English Prepositions Explained	-14 /FitH 619
Title page	-12 /FitH 619
LCC data	-11 /FitH 598
Dedication	-10 /FitH 630
Table of contents	00toc.indd:Anchor 16
Acknowledgements	00toc.indd:Acknowledgements
Preface to the second edition	00toc.indd:Preface to the second edition
Symbols, abbreviations and features of format	00toc.indd:Anchor 17
Chapter 1. Introduction and orientation	01int.indd:Anchor 17
	1. Who is this book for?	01int.indd:Anchor 18
	2. Why not just consult a grammar handbook or dictionary?	01int.indd:Anchor 19
	3. Prepositions covered in this book	01int.indd:Anchor 20
	4. Prepositions not focused on	01int.indd:Anchor 21
	5. Where have the example sentences and phrases come from?	01int.indd:Anchor 22
	6. Prepositions in whose minds?	01int.indd:Anchor 23
	7. Collocations, strong collocations, fixed expressions	01int.indd:Anchor 24
	8. The ‘Subjects’ and ‘Landmarks’ of prepositions	01int.indd:Anchor 25
		8.1. The basics	01int.indd:Anchor 26
		8.2 People as Subjects and Landmarks	01int.indd:Anchor 27
		8.3 Plurals	01int.indd:Anchor 28
		8.4 Locating events in time	01int.indd:Anchor 29
		8.5 Arrangements of grammatical Subject and Landmark	01int.indd:Anchor 30
		8.6 Events, activities, and similar as Subject or Landmark	01int.indd:Anchor 31
		8.7 Grammatical subjects and landmarks in questions	01int.indd:Anchor 32
		8.8 Prepositions of path	01int.indd:Anchor 33
		8.9 Omission of lexical landmarks	01int.indd:Anchor 34
		8.10 Abstract Subjects and Landmarks	01int.indd:Anchor 35
		8.11 Secondary Landmarks	01int.indd:Anchor 36
	9. Meaning and form	01int.indd:Anchor 37
	10. Meaning, sense and usage	01int.indd:Anchor 38
	11. Literal, spatial meanings and abstract, figurative usages	01int.indd:Anchor 39
	12. Geometry, function and role	01int.indd:Anchor 40
	13. The icons as aids to understanding	01int.indd:Anchor 41
	14. Classifying prepositions	01int.indd:Anchor 42
	15. Prototypical (~ ‘primary’ or ‘most representative’) meanings and secondary (~ ‘extended’) meanings	01int.indd:Anchor 43
	16. Phrasal verbs (~ multi-word verbs)	01int.indd:Anchor 44
	17. Ordinary, idiomatic phrasal verbs vs perfective phrasal verbs	01int.indd:Anchor 45
	18. Prepositions, directional adverbs and particles	01int.indd:Anchor 46
	19. Prepositions and the guessability of idioms	01int.indd:Anchor 47
	20. The roles of functionality and metonymy	01int.indd:Anchor 48
	21. Major non-spatial notions	01int.indd:Anchor 49
Chapter 2. Toward(s), to, in/into, inward, outward, through, out (of), from (vs off), away (from)	02tow.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	02tow.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Toward(s)	02tow.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 The meaning of toward(s)	02tow.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 The suffix -ward(s)	02tow.indd:Anchor 17
	3. To	02tow.indd:Anchor 18
		3.1 To: Basic, meaning	02tow.indd:Anchor 19
		3.2 To ~ ’toward’	02tow.indd:Anchor 20
	4. In/into	02tow.indd:Anchor 21
		4.1 In/into vs to	02tow.indd:Anchor 22
			4.1.1 Basic differences	02tow.indd:Anchor 23
			4.1.2 The difference in the scale of mental images for In/into and to	02tow.indd:Anchor 24
		4.2 In vs into	02tow.indd:Anchor 25
		4.3 Metaphorical usages of in & into	02tow.indd:Anchor 26
	5. Inward(s)	02tow.indd:Anchor 27
	6. Through	02tow.indd:Anchor 28
		6.1 Two literal meanings	02tow.indd:Anchor 29
		6.2 Metaphorical through	02tow.indd:Anchor 30
		6.3 Metaphorical through ~ ‘because of’, ‘by means of’, ‘owing to the action of’	02tow.indd:Anchor 31
	7. Out (of)	02tow.indd:Anchor 32
		7.1 The of in out of	02tow.indd:Anchor 33
		7.2 Out	02tow.indd:Anchor 34
			7.2.1 The basic meaning of out	02tow.indd:Anchor 35
			7.2.2 Out ~ ‘in all directions away from a central Landmark’	02tow.indd:Anchor 36
			7.2.3 Out: Straightforward metaphorical usages of the basic meaning	02tow.indd:Anchor 37
		7.3 More metaphorical senses and usages of out	02tow.indd:Anchor 38
			7.3.1 Out for extension/expansion beyond former boundaries	02tow.indd:Anchor 39
			7.3.2 Out ~ ‘From the beginning to the end’	02tow.indd:Anchor 40
			7.3.3 Out ~ ‘better than’	02tow.indd:Anchor 41
		7.4 Out and the matter of viewpoint	02tow.indd:Anchor 42
			7.4.1 Leaving a house: The possible vantage points	02tow.indd:Anchor 43
