Zambianization, n.

zambianization
http://www.oed.com/dictionary/zambianization_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use
Revised 2022

# Zambianizationnoun

## Factsheet

### What does the noun Zambianization mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun Zambianization. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

### How common is the noun Zambianization?

About 0.01occurrences per million words in modern written English

1960 | 0.016
1970 | 0.013
1980 | 0.012
1990 | 0.012
2000 | 0.013
2010 | 0.0064

### How is the noun Zambianization pronounced?

#### British English

/ˌzambiənʌɪˈzeɪʃn/
zam-bee-uh-nigh-ZAY-shuhn

#### U.S. English

/ˌzæmbiəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃən/
zam-bee-uh-nigh-ZAY-shuhn
/ˌzæmbiənəˈzeɪʃən/
zam-bee-uh-nuh-ZAY-shuhn

### Where does the noun Zambianization come from?

Earliest known use

1960s

The earliest known use of the noun Zambianization is in the 1960s.

OED's earliest evidence for Zambianization is from 1964, in the Times (London).

Zambianization is formed within English, by derivation.

Etymons: Zambian adj., ‑ization suffix.

### Nearby entries

1. zakuska, n. 1885–
2. zalambdodont, adj. 1885–
3. zalcitabine, n. 1991–
4. zamacueca, n. 1855–
5. Zamak, n. 1926–
6. zamang, n. 1819–
7. zamarra, n. 1841–
8. zama zama, n. 2006–
9. Zamazim, n. a1400–
10. Zambian, adj. & n. 1959–
11. Zambianization, n.1964–
12. Zambianize, v. 1964–
13. zambo, n. 1819–
14. Zamboni, n. 1965–
15. zambra, n. 1672–
16. zambuk, n. 1906–
17. zamburak, n. 1825–
18. zami, n. 1977–
19. Zamia, n. 1819–
20. zamindar, n. 1683–
21. zamindari, n. & adj. 1742–

## Etymology

### Summary

Formed within English, by derivation.
Etymons: Zambian adj., ‑ization suffix.
< Zambian adj. + ‑ization suffix, probably after Africanization n.

Compare Zambianize v.

Compare slightly earlier Kenyanization n., Ugandanization n., and Nigerianization n.

## Meaning & use

1. 1964–
   The policy of replacing non-Zambian citizens (typically settlers of European descent) with Zambian citizens (typically of African descent) in various occupations in all sectors of the local economy. Cf. Zambianize v.
   Zambianization efforts began when Zambia achieved independence from British colonization in 1964.
   1. 1964

      > The Zambianization schemes of this highly technical, complex industry are handicapped by the skills required for it to compete on a world market.

      Times 24 October (Zambia Supplement) p. viii/6
   2. 1984

      > Zambianization of the mining industry was a natural consequence of independence.

      Mining Journal 26 October 287/2
   3. 2013

      > The Zambia Institute for Human Resources Management (ZIHRM)..have welcomed Government's decision to ban foreigners from taking up human resource management jobs... Since the Zambianisation programme was introduced, the ZIHRM had trained a good number of human resource personnel to carry out the functions of HRM.

      Times of Zambia (Nexis) 8 March
   1. Zambianization 1964–
      The policy of replacing non-Zambian citizens (typically settlers of European descent) with Zambian citizens (typically of African descent) in…
   View in Historical Thesaurus

## Pronunciation

### British English

/ˌzambiənʌɪˈzeɪʃn/
zam-bee-uh-nigh-ZAY-shuhn

### U.S. English

/ˌzæmbiəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃən/
zam-bee-uh-nigh-ZAY-shuhn
/ˌzæmbiənəˈzeɪʃən/
zam-bee-uh-nuh-ZAY-shuhn

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- ɬrhingyll
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛtl/ but /ˈpɛtl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- iːfleece
- ihappy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- atrap, bath
- ɑːstart, palm, bath
- ɒlot
- ɔːthought, force
- ʌstrut
- ʊfoot
- uːgoose
- əletter
- əːnurse
- ɪənear
- ɛːsquare
- ʊəcure
- eɪface
- ʌɪpride
- aʊmouth
- əʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ãgratin
- ɒ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye*
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

* /d/ also represents a 'tapped' /t/ as in

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛd(ə)l/ but /ˈpɛdl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- ifleece, happy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- ætrap, bath
- ɑlot, palm, cloth, thought
- ɑrstart
- ɔcloth, thought
- ɔrnorth, force
- ʊfoot
- ugoose
- əstrut, comma
- ərnurse, letter
- ɪ(ə)rnear
- ɛ(ə)rsquare
- ʊ(ə)rcure
- eɪface
- aɪpride
- aʊmouth
- oʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ɑ̃gratin
- æ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

Simple text respell breaks words into syllables, separated by a hyphen. The syllable which carries the primary stress is written in capital letters. This key covers both British and U.S. English Simple Text Respell.

##### Consonants

b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w and z have their standard English values

- gguy
- jjay
- yyore
- chchore
- khloch
- shshore
- ththaw
- dhthee
- zhbeige

##### Vowels

- atrap
- ahpalm
- airsquare
- arstart
- arrcarry (British only)
- awthought
- ayface
- a(ng)gratin
- edress
- eefleece
- eerdeer
- errmerry
- ikit
- ighpride
- irrmirror
- olot (British only)
- ohgoat
- oogoose
- oorcure
- orforce
- orrsorry (British only)
- owmouth
- oyvoice
- o(ng)salon
- ustrut
- uhletter
- urnurse
- urrhurry
- uufoot

## Forms

### Variant forms

See Zambian adj. & n. and ‑ization suffix.

## Frequency

Zambianization typically occurs about 0.01 times per million words in modern written English.

Zambianization is in frequency band 3, which contains words occurring between 0.01 and 0.1 times per million words in modern written English. More about OED's frequency bands

Frequency data is computed programmatically, and should be regarded as an estimate.

### Frequency of Zambianization, n., 1960–2010

* Occurrences per million words in written English

Historical frequency series are derived from Google Books Ngrams (version 2), a data set based on the Google Books corpus of several million books printed in English between 1500 and 2010.

The overall frequency for a given word is calculated by summing frequencies for the main form of the word, any plural or inflected forms, and any major spelling variations.

For sets of homographs (distinct entries that share the same word-form, e.g. mole, n.¹, mole, n.², mole, n.³, etc.), we have estimated the frequency of each homograph entry as a fraction of the total Ngrams frequency for the word-form. This may result in inaccuracies.

Smoothing has been applied to series for lower-frequency words, using a moving-average algorithm. This reduces short-term fluctuations, which may be produced by variability in the content of the Google Books corpus.

Decade | Frequency per million words
--- | ---
1960 | 0.016
1970 | 0.013
1980 | 0.012
1990 | 0.012
2000 | 0.013
2010 | 0.0064

Originally published as part of the entry for Zambian, adj. & n.

Zambianization, n. was revised in June 2022.

Zambianization, n. was last modified in July 2023.