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1 20 50 100 200 \data\china\bigchina
Character: 一
Modern (Beijing) reading: yī
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔit
Classic Old Chinese: ʔit
Western Han Chinese: ʔjǝt
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔjǝt
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔjit
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔjit
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔjit
Middle Chinese: ʔjit
English meaning : be one, single, whole
Russian meaning[s]: 1) один, единица; 2) единство; одинаковый; объединить; 3) весь; целиком; 4) раз...; как только...; 5) при повторении глагола обозначает однократность действия
Comments: As in some other cases, Viet. has secondary nasalisation of the initial.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔĭt (~ɣ-)
Meaning: one
Burmese: ać a unit, one.
Comments: Kanauri id. Ben. 94.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 1
Character: 一
MC description : 臻開三入質影
ZIHUI: 0001 0707
Beijing: i 11
Jinan: i 11
Xi'an: i 11
Taiyuan: iǝʔ 41
Hankou: i 12
Chengdu: i 12
Yangzhou: iǝʔ 4
Suzhou: iôʔ 41
Wenzhou: iai 41
Changsha: i 4
Shuangfeng: i 12
Nanchang: it 41
Meixian: jit 41
Guangzhou: jat 41
Xiamen: it 41 (lit.); cit 41
Chaozhou: ik 41
Fuzhou: eiʔ 41
Shanghai: iîʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: i 43
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 1
Karlgren code: 0394 a-d
Go-on: iti
Kan-on: itu
Japanese reading: ichi;itsu;hitotsu
Vietnamese reading: nhất
Jianchuan Bai: ji6, ji5
Dali Bai: ji6, ji5
Bijiang Bai: e6
Shijing occurrences: 25.1, 25.2, 40.2, 40.3
Character: 乙
Modern (Beijing) reading: yǐ
Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔrǝt
Classic Old Chinese: ʔrǝt
Western Han Chinese: ʔrǝt
Eastern Han Chinese: ʔrǝt
Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔit
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔit
Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔit
Middle Chinese: ʔit
Fanqie: 衣肸
Rhyme class: 質
English meaning : the 2d of the Heavenly Stems
Russian meaning[s]: 1) второй знак десятеричного цикла; второй, литер Б; 2) один, вм. 一; 3) точки, запятые (проставляемые при чтении текста без пунктуации ); 4) корректурный знак вставки
Shuowen gloss: 象春艸木冤曲而出陰气. 尚彊. 其出乙乙也. 與丨 同意. 乙承甲象人頸. 凡乙之屬皆從乙.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 2
Character: 乙
MC description : 臻開三入質影
ZIHUI: 0044 0718
Beijing: i 2
Jinan: i 11
Xi'an: i 11
Taiyuan: iǝʔ 41
Hankou: i 12
Chengdu: i 12
Yangzhou: iǝʔ 4
Suzhou: iôʔ 41
Wenzhou: iai 41
Changsha: ie 4
Shuangfeng: iɛ 12
Nanchang: it 41
Meixian: jat 41
Guangzhou: jyt 41
Xiamen: it 41
Chaozhou: ik 41
Fuzhou: eiʔ 41
Shanghai: iîʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: i 43
Radical: 5
Four-angle index: 7777
Karlgren code: 0505 a-e
Character: 丁
Modern (Beijing) reading: dīng
Preclassic Old Chinese: tēŋ trēŋ
Classic Old Chinese: tēŋ
Western Han Chinese: tēŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: tiēŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ
Middle Chinese: tieŋ ṭạiŋ
Fanqie: 低經 [a] 知耕 [b]
Rhyme class: 青 [a] 庚 [b]
English meaning : 4th Heavenly Stem; to beat, strike
Russian meaning[s]: 1) четвертый циклический знак десятеричного цикла; четвертый; 2) совершеннолетний (о мужчине ); призывник; душа, едок; подушный; взрослый рабочий (работник); 3) слуга, дворовый; 4) подходить; подходящий; как раз; как раз в (какой-л. момент ); 5) иероглиф; буква; 6) гвоздь; макушка, вм. 釘 и 頂; 7) нести на себе; навлекать на себя; подвергаться; 8) Т-образный, тавровый; 9) Дин (фамилия )
Shuowen gloss: 夏時萬物皆丁實. 象形. 丁承丙. 象人心. 凡丁之屬皆從丁.
