
9. zygoneurous, adj. 1901–
10. zygophiuran, adj. & n. 1892–
11. zygophore, n.1904–
12. zygophyllaceous, adj. 1887–
13. zygophyte, n. 1885–
14. zygopleura, n. 1883–
15. zygopterid, n. & adj. 1900–
16. zygosis, n. 1880–
17. zygosity, n. 1952–
18. zygosome, n. 1905–
19. zygosperm, n. 1880–
20. zygosphenal, adj. 1854–
21. zygosphene, n. 1854–

## Etymology

‑phore comb. form.

## Meaning & use

Botany.

1. 1904–
   A differentiated hypha in Zygomycetes that takes part in conjugation.
   1. 1904

      > In all species of both homo- and heterothallic groups..the swollen portions (progametes) from which the gametes are cut off do not grow toward each other..but arise as a result of the stimulus of contact between more or less differentiated hyphæ (zygophores).

      A. F. Blakeslee in Science 3 June 866/1
   2. 1970

      > When two compatible strains approach each other aerial club-shaped branches or zygophores develop which show directional growth towards zygophores of the opposite strain. Zygophores of the same strain repel each other.

      J. Webster, Introduction to Fungi ii. ii. 116
   fungi
   1. capsule 1693–
      Botany a. A dry dehiscent seed-vessel, containing one or more cells, and opening when ripe by the separation of its valves. b. Applied to certain…
   2. perithecium 1800–
      A flask-shaped or rounded ascocarp with an ostiole, found esp. among pyrenomycetes.
   3. aecidium 1821–
      Originally: an aecium. In later use: spec. one which is cup-shaped and which is enclosed within a protective membrane; cf. cluster-cup, n.
   4. hymenium 1830–
      The spore-bearing surface in fungi. In the common mushroom the hymenium covers the gills.
   5. pseudoperidium 1832–
      A false peridium, spec. that covering the aecium of a rust fungus.
   6. pseudoperithecium 1832–
      A unilocular structure resembling a perithecium, esp. in fungi of the ascomycete order Laboulbeniales.
   7. disc 1842–
      Botany. A round and flattened part in a plant. A disc-shaped hymenium of a discomycetous fungus; = discocarp, n. (b).
   8. trichidium 1842–
      A simple or branched hair-like body which supports the spores in certain fungi, as Geaster.
   9. spicule 1843–
      One or other of the points of the basidia or sporophores in fungals.
   10. acetabulum 1847
       Mycology. A cup-shaped receptacle occurring in certain kinds of fungus. Obsolete. rare.
   11. acrospore 1849–
       Originally: †a stalked antheridium of a moss, liverwort, or other cryptogam (obsolete. rare). In later use: a spore produced at the apex of a hypha…
   12. sporophore 1849–
       A spore-bearing process or stalk.
   13. stylospore 1851–
       A name for the naked spores in certain fungals, which are produced at the tips of short thread-like cells.
   14. pycnide 1856–
       Originally: a fruiting body of certain lichens. Later also: = pycnidium, n.
   15. cyst 1857–
       Biology and Cryptogamic Bot. A cell or cavity containing reproductive bodies, embryos, etc.; e.g. the spore-case of certain fungi.
   16. pycnidium 1857–
       In certain fungi (chiefly deuteromycetes): a flask-shaped or spherical fruiting body (conidioma) containing spore-bearing cells.
   17. basidium 1858–
       Name given to the cells of the fructification in some fungi, which form the ‘gills,’ and bear the spores.
   18. cystidium 1858–
       One of the projecting cells originating among the basidia of hymenomycetous fungi, and supposed to be sterile basidia.
   19. basidiospore 1859–
       A spore borne at the extremity of a basidium.
   20. conidium 1861–
       A unicellular asexual reproductive body occurring in certain fungi. Also in bacteria of the orders Actinomycetales and Chlamydobacteriales, which…
   21. pollinarium 1861–
       The cystidium of a fungus. Now historical and rare.
   22. gonosphere 1865–
       The irregular globule formed by the condensation of the protoplasm of the oogonium in certain fungi.
   23. hymenophorum 1866–
       The part of a fungus which supports the hymenium (cf. hymeniophore, n.)
   24. spicula 1866–
       In fungi: = spicule, n. 2.
   25. teleutospore 1866–
       In rust fungi (Pucciniales): a thick-walled resting spore which produces a basidium on germination, often after overwintering; = teliospore, n.
   26. promycelium 1867–
       The basidium of a smut or rust fungus, a club-shaped structure bearing sporidia.
   27. gonosphaerium 1873–
       = gonosphere, n.
   28. hymenophore 1875–
   29. paracyst 1875–
