A a a- AAS An abc conjecture Abel, Niels Henrik abelian group abelian group Abelianization Abel Prize Abel's Limit Theorem Abel's partial summation formula Abel summation Abel's test above abscissa absolute error absolute frequency absolute geometry absolutely continuous absolutely convergent series absolutely summable absolute value absorbing set absorbing state absorption laws abstract algebra abstraction abundant number acceleration acceleration–time graph acceptance region acceptance sampling accessibility accumulation point accuracy accurate (correct) to n decimal places accurate (correct) to n significant figures Acheson, David Achilles paradox acnode action action, acts action limits active constraint activity networks activity networks actual infinity acute angle acyclic addend addition addition addition addition addition formulae addition law additive function additive group additive identity additive inverse adherent point ad infinitum adj adjacency matrix adjacent angles adjacent edges adjacent side adjacent vertices adjoint adjoint adjoint equation adjugate a.e. aerodynamic drag aerodynamics affine geometry affine hull affine set affine space affine subspace affine transformation affine variety a fortiori aggregate agree air resistance Airy function Aitken's method Alan Turing Institute aleph aleph-null Alexander, James (Waddell) algebra algebra algebraically closed algebraic basis algebraic curve algebraic geometry algebraic integer algebraic multiplicity algebraic number algebraic structure algebraic topology algebra of limits algebra of sets algorithm algorithmic complexity aliquant part aliquot part al-Khwārizmī almost all almost disjoint almost surely almost uniform convergence alphabet alternate angles alternating function alternating group alternating series alternating series test alternative hypothesis altitude altitude AM-GM ambiguous case amicable numbers amplitude AMS analog device analysis analysis situs analytic analytic analytic continuation analytic geometry analytic number theory analytics and angle angle angle angle angle angle of depression/elevation angle of friction angle of inclination angle of projection angular acceleration angular frequency angular measure angular momentum angular speed angular velocity annihilator annihilator annulus anonymity of survey data ANOVA antecedent anti- anticlastic anticlockwise antiderivative antidifferentiate antilogarithm antiparallel antipodal points antiprism anti-realism antisymmetric matrix antisymmetric relation aperiodic Apéry's constant apex aphelion apogee Apollonius of Perga Apollonius' circle a posteriori apothem applied mathematics approximate approximation approximation theory a priori a priori apse Arabic numeral arbitrarily large/small arbitrary arc arc arc-connected arccos arccosh Archimedean property Archimedes Archimedes' constant Archimedes' method arc length are area area of a surface of revolution area under a curve arg Argand, Jean Robert Argand diagram argument argument Aristarchus of Samos Aristotelian logic Aristotle arithmetic arithmetic function arithmetic-geometric mean arithmetic-geometric mean inequality arithmetic-geometric mean iteration arithmetic mean arithmetic progression arithmetic sequence arithmetic series arm arrangement array arrow arrow paradox Āryabhata ASA ASCII assignment problem association associative assumption astroid asymmetric asymmetric relation asymptote asymptotically equal asymptotically stable asymptotic distribution asymptotic functions asymptotic series Atiyah, Sir Michael Francis atlas atmospheric pressure atom attainable set atto- attracting fixed point attractor augmented matrix Aut autocorrelation autocovariance automatic repeat request automorphic function automorphism autonomous differential equation auxiliary equation average deviation average of a rate of a quantity average of a set of data axial plane axiom axiomatic set theory axiom of choice axis axis axis axis axis of rotation axis of symmetry azimuth B Babbage, Charles backward difference backward induction backward scan backward substitution Baire Category Theorem Baire space balanced balanced block design ball Banach, Stefan Banach algebra Banach measure Banach space Banach-Tarski paradox banded matrix bar bar chart barrel Barrow, Isaac barycentric coordinates base base base base base base base base angles base field baseline risk Basel problem base period base unit basic solution basic variables basis basis basis vector Bayes, Thomas Bayesian inference Bayes' Theorem bearing Bellman's principle of optimality bell-shaped curve belongs to below bending moment Benford's law Berkeley, George Bernoulli distribution Bernoulli equation Bernoulli family Bernoulli number Bernoulli polynomial Bernoulli's inequality Bernoulli's Theorem Bernoulli's Theorem Bernoulli trial Bertrand's paradox Bertrand's postulate Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel function Bessel's equation Bessel's inequality best approximation best unbiased estimator beta distribution beta function between-groups design Bézout's lemma Bézout's theorem Bhāskara bi- bias biased estimator biased sample bi-conditional BIDMAS Bieberbach conjecture bifurcation big data big O notation biholomorphic bijection bilateral shift bilateral symmetry bilinear billion bimodal binary binary code binary digit binary operation binary relation binary representation binary search algorithm binary tree binary word binding constraint Binet's formula binomial binomial coefficient binomial distribution binomial series Binomial Theorem binormal bin packing problem biology biometry bipartite graph Birkhoff, George David birth-death process bisect bisector bit bivariate Black-Scholes equation blancmange function block code block design block diagonal matrix block multiplication BODMAS body Bohr, Niels Henrik David Boltzmann, Ludwig Bolyai, János Bolzano's Theorem Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem Bombelli, Rafael Bondi, Sir Hermann Boole, George Boolean algebra Boolean ring Boolean-valued function bootstrapping bordering Borel, Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel–Cantelli Lemma Borel measure Borel set Born, Max bottleneck problems bound boundary boundary condition boundary layer boundary value problem bounded above bounded below bounded function bounded sequence bounded set bounded space bounded variation Bourbaki, Nicolas Box-Jenkins model box plot bra braces brachistochrone brackets Brahmagupta Brahmagupta's formula branch branch branch and bound method branching process branch point break-even point Brianchon's theorem Briggs, Henry Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem Brownian motion Buridan's ass Burnside's lemma butterfly effect byte c c c ℂ ℂ∞ C C0 C* C1 C∞ Cω Caesar cipher calculate calculator calculus calculus of variations cancel cancellation laws canonical basis canonical form Cantor, Georg Cantor's Diagonal Theorem Cantor distribution Cantor-Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Cantor set Cantor's Intersection Theorem Cantor's paradox cap capacity capacity capacity Carathéodory measurable Cardano, Girolamo cardinal arithmetic cardinality cardinal number cardioid Carmichael number Cartesian Cartesian coordinates Cartesian distance Cartesian plane Cartesian product Cartesian space Cartesian tensor cascade charts case control studies casting out nines Catalan numbers Catalan's conjecture Catalan's constant catastrophe theory categorical data categorical proposition category category error catenoid Cauchy, Augustin-Louis Cauchy convergence criterion Cauchy distribution Cauchy-Frobenius lemma Cauchy integral test Cauchy–Riemann equations Cauchy–Schwarz inequality Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for