Comments: A somewhat later meaning (attested since Jin) is 'nail, peg' - more usually written as 釘. Within the onomatopoeic reduplication 丁丁 "go zheng zheng, sound of beating" the character is read as *trēŋ, MC ṭạiŋ (FQ 中莖), Pek. zhēng, Go tiyau, Kan tau (thus in Shi 7,1). Besides the ST etymology it is interesting to note Common Austronesian *tijaŋ 'Pfahl, Stange' (VLAW 137).
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dhēŋ
Meaning: to strike
Lushai: dēŋ , KC *deŋʔ to hammer.
Comments: OCh. *tēŋ instead of expected *thēŋ under the influence of *tēŋ nail, peg (see *tēŋ). Trung duŋ1 to forge; Mantśati teŋ . Sh. 140.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 3
Character: 丁
MC description : 梗開四平青端
ZIHUI: 0002 2531
Beijing: tiŋ 11
Jinan: tiŋ 11
Xi'an: tiŋ 11
Taiyuan: tiŋ 1
Hankou: tin 11
Chengdu: tin 11
Yangzhou: tĩ 11
Suzhou: tin 11
Wenzhou: teŋ 11
Changsha: tin 11
Shuangfeng: tin 11
Nanchang: tin 11 (lit.); tiaŋ 11
Meixian: tɛn 11
Guangzhou: tîŋ 11
Xiamen: tîŋ 11
Chaozhou: teŋ 11
Fuzhou: tiŋ 11
Shanghai: tiŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: tiǝŋ 1
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 2925
Karlgren code: 0833 a-d
Go-on: tiyau
Kan-on: tei
Japanese reading: chō;tei;hinoto;ataru
Vietnamese reading: d_inh
Shijing occurrences: 7.1_
Character: 七
Modern (Beijing) reading: qī
Preclassic Old Chinese: shit
Classic Old Chinese: shit
Western Han Chinese: shjǝt
Eastern Han Chinese: shjǝt
Early Postclassic Chinese: shjit
Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjit
Late Postclassic Chinese: shjit
Middle Chinese: chjit
Fanqie: 砌一
Rhyme class: 質
English meaning : be seven
Russian meaning[s]: 1) 7 (цифра ); седьмой; июль; семь раз, семью...; 2) неделя
Shuowen gloss: 陽之正也. 從一. 微陰. 從中. 衰出也. 凡七之屬皆從七.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nĭt (s-)
Meaning: seven
Burmese: khu-nać seven.
Kachin: sǝnit2 seven.
Lushai: KC *s-Nis .
Comments: Limbu nu-si seven; PG *ńi(s ) seven; BG: Garo sni , Dimasa sini ; Rawang sănit , Trung sǝ3 -ńĭt1 ; Kanauri stiś ; Mantshati nyiź-i ; Rgyarung śnis , -śnes ; Namsangia iŋit ; Andro sini . Sh. 123, 134, 411, 429; Ben. 16; Mat. 203.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 4
Character: 七
MC description : 臻開三入質清
ZIHUI: 0003 0668
Beijing: ćhi 11
Jinan: ćhi 11
Xi'an: ćhi 11
Taiyuan: ćhiǝʔ 41
Hankou: ćhi 12
Chengdu: ćhi 12
Yangzhou: ćhiǝʔ 4
Suzhou: chiôʔ 41
Wenzhou: chai 41
Changsha: chi 4
Shuangfeng: ćhi 12
Nanchang: ćhit 41
Meixian: chit 41
Guangzhou: čhat 41
Xiamen: chit 41 (lit.)
Chaozhou: chik 41
Fuzhou: cheiʔ 41
Shanghai: chîʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: chi 42
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 7188
Karlgren code: 0400 a-d
Go-on: siti
Kan-on: situ
Japanese reading: shichi;nanatsu
Vietnamese reading: thất
Jianchuan Bai: ćhi6
Dali Bai: ćhi6
Bijiang Bai: chi6
Shijing occurrences: 20.1_, 32.3, 32.4
Character: 乃
Modern (Beijing) reading: nǎi
Preclassic Old Chinese: nhǝ̄ʔ
Classic Old Chinese: nhǝ̄́
Western Han Chinese: nhǝ̄́
Eastern Han Chinese: nhǝ̄́
Early Postclassic Chinese: nhǝ̄́
Middle Postclassic Chinese: nhǝ̄́
Late Postclassic Chinese: nhǝ̄́j
Middle Chinese: nʌ́j
English meaning : then, and then, now; your (possess.)