			7.4.2 Person B’s viewpoint: Out & ex- ~ ‘not here/there’, ‘gone’	02tow.indd:Anchor 44
			7.4.3 Person C’s viewpoint: Out & ex – ~ ‘in the open’, ‘not hidden’ ~ ‘understandable’ or ‘available’	02tow.indd:Anchor 45
			7.4.4 Person A’s viewpoint: Out for loss of possession or supply	02tow.indd:Anchor 46
	8. Outward(s) = ‘away from the center’	02tow.indd:Anchor 47
	9. From’	02tow.indd:Anchor 48
		9.1 From: Literal meanings	02tow.indd:Anchor 49
			9.1.1 From: The basic meaning	02tow.indd:Anchor 50
			9.1.2 From and other prepositions of ‘separation’: Out, off, off from	02tow.indd:Anchor 51
			9.1.3 Literal from vs of	02tow.indd:Anchor 52
		9.2 From: Metaphorical usages	02tow.indd:Anchor 53
			9.2.1 From for order of finishing	02tow.indd:Anchor 54
			9.2.2 More on from vs of	02tow.indd:Anchor 55
			9.2.3 A variation from the basic meaning: Keep from …-ing	02tow.indd:Anchor 56
			9.2.4 From & to: Different from/to & similar expressions	02tow.indd:Anchor 57
		9.3 Out of and off as colloquial alternatives to from	02tow.indd:Anchor 58
			9.3.1 A stylistic difference between out of and from	02tow.indd:Anchor 59
			9.3.2 A stylistic difference between off and from	02tow.indd:Anchor 60
	10. Away (from) ~ ‘farther (from)’, ‘in the opposite direction (from)’	02tow.indd:Anchor 61
		10.1 Away and away from	02tow.indd:Anchor 62
		10.2 Away: More about its basic meaning and literal usages	02tow.indd:Anchor 63
		10.3 Metaphorical usages of Away	02tow.indd:Anchor 64
			10.3.1 Away for metaphorical taking and removing	02tow.indd:Anchor 65
			10.3.2 Away for gradual disappearance	02tow.indd:Anchor 66
			10.3.3 Away for acting freely, again and again	02tow.indd:Anchor 67
	11. Time	02tow.indd:Anchor 68
Chapter 3. On1 off, on2	03ono.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	03ono.indd:Anchor 14
	2. On1: ‘Contact’ & ‘support’	03ono.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 The basic spatial meaning of on1	03ono.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 On1: Variations in application & a variation in meaning	03ono.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 On1: Contact at ends & edges	03ono.indd:Anchor 18
			2.3.1 Supportive contact blends into non-supportive contact	03ono.indd:Anchor 19
			2.3.2 Catch on, hook on…	03ono.indd:Anchor 20
	3. On2: ‘in the direction being faced’ &/or ‘in the same direction as before’	03ono.indd:Anchor 21
	4. Onto: ‘forceful contact’	03ono.indd:Anchor 22
	5. Off, the opposite of on1	03ono.indd:Anchor 23
		5.1 Off as a preposition of path	03ono.indd:Anchor 24
		5.2 Off as a preposition of place	03ono.indd:Anchor 25
	6. On top (of)	03ono.indd:Anchor 26
	7. On the right/left (hand)(side) (of) vs to the right/left (hand)(side)(of)	03ono.indd:Anchor 27
	8. More about literal on2	03ono.indd:Anchor 28
		8.1 On2 vs along, away, off	03ono.indd:Anchor 29
		8.2 On2 vs out	03ono.indd:Anchor 30
		8.3 On2 & toward(s)	03ono.indd:Anchor 31
	9. Some common metaphorical usages of on1 and off	03ono.indd:Anchor 32
		9.1 On1 for metaphorical contact vs off	03ono.indd:Anchor 33
			9.1.1 On1 with topic Landmarks vs about, around, concerning	03ono.indd:Anchor 34
			9.1.2 The burden metaphor: on1, under, upon, off	03ono.indd:Anchor 35
			9.1.3 On1: Forceful contact from above	03ono.indd:Anchor 36
			9.1.4 On1: Contact from any direction, including very forceful contact	03ono.indd:Anchor 37
			9.1.5 On1: The Landmark as an object of slower action	03ono.indd:Anchor 38
			9.1.6 The basis metaphor: On1 & do X ‘on the back of’ Y	03ono.indd:Anchor 39
			9.1.7 Bet/spend x on y	03ono.indd:Anchor 40
		9.2 On1 & off: Additional common metaphorical usages	03ono.indd:Anchor 41
			9.2.1 On1 (vs off): Accessibility, availability, existence, currency	03ono.indd:Anchor 42
			9.2.2 Not on & off ~ ‘not good enough’	03ono.indd:Anchor 43
			9.2.3 Off suggests ‘up’ as in lift off, take off	03ono.indd:Anchor 44
			9.2.4 Live off x vs live on x	03ono.indd:Anchor 45
			9.2.5 On fire/watch/guard/duty/patrol…& on the run, on the go…	03ono.indd:Anchor 46
			9.2.6 Visual contact: Look on x	03ono.indd:Anchor 47
	10. Metaphorical on2	03ono.indd:Anchor 48
	11. On1& on2	03ono.indd:Anchor 49
		11.1 A probably illusory, figurative blend of on1 & on2	03ono.indd:Anchor 50
		11.2 Are on1& on2 related?	03ono.indd:Anchor 51
	12. Time	03ono.indd:Anchor 52
		12.1 On1 vs at & in	03ono.indd:Anchor 53
