zollverein, n.

zollverein
http://www.oed.com/dictionary/zollverein_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use
First published 1921; not fully revised

# zollvereinnoun

## Earlier version

- zollverein in OED Second Edition (1989)

## Factsheet

### What does the noun zollverein mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun zollverein. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

#### Entry status

OED is undergoing a continuous programme of revision to modernize and improve definitions. This entry has not yet been fully revised.

### How common is the noun zollverein?

Fewer than 0.01occurrences per million words in modern written English

1840 | 0.002
1850 | 0.0026
1860 | 0.0045
1870 | 0.006
1880 | 0.0084
1890 | 0.0098
1900 | 0.012
1910 | 0.012
1920 | 0.012
1930 | 0.011
1940 | 0.0098
1950 | 0.0075
1960 | 0.0062
1970 | 0.0042
1980 | 0.0037
1990 | 0.003
2000 | 0.0022
2010 | 0.0019

### How is the noun zollverein pronounced?

#### British English

/ˈtsɒlfərʌɪn/
TSOL-fuh-righn
/ˈzɒlfərʌɪn/
ZOL-fuh-righn

#### U.S. English

/ˈtsɔlfəˌraɪn/
TSAWL-fuh-righn
/ˈzɔlfəˌraɪn/
ZAWL-fuh-righn

### Where does the noun zollverein come from?

Earliest known use

1840s

The earliest known use of the noun zollverein is in the 1840s.

OED's earliest evidence for zollverein is from 1843, in the Times (London).

zollverein is a borrowing from German.

### Nearby entries

1. zoistic, adj. 1849–
2. zoite, n. 1963–
3. -zoite, comb. form
4. zol, n. 1946–
5. Zolaesque, adj. 1886–
6. Zolaism, n. 1882–
7. Zolaist, n. 1886–
8. Zolaize, v. 1886–
9. Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, n. 1956–
10. Zöllner, n. 1890–
11. zollverein, n.1843–
12. zolotnik, n. 1783–
13. zombie, n. 1788–
14. zombie apocalypse, n. 1982–
15. zombied, adj. 1972–
16. zombie-esque, adj. 1946–
17. zombie-like, adj. & adv. 1932–
18. zombie worm, n. 2005–
19. zombification, n. 1968–
20. zombified, adj. 1965–
21. zombify, v. 1950–

## Etymology

### Summary

A borrowing from German.
German, < zoll tax, impost, toll n.1 + verein union.

## Meaning & use

Now Historical.

1. 1843–
   A customs union formed in 1817, originally between certain German states, and after 1833 including all the states, for the maintenance of a uniform rate of customs duties from other countries and of free trade among themselves. Also in extended use.
   1. 1843

      > The Zollverein.—The Bavarian Chamber of Deputies..voted by an immense majority the two following resolutions.

      Times 21 August 5/2
   2. 1847

      > The Prussian law of 1818, and the tariff which followed it, form the foundation of the German Zollverein.

      R. Cobden in J. Morley, Life of Richard Cobden (1881) vol. I. xviii. 448
   3. 1862

      > London Exhibition. Special Catalogue of the Zollverein-Department edited by authority of the Commissioners of the Zollverein-Governments.

      (title)
   4. 1893

      > When colonists propose an Imperial zollverein.

      G. Smith, Ess. Quest. Day 150
   economics and commerce politics historical
   1. zollverein 1843–
      A customs union formed in 1817, originally between certain German states, and after 1833 including all the states, for the maintenance of a uniform…
   2. Western European Union 1944–
      (In early use) a proposed customs union involving Western European nations; (later) an association of nations formed in 1954 from the former…
   3. Benelux 1947–
      The customs union of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg formed in October 1947. Also attributive.
   View in Historical Thesaurus
   1. the Ten 1636
      the Ten. The Decemvirs.
   2. zollverein 1843–
      A customs union formed in 1817, originally between certain German states, and after 1833 including all the states, for the maintenance of a uniform…
   3. Benelux 1947–
      The customs union of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg formed in October 1947. Also attributive.
   4. Comecon 1949–
      An economic association of Communist states in eastern and central Europe, set up in 1949 under the leadership of the Soviet Union and disbanded…
   5. common market 1950–
      With the and (usually) capital initials. The European Union; the economic agreements governing trade within the European Union. See European Union…
   6. ECSC 1952–
      European Coal and Steel Community.
   7. European Economic Community 1952–
      spec. Designating a developing series of economic and political unions between certain countries of western (and later also eastern) Europe from…
   8. Europe 1957–
      The European Union or its predecessors (see European, adj. A.5b).
   9. the Six 1957–
      the Six, the group of countries (Belgium, France, the German Federal Republic, Holland, Italy, and Luxembourg) which were the original members of…
   10. Brussels 1968–
       By metonymy: the European Union (formerly the European Community) or any of its legislative or executive institutions, most of which are based or…
   11. EC 1969–
       European Community (or European Communities); see European, adj. A.5b.
   12. the Nine 1972–
       the Nine. The group of countries forming the enlarged European Economic Community between 1973 and 1981. Cf. six, adj. A.2j. Now historical.
   13. Euroland 1981–
       Originally: Europe; the European Union (or formerly the European Economic Community). Now chiefly: spec. the economic region formed by those…
   14. APEC 1989–
       Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, a forum of 21 Pacific Rim countries (including Australia, China, Japan, Russia, and the United States)…
   View in Historical Thesaurus