Russian meaning[s]: 1) перед сказуемым то, тогда, и тогда; именно; только тогда; 2) на месте связки именно и есть, является ничем иным, как...; 3) в начале предложения но вот; зато, напротив; однако, но; в то время, прежде; 4) древн. ты, твой; 5) древн. эмфатическая частица
Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is nãi; cf. perhaps also nay 'now, at present, at this time'. For *nh- cf. Chaozhou nai4.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nāŋH / *nāk
Meaning: next day, time after now
Tibetan: naŋ morning, gnaŋ(s ) the day after tomorrow.
Burmese: mǝnak morning, LB *nakx ; cf. also naung the future, tomorrow.
Kachin: šǝnaʔ3 night, in opp. to day, mǝnaʔ3 last night, naʔ3 evening.
Lushai: nak-kum next year, nak-thai the day after tomorrow.
Comments: PG *nVŋL . Luce 42, 67.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 5
Character: 乃
MC description : 蟹開一上海泥
ZIHUI: 0035 1059
Beijing: nai 2
Jinan: nɛ 3
Xi'an: nɛ 2
Taiyuan: nai 2
Hankou: nai 2
Chengdu: nai 2
Yangzhou: nɛ 2
Suzhou: ne_ 11
Wenzhou: na 22; na 11
Changsha: nai 2
Shuangfeng: na 2
Nanchang: lai 2
Meixian: nai 11
Guangzhou: nai 22
Xiamen: naĩ 2
Chaozhou: nai 22
Fuzhou: nai 2
Shanghai: ne_ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: nai 2
Radical: 4
Four-angle index: 4609
Karlgren code: 0945 a-c
Vietnamese reading: nãy
Shijing occurrences: 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 51.3
Character: 九
Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǔ jiū
Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷǝʔ [kru?]
Classic Old Chinese: kwǝ́
Western Han Chinese: kǝ́w
Eastern Han Chinese: kǝ́w
Early Postclassic Chinese: kíw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kǝ́w
Late Postclassic Chinese: kǝ́w
Middle Chinese: kǝ́w kǝw
Fanqie: 紀有 [a] 基優 [b] 奇尤 [c]
Rhyme class: 有 [a] 尤 [b]
English meaning : be nine
Russian meaning[s]: 1) девять; девятый; 2) множество, все
Shuowen gloss: 陽之變也. 象其屈曲究盡之形. 凡九之屬皆從九.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kʷɨ̆H
Meaning: nine
Tibetan: dgu nine.
Burmese: kǝwh nine, LB *[k]ǝwx .
Kachin: ǯǝkhu2 nine.
Lushai: pa-kua , kua (kaw ) nine, KC *tV-kua .
Lepcha: ka-kjót nine
Comments: PG *kù ; BG: Dimasa su-gu , Garo ś-ku ; Moshang tă-kru , Namsangia i-khu; Nung tǝgö ; Kanauri zgŭi~gŭi . Simon 13, Sh. 46, 124, 429; Ben. 19. *gh- in PK is unclear.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 6
Character: 九
MC description : 流開三上有見
ZIHUI: 0046 1592
Beijing: ćiou 2
Jinan: ćiou 2
Xi'an: ćiou 2
Taiyuan: ćiou 2
Hankou: ćiou 2
Chengdu: ćiǝu 2
Yangzhou: ćiôɨ 2
Suzhou: ćiöy 2
Wenzhou: ćiau 21
Changsha: tôu 2
Shuangfeng: ćiû 2
Nanchang: ćiu 2
Meixian: kiu 2
Guangzhou: kau 21
Xiamen: kiu 2 (lit.); kau 2
Chaozhou: kau 21
Fuzhou: kieu 2 (lit.); kau 2
Shanghai: ćiɨ 3
Zhongyuan yinyun: kiou 2
Radical: 5
Four-angle index: 7727
Kan-on: 0
Jianchuan Bai: ćɨ1
Dali Bai: ćɨ1
Bijiang Bai: ći1
Character: 了
Modern (Beijing) reading: liǎo le
Preclassic Old Chinese: rēwʔ (~ -ī-)
Classic Old Chinese: rḗw
Western Han Chinese: rjā́w
Eastern Han Chinese: riā́w
Early Postclassic Chinese: liḗw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: liḗw
Late Postclassic Chinese: liḗw
Middle Chinese: líew
English meaning : to complete, fulfill [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) закончить, завершить; решить; разрешить; понять; 2) конечный суффикс возможности или невозможности совершения действия ; [-le] 1) глагольный суффикс совершенного вида (законченности действия ); 2) конечная частица предложения, подчеркивающая а) категоричность суждения ; б) становление состояния ; в) законченность действия
