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Character: 弓
Modern (Beijing) reading: gōng
Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷǝŋ
Classic Old Chinese: kwǝŋ
Western Han Chinese: kwǝŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: kwǝŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: kwɨŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwɨŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: kwɨŋ
Middle Chinese: küŋ
English meaning : bow
Russian meaning[s]: 1) лук (для стрельбы ); 2) изогнутый, дугообразный; 3) гун (мера длины в 5 чи ); 4) Гун (фамилия )
Comments: Viet. cong ('curved, bent') is colloquial; the normal Sino-Viet. reading is cung ('bow'). In Viet. there is also a doublet còng.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kʷɨ̆ŋ
Meaning: bow; shoot, throw
Tibetan: skjuŋ-ba to throw, to cast.
Burmese: khwaŋh to strike at, aim a blow at, shoot (from a bow); to pierce, penetrate.
Kachin: kuŋ3 bent, crooked, kuŋ-li2 bow, cross-bow.
Lepcha: kjăŋ, a-kjăŋ, tŭŋ-kjăŋ a corner, an angle; tŭŋ-kuŋ or tŭŋ-kuŋ tŭŋ-la a rainbow
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 46
Character: 弓
MC description : 通合三平東見
ZIHUI: 1712 2686
Beijing: kuŋ 11
Jinan: kuŋ 11
Xi'an: koŋ 11
Taiyuan: kuŋ 1
Hankou: koŋ 11
Chengdu: koŋ 11
Yangzhou: kɔuŋ 11
Suzhou: koŋ 11
Wenzhou: koŋ 11
Changsha: koŋ 11
Shuangfeng: kaŋ 11; kǝn 11
Nanchang: kuŋ 11
Meixian: kiuŋ 11
Guangzhou: kuŋ 11
Xiamen: kiɔŋ 11
Chaozhou: keŋ 11
Fuzhou: kyŋ 11
Shanghai: koŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: kuŋ 1
Radical: 57
Four-angle index: 4622
Karlgren code: 0901 a-d
Vietnamese reading: cong
Jianchuan Bai: kõ4
Dali Bai: kü5-
Bijiang Bai: kü̃4
Character: 才
Modern (Beijing) reading: cái
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hǝ̄
Classic Old Chinese: ʒhǝ̄
Western Han Chinese: ʒhǝ̄
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhǝ̄
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄j
Middle Chinese: ʒʌj
English meaning : talent, gift, quality
Russian meaning[s]: 1) способности, талант; талантливый человек; 2) материал; сырье, вм. 材; 3) только, только что; только тогда, вм. 纔; связка перед сказуемым главного предложения ; 4) характер, природа (человека )
Comments: For *ʒ́h cf. Chaozhou, Fuzhou chai2 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćhiǝ̄
Meaning: ability, understanding
Kachin: (H) ʒai , cai wisdom, understanding
Comments: Cf. Konyak *ʒai, Chepang ciʔ-, Sichuan *ṣV- 'hear'.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 47
Character: 才
MC description : 蟹開一平咍從
ZIHUI: 2088 1074
Beijing: chai 12
Jinan: chɛ 12
Xi'an: chɛ 12
Taiyuan: chai 1
Hankou: chai 12
Chengdu: chai 12
Yangzhou: chɛ 12
Suzhou: ze_ 12
Wenzhou: ze_ 12
Changsha: chai 12
Shuangfeng: ʒ́ie 12
Nanchang: chai 12
Meixian: chai 12
Guangzhou: čhɔi 12
Xiamen: cai 12
Chaozhou: chai 12
Fuzhou: cai 12
Shanghai: ze_ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: chai 12
Radical: 64
Four-angle index: 3229
Karlgren code: 0943 a-f
Vietnamese reading: tài
Character: 丑
Modern (Beijing) reading: chǒu
Preclassic Old Chinese: snruʔ
Classic Old Chinese: n̥rú
Western Han Chinese: n̥rǝ́w
Eastern Han Chinese: ṇ̥́rǝ́w
Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭhíw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭhǝ́w
Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭhǝ́w
Middle Chinese: ṭhǝ́w
Fanqie: 恥有
Rhyme class: 有
English meaning : the second of the Earthly Branches
Russian meaning[s]: 1) 2-й циклический знак из 12-ти; 2-й по порядку, "б"; февраль; 2) время от 1 часа до 3 часов ночи; 3) театр. комик, шут
Shuowen gloss: 紐也. 十二月萬物動用事. 象手之形. 時加丑. 亦舉手時也. 凡丑之屬皆從丑.
