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Back: 1 20 50 100 Forward: 1 20 50 100 200 \data\china\bigchina
Character: 菩
Modern (Beijing) reading: pú
Russian meaning[s]: санскр. транскрипционный знак без значения
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 1235
Character: 萃
Modern (Beijing) reading: cuì
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)uts
Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)wǝć
Western Han Chinese: ʒ(h)wǝś
Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ(h)jwǝś
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)jwiś
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)jwìj
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)jwì
Middle Chinese: ʒjwì
English meaning : to collect, assemble
Russian meaning[s]: 1) скопление; скопляться; масса; 2) разрастаться (о траве ); 3) см. 倅 1
Comments: OC ʒ(h)ut-s < *ʒ(h)up-s; see 集.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 2315
Karlgren code: 0490 m
Go-on: zui
Kan-on: sui
Character: 菸
Modern (Beijing) reading: yān
Russian meaning[s]: табак, вм. 煙; [yǔ] вянуть, увядать
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 8762
Character: 萍
Modern (Beijing) reading: píng
Preclassic Old Chinese: bhēŋ
Classic Old Chinese: bhēŋ
Western Han Chinese: bhēŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: bhiēŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: bhiēŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: bhiēŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: bhiēŋ
Middle Chinese: bieŋ
English meaning : duckweed [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) бот. ряска (Spirodela polyhiza); 2) неустойчивый, нетвердый; 3) сокр. г. Пинсян (в провинции Цзянси )
Comments: For *bh cf. Xiamen phiŋ2 , Chaozhou phĩẽ2 .
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 1506
Character: 萍
MC description : 梗開四平青並
ZIHUI: 5493 2524
Beijing: phiŋ 12
Jinan: phiŋ 12
Xi'an: phiŋ 12
Taiyuan: phiŋ 1
Hankou: phin 12
Chengdu: phin 12
Yangzhou: phĩ 12
Suzhou: bin 12
Wenzhou: beŋ 12
Changsha: pin 12
Shuangfeng: bin 12
Nanchang: phin 12
Meixian: phin 12
Guangzhou: phîŋ 12
Xiamen: phîŋ 12
Chaozhou: phiẽ 12
Fuzhou: piŋ 12
Shanghai: piŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: phiǝŋ 12
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 2386
Karlgren code: 0825 d
Character: 菠
Modern (Beijing) reading: bō
Russian meaning[s]: шпинат
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 6100
Character: 菅
Modern (Beijing) reading: jiān
Preclassic Old Chinese: krān
Classic Old Chinese: krān
Western Han Chinese: krān
Eastern Han Chinese: krān
Early Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄n
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄n
Late Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄n
Middle Chinese: kạn
English meaning : a k. of white-flowered rush (used for ropes etc.)
Russian meaning[s]: 1) пырей, темеда трехтычинковая (Themeda triandra); 2) цыновка из пырея; 3) бот. посконник китайский (Eupatorium sinensis)
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 1465
Karlgren code: 0157 n
Character: 萋
Modern (Beijing) reading: qī
Preclassic Old Chinese: shǝ̄j
Classic Old Chinese: shǝ̄j
Western Han Chinese: shǝ̄j
Eastern Han Chinese: shǝ̄j
Early Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄j
Middle Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄j
Late Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄j
Middle Chinese: chiej
English meaning : be densely covering, luxuriant.
Russian meaning[s]: 1) густой, разросшийся; 2) цветущий; обильный; внушительный
Shuowen gloss: 草盛.從草.妻聲.詩曰.菶菶萋萋.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Cǝ̄l
Meaning: wood
Tibetan: chal wood, grove.
Burmese: ćijh thicket; cf. also ćin forest.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 8805
Karlgren code: 0592 g-h
Shijing occurrences: 2.1_
Character: 菁
Modern (Beijing) reading: jīng
Preclassic Old Chinese: ceŋ
Classic Old Chinese: ceŋ
Western Han Chinese: ceŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: cjeŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: cjeŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjeŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: cjeŋ
Middle Chinese: cjeŋ
English meaning : a k. of grass
Russian meaning[s]: 1) цветущий, пышный; 2) цветок порея
Comments: Used also for a homonymous *ceŋ 'be luxuriant, bushy'. Cf. also 蓁 and 青.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *[ʒ]eŋ
Meaning: luxuriant, bushy
Kachin: ʒaŋ3 , (H) caŋ be rank, luxuriant, exuberant.