Comments: A late grammaticalized usage is for the modern perfective particle le. For *r- cf. Fuzhou lau3 ; Siam. lɛ̄̀u.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 7
Character: 了
MC description : 效開四上篠來
ZIHUI: 0055 1436
Beijing: liau 2
Jinan: liɔ 2
Xi'an: liau 2
Taiyuan: liau 2
Hankou: niau 2
Chengdu: niau 2
Yangzhou: liɔ 2
Suzhou: liä 32
Wenzhou: liɛ 22
Changsha: niau 2
Shuangfeng: niǝ 2
Nanchang: liɛu 2
Meixian: liau 2
Guangzhou: liu 22
Xiamen: liau 2
Chaozhou: liǝu 21
Fuzhou: lau 2
Shanghai: liɔ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: liau 2
Radical: 6
Four-angle index: 3031
Character: 二
Modern (Beijing) reading: èr
Preclassic Old Chinese: nijs
Classic Old Chinese: nić
Western Han Chinese: njǝś
Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝś
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńiś
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńìj
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńì
Middle Chinese: ńì
English meaning : two
Russian meaning[s]: 1) два; второй; 2) двойной; дважды; 3) второй номер, помощник
Comments: For early OC a reconstruction *nit-s is also possible. Viet. has an interesting opposition: nhị 'two' - nhì 'second' - the basis for it within Chinese is not clear. For *n- cf. Xiamen ʒi6 , li6 , Chaozhou zi6 , Fuzhou ne6 , Jianou ni6 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nĭj (k-, -s, -ks)
Meaning: two
Tibetan: gńis two.
Burmese: hnać two, LB *ni(k )x .
Kachin: ńi1 two.
Lushai: hniʔ two, KC *k-hnis .
Lepcha: njí two; njăt two
Kiranti: *ní(k)
Comments: PG *ńiCL ; BG: Dimasa gi-ni , Garo g-ni ; Moshang a-ni . Simon 29, Sh. 37, 135, 411, 429; Ben. 16.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 8
Character: 二
MC description : 止開三去至日
ZIHUI: 0059 0527
Beijing: ǝ̂ 3
Jinan: ǝ̂ 3
Xi'an: ǝ̂ 3
Taiyuan: ǝ̂ 3
Hankou: ɨ 3
Chengdu: ǝ̂ 3
Yangzhou: â 3
Suzhou: l 32
Wenzhou: ŋ 32
Changsha: ô 32
Shuangfeng: ie 32
Nanchang: з̂ 32
Meixian: ńi 3
Guangzhou: ji 32
Xiamen: ʒi 32
Chaozhou: zi 32
Fuzhou: nei 32
Shanghai: liã 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: ži_ 3
Radical: 7
Four-angle index: 2
Karlgren code: 0564 a-f
Vietnamese reading: nhị
Jianchuan Bai: ne6
Dali Bai: ne6
Shijing occurrences: 44.1, 44.2, 58.4
Character: 人
Modern (Beijing) reading: rén
Preclassic Old Chinese: nin
Classic Old Chinese: nin
Western Han Chinese: njǝn
Eastern Han Chinese: ń́ǝn
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńin
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńin
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńin
Middle Chinese: ńin
English meaning : human being, person, man; other persons, others; a person, someone
Russian meaning[s]: 1) человек, люди; человеческий; человечный; очеловечить; по-человечьи; 2) лицо, субъект, особа, персона, личность; 3) другой, другие, кто-то, кто-либо (обычно после глаголов в качестве прямого дополнения, часто не переводится ); все; 4) древн. подневольные, служилый люд; 5) Жэнь (фамилия ; входит также в двойные фамилии ); 6) ядро, зерно (плода ), см. 仁
Shuowen gloss: 天地之性最貴者也. 此籀文.象臂脛之形.凡人之屬皆從人. [365]
Comments: For initial *n- cf. Min forms: Xiamen laŋ2 , Chaozhou naŋ2 , Fuzhou nöüŋ2 , Jianou nɛiŋ2 . The closest external parallel is probably Tib. ńen, gnen 'a relative' - obviously derived from ńe 'near' (= OC 邇 *nejʔ q.v.). Thus OC *nin is an old -n-derivate < *nej-n.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 9
