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Character: 下
Modern (Beijing) reading: xià
Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrāʔ
Classic Old Chinese: ghrā́
Western Han Chinese: ɣrā́
Eastern Han Chinese: ɣrǟ́
Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́
Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́
Middle Chinese: ɣạ́
English meaning : to descend; down, below
Russian meaning[s]: 1) низ; нижний; внизу, снизу; вниз; 2) послелог обстоятельства места под; 3) следующий, последующий; нижеследующий; будущий; 4) низшего сорта, худший, низший; 5) подлый; 6) спускать(ся); служебный глагол направления к, в; 7) издать, отдать; 8) засевать (хлеба ); 9) класть (яйца ); метать (икру , детенышей животных ); 10) идти, выпадать; 11) посетить, прийти в (ресторан ); остановиться в (гостинице ); 12) разослать (приглашения ); выпустить; 13) потратить (время , усилия ); 14) взять (город ); покорять(ся), пасть; 15) проявить (энергию , решимость ); 16) удар; раз; 17) сторона; 18) левый; [-xia] суффикс направления действия (вниз ) и совершенного вида действия
Comments: Also read *ghrāʔ-s, MC ɣạ̀ (FQ 胡駕)'to descend; fall'. For *gh cf. Xiamen e6 , Chaozhou e4 , Fuzhou a6 , Jianou a8 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *klaH
Meaning: fall
Burmese: kjaʔ to fall, become low, be thrown down, LB *klaʔ ; khjaʔ to throw or cast down, put down, LB *khlaʔ .
Kachin: khrat2 fall from an elevation, khran1 to fell trees or cut down bamboo; cf. also (H) phra to drop, let fall.
Lushai: tla (tlāk ) to fall (from a height), to set or go down, thla (thlāk ) to lower, let down, throw down, to drop.
Lepcha: klo to fall
Comments: Mikir klo ; PG *khlaC throw away; Kham khja . Ben. 39.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 18
Character: 下
MC description : A: 假開二上馬匣; B: 假開二去禡匣
ZIHUI: A: 0007 0103; B: 0007 0104
Beijing: A: śia 3; B: śia 3
Jinan: A: śia 3; B: śia 3
Xi'an: A: śia 3; B: śia 3
Taiyuan: A: śia 3; B: śia 3
Hankou: A: śia 3 (lit.); xa 3; B: śia 3
Chengdu: A: śia 3; B: śia 3
Yangzhou: A: xâ 3; śiâ 3 (lit.); B: śiâ 3 (lit.); xâ 3
Suzhou: A: ia_ 32 (lit.); ɦo 32; B: śia_ 31 (lit.); ɦo 32
Wenzhou: A: ɦo 22; B: ɦo 22
Changsha: A: ia 32 (lit.); xa 32; B: śia 32 (lit.); xa 32
Shuangfeng: A: ɣio 32 (lit.); ɣo 32; B: ɣio 32 (lit.); ɣo 32
Nanchang: A: ha 32; B: ha 32
Meixian: A: ha 3; B: ha 3
Guangzhou: A: ha 22; B: ha 32
Xiamen: A: ha 32 (lit.); he 32; e 32; B: ha 32 (lit.); he 32; e 32
Chaozhou: A: e 22; B: hia 22
Fuzhou: A: a 32; B: xa 32
Shanghai: A: ɦo 32; B: ɦo 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: xa 3; B: xa 2
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 1973
Karlgren code: 0035 a-c
Go-on: ge
Kan-on: ka
Japanese reading: ka;ge;shita;shimo;moto;sageru;sagaru;kudaru;kudasu;kudasaru;orosu;oriru
Vietnamese reading: hạ
Jianchuan Bai: ɣɛ1-
Dali Bai: er1-
Bijiang Bai: -ji1-
Shijing occurrences: 15.3_, 19.3_, 28.3, 29.1, 29.2, 31.3_, 32.3_, 33.2, 35.1
Character: 丈
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhàng
Preclassic Old Chinese: draŋʔ
Classic Old Chinese: dráŋ
Western Han Chinese: ḍáŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: ḍáŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ḍáŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ḍáŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ḍáŋ
Middle Chinese: ḍáŋ
English meaning : respected person; measure of earth [L.Zhou]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) чжан (китайская сажень = 3,2 метра ); измерять землю; 2) почтенный человек; 3) тесть