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 527
Karlgren code: 1076 a-d
Jianchuan Bai: chɨ1
Character: 丐
Modern (Beijing) reading: gài
Preclassic Old Chinese: kāts
Classic Old Chinese: kāć
Western Han Chinese: kāś
Eastern Han Chinese: kāś
Early Postclassic Chinese: kāś
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kā̀j
Late Postclassic Chinese: kā̀j
Middle Chinese: kầj
English meaning : to pray, beg
Russian meaning[s]: 1) нищий (также 丐子); просить милостыню; клянчить, просить; 2) подавать
Comments: Also read *kāt, MC kât, Pek. ge id.
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 4423
Karlgren code: 0313 a-c
Go-on: kai
Kan-on: kai
Japanese reading: kai;gai;kou;ataeru
Character: 不
Modern (Beijing) reading: bù [fǒu] [fōu] [fěi] [pēi] [bī] [biáo]
Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝ
Classic Old Chinese: pǝ
Western Han Chinese: pǝ
Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝ
Early Postclassic Chinese: piw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: pǝw
Late Postclassic Chinese: pǝw
Middle Chinese: pǝw
Fanqie: 夫優 [a] 甫有 [b] 夫物 [g] 福烏 [h]
Rhyme class: 月 [a] 有 [b] 尤 [cg] 紙 [d] 支 [ef] 物 [g]
English meaning : not, the indicative-objective negative
Russian meaning[s]: 1) отрицание перед прилагательными, модальными глаголами, связками ; перед прочими глаголами выражает одновременно оттенки настоящего или будущего времени, в противоположность 沒; не; 2) в диалоге нет!; 3) разг. на конце вопросительного предложения заменяет сказуемое в отрицательной форме ; 4) инфикс невозможности совершения действия в сложных глаголах с суффиксами ; 5) с последующим 也, 亦 если не..., даже если не...; [fǒu] вэньянь нет, или нет, вм. 否
Shuowen gloss: 鳥飛上翔不下來也. 從一. 一猶天也. 象形. 凡不之屬皆從不.
Comments: This OC negation has no certain ST parallels; although there are some vague traces of a *p-negation in WC languages (perhaps also in Yenisseian, where it, however, should have regularly merged with the more widely spread *m-negation), it may be a purely Chinese innovation. Cf. PAN *bak (? *ba) 'negative marker'.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 48
Character: 不
MC description : 臻合一入物非
ZIHUI: 0008 0741
Beijing: pu 3
Jinan: pu 11
Xi'an: pu 11
Taiyuan: pǝʔ 41
Hankou: pu 12
Chengdu: pu 12
Yangzhou: pǝʔ 4
Suzhou: pôʔ 41
Wenzhou: pai 41
Changsha: pu 4
Shuangfeng: pu 12
Nanchang: pǝt 41
Meixian: put 41
Guangzhou: pat 41
Xiamen: put 41 (lit.); m 32
Chaozhou: puk 41
Fuzhou: pouʔ 41
Shanghai: pôʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: pu 42
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 7799
Vietnamese reading: bất
Jianchuan Bai: -pio1
Dali Bai: pio1
Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26.4, 26.5, 29.1, 29.2, 29.4, 30.3, 30.4, 31.2, 33.4, 34.2, 35.1, 35.3, 35.5, 35.6, 36.1, 36.2, 37.3, 39.1, 39.3, 42.1, 43.1, 43.2, 44.2, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.1, 47.2, 51.3, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.2, 54.4, 55.1, 55.2, 55.3, 58.2, 58.4, 58.5
Character: 中
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhōng zhòng
Preclassic Old Chinese: truŋ truŋs
Classic Old Chinese: truŋ truŋh
Western Han Chinese: ṭǝuŋ ṭǝuŋh