Character: 人
MC description : 臻開三平真日
ZIHUI: 0086 2082
Beijing: ẓǝn 12
Jinan: ẓẽ 12
Xi'an: ẓẽ 12
Taiyuan: zǝŋ 1
Hankou: nǝn 12
Chengdu: zǝn 12
Yangzhou: lǝn 12
Suzhou: zǝn 12 (lit.); ńin 12
Wenzhou: zaŋ 12
Changsha: ẓǝn 12
Shuangfeng: in 12
Nanchang: lan 31
Meixian: ńin 12
Guangzhou: jan 12
Xiamen: ʒin 12 (lit.); laŋ 12
Chaozhou: naŋ 12
Fuzhou: iŋ 12 (lit.); löyŋ 12
Shanghai: zǝŋ 32 (lit.); ńiŋ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: žiǝn 12
Radical: 9
Four-angle index: 4777
Karlgren code: 0388 a-e
Vietnamese reading: nhân
Jianchuan Bai: jĩ7
Dali Bai: ńi7
Bijiang Bai: ńi7
Shijing occurrences: 3.1, 6.3_, 27.3, 27.4, 28.4_, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 32.2_, 32.3, 32.4, 34.4, 38.2, 38.4_, 40.2, 40.3, 42.3, 45.1_, 45.2, 47.3, 49.1, 49.2, 50.3_, 51.3_, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.3, 56.1, 56.2, 56.3, 57.1, 57.3
Character: 入
Modern (Beijing) reading: rù [rǔ] [rì]
Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝp
Classic Old Chinese: nǝp
Western Han Chinese: nǝp
Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝp
Early Postclassic Chinese: ńip
Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńip
Late Postclassic Chinese: ńip
Middle Chinese: ńip
Fanqie: 日力
Rhyme class: 緝
English meaning : to enter, go into
Russian meaning[s]: 1) входить, вступать; вводить; проникать; вклиниваться; 2) подходить; достигать, доходить; 3) принять участие; войти (в дело , в пай ); 4) поступления, доходы; ввоз, импорт; 5) внутри; 6) заходить; закат; 7) попасть; оказаться подходящим; 8) см. 入聲; [rǔ] 1) засунуть, положить не туда, куда надо; 2) дать тайком; 3) провалиться, свалиться в...; упасть (напр. в грязь )
Shuowen gloss: 內也. 象從上俱下也. 凡入之屬皆從入.
Comments: For *n cf. Xiamen ʒip8 , lip8 , Chaozhou zip8 , Fuzhou ik8 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *nū̆p (~-uap)
Meaning: enter, sink
Tibetan: nub the west, evening; to fall gragually; to sink.
Kachin: nip2 to shade, cast a shadow, šiŋnip2 shadow (?)
Lepcha: nŭp be covered with water
Comments: BG: Garo nap, Dimasa hap, Bodo hap enter, sink; Trung nǝm1 -nup1 west; Lepcha nŭp be covered with water. Ben. 75, 83-84. Cf. PAN *ceñeb, -ñeb 'dive, submerge', *ce(R)neb, -neb id.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 10
Character: 入
MC description : 深合三入緝日
ZIHUI: 0354 0904
Beijing: ẓu 3
Jinan: lu 3
Xi'an: vu 11
Taiyuan: zuǝʔ 41
Hankou: y 12
Chengdu: zu 12
Yangzhou: lǝʔ 4
Suzhou: zôʔ 41
Wenzhou: zai 42
Changsha: y 4
Shuangfeng: y 31
Nanchang: lat 41
Meixian: ńip 42
Guangzhou: jap 42
Xiamen: ʒip 42
Chaozhou: zip 42
Fuzhou: iʔ 42
Shanghai: zôʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: žiu 43
Radical: 11
Four-angle index: 6367
Karlgren code: 0695 a-d
Vietnamese reading: nhập
Shijing occurrences: 40.2, 40.3
Character: 八
Modern (Beijing) reading: bā
Preclassic Old Chinese: prēt
Classic Old Chinese: prēt
Western Han Chinese: prjāt
Eastern Han Chinese: priāt
Early Postclassic Chinese: piẹ̄t
Middle Postclassic Chinese: piẹ̄t
Late Postclassic Chinese: piẹ̄t
Middle Chinese: pạ̈t
English meaning : eight
Russian meaning[s]: 1) восемь; восьмой; восемью; 2) все; везде, повсюду
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rjēt (p-)
Meaning: eight
Tibetan: brgjad eight.
Burmese: hrac ́ eight, LB *s-riatx ́.
Kachin: macat3 eight.
Lushai: pa-riat eight, KC *t-r1 iat eight.