Comments: Both meanings are probably derived from 長 *traŋʔ 'to become long, grow up; elder, senior' (q.v.) ("elder, senior" > "respected person"; "to measure length" > "measure of earth, measure of length"). The meaning "respected person" gave rise (as early as in Han) to a narrower meaning "father-in-law". In this sense the word was borrowed in Viet. as du'ọ'ng 'stepfather; husband of one's aunt or sister' (the regular Sino-Viet. rendering of 丈 is tru'ọ'ng).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 19
Character: 丈
MC description : 宕開三上養澄
ZIHUI: 0004 2275
Beijing: c̣aŋ 3
Jinan: c̣aŋ 3
Xi'an: c̣aŋ 3
Taiyuan: ca_̃ 3
Hankou: caŋ 3
Chengdu: caŋ 3
Yangzhou: câŋ 3
Suzhou: zaŋ 32
Wenzhou: ʒ́i 22
Changsha: c̣an 31 (lit.); c̣an 32
Shuangfeng: daŋ 32
Nanchang: chɔŋ 32
Meixian: chɔŋ 3
Guangzhou: čö_ŋ 32
Xiamen: tiɔŋ 32 (lit.); tiũ 32; tŋ 32
Chaozhou: ciaŋ 22
Fuzhou: tuɔŋ 32
Shanghai: zã 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: čiaŋ 3
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 6416
Karlgren code: 0722 a
Go-on: diyau
Kan-on: tiyau
Japanese reading: jō;take
Vietnamese reading: du'ọ'ng
Character: 上
Modern (Beijing) reading: shàng shǎng
Preclassic Old Chinese: daŋʔs daŋʔ
Classic Old Chinese: daŋh
Western Han Chinese: daŋh
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́aŋh
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́àŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́àŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́àŋ
Middle Chinese: ʒ́àŋ ʒ́áŋ
Fanqie: 侍漾 [a] 市養 [b]
Rhyme class: 漾 [a] 養 [b]
English meaning : to rise
Russian meaning[s]: 1) верх; верхний; наверху; сверху; вверх; 2) послелог обстоятельства места (часто начинающегося глаголом 在) на; 3) сев. диал. послелог времени в то время, когда; 4) предыдущий, вышеуказанный; прошлый; 5) высшего сорта, превосходный, высший; 6) служебный глагол направления в обстоятельствах времени к, в; 7) император, богдыхан; [shǎng] 1) подниматься, восходить на...; 2) быть помещенным в..., попасть (в газету ); занести (в список ); 3) подать, представить (жалобу ); 4) приступить (к исполнению обязанностей ); 5) закрыть; застегнуть; замкнуть; 6) завести (часы ); заправить (маслом ); наладить; 7) положить (удобрение ); покрыть; [-shang] 1) видовой суффикс , указывающий на завершение действия ; 2) см. 上來
Shuowen gloss: 高也. 此古文上. 指事也. 凡上之屬皆從上.
Comments: Also read *daŋʔ-s, MC ʒ́àŋ (FQ 時亮), Mand. shàng 'upper part, above'. Standard Sino-Viet. has thu'õ'ng for *ʒ́áŋ and thu'ọ'ng for *ʒ́àŋ. For *d- cf. Min forms: Xiamen cĩũ6 'rise', Chaozhou cĩẽ4 'rise', cĩẽ6 'above', Fuzhou sioŋ6 'rise, above', Jianou ciɔŋ6 id. Etymologically the word can hardly be kept separated from OC 拯 *tǝŋʔ 'to lift', 尚 *daŋ 'upwards' q. v.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 20
Character: 上
MC description : A: 宕開三上養襌; B: 宕開三去漾襌
ZIHUI: A: 0006 2294; B: 0006 2296
Beijing: A: ṣaŋ 3; B: ṣaŋ 3
Jinan: A: ṣaŋ 3; B: ṣaŋ 3
Xi'an: A: ṣaŋ 3; B: ṣaŋ 3
Taiyuan: A: sa_̃ 3; B: sa_̃ 3
Hankou: A: saŋ 3; B: saŋ 3
Chengdu: A: saŋ 3; B: saŋ 3
Yangzhou: A: sâŋ 3; B: sâŋ 3
Suzhou: A: zaŋ 32 (lit.); za_ŋ 32; B: zaŋ 32 (lit.); za_ŋ 32
Wenzhou: A: ɦi 32; B: ɦi 32
Changsha: A: ṣan 31 (lit.); ṣan 32; B: ṣan 31 (lit.); ṣan 32
Shuangfeng: A: ɣiaŋ 32; B:
Nanchang: A: sɔŋ 32; B: sɔŋ 32
Meixian: A: sɔŋ 3; B: sɔŋ 3
Guangzhou: A: šö_ŋ 22; B: šö_ŋ 32
Xiamen: A: siɔŋ 32 (lit.); siaŋ 32; B: siɔŋ 32 (lit.); siũ 32