Eastern Han Chinese: ṭǝuŋ ṭǝuŋh
Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭɨuŋ ṭɨùŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭuŋ ṭùŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭuŋ ṭùŋ
Middle Chinese: ṭüŋ ṭǜŋ
Fanqie: 豬弓 [a] 竹鳳 [b]
Rhyme class: 東 [a] 送 [b]
English meaning : be in the middle; just, correct; make a legal decision
Russian meaning[s]: 1) середина, центр; быть в центре; второй (из трех ); внутренний; средний; 2) послелог среди, между, внутри; в; 3) Китай; китайский; 4) посредственный, средней руки; 5) посредник; комиссионный; 6) беспристрастный, справедливый; 7) половина, наполовину; на полпути; 8) блага, милости (напр. природы ); 9) Чжун (фамилия ); [zhòng] 1) попасть в цель; достичь цели; добиться успеха; выиграть (напр. по займу ); выдержать (экзамен ); 2) соответствовать, отвечать требованиям; подходить, прийтись по вкусу; 3) подвергнуться; попасть в (ловушку ); 4) впасть в (ошибку ); попасть под (шальную пулю )
Shuowen gloss: 內也. 從口丨. 下上通.
Comments: Also read *truŋ-s, MC ṭǜŋ, Mand. zhòng 'to hit the middle' (L.Zhou). Standard Sino-Viet. is trung (for ṭüŋ), trúng (for ṭǜŋ). Cf. also 仲 *druŋ-s 'the one in the middle'.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *druaŋ
Meaning: middle, inside
Tibetan: gźuŋ the middle, midst.
Burmese: ǝtwaŋh the inside, inner part of a thing.
Lushai: čhūŋ inside.
Lepcha: tă-djŭŋ the ventricle of stomach
Comments: Dimasa bisiŋ inside; Rawang ǝduŋ in, middle; Trung a3 -tuŋ1 middle. Simon 16; Ben. 17, 82; Coblin 53. Note Austroasiatic: Khmer trūŋ 'centre, middle, chest', Kui thru:ŋ 'chest' (also PAA *ruŋ 'cave, hole', PAN *Rawaŋ?; Peiros 1998, 222 compares PAN *teleŋ 'middle'). STEDT 178-180, with a (hardly justified) subdivision into 2 roots (*(t)s(y)u:ŋ and *[t/d]uŋ).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 49
Character: 中
MC description : A: 通合三平東知; B: 通合三去送知
ZIHUI: A: 0022 2659; B: 0022 2664
Beijing: A: c̣uŋ 11; B: c̣uŋ 3
Jinan: A: c̣uŋ 11; B: c̣uŋ 3
Xi'an: A: pfoŋ 11; B: pfoŋ 3
Taiyuan: A: cuŋ 1; B: cuŋ 3
Hankou: A: coŋ 11; B: coŋ 3
Chengdu: A: coŋ 11; B: coŋ 3
Yangzhou: A: cɔuŋ 11; B: cɔuŋ 3
Suzhou: A: coŋ 11; B: coŋ 31
Wenzhou: A: ćyoŋ 11; B: ćyoŋ 31
Changsha: A: c̣oŋ 11; B: c̣oŋ 31
Shuangfeng: A: ćin 11; B: ćin 31
Nanchang: A: cuŋ 11; B: cuŋ 31
Meixian: A: cuŋ 11; B: cuŋ 3
Guangzhou: A: čuŋ 11; B: cuŋ 31
Xiamen: A: tiɔŋ 11; B: tiɔŋ 31
Chaozhou: A: toŋ 11; B: toŋ 31
Fuzhou: A: tyŋ 11; B: töyŋ 31
Shanghai: A: coŋ 1; B: coŋ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: čiuŋ 1; B: čiuŋ 3
Radical: 2
Four-angle index: 2625
Karlgren code: 1007 a-e
Go-on: tiyuu
Kan-on: tiyuu
Japanese reading: chū;naka;uchi;ataru
Vietnamese reading: trong
Jianchuan Bai: cõ2- ( = 射?; used in cõ2-to4 '射中')
Dali Bai: co2-
Bijiang Bai: ṭo2-
Shijing occurrences: 2.1, 7.2, 7.3, 13.2_, 30.1, 35.2, 36.1, 36.2_, 38.1, 44.1, 45.1, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 48.1_, 48.2_, 48.3_, 50.1_
Character: 丰
Modern (Beijing) reading: fēng
Preclassic Old Chinese: phoŋ
Classic Old Chinese: phoŋ
Western Han Chinese: phoŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: phoŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: phoŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: phoŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: phoŋ