Comments: PG *prètL ; BG: Garo tśet, Dimasa dźai ; Moshang tă-tśat ; Namsangia i-sat ; Kanauri rä-i; Bahing ya ; Trung ćăt1 . Simon 17; Sh. 22, 122, 136, 437; Ben. 45; Mat. 202. Cf. MY: PM *j[a]Q, PY *[j]et 'eight'.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 11
Character: 八
MC description : 山開二入黠幫
ZIHUI: 0360 0012
Beijing: pa 11
Jinan: pa 11
Xi'an: pa 11
Taiyuan: paʔ 41
Hankou: pa 12
Chengdu: pa 12
Yangzhou: paʔ 4
Suzhou: poʔ 41
Wenzhou: po 41
Changsha: pa 4
Shuangfeng: pa 12
Nanchang: pat 41
Meixian: pat 41
Guangzhou: pāt 43
Xiamen: pat 41 (lit.); pueʔ 41
Chaozhou: poiʔ 41
Fuzhou: paiʔ 41
Shanghai: paʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: pa 42
Radical: 12
Four-angle index: 6359
Karlgren code: 0281 a-d
Vietnamese reading: bát
Jianchuan Bai: pia6
Dali Bai: pia6
Bijiang Bai: ćua6
Character: 几
Modern (Beijing) reading: jǐ
Preclassic Old Chinese: krǝjʔ
Classic Old Chinese: krǝ́j
Western Han Chinese: krǝ́j
Eastern Han Chinese: krǝ́j
Early Postclassic Chinese: kíj
Middle Postclassic Chinese: kíj
Late Postclassic Chinese: kí
Middle Chinese: kí
English meaning : stool
Russian meaning[s]: столик
Comments: Also used for *krǝj 'be stud-adorned'. Regular Sino-Viet. is ky`.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *k(h)rǝ̆j ( ~ q(h)-)
Meaning: table, stand, chair
Tibetan: khri seat, chair; throne; couch.
Comments: Coblin 54, Gong 63. The root may be ultimately the same as *k(hr)iaj foot (q. v.) - if the original meaning of the OCh. and Tib. forms was something like "stand, table with legs".
Radical: 16
Four-angle index: 7677
Vietnamese reading: ghế
Character: 刀
Modern (Beijing) reading: dāo
Preclassic Old Chinese: tāw
Classic Old Chinese: tāw
Western Han Chinese: tāw
Eastern Han Chinese: tāw
Early Postclassic Chinese: tāw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tāw
Late Postclassic Chinese: tāw
Middle Chinese: tâw
English meaning : knife
Russian meaning[s]: 1) нож; меч; бритва; 2) древн. монета (в форме меча ); 3) резец для письма; 4) кипа (бумаги )
Comments: Viet. dao is colloquial; regular Sino-Viet. is d_ao. A related form is probably 鉊 *taw 'big sickle' q.v. (with further parallels).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 12
Character: 刀
MC description : 效開一平豪端
ZIHUI: 0430 1302
Beijing: tau 11
Jinan: tɔ 11
Xi'an: tau 11
Taiyuan: tau 1
Hankou: tau 11
Chengdu: tau 11
Yangzhou: tɔ 11
Suzhou: tä 11
Wenzhou: tз 11
Changsha: tau 11
Shuangfeng: tǝ 11
Nanchang: tau 11
Meixian: tau 11
Guangzhou: tou 11
Xiamen: to 11
Chaozhou: to 11
Fuzhou: tɔ 11
Shanghai: tɔ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: tau 1
Radical: 18
Four-angle index: 4176
Karlgren code: 1131 a-b
Vietnamese reading: dao
Jianchuan Bai: -tã4
Dali Bai: -ta5
Bijiang Bai: -ti4
Character: 刁
Modern (Beijing) reading: diāo
Preclassic Old Chinese: tēw
Classic Old Chinese: tēw
Western Han Chinese: tjāw
Eastern Han Chinese: tiāw
Early Postclassic Chinese: tiēw
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiēw
Late Postclassic Chinese: tiēw
Middle Chinese: tiew
English meaning : cunning, wily [LZ]
Russian meaning[s]: 1) коварный, подлый; 2) держать во рту (в зубах), вм. 叼; 3) Дяо (фамилия )
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 13
Character: 刁
MC description : 效開四平蕭端
ZIHUI: 0431 1421
Beijing: tiau 11
Jinan: tiɔ 11
Xi'an: tiau 11
Taiyuan: dtiau 1
Hankou: tiau 11
Chengdu: tiau 11
Yangzhou: tiɔ 11
Suzhou: tiä 11
Wenzhou: tiɛ 11
Changsha: tiau 11
Shuangfeng: tiǝ 11
Nanchang: tiɛu 11
Meixian: tiau 11
Guangzhou: tiu 11
Xiamen: tiau 11
Chaozhou: tiǝu 11
Fuzhou: tieu 11
Shanghai: tiɔ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: tiau 1
Radical: 18
Four-angle index: 4174
Character: 力
Modern (Beijing) reading: lì
Preclassic Old Chinese: rǝk
Classic Old Chinese: rǝk
Western Han Chinese: rǝk
Eastern Han Chinese: rǝk
Early Postclassic Chinese: lɨk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: lɨk
Late Postclassic Chinese: lɨk
Middle Chinese: lik
English meaning : sinew; strength, force, power
Russian meaning[s]: 1) сила; энергия; мощь; могущество; 2) способности, данные; возможности; ресурсы; 3) усилия; прилагать усилия, трудиться; усиленно, упорно; энергично, изо всех сил; 4) физическая работа; рабочая сила; чернорабочий; 5) Ли (фамилия )
Comments: In Viet. cf. also an earlier colloquial loan: sú'c 'strength, force'. For *r- cf. Min forms: Xiamen lat8 , Chaozhou lak8 , Fuzhou lik8 , Jianou li8 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *rǝk
Meaning: intestine (?)