		12.2 On2 & onto	03ono.indd:Anchor 54
		12.3 Off	03ono.indd:Anchor 55
		12.4 Ahead (of)	03ono.indd:Anchor 56
Chapter 4. In, on1 out, into	04ino.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	04ino.indd:Anchor 14
	2. In vs other prepositions including on1	04ino.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 In, on, within, inside, out (of): Representative applications	04ino.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 In re a Landmark which is like a line, but on1 re a line of one dimension	04ino.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Being ‘in’ without really being geometrically ‘in’	04ino.indd:Anchor 18
	3. In and its relatives	04ino.indd:Anchor 19
		3.1 In, inside, within	04ino.indd:Anchor 20
		3.2 Inside & within vs outside & without	04ino.indd:Anchor 21
		3.3 Be in vs be on a bus, train, etc.	04ino.indd:Anchor 22
	4. Common metaphorical usages of in(to)	04ino.indd:Anchor 23
	5. Time	04ino.indd:Anchor 24
		5.1 In vs on1 & at	04ino.indd:Anchor 25
			5.1.1 Long spans of time: In	04ino.indd:Anchor 26
			5.1.2 Days: On	04ino.indd:Anchor 27
			5.1.3 The expressions in the day/night/afternoon…	04ino.indd:Anchor 28
			5.1.4 the morning/afternoon…of…: In vs on	04ino.indd:Anchor 29
		5.2 Set phrases with in & on	04ino.indd:Anchor 30
		5.3 During vs in, at & on	04ino.indd:Anchor 31
		5.4 Do something in x seconds/minutes/hours…	04ino.indd:Anchor 32
		5.5 Inside & within	04ino.indd:Anchor 33
		5.6 In doing (~ ‘while doing’) vs on doing (~ ‘when doing’)	04ino.indd:Anchor 34
Chapter 5. Beside, along, against, alongside, aside	05bes.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	05bes.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Basic spatial meanings	05bes.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Beside vs along, alongside	05bes.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Beside & along vs against	05bes.indd:Anchor 17
			2.2.1 Place or endpoint of a path	05bes.indd:Anchor 18
			2.2.2 Landmarks that flow: against, into, with, along	05bes.indd:Anchor 19
		2.3 Alongside vs beside & along	05bes.indd:Anchor 20
	3. Metaphorical usages	05bes.indd:Anchor 21
		3.1 Along	05bes.indd:Anchor 22
		3.2 Along with ~ ‘in addition to’; vs together with & with	05bes.indd:Anchor 23
		3.3 Besides	05bes.indd:Anchor 24
		3.4 Alongside, beside ~ ‘in cooperation with’	05bes.indd:Anchor 25
		3.5 Beside yourself with anger	05bes.indd:Anchor 26
	4. Aside	05bes.indd:Anchor 27
	5. Right/left – to the right/left (of), etc.	05bes.indd:Anchor 28
	6. Time	05bes.indd:Anchor 29
Chapter 6. Between, among(st)	06bet.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	06bet.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Literal and metaphorical usages of between	06bet.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Between as a preposition of place & in Between	06bet.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Between: Movement to an endpoint between a double Landmark & in between	06bet.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Between as a preposition of path vs in Between	06bet.indd:Anchor 18
		2.4 Between for dividing and sharing	06bet.indd:Anchor 19
		2.5 Between for choosing, distinguishing, discerning…	06bet.indd:Anchor 20
		2.6 The difference between/among; There’s nothing in it!	06bet.indd:Anchor 21
		2.7 Between for stating a range	06bet.indd:Anchor 22
	3. Literal and metaphorical usages of among(st) ~ ‘in a group or crowd’	06bet.indd:Anchor 23
	4. Among vs between	06bet.indd:Anchor 24
	5. Amid(st) vs among(st) & in the midst of, in the middle (of)	06bet.indd:Anchor 25
	6. Inter-	06bet.indd:Anchor 26
	7. Time	06bet.indd:Anchor 27
Chapter 7. Across (from), opposite (from), on the other side (of), beyond	07acr.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	07acr.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Across (from) vs opposite (from)	07acr.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Across & opposite: More about flexibility of application	07acr.indd:Anchor 16
	3. On the other side (of) vs across (from) & opposite	07acr.indd:Anchor 17
	4. at the other/at the opposite end (of) vs on the other side (of)	07acr.indd:Anchor 18
	5. Beyond	07acr.indd:Anchor 19
		5.1 a typical physical scene; beyond vs on the other side of, behind & over	07acr.indd:Anchor 20