Middle Chinese: phöuŋ
English meaning : be flourishing, elegant
Russian meaning[s]: 1) прекрасный, красивый; 2) манера держаться, манеры; 3) густой, обильный, роскошный, вм. 豐
Radical: 3
Four-angle index: 2548
Karlgren code: 1197 a-c
Character: 丹
Modern (Beijing) reading: dān
Preclassic Old Chinese: tān
Classic Old Chinese: tān
Western Han Chinese: tān
Eastern Han Chinese: tān
Early Postclassic Chinese: tān
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tān
Late Postclassic Chinese: tān
Middle Chinese: tân
English meaning : cinnabar, vermilion
Russian meaning[s]: 1) киноварь; сурик; красный; 2) пилюля; патентованное средство; панацея; даос. философский камень, пилюля бессмертия; 3) искренний, честный, преданный; 4) сокр. Дания
Comments: For etymology see 赬, 赭.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 50
Character: 丹
MC description : 山開一平寒端
ZIHUI: 0030 1658
Beijing: tan 11
Jinan: tã 11
Xi'an: tã 11
Taiyuan: tä̃ 1
Hankou: tan 11
Chengdu: tan 11
Yangzhou: tɛ̃ 11
Suzhou: te_ 11
Wenzhou: ta 11
Changsha: tan 11
Shuangfeng: tã 11
Nanchang: tan 11
Meixian: tan 11
Guangzhou: tān 11
Xiamen: tan 11
Chaozhou: taŋ 11
Fuzhou: taŋ 11
Shanghai: te_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: tan 1
Radical: 3
Four-angle index: 4012
Karlgren code: 0150 a-b
Go-on: tan
Kan-on: tan
Japanese reading: tan;akai
Character: 之
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī
Preclassic Old Chinese: tǝ
Classic Old Chinese: tǝ
Western Han Chinese: tǝ
Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝ
Early Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ
Middle Chinese: ćɨ
English meaning : This; he, she, it, they, them. The basic meaning of the character is 'to go, proceed' (reflected as 'to go out' in the Shuowen gloss, but occurring in texts only with the normal meaning 'to go, proceed'); the use of 之 for a pronoun is secondary, due to homonymy.
Russian meaning[s]: 1) его, их, это, этих (после сказуемого служебный показатель объекта в вэньяне ); часто не обозначает никакого конкретного объекта и служит лишь показателем переходности действия ; 2) служебное слово между определением и определяемым, формант обособленного определения ; 3) в придаточных (членных) предложениях ставится после подлежащего и служит показателем несамостоятельного характера предложения ; 4) предшествует концовкам обстоятельств места и времени ; 5) древняя эвфоническая частица без значения ; 6) древн. этот; сей; его; 7) древн. или; 8) древн. отправиться; поехать; доехать, достичь; распространиться; перейти к...; что касается, вм. 至
Shuowen gloss: 出也.象草過え.枝莖漸益大.有所之也.一者地也.
Comments: The word is used normally either as an object pronoun ('him','her', etc.), or as a marker of possession or attribution (as in Shi 1,1) - probably reflecting different usages of a single original morpheme. Sometimes it also occurs as a demonstrative attribute 'this' - but Schüssler is probably right in thinking that in such cases it is actually written instead of the demonstrative 時 *dǝ (which, just as 是 *deʔ 'this', is also etymologically related).