integrals Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for sums Cauchy sequence Cauchy's formula for derivatives Cauchy's integral formula Cauchy's Integral Theorem Cauchy's mean value theorem Cauchy's Residue Theorem Cauchy's test Cauchy's Theorem Cauchy's Theorem causation Cavalieri, Bonaventura Cayley, Arthur Cayley–Hamilton Theorem Cayley Representation Theorem Cayley's Theorem Cayley table cdf ceiling Celsius centesimal centi- centile central angle central conic central difference central difference approximation central force centralizer central quadric central vertex centre centre centre of curvature centre of gravity centre of mass centre of symmetry centrifugal force centripetal force centroid centroid Cesàro summation Ceva's Theorem chain rule chain rule chance nodes chance variable change of base change of basis change of coordinates change of observer change of variable chaos character characteristic characteristic equation characteristic function characteristic function characteristic of a field characteristic polynomial characteristic value characteristic vector character table chart chart Chebyshev, Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev polynomials Chebyshev's inequality Chebyshev's Theorem check digit Chen's theorem Chinese postman problem Chinese remainder theorem chirality chi-squared contingency table test chi-squared distribution chi-squared test Cholesky's decomposition chord Christoffel symbol chromatic number Church, Alonzo Church's thesis Chu Shih-chieh cipher cipher ciphertext circle circle of convergence circle of curvature circle theorems circline circuit circular argument circular data circular function circular measure circular motion circulation circumcentre circumference circumscribe cis class class boundaries class equation classical mechanics class interval class mark cleartext clock arithmetic clockwise clopen set closed closed closed disc closed-form closed interval closed set closed surface closure cluster analysis cluster point cluster sampling coaxial cobweb plot code coded data codomain coefficient coefficient of correlation coefficient of determination coefficient of friction coefficient of restitution coefficient of skewness coefficient of variation cofactor coincident Collatz conjecture collinear collision colourable column equivalence column operation column rank column space column vector combination combinatorial analysis combinatorial logic combinatorial topology commensurable common denominator common difference common factor common fraction common logarithm common multiple common perpendicular common ratio common tangent communicating class commutative commutative algebra commutative diagram commutative ring commutator commute compact compactification compact operator companion matrix comparison test compass complement complement complement complementary angles complementary function complete complete graph complete lattice completely balanced block design completely normal space completely regular space complete matching complete metric space completeness axiom of the real numbers complete orthonormal basis complete quadrangle complete set of residues complete solution completing the square completion complex analysis complex analytic complex conjugate complex exponential complex function complexity complex logarithm complex number complex plane complex potential complex system component component component componentwise composite composition composition composition factor composition series compound angle formulae compound angle formulae compound fraction compound number compound pendulum compound statement compression computability theory computable number computation compute computer concatenation concave polygon concavity concentric conclusion conclusion concrete number concurrent concyclic condition, necessary and sufficient conditional conditional distribution conditional equation conditional expectation conditionally convergent conditional probability cone confidence interval confidentiality configuration configuration space confirm confocal conics conformable conformal conformally equivalent confounding variable congruence congruence class congruence equation congruent figures conical pendulum conjecture conjugacy class conjugate conjugate conjugate conjugate angles conjugate axis conjugate diameters conjugate subgroups conjugate surds conjugation conjunction conjunctive normal form connected connected connected component connected graph connected sum connective consequent conservation condition conservation of angular momentum conservation of energy conservation of linear momentum conservative force conservative strategy consistent consistent consistent estimator constant constant acceleration constant function constant of integration constant of proportionality constant speed constants constant term constrained optimization constraint constructible number construction with ruler and compass constructive constructivism contact contact force contained in content contingency table contingent continued fraction continuity correction continuity equation continuous data continuous function continuously differentiable continuous random variable continuum continuum hypothesis contour integration contour line contractible space contraction mapping contraction mapping theorem contradiction contrapositive contravariant functor contravariant tensor control control group convective derivative converge converge convergence almost surely convergence in distribution convergence in mean square convergence in probability convergence of functions convergence test converse converse relation convert convex function convex hull convex set convex up and down convolution Conway, John Horton Conway circle coordinate geometry coordinates coordinates coordinate system coordinate vector Copenhagen interpretation coplanar coplanar vectors coprime Coriolis force corollary correction correlation correlation matrix correspondence corresponding angles cosecant cosech coset coset cosine cosine rule cotangent coth count countable countably infinite counterexample counting numbers counts couple coupled equations covariance covariance matrix covariant derivative covariant functor covariant tensor cover covering space Cox, Sir David Coxeter, (Harold Scott MacDonald) 'Donald' Cramer, Gabriel Cramer's rule Crelle's Journal critical damping critical events critical path critical path algorithm critical point critical region critical value cross-correlation crossing number cross-multiply cross product cross ratio crude data cryptogram cryptography crystallographic groups cube cube root cube root of unity cubic polynomial cuboid cumulative distribution function cumulative frequency cumulative frequency distribution cup curl curvature curvature curve curve sketching curvilinear coordinates cusp cut cut plane cut point cycle cycle cycle decomposition cyclic data cyclic group cyclic polygon cyclic module cyclic redundancy checks cyclic vector cycling cycloid cyclotomic polynomial cylinder cylindrical polar coordinates cylindroid cypher d d d D D2n δij δ(x) da D'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond damped oscillations Darboux's theorem Darboux's theorem dashpot data data logging data science deca- decagon deceleration deci‐ decidable decile decimal expansion decimalize decimal places decimal point decimal representation decision analysis decision nodes decision problem decision theory decision tree decision variables declination decompose decomposition decreasing function decreasing sequence Dedekind, (Julius Wilhelm) Richard Dedekind cut deduction deficient number definite integral deformation degenerate degenerate conic degenerate quadric degree degree degree degree degree-genus