		5.2 Beyond: Metaphorical usages	07acr.indd:Anchor 21
	6. Time	07acr.indd:Anchor 22
Chapter 8. Behind, on the other side (of), in back (of), in front (of)	08beh.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	08beh.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Behind	08beh.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Behind, in back (of) vs on the other side (of)	08beh.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Behind: Faces, fronts, and points of view	08beh.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Behind: Metaphorical usages	08beh.indd:Anchor 18
	3. In back (of)	08beh.indd:Anchor 19
	4. In front (of) & before	08beh.indd:Anchor 20
		4.1 Basic meanings	08beh.indd:Anchor 21
		4.2 In front (of) for spatial location vs before/prior (to) (& after) for chronological sequence	08beh.indd:Anchor 22
		4.3 In front (of) & ahead (of) for literal and metaphorical leading	08beh.indd:Anchor 23
		4.4 Before for location	08beh.indd:Anchor 24
	5. In front/back (of) vs in the front/back (of)	08beh.indd:Anchor 25
	6. Time	08beh.indd:Anchor 26
Chapter 9. Above, over	09abo.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	09abo.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Basic literal meanings of Above & over	09abo.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Above (~ ‘situated directly up & separated from’) & over	09abo.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Above & over for movement to an endpoint	09abo.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Above ~ ‘at a greater altitude but off to one side’	09abo.indd:Anchor 18
	3. More about over & above	09abo.indd:Anchor 19
		3.1 Over vs Above	09abo.indd:Anchor 20
			3.1.1 More about basic spatial meanings	09abo.indd:Anchor 21
			3.1.2 More about spatial usages of over vs above & on	09abo.indd:Anchor 22
			3.1.3 Summary of the basic spatial applications of over & above	09abo.indd:Anchor 23
		3.2 Over: Variations from its basic spatial applications	09abo.indd:Anchor 24
			3.2.1 Over for paths of virtual (or ‘fictive’) motion	09abo.indd:Anchor 25
			3.2.2 Over for spread contact	09abo.indd:Anchor 26
			3.2.3 Fall ‘over’	09abo.indd:Anchor 27
			3.2.4 Roll over	09abo.indd:Anchor 28
	4. Above & over: Additional metaphorical usages	09abo.indd:Anchor 29
		4.1 Metaphorical above	09abo.indd:Anchor 30
			4.1.1 Above ~ ‘more than’	09abo.indd:Anchor 31
			4.1.2 Above for separation, exaltedness	09abo.indd:Anchor 32
			4.1.3 above for (near) inaudibility	09abo.indd:Anchor 33
			4.1.4 above for location in written texts	09abo.indd:Anchor 34
		4.2 Metaphorical over	09abo.indd:Anchor 35
			4.2.1 Over- for excess, as in overflow, overeat, etc.	09abo.indd:Anchor 36
			4.2.2 Over’ metaphorical obstacles	09abo.indd:Anchor 37
			4.2.3 Over ~ ‘on account of, because of’	09abo.indd:Anchor 38
			4.2.4 Over for mastery of	09abo.indd:Anchor 39
			4.2.5 Over ~ ‘again’	09abo.indd:Anchor 40
			4.2.6 Over ~ ‘finished’	09abo.indd:Anchor 41
			4.2.7 Over ~ ‘more than’	09abo.indd:Anchor 42
			4.2.8 over in statements of preference	09abo.indd:Anchor 43
			4.2.9 over concerning transformation	09abo.indd:Anchor 44
			4.2.10 Over for hiding, obscuring	09abo.indd:Anchor 45
			4.2.11 Over ~ ‘remaining’	09abo.indd:Anchor 46
			4.2.12 Look over vs overlook	09abo.indd:Anchor 47
	5. Across	09abo.indd:Anchor 48
		5.1 Across: Basic literal usages	09abo.indd:Anchor 49
		5.2 Across vs over	09abo.indd:Anchor 50
		5.3 Across ~ ‘all over’	09abo.indd:Anchor 51
		5.4 Metaphorical usages of across	09abo.indd:Anchor 52
			5.4.1 Get a point across	09abo.indd:Anchor 53
			5.4.2 Come across x ~’encounter by chance’	09abo.indd:Anchor 54
			5.4.3 Some less idiomatic expressions	09abo.indd:Anchor 55
	6. Through	09abo.indd:Anchor 56
		6.1 Literal usages	09abo.indd:Anchor 57
			6.1.1 Basic meanings, typical physical Landmarks	09abo.indd:Anchor 58
			6.1.2 through vs across vs over	09abo.indd:Anchor 59
		6.2 Through: Metaphorical usages	09abo.indd:Anchor 60
			6.2.1 Situations viewed as spaces in time	09abo.indd:Anchor 61
			6.2.2 Through (with) ~ ‘finished (with)’	09abo.indd:Anchor 62
			6.2.3 Be through(with) ~ ‘finished (with)’ vs be over ~ ‘finished’	09abo.indd:Anchor 63
	7. Via	09abo.indd:Anchor 64
	8. Time	09abo.indd:Anchor 65
		8.1 Over ~ ‘more than’	09abo.indd:Anchor 66
		8.2 Extent of time: Over, throughout, during, through, across	09abo.indd:Anchor 67