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tă- (*tǝ̆-)
Meaning: this, that, demonstrative pronoun
Tibetan: de , do that, ãdi this, bdag self.
Burmese: thǝw that.
Kachin: dai 1 this, that; self, ndai1 this.
Lushai: tei self, tiʔ that.
Lepcha: tă-ă, tă-á, tă-a, tă-o that, that there; tă-do pron. one's self, one's own
Comments: Kanauri do that, Mantshati do that, di this, Nung dɛ this. Ben. 19, 65; Peiros-Starostin 216; Coblin 149.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 51
Character: 之
MC description : 止開三平之章
ZIHUI: 0037 0444
Beijing: c̣î_ 11
Jinan: c̣î_ 11
Xi'an: ci_ 11
Taiyuan: ci_ 1
Hankou: ci_ 11
Chengdu: ci_ 11
Yangzhou: ci_ 11
Suzhou: cü 11
Wenzhou: ci_ 11
Changsha: c̣î_ 11
Shuangfeng: c̣î_ 11
Nanchang: ci_ 11
Meixian: ci_ 11
Guangzhou: či 11
Xiamen: ci 12
Chaozhou: ci_ 11
Fuzhou: ci 11
Shanghai: ci_ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: či_ 1
Radical: 4
Four-angle index: 6439
Karlgren code: 0962 a-b
Go-on: si
Kan-on: si
Japanese reading: shi;yuku;kore;kono;no
Jianchuan Bai: -ta6 (這)
Dali Bai: tɨ3 (這)
Shijing occurrences: 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.3, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 26.2, 26.4, 26.5, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 31.3, 32.3, 33.1, 33.3, 35.4, 36.1, 36.2, 37.1, 37.4, 38.1, 38.4, 39.1, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 42.3, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.1, 47.2, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 49.1, 49.2, 50.1, 51.1, 51.3, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 54.3, 54.4_, 57.1, 58.1, 58.3, 58.4
Character: 尹
Modern (Beijing) reading: yǐn
Preclassic Old Chinese: winʔ
Classic Old Chinese: wín
Western Han Chinese: wjǝ́n
Eastern Han Chinese: źwǝ́n
Early Postclassic Chinese: źwɨ́n
Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwɨ́n
Late Postclassic Chinese: jwɨ́n
Middle Chinese: jwín
English meaning : be straight
Russian meaning[s]: 1) управлять; наблюдать; 2) начальник, правитель (области, уезда ); 3) Инь (фамилия )
Comments: The character does not occur in rhymes, and the xiesheng evidence is also perplexing; therefore, a number of reconstructions are possible (*winʔ, *lunʔ,*lurʔ).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 52
Character: 尹
MC description : 臻合三上準以
ZIHUI: 1438 2151
Beijing: in 2
Jinan: iẽ 2
Xi'an: iẽ 2
Taiyuan: iŋ 2
Hankou: yn 2
Chengdu: yn 2
Yangzhou: ĩ 2
Suzhou: in 11
Wenzhou: ɦyoŋ 22
Changsha: yn 2
Shuangfeng: uǝn 2
Nanchang: in 2
Meixian: jin 2
Guangzhou: uan 22
Xiamen: un 2
Chaozhou: iŋ 21
Fuzhou: yŋ 2
Shanghai: iiŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: iǝn 2
Radical: 44
Four-angle index: 4144
Character: 予
Modern (Beijing) reading: yú
Preclassic Old Chinese: Ła
Classic Old Chinese: Ła
Western Han Chinese: la
Eastern Han Chinese: źa
Early Postclassic Chinese: źo
Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo
Late Postclassic Chinese: jo
Middle Chinese: jö
English meaning : I, we
Russian meaning[s]: давать, жаловать, предоставлять, вм. 與; [yú] я, вм. 余
Comments: Also written as 余; used as well for OC *laʔ, MC jö́ (FQ 余呂) 'to present, give' ( = 與 q.v.).
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lăH
Meaning: take, give
Kachin: la3 take, accept; cf. also ja1 to give; to return, as a borrowed article.
Lushai: la (lāk ) to take, KC *la .
