Zapatist, n. & adj.

zapatist
http://www.oed.com/dictionary/zapatist_n%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use
First published 2004

# Zapatistnoun & adjective

## Factsheet

### What does the word Zapatist mean?

There are three meanings listed in OED's entry for the word Zapatist. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

### How common is the word Zapatist?

Fewer than 0.01occurrences per million words in modern written English

1910 | 0.0021
1920 | 0.002
1930 | 0.0023
1940 | 0.0025
1950 | 0.0046
1960 | 0.0047
1970 | 0.0045
1980 | 0.0046
1990 | 0.0051
2000 | 0.0052
2010 | 0.0057

### How is the word Zapatist pronounced?

#### British English

/ˈzapətɪst/
ZAP-uh-tist

#### U.S. English

/ˈzæpədəst/
ZAP-uh-duhst
/ˈsɑpəˌtɪst/
SAH-puh-tist

### Where does the word Zapatist come from?

Earliest known use

1910s

The earliest known use of the word Zapatist is in the 1910s.

OED's earliest evidence for Zapatist is from 1911, in New York Times.

From a proper name, combined with an English element; modelled on a Spanish lexical item.

Etymons: proper name Zapata, ‑ist suffix.

### Nearby entries

1. zanyism, n. 1823–
2. zanyship, n. 1766–1839
3. Zanzibari, n. & adj. 1882–
4. zap, n. 1968–
5. zap, v. 1942–
6. zap, int. 1929–
7. Zapata, n. 1962–
8. zapateado, n. 1845–
9. Zapatism, n. 1911–
10. Zapatismo, n. 1913–
11. Zapatist, n. & adj.1911–
12. Zapatista, n. & adj. 1911–
13. zapote, n. 1842–
14. Zapotec, n. & adj. 1797–
15. zappe, v. c1600
16. zapped, adj. 1962–
17. zapper, n. 1969–
18. zapping, n. 1972–
19. zappy, adj. 1969–
20. zaptieh, n. 1869–
21. ZAPU, n. 1961–

## Etymology

### Summary

From a proper name, combined with an English element; modelled on a Spanish lexical item.
Etymons: proper name Zapata, ‑ist suffix.
< the name of Emiliano Zapata (see Zapatista n.) + ‑ist suffix, after Spanish Zapatista Zapatista n.

Compare Zapatista n.

## Meaning & use

1. noun
   1. 1.
      1911–
      A supporter of Emiliano Zapata (see etymology); a member of the revolutionary guerrilla movement which was founded c1910 by Zapata and which fought during the Mexican Revolution to achieve the redistribution of agricultural land. Cf. Zapatista n. A.1. Now historical.
      1. 1911

         > The Zapatists have thus far refused to recognize the Provisional Government.

         New York Times 30 August 6/3
      2. 1939

         > Organs of the Comintern throughout the world were to discover..that he had never been a Leninist, but only a petty-bourgeois agrarian Zapatist (follower of Zapata) and had now become a bourgeois painter altogether.

         B. D. Wolfe, Diego Rivera xx. 253
      3. 1980

         > A Memorial drawn up by the Zapatists in late September 1911.

         G. Rudé, Ideol. & Popular Protest (1995) ii. iii. 70
      4. 2014

         > Despite the general atmosphere of repression and the threats to which villagers were submitted to make them denounce Zapatists, no denouncing took place.

         V. Branchet-Márquez, Contention & Inequality in Mexico 1910–2010 iii. 69
      historical
   2. 2.
      1994–
      A member or supporter of a revolutionary force espousing ideals for social and agrarian reform similar to those of Zapata, which launched a popular uprising in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas in January 1994. Cf. Zapatista n. A.2.
      1. 1994

         > Few elsewhere may follow the Chiapas rebels' call to arms. Indeed some villagers have criticised the Zapatists, some of whose recruits say they were coerced.

         Economist 8 January 46/1
      2. 2001

         > Passing the bill, releasing political prisoners and withdrawing the army from various points in Chiapas are the Zapatists' conditions for agreeing once again to talk to the government and, eventually, to end the rebellion.

         Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Nexis) 6 March b5
      3. 2022

         > Zapatists are reinventing their utopia in Chiapas.

         E. Barozet et al., Where has Social Justice Gone? Introduction p. liii
      1. innovator 1598–
         One who innovates; an introducer of novelties or new methods; †a revolutionist.
      2. revolver 1698
         A revolutionary. Obsolete. rare.
      3. revolutionist 1710–
         An advocate of or participant in revolution; a revolutionary.
      4. sansculotte 1790–
         In the French Revolution, a republican of the poorer classes in Paris. Hence gen. an extreme republican or revolutionary.
      5. revolutionary 1795–
         A person who instigates or supports revolution; a participant in a particular revolution.
      6. revolutionizer 1798–
      7. revolutioner 1803–
         gen. A person engaged in effecting a revolution; a revolutionary. Now rare.
      8. descamisado 1821–62
         Also with capital initial. (A nickname given to) an ultra-liberal in the Spanish revolutionary war of 1820–3; also in extended use. Obsolete.
      9. radical 1822–
         Politics. Also with capital initial. A person who advocates radical or far-reaching political or social reform; a member of a political party or…
      10. sansculottist 1833–
          One who favours sansculottism; also attributive.
      11. revolutionaire 1835–
          Chiefly in French contexts: a revolutionary.
      12. red republican 1848–
          A person who holds radically left-wing republican views. Cf. red republic, n.
      13. redshirt 1889–
          A revolutionary, anarchist, or communist. Now chiefly historical.
      14. Zapatismo 1913–
          Advocacy of, support for, or membership of either of the Zapatista movements (see Zapatista, n.); advocacy of social and agrarian reform in…
      15. Bolshevik 1926–
          transferred and figurative. A person of subversive or revolutionary views; an out-and-out opponent of the existing social order or accepted codes.
      16. Young Turk 1948–
          Also with lower-case initial(s). A young person embracing innovation and desiring radical change to the established order. Usually in plural.
      17. Zapatist 1994–
          A member or supporter of a revolutionary force espousing ideals for social and agrarian reform similar to those of Zapata, which launched a popular…
      View in Historical Thesaurus
2. adjective
   1. 1911–
      Of, relating to, or designating the Zapatists (in either sense). Cf. Zapatista adj.
      1. 1911

         > Ministerial changes in Mexico. (The Zapatist rising).

         Times 30 October 5/1 (headline)
      2. 1974

         > The Zapatist facet of the Mexican revolution.

         American Political Science Review vol. 68 1352/1
      3. 1994

         > Two weeks after the start of their quixotic rebellion, the ‘Zapatist’ peasants whose uprising in Chiapas state shocked the Mexican government on new year's day continue to elude its troops.

         Economist (Nexis) 15 January 39
      4. 2015

         > The Zapatist armed rebellion in 1994 was a forceful expression of massive popular resistance against neoliberal reform.

         International Journal Health Services vol. 45 248
      1. Fructidorian 1884–
         Belonging to the party that came into power in Fructidor.
      2. Octobrist 1906–
         Of, relating to, or designating the Octobrists. Also (rare): communist, revolutionary, inspired by the Russian October Revolution of 1917 (cf. Oct…
      3. Zapatist 1911–
         Of, relating to, or designating the Zapatists (in either sense). Cf. Zapatista, adj.
      4. Zapatista 1912–
         Of, relating to, or designating the Zapatistas (in either sense). Cf. Zapatist, adj.
      View in Historical Thesaurus

## Pronunciation

### British English

/ˈzapətɪst/
ZAP-uh-tist

### U.S. English

/ˈzæpədəst/
ZAP-uh-duhst
/ˈsɑpəˌtɪst/
SAH-puh-tist

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- ɬrhingyll
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛtl/ but /ˈpɛtl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- iːfleece
- ihappy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- atrap, bath
- ɑːstart, palm, bath
- ɒlot
- ɔːthought, force
- ʌstrut
- ʊfoot
- uːgoose
- əletter
- əːnurse
- ɪənear
- ɛːsquare
- ʊəcure
- eɪface
- ʌɪpride
- aʊmouth
- əʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ãgratin
- ɒ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