			8.2.1 over & throughout	09abo.indd:Anchor 68
			8.2.2 During vs throughout & in	09abo.indd:Anchor 69
			8.2.3 throughout & over vs during	09abo.indd:Anchor 70
			8.2.4 Throughout vs through	09abo.indd:Anchor 71
			8.2.5 Across vs over & through	09abo.indd:Anchor 72
Chapter 10. Around/Round, by, past	10aro.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	10aro.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Around as a preposition of path: Spatial meanings & metaphorical usages	10aro.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Go around vs go by/go past	10aro.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Go around vs go over/under	10aro.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Water flowing around a stone in a stream	10aro.indd:Anchor 18
		2.4 Walk around a lake & swim around a lake	10aro.indd:Anchor 19
		2.5 Turn/spin around ~ ‘rotate, retrace your steps’	10aro.indd:Anchor 20
		2.6 Around ~ ‘in all directions’	10aro.indd:Anchor 21
		2.7 Around for aimless movement vs about	10aro.indd:Anchor 22
		2.8 Around for metaphorical circumvention	10aro.indd:Anchor 23
	3. Around as a preposition of place	10aro.indd:Anchor 24
		3.1 Around for literal surrounding	10aro.indd:Anchor 25
		3.2 (All) around ~ ‘randomly scattered’ vs all over & all across	10aro.indd:Anchor 26
		3.3 Around ~ ‘approximately’	10aro.indd:Anchor 27
		3.4 Around ~ ‘concerning in a general sort of way’	10aro.indd:Anchor 28
	4. About	10aro.indd:Anchor 29
		4.1 About’s spatial meaning; about vs (a)round	10aro.indd:Anchor 30
		4.2 about as a topic marker vs on, around, concerning, to, over	10aro.indd:Anchor 31
			4.2.1 About, on, around, concerning	10aro.indd:Anchor 32
			4.2.2 over ~ ‘because of’	10aro.indd:Anchor 33
			4.2.3 Speak to a topic	10aro.indd:Anchor 34
		4.3 About ~ ‘approximately’	10aro.indd:Anchor 35
	5. Roundabout	10aro.indd:Anchor 36
	6. Time	10aro.indd:Anchor 37
		6.1 Around, about & roundabout ~ ‘approximately’	10aro.indd:Anchor 38
		6.2 Past ~ ‘to and after’, ‘after’	10aro.indd:Anchor 39
		6.3 By for times and events that have ‘approached’ us out of the future and continued on into the past	10aro.indd:Anchor 40
		6.4 By for times that we pass as we go into the future	10aro.indd:Anchor 41
		6.5 By day, by night	10aro.indd:Anchor 42
		6.6 By ~ ‘not after’	10aro.indd:Anchor 43
Chapter 11. By, near, past	11byn.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	11byn.indd:Anchor 14
	2. By & its semantic cousins	11byn.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 By & near, close (to), next to	11byn.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 By ~ ‘past’	11byn.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 By & past vs around	11byn.indd:Anchor 18
		2.4 By, past & beyond	11byn.indd:Anchor 19
			2.4.1 By vs past as prepositions of path referring to ‘border’ and to ‘opening’ Landmarks	11byn.indd:Anchor 20
			2.4.2 By & past as prepositions of place: By ~ ‘near’ vs past ~ ‘beyond, on the other side of’	11byn.indd:Anchor 21
	3. By: Metaphorical, abstract & idiomatic meanings	11byn.indd:Anchor 22
		3.1 By ~ ‘incidental’ or ‘of secondary importance’	11byn.indd:Anchor 23
		3.2 By for ‘means’ & ‘manner’ vs in, on, with	11byn.indd:Anchor 24
		3.3 By for rate & amount of change	11byn.indd:Anchor 25
		3.4 By in passives	11byn.indd:Anchor 26
	4. Near, nearby & near to	11byn.indd:Anchor 27
		4.1 Near & nearby	11byn.indd:Anchor 28
		4.2 Near vs near to	11byn.indd:Anchor 29
	5. Close to ~ ‘rather or very near’	11byn.indd:Anchor 30
	6. Next & next to vs near, close to & beside	11byn.indd:Anchor 31
		6.1 Next & next to vs near, close to	11byn.indd:Anchor 32
		6.2 next to vs beside	11byn.indd:Anchor 33
	7. Additional metaphorical usages of near, close to & next to	11byn.indd:Anchor 34
	8. Time	11byn.indd:Anchor 35
		8.1 Near, around, about, round, close to, roundabout, close to ~ ‘approximately’	11byn.indd:Anchor 36
		8.2 Next to	11byn.indd:Anchor 37
Chapter 12. Under, below	12und.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	12und.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Under vs below, underneath & beneath	12und.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Under & below: Basic spatial meanings	12und.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Underneath and its kin	12und.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Beneath and its kin	12und.indd:Anchor 18