Comments: Cf. *ćĭn.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 3616
Karlgren code: 0812 |f ́
Go-on: siyau
Kan-on: sei
Japanese reading: shō;sei;aona
Character: 華
Modern (Beijing) reading: huá
Preclassic Old Chinese: swrā
Classic Old Chinese: w̥rā
Western Han Chinese: w̥rā
Eastern Han Chinese: w̥rǟ
Early Postclassic Chinese: hwạ̄
Middle Postclassic Chinese: hwạ̄
Late Postclassic Chinese: hwạ̄
Middle Chinese: xwạ
English meaning : flower, blossom
Russian meaning[s]: 1) цвет, цветок; 2) цветущий; роскошный, блестящий, великолепный; разукрашенный; вежл. Ваш; 3) Китай; китайский (в противоположность 洋 заморский, иностранный ); китайцы (национальность ); 4) Хуа (фамилия ); [huā] цветы, цветок, см. 花
Shuowen gloss: 榮也從草#.凡華之屬皆從華. [275]
Comments: Also read *wrā, MC ɣwạ (FQ 戶花), Pek. huá 'blossoming, beautiful' (obviously related to *s-wrā). For *w- cf. Xiamen ua2 . Since Bei-chao (4th cent.) the common usage has preserved 華 with the reading *wrā (at that time already *ɣwạ̄), and introduced the character 花 for the reading *swrā (at that time already *xwạ̄).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 1507
Character: 華
MC description : 假合二平麻匣
ZIHUI: 5478 0128
Beijing: xua 12
Jinan: xua 12
Xi'an: xua 3
Taiyuan: xua 1
Hankou: xua 12
Chengdu: xua 12
Yangzhou: xua 12
Suzhou: ɦo 12
Wenzhou: ɦo 12
Changsha: fa 12
Shuangfeng: ɣo 12
Nanchang: фua 31
Meixian: fa 12
Guangzhou: ua 12
Xiamen: ua 12
Chaozhou: hua 12
Fuzhou: xua 12
Shanghai: ɦo 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: xua 3
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 2560
Karlgren code: 0044 a-b
Vietnamese reading: hoa
Jianchuan Bai: -xua4, xo4
Dali Bai: xo5-, xuo5, xua6
Bijiang Bai: xo4, xu4
Shijing occurrences: 6.1_, 24.1_, 24.2
Character: 菱
Modern (Beijing) reading: líng
Russian meaning[s]: 1) бот. водяной орех (Trapa natans); 2) ромбовый, ромбовидный
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 1508
Character: 菱
MC description : 曾開三平蒸來
ZIHUI: 5480 2549
Beijing: liŋ 12
Jinan: liŋ 12
Xi'an: liŋ 12
Taiyuan: liŋ 1
Hankou: nin 12
Chengdu: nin 12
Yangzhou: lĩ 12
Suzhou: lin 12
Wenzhou: leŋ 12
Changsha: nin 12
Shuangfeng: nin 12
Nanchang: lin 31
Meixian: lin 12
Guangzhou: lîŋ 12
Xiamen: lîŋ 12
Chaozhou: leŋ 12
Fuzhou: liŋ 12
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 6298
Karlgren code: 0898 g
Character: 著
Modern (Beijing) reading: zhū
Preclassic Old Chinese: tras (~ -ks)
Classic Old Chinese: trah
Western Han Chinese: ṭah
Eastern Han Chinese: ṭah
Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭò
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭò
Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭò
Middle Chinese: ṭö̀
English meaning : appear, visible, manifest
Russian meaning[s]: 1) сочинять, составлять; 2) очевидный, ясный; 3) известный, знаменитый; 4) отъявленный; [zhuó zháo -zhe] см. ?