Comments: Outside Chinese attested perhaps in Miji rug 'belly', Sulung mǝ-rik 'meat' (if < *'intestine').
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 14
Character: 力
MC description : 曾開三入職來
ZIHUI: 0500 0621
Beijing: li 3
Jinan: li 3
Xi'an: li 11
Taiyuan: liǝʔ 41
Hankou: ni 12
Chengdu: ni 12
Yangzhou: liǝʔ 4
Suzhou: liôʔ 42
Wenzhou: lei 42
Changsha: ni 4
Shuangfeng: ni 31
Nanchang: lit 41
Meixian: lit 42
Guangzhou: lîk 42
Xiamen: lîk 42 (lit.); lat 42
Chaozhou: lak 42
Fuzhou: liʔ 42
Shanghai: lîʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: li 43
Radical: 19
Four-angle index: 4670
Karlgren code: 0928 a-b
Vietnamese reading: lụ'c
Jianchuan Bai: -ɣɨ2
Bijiang Bai: ɣɨ2
Shijing occurrences: 38.2
Character: 匕
Modern (Beijing) reading: bǐ
Preclassic Old Chinese: pijʔ
Classic Old Chinese: píj
Western Han Chinese: pjǝ́j
Eastern Han Chinese: pjǝ́j
Early Postclassic Chinese: pjíj
Middle Postclassic Chinese: pjíj
Late Postclassic Chinese: pjí
Middle Chinese: pjí
English meaning : spoon
Russian meaning[s]: 1) ложка; черпак, ковшик; 2) кортик, кинжал; наконечник стрелы
Radical: 21
Four-angle index: 6921
Karlgren code: 0565 a, 566 m
Character: 十
Modern (Beijing) reading: shí
Preclassic Old Chinese: gip
Classic Old Chinese: gip
Western Han Chinese: gjǝp
Eastern Han Chinese: gjǝp
Early Postclassic Chinese: gjip
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gjip
Late Postclassic Chinese: gjip
Middle Chinese: ʒ́ip
English meaning : be ten
Russian meaning[s]: 1) десять; десятикратный; из десяти; 2) октябрь; 3) целиком, полностью, на 100%
Comments: For unaspirated *g- cf. Xiamen cap8 , Chaozhou cap8 , Fuzhou sek8 .
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *k(h)ĭp
Meaning: ten
Burmese: kjip ten (in numbering of rational beings).
Lushai: KC *kIp .
Comments: Limbu gip- . Sh. 46; Ben. 19.