	3. At/On the bottom (of)	12und.indd:Anchor 19
	4. More about spatial under and its kin	12und.indd:Anchor 20
		4.1 Under: ‘from one side of something to the other’	12und.indd:Anchor 21
		4.2 Under ~ ‘(more) thoroughly in’, vs in	12und.indd:Anchor 22
	5. Metaphorical under	12und.indd:Anchor 23
		5.1 under: And the metaphor down is bad, vs below	12und.indd:Anchor 24
		5.2 under: And the metaphor whereby a situation is a kind of covering, like a low sky	12und.indd:Anchor 25
		5.3 Under: The metaphor whereby unpleasant experiences are burdens	12und.indd:Anchor 26
		5.4 To be under something is to be hidden from view	12und.indd:Anchor 27
		5.5 Under: Imageable dioms & lost metaphors	12und.indd:Anchor 28
	6. Metaphorical usages of below	12und.indd:Anchor 29
		6.1 Below ~ ‘less than, less important, less good…’	12und.indd:Anchor 30
		6.2 Below ~ ‘less than’	12und.indd:Anchor 31
	7. Time	12und.indd:Anchor 32
Chapter 13. Back, backward(s)	13bac.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	13bac.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Back	13bac.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Back ~ ‘in the opposite direction to the direction the Subject is facing’	13bac.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Back ~ ‘to or toward the place the Subject was before’	13bac.indd:Anchor 17
	3. Backwards	13bac.indd:Anchor 18
		3.1 Backward(s): Basic meaning & back, forward	13bac.indd:Anchor 19
		3.2 Backward(s): (semi)figurative usages	13bac.indd:Anchor 20
		3.3 The negative sense of backward as an adjective	13bac.indd:Anchor 21
	4. Time	13bac.indd:Anchor 22
		4.1 Back/backward(s) in time	13bac.indd:Anchor 23
		4.2 Back ~ ‘to a later time’	13bac.indd:Anchor 24
		4.3 Travel forward/ahead in time	13bac.indd:Anchor 25
Chapter 14. At	14ati.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	14ati.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Spatial meanings of at	14ati.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 At for zooming out; at for intersections & junctions vs on1	14ati.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 At for points on a route – way stations, ports of call, pause points, end points	14ati.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 At for points on a scale	14ati.indd:Anchor 18
		2.4 At for contact with (or extreme nearness to) edges, ends & extremities in general & near, by, close to, on1	14ati.indd:Anchor 19
		2.5 At for location in broad scope views	14ati.indd:Anchor 20
		2.6 At with hotels, restaurants, etc.	14ati.indd:Anchor 21
	3. At: Non-spatial meanings (vs various other prepositions)	14ati.indd:Anchor 22
		3.1 At as an expression of ‘typical activity-related connection’	14ati.indd:Anchor 23
		3.2 At as an indicator of ‘focal point’	14ati.indd:Anchor 24
		3.3 At for indicating that the Landmark is a target vs to for indicating it is a recipient	14ati.indd:Anchor 25
	4. At, on & in in non-fixed phrasal expressions	14ati.indd:Anchor 26
		4.1 At, on & in with verbs of perception, contemplation, and emotion	14ati.indd:Anchor 27
		4.2 Emotion expressions such as: Be delighted at/by, delight in	14ati.indd:Anchor 28
	5. At in fixed, idiomatic expressions	14ati.indd:Anchor 29
	6. Time	14ati.indd:Anchor 30
Chapter 15. Against	15aga.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	15aga.indd:Anchor 14
	2. The literal senses of against	15aga.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Firm or forceful contact’	15aga.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Against vs near & by: ‘contact’ vs ‘proximity’	15aga.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Against & on1	15aga.indd:Anchor 18
			2.3.1 The question of direction	15aga.indd:Anchor 19
			2.3.2 The question of support and attachment	15aga.indd:Anchor 20
			2.3.3 The vividness of against	15aga.indd:Anchor 21
		2.4 Against regarding countervailing forces	15aga.indd:Anchor 22
		2.5 Against vs into	15aga.indd:Anchor 23
		2.6 Against vs at	15aga.indd:Anchor 24
	3. Abstract senses of against	15aga.indd:Anchor 25
		3.1 Against ~ ‘in opposition to’ vs for	15aga.indd:Anchor 26
		3.2 Against re offsets & trade-offs	15aga.indd:Anchor 27
		3.3 Against ~ ‘in exchange for’	15aga.indd:Anchor 28