Comments: During EZ the character is attested only with the above meaning (Yijing) or as a loan for 宁 *d(h)raʔ q.v. (Shijing). During Late Zhou, however, the standard readings are *trak-s 'place, position', *trak 'to place, put, apply' (MC ṭak, Pek. zhuō / zhāo) and *drak (MC ḍak, Pek. zhuo) 'attach'.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *t(r)ăk
Meaning: put, pack
Tibetan: teg (i. tog ) to pack up, put up, put into, ãthegs pack up; theg lift, raise, be able to carry; ãdeg(s ) (p. bteg(s ), f. gteg , i. theg ) to lift, to raise, to support, to weigh.
Kachin: dik3 to put, pack, crowd or jam into.
Comments: The meanings 'lift, support' in Tib. and Kiranti are probably due to contamination with another root, see *thɨāk lift, support. In Chinese one could also compare 寘 *teks 'to place, put down', 置 *trǝks id.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 1509
Character: 著
MC description : A: 宕開三入藥澄; B: 宕開三入藥澄; C: 遇合三去御知
ZIHUI: A: 4192 0289; B: 4192 1354; C: 5511 0859
Beijing: A: c̣uo 12; B: c̣au 12; C: c̣u 3
Jinan: A: c̣uǝ 12; B: c̣ɔ 12; C: c̣u 3
Xi'an: A: pfo 12; B: pfo 12; C: pfu 3
Taiyuan: A: cǝʔ 42; caʔ 42; B: cǝʔ 42; caʔ 42; C: cu 3
Hankou: A: co 12; B: co 12; C: ćy 3
Chengdu: A: co 12; B: co 12; C: cu 3
Yangzhou: A: câʔ 4; B: câʔ 4; C: cu 3
Suzhou: A: za_ʔ 42; B: za_ʔ 42; C: cü 31
Wenzhou: A: ʒ́ia 42; B: ʒ́ia 42; C: ci_ 31
Changsha: A: c̣o 4; B: c̣o 4; C: ćy 31
Shuangfeng: A: tû 12; B: tû 12; C: ty 31
Nanchang: A: cɔk 41; B: chɔk 41; C: ćy 31
Meixian: A: cɔk 41; B: ; C: cu 3
Guangzhou: A: čö_k 42; B: čö_k 42; C: čy 31
Xiamen: A: tiɔk 41 (lit.); tioʔ 42; B: ; C: tu 31 (lit.); tiɔk 42 (lit.); tioʔ 42
Chaozhou: A: tieʔ 42; B: tieʔ 41; C: tu 31
Fuzhou: A: tyɔʔ 42; B: cuɔʔ 42; C: ty 31
Shanghai: A: zaʔ 42; B: zaʔ 42; C: cü 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: A: čio 41; B: čiau 41; C: čiu 3
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 1622
Karlgren code: 0045 |n ́
Character: 萊
Modern (Beijing) reading: lái
Preclassic Old Chinese: r(h)ǝ̄
Classic Old Chinese: r(h)ǝ̄
Western Han Chinese: r(h)ǝ̄
Eastern Han Chinese: r(h)ǝ̄
Early Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ǝ̄
Middle Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ǝ̄
Late Postclassic Chinese: l(h)ǝ̄j
Middle Chinese: lʌj
English meaning : pigweed (Chenopodium album)
Russian meaning[s]: 1) бот. гусиные лапки; 2) поле под паром; невозделанные поля; 3) сорняки; 4) полоть сорняки; 5) Лай (фамилия )
Comments: Viet. lài means 'jasmine'; regular Sino-Viet. is lai.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 5305
Karlgren code: 0944 j
Vietnamese reading: lài
Character: 菰
Modern (Beijing) reading: gu
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Character: 萌
Modern (Beijing) reading: méng
Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)rēŋ
Classic Old Chinese: m(h)rēŋ
Western Han Chinese: m(h)rēŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)riēŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)iẹ̄ŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)iẹ̄ŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)iẹ̄ŋ
Middle Chinese: mạiŋ
English meaning : bud, young shoot, to sprout [L.Zhou]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) давать почки; почки (растения ); пускать ростки; зачинаться; зарождаться; эмбриональный; 2) народ, население, вм. 氓
Comments: A reconstruction *m(h)rǝ̄ŋ is also possible (hsiehsheng would suggest *m(h)rāŋ, but in this case the MC form would be irregular). Regular Sino-Viet. is manh; another loan from the same source is possibly Viet. mống 'bud, germ'.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 3479
Karlgren code: 0760 g
Vietnamese reading: măng
Character: 菌
Modern (Beijing) reading: jùn
Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrunʔ
Classic Old Chinese: ghrwǝ́n
Western Han Chinese: ghrwǝ́n
Eastern Han Chinese: ghrwǝ́n
Early Postclassic Chinese: ghwín
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghwín
Late Postclassic Chinese: ghwín
Middle Chinese: gwín
English meaning : mushroom [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) гриб; плесень, ржавчина (на растениях ); 2) микробы, бактерии, бациллы
Comments: For *gh cf. Chaozhou khuŋ4 . Viet. khuâ`n reflects an unattested variant MC *khwín (reflected also in Fuzhou khuŋ3 ).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 1510
Character: 菌
MC description : 臻合三上軫群
ZIHUI: 5497 2204
Beijing: ćyn 3
Jinan: ćyẽ 11; ćyẽ 3
Xi'an: ćyẽ 3
Taiyuan: ćyŋ 1
Hankou: ćyn 3
Chengdu: ćyn 3
Yangzhou: ćyĩ 3
Suzhou: ćyǝn 11
Wenzhou: ʒ́yoŋ 22
Changsha: ćyn 31 (lit.); ćyn 32
Shuangfeng: duǝn 32
Nanchang: ćhyn 32
Meixian: khiun 2
Guangzhou: khuan 21
Xiamen: kun 11
Chaozhou: khuŋ 21
Fuzhou: khyŋ 12
Shanghai: ćyiŋ 1
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 1877
Karlgren code: 0485 c
Vietnamese reading: khuâ`n
Character: 菽
Modern (Beijing) reading: shú
Preclassic Old Chinese: snikʷ (~ t-)
Classic Old Chinese: n̥iuk
Western Han Chinese: n̥jǝuk
Eastern Han Chinese: ń̥ǝuk
Early Postclassic Chinese: śɨuk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: śuk
Late Postclassic Chinese: śuk
Middle Chinese: śük
English meaning : soybean (Glycine max.)
Russian meaning[s]: горох; бобы; бобовые
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nĭkʷ
Meaning: bean
Burmese: nauk beans, LB *snok .
Kachin: noʔ2 -kju3 beans.
Comments: Mat. 199; Coblin 39.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 5949
Karlgren code: 1031 g
Character: 菲
Modern (Beijing) reading: fěi
Preclassic Old Chinese: phǝjʔ
Classic Old Chinese: phǝ́j
Western Han Chinese: phǝ́j
Eastern Han Chinese: phwǝ́j
Early Postclassic Chinese: phwɨ́j
Middle Postclassic Chinese: phwɨ́j
Late Postclassic Chinese: phwɨ́j
Middle Chinese: phwɨ́j
English meaning : radish (Brassia campestris)
Russian meaning[s]: 1) название овоща, род брюквы ; 2) слабый; тонкий; маленький; скудный; вежл. мой; [fēi] душистый, ароматный; цветущий
Comments: Since LZ also used for *phǝj (MC phwɨj) 'fragrant'.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *phŭj (~-ɨ̆-)
Meaning: smell
Tibetan: spos incense, perfume.
Kachin: phu1 to stink, čǝphu1 smelly.
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 2738
Karlgren code: 0579 l
Shijing occurrences: 35.1_
Character: 菊
Modern (Beijing) reading: jú
Russian meaning[s]: хризантема, астра
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 4356
Karlgren code: 1017 e
Character: 萸
Modern (Beijing) reading: yu
Radical: 0
Four-angle index: 0
Character: 萎
Modern (Beijing) reading: wēi
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔʷaj
Classic Old Chinese: ʔwaj
Western Han Chinese: ʔwaj
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔwe
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔwe
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔwe
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔwe
Middle Chinese: ʔwe
English meaning : to wither
Russian meaning[s]: 1) вянуть, сохнуть; увядший, сухой; 2) одряхлеть, ослабеть; [wěi wēi] вм. 葳
Radical: 140
Four-angle index: 8852
Karlgren code: 0357 d
bigchina-reading,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-reading,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-shuowen,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-jianchuan,bigchina-dali,bigchina-bijiang,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-viet,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-shijing,bigchina-reading,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-reading,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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