Comments: Bodo lá; Banpara la ; Newari lā- ; Magari lā; Tujia lie.3. Sh. 162, 434.
Radical: 6
Four-angle index: 3021
Karlgren code: 0083 a-b
Go-on: yo
Kan-on: yo
Japanese reading: yo+
Shijing occurrences: 35.5, 53.2_
Character: 云
Modern (Beijing) reading: yún
Preclassic Old Chinese: wǝn
Classic Old Chinese: wǝn
Western Han Chinese: wǝn
Eastern Han Chinese: wǝn
Early Postclassic Chinese: wɨn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: wɨn
Late Postclassic Chinese: wɨn
Middle Chinese: ɦün
English meaning : to say
Russian meaning[s]: 1) говорить, сказать (что-л. ); гласит следующее..., а именно...; 2) конечная частица в вэньяне, обычно завершает прямую речь или цитату ; 3) древн. начальная частица так, вот так; таков; 4) древн. облако, вм. 雲; 5) Юнь (фамилия )
Shuowen gloss: 古文省雨.亦古文雲. [575]
Comments: The character was the original drawing of *whǝn 'cloud' (see 雲). The meaning "to say" is attested already in inscriptions (see Schüssler 800), and must have been a loan of the character for a word related to 曰 *wat, 謂 *wǝts 'say, speak'. These words have *w- (cf. 曰 Fuzhou uak8, uok8, Jianou ua6; 謂 Xiamen ui6, Fuzhou oi6, Chaozhou ui4), therefore the reconstruction *wǝn seems the most plausible. During the Eastern Zhou period, however, the character is used only to denote a homonymous modal (?) particle, the meaning of which is much debated. Schüssler (ibid.) thinks it may have been derived from 有 *whǝʔ and mean "there being it, happen that, come to", but most commentators prefer simply to ignore it in translations.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *χʷV
Meaning: to speak
Burmese: hu (arch.) 'to speak, talk'
Kachin: hɔ 'to preach'
Comments: Not quite reliable phonologically (one should rather expect *xʷ- in Chinese).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 53
Character: 云
MC description : 臻合三平文云
ZIHUI: 0061 2215
Beijing: yn 12
Jinan: yẽ 12
Xi'an: yẽ 12
Taiyuan: yŋ 1
Hankou: yn 12
Chengdu: yn 12
Yangzhou: yĩ 12
Suzhou: yǝn 12
Wenzhou: ɦyoŋ 12
Changsha: yn 12
Shuangfeng: uǝn 12
Nanchang: yn 31
Meixian: jun 12
Guangzhou: uan 12
Xiamen: un 12 (lit.); hun 12
Chaozhou: huŋ 12
Fuzhou: xuŋ 12
Shanghai: yiŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: yǝn 12
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 8660
Karlgren code: 0460 a
Shijing occurrences: 3.4, 33.3, 38.4, 47.1, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 50.2
Character: 井
Modern (Beijing) reading: jǐng
Preclassic Old Chinese: ceŋʔ
Classic Old Chinese: céŋ
Western Han Chinese: céŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: cjéŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: cjéŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjéŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: cjéŋ
Middle Chinese: cjéŋ
English meaning : a well
Russian meaning[s]: 1) колодец; шахта; глубокая яма; 2) обр. ограниченный, узкий (о кругозоре ); 3) древн. колодезная система (землепользования ); 4) Цзин (название созвездия ); 5) Цзин (фамилия )
Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is ti`nh.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ciǝ̆ŋH (~ ʒh-)
Meaning: well, pond
Tibetan: rʒiŋ pond.