       An antheridium of certain ascomycetes.
   30. pollinodium 1875–
       The antheridium (male gametangium) of an ascomycete.
   31. scolecite 1875–
       Botany. The vermiform carpogonium of certain fungi.
   32. sterigma 1875–
       In fungi: a stalk or filament bearing a spore; often a branch or outgrowth of a basidium.
   33. uredospore 1875–
       One or other of the peculiar summer spores developed during the uredo stage in rust fungi.
   34. arthrospore 1877–
       Any of various kinds of spore or spore-like body produced by fungi and bacteria, spec. a fungal conidium formed by segmentation and fragmentation of…
   35. metuloid 1879–
       A type of cystidium that is lime-encrusted and granular in appearance.
   36. operculum 1879–
       Botany. The cap of the ascus in certain cup fungi. Also: a cap on the sporangium in fungi of the order Chytridiales.
   37. uredo 1879–
       A receptacle or hymenium in which uredo-spores are formed. rare.
   38. aecidiospore 1880–
       A spore formed in an aecidium; an aeciospore.
   39. pycnidiospore 1880–
       A conidium developed inside a pycnidium.
   40. uredo-fruit 1882–
       A group of uredospores.
   41. chlamydospore 1884–
       Botany. A thick-walled resting spore produced by various fungi.
   42. teleutosorus 1884–
       In rust fungi (Pucciniales): a structure consisting of a group of teliospores (teleutospores) and their supporting hyphae; = telium, n.
   43. fruitcake 1885–98
       Biology (colloquial). In certain plasmodial slime moulds: a flattened, rounded fruiting body formed by a cluster of sporangia. Obsolete.
   44. ascocarp 1887–
       The fruit body of an ascomycetous fungus.
   45. discocarp 1887–
       †a. Botany a fruit-like structure consisting of a number of dry fruits or achenes within a hollow, typically fleshy, receptacle, as in the rose hip…
   46. periplasm 1887–
       Mycology. In an oomycete, esp. one of the order Peronosporales: the outer portion of the cytoplasm in an oogonium or antheridium. Cf. ooplasm, n. 2.
   47. pycnogonidium 1887
       = pycnidiospore, n.
   48. pycnospore 1887–
       A pycnidiospore; (occasionally also) a pycniospore.
   49. pyrenocarp 1887–
       Mycology. = perithecium, n. (now rare). Also: a pyrenocarpous lichen.
   50. hymeniophore 1890–
       = hymenophore, n.
   51. macrostylospore 1894–
   52. autobasidium 1895–
       A basidium that has no septum; an undivided basidium; also called holobasidium.
   53. oidium 1895–
       A conidium formed by the breaking up of a hypha.
   54. zygophore 1904–
       A differentiated hypha in Zygomycetes that takes part in conjugation.
   55. aeciospore 1905–
       A dikaryotic spore of a rust fungus, which is produced in an aecium and in a heteroecious species infects the primary host. Cf. aecidiospore, n.
   56. aecium 1905–
       A fruiting body produced on the mycelium of a rust fungus at a particular stage in its life cycle (esp., in heteroecious species, that occurring…
   57. pycniospore 1905–
       A spore from a pycnium; a spermatium.
   58. teliospore 1905–
       A spore of the rust fungi (Uredinales) which produces a basidium on germination, often after overwintering; a teleutospore.
   59. telium 1905–
       = teleutosorus, n.
   60. uredinium 1905–
       A cluster or sorus of uredospores and the hyphæ which bear them.
   61. uredosorus 1905–
       = uredinium, n.
   62. fruit-body 1911–
       The part of a fungus that bears the spores and spore-producing organs.
   63. sporodochium 1913–
       A fungal fructification composed of an exposed mass of conidia overlying a cushion-like layer of short conidiophores.
   64. probasidium 1916–
       Esp. in a smut or rust: the structure or developmental stage of a basidium (often a teliospore) in which nuclear fusion of gametes (karyogamy) occurs.
   65. fruiting body 1918–
       Bearing fruit; fruiting body n. = fruit-body, n.; also occasionally applied to spore-producing bacteria.
   66. pycnium 1926–
       In rust fungi: a flask-shaped fruiting body producing haploid spores and receptive hyphae, which after fertilization results in the formation of…
   67. holobasidium 1928–
       = autobasidium, n.
   68. protoperithecium 1937–
       (In pyrenomycetes) a spherical female reproductive structure formed from vegetative hyphae from which trichogynes extend, and which develops into a…
   69. uredium 1937–
       = uredinium, n.
   View in Historical Thesaurus