formula degrees of freedom degrees of freedom deka‐ del Delian (altar) problem delta delta function demography De Moivre, Abraham De Moivre's Theorem De Morgan, Augustus De Morgan's laws De Morgan's laws denominator dense matrix dense set density denumerable dependent equations dependent events dependent variable dependent variable depression derangement derivative derivative test derived function derived series derived set derived unit Desargues, Girard Desargues' Theorem Descartes, René describe descriptive geometry descriptive statistics design methods destinations detachment, law of determinant determinantal rank determine deterministic model developable surface deviation devil's staircase df diagonal diagonal diagonal diagonal argument diagonal entry diagonalizable diagonally dominant matrix diagonal matrix diagram diameter diameter diameter of a set diamond dichotomy dichotomy paradox die diffeomorphism difference difference equation difference of two sets difference of two squares difference quotient difference sequence differentiable function differentiable function differential calculus differential equation differential form differential geometry differential operator differential topology differentiation differentiation under the integral sign diffusion equation digit digital digital computer digital data digital root digraph dihedral dihedral group Dijkstra's method dilation dimension dimension dimensions Diophantine equation Diophantus of Alexandria Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac delta function directed graph directed line directed line segment directed number direction directional data directional derivative direction angles direction cosines direction fields direction ratios direct isometry directly proportional direct product direct proof directrix direct sum direct variation Dirichlet, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet beta function Dirichlet function Dirichlet problem Dirichlet's approximation theorem Dirichlet series Dirichlet's test disc disc of convergence disconnected discontinuity discontinuous function discrete discrete data discrete logarithm discrete mathematics discrete metric discrete random variable discrete space discretization discriminant discriminatory disjoint disjoint union disjunction disjunctive normal form dispersion displacement dissection dissipative force distance distance distance between two codewords distance between two lines distance between two points distance between two points distance from a point to a line distance from a point to a plane distance‐time graph distinct distribution distribution distribution‐free methods distribution function distributive div diverge divergence divergence theorem divides divisible division division division algebra Division Algorithm division ring divisor divisor function divisor of zero dodecagon dodecahedron Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge domain domain domain dominated convergence theorem Donaldson, Simon dot dot product double‐angle formula double‐angle formula double dummy double factorial double integral double negation double point double precision double root double sequence double series double tangent dp drag dual basis dual graph duality dual map dual space (algebraic) dual space (analytic) dummy activity dummy variable duplication of the cube dynamic equilibrium dynamic programming dynamical system dynamics e e e E En E(X) Earth eccentric eccentricity echelon form ECO EDA edge edge-transitive education theory efficiency efficiency effort Efron dice Egyptian fraction eigenbasis eigenfunction eigenspace eigenvalue Einstein, Albert Eisenstein's criterion Einstein's notation elastic elastic collision elasticity elastic potential energy elastic string electric field electromagnetic potentials electromagnetic wave element elementary column operation elementary function elementary matrix elementary row operation elementary symmetric polynomial elevation elimination method ellipse ellipsis ellipsoid elliptic curve elliptic cylinder elliptic function elliptic geometry elliptic integral elliptic paraboloid elliptic partial differential equation elliptic plane embedding empirical empirical probability empty set emv emv algorithm encrypt End endomorphism end‐point energy energy equation enneagon entering variable entire function entropy entry Entscheidungsproblem enumerable enumeration envelope envelope paradox epicycloid epidemiology epimorphism epsilon epsilon–delta notation equality equality equals sign equate equating coefficients equating real and imaginary parts equation equation of motion equations of motion with constant acceleration equator equi‐ equiangular equiangular equiareal equicontinuity equidistant equilateral equilibrium equinumerous equipollent equiprobable equivalence equivalence class equivalence relation equivalent equivalent norms equivariant map Eratosthenes of Cyrene Erdős, Paul Erdős conjecture Erdős number erf ergodic ergodic theory ERO error error analysis error‐correcting error function escape speed e-science escribed circle essential singularity estimate estimation estimator Euclidean Algorithm Euclidean construction Euclidean distance Euclidean domain Euclidean geometry Euclidean group Euclidean norm Euclidean space Euclid numbers Euclid's postulates Eudoxus of Cnidus Euler, Leonhard Euler angles Euler characteristic Euler force Eulerian graph Eulerian trail Euler line Euler-Maclaurin formula Euler multiplier Euler number Euler numbers Euler's conjecture Euler's constant Euler's equation Euler's equations Euler's formula Euler's phi function Euler's method Euler's Theorem evaluate even function even integer even permutation event eventually evolute exa‐ exact exact differential exact differential equation exact divisor example excentre exchange paradox excircle excluded middle exclusive exclusive disjunction exhaustion exhaustive existential quantifier exp expand expansion expectation expectation expected monetary value expected utility expected value experiment experimental design explanatory variable explementary angles explicit function exploratory data analysis exponent exponential decay exponential distribution exponential function exponential function to base a exponential growth exponential of a matrix exponential series exponentiate express extended complex plane extended mean value theorem extended metric extended real numbers extension exterior exterior angle exterior angle exterior derivative exterior product external bisector external division external force extrapolate extrapolation extreme value distribution extremum extrinsic f f F ℱ Fq face face-transitive factor factor analysis factorial factorize factor space factor theorem fair faithful action fallacy false negative false position false positive family fast Fourier transform Fatou's lemma F‐distribution feasible feasible region Feigenbaum, Mitchell Feit-Thompson theorem femto‐ Fermat, Pierre de Fermat point Fermat prime Fermat's Last Theorem Fermat's Little Theorem Fermat's Two Squares Theorem Fermat's Theorem Feuerbach's Theorem Feynman, Richard Phillips Fibonacci Fibonacci multiplication fibre fictitious force field field extension field of force field of fractions figurate numbers figure financial mathematics finite finite differences finite‐dimensional finite element method finite field finite intersection property finitely generated finite population correction finitism first derivative first fundamental form first isomorphism theorem first‐order differential equation first-order logic first principles Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher's exact test fit fixed point fixed‐point iteration fixed‐point notation fixed-point theorem flag flat angle flex floating‐point