Chaozhou: A: ciẽ 22; B: ciẽ 32
Fuzhou: A: suɔŋ 32; B: suɔŋ 32
Shanghai: A: za_̃ 32; B: za_̃ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: šiaŋ 3; B: šiaŋ 3
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 79
Karlgren code: 0726 a-d
Go-on: ziyau
Kan-on: siyau
Japanese reading: jō;shō;ue;uwa;kami;ageru;agaru;noboru;noboseru;nobosu;tatematsuru;hotori
Vietnamese reading: thu'ọ'ng
Jianchuan Bai: ?tõ1-, cõ1
Dali Bai: ?tou1-
Bijiang Bai: ?dõ1-, ḍõ1
Shijing occurrences: 28.3, 33.2, 38.1, 48.1_, 48.2, 48.3
Character: 丫
Modern (Beijing) reading: yā
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔrā (~ -āj)
Classic Old Chinese: ʔrā
Western Han Chinese: ʔrā
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔrǟ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔạ̄
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔạ̄
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔạ̄
Middle Chinese: ʔạ
English meaning : bifurcation; a k. of hair-knot [Tang]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) рогулька, головная шпилька; 2) развилка
Radical: 2
Four-angle index: 1952
Go-on: e
Kan-on: a
Character: 丸
Modern (Beijing) reading: wán
Preclassic Old Chinese: wār
Classic Old Chinese: wān
Western Han Chinese: wān
Eastern Han Chinese: wān
Early Postclassic Chinese: wān
Middle Postclassic Chinese: wān
Late Postclassic Chinese: wān
Middle Chinese: ɣwân
English meaning : small round object [L.Zhou]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) пуля; шарик, пилюля; 2) яп. "мару" - суффикс, завершающий названия японских коммерческих судов
Comments: The graph is attested already in Shijing, but only as a substitute for 桓 *wār q.v. (and actually rhymes in *-n - although only within one rhyme sequence - , which makes the reconstruction of *-r somewhat dubious). For *w- cf. Xiamen uan2 , Chaozhou ĩ2 , Fuzhou uoŋ2 , Jianou ɔŋ2 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qʷār
Meaning: round
Tibetan: sgor, gor , skor, khor, kor round, ãkhor turn round.
Lushai: ver to move or go round.
Lepcha: kar to twist, to curl as hair, as tail, as leaf
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 21
Character: 丸
MC description : 山合一平桓匣
ZIHUI: 0029 1979
Beijing: uan 12
Jinan: uã 12
Xi'an: uã 12
Taiyuan: vä̃ 1
Hankou: uan 12
Chengdu: yan 12
Yangzhou: uõ 12
Suzhou: ɦuö 12
Wenzhou: ɦy 12
Changsha: yẽ 12
Shuangfeng: ɣuã 12
Nanchang: yɔn 31
Meixian: jan 12
Guangzhou: jyn 12
Xiamen: uan 12
Chaozhou: ĩ 12
Fuzhou: uɔŋ 12
Shanghai: uö 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: on 12
Radical: 3
Four-angle index: 7739
Karlgren code: 0163 a
Go-on: guwan
Kan-on: kuwan
Japanese reading: gan;maru;marumeru;tama;marui
Vietnamese reading: hoàn
Character: 凡
Modern (Beijing) reading: fán
Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)ram (~ -ǝm)
Classic Old Chinese: b(h)ram
Western Han Chinese: b(h)ram
Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)ram
Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)am
Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)am
Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)am
Middle Chinese: bwɨm
English meaning : all
Russian meaning[s]: 1) все, все вообще; всякий, каждый, кто...; всякий раз, когда...; всегда; 2) всего, в итоге; 3) обычный, обыкновенный; рядовой, заурядный; 4) светский
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *p(h)ɨ̆m
Meaning: many, crowd
Tibetan: ãbum 100000.
Lushai: pum the whole, all, KC *pum .