## Pronunciation

### British English

/ˈzʌɪɡəfɔː/
ZIGH-guh-for
/ˈzɪɡəfɔː/
ZIG-uh-for

### U.S. English

/ˈzaɪɡəˌfɔr/
ZIGH-guh-for
/ˈzɪɡəˌfɔr/
ZIG-uh-for

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- ɬrhingyll
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛtl/ but /ˈpɛtl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- iːfleece
- ihappy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- atrap, bath
- ɑːstart, palm, bath
- ɒlot
- ɔːthought, force
- ʌstrut
- ʊfoot
- uːgoose
- əletter
- əːnurse
- ɪənear
- ɛːsquare
- ʊəcure
- eɪface
- ʌɪpride
- aʊmouth
- əʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ãgratin
- ɒ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye*
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

* /d/ also represents a 'tapped' /t/ as in

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛd(ə)l/ but /ˈpɛdl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- ifleece, happy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- ætrap, bath
- ɑlot, palm, cloth, thought
- ɑrstart
- ɔcloth, thought
- ɔrnorth, force
- ʊfoot
- ugoose
- əstrut, comma
- ərnurse, letter
- ɪ(ə)rnear
- ɛ(ə)rsquare
- ʊ(ə)rcure
- eɪface
- aɪpride
- aʊmouth
- oʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ɑ̃gratin
- æ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

Simple text respell breaks words into syllables, separated by a hyphen. The syllable which carries the primary stress is written in capital letters. This key covers both British and U.S. English Simple Text Respell.

##### Consonants

b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w and z have their standard English values

- gguy
- jjay
- yyore
- chchore
- khloch
- shshore
- ththaw
- dhthee
- zhbeige

##### Vowels

- atrap
- ahpalm
- airsquare
- arstart
- arrcarry (British only)
- awthought
- ayface
- a(ng)gratin
- edress
- eefleece
- eerdeer
- errmerry
- ikit
- ighpride
- irrmirror
- olot (British only)
- ohgoat
- oogoose
- oorcure
- orforce
- orrsorry (British only)
- owmouth
- oyvoice
- o(ng)salon
- ustrut
- uhletter
- urnurse
- urrhurry
- uufoot

## Frequency

zygophore typically occurs fewer than 0.01 times per million words in modern written English.

zygophore is in frequency band 2, which contains words occurring between 0.001 and 0.01 times per million words in modern written English. More about OED's frequency bands

Frequency data is computed programmatically, and should be regarded as an estimate.

### Frequency of zygophore, n., 1900–2010

* Occurrences per million words in written English

Historical frequency series are derived from Google Books Ngrams (version 2), a data set based on the Google Books corpus of several million books printed in English between 1500 and 2010.

The overall frequency for a given word is calculated by summing frequencies for the main form of the word, any plural or inflected forms, and any major spelling variations.

For sets of homographs (distinct entries that share the same word-form, e.g. mole, n.¹, mole, n.², mole, n.³, etc.), we have estimated the frequency of each homograph entry as a fraction of the total Ngrams frequency for the word-form. This may result in inaccuracies.

Smoothing has been applied to series for lower-frequency words, using a moving-average algorithm. This reduces short-term fluctuations, which may be produced by variability in the content of the Google Books corpus.

Decade | Frequency per million words
--- | ---
1900 | 0.0012
1910 | 0.001
1920 | 0.0019
1930 | 0.0037
1940 | 0.0053
1950 | 0.006
1960 | 0.0064
1970 | 0.0062
1980 | 0.0064
1990 | 0.0064
2000 | 0.0049
2010 | 0.0031

Originally published as part of the entry for zygo-, comb. form

zygo-, comb. form was first published in 1921; not fully revised.