notation float of an activity floor fluent fluid mechanics flux fluxion focus foot of the perpendicular for all force forest form formalism forward difference forward error correction forward scan forward substitution Foucault pendulum foundations of mathematics Fourier, (Jean Baptiste) Joseph, Baron Fourier analysis Fourier coefficients Fourier cosine series Fourier series Fourier sine series Fourier's law Fourier transform four squares theorem fourth root of unity fractal dimension fraction fractional part frame of reference framework Fredholm alternative Fredholm integral equation Freedman, Michael Hartley free group freely hinged free module Frege, (Friedrich Ludwig) Gottlob frequency frequency frequency analysis frequency distribution frequentist inference Freudenthal, Hans Frey's curve friction frieze group Frobenius, (Ferdinand) Georg Frobenius endomorphism Frobenius normal form from above, from the right from below, from the left frontier FRS frustum F‐test Fubini's Theorem fulcrum full angle full measure full rank function functional functional analysis functionally separable function of a function function space functor fundamental group Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Fundamental Theorem of Game Theory fuzzy set theory g G G Gabriel's horn Galilean relativity Galileo Galilei Galois, Évariste Galois correspondence Galois field Galois group Galton, Francis gambler's ruin game gamma distribution gamma function Gantt charts Gardner, Martin Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gauss error function Gauss flux theorem Gauss-Bonnet theorem Gaussian curvature Gaussian distribution Gaussian elimination Gaussian function Gaussian integer Gaussian quadrature Gauss–Jordan elimination Gauss' Lemma Gauss map Gauss–Markov Theorem Gauss–Seidel iterative method gcd Gelfond-Schneider theorem generalization generalized coordinates generalized eigenvector generalized function generalized maximum likelihood ratio test statistic generalized mean value theorem general linear group general position general relativity general solution general topology generating function generator generator genus geodesic geodesic polar coordinates geometric distribution geometric mean geometric multiplicity geometric sequence geometric series geometric topology geometry Germain, (Marie) Sophie Germain prime, Sophie Gershgorin's Theorem Gibbs, (Josiah) Willard Gibbs' inequality giga‐ Girard's theorem given glb glide reflection global maximum Gödel, Kurt Gödel numbering Gödel's Completeness Theorem Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems Goldbach, Christian Goldbach's conjecture goodness‐of‐fit test googol googolplex Gosset, William Sealy Gowers, William Timothy grade gradient gradient gradient Graeco‐Latin square gram Gram–Schmidt method graph graph graph graphical solution graph metric graph paper graph theory Grassmannian gravitational constant gravitational force gravitational mass gravitational potential gravitational potential energy gravity great circle greatest common divisor greatest integer function greatest lower bound greatest value greedy algorithm Green, George Green-Tao theorem Green's function Green's theorem Gregory, James Gregory–Newton forward difference formula Grelling's paradox Grothendieck, Alexander group group action group algebra grouped data group table h ℍ Haar measure Hadamard, Jacques Hadamard's inequality Hairy Ball Theorem half‐angle formula half‐closed half‐life half‐line half‐open half‐plane half‐space half‐turn symmetry Halley, Edmond Halley's method Hall's Theorem Halmos, Paul Richard Halting problem Hamel basis Hamilton, William Rowan Hamiltonian Hamiltonian graph Hamiltonian mechanics Hamming distance handshaking lemma hardware Hardy, Godfrey Harold Hardy–Weinberg ratio harmonic analysis harmonic conjugate harmonic function harmonic mean harmonic number harmonic range harmonic sequence harmonic series hash function Hausdorff, Felix Hausdorff dimension Hausdorff space Hawking, Stephen William Hawthorne effect hcf heat heat equation Heaviside function hectare hecto‐ ‐hedron height Heine-Borel theorem Heisenberg, Werner Karl Heisenberg's uncertainty principle helicoid hemi‐ hemisphere hendecagon hepta‐ heptagon hereditary property Hermite, Charles Hermite polynomials Hermitian Hermitian conjugate Hero (Heron) of Alexandria Hero's formula Hero's method hertz Hessian heteroscedastic heuristic hexa‐ hexadecimal representation hexagon hexagram hexahedron higher arithmetic higher derivative higher‐order partial derivative highest common factor Hilbert's basis theorem Hilbert space Hilbert's paradox Hilbert's programme Hilbert's tenth problem Hindu-Arabic number system histogram history of mathematics Hölder's inequality holomorphic holonomic Hom homeomorphism homogeneous homogeneous homogeneous coordinates homogeneous first‐order differential equation homogeneous linear differential equation homogeneous polynomial homogeneous set of linear equations homomorphism homoscedastic homotopy homotopy equivalence Horner's rule Householder transformation Hoyles, Dame Celia Huffman coding Huygens, Christiaan hydrodynamics hydrostatics Hypatia hyperbola hyperbolic cylinder hyperbolic function hyperbolic geometry hyperbolic paraboloid hyperbolic partial differential equation hyperbolic plane hyperbolic spiral hyperboloid of one sheet hyperboloid of two sheets hypercube hypergeometric distribution hypergeometric series hyperplane hyperreals hypocycloid hypotenuse hypothesis testing i i I I ICM icosahedron icosidodecahedron ideal ideal element ideal point idempotent identically distributed identification space identity identity identity function identity matrix identity theorem if and only if iff iid ill‐conditioned Im IMA image imaginary axis imaginary number imaginary part implication implicit implicit differentiation implicit function theorem imply improper fraction improper integrals impulse incentre incidence incircle inclination inclined plane include inclusion inclusion–exclusion principle inclusive disjunction incommensurable incompatible incompressible inconsistent increasing function increasing sequence increment indefinite integral independent independent events independent random variables independent variable independent variable indeterminate indeterminate equations indeterminate form index index index index index index set indicator function indifference curve indirect isometry indirect proof indirect proportion indivisible by induce induction inequality inertia inertial frame of reference inertial mass inertia matrix inextensible string inf infeasible inference infimum infinite infinite product infinite sequence infinite series infinite set infinitesimal infinity inflection information information theory inhomogeneous initial conditions initialize initial line initial value initial value problem injection inner product input inscribe inscribed circle insoluble instance instantaneous instantaneous code instrumental understanding integer integer factorization integer part integer programming integrable integrable system integral integral calculus integral domain integral equation integral test integral transform integrand integrating factor integration integration by parts interacting variables intercept interest interior interior angle interior angle interior of a set interior point intermediate value theorem intermediate vertex internal bisector internal division internal force International Congress of Mathematicians interpolation interquartile range intersect intersection interval interval estimate interval scale intransitive relation intrinsic intrinsic coordinates intuitionism invalid invariable invariant invariant set invariant subgroup inverse correlation inverse element inverse