Kachin: nci_n33 water
Comments: Cf. also Manipuri isiŋ 'water'.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 54
Character: 井
MC description : 梗開三上靜精
ZIHUI: 0064 2567
Beijing: ćiŋ 2
Jinan: ćiŋ 2
Xi'an: ćiŋ 2
Taiyuan: ćiŋ 2
Hankou: ćin 2
Chengdu: ćin 2
Yangzhou: ćĩ 2
Suzhou: cin 2
Wenzhou: ceŋ 21
Changsha: cin 2
Shuangfeng: ćin 2 (lit.); ćiõ 2
Nanchang: ćin 2 (lit.); ćiaŋ 11
Meixian: ciaŋ 2
Guangzhou: čîŋ 21
Xiamen: cîŋ 2 (lit.); cĩ 2
Chaozhou: cẽ 21
Fuzhou: ciŋ 2 (lit.); ciaŋ 2
Shanghai: ciŋ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: ciǝŋ 2
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 2773
Karlgren code: 0819 a-e
Vietnamese reading: giếng
Jianchuan Bai: ćɛ̃1
Dali Bai: ćer1
Character: 互
Modern (Beijing) reading: hù
Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ā(ʔ)s
Classic Old Chinese: g(h)āh
Western Han Chinese: gāh (~ ɣ-)
Eastern Han Chinese: gāh (~ ɣ-)
Early Postclassic Chinese: gā̀ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gā̀ (~ ɣ-)
Late Postclassic Chinese: gā̀ (~ ɣ-)
Middle Chinese: ɣò
English meaning : intertwining, crossing; barrier; a stand (of crossing sticks) [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: взаимно, обоюдно; вместе, сообща
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 55
Character: 互
MC description : 遇合一去暮匣
ZIHUI: 0062 0934
Beijing: xu 3
Jinan: xu 11
Xi'an: xu 3
Taiyuan: xu 3
Hankou: xu 3
Chengdu: fu 3
Yangzhou: xu 3
Suzhou: ŋǝu 32
Wenzhou: vu 32
Changsha: fu 31
Shuangfeng: ɣǝu 32
Nanchang: фu 32
Meixian: fu 12
Guangzhou: uu 32
Xiamen: hɔ 32
Chaozhou: hu 22
Fuzhou: xou 32
Shanghai: ɦu 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: xu 3
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 523
Karlgren code: 0054 a
Character: 五
Modern (Beijing) reading: wǔ
Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhāʔ
Classic Old Chinese: ŋhā́
Western Han Chinese: ŋhā́
Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhā́
Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhṓ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhṓ
Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhṓ
Middle Chinese: ŋó
Fanqie: 吳魯
Rhyme class: 虞
English meaning : be five
Russian meaning[s]: 1) пять; пятый; 2) май; 3) У (фамилия )
Shuowen gloss: 五行也. 從二. 陰陽在天地間交午也. 凡五之屬皆從五.
Comments: For *ŋh- cf. Xiamen ŋɔ6 , Chaozhou ŋou4 , Fuzhou ŋo6 , Jianou ŋu6 , ŋu8 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ŋāH
Meaning: five
Tibetan: lŋa five.
Burmese: ŋah five, LB *ŋhax .
Kachin: mǝŋa1 five.
Lushai: ŋa, paŋa five.
Comments: PG *ŋàL ; BG: Garo boŋa , Dimasa bo-ŋa , Bodo ba ; Moshang bă-ŋa , Namsangia băŋa ; Kanauri ŋa ; Trung pǝ3 -ŋa2 . Simon 13; Sh. 36, 123, 135, 429; Ben. 31; Mat. 182; Luce 2.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 56
Character: 五
MC description : 遇合一上姥疑
ZIHUI: 0063 0942
Beijing: u 2
Jinan: u 2
Xi'an: u 2
Taiyuan: vu 2
Hankou: u 2
Chengdu: vu 2
Yangzhou: u 2
Suzhou: ǝu 11 (lit.); ŋ 32
Wenzhou: ŋ 22
Changsha: u 2
Shuangfeng: ǝu 2
Nanchang: ŋ 2; u 2 (lit.)
