[H]a [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]aback [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [H]ability [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]about [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]absent [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]absorb [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [H]absorbing [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [H]abstract [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [H]accessible [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]accuracy [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]acid [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [H]acoustic [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]acquire [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]activitie [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]activity [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]addition [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]adult [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]africa [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]agreement [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]aim [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]air [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]airborne [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]airwater [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]alarm [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]alarming [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]all [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]allow [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]also [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [H]although [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]america [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]american [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]among [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]an [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [H]and [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]anecdotal [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]animal [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]answer [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]The answer was not clear. [T]答案不明确。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]any [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [H]apparently [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]appear [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]appeared [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]appreciate [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]appreciated [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [H]appreciation [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [H]apt [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]are [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [H]area [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [H]arena [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]argentina [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]argue [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]around [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [H]arrangement [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]art [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]ascribe [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [H]ascribed [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [H]ask [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]asked [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]assign [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [H]assigned [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [H]assigning [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [H]assume [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]assumed [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]assure [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]at [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]atmosphere [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]atmospheric [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]attention [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]attitude [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [H]available [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [H]baleen [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]barely [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]basic [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]be [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Sometimes this information may be erroneous. [T]有时这类信息可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]The answer was not clear. [T]答案不明确。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]because [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]become [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]been [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]begin [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]begun [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]behind [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]beiji [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]being [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]bent [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]best [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]better [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [H]between [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]beyond [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]birth [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]blind [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]blowhole [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [H]both [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]bottlenose [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [H]boutu [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]bowhead [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]boy [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [H]brain [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [H]brake [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]braking [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [H]brazil [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]broken [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [H]bud [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]build [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]busch [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]but [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]by [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]calf [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]calve [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]came [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]can [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]captive [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]captivity [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]cartoonist [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]case [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]cause [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [H]certain [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [H]cetacean [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]chang [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]change [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]child [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]china [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]chinese [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]choice [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]choru [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]choruse [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]circle [C]C04T1R3 [S]A circle or a square? [T]圆形还是正方形？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]classroom [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]clear [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]The answer was not clear. [T]答案不明确。 [H]clearly [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]clever [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]click [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]climatic [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]close [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]closely [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]come [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]common [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]commonest [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]communicative [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]comparison [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [H]compensate [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]compensated [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]complete [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [H]complex [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]complexity [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [H]complicated [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]component [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]conceptual [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]concern [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [H]concerned [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [H]conclude [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [H]concluded [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [H]conflicting [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]confront [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]confronted [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]confuse [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]confusing [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]consensu [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]conservation [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]consider [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]considering [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]consist [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]consisted [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]consistent [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]contact [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]contain [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [H]containing [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [H]continent [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]contrary [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]contribute [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [H]control [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]correct [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]countrie [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]country [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]courtship [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]coverage [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]create [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]created [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]culture [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]curriculum [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [H]curve [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]curved [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]damage [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]damp [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [H]dash [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]dashed [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]david [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]decide [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]decided [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]decisionmaker [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]deem [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [H]deemed [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [H]deep [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [H]degenerate [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]degenerated [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]degree [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [H]depict [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]depicting [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]describe [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]described [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]description [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]design [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]despite [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [H]destroy [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]destroyed [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]destroying [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]destruction [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]deteriorate [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]deteriorated [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]develop [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [H]developed [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [H]device [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]did [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]differ [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [H]difference [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]different [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]differing [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [H]direction [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]directly [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]discover [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]displace [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]distinctive [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [H]do [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]doctoral [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]dolphin [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]dominant [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [H]doubt [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [H]down [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]downward [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [H]dramatically [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]draw [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]drawing [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]drawn [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]drew [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]drive [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [H]duration [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]each [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]earth [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]echolocation [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]economic [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [H]ecosystem [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]education [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]educational [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]eighteen [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]either [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]else [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]embrace [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]embraced [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]employ [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]encouragement [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]encouragingly [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]endanger [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]environmental [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]equator [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [H]equivalent [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]erroneou [C]C04T1R1 [S]Sometimes this information may be erroneous. [T]有时这类信息可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]essential [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]estimate [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]europe [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]evaluate [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]even [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [H]every [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]evidence [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]evidently [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]evolve [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]evolved [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]example [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [H]exception [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]experimental [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]explain [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [H]explained [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [H]explore [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]exploring [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]expres [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]expressed [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]extend [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]extended [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]extending [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]extensive [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [H]extremely [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]eye [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]face [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]fact [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]factor [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [H]fail [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]fairly [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]far [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]fast [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [H]favour [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]favoured [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]feed [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]feeding [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]feel [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [H]few [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [H]fewer [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [H]field [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [H]figure [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]figured [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]film [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]filmed [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]final [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [H]find [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]first [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [H]fish [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]five [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]flood [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]flooded [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]fly [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]flying [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]following [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [H]food [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]football [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]for [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]forage [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]forest [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]form [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]formal [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]formed [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]forty [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]forward [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [H]found [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]four [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]fourth [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [H]framework [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]freeranging [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]frequencie [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]frequency [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]frequent [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]frequently [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]freshwater [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]from [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]full [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [H]function [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]functional [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [H]future [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]gave [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]general [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]generally [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]geographical [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [H]girl [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]give [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]given [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [H]global [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [H]go [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Which shape goes with hard? [T]哪种形状和“坚硬”相匹配？ [H]goe [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Which shape goes with hard? [T]哪种形状和“坚硬”相匹配？ [H]grant [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]granted [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]graphic [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]grey [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]group [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]gues [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]guessed [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]ha [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]habitat [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [H]had [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]half [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]hand [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [H]happy [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [H]harbour [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [H]hard [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Which shape goes with hard? [T]哪种形状和“坚硬”相匹配？ [H]haunting [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]have [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]hawaii [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]he [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [H]head [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]heart [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]heartchoosing [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]help [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]her [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]here [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]hi [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]high [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]highenergy [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]higher [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]highly [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]history [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [H]hong [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]hot [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [H]how [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]however [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]human [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]humpback [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]i [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]idea [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]identified [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]identify [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]idiosyncratic [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]if [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]illustration [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [H]importance [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [H]important [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [H]in [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]inair [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]incompatible [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]incorporate [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]incorporated [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]indeed [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]independent [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]indian [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]indicate [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]indicated [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]indication [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [H]indicator [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [H]indigenou [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [H]individual [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]information [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Sometimes this information may be erroneous. [T]有时这类信息可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]inhabit [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]inhabiting [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]initiative [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]inside [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]instance [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [H]instead [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [H]intensity [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]interface [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]interpret [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [H]interpreted [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]into [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]intrinsic [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]invention [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [H]investigation [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]involve [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]involved [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]isolated [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]issue [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]it [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]jerk [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]jerking [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]judge [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]judging [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]keen [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [H]kind [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]know [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [H]knowledge [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [H]known [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [H]kunzle [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]large [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]leap [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]least [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]les [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]level [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]life [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]light [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]likely [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]limit [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]limited [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]line [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]link [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [H]linked [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [H]list [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]literal [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [H]little [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]liu [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]live [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]living [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]location [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [H]log [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [H]logging [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [H]los [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]love [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]low [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]lower [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]made [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]maintain [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]majority [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]make [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]making [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]mammal [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]man [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]many [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]mark [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]match [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [H]matched [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]matter [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [H]may [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Sometimes this information may be erroneous. [T]有时这类信息可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]meaning [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]media [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]medium [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]member [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]mention [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [H]mentioned [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [H]merely [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]metaphor [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]metaphorical [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]might [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]migrate [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]migrated [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]minute [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]misconception [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]mistake [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [H]mistaken [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [H]moderately [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]modification [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]monotonou [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]more [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]moreover [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]most [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]motion [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]movement [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]multifaceted [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]my [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]near [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]nearly [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]need [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [H]nerve [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]neural [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]nineteenthcentury [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]no [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]nonhuman [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]normal [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]not [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]The answer was not clear. [T]答案不明确。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]notable [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]note [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]number [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]object [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]observation [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]obviously [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]of [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]off [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]offer [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]often [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]old [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]older [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [H]on [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]one [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]only [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]open [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]openform [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [H]opportunity [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [H]opposite [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]or [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]A circle or a square? [T]圆形还是正方形？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]order [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]organise [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]organised [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]other [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]our [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [H]out [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]outline [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]own [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]oxygen [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]pair [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]paired [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]part [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]particularly [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]partner [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]pathway [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]peer [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [H]people [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]perhap [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]perimeter [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]period [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]personalise [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]personalising [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]perspective [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]pick [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]picture [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]place [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]plain [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]plan [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]plant [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]play [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]political [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [H]pollution [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [H]poor [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]popular [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]population [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [H]porpoise [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [H]position [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [H]possible [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [H]predominate [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [H]preliminary [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]present [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]previou [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]primarily [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]probably [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [H]problem [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]produce [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]programme [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]proportion [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [H]provide [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [H]provided [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]providing [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [H]pupil [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]pure [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [H]quarter [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]question [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [H]questionnaire [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [H]quickly [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]rain [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [H]rainforest [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]raise [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [H]raised [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [H]raisedline [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]range [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]rate [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]readily [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]recent [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [H]reduce [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]reduced [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]reexpres [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [H]refer [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [H]reference [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [H]referred [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [H]refine [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [H]refined [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [H]relate [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]related [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]relationship [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [H]remain [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]remark [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]rendition [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]repeatedly [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]repertoire [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [H]represent [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]representation [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [H]resemble [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]resembled [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]respectively [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]respond [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [H]responded [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [H]response [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]responsibility [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [H]responsible [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [H]responsivenes [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]restrict [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [H]result [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [H]reveal [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]revealed [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]right [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]ritual [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]river [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]robust [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [H]role [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]rub [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]rubbed [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]rudimentary [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]rule [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]sacrifice [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]sacrificed [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]sad [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [H]said [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]same [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]say [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]scholar [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]school [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]science [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]scientific [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [H]score [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]scored [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]search [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]second [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [H]secondary [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [H]see [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]seem [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]selfevident [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [H]sen [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]sense [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [H]sensitive [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [H]serie [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]serve [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]serving [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]several [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]shallow [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [H]shape [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Which shape goes with hard? [T]哪种形状和“坚硬”相匹配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]she [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]show [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]showed [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]showing [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]shown [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]side [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]sight [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]sighted [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]sign [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]signified [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]signify [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [H]similar [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [H]similarly [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]simply [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [H]since [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]skill [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [H]slit [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]slow [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]small [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [H]smell [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]so [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]social [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]soft [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [H]solid [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]solve [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]solving [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]some [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]somehow [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]sometime [C]C04T1R1 [S]Sometimes this information may be erroneous. [T]有时这类信息可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [H]songlike [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]sound [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]south [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]space [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]specie [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]specifically [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]spectrum [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]speculate [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]speculated [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]speculation [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]sperm [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]spin [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [H]spinning [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]spoke [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]square [C]C04T1R3 [S]A circle or a square? [T]圆形还是正方形？