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 15
Character: 十
MC description : 深開三入緝襌
ZIHUI: 0577 0493
Beijing: ṣî_ 12
Jinan: ṣî_ 12
Xi'an: ṣî_ 12
Taiyuan: sǝʔ 42
Hankou: si_ 12
Chengdu: si_ 12
Yangzhou: sǝʔ 4
Suzhou: zôʔ 42
Wenzhou: zai 42
Changsha: ṣî_ 4
Shuangfeng: ṣî_ 31
Nanchang: sǝt 41
Meixian: sǝp 42
Guangzhou: šap 42
Xiamen: sip 42 (lit.); cap 42
Chaozhou: cap 42
Fuzhou: seiʔ 42
Shanghai: zaʔ 42
Zhongyuan yinyun: ši 41
Radical: 24
Four-angle index: 2225
Karlgren code: 0686 a-d
Vietnamese reading: thập
Jianchuan Bai: cɛ2
Dali Bai: ci2
Bijiang Bai: čer2
Character: 卜
Modern (Beijing) reading: bǔ [pú] [bū] [+bó]
Preclassic Old Chinese: pōk
Classic Old Chinese: pōk
Western Han Chinese: pōk
Eastern Han Chinese: pōk
Early Postclassic Chinese: pōk
Middle Postclassic Chinese: pōk
Late Postclassic Chinese: pwōk
Middle Chinese: puk
Fanqie: 補屋
Rhyme class: 屋
English meaning : divine by bone or tortoise shell oracle
Russian meaning[s]: 1) гадать; гадание; 2) предвидеть, знать заранее; предвиденное; 3) уст. выбирать по гаданию (напр. место жилья, соседей, службу ); 4) Бу (фамилия )
Shuowen gloss: 灼剝龜也. 象灸龜之形. 一曰. 象龜兆之從橫也. 凡卜之屬皆從卜.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *bhōk
Meaning: measure; predict
Tibetan: dpogs (p. dpags, f. dpag ) to measure, to proportion, to fix.
Lushai: būk to measure, compare.
Radical: 25
Four-angle index: 1953
Karlgren code: 1210 a-d
Shijing occurrences: 50.2, 58.2
Character: 又
Modern (Beijing) reading: yòu
Preclassic Old Chinese: wǝʔs
Classic Old Chinese: wǝh
Western Han Chinese: wǝh
Eastern Han Chinese: wǝh
Early Postclassic Chinese: wǝ̀w
Middle Postclassic Chinese: wǝ̀w
Late Postclassic Chinese: wǝ̀w
Middle Chinese: ɦǝ̀w
English meaning : to repeat; again, still, further
Russian meaning[s]: 1) опять, еще; еще раз; еще один; снова, опять; 2) союз между сказуемыми (часто с удвоением ) и, да, да и; 3) усилительный союз перед сказуемым да; и; тем более; 4) союз, отделяющий дробь от целого , меньшее деление от большего ; 5) в начале фразы показатель абзаца и далее, дальше; затем, итак; 6) древн. правая рука
Comments: For *w- cf. Min forms: Xiamen, Fuzhou, Jianou iu6 , Chaozhou iu4 . Sometimes written as 有 (although the words are probably not related).
Dialectal data: Dialectal data Number: 16
Character: 又
MC description : 流開三去宥云
ZIHUI: 0642 1619
Jinan: iou 3
Xi'an: iou 3
Taiyuan: iou 3
Hankou: iou 3
Chengdu: iǝu 3
Yangzhou: iôɨ 3
Suzhou: iöy 32
Wenzhou: ɦiau 32
Changsha: iôu 31 (lit.); iôu 32
Shuangfeng: iû 32
Nanchang: iu 32
Meixian: jiu 3
Guangzhou: jau 32
Xiamen: iu 32
Chaozhou: iu 22
Fuzhou: ieu 32
Shanghai: iɨ 32
Zhongyuan yinyun: iou 3
Radical: 29
Four-angle index: 6407
Character: 三
Modern (Beijing) reading: sān
Preclassic Old Chinese: sǝ̄m
Classic Old Chinese: sǝ̄m
Western Han Chinese: sǝ̄m
Eastern Han Chinese: sǝ̄m
Early Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄m
Middle Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄m
Late Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄m
Middle Chinese: sâm
English meaning : be three
Russian meaning[s]: 1) три; третий; 2) тройной; 3) три месяца, квартал; [sàn] трижды; [sā] втроем, трое
Comments: Also read sàn, MC sầm (FQ 蘇暫), OC *sǝ̄m-s. The development *-ǝ̄m > -âm is irregular (established by OC rhymes).
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sɨ̄m
Meaning: three
Tibetan: sum, gsum three.
Burmese: sumh three, LB *sumx .
Kachin: mǝsum1 three.
Lushai: thum three, KC *k-in-thum .
Lepcha: sam three
Comments: PG *sòm ; BG: Dimasa gă-thām , Garo gi-thom ; Moshang a-tūm ; Namsangia -ram ; Kanauri śum ; Rgyarung -sam ; Kham somL -lo . Simon 23; Sh. 52, 125, 436; Ben. 94; Mat. 181.
Radical: 1
Four-angle index: 8
Karlgren code: 0648 a-c
Go-on: san
Kan-on: san
Japanese reading: san;mitsu
Vietnamese reading: tam
Jianchuan Bai: sã4
Dali Bai: sa4
Bijiang Bai: sã4
Shijing occurrences: 20.2_, 21.1, 50.3, 58.4, 58.5
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