		3.4 Against the background of…	15aga.indd:Anchor 29
	4. Time	15aga.indd:Anchor 30
Chapter 16. Up, down	16upd.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	16upd.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Up & down: Basic spatial meanings	16upd.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 Meanings of up & down in which perspective is not an issue	16upd.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 Up & down: Senses that depend on perspective	16upd.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Up & down for static scenes	16upd.indd:Anchor 18
	3. Related spatial usages	16upd.indd:Anchor 19
		3.1 Up for horizontal approach	16upd.indd:Anchor 20
		3.2 Up & down for long-distance travel where altitude is not a factor	16upd.indd:Anchor 21
		3.3 Up & down for local travel where altitude is not a factor	16upd.indd:Anchor 22
	4. Systemic metaphors expressed by up	16upd.indd:Anchor 23
		4.1 Up ~ ‘more’	16upd.indd:Anchor 24
		4.2 Up ~ ‘more important, better’	16upd.indd:Anchor 25
		4.3 Up ~ ‘active, functioning, in good condition’	16upd.indd:Anchor 26
		4.4 Perfective up: ‘Completion’, ‘thoroughness’, ‘briskness’, ‘intensity’, ‘ease’	16upd.indd:Anchor 27
		4.5 Up ~ ‘in a good mood’	16upd.indd:Anchor 28
		4.6 Up for ‘into view/existence/public visibility’	16upd.indd:Anchor 29
		4.7 Up for metaphorical approach	16upd.indd:Anchor 30
		4.8 Up ~ ‘unresolved, undecided’	16upd.indd:Anchor 31
		4.9 Up for disappearance	16upd.indd:Anchor 32
		4.10 Up for acquisition and adoption	16upd.indd:Anchor 33
	5. Imageable idioms with up	16upd.indd:Anchor 34
	6. Systemic metaphors expressed by down	16upd.indd:Anchor 35
		6.1 Down: Negative figurative usages	16upd.indd:Anchor 36
		6.2 Down: Additional neutral and positive figurative usages	16upd.indd:Anchor 37
			6.2.1 Down ~ ‘accessible’	16upd.indd:Anchor 38
			6.2.2 Down ~ ‘inactive’ in the positive sense of being fixed and secured	16upd.indd:Anchor 39
			6.2.3 Down for attribution vs up	16upd.indd:Anchor 40
			6.2.4 Down for groundedness, earthiness, contact with reality, seriousness	16upd.indd:Anchor 41
	7. Down in imageable idioms	16upd.indd:Anchor 42
	8. Up & down: Nuances & revealing contrasts	16upd.indd:Anchor 43
		8.1 Up & down for transitions	16upd.indd:Anchor 44
		8.2 Perfective up & down ~ ‘less’	16upd.indd:Anchor 45
		8.3 Down is less vs off is gone & out is gone	16upd.indd:Anchor 46
		8.4 Up vs out & in	16upd.indd:Anchor 47
			8.4.1 Dry up vs dry out	16upd.indd:Anchor 48
			8.4.2 Give up vs give out & give in	16upd.indd:Anchor 49
	9. Time	16upd.indd:Anchor 50
		9.1 Up for metaphorical approach	16upd.indd:Anchor 51
			9.1.1 Up to ~ ‘for as long as’, ‘until’	16upd.indd:Anchor 52
			9.1.2 Upcoming (events) vs coming up to Christmas	16upd.indd:Anchor 53
		9.2 Up (or down) to the bitter end/end of time	16upd.indd:Anchor 54
Chapter 17. Of	17ofo.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	17ofo.indd:Anchor 14
	2. The integrative function of of (vs with, at, in, about)	17ofo.indd:Anchor 15
	3. Of for possession	17ofo.indd:Anchor 16
	4. A friend of mine vs a friend to me	17ofo.indd:Anchor 17
	5. Traces of the ancient, ‘separative’, spatial meaning of of	17ofo.indd:Anchor 18
		5.1 From as marginal or even acceptable substitute for of	17ofo.indd:Anchor 19
		5.2 Of in expressions of privation, ridding, emptying	17ofo.indd:Anchor 20
	6. A giant of a man	17ofo.indd:Anchor 21
	7. Time	17ofo.indd:Anchor 22
		7.1 Of in American clock times	17ofo.indd:Anchor 23
		7.2 Of for parts of units of time	17ofo.indd:Anchor 24
Chapter 18. With	18wit.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	18wit.indd:Anchor 14
	2. With as used to describe spatial scenes	18wit.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 With: Its depictable meaning	18wit.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 With: ‘Proximity’ plus ‘co-classification’	18wit.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 What is a natural landmark for with?	18wit.indd:Anchor 18
	3. With: Additional types of ensemble	18wit.indd:Anchor 19
		3.1 With: The Subject is in some way super-ordinate to the Landmark	18wit.indd:Anchor 20
			3.1.1 Subject is a whole + part, whole + feature	18wit.indd:Anchor 21
			3.1.2 The Subject + appurtenance(s), the Subject + possession(s)	18wit.indd:Anchor 22