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [H]start [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]statement [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]steadily [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]stereoscopic [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [H]strategie [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]strategy [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]stroking [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]strong [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]strongly [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [H]structure [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [H]student [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]studie [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]studied [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]study [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]subgroup [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]subject [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]such [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]suggest [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]suggested [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]suggesting [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]summer [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]surface [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [H]surprising [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [H]surround [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]surrounded [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]survey [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [H]survive [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [H]susu [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [H]swim [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]symbol [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]symbolism [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]sympathetic [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]take [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]taken [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]task [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]taste [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [H]teacher [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]term [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]terrestrial [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]test [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]tested [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]than [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But pictures are more than literal representations. [T]但图片远不止是写实呈现。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]that [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. [T]许多研究表明，儿童对课程中所教授的“纯科学”知识存在误解。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. [T]类似地，但占比更低：有13%的女孩认为雨林是人类的栖息地，而持这一观点的男孩仅占5%。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]the [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. [T]回答热带雨林为植物提供栖息地的学生较少，而提到热带雨林原住民的学生就更少了。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of the rainforest as animal habitats. [T]认为雨林是动物栖息地的女孩比例（70%）高于男孩（60%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator. [T]一些孩子还给出了更笼统的位置，比如在赤道附近。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important. [T]一些孩子表达了热带雨林的保护并不重要这一观点。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. [T]第四个问题涉及热带雨林遭到破坏的原因。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. [T]第二个问题涉及热带雨林的地理位置。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. [T]我们所有的受试者都认为圆形柔和，方形坚硬。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]The answer was not clear. [T]答案不明确。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]their [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in the basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests. [T]学生的回答显示，他们在热带雨林生态系统的基础科学知识方面存在一些误解，比如对热带雨林作为动物、植物和人类栖息地的认知，以及对气候变化与热带雨林破坏之间关系的认知。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]them [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]then [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [H]there [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]these [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. [T]同样地，尽管至少部分鲸目动物拥有味蕾，但支配这些味蕾的神经要么已退化，要么发育不全。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]they [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]thi [C]C04T1R1 [S]Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. [T]尽管大众媒体对热带雨林遭到破坏的情况进行了广泛报道，但关于儿童在这一问题上的看法，几乎没有可查阅的正式资料。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Sometimes this information may be erroneous. [T]有时这类信息可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. [T]考虑到媒体对这一问题的大量报道，这着实令人惊讶。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [H]think [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]thinking [C]C04T1R1 [S]The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. [T]这项研究的结果表明，在儿童对热带雨林的认知中，某些观点占据主导地位。 [H]those [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]though [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]thought [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]thousand [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [H]three [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [H]through [C]C04T1R1 [S]These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. [T]这些观念可能是孩子们通过大众传媒接触各类想法后逐步形成的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]thu [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [H]to [C]C04T1R1 [S]About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity. [T]约18%的学生专门提到了伐木活动。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers. [T]看起来学校或许没有为孩子们提供重新表达自身想法的机会，因此这些想法也就无法得到老师和同龄人的检验与完善。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. [T]对第三个问题的答复涉及热带雨林的重要性。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. [T]这项研究调查了儿童的科学知识以及他们对热带雨林的态度。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. [T]整整94%的人认为圆形代表快乐而非悲伤。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. [T]而且只有51%的人将“深”与圆形、“浅”与方形关联起来。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle. [T]他只有一组配对与普遍共识不同，将“远”对应方形，“近”对应圆形。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects, 53%, had paired far and near to the opposite partners. [T]事实上，仅有略占多数的视力正常受试者（53%），将“远”和“近”分别与对应的相反对象进行了配对。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]too [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [H]toothed [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]top [C]C04T1R2 [S]It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. [T]有推测认为，随着（鲸类的）呼吸孔不断进化并移至头顶，负责嗅觉的神经通路可能几乎全部丧失了。 [H]toronto [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]totally [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]touch [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]touched [C]C04T1R2 [S]The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. [T]呼吸孔周围的区域也特别敏感，圈养动物通常会强烈抗拒被触碰这个部位。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]touching [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]trace [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [H]traced [C]C04T1R3 [S]To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle . [T]为了演示这一运动，她在圆内勾勒出一条曲线。 [H]track [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]tracked [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]trainer [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]trendsetting [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]tropical [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [H]tuition [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]turbid [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]twenty [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]twofifth [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [H]unable [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. [T]例如，从它们的大脑结构来看，有齿类物种似乎不具备嗅觉。 [H]uncertain [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]undergraduate [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]understand [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]underwater [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [H]unfamiliar [C]C04T1R3 [S]Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. [T]由于盲人对运动设备并不熟悉，我给他们布置的任务涉及一定的问题解决环节。 [H]university [C]C04T1R3 [S]My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto. [T]我的对照组由18名来自多伦多大学的视力正常的本科生组成。 [H]until [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]up [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [H]upon [C]C04T1R1 [S]The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools. [T]本研究旨在初步提供这类信息，协助教师设计以正确观念为依托的教学策略，纠正错误认知，并规划校内的环境研究课程。 [H]upside [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]upward [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]use [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. [T]从近期的多项研究来看，显而易见的是，盲人能够理解如何运用轮廓与透视法来描述空间中物体及其他平面的布局。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]used [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]useful [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [H]using [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]utterance [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [H]value [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [H]variation [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [H]variety [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]variou [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]vary [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]very [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]view [C]C04T1R1 [S]One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. [T]令人鼓舞的一点是，针对其他环境问题的类似研究结果表明，年龄稍大的儿童似乎具备了理解、重视并评判相互矛盾观点的能力。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [H]virtually [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]vision [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. [T]另一方面，大多数海豚和鼠海豚的眼睛位置表明，它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light. [T]例如，南美亚马逊河豚和中国白鱀豚的视力似乎极为有限，而印度恒河豚则双目失明，它们的眼睛退化成了狭缝状，可能只能感知光线的方向和强度。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. [T]不同物种的视觉发展程度各不相同。 [H]visual [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]vivid [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]vocal [C]C04T1R2 [S]Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. [T]大多数物种都频繁发声，尽管它们发出的声音种类各不相同，而且许多物种会利用回声定位来觅食。 [H]volunteer [C]C04T1R1 [S]Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. [T]学生们并未主动提出任何能表明他们理解热带雨林破坏原因复杂性的想法。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]wa [C]C04T1R1 [S]One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests. [T]约10%的学生存在一种误解，认为酸雨是热带雨林遭到破坏的原因；另有比例相近的学生称，污染正在摧毁热带雨林。