Comments: Sh. 51. Cf. also Maring apum, Manipuri pum-namak, Naga Sangtam aphɨm, Rengma aphu 'all'. Cf. *prŏm.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 22
Character: 凡
MC description : 咸合三平凡奉
ZIHUI: 0416 1651
Beijing: fan 12
Jinan: fã 11
Xi'an: fã 12
Taiyuan: fä̃ 1
Hankou: fan 12
Chengdu: fan 12
Yangzhou: fɛ̃ 12
Suzhou: ve_ 12
Wenzhou: va 12
Changsha: fan 12
Shuangfeng: ɣuã 12
Nanchang: фuan 31
Meixian: fam 12
Guangzhou: fān 12
Xiamen: huan 12
Chaozhou: huam 12
Fuzhou: xuaŋ 12
Shanghai: ve_ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: fan 12
Radical: 16
Four-angle index: 7712
Vietnamese reading: phàm
Shijing occurrences: 35.4
Character: 久
Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǔ
Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷǝʔ
Classic Old Chinese: kwǝ́
Western Han Chinese: kǘ
Eastern Han Chinese: kwǝ́
Early Postclassic Chinese: kíw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kǝ́w
Late Postclassic Chinese: kǝ́w
Middle Chinese: kǝ́w
English meaning : be long, a long time
Russian meaning[s]: 1) долго, длительно; продолжительный; долгое время; 2) давний, старый, давнишний; 3) ждать, ожидать
Comments: May be related to 舊 *gʷǝ-s 'old' q.v. (although the latter does not rhyme in 上聲). [Or cf. Tib. sgug 'to wait' ?]
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 23
Character: 久
MC description : 流開三上有見
ZIHUI: 0036 1593
Beijing: ćiou 2
Jinan: ćiou 2
Xi'an: ćiou 2
Taiyuan: ćiou 2
Hankou: ćiou 2
Chengdu: ćiǝu 2
Yangzhou: ćiôɨ 2
Suzhou: ćiöy 2
Wenzhou: ćiau 21
Changsha: tiôu 2
Shuangfeng: ćiû 2
Nanchang: ćiu 2
Meixian: kiu 2
Guangzhou: kau 21
Xiamen: kiu 2
Chaozhou: ku 21
Fuzhou: kieu 2
Shanghai: ćiɨ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: kiou 2
Radical: 4
Four-angle index: 4857
Shijing occurrences: 37.2_
Character: 么
Modern (Beijing) reading: yāo
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔīw
Classic Old Chinese: ʔīw
Western Han Chinese: ʔjǝ̄w
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔiǝ̄w
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔiēw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔiēw
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔiēw
Middle Chinese: ʔiew
English meaning : small [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) маленький, крошечный; молодой; 2) разг. раз; туз; очко; один (особенно в игре ); 3) одинокий; 4) Яо (фамилия )
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 24
Character: 么
MC description : 效開四平蕭影
ZIHUI: 8010 1485
Beijing: iau 11
Jinan: iɔ 11
Xi'an: iau 11
Taiyuan: iau 1
Hankou: iau 11
Chengdu: iau 11
Yangzhou: iɔ 11
Suzhou: iä 11
Wenzhou: iɛ 11
Changsha: iau 11
Shuangfeng: iǝ 11
Nanchang: iɛu 11
Meixian: jau 11
Guangzhou: jiu 11
Xiamen: iau 11 (lit.); io 11
Chaozhou: iǝu 11
Fuzhou: ieu 11
Shanghai: iɔ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: iau 1
Radical: 52
Four-angle index: 8681
Karlgren code: 1115 a
Character: 也
Modern (Beijing) reading: yě
Preclassic Old Chinese: lhiajʔ
Classic Old Chinese: lhiáj
Western Han Chinese: lhiáj
Eastern Han Chinese: zhä́
Early Postclassic Chinese: zhá
Middle Postclassic Chinese: zhá
Late Postclassic Chinese: zhá
Middle Chinese: já
English meaning : postposed particle, marking a pause as well as stating an objective fact.