## Pronunciation

### British English

/ˈtsɒlfərʌɪn/
TSOL-fuh-righn
/ˈzɒlfərʌɪn/
ZOL-fuh-righn

### U.S. English

/ˈtsɔlfəˌraɪn/
TSAWL-fuh-righn
/ˈzɔlfəˌraɪn/
ZAWL-fuh-righn

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- ɬrhingyll
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛtl/ but /ˈpɛtl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- iːfleece
- ihappy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- atrap, bath
- ɑːstart, palm, bath
- ɒlot
- ɔːthought, force
- ʌstrut
- ʊfoot
- uːgoose
- əletter
- əːnurse
- ɪənear
- ɛːsquare
- ʊəcure
- eɪface
- ʌɪpride
- aʊmouth
- əʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ãgratin
- ɒ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye*
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

* /d/ also represents a 'tapped' /t/ as in

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛd(ə)l/ but /ˈpɛdl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- ifleece, happy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- ætrap, bath
- ɑlot, palm, cloth, thought
- ɑrstart
- ɔcloth, thought
- ɔrnorth, force
- ʊfoot
- ugoose
- əstrut, comma
- ərnurse, letter
- ɪ(ə)rnear
- ɛ(ə)rsquare
- ʊ(ə)rcure
- eɪface
- aɪpride
- aʊmouth
- oʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ɑ̃gratin
- æ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

Simple text respell breaks words into syllables, separated by a hyphen. The syllable which carries the primary stress is written in capital letters. This key covers both British and U.S. English Simple Text Respell.

##### Consonants

b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w and z have their standard English values

- gguy
- jjay
- yyore
- chchore
- khloch
- shshore
- ththaw
- dhthee
- zhbeige

##### Vowels

- atrap
- ahpalm
- airsquare
- arstart
- arrcarry (British only)
- awthought
- ayface
- a(ng)gratin
- edress
- eefleece
- eerdeer
- errmerry
- ikit
- ighpride
- irrmirror
- olot (British only)
- ohgoat
- oogoose
- oorcure
- orforce
- orrsorry (British only)
- owmouth
- oyvoice
- o(ng)salon
- ustrut
- uhletter
- urnurse
- urrhurry
- uufoot

## Frequency

zollverein typically occurs fewer than 0.01 times per million words in modern written English.

zollverein is in frequency band 2, which contains words occurring between 0.001 and 0.01 times per million words in modern written English. More about OED's frequency bands

Frequency data is computed programmatically, and should be regarded as an estimate.

### Frequency of zollverein, n., 1840–2010

* Occurrences per million words in written English

Historical frequency series are derived from Google Books Ngrams (version 2), a data set based on the Google Books corpus of several million books printed in English between 1500 and 2010.

The overall frequency for a given word is calculated by summing frequencies for the main form of the word, any plural or inflected forms, and any major spelling variations.

For sets of homographs (distinct entries that share the same word-form, e.g. mole, n.¹, mole, n.², mole, n.³, etc.), we have estimated the frequency of each homograph entry as a fraction of the total Ngrams frequency for the word-form. This may result in inaccuracies.

Smoothing has been applied to series for lower-frequency words, using a moving-average algorithm. This reduces short-term fluctuations, which may be produced by variability in the content of the Google Books corpus.

Decade | Frequency per million words
--- | ---
1840 | 0.002
1850 | 0.0026
1860 | 0.0045
1870 | 0.006
1880 | 0.0084
1890 | 0.0098
1900 | 0.012
1910 | 0.012
1920 | 0.012
1930 | 0.011
1940 | 0.0098
1950 | 0.0075
1960 | 0.0062
1970 | 0.0042
1980 | 0.0037
1990 | 0.003
2000 | 0.0022
2010 | 0.0019

## Compounds & derived words

Sort by

1. zollvereinist, n. 1843–
   An advocate of a British imperial zollverein.

zollverein, n. was first published in 1921; not fully revised.

zollverein, n. was last modified in July 2023.