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. [T]我大吃一惊，像她所用的这种运动线条，在插画史上是非常新近的创举。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was favoured description for the blind in every instance. [T]此外，在所有情况下，视力正常者偏爱的描述均为盲人所偏好的描述。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]The answer was not clear. [T]答案不明确。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]want [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]wanted [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [H]warming [C]C04T1R1 [S]Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. [T]仅有6%的学生提到，热带雨林的破坏可能会加剧全球变暖。 [H]watch [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]watche [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [H]water [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. [T]相比之下，宽吻海豚在水中拥有极其敏锐的视力。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. [T]比如，视觉对栖息在清澈开阔水域的物种而言，显然比对生活在浑浊河流与泛滥平原的物种更有用。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [H]wave [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]waved [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [H]wavy [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]way [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [H]we [C]C04T1R1 [S]In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. [T]在回答关于热带雨林保护重要性的最后一个问题时，大多数孩子只是表示我们需要热带雨林才能生存。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Thus we concluded that the blind interprets abstract shapes as sighted people do. [T]因此我们得出结论：盲人与视力正常的人对抽象形状的解读方式相同。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]weak [C]C04T1R2 [S]The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. [T]触觉有时也被认为不够灵敏，但这种看法很可能是错误的。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. [T]但其他配对组合的一致性较低：79%的受试者分别将“快”与“慢”、“弱”与“强”进行配对。 [H]weaknes [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]weaknesse [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]well [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. [T]从它观察和追踪跃出水面的飞鱼的方式来看，它显然也能相当清楚地看穿空气与水的界面。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. [T]我们和其他陆生哺乳动物习以为常的某些感官，在鲸类身上要么已退化或缺失，要么在水中无法正常发挥作用。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines or any other kind of line, for that matter? [T]但就此而言，它真的比虚线、波浪线或是其他任何类型的线条更具指示性吗？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]welldeveloped [C]C04T1R2 [S]Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. [T]尽管鲸类的味觉和嗅觉似乎已经退化，水下视觉也并不灵敏，但这些缺陷完全可以被它们高度发达的听觉所弥补。 [H]wellone [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]were [C]C04T1R1 [S]Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. [T]中学生被要求填写一份包含五个开放式问题的调查问卷。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). [T]最常见的回答是大洲或国家：非洲（43%的孩子提及）、南美洲（30%）、巴西（25%）。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]western [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [H]wet [C]C04T1R1 [S]Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. [T]一些孩子称它们潮湿、湿漉或是热乎乎的。 [H]whale [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision. [T]然而，须鲸眼睛的位置极大地限制了它们的视野，以至于它们很可能不具备立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. [T]大型须鲸主要使用低频发声，且它们的叫声曲目往往较为有限。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. [T]值得注意的例外是：弓头鲸在夏季发出的近乎歌声般的集体鸣唱，以及座头鲸发出的复杂而萦绕心头的叫声。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. [T]圈养海豚和小型鲸鱼的训练员常提到，他们照料的动物对触摸或摩挲会做出积极反应；而且所有种类的鲸目动物，无论是圈养的还是野生的，（尤其是成年个体与幼崽，或是同一小群体的成员），似乎都会频繁进行肢体接触。 [H]what [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. [T]此外，视力正常者达成的共识仅略高于盲人的共识。 [H]wheel [C]C04T1R3 [S]All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. [T]除一名失明受试者外，其余所有人都为每个轮子赋予了独特的运动方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. [T]受试者认为，延伸到轮圈之外的轮辐意味着车轮处于刹车状态，而虚线轮辐则表明车轮在快速转动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [H]when [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines. [T]当我让其他几名失明的研究受试者画一个旋转的轮子时，一种格外巧妙的画法反复出现：有几位受试者把轮子的轮辐画成了曲线。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. [T]当被问及这些曲线时，他们都将其描述为隐喻性地表现运动的方式。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. [T]当我们使用同一组清单对四名完全失明的志愿者进行测试时，发现他们的选择与视力正常受试者的选择高度相似。 [H]where [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]whether [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. [T]另一方面，须鲸类似乎拥有一些相关的脑部结构，但目前尚不清楚这些结构是否具备功能。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion. [T]此外，我想要探究盲人与视力正常者在解读运动线条的方式上是否存在差异。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. [T]因此我决定测试不同的运动线条究竟是表现运动的恰当方式，还是仅仅是独特的个性化标记。 [H]which [C]C04T1R1 [S]Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers. [T]环境教育为培养这些技能提供了一个平台，这对作为未来决策者的孩子们来说至关重要。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes – about the duration of a normal classroom period. [T]例如，孩子们很容易理解的一个生动例证是：据估计，热带雨林正以每四十分钟——约一堂普通课的时长——消失一千个足球场面积的速度遭到破坏。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’. [T]或许令人欣慰的是，超过半数（59%）的学生认识到，正是人类活动在破坏热带雨林；其中一些学生还使用“我们”这类表述，将责任具体化到自身。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term ‘rainforest’. [T]针对第一个问题，最常见的回答是一些从“雨林”这一术语本身便不言自明的描述。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. [T]这些误解并非孤立存在，而是会被纳入一个多层面却条理分明的概念框架之中，这使得该框架及其所含的部分概念（其中有些存在谬误）既更具稳固性，也更易于修正。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Which shape goes with hard? [T]哪种形状和“坚硬”相匹配？ [H]while [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. [T]进食时常侧游或倒游的淡水海豚，其眼睛位置表明，它们的视力是朝前、朝上的立体视觉。 [H]who [C]C04T1R3 [S]One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. [T]一位自出生起便失明的男子得分极高。 [H]why [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [H]wide [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]wider [C]C04T1R2 [S]Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). [T]一般而言，齿鲸类利用的频谱范围更广，发出的声音种类也比须鲸类更多（不过抹香鲸显然只会发出一系列单调的高能咔哒声，除此之外几乎没有其他声音）。 [H]wild [C]C04T1R2 [S]Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science. [T]某些更复杂的声音显然具有交流作用，不过它们在鲸类的社会生活与“文化”中究竟扮演何种角色，更多是无根据猜测的话题，而非可靠科学研究的对象。 [H]wilhelm [C]C04T1R3 [S]Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877. [T]正如艺术学者戴维·孔茨勒所指出的，19世纪引领潮流的漫画家威廉·布施在1877年之前，其广受欢迎的漫画形象中几乎从未使用过运动线条。 [H]will [C]C04T1R1 [S]In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests – what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them – independent of any formal tuition. [T]面对媒体频繁且往往生动的报道，孩子们很可能已经对热带雨林形成了一些看法——比如它们是什么、地处何方、为何重要以及面临哪些威胁——而且这些看法的形成无需依赖任何正规教学。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken. [T]这些想法中也有一些可能是错误的。 [H]with [C]C04T1R1 [S]Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. [T]成人和儿童经常接触到有关热带雨林以惊人速度消失的说法。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. [T]在这里，孩子们将热带雨林的破坏与这些因素对西欧森林造成的损害混为一谈。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. [T]64%的学生提出的主流观点是：热带雨林为动物提供栖息地。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life. [T]这些观察结果大体上与我们此前针对学生对热带雨林利用及保护的看法所做的研究一致，在该研究中发现，女生对动物更为同情，且她们的观点似乎赋予了非人类动物生命内在价值。 [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary. [T]尽管初步实验证据表明海豚的空中视觉不佳，但它们能高高跃起、精准地从训练员手中取走小鱼的表现，却提供了与之相反的轶事证据。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。 [C]C04T1R2 [S]Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. [T]这种差异无疑可以根据各个物种演化所处的栖息环境来解释。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out the meaning for each of the motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects. [T]然而，显然盲人不仅能理解每个动作的含义，而且作为一个群体，他们得出相同含义的频率普遍至少和视力正常的受试者一样高。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]For example, we asked: what goes with soft? [T]例如，我们问道：什么与“柔软”搭配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel. [T]为了找到这些答案，我制作了五个不同轮子的凸线图，用弯曲、弯折、波浪形、虚线形以及延伸至轮圈之外的线条来描绘轮辐。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Which shape goes with hard? [T]哪种形状和“坚硬”相匹配？ [C]C04T1R3 [S]With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. [T]我正与来自中国的博士生刘长虹一道，开始研究盲人对心形这类并非直接表意的形状背后象征意义的理解程度。 [H]within [C]C04T1R2 [S]This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. [T]这种接触有助于维持群体内部的秩序，而在大多数物种中，轻抚或触碰都是求偶仪式的一部分。 [H]wobble [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]wobbling [C]C04T1R3 [S]I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. [T]随后我请18名盲人志愿者触摸这些轮子，并为每个轮子指定下列运动状态中的一种：摇摆、快速旋转、平稳旋转、急动或制动。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling, and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. [T]大多数人猜测，弧形辐条表明轮子在平稳旋转；他们认为，波浪形辐条意味着轮子在晃动；而弯折的辐条则被视作轮子顿挫转动的迹象。 [H]woman [C]C04T1R3 [S]This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. [T]这一事实曾极其震撼地引起我的注意——当时在我的一项调查中，一位盲人女士主动决定画一个正在旋转的轮子。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well.One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. [T]我们发现，盲人也能理解其他类型的视觉隐喻。有一位盲人女性画了一幅画：一颗心里面有个孩子——她表示，自己选择这个符号是为了展现爱环绕着这个孩子。 [H]word [C]C04T1R1 [S]In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. [T]换句话说，他们既没有认识到热带雨林的重要性体现在诸多方面，也没有意识到驱动破坏热带雨林行为的复杂社会、经济及政治因素。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure. [T]我们向视力正常的受试者提供了一份包含20对单词的清单，要求他们从每对单词中选出与“圆形”最相关的词汇，以及与“确保”最相关的词汇。 [H]would [C]C04T1R1 [S]While two-fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth. [T]尽管有五分之二的学生指出热带雨林能够产生氧气，但在某些情况下，这类回答还包含一种错误观念，即热带雨林遭到破坏会减少大气中的氧气含量，进而导致大气不再适合人类在地球上生存。 [C]C04T1R3 [S]Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. [T]多数裁定原则认为，该装置在某种程度上能够很好地指示运动情况。 [H]year [C]C04T1R2 [S]Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. [T]在水下近距离研究的须鲸类——具体包括一头被圈养一年的灰鲸幼崽，以及在阿根廷和夏威夷海域被研究、拍摄的自由活动的露脊鲸与座头鲸——显然能在水下靠视觉追踪物体，而且它们在水中和空气中的视力似乎都还算不错。