Russian meaning[s]: 1) тоже, также; 2) союз, связывает сказуемые с одинаковой глагольной частью, часто удваивается и; и... и...; 3) и то; 4) и в этом случае, все же, все равно; 5) ставится после наречий, указывая на оттенки решимости, твердости или колебания говорящего ; 6) в вэньяне оформляет обособленный член предложения (или целое словосочетание ); 7) в вэньяне модальная частица, оформляет предложения, подчеркивая оттенки вопроса, восклицания, категоричности и др. ; 8) в вэньяне оформляет предложения с предметным сказуемым при отсутствии связки
Comments: Min dialects point here to Late Old Chinese *jh- (cf. Xiamen, Chaozhou ia6 , Fuzhou ia5 ), which is impossible in a xie-sheng series with lateral affricates: therefore, *lh- is to be reconstructed. The resonant reconstruction is also probable because of attested reductions of 也 + 乎 *lhiajʔ + wā to *lhia (耶) or *lha (與) q.v.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 25
Character: 也
MC description : 假開三上馬以
ZIHUI: 0048 0375
Beijing: ie 2
Jinan: ie 2
Xi'an: ie 2
Taiyuan: iɛ 2
Hankou: ie 2
Chengdu: ie 2
Yangzhou: î 2
Suzhou: ia_ 2 (lit.); ɦa_ 2
Wenzhou: iɛ 21
Changsha: ie 2 (lit.); a 2
Shuangfeng: io 2
Nanchang: ia 2
Meixian: ja 11
Guangzhou: ja 22
Xiamen: a 2 (lit.); a 31
Chaozhou: ia 32
Fuzhou: ia 2
Shanghai: ie_ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: ie 2
Radical: 5
Four-angle index: 7254
Karlgren code: 0004 g
Jianchuan Bai: li4
Dali Bai: le4
Bijiang Bai: le4
Shijing occurrences: 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 23.3, 26.3, 37.1, 37.2, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.2, 50.3, 51.3, 58.3, 58.4
Character: 乞
Modern (Beijing) reading: qǐ
Preclassic Old Chinese: khǝt
Classic Old Chinese: khǝt
Western Han Chinese: khǝt
Eastern Han Chinese: khǝt
Early Postclassic Chinese: khɨt
Middle Postclassic Chinese: khɨt
Late Postclassic Chinese: khɨt
Middle Chinese: khɨt
English meaning : to beg, ask for
Russian meaning[s]: 1) просить, умолять, клянчить; 2) Ци (фамилия ); [qì] давать, дарить
Radical: 5
Four-angle index: 7781
Karlgren code: 0517 f
Vietnamese reading: khất
Character: 于
Modern (Beijing) reading: yú [yū, xū]
Preclassic Old Chinese: wa
Classic Old Chinese: wa
Western Han Chinese: wa
Eastern Han Chinese: wa
Early Postclassic Chinese: wo
Middle Postclassic Chinese: wo
Late Postclassic Chinese: wo
Middle Chinese: ɦü
Fanqie: 雲劬
Rhyme class: 虞 [魚]
English meaning : to go; be in, to; to enlarge
Russian meaning[s]: 1) предлог, вводящий косвенное дополнение, см. 於; 2) идти, отправляться; 3) древн. как?, каким образом?, вм. 何; 4) я; 5) большой; широкий; далекий; 6) Юй (фамилия ); [xū̄] см. 吁
Shuowen gloss: 於也. 象氣之舒于. 從丂. 從一. 一者. 其氣平也. 凡于之屬皆從于.
Comments: Min dialects have not preserved the word, but the clearly related 往 *waŋʔ 'to go' has Min reflexes: Xiamen ɔŋ3, Chaozhou uaŋ3, Fuzhou uoŋ3, allowing to reconstruct *w- (not *wh-) [the reconstruction in RDFS p. 158 is incorrect - as well as the observation on the previous page that only OC *wh- can go back to ST *ʔʷ - the problem needs further investigation]. Also used as an interjection (especially in the combination 于嗟 *wa-ciaj).
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔʷă (s-, -ŋ)
Meaning: go
Tibetan: ʔoŋ come, soŋ pf. and imp. of ãgro "to go".
Burmese: swah go, waŋ enter, go or come in.
Kachin: wa2 return.
Lushai: KC *waŋ go (cf. also Lush. vāk , vaʔ go, walk).