function inverse function theorem inverse hyperbolic function inverse image inverse points inversely proportional inverse matrix inverse of a complex number inverse square law of gravitation inverse trigonometric function invertible function invertible matrix inviscid involution irrational number irreducible irreducible irreducible fraction irreducible representation irrotational isoclines isogon isolate isolated point isolated point isolated singularity isometric graph paper isometry isomorphic isomorphic graphs isomorphism isomorphism isomorphism theorems isoperimetric isoperimetric inequality isoperimetric quotient (IQ) number of a closed curve isosceles trapezium isosceles triangle isotopy iterated series iteration j j J Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobian Jacobian matrix Jacobi's identity Jacobi's iterative method Jeffreys, Sir Harold Jensen's inequality jerk joint cumulative distribution function joint distribution joint probability density function joint probability mass function jolt Jordan, (Marie‐Ennemond) Camille Jordan block Jordan curve Jordan Curve Theorem Jordan-Hölder Theorem Jordan normal form Jordan's inequality Josephus problem Joukovski, Nikolai Egorovich Joukovski map joule Julia set jump jump discontinuity k k k Karmarkar's algorithm kelvin Kelvin, Lord Kendall's rank correlation coefficient Kepler, Johannes Kepler conjecture kernel ket key kg Khwārizmī, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al‐ kilo‐ kilo‐ kilogram kinematics kinetic energy kinetic friction Kingman, Sir John Frank Charles Kirchoff's Theorem kite Klein, (Christian) Felix Klein four‐group Kline, Morris knapsack problem knot knot equivalence knot polynomial knot theory Knuth, Donald Koch curve Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Kolmogorov space Königsberg bridge problem Kovalevskaya, Sofya Kraft inequality Kronecker, Leopold Kronecker delta Kronecker's Lemma Kruskal's algorithm Kruskal–Wallis test k‐simplex Kummer, Ernst Kuratowski closure axioms Kuratowski's Theorem kurtosis L ℒ lp Lp labelling algorithm lag Lagrange, Joseph‐Louis Lagrange interpolation Lagrange multiplier Lagrange point Lagrange's equations Lagrange's Theorem Lagrange's Theorem Lagrangian Lagrangian derivative Lakatos, Imre Lambert, Johann Heinrich lamina Lami's Theorem Landau's problems Langlands, Robert Langlands programme Laplace, Pierre‐Simon, Marquis de Laplace expansion Laplace's equation Laplace transform Laplacian latent root latent vector LaTeX Latin square latitude lattice lattice latus rectum Laurent expansion law law of averages laws of large numbers lcm leading coefficient leading diagonal least action, principle of least common denominator least common multiple least squares least squares theorem least upper bound least value leaving variable Lebesgue, Henri Lebesgue integration left and right derivative left‐handed system left inverse Legendre, Adrien‐Marie Legendre polynomials Legendre's conjecture Legendre's differential equation Legendre symbol Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's integral rule Leibniz's Theorem lemma length length length of an arc Leonardo of Pisa leptokurtic level set lever L'Hôpital, Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de L'Hôpital's rule LHS liar paradox Lie, (Marius) Sophus Lie algebra Lie correspondence Lie group lift light light framework Lighthill, Sir Michael James light year likelihood function likelihood ratio test like terms lim inf limit limit limit from the left and right limit inferior limit of integration limit point limit superior lim sup Lindemann, (Carl Louis) Ferdinand von line line line linear action linear algebra linear code linear combination linear complexity linear congruence equation linear convergence linear differential equation linear differential equation with constant coefficients linear equation linear first‐order differential equation linear function linear group linear interpolation linearization linearly dependent and independent linear map linear momentum linear programming linear regression linear scale linear space linear system linear theory of equilibria linear transformation line integral line of action line of symmetry line segment Liouville, Joseph Liouville numbers Liouville's Theorem Lipschitz condition Lissajous curve litre Littlewood, John Edensor little o notation LMS ln load Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich locally compact local maximum located vector location locus log logarithm logarithmic function logarithmic plotting logarithmic scale logarithmic series logarithmic spiral logic logically equivalent logic gate logicism logistic map logistic map lognormal distribution log paper long division longitude longitudinal study longitudinal wave loop Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz–Fitzgerald contraction Lorentz force law Lorentz group Lorentz transformation Lorenz attractor Lotka-Volterra equations lower bound lower limit lower triangular matrix lowest common denominator lowest terms lub Lucas numbers Lucas theorem LU decomposition lune lurking variable Lyapunov, Aleksandr Lyapunov stability m M M μ machine machine learning Maclaurin, Colin Maclaurin series magma magnetic field magnitude magnitude main diagonal major arc major axis Mandelbrot, Benoît Mandelbrot set Manhattan norm manifold Mann–Whitney U test MANOVA mantissa many‐to‐one many-valued function map map projection marginal distribution Markov, Andrei Andreevich Markov chain martingale mass mass–energy equation matched‐pairs design matching material derivative mathematical biology mathematical induction mathematical model mathematical notation mathematics mathematics education matrix matrix game matrix groups matrix norm matrix of a linear map matrix of coefficients matrix of cofactors Maupertuis, Pierre‐Louis Moreau de max‐flow/min‐cut maximal element maximal ideal maximal matching maximal torus maximin strategy maximum maximum likelihood estimator maximum modulus theorem Maxwell, James Clerk Maxwell's equations mean mean absolute deviation mean curvature mean deviation mean squared deviation mean squared error mean value mean value theorem mean value theorem measurable function measurable set measure measurement measure space measure theory measure zero set mechanical mechanical advantage mechanics median median median–median regression line median triangle mega‐ member memoryless source Menelaus of Alexandria Menelaus' Theorem mensuration meridian meromorphic function Mersenne, Marin mesh mesokurtic metalogic method of differences method of exhaustion method of images method of least squares metre metric metric space metrizable micro‐ midpoint midpoint rule midpoint theorem milli‐ Milne-Thomson circle theorem Milnor, John Willard Minding's theorem minimal element minimal polynomial minimal polynomial minimal surface minimax strategy Minimax Theorem minimum minimum capacity minimum connector problem minimum cost spanning tree Minkowski, Hermann Minkowski's inequality Minkowski space minor arc minor axis minus minus or plus minus sign minute mirror‐image Mirzakhani, Maryam mixed boundary condition mixed derivative mixed numbers mixed strategy Möbius, August Ferdinand Möbius function Möbius transformation mode model model theory modular arithmetic modular form modular group modularity theorem module modulo n arithmetic modulus modulus of a congruence modulus of elasticity modus ponens modus tollens moment moment moment estimator moment generating function moment of inertia moment of momentum momentum Monge, Gaspard Monge point monic polynomial monoid monomorphism monotone convergence theorem monotonic function monotonic sequence Monte Carlo methods Monty Hall problem Moore-Penrose inverse Morera's Theorem Mordell