			3.1.3 Subject is a location (place, container…) + contents	18wit.indd:Anchor 23
			3.1.4 Agent + material and agent + device ensembles	18wit.indd:Anchor 24
			3.1.5 Agent + attribute ensembles, where the attribute suggests a manner	18wit.indd:Anchor 25
			3.1.6 Product + ingredient ensembles (with vs from)	18wit.indd:Anchor 26
			3.1.7 Ensembles of person + task, problem, problematic phenomenon	18wit.indd:Anchor 27
		3.2 With: Ensembles in which the Subject & Landmark are relatively equal	18wit.indd:Anchor 28
			3.2.1 With for accompaniment	18wit.indd:Anchor 29
			3.2.2 With for ‘co-operation’ vs against & for	18wit.indd:Anchor 30
			3.2.3 Talk/Speak with vs talk/speak to	18wit.indd:Anchor 31
			3.2.4 With for ‘competition’	18wit.indd:Anchor 32
		3.3 With: Additional generalizations of the meaning ‘non-specific proximity’	18wit.indd:Anchor 33
			3.3.1 The Subject is likened to one object sitting with another object	18wit.indd:Anchor 34
			3.3.2 With ~ ‘(as if) in the presence of’ → ‘in the case of’ ~ ‘given’	18wit.indd:Anchor 35
			3.3.3 The Landmark is a completed action likened to a possession	18wit.indd:Anchor 36
	4. The potential ambiguity of with	18wit.indd:Anchor 37
	5. With in idioms	18wit.indd:Anchor 38
	6. Without	18wit.indd:Anchor 39
		6.1 Without: The converse of with re some senses of ‘co-classification’ but not re ‘proximity’; be/run out of something	18wit.indd:Anchor 40
		6.2 The Landmark is an action	18wit.indd:Anchor 41
	7. Together & with	18wit.indd:Anchor 42
		7.1 Together as a substitute for with	18wit.indd:Anchor 43
		7.2 Together as an emphasizer	18wit.indd:Anchor 44
	8. Apart (from)	18wit.indd:Anchor 45
	9. Time	18wit.indd:Anchor 46
		9.1 With & without	18wit.indd:Anchor 47
		9.2 Together & apart	18wit.indd:Anchor 48
Chapter 19. For	19for.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	19for.indd:Anchor 14
	2. A thumbnail semantic history of for	19for.indd:Anchor 15
	3. for vs to: Focus on intention vs focus on end/destination	19for.indd:Anchor 16
	4. For’s implications of ‘benefit’ and ‘support’ vs to & against	19for.indd:Anchor 17
	5. For: Variations on the notion of ear-marking	19for.indd:Anchor 18
		5.1 For for ‘correspondence’	19for.indd:Anchor 19
		5.2 For ~ ‘on account of’	19for.indd:Anchor 20
		5.3 For: For the reverse of ‘on account of’ ; for vs of	19for.indd:Anchor 21
		5.4 For for ‘function’ vs to for ‘purpose’	19for.indd:Anchor 22
		5.5 For ~ ‘as’	19for.indd:Anchor 23
		5.6 The complementizer for…to	19for.indd:Anchor 24
	6. Idiomatic usages of for	19for.indd:Anchor 25
		6.1 For for distances	19for.indd:Anchor 26
		6.2 For in hedges (~ assertion qualifiers)	19for.indd:Anchor 27
		6.3 For in fixed idioms	19for.indd:Anchor 28
	7. Time	19for.indd:Anchor 29
		7.1 For & in when the Landmark is a length of time	19for.indd:Anchor 30
		7.2 Getting on for/toward [clock time]	19for.indd:Anchor 31
		7.3 Come at x o’clock for y o’clock	19for.indd:Anchor 32
		7.4 For the nth time	19for.indd:Anchor 33
Chapter 20. To	20tow.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Overview	20tow.indd:Anchor 14
	2. Metaphorical usages of to	20tow.indd:Anchor 15
		2.1 To for metaphorical giving/sending, whether actual, potential or just intended	20tow.indd:Anchor 16
		2.2 To for metaphorical pointing	20tow.indd:Anchor 17
		2.3 Connect/correspond to vs connect/correspond with, and similar expressions	20tow.indd:Anchor 18
		2.4 Belong to vs belong with, stake a claim to, the key to the door	20tow.indd:Anchor 19
		2.5 To vs for	20tow.indd:Anchor 20
		2.6 To for metaphorical presentation; against as a vivid, negative option	20tow.indd:Anchor 21
		2.7 Vulnerable to & similar expressions	20tow.indd:Anchor 22
		2.8 To & toward(s) for metaphorical orientation	20tow.indd:Anchor 23
		2.9 To vs for after words such as helpful and appropriate	20tow.indd:Anchor 24
		2.10 Idiomatic usages of to	20tow.indd:Anchor 25
	3. Verb + to + verb constructions	20tow.indd:Anchor 26
		3.1 With to	20tow.indd:Anchor 27
		3.2 With -ing not to	20tow.indd:Anchor 28
		3.3 Interesting cases	20tow.indd:Anchor 29
Chapter 21. Survey and Index of important abstract notions expressed by prepositions	21sur.indd:Anchor 13
	1. Introduction	21sur.indd:Anchor 14
	2. The notions	21sur.indd:Anchor 15
References	22ref.indd:Anchor 17
Glossary	23glo.indd:Anchor 13
General index	24gen.indd:General index