Comments: PG *wàŋ ~ *khòŋ enter; Chepang, Magari hwa to go; Newari wa to go; Dhimal waŋ enter; Bunan hwaŋs ~ hoaŋ come out. Sh. 64; Ben. 50, 105.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 26
Character: 于
MC description : 遇合三平虞云
ZIHUI: 0060 1005
Beijing: y 12
Jinan: y 12
Xi'an: y 12
Taiyuan: y 1
Hankou: y 12
Chengdu: y 12
Yangzhou: y 12
Suzhou: y 12
Wenzhou: ɦu 12
Changsha: y 12
Shuangfeng: y 12
Nanchang: y 31
Meixian: ji 12
Guangzhou: jy 12
Xiamen: u 12
Chaozhou: i 11
Fuzhou: y 11
Shanghai: y 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: iu 12
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 3234
Karlgren code: 0097 a-g
Go-on: u
Kan-on: u
Japanese reading: u;aa;koko;ni;yori;yuku
Shijing occurrences: 2.1, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 25.1, 25.2, 26.4, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 31.3, 31.5, 33.1, 33.2, 35.5, 39.1, 39.2, 39.3, 50.1, 50.2, 50.3, 51.2, 54.1, 54.4, 57.3, 58.1, 58.2, 58.5
Character: 亡
Modern (Beijing) reading: wáng
Preclassic Old Chinese: maŋ
Classic Old Chinese: maŋ
Western Han Chinese: maŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: mwaŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: mwaŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: mwaŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: mwaŋ
Middle Chinese: mwaŋ
English meaning : to lose, have no; disappear, perish, flee
Russian meaning[s]: 1) погибнуть; умереть; покойный, умерший; мой покойный...; 2) потерять; 3) бежать; бегство; [wú] древн. не иметь, нет, см. 無
Comments: For *m- cf. Min forms: Xiamen bɔŋ2 , Chaozhou buaŋ2 . In some bone inscriptions the graph is used instead of the synonymous 罔 *maŋʔ q.v. Etymology see under 無.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 27
Character: 亡
MC description : 宕合三平陽微
ZIHUI: 0072 2398
Beijing: uaŋ 12
Jinan: uaŋ 12
Xi'an: vaŋ 12
Taiyuan: va_̃ 1
Hankou: uaŋ 12
Chengdu: uaŋ 12
Yangzhou: uâŋ 12
Suzhou: va_ŋ 12
Wenzhou: ɦuɔ 12
Changsha: uan 12
Shuangfeng: aŋ 12
Nanchang: uɔŋ 12
Meixian: mɔŋ 12
Guangzhou: mɔŋ 12
Xiamen: bɔŋ 12
Chaozhou: buaŋ 12
Fuzhou: uɔŋ 12
Shanghai: ua_̃ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: vaŋ 12
Radical: 8
Four-angle index: 748
Karlgren code: 0742 a-f
Shijing occurrences: 27.2_, 35.4_
Character: 兀
Modern (Beijing) reading: wù
Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋ(h)ūt
Classic Old Chinese: ŋ(h)wǝ̄t
Western Han Chinese: ŋ(h)wǝ̄t
Eastern Han Chinese: ŋ(h)wǝ̄t
Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋ(h)wǝ̄t
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋ(h)wǝ̄t
Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋ(h)wǝ̄t
Middle Chinese: ŋot
English meaning : high and level [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) срезанный, плоский (напр. о горе ); 2) безногий; отрезать ноги; 3) эх-да, ой-да (восклицание в песне ); 4) несознательный; 5) неестественный (о поведении )
Comments: Used also for a homonymous word *ŋ(h)ūt 'to cut off, shorten (limbs, etc. - e.g. in punishment)' = 刖 q.v.
Radical: 10
Four-angle index: 7285
Karlgren code: 0487 a
Go-on: goti
Kan-on: gotu
Japanese reading: gotsu;gochi;kotsu;ashikiru
Character: 刃
Modern (Beijing) reading: rèn
Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝrs
Classic Old Chinese: nǝnh
Western Han Chinese: nǝnh
Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝnh
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńìn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńìn
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńìn
Middle Chinese: ńìn
English meaning : edge of a blade
Russian meaning[s]: лезвие, острие; меч; колоть; заколоть, зарезать; [liǎng] лот; лан; сокращенное начертание 兩 в коммерческой переписке
Comments: For *n- cf. Xiamen ʒim6 (with quite irregular -m; cf. also Chaozhou zim3 - with the same irregularity plus irregular tone), Fuzhou eŋ6 , Jianou nüiŋ6 .
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 28
Character: 刃
MC description : 臻開三去震日
ZIHUI: 0432 2086
Beijing: ẓǝn 3
Jinan: ẓẽ 3
Xi'an: ẓẽ 3
Taiyuan: zǝn 3
Hankou: nǝn 2
Chengdu: zǝn 3
Yangzhou: lǝn 2
Suzhou: zǝn 32
Wenzhou: zaŋ 32
Changsha: ẓǝn 31
Shuangfeng: in 2
Nanchang: lǝn 2
Meixian: jim 3
Guangzhou: jan 32
Xiamen: ʒim 32
Chaozhou: zim 21
Fuzhou: eiŋ 32
Shanghai: zǝŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: žiǝn 3
Radical: 18
Four-angle index: 4207
Karlgren code: 0456 a
Character: 勺
Modern (Beijing) reading: sháo
Preclassic Old Chinese: dekʷ
Classic Old Chinese: deuk
Western Han Chinese: djauk
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́auk
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́auk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́ak
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́ak
Middle Chinese: ʒ́ak
English meaning : ladle, cup [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) черпак, ковш; уполовник; ложка; черпать; 2) шао (мера сыпучих тел, равная одной сотой шэн 升)
Comments: Also read *tekʷ (MC ćak, Pek. zhuo) 'to ladle, serve wine'; borrowed for *tekʷ 'name of a piece of music'. During EZ attested only within the diesheng 勺藥 *dakʷ-lakʷ 'peony' (where -a- is proved by the rhyme, in spite of xiesheng). For unaspirated *d cf. Xiamen ciɔk8 .