##### Consonants

- ppea
- ttea
- kkey
- bbuy
- ddye*
- ɡguy
- tʃchore
- dʒjay
- ffore
- θthaw
- ssore
- ʃshore
- vvee
- ðthee
- zzee
- ʒbeige
- xloch
- hhay
- llay
- rray
- wway
- jyore
- mmay
- nnay
- ŋsing

* /d/ also represents a 'tapped' /t/ as in

Some consonants can take the function of the vowel in unstressed syllables. Where necessary, a syllabic marker diacritic is used, hence /ˈpɛd(ə)l/ but /ˈpɛdl̩i/.

##### Vowels

- ifleece, happy
- ɪkit
- ɛdress
- ætrap, bath
- ɑlot, palm, cloth, thought
- ɑrstart
- ɔcloth, thought
- ɔrnorth, force
- ʊfoot
- ugoose
- əstrut, comma
- ərnurse, letter
- ɪ(ə)rnear
- ɛ(ə)rsquare
- ʊ(ə)rcure
- eɪface
- aɪpride
- aʊmouth
- oʊgoat
- ɔɪvoice
- ɑ̃gratin
- æ̃salon
- ᵻ(/ɪ/-/ə/)
- ᵿ(/ʊ/-/ə/)

##### Other symbols

- The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress.
- The symbol ˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with secondary stress.
- Round brackets ( ) in a transcription indicate that the symbol within the brackets is optional.

View the pronunciation model here.

####

Simple text respell breaks words into syllables, separated by a hyphen. The syllable which carries the primary stress is written in capital letters. This key covers both British and U.S. English Simple Text Respell.

##### Consonants

b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w and z have their standard English values

- gguy
- jjay
- yyore
- chchore
- khloch
- shshore
- ththaw
- dhthee
- zhbeige

##### Vowels

- atrap
- ahpalm
- airsquare
- arstart
- arrcarry (British only)
- awthought
- ayface
- a(ng)gratin
- edress
- eefleece
- eerdeer
- errmerry
- ikit
- ighpride
- irrmirror
- olot (British only)
- ohgoat
- oogoose
- oorcure
- orforce
- orrsorry (British only)
- owmouth
- oyvoice
- o(ng)salon
- ustrut
- uhletter
- urnurse
- urrhurry
- uufoot

## Forms

### Variant forms

Also with lower-case initial.

## Frequency

Zapatist typically occurs fewer than 0.01 times per million words in modern written English.

Zapatist is in frequency band 2, which contains words occurring between 0.001 and 0.01 times per million words in modern written English. More about OED's frequency bands

Frequency data is computed programmatically, and should be regarded as an estimate.

### Frequency of Zapatist, n. & adj., 1910–2010

* Occurrences per million words in written English

Historical frequency series are derived from Google Books Ngrams (version 2), a data set based on the Google Books corpus of several million books printed in English between 1500 and 2010.

The overall frequency for a given word is calculated by summing frequencies for the main form of the word, any plural or inflected forms, and any major spelling variations.

For sets of homographs (distinct entries that share the same word-form, e.g. mole, n.¹, mole, n.², mole, n.³, etc.), we have estimated the frequency of each homograph entry as a fraction of the total Ngrams frequency for the word-form. This may result in inaccuracies.

Smoothing has been applied to series for lower-frequency words, using a moving-average algorithm. This reduces short-term fluctuations, which may be produced by variability in the content of the Google Books corpus.

Decade | Frequency per million words
--- | ---
1910 | 0.0021
1920 | 0.002
1930 | 0.0023
1940 | 0.0025
1950 | 0.0046
1960 | 0.0047
1970 | 0.0045
1980 | 0.0046
1990 | 0.0051
2000 | 0.0052
2010 | 0.0057

Zapatist, n. & adj. was first published in September 2004.