Conjecture Morley's Theorem morphism Morse Theory Moser's circle problem Müller, Johann multi‐ multicollinearity multifunction multigraph multilinear multinomial multinomial coefficient multinomial distribution multinomial theorem multiple multiple integral multiple precision multiple regression multiple root multiplication multiplication multiplication multiplication multiplication multiplication multiplication modulo n multiplication sign multiplicative group multiplicative identity multiplicative inverse multiplicity multiplying factor multiply out multivariable calculus multivariate multivariate analysis of variance mutually disjoint mutually exclusive mutually exclusive events mutually prime mystic hexagram n N n- nabla naïve set theory nand nano- Napier, John Napierian logarithm Napier's bones Napoleon's theorem Nash, John Forbes Nash equilibrium natural frequency natural logarithm natural number Navier-Stokes equations n-cube n-dimensional space necessary and sufficient condition necessary condition needle problem negation negative negative binomial distribution negative correlation negative direction negative number neighbourhood neighbourhood nested multiplication nested sets net net net network network flow Neumann, John Von Neumann condition neural nets neutral element neutral geometry newton Newton, Isaac Newton quotient Newton–Raphson method Newton's identities Newton's interpolating polynomial Newton's interpolation formula Newton's law of cooling Newton's law of gravitation Newton's law of restitution Newton's laws of motion Newton's method Neyman, Jerzy Neyman-Pearson lemma Nightingale, Florence nilpotent nilradical nine-point circle node node Noether, Amalie Noetherian ring Noether's theorem noise nominal nominal scale nonagon non-basic variables non-constructive non-denumerable non-empty non-Euclidean geometry non-homogeneous linear differential equation non-homogeneous set of linear equations non-linear non-negative non-orientable non-parametric methods non-response bias non-significant result interpretation non-singular non-singular non-standard analysis non-symmetric non-transitive non-transitive dice non-trivial non-zero nor norm normal normal normal normal coordinates normal distribution normal form normal form of conics normalize normalizer normal mode normal number normal operator normal reaction normal space normal subgroup normal vector normal vector normed vector space not not and notation not or nought nowhere dense nowhere-differentiable function NP problem NRICH nth derivative nth-order partial derivative nth root nth root of unity n-tuple null hypothesis nullity null matrix null measure null sequence null set null set null space Nullstellensatz null vector number number field number line number systems number theory numeral numerator numerical analysis numerical differentiation numerical integration numerical stability numerical value O o 𝕆 objective function objective row oblate oblique oblong observable observation observational study observer obtuse angle oct‐ octagon octahedron octal octant octonion odd function odd integer odd part odd permutation odds odds ratio ODE off diagonal omega one one‐sided surface one‐sided test one‐tailed test one‐to‐many one‐to‐one one‐to‐one correspondence one-way function only if onto open ball open cover open disc open interval open mapping open mapping theorem open problem open set operation operational research operator opposite angles opposite side optimal optimality condition optimal strategy optimization or OR orbit orbit orbit-counting formula orbit-stabilizer theorem order order order order order order order order ordered field ordered pair order isomorphism order notation order of contact order of convergence order of magnitude order statistics ordinal data ordinal number ordinal scale ordinary differential equation ordinate orientable orientation origin orthocentre orthogonal orthogonal complement orthogonal curves orthogonal matrix orthogonal polynomials orthogonal projection orthogonal set orthonormal Osborne's rule oscillations osculate osculation osculinflection outer measure outer product outlier output p P π p-adic numbers pair paired-sample tests pairwise pairwise disjoint Pappus of Alexandria Pappus' Hexagon Theorem parabolic coordinates parabolic cylinder parabolic partial differential equation paraboloid paradox parallel parallel axis theorem parallel computation parallelepiped parallelogram parallelogram law parallel postulate parallel transport parameter parameter parameterization parameterized surface parametric equations parametric equations parametric statistics parentheses Pareto chart parity parity check Parseval's identity partial derivative partial differential equation partial differentiation partial fractions partial order partial product partial sum particle particular integral particular solution partition partition partition pascal Pascal, Blaise Pascal's theorem Pascal's triangle path path component path-connected path integral Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst payoff PDE pdf Peano, Giuseppe Peano axioms Peano curve Pearson, Karl Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient pedal triangle Pell's equation pendulum Penrose, Roger Penrose tiling penta- pentagon pentagonal number pentagram per cent percentage percentage error percentile perfectly normal perfect square perigee perigon perihelion perimeter period periodic point peripheral vertex permutation permutation permutation group permutation matrix perpendicular perpendicular axis theorem perpendicular bisector perpendicular distance perpendicular lines perpendicular planes Perron's paradox perspective perspectivity perturbation peta- pgf p-group phase phase plane philosophy of mathematics pi Picard's little theorem Picard's theorem Pick's theorem pico- PID piecewise continuous pie chart pigeonhole principle pilot survey pivot pivot table placebo place value plaintext planar graph Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck's constant plane plane of symmetry Platonic solid Platonism platykurtic Playfair's axiom plot plus plus or minus plus sign pmf p-norm Poincaré, (Jules) Henri Poincaré group Poincaré-Hopf theorem point point estimate point mass point of application point of inflexion points at infinity point-set topology pointwise addition pointwise convergence Poisson, Siméon-Denis Poisson distribution Poisson process Poisson's equation Poisson's integral formula polar polar coordinates polar decomposition polar equation polar form of a complex number pole pole Polya, George polygon polygon of forces polyhedron polynomial polynomial equation polynomial ring polynomial time polytope Poncelet, Jean-Victor pons asinorum pooled estimate of variance population population mean poset position ratio position vector positive positive angle positive correlation positive definite positive direction positively oriented positive semidefinite possible posterior distribution posterior probability postmultiplication post-optimal analysis postulate potential potential energy potential infinity power power power power power series power set precision precision predicate predicate logic predicted variable predictor variable prefix prefix code pre-image premultiplication presentation pressure primary decomposition theorem prime prime decomposition prime element prime ideal prime knot prime meridian prime number theorem prime subfield primitive primitive primitive element primitive polynomial primitive root Prim's algorithm principal axes principal axes principal ideal principal ideal domain principal moments of inertia principle of conservation of energy principle of conservation of linear momentum principle of mathematical induction principle of moments principle