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 29
Character: 勺
MC description : 宕開三入藥襌
ZIHUI: 0541 1375
Beijing: ṣau 12
Jinan: ṣɔ 12
Xi'an: fo 12
Taiyuan: sau 1
Hankou: so 12
Chengdu: sau 12; so 12
Yangzhou: sâʔ 4
Suzhou: zoʔ 42
Wenzhou: ɦia 42
Changsha: so 4
Shuangfeng: śiû 31
Nanchang: sɔk 41
Meixian: sɔk 42
Guangzhou: čö_k 43
Xiamen: ciɔk 42 (lit.); siaʔ 42
Chaozhou: sieʔ 42
Fuzhou: chyɔʔ 42
Shanghai: zoʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: šiau 41
Radical: 20
Four-angle index: 4258
Karlgren code: 1120 a
Character: 千
Modern (Beijing) reading: qiān
Preclassic Old Chinese: shīn
Classic Old Chinese: shīn
Western Han Chinese: shjǝ̄n
Eastern Han Chinese: shiǝ̄n
Early Postclassic Chinese: shiēn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: shiēn
Late Postclassic Chinese: shiēn
Middle Chinese: chien
English meaning : be a thousand
Russian meaning[s]: 1) тысяча; множество, масса; весьма; во что бы то ни стало; 2) Цянь (фамилия )
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chīŋ
Meaning: a big number; flourishing, luxuriant
Kachin: nsiŋ4 new growth, as of jungle.
Lushai: siŋ 10000.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 30
Character: 千
MC description : 山開四平先清
ZIHUI: 0578 1861
Beijing: ćhian 11
Jinan: ćhiã 11
Xi'an: ćhiã 11
Taiyuan: ćhiɛ 1
Hankou: ćhian 11
Chengdu: ćhian 11
Yangzhou: ćhî̃ 11
Suzhou: chî 11
Wenzhou: ćhi 11
Changsha: chiẽ 11
Shuangfeng: ćhî̃ 11
Nanchang: ćhiɛn 11
Meixian: chiɛn 11
Guangzhou: čhin 11
Xiamen: chian 11
Chaozhou: koĩ 31
Fuzhou: chieŋ 11
Shanghai: chî 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: chien 1
Radical: 24
Four-angle index: 2328
Karlgren code: 0365 a-d
Vietnamese reading: thiên
Jianchuan Bai: ćhĩ4
Dali Bai: ćhi4
Bijiang Bai: chĩ4
Shijing occurrences: 50.3_
Character: 叉
Modern (Beijing) reading: chā
Preclassic Old Chinese: ćhrē (~ shrē)
Classic Old Chinese: chrē
Western Han Chinese: c̣hē
Eastern Han Chinese: c̣hiē
Early Postclassic Chinese: c̣hiẹ̄j
Middle Postclassic Chinese: c̣hiẹ̄j
Late Postclassic Chinese: c̣hiẹ̄j
Middle Chinese: c̣hạ̈
English meaning : fork, bifurcation [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) переплести пальцы; сплетение; 2) разветвление; вилка; 3) зажать; 4) уколоть; поддеть на вилку (острогу); [chá] 1) переплестись, сцепиться, крепко сплестись; 2) застрять; [chǎ] раздвинуть, развести
Comments: MC has also a variant reading c̣hạ (FQ 初牙) id.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 31
Character: 叉
MC description : 假開二平麻初
ZIHUI: 0643 0062
Beijing: c̣ha 11
Jinan: c̣ha 11
Xi'an: cha 11
Taiyuan: cha 1
Hankou: cha 11
Chengdu: cha 11
Yangzhou: chai 11
Suzhou: cho 11
Wenzhou: cho 11
Changsha: cha 11
Shuangfeng: cho 11
Nanchang: cha 11
Meixian: cha 11
Guangzhou: čha 11
Xiamen: cha 11 (lit.); che 11
Chaozhou: che 11
Fuzhou: cha 11
Shanghai: cho 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: čha 1
Radical: 29
Four-angle index: 6409
Character: 口
Modern (Beijing) reading: kǒu
Preclassic Old Chinese: khōʔ
Classic Old Chinese: khṓ
Western Han Chinese: khwā́
Eastern Han Chinese: khwā́
Early Postclassic Chinese: khṓw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w
Late Postclassic Chinese: khǝ̄̀w
Middle Chinese: khʌ́w
English meaning : mouth
Russian meaning[s]: 1) рот, уста; 2) отверстие; дыра; прореха; пробоина; жерло (орудия ); горлышко (сосуда ); 3) устье (реки ); порт, гавань; вход; выход; горный проход, перевал; 4) лезвие; 5) счетный суффикс а) для людей ; б) для домашних животных ; в) для предметов с крышкой или отверстием ; г) для лезвий, ножей ; д) глоток (воды ); затяжка (табака ); 6) устно, на словах; произношение, выговор; обсуждать; 7) сокр. г. Калган
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *khuā(H)
Meaning: mouth, hole
Burmese: ku a cave, cavity, grave.
