0451
8.118
8.119 adjectives with nominal that-clauses: I was afraid that he would fall
8.120 mentioning the cause of a feeling
8.121 saying what someone knows
0452
8.122 commenting on a fact
8.123 commenting on a fact or idea
8.124
0453
8.125
8.126 nominal use of wh-clauses
8.127
8.128 BE CAREFUL
0454
8.129
8.130 types of non-finite clause
8.131 position of non-defining clauses
8.132
0455
8.133 -ing participle: events happening at the same time
8.134 -ing participle: one action after another
8.135 -ing participle: reasons
8.136
8.137 having and -ed participle: results
0456
8.138 -ed participle: earlier events
8.139 mentioning the subject
8.140
8.141 -ing participle
8.142 -ed participle
0457
8.143 USAGE NOTE
8.144
8.145 use after pronouns
8.146
8.147
8.148
0458
8.149
0459
8.150
8.151
8.152 omitting words in the second clause
0460
8.153 functions of coordinating conjunctions
8.154 related facts
8.155 sequence
8.156 two negative facts
0461
8.157 contrast
8.158 alternatives
8.159 USAGE NOTE
0462
8.160 USAGE NOTE
8.161 USAGE NOTE
8.162 non-finite clauses
0463
8.163
8.164
8.165 intransitive verbs
8.166 transitive verbs
8.167 leaving out the auxiliary
0464
8.168 emphasizing repetition or duration
8.169 USAGE NOTE
8.170
8.171
8.172
8.173 alternatives
8.174 omitting determiners
0465
8.175 referring to one person or thing
8.176 omitting adjectives
8.177 verb agreement
0466
8.178 linking pronouns together
8.179
8.180
8.181 qualitative adjectives
8.182 colour adjectives
8.183 classifying adjectives
0467
8.184 different types of adjective
8.185 adjectives with plural nouns
8.186 adjectives after verbs
8.187 using other conjunctions
0468
8.188 linking adverbs together
8.189
8.190
8.191 linking prepositions together
8.192 linking prepositional phrases together
0469
8.193 linking modifiers and determiners together
8.194
8.195
8.196
8.197
0470
8.198
8.199
8.200
0471
8.201 linking adjectives together
0472
9.1
9.2
0473
9.3 the passive
9.4 split sentences
9.5 impersonal it
9.6 there with be
9.7 adverbials
0474
9.8
9.9 formation of the passive
9.10 not mentioning the person or thing that performed the action
0475
9.11
9.12
9.13 USAGE NOTE
0476
9.14 mentioning the performer with by
9.15 mentioning things or methods used
9.16 passive of verbs referring to states
0477
9.17 phrasal verbs
0478
9.18 verbs usually used in the passive
9.19 verbs that are rarely used in the passive
0479
9.20 verbs with two objects
9.21 transitive verbs with object complement: The wall was painted blue
9.22 reflexive verbs
0480
9.23 intransitive phrasal verbs with prepositions
0481
9.24 USAGE NOTE
9.25
9.26 it as the subject: It was Fiona who told me
9.27 other kinds of focus
0482
9.28 what or all to focus on an action
9.29 focusing on the topic
0483
9.30 focusing on what someone wants or needs: What I want is a holiday, All I need is to win this game
9.31
9.32
0484
9.33
9.34
9.35 using it as an object
0485
9.36 describing the weather: It’s raining, It’s sunny
9.37 giving times and dates
9.38 emphasizing time
0486
9.39 using linking verbs
9.40 using other verbs
0487
9.41 other ways of talking about actions
9.42
0488
9.43 USAGE NOTE
9.44 other verbs
0489
9.45 passive of reporting verbs
9.46 saying that something exists: There are four people in my family
9.47
0490
9.48 saying that something happened: There was a sudden noise
9.49 describing something that is happening: There was a man standing next to her
9.50 verb agreement
0491
9.51 contractions with there
9.52 there with adjectives
9.53 there with other verbs
9.54 formal and literary uses
0492
9.55
9.56
9.57 being specific: financially,…, politically speaking,…
0493
9.58 BE CREATIVE
9.59 generalizing: basically, on the whole, etc.
0494
9.60 BE CREATIVE
9.61 BE CREATIVE
9.62
0495
9.63 emphasizing that something is exact: exactly, just, precisely, etc.
9.64
0496
9.65 restricting: only, just, etc.
9.66 selecting: especially, notably, etc.
9.67 position of focusing adverbials
0497
9.68 USAGE NOTE
0498
9.69
9.70 adverbials first
9.71 reported question first
9.72 other parts of the clause
0499
9.73
9.74 pointing forward to the second part of sentence
9.75 classifying
9.76 labelling
0500
9.77 other ways of labelling
9.78 using whole sentences to point forward
9.79
0501
9.80 indicating your opinion
9.81 USAGE NOTE
0502
9.82 distancing and being more specific
9.83 indicating your point of view
9.84 indicating a quality shown by the performer of an action
0503
9.85 mentioning your justification for a statement
9.86 showing that you assume your hearer agrees
9.87 indicating reality or possibility
0504
9.88 indicating your attitude
9.89 using infinitive clauses
9.90 politeness
9.91
9.92 showing your reactions
0505
9.93 other clause elements
0506
9.94 questions that do not expect an answer
9.95
9.96 position
9.97 titles
0507
9.98 BE CAREFUL
9.99 other ways of addressing people
0508
10.1
10.2
10.3 pronouns
0509
10.4 determiners
10.5
10.6 other ways of referring back
0510
10.7 demonstratives referring to things
10.8
10.9
0511
10.10 demonstratives referring to sentences
10.11 previous
10.12 above
10.13 former and latter
0512
10.14 USAGE NOTE
10.15 time
10.16 place
10.17 manner
0513
10.18
10.19 referring to spoken or written texts
0514
10.20 referring to ideas
0515
10.21 referring to what is mentioned
10.22 BE CREATIVE
10.23 referring to pieces of writing
0516
10.24 so as a substitute for an adjective
10.25 so and not after if
10.26 so and not with reporting verbs
0517
10.27 do so
10.28
10.29 such as a determiner
10.30 such as a predeterminer
0518
10.31 such as an adjective
10.32 adjectives
10.33 same
10.34
10.35
0519
10.36 opposite and reverse
10.37 other adjectives
0520
10.38 adverbials
10.39
10.40
10.41 this and these
0521
10.42
10.43 following
10.44 next
10.45 below
10.46 such
0522
10.47 other ways
10.48
10.49 indicating an addition
10.50 indicating a similar point
0523
10.51 contrasts and alternatives
10.52 causes
0524
10.53 showing sequence in time
10.54 putting points in order
10.55 conjunctions
0525
10.56 sentence connectors after and or but
10.57
0526
10.58
10.59 USAGE NOTE
0527
10.60
10.61 contrasting subjects
10.62 contrasting the verb form or the modal verb
10.63 do
10.64 be as a main verb
0528
10.65 have as a main verb
10.66 leaving words out with not
10.67 USAGE NOTE
10.68
0529
10.69
10.70 repeating the main verb
10.71 contrasting objects and adverbials
0530
10.72 USAGE NOTE
10.73
10.74
10.75 leaving words out in questions
10.76
0531
10.77 leaving words out in replies
10.78
0532
10.79
10.80 leaving words out when you are agreeing
10.81