Meixian: ŋ 2
Guangzhou: ŋ 22
Xiamen: gɔ 32 (lit.); ŋɔ̃ 32
Chaozhou: ŋou 22
Fuzhou: u 2 (lit.); ou 32
Shanghai: ŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: u 2
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 525
Karlgren code: 0058 a-d
Vietnamese reading: ngũ
Jianchuan Bai: ŋü1
Dali Bai: mu1
Bijiang Bai: ŋü1
Shijing occurrences: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 21.1, 25.1, 25.2, 53.2_
Character: 亢
Modern (Beijing) reading: kàng
Preclassic Old Chinese: kāŋ
Classic Old Chinese: kāŋ
Western Han Chinese: kāŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: kāŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ
Middle Chinese: kâŋ
English meaning : neck, throat [since Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) гордый; высокомерный, надменный; 2) весьма, крайне; слишком; 3) Кан (фамилия ); [gāng] шея; горло
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *qɨāŋ
Meaning: neck
Tibetan: goŋ-ba collar.
Lushai: oŋ the crop (of a bird)), KC *hō̆ŋ neck.
Comments: Midzhu hoŋ; Digaro pa-haŋ . Sh. 182, 189.
Radical: 8
Four-angle index: 7682
Karlgren code: 0698 a
Character: 仁
Modern (Beijing) reading: rén
Preclassic Old Chinese: nin
Classic Old Chinese: nin
Western Han Chinese: njǝn
Eastern Han Chinese: ń́ǝn
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńin
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńin
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńin
Middle Chinese: ńin
English meaning : be kind, good
Russian meaning[s]: 1) гуманность, человеколюбие; доброта; милосердие; 2) добродетельный, достойный [человек]; 3) любить; 4) косточка, ядро, зернышко
Comments: Probably = 人 q.v. For *n cf. Xiamen ʒin2 , lin2 , Chaozhou ziŋ2 , Fuzhou iŋ2 , Jianou iŋ9 .
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 57
Character: 仁
MC description : 臻開三平真日
ZIHUI: 0088 2083
Beijing: ẓǝn 12
Jinan: ẓẽ 12
Xi'an: ẓẽ 12
Taiyuan: zǝŋ 1
Hankou: nǝn 12
Chengdu: zǝn 12
Yangzhou: lǝn 12
Suzhou: zǝn 12 (lit.); ńin 12
Wenzhou: zaŋ 12
Changsha: ẓǝn 12
Shuangfeng: in 12
Nanchang: lan 31
Meixian: jin 12
Guangzhou: jan 12
Xiamen: ʒin 12
Chaozhou: ziŋ 12
Fuzhou: iŋ 12
Shanghai: zǝŋ 32 (lit.); ńiŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: žiǝn 12
Radical: 9
Four-angle index: 3
Karlgren code: 0388 f-g
Character: 什
Modern (Beijing) reading: shí
Preclassic Old Chinese: gip
Classic Old Chinese: gip
Western Han Chinese: gjǝp
Eastern Han Chinese: gjǝp
Early Postclassic Chinese: gjip
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gjip
Late Postclassic Chinese: gjip
Middle Chinese: ʒ́ip
English meaning : ten men, ten objects [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) десять, десяток; из десяти; десяток солдат (людей); 2) разная утварь; украшения; 3) всякая всячина; 4) потроха, требуха
Comments: = 十.
Radical: 9
Four-angle index: 2230
Karlgren code: 0686 e
Character: 仃
Modern (Beijing) reading: dīng
Preclassic Old Chinese: tēŋ
Classic Old Chinese: tēŋ
Western Han Chinese: tēŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: tiēŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ
Middle Chinese: tieŋ
English meaning : Used only in the diesheng 伶仃 MC lieŋ-tieŋ 'lonely' [Song]
Russian meaning[s]: 伶仃 одинокий; бесприютный, сирота
Radical: 9
Four-angle index: 2933
Character: 仆
Modern (Beijing) reading: pū
Preclassic Old Chinese: phoks
Classic Old Chinese: phoh
Western Han Chinese: phwah
Eastern Han Chinese: phwah
Early Postclassic Chinese: phwò
Middle Postclassic Chinese: phwò
Late Postclassic Chinese: phwò
Middle Chinese: phǜ
English meaning : to fall prostrate [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: упасть ничком, повалиться
Comments: Also read MC phʌ̀w, OC phōks; MC bʌk, OC *bhǝ̄k id.
Radical: 9
Four-angle index: 1961
Karlgren code: 1210 g
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