Kachin: (H) khu a hole, opening.
Lushai: kua (ko ) a hole, a burrow, a cavity.
Comments: BG *k(h )u mouth: Garo ku ~ khu , Dimasa khu . Ben. 184.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 32
Character: 口
MC description : 流開一上厚溪
ZIHUI: 0656 1558
Beijing: khou 2
Jinan: khou 2
Xi'an: khou 2
Taiyuan: khou 2
Hankou: khou 2
Chengdu: khǝu 2
Yangzhou: khôɨ 2
Suzhou: khöy 2
Wenzhou: khǝu 21
Changsha: khôu 2
Shuangfeng: khie 2
Nanchang: khiɛu 2
Meixian: khɛu 2
Guangzhou: hau 21
Xiamen: khɔ 2 (lit.); khau 2
Chaozhou: khau 21
Fuzhou: keu 2 (lit.); khau 2
Shanghai: khôɨ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: khou 2
Radical: 30
Four-angle index: 1061
Karlgren code: 0110 a-c
Vietnamese reading: khâ`u
Character: 土
Modern (Beijing) reading: tǔ
Preclassic Old Chinese: thāʔ
Classic Old Chinese: thā́
Western Han Chinese: thā́
Eastern Han Chinese: thā́
Early Postclassic Chinese: thṓ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: thṓ
Late Postclassic Chinese: thṓ
Middle Chinese: thó
English meaning : land, soil
Russian meaning[s]: 1) земля, почва; Земля (как стихия китайской космогонии ); пыль; 2) местный, туземный; 3) планета Сатурн; 4) опиум (местной выделки )
Comments: Also used for *d(h)āʔ (MC dó, Pek. dù) roots of mulberry tree. Probably of Austric origin: cf. PAN *buRtaq 'earth, soil', PAA *tɛj 'earth', PMY *Ctau.A id. (cf. Sag. 8).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 33
Character: 土
MC description : 遇合一上姥透
ZIHUI: 0960 0813
Beijing: thu 2
Jinan: thu 2
Xi'an: thou 2
Taiyuan: thu 2
Hankou: thou 2
Chengdu: thu 2
Yangzhou: thu 2
Suzhou: thǝu 2
Wenzhou: tho_y 21
Changsha: thu 2
Shuangfeng: thǝu 2
Nanchang: thu 2
Meixian: thu 2
Guangzhou: thou 21
Xiamen: thɔ 2
Chaozhou: thou 21
Fuzhou: thu 2 (lit.); thu 12
Shanghai: thu 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: thu 2
Radical: 32
Four-angle index: 142
Karlgren code: 0062 a-c
Jianchuan Bai: thu1-
Shijing occurrences: 29.1_, 29.2, 31.1
Character: 士
Modern (Beijing) reading: shì
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́(h)rǝʔ
Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)rǝ́
Western Han Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ǝ́
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ǝ́
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ɨ́
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ɨ́
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ɨ́
Middle Chinese: ʒ̣ɨ́
English meaning : a male person, man; retainer, servant
Russian meaning[s]: 1) ученый; образованный человек; 2) унтер-офицер; сержант; рядовой состав, солдаты; 3) ист. служилое сословие; чиновник; 4) мужчина, муж; молодой [человек]
Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is sĩ. See also 仕 and 事.
Radical: 33
Four-angle index: 138
Karlgren code: 0970 a-c
Vietnamese reading: sãi
Shijing occurrences: 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 23.1, 34.3, 57.4, 58.3, 58.4
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-fanqie,bigchina-rhyme,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-fanqie,bigchina-rhyme,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-shijing,
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