of the excluded middle principal part principal value principal value integral prior distribution prior probability prism private key crytography probability probability density function probability generating function probability mass function probability measure probability paper probability space probability vector probable error product product group product moment correlation coefficient product notation product of inertia product rule product set product space program progression projectile projection projection projective geometry projective space projective transformation prolate proof proof by contradiction proof theory proof verification proper class proper divisor proper factor proper fraction proper map proper subset proper value proper vector proportion proportion proposition propositional logic pseudoinverse pseudometric pseudoprime pseudorandom numbers Ptolemy Ptolemy's Theorem public key cryptography pulley pure imaginary pure mathematics pure strategy PV p-value pyramid Pythagoras Pythagoras' Theorem Pythagorean triple ℚ ℚp Q8 QED QEF QR decomposition quad- quadrant quadratic complexity quadratic convergence quadratic equation quadratic field quadratic form quadratic formula quadratic function quadratic reciprocity quadratic residue quadratrix quadrature quadric quadric cone quadrilateral quadrillion quadruple quality control quantifier quantile quantity quantum theory quartic polynomial quartile deviation quartiles quasi-metric quaternion quaternion group queuing theory quick sort algorithm Quillen, Daniel Grey quin- Quine, Willard van Orman quintic polynomial quota sample quotient quotient group quotient ring quotient rule quotient space ℝ Real number Rademacher's Theorem radial and transverse components radial set radian radical radical axis radical sign radicand radius radius radius of convergence radius of curvature radius of gyration radius vector raise Ramanujan, Srinivasa Ramsey, Frank Ramsey Theory random random error random graph randomization randomize randomized blocks random numbers random sample random variable random vector random walk range range range rank rank rank correlation coefficient rank-nullity theorem rate of change rate of convergence ratio rational canonical form rational function rationalize rational number ratio test raw data ray Re reachable set reaction real real axis real function realism real line real number real part real projective plane real world rearrangement reciprocal rectangle rectangular rectangular distribution rectangular hyperbola rectangular number rectilinear motion recurrence relation recurrent recurring decimal recursion theory reduce reduced echelon form reduced set of residues reductio ad absurdum reduction formula redundancy redundant re-entrant reflection reflex angle reflexive relation reflexive space Regiomontanus region regression regression to the mean regular function regular graph regular polygon regular polyhedron regular space regular tessellation relation relation relational understanding relative complement relative efficiency relative error relative frequency relatively prime relative measure of dispersion relative position relative risk reliability remainder remainder theorem removable singularity repeated integral repeated measures designs repeated root repeating decimal repelling fixed point repetition codes replicable representation representation representative representative sample residual residual variation residue residue class resistant statistic resistive force resolution response bias response variable rest frame rest mass restriction resultant retardation retraction reverse mathematics reverse triangle inequality reversion to the mean revolution revolve Reynolds number Reynolds transport theorem rhombohedron rhombus RHS RI Riemann, (Georg Friedrich) Bernhard Riemann hypothesis Riemannian manifold Riemann integral Riemann-Lebesgue lemma Riemann mapping theorem Riemann–Roch Theorem Riemann sphere Riemann surface Riemann zeta function Riesz representation theorem right angle right-angled triangle right-circular right derivative right-handed system right inverse right-regular rigid body rigid motion ring ring of integers rise risk Robin boundary condition Robinson, Julia (Hall Bowman) robust rod Rodrigues' formula Rolle, Michel Rolle's Theorem rolling condition Roman numeral root root root mean squared deviation root of unity root test rose rotation rotational kinetic energy rotational symmetry rotation of axes Roth's Theorem rough surface round round angle rounding round-off error route inspection problem row row equivalence row operation row rank row space row vector Royal Institution RRE form RSA ruled surface ruler and compass construction run run Runge–Kutta methods Russell, Bertrand Arthur William Russell's paradox Rutherford, Lord rv Sn Sn saddle-point sample sample space sampling distribution sandwich theorem SAS saturated scalar scalar scalar field scalar matrix scalar multiplication scalar product scalar quadratic product scalar triple product scale scalene triangle scatter diagram Schauder basis scheduling Schläfli, Ludwig Schläfli symbol Schrödinger, Erwin Rudolf Alexander Schrödinger's cat Schrödinger's equation Schur decomposition Schwartz distribution scientific notation sd SDE se seasonal variation secant secant secant method sech second second second derivative second derivative test second fundamental form second-order logic second-order partial derivative section section formulae sector segment selection selection bias self-adjoint self-inverse self-reference self-selected samples self-similarity semi- semicircle semi-decidable semi-direct product semigroup semi-interquartile range semi-metric semi-norm semiprime semi-regular polyhedron semi-regular tessellation semi-vertical angle sense sensitivity analysis separable separable separable first-order differential equation separable solution separated sets separation axioms separation of variables sept- sequence sequence of functions sequence space sequential compactness sequential sampling serial serial computation serial correlation series Serre, Jean-Pierre Serret-Frenet formulae sesquilinear set set difference set theory sex- sexagesimal sf sgn Shannon, Claude Shannon's Theorem shear shearing force sheet SHM shortest path algorithm shortest path problem SI SIAM side Sierpinski triangle sifting property sigma sigma algebra sigma function sign signed area signed minor signed rank test significance level significance test significant figures sign test signum function similar similar simple curve simple extension simple fraction simple graph simple group simple harmonic motion simple interest simple pendulum simple pole simple root simplest form simplex simplex method simplex tableau simplicial complex simplify simply connected Simpson's paradox Simpson's rule Simson line simulation simultaneity simultaneous linear differential equations simultaneous linear equations sine sine rule singleton Singmaster's conjecture singular singularity singular point singular point singular value decomposition sinh sink sink SIR epidemiology model SI units skew field skew lines skewness skew-symmetric function skew-symmetric matrix slack slack variables slant asymptote slant height slash sliding–toppling condition slope small circle Smith, Adrian Frederick Melhuish Smith normal form smooth smoothly hinged smoothness condition smooth surface snowflake curve software SOHCAHTOA solid solid angle solid of revolution solidus soluble group solution solution of triangles solution set solvable by radicals solvable group sorting algorithms source source source space space-filling curve space–time span spanning set spanning tree sparse matrix Spearman's rank correlation coefficient special function special linear group special relativity spectral theorem spectrum speed speed of light sphere spherical angle spherical cap spherically symmetric spherical polar coordinates spherical triangle spherical trigonometry spheroid spiral spline splitting field sporadic group spread spring spring constant spurious correlation square square square-integrable square matrix square number square root squaring the circle squeeze theorem SSA SSS stabilizer stable equilibrium stable numerical analysis stadium paradox stagnation point standard basis standard deviation standard error standard form standard form standardize standard normal distribution stars and bars state statement static friction statics stationary distribution stationary point stationary point stationary value statistic statistical equilibrium statistical mechanics statistical model statistical tables statistics steady Steinitz exchange lemma stem-and-leaf plot step function steradian Stevin, Simon Stewart, Ian stiffness Stirling number of the first kind Stirling number of the second kind Stirling's formula stochastic differential equation stochastic matrix stochastic process stochastic variable Stokes, Sir George Gabriel Stokes' Theorem Stokes' Theorem Stone space Stone-Weierstrass Theorem straight angle straight edge straight line strain strategy stratified sample stream function streamline stress strict strictly decreasing strictly determined game strictly increasing strictly monotonic string string strong convergence stronger statement strong law of large numbers structuralism Structure Theorem strut Student Student's t-distribution Sturm–Liouville equation subadditive subdivision subdivision subdivision subfield subgraph subgroup subgroup generated by a set subject submatrix subring subscript subsequence subset subspace subspace topology substitution substitution group subtend subtraction sufficient condition sufficient estimator sufficiently large sufficient statistic sum summation notation sum to infinity sup superadditive superposition principle superscript supersink supersource supplementary angles supplementary unit support supremum surd surface surface surface surface area surface integral surface of revolution surjection suvat syllogism Sylow's theorems Sylvester's equation Sym symbol symbolic logic symmetrical about a line symmetrical about a point symmetric design symmetric difference symmetric function symmetric group symmetric matrix symmetric relation symmetry symmetry group symplectic geometry symplectic group synthetic geometry systematic error systematic sampling Système International d'Unités system of particles systems analysis Szemerédi's theorem T T T τ Tn tableau tables tacnode tail tangent tangent tangent bundle tangent field tangential tangent plane tangent rule tangent space tangent vector tanh Taniyama-Shimura conjecture Tarski, Alfred Tartaglia, Niccolò tau tautochrone tautology taxicab norm taxicab number Taylor, Brook Taylor, Richard Taylor series Taylor's Theorem Tchebyshev t-distribution telescoping series temperature tend to tension tensor tensor product tera- term terminal speed terminating decimal ternary relation ternary representation tessellation test function test statistic tetra- tetrahedral number tetrahedron TeX t-formulae Thales of Miletus theorem Theorema Egregium theorem proving there exists theta function Thom, René Frédéric Thomson, William three-body problem three-door problem thrust tie tiling time time dilation time series Tonelli's theorem tonne topological data analysis topological group topologically distinguishable topological space topological vector space topology toppling torque torsion torsion element torus torus total differential total expectation law total force totally bounded totally disconnected total order total probability law total relation totient function touch tower law Tower of Brahma Tower of Hanoi trace tractrix trail trajectory transcendental number transfinite number transformation transformation group transformation matrix transition map transition matrix transitive transitive relation translation translation of axes transportation problem transpose transposition transversal transverse axis transverse component transverse wave trapezium trapezium rule trapezoidal rule travelling salesman problem traversable graph tree trefoil trend tri- trial trial and improvement triangle triangle inequality triangle of forces triangularizable triangular matrix triangular number triangulation triangulation tridiagonal matrix trigonometric function trigonometric series expansions trigonometric tables trigonometry trillion trim trinomial triple triple product triple root trisect trisection of an angle trisector trivial trivial solution truncated cube truncated tetrahedron truncation truth table truth value t-test Tukey, John Wilder tuple Turing, Alan Mathison Turing machine turning point two-person zero-sum game two-sample tests two-sided test two-tailed test Tychonoff space Tychonoff's theorem Type I error Type II error typical sequence UFD UKMT ultrametric unary operation unbiased estimator unbounded unconditional statement uncountable undecidable underdetermined uniform uniform convergence uniform distribution uniform gravitational force uniformization theorem uniformly continuous uniform space unimodal unimodular union unique factorization domain unit unit unitary matrix unitary ratio unit circle unit cube unit matrix unit square unit vector unity univalent universal covering space universal gravitational constant universal machine universal quantifier universal set unknot unknown unstable equilibrium upper bound upper limit upper triangular matrix Urysohn's lemma utility utility function V V4 valency validation Vallée-Poussin, Charles-Jean de la value value Vandermonde's convolution formula Vandermonde's determinant Van der Waerden's Theorem vanish Var variability variable variance variance, analysis of variation varies directly variety vector vector analysis vector bundle vector equation vector equation vector field vector norm vector potential vector product vector projection vector space vector subspace vector sum vector triple product velocity velocity potential velocity ratio velocity–time graph Venn, John Venn diagram verification vertex vertex vertex method vertex-transitive vertical angles Viète, François Viète's formulae Viète's substitution vinculum Vinogradov's Theorem virtual work principle viscous Vitali set volume volume of a solid of revolution Von Neumann, John vortex vorticity vulgar fraction W walk Wallis, John Wallis' Product wallpaper group Waring's problem warning limits watt wave wave equation wave function wavelength wavenumber weak convergence weaker statement weak inequality weak law of large numbers weakly hereditary property Wedderburn's little theorem Weierstrass, Karl Weierstrass' Approximation theorem Weierstrass' theorem weight weighted graph weighted mean Weil conjectures well-conditioned problem well defined well-formed formula well ordered Weyl, Hermann wff Whitehead, Alfred North Whitney embedding theorem whole angle whole number Wiener, Norbert Wilcoxon paired sample test Wilcoxon rank-sum test Wilcoxon signed rank test Wiles, Andrew John Wilson's theorem winding number within-subjects design Witten, Edward Wolf Prize word word problem work work–energy principle wrt X x-axis xor y Y Yates' correction y-axis yocto- yotta- Young's inequality Young's modulus of elasticity z Z ℤ ℤn Zariski topology z-axis Zeckendorf's theorem Zeeman, Sir Erik Christopher Zeno of Elea zepto- zetta- Zermelo, Ernst Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms zero zero zero-dimensional zero-divisor zero element zero function zero matrix zero-sum game zero vector zeta